A dictionary of pianists and composers for the pianoforte

No. 4fi.

MAY AND MAY
i HOTHAM ROAO
LONDON, SWtS ION

Music and
Music Literature

PERFORMED AT THE NORWICH MUSICAL FESTIVAL, 1893.

THE WATER LILY

A ROMANTIC LEGEND
FOR SOLI, CHORUS, AND ORCHESTRA

THE WORDS WRITTEN BV

JOSEPH BENNETT

THE MUSIC COMPOSED BY

FREDERIC H. COWEN.

Vocal Score, 8vo, paper cover, 2s. 6d.; String Parts, i8s. 6d.
Full Score and Wind Parts, MS,

THE TIMES.
Its constantly varied treatment is nearly always happy, and a series of
brilliant aiusical pictures is submitted to the hearer, who may well feel almost
overpowered by their number and quick succession.

DAILY TELEGRAPH.
The earlier and more supernatural scenes are treated with a wealth and
delicacy of imagination for which we might look in vain elsewhere, whilst, amid
the human interest of the final section, and especially at that impressive moment
when the knights advance in order to touch the unconscious Princess, he shows
that he can be strong as a composer of dramatic music.

STANDARD.
Produced under such favourable circumstances, " The Water Lily " has every
chance of finding its way in due course into all the principal musical centres in the
country.

DAILY NEWS.
Mr. Cowen's orchestration is of infinitely more important and finished a
character than in " Sleeping Beauty," and the new Cantata contains some of his
happiest melodic inspirations.

MORNING POST.
There can be no question but that the composer has availed himself of his
opportunities, and " The Water Lily " is undoubtedly entitled to rank high in the
list of his compositions. . . . We do not think that his gifts have ever been
exemplified to a greater extent than in the present Cantata.

ATHEN^UM.
" The Water Lily " is not only the most ambitious, but, on the whole, the
most successful of Mr. Cowen's works of similar calibre. ... In brief, " The
Water Lily" is a remarkably clever and effective work, and well worthy the
attention of our best choral societies, from whom alone it could receive justice.

DISPATCH.
" The Water Lily " should certainly command attention wherever its merits,
which are very great, can find proper attention.

LONDON & NEW YORK : NOVELLO, EWER AND CO.

PERFORMED AT THE GLOUCESTER FESTIVAL, 1892, and
WORCESTER FESTIVAL, 1893.

JOB

AN ORATORIO

FOR TREBLE, TENOR, BARITONE, AND BASS SOLI, CHORUS,

AND ORCHESTRA

BY

C. H. H. PARRY. ^

Vocal Score, paper cover, 2S. 6d. ; String Parts, 12s.

Full Score and Wind Parts, MS. >*''

THE TIMES.
The whole monologue is an extraordinary exhibition of sustained power and
iSect, such as very few composers of any period have surpassed. . . . The
impression produced by the work was very great, and it must be said deliberately
that recent years have not seen a composition more free from flaw or weak point
of any kind.

DAILY TELEGRAPH.
Having once more heard Dr. Parry's Oratorio, under the best possible con-
ditions, I accept it as a masterpiece without the smallest qualification. . . . Nothing
more interesting than this work could have been given to the Festival public. . . .
" Job " is one of the greatest works of modern times, and does no little to lift our
English art to the highest level.

STANDARD.
To describe the numberless changes of time, rhythm, and manner would be
impossible. . , . Mention, however, must be made of an exquisite melody in D
flat, given out by the violoncellos, and supported by the trombones pianissimo, at
the words " Man that is born of woman." This is truly a bit of inspiration, such
as only comes at rare intervals even to a gifted composer. . . , That " Job " will
materially add to the composer's growing reputation may be said with con-
fidence.

MORNING POST,

His setting of the beautiful lines " Man that is born of a woman is of few days,"
to quote only one instance, is a marvel both of beauty and appropriateness. . . .
The general verdict will no doubt declare " Job " to be Dr. Parry's masterpiece.

DAILY CHRONICLE.
It literally teems with beautiful phrases — in fact, the possession by Dr. Parry
of the inestimable gift of melody has, I am inclined to think, never been so
evident as in the verses commencing " Why died I not ? " and " Man that is born
of woman." . . . From whatever point of view it may be criticised, "Job" is
thoroughly worthy the composer of the stupendous " De Profundis."

THE GUARDIAN.
As for the music, it is worthy at all points of the composer of the " De
Profundis."

THE ATHEN^UM.
That Dr. Parry has written nothing finer than " Job " is generally admitted,
and his boldness in dispensing with set airs, fugal choruses, and an elaborate
Finale is abundantly justified by results.

LONDON & NEW YORK NOVELLO, EWER AND CO.

PROGRESSIVE STUDIES

FOR THE PIANOFORTE

EDITED, ARRANGED IN GROUPS, AND THE FINGERING REVISED AND SUPPLEMENTED

FRANKLIN TAYLOR,

This Collection of Studies is intended to illustrate the various
elements of a complete course of pianoforte iechniqtce, and to
provide students with the means of attacking and overcoming
the different special difficulties which have to be encountered.
With this view, the Studies have been arranged in groups, those
in each group being placed in progressive order, and having
reference to some one particular difficulty. The greater part of
the Studies themselves have been selected from the standard
works of the most eminent Study-writers, and with these are
included numerous others, which, though of equally great practical
utility, have hitherto been less generally accessible.

1. FIVE-FINGER STUDIES

SCALES

BROKEN CHORDS

10. LEFT HANI)

Part I
1. 2

Part I
.> 2

Part I
■> 2
,. 3
.. 4
.. 5

Part I
•I 2

.. 3
.. 4

ARPEGGIO

VELOCITY

M 3

Part 1

» 2

.. 3

.. 4

.. 5

„ 6

FIGURES IN SEQUENCE Part i

BROKEN THIRDS, SIXTHS,

AND OCTAVES .. .. Part i

BROKEN THIRDS, SIXTHS,

AND OCTAVES .. .. Part 2

SHAKES Part i

DOUBLE NOTES

28.

29.
30.

3t.
32-

33-
3»-

II:

37-
38.

39. STACCATO

• • .,3
.. Part I

OCTAVES Part i

CHORDS Part i

40.
41.
42.

43-
44.

45-
46.

tl:

49.
50.

51-

52-

REPETITION P»rt I

REPETITION AND TREMOLO „ 2

.. »_ .. 3

. . Part I

PART PLAYING

ORNAMENTS Pait i

ACCOMPANIED MELODY.. Parti

EXTENSIONS amd SKIPS .. Part i

„ » . . „ 2

RHYTHM Part t

FIFTY TWO BOOKS, PRICE ONE SHILLING EACH.

LONDON & NEW YORK: NOVELLO, EWER AND CO.

NOVELLO, EWER AND CO.'S

MUSIC PRIMERS AND EDUCATIONAL SERIES.

Edited by Sir JOHN STAINER and Dr. C. HUBERT H. PARRV.

A DICTIONARY

PIANISTS AND COMPOSERS

PIANOFORTE

WITH AN APPENDIX OF MANUFACTURERS
OF THE INSTRUMENT

E. PAUER.

In Par.

LONDON &• NEW YORK
NOVELLO, EWER AND CO.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

^

LONDON ;

MOVELI^. EWEn ANI> CO

PRINTERS.

PREFACE.

Of all musical instruments, the Pianoforte is decidedly the most popular,
and, with but few exceptions, every composer of instrumental music has
written longer or shorter works for it. The interest we take in a composer
and performer is certainly enhanced by knowing the country and time of his
birth or death, the names, respectively, of his teachers and pupils, what his
appointments were, and the distinctions which were conferred on him. To
give some short and concise information on these points is the aim of this
book, which follows the scheme of the popular and useful *' Fach-Lexica,"
issued at Leipzig by the Bibliographical Institute. It is a special book,
which deals only with the Piano, and thus the productions of composers in
other branches of the musical art are not within its scope.

A great difficulty in compiling a biographical book is to draw the line
between names which should be mentioned and those which should be
omitted. Although it was my earnest desire to act in the most impartial
manner, I am fully prepared to be accused of injustice done to professors
who, in a small sphere of activity, have helped to promote the progress of
the art and to awaken interest in it. But to become acquainted with the
names of musicians and teachers who have not published any of their works
is exceedingly difficult.

All articles marked * contain personal information. Complete lists of the
works of classical composers are given according to the published thematic
catalogues.

The pieces marked f have been pointed out either by the composers
themselves or selected by myself, according to my experience as teacher, as
worthy of notice.

I have to express my sincerest thanks to the following persons who have
assisted me in procuring important information. They are : —

Baron A. Pachner-Eggenstorff, Messrs. E. Mandyczewski, E. Streicher,
Epstein, Door, and Prosniz (Vienna) ; Dr. A. Dorffel, Messrs. Senff, Kistner,
Rather, and Forberg (Leipzig) ; E. Bechstein, Bote & Bock (Berlin) ;
J. Strauss (Munich) ; Dr. Carlo Weber and Signor Ricordi (Milan) ;
Don Mariano Varquez (Madrid) ; Messrs. Neuparth & Co. (Lisbon) ;
G. Hartmann, Leon Grus, Leduc, Weckerlin, Leon Langlois, Veuve
Girod (Paris); Schott freres (Brussels) ; Mdlle. M. Stache (Liege) ; Messrs.
W. Hansen, Henrik Hennings (Copenhagen) ; Lundquist (Stockholm) ;
Warmuth (Christiania) ; Jiirgenson (Moscow); Belaieff (St. Petersburg).
I am equally grateful for the kind help offered by Miss E. C. Stainer, Sir
George Grove, and Mr. A. J. Hipkins.

May my little work be found useful and interesting, and may it meet with
the favour hitherto accorded to my publications.

E. PAUER.
London, 1895.

Iv PREFACE.

The following authorities have been consulted : —

Neues historisch-biographisches Lexicon der Tonkiinstler, von E. L.
Gerber (Leipzig, 1813).

Encyclopaedie der gesammten musikalischen Wissenschaften. Universal-
Lexicon der Tonkunst, von Dr. Gustav Schilling (Stuttgart, 1835).

Universal-Lexicon der Tonkunst, von Dr. F. S. Gassner (Stuttgart, 1849).

Neues Universal-Lexicon der Tonkunst, von Dr. Eduard Bemsdorf
(Dresden, 1856).

Hand-Lexicon der Tonkunst, von Dr. Oscar Paul (Leipzig, 1870).

Musikalisches Conversations-Lexicon, von Gathy (Reissmann) (Berlin,
1871).

Schuberth's Musikalisches Conversations-Lexicon, herausgegeben von
E. Breslaur (Leipzig, 1891).

Musik-Lexicon, von Dr. Hugo Riemann (Leipzig, 1893).

A Dictionary of Music and Musicians, by G. Grove (London and New
York, 1889).

Biographic Universelle des Musiciens, par F. J. F6tis (Paris, i860), and
Supplement de Pougin (Paris, 1878).

Annuario Musicale, Storico-cronologico-universale, di Giovanni Paloschi
(Milan, 1876).

Nordisk Musik-Lexicon, H. V. Schytte (Copenhagen, 1888).

Bouillet, Dictionnaire d'histoire et de geographic (Paris).

Conversations- Lexicon, Brockhaus (Leipzig, 1851).

Conversations- Lexicon, Meyer (Leipzig and Wien, 1890).

CATALOGUES.

W. A. Mozart, Thematisches Verzeichniss, von Kochel.

Louis van Beethoven, Thematisches Verzeichniss, von G. Nottebohm.

Franz Schubert, Thematisches Verzeichniss, von G. Nottebohm.

Carl Maria von Weber in seinen Werken, von Friedrich W. Jahns
(Leipzig, 1871).

Thematische Cataloge von Mendelssohn, Chopin, and Liszt (Breitkopf
and Hartel, Leipzig).

Eitner, Robert, Verzeichniss neuer Ausgaben alter Musikwerke (Berlin,
1871).

Prosniz, Adolph, Handbuch der Clavier- Literatur (Wien, 1884).

Weitzmann, C. F., Geschichte des Klavierspiels und der Klavier-
Literatur (1863).

Whistling, C. P., Handbuch der musikalischen Literatur (Leipzig, 1842).

BIOGRAPHIES.

Bach, Sebastian, by Forkel (1802), Hilgenfeldt (1850), Spitta (1873-80).
Beethoven, Louis van, by Schindler (1840), Thayer (1866-79V Nohl
(1864-79), Mensch (1870), Dr. Marx (1875).

Handel, G. F., by Dr. Chrysander (1858-67).
Haydn, Joseph, by C. F. Pohl (1875).

PREFACE. ¥

Mendelssohn, Felix, by Reissmann (1867 ^^^ 1872), Lampadius (1848-86).
Mozart, W. A., by Dr. Otto Jahn (1856-59 and 1862).
Mozart and Haydn in London, by C. F. Pohl (1867).
Schubert, Franz, by Kreissle von Hellborn (1865).

Schumann, Robert, by Reissmann (1867 and 1872), Wasieliewski (1858
and 1880).

Weber, C. M. von, by Max M. von Weber (1866-68).

History of the American Pianoforte, by Daniel Spillane (New York,
1890).

Weltadressbnch der gesammten Musikinstrumenten-Industrie, Paul de
Wit (Leipzig, 1890).

PUBLISHERS' CATALOGUES.

Andre, C. A. (Frankfort o/M.).

Augenerand Co. (London).

Bote and Bock (Berlin).

Belaieff, M. P. (St. Petersburg).

Breitkopf and H artel (Leipzig).

Chappell and Co. (London).

Forberg, R. (Leipzig).

Grus, Leon (Paris).

Hainauer, Julius (Breslau).

Hansen, Wilhelm (Copenhagen).

Haslinger, Carl (Lienau), (Vienna).

Hennings, Hendrik (Copenhagen).

Hofmeister, F. (Leipzig).

Jiirgenson, P. (Moscow).

Kahnt, C. (Leipzig).

Kistner, Friedrich (Leipzig).

Leuckart, F. E. C. (Leipzig).

Novello, Ewer and Co. (London).

Peters, C. F. (Leipzig).

Rahter, D. (Leipzig).

Rieter-Biedermann (Leipzig).

Schlesinger (R. Lienau) (Berlin).

Schott, B. and Sons (Mayence o/R., London, and Paris).

Schreiber (Cranz) (Vienna).

Senff, Bartholf (Leipzig).

Siegel, C. F. W. (Leipzig).

Digitized by the Internet Arciiive

in 2007 witii funding from

IVIicrosoft Corporation

littp://www.arcliive.org/details/dictionaryofpianOOpaueiala

ABBREVIATIONS.

Pf.

. Pianoforte.

Ob. ...

... Oboe.

Vln.

. Violin.

Bssn

... Bassoon

Vcello ...

. Violoncello.

C.-Bass.

... Contra-Basso

Via

. Viola.

Hn. ...

... Horn.

CI

. Clarinet.

Clav. ...

... Clavichord.

Fl,

. Flute.

b.

... born.

min. ...

... minor.

d

... died.

Conserv.

... Conservatoire

maj

... major.

Prof. ...

... Professor.

THE PIANO:

COMPOSERS, PERFORMERS, AND MAKERS.

A.

Abeille, Johann Christian Ludwig, b.
Feb. 20, 1761, Bayreuth; d. 1832, Stutt-
gart. Pupil of Boroni and Saemann.
Composer of Concertos, Trios, Duets,
&c. ; among them a Concerto (Op. 6)
for 4 hands, which became very popu-
lar. His compositions were respected
for their gracefulness and melody, and
greatly esteemed by C. M. v. Weber.

Abel, Carl Friedrich, b. 1725, Cothen;
d. Jan. 22, 1787, London. Pupil of
Seb. Bach ( Leipzig) . 1759, in London,
patronised by the Duke of York, who
procured for him the appointment of
chamber musician to the Queen. 1782,
in Germany, but on account of his dis-
sipated habits had to return {vid Paris)
to London. His works were published,
1760-84, in London, Paris, and Berlin.
His principal instrument was the Viol
da Gamba. Among his Clavecin works
were : —
Concertos, 6 Quartets, Trios, Op. 2 and 5 ;
Sonata with Vln. ; Solo Sonatas.

Abt, Franz, b. Dec. 22, i8ig, Eilenburg
(district Merseburg) ; d. March 31, 1885,
Wiesbaden. 1841, pupil at the Thomas
School (Leipzig) ; studied theology, but
soon devoted himself entirely to music.
Conductor at Stuttgart and Ziirich ;
1852, Hof-Capellmeister at Brunswick.
Decorated by several Sovereigns, and
Hon. Member of most of the German
male choral societies. Composed
Variations, Rondos, Bagatelles, and
brilliant Dances.

Adam (Johann), Louis (founder of the
French school of Pf. playing), b.
Dec. 3, 1758, Miettersholz (Lower
Rhine) ; d. April 8 (14 ?), 1848, Paris.
Pupil of the Organist Hepp (Strass-
burg). 1775, in Paris, patronised by
Gluck. With Edelmann (see that
name) he published the standard work

"Methode pour le Piano," after which
publication he was appointed Prof, at
the Conserv., which appointment he
held for 35 years. Among his pupils
were Henri Lemoine, Benoist, Kalk-
brenner, Herold (father and son), and
many excellent lady pianists. 1829,
Knight of the Legion of Honour ; In-
specteur en general des Classes de
Piano, and Membre du Comite d'ex-
amination. He was universally beloved
and respected.
Sonatas (9) ; Sonata dans le style dramatique,

Op. 10; Sonata for 4 hands; Sonatas (3),

with Vln. ; Variations, and many Studies.
Adler, Vincent, b. April 3, 1826, Raab
(Hungary) ; d. Jan. 4, 1871, Geneva.
Pupil of his father, later of his uncle,
Erkel (Pesth) ; he pursued his studies
in Vienna and went later to Paris,
where his performances and works
were received with great favour. 1865,
Prof, at the Conserv. at Geneva. His
most popular compositions are : —
Feuilles d'Album, Op. 13 ; Valse rococo, Op.

11; 12 Etudes de style. Op. 16; Barcarolle,

Op. 26 ; Grande Marche, Op. 24 : Allegro

de Concert, Op. 15.
Agrell, Johann, b. Feb. i, 1701, Loth
(Sweden) ; d. Jan. 19, 1765, Niirnberg.
1723, appointed Kammer-Musiker at
Cassel ; 1746, after having visited Italy,
he settled at Niirnberg.
Concertos (7), with Quartet accompaniment ;

Trios (7); Duos for Pf. and Vln., CI., or Fl. ;

Solo Sonatas (6).

Agricola, Johann Friedrich, b. Jan. 4,
1720, Dobitschen (Altenburg) ; d. Nov.
12, 1774, Berlin. 1738-41, pupil of Seb.
Bach (Leipzig), as a Clavecinist con-
temporary with C. P. E. Bach and
Nichelmann. 1750, appointed Konigl.
Hof-Compositeur, and, 1759 (after
Graun's death), Konigl. Hof-Capell-
meister at Berlin. His compositions
are out of print.

AGTHE.— AMBROS,

Ag^he, Carl Christian, b. 1762, Hett-
stadt ; d. Nov. 27, 1797, Ballenstadt
(Harz Mountains). Highly talented
and promising ; his compositions were,
in their time, admired for their agree-
able melodies and solid structure.

*Aguilar, Emanuel, b. Aug. 23, 1824,
Clapham (London). Pupil of Charles
Neate and John Goss. Went to Frank-
fort o/M., where he had lessons from
Schnyder von Wartensee (1786-1868)
in Composition and Jacques Rosenhain
in Pf. He resides in London.
Sonatas (6), Overture, Overture-Scherzo-
Fantasia (A min.), Caprice, Etudes, Ro-
manzas, Melodies, Trios (4), Septuor for
Pf., Via., Vcello, C.-Bass, Fl., Ob., and
Hn.; Sextet for Pf., Fl.. Ob., CI., Hn., and
Bssn. ; Duo for a Pf. ; Fantasia for Organ,
2 Pf., and Vln.

Albanesi, Luigi, b. March 3, 182 1, Rome.
Pupil of Ernesto Coop. Composed
about 50 pieces in various styles. His
son —

*Albanesi, Carlo, b. Oct. 22, 1856,
Naples. Pupil of his father and Sabino
Falconi (Composition). On the death
of Thos. Wingham (1893) appointed
Prof, at the R.A.M. (London). Excel-
lent pianist, and composer of —
Sei fogli d'Album, Op. 13 ; Trio, 2 Solo
Sonatas, 12 Preludes, and about 40 smaller
pieces.

Albeniz, Don Pedro (founder of the
modem Spanish Pf. school), b. April 14,
1795, Logrono (Old Castile) ; d. April
12, 1855, Madrid. Pupil of Henri Herz
(Paris). 1830, Prof, at the (newly
established) Madrid Conserv. ; 1834,
attached to the Royal Court. Received
all possible honours. Composer of a
great number of Pf. works. Author of
a Pf. School adopted by the Spanish
music schools.

•Albeniz, Don Isaac (grand-nephew of
the above), b. May 29, i86i,Camprodon
(Prov. of Gerona). Pupil of his sister,
C. A., of Narciso Oliveras (Barcelona),
Marmontel (Paris), Marchyabal (Ma-
drid), Jadassohn and Reinecke (Leip-
zig), L. Brassin (Brussels), and Liszt
(Rome). Teachers of composition :
Dupont and Gevaert (Brussels). Ex-
cellent performer. Composer of about
220 published pieces (Concerto fan-
tastico). Pianist to the Queen of Spain.
Commander of the Orders Carlos IIL,
Isabella la Catolica (Spain), and Christ
of Portugal.

Albert, Emile, b. 1823, Montpellier ; d.
Aug., 1865, at Bagneres-de-Bigorre.
Trios, Sonatas with Vln., about 50 smaller
pieces.

Albert, Eugen d', b April 10, 1864, Glas
gow. Pupil of the London National

Training School, Newcastle and
Queen's Scholar, where his teachers
were Pauer, Sullivan, and Stainer.

1880, in Vienna — met Liszt, who
superintended his studies until 1883.
Eminent performer, who created a
great sensation in Germany, Holland,
Belgium, Italy, Spain, &c. ; went twice
to America (inclusive of Mexico) ; re-
sides now at Berlin. Pianist to the
Grand Duke of Saxe- Weimar. Knight
of the Saxe-Coburg, Weimar (falcon),
Spanish (Carlos V.), Dessau (arts and
science) orders, &c.

Composer of Concertos (2), Suite, Sonata
(F sharp min.), and different smaller pieces.
Alberti, Domenico (amateur, who re-
sided in Venice), d. 1740, Formia
(Caserta). Composer of 8 popular
Sonatas and inventor (?) of the easy
(broken chords) accompaniment, often
adopted, and called " Alberti Bass."
Albrechtsberger, Johann Georg, b.
Feb. 3, 1736, Klosterneuburg (on the
Danube) ; d. March 7, i8og, Vienna.
1772, Kaiserl. Hof-Organist ; 1792,
Organist of St. Stephen's (Cathedral).
Eminent theorist ; teacher of Eybler,
Beethoven, Gansbacher, Hummel,
Umlauf, Weigl, Seyfried, &c. Com-
poser of —

About 80 Fugues; Concerto; Pf. Quartet
(1792); Preludes and Fugues for 4 hands ;
Method for Beginners For Fugues, see
dementi's Practical Harmony.

Alkan, Charles Henri Valentin, b. Nov.
30, 1813, Paris; d. there March 29,
1888. Pupil of Zimmermann (Paris
Conserv.). First prize, when only ten
years old ; 1831, hon. mention for the
Grand Prix de Rome. Composer of
ingenious, original, and exceedingly
difficult pieces, his Etudes Senates pre-
senting the highest possible degree of
technical execution.
Etudes-Caprices, Op. 12, 13, 16; L'amitie,
grande Etude ; Le Chemin de fer. Etude ;
3 grandes Etudes, Op. 15 : (a) Aime moi,
(6) +Le Vent, (c) Morte ; Le Preux, Op. 17;
Marche fundbre, Marche triomphale, Op.
26, 27 ; tBourree d'Auvergne, Op. 29; Trio,
Pf., Vln., and Vcello, Op. 30 ; 25 Preludes
dans lous les tons, Op. 31 ; Recueil d'lm-
promptus. Op. 32; Grande Senate, Op. 33 ;
Etudes (12), Op. 35 ; Etudes (12 grandes).
Op. 39.
Ambros, Dr. August Wilhelm, b.
Nov. 17, 1816, Mauth, near Prague ;
d. June 28, 1876, Vienna. Studied law
and psissed his exam. 1840 ; appointed,
1850, Attorney-General (Staatsanwalt)
at Prague ; 1872, Prof, of Mus. History
at the University of Vienna. Wrote
History of Music (4 vols.) ; finished
by Dr. Langhans (Berlin). Composer
of interesting Pf. pieces, somewhat

AMERBACH— ASCHER.

influenced by Schumann. Excellent
critic and recipient of many honours
and distinctions. Author of —
Die Grenzen der Musik und Poesie, 1856;

Culturhistorische Bilder aus dem Musik-

leben der Gegenwart, i860.

Amerbach (Ammerbach), Elias Nicolaus,
b. in Saxony (details are wanting).
1570, Organist of St. Thomas's Church
(Leipzig). Published, 1571, his "Tabu-
latur," containing rules for fingering,
including the use of the thumb, &c.
An essay on this work was written by
Wilh. Tappert, " Die alteste Clavier-
schule," 1887.

Amon, johann Andreas, b. 1763, Bam-
berg ; d. March 29, 1825, Heilbronn.
Composer of —
Concerto, Op. 34 ; Trios, Op. 48, 58, and 76 ;
Sonatas for 4 hands ; Solo Sonatas (6) ;
Sonate dans le style dramatique, Op. 12.

Anderson, Lucy {nee Philpot), daughter
of Philpot, the Prof, and Musicseller,
b. 1790, Bath ; d. Dec. 24, 1878, Lon-
don. Pupil of Windsor (Bath). For
many years instructress of Queen
Victoria and her children.

Andre, Johann Anton, b. Oct., 1775, at
Offenbach o/M. ; d. there April 16,
1842. Pupil of Vollweiler (1770-1847).
Composer of many Sonatinas and other
educational pieces. PubUsher of great
importance ; owner of most of Mozart's
autographs, bought for a trifling sum
from his widow. Author of a large
work on composition, edited by his
pupil, M. Henkel, of Frankfort o/M.
The sons of A. were —

Andre, Carl (August), b. June 15, 1806,
Offenbach o/M.; d. Feb. 15, 1887,
Frankfort o/M. Musicseller ^Mozart-
Haus), Pf. manufacturer (Mozart-
Fliigel), and author of a work on the
construction of pianos.

Andre, Julius, b. June 4, 1808, Offenbach
o/M. ; d. April 17, 1880, Frankfort o/M.
Pupil of his father and Aloys Schmitt.
Composer of educational pieces, editor
of a valuable collection of classical
works, arranged by him for 4 hands.
He possessed a thorough knowledge of
Mozart's works.

Andre, Johann Baptist, b. March 7,
1823, Offenbach o/M. ; d. Dec. 12,
1882, Frankfort o/M. Pupil of Aloys
Schmitt (Pf.), Kessler (Harmony),
Frankfort o/M. ; later of Taubert (Pf.),
Dehn (Composition), Berlin. Brilliant
performer and elegant composer. His
arrangements of Beethoven's Sym-
phonies for 4 hands are very much
respected.

Andreoli. Guglielmo, b. April 22, 1832,
Mudena; d. i860, Nice. Pupil at the

Conserv. of Milan. Eminent pianist,
and composer of elegant drawing-room
pieces. His brother —
Andreoli, Carlo, b. Jan. 8, 1840, Miran-
dola (near Modena). Pupil at the
Milan Conserv., subsequently ap-
pointed Prof. Composer of Nocturnes ,
Op. 4, 10, 12, 19; Romanzas (4), Op.
16; ditto (4), Op. 17.
Angelet, Charles Frangois, b. Nov. 18,
1797, Ghent ; d. there, Dec. 20, 1832.
Pupil of Zimmermann (1814) at the
Paris Conserv. 1822, first prize. 1829,
named pianist to King William of
Holland. Excellent pianist, and com-
poser of effective and brilliant pieces.
Anglebert, Jean Henri d', dates of birth
and death unknown. Clavecinist to
Louis XIV. He published, 1689, a
collection of —
Pieces de Clavecin avec la maniere de les
jouer, diverses chacones, ouvertures, et
autres airs de M. de Lully, mis sur cet
instrument. Livre I., chez I'auteur. For
an AUemande from this collection, see
Weitzmann's History of Pf. Playing.
•Arensky, Anton Stepanowitsch, b. July
30, 1862, Novgorod. 1879-82, pupil at
the St. Petersburg Conserv. — his
teachers were Johannsen and Nicolaus
Rimsky-Korsakow. 1882, appointed
Prof, of Harmony and Composition at
the Imperial Conserv. of Moscow.
Compositions (beginning to be very
popular) are —
6 pieces in the form of Canons, Op. 1 ;
Concerto with Orchestra, Op. 2 ; 6 pieces,
Op. 5 (No. 5, +Basso ostinato) ; Scherzo,
Op. 8; Suite for 2 Pf., Op. 15; 3 pieces,
Op. 19; tBigarrures, Op. 20; Silhouettes
iSuite for 2 Pf.). Op. 23 ; 3 Sketches, Op. 24.
Arne, Thomas Augustine, Mus. Doc, b.
1 710, London ; d. there, March 5, 1778.
Composer of Sonatas or Lessons. For
Sonata in G, see Pauer's " Alte Clavier
Musik," Leipzig.
Arnold, Carl, b. May 6, 1794, Neukirchen
(Wiirtemberg) ; d. Nov. 11, 1873,
Christiania. Pupil of Aloys Schmitt
(Pf.) and of Vollweiler and Joh. Andre
(Composition), Frankfort o/M. Com-
poser of a Sextet, Sonatas, Variations,
&c.
Asantschewsky, Michael von, b. 1838,
Moscow. 1861-62, pupil of Rietz and
Hauptmann (Leipzig). 1866-70, he
resided at Paris. 1870-76, successor of
Anton Rubinstein as Director of the
Imperial Conserv. of St. Petersburg.
Composer of chamber music and solo
pieces, mostly published at Leipzig.
*Ascher, Joseph, b. June 4, 1829, Gronin-
gen (Holland) ; d. June4, 1869, London.
Pupil of Mendelssohn and Moscheles
(Leipzig). Pianist to the Empress

ASHTON-BACH.

Eng^nie, and composer of many
fashionable pieces, some of which
became very popular (Fanfare Mili-
taire, Mazurka des traineaux, Sans-
souci, <ffcc.).
*Asbton, Algernon, b. Dec. 9, 1859,
Durham. Pupil at the Leipzig Con-
serv., where Heinig, Coccius, and Rob.
Papperitz were his teachers for Pf.,
Iwan Knorr, Jadassohn, and Reinecke
for Composition. Teacher of Pf. at
the RoyaJ College of Music (London).
.\mong his Pf. works (reaching, 1893,
the number Op. 63) are to be men-
tioned—
Duets ; Spanish, English, Scottish, and Irish
Dances ; Suite for a Pf. ; Concerto (4 move-
ments); Sonata; Chamber -music — several
works.

Asioli, Bonifacio, b. Aug. 30, 1769, Cor-
reggio ; d. there. May 26 (18 ?), 1832.
1782 (13 years old). Conductor in his
native town. 1787-99, residing pjirtly in

Turin and partly in Venice. 1 809, Prof,
and Inspector of the Milan Conserv.
1813, returned to Corr^gio, where he
founded a music school. Composer
of—

Sextet, Pf., CI., Bssn., Hn., Via., and Vcello ;
Sonata, Pf. and V'cello ; Solo Sonata, Ca-
priccios for 4 hands, Capriccios, Fantasias.
\uthor of a " Breve Metodo per Pf"

Assmayer, Ignaz, b. Feb. 11, 1790, Salz-
burg; d. Aug. 31, 1862, Vienna. Pupil
of Michael Haydn. 1808, Organist of
St. Peter's (Salzburg) ; 1815, pupil of
Eybler (Vienna) ; 1824, Regens-chori of
the Schottenkirche, Vienna ; 1825,
Kaiserl. Hof-Organist, and, 1838,
Kaiserl. Hof-Capellmeister. Composer
of Trios, Sonatas, Rondos, &c.

Attwood, Thomas, b. 1765, London ; d.
March 28, 1838, CheyneWalk, Chelsea.
1785-87, pupil of Mozart in Vienna.
Composer of Sonatas and Lessons.

Bach, Johann Christoph (son of Heinrich
B., 1615-92), b. 1642. Arnstadt
(Schwarzbtirg - Sondershausen) ; d.
March 31, 1703, Eisenach. His com-
positions consist of —
12 Variations on a Sarabanda in G ; 15 Varia-
tions on an Aria by Dan. Eberlin (1630-gi).

Bach, Johann Christoph (eldest brother
of Sebastian B.), b. 1671, Eisenach ; d.
Feb. 22, 1721, OhrdrufF. Teacher of
Sebastian B. in Clav. playing.

Bach, Johann Ernst (son of Joh. Bern-
hard B), b. 1722, Eisenach; d. 1777,
Weimar. Capellmeister of the Court.
Educated for the law, he devoted him-
self later to music. Composer of —
Sonatas (3) with Vln. ; Solo Sonatas (2) ; Fan-
tasia and Fugue in A min. ; Sonata in A ;
and Suite in E min.

Bach, Johann Sebastian (son of the Stadt-
Musikus, Ambrosius B), b. March 21,
1685, Eisenach; d. July 28, 1750, Leip-
zig. Being 9 years old when he lost his
mother, and 10 when his father died,
he was educated by his eldest brother,
Toh. Christoph B. Studied at the Col-
lege of Luneberg (Hanover). 1703, as
\iolinist, member of the "Weimar Court
Orchestra ; 1704, Organist at Arnstadt ;
1708-17. Hof-Capellmeister at Cothen
(Anhalt), and, from 1723 until his death
in 1750, Cantor of the Thomas School
(Leipzig). B. was twice married, and
had II son3 and 9 daughters. Of the

sons 5 survived him and the same
number of daughters. It is unnecessary
to speak about his transcendent and
unsurpassed merits as a composer, but
it may be of interest to mention the
remarks of contemporaries with respect
to his playing : ' ' Bach was imdoubtedly
the greatest performer of his time. The
chief feature of his playing was its ex-
treme distinctness in the tones produced
from the keys. He held his fingers bent
in such a manner over the keyboard
that they stood with their points in a
downward vertical line, each finger at
every moment ready for action. In
taking a finger off the keyboard, he
drew it gently inwards with a sort of
movement very like taking up coin from
a table. Only the end joint was moved,
all the rest of the hand remained still.
Each finger was equally well trained.
The tranquil grandeur and dignity of
Bach's playing were eminently remark
able. Bach took quick times and yet
rendered his performance so intelligible
and interesting that it sounded like
speech. Passionate passages he never
expressed by violent or spasmodic
movements, but solely relied on
the power the composition itself
possessed. His favourite instrument
was the clavichord, on which he could
give all the expression he desired. He

BACH— BACH.

often said that he found no soul in the
clavecin, and that the pianoforte, then
newly invented, was too clumsy and
harsh to please him" (see Hilgen-
feldt). His works for the Clavecin
(Clavichord) are the following :

Das wohltemperirte Clavier— 48 Preludes and
Fugues in all maj. and min. keys; French
Suites (6); English Suites (6); Suites in
A min., E flat, and E min. ; Suite (Overture
in the French style) ; Partitas (6) ; Sonatas
(3) ; and Sonata in D ; Chromatic Fantasia
and Fugue (D min.) ; Concerto in the
Italian style; Fantasias and Fugues in A
min., B flat, D (2), B min. (con imitazione) ;
Fantasias in C min. (2), A min., and G min.;
Toccatas and Fugues in E, F sharp, C, D,
and G min. ; Toccata in G ; Preludes and
Fugues, E flat (Lute or Clav.), F, G,
A min., B flat (on the name of Bach), A
min., D min., E min., A min. ; Fugues, B
min. (subject Iw Albinoni), C min., C (2),
D min., D, A, E min., A min., E min. (not
finished), and in A (2) ; Petits Preludes pour
les commen9ants (12) ; Kleine Praeludien
(6); Inventions in 2 parts (15); Ditto in 3
parts (15), sometimes called Symphonies;
Duets (4) ; Menuets (3) ; Concerti (16), trans-
cribed from Ant. Vivaldi's Vln. Concertos ;
Aria con (30) Variazioni in G ; Aria variata,
A min. ; -fCapriccio sopra la lontananzadel
suo fratello dilettissimo ; Capriccio in E ;
Overture in F ; Das musikalische Opfer ;
Kunst der Fuge; Sonatas for Clav. and Vln.
(5) ; Suite for Clav. and Vln. ; Sonatas for
Clav. and Fl. (6) ; Sonatas for Clav. and
Viol da Gamba (3) ; Concertos for Clavecin
(with accomp. of Strings) (6) ; Concerto for
Clav., Fl., and Vln. ; Concertanti (with
accomp. of Strings) ; Concerto for Clav.
and 2 Fl. (with accomp. of Strings) ; Con-
certo for Clav., Fl., and Via. (with accomp.
of Strings) ; Concerti for 2 Clav. (3) ; Con-
certi for 3 Clav. (2) ; Concerto for 4 Clav.
(Transcription of a Concerto for 4 Vln.. by
Ant. Vivaldi).

Bach, Friedemann (Wilhelm), the eldest
and most gifted son of Seb. B. ; b. Nov.
22, 1710, Weimar ; d. July i, 1784,
Berlin. Pupil of his father. First
Organist in Dresden, later in Halle,
soon became very dissipated, and led a
wandering life, until he died in a
state of great misery at Berlin. Ac-
cording to Bitter's biography he
composed —

Concertos (10) ; Fugues (10); Sonatas (10); a
Fugue; Grand Fantasias (7); Short Fan-
tasias (4); Polonaises (30?); Variations
(12) ; Sonata for 2 Clavecins in F.

Bach (Carl), Philipp Emanuel (second
son of Seb. B.), b. March 14, 1714,
Weimar ; d. Dec. 14, 1788, Hamburg.
Sometimes called the "Berlin" or
' ' Hamburg ' ' Bach . Pupil of his father
and at the Thomas School (Leipzig).
Studied the law in Leipzig and Frank-
fort o/Oder. 1740, Cembalist and
Kammermusikus to Frederic 11. of
Prussia (Berlin) ; 1767, appointed
Musik-Director at Hamburg, where he
remaiued until his death. Emanuel B.

has often been called the founder of the
modern instrumental music, and is
decidedly the predecessor of Haydn
and Mozart, by whom he was much
admired. (" He is the father, we are
the boys." — Haydn.) His best works
were written in Hamburg, and his
chief energy was devoted to the
Clavecin (Clavichord). The Sonatas,
Rondos, and Fantasias for connoisseurs
and amateurs, and the so-called
Wiirtemberg Sonatas, are decidedly
the best. He was a very prolific
composer.
Sonatas (6), Op. i, 1742-43 ; Sonatas (6), Op. 2,
1743-44 ; Sonatas (6) and a Fantasia, 1753 ;
Sonatas (6), with varied repetitions, 1760;
Sonatas (12), 1761-63 ; Easy Sonatas (6),
1766 ; Sonatas (6), for ladies, 1770 ; Sonatas
(6), for the Harpsichord, 1776 ; Clavier
Sonatas, Rondos, and free Fantasias for
connoisseurs and amateurs, 1779-87; 6
Collections, containing 18 Sonatas, 13
Rondos, and 6 Fantasias; Sonatina nuove
(6), 1780 ; Sonata in C min., 1785; Sonatas
(2), 1786; Minuet with crossed hands, 1731,
etched by the composer; 12 short pieces
for 2 and 3 parts, 1770 ; Clavecin pieces of
various kind, 1765 (19 pieces).
Collections, edited and selected by Emanuel
B. : I. CEuvres melees (1755-65); 3. Raccolta
delle piu nuove composizioni di Clavicem-
balo, 1756-57 ; 3. Musikalisches AUerley, 9
books, 1760-63 ; 4. Musikalisches Vielerley,
1762-65 ; 5. Collection recreative, 1760-61.
Works for Clavecin and other instruments :
Concerto in D (1745); in B flat (1753); in E
(1763) ; 6 Concerti per il Cembalo concertato
accomp. da 2 Violini, Violetta e Basso con
2 Corni e 2 Flauti per rinforza, 1772
(dedicated to the Duke of Courland), in
F, D, E flat, C min., G, and C; 3 Sonatines
for Clavecin, 2 French Hn., 2 Fl., 2 Vln.,
Via., and Basso (C, F, E flat), 1764; 2 Trios
(Trii), dedicated to Count Schaumburg— the
first describes the dialogue between " a San-
guinicus and a Melancholicus " ; 6 Sonatas
with accompaniment of a Vln. or V'cello, in
2 collections, 1776-77 ; 6 Sonatas, with Vln.
or V'cello, 1778. Theoretical works : Ver-
such iiber die wahre Art das Clavier zu
spielen (Essay on the true manner of playing
the Clavecin) : First part (1753), second part
(1761). Bitter, in his biography of Friede-
mann and Emanuel B., mentions 146
Sonatas (99 published) ; shorter pieces, 174
(123 published); Concerti with accompani-
ment, 52 (9 published); 28 Trios (12
Sonatinas) and smaller pieces 44 (ip pub-
lished). On the whole, 420 works for the
Clavecin, of which 250 were published.

Bach, Johann Christoph Friedrich (the

" Biickeburg " Bach), b. June 29, 1732,

Leipzig ; d. Jan. 26, 1795, Biickeburg.

Pupil of his father, Sebastijin B.,

Capellmeister to Count Schaumburg.

Composer of —

Sonatas with Fl. or Vln. (6), 1777 ; Easy Solo

Sonatas (6), 1785 ; Concerti (2), Sonatas,

and other pieces (16) in Emanuel B.'s

" Musikalisches Vielerley."

Bach, Johann Christian (the " Milan "
or "London" Bach), youngest son of
Sebastian B. ; b. 1735, Leipzig ; d.

BACHE— BALAKIREFP.

Jan., 1782, London. Pupil of his
father, and, after his death, of his
brother Emanuel B. (Berlin). 1759,
he settled in London and became
teacher of the Queen. Although he
had received an excellent musical
education, he preferred to write in a
popular style and mostly for amateurs.
20 Concerti ; Concerto in Tartini's manner;
Sextet ; Quintets (2) ; Quartet ; Trios (about
25); Sonatas with Fl. (6); Solo Sonatas (6) ;
Sonatas (6), Op. 17 ; Fugue on the name
Bach; Sonata for 4 hands; Sonata for 2
Pf., and several other Sonatas.
Bache (Francis), Edward, b. Sept. 14,
1833, Birmingham; d. there, Sept. 14,
1858. Pupil of Stemdale Bennett,
London ; Plaidy (Pf.), Hauptmann
(Composition), Leipzig.
Andante and Rondo with Orchestra; Romanza
for Pf. and Vln. ; Concerto (MS.), and a
number of graceful, elegant, and effective
Solo pieces.
Bache, Walter (younger brother of the
above), b. June ig, 1842, Birmingham;
d. March 26, 1888, London. Pupil of
Plaidy and Moscheles (Pf), Leipzig,
and F. Liszt, Weimar and Rome.
Prof, at the R.A.M. (London), and an
enthusiastic and devoted admirer of
Liszt, for the popularisation of whose
orchestral and vocal works he worked
with noble and indefatigable energy
and perseverance.
Bachmann, (Pater), Sixtus, b. July 18,
1754. Kettershausen (Bavaria) ; d.
1818, Vienna. Brilliant pianist, also
composer of Sonatas and Fugues.
He possessed a really phenomenal gift
of memory.
Badarczewska, Thekla, b. 1838, War-
saw; d. there, 1862. Her reputation
rests on a single piece, "La priere
d'une Vierge," which made the round
of the world, whilst her other pieces
remained almost unknown.
*Barmann, Carl,b. July 9, 1839, Munich.
Son of the eminent Clarinetist, Carl
B., and grandson of the friend and
travelling companion of C. M. von
Weber, Heinrich B. Pupil of Wanner
and Wohlmuth (Pf), and Franz Lach-
ner (Composition), of Munich. For
some time pupil of Liszt (Weimar).
Teacher at the Munich Conserv. (now
Royal Academy). 1881, he went to
Boston (U.S.), where he became a
most successful teacher, public per-
former, and influential authority. His
technique is extraordinarily great.
Syme of his effective and brilliant
pieces were published by Andr6, Offen-
bach o/M.
Bagge, Selmar, b. June 30, 1823, Coburg.
At first a pupil at the Prague Conserv.,

later of Sechter (Vienna). 1851, teacher

at the Vienna Conserv. ; 1863-67,

editor of the Allgemeine Musikzeitung

(Leipzig). 1868, appointed Director

of the Music School at Basel (Basle).

He published —

Exercises and Studies, Solo pieces, and an

excellent Essay on the Minor Keys and

Scales.

Baillot, Pierre, b. Oct., 1771, Passy, near
Paris; d. Sept. 15, 1842, Paris. Cele-
brated violinist, who deserves to be
mentioned as the composer of a very
good Sonata for Pf. and Vln., Op. 32.
♦Baker-Grondahl, Agathe, b. Dec. i,
1847, Holmestrand, Norway. 1856,
pupil of Froken (Miss) With, of Chris-
tiania for 2 years ; afterwards of Otto
Winter Hyelm ; i860, of Halfdan
Kjerulf (Pf.) and L. M. Lindemann
^Theory) ; 1863, pupil of KuUak
(Berlin). Appeared, 1864, with great
success in Christiania; returned to
Berlin in order to take lessons in
composition from Richard Wiierst.
Before 1875 she spent three months in
Florence under the guidance of Dr.
von Billow. Afterwards she benefited
by Liszt's advice (Weimar). 1875, she
married the Prof, of Singing, O. A.
Grondahl. Resides in Christiania, and
is one of the most influential musical
authorities. Her performances in
Leipzig, Copenhagen, Stockholm,
London, &c., were received with great
warmth and unanimous approval.
She is Hon. Member of the " Svendsen "
Quartet Society, of the Choral Institu-
tion for Sacred Music, Member of the
Royal Swedish Academy, and reci-
pient of the Royal Swedish gold
medal, " Pro Literis et Artibus."
The best knov^oi of her compositions
are —
6 Etudes de Concert, Op. 11 ; 3 Morceaux,
Op. 15 ; 4 Sketches, Op. 19; Suite (5 move-
ments). Op. 2o. A selection of her works
is contained in the " Agathe Grondahl "
Album.

Balakireff, Mily Alexejewitsch, b. 1836,
Nishny - Novgorod. Studied at the
University of Kasan (on the Volga),
but is an entirely self-taught musician.
Performed, 1855, for the first time
at St. Petersburg. Founded, 1862,
with Lamakin, the "Gratis" Music
School. 1866, appointed Capellmeister
of the Opera (Prague) ; returned to
St. Petersburg, where he conducted,
1867-70, the Concerts of the Imperial
Musical Society, and introduced works
of Liszt and Berlioz and of the
younger Russian composers. Of his
Pf . compositions, the Oriental Fantasia,

BALBASTRE— BATTA.

" Islamei," created a certain sensation,
while several of his shorter pieces
(I'Alouette de Glinka) are often played
in public.
Balbastre, Claude, b. Dec. 8, 1729,
Dijon; d. April 9, 1799, Paris. Pupil
of Rameau. His pieces enjoyed great
popularity.
Pieces de Clavecin ; 4 Suites de Noels avec
Variations ; Septuor, &c.

•Banister, Henry Charles, b. June 13,

1 83 1, London (son of the Violoncellist,

H. J. B.). 1846, elected King's Scholar

of the R.A.M. ; re-elected 1848. Pupil

of Cipriani Potter. Since 1852, Prof.

of Harmony and Composition at the

R.A.M. Since 1880, Prof, at the

Guildhall School. Examiner in Music

and Member of the Board of Studies

(Cambridge University). Composer

of —

Fantasia; Allegretto alia Marcia; Sonata

for 2 performers ; and author of well-known,

excellent, and highly - valued theoretical

books.

*Barbadette, (Hippolyte), Henri la

Rochelle (Senateur de la Republique

Fran9aise), b. 1827, Poitiers. Pupil

of L. d'Aubigny. Resides at Paris.

His name is well known through his

biographies of Haydn, Gluck, Weber,

Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Chopin,

Schubert, Heller, &c., and by his

excellent Essays on musical matters.

Composer of —

Sextuor for Pf. and Strings ; Sonatas with

Vln. ; ditto, with V'cello ; Scenes d'enfants

(12), Op. 113 ; 25 Etudes m^lodiques. Op.

122 ; 125 Etudes expressives, Op. 125 ; 25

Etudes de genre. Op. 136; Preludes et

pieces fugu^es, Op. ii8; Esquisses musi-

cales, Op. 95 ; Senates et Sonatines.

Barbara, Pierre Henri, b. April 28, 1823,
Orleans (Loiret) ; d. May 9, 1863,
Libourne (Gironde). Pupil of Aloys
Schmitt (Frankfort o/M.). 1843, he
published solo pieces, which were
favourably received and obtained
considerable popularity.

Barbot, Francois Cecile Paul, b. 1828,
Toulouse, where he resides. With his
children he gives Concerts on 6 pianos,
performing with great success his
effective arrangements of the best
works of Beethoven, Weber, &c.
Since 1846 he has published upwards
of 100 pieces vrith characteristic titles.

Bargiel, Woldemar, b. Oct. 3, 1828,
Berlin. He is a half-brother of
Madame Clara Schumann. Pupil of
Moscheles (Pf.), Hauptmann, Gade,
and Rietz (Composition), at Leipzig.
For several years Prof, at the Cologne
Conserv., afterwards at the Music
School of Rotterdam. Since 1874,

Prof, at the Berlin Hochschule. 1875,
Member of the Senate of the Royal
Academy of Arts and Science. Knight
of the Prussian Order of the Red
Eagle. Composer of—
Trios (3); a Sonata, Op. 34; f Bagatelles, Op.
4; Suites (2), Op. 8 and 31; Characteristic
Pieces (3); -j-S pieces. Op. 32; ditto. Op. 41 ;
Impromptu, Op. 44; Etude, and Toccata,
Op. 45. His works are distinguished by
clearness, melodiousness, and absolute
correctness.
*Barnett, Domenico, b. Aug. 25, 1846,
London, son of John Barnett (1802-90).
Pupil at the Leipzig Conserv. of Plaidy
and Moscheles (Pf.), Richter and
Hauptmann (Harmony), Rietz and
Reinecke (Composition) . Principal
Pf. teacher at the Ladies' College
of Cheltenham. His pieces remain
unpublished.
*Barnett, John Francis, b. Oct. 16, 1837,
London. Pupil of the late Dr. Henry
Wylde ; 1875, at the Leipzig Conserv.,
under Moscheles (Pf.), Hauptmann and
Rietz (Composition). Since 1861, has
resided permanently in London.
Teacher at the National Training
School, Royal College of Music,
Guildhall School, and London Academy
of Music (where he is Hon. Vice-
President). Excellent performer, and
successful composer of —
Concerto (D min.) ; Trio (C min.) ; Sonata
(E min.); Impromptus (3); Home Scenes
(9 pieces) ; Tarantella ; Berceuse, &c.
*Baroni-Cavalcabo, Julie (first married
to the Imperial Councillor von.
Webenau, secondly to the Brazilian
Ambassador, Chevalier de Britto), b.
Oct. 16, i8i3,Lemberg ; d. July 3, 1887,
Graz (Styria). Pupil of W. A. Mozart,
jun. Brilliant pianist and composer of
effective Caprices, Sonatas, Drawing-
room pieces, &c. Schumann had a
high opinion of her musical attain-
ments, and dedicated to her his
" Humoreske," Op. 20.
*Barth, Carl Heinrich, b. July 12, 1847,
Pillau (district of Konigsberg). Son of
a teacher, who was his first instructor.
1856, pupil of L. Steinmann (Potsdam),
later of Biilow, Bronsart, and Tausig
(Pf.) ; Dr. Marx, Weitzmann, and
Kiel (Composition). 1871, appointed
Prof, at the Hochschule, Berlin.
Pianist to the late Emperor Frederick ;
and Royal Prof. His excellent quaUties
as a musician and thoughtful pianist,
commanding a vast repertory, are
well known and warmly appreciated.
Batta, Jean Laurent, b. Dec. 30, 1817,
Maestricht (Holland) ; d. Dec, 1879,
Nancy, Brilliant pianist and highly
successful teacher.

8

BAUMFELDER— BEETHOVEN.

•Baumfelder, Friedrich, b. May 28,
1836, Dresden. Patronised by the King
of Saxony. He .was first a pupil of
Julius Otto ; obtained later a Scholar-
ship at the Leipzig Conserv., where
Moscheles, Wenzel, and Hauptmann
were his teachers. After leaving
Leipzig he settled in Dresden. 1875,
Director of the "Robert Schumann"
Academy. Very successful teacher
and popular composer.
Confidence, Op. 48; Rondo mignon, Op. 49;

Rococo, Op. 367; " Tirocinium musicas " is

greatly esteemed.

Baumgart (Expedit), Friedrich (Dr.
Phil.), b. Jan. 13, 1817, Glogau ; d.
Sept. 15, 1 87 1, Warmbrunn (Silesia).
Principal teacher at the Matthias
Gymnasium and Musical Director of
the Breslau University. Excellent
theorist ; carefully edited Phil. Eman-
uel Bach's Clavecin works with a
highly valuable preface.

Beckmann, Johann Friedrich Gottlob,
b. 1737, Celle ; d. there, April 25, 1792.
He was one of the best performers of
his time, and his improvisations were
much admired. Composer of —
Sonatas (12); Concertos (6), and many Solo
pieces.

Beethoven, Ludwig van, b. Dec. 16,
1770, Bonn; d. March 26, 1827,
Vienna. Pupil of Van den Eeden
and Neefe (Bonn), and of Haydn,
Salieri, and Albrechtsberger (Vienna).
See Nottebohm's valuable works :

. " Beethoven's Skizzenbuch," " B.
Studien," " Beethoveniana," and
"Neue Beethoveniana." For an ex-
haustive biography of Beethoven,
see Grove's Dictionary, Vol. I., p. 162.
The following list mentions his
compositions for Pf. : —

Sonatas: Sonatas (3), composed in his nth
year (1783); ditto (3), Op. 2 (1796); Grand
Sonata, Op. 7 (1797) ; Sonatas (3), Op. 10
(1798); Sonate pathfetique. Op. 13 (1799);
Sonatas (2), Op. 14 (1799) ; Sonata, Op. 22
(1800); Sonata, Op. 26 (1801); Sonatas
Quasi Fantasias (2), Op. 37 (1801) ; Sonata
(commonly called "Pastorale"), 1801 ;
Sonatas (3), Op. 31 (1802); Easy Sonatas
(2), Op. 49 (1805); Sonata (" Waldstein"),
Op. 53, 1803 (appeared 1805) ; Sonata, Op. 54
(1803) ; Grand Sonata (" Appassionata ' ),
Op. 57(1804); Sonata, Op. 78 (1809); Sona-
tina, Op. 79 (1810) ; Characteristic Sonata
(I'Adieu, I'Absence, et le Retour), Op. 8ia,
(1809); Sonata, Op. 90(1814); Sonata, Op loi
(1815) ; Grand Sonata, Op. 106(1818); Sonata,
Op. 109 (1821); Sonata, Op. no (1821);
Sonata, Op. in (1822). Variations (with
Opus number) : On an original air (6), Op. 34
(1802); 15 and Fugue, Op. 35 (1802); 6, Op.
76 (1810) : 33, on the " Diabelli " Valse, Op.
120 (1823); Ditto, without Opus number:
9 Variations on a March by Dressier (1782) ;

. 9 on " Quant i piCt bello," by Paisiello
(1796) ; 6 on " Nel cor piO non mi sento,"
by Paisiello (1793) ; 12 on Haibel's Minuet

a la Vigano (1795) ; 12 on " Waldmiidchen,"
by Wranitzky (1796); 8 on " Une fifivre
brulante," by Gretry (1798) ; 10 on " La
Stessa," by Salieri (1799); 7 on "Kind willst
du ruhig schlafen," Winter (1799); 8 on
"Tandeln und scherzen," by Siissmayer
(1799); 13 on " Es war einmal," by
Dittersdorf (1794) ; 6 easy on an original
air (1801); 6 easy on a Swiss air (1799);
24 on " Vieni amore,'' by Righini (1790);
7 on " God save the King" (1804); 5 on
" Rule, Britannia " (1804) ; 32 on an original
air (1807); 8 on " Ich hab' ein kleines
Hiittchen nur." Rondos: 2 in C (1798)
and G (1802) ; Rondo a capriccio, Op.
129 (posth. work); Rondo in A (1784).
Bagatelles : 7, Op. 33 (1782) ; 11, Op. 119 (1820-
22) ; 6, Op. 126 (1821 ?). Fantasia, Op. 77
(1809). Prelude in F min. (1805); Ditto {2),
in all 12 maj. keys (1789). Dances: 6 rustic
(1802); 7 ditto (1803); 12 German (1795); 6
Contre-Danses (1802) ; Minuet in £ ilat
(1805); 6 Minuets; 12 ditto (1795). Mili-
tary March (1816). Polonaise, Op. 8g (1814).
Andante favori (iSoi). For j^hands: Sonata,
Op.6 (1797); Marches (3), Op. 45 (1801 or 1802);
Variations, 6 (1800); ditto, 8 (1783). For
Pf. and Vln.: Sonatas (3), Op. 12 (1798-
99) ; Sonata, Op. 23 (1801) ; ditto, Op. 24
(1801); Sonatas (3), Op. 30 (1802); Sonata
(" Kreutzer"), Op. 47 (1803) ; Sonata, Op. 96
(1810); Variations (12), 1793. For Pf. and
V'cello: Sonatas (2), Op. 5 (1796); Sonata,
Op. 69 (1809) ; Sonatas (2), Op. 102 (1815) ;
Variations : 12 (1793) ; 7 (1801) ; Rondo
(i8c7). These may also be played with
Vln. For Pf. and Hn.: Sonata, Op.
17 (1800). Trtos for Pf., Vln., and V'cello :
3, Op. 1 (1791-92); 2, Op. 70(1808); Grand
Trio, Op. 97 (i&ii); Short Trio (1812);
Trio (1791) ; Adagio, Variations, and
Rondo, Op. I2ia (1824) ; 14 Variations,
Op. 44 (1802). Trio for Pf., CI, and
V'cello, Op. n (1798). Quartet for Pf,
Vln., Alto, and V'cello, arranged from the

guintet for Pf., Ob., CI., Hn., and Bssn.,
p. 16 (1798). Quartets : 3, posth. works
(1785), for Pf., Vln., Alto, and V'cello.
Concertos : No. I, Op. 15 (1795) '< No. 2, Op.
19 (1798) ; No. 3, Op. 37 (1800) ; No. 4, Op. 58
(1804); No. 5, Op. 73 (1809). Concerto for Pf.,
Vln., and V'cello, Op. 56 (1804-5), Concerto
(arr. from the Vln. Concerto), Op. 61 (1806).
Fantasia with Solos, Chorus, and Orchestra,
Op. 80 (1808).
Beethoven's Sonatas, indeed almost all
his Pf. works, offer the noblest objects
of study for anyone who practises for
the sake of the art and not for mere
amusement. His Sonatas comprise
every feature of characteristic expres-
sion ; they pourtray every shade of
human feeling, and their plastic
perfection cannot fail to imbue the per-
former with ideas of the highest and
best style. The sphere of technique is
here shown in its purest and loftiest
range, for the noblest technical skill is
devoted to the service of the noblest
thoughts. In every one of his Pf. works
we discern the deep interest the illus-
trious and unrivalled composer took in
the instrument itself ; and the imme-
diate grand, inspiring and elevating
effect they produce on the earnest and
loyal interpreter has never been rivalled;

BfeGUE— BENNETT.

indeed, in Beethoven's Sonatas and the
Concertos, Op. 37, 58, and 73, we
perceive the climax of all that is grand,
noble, masculine, pure, tender, and
intrinsically beautiful in the literature
of the Pf. The following extract from
an article by Carl Ludwig Junker,
published Nov. 23, 1791, in Bossier's
Musical Correspondence, gives a very
quaint description of Beethoven's
playing : — " ... I also heard one of
the greatest players on the Clavier,
that dear, good Bethofen [sic .'] of
whom some things were published as
early as 1783, which he composed
when only 1 1 years old. It is true that
he did not perform in a public concert,
perhaps because the instrument did
not satisfy him; it was a Grand by
Spath, and he is accustomed, when
in Bonn, to play only on one of
Stein's. But still, and what I liked all
the better, I heard him extemporise,
and I was indeed asked myself to
give him a theme for variations. The
inexhaustible wealth of his ideas, the
originality of expression in his playing,
and the technical excellence of his
performance render, in my opinion,
an accurate estimate of the artistic
greatness of this dear and modest
man. ... I have frequently and for
hours heard Vogler perform on the
Fortepiano and always admired his
extraordinary technique, but Bethofen's
performance, technically quite as high,
is much more important and expressive,
and touches your heart infinitely more :
he is, in consequence, as good at an
Adagio as at an Allegro. Even all
the members of the band, excellent
players themselves, are his admirers,
and all ear whenever he plays. And
with all this he is modesty itself, and
free from all pretension. He confessed,
however, that his expectations were
but rarely fulfilled when, during the
journeys which the Prince allowed him
to undertake, he met and heard some
of the most reputed and best
pianoforte players of the day. His
performance, indeed, is so entirely
different from the ordinary manner of
playing the Pianoforte, that it seems as
if he had been determined from the
outset to choose a way quite his own,
in order to reach the goal of perfection
at which he has now actually arrived.
Had I followed the pressing invitation
of my friend Bethofen to stay another
day in Mergentheim, in which he was
supported by Herr Winneberger, I
believe Herr Bethofen would have

played to me for hours, and in the
society of these two great artists I
would thus have had an opportunity
of enjoying another of the sweetest
days of my life."

Begue, Nicolas Antoine le, b. about 1630,
Laon ; d. July 6, 1702, Paris. Among
his works, "Pieces pour le Clavecin"
were published 1677, at Paris.

Behr, Franz, b. July 22, 1837, Lubtheen
(Mecklenburg). He is one of the most
prolific composers of easy, fashionable,
and light pieces, which are written in a
thoroughly practical manner, and
therefore exceedingly popular. He
publishes his compositions also under
the names of Francesco d' Orso, William
Cooper, and Charles Morley.

Belleville-Oury, Emilie, b. 1808, at
Munich ; d. there, July 23, 1880.
Pupil of Charles Czerny. For many
years resident in London. Brilliant
and elegant pianist, popular composer
(really arranger), and highly successful
teacher.

Benda, Georg (member of a very

musical family), b. 1721, Jung-Bunzlau

(Bohemia) ; d. Nov. 6, 1795, Kostritz

(Reuss). His works are distinguished

by agreeable melodies and general

euphony.

Solo Sonatas (12), Op. 1; 6 Ditto, Berlin

(1772); 6 collections of various pieces,

Gotha (1780-87) ; Sextet, Op. 3 ; Concertos

(2) ; I Concertino (1779 and 1783).

Bendel, Franz, b. March 23, 1833, at

the Market-place, Schonlinde, near

Rumburg (Bohemia) ; d. July 3, 1874,

Berlin. Pupil of Proksch (Prague)

and Liszt (Weimar). Exceedingly

brilliant pianist, possessing a wonderful

technique, and composer of highly

effective, melodious, and, in a certain

degree, fascinating pieces.

Studies (6) ; Study in sixths (B flat min.), On

the Lake of Geneva (6), Op. 139 ; Nocturnes,

Romanzas, Transcriptions of Songs by

Chopin, Rubinstein, Brahms, &c.

Benedict (knighted 1871), Sir Julius,
b. Dec. 24, 1804, Stuttgart ; d. June 5,
1885, London. Pupil of Hummel and
C. M. von Weber. Popular conductor
and accompanist. Composer of Con-
certos, Sonatas, Rondos, Fantasias,
Variations, &c. Founder of the annual
Monster Concerts. In his later years
he received orders of Knighthood from
Austria, Sweden, Portugal, Wiirtem-
burg, Russia, &c.

Bennett (knighted 1871), Sir William
Sterndale (Mus. Doc, M.A., D.C.L.)
b. April 13, 1816, Sheffield; d. Feb. i,
1875, London. Pupil at the R.A.M.,

BENTAYOUX— BERGSON.

his teachers being Charles Lucas. Dr.
Crotch, W. H. Holmes, and Cipriani
Potter. 1836, he was in Leipzig,
received with great kindness by Men-
delssohn and Schumann. 1856-66, Con-
ductor of the Philharmonic Society's
Concerts; 1856, elected Prof, of Music
at Cambridge University ; i866. Prin-
cipal of the R.A.M. Soon after his
election as Prof., the University of
Cambridge conferred on him the hon.
degree of Mus. Doc, and, 1870, he re-
ceived from the University of Oxford
the degree of D.C.L. As a pianist he
belonged to the classical school. As a
teacher he enjoyed great popularity
in certain circles. His compositions
(strongly influenced by Mendelssohn
and Dussek) consist of —
Concertos (4); Capriccio, Op. 2 ; Sextet for Pf.
and Strings; Sonata (dedicated to Mendels-
sohn) ; ditto (Maid of Orleans) ; Sonatina,
Fantasia (dedicated to Schumann); Musical
Sketches (3) ; Studies, Suite de Pieces, Toc-
cata, Chamber Trio, Sonata for Pf. and
V'cello, &c.
Bentayoux (Ben-Tayoux), Frederic, b.
June 14, 1840, Bordeaux. Pupil at the
Paris Conserv., of Marmontel (Pf),
Emile Durand (Theory), Carafa (Com-
position) . Composer of a considerable
number of effective and fashionable
pieces.
Berens, Hermann, b. April 17, 1826.
Hamburg; d. May 12, 1880, Stockholm.
At first pupil of his father, the flautist,
Carl B., afterwards of C. J. Reissiger
(Dresden), C. Czerny, and Sechter
(Vienna). 1845, he travelled with the
celebrated singer Marietta Alboni, and
went. 1847, to Stockholm ; remained
till 1849 Musik-Director at Orebro,
and was appointed, i860, Capellmeister
at the smaller theatre of Stockholm,
and Prof, of Composition at the Royal
Music School ; Member of the Royal
Academy of Sweden. Excellent pianist,
and successful composer of excellent
Studies and many other Pf. pieces, as
well as of Trios and Quartets.
Berg, Conrad Matthias, b. April 27,
1785, Colmar (Alsace) ; d. Dec. 13,
1852, Straissburg. 1806-7, pupil at the
Paris Conserv. He settled later in
Strassburg, where he was for many
years an influential, successful, and
much respected teacher. One of his
essays, "On the influence of modern
Piano-playing on musical education in
general " (Cacilia, Vol. 17, 1835), created
a great sensation. Composer of —
Concertos (3), Sonatas, Variations, Trios
(10), and many effective pieces for 4 hands.
•Berger, Francesco, b. June 10, 1834,
London. Resided with his parents at

Trieste, where he was a pupil of Luigi
Ricci (Harmony), and later, when in
Vienna, of Carl Lickl (Pf .) . Afterwards
private pupil of Hauptmann (Har-
mony) and Plaidy (Pf.) at Leipzig.
Composer of a considerable number of
elegant and effective pieces. Prof, of
the Pf. at the R.A.M. and Guildhall
School of Music. For several years
hon. secretary of the Philharmonic
Society.

Berger, Ludwig, b. April 18, 1777,
Templin, near Frankfort o/Oder ; d.
Feb. 16, 1839, Berlin. At first a pupil
of Giirrlich; 1804, went to Berlin,
where Clementi heard him and per-
suaded him to go with him (1805) to
St. Petersburg. John Field, a pupil of
Clementi, had, however, greater influ-
ence on the development of Berger's
playing than the Italian Maestro. He
left Russia in 1812, travelled for two
years in Sweden and England, and
settled (1814) in Berlin. The loss of
his wife and child produced a state of
mental despondency from which he
could never free himself entirely ; added
to this, a kind of apxDplectic stroke de-
prived his right arm of its independent
movement. Owing to these circum-
stances he devoted himself entirely to
teaching. Among his pupils were Felix
Mendelssohn and his sister Fanny
(Madame Hensel), Wilhelm Bach (no
relation of the " Bach " family). Wil-
helm Taubert, Greulich, the Ladies
Zeidler, Laidlaw, and others. Berger's
works are greatly respected, they are
solidly constructed, full of expression,
and of considerable originality. A
collection of them has been published
by Hofmeister (Leipzig). At present
only his Studies, a Toccata, and Rondo
are played. An exhaustive essay on
his life and artistic activity was written
by L. Rellstab, and printed in the
Berlinische Zeitung of Feb. 21, 1839.

•Bergson, Michael, b. 1820, Warsaw.
Pupil of Schneider (Dessau) ; later of
Rungenhagen and Taubert (Berlin).
1840, he visited Paris, and went (1846)
to Italy. 1850-53, he resided in Vienna;
later, again in Paris. 1863, appointed
"Professeurdel'enseignementsuperieur
du Piano" at the Conserv. of Geneva.
1868, he returned to Paris, but had to
leave on account of the war (1870), and
settled in London. Among his most
important works are —
12 Grandes Etudes, Op. 62; 6coIe du m^

canisme. Op. 65 ; Concerto Symphonique ;

Trio, Op. 5 ; Polonaise beroique. Op. 72 ;

and a Sonata with Fl.

^^

BBRINOBR— BIGOT DE MOROONES.

*Beringer, Oscar, b. July 14, 1844, Fiirt-
wangen (Grand Duchy of Baden) . He
came (1849) to London. Studied from
1864 to 1866 at Leipzig under Plaidy,
Moscheles, and Reinecke, and later
with Tausig, Ehlert, and Weitzmann
in Berlin. 1869, Tauzig appointed
him Prof, at the " Schule des hohern
Clavierspiels." A similar establishment,
under the name of " School for the
higher development of Pianoforte
Playing," was started by Beringer
(1871) in London. As a composer, he
turned his attention more towards the
technical department of playing, and
his compilation of technical exercises
is a very useful book of considerable
popularity, founded more or less on
Tausig's principles. As a pianist,
Beringer is noted for his absolutely
correct and clear execution.

Bernard, Moritz, b. 1794, Courland ; d.
May 9, 1871, St. Petersburg. 181 1, he
was Field's pupil in Moscow ; also
had instruction in composition from
Haesler. After having finished his
studies, he travelled and gave con-
certs. 1816, he was appointed by Count
Potocky, Conductor of his orchestral
band (South Russia). 1822, went to
St. Petersburg, where he was one of
the most popular teachers. 1829, he
opened a music warehouse. He com-
posed a quantity of smaller pieces.

Bernard, Paul, b. Oct. 4, 1827, Poitiers ;
d. Feb. 24, 1879, Paris. He was a
most successful teacher, wrote a great
number of Pf. pieces, and was the able
critic of the Parisian musical journals
Le Menestrel and La Revue et Gazette
musicale.

BernsdorfjDr. Eduard.b. March 25, 1825,
Dessau. Pupil of Schneider (Dessau)
and Prof. A. B. Marx (Berlin). Among
his Pf. works are an "Allegro appas-
sionato," Sonatas, Caprices, Fantasias.
He is chiefly active, however, as a critic
of new works and of the Leipzig con-
certs ; he writes in the Signale fur
die musikalische Welt, He completed
Schladebach's " Musikalisches Konver-
sations- Lexicon," in 3 volumes.

Berthold, Carl Friedrich Theodor, b.
Dec. 18, 1815, Dresden; d. there, April
28, 1882. Patronised by the King of
Saxony ; he received lessons in Com-
position from Julius Otto, and in Pf.
playing from J ohann Schneider. Went,
1840, with a rich family to Russia;
was appointed, 1843, principal teacher
of the "Ladies' School" at Charkow;
1849, similar appointment at the

"Noble Ladies' College" at St. Peters-
burg, from whence he returned, 1864,
to Dresden. He published a Concerto,
many smaller pieces, and wrote (with
Fiirstenau) a book : " Die Fabrikation
musikalischer Instrumente im Voigt-
land" (Saxony).

Bertini, Henri, b. 1798, London ; d.
Oct. I, 1876, at his estate, Meylan, near
Grenoble. Pupil of his brother, Benoit
Bertini. As a composer he is particu-
larly esteemed for his useful, practical,
and thoughtful educational works, such
as Studies, Rondos, Fantasias, which
are well constructed and devoid of any
triviality. His Studies are more or
less introductions and supplements to
similar works by J. B. Cramer and
Czerny : —
Etudes primaires, Op. i66; 25 Etudes elemen-
taires, Op. 137 ; 25 Etudes faciles. Op. 100;
25 Etudes preparatoires. Op. 175 ; +25 Etudes
doigtees. Op. 29 ; Etudes intermediaires,
Op. 276; +25 Etudes doigtees, Op. 32;
25 Etudes speciales, Op. 177 ; 25 Etudes
doigtees. Op. 134 ; ditto, Op. 13461$ ; 25
Etudes classiques et normales, Op. 178 ; 25
Etudes caracteristiques, Op. 66 ; 25 Caprice-
Etudes, Op. 94 ; 25 Grandes Etudes artis-
tiques, Op. 122 ; Seb. Bach's 48 Preludes
and Fugues arranged for 4 hands.

Besozzi, Louis Desire, b. April 3, 1814,
Versailles; d. Nov. 11, 1879, Paris.
Pupil at the Paris Conserv., where he
obtained several prizes, and, 1837, the
Grand Prix de Rome. Composer of
a good many well-written and effective
pieces.

Beyer, Ferdinand, b. 1803, Querfurt
(Prussia) ; d. May 14, 1863, Mayence.
Prolific writer of popular Pot-pourris,
Fantasias, and Arrangements of various
Arias and Dances.

Biagi (Biaggi ?), Alessandro, b. Jan. 20,
1819, Florence. Pupil of his elder
brother, Ludovico B. ; later of Geremia
Sbolci and Palafuti. 1857, appointed
Prof, at the Florence Academy. Com-
poser of several eminent Pf. works.

Bigot de Morognes, Marie {me Kiene),
b. March 3, 1786, Colmar (Alsace) ; d.
Sept. 16, 1820, Paris. 1804, she
married Monsieur Bigot, librarian to
Count Rasumoffsky. In Vienna she
made the acquaintance of Haydn,
Salieri, and Beethoven, all of whom
passed highly flattering laudations on
her playing. In i8og she introduced,
with Baillot, Mozart and Beethoven's
Violin Sonatas to a Parisian public.
18 16, during Mendelssohn's stay in
Paris, he received some lessons from
her. It is not known whose pupil she
was.

u

BIRD— BLUMENTHAL.

•Bird, Arthur, b. July 23, 1856, Cam-
bridge, near Boston (U.S.). His
grandfather, a descendant of William
Byrde, left England and settled in
Boston. Bird went, 1881, to Berlin,
and was a pupil of Haupt, Loschhorn,
Urban ; 1884-85, of Liszt, in Weimar.
1886, he was engaged to conduct
the Milwaukee Festival ; since his
return he has resided in Berlin, a
highly successful teacher. Of his
compositions the following deserve
attention : —
Variations and Fugue ; 3 Valses, Op. 12 ;
Puppentanze (Dolls' dances), 4 pieces, Op.
10 ; Slcetches ; 3 Suites, Ballet Music, Intro-
duction and Fugue, Zwei Poesien, for 4
hands; 3 Characteristic Marches, Op. zi.

Bimbach, Heinrich (Joseph Benjamin),
b. Jan. 8, 1793, Breslau ; d. Aug. 24,
1879, Berlin. Son of Carl Joseph B.
(1751-1805), who was his teacher.
1809, he had become a successful Prof,
at Breslau; 181 3, in Pesth, as con-
ductor and pianist ; playing with great
success at concerts ; 1815, he returned
to Breslau, where he remained until
1821, when he settled in Berlin. He
composed Concertos, Sonatas, Fan-
tasias, &c., which were very popular.

Bischoff, Dr. Hans, b. Feb. 17, 1852,
Berlin ; d. June 12, 1889, Nieder-
schonhausen, near Berlin. Pupil of
Dr. Theodor Kullak; studied Philo-
sophy, Mathematics, and modern
languages at the University of
Gottingen, where he gained the degree
of Dr. Ph. Created a well merited
sensation as an excellent pianist ;
1873-88, teacher at the Academy of
Music, and, for a short time, at
Stern's Conserv. Edited Bach's,
Schumann's, Schubert's, and Mozart's
Pf. works; published a new edition
of Adolph Kullak' s " jEsthetik des
Clavierspiels," and was greatly
esteemed for his talent and rare
accomplishments.

Bizet, Georges (really Alexandre Cesar
Leopold), b. Oct. 25, 1838, Paris;
d. June 3, 1875, Bougival. Pupil of
his father-in-law, Halevy. Possessed
great talent as a composer ; his Pf.
playing was admired for its brilliancy
and musicianlike expression. Com-
poser of several exceedingly pretty Pf.
pieces — " Jeux d'enfants" (12 pieces) ;
" Les chants du Rhin" (6 pieces);
" Le Pianiste-chanteur " ; 150 pieces
of all schools.

•Blahetka (Plahetka), Marie L^opoldine
(Composer and Pianist), b. Nov. 15,
181 1, Guntramsdorf, near Vienna;
d. Jan. 17, 1887, Boulogne-sur-Mer.

Pupil of Joseph Czemy (no relation
to Carl Czemy), Kalkbrenner, and
Moscheles for the Pf., and of Simon
Sechter for Composition. Brilliant
performer and moderately successful
composer of effective pieces. From
1840 she resided in Boulogne, where
she was very popular and successful
as a teacher, and highly esteemed for
her excellent and amiable character.
Blassmann, Adolph Joseph Maria, b.
Oct. 27, 1823, Dresden; d. June 30,
1891, Bautzen. Pupil of Charles
Mayer and Franz Liszt. Teacher at
the Dresden Conserv. ; 1862-64,
Director of the Leipzig Euterpe
Concerts ; 1867, Hof-Capellmeister
at Sondershausen, but soon after
returned to his former appointment
in Dresden. Ill health obliged him
to retire into private life.
• Bloomfield-Zeisler, Fannie, b. July,
1866, Bielitz (Austrian Silesia).
Received her first lessons at Chicago,
and studied afterwards for 5 years with
Th. Leschetizki (Vienna). Performed
in her tenth year (1876) at Chicago, but
made her first important appearance
in the same town in Jan., 1884. Her
performances in the United States,
Germany, and Austria have been
received with unusual applause, and
there is a unanimous opinion that
she is one of the foremost lady
pianists of the present time.
Blow, John (Mus. Doc), b. 1648,
North CoUingham, Nottinghamshire ;
d. Oct. I, 1708, Westminster
(London). Composer of Harpsichord
lessons. 1669-80 and 1695, Organist
of Westminster Abbey. For his
works, see the publication "Old
English Composers," and a volume
(British Museum), published 1700,
"A Choice Collection of Ayres for the
Harpsichord or Spinett," &c. In this
collection the first " Sett " is by
Blow (Almand, Corant, Minuett, Jigg).
*Blumenthal, Jacques, Ij. Oct. 4, 1829,
Hamburg. Pupil of Grund (Ham-
burg) ; 1843, of C. W. von Bocklet
(Pf.) and Sechter (Composition) in
Vienna; afterwards of Halevy (Paris).
1848, in London, where he settled.
Brilliant pianist and successful com-
poser of fashionable, melodious, and
effective drawing-room pieces : —
La Source ; Fleurs embl6niatiques (3) ;
Lavisella ; Chant du Cygne ; Adagio
sostenuto e Presto agitato ; R^ouka, Marche
turque, Op. 80 ; Chant national des
Creates ; M arches (2), Op. 17 ; La Caressante ;
Les deux Anges; Mazurkas (3), Op. 5 (3),
Op. 9; Nocturnes (2), Op. 10; tine nuit i
Venise.

BLUMENFELD— BOHRER.

13

•Blumenfeld, Felix, b. April 7, 1863,
Cherson (Village Kowalewska). Pupil
of Neuhaus (Elizabethgrad), 1881-85,
of Th. Stein (Conserv. of St. Peters-
burg.) 1885, he received the dip-
loma and gold medal for Pf. playing,
and was appointed Prof, at the St.
Petersburg Conserv.
Allegro de Concert (with Orchestra), Op. 7 ;
Variations caracteristiques, Op. 8; 24
Preludes, Op. 17, &c.

•Blumer, Fritz, b. i860, Glarus (Switzer-
land). At first (1871) a pupil at the
Geneva Conserv. ; gained (1874) the
first prize; 1875-77, pupil at the
Leipzig Conserv., where Wenzel and
Reinecke were his teachers for Pf . and
E. F. Richter for Composition; 1877,
he received the " Helbig" prize ; 1878-
79, with Liszt in Weimar and Rome ;
1884 and following years, gave suc-
cessful performances at Pasdeloup's
Concerts (Paris) and at the Crystal
Palace Concerts; 1885, performed at
the " Gewandhaus " Concerts (Leipzig);
1886, appointed Prof, at the Strassburg
Conserv. as successor to Paderewski;
1888, performances at Lamoureux's
Concerts (Paris).

Boccherini, Luigi, b. Feb. 19, 1743,

Lucca ; d. May 28, 1805, Madrid.

1785, Composer to the Royal Court of

Spain. Author of —

3 Pf. Quintets (Op. 40); 6 ditto (Op. 46);

6 ditto (posthumous works) ; 12 Trios ; a

good number of Vln. Sonatas and Solo

Sonatas (Op. 4).

Bocklet, Carl Maria von, b. 1801,
Prague; d. July 15, 1881, Vienna.
Pupil of Zawora (Prague), Hummel
rWeimar) for Pf., and Dyonys Weber
(Prague) for Composition. Excellent
pianist, much admired for his eminent
talent of improvisation, and most suc-
cessful teacher ; amongst his best
known pupils are Louis Kohler and
Jacques Blumenthal.

* Bocklet, Heinrich von (son of the
above), b. Nov. 7, 1850, Vienna. Pupil of
his father and of Franz Krenn. From
1878 till 1887, Prof, at the Imperial
Institute for teachers ; since 1887, only
private teacher.
Popular method of Pf. playing and editor
of Japanese melodies, harmonised, &c.

Bohm, Carl, b. Sept. 11, 1844, Berlin.
Pupil of Loschhorn (Pf.), Flodoaxd
Geyer and Aug. Reissmann (Composi-
tion) . Composed and published a great
number of drawing-room pieces, but
also important works, such as Sonatas
and Trios. Received from the Duke
of Anhalt-Dessau the gold medal for
art and science. Op. 345, Mazurkas;
Op. 348, Vorspielstiicke.

Bohm, Georg, b. 1661, near Gotha;
date of death unknown. He was con-
sidered an excellent composer. 1700,
Organist at Liineburg. Of his Clavecin
works may be mentioned —
3 Suites, an Overture, and a Fugue.
Bohner, Johann Ludwig, b. Jan. 8, 1787,
Tottelstadt (Gotha) ; d. there, March
28, i860. A decidedly gifted but
erratic musician, whom the well-known
author G. T. A. Hoffmann took as
model for his " Capellmeister Kreisler."
1810-20, he travelled as a virtuoso,
composed a great deal, accused C. M.
von Weber of stealing his ideas.
Sank — owing to dissipated habits —
deeper and deeper, and died eventually
in great distress. Before 1830 he had
written 5 Concertos —
After 1830 appeared a Sonata, Op. 15, a
Fantasia-Sonata, Op. 130 (!) and a Grand
Sonata, Op. 188. Of the intervening
Opera scarcely anything is known. Be-
sides these be published Fantasias,
Bagatelles, Caprices, Variations (one set.
Op. 3, has been re-published by Breitkopf
and Hartel), Aquarellen, &c. He also wrote
Studies in all keys, after A. E. Miiller's
principles. A Fantaisie Romanesque for 4
hands was lately published in a new edition.
Bohrer, Sophie (daughter of the Violinist,
Anton B.), b. 1828, Stuttgart; d. St.
Petersburg. Excellent pianist. When
only six years old she created an
extraordinary sensation by her wonder-
ful execution, prodigious memory, and
eminent talent for improvisation ; at
that time she was called "the female
Liszt." Her first teacher was her
mother [nee Dulcken, of Munich).
After travelling for several years, she
married, 1846, M. Bominghausen,
proprietor of an estate in Westphalia.
On account of nervous debility, she
was treated in Paris by a magnetiser ;
for reasons unknown she separated
from her husband and married, later,
an assistant of the magnetiser. Any
information about her further life or
career is entirely wanting ; neither
her Munich nor Stuttgart relations
are able to give it. Her memory was
in every respect astonishing — nay,
phenomenal. It is on record that at a
concert given by her in Vienna she
presented in the programme a list of
not less than 80 pieces, offering to play
any of these from memory at the choice
of her audience. Among those present
were Czerny, Thalberg, and other
celebrated musicians, who accordingly
selected several of the most compli-
cated and difficult, all of which she
rendered without hesitation and to the
complete satisfaction of her critical
listeners.

14

BOLCK— BRAMBACH.

Bolck, Oscar, b. March 4, 1839, Hohen-
stein (East Prussia) ; d. May 2, 1888,
Bremen. 1857, pupil of Moscheles
(Pf.) and Jul. Rietz (Composition), in
Leipzig; 1861, Prof, at a Music School
in Wiborg (Finland) ; he returned, 1862,
to Leipzig ; 1866-67, teacher in Liver-
pool; afterwards again in Leipzig.
1875, appointed Prof, at the Music
School in Riga. Composed and pub-
lished a good many characteristic
pieces for Pf., some of which became
well known.

Bonewitz (Bonawitz), Johann Heinrich,
b. Dec. 4, 1839, Durckheim (Bavarian
Palatinate). Pupil at the Liege
Conserv. ; then went to America, where
he had to rely on his own studies.
1861-66, in Wiesbaden; 1871, in New
York, where he established and con-
ducted the Popular Concerts. Returned
to Europe and settled in London,
where he gave Historical Pf. Recitals.
Composed, among other pieces —
A Grand Fantasia, " Sur la mer," Op. 28 ; a
Concerto with Orchestra, Op. 36 ; a Sonata
for Pf. and Vln. in A min.. Op. 40.

Contempo, Joao Domingos, b. 1781,
Lisbon ; d. there 1847. Details as to
the instruction he received are wanting.
1806, he settled as a teacher in Paris ;
went, after a few years, to London,
where he remained until 1818.
Returned to Paris. At that time about
22 of his works had been published
there. Among them were 2 Concertos
with Orchestral Accompaniments,
Sonatas (Op. i and 5), and several
Fantasias and Variations [Fandango).
Returned, 1821, to Lisbon, where he
founded a Conserv. and the Phil-
harmonic Society. 1816, he published
a method of Pf. playing (London).

Boom, Jan van, b. Oct. 15, 1807,
Utrecht ; d. April, 1872, Stockholm.
Pupil of his father. From 1859-65,
Prof, at the Royal Academy of Stock-
holm. Composed —
Pf. Duets, Trios, and Studies, which deserve
attention.

♦Borwick, Leonard, b. Feb. 26, 1868,
Walthamstow (Essex) . Pupil of Henry
R. Bird. 1884, entered the Conserv.
of Frankfort o/M. and remained till
1890; pupil of Madame Schumann
(1885-90), and of Dr. Bernhard Scholz
and Iwan Knorr (Composition and
Counterpoint). Appeared in London
1890 and has performed since then
with increasing success at the Popular
and Crystal Palace Concerts, &c.

Boulanger, Ernest Henri Alexandre,
b. Sept. 16, 1816, Paris. Pupil of

Alkan (Pf), Halevy, and Lesueur
(Composition) . His compositions,
mostly drawing-room pieces, are highly
efifective and enjoy a certain popularity.

Boyce, William (Mus. Doc), b. 1710,
London ; d. there Feb. 7, 1779. Among
his compositions for Clavecin, a Con-
certo is to be mentioned.

Brahms, Dr. Johannes, b. May 7, 1833,
Hamburg. Pupil of Eduard Marxsen.
For some time Conductor in Detmold ;
settled (1862) in Vienna; resided at
times in Hamburg, Zurich, Baden,
Heidelberg ; but from i86g permanently
in the Austrian capital, where he con-
ducted, 1872-74, the Concerts of the
Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde. The
University of Breslau conferred on
him the diploma of Hon. Doc. Phil. ;
the University of Cambridge offered to
confer on him the diploma of Mus.
Doc, Hon. caiisd; and Hamburg gave
him the freedom of the city. He is a
Member of the " Ordre pour le merite "
(Prussia), Knight of the Imperial
Austrian Order of Leopold (a distinc-
tion never before bestowed on a
musician), Member of the Bavarian
Maximilian Order for Art and Science,
and Knight of several other orders.
His compositions are : —
Sonatas, Op. i. Op. 2, and Op. 5 ; Sonatas for
Pf. and Vln., Op. 78, Op. 100, and Op. 108;
Sonatas for Pf. and V'cello, Op. 38, Op. 09 ;
Trios for Pf , Vln., and V'cello, Op. 8, Op.
40 (also for Vln. and Hn.), Op. 87, Oa loi ;
Quartets for Pf., Vln., Via., and V'cello, Op.
25, Op. 26 ; Quintet for Pf. and Strings,
Op. 34 ; Concertos, Op. 15, Op. 83 ; Varia-
tions on a theme of Schumann, Op. 9;
Variations : i. On an original theme ; 2. On
a Hungarian Melody, Op. 21 ; Variations
for 4 hands on a theme of Schumann, Op.
23 ; Variations on a theme of Handel, Op. 24 ;
Variations (28) on a theme of Paganini,
Op- 35 ; Variations for 2 Pf. on a theme
of Haydn ; Ballades (4), Op. 10 ; Scherzo,
Op. 4 ; Capriccios and Intermezzi, Op. 76;
Rhapsodies (2), Op. 79 ; Fantasias, Inter-
mezzi, and Capriccios, 2 books. Op. 116;
Intermezzi (3), Op. 117 ; Intermezzi,
Romanze. Op. 118; Intermezzi, Rhapsodie,
Op. 119; Waltzes (16), for 4 hands. Op. 39;
Hungarian Dances for 4 bands (2 books);
Gavotte by Gluck, transcribed ; Study after
Chopin (Op. 25, No. 2) ; Study after Weber's
Moto perpetuo. Op. 24 ; Bach's Chaconne,
arranged for the left hand ; 51 Studies (1893).

♦Brambach, Carl Joseph, b. July 14,
1833, Bonn -on -the -Rhine. 1851-54,
pupil at the Cologne Conserv., as a
"Mozart" Scholar, pupil of Hiller.
1858-61, Prof, at the Cologne Conserv. ;
1861-69, Musik - Director at Bonn,
where he now resides as private teacher.
Composer of —
2 Pf. Quartets, a Sextuor, a Concerto,

Sonatas, and a considerable number of

Pf. Solo pieces.

BRANDES— BRONSART.

t5

Brandes, Emma (wife of Prof.
Engelmann), b. Jan. 20, 1854, near
Schwerin. Pupil of Aloys Schmitt, jun.
(Pf.), and of Goltermann, of Frankfort
(Composition). Excellent performer.
She was cordially received in London,
1871 and 1872, as well as on the
Continent. Resides in Utrecht.

Brassin, Leopold (younger brother of
Louis B.), b. May 28, 1843, Strassburg
(Alsace). 1857, named Hof-Pianist to
the Duke of Coburg. Teacher at the
Music School of Berne ; went to St.
Petersburg, from there to Constanti-
nople, where he died, 1890. Composed
Concertos for i and for a Pf. and many
Solo pieces.

Brassin, Louis, b. June 24, 1836,
Aix-la-Chapelle ; d. May 17, 1884,
St. Petersburg. 1847, pupil at the
Leipzig Conserv. of Moscheles ; 1866,
Prof, at the Stern Conserv. (Berlin) ;
1869, Prof, at the Brussels Conserv. ;
1879, in the same capacity at the St.
Petersburg Conserv. Excellent pianist
and composer of — with regard to
technical difficulties — interesting Solo
pieces.

*Breitner, Louis, b. March 22, 1854,
Trieste. Pupil (took first prize) at the
Milan Conserv. ; later, pupil of A.
Rubinstein and Liszt. Has resided
since 1876 at Paris. Composer of a
Quartet and shorter pieces. Officier
de I'instruction publique en France,
and Knight of the Order of Charles HI.
of Spain. President of the musical
society "la Gallia."

Breslaur, Emil (Prof.), b. May 29, 1836,
Kottbus (district of Frankfort o/Oder) .
He studied modern languages, the
Hebrew grammar, Talmud religious
code, &c., literature, and music, and
was elected teacher of religion and
preacher of the Synagogue of his
native town. Settled, 1863, in Berlin ;
was for four years pupil at the Stern
Conserv., under Jean Vogt and Ehr-
lich (Pf.), Kolbe, Weitzmann, and F.
Geyer (Composition). 1868-79, Prof,
at Kullak's Academy and musical
critic to several Berlin papers ; Knight
of the Order of the Prussian Crown,
the Italian Order of St. Mauritius and
Lazarus, the Brunswick Order of the
Lion, &c., and editor of the journal
Der Clavierlehrer. Of his works the
best known are: " Technische Grund-
lagen des Clavierspiels " (technical
basis of Pf. playing, 4 editions),
" Technische Uebungen " (technical
exercises), " Methodik des Clavier-

Unterrichts," " Clavierschule," 8
editions, and many Solo pieces.

Breunung, Ferdinand, b. March 2, 1830,
Brockerode (Thuringia) ; d. Sept. 22,
1883, Aix-la-Chapelle. 1844, pupil
of Mendelssohn and Hauptmann, in
Leipzig. 1855, Prof, at the Cologne

. Conserv. ; 1865, Musical Director at
Aix-la-Chapelle, where he did much
for the improvement of the different
musical societies and for public taste in
general.

♦Bright, Dora, b. Aug. 16, 1863, Sheffield.
Pupil at the R.A.M. from 1881-88.
From 1884, Sub- Prof, in the classes
of Walter Macfarren (Pf.) and
Ebenezer Prout (Harmony and Com-
position). Among her compositions
are 2 Pf. Concertos, a Quartet, 3
Duets for 2 Pf. ; all of them were
performed at public concerts with
eminent success.

*Brissler, Friedrich Ferdinand, b. July
13, 1818, Insterburg; d. July 30, 1893,
Berlin. He went, 1836, to Berlin, in
order to complete his studies ; became
teacher at the Stern Conserv., and
made his name known by his excel-
lent arrangements of classical works.

Brisson, Frederic, b. Dec. 25, 1821,
Angouleme (Charente). Since 1846,
resident in Paris. Composer of a
great number of fashionable pieces.
In his piece, " La Roseet lePapillon,"
he was the first to introduce the
device of engraving the melody in large
and the accompaniment in smaller
notes ; thus in the above piece all that
concerns the Rose is in large notes,
whilst the part of the Papillon
(butterfly) is in smaller type. This
piece was published in 1848. The
same device has been adopted by
Thalberg in his " I'Art du Chant."

Bronsart von Schellendorf, Hans, b.
Feb. II, 1830, Berlin. 1849, pupil of
Dehn for Harmony, and of Theodor
Kullak for Pf. 1854-57, with Liszt,
in Weimar ; i860. Conductor of the
Euterpe Concerts in Leipzig ; 1867,
Director of the Royal Theatre of
Hanover. He went, 1870, as a volun-
teer to the French war and obtained
the Iron Cross.
Trio, Op. I ; various Solo pieces (Aus der
Jugendzeit, Op. a) ; a Concerto in F sharp
min. ; a Fantasia, &c.

Bronsart, Ingeborg {nee Starck), wife of
the above; b. Aug. 24, 1840, St. Peters-
burg .At first pupil of Martinoff and
Decker, later of Henselt ; and, 1858, of
Liszt, in Weimar.
Concertos, Sonatas, Studies, Fugues, and
Diawing-rootn pieces.

i6

BRUCH— BURGEL.

Bruch, Max, b. Jan. 6, 1838, Cologne.
At first a pupil of his mother ; later,
obtained the "Mozart" Scholarship of
Frankfort o/M., and so was for three
years pupil of Hiller. 1862, in
Mannheim ; 1865, in Coblentz ; 1867,
Hof-Capellmeister to the Prince of
Sondershausen ; 1870, in Berlin ; 1872,
in Bonn ; 1878, Director of the Stern
Choral Society of Berlin ; 1880-82,
Conductor of the Liverpool Philhar-
monic Society ; 1882, of the Orchestral
Society of Breslau ; 1889, he settled in
Berlin and is now Royal Prof, of the
" Akademische Meisterschule fiir Com-
position," and, as such. Member of the
Senateof the Royal Academy ; Member
of the Royal Bavarian Maximilian
Order for Art and Science, Knight
of the Order of the Prussian Crown,
Hon. Mus. Doc. of the Cambridge
University (June 13, 1893). Among his
Pf. compositions may be mentioned —
A Fantasia for 2 Pf., Op. 11 ; 6 smaller pieces,

Op. 12 ; a Romanza and Phantasiestiick,

Op. 14, &c.

•Briill, Igcaz, b. Nov. 7, 1846, Prossnitz
(Moravia). Pupil of Julius Epstein
(Pf.), Rufinatscha (Composition), and
Dessoff (Instrumentation). Received
the Wiirtemberg gold medal for Art
and Science on the Riband of the
"Friedrich" Order of Merit. Hon.
Member of the " Societe Philhar-
monique" of Athens; one of the
Directors and principal Prof, of the
Pf. at the "Horak" School (Vienna).
Composer of —

Concertos, Op. 10 and Op. 24 ; a Rhafsody,
Op. 65, with Orchestral accompaniments ;
a Suite, Op. 60 ; Studies (9), Op. 61 ; Theme
and Variations, Op. 39 ; ditto. Op. 45 ;
Scherzi (2), Op. 20 ; a great many Mazurkas
(Op. 35, in G, a great favourite) ; Im-
promptus, Romanzas, Album Leaves,
Caprices, &c. For 2 Pf., he composed :
Tarantella, Op. 6 ; Sonata, Op. 19 ; and
Duo, Op. 64.

Brunner, Christian Traugott, b. Dec. 12,
1792, Briinlos, near Stollberg (Saxony) ;
d. April 14, 1874, Chemnitz. He wrote
a great number of educational works
which still enjoy, in some parts of
Germany, a deserved popularity owing
to the correctness of their style and
practicability of execution.

Bruyck, Carl Debrois van, b. March 14,
1828, Briinn (Moravia). 1842, pupil
of August Mittag (Pf.^ ; 1850, of
Rufinatscha (Composition) . His essays
on Schumann created considerable
interest, and his technical and
aesthetical analyses of Bach's 48
Preludes and Fugues were received
with great favour. His pamphlet,

" The development of Piano-music
from Seb. Bach to Schumann," is
written in a masterly style and deserves
translation into English. Pf. compo-
sitions : Variations in A, Op. 21, and
Variations in D flat, Op. 22.

Billow, Dr. Hans Guido von, b. Jan. 8,
1830, Dresden ; d. Feb. 12, 1894, Cairo.
At first a pupil of Mdlle. Schmiedel,
afterwards of Wieck and Litolff (Pf),
Max Eberwein and Hauptmann
(Theory and Composition) ; 1846-48,
pupil at the Stuttgart College ; 1848,
student at the Leipzig University ;
1850, at the BerUn University, in
order to study law ; 1851, in Weimar,
with Liszt ; 1854. principal teacher at
the Stern Conserv. ; 1854, in Russia ;
1865, in Munich as Court Pianist to
the King of Bavaria ; 1866, went to
Basle, but on receiving, Dec. 30 of the
same year, the appointment as Royal
Capellmeister and Director of the
Royal Music School at Munich, he
returned to the Bavarian capital and
remained there until 1869, when he
resigned on account of family dissen-
sions. 1869-72, he resided in Florence.
After 1872 he again gave public
concerts in almost all European
countries; 1875, he went to America;
1876, he was in England ; 1877-80, he
was Royal Capellmeister at Hanover ;
1880-84, Intendant (Director) of the
Meiningen Theatre and Orchestra.
Latterly he conducted the Philhar-
monic Concerts of Berlin and Ham-
burg. His edition of Beethoven's
Sonatas (beginning with Op. 53) is
most valuable ; less so his edition
of Emanuel Bach and Domenico
Scarlatti's Sonatas, which suffers from
anachronisms. The King of Prussia
conferred on him the title of Pianist to
the Court, which appointment he
resigned ; the University of Jena made
him Dr. Ph., hon. causd, and many
sovereigns bestowed on him Orders of
Knighthood. As a pianist he was
universally admired for the acuteness
of his imderstanding, phenomenal
memory, extraordinary technique, aind
lucidity of phrasing. Of his Pf. com-
positions, only a few became generally
known.

Biirgel, Constantin, b. June 24, 1837,
Liebau (Silesia). Pupil of Brosig
(Breslau) and Kiel (Berlin). 1869-70.
Prof, at the Kullak Academy in Berlin,
where he now resides. Among his
compositions, a Sonata in A, Op. 5 ;
Suite, Op. 6; and Phantasiestiicke,
Op. 13, became well known.

BUNGERT— BUTHS.

17

Bungert, August, b. March 14, 1846,
Miihlheim o/Ruhr. At first a pupil of
H. Kufferath (Pf.) ; later, studied at
the Cologne Conserv. He was after-
wards for two years at the Paris
Conserv., under Matthias. After
leaving Paris he was for four years
Musical Director at Kreuznach, but
settled ultimately in Pegli, near Genoa.
His compositions for Pf. enjoy a con-
siderable popularity, particularly his
" Pictures of Italian travel" (2 books).

*Buonamici, Giuseppe, b. Feb. 12,
1846, Florence. Pupil of his uncle,
Ceccherini, in Florence, and of Dr. von
Biilow in Munich. For three years a
teacher at the Royal Music School of
M unich. His compilations of technical
figures found in Beethoven's Pf. and
Chamber music (Passaggi estratti dalle
opere per Pianoforte solo o con altri
istrumenti, aggruppati, dileggiati e
metti in forma di Studii giornalieri) ,
his edition of Bertini's Studies in
graduating difiiculty, and of Bach's
smaller Preludes and Fugues, are very
much esteemed. He is also the editor
of Ricordi's Biblioteca del Pianista.
Only 3 of his original compositions are
published.

•Burchard, Carl, b. Sept. 21. 1818,
Hamburg ; d. Feb. 12, 1896, Dresden.
Pupil of Julius Otto and J. J. F.
Dotzauer. Since 1842, has resided at
Dresden. His name is well known by
his successful, practical, and effective
arrangements of classical pieces, more
particularly for 4 performers on 2
pianos.

Burckhardt, Salomon, b. Nov. 3, 1803,
Tripitis (near Weimar) ; d. Feb. ig,
1849, Dresden. Greatly esteemed as
an excellent teacher and as a composer
of well-written and useful educational
pieces.

Burgmein, J. Sec Ricordi, Giulio.

Burgmiiller, Friedrich, b. i8o5, Regens-
burg (Ratisbon) ; d. Feb. 13, 1874,
Beaulieu (France). His Studies —
particularly Op. 100 and 105 — and
smaller pieces are very popular for
their practical and useful contents.

Burgmiiller, Norbert (brother of the
above), b. Feb. 8, 1810, Diisseldorf ;
d. May 7, 1836, Aix-la-Chapelle. Pupil
of Spohr and Hauptmann (Cassel).
Composer of noteworthy works : a
Concerto, Sonatas, and Quartets. The
Sonata, Op. 8, and Rhapsody, Op. 13,
are particularly esteemed.

Burney, Dr. Charles, b. April 7 (? 12),
1726, Shrewsbury; d. April 12, 1814,
Chelsea College. Among his Clavecin
works are 6 Sonatas, a Sonata Trio
with accompaniment of Vln. and
V'cello, and 2 books of Duets (4 hands),
1778.

Burrowes, John Freckleton, b. April 23,
1787, London; d. there, March 31,
1852. Pupil of William Horsley.
Author of a Pf. Primer and many Pf.
pieces.

*Busoni,FerruccioBenvenuto,b. Aprili,
1866, EmpoU (Florence). Pupil of
his mother ; was already giving
Concerts when only 8 years old. 1880-
81, pupil of Dr. Meyer-Remy, of Graz
(Styria). He travelled for two years
in Italy and received from his native
town a gold medal, struck in his
honour. 1888, principal Prof, at the
Helsingfors College of Music. 1890, he
received the "Rubinstein" Prize for
composition ; has since become Prof.
at the Moscow Conserv. Composed
many works for the Pf.

Bussmeyer, Hans, b. March 29, 1853,
Brunswick. Pupil (now Prof.) at the
Munich Conserv. and of Liszt
(Weimar). Pianist of distinction,
composer of a good number of pieces,
editor of Studies (Kessler, &c).

Bussmeyer, Hugo (elder brother of the
above), b. Feb. 26, 1842, Brunswick.
Pupil of Carl Richter and H. Litolff
(Pf.) and Methfessel (Composition).
i860, in South America ; after journeys
to Monte Video, Buenos Ayres, Chili
and Peru, he went, 1867, to New York
and Paris ; in 1868, to South Mexico,
and then settled permanently in New
York, where he performs at concerts
and teaches. His compositions for Pf.
are not very numerous.

*3uths, Julius, b. May 7, 1851, Wies-
baden. Pupil of his father and Fr.
Gernsheim (Pf.), at Freudenberg, and
Hiller (Composition) at Cologne, and
later of Fr. Kiel (Berlin). 1871-72,
Conductor of the St. Cecilia Society
(Wiesbaden) ; gained, 1873, the
" Meyerbeer " Scholarship ; 1873-74,
he sojourned in Milan and Paris;
1875-79, Conductor in Breslau ; 1879-90,
in Elberfeld; since 1890, Conductor of
the musical societies of Diisseldorf.
Brilliant pianist and composer of a
Suite, Sarabande, and Gavotte,
I Novelletten, Concerto, Quintet, &c.

z8

BUTTSTEDT— CHOPIN.

Buttstedt, Johann Heinrich, b. April 25,
1666, Erfurt; d. there, Dec. 1727.
Pupil of Pachelbel. He was noted for
his excellent performEinces. Of his
compositions, the " Musikalische
Clavierkunst und Vorrathskammer "
was published, 1716, in Leipzig. The
work consists of 4 Preludes and
Fugues, Aria with 18 Variations, and
2 Parthien (Suites) of Clavecin pieces.

Byrd (Byrde, Bird), William (performer
on the Virginal), D. about 1538, London ;
d. there, July 4, 1623. Pupil of Tallis.
The "Virginal Book of Queen Eliza-
beth " and " Lady Nevill's Virginal
Book " contain his short pieces. Refer
to " Parthenia " and Pauer's "Old
English Composers."

c.

♦Calkin, John Baptiste, b. March 16,
1827, London. Pupil of his father,
James C. Prof, at the Guildhall School
of Music.
Sonatas, Studies (Concert Study in double
notes), Minuets, Caprices M^Iodiques, 6
Caprices, " Youth and Age," Op. 100 ;
Pieces for 4 hands, &c.
Callcott, William Hutchins, b. 1807,
Kensington ; d. there, Aug. 4, 1882. Son
of Dr. John Wall C. His composi-
tions are written in a popular style
and mostly for educational purposes.
His "Half-hours with the best Com-
posers " have had a large circulation.
Carpentier, le. See Lecarpentier.
Carreno, Teresa, b. Dec. 22, 1853,
Venezuela. Pupil of her father, later
of Gottschalk in New York and George
Matthias in Paris. After having re-
sided for some time in London, she
travelled, 1889-90, in Germany, and
obtained after 1891 a great reputation
by her brilliant and effective per-
formances. 1893, appointed Court
Pianist of Saxony.
Castello, Dario. Dates of birth and
death not known. His pubUshed com-
positions are —
Sonate Concertante in stilo modemo per
sonar nel Organo, owerro Spinetta con
diversi stromenti. Libro Primo. In
Venetia, 1639. Libro secondo sec, 1644.
Castello, Giovanni, Dates of birth and
death not known. He published —
Neue Clavier-ijbung, bestehend in einer
Sonate. Caprice, Allemande, Corrente,
Sarabande, &c. Wien, 1721.

Catel, Charles Simon, b. June, 1773,
I'Aigle (Orne) ; d. Nov. 29, 1830, Paris.
Pupil of Gobert and Gossec. 1795,
Prof, at the newly-founded Paris Con-
serv. ; 1810, Inspector ; retired, 1814 ;
1817, elected a Member of the Academy.
3 Sonatas, Op. i ; ditto with Vln., Op. 4 ;
Sonatinas.

•Cavallo, Peter (son of the Royal
Bavarian Court-musician, I. N. C), b.
Dec. 23, 1819, Munich ; d. April 19,

1891, Paris. Showed, when only in
his tenth year, uncommon talent. At
first a pupil of Madame GoUiet (Pf.)
and Caspar Ett (Composition). 1836,
at Vienna, pupil of Sechter (Composi-
tion) ; and a highly successful teacher ;
1842, he settled in Paris. His Pf.
works number about 84.
Chambonniferes, Andre (Jacques ?)
Champion de, b. about i6oo ; d.
1670 (?). Came from a musical family.
Clavecinist to Louis XIV. ; teacher of
Hardelle, Le Begue, d'Anglebert, and
Fran9ois Couperin.
Pieces de Clavecin, 2 books (Paris : Ballard,

1670). Reprinted by Farreuc, in the " Tresor

du Pianiste."

*Chaminade, C6cile, b. Aug. 8, 1861.
Paris. Pupil of Le Couppey and
Savard. She is at the present time
undoubtedly recognised as the foremost
French lady composer.
Concertos, Trios, and highly effective solo
pieces ; Concert Studies ; " Automne," Op.
35 ; " Fileuse," Op. 35 ; " Marine," Op. 38 ;
'' Toccata," Op. 39 ; " Arabesque," " Les
Sylvains," "La Morena," Op. 67; " Taran-
telle," Op. 35 ; and a Gigue, Op. 43.
Chaulieu, Charles (composer of educa-
tional pieces), b. June 21, 1788, Paris;
d. 1849, London. Pupil of Adam (Pf.)
and Catel (Composition). 1840, he
settled in London. Among his many
educational works, a collection of
Studies, " r Indispensable," enjoyed a
certain reputation.
Cherubini, Luigi Maria Carlo Zenobio
Salvatore, b. Sept. 14, 1760, Florence ;
d. March 15, 1842, Paris. Pupil of Sarti
(Bologna). 6 Sonatas and a Fugue.
Chopin, Frederic Fran9ois, b. March i,
1809, Zelazowa Wola (near Warsaw) ;
d. Oct. 17, 1849, Paris. Pupil of
Zywny (Pf.) and Joseph Eisner
(Composition). 1830, he travelled to
Breslau, Dresden, Prague, Vienna,
Munich, and to Paris, where he
remained until his death, with excep-
tion of 1838 when, on account of

CHOTEK— CLEMENTI.

19

ill-health, he went to Majorca. A
monument was erected to him, 1869, in
Warsaw, and a second one has been
erected (1894) in his native place. A
collection of his letters appeared, 1877
(Franz Ries, Dresden). His extra-
ordinary merits, striking originality,
and the impetus he gave to technical
execution, romantic and poetic feeling,
have often been recognised with sincere
enthusiasm. He founded an entirely
new school. The popularity of his
Nocturnes, Ballades, Impromptus,
Scherzos, Valses, and Polonaises be-
comes greater with every year ; and the
actual indispensability of his wonderful
Studies as a means to become an
accomplished pianist is now universally
acknowledged. He is decidedly the
most original of all composers for the
Pf., his technical figures are entirely
new, his ornaments graceful, at times
almost ethereal, the basses noble and
independent, the harmonies rich, the
modulations free and natural, the
rhythmical part fresh and fascinating,
the melodies distinguished; indeed,
many points of extreme beauty meet
here, and it is therefore not astonish-
ing that his works are among the most
popular in existence : —
Concertos : No. i in E min.. Op. 11 ; No. 2 in
F min.. Op. 2i. Trio in G min., Op. 8.
Sonatas : No. i in C min.. Op. 4 ; No. 2 in B
flat min., Op. 35; No. 3 in G min., with
V'cello, Op. 65; No. 3 in B min., Op. 58.
Allegro de Concert in A, Op. 46. Ballades :
No. 1 in G min., Op. 23 ; No. 2 in F, Op. 38 ;
No. 3 in A flat, Op. 47 ; No. 4 in F min.. Op.
52. Impromptus : No. i in A flat. Op. 29 ;
No. 2 in F sharp. Op. 36; No. 3 in G flat,
Op. 51. Scherzi : No. i in B min., Op. 20 ;
No. 2 in B flat min.. Op. 31 ; No. 3 in C
sharp min., Op. 39; No. 4 in E, Op. 54.
Polonaises : No. i in C (arranged by
Czerny), Op. 3 ; No. 2 in E flat (with orch.
accomp.), Op. 22 ; Nos. 3 and 4 in C sharp
min. and E flat min., Op. 26 ; Nos. 5 and 6
in A and C min., Op. 40 ; No. 7 in F sharp
min.. Op. 44 ; No. 8 in A flat, Op. 53 ; No. 9
(Fantaisie) in A flat. Op. 61. Preludes :
(24), Op. 28; Prelude in C sharp min.. Op.
45. Mazurkas: (4), Op. 6, Nos. i, 2, 3,4;
(5), Op. 7, Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; (4), Op. 17,
Nos. 10, II, 12, 13 ; (4), Op. 24, Nos. 14, 15,
16, 17; (4), Op. 30, Nos. 18, 19, 20, 21 ; (4),
Op. 33, Nos. 22, 23, 24, 25 ; (4), Op. 41,
Nos. 26, 27, 28, 29; (3), Op. 50, Nos. 30, 31,
32 ; (3), Op. 56, Nos. 33, 34. 35 • (3). Op. 59,
Nos. 36, 37, 38 ; (3), Op. 63, Nos. 39, 40, 41.
Valses : No. i in E flat, Op. 18 ; Nos. 2, 3, 4
in A flat, A min., F, Op. 34 ; No. 5 in A flat.
Op. 42; Nos. 6, 7, 8 in D flat, C sharp min.,
A flat, Op. 64. Variations: in B flat (La ci
darem la mano). Op. 2 ; Variations in B flat
(Je vends des Scapulaires), Op. 12; Varia-
tions in E (Hexameron). Berceuse in D flat,
Op. 57. Barcarolle in F sharp, Op. 60.
Bolero in C, Op. 19. Nocturnes : Nos. 1, 2, 3
in B flat min., E flat, B, Op. 9; Nos. 4, 5, 6
in F, F sharp, G min.. Op. 15 ; Nos. 7, 8 in C
sharp min. and D flat. Op. 27 ; Nos. 9, 10 in
B and A flat, Op. 32 ; Nos. 11, 12 in G min.

and G, Op. 37 ; Nos. 13, 14 in C min. and F
sharp min.. Op. 48; Nos. 15, 16 in F min., E
flat. Op. 55 ; Nos. 17, 18 in B and E, Op. 62.
Rondos : No. i in C min.. Op. i ; No. 2
in F, Op. 5 ; No. 3 in F, Op. 14 ( Krakowiak) ;
No. 4 in E flat. Op. 16. Tarantelle in A flat,
Op. 43. Fantasias : No. i in A (Polish
melodies). Op. 13 ; No. 2 in F min.. Op.
49 ; No. 3, Fantaisie Polonaise, Op. 61 (see
Polonaises, No. 9). Etudes: (12), Op. 10;
Etudes (12), Op. 25. Without Opus number:
Duo Concertante, Pf. and V'cello ; Ma-
zurkas, Nos. 42, 43. Posth. Works : Fan-
taisie-lmpromptu in C sharp min.. Op. 66 ;
Mazurkas (4), Op. 67; ditto. Op. 68;
Mazurkas (5); Polonaises (3), Op. 71;
Polonaises (2), G sharp min. and B flat
min. ; Valses (2), Oj). 69 ; Valses (3), Op.
70; Valses (2), E maj. and min.; Nocturne
(No. 19) in E min., Op. 72 ; Marche funebre
in C min. ; Ecossaises (3) ; Rondo for 2 Pf.,
Op. 73 ; Variations (Theme allemand).
Chotek, Franz Xaver, b. 1800, Liebisch
(Moravia) ; d. May 5, 1852, Vienna.
Educational composer of great popu-
larity in Austria.
Christiani, Adolph Friedrich, b. March 8,
1836, Cassel; d. Feb. 10, 1885, Elisa-
beth (United States). Director of
a Music School. His work, "The
principles of musical expression in
Pianoforte-playing," was translated
into German by Dr. H. Riemann.
Chwatal, Franz Xaver, b. June 19, 1808,
Rumburg (Bohemia) ; d. Tune 24, 1879,
Elmen (district of Magdeburg). Com-
poser of many valuable educational
works.
Clasing, Johann Heinrich, b. 1779, Ham-
burg, d. there, Feb. 8, 1829. Pupil of
Schwencke. Trios, Sonatas, Fantasias,
Rondos, which enjoyed in their time
a considerable reputation.
Clauss (Szarvady), Wilhelmine, b. Dec.
13, 1834, Prague. Pupil of Proksch
(Prague). Her brilliant, excellent, and
musicianly performances were greatly
admired. 1855, she married the Hun-
garian author Szarvady, who died 1882.
• For some years she has resided at Paris
and occupies herself with teaching.
Clementi, Muzio, b. 1752, Rome ; d.
March 10, 1832, at his country house in
Evesham (Worcestershire). Pupil of
Buroni (Clavecin), Cordicelli and Car-
pini (Composition). 1766-70, resided
with Mr. Beckford on his estate
in Dorsetshire. Played after this with
enormous success in London, &c. ;
1780, went to Paris; 1781, to Vienna;
returned to London and remained
there until 1802. John Baptist Cramer
was (1783) for one year his pupil. In
1802 he left for the Continent. Among
his pupils was John Field, who went
with him to St. Petersburg. As Field
I decided to remain in Russia, Clementi

ao

COENEN— COUPERIN.

took Zeuner as a pupil, and travelled
with him to Dresden and Berlin. Aug.
Alex. Klengel (Dresden) and Ludwig
Berger (Berlin) became his pupils, and
accompanied him on his return to St.
Petersburg. After a sojourn of some
time, Clementi came (1810) again to
London. 1817, he published his well-
known " Gradus ad Pamassum."
1820-21, he left once more for the
Continent, remained a long time in
Leipzig, where two of his Symphonies
were performed. From 1821 until his
death he resided in England. His
compositions are very numerous.
Breitkopf and Hartel, of Leipzig,
have published 64 Sonatas and
Sonatinas ; these are : —

Nos. I,* 2, 3, Op. 2; Nos. 4, 5, 6,* Op. 7 ; Nos.
7, 8,9, Op. 9; Nos. 10, II, 12, Op. 10; Nos.
13, 14, 15, 16,* Op. 12; Nos. 17, 18, 19,* Op.
14; No. 20, Op. 17 (La Chasse); No. 21,
Op. 19: No. 22, Op. 20; No. 23, Op. 21;
Nos. 24, 25, 26, Op. 24 ; Nos. 27, 28, 29, Op.
25; Nos. 30,* 31,* 32, Op, 26; No. 33, Op. 27;
Nos. 34, 35, 36, Op. 30; Nos. 37, 38, 39, Op.
33 ; Nos. 40, 41, Op. 34 ; Nos. 42, 43. Op. 35 ;
Nos. 44, 45, 46, Op. 36 (Sonatinas) ; Nos. 47,
48, 49, Op. 37 (Sonatinas) ; Nos. 50, 51, 52,
Op. 38; Nos. 53, 54, 55, Op. 39; Nos. 56,*
57, 58, Op. 40 J No. 59, Op. 46 (dedicated to
Fr. Kalkbrenner) ; Nos. 60, 61, Op. 47 (No.
61 was played before the Emperor Joseph
II. in the presence of Mozart); Nos. 62, 63,*
64* (Didone abbandonata), Op. 50 (dedicated
to Cherubini). The Sonatas marked (*) are
the most celebrated and best known. 7
Sonatas for 4 hands; 2 Sonatas for 2 Pf.,
Op. 12 and 46 ; about 40 Sonatas with Vln. or
Fl ^ between 30 and 40 Trios for Pf., Vln.,
(Fl.), and V'cello; Studies: Gradus ad
Parnassum, ou I'art de jouer le Pianoforte,
demontre par des Exercices dans le style
severe et dans le style elegant. 3 vols., 100
numbers. The ist part appeared 1817.
Methodede Pianoforte, en 2 Parties (Paris) ;
Introduction a I'art de toucher le Piano-
forte, avec 50 le9ons (London, 1797); Pre-
ludes et Exercices dans tous les tons majeurs
et mineurs (1790); 8 Cadences; Grand
Exercice doigte (Czerny) ; Caprices, Pre-
ludes et Point d'orgue, composes dans le
pout de Haydn, Mozart, Kozeluch, Merkel,
Wanhal et Clementi, Op. 19; 5 Caprices,
Op. 18, 35 (or 36), and Op. 47 ; Toccata in B
flat; 6 Fugues; 12 Books of Variations, Op.
48, Op. 19, Op. 43; Rondeaux, Divertisse-
ments, and about 60 Dances (Minuets,
Waltzes, Monferines).

*Coenen, Willem, b. Nov. 17, 1837,
Rotterdam. First taught by his father
and sister, later by Ernst Lubeck and
Sigismund Thalberg. Since 1862,
resident in London. Travelled in the
West Indies, North and South America.
Among his compositions is a Caprice
for 16 performers on 8 pianos.

Colizzi, Giovanni Andrea, b. about 1740
(where?); d. (when?). He lived for
many years in England and Holland,
a Concertos, Op. 2 (Hague and London);

Sonatas with Vln., 3 with Via., and a
Solo, "La bataille d'lvry" (Heckel,
Mannheim).
Concone, Giuseppe, b. 1810, Turin ; d.
there in June, 1861. Although Prof
of Singing, he composed a good many
educational Pf. works, among which
his Studies obtained popularity :
25 Etudes melodiques. Op. 2 ; 20 Etudes
chantantes. Op. 30; 15 Etudes expressives.
Op. 44 ; 15 Etudes de genre. Op. 25; and
15 Etudes de style, Op. 31. The whole
collection is entitled, Ecole melodique.
Coop, Ernesto Antonio Luigi, b. June 17,
1802, Messina; d. Nov. i, 1879, Naples.
His power as a composer was devoted
to popular pieces, of which about
130 are published by Ricordi and
Lucca, of Milan.
Cooper, William. See Behr, Franz.
Corette (Corrette), Michel, called himself
in his earlier works, Zipoli; b. 1685.
He lived in Paris, and amongst his
published works are —
Sonata d'intavolatura per Organo o cembalo ;
Toccate, versi, canzone, lic. (Roma, 1716);
and Livre de Pieces pour le Clavecin,
CEuvre 12 (Paris).
Couperin, Armand Louis (nephew of
Fran9ois C. le grand), b. Feb. 25, 1725,
Paris; d. there, 1789. His wife {nee
Blanchet) was an excellent Clavecinist,
who enjoyed a great reputation as a
performer.
2 Sonates, Op. i ; t Trios (2) for Clavecin and
Vln. (Violins ?), Op. 3. According to
Fetis, these compositions are very solid,
but dry and uninteresting.
Couperin, Francois (generally called Le
Grand), son of Charles C. (1632-69) ;
b. 1668, Paris ; d. there, 1733. Pupil
of Chambonnieres ; and the most
distinguished of the French Clave-
cinists. Composer of the following
works : Pieces de Clavecin, 4 Books :
Livre I. (1713) ; Livre II. (1716, also
1722); Livre III. (1722); Livre IV.
(1730). Paris, grave par F. du Plessy.
Their contents are — Liv. I., 1-5 : Ordre
(Suites) and Explication of the Agre-
mens (Gr&cesi et Signes. Liv. II.,
6-12 : Ordre (amongst them a piece
for 2 Clavecins). Liv. III., 13-19:
Ordre and 4 Concerts Royaux, with
orchestral accompaniments. Liv. IV.,
20-27 : Ordre. The 27 Ordres (Suites)
contain 208 short pieces £ind 4 Con-
certos. Other works of C. are : "L'art
de toucher le Clavecin" (Paris, 1716),
almost the only copies of this valuable
work are possessed by the National
Library of Paris and the Royal Library
of Berlin ; " L'Apotheose de I'incom-
parable Lully" (Paris, 1724), "Les
gouts reunis ou nouveaux Concerts,
augmentes de I'Apoth^ose de Corelli,

CRAMER— CROTCH.

ai

en Trio " (2 Vln. and Bass), Paris, 1717,
also 1730. All the short pieces have
characteristic titles, and in his preface
he declares them to be musical portraits
of distinguished, elegant, and amiable
persons. See the preface to his Liv. I.
The names of the pieces are as follows :
I, I'Auguste ; 2, I. Courante ; 3, II. Courante ;
4, La Majestueuse; 5, Gavotte; 6, La
Mylordine; 7, Menuet ; 8, Les Sylvians;
9, Les Abeilles; 10, La Nanette; 11, Les Sen-
timents ; 12, Les Blondes ; 13, Les Brunes ;
14, La Bourbonnaise ; 15, La Manon ;
16, L'Enchanteresse ; 17, La Fleurie ou la
tendre Nanette ; 18, 19, Les plaisirs de
Saint Germain en Laye ; 20, La Laborieuse ;
21, I. Courante; 22, II. Courante; 23, La
Prude ; 24, L'Antonine ; 25, Gavotte ; 26,
Menuet ; 27, Les Canaries ; 28, Passepied ;
29, Rigaudon ; 30, La Charoloise ; 31, La
Diane; 32, Fanfare pour la Suite de la
Diane; 33, La Terpsichore; 34, La Floren-
tine; 35, La Gamier; 36, La Babet ; 37,
Les Id^es heureuses; 38, La Mimi; 39, La
Diligente ; 40, La Flatteuse ; 41, La Volup-
tueuse ; 42, Les Papillons ; 43, La
Tendbreuse; 44, I. Courante; 45, II.
Courante ; 46, La Lugubre ; 47, Gavotte ;
48, Menuet ; 49, Les Pelerines ; 50, Les
Laurentines ; 51, L'Espagnolette ; 52, Les
Regrets; 53, Les Matelotes Proven9ales ;
54, La Favorite ; 55, La Lutine ; 56, La
Marchd des Gris-vetus ; 57, Les Baccha-
nales ; 58, La Pateline ; 59, Le Reveille-
Matin; 60, La Logiviere; 61, I. Courante;
62, II. Courante ; 63, La Dangereuse ; 64,
La Tendre Fanchon ; 65, La Badine ; 66,
La Bandoline ; 67, La Flore ; 68, L'Ang^-
lique ; 69, La Villers ; 70, Les Vandangeuses ;
71, Les Agr^ments; 72, Les Ondes. Other
pieces by Couperin are called : Les graces
naturelles ; L'Artiste ; Les barricades
myst^rieuses ; La Nointele, and Les
Bergeries. Of new editions, that revised
and edited by Johannes Brahms is the only
complete one.
*Cramer, Heinrich (Henri), b. Feb. 16,
1809, Stuttgart; d. May 31, 1877,
Frankfort o/M. Pupil of P. Lind-
paintner and Molique (Stuttgart), and
later of Say fried (Vienna). Chiefly
known by his very popular Potpourris
and Fantasias, &c., on airs of well-
known operas.
Cramer, John Baptist, b. Feb. 24, 1771,
Mannheim; d. April 16, 1858, Ken-
sington (London). Was the eldest son
of the well-known violinist and com-
poser, Wilhelm C. (1745-99). Pupil
of Benser, later (1782-83) of Schroter
and of Clementi (one year only) ; C. F.
Abel (1725-87), a pupil of Seb. Bach,
was his teacher for Composition. 1788,
he travelled a great deal and became
celebrated as an eminent performer.
1832, he opened with Addison and
Beale a business as musicseller ; the
firm still exists in London (Cramer
and Co.). After having lived from
1832 till 1845 in Paris, he resided per-
manently in London. His chief fame
rests on the great merit of his useful,

beautiful, harmonious, and generally
original Studies — of which Nos. 1-42
are the best known ; Nos. 43-84,
although most excellent, are less
popular; and the Nos. 85-100, very
beautiful works, would never obtain
the celebrity of the first instalment.
Schumann wrote in 1831 a most inter-
esting account of these 16 supple-
mentary Studies. As a composer C.
was very prolific : he wrote 105 Sonatas
for Pf. solo, with accompaniment for
another instrument (generally Vln.).
Of the solo Sonatas about 60 have
been published. Of these the best
known are : —
Grand Sonata, Op. 20, dedicated to Clementi ;
a Sonata, Op. 23, dedicated to J. Haydn ; 3
Sonatas, Op. 25, 27, 29; " La Gigue," Op. 39
and Op. 40, which has been published by
several firms. A Sonata which created con-
siderable sensation is " La Parodie," Op. 43 ;
also " L'Ultima," Op. 53; "Les Suivantes"
(3 Sonatas, 57, 58, 59) ; " Le Retour de Lon-
dres," Op. 62, and a Grand Sonata, Op. 63,
dedicated to Hummel. For 4 hands he wrote
2 Sonatas, a Duo Brillant, 12 Etudes en forme
de Nocturne, and a few other pieces. With
Orchestral accompaniment he produced
(before 1828) 8 Concertos and a Concerto da
Camera ; " Le Retour a Vienne," Grand
Variations, Introduction and Andante Varie.
Of chamber music, 2 Pf. Quintets and 1
Quartet ; about 40 Trios for Pf., Vln., and
V'cello ; 2 Serenades for Pf., Harp, Fl., and
2 Hns. Besides these greater works, there
are a large number of Variations, Rondos,
Divertissements, Adagios, Impromptus,
Toccatas, Valses, &c.
None of these works, however, ob-
tained anything like the great and
well-deserved popularity his excellent
and beautiful Studies enjoy even at
present ; whilst in dementi's Gradus
the technical part stands foremost,
Cramer's Studies present the harmo-
nious and melodious principle, and
thus interest the student's mind and
ear; indeed, it might be said that C.
introduced the philanthropic and
pleasing side of the study as a form.
C. was a Knight of the Legion of
Honour and Hon. Member of the
Royal Academy of Stockholm.

Crotch, William (Mus. Doc), b. July 5,
1775, Norwich ; d. Dec. 29, 1847,
Taunton. He was one of the most
wonderful prodigies that ever existed,
on whom Dr. Burney wrote in the
Philosophical Transactions a ' ' Paper
on Crotch, the infant musician." He
received his first regular instruction
from Prof. Knyvett, of Cambridge, and
later at St. Mary's College, Oxford,
where he received his Doctor's degree
and became Prof, at the University.
In London he gave lectures and
lessons, and filled the post of Prof,

CUI— CZERWINSKI.

Among his compositions for Pf. are
Sonatas, which, however, are not so
greatly esteemed as are his excellent
arrangements of some of the instru-
mental works of Haydn, Mozart, and
Beethoven. Other original works are- -
A Concerto for the Harpsichord or Pf., with an
accompaniment for 2 Vln. and Bass, dedi-
cated to Dr. Burney ; Original Airs in various
and familiar styles ; Divertimento (2 books);
Introduction and Fugue on a subject of 4
notes ; Fugue for Pf. on a subject of Muffat's ;
Prelude and Air ; 12 Fugues (published
1835-37 ; 30 Rondos, intended as an intro-
duction to playing from score and reading
the various clefs.

♦Cui, Cesar Antonowitsch, b. 1835,
Wilna. Pupil of Moniouszko. Before
he devoted himself entirely to music,
was an engineer, amd Prof, of the
engineering sciences (Imperial appoint-
ment) at St. Petersburg. Among his
Pf. compositions, several obtained con-
siderable popularity —

Etude-Arabesque ; Tarantelle (transcribed by
Liszt); Petite Suite for Pf. and Vln.; 3
Valses, Op. 31 ; 3 Impromptus, Op. 35.

Cumann, Harriet Johann Louise, b.
Dec. 26, 1851, Copenhagen. Was,
1872-75, one of Neupert's best pupils
(Conserv.) and created in her country
a decided sensation by her artistic and
refined performances. She is con-
sidered to be one of the foremost
pianists of the present time.

*Cusins, (since 1892, Sir) William George,
b. Oct. 14, 1833, London ; d. Aug. 31,1893,
Remonchamps (Ardennes). Entered
the Chapel Royal as Chorister in 1842.
Pupil at the Brussels Conserv. (1844),
where Michelot was his Pf. teacher.
Gained, 1847, the King's Scholarship
at the R.A.M., London ; re-elected,
1849 ; pupil of Bennett (Pf), Cipriani
Potter (Composition), and Sainton
(Vln.). After completing, in 1851, his
studies at the R.A.M., he was for many
years Prof, at that Institution. 1849,
Organist at Covent Garden Opera and
of Her Majesty's Private Chapel ;
1867, appointed Conductor of the Phil-
harmonic Society's concerts, which
post he held until 1884 ; 1870, appointed
Master of Music to the Queen, which
appointment he resigned. May, 1893 ;
1875, Prof, of Instrumental Music,
Queen's College ; 1885, Examiner at
the Royal College of Music ; 1885,
Prof, of Pf. at the Guildhall School of
Music. As a pianist he appeared in
London, Leipzig, and Rome. In 1892
he received the honour of Knighthood.
Concerto (A min.) ; Septet for Pf. and Wind

instruments ; Trio (E min.) ; Sonata, Pf.

and Vln., and many smaller pieces,

Czerny, Carl, b. Feb. 20, 1791, Vienna;
d. there, July 15, 1857. Son of Wenzel
Czerny (1752-1832). Pupil of his father,
afterwards enjoyed the advice of
Beethoven. He began to teach when
in his 14th year, and became, by
degrees, the most popular and suc-
cessful Pf. teacher in Vienna. Among
his most celebrated pupils were
Franz Liszt (1818-21), Theod. Dohler,
Theod. Kullak. Madame Belleville-
Oury, Leop. von Meyer, Alfred Jaell,
&c. His chief merit consists in having
produced most excellent, useful, and
practically written Exercises and
Studies, which are actually indispens-
able and have — with regard to their
practicability — not yet been rivalled.
Among the best known and universally
used are —

The School of Velocity, Op. 299 (40 Studies) ;
The School of Legato and Staccato, Op.
335 (50 Studies); The School of Ornaments,
Op. 355 (70 Studies) ; The School of the
Left Hand, Op. 399 (10 Studies) ; The
School of Fugue Playing, Op. 400 (24
Studies) ; The School of the Virtuoso, Op.
36} (4 books); Die Kunst der Fingerfertig-
keit. Op. 740 (50 Studies) ; The Higher
Degree of virtuosity. Op. 834 ; Forty Daily
Exercises, Op. 337.

Besides these, there is a great variety
of special Studies for the shake, runs,
arpeggio, thirds, octaves ; indeed, for
every imaginable feature of technique.
In all, he wrote about 800 Studies. He
composed a great number of Rondos,
Fantasias, Divertissements, Sonatinas,
Sonatas, and many pieces for 4 hands
on I or 2 pianos. His collective
works inclusive, the number of his
opera reaches 1,000. To give an idea of
his industry it may be mentioned that
in his collective works, " Decameron "
contains 30 pieces ; the ' ' Souvenir
Theatrale," Collection de Fantasies,
fills 90 books ; the " Musical Gallery
of Flowers " gives 1,000 " tone-flowers "
of celebrated composers ; and " Les
plaisirs du jeune Pianiste " consists of
160 recreations, &c.

Czerny, Joseph (no relation of the above),
b. June 17, 1785, Horritz, Bohemia ;
d. Sept. 22, 1831, Vienna, where he
resided. Was a teacher, musicseller,
and composer. Among his best known
pupils was L^opoldine Blahetka (5^^
this name).

Czerwinski, Wilhelm, b. 1838, Vienna;
d. Feb. 13, 1893, Lemberg. Pupil of
Fischhof, Mikuli (Pf.), and Nottebohm
(Theory). Was both excellent as a
pianist and esteemed as a composer,
He resided as a teacher in Lemberg.

DACHS— DAVIES.

23

D.

•Dachs, Joseph, b. Sept. 30, 1827,
Regensburg (Ratisbon). At first,
pupil of Kreutner (Pf.J and Metten-
leiter (Harmony), of Regensburg.
Went, 1884, to Vienna, became a
pupil of Halm and Czerny (Pf.) and
Simon Sechter (Composition). Per-
formed with great success in Vienna
and other towns, and was appointed,
1 86 1, Prof, at the Vienna Conserv.
Among his pupils may be named —
Hans Schmitt, the late Joseph Rubin-
stein (no relation of Anton R.),
Vladimir de Pachmann, Madame Laura
Rappoldi (nee Kahrer), Princess
Bibesco, &c. Editor of several valuable
educational works.
Dalberg, Johann Friedrich Hugo von
(Dean of the Cathedrals of Trier,
Worms, and Speyer), b. May 17, 1752,
Coblenz ; d. July 26, 1812, Aschaflfen-
burg. Pupil of Ignaz Holtzbauer
(1711-83), of Mannheim. Eminent
pianist and composer.
Quartet for Pf., Ob., Hn., and Bssn., Op. 25 ;
Trios ; Sonatas with Vln. Solo ; Sonatas,
Op. 9 and 20 ; a Sonata for five bands,
Op. 19 ; and Sonatas for 4 hands,
Damm, Friedrich, b. March 7, 1831,
Dresden. Pupil of E. Kragen (Pf.)
and Julius Otto ; later also of A.
Reichel (Counterpoint and Composi-
tion). His compositions, mostly
intended for educational purposes,
enjoy considerable popularity, whilst
his activity as a teacher is highly
appreciated and successful.
Dandrieu, Jean Fran9ois, b. 1684, Paris ;
d. there, Jan. 16, 1740.
Premier livre de pieces de Clavecin, contenant
plusieurs Divertissements dont les princi-
paux sont les caracteres de la guerre, ceux
de la chasse et la fete de village. Dedie au
Roi (Paris, 1724). Also second and third
books.

♦Dannreuther, Edward, b. Nov. 4, 1844,
Strassburg, in Alsace. Was taught by
F, L. Ritter, at Cincinnati, U.S.A. In
1856 he entered the Conserv. at
Leipzig, and remained there till 1863,
under Moscheles, Plaidy, Richter, and
Hauptmann. Settled in London in
1863, where he was the first to play
the Concertos of Liszt, Brahms, Grieg,
Scharwenka, Tschaikowsky, Parry,
&c. Founded the Wagner Society in
1872, and conducted its two series of

concerts in 1873-74. Started concerts
of chamber music in 1875, the twenty-
third series of which was given in 1893.
Wrote the articles on the principal
pianists, from Couperin to Chopin,
also the article on Wagner, in Grove's
Dictionary of Music. He has re-
peatedly lectured at the Royal
Institution on matters connected with
the Pf. and its precursors, and has
published essays on Beethoven, Chopin,
Bach, and a historical treatise on
Musical Ornamentation, of which the
first part covers the period extending
from Diruta to J. S. Bach, and the
second, from C. Ph. E. Bach to the
present time.

Daquin (Aquin d'), Louis Claude (Clave-
cinist and Organist), b. July 4, 1694,
Paris ; d. there, June 15, 1772. Pa-
tronised by Louis XIV., he performed
at Court, and received good appoint-
ments. Premier livre de Pieces de
Clavecin (Paris), 1735 (?).

♦Davenport, Francis William, b. 1847,
Wilderslowe, near Derby. Pupil of
G. Macfarren. 1879, appointed Prof,
at the R.A.M., and, 1882, at the
Guildhall School of Music.
6 pieces for Pf. and V'cello, 4 others ditto,
and Trio in B flat.

David, Felicien, b. Aprif 13, 1810,

Cadenet (Departement Vaucluse) ; d.

Aug. 29, 1876, Paris. Pupil at the Paris

Conserv. Membre de I'Academie,

Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur.

Librarian of the Conserv.

Short pieces ; " Les Brises d'Orient," Recueil

de melodies pour Piano ; " Les Minarets,''

3 Melodies pour Piano.

Davies, Fanny, b. June 27, i8~, Guernsey.
In Birmingham, pupil of Miss Welch-
mann and Charles Flavell (Pf.), Dr.
Gaul (Composition). 1882-83, pupil at
the Leipzig Conserv., of Reinecke
and Paul (Pf.) and Jadassohn (Fugue
and Counterpoint) ; 1883-85, pupil of
Madame Schumann at the Hoch
Conserv., of Frankfort o/M., where she
also took lessons in fugue and com-
position from Dr. B. Scholz. She
appeared in London for the first time
on Oct. 17, 1885, and since this time
her success as a pianist in England,
Germany , and Italy has been continual.

DECKER— DIABELLI.

Decker, Constantin, b. Dec. 29, 1810,
Fiirstenau (Brandenburg) ; d. Jan. 28,
1878, Holp (Pomerania). Pupil of
Dehn. Resided, 1835-38, in Berlin,
later at St. Petersburg (where Madame
Ingeborg Stark-Bronsart was his
pupil), and after 1859 at Holp.
Souvenir de la Pologne, Op. 24 ; Lui et
Elle, Op. 25, I., and Nocturnes, Op. 25, II.

•Delaborde, Elie Miriam, b. Feb. 8,
1839, Paris. Pupil of Henselt and
Moscheles, but mostly self-taught. 1873,
appointed Prof, at the Paris Conserv.
as successor to Madame Farrenc.
Received the Legion of Honour in
1885. He is particularly well known
for his excellent performances on the
pedal piano.
12 Petits Preludes, Cadences pour les Concerts
de Beethoven, Etude de Concert, Valse,
Menuet d'Arlesienne, Fantaisie sur Carmen,
Morceau romantique pour Piano et instru-
ments a cordes, Overture "Attila" for 4
hands.

•Delioux, Charles de Savignac, b. April,
1830, Lorient (Morbihan). Pupil of
Barbereau (Harmony), Halevy (Com-
position), and Le Couppey (Pf).
Gained, 1846, the " Grand Prix pour
Contrepoint . ' ' Composer of many effec-
tive and popular pieces, published
in France, England, and Germany.
His " Cours complet de Mecanisme
pour le Piano " is used in the Paris
Conserv.
Marche Hongroise, FSte a Seville, Le
Ruisseau, fMandoline, fCarnaval espagnol,
Les Bohemiens, Les Matelots, 6 Pensees
Musicales, and Allegro agitato.

•Del Valle de Paz, Edgar (Samuel), b.

Oct. 18, 1861, Alexandria. Pupil at

the Conserv. of Naples, where B. Cesi

(Pf.) and P. Serrao (Composition)

were his teachers. He is at present

Prof, of the Elementary Class of the

" Istituto Musicale regio di Firenze"

(Florence) ; and is the author of a

" Scuola practica del Pianoforte"

adopted by the Italian Music Schools.

Prize Sonata, Pieces with Orchestra, Suite

dans le Style ancien, and a great number of

elegant and popular Solo pieces, which

were published in London.

Deppe, Ludwig, b. Nov. 7, 1828, Alver-
dissen (Lippe-Detmold) ; d. Sept. 5,
1890, Pyrmont. Pupil of Gensen-
dorf for Pf. , and of Marxsen (Hamburg)
and Lobe (Leipzig) for Composition.
From 1849, ne resided in Hamburg as a
teacher ; from 1874 until his death he
lived in Berlin, where his system of
teaching found many sympathetic
students.

Deprosse, Anton, b. May 18, 1838,
Munich ; d. June 23, 1878, BerUn.

1853-55, pupil at the Munich Conserv.
of Werner (Wanner ? ) and Leonhard
(Pf.), Dr. J. G. Herzog (Organ),
Wohlmuth, Julius Mayer, and, later, of
Stunz (Composition). 1861-64, teacher
at the Conserv. ; settled, 1875, at
Berlin. Composer of several Pf.
works of distinction.

Dessauer, Joseph, b. May 28, 1798,
Prague; d. July 9, 1876, Modling (near
Vienna). Pupil of W. Tomaschek
(Pf.) and Dionys Weber (Composi-
tion). His parents wished him to
become a merchant, but yielded to
his desire to study music only, and to
devote his decided talent to it. Most
of his works are vocal, but amongst
his pieces for the Pf. are —
Rimembranze di Napoli ; Composizioni sopra

Motivi original! Napolitani, Op. 2 ;

Caprices, Op. 30, 1., II.

Dessoff, Otto, b. Jan. 14, 1835, Leipzig;
d. Oct. 28, 1892, Frankfort o/M.
Pupil of Moscheles (Pf.), Haupt-
mann and Rietz (Composition). He
was an excellent Conductor, and filled
the post of Capellraeister at the
Imperial Opera of Vienna, the Court
Theatre of Carlsruhe (Baden), and,
lastly, at the Opera of Frankfort
o/M., with eminent success. Quartet,
Quintet, Sonatas.

Diabelli, Anton (Composer), b. Sept. 6,
1781, Mattsee (near Salzburg) ; d. April
7, 1858, Vienna. Pupil of Michael
Haydn. His parents desired him to
become a priest, but although he passed
excellent examinations in several theo-
logical seminaries, his love for music
was so great that, on the recommenda-
tion of Michael Haydn, he was
allowed to devote himself to composi-
tion and music. 1803, he went to
Vienna, was kindly received by Joseph
Haydn and succeeded, by giving
lessons in Pf. and guitar-playing, in
saving a little capital, with whicli he
opened, with Cappi, a publishing
business. 1824, he became sole pro-
prietor of the firm, which was
intimately associated with the names
of Beethoven, Schubert, Czerny,
Hummel, Moscheles, and other celebri-
ties. 1854, the firm, Diabelli and Co.,
changed into that of C. Spina and Co.
Diabelli's name, as a composer of solid,
practical, and melodious Sonatinas for
2 and 4 hands, is a very popular one ;
his educational works are still appre-
ciated by teachers and their melodious-
ness and charming simplicity readily
recognised by pupils.

DIMMER— DORINQ.

25

•Dimmer, Louis, b. Feb. 14, 1843, Paris.
Pupil at the Conserv. of Marmontel
(Pf.) ; obtained, 1856, the first Pf.
prize; he had Ambroise Thomas and
Bazin as teachers for Composition ;
gained (1859) the first Harmony
prize, the second Organ prize, and
(i860) first prize for Fugue and
Counterpoint. After having finished
his studies, he appeared with great
success as a performer at the Alard,
Pasdeloup, and Conserv. Concerts.

1887, he succeeded Marmontel as Prof,
at the Conserv. ; performed at the great
Colonne and Lamoureux Concerts
pieces written for him by Widor, Lalo,
Bernard, Saint-Saens, &c. As a pianist,
his refined and distinguished playing,
the simplicity of his style, and the irre-
proachable purity of his technique have
won for him a well-deserved reputation.
1889, he was promoted to the rank of
Chevalier of the Legion of Honour.

Concerto, Septuor for Pf. and Wind instru-
ments, Characteristic pieces. Promenade
pastorale (Op. 30), Quatneme and Cinquieme
Orientale (Op. 38 and Op. 40), Deuxieme
Caprice (Op. 84), Grand Valse de Concert
(Op. 37).
♦Dietrich, Albert Hermann, b. Aug. 28,
1829, Golk, near Meissen (Saxony).
1842-47, he was taught by Julius Otto
(Dresden) ; 1847, pupil of Rietz and
Hauptmann (Leipzig) ; 1 851, he went
to Diisseldorf, where he enjoyed the
friendship and advice of Robert
Schumann. 1855, Conductor of the
Orchestral Concerts in Bonn ; 1861,
Conductor of the Court Theatre of
Oldenburg, where he resides. Since

1888, is a member of the Royal
Academy of Arts (Berlin) ; received the
Cross of Merit, ist Class, and Gold
Medal of Art and Science (Oldenburg).

4 Pieces, Op. 2 ; 6 ditto. Op. 6 ; Sonata for Pf.
and Vln., Op. 15 ; Trios, Op. 9 and 14, and
Sonata for 4 hands.

Dietz, Kathinka von, b. 1816, Munich ;
d. (no information to be obtained).
Even in her sixth year she created a
great sensation by her performances,
which induced King Maximilian of
Bavaria to send her to Paris in order
to take lessons from Fr. Kalkbrenner.
1838, she gave most successful Concerts
in Paris, returned some time after to
Munich, where she was highly esteemed
for her amiable and sterling character
and her finished and truly artistic
performances.

Dobrszinsky, Felix (son of the eminent
violinist, D.), b. 1807, Romanow
(Volhynia) ; d. Oct. 10, 1867, Warsaw.
1827, pupil of Eisner (Warsaw). He

enjoyed a great reputation as a brilliant
pianist.
Rondos, Fantasias, Variations, Mazurkas,
Nocturnes, Studies, mostly published by
Hofmeister (Leipzig).
D5hler, Theodore, b. April 20, 1814,
Naples; d. Feb. 21, 1856, Florence.
Pupil of J. Benedict (Naples) ; 1827,
of Czerny (Pf.) and Sechter (Com-
position), in Vienna. 1830, he received
the title of "Court Pianist" to the
Duke of Lucca, and was also deco-
rated by him. 1837, in London and
Paris ; after journeys in Holland,
Denmark, Hungary, and Poland, he
went, 1845, to St. Petersburg. On his
return to Italy, Rossini instructed him
in instrumentation ; 1846, he remained
in Paris, but signs of a severe illness
(consumption) showed themselves, and,
1848, he took up his permanent
residence in Florence. His composi-
tions are written in an elegant and
popular style ; his so-called Fantasias
are copies of Thalberg ; indeed, it
seems that he took him for his model.
His playing was noted for extreme
clearness, correctness, fluency, and
brilliancy, but lacked warmth.
Nocturnes, Op. 24, 25, 31 ; Tarantella, Op. 39,
46; 12 Etudes de Concert, Op. 30; 50 Etudes
de Salon, Op. 42 ; CEuvres posthumes
(4 books) ; Fantasias, Variations, Valses,
Op. 26 ; 6 Melodies sans paroles. Op. 44.
♦Dorffel, Dr. Alfred, b. Jan. 24, 1821,
Waldenburg (Saxony). Pupil of J. A.
Trube (Pf.) and L. Mallder (Theory
and Violin). 1835, he went to Leipzig,
where he was for a short time a pupil
of C. Kloss, and, later, of C. Giinther.
1843, he established himself, warmly
encouraged and recommended by
Mendelssohn, as music teacher in
Leipzig. 1865, appointed Custos ot
the town library. 1885, the Leipzig
University conferred on him the
diploma of Dr. Phil., honoris causd.
His reputation as a scholar, teacher,
author, and musician is well deserved.
•Doring, Carl Heinrich, b. July 4, 1834,
Dresden. Became Prof, at the Royal
Conserv. there. 1852-55, pupil at the
Leipzig Conserv., where he had Plaidy
and Moscheles as teachers of Pf.,
Rietz, Hauptmann, E. F. Richter, and
Lobe, of Composition. 1864, Pope Pius
IX. created him " Knight of the Golden
Spur," the Duke of Saxe-Coburg -
Gotha conferred on him the Gold
Medal of Art and Science, and the
King of Saxony named him, 1875,
Konigl. Prof.
25 Easy and Progressive Studies, Op. 8;
Octave and other Studies, Op. 24 and 25;
Rhythmical Studies, Op. 30; ao Shake
Studies, Op. 33.

26

DOOR— DREYSCHOCK.

*Door, Anton, b. June 20, 1833, Vienna.
Pupil of Czerny (Pf.) and Sechter
(Composition). Went, 1857, to Stock-
holm, where he received the title of
Pianist to the Royal Court, and was
named Member of the Royal Swedish
Academy. 1859, succeeded Nicolas
Rubinstein as teacher at the Imperial
Institute, and, 1864, became Prof, at the
Imperial Conserv. of Moscow. Since
1869 has been Prof, of the highest Pf.
class at the Vienna Conserv., where
Robert Fischhof, Mottl, Steinbach,
Schwickerath, Sichel, Adele Mar-
galies, Benno Schonberger, and Marie
von Timoni were among his pupils.
He is temporary President of the
Society of Musicians (Vienna). His
editions of classical and educational
works are greatly esteemed.

Dom, Alexander Julius Paul (son of
the Composer and Hof-Capellmeister
Heinrich D.,of Berlin), b. June 8, 1833,
Riga. Pupil of his father. Resided,
1855-65, at Cairo and Alexandria
as a teacher and performer. 1865-68,
Director at Crefeld ; settled, 1868, at
Berlin as Prof, at the Kon. Hochschule
(High School) ; received the diploma
of Konigl. Prof. The Viceroy of Egypt
gave him the Order of Medidjie. He
IS the composer of many brilliant and
effective pieces.

Dorn, Edouard. See Rockel.

•Dorrell, William, b. Sept. 5, 1810.
Pupil at the R.A.M., London, where
his teachers were Haydon and Cipriani
Potter for Pf., Charles Lucas, Dr.
Crotch, and Potter for Harmony and
Composition. 1842, he gave under high
patronage an orchestral concert, con-
ducted by Sterndale Bennett, and
played on several other occasions in
public. 1844, he went to Paris to study
under Kalkbrenner and Stephen Heller.
After his return to London he was
appointed Prof, of Pf. at the R.A.M.,
which post he filled for almost forty-five
years. Out of modesty he never
published any of his compositions.
Respected and beloved by his pupils,
he is not less a great favourite of^ his
colleagues and of all who have the
privilege of knowing him and his
eminent qualities as a man and artist.

D'Orso, Francesco. See Behr, Franz.

Dotzauer, Justus Bernhard Friedrich
(son of the well-known Violoncellist,
Justus J. F. D.), b. May 12, 1808,
Leipzig; d. Nov. 30, 1874, Hamburg,
where he was esteemed as a most
excellent teacher and successful
composer.

•Draeseke, Felix, b. Oct. 7, 1835, Coburg.
1852-55, pupil at the Leipzig Conserv.,
where he studied Composition with
Rietz. 1862-67, in Dresden ; 1869-76,
in French Switzerland ; between
1867-69 he studied with Biilow in
Munich ; since 1876, he has resided in
Dresden as Prof, at the Royal Conserv.
and Principal of the Theoretical
Classes. Knight of the Royal Saxon
Order of Albert and of the Saxe-
Coburg Order, and Hon. Member of
several societies.
Sonata, O^. 6; Concerto, Op. 36; and

shorter pieces, which bear the numbers of

Op. 13, 14, 15, 22, 43, and 44.
Dresel, Otto, b. 1826, Andernach on the
Rhine; d. July 26, 1890, Beverly, U.S.
Pupil of Hiller and Mendelssohn ; he
went, 1848, to New York, where he
established himself as a teacher ;
remained there until 1851, when he
left for Boston. Here he opened
with great success a music school, and
did much for the furtherance of the
best music and the improvement of
public taste.
Arrangements of Schumann's String Quartets

and Beethoven's Symphonies for 4 hands;

Trios and Quartets for Pf. and Strings.
Dreszer, Anastasius Vitalis, b. April 28,
1845, Kalisch (Poland). 1859-62,
pupil at the Dresden Conserv., where
he studied with H. Doring, E.
Leonhardt, and C. Krebs. After having
resided for some time in Leipzig, Paris,
and again in Leipzig, he settled, i868,
in Halle, o/S., where he founded a
music school.
2 Sonatas, and a good number of effective

smaller pieces.
Dreyschock, Alexander, b. Oct. 15, 1818,
Zack (Bohemia) ; d. April i, i86g,
Venice. He appeared, when only in his
eighth year, at Concerts, and created
a great sensation. 1831, he went to
Prague, and became a pupil of Wenzel
Tomaschek. 1838, he made his first
journey to North Germany. From
1840-42 he was in Russia, visited (1846)
Belgium, Paris, England, Holland, and
Austria, and was everywhere successful.
The great brilliancy and certainty of
his technique, the wonderful facility
and rapidity of his octave playing, and
the till then unknown feat of playing
with the left hand alone, created in
every place the greatest sensation. J.
B. Cramer used to say : " Dreyschock
has no left hand, but two right ones."
1862, he went to St. Petersburg, where
he received the title of Pianist to the
Russian Court, was appointed Prof, at
the newly-established Conserv., and
Director of the Music School of the

DREYSCHOCK— DUSSEK.

27

Opera ; but in 1868 he had to leave

the Russian capital, and was ordered

to pass the winter in Venice, where he

died. Dreyschock was Knight of many

European orders. Pianist to the Courts

of Austria, Russia, Hesse-Darmstadt,

and Mecklenburg, and Hon. Member

of many societies and academies. His

compositions, mostly written to exhibit

his wonderful technique, do not possess

any intrinsical artistic value.

Nocturne, Op. 28; I'lnquietude, Op. 29;

Grande Senate, Op. 30 ; Salut a Vienna,

Op. 32; Saltarello, Op. 43 ; Andantino et

Allegro appassionata. Op. 47; Allegro

spirituoso. Op. 57.

*Dreyschock,Felix(nephewoftheabove),
b. Dec. 27, i860, Leipzig. Was a pupil
of Grabau, Ehrlich, Taubert, and Kiel,
of Berlin. His performances are much
admired for their refinement, taste,
elegance, and brilliancy, and his melo-
dious, effective, and well-written pieces
(particularly Op. 17) enjoy considerable
popularity. At present he is Prof, at
the Stern Conserv. (Berlin).
♦Dubois, Theodore, b. Aug. 24, 1837,
Rosnay (Marne). Pupil at the Paris
Conserv. of Marmontel (Pf.), Bazin
(Harmony), Benoist (Organ), and Am-
broise Thomas (Fugue and Counter-
point). 1861, he gained the Grand
Prix de Rome. At present he is
Conductor at the " Madeleine," and
succeeded Saint-Saens as Organist of
the same church. 1871, appointed Prof,
of Harmony, succeeding Elwart ; and,
1891, Prof, of Composition on the death
of Delibes. He is also " Inspecteur de
I'enseignement musicale," Chevalier
de la Legion d'Honneur, Officier de
rinstruction publique, and Officer of
the Royal Order, Saviour of Greece.
Choeur et Danse des Lutins; Scherzo in F
sharp min. ; Scherzo et Choral ; Recueil de
12 pieces; Chaconne; Reveil; Clair de
lune ; Recueil de 20 pieces ; Poemes
Sylvestres, and Concerto capriccioso.

Dulcken (nee David), Louise, b. March 29,
1811, Hamburg; d. April 12, 1850,
London. Sister of the violinist, Fer-
dinand David. Pupil of Schwencke
and Grund (Hamburg). She gave her
first Concert in Hamburg at the age of
ten; appeared, 1825, with her brother
in Leipzig ; married, 1828, and went to
London, where she was very successful
as a performer and teacher.

Dumonchau, Charles Frangois, b. April
II, 1775, Strassburg; d. Dec. 21, 1820,
Lyon. Pupil of Baumeyer (Pf.)
and Berg (Composition). Later, pupil
at the Paris Conserv., taking also
private lessons from Woelfl. 1809, he

settled in Lyon, where he remained
until his death ; most successful as a
teacher.
Grande Sonate et la Coquette, Op. 19; 3
Senates and 3 Fugues dans le style de
Mozart, Haydn, and Clementi, Op. 30; 6
Bagatelles, Op. 36; and 3 Sonates de
differents styles. Op. 32.
Dupont, Auguste, b. Feb. 9, 1828,
Ensival ; d. June 26, 1867, Haarlem.
Pupil of Jalheau at the Conserv, of
Liege. Returned, 1844, to Ensival,
and studied with great industry and
perseverance until he went, 1850, to
Brussels, where he appeared in public;
he visited also London and different
towns of Germany, until he was ap-
pointed Prof, at the Brussels Conserv.,
which post he held until his death.
He was one of the most brilliant and
effective performers, an excellent
teacher, and successful as a composer
of popular pieces of drawing-room
music. The King of Belgium created
him an Officer of the "Leopold" Order.
Pluiede Mai, Op.2; Barcarolle, Op. 17; +Une
Chanson de jeune fille, Op. 18; Chanson
Hongroise, Op. 27; Danses caract£ristiques
dans le style ancien. Op. 45 ; Roman en dix
pages. Op. 48; 4 Esquisses, Op. 57; Fan-
taisie and Fugue (for the right hand), Op. 41.
Durante, Francesco, b. March 15, 1684,
Frattamaggiore (Naples) ; d. Aug. 13,
1755, Naples. 6 Sonate per Cembalo,
divise in studi e divertimenti (Naples,
1732).
Dusek or Duschek, Franz, b. Dec. 8,
1736, Choteborky (Bohemia) ; d. Feb.
12, 1799, Prague. Pupil of Wagenseil
(Vienna) ; returned (1763) to Prague,
where he settled, and was the most
celebrated pianist and most successful
teacher of Bohemia. Among his
pupils were Leop. Kozeluch, Vincenz
Maschek, J. N. Wittasek, Fr. von
Nostic, &c. He was esteemed and
beloved by every artist who went to
Prague, and Mozart testifies in his
letters (1787) how much he respected
Duschek. Composed Trios, Quartets,
Concertos, and Sonatas ; but only a
Sonata (1773), several others (1774),
a characteristic Sonata (1799), and a
Concerto (Op. i) were published.
Dussek, Johann Ladislaus, b. Feb. g,
1761, Czaslau (Bohemia) ; d. March 20,
1812, St. Germain-en-Laye. Studied
at first Theology, then went as Organist
to Malines, later to Bergen-op-Zoom ;
1782, went to Amsterdam as tutor
to the sons of the Governor (Hague).
In Hamburg he made Emanuel Bach's
acquaintance, who persuaded him to
devote himself entirely to music. In
Berlin, St. Petersburg, and Paris he

28

DUVERNOY— DVOrXk.

was eminently successful as a pianist
and performer on the harmonium. He
lived for some time in Italy, returned
to Paris, but left — on account of the
Revolution — for London, where he
began with Corri, his father-in-law, a
music business. After failing as a
publisher he went (1800) to Hamburg ;
visited, after an absence of 29 years,
his native town Czaslau ; and met in
Magdeburg the genial Prince Ferdinand
of Prussia, whose teacher he became.
After the Prince's death, in 1806, he
was appointed Pianist by the Prince of
Ysenburg, and later by Prince Talley-
rand of Paris.
Sonatas for Piano Solo: Nos. i, 2, and 3,
Op. 9; Nos. 4, 5, 6, Op. 10 ; Nos. 7, 8, g, 10,
II, 12, Op. 20 ; No. 13, Op. 23 ; Nos. 14, 15,
16, Op. 35 ; Nos. 17, 18, 19, Op. 39 ; No. 20,
Op. 43 ; No. 21, Op. 44, dedicated to
M. Clementi; Nos. 22, 23, 24, Op. 45 ; Nos.
25, 26, Op. 47 ; No. 27, Op. 61 (Elegie
harmonique sur la mort du Prince Louis
Ferdinand de Prusse, en forme de Sonate) ;
No. 28, Op. 69 ; No. 29, Op. 70 (Le Retour
a Paris); No. 30, Op. 75; No. 31, Op. 77
(L'Invocation) ; No. 32 (La Chasse).
Sonatas for 4 hands : No. i, Grande Sonate,
Op. 32 ; No. 2, Grande Sonate, Op. 48 ;
No. 3, Grande Sonate, Op. 72 ; No. 4, Grande
Sonate, Op. 73 ; No. 5, Grande Sonate, Op.
-74. Sonatas for Pf. and Vln. : 3 Sonatas,
Op. 4; 3 Sonatas, Op. 5 ; 3 Sonatas, Op. 8 ; 3
Sonatas, Op. I2 ; 3 Sonatas, Op. 13 ; 3
Sonatas, Op. 14; 3 Sonatas, Op. 17; 3
Sonatas, Op. 18 ; 3 Sonatas, Op. 28 (easy) ;
Grande Sonate, Op. 36 ; 6 Sonatas, Op. 46
(easy); 3 Sonatas, Op. 51 (also for Fl.); 3
Sonatas, Op. 69. Sonatas for Pf. and Fl, :
3 Sonatas, Op. 7; 6 Sonatas, Op. 19; 6
Sonatas, Op. 20 {also for Vln.) ; 3 Sonatas,
Op. 25 (also for Vln.). Sonatas (Trios) for
Pf., Vln. {or Fl.), and V'cello : 3 Sonatas,
Op. 2 ; Sonata, Op. 21 (Pf., FL, and V'cello) ;
3 Sonatas, Op. 24; 3 Sonatas, Op. 31; 3
Sonatas, Op. 34. Sonate favorite. Op. 37 ;
Grande Sonate for Pf., Fl., and V'cello, Op.
65 ; Quartet for Pf., Vln., Alto, and V'cello,
Op. 56; Grand Quintuor for Pf., Vln., Alto,
v'cello (obbligato), and C.-Bass (ad lib.),
Op. 41. Concertos : No. i. Op. 3 ; No. 2,
Op. 14; No. 5, Op. 22; No. 6, Op. 26; No.
7, Op. 29; No. 8, Op.40 (Concertomilitaire);
No. 9, Op. 50; No. 10, Op. 63 (for 2 Pf.);
No. II, Op. 66 ; No. 12, Op. 70. 12 Lecons
progressives, Op. 16; the celebrated "(ion-
solation," Op. 62 ; Recueil d'Airs connus
varies (6), Op. 71 ; Fantaisie in F, Op. 76 ;
Les Adieux : Air russe ; Alia tedesca ;
I'Amusoire ; Anna ; Air varie ; Chanson de
la Comtesse de Sutherland ; Partant pour la
Syne, Variations; 3 Fugues i la Camera
(for 4 hands.)

Duvemoy, Henri Louis Charles, b. Nov.
16, 1820, Paris. In his eighth year he
entered the Conserv. as a pupil of
Zimmermann (Pf.) and Hal6vy (Com-
position). Composer of about 100
popular, mostly easy, pieces. He is
no relation of the well-known educa-
tional composer, Jean Bapt. D., OflScier
de I'Instruction publique.

Duvemoy, Jean Baptiste. About this
decidedly meritorious educational com-
poser it is — in spite of inquiries ad-
dressed to the original publishers of his
works in Paris, and other publishers in
Mayence, Berlin, and Leipzig — impos-
sible to obtain any reliable information
as to the details of his birth and death.
There are no relations of D.
A, B, C du pianiste. Op. 137; 6 petites Etudes
elementaires. Op. 137; 25 Etudes primaires,
Op. 176 ; 20 Etudes preparatoires de la velo-
city, Op. 276 ; 25 Etudes progressives (pour
les petites mains). Op. 298; 15 Etudes du
m6canisme, Op. 120; 25 Etudes de moyenne
force, Op. 299; 25 Etudes caract^ristiques,
Op. 300 ; Gammes harmonisees, Op. 240A ;
Exercices journaliers. Op. 240B; 20 Etudes
speciales. Op. 240c ; 12 Etudes d'egalite et
de gout. Op. 263.

Duvernoy, Victor Alphonse, b. Aug.
30, 1842, Paris ; Pupil at the Conserv.
Excellent and brilliant performer. He
founded, i86g, a Society for the per-
formance of chamber music.
Concerto and many characteristic pieces.

Dvoirak, Anton, b. Sept. 8, 1841, Miil-

hausen (Moravia]. Went, 1857, to

Prague and studied in the School of

Organists. He received from the

Emperor of Austria a stipend, which

enabled him to devote himself entirely

to composition. The University of

Prague conferred on him the hon.

degree of Doc. Phil ; the University of

Cambridge the degree of Mus. Doc. ;

the Academy of Berlin elected him

Hon. Member, and the Emperor of

Austria made him a "Knight of the

Iron Crown." At present he resides

in the United States.

Slavonic Dances, Op. 46 and 72 ; Waltzes, Op.

54, Op. 59; Legends (arr.). Op. 65; Trio

(F mm.). Op. 68 ; Aus dem Bohmerwalde,

characteristic pieces. Op. 81 ; Quintet for

P£. and Strings ; Op. 87, Quartet for ditto.

EBERL— EHRLICH.

29

E.

Eberl, Anton, b. June 13, 1766, Vienna ;
d. there, March 11, 1807. At first only
an amateur, his decided talent for Pf.
playing induced his father, a high
Imperial functionary, to allow his son
to devote himself entirely to music.
He enjoyed Mozart and Gluck's friend-
ship. 1796, he went to St. Petersburg,
but returned (1800) to Vienna. His
performances are described as effective
and brilliant. The Sonatas, Op. 12,
16, 27, 39, and 43 were much admired.
The two sets of Variations on the air
*• Zu Steffen sprach im Traume" and
" The manly heart," which appeared
with Mozart's name, are by Eberl.
Eberlin, Johaftn Ernst, b. 1716, Jetten-
bach (Swabia), died, 1776, Salzburg.
Of his life and career little is known.
It is, however, certain that he was (1747)
Organist to the Prince Archbishop
Sigismond, at Salzburg.

Toccatas and Fugues, 1747 {see dementi's
Practical Harmony). Besides these, 2
Sonatas appeared in Haffner's CEuvres
meles, 1760; and, lastly, a Prelude and
Fugue.

Ebers, Carl Friedrich.b. March 25, 1770,
Cassel ; d. Sept. 9, 1836, Berlin. En-
tirely self-taught, he had to fight against
many vicissitudes, and for this reason
he had in later years to devote his
decided talent to arrangements, pot-
pourris, and other small pieces. Among
his more important works may be
mentioned —
3 Sonates Brillantes, Op, 43, and a Grande
Polonaise, Op. 62.

Ebner, Wolfgang, Composer and Hof-

Organist to the Emperor Ferdinand III.

of Austria. Published, 1648, at

Prague —

36 Variations on an air by this Emperor.

These variations were republished (1810) at

Vienna, by Tobias Haslinger. All other

information s wanting.

*Echeverria, Jose Maria, b. Feb. 2, 1855,
Lasarte, near San Sebastian (Spain).
Pupil at the Conserv. of Madrid of
Miguel Galiana (Harmony) and Manuel
Mendizabal (Pf.). 1873, primer premio
(first prize) for Pf. playing. Resides
at present as teacher in San Sebastian.
La Serenata Espaiiole, La Seconde Mazurka,

La Gavota, Dos Habaneras, Enskal (Basque

Air), Etudio Capricho.

Eckard, Johann Gottfried, Clavecinist,
&c., b. 1734, Augsburg; d. Aug., i8og,
Paris. Too poor to have lessons from
a master, he taught himself and
achieved, through his marvellous
industry and perseverance, decided

success. The organ-builder, Stein, of
Augsburg, took him (1758) to Paris,
where he soon became one of the
most popular teachers.
6 Sonatas, CEuvre i, Paris, 1763 (also printed
in Leipzig, 1773) ; 2 Sonatas for the Harpsi-
chord, Op. 2, London; and Menuet with
Variations, " Le marechal de Saxe."

Edelmann (Edlmann), Johann Friedrich,
b. May 6, 1749, Strassburg ; d. (under
the guillotine) July 17, 1794, Paris.
At first a Doctor of the Law, he finally
devoted himself entirely to music, and
performed with great success in Paris,
where he settled, 1782.
Concertos, a Quartet, Trios, Sonatas with
Vln., and Sonatas for Pf. solo.

*Eggeling, Eduard, b. July 30, 1813,
Brunswick; d. April 8, 1885, Harzburg.
Pupil of Griepenkerl. His educational
works, published by Breitkopf and
Hartel (Leipzig), are of decided value ;
in particular his
Studies for the higher development of Pf.
playing, his Mechanical Studies, the Study
of the Scale for children, ditto for advanced
players. Of original compositions he pub-
lished "Erhebung," a Fantasia, and
another Fantasia called " Der Friihling.''

*Egghard, Julius (nom de plume for
Count Hard egg, of the branch Hardegg-
Glatz), b. April 24, 1834, Vienna; d.
there, March 23, 1867. Pupil of
Czerny (Pf.) and Preyer (Composi-
tion). Composer of a great number
of popular drawing-room pieces.

Ehlert, Louis, b. Jan. 13, 1825, Konigs-
berg (Prussia) ; d. Jan. 4, 1884,
Wiesbaden. He studied in Leipzig,
Berlin, and Vienna. After spending
several years in travelling, he settled,
1869, in Berlin, where he was, until
1871, teacher at Tausig's Music-school ;
was afterwards tutor to the sons of the
Duke of Meiningen, who gave him the
title of Prof. His literary works are :
"Letters to a Friend about Music"
(translated into several languages)
and "Letters from the Tone -world"
(Briefe aus der Tonwelt), essays,
which were published in 2 volumes.
Sonata in A min. ; Capriccio, Op. 3 ; Sonate
romantique. Op. 5 ; Lyrische Skizzen, Op.
12 (5 pieces); and Rhapsodies, Op. 15,

Ehrlich, Heinrich, b. Oct. 5, 1822,
Vienna. Pupil of Henselt, Booklet,
Thalberg (Pf.), and Sechter (Com-
position). For some time Pianist to
King George of Hanover. 1864-72,
teacher at the Stern Conserv.,
Berlin, from which appointment he
retired, but resumed it again in 1886.

30

EICHNER— ERDMANNSDSRFER.

Among his pupils were Felix Drey-
schock, Mannstaedt, &c. He is musical
critic to the Berliner Tageblatt and
Die Gegenwart. Of his literary
works, the books " Wie iibt man Kla-
vier ? " (How does one practise the
Piano ?) and " Musik-^Esthetik " are
of considerable importance.

12 Studies, a Concertstuck in ungarischer
Weise, Lebensbilder, Variationen fiber ein
eigenes Thema. Editor of Tausig's technical
Studies, with the addition of a preface and
annotations.

Eichner, Ernst (Composer). According
to Fetis, b. Feb. 9, 1740, Mannheim ;
d. 1777, Potsdam.

2 Concertos, Op. 5 (Amsterdam); ditto, Op. 9
(Mannheim); Sonatas with Vln. and
V'cello ; Sonatas with Vln., and Solo
Sonatas.

•EibenschUtz, Albert, b. April 15, 1857,
Berlin. Pupil at the Leipzig Conserv.
of Reinecke (Pf.) and Dr. (3scar Paul
(Composition). The Leipzig Conserv.
conferred on him the Diploma of
Honour. 1867-80, Prof, at the Music
School of Charkoff (South Russia) ;
1880-84, Prof, at the Leipzig Conserv. ;
1884, appointed Prof, at the Cologne
Conserv. He resides at Cologne.
Brilliant performer.

Sonatas, Pieces for 4 hands (Op. 6-13), Staccato
Study, Paraphrases, &c. Besides these he is
the editor of several works of Emanuel
Bach (Breitkopf and Hartel).

• E ibenschiitz, Ilona(cousin of the above) ,
b. May 8, 1872, at Buda-Pesth. Even
in her fifth year she showed uncommon
talent, and played in a public concert
with Liszt, who advised her to pursue
her studies at the Vienna Conserv.
From her 6th to 13th year she was a
pupil of Hans Schmitt. After travelling
in Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Norway,
France, and Germany, she went to
Frankfort o/M., and, 1885-89, was pupil
of Madame Schumann. During these
years she retired from public hfe.
1890, she resumed her journeys with
great success and has chosen Vienna
for her residence. Her performances
in London have met with unqualified
approval.

Eitner, Robert (musical Archaeologist),
b. Oct. 22, 1832, Breslau. Pupil of
Brosig. Settled, 1853, in Berlin. 1867,
he obtained the prize for a Bio-
graphical-Bibliographical Lexicon of
Dutch composers, and received from
the Government of Holland the order
to write the history of Dutch musicians.
From 1869, editor of the Monatshefte
fur Musikgeschichte. 1873, he initiated

the publication of works belonging to
the 15th and i6th centuries..

Elewyck, Xavier Victor, Chevalier van
(musical Historian), b. April 24, 1825,
Ixelles les Bruxelles; d. April 18, 1880,
Louvain. He published the work
" Matthias van den Gheyn, le plus
grand organiste et carilloneur beige du
18 siecle." Besides this he published,
at Brussels, 2 volumes containing
Gheyn's and other Flemish composers'
works, books of great interest and
decided historical importance. The
Kings of Holland and Belgium bestowed
upon him high orders.

Elkamp, Heinrich, b. 1812, Itzehoe
(Holstein) ; d. 1868, Hamburg. Pupil
of Clasing (Hamburg) and Zelter
(Berlin). Settled in Hamburg and
remained there until his death, with
exception of the years 1842-52, which
he spent in St. Petersburg. His com-
positions are written for educational
purposes, and consist of Sonatinas
(Op. 7-12), Fantasias, &c. As a teacher
he was most successful, and enjoyed a
great reputation.

Enckhausen, Heinrich Friedrich, b.
Aug. 28, 1799, Celle ; d. Jan. 15, 1885,
Hanover. His compositions, mostly
easy pieces, are very popular and much
used ; they are melodious, practical,
well-harmonised, and, in their way,
effective.
Progressive Studies, Op. 63 ; Sonatinas, Op. 75
and 76 ; and Rondos.

En gel, Carl (musical Historian), b. July
6, 1818, Thiedenwiese (Hanover) ; d.
Nov. 17, 1882, London. Pupil of
Hummel (Pf.) and Lobe (Composition)
of Weimar. 1846, he settled in London,
active as a teacher and author. Among
his works is a Pf. School for begin-
ners, which appeared in 12 editions;
author of "The Music of the most
Ancient Nations," " Musical Myths
and Facts," &c.

•Epstein, Julius, b. Aug. 14, 1832, Agram
(Croatia). Pupil of Lichtenegger of
Agram, Halm (Pf.) and Rufinatscha
(Composition) of Vienna. Eminent
pianist and most successful teacher.
Among his pupils are Ignaz Briill,
Marcella Sembrich (at first pianist),
&c. Since 1867, Prof, at the Vienna
Conserv.

Erdmannsdorfer, Max, b. June 14, 1848,
Niimberg. Pupil at the Leipzig Con-
serv., and later of fUetz (Dresden).
1 87 1, Conductor of the Sondershausen
Orchestra as successor to Max Bruch ;
1882, Conductor of the Concerts of the

ERDMANNSDORFER— FAVARGER,

3X

Imperial Musical Society of Moscow;
at present (since 1889) Conductor
of the Philharmonic Concerts of
Bremen. Brilliant pianist and composer
of highly effective solo pieces.
Erdmannsdorfer {nee Fichtner), Pauline
(wife of the above), b. June 28, 1851,
Vienna. Pupil of Eduard Pirkhert
(Pf.), later of Liszt (Weimar). Dis-
tinguished pianist, on whom the
Grand Dukes of Saxe- Weimar and
Hesse-Darmstadt conferred the title
of " Court Pianist." She resides at
Bremen.
Eschmann, Johann Carl, b. April 12,
1826, Winterthur; d. October 27, 1882,
ZiJrich. Pupil of Moscheles (Pf.)
and Mendelssohn (Composition), both
of Leipzig. Among his most popular
educational works are —
The first, second, and third year of Pf.
playing; loo Aphorisms ; Guide through the
literature of the Pf , of which the newest
edition is revised by Ruthardt (Leipzig);
Technical Studies and excellent arrange-
ments of classical pieces (Haydn, Mozart,
and Beethoven).

♦Eschmann, Carl Dumur (cousin of the
abovej, b. July 6, 1835, Wadersweil,
Ziiricn. Pupil of his cousin. Prof,
of the higher classes of Pf. playing
at the Musical Institute of Lausanne.
His most important work is —
" Guide du jeune Pianiste, classification
methodique et graduee d'oeuvres diversees

pour Piano " (second edition). He published
also : " Rhythme et Agilitfi," Exercices
techniques.

Essipoff (Essipowa), Annette von, b.
Feb. I, 1 85 1, St. Petersburg. Pupil at
the Conserv., where Leschetizki, whom
she married 1880, was her teacher.
Brilliant pianist, who obtained every-
where great success. 1885, she received
the title of " Pianist to the Prussian
Court."

Evers, Carl, b. April 8, 1819, Hamburg;
d. Dec. 31, 1875, Vienna. Pupil of
Jacques Schmitt (Pf.) at Hamburg.
Zieger (Theory) at Hanover, Carl
Krebs (Composition) at Hamburg, and
of Mendelssohn (1839) at Leipzig. He
never had a fixed appointment, until he
established himself (1858) as a music-
seller at Graz (Styria). As a pianist he
possessed considerable technical execu-
tion, and was everywhere favourably
received. "Chansons d'amour," des-
cribing the characteristic expression of
the European national melodies.

Eybler, Joseph von (Composer), b. Feb.
8, 1765, Schwechat, near Vienna; d.
July 24, 1846, Vienna, when Imperial
Capellmeister. Pupil of Albrechts-
berger, and a friend of Haydn and
Mozart. He chiefly devoted himself
to church music.
Sonatas, Concertos, Trios, Dances, 4 Italian
scenes, &c.

P.

Faisst, Dr. Emmanuel (Gottlob Fried-
rich), Composer and Author; b. Oct. 13,
1823, Esslingen (Wiirtemberg) ; d.
June 5, 1894, Stuttgart. Pupil of Silcher
(Tiibingen) and Dehn (Berlin). 1857,
he assisted in the constitution of the
Stuttgart Conserv., where he was
active as Prof, and Director. From
the University of Tiibingen he re-
ceived the diploma of Hon. Doc. Phil,
for an essay on the history of the
Sonata. With Lebert he edited the
" Cotta " edition of classical Pf.
works. The King of Wiirtemberg
bestowed upon him several distinctions.

Farrenc, Jeanne Louise {nee Dumont), b.
May 31, 1804, Paris ; d. there, Sept. 15,
1875. Pupil of Hummel, Moscheles
(Pf.), and Reicha (Composition).
Married (1821) Jacques Hyppolite
Aristide Farrenc, publisher of the
" Tresor du Pianiste." She obtained
great success both as a performer and
teacher, and was elected (1842) Prof, at

the Conserv. Madame F. is regarded

as one of the best female composers of

France.

Sonatas, Quintets, Trios, Fugues, 30 Etudes,

Op. 26; 12 Etudes brillantes, Op. 41; and 20

Etudes de moyenne difficult^. Op. 42.

Fasch, Carl Friedrich Christian (Com-
poser, and founder of the Berlin Sing-
Akademie), b. Nov. 18, 1736, Zerbst ; d,
Aug, 3, 1800, Berlin. Pupil of Hertel
(Strelitz). 1756, Cembalist to Frederic
II. of Prussia, alternating with Eman.
Bach. Among his works for Clavecin
several Sonatas have been published
in the collections —
"Musikalisches Mancherley " (1762) and
" Musikalisches Vielerley " (1770). 4 Posth.
Sonatas were published by Rellstab. An
Arietta with 14 variations, and other sets of
Variations appeared at Berlin. A Concerto
remained unpublished.

Favarger, Rene, b. 1815, Paris; d. Aug.,
i868, Etretat (Havre). His fashionable
compositions (mostly so-called Fan-
tasias) enjoyed great popularity in

32

FESCA— FISCHER.

England, France, and Germany ; and
in London, where he resided for many
years, he obtained considerable success
as a teacher.
Fesca, Alexander (Ernst), second son of
the well-known violinist, Friedr. Ernst
F. {1789-1826) ; b. May 22, 1820,
Carlsruhe (Baden) ; d. Feb. 22, 1849,
Brunswick. Pupil of Taubert (Pf.),
Berlin, and of Schneider and Rungen-
hagen (Theory). As a pianist he
created (1839-40) a great sensation in
Germany, Austria, and Hungary. As
a composer he obtained considerable
reputation ; his pieces are written with
fluency and elegance, but lack finish
and depth.
Trios, Sonatas, Fantasias, Drawing-room
pieces.

Fitis, Fran9ois Joseph, b. March 25, 1784,
Mons; d. March 26, 1871, Brussels.
Pupil of Rey, Boieldieu, and Pradher
(Paris). 1813, teacher at the Music
School of Douai; he went (i8i8)to Paris
and was appointed (1820) Prof, at the
Conserv. 1826, he founded the journal
La Revue Musicale. 1833, he became
Director of the Brussels Conserv.,
which post he filled for 39 years. He was
Gustos of the Royal Belgian Library,
Member of the Academy, and Com-
mander of high orders. For Pf. he
wrote —
Several Fantasias ; 3 Suites de Preludes pro-
gressifs ; Fantaisie chromatique ; 3 Sonates
faciles a quatre mains; grand Duo for Pf.
andVln.; Marche variee ; Sextuor pour Pf.
i. quatre mains, deux Violons, Alto, et
Basse, Op. 5. He is the author of the
" Methode des Methodes de Piano," of
which Moscheles edited the practical part.
Fibich, Zdengk, b. Dec. 21, 1850, Sebor-
schitz, near Czaslau (Bohemia). At
first instructed in Prague; 1865, at the
Leipzig Conserv. ; later a pupil of
Vincenz Lachner (Mannheim). 1876,
second Capellmeister of the National
Theatre (Prague) ; 1878, Director of the
Choir of the Russian Church.
Op. 7, 4 Ballads; Op. 8, Quartet; Op. lo,
Romance for Pf. and Vln. ; Op. ii, Quartet ;
Op. 19, Mignons for 4 bands: t. Valse, 2.
Seine Orientale, 3. ***, 4. Rococo Gavotte ;
the same for 2 hands, Op. 20 ; Vigilis, 2
characteristic pieces for 4 hands.
•Fiedler, August Max, b. Dec. 31, 1859,
Zittau. Pupil of his father, the Pf.
teacher, Carl Aug. F., and of G.
Albrecht (Theory and Organ-playing).
1877-80, pupil at the Leipzig Conserv.,
where he gained the " Holstein "
scholarship. 1882, appointed teacher
at the Hamburg Music School.
S Pieces, Op. 2 (Phantasiestiick, Romanze,
Gavotte, Phantasiestuck, Scherzo) : 4 pieces.
Op. 6 (Phantasiestiick, F min. ; Waltzer, A
flat ; Phantasiestuck, A flat ; Waldstiick, F
sharp).

Field, John, b. 1782, Dublin; d. Jan. ii,
1837, Moscow. At first pupil of his
grandfather, an Organist in Dublin ;
later of Clementi, whom he accom-
panied to St. Petersburg. When
Clementi had left, good times began
for Field. He was the favourite teacher
of the aristocracy, and had plenty of
engagements for Concerts ; but, owing
to rather disorderly habits, he had to
leave the Russian capital and settled in
Moscow, where he met with an enthu-
siastic reception. 183 1, he revisited
Dublin, where he found his aged
mother. Soon after he went to Paris,
where his success was not so great
as elsewhere. Disappointed in Paris,
he went to Vienna, Milan, and other
Italian towns, where he was much
feted. In Naples a Russian family,
sympathising with Field — now ill and
feeble — took him (1834) to Moscow,
where — suffering from a fearful cough
and inflammation of the intestines — he
died, 1837. He was a most excellent
pianist — famous for his beautiful
singing tone and sweet touch, admired
for the independence of his fingers,
the correctness and clearness of his
execution, and the fascinating and
captivating manner of his entire
style of performance. Of the now
highly popular form, "The Nocturne,"
Field may be called the inventor.

Concertos, No. i, in E flat ; No. 2, in A flat;
No. 3, in E flat ; No. 4, in E flat (very
popular) ; No. 5,i n C ; No. 6, in C ; No. 7, in
C min. ; Sonatas in A, E, and C min. ; Sonata
in B ; 2 Airs en Rondeaux, Air russe. Air
russe varie (4 hands). Chanson russe varie
(D min.). Polonaise in E flat, " Reviens,
Reviens," Romanza and Cavatine in E,
Romance in E flat, 3 Romances, Rondeau in
A, 2 Rondeaux Favori in £ and A, Rondeau
with 2 Vln., Alto, and Bass; " Since then
I'm doomed," Variation in C; "Speed the
Plough," Rondo in B flat ; Divertissements,
with 2 Vln., Alto, and Bass, in E and A;
2 Fantasias, in A and G ; Exercise ; Exercice
module dans tous les tons majeurs et
mineurs; 18 Nocturnes, of which Nos. i-io
appeared before 1828.

Fischer, Johann Caspar Ferdinand
(Composer and Conductor to the
Margrave of Baden), lived about 1720.
Gerber mentions that Fischer was one
of the strongest executants on his
instrument (clavecin), and to him
belongs the merit of having made
known in Germany the meaning and
execution of the graces.

Musikalisches Blumenbiischlein (Musical
flowerbushlet) bestehend in (consisting of)

8 Partien, u.s.w., Op. 2. The Musical Par-
nassus, or an entirely new work, consisting
of 9 Partitas (Suites) with the name of the

9 Muses (Augsburg, 1738).

FISCHER— FORSTER.

33

Fischer, Michael Gotthardt (Composer) ,
b. June 3, 1773, Village Alach (Erfurt) ;
d. Jan. 12, 1829, Erfurt. Pupil of
Kittel (pupil of Bach). After having
spent some years at Jena, Baron Dal-
berg {see page 23) called him to Erfurt
as Conductor of the Winterkonzerte.
His works enjoyed in their time a great
reputation and were praised for their
solidity and excellent workmanship.
A Clavier-Quartet, Op. 6 ; Sonatas, Op. 3 ;

a Capriccio, Studies, and a Sonata for 4

hands Op. 12.
Fischhof, Joseph, b. April 4, 1804, Buts-
chowitz ; d. June 28, 1857, Baden, near
Vienna. His parents desired him to
become a physician, but on his giving
proofs of decided talent for music they
allowed him to have Anton Halm as
teacher of Pf. and von Seyfried as in-
structor in Composition. 1833, elected
Prof, at the Vienna Conserv. He was
one of the musical authorities of
Vienna, well acquainted with Robert
Schumann, Liszt, Thalberg, Donizetti
— in short, with every artist of dis-
tinction who visited the Austrian
capital. As a pianist he was esteemed
for the musicianly qualities of his per-
formances, and as a teacher respected
for the thoroughness of his knowledge.
He wrote an essay on the history of
the Pf.
Rondos, Op. 10, 12, 19; a Fantaisie carac-

teristique. Op. 18. Editor of " Classiche

Studien," pieces by Handel, Bach, Mozart,

and Scarlatti.

Fischhof, Robert (nephew of Joseph F.),

b. 1857, Vienna. Pupil of Door, R.

Fuchs, Krenn, and Bruckner (Vienna

Conserv.) ; later of Liszt. 1874, he

appeared for the first time in public

and continued to give highly successful

concerts in Austria and Germany.

1884, appointed Prof, at the Conserv.

(Vienna). A Concerto of his own

composition was performed by him

in Berlin and Paris. Other pieces

appeared in Vienna, Berlin, and Paris.

*Fissot, Alexis Henri, b. Oct. 24, 1843,

Airaines (Somme). At Paris pupil of

Marmontel (Pf.), Bazin (Harmony),

Benoit (Organ), and Ambroise Thomas

(Composition) ; he gained the first prize

in every class. Since April, 1887, Prof.

at the Conserv. (Paris).

3 Feuillets d' Album, 12 Pieces de Genre, 12

Preludes, 3 Morceaux (Op. 4), Adagio et

presto, Fantaisie impromptu. Ballades (2),

Arabesques (6), Caprice heroique (Op. 18),

Allegro symphonique (Op. 20), Scherzi,

I, 2, and 3.

*FlUgel, Ernst, b. Aug. 31, 1844, Halle

a/d/Saale. Pupil of his father, Gustav

F., Loschhorn, Biilow, Geyer, and

Kiel. 1879, he settled in Breslau, where
he is Cantor of the Bemhardin Church
and critic to the Silesian journal,
Schlesische Zeitung. The King of
Prussia conferred on him the title
of Konigl. Musik-Director. The opera
16, 31, 32 are considered by the author
to be his best works.
•FlUgel, Gustav (father of the above), b.
July 2, 1812, Nienburg a/d/Saale.
Pupil of Thiele (Altenburgj ; from
1827-30, of Fr. Schneider (Dessau).
1840, appointed Musik-Director at
Stettin, which town he left (1850) for
Neuwied, where he remained until
1859, when he returned to Stettin as
Organist and Cantor of the Schloss-
kirche. 1856, he received the title
of Konigl. Musik-Director. His prin-
cipal works for Pf. are —
5 Sonatas, Op. 4, 7, 13, 20, 36; his most
popular pieces are decidedly " Nachtfalter"
(Moths), Op. 14.
Fodor, Anton (youngest brother of the
violinist, Joseph F.), b. 1759, Venloo
(Holland) ; d. Feb. 23, 1849, Amster-
dam. He resided until 1790 in his
native place, but settled later in
Amsterdam. Appointed Conductor of
the Concerts " Felix meritis."
Concertos (published in Paris), Quartets for
Pf. and Strings, Trios, Sonatas with Vln.,
a Sonata for 4 hands, one ditto for 6 hands.
Solo Sonatas, Fantasias, Variations, &c.
Fbrster, Alban, b. Oct. 23, 1849, Reichen-
bach (Saxony). 1863-65, pupil of R.
Blume; i866-6g, pupil, and, 1881-82,
Prof, at the Dresden Conserv. ; 1882,
Hof-Capellmeister of Mecklenburg-
Strelitz (at Neu-Strelitz). His com-
positions are mostly of an educational
character.
Op. 12, Miniatures (20) ; Op. i3,Gedenkblatter
(3) ; Op. 14, Musikalische Plaudereien
(Musical chattings), 10 pieces ; Op. 32, 8
easy characteristic pieces for 4 hands; Op.
40, Album of Dances; Op. 41, Wander-
Skizzen; Op. 53, Aus der Jugendzeit (8
pieces) ; Op. 60, Trio in an easy style.
Fbrster, Emanuel Aloys, b. i757,Neurath
(Austrian Silesia) ; d. Nov. 19, 1823,
Vienna. Received his musical educa-
tion in Prague, from whence he went,
1779, to Vienna; he received the title
of Capellmeister, and was active as
a teacher of Pf. and Composition. It
is said that Beethoven respected him
very much. His work, " Anleitung zum
Generalbass" (Leipzig, 1805), is con-
sidered a book of great merit.
Sestet, Op. 9 (1796), 4 Quartets, Sonata for 4
hands, Fantasia and grand Sonata, Op. 15 ;
several other Sonatas, 50 Preludes in 3
books, S'c. The 10 Variations in A maj. on
Sarti'sair "I finti eredi," generally believed
to be by Mozart, are by Forster, who pub-
lished them (1802) in Vienna.

34

FONTAINE— FREUND.

Fontaine (Henri Louis Stanislas),
Mortier de, b. May 13, 1816, Wies-
riowiec (Volhynia, Russia) ; d. May 10,
1883, Balham, near London. 1832, he
performed for the first time at a concert
in Dantsic ; went, 1833, to Paris, where
he was warmly welcomed by Chopin ;
and played in public with great success.
1837, he travelled in Italy ; returned,
1842, to Paris, and went, 1850, to Russia ;
settled, 1853, in St. Petersburg, and
remained there till i860 as a teacher ;
from i860 till 1868 in a similar capacity
at Munich. In 1873 he resumed his
artistic journeys, and remained during
the last years of his life in London.
His accomplishments as a pianist were
very considerable.
Fontana, Jules de, b. 1810, Warsaw ;
committed suicide in Paris on Decem-
ber 31, 1869. He was a fellow-pupil of
Chopin in Warsaw. After a sojourn in
Paris, he travelled with the violinist
Sivori in America, afterwards returning
to Paris, where he published Chopin's
posthumous works. There is a differ-
ence of opinion about Fontana's loyalty
in doing this.
2 Caprices, Marche Fundbre and L'Inquietude,
Op. I ; Reverie, Op. 2 ; Elegie, Op, 7 ; 12
Etudes de Style, Op. 8 ; ditto, Op. 9 : and a
Ballade, Op. 17.

Forkel, Dr. Johann Nicolaus (the son of
a shoemaker), b. Feb. 22, i749,Meeder,
near Coburg ; d. March 17, 1818,
Gottingen. 1762, appointed chorister
at the principal church of Liineburg ;
1766, Director of the Schwerin- Choir.
1769, he entered the University of
Gottingen, where he studied law ;
but as he found that the historical
studies of music afforded greater attrac-
tions, he devoted himself entirely to
music ; became (1778) Musical Director
of the University; founded (1780) the
so-called Winter Concerts, received the
diploma of Hon. Doc. Phil., and re-
mained active as a Conductor until
1815, when he retired and devoted his
time to teaching and writing. As a
composer he was less successful than
as an author. He published :
6 Sonatas, 2 books (Gottingen, 1778-79); 3
Sonatas, with accompaniment (London); 24
Variations on " God save the King " ; Trios,
Op. 2(1780); a Concerto (1782). According
to his MS. catalogue he composed 22 Con-
certos and a Duo for 2 clavecins. His book,
"Joh. Seb. Bach's Life, Art and Works,"
was published at Leipzig, 1802. Only 2
volumes of his General History of Music
appeared.
Franck, Cesar Auguste, b. Dec. 10, 1822,
Liege; d. Nov. 8, 1890, Paris. Pupil
at the Liege Conserv. until 1837, when
he entered that of Paris and became a

pupil of Zimmermann (Pf .) and Leborne
(Counterpoint). 1838, first prize for
Pf. ; 1839, second prize for Composi-
tion. Remained permanently at Paris
as a Pf. teacher ; was Prof, of Organ
at the Conserv. and Organist of St.
Clotilde.
3 Trios, Op. 1; Trio, Op. 2; Eclogue, Op. 3;
Duo for 4 hands. Op. 4 ; Sonata, Op. 6, &c.

♦Franck, Dr. Eduard, b. Oct. 5, 1817,
Breslau; d. Dec. i, 1893, Berlin. Re-
ceived his general and musical educa-
tion in his native town. Went,
1843-46, to Italy, afterwards to Berlin,
where he performed with great success
at public concerts. Appointed Prof, at
the Cologne Conserv., but accepted
(1859) the post of Musik-Director at
Berne, where the University conferred
upon him the diploma of Hon. Doc.
Phil. ; 1867-78, Prof, at the Stern Con-
serv. ; since 1878, Prof, at the Breslau
Conserv. of Berlin. He received the
titles of Konigl. Prof, and Musik-
Director.
Concerto, Op. 13 ; 2 Trios ; Quintet, Op. 45 ;

Sextet, Op. 41 ; Sonata, with V'cello, Op. 42 ;

Duo for 2 Pf., Op. 46; 6 Solo Sonatas,

Op. 40, &c.

♦Frescobaldi, Girolamo (Composer), b.
1580, Ferrara; d. March 22, 1644,
Rome. Pupil of Luzzasco-Luzzaschi,
he went for further studies to the
Netherlands. Became, 1607, Organist
of S. Rombaut (Malines) ; returned to
Italy, and was appointed, 1608, suc-
cessor of Pasquini, Organist of S.
Pietro (Rome) — according to Fetis he
obtained this post only in 1614. 1628, he
went to Florence for several years as
Organist to Ferdinand II. of Toscana,
but returned (1635) to ^is former post
at Rome ; remained there till 1643 ;
was for one year Organist of S.
Laurentius in Montibus. Among his
pupils, Froberger was decidedly the
best.
II prime libro di Fantasie a due, tre e
quattro^ (in Milano. 1608). Ricercari e
canzoni francesi, fatti sopra diversi oblighi,
in partitura (Rome, 1637). Previous pub-
lications of this collection appeared in 1615
and 1627. II secondo libro di Toccati,
Canzoni, Versi d'Hinni, Magnificat,
Gagliarde, Correnti et altre partite d'in-
tavoiatura di Cembalo ed Organo (Rome,
1637). First edition, 1616. Fiori musicali
di diverse Compositioni, Toccati, Kirie,
Canzoni, Capricci e Ricercari in Partitura
a Quattro, utile per Sonatori, Op. 12
(Venezia, 1635). (See Pauer's " Alte
Meister," Leipzig.)

Freund, Robert, b. 1852, Buda-Pesth.
Pupil of Huber. 1865, he entered the
Leipzig Conserv., where Moscheles and
Coccius (Pf.), Richter and Papperitz
(Harmony) were his teachers. For

FREYSTADTLER— FUMAQALLI.

35

one year he studied with Tausig

(Berlin), and was (1870-72) a pupil of

Liszt in Buda-Pesth. 1876, appointed

Prof, at the Music School of Ziirich,

where he resides. His performances

are very much admired for their

refinement and warmth of expression.

Freystadtler(Freystadler), Franz Jacob,

b. Sept. 13, 1760, Salzburg; d. about

1836, Vienna. Pupil of Lipp (Organ

and Clavecin), he was appointed

Organist of St. Peter's, Salzburg; went,

1784, to Munich, where he remained

as teacher until 1786. From this year

until his death he settled (owing to

the invitation and encouragement of

his townsman, Mozart) in Vienna,

where he soon was actively engaged as

a teacher.

Easy Concerto ; Sonatas with Vln. ; " The

Siege of Belgrad " and " The Siege of

Valenciennes," with Vln. ; i8 original

Valses for 4 hands; several Caprices and

sets of Variations ; 50 Preludes, and the

Fantasias " Mittag und Abend" (Noon

and Evening) and " Der Friihlingsmorgen "

(Spring morning).

*Frickenhaus {nee Evans), Fanny
(Pianist), b. June 7, 1849, Cheltenham.
Pupil of George Mount, later of Aug.
Dupont (Brussels). Appeared for the
first time in 1879 in London, where she
has played with continued success at
the best public concerts (Philharmonic,
Crystal Palace, Popular). She intro-
duced many interesting works of living
composers in her chamber music
concerts, and is considered one of the
foremost English pianists.

♦Friedheim, Arthur, b. Oct. 26, 1859,
St. Petersburg. Pupil of Rubinstein
for one year. 1877, he went to
Dresden, in order to finish an opera,
already begun in St. Petersburg ; after-
wards, for 8 years, a pupil of Liszt.
Excellent performer, possessing a
phenomenal execution, and a talented
Conductor. He resides in New York.

Froberger, Johann Jacob (Organist,
Clavecinist, and Composer), b. 1605 (?),
Halle (?) ; d. May 7, 1667, H^ricourt
(Haute Saone). Pupil of Frescobaldi.
The details of his life are very scanty
and uncertain. According to Matthe-
son (" Grundlage einer Ehrenpforte"),
a Swedish Ambassador was so pleased
with his singing, when 15 years old,
that he took him to Vienna, where
Ferdinand IIL commanded him to be
sent to Rome to study under Fresco-
baldi. On his return he was, 1641-45,
and again, 1653-57, Court Organist at
Vienna, when he was dismissed (for
unknown reasons) from the Imperial

service, and went to Mayence; later,
he found a generous patroness in the
Duchess Sybilla of Wiirtemberg, who
appointed him her " Musikraeister
und Musiklehrer." At what time he
came to Hericourt, the residence of the
Duchess, is unknown. It is also
unknown whether he went (1657) from
Vienna direct to England. S^^ Grove I.,
565, Fetis and Mendl, about a romantic
incident which is said to have happened
in Westminster Abbey. It is, however,
certain that he lived during his later
years in comfortable circumstances at
the Court of the Duchess, who called
him "her dear, honest, faithful, and
industrious master." Of his works the
following appeared : —
Diverse curiose e rarissime Partite di toccate,
ricercate capricci e fantasie dall' Eccelen-
tissimo e Famosissimo Organista Giovanni
Giacomo Froberger, per gli amatori di
Cembali, Organi e Istrumenti (Mainz :
Ludw. Bourgeat, 1693, 1695, 1699). Diverse
ingegniosissime, rarissime e non mai piu
viste curiose partite di toccate, canzone,
ricercate, alemande, correnti, sarabande e
gigue di cembali, organi e istrumenti
(Mainz, 1714). Phantasia supra, ut, re, mi, fa,
sol, la, Clavicymbalis accommodata, in
Athan. Kircher's Musurgia, Rome, 1650.
The Imperial Court Library of Vienna
possesses the following works in MS. :
1st vol., 8 toccate, 5 capricci e canzone per
rOrgano ; and vol., Libro secondo di
Toccate, Fantasie, Canzone, &c. (Con-
tenente : Pezzi per il Cembalo, et a 4 voci,
1649) ; 3rd vol., Libro terzo di Capricci e
Ricercati ; 4th vol., Libro quarto di Toccate,
Capricci, &c. (Pezzo per il Cembalo et a 4
voci), Vienna, 1656 ; sth vol., Lamento
sopra la dolorosa perdita della R.M. di
Ferdinando IV., Re de Romani, Per il
Cembalo, 1649. MS. of Fugues, Caprices,
Toccatas, and Suites; MS., i vol., with 26
Clavecin pieces. Suites by Froberger (but
also by Biber and Schmelzer), 1681.
♦Frugatta, Giuseppe, b. May 26, i860,
Bergamo. Pupil at the Milan
Conserv. of Antonio Bazzini (Com-
position) and Carlo Andreoli (Pf.).
Prof, at the " Collegio Reale delle
FanciuUe " and at the Conserv.
(Milan).
Sonata, Trio (both received prizes), Fantasia,
Schizzi di Valzer, Polonaise de Concert,
Moments poetiques, three Morceaux de
Concerts, &c.
*Fuchs, Robert, b. Feb. 15, 1847,
Frauenthal. Pupil at the Vienna
Conserv., where, 1875, he was ap-
pointed Prof, of Theory, and, 1893,
Director.
Sonatas, Sonata with V'cello, Trios, 2 Sonatas
with Vln., Variations, very melodious
pieces for 4 hands, a Concerto, &c.

Fumagalli, Adolfo, b. Oct. ig, 1828,
Inzago ; d. May 3, 1856, Florence.
Pupil of Angeleri. Most excellent and
highly distinguished pianist, who com-
posed in a fluent style a good many

36

FUMAGALLI— GALLENBERG.

elegant, graceful, effective, and well-
written pieces, mostly published by
Ricordi, of Milan, and Schott Sons,
of Mayence.

Fumagalli, Disma (elder brother of the
above), b. Sept. 8, 1826, Inzago; d.
March 2, 1893, Milan. Pupil at the
Milan Conserv., where he was after-
wards Prof. Prolific composer, who
published above 250 pieces.

Fumagalli, Luca (younger brother of
Adolfo F.), b. May 29, 1837, Inzago.
Also a pupil at the Milan Conserv.
Played, i860, with great success in
Paris, and puljlished many elegant and
pleasing drawing-room pieces.

Fux, Johann Joseph (the celebrated
author of the ' ' Gradus ad Parnassum
sive manuductio ad compositionem
musicae regularem"), b. 1660, Hirten-
feld, near St. Marein in Styria ; d. Feb.
14, 1 74 1, Vienna, where he was Kaiser-
licher Obercapellmeister. He served
under Leopold I. (1640-1705), Joseph I.
(1678-1711), and Carl VI. (1685-1740),
and was greatly honoured and even
beloved by each of these sovereigns.
See Kochel's Biography of Fux
(Vienna, 1871). His Gradus was pub-
lished 1725. For Clavecin he wrote —
Sei Sonate, Capriccio, Fughe.

G.

Gabler, Christoph August (son of a
clergyman), b. March 15, 1767,
Miihldorf (Voigtland, Saxony) ; d.
April 15, 1839, St. Petersburg. He
studied theology at Leipzig, but fol-
lowed up with zeal his musical studies.
1800, music-teacher in Reval, where
his performances were very successful.
1836, he settled in St. Petersburg.
3 Sonatas, Op. 19 ; Sonata, Op. 26; Sonatine,

Op. 46; Adagio and Rondo, Op. 50; and

several sets of Variations, &c.

Gade, Niels Wilhelm, b. Feb. 22, 1817
(not Oct.), Copenhagen; d. there, Dec.
21, 1890. Pupil of Weyse. 1841, he
gained the first prize for the Overture
"Nachklange an Ossian," which was
soon performed under Mendelssohn in
Leipzig. King Christian VIII. of Den-
mark gave him a stipend, which enabled
him to travel in Germany. 1843, he
spent in Leipzig. 1845-46, he partici-
pated with Mendelssohn in the direction
of the Gewandhaus Concerts. 1848, he
returned to Copenhagen, was appointed
Conductor of the Musical Society,
Hof-Organist, Hof-Capellraeister, and
Prof. The amiable, harmonious, cor-
rect, pure, and thoroughly sympathetic
character of his compositions was
everywhere acknowledged and wel-
comed— in short, he was one of the few
composers who had only friends and
no enemies. The Danish Court re-
cognised his merits by bestowing upon
him the Commandership of the Dane-
brog, and from several Academies and
Societies he received the diplomas of
Hon. Membership. He was Hon.
Dr. Phil., Member of the Prussian

order pour le merite; and, during his
later years, Director of the Copen-
hagen Conserv. His works are only
slightly tinged with Scandinavian ex-
pression.
Fruhlings-Phantasie for Pf., Orchestra, and
4 solo voices; Trio, Op. 42, in F; Sonata,
Op. 28, in E min. ; Sonata, with Vln., in A,
Op. 6; ditto in D min., Op. 2i ; Aquarellen,
Op. 19 (10 pieces) ; FrQhlingsblumen, Op. 2
(3 pieces) ; Album leaves (3 pieces) ; Christ-
mas pieces, Op. 36 (5 pieces) ; Arabeske, Op.
27 ; Volkstanze, Op. 31.

Gansbacher, Johann Baptist, b. May 8,
1778, Sterzing (Tyrol) ; d. July 13, 1844,
Vienna. 1796, he fought as a volunteer
against the French and became first
lieutenant ; but his desire to devote
himself to music was greater than the
wish to follow up his military career.
1802, he went to Vienna, where Abb6
Vogler gave him some advice. His
patron. Count Firmian, and his pupil.
Count Erdody, paid for his instruction
by Albrechtsberger. 1810, he went to
Darmstadt, where he was, with C. M.
von Weber and Meyerbeer, a pupil of
Vogler. 1823, appointed Principal
Organist of St. Stephen's, Vienna,
which post he filled until his death.
For his merits as a soldier he received,
1796, the medal for bravery, and, 1817,
the great gold medal of merit.
Trios, Sonatas with Vln.; Variations for 4
hands. Op. 9; Divertissements, Op. 20 and
29, and Sonate facile. Op 30.

Gallenberg, Wenzel Robert, Count, b.
Dec. 28, 1783, Vienna ; d. May 13, 1839,
Rome. PupU of Albrechtsberger. With
Barbaja he was co-administrator of the
Vienna Opera, for which he had to

GALUPPI— GERMER.

37

furnish the ballet-music. He married
Countess Giulietta Guicciardi, to whom
Beethoven dedicated, 1802, the well-
known Sonata, Op. 27, No. 2, commonly
called the " Moonlight " Sonata.
Several of Gallenberg's themes were
used for variations — for instance, the
" Gallenberg " Valse, by Charles
Mayer, Moscheles, Czerny, and others.
I'antasie, Op. 4; Rhapsody, Op. 5 ; Fantasie
der Trauer, Op. 35 ; Grande Senate, Op. 15 ;
Characteristic Marches for 4 hands, Op. 11 ;
and a grand Triumphal March.

Galuppi, Baldassare (called Buranello),
composer ; b. Oct. i8, 1706, Burano ;
d. Jan. 3, 1785, Venice. Pupil of Lotti.
Lived, from 1741 till 1743, in London;
was appointed, 1765, Capellmeister
at St. Petersburg ; and went, 1768, to
be Conductor of San Marco, at Venice.
His Sonatas (of which several are
reprinted in Pauer's "Alte Clavier
Musik" and "Alte Meister ") are dis-
tinguished by great freshness and
fluency.

*Ganz, Wilhelm, b. Nov. 6, 1833,
Mayence on the Rhine. Pupil of
C. Eckert (Berlin) and Anschiitz
(Coblenz). Prof, at the London
Guildhall School. Composer of
fashionable pieces, and a popular Con-
ductor. Received decorations from
the King of Prussia and the Duke of
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.

Gaschin-Rosenberg, Countess Fanny

(excellent pianist), b. 1818, Thorn.

Pupil of Liszt, Thalberg, and Henselt.

Although an amateur, she created a

great sensation by her excellent and

brilliant performances.

Reverie (very popular) ; 2 pieces : Charme

btisi, Poeme Harmonique ; Mazourka, and

Bourrasque (fit of passion) musicale.

*Gayrhos, Eugen, b. 1843, Kempten
(Bavaria). Pupil of D. Pruckner (Pf.)
and Dr. Faisst (Composition), of
Stuttgart ; held appointments at
Munich, 1862-67, later at Basle, as
successor to Biilow, and is at present
Prof, at Lausanne.

Gebel, Georg, sen., b. 1685, Breslau ;
d. there, 1749. Greatly respected for
his organ performances. He made
himself a name as the inventor of a
clavichord with quarter- tones, and a
clavicembalo with manual, pedal, and
compass of 6 octaves. He published
not less than 24 Concertos. His eldest
son —

Gebel, Georg, jun., b. Oct. 15, 1709,
Brieg (Breslau) ; d. Sept. 24, 1753,
Rudolstadt. Pupil of his father. Very
clever executant on Hebenstreit's Pan-
taleon (an improvement of the so-called

Dulcimer). Although a very prolific
composer for the orchestra (he wrote
in six years not less than 100 Sym-
phonies) he composed for the clavecin
only a few Concertos and a Partita,
published in Rudolstadt.
Gelinek, Abbe Joseph (composer), b. Dec.
3, 1757, Selcz, Bohemia; d. April 13,
1825, Vienna. His first instruction he
received from his father, a school-
master, later from Segert. 1786, he was
ordained. Mozart chanced to hear
him, and was so struck by his gift of
improvising that he recommended him
to Count Kinsky, who, when travelling
in Italy, appointed him house-chaplain
and music-teacher of his family. On
his return to Vienna he took lessons
from Albrechtsberger. From 1795 until
his death he was house-chaplain of
Prince Esterhazy. Soon he became
the most popular Pf. teacher and
began to write his — in their time
fashionable — Variations.
Sonatas, Trios, Fantasias, Dances, Marches,
and 120 Sets of Variations.
Gerke, Anton, b. 1814, in Poland; d.
Aug. 27, 1870, St. Petersburg. He was
one of the most influential and success-
ful teachers of the Russian capital.
10 Characteristic Pieces, Op. 14 ; Amusement,
Op. 19, I., II. ; Divertimento, Op. 22 ;
Souvenir, Op. 23 ; and 12 Scherzi a la
Mazurek.
Gerke, Otto (really a violinist), b. Jan.
13, 1807, Liineburg ; d. June 28, 1878,
Paderborn. Pupil of Spohr and
Hauptmann.
Sonata, Op. 32 ; Fantaisie et Rondeau, Op. 21 ;
Invitation a la Danse, Rondeau Brilliant,
Op. 3 ; Salut a la 'Nevfn, and several shorter
pieces.
*German, Edward, b. 1862, Whitchurch,
Shropshire. Pupil at the R.A.M.
(London). Although chiefly a com-
poser for orchestra, his Pf. works
deserve mention :
Suite (1-6), Valse in D flat, Polish Dance,
Intermezzo in A min., Valsette, Album
Leaf, Graceful Dance, Minuet in G, Suite for
4 hands. His other works for Pf. are arrange-
ments from his highly successful music to
" Richard III.," " Henry VIII.," and the
"Tempest."
Germer, Heinrich, b. Dec. 30, 1837,
Sommersdorf (Province of Saxony).
Pupil of the section for Composition of
the Berlin Academy. After finishing his
studies he settled in Dresden as a music-
teacher, and is at present chairman of
the " Musikpadagogischen Verein." He
published " Rhythmical Problems,"
' ' TheTechnique of Pianoforte-playing, ' '
' 'The Musical Ornamentation," Studies,
and a Method of Pf. playing. He
edited some of Czerny's and Cramer's
Studies and Beethoven's Sonatas;

GERNSHEIM— GODDARD.

there is a great difference of opinion
as to the necessity, propriety, and
practicability of interfering with the
originals, as it may be rightly main-
tained that Beethoven, Czerny, and
Cramer knew well what they meant
themselves.

Gemsheim, Friedrich, b. July 17, 1839,
Worms. From 1847-49, pupil of Pauer
(Mayence) ; 1849-52, Rosenhain (Pf.)
and Hauff (Composition), Frankfort
o/M ; 1852, at the Leipzig Conserv. ;
1 861, appointed Musik - Director at
Saarbriicken ; 1864, Prof, at the Cologne
Conserv., and, 1874, Director and Prof,
of the Conserv. of Rotterdam; 1890,
Director of the Stern Choral Society,
and artistic Director of the Stern
Conserv. (Berlin). 1872, the Duke of
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha conferred on him
the title of Prof., and the Grand
Duke of Hesse the Order of PMlipp.
His compositions are distinguished by
excellent workmanship, practical
writing, effective treatment, and a
thorough absence of shallowness or
triviaUty.
Concerto, Trios (2) ; Quintet, Op. 35 ; Quartet,
Op. 6; Sonatas with Vln. ; ditto with
V cello; Dances (4 hands), Op. 30; 6 Pre-
ludes, Op. 2 ; Variations, Op. 18 and Op. 22 ;
Fantasia, Op. 27 ; Suite, Op. 8 ; Romanza,
Op. 15, &c.

Gheyn, Matthias van den (organist,
carilloneur, and composer), b. April 7,
1721, Tirlemont ; d. June 22, 1785,
Louvain. His Sonatas and Divertisse-
ments (2 vols.) were published by the
Chevalier d'Elewyck (Brussels: Schott
freres). The preface to the first volume
contains a detailed description of his
life.

Giannini, Salvatore, b. Dec. 24, 1830,
Naples. Pupil of Giuseppe Lillo.
Ricordi and Lucca, of Milan, pub-
lished about 270 of his pieces.

Gibbons, Orlando, b. 1583, Cambridge ;
d. Jime 5, 1625, Canterbury. His
pieces are published in "Parthenia"
and " Old English Composers."

*Giehrl, Joseph, b. Sept. 18, 1857,
Munich ; d. there, April 24, 1893. At
first a pupil at the Munich Conserv.,
later a pupil of Liszt (for one year in
Rome). Prof, at the Royal Academy
of Music (formerly Conserv.) of
Munich. He was considered one of
the foremost performers of his time
and was a leading artist of the
Bavarian capital.

Giordani (called Giordanello), Giuseppe,
b. 1753, Naples ; d. 1794, Lisbon. Pupil
at the Conserv. of Loreto of Naples.
Resided for some years in London.

Concertos, Quartets, and Quintets ; Sonatas
with Vln. ; 3 Sonatas for 4 hands ; Le9ons
pour les commen^ants et Preludes.
*Glazounow, Alexander, b. July 29
(Aug. 10), 1865, St. Petersburg.
Pupil of Narciss Jelenkowski (Pf.) and
Nicolai Rimsky- Korsakoff (Composi-
tion). He holds no appointment. A
medal for his compositions was
awarded to him by the Jury of the
Chicago Exhibition, 1893.
Op. 2, Suite; Op. 22, 2 Morceaux; Op. 23,
Walzer; Op. 25, Prelude et 2 Mazurkas;
Op. 31, 3 Etudes; Op. 37, Nocturne ; Op.^i,
Grande Valse de Concert ; Op. 42, Minia-
tures.
Glinka, Michael Ivanowitsch de, b. May
20, 1804, at the village Novo Spaskoie
(Government Smolensk) ; d. Feb. 3,
1857, Berlin. 1833, pupil of Dehn
(Berlin). He returned to Russia, was
appointed Imperial Capellmeister and
Director of the Opera and of the
Church Choir of St. Petersburg.
1840-50, he spent in travels, visited
also Spain, but resided mostly in Paris.
1856, he went to Berlin, and studied
with Dehn the East Roman Church
Music. He died suddenly. 1870, a
monument to Glinka was erected at
St. Petersburg.
Due Ballabile nel Ballette "Chao Kang,"
with Variations, a Rondino brillante, and
several sets of Variations.
Gobbaerts, Jean Louis (his compositions
appear under the name " Streabbog ")
b. Sept. 28, 1836, Antwerp ; d. April 28,
1886, Saint Gilles. Pupil at the
Brussels Conserv. Published a Method
of Pf. playing, and a great number
of easy, popular pieces (mostly
published by Schott, of Mayence).
Gobbi, Heinrich, b. June 7, 1842, Buda-
Pesth. Pupil of Dunkl (Pf.), Robert
Volkmann (Composition), and later of
Liszt, whose private secretary he was
for two years, i860, appointed Prof,
of Pf. at the Pesth (Royal) Conserv.
Was influential in making the composi-
tions of Schumann and Brahms
known.
8 Waltzer, Sonata in the Hungarian style,
Phantasiestijcke, Album leaves, and other
pieces.
Godard, Benjamin Louis Paul, b. Aug.
18, 1849, Paris ; d. Jan. 9, 1895, Cannes.
Pupil of Reber and Vieuxtemps.
Trio, Concerto, various characteristic Studies,
Mazurkas ; Contes de la veillee (6) for 4
hands, Op. 67 ; Nocturnes, Op. 68 ; Premier
Mai, Scenes italiennes (3), Op. 126.
♦Goddard, Arabella, b. Jan. 12, 1836,
St. Servan (Brittany). She studied
under a local master, Mr. Louel, after-
wards in Paris with Kalkbrenner, and
when she came to London she received
lessons from Thalberg, Mrs. Anderson,

GODEFROID— GOLDBECK.

i9

and J. W. Davison, the musical critic
of the Times, to whom she was married
in 1859. Her first appearance in public
was at St. Malo, where she played at
a charitable concert when four and a
half years of age. She made her first
appearance in London at fourteen, at
the National Concerts conducted by
Tullien. She was the first pianist to
introduce the Grand Sonata in B flat
(Op. 106) of Beethoven to the London
public, at a concert of her own at
Willis's Rooms, at seventeen years of
age, entirely from memory. Some
months later she made a tour through
Germany and Italy. In 1872 she took
part at the inauguration of the Royal
Albert Hall, playing on that occasion
Beethoven's Concerto in E flat (" Em-
peror"), Sir Michael Costa conducted
the orchestra. In June of the same
year she was invited to play at the
Boston Centennial Jubilee of the United
States, and in February of the year
following she bade farewell to the
English public, and made a tour of
three years round the world, visiting
Australia, New Zealand, India, China,
California, and America. She took
part in the English concerts conducted
by Sir Arthur Sullivan at the Paris
Exhibition of 1878, being the recipient
on that occasion of a medal from the
Musical Committee of the Exhibition.
The Philharmonic Society presented
her with a gold medal, bearing the
bust of Beethoven on one side and
an appropriate inscription from the
Society on the other. Arabella Goddard
has played before the Queen on several
occasions ; the first time she did so was
when she was quite a little girl, before
she had appeared at the National
Concerts, the Princess Royal being
present . She has also played before the
late German Emperor and the Empress
William. When the Royal College of
Music was founded she was asked to
join the professorial staff. She resides
now at Tunbridge Wells.
Godefroid (Dieudonne Joseph Guil-
laume), Felix (harpist), b. July 24,
18 18, Namur; resides at Paris. Com-
poser of a great number of elegant and
popular drawing-room pieces, of which
the best known are :
Danse des Sylphes, Op. 31 ; Le Chamelier,
Chanson arabe, Op. 32 ; Nuits d'Espagne,
Op. 40 ; several Tyroliennes, and an educa-
tional work (3 books) called Ecolechantante.
Goethe (Wolfgang), Walther von (grand-
son of Joh. Wolfgang von Goethe),
composer ; b. April 9, 1817, Weimar ;
d. April 15, 1885, Leipzig. Pupil of

Mendelssohn and Weinlig (Leipzig),
and later of Lowe (Stettin). He spent
a long time (until 1850) in Vienna,
where he came into contact with the
best artists. He resided later, as
Chamberlain to the Duke of Saxe-
Weimar, in his native town, but
abstained from following the direction
which music took in Weimar when
guided by Liszt. Several of his com-
positions for Pf. have been published
at Leipzig, such as an Allegro (Op. 2)
and several shorter pieces. His essays
on music, and correspondence about
musical matters in towns he had
visited, appeared, 1849, in the Berliner
Musikzeitung, and are of great interest.
Gotz, Hermann, b. Dec. 7, 1840,
Konigsberg (Prussia) ; d. Dec. 3, 1876,
Hottingen (Switzerland). Pupil of L.
Kohler ; later, of Biilow (Pf.), Ulrich
(Composition), and Stem (reading
from full score). 1863, Organist at
Winterthur; 1870, relinquished this
appointment on accoimt of severe
illness, from which he never recovered.
For Pf . he published :
Trio, Op. I ; 3 easy pieces, with Vln., Op. 2;
Quartet for Pf., Vln., Via., and V'cello,
Op. 6 ; Lose Blatter, 2 books of Pf pieces,
Op. 7 ; 2 Sonatinas, Op. 8 ; 6 pieces, Op. 13.
After his death appeared a Sonata for 4.
hands and a Quintet for Pf., Vln., Via.,
V'cello, and C.-Bass. Among his most
popular pieces are decidedly his charming
Sonatinas.
Gotze, Heinrich, b. April 7, 1836, Wartha
(Silesia). 1859-61, pupil at the Leipzig
Conserv. of Plaidy and Moscheles (Pf.),
Hauptmann and Richter (Composition).
After having had appointments in
Russia, Breslau, and Liebenthal, he
became, 1885, music-teacher at the
Seminary of Ziegenhals (Silesia). 1889,
he received the title of Konigl. Musik-
Director.
Trio and other pieces, and author of an
essay on Pf. playing, and another book on
"Musical Dictation."

Goldbeck, Robert, b. 1835, Potsdam.
Pupil of Lit olff (Brunswick), and later,
following Meyerbeer's advice, of various
Paris teachers. From Paris he went,
armed with weighty recommendations
from Alex, von Humboldt, to London,
gave a concert at Devonshire House,
and published several of his composi-
tions. 1857-66, he was active as a
teacher in New York ; 1867, in Boston,
where he founded a Conserv., which
he left to one of his assistants, and
settled in Chicago, where he opened
another Conserv.
Concertos, Aquarellen (12), Sentiments

poetiques (8 books). Nocturne (la Violette),

3 Melodies, &c.

40

GOLDBERG— GORIA.

Goldberg, Johann Gottlieb (?) . According
to Reichardt, he lived between 1730 and
1769. Nothing certain about the place
or year of his birth is known, nor is
any information to be got about his
death. All that we know is, that about
the middle of the i8th century he was
Kammer-Musikus to Count Briihl, of
Dresden. As he was Bach's best, most
industrious, and talented pupil, he must
have resided in Leipzig. Bach's well
known Variations (30) in G were
written for Goldberg, and are therefore
known as the " Goldberg" Variations.
Gerber relates that he suffered from
melancholia and extraordinary ob-
stinacy, from which his family had
often to suffer. Of his works, 24
Polonaises, a Sonata, Variations, two
Concertos, Preludes and Fugues are
mentioned, but did not appear in print.

Goldmark, Carl, b. May 18, 1830, Kesz-
thely (Hungary). 1847-48, pupil at the
Vienna Conserv. Till 1857 he studied
mostly by himself, and left, 1858, for
Pesth; but not finding in the Hun-
garian capital sufficient sympathy, he
returned to Vienna, where he suc-
ceeded in making the Viennese public
acquainted with his chamber music.
Trio, Op. 4 ; Sonata for Pf. and Vln., Suites for
ditto, Dances for 4 hands, and 9 character-
istic pieces : " Sturm und Drang," Op. 5.

■"Goldschmidt, Otto, b. Aug. 21, 1829,
Hamburg. Pupil of Jacob Schmitt and
F. W. Grund, of Hamburg, where he
played (1840) for the first time in public
(11 years old). 1842, he was examined
by Mendelssohn (Leipzig), who advised
him to enter (1843) the newly-estab-
lished Conserv. ; he remained in
Leipzig until 1846 and studied under
Mendelssohn, Robert and Clara Schu-
mann, Hauptmann, Plaidy, and Hiller.
1847-48, he established in Hamburg a
series of Pf. Chamber Music concerts.
1848, he went to Paris, in order to study
with Chopin, but as, on account of the
French Revolution, Chopin left Paris
for England, this plan was frustrated.
1848, he went to England, to Man-
chester and London, played on July 31
at the concert given by Jenny Lind in
Her Majesty's Theatre on behalf of the
Brompton Hospital for Consumption.
1848-49-50, he continued the Hamburg
Chamber Music concerts, played also
at the Gewandhaus concerts of Leipzig,
and in Ella's Musical Union Matinees
(London). In May, 1851, he went to
New York and replaced Jules Benedict
as pianist and accompanist of Mdlle.
Jenny Lifti's corcert-party in her tour

through the North of the United States
and Canada. Married Mdlle. Jenny
Lind on Feb. 5, 1852, at Boston
(Mass.), and returned with her to
Europe. The years from 1852 until
1863 were occupied by journeys in
Austria, Germany, Holland, Ireland,
and the English provinces, where the
celebrated singer was successfully
supported by her devoted husband.
1863, Prof., and, from 1866-68, Vice-
Principal of the R. A.M. (London) ; 1863
and 1866, he conducted the Lower
Rhenish Festivals ; 1866, the Hamburg
Musical Festival ; 1876-85, Conductor
of the Bach Choir; 1883-85, Examiner
of the R.A.M., original Member of
Council, Royal College, Member of
the Philharmonic Society. 1864,
Member of the Swedish Royal
Academy of Music (Stockholm), Hon.
Member of R.A.M., and Royal College
of Organists, &c. ; 1870, Knight of the
Swedish Vasa Order, Great Medal for
Art and Literature with Commander
Ribbon of Polar Star, Sweden, &c.
12 great Studies, Op. 13; Concerto, Op. 10;
Trio with Vln. and Vcello, Op. 12 ; Duets
for 2 Pf., Op. 21 and 22, &c.
Goldschmidt, Sigismund, b. Sept. 28,
1815, Prague ; d. Sept. 26, 1877, Vienna.
Pupil of W. Tomaschek . 1 845 -49, he re-
sided in Paris, where his performances
and compositions were received with
great favour. After his return to Prague,
he had, on the death of his father, a
rich banker, to take charge of the firm,
and consequently to give up his artistic
career. He was a Member of the
Stockholm Academy.
12 Etudes de Concert, 6 ditto, Nocturne, Scene
de Bal, Sonata's, Concertos, &c.
Golinelli, Stefano, b. Oct. 26, 1818,
Bologna; d. there, July 3, 1891. For
many years active as Prof, at the
Bologna Lyceum, and at the same time
a prolific composer. His name is held
in high respect by the Italians, while
he received every kind of distinction on
the part of his Sovereign. The number
of his works reaches 200, mostly of a
light, elegant, graceful, and highly
effective character.
Grande Senate, Op. 53; ditto, Op. 54; and
Sonata in B min.. Op. 70: Fantaisie
romantique, Op. 58; " Vittoria,' Morceau de
Concert, Op. 59; Valse brillante, Op.6i ; 24
Preludes, Op. 69 ; Fantasia elegiaca in C
min.. Op. 75; second Fantaisie romantique.
Op. 76; 12 Studies, Op. 15; and Prima
Fantasietta.

Goria, Alexandre (Edouard), b. Jan. 21,
1823, Paris ; d. there, July 6, i860.
Pupil at the Conserv,, which he entered
in his 8th year ; Laurent and Zimmer-
mann were his teachers of Pf., and

GOTTSCHALK— GREULICH.

41

Dourlen and Reicha of Composition.
1834, he received the second, and, 1835,
the first prize for Pf. playing ; left the
Conserv., 1839.
Caprice Nocturne, Op. 6; Etude de Concert,
Op. 7; and '■ Olga " Mazurka (made the
round of the world). Etudes (some of them,
Op. 15, 23, 39, 45, of great merit). Fantasias
on operatic airs, RSveries, Nocturnes,
and Transcriptions of Songs (Schubert's
" Plaintes de la jeune fiUe," Beethoven's
"Adelaide," "Les Adieuxde Maria Stuart,"
by Niedermeyer, &c.).
Gottschalk, Louis Moreau (Maurice?),
b. May 2, 1829, New Orleans;
d. Dec. 18, 1869, Rio de Janeiro.
From 1841-46, pupil of Halle and
Chopin (?) at Paris; performed, 1847,
for the first time in Paris ; travelled
afterwards in France, Spain, Switzer-
land, Italy ; and returned, 1853, to
America. He settled in New York as a
teacher ; went, 1866, to California and
Brazil ; returned to New York, and
died on a second visit to Brazil. He
was an excellent executant— elegant,
graceful, and brilliant.
Le Bananier, la Bamboula, la Savane, le
Mancenillier, la Moissonneuse (very
popular).
Gounod, Felix Charles (composer), b.
June 17, 1818, Paris ; d. there, Oct. i8,
1893. Pupil of Reicha and Halevy.
La Pervenche, le Ruisseau, le Calme,
Chanson de printemps, I'Angelus, Menuet,
les Pifferari, Musette, le Bal d'enfants, S6r6-
nade, Menuet Royal, I'lnvocation, Marche
Pontificale (Op. 43), Valse des fiances, le
Rendezvous (Op. 46), Souvenance, &c.
Some of these are Transcriptions of his
songs.
Gouvy, Theodore, b. July 21, 1822
(according to Fetis, 1819), Goffon-
taine, near Saarbriicken. He first
studied law, but devoted himself
later entirely to music ; went to Paris,
where Billard was his teacher, and
Elwart instructed him in Composition.
He went several times to Germany,
where some of his works were per-
formed at Leipzig, Cologne, &c. His
compositions enjoy great esteem in
Germany.
2 Studies, appeared 1845, at Berlin ; Sere-
nades, Op. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 27 (containing 3) ;
Sonatas, Op. 17, 29, and 36 (for 4 hands) ;
Trios, Op. 8, 18, ig, 22, 32 ; and Quintet for
Pf., 2 Vln., Via., and V'cello, Op. 24.
Graedener, Carl G. P., b. Jan. 14, 1812,
Rostock ; d. June 10, 1883, Hamburg.
He held the appointment of Musical
Director of the Kiel University ; went,
1851, to Hamburg, where he founded a
music school ; left, 1862, for Vienna,
appointed Prof, at the Conserv. ;
returned, 1865, to Hamburg. He is
also the author of different essays on
musical matters.
Concerto, Quintet, Op. 7 ; 3 Sonatas with
Vln., Op. 11; Variations, &c.; several Trios.

Graedener, Hermann, jun., b. May 8,
1844, Kiel. Pupil of his father and at
the Vienna Conserv. ; is at present
Prof, at that Conserv., and enjoys
considerable respect as a composer.
Trios, Quintet, Sonata for 4 hands, and several
shorter pieces.

Grammann, Carl, b. June 3, 1844.

Liibeck. 1867, pupil at the Leipzig

Conserv., where he remained until 1871.

He settled in Vienna.

Trios, Sonatas, and a good many shorter

pieces.

Graun, Carl Heinrich, b. May 7, 1701,
Wahrenbriick (Saxony) ; d. Aug. 8,
1759, Berlin. Pupil of I. K. Schmidt
(Dresden). 1725, appointment at
Brunswick ; 1740, Capellmeister to
King Frederic H. of Prussia.
12 Concertos with accompaniment, 1114 books ;
also a Gigue in B flat min.

Graupner, Christoph, b. Jan., 1683,

Kirchberg (Saxony) ; d. May, 1760.

Pupil at the Thomas School, Leipzig,

where he was instructed by Kuhnau.

1706, went as cembalist to Hamburg ;

1710, appointed by the Landgrave of

Hesse, Capellmeister in Darmstadt.

He became blind in 1750. He was a

very prolific composer, as is testified by

the Catalogue of the Darmstadt Court

Library, which records not less than

50 Concertos for different instruments,

80 Overtures, 114 Symphonies, &c.

8 Suites for Clavecin (1718), ditto (1726);

Monatliche Clavier - Friichte (Monthly

Clavecin fruits), 1722 ; Die vier Jahreszeitea

(The Four Seasons), 4 Suites (1733).

Grazioli, Giovanni Battista, b. about

1755, Venice; d. there, 1820. There

are no details about his education or

musical career, except that he was

appointed Organist of San Marco.

6 Sonatas, Op. i, and ditto, Op. 2, for Solo

Clavecin ; and 6 Sonatas with Vln., which

appeared 1799.

*Greef, Arthur de, b. Oct. 10, 1862, y'. ■
Louvain. Pupil of Louis Brassin.
Since 1888, Prof, at the Brussels
Conserv. Eminent pianist and a suc-
cessful composer, to whom Liszt and
Moszkowski dedicated some of their
pieces.

*Greis, Herbert, b. April 29, 1839,
Maischoss a/d/Ahr. Pupil of Ferd.
Hiller and Breunung (Cologne). Re-
sides in Breslau, where he is active as
a teacher and influential in furthering
the interests of art. Of his composi-
tions a good many shorter ones have
appeared during the last few years.

Greulich, Adolph, b. 1819, Posen ; d.

1868, Moscow. Pupil of W. Fischer

(Brieg). In Breslau he continued his

studies with the greatest perseverance

D

42

GREULICH— GUELBENZA.

and industry until he succeeded in ob-
taining the appointment of tutor in an
aristocratic family of Warsaw. After
having made the acquaintance of Liszt
in Weimar, who gave him excellent
advice, he was appointed teacher at a
college at Schitomir, in South Russia,
and finally Prof, at the Catharina
Institute (for Ladies) in Moscow. His
compositions enjoyed considerable
popularity.
Greulich, Carl Wilhelm, b. Feb. 13,
1796, Kunzendorf (Silesia) ; d. 1837,
Berlin. Pupil of his father, a Cantor
and Organist , and of Kahl (Hirschberg) ;
1816, of B. Romberg, Bemh. Anselm
Weber (Composition), and L. Berger
(Pf.) He was one of the foremost
pianists of Berlin, highly successful as
a teacher, and of some importance as
a composer.
Sonata, Op. 21 ; 5 Rondos, 12 Studies for
the left, and both hands ; Variations,
Divertissements, &c.

Grieg, Edvard Hagerup, b. June 15,
1843, Bergen (Norway). 1859-62, pupil
at the Leipzig Conserv., where Wenzel,
Reinecke, and Moscheles were his
teachers ; 1863, pupil of Gade (Copen-
hagen). 1867, he founded a Musical
Society in Christiania for the promotion
of a "Northern School"; 1879, he
performed his Concerto, Op. 16, at the
Gewandhaus concerts, Leipzig ; 1893,
the University of Cambridge desired
to name him Hon. Mus. Doc, which
distinction he could only accept in 1894.
His compositions have obtained
unusual popularity, and their special
national character created great atten-
tion and curiosity, although it cannot
be denied that moving in such a small
circle as Norwegian music allows must
sometimes lead to repetition. He is
decidedly a most intensely national
composer.
Lyric Pieces, Op. 12, 38, 43, ^7, 54, 57, 62;
Humoresken, Op. 6; Nordiscne Tanze and
Volksweisen, Op. 17 ; Aus dem Volksleben,
Op. 19; Album leaves, Op. 28: Holberg
Suite, Op. 40 ; Sonata, Op. 7 ; Romanze (4),
Op. 10; Concerto in A min., Op. 16; Elegiac
Melodies, Op. 34 : Norwegian Dances, Op.
35 ; Sonata with Vln., Op. 8 ; Sonata with
V'cello, Op. 36; Ballade. Op. 24.
Griepenkerl, Friedrich Conrad, b. 1782,
Peine (Brunswick) ; d. April 6, 1849,
Brunswick, where he was appointed
Prof, at the " Carolinum." Author
of ".(Esthetics," and, with Roitzsch,
editor of Bach's works.
•Grimm, Dr. Julius Otto, b. March 6,
1827, Pernau (Livland), the son of
German parents. 1844-48, he studied
Philology in Dorpat, and was, till 1851, |

private tutor to a family in St. Peters-
burg. After 1851, a pupil at the Leipzig
Conserv., where Plaidy, Moscheles,
David, E. F. Richter, Hauptmann, and
Rietz were his teachers. 1855, he
settled in Gottingen as a private teacher
and Conductor of a Choral Society.
Since i860. Conductor of the Oratorio
and Symphony Concerts, Konigl.
Musik-Director of the Academy, and
Prof, at Miinster (Westphalia). Doc.
Phil., hon. causd.
4 pieces. Op. 2 ; 4 Scherzi for 4 hands. Op. 4
and 5 ; 3 Elegies, Op. 6 ; 4 pieces in the form
of free Canons, Op. 9; Sonata for Pf and
Vln., Op. 14 ; also the arrangement of 2
Orchestral Suites (in form of Canons),
Op. 10 and 16; and of 2 grand Marches,
Op. 17.

Grtinfeld, Alfred, b. July 4. 1852,
Prague; pupil of Hoger (Prague) and
Kullak (Berlin). One of the most ex-
cellent pianists of the present time.
Travelled in Germany, France, United
States, &c. He is pianist to the
Imperial Courts of Austria and Prussia ;
Knight of the Orders of Russ. St.
Stanislaus and of Saxe-Coburg; also
Officer of the Roumanian Crown.
Octave-Study, Op. 15 ; Minuet, Op. 31 ;
Humoreske, Op. 35 ; Spanisches Stand-
chen. Op. 37; Barcarolle, Op. 38; Im-
promptu, Op. 39.

Grund, Friedrich Wilhelm, b. Oct. 7,
1791, Hamburg; d. there, Nov. 24,
1874. Pupil of Schwencke. His left
hand having been disabled, he devoted
himself to teaching. Founded, 1819,
the Sing-Akademie ; became, 1828-62,
Director of the Philharmonic concerts.
Among his pupils were Berens, O.
Goldschmidt. and Blumenthal.
Sonatines (3), Op. 14 ; 12 grandes Etudes,
Op. 21 (a good book) ; Grande Sonate,
Op. 27; Rondo espressivo, Octet for Pf and
Wind instruments. Sonatas with Vln., ditto
with V'cello, Divertissement for 4 hands, &c.
*Guelbenza, Don Juan Y Fernandez, b.
Dec. 27, 1819, Pamplona; d. Jan. 8,
1886, Madrid. Pupil of his father.
When his talent developed in an
astonishing manner, he was sent to
Paris, where he studied with Emile
Prudent ; entered, later, the Conserv. as
pupil of Zimmermann and C. V. Alkan.
Having the opportunity of hearing
Chopin, Thalberg, and Liszt, he made
extraordinary progress ; became, 1841,
pianist to Dona Maria Cristina de
Borbon, at that time a resident in
Paris. She encouraged him to settle
in Madrid, where he became, 1844,
teacher of the King, and, on the death
of Don Pedro Albeniz (1855), first
Organist of the Royal Chapel. Soon
after, he endeavoured to acquaint the

QUGLIELMI-HANDEL.

43

public with the beauties of Haydn,
Mozart, Beethoven and Mendelssohn's
chamber music. At the time of
creating (through Guelbenza's instru-
mentality) a musical section of the
"Academia de Bellas Artes de San
Fernando ," King Alfonso XI I . besto wed
upon him the Grand Cross of the Order
of Isabel la Catolica, the King of
Portugal the Order of la Concepcion,
and the Academy created him a
Member (Academicode Numero). His
compositions, mostly elegant and
graceful pieces, were published at the
expense of the Infanta Doiia Isabel de
Borbon.

Guglielmi, Pietro, b. May, 1727, Massa-
Carrara ; d. Nov. 19, 1804, Rome.
Concerto (pour les commen9ant), 6 Clavecin
Quartets, 6 Sonatas with Vln., and 6 Solo
Sonatas (London).

Guiraud, Ernest, b. June 23, 1837, New
Orleans ; d. May 8, 1892, Paris. Pupil
of Marmontel ; since 1876, Prof, at
the Conserv., Paris. Composed very
effective solo pieces.

*Gurlitt, Cornelius, b. Feb. 10, 1820,
Altona. Pupil of Reinecke, sen.
(Altona), Courlander and Weyse
(Copenhagen). Received, 1857, the
diploma of Prof, from the Papal Music

Academy of Rome ; 1864, Organist of

the principal church (Altona). 1874, the

King of Prussia conferred on him the

title of Konigl. Musik-Director. Knight

of the Prussian Crown. Composer of

a great number of instructive works,

studies, characteristic pieces, valses,

sonatinas for 2 and 4 hands, &c.

Gutmann, Adolph, b. 1818, Heidelberg ;

d. Oct. 27, 1882, Spezia. Son of a

hotel-keeper of Heidelberg, where

Chopin, when ill, was nursed with

great care ; whereupon, recognising

young Gutmann's decided talent, he

took him to Paris and instructed

him gratis ; indeed, treated him as a

sincere friend.

10 Etudes caract^ristiques, Op. 12 ; about

10 Nocturnes; a Ballade, Op. 19; Marche

Hongroise, Op. 22: several Mazourkas,

Op. 9 and 14, &c.

Gyrowetz, Adalbert, b. Feb. 19, 1763,
Budweis (Bohemia) ; d. March 19, 1850,
Vienna. With Ignaz Pleyel he was,
in his time, a most popular composer
among amateurs. From 1804-27 he
was Conductor of the Imperial Opera,
Vienna.
Concertos, almost 80 Trios, Sonatas, Diverti-
mentos, Notturnos (La Chasse), Sonatas
with Vln., a Sonata for a Pf., Solo Sonatas,
and many Variations.

H.

*Haan, Willem de, b. 1849, Rotterdam.
Pupil of S. de Lange, Woldemar Bar-
giel, and C. Reinecke. 1873, appointed
Musical Director at Bingen - on - the
Rhine ; 1876, Conductor of the
" Mozart " Society. Since 1878,
Capellmeister of the Court Theatre,
Darmstadt.
Pieces for 4 hands. Op. i, and 4 Idyls, ditto ; a
Sonata with Vln., Op. 3 ; Fantasiestiicke,
Pf. and Vln., Op. 15 ; and Sketches for
Andersen's Picture Book without Pictures,
Op. 5.
*Haas, Alma {nee Hollander), b. Jan. 31,
1847, Ratibor (Silesia). From 1857-62,
pupil at the " Wandelt Institute "
(Breslau), in which Logier's system
was introduced. From 1862-68, pupil
at Th. KuUak's Academy (Berlin) ;
1872, married to Dr. Ernst Haas,
libraricin of the British Museum.
Performed with great success in many
German towns, at the Popular Con-
certs and Henschel's Concerts, London,
in Scotland and the provinces. Prof,
of Bedford and King's College.

Haberbier, Ernst, b. Oct. 5, 1813,
Konigsberg, Prussia ; died during a

performance on March 12, 1869,
Bergen (Norway). Pupil of his father.
His method of dividing the most
intricate and difficult figures between
two hands and thus realizing an
enormous, almost incredible speed,
created a decided sensation. He was
most successful in all his public
performances, and his beautiful and
original "Etudes Poesies," Op. 53,
and a second series of them, will for a
long time to come be much admired.
From 1832 to 1850 he resided at St.
Petersburg, where he was the favourite
teacher of the Russian aristocracy.

Handel, Georg Friedrich, b. Feb. 23,

1685, Halle; d. April 13, 1759, London.

Pupil of Zachau. His biography is so

well known that any further notice is

unnecessary. The original editions of

his works are :

Suites de pieces pour le Clavecin, comp. par

G. F. Handel, Vol. 1. (London, printed for

the Author, 1720). Suites de Pieces pour le

Clavecin, Vol. II. (London, J. Walsh, 1733).

Pieces de Clavecin (Amsterdam, Witvogel,

1723). 6 Fugues or Voluntaries for the

Organ or Harpsichord, 3me Ouvrage

(London, Walsh, 1735). Six Concertos for

44

HASSLER_HANSBN.

the Harpsichord or Organ (London, Walsh,
1738), G min., B flat, G min., F, F, B flat,
Op. 4. Second Collection, appeared 1740,
contains arrangements. Third Collection
(B flat, A, B flat, D min., G, B flat), Op. 7, ap-
peared 1760. Fourth Collection, published
by Arnold, 1797, contains 3 Concertos, most
likely arrangements. The Clavecin or
Harpsichord pieces as published by the
German Handel Society, in i volume, con-
tains:—First Collection: 8 Suites: A, F,
D min., E min., E, F sharp min., G min., F
min. Second Collection: No. i. Prelude,
Aria con Variazoni, B flat ; No. 2, Chaconne,
G ; No. 3 (Suite), AUemande, Allegro, Air,
Gigue, Menuetto, D min.; No. 4 (Suite),
Allemande, Courante, Saraljande, Gigue, D
min.; No. 5 (Suite), Allemande, Sarabande,
Gigue, E min.; No. 6 (Suite), Allemande,
Courante, Gigue, G min. ; No. 7 (Suite),
Allemande, Courante, Sarabande, Gigue,
B flat ; No. 8 (Suite), Allemande, Alle-
gro, Courante, Aria, Menuetto, Gavotte,
Gigue, G ; No. 9, Chaconne, with 62
Variations in G. Third Collection : No. i,
Suite in D min. ; No. 2, Suite in G ; No. 3,
Capriccio in G min. ; No. 4, Fantasia in
C ; No. 5, Chaconne in F ; No. 6, Lesson
in A min. ; No. 7, Courante e due Menuetti ;
No. 8, Capriccio in F ; No. 9, Preludio e
Allegro; No. 10, Sonatina; No. 11, Sonata;
and No. 12, Sonata. Fourth Collection :
6 Fugues in G min., G, B flat, E min., A
min., and C min.

Hassler (Haesler), Johann Wilhelm, b.
March 29, 1747, Erfurt; d. March 25,
(29 ?), 1822, Moscow. Pupil of his
uncle, Kittel, and Seb. Bach's last pupil.
Excellent performer and good com-
poser. He travelled a great deal,
returned for several years to his native
town, where he established (1780) Phil-
harmonic concerts; 1782, he left Erfurt
for St. Petersburg ; was appointed
pianist to the Grand Duke Paul and
teacher of the Grand Duke's children ;
1791, he was in London, played at
Court and in public ; particularly suc-
cessful in performing Concertos by
Mozart, whom he had met (1787) at
Dresden. After leaving St. Petersburg
he settled in Moscow, where he was
a most successful and universally
respected teacher.
Sonatas (36), the set. Op. 13 and 14, are still
known; Grande Gigue in D min.

Halle, Sir Charles (Carl Halle), knighted
1888; b. April II, 1819, Hagen (West-
phalia). At first a pupil of his father,
Capellmeister H. ; 1835, of Rinck and
Gottfried Weber (Darmstadt). 1836.
he went to Paris, where he became the
friend of Chopin, of Sal vat or Cherubini
(son of the celebrated composer), and
also of Cherubini himself, of Berlioz,
Stephen Heller, &c. ; 1842, he gave his
first public concert in Paris, met
Mendelssohn in Frankfort o/M. in the
same year, and paid his first visit to
England in 1843; 1847, he introduced
(with Alard and Franchomme), Cham-

ber Music concerts in Paris ; 1848, he
settled in England, appeared in London
and Manchester, and was appointed
Conductor of the Gentlemen's Concerts
(Manchester) in 1850; he established
his own orchestral concerts in 1857;
his chamber concerts in London and
provinces were commenced in 1859,
and continued with unabated success
for many years. His numerous per-
formances of classical music at his own,
the Popular, and other concerts have
convinced the public of his great merit
not only as an excellent and thoroughly
finished executant, but also as a
thoughtful, appreciative, accomplished
musician, endowed with liberal views —
indeed, he was instrumental in ac-
quainting English audiences with the
most recent and interesting works of
modern composers. He received the
honour of knighthood in 1888, the
University of Edinburgh elected him
LL.D., and many societies named him
Hon. Member. He founded the Man-
chester Royal College of Music in 1893 ;
edited Bach's 48 Preludes and Fugues,
Mozart and Beethoven's Sonatas, and
published the well-known Practical Pf.
School. Of his mostly short composi-
tions, only a few were published at
Leipzig and Manchester.
Halm, Anton, b. June 4, 1789, Alten-
markt (Styria) ; d. 1872, Vienna. Until
his 22nd year he served in the army,
and could devote himself only later to
musical studies, which he did with so
much perseverance and energy that he
became one of the most respected
musicians in Vienna. Among his pupils
were Stephen Heller and Eduard Pirk-
hert. He was an intelligent, thoughtful,
and liberal-minded artist, who knew
how to appreciate all that was good
and deserving of praise.
Trios (6), Op. 12 and Op. 58 ; Sonatas, with
Vln.; Solo Sonatas, Op. 15, 43, 51 ; a good
many other pieces. Grandes Etudes de
Concert, Op. 59; Etudes melodiques. Op. 60;
Etudes pathetiques. Op. 61 ; and Etudes
h^roiques, Op. 62.

''Handrock, Julius, b. June 22, 1830,

Naumburg a/d/Saale ; d. Jan. 5, 1894,

Halle o/S. He studied at the Leipzig

Conserv. Since 1857 he has resided

as a successful teacher at Halle.

" Mechanical Exercises " and the Studies,

Op. 99 and Op. 100. He published also

Sonatas and shorter pieces. Of these the

" Waldlieder," Op. 2, and the " Reiselieder,"

Op. 6, have obtained great popularity.

Hansen, Agnes Charlotte Dagmar, b.

Feb. 9, 1865, Copenhagen. Her first

instruction she received from her

fathec "^arl Emilias H., a distinguished

HARMSTON— HASLINGER.

43

violoncellist . For half-a-year a pupil of
Neupert ; afterwards, for three years,
instructed in the Conserv. (Copen-
hagen), and finally by Aug. Winding.
Since her first appearance in " Musik-
foreningen," in 1882, she has been
esteemed as one of the best Danish
lady-pianists, equally successful in
solo and ensemble performances.
*Harmston, John William, b. 1823,
London; d. Aug. 26, 1881, Lubeck.
Pupil of Sterndale Bennett. Settled,
1 84 8 , at Lubeck . After a very checkered
career, first as a teacher of English, later
as a photographer, he succeeded, by
great industry and perseverance, in
teaching himself composition. His
Op. 14 to 24 were favourably received.
His Op. 22 (the "Song of the Bird")
became very popular, and his works
were eagerly sought by the publishers
of North Germany. About 230 of his
(mostly drawing-room) pieces were
published.
Hartknoch, Carl Eduard, b. 1775 (?),
Riga; d. 1834, Moscow. Pupil of J.
N. Hummel. Excellent pianist and
successful teacher.
Solo Sonata; Sonata with Vln. ; Studies; 3
Nocturnes (caracteristiques), Op. 8; and 9
Grandes Valses, Op. 9.
Hartmann, Johann, Peter Emilius, b.
May 14, 1805, Copenhagen. Pupil of
his father. He is one of the Directors
of the Conserv. and Prof, of Organ and
Theory. Amongst the Danish com-
posers he is certainly one of the most
eminent. Gade married one of Hart-
mann's daughters. The King of
Denmark conferred on him the
"Dannebrog" Order, and from the
University of Copenhagen he received
(1874) the diploma of Hon. Doc. Phil.
Grande Senate Concertante, with Vln., Op. 8 ;
Little Characteristic Pieces, with Introduc-
tory Poetry by Hans Christian Andersen,
Op. 50 ; 6 Fantasiestiicke, Op. 54, and a
Suite for Pf. and Vln., Op. 66.
Hartmann, Emil (son of the above), b.
Feb. 21, 1836, Copenhagen. Pupil of
his father and his brother-in-law, Niels
W. Gade. Since 1871, Organist of the
Royal Castle. Like his father, he is a
" Knight of the Danebrog."
Pf. Concerto ; a Trio, Op. :o ; several
Suites and other solo pieces ; " Nordische
Tonbilder," Op. ii (very popular); 3
Mazurkas, Op. 28.

Hartog, Eduard de, b. Aug. 15, 1828
( 1 826 ?), Amsterdam. Pupil of Dohler,
Litolff, and Heinze. 1852, he settled
in Paris, but took up his abode later
at Wiesbaden. Among his numerous
works, those written for children are
very popular.

" Aus dem Kinderlebeti," Op. 53 ; 7 pieces, and
a second set (Op. 54), 5 pieces. He published
likewise Suite de Chorals calibres de J. S.
Bach, Graun, Mendelssohn, &c., for 4 hands;
Impromptu Mazurka, with V'cello, Op. 55;
la Danse des Willis, Op. 23; and Vilanelle,
Op. 25.

♦Hartvigson, Frits, b. May 31, 1841,
Grenaae, lylland (Denmark). At first a
pupil of his mother, later of Anton Ree
(pupil of Chopin), of Gade (for the
performance of Bach and Beethoven's
works), and of Gebauer (Theory). In
1858 he undertook a tour through
Norway. Assisted by the Danish
Government, he studied (1859-61) at
Berlin under Dr. von Biilow. 1861,
he played at one of the Gewandhaus
concerts (Leipzig) and, 1863, under
Gade's direction in Copenhagen. 1864,
he appeared, under Bennett's direction,
at a Philharmonic concert, and was
re-engaged 1872. 1873-75, he resided
at St. Petersburg, played there, in
Moscow and in Helsingfors ; went after-
wards to Munich, and settled (1875) in
London. 1873, appointed pianist to
the Princess of Wales ; 1875, Prof, at
the Royal Normal College for the Blind
(Upper Norwood), and, 1888, at the
R.A.M. He has often appeared at the
Crystal Palace and Richter concerts,
and his performances have always been
received with well-merited sympathy.
Knight of the Dannebrog Order.

*Hartvigson, Anton (brother of the
above), b. Oct. 16, 1845, Aarhus (Den-
mark) . First a pupil of his mother, later
of Edmund Neupert and Carl Tausig.
He visited England in 1873, and settled
in London, 1882. In his annual Recitals
he introduced many compositions of
Liszt.

Hasert, Rudolph, b. Feb. 4, 1826, Greifs-
wald ; d. Jan. 4, 1877, Gristow, near
Greifswald. Intended for a lawyer, he
studied music only as an amateur, but
devoted himself later entirely to it.
Studied, 1848-50, under Kullak and
Dehn (Berlin). For several years he
was unable to play on account of
muscular pain. 1861, he settled in
Berlin, where he was active as a teacher
at KuUak's Academy, but decided to
study theology ; passed ( 1 870) his
examination, received a living first at
Straussberg, and later at Gristow.
Sonatas, Studies, Drawing-room pieces,
Transcriptions, &c.

Haslinger, Tobias, b. March i, 1787,
Zell (Upper Austria) ; d. June 18, 1842,
Vienna. He succeeded S. A. Steiner
as proprietor of the well-known pub-
lishing house, Tobias Haslinger, a

46

HASLINGER— HAYDN.

firm intimately connected with Beet-
hoven, Czerny, Hummel, Seyfried,
Liszt, Joh. Strauss, &c. Among his
compositions, mostly written for educa-
tional purposes, his Sonatinas and
Rondos obtained great popularity.

Haslinger, Carl (only son of the above),
b. June II, 1816, Vienna; d. there,
Dec. 26, 1868. Pupil of Czerny and
Seyfried. Excellent pianist and a
talented composer. Succeeded his
father, 1842, as sole proprietor of the
publishing business, under the name
Carl Haslinger, quondam Tobias.
Among the works he published were
some by Schubert, Schumann, Liszt,
Thalberg, Dohler, Czerny, Bargiel,
Strauss, Lanner, Labitzky, Kullak,
Moscheles, and many others. During
the winter he gave weekly Soirees, at
which the most celebrated musicians of
Vienna, and other European celebrities
passing through the Austrian capital,
assembled and listened to most exquisite
performances. Haslinger was one of
the most efficient musicians of Vienna,
a friend and patron of young artists,
and universally beloved for his innate
kindness and delightful geniality.

Hasse, Johann Adolph, b. May 25, 1699,

Bergedorf (Hamburg) ; d. Dec. 16,

1783, Venice. Of his compositions for

clavecin were published.

6 Sonatas (Paris) and Concertos (Favourite

Concertos, London).

Ilauk (Hauck), Wenzeslaus, b. Feb. 27,
1801, Habelschwerdt (Glatz) ; d. Nov.
30, 1834, Berlin. Pupil of the Organist
Deutsch, later of Bimbach (Breslau),
and, 1825, of Hummel (Weimar).
Settled, 1828, in Berlin; much respected
and esteemed for his excellent qualities
and eminent performances.
Sonatas, Rondos, Divertissements, Varia-
tions.

Hauptmann, Moritz, b. Oct. 13, 1792,
Dresden; d. Jan. 3, 1868, Leipzig.
x8ii, pupil of Spohr (Cassel) ; 1812,
appointed violinist at the Dresden
Opera; 18 15, tutor to the children of
Prince Repnin (Russia); 1822, violinist
at the Cassel Opera ; 1842, Cantor of
the Thomas School (Leipzig); and,
later. Prof, at the newly founded
Conserv. 1857, the University of
Gottingen conferred upon him the
diploma of Hon. Doc. Phil, and Arts
(freie Kunste). He received numerous
other distinctions.
Sonatas with Vln., Op. 5, 6, and 23 ; Concerto
facile, Op. 20; and 12 Pieces detachees,
Op. 12.

Haydn, Joseph, b. March 31. 1732,
Rohrau (Lower Austria) ; d. May 31,

1809, Vienna. Pupil of Porpora, but

mostly self-taught. 1759, Capellmeister

to Count Morzin ; 1761-90, in the same

capacity to Prince" Esterhazy (Eisen-

stadt, in Hungary) ; settled, 1790, in

Vienna; 1790-92, in England; 1794, he

paid his second and last visit to London.

1 79 1 (July 8), he received the diploma

of Hon. Mus. Doc. from the University

of Oxford ; the Magistrate of Vienna

conferred on him the great gold medal of

St. Salvator and the freedom of the

town. His Sonatas are always fresh,

cheerful, and healthy, sometimes full

of a sweet and charming expression,

and at other times indicating a quaint

humour and a playful spirit which is

quite delightful. They are highly

original, containing many traits and

passages almost startling in their

novelty. Although not so brilliant as

those of Beethoven or Clementi, they

are invaluable for teaching purposes

and for inducing a healthy, vigorous,

and natural train of musical thought in

the mind of the student. His works

for Pf . are very numerous : —

Sonatas (34): +No. i in E flat, 4/4 (1790);

No. 2 in E min., 6/8 (1777) ; +No. 3 in E flat,

3/4 (1790) ; No. 4 in G min., 4/4 (1786) ; No.

5 in C, 4/4 (1780) ; fNo. 6 in C sharp min., 4/4

(1786) ; tNo. 7 in D, 4/4 (1780) ; No. 8 in E

flat, 4/4 (1786) ; No. 9 in E flat, 4/4 (1780) ;

No. 10 in A flat, 4'4 (1786) ; No. 1 1 in D, 4/4

(1767); No. 12 in B flat, 2/4 (1767) ; No. 13

in G, 6/8 (1784) ; No. 14 in B flat, 4/4 (1784) ;

No. 15 in D, 3/4 (1784); No. 16 in C, 3/4

(1786?); No. 17 in F, 3/4 (1789); No. 18 m

G, 2/4 (1776) ; +No. 19 in C min., 4/4 (1771) ;

No. 20 in D, 2/4 (1767); No. 21 in G, 4/4

(1766) ; No. 22 in D, 2/4 (1777) ; No. 23 in G,

2/4 (1780); No. 24 in E flat, 3/4 (1776); No.

25 in F, 4/4 (1776) ; No. 26 in A, 2/4 (1767) ;

No. 27 in E, 4/4 (1776); tNo. 28 in B min.,

4/4 (1776) ; No. 29 in C, 2/4 (1773) ; No. 30 in

E, 4/4 (1774) ; No. 31 in F, 2/4 (1774) ; No. 32
in D, 4/4 {1777); No. 33 in A, 2/4 (1776);
No. 34 in E, 4/4 (1767). Smaller pieces:
Andante vari6 in F min., 2/4 ; Arietta con
Variazioni in E flat, 3/4 ; Arietta con
Variazioni in A, 3/4 ; Tema con Variazioni
in C, 2/4; Air vari^ in C min. (La Roxe-
lane), 2/4 ; Adagio in F, 3/4; Fantasia in C,
3/8; Capriccio in G, 3/4; II maestro e lo
scoiare, Andante and Variations for 4
hands. Sonatas with Vln. : No. i in
G, 6/8; No. 2 in D, 3/4 ; No. 3 in E flat,
4 '4 ; No. 4 in A, 4/4 ; No. 5 in G, 4/4 ;
No. 6 in C, 6/8 ; No. 7 in F, 4/4 ; No. 8
in G, 4'4 (for FI. or Vln.). Trios with
Vln. and V'cello: No. 1 in G, 2/4; No. 2
in F sharp min., 4/4 ; No. 3 in C, 4/4; No. 4
in E, 4/4 ; No. 5 in E flat, 2/4 ; No. 6 in D,
4/4 ; No. 7 in A, 4/4 ; No. 8 in C min., 2/4 ;
No. 9 in A, 3/4 ; No. 10 in E min., 4/4 ; No.
II in E flat, 4/4 ; No. 12 in E flat, 4/4; No.
13 in B flat, 4/4 ; No. 14 in G min., 24 ; No.
15 in E flat min., 2/4 ; No. :6 in G min., 4/4 ;
No. 17 in E flat, 4/4 ; No. 18 in C, 6/8 ; No.
19 in D min., 2/4 ; No. 20 in E flat, 2/4 ; No.
ai in D, 2/4 ; No. 22 in B flat, 4/4 ; No. 23 in

F, 4/4; No. 24 in A flat, 2/4; No. 25 in F,
2'4; No. 26 in C, 4/4; No. 27 in F, 4/4;
No. 28 in G, 3/4 ; No. 29 in F, 4/4 (for Fl.

HEAP— HENSCHEL.

47

(Vln.) and V'cello) ; No. 30 in D, 4/4 (for Fl.
(Vln.) and V'cello) ; No. 31 in G, 4/4 (for Fl.
(Vln.) and V'cello). Concertos : No. i in F
(1771, Le Due, Paris) ; No. 2 in G, published
in Amsterdam and Paris ; No. 3 in D, pub-
lished at Schott's (Mayence) and Artaria,
1784 (Vienna).

♦Heap, Swinnerton Charles (Mus. Bac,
Mus. Doc), b. 1847, Birmingham.
Pupil of Dr. Monk (York), and, as
Mendelssohn Scholar (1865), of Mos-
cheles, Richter, and Reinecke (Leipzig).
Among his compositions are —

Trio, Sonata for Pf. and CI., Quintet for Pf.
and Wind instruments. Sonata for Pf. and
Vln., Solo Sonata, 3 Valses, 2 Nocturnes,
Romanza, &c.

Hecht, Eduard, b. Nov. 28, 1832,
Diirckheim (Rhine - Palatinate) ; d
March 7, 1887, Manchester. Pupil of
his father, a clever musician residing at
Frankfort o/M., and Jacques Rosenhain
(see this name) for Pf., Messer and
Hauff for Composition. Excellent
pianist and a highly talented and
clever composer. Settled (1854) in
Manchester, where he was a successful
teacher and public performer.
Pieces for Chamber Music, Caprices, Marches,

and several very effective Drawing-room

pieces.

*Hegner, Otto, b. Nov. 18, 1876, Basle
(Switzerland). Pupil of Dr. Hans
Huber {see this name) for Pf . and Alfred
Glaus for Harmony. As a child he
created great and deserved attention
by his extraordinary dexterity and
thoroughly musicianly performances,
which were heartily applauded in
Germany, England, and America. At
his own desire his compositions are
not mentioned.

Heinlein, Paul, b. April 11, 1626, Niirn-
berg ; d. there, Aug. 6, 1686. A son of
the celebrated physician, Heinlein, he
received an excellent education ; was
sent (1646) to Linz and Munich and
(1647) to Italy, where he studied for
three years. He was considered one
of the best performers on the clavecin.
Toccatas, Fantasias, Fugues, and Ricercaris
(published at Niirnberg).

Heller, Stephen, b. May 15, 1815. Pesth ;
d. Jan. 15, 1888, Paris. 1824, pupil of
Anton Halm, in Vienna, where he re-
mained for two years, giving concerts;
resided for several years in Augsburg,
and settled, 1838, in Paris. He was a
most excellent pianist, who appeared,
however — owing to extreme nervous-
ness— but seldom in public, and pre-
ferred to teach and compose. Among
Pf. composers he occupies a fore-
most rank. All his compositions are
distinguished by nobility of expression.

correctness and clearness of style, and
considerable originality.
Studies, Op. 16, 43, 46, 47, &c. ; Character
Pieces, Dans les Bois, Promenades
d'un solitaire, Nuits blanches, Tarantellas;
Blumen-Frucht und Dornenstiicke ; Valses,
Sonatas, Preludes, Overtures, Barcarolles,
Fantasias, Pens^es fugitives (written in
conjunction with H. W. Ernst), 21 Technical
Studies, Op. 154, preparatory to Chopin's
works; Paraphrases of Schubert's Songs (la
Truite, la Poste, &c.), Saltarello on an Air
of Mendelssohn, Op 77 ; Concert Transcrip-
tions of some of Mendelssohn's Songs.
Henkel, Dr. Heinrich, b. Feb. 14, 1822,
Fulda. Pupil of Aloys Schmitt (Pf.)
and Andre (Theory) at Frankfort o/M. ;
later (1846), of Julius Knorr (Pf), Leip-
zig. Founded, 1849, a Music School in
Frankfort o/M. A successful teacher
and respected author. Obtained, 1883,
the title of Konigl. Musik-Director. The
University of Marburg gave him the
diploma of Hon. Doc. Phil. ; the Grand
Duke of Hesse and the Duke of Coburg
conferred on him the gold medals for Art
and Science, &c. Among his composi-
tions. Op. 15, 16, 17, 19, 27, 38, and 51
have obtained considerable popularity
Author of a " Klavierschule " and
highly useful technical Studies.
Hennes, Aloys, b. Sept. 8, 1827, Aachen
(Aix-la-Chapelle); d. May 8, 1889,
Berlin. 1844-52, appointed a "Post-
official," and therefore only able
to devote himself later to the study
of music. Studied under Hiller and
Reinecke at the Cologne Conserv.,
and afterwards gained his living by
giving lessons in Creuznach, Alzey,
Mayence, and Wiesbaden. Settled,
1872, in Berlin; appointed, 1881, a
teacher at Xaver Scharwenka's Con-
serv. Hennes obtained a good reputa-
tion by the publication of his ' ' Clavier
Unterrichtsbriefe " (was translated
into English), and by his decidedly
practical and useful Studies.
*Henschel, Georg, b. Feb. 18, 1850,
Breslau. Pupil at the " Wandelt "
Institute (Breslau), of Moscheles,
Richter, and Gotze (Leipzig) ; later
(1870) of Kiel (Berlin). At first he in-
tended to become a pianist, but devoted
himself later to singing, without, how-
ever, losing command over the key-
board, a result of which is apparent in
his masterly accompaniments, aided by
a phenomenal memory. The " Maats-
chappy tot Bevordering der Toonkunst"
of Holland elected him an Hon.
Member.
Pieces (3), Op. 2; ditto (2), Op. 5; an Etude
Impromptu, Op. 6 ; Pieces in the form of
Canons, Op. 9 and 18 ; 6 Pieces (nach
Genrebildern), Op. 13 ; 2 Nocturnes, Op. 35;
and a Mazurka, Op. 48.

48

HENSEL— HERZ.

Hensel, Fanny Cecile (sister of Felix
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy), b. Nov. 14,
1805, Hamburg; d. May 17, 1847,
Berlin. Pupil of L. Berger. Several
of her compositions (mostly songs)
appeared under the name of her
illustrious brother, but were published
later with her own name. 4 Songs
without words, Op. 8; Trio, Op. 11.
Henselt, Adolph von, b. May 12,
1814, Schwabach (Middle Franconia,
Bavaria); d. Oct. 10, 1889,'Warmbrunn
(Silesia). Was first a pupil of Madame
de Fladt, an excellent amateur pianist
of Munich, then received pecuniary aid
from the Bavarian Court, and went to
Weimar in order to study with Hum-
mel, afterwards to Vienna to take
lessons from Simon Sechter in Composi-
tion. Settled (1838) in St. Petersburg;
appointed pianist to the Empress and
teacher of the Imperial children. The
Emperor conferred on him the Order of
St. Vladimir with the patent of nobility,
named him Imperial Councillor with
the title Excellency, and appointed
him Chief Inspector of the Imperial
Ladies' Colleges. His works for Pf.
are very much admired, not only for
their thoroughly musicianly qualities,
roundness of form, beautiful harmoni-
sation, ingratiating melodies, and con-
siderable originality, but also for their
entirely new (almost orchestral) effects.
In his great Studies, Op. 2 and Op. 5
(composed before he went to Russia),
he was the first to introduce poetical
mottos giving a clue to their character;
whilst in his two sets of Variations,
Op. I and II (" Elisir d'amore" and
"Robert le Diable"), he produces a
decidedly new technical treatment.
By nature exceedingly modest and
simple, he disliked appearing in public,
and could only be prevailed on to play
before a small, select circle. By
Schumann he was called the ' ' German
Chopin." His style of playing was
extraordinarily fine, noble, and effec-
tive ; he combined unusual physical
force with the greatest suavity and
delicacy, and a wonderful legato. In
his transcriptions from Weber and
other composers he succeeded in realiz-
ing a fulness hitherto unknown.
Concerto in F min., Op. 16; Duo for Pf. and

V'cello ; Poeme d'amour ; Impromptu, Op.

7 ; Pens^e fugitive, Op. 8 ; Scherzo, Op, 9 ;

Toccata, Nocturnes, Spring Song, Valses,

12 Etudes, Op. 2 ; i2 Etudes, Op. j.
Hering, Carl Gottlieb, b. Oct. 25, 1766,
Schandau; d. Jan. 3, 1853, Zittau.
Pupil of Schicht. Since 1798, principal
music teacher at the Stadt-Schule I

(Zittau). He became well known by his
excellent educational works.
Instructive Variations (1802), Progressive
Variations (1809), a Method for Children
(Leipzig, 1804-7), 3°d a Practical School
for inventing Preludes (1812-14). Studies
for 4 hands, 6 Books (Peters, Leipzig).

Herold, Louis Joseph Ferdinand (only
son of Fran9. Jos. H., a pianist of
Emanual Bach's School), b. Jan.,
1791, Paris; d. there, Jan. 19, 1833.
1806, pupil at the Conserv., where
Louis Adam (Pf), Catel and Mehul
(Composition) were his teachers ;
gained the first prize for Pf. playing and
obtained, 1812, the " Grand Prix de
Rome." 1814, pianist to Queen Caro-
line (Naples). After a short stay in
Vienna he returned to Paris. During
1827 and the following years he com-
posed a quantity of pieces for Pf.
(about 59), of which may be named —
3 Concertos, Sonatas, one in A flat ; another,
" L'Amante disperato"; Variations, Rondos
(" Le dernier soupir"), Andantes, &c.

Herz, Henri (younger brother of the
following), b. Jan. 6, 1806, Vienna ; d.
Jan. 5, 1888, Paris. At first a pupil of
his father and the organist Hiinten, at
Coblenz. 1816, pupil of Pradher at
the Paris Conserv., where he obtained
the first prize. 18 18, his first com-
positions were very favourably received.
In company with the violinist Lafont,
he travelled in Germany, and later in
England. Very popular as a public per-
former and an excellent teacher. 1837,
Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur
(later Officer ) and Knight of the Belgian
Leopold Order. Appointed, 1842, Prof.
at the Paris Conserv., which ap-
pointment he held until 1874. He
joined the Pf. maker (18251 Klepfa,
in a Pf. manufactory, which specu-
lation, however, turned out very
disastrously and compelled him to
undertake a journey through the
United States, Mexico, California, and
the West Indies, lasting from 1845
until 1851. His experiences and ad-
\'entures are described in the amusing
book, " Mes voyages," &c. (Paris,
1866). In his later established Pf.
manufactory he was eminently success-
ful {see Piano Makers). As a pianist
he was admired for his elegant, fluent,
correct, and brilliant performances ; he
never occupied himself much with
playing classical pieces, but relied
more on the interpretation of his own
works, of which he wrote a very large
number : —
Studiei: Etudes du Conservatoire (24), Op.
151; ditto, Op. 152 (15); Op. 119, I.; ditto,
Op. 119, II.; Grandes Etudes de Concert

HER2— HILLER.

49

(18), Op. 153 ; Etudes de I'agilitfe, Op. 179 ;
Collection des Gammes, 1,000 Exercices
pour I'emploi du Dactylion, Fantasias,
Variations, Souvenirs, Rondos, &c.

Herz, Jacques Simon, b. Dec. 31, 1794,

Frankfort o/M. ; d. Jan. 27, 1880, Nice

(Nizza). 1807, pupil at the Paris Con-

serv. under Pradher. He resided for

many years, a highly successful and

popular teacher, in Paris ; settled later

in London.

Valses (La Coquette, Op. 51; Valse bril-

lante, Op. 57 ; La Fiancee, Op. 69) ;

Mazurkas, Redowa brillante. Op. 60, Fan-

taisies, and Variations on operatic airs.

Herzogenberg, Heinrich von, b. June
10, 1843, Graz (Styria). 1862-65,
pupil at the Vienna Conserv., where
Otto Dessoff was his teacher; remained
from 1865 till 1872 in Graz, settled
afterwards in Leipzig, where he
became, 1875, Conductor of the Bach
Society. 1885, appointed as a teacher
at the BerUn Hochschule ; 1890, elected
a Member of the Royal Academy of
Arts.

Fantasiestiicke, Op. 4 ; Fantasia for Pf. and

Vln., Op. 15 ; Duos for Pf. and V'cello, Op.

12; Quintet, Op. 17; Trio, Op. 24, and

several shorter pieces.

Hess, Charles Leon, b. Jan. 28, 1844,
Lorient (Departement Morbihan).
Pupil at the Paris Conserv. He is one
of the most popular French writers
of light and fashionable pieces.

Hesse, Adolph Friedrich (son of an
organ - builder), b. Aug. 30, 1809,
Breslau; d. there, Aug. 5, 1863.
Pupil of Berner and Ernst Kohler
(Breslau) , and later of Hummel (Wei-
mar). Although his reputation as an
excellent organist was very great, he
distinguished himself also as a brilliant
pianist, and among his works for
Pf. are-
Sonata for 4 bands, Concerto, and several
shorter pieces.

Heuschkel, Johann Peter, b. Jan. 4,
1773, Harres (Eisfeld) ; d. 1853, Bie-
brich on the Rhine. 1797, appointed
musician of the princely orchestra of
Hildburghausen, where (1796- 1797) C.
M. von Weber was his pupil. Weber
writes of him : "I have to thank him
for the true and firm foundation,
the even development of both hands,
and the future correct and charac-
teristic style which he, the energetic,
strict, and severe teacher, taught me."

*Heymann-Rheineck, Carl August, b.
Nov. 24, 1852, Castle Rheineck on the
Rhine. Pupil of Rudorff, Isidor Seiss,
and Ferd. Hiller (Cologne). 1869-71,
pupil at the Berlin Hochschule, of

Rudorflf (Pf.) and Kiel (Composition).
Since 1875 Prof, at the Hochschule.
Novelletten, Op. 5 ; Fantasiestiicke, Op. 3 ;
and other highly effective pieces.

Heymann, Carl (no relation to the above),
b. Oct. 6, 1853, Amsterdam. Pupil at
the Cologne Conserv. of Gernsheim
(Pf.) and Hiller (Pf. and Composition).
1879, Prof, at the Hoch Conserv.
(Frankfort o/M.), which appointment
he had to relinquish on account of
a mental malady. Most excellent
pianist, and graceful, elegant com-
poser.
Concerto ; the popular " Elfenspiel " ; other
short and highly effective pieces.

Hiller, Ferdinand (von), b. Oct. 24, 1811,
Frankfort o/M. ; d. May 10, 1885,
Cologne. At first a pupil of Aloys
Schmitt (Frankfort o/M.) ; 1825, of
Hummel (Weimar). 1828-35, he lived
in Paris, enjoying the friendship of
Liszt, Chopin, Rossini, Meyerbeer,
Bellini, Cherubini, Dohler; in short, of
all the Parisian celebrities. 1836, he
returned to Frankfort o/M. in order to
conduct the "St. Cecilia" Society.
1840, he spent in Leipzig and conducted
(1842) the "Gewandhaus" Concerts;
1847, Capellmeister at Diisseldorf;
1850, elected Director of the newly-
established Conserv. and Conductor
of the "Giirzenich" concerts of
Cologne. He paid repeated visits to
London, where his performances and
compositions found many admirers.
His improvisations and the manner in
which he played Bach and Mozart were
most excellent. He was very prolific
as an author, and his "Feuilletons"
for the Cologne Gazette were much
admired for their elegant style and
amusing wit. The King of Wiirtem-
berg ennobled him, the Prussian,
Saxon, and other Sovereigns conferred
orders of Knighthood upon him, and
he also received the "Maximilian"
Order for Art and Science (Bavaria) ;
was a Member of the Berlin Academy,
as well as of other non-German
academies and societies. The Univer-
sity of Bonn named him (1868) Hon.
Doc. Phil., and the town of Cologne
amply provided for his family. He
composed largely for the Pf., and his
works testify to the interest he took
in the instrument. Among the best
known of his Pf. works are —

Concerto in F sharp min.. Sonatas, Suites,
Sonatinas, Op. 95 ; Variations, Op. 98 ; an
Operetta without words (for 4 hands),
excellent Studies, Impromptus, Suite for
Pf. and Vln.; 5 Trios, 5 Quartets, and many
I shorter pieces (Op. 57, 59, 66, 191).

50

HILLER— HOLMES.

Hiller (Hiiller), Johann Adam, b. Dec. 25,
1728, Wendisch-Ossig (Gorlitz) ; d.
June 16, 1804, Leipzig. Pupil of
Homilius (Dresden). As a composer
he chiefly devoted himself to operas
and operettas ; was also Conductor of
the " Gewandhaus " concerts of Leip-
zig. For clavecin he published —
Sonatas and short pieces (Leipzig, 1760 and

1762), and a collection of small pieces called

" Musikalischer Zeitvertreib."

Himmel, Friedrich Heinrich (founder
of the German " Singspiel "), b-
Nov. 20, 1765, Treuenbrietzen (Bran-
denburg) ; d. June 8, 1814, Berlin. In-
tended to study theology, but his talent
for playing and composing was noted
by Frederic William II. of Prussia,
who persuaded him to devote himself
entirely to music, and allowed the
necessary sums for furthering his
studies. Pupil of Naumann (Dresden).
1792, he went to Italy ; 1795, appointed
Royal Capellmeister at Berlin. After
short journeys to Stockholm and
St. Petersburg, he remained, from
1801, permanently in Berlin.
Concertos, Sextet, Quartet (Leipzig) ; 3 Trios,
Op. 16, and 6 others without opus number;
Grand Sonata with Fl., Op. 14; Sonata
for 2 Pf. ; another for 4 hands ; Fantasias,
Variations, &c. (Peters, and Breitkopf &
Hartel, of Leipzig).

Hi*z, Franz, b. July 17, 1828, Aarau.
Pupil at the Paris Conserv. of Zim-
mermann and Laurent (Pf), Reber
(Harmony). Composer of about 200
short drawing-room pieces, of which
the most popular are the Romances
" Souviens toi " and " Bon soir,"
Op. 150.
Hoffmeister, Franz Anton, b. 1754,
Rothenburg on the Neckar ; d. Feb. lo,
1812, Vienna. 1768, in Vienna, in order
to study the law ; but his inclination to
become a musician was so great that
he devoted himself entirely to music.
He opened a music business in Vienna,
which he gave up in 1798 in order to
travel. 1799, in Leipzig, where he
founded (1800), with Kiihnel, the well-
known Bureau de Musique, which
was taken later by Peters. He
returned after some time to Vienna,
where he occupied himself entirely with
composing. The Viennese gave him
the nickname of the " Flute-Pleyel."
12 Concertos, Quartets, 44 Trios, Sonatas
with Vln. or Fl., Solo Sonatas, Rondos,
Pieces for 4 hands, &c. ; 156 Quartets for
Strings and Fl., 96 Duets for Fl.

Hofmann, Heinrich, b. Jan. 13, 1842,
Berlin. Pupil of Theodor Kullak
(Pf.),Dehn and Wiierst (Composition).
Highly successful as a composer. He

is a Member of the Berlin Royal
Academy of Arts, has received several
decorations, and obtained the title of
" Professor." A.mong his best known
works are-
Sonata for Pf. and Vln., Op. 67; Trio, Op.
18 ; the solos : Der Trompeter von Sak-
kingen, 6 pieces, Op. 52; Aus meinem
Tagebuch, 12 pieces, Op. 46; Stimmungs-
bilder. Op. 88. For 4 bands : English Songs ;
Silhouetten aus Ungarn ; Chants and
Danses russes ; Suite Hongroise, Op.
16; 3 characteristic pieces. Op. 35; 6
ditto. Op. 70 ; 2 Serenades, Op. 54 ;
Ekkehard-Sketches, Op. 57 ; Italienische
Liebesnovelle, Op. 19 ; Landler und Walzer,
Op. 23 ; Norwegian Songs and Dances; new
Hungarian Dances; Souvenirs d'autrefois,
Op. 66 ; Am Rhein, 4 Sketches, Op. 43, &c.
*Hofmann, Joseph, b. Jan. 20, 1877,
Cracow (Austrian Poland). Pupil of
his father. Played as early as 1882 at a
charity concert in Warsaw, where he
himself gave (1883) several concerts.
1885, he performed Beethoven's Con-
certo (Op. 37) and Liszt's arrangement
of Weber's Polacca, with orchestra;
and, with Michalowski, Schumann's
Variations for 2 Pf. The sensa-
tion he produced was unprecedented,
and was repeated in Vienna, Paris,
England, Germany, Norway, Sweden,
Denmark, and America. His extra-
ordinary gifts and modest, amiable,
and natural manners were everywhere
admired. For three years he enjoyed
Rubinstein's tuition, and after seven
years' retirement resumed, on his
advice, his career as a virtuoso. He
also shows considerable talent as a
composer, and several of his published
works (Hainauer, Breslau) exhibit
natural and correct feeling and a
thorough absence of triviality.
*Hol, Richard, b. July 23, 1825, Amster-
dam. Pupil at the Amsterdam and,
later, at the Leipzig Conserv. Since
1862, Director of the Utrecht Music
School ; Conductor of the Cecilia
Society and "Diligentia" concerts of
Utrecht; Conductor of the classical
concerts given in the Amsterdam
"Crystal Palace." Knight of the
Orders " Crown of Oak " and " Lion,"
Ofl&cer of the French Academy.
Sonatas, Sonatinas, Trios, Duets for 4 hands,
Novelletten, and a Method of Pf. playing

Holmes, William Henry, b. Jan. 8, 1812,
Sudbury (Derbyshire) ; d. April 23,
1885, London. Pupil at the R.A.M.
under Cipriani Potter as early as
1822, when he gained two gold
medals; became, 1826, Sub-Prof, and
subsequently Prof. He was a highly
successful teacher ; among his pupils
were Sterndale Bennett, George and

HOLTEN— HUNTEN.

51

Walter Macfarren, J. W. Davison, and
others. As a pianist he was likewise
successful, and many of his composi-
tions show decided ability. 1880, he
was appointed Prof, at the newly-
established Guildhall School of Music.
Like Potter, he had very liberal ideas
about new composers and took great
interest in the advance of modern Pf.
playing.

*Holten, Carl von, b. July 26, 1836, Ham-
burg. Pupil of Jacques Schmitt, Ave
Lallemant, and Gradener. Went, 1853,
to Leipzig, where he studied, until 1855,
under Moscheles and Plaidy (Pf.),
and Julius Rietz (Composition). Since
1874, Prof, at the Conserv. of Hamburg.
1857, he began to give an annual
series of Chamber Music concerts at
Hamburg and Altona.
Sonata with Vln., Concerto, 6 Concert

Studies, Children's Symphony, and several

short solo pieces.

Horn, August, b. Sept. i, 1825, Freiberg,
Saxony ; d. March 23, 1893, Leipzig.
Pupil at the Leipzig Conserv., and one
of the best instructed musicians of the
present time. He made his name
well known by his excellent arrange-
ments of classical pieces for Pf. (2
and 4 hands), which are particularly
distinguished by their practicability
and absolute faithfulness. His own
compositions (Fantasias, &c.) became
but little known, although they
show in every instance the cultivated
musician. His death was deplored by
a large circle of sincerely attached
friends, who understood how to value
his sterling qualities.

Horsley, Charles Edward, b. Dec,

1822, Kensington ; d. Feb. 28, 1876,

New York. Pupil of Moscheles in

London ; 1839, of Hauptmann in

Cassel, and, later, of Mendelssohn in

Leipzig.

Trio, Sonata for Pf. and V'cello in G, Op. 3;

Sonata for Pf. and Vln. in F, Op. 14 ; 6 Lieder

ohne Worte, Op. ii, &c.

*Horzalka, Johann Evangelist, b. Dec.
6, 1798 {not 1778), Triesch (Moravia) ;
d. Sept. 9, i860, Penzing, near Vienna.
Son of a schoolmaster and organist,
his father sent him to Vienna, where
he made the acquaintance of Moscheles,
who gave him lessons gratis and intro-
duced him to the musical circles of
Vienna. From Emanuel Alois Forster
he received instruction in composition.
1819, he gave his first public concert,
in which he introduced with decided
success several of his own works.
The critics praised his performances

and spoke highly of his "free Fan-
tasias." For many years he was one
of the most successful teachers.
Sonata, Op. 9; Fantasia Pastorale, Fan-
tasia on themes of Beethoven's Sonata
Pathetique, Op.6o; excellent Studies, many
Rondos, a Fugue in E min., and a Fantasia
for 4 hands. Op. 22.

*Huber, Dr. Hans, b. June 28, 1852,

Schoenewend (Solothurn). 1870-74,

pupil at the Leipzig Conserv., under

Ernst Wenzel, C. Reinecke, and Dr.

Oscar Paul. 1874-76, private teacher

at Wesserling (Alsace). Settled, 1876,

in Basle (Switzerland). At present

Prof, at the Basle Music School. 1892,

the University of Basle conferred on

him the diploma of Hon. Doc. Phil.

Among his best known pupili are Otto

Hegner and Schelling.

2 Concertos, 3 Trios, 4 Sonatas with Vln.,

2 with V'cello, Sonata for 2 Pf., Quartet

with strings, and several pieces for 2 and

4 hands.

Hiillmandel, Nicolaus Joseph, b. 1751,
Strassburg; d. Dec. 19, 1823, London.
After having learned the elements of
Pf. playing and composition, he went
to Hamburg, where he became a
pupil of Emanuel Bach. 1775, he was
in Italy ; 1776, in Paris, where his per-
formances were much admired. 1787,
for some time in London ; but returned
to Paris, where he married a rich lady
and retired from public life. His de-
votion to the Royal family brought him
into discredit with the Republicans,
and he had to fly (1790) to London,
where — although his confiscated estate
was restored to him by the first Consul
• — he remaine'd till his death, giving
lessons and composing.
6 Sonatas for Pf., Vln., and V'cello, Sonatas

with Vln. {ad lib.), Solo Sonatas, Petits

Airs Faciles and Progressives.

Hiinten, Franz, b. Dec. 26, 1793,
Coblenz ; d. there, Feb. 22, 1878. Son
of the organist, Daniel H., teacher of
Henri Herz, who, on his side, persuaded
Daniel to send his son (18 19) to Paris,
where he could assist him in his career.
He became there a pupil at the Con-
serv. under Pradher and Reicha, made
astonishing progress as an executant,
and succeeded in getting from the Pari
sian publishers many orders for little,
easy, and fashionable pieces, earning by
them very respectable sums. Soon he
disposed of his works not only in
France, but also in Germany, Italy, and
England, and after eighteen years' hard
work he had earned sufficient to live
quietly and comfortably with his rela-
tions in Coblenz. His compositions
are by no means interesting, but are

5«

HUMMEL— HUMMEL.

correctly and practically written, and

afforded pleasure to pupils and

amateurs. None of them are so

brilliant or effective as those of his

friend Herz, but they are in their way

useful and possess decided merit.

j8 Studies, Op. 80; 12 melodious Studies, Op.

81; and 25 Etudes progressives. Op. 114.

About 200 other pieces consist of Variations,

little Fantasias, Rondos, Sonatinas (3),

Op. 6, and easy transcriptions of favourite

French (Puget), German (Schubert, Proch),

and Italian songs.

Hummel, Johann Nepomuk, b. Nov. 14,
1778, Pressburg (Hungary) ; d. Oct. 17,
1837, Weimar. For two years pupil of
Mozart, he went (1788) with his father
to different countries, giving successful
concerts. 1795, he returned to Vienna,
and studied with Albrechtsberger,
Salieri, and Joseph Haydn. 1803-11,
Capellmeister to Prince Esterhazy
(succeeding Joseph Haydn) ; 1816,
Hof- Capellmeister at Stuttgart; and
from 1820 until his death (1837) Hof-
Capellmeister at Weimar. He travelled
much, and gathered honours and dis-
tinctions in Russia, Holland, England,
France, Austria, and Germany. Mem-
ber of the Academies of Stockholm
and Paris, decorated with the Legion
of Honour and many other orders, and
generally respected for his uprightness,
constancy in friendship, and goodwill
to his younger colleagues. According
to Czemy, he was one of the most
brilliant executants of his time ;
admired for the beauty of his touch,
his excellent legato style, great taste
and elegance of ornaments — and,
indeed, for the general harmonious
quality of his style of playing. Many
of his contemporaries testify that he
was the only one who came near to
Beethoven in his art of improvising.
In his compositions the influence of
Mozart is particularly recognisable in
the beauty of his harmonies and the
roundness of his forms ; the excellent
qualities of his part-writing show the
tuition of Albrechtsberger, whilst
Salieri encouraged him in writing with
elegance, and Haydn was his model
for freshness. In his works there is,
however, a strange absence of feeling,
more conventionality — so to say,
diplomatic politeness. Among his
pupils are to be named Ferd. Hiller,
Adolph Henselt, Julius Benedict, and
Rudolph Willmers.

Worki with Orchestra : Concerto (C), Op. 34 ;
Concertino (G), Op. 73 ; tConcerto (A min.).
Op. 85 ; tConcerto (B min.). Op. 89; Con-
certo (Les Adieux in E), Op. 110 ; tConcerto
(A flat), Op. 113; Concerto (posthumous) ;

Concerto for Pf. and Vln. (G), Op. 17;
tRondo (A), Op. 56; Rondo (B flat), Op.
98 ; Rondo (D), called " Society Rondo,"
Op. 117; Rondo (F), " Le retour de Londres,"
Op. 127; Variations on "Castor and Pollux,"
Op. 6 ; Variations on an Air russe, Op. 97 ;
Variations on the " Fest der Handwerker,"
Op. 115; -fGrande Fantasia, " Oberon's
2auberhorn," Op. 116. Chamber music :
tGrand Septuor for Pf., Fl.. Ob., Hn.
Via., V'cello, and C.-Bass, Op. 74 (also
arranged by the composer as Quintet
with Strings) ; Septet militaire for Pf ,
Fl., Vln., CI.. Trumpet, V'cello, and
C.-Bass (in C), Op. 114; +Quintet for
Pf. and Strings in E flat min., Op. 87 ;
Quartet in G (posthumous) ; 2 Grandes
Serenades for Pf., Vln., Guitar, CI., and
Bssn., Op 63 and 66 (these are also arranged
as Trios with Fl. and V'cello) ; La Senti-
nelle for Pf., Voice, Vln., and Guitar, or
V'cello, Op. 71. Trios: +No. i (E flat).
Op. 12; 2 (F). Op. 22; 3 (G), Op. 35;
4 (G), Op. 65; +5 (E), Op. 83; t6 (E flat).
Op. 93 ; 7 (E flat), Op 96, Adagio, Varia-
t! ns, and Rondo on the Russian air
'■ Schone Minka," for Pf., Fl., and V'cello,
Op. 78. For Pf. and Vln. or V'cello: 3
Sonatas, Op. 5 ; Sonata, Op. 25 ; 4 Sonatas
with Vln. or Via. or Fl. ; Sonata with Vln.
or Mandoline; grand Sonata with V'cello
(A), Op. 104. Solo Sonatas and Fantasias :
+No. I, Sonata in E flat, dedicated to
Haydn, Op. 13 ; 2, Sonata in F min., dedicated
to Magdalene von Kurzbeck; 3, Sonata in
C, Op. 30(38); t*. Sonata in F sharp min..
Op. 81; +5, Sonata in D, Op. 106; 3
Sonatas (G, A flat, and C ) without number ;
Sonata (C), Op. 2, No. 3; tFantasia (E flat),
Op. 18. For 4 hands : tGrande Sonate
(A flat), Op. 92; Sonate ou Divertissement
(E flat), Op. 51 ; +Notturno in F (with 2
Hn. ad lib.), Op. 99; Introduction and
Rondo for 2 Pf. (posthumous). Varia-
tions : 3 Airs varies. Op. i ; 2 Airs varies.
Op. 2 ; 3 Airs varies. Op. 3 (appeared 1794,
when he was 16 years old). V'ariations on
a Dutch Song, Op. 21 ; 3 Themes varies,
Op. St ; Les charmes de Londres, 3 themes
varies. Op. 119; Variations on an Air from
Gluck's " Armide," Op. 57 ; Variations on
an Austrian air in G, Op. 8; tVariations on
an air from Rossini's " La Cenerentola "
(C) ; Variations on the March from Cheru-
bini's " Les deux journees," Op. 9. Rondos:
tRondo (E flat). Op. 11 ; Rondo quasi Fan-
tasia (E), Op. 19; Rondo (C), Op. 52; +Rondo
brillant (B min.), Op. 109 ; Rondo La Galante
(E flat). Op. 120; Rondo Villageois, Op.
122. Several smaller Rondos. Studies : 24
Etudes, Op. 125 ; Preludes dans tous les tons,
maj. et min.. Op. 67; 60 Exercises from the
great School. Fantasias, &c. : Fantasia on
an air from Mozart's " Figaro," Op. 124 ;
Fantasia (Recollection de Paganini);
^Polonaise, La bella capricciosa (B flat).
Op. 55; Caprice (F), Op. 49; Capriccio (E
flat min.), CEuvre posthume ; Bagatelles,
Op. 107 ; 7 Cadenzas for Mozart's Con-
certos; Pieces faciles, Op. 42 and iti;
Amusements, Op. 105 and 108 ; 3 Grandes
Valses en forme de Rondeau.x, Op. 103 ;
6 Polonaises, Op. 70 ; several books of
German Dances. Grand Pf. School, with
2,200 examples in music (German, Italian,
and French).
•Hummel, Ferdinand, b. Sept. 6, 1855,

Berlin. Pupil of KuUak, Rudorff,

Bargiel, and Kiel.
Sonatas (4) with V'cello; Quintet, Op. 47;
Concerto, Op. 35 ; Scherzo, Op. 34 ; Serenade

HURLEBUSCH— JAELL-TRAUTMANN.

53

("In the Spring"), Op. 37 (both for 4
hands) ; 5 pieces for the left hand, Op. 43 ;
and 3 pieces, Op. 44 (No. 2).

Hurlebusch, Conrad Friedrich (son of
Heinrich Lorenz H.), b. 1696, Bruns-
wick; d. 1768 (date uncertain), Amster-
dam. At first a pupil of his father, a
sound musician; he went, 1718, to
Italy; returned, 1721, to Germany
(went to Munich, where he was received
with great distinction), and went, 1722,
to Stockholm, which town he left,
1727, for Hamburg, where he settled

for ten years as a teacher ; 1738, he
received and accepted an offer of a
post in Amsterdam. He was one of
the most brilliant performers of his
time, and an industrious composer.
His contemporaries, however, thought
more of his playing than of his com-
positions, which they declared eccen-
tric and not natural.

6 Sonatas (1746), 12 Solo (?) Concertos,
another collection of 12 Sonatas and 8
Overtures, 6 Concertos with orchestral
accompaniment, 18 Suites, &c.

I.

Indy, Paul Marie Theodore Vincent d',
b. March 27, 1851, Paris. Pupil of
Dimmer and Marmontel (Pf.), of
Lavignac ( Composition) . An excellent
executant and highly talented com-

poser. Among his works for Pf. may
be mentioned a —

Quartet in A for Pf. and Strings, a Sym-
phony on an Alpine air for Pf. and Orchestra,
and several smaller solo pieces.

J.

Jadassohn, Salomon, b. Aug. 13, 1831,
Breslau. Pupil (i848)at the LeipzigCon-
serv., he went (1849) to Liszt (Weimar),
but returned later to Leipzig to study
under Hauptmann. 1867-69, Conductor
of the Euterpe concerts; 1871, Prof, at
the Conserv. ; and Hon. Doc. Phil, of
theUniversity of Leipzig. Among his
Pf. compositions, those written in the
form of Canons have been very favour-
ably received. They are —
Serenade, Op. 8, and S^r^nade, Op. 35 (8
Canons); Ballet Music, Op. 58 (6 Canons).
Besides these he published a Quartet, Op.
70; Trios, Op. 20 and 59; Improvisations,
Op. 48 and 75 ; Bal masque, 7 Airs de Ballet,
Op. 26; Variations serieuses, Op. 40;
Capriccietto e Scherzo, Op. 21 ; Album
leaves (6), Op. yi ; and a Serenade for 4
hands. Op. 64.

Jadin, Louis Emanuel, b. Sept. 21, 1768,

Versailles; d. July, 1853, Paris. Pupil

of his younger brother, Hyacinthe, and

his successor as Prof, at the Conserv.

He is the inventor of the so-called

"Melanges" or "Potpourris," but

besides these he wrote also —

Concertos, Quintets, Quartets, Trios, &c.

His Sonates faciles, Rondos, and Fantasias

were very popular; one of the latter was

called "La grande bataille d'Austerlitz,

un fait historique."

Jadin, Hyacinthe, b. 1769, Versailles;
d. Oct., 1800, Paris. Pupil of Hiill-
mandel. He was the first Pf. Prof, at
the Paris Conserv. (1795). As an
executant, teacher, and composer he
was very popular. Several of his works,

Concertos, Sonatas with Vln., Solo
Sonatas, Studies, and 2 Sonatas for
4 hands, were published at Paris.
Jaell, Alfred, b. March 5, 1832, Trieste ;
d. Feb. 27, 1882, Paris. Pupil of his
father, he played when only in his
eleventh year in public, and travelled
almost all his life. 1852-54, he was in
America, and resided, after his return
to Europe, either in Paris, Brussels,
or Leipzig. He was a most excellent
pianist, had a beautiful touch, played
with great refinement, taste, and
elegance, and was, on the whole, a
sound musician. Because of his rest-
lessness he was called jokingly "Le
PianisteVoyageur." His original com-
positions consist of little Romanzas,
Notturnos, Valses, &c. Besides these
he published a great many (highly
effective) transcriptions of Wagner,
Mendelssohn, and Schumann's airs
and songs.
*Jaell-Trautmann, Marie (wife of the
above since 1866), b. 1846, Steinseltz,
near Weissenburg (Alsace). 1861, pupil
of Henri Herz at the Paris Conserv.,
where she gained the first prize.
Most excellent pianist. Of her com-
positions the best known are —
A Concerto; Waltzes for 4 hands; the pieces:
Voix du Printemps, Sphinx, Prismes,
Promenade nationale, Valses melancoliques,
Valses mignonnes, &c. She is also the
author of a new method, " Le toucher,"
which created considerable attention in
Paris.

54

JANKO— JUNGMANN.

Janko, Paul von, b. June 2, 1856, Totis
(Hungary). Pupil at the Vienna Con-
serv., where he was taught by Hans
Schmitt. 1881-82, he attended the
University Lectures on Mathematics
at Berlin, and became a pupil of
H. Ehrlich. He is the inventor of
the new keyboard called the "Janko
Claviatur," which ofifers to the
executant a good many advantages ;
his device consists of six keyboards,
which are placed in rows one above
the other. This arrangement allows :
I, a smaller compass of the intervals
(an octave on Janko's keyboard is but
^ of that on another piano) ; 2, the
same fingering for all the scales ; 3,
greater facility for skips and great
stretches ; 4, most surprising tonal
effects, which are not to be realised on an
ordinary instrument, such as glissando
chromatic scales. The manufacturers,
Bosendorfer of Vienna, Franke and
Bliithner of Leipzig, have in many
instances improved on Janko's original
idea. He has explained in a book the
whole system, has arranged several
well-known works with his fingering,
and has instructed several performers in
order to exhibit in a practical manner
his undoubtedly highly ingenious
invention.

♦Janotha, Natalie, b. Warsaw. Studied
at the Berlin Hochschule (Joachim,
Rudoff), under Clara Schumann, Dr.
Brahms (for short time), and Princess
Czartoryska. In Harmony she was
instructed by Prof. F. Weber (Cologne
and W. Bargiel (Berlin). Pianist to the
Court of the German Emperor ; highest
diploma of the St. Cecilia Academy
(Rome) , Hon. Member of the Academies
of Cracow, London, Rome, &c. Victoria
Badge from H.M. the Queen.
Gavottes, Mazurkas, Mountain Scenes (dedi-
cated to Madame Schumann), Ave Maria
(dedicated to Leo XIII.), &c.

Jedliczka, Dr. Ernst, b. June 5, 1855,
Poltava (S. Russia). Pupil of his
father. From 1872-77 he studied
Physics and Mathematics (University
of St. Petersburg). 1877, he went to
Moscow (pupil of Klindworth and
Tschaikowsky). Appointed Prof, at the
Conserv. by Nicolaus Rubinstein ; left,
1887, for Berlin as teacher of the
upper class in the Scharwenka-
Klindworth Academy.

Jensen, Adolph, b. Jan. 12, 1837,
Konigsberg (Prussia) ; d. Jan. 23, 1879,
Baden-Baden. For two years only, pupil
of Ehlert and Marpurg (Berlin) ; he
mostly taught himself, and worked

with such restless energy that his
health suffered. His compositions for
Pf. are throughout noble, full of ex-
pression, and of considerable origi-
nality. Among the pieces which have
obtained great popularity are —

Op. 2, Innere Stimmen ; +0p. 8, Romantic
Studies; Op. 12, Berceuse; Op. 15, Jagd-
scene ; Op. 16, Der Scheidenden (To the
parting), 2 Romanzas; +Op. 17, Wander-
bilder (2 books) ; Op. 19, Prelude and
Romanza ; Op. 25, Sonata ; Op. 31, 3 Valses
Caprices; +Op. 32, 25 Studies; iOp. 33,
Songs and Dances (2 books) ; Op. 36, 6
German Suites ; Op. 38, Nocturne ; +Op.
43, Idyllen (particularly the charming
" Dr>'ade ") ; Op. 44, Eroticon ; tOp. 45,
Hochzeitsmusik (Wedding Music) a 4
mains ; Op. 48, Erinnerungen (Recol-
lections).

JoseflB, Raphael, b. 1852, Pressburg
(Hungary). Pupil at the Leipzig Con-
serv., where Reinecke was his teacher.
After finishing his studies in Leipzig
he became a pupil of Tausig (Berlin),
and created considerable sensation in
Germany and Austria by his eminent
technical execution. For several years
he has been established in New York,
where he is an active teacher, and
greatly admired as a performer. He
composed and published several draw-
ing-room pieces.

*Jungmann, Albert, b. Nov. 14, 1824,
Langensalza (Prussia) ; d. Nov. 7,
1892, Vienna. Pupil of G. W. Korner
(the well-known publisher of organ
works) at Erfurt, and later, for several
years, of Dr. I. A. Leibrock (Bruns-
wick). He was for a long period active
as a Prof, at the St. Cecilia Academy
of Rome; settled, 1853, in Vienna;
became manager of the music ware-
house of C. A. Spina (formerly Diabelli
and Co.), and established himself with
Lerch, as the firm Jungmann and
Lerch, C. A. Spina's successors. He
published over 400 educational works,
which became very popular, as they
are, without exception, written in a
practical manner, are melodious, and
devoid of any triviality. Among these,
" Heimweh " (Home sickness) made
the round of the world.

*Jungmann, Ludwig, b. Jan. 2, 1832,
Weimar ; d. there Sept. 20, 1892.
Pupil at the Teachers' Seminary
(Weimar) ; later, of Dr. Topfer (Com-
position) and Liszt (Pf.). Since i86g,
Prof, at the Grand Ducal "Sophia"
Institute for Ladies. Among his Pf.
works the best known are —

Scherzo (F min.). Variations on an origmul
air, and Phantasiestiicke. He also composed
several Trios.

KAFKA— KALKBRENNER.

55

K.

Kafka, Johann Nepomuk, b. May 17,
1819, Neustadt (Bohemia) ; d. Oct. 28,
1886, Vienna. At first intended to
study law, but then resolved to devote
himself entirely to music. His
practically - written drawing - room
pieces — particularly those on Austrian
airs — are very popular, but devoid of
merit in an artistic sense.
•Kafka, Heinrich, b. Feb. 25, 1844,
StraXowitz (Bohemia). Pupil of Joseph
KrejKi and Prof. Mildner (Prague).
He resides in Vienna. Composer of —
Sonatas with Vln., ditto with V'cello,

Trios, and a goodly number of shorter solo

pieces.
*Kahn, Robert, b. July 21, 1865, Mann-
heim o/Rhine. Pupil of Ernst Frank,
Vincenz Lachner (Mannheim), Kiel
(Berlin), and Rheinberger (Munich).
His compositions testify to uncommon
talent, and excellent work may be
expected from him. Since 1891 he has
resided at Leipzig, and is now appointed
teacher at the Hochschule (Berlin).
He published —
6 Solo pieces. Op. ii; ditto, 7, Op. 18; 8

pieces for 4 hands, Op. 13 ; Sonata for Pf.

and Vln., Op. 5 ; Pf. Quartet, Op. 14.

Kalkbrenner,FriedrichWilhelm Michael,
■fX^^- ^7^4' onajourney between Cassel and
* ". Berlin, a son of the eminent musician
Christian K. ; d. June 10, 1849, Enghien-
les-Bains. Pupil of his father until he
went (1798) to Paris, where he studied
the Pf. with A. Adam and Composition
with Catel . He gained several prizes at
the Conserv. Published (about 1800) his
first compositions, and gained his live-
lihood by teaching. 1803, he went to
Vienna, where he met Clementi, who,
by his marvellous technical execution,
made such a deep impression upon him
that, on his return to Paris, he tried
with the greatest energy and persever-
ance to gain an equally high degree
of technical efficiency. Not only
dementi's, but also Dussek and Hum-
mel's style of playing impressed him
very much, and he was anxious to
profit by their example. 1814, he went
to London, where he was well received,
and was very successful as a teacher ;
indeed, the pecuniary results of his work
in London enabled him to acquire a fine
property at Rambouillet (France),
where he annually spent a few months.
In 1823 he undertook a great and long
tour in Germany, and was highly suc-

cessful in most of the larger towns.
1824, te returned to Paris, became a
partner in the Pf. manufactory of
Pleyel, which business profited very
much by his practical advice. Another
tour, in 1833, in Germany and
Belgium was not less successful than
that undertaken ten years earlier. From
1834 he remained permanently in Paris,
busily engaged with teaching and com-
posing. Among his most celebrated
pupils was Madame Marie Pleyel. He
was attacked by cholera in 1849, and
died at Enghien-les-Bains on June
10 of that year. A contemporary men-
tions that Kalkbrenner's playing was
most perfect with regard to technical
execution ; his fingers were all equally
strong, producing a rich, full tone,
which he could exhibit in the most
different gradations ; his conquering of
the most intricate and complicated
technical figures being no less admirable
than the wonderful clearness and un-
failing correctness with which they were
exhibited. His style was graceful and
elegant, at times full of energy and force ;
but generally lacking real warmth,
depth and natural feeling. His com-
positions are solidly constructed, the
part-writing is unexceptionable, and
the melodies agreeable, but never
original. On the other hand, he was
happy in inventing new technical
figures, and for this reason his Studies
have decided merit and are of undeni-
able interest to pianists.

Studies : 24 Etudes dans tous les modes,
Op. 20; 24 Preludes dans tous les tons.
Op. 88 ; 12 Etudes preparatoires. Op. 126;
+25 Etudes de style et de perfectionnement,
Op. 143 ; 12 Etudes progressives. Op. 161 ;
Etudes faciles et progressives. Op. 169;
4 Toccatas, Op. 182; Ajax, grande Etude;
Methode pour apprendre le Piano a I'aide
du guide-mains. Op. 108. Sonatas: 3
Sonatas, Op. 1 ; 3 ditto. Op. 4 ; Sonata,
Op. 13; Sonata Fantasia, Op. 38; Sonata,
A maj.. Op. 35; Sonata, A min.. Op. 48;
Sonata, F min.. Op. 56; Sonata pour la
main gauche principale, A flat. Op. 42 ; 3
Sonatas, Op. 3, 79, and 80 for 4 hands.
Concertos : -fD min.. Op. 61 ; E min.. Op. 85 ;
A, Op. 107; A flat. Op. 127. For Two Pf:
Op. 125, Gage d'amitie. Rondo, Op. 66;
Fantasia and Variations, Op. 72, &c.
Chamber Music : Septuors, Op. 15 and Op.
132; Sextets, Op. 58 and Op. 135 ; Quintets,
Op. 30 and Op. 81; Quatuors, Op. 2, 136,
and 176; Trios (7); Duets with Vln.
Of his smaller solo pieces (about 22), " Le
Fou" and " La femme du marin" are the
best known and have retained their
popularity.

56

KALLIWODA— KERL.

Kalliwoda, Johann Wenzel, b. March 21,
1800, Prague ; d. Dec. 3, 1866, Carls-
ruhe (Baden). Pupil at the Prague
Conserv. From 1822 till 1853 Capell-
meister to Prince Fiirstenberg at
Donaueschingen. He was a highly
talented composer, who wrote with
great facility and smoothness ; but the
inabiUty to hear other composers'
works had a detrimental effect upon
his productions, which showed by
degrees merely a certain routine. Schu-
mann dedicated his Intermezzi, Op. 4,
to Kalliwoda.
Rondos: Op. 10, 11, 23; 3 Marches (very good).
Op. 26; Divertissement in F, Op. 28; and
Valses, Op. 27 and 169.
Kalliwoda, Wilhelm (son of the above),
b. July 19, 1827, Donaueschingen ; d.
Sept. 8, 1893, Carlsruhe (Baden). Pupil
at the Leipzig Conserv., and an especial
favourite of Mendelssohn. His pub-
lished compositions are very pleasing
and thoroughly well written. As a
pianist he possessed many sterling
qualities, such as excellent technical
execution, a beautiful, singing touch,
and exquisite refinement. His gift of
memory was quite extraordinary, for
he played Bach's Suites, the 48 Preludes
and Fugues, and many other classical
works with . ease, certainty, and cor-
rectness without book. 1853-75, he
was Hof-Capellmeister at Carlsruhe,
but owing to feeble health he was
pensioned, and retired in the year
1875 from public life.
Kanne, Friedrich August, b. March 8,
1778, Delitsch (Saxony) ; d. Dec. 16,
1833, Vienna. At first he studied medi-
cine, and later theology, but gave up
these studies in order to devote himself
entirely to music. He went to Vienna
in the first decade of this century,
and made the acquaintance of Prince
Joseph Lobkowitz, who took great and
kindly interest in him. An almost in-
vincible inclination to lead a disorderly
life prevented his following up his
studies, and zilthough many kind
friends, who admired his rare gifts as
a musician and poet, did their utmost
to rescue him from poverty and misery,
he died at last in great distress.
Trio with Fl. and Via. ; several Sonatas
with Vln.; 3 Solo Sonatas, Op. 18, 32, and
100 ; Sonata for 4 hands, Op. 31 ; Rondos,
Variations, and Marches His best known
work is " Wellington in Wien," 6 Triumphal
Marches, Op. 99.
Karr, Henri, b. 1784, Zweibrucken ; d.
Jan. 10, 1842, Paris. Pupil of L'Etendart
( Pf . ) . Having lost his father very early,
he lived in very distressed circum-
stances, until his teacher, Etendart,

succeeded (1808) in getting him an
appointment in the firm Erard, where
he had to try the instruments for in-
tending buyers. He was the father of
the celebrated litterateur, Alphonse
Karr. His light, rather shallow but
effective pieces were in their time very
popular, and he was never without
orders from publishers.
Sonatas, many Fantasias, Divertissements,
so-called Melanges (on motives from Operas),
a good many drawiog-room pieces for 4
hands. Duo for 2 Pf., &c.
Kauer, Ferdinand, b. Jan. 18, 1751,
Klein-Thaya (Moravia); d. April 13,
1831, Vienna. Almost self-taught, as
he had only a few lessons in Counter-
point from Heidenreich (Vienna).
Although always most industrious and
modest in his life, he was throughout
his career pursued by misery, and even
the immense success of his Operetta
"Das Donauweibchen " did not im-
prove his income or his social position.
For the Pf. he wrote —
Dramatic Sonatas with the titles : La Prise
d'Oczakow, the Battle of Wiirzburg, Nelson's
Great Battle, &c ; Sonatas with Vln., Fan-
tasias, Variations, Hungarian Air for 4
bands, and a Method for Pf .
Kellner, Johann Peter, b. Sept. 24, 1705,
Grafenroda (Thuringia) ; d. there, 1788.
Pupil of Nagel, Schmidt, and Quehl.
Suites called " Manipulus musices, oder
eine HandvoU Zeitvertreib vors Clavier"
(Or a handful of pastime for the Clavecin)
were published (1752) at Niirnberg, and 6
Suites, "Certamen Musicum," were pub-
lished at Arnstadt, 1748-49.
Kellner, Johann Christoph (son and pupil
of the above), b. Aug. 16, 1735, Grafen-
roda; d. 1803, Cassel. Pupil of Benda
(Gotha). Of his compositions, which
were in their time highly esteemed,
about 10 Concertos were published by
Andre (Offenbach o/M.) and 6 Trios at
Cassel. His principal instrument was
the organ.
Kelway, Joseph, b. 17 — , London ; d.
there, 1782. Pupil of Geminiani. His
extemporaneous performances on the
organ and his playing of Scarlatti's
lessons on the harpsichord were very
much admired, but less so his published
Sonatas, which are reproached with
dryness, stiffness, and want of charm.
Kerl, Johann Caspeir von, b. 1628, Gaimer-
sheim, near Ingolstadt (Bavaria) ; d.
1693, Munich, where a monument in
his honour was erected in the Theatiner-
Church. Pupil of Valentini (Vienna),
later of Carissimi (Rome). 1658, Hof-
Organist in Munich ; 1677, Organist of
St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna,
from whence he returned to Munich
His harpsichord compositions are —

KESSLER— KIRCHNER.

57

" Toccata tutta da salti " in C, published in
Pauer's "Alte Claviermusik," and the Fugue,
" Egypt was glad when they departed,"
which Handel appropriated in his " Israel
in Egypt," published at Amsterdam, also in
Hawkins's History, chap. 134.

Kessler (Kotzler), Johann Christian, b.
Aug. 26, 1800, Augsburg; d. Jan. 13,
1872, Vienna. Studied in Moravia,
and later at Vienna; was for several
years music teacher to Count Potocki's
family at Lemberg ; went to Breslau,
Warschau, and settled (1857) in Vienna.
He was an excellent pianist, which is
testified by his ingenious (but very dry
and musically uninteresting) Studies,
Op. 20 and 51. These were strongly
recommended by Liszt, and some of
them were introduced in Moscheles
Jind Kalkbrenner's Pf. Schools. The
original edition of the Studies appeared
at Vienna and Paris, but selections from
them were lately published at Munich
and London.
Nocturnes, Variations, Preludes, Bagatelles.

Ketten, Henry, b. March 25, 1848, Baja

(Hungary) ; d. April i, 1883, Paris.

Pupil of Marmontel and Halevy (Paris).

Romance sans paroles. Tranquillity, Scher-

zoso, Melancolie, Chasse au papillon. Op. 10.

♦Ketterer, Eugene, b. 1831, Rouen ; d.
Dec. 18, 1870, Paris. Pupil at the
Conserv. He published not less than
290 pieces, of which the following
became the most popular :
Grand Caprice hongrois. Op. 7 ; 1' Argentine,

Op. 21 ; Grand Galop de Concert, Op. 24 ;

"Oh, dites lui," Romance favorite, Op. 66;

La Ch&telaine, Op. 90; Chanson espag-

nole. Op. 100; Gaetana, Op. 101 ; and Rondo

orientale, Op. 102.

Kiel, Friedrich (son of a schoolmaster),
b. Oct. 7, 1821, Puderbach on the
Lahn ; d. Sept. 14, 1885, Berlin.
Almost self-taught ; the teacher of the
Seminary of Soest persuaded Kiel's
father to allow his son to devote him-
self entirely to music, more particularly
to the Vln. After having received
theoretical instruction from Kaspar
Kummer of Coburg, he was appointed
(1840) Concertmeister, and received
from King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. of
Prussia a stipend for 3 years, which he
used for taking lessons in Counterpoint
from Dehn at Berlin, where he remained
until his death. 1865, elected Member
of the Royal Academy of Arts ; he re-
ceived (1868) the title of Konigl. Prof. ;
was, for 3 years, a teacher at the Stern
Conserv. ; and, 1870, Prof, at the
Hochschule and Member of the Senate
of the Royal Academy.
Concerto, Op. 30 ; 4 Sonatas with Vln. ; Sonata
with V'cello, Op. 52; Sonata with Via,
Op. 67 ; 7 Trios, Op j, 22, 24, 33, 34, 65 (2) ;

3 Quartets, Op. 43, 44, 50; 2 Quintets, Op. 75
and 76; 2 easy Sonatas for 4 hands. Op. 6;

4 easy Fugues in 2 parts, Op. 10 ; 16 easy
pieces for 4 hands, Op. 13 ; 2 Caprices, Op.
26 ; 5 Gigues, Op. 36 ; Souvenirs de Voyage
(4 pieces), Op. 38; Humoresques (4) for 4
hands, Op. 42 ; 3 Valses, Op. 45 ; Tema con
Variazioni, Presto, Romance sans paroles,
Op. 71; 6 Morceaux, Op. 72.

Kienzl, Dr. Wilhelm, b. Jan. 17, 1857,

Waitzenkirchen ( Upper Austria). Pupil

of Burva (Graz), Ignaz Uhl, Mortier

de Fontaine, and W. A. Remy. 1875,

he went to Prague and studied with

KrejSi ; 1876, he attended the Lectures

of Springer, Overbeck, and Paul. 1879,

he received for his essay, " Musical

Declamation," the diploma of Dr.

Phil, from the University of Vienna.

1881-82, he travelled as pianist, and

acted as Capellmeister in Amsterdam

and Crefeld; appointed (1886) Director

of the Music School of Graz, and is

now engaged as Conductor of the

Hamburg Opera.

Op. 7, Phantasiestiicke for Pf. and Vln. ;

Op. 3, 9 Sketches ; Op. 15, From my Diary

(3 pieces) ; Op. 10, Bunte Tanze (various

dances) ; Op. 21, Tanzweisen (Dance

Melodies), 30 pieces ; and Op. 30, Kinder-

Liebe und Leben (Children's love and life),

12 pieces.

""Kirchner, Fritz, b. Nov. 3, 1840, Pots-
dam . Pupil of Theodor Kullak (Pf . ) and
Richard Wiierst (Composition) . From
April, 1864, until Oct., 1889, teacher at
the New (Kullak) Academy. After the
dissolution of this popular College, was
a teacher of Pf. and Theory in the
school " Madchenheim " (Berlin).
Composer of a great number of edu-
cational and popular pieces; among
them 24 Preludes, Ball Scenes, &c.

Kirchner, Theodor, b. Dec. 10, 1824,
Neukirchen, near Chemnitz (Saxony).
Almost the first pupil at the Leipzig
Conserv. After having finished his
studies, was appointed Organist in
Winterthur, where he remained until
1862 ; 1862-72, Conductor and teacher
of the Ziirich Music School ; 1872-73,
in Meiningen, and, 1873-75, Director
of the Wiirzburg Conserv. Since 1875
he has resided in Leipzig. With re-
gard to the beauty of his smaller
works, he is considered to be a rival
of Schumann, by whom and Mendels-
sohn he was greatly patronised and
esteemed. The following are his most
popular works : —
Op. 2, 10 pieces ; Op. 5, jGruss an meine
Freunde ; Op. 7, +9 Album leaves ;
Op. 8, Scherzo; Op. 9, tPreludes ; Op. 11,
^Sketches; Op. 12, Adagio quasi Fantasia;
Op. 13, Songs without words ; Op. 14, Phan-
tasiestiicke ; Op. 16, Kleine Lust und Trauer-
spiele ; Op. 17, jNew " Davidsbiindler "

58

KIRMAIR— KLEE.

Dances; Op. i8, Legenden; Op. ig, Phan-
tasiestucke; Op. 21, Aquarellen ; Op. 22,
Romanzas ; Op. 23, Waltzes ; Op. 25,
Nachtbilder; Op. 26, Album; Op. 27, Ca-
prices ; Op. 28, Nocturnes ; Op. 29, +From
my Sketch-book; Op. 30, Studies and pieces ;
Op. 36, Fantasias; Op. 37, 4 Elegies; Op.
38, 12 Studies ; Op. 39, Village Stories ;
Op. 41, Verwehte Blatter; Op. 43, 4 Polo-
naises; Op. 46, 30 Dances for children and
artists; Op. 48, Humoresques; Op. 49, fNew
Album leaves ; Op. 52, A new book for
Pf. ; Op. 53, Florestan and Eusebius ;
Op. 54, Scherzo ; Op. 55, New Scenes for
children ; Op. 56, In quiet hours ; Op. 65,
60 Preludes; Op. 70, 5 Sonatinas; Op. 71,
100 small Studies. Kirchner's transcrip-
tions of Songs by Mendelssohn, Schu-
mann, Brahms, &c., belong to the very
best. Among his Duets for 4 hands the
collection of 36 pieces, called " Old friends
in new dresses," is particularly to be re-
commended.

Kirmair, Friedrich Joseph, b. 1770,
Munich; d. 1814, Gotha. Pupil of his
father, Wolfgang K. Travelled in
Germany, Italy, Holland, France, and
was everywhere favourably received
and esteemed as one of the best per-
formers of his time. 1795, teacher of
the Prussian Crown Princess (Berlin) ;
later, appointed in Cassel, and, from
1803 until his death (1814), Concert-
meister at Gotha. He published many
Sonatas, Variations, &c.
Kimberger, Tohann Philipp, b. April 24,
1721, Saalfeld, district of Konigsberg
(Prussia) ; d. July 28, 1783, Berlin.
Pupil of Kellner (1705-88), Gerber
(1702-75), and, 1739, of Sebastian
Bach (Leipzig). 1751, he went to
Dresden; 1754, to Berlin; appointed
Capellmeister, and teacher of Princess
Amalia.
" Clavieriibungen nach der Bach'schen Appli-
catur " (Exercises with Bach's fingering),
4 books, Berlin, 1762-64 ; 8 Fugues
(1777); 24 pieces (1779). Several of his
pieces have been republished in Pauer's
" Alte Meister" and "Alte Claviermusik."

Kittl, Johann Friedrich, b. May 8, i8og,

Worlick (Bohemia) ; d. July 20, 1868,

Lissa (PosenU Pupil of Tomaschek

(Prague). On the death of Dionys

Weber (1843), appointed Director of

the Prague Conserv., which office he

retained until 1863.

3 Scherzi, Op. 6; Romanza, Op. 10; and a

Grand Septuor for Pf., Fl., Ob., CI., Hn.,

Bssn., and C.-Bass, Op. 25. For his Dpera,

" Bianca e Giuseppe," the libretto was

written by Richard Wagner.

Kjerulf, Halfdan,b. Sept. 17. 1818, Chris-
tiania; d. there, Aug. 11, 1868. Pupil
at the Leipzig Conserv. ; lived, highly
esteemed and beloved, as music teacher
in his native town, where, 1874, a monu-
ment in his honour was erected. One
of his pupils was Madame Baker-

Grondahl. His reputation rests on his

beautiful songs.
Capriccio, Scherzo, Friihlingslied (Spring
Song), Hirtengesang (Shepherd's Song),
Polka, Idyl, Wuggewise (Cradle Song),
Album leaf, Elfentanz (Dance of Elves),
40 Norske Folkeviser (Northern people's
Songs), Scherzino, Intermezzo, Berceuse, a
Rondino (Op. 22), 6 Sketches, Polonaise
(Op. 13), and March (Op. 21) for 4 hands.
Their characteristic expression is notably
a Norwegian one.

Klauser, Carl, b. 1823, St. Petersburg.
Has resided since 1850 in Farmington,
Connecticut (U.S.). He made his name
known by his excellent arrangements
of works by Schumann (Symphonies)
and Liszt, and also by his editions of
Mozart, Beethoven, Chopin, Schu-
mann, and Weber's Pf. works.

Klauwell, Adolph, b. Dec. 31, 1818,
Langensalza (Thuringia); d. Nov. 21,
1879, Leipzig. Well known as an excel-
lent teacher and author of educational
pieces, which obtained great and de-
served popularity. Among them the
" Golden Melody Album " is a favourite
book in Germany. His nephew is —

*Klauwell. Dr. Otto, b. April 7, 1851,
Langensalza (Thuringia). 1865-70,
pupil at the Schulpforta College ; he
participated (1870) in the Franco-
German war ; 1871, he studied Mathe-
matics and Natural Science at the
Leipzig University, but, 1872, devoted
himself entirely to music. 1872-74,
pupil of C. Reinecke (Pf.) and E. F.
Richter (Theory) ; 1874, his essay,
' ' The Historical Development of the
Canon," brought him from the Univer-
sity of Leipzig the diploma of Hon.
Doc. Phil. 1875, appointed Prof, of Pf.,
History and Theory at the Cologne
Conserv. Since 1885, Director of the
Seminary of Teachers connected with
the Conserv.

Variations in D min.. Op. 22 ; ditto in B min..
Op. 27; Phantasiestiicke, Op. 17; sundry
pieces, Op. 31 ; several works of chamber
music. Among his literary works deserve
to be known : " Der Vortrag in der Musik "
(1883), "Der Fingersatz" (1885), " Musik-
alische Bekenntnisse" (1891), " Forraen der
Instrumental Musik" (in the Press).

*Klee, Ludwig, b. April 13, 1846,
Schwerin. Pupil of Th. KuUak (1864-
68) in Berlin, and later, until 1875.
teacher in Kullak's Academy. Since
1875, Director of his own School. He
has the title of Musik-Director to the
Duke of Saxony . Author of ' ' Die Orna-
mentik der Klassischen Klaviermusik "
(The ornaments of classical Pf. music).
In this book the ornaments or graces
are described and explained from Bach
up to Beethoven. Besides this book, his

KLEEBERG— KLINDWORTH.

59

editions of ' ' Klassiche Vortragsstiicke,"
in 3 volumes, containing pieces by
Heller and Mayer, Sonatas by Dussek,
Diabelli, and Kuhlau, enjoy a good
name in Germany and America.
♦Kleeberg, Clotilde, b. June 27, 1866,
Paris. 1876, pupil of Madame Emile
Retz at the Conserv., where she re-
ceived the first medal after her first
year there. Later, a pupil of Madame
Massart, and obtained the first prize
although the youngest of thirty-five
competitors. At the age of twelve she
played at Pasdeloup's Concerts and
created a sensational success. Since
her fifteenth year she has visited Den-
mark, Russia, Austria, Holland, and
England, being everywhere received
with genuine favour. Her teacher in
reading chamber music was Mr. Mas-
sart, and she studied harmony with Mr.
Theod. Dubois. She is decidedly one of
the foremost lady pianists of the present
time and is equally well at home in the
works of Bach or in those of Chopin
or Liszt. Jan., 1894, named " Officier
de I'Academie."
Kleffel, Amo, b. Sept. 4, 1840, Posneck
(Thuringia). Pupil (for one year
only) at the Leipzig Conserv., more
especially under Dr. Hauptmann, from
whom he received private instruction.
1863, Director of the Musical Society of
Riga. He returned (1867) to Germany
and held appointments as operatic
Conductor in Cologne, Amsterdam,
Bremen, Breslau, Stettin, Berlin ;
resided at Cologne as Conductor of
the opera, but is at present in Berlin.
Une fete d'enfants, 8 characteristic pieces for

4 hands, Op. 5 ; Valses and Landler, Op. 21 ;

Ritornelles, Op. 26; Petite Suite, Op. 29;

Impromptu in C min., Op. 27; Nuits itali-

ennes, 6 pieces for 4 hands, Op. 28 ; Toccata,

Lied, &c., Op. 37 ; Jungbrunnen, 30 short

educational pieces, Op. 41.
Klein, Bernhard Joseph, b. March 6,
1793, Cologne ; d. Sept. 9, 1832, Berlin.
Studied first at Cologne, but went (1812)
to Paris and became a pupil of Cheru-
bini. After returning to Germany he
was appointed Conductor of the
Cologne Cathedral ; 1819, Prof, at the
newly founded Institute of Sacred
Music at Berlin, and Music Director of
the University.
3 Sonatas, Fantasia (Op. 8), Variations, and

Grand Sonata for 4 hands.

Kleinheinz, Carl Franz, b. July 3, 1772,

Mindelheim (Wiirtemberg) ; d. 1832,

Pesth. Pupil of Albrechtsberger

(Vienna). Composer of:

Concerto, Sonatas with Vln. (1789), Fantasia

with Vln. (Op. 19), Grand Sonata for 4

hands (Op. 12), Sonata for 2 Pf., Toccata,

and Solo Sonatas.

Kleinmichel, Richard, b. Dec. 31, 1846,
Posen. Pupil at the Conserv. of
Leipzig. For several years teacher in
Hamburg. 1876, Conductor of the
Leipzig Opera, later of that of Magde-
burg. He resides at present in Berlin.
His Pf. works enjoy considerable
popularity, and among them more
particularly —
8 Easy characteristic pieces. Op. 8j Album
pour la jeunesse. Op. i^ ; Notturno-Serenade,
Op. 16; tValse-Capnce, Op. 18; 10 Ara-
besques, Op. 19; 9 Character-Bilder, 4
hands, Op. 21 ; fKinder-Friihling, 18 pieces
for 4 hands, Op. 42; Roses sans Opines (6
Morceaux de Danse a 4 mains). Op. 45;
Album de chants nationaux Franfais, Russes,
Anglais. He has also arranged from the
original scores not less than 34 old Italian,
French, and German operas (Leipzig,
Senfl); he also published an easier Pf.
arrangement of Wagner's later operas.

Klengel, August Alexander, b. Jan. 29,
1784 (1783?), Dresden; d. there, Nov.
22, 1852. Son of the celebrated land-
scape painter, Prof. Joh. Ch. K. The
names of his first teachers are not
known. Clementi, who came (1803) to
Dresden, heard the young artist and
persuaded him to accompany him as
pupil to St. Petersburg ; before, how-
ever, going to Russia they travelled on
the Rhine, in Bavaria, and Prussia.
Clementi, who married (1804) in Berlin,
went with his young wife to Italy, and
parted with Klengel After losing his
wife, Clementi returned to Germany
and again went with Klengel to St.
Petersburg. The latter remained in the
Russian capital (1805-11), giving lessons
and studying by himself. 1811, he
went to Paris, where he remained till
18 13, but left, on account of the warlike
times, for Italy ; returned (1814) to
Dresden, passed one year (1815) in
England, and was appointed (1816)
Organist of the Roman Catholic Hof-
Kirche at Dresden. As a pianist he was
famous for his splendid legato style, the,
so to say, individual independence of
his fingers, and the beautiful style in
which he executed Canons and Fugues.
Among his compositions are —
48 Canons and 48 Fugues, published after
his death by Dr. Hauptmann (1876-1881).
A previous work, published before 1840,
called " Les Avant-coureurs," consists of
24 Canons; 2 Concertos, Quintet, Polonaise
concertante with Orchestra, grand Trio,
Solo Sonatas (Op. 2, 7, and 9), Variations,
Rondos, Fantasias, Nocturnes, Romanzas
(3) (Op. 34), Le depart et le retour (Op. 30),
15 progressive lessons (Op. 21), and 16
Studies.
Klindworth, Carl, b. Sept. 25, 1830,
Hanover. Pupil of Liszt ("Weimar).
He resided from 1854 till 1868 in
London as a teacher, and was also active

6o

KNECHT— KONTSKI.

as a Conductor. 1868, he went to
Moscow, where he edited Chopin's
works. Resides at present in Berlin,
where he is Director of a Music School,
now united with the Scharwenka
School. At the same time he is Con-
ductor of the "Wagner" concerts.
He arranged Wagner's " Nibelungen "
Trilogy for Pf., and also edited Beet-
hoven's Sonatas.
Knecht, Justin Heinrich, b. Sept. 30,
1752, Biberach (Wiirtemberg) ; d. there,
Dec. I, 1817. Pupil of Kramer and
greatly patronised by the celebrated
author, Wieland, who persuaded
Knecht's father to allow his son to
devote himself entirely to music. 1807,
appointed Conductor of the Stuttgart
Opera, which appointment he soon
relinquished, on account of intrigues
by which he was greatly harassed, and
returned to his native place. His Pf.
works are mostly educational —
"Kleine praktische Clavierschule " (4 parts),
" Kleine theoretische Clavierschule " (a
parts) (1800-1802), 48 Preludes, Variations,
Sonatinas, and easy Studies.

Knorr, Julius, b. Sept. 22, 1807, Leipzig;

d. there, June 17, 1861. At first a pupil

of Neudeck (Pf.) . 1834, he founded, with

Schumann and Schunke, the Neue

Zeitschriftfur Musik. His educational

works are very important.

" Guide of Piano music," " Methodischer

Leitfaden fiir Clavierlehrer," " Materialien

fiir das mechanische Clavierspiel " (a most

useful book), Guide for Pianists in the

beginning. The most important artistic

terms explained. Editor of Cramer's

Studies, &c.

Koczalski, Raoul, b. Jan. 3, 1885, War-
saw. At first a pupil of his mother, later
of Gadowski (Warsaw). When only
in his fourth year he played at a Charity
concert ; was very successful in Paris ;
travelled through the greater part of
Europe, and received many decorations
and art medals. The Shah of Persia
named him Court Pianist, with a per-
manent pension of 3,000 francs a year.
His wonderful performances of classical
and modem works have everywhere
created an extraordinary sensation,
heightened by the modesty and natural
manners of the richly gifted child.
Among his greater compositions is a
one-act opera, " Hagar."
Gavotte, Waltzes, and several shorter pieces.

Kohler, Louis, b. Sept. 5, 1820, Bruns-
wick; d. Feb. 16, 1886, Konigsberg
(Prussia). Pupil of A. Sonnemann (Pf.),
Chr. Zinkeisen, sen., and J. A. Leibrock
(Theory) in Brunswick. 1839-43, he
studied in Vienna with C. M. von
Bocklet (Pf.), Sechter and Seyfried

(Theory and Composition). 1847, he
settled in Konigsberg, where he founded
a highly successful school for Pf. play-
ing and Theory. 1880, he received
the title of Konigl. Prof. As a com-
poser he was most successful in his
useful Studies, the greater part of them
is used in almost all the different
Conservs. His Practical Pf. School,
Op. 300; his School for the Left Hand,
Op. 302; and his " Kinder-Clavier-
schule" enjoy a good reputation. As
an author he made himself well known
by his "Der Clavierlehrer" (the Pf.
Teacher, translated into English) ;
" Systematische Lehrmethode fiir
Clavierspiel und Musik," Vol. i, 2nd
edition, 1872; and "Musiklehre,
Metrik, Harmonik," &c., Vol. 2, new
edition, 1883. This second volume
was highly esteemed by M. Haupt-
mann, who mentions its first appear-
ance in his letters to Franz Hauser.
His " Guide to Pf. literature" is, how-
ever, somewhat one-sided, and written
more in the interest of the publisher
than in that of the student. He was
for many years the industrious critic,
and reviewer of new works which ap-
peared, for the Leipziger Signale fiir
die Musikalische Welt. As a critic he
was thoroughly impartial, his style
being distinguished by clearness, con-
ciseness, and a total absence of bom-
bastic expressions. He suggested (1859)
the foundation of the "AUgemeine
Deutsche Tonkiinstler - Verein," of
which Liszt, Wagner, Von Biilow, Dr.
Brendel, Dr. Riedel, Gille, Stern, and
others became members. The bye-laws
of this at present important society were
written by Kohler.

Preliminary Studies, Op. 151 ; "Little School
of Velocity," Op. 242; First Studies, Op.
50; Daily Studies, Op. 150; "New School
of Velocity," Op. 128 ; Studies on English,
Scotch, Irish, and Welsh Melodies, Op.
289 ; Special Studies, Virtuosen-Studien,
Op. 120; and besides these the Studies Op.
47, 79, 1X2, 152, 175, 190, 270, and 280 are for
furthering technical proficiency.

*Koning, David, b. March ig, 1820,
Rotterdam; d. Nov. 6, 1876, Amster-
dam. Pupil of Aloys Schmitt (Frank-
fort). 1840, appointed Conductor of
the Choral Society "Felix meritis," of
Amsterdam. Hon. Member of the
Society St . Cecilia (Rome) , of the Dutch
Society, " Bevordering der Toonkunst,"
and President of the (Dutch) Society
St. Cecilia.
7 Studies in the style of Schmitt, Clement!,
Cramer, &c. ; Sonatas, Friedensmarsch, &c.

Kontski, Antoine de, b. Oct. 27, 1817,
Cracow. His wonderful execution

KOWALSKI— KREBS.

61

created everywhere a sensation, but
not in so great a degree his accom-
plishments as a composer and musician.
1854-67, he resided in St. Petersburg ;
later in Paris, Berlin (appointed Pianist
to the Prussian Court), and for some
time in London. He was decorated
by most of the European Sovereigns.
He resides at present in Buffalo, State
of New York.
"Reveil du Lion," Op. 115; Valses, "La
Victorieuse," Op. 89, and " Souvenir de
Biarritz," Op. 278 ; Grande Polonaise, Op.
271, and " La nuit sur la mer," Op. 259.

Kowalski, Henri, b. 1841, Paris. For a

short time a pupil of Marmontel (Pf.)

and Reber (Composition).

Polonaise de Concert, Op. 10 ; Marche hon-

groise, Op. 13 ; 12 Caprices en forme

d'Etudes, Op. 16 (of these the " Danse

des Dryades is a great favourite) ; " Sur

I'Adriatique " ; Barcarolle, Op. 9, " Sur le

fleuve jaune " ; Barcarolle chinoise. Op. 68 ;

and Serenade japonaise. Op. 79.

Kozeluch (Kotzeluch), Leopold, b. 1753
(1754 ?), Wellwarn (Bohemia) ; d. May
7, 1811, Vienna. Pupil of his cousin,
Joh. Ant. K. (1738-1814). 1778, he
went to Vienna, where he became
teacher to Princess Elisabeth of
Wijrtemberg, later Empress of Austria.
He was the favourite teacher of the
aristocratic and court circles. 1792,
appointed (as successor of W. A.
Mozart) Composer to the Austrian
Court. His daughter, Madame Cibbini ,
a clever pianist, was a highly influential
lady at the Imperial Court, but was,
like her father, suspected of intriguing
against other artists. His many com-
positions are now well-nigh forgotten ;
they are shallow, cold, and unin-
teresting.
Of 40— nearer 50 — Concertos, only 12 were
published ; 3 Concertos for 4 hands, i for 2
Pf. ; about 80 (!) Trios; 40 Sonatas— of
these the 3 Sonatas, Op. 51, 3 ditto. Op. 53,
were popular; Sonatas (about 15) for 4
hands; a great many Dances and smaller
pieces.
*Krause, Anton, b. Nov. 9, 1834, Geithain
(Saxony). Pupil of Fritz Spindler
and F'riedr. Wieck (Dresden). 1850-53,
pupil at the Leipzig Conserv., where
he studied the Pf.with Moscheles and
Theory and Composition with Rietz,
Hauptmann, and Richter. 1859, ap-
pointed Music Director of Barmen,
where he still resides ; received (1877)
the title of Konigl. Musik-Director, and
(1892) the Order of the Prussian Crown.
As a composer of educational works
he enjoys a well-merited reputation.
His Solo Sonatas are Op. i, 10, 12, 19, 21, 24
(18 in all) ; his Sonatas for 4 hands. Op. 3,
18, 22, 26, 27, 30 (13 in all) ; a Sonata for 2
Pf., Op. 17; his Studies (Shake), Op. 2,
4i 5. 9. 15 (especially for strengthening the

left hand) ; 10 melodious Studies for ad-
vanced players. Op. 28 ; 12 Studies for young
performers. Op. 31. Besides these original
works, he edited Czerny's Studies, Op. 139,
299, 636, and 740 ; published a collection of
Sonatinas by classical composers, and the
" Library for 2 Pf." (18 books).
♦Krause, Dr. Eduard, b. March 15, 1837,
Swinemiinde; d. March 28, 1892, Berlin.
Pupil of Hauptmann (Leipzig) and F.
KroU (Berlin). He resided for some
years at Stettin, was appointed in
August, 1875, first Prof, at the Conserv.
of Geneva, but was obliged to relinquish
his appointment on account of illness.
Op. 80, School of the left hand; Op. 8i, Album
leaves and Sketches; Op. 62, tCarmen,
Paraphrase de Concert ; Op. 30, 8 Phan-
tasiestiicke ; Op. 21, Berceuse; Op. 24,
Grand Sonata.
*Krause, Emil, b. July 30, 1840, Ham-
burg. Pupil at the Leipzig Conserv.
Settled, i860, in his native town as a
teacher, composer, and critic. As a
composer he chiefly devoted himself
to educational works which are — like
his Studies (Op. 38 and 57) — of con-
siderable value. His pieces for children
are melodious and practical.
Op. 38, Beitrag zum Studium der Technik;
Op. 70, Clavierschule ; Op. 57, Grundlage
zur hohern Ausbildung; Op. 75, Ergan-
zungen (Supplements) fur Op. 38 and 57 ;
Op. 25, 8 Studies ; Op. 71, Cadences and
Preludes in all keys ; Op. 67, 24 Studies
in all keys; Op. 31, Variations; Sonatas,
Op. 3 and 6 ; 15 works of shorter dimensions,
for 4 hands, Op. 13, 28, 29, and 45.

Krebs, Carl August (really Miedke), b.
Jan. 16, 1804, Niirnberg ; d. May 16,
1880, Dresden. Adopted by the singer,
Krebs, he studied in Vienna with
Seyfried; was appointed (1826) Capell-
meister of the Imperial Opera (Vienna) ;
1827, in a similar capacity at Hamburg ;
and, 1850, Hof-Capellmeister of the
Dresden Opera. His compositions for
Pf. are mostly written in a popular
style, but never obtained the popularity
enjoyed by his songs.

Krebs, Mary (Madame Brenning),
daughter of the above; b. Dec. 5, 1851,
Dresden. Pupil of her father. Ex-
cellent pianist, who created a great
sensation in Germany, Austria, and
America. After returning from her
travels, she was appointed Court
Pianist to the King of Saxony, and
devotes herself at present to teaching.

Krebs, Johann Ludwig (the favourite
pupil of Seb. Bach), b. Oct. 10, 1713,
Buttelstadt; d. Jan. 4, 1780, Altenburg.
Pupil at the Thomas School of Leipzig,
where he enjoyed the private tuition
of Seb. Bach. Appointed Organist at
Zwickau, Zeitz, and Altenburg. His
compositions for clavecin are —

62

KREUTZER— KRUG.

Clavierubung in 4 books, containing Chorales,
Choral-Fugues, a Suite, 6 Sonatas (1743-49) ;
6 Preludes (1740), Suite (1741), Overture
(1741), Concerto (i743)) 6 Suites, Op. 4 ;
Musikalischer Zeitvertreib (a Sonatas, and
6 Sonatas with Fl.) ; 6 " Sonate da Camera
per il Cembalo obligato con Flauto (o
Violino) " (1762).

Kreutzer, Conradin, b. Nov. 22, 1780,
Messkirch (Grand Duchy of Baden) ; d.
Dec. 14,1849, Riga. His talent developed
very early, and although his father, a
miller (who died 1797), intended him
to become a physician, young Kreutzer
resolved to devote himself entirely to
music. He went (1804) to Vienna,
where he was a pupil of Albrechtsberger .
After having filled appointments as
operatic Capellmeister — 1812, at Stutt-
gart ; 1817, at Donaueschingen ; 1825,
1829-32, 1837-40, at Vienna (Imperial
Opera) ; 1832, 1837, ^^ t^s theatre in
the suburb Josephstadt; 1840-46, at
Cologne; 1846-49, again in Vienna — he
went with his daughter, Cecilia, a
distinguished singer, to Riga. His
chief activity was devoted to Operas,
of which he wrote no less than 24.
3 Concertos, Quartet in E min., Trios (of
which Op. 43 is for Pf., Clar., and Bssn.),
several Duos, Pieces for 4 hands, 3 Solos
for Pf., 2 ditto. Divertissements, Fantasias,
Polonaises, Variations, and about 18 easy
pieces, of which the " Celebrated Minuet "
m G became a great favourite.

Krieger, Johann, b. Jan. i, 1652, Niim-
berg ; d. July 18, 1736, Zittau. At first a
pupil of Schwemmer (Sebald's School),
and later, for seven years, of Wecker.
After having finished his studies at
Niirnberg, he went to his brother, Joh.
Philipp K. (Org. at Weissenfels), who
taught him Counterpoint, &c. 1678,
Capellmeister at Greitz ; 1681, Organist
and Conductor at Zittau. Mattheson,
in his " Vollkommene Capellmeister,"
calls him one of the best counterpoint
scholars of his time. The titles of his
works are here given in the original
text—
VI. Musikalische Partien, bestehend in AUe-
manden, Couranten, Sarabanden, u.s.w.,
alien Liebhabern des Claviers, auf einem
Spinet Oder Clavichordis zu spielen, nach
einer ariosen Manier aufgesetzt. (Niirn-
berg, 1697). Anmuthige Clavier-Ubungen in
Ricei.:aten, Praeludien, Fugen, einer Ciac-
cone und einer aufs Pedal gerichteten
Toccata (Niirnberg, 1699).

Kroll, Franz, b. June 22, 1820, Bromberg;
d. May 28, 1877, Berlin. Pupil of
Liszt (Weimar and Paris). Settled
(1849) in Berlin, where he was greatly
esteemed as a pianist. 1863-64, Prof,
at the Stem Conserv. Well known as
the editor of Seb. Bach's Preludes and
Fugues, and of other classical pieces

Krommer, Franz, b. Dec. 5, 1759,
Kamenitz (Moravia) ; d. Jan. 8, 1831,
Vienna. With the exception of a few
lessons he received in the rudiments of
music from his uncle, an organist, he
was entirely self-taught. He held several
appointments in Simonthum and Fiinf-
kirchen (Hungary), accompanied Prince
Grassalkowitz as Capellmeister to
Vienna, and became (18 18) successor of
L. Kozeluch as "Imperial Composer."
His compositions, now entirely for-
gotten, were in their time very popular.
Quartet (Op. ps), 2 Trios (Op. 84 and 87),

6 Sonatas with Vln., Polonaises, Marches,

Valses, &c.

Kriiger, Wilhelm, b. Aug. 5, 1820, Stutt-
gart ; d. there, June 16, 1883. Pupil of
C. Ziegele (Pf.) and Lindpaintner
(Theory and Composition) . He resided,
1845-70, a popular teacher and admired
performer, in Paris, but he had to
leave on account of the Franco-German
war. 1870, appointed Pianist to the
Court of WQrtemberg and Prof, at the
Conserv. of Stuttgart. His composi-
tions (they reach the number of 168)
are mostly —
Transcriptions, Illustrations, Fantasias, &c.,
of operatic works. Etudes (les six jours de la
semaine. Op. 32), Caprices, Nocturnes, &c.
Of his original works the " Harpe iEoIienne,"
Guitare, Polonaise-Bolero, Op. 97, have
become very popular. A work of decided
merit is his edition of Handel's Clavecin
works, 2 vols.

Krufft, Baron Nicolaus, b. Feb. i, 1779,

Vienna; d. there, April 16, 1818. It

was his father's wish that he should

follow the career of an employe of the

State, and he actually became before

his death Imperial Councillor. Pupil

of Albrechtsberger. Excellent pianist.

3 Caprices, Op. 33 ; 12 Exercices en forme des

Ecossaises ; 24 Preludes et F'ugues dans

tous les tons, Liv. 1-4 (this work was much

esteemed). Adagio and Variations, Sonata,

and eleven sets of Variations on national

airs and themes of Cherubini, Pleyel,

Rossini, &c.

•Krug, Dietrich, b. May 21, 1820, Ham-
burg; d. there, April 7, 1880. Pupil
of Melchert (b. 1810 at Altona), but
mostly self-taught. 1840, he made the
acquaintance of Jacques Schmitt, at that
time a highly renowned artist, to whom
he played, whereupon Schmitt advised
him to call himself a pupil of his, as it
might be useful to his career ; but he
was not really his pupil. With regard
to composition, he was entirely self-
taught ; as a pianist (Hummel-Kalk-
brenner period) he was very distin-
guished and much admired for his
delightful touch and brilliant execution.
His educational works are very

KRUG— KUHNAU.

63

melodious, their style is correct and
clear, and their technical part practical
and brilliant, without ofifering any
great difficulties. He published also a
Method of Pf. playing, a Collection of
Studies (School of Velocity), and a
great many arrangements of classical
works. His son —
♦Krug, Arnold, b. Oct. 16, 1849, Ham-
burg. Was a pupil of his father and of
Cornelius Gurlitt of Altona. 1868, he
went to Leipzig and became a pupil of
C. Reinecke. After this he remained
for several years in Berlin studying
with Kiel and Eduard Frank, and
was appointed teacher at the Stern
Conserv. i86g, he obtained the
Scholarship of the Mozart foundation
(Frankfort o/M.), and, 1877, the
" Meyerbeer " prize. He is now Prof,
at the "Hamburg" Music School and
Director of the Altona Sing-Akademie.
As a composer he enjoys a well-
deserved reputation.
Trio, Op. I ; 4_ Phantasiestiicke, Op. 3 ; 5
Impromptus, in form of Valses, Op. 4, for
4 hands; Quartet in C min.. Op. 16; 3
Clavierstucke, Op. 17 ; the Duets " Fahrende
Musikanten," Op. 20; and Album leaves.
Op. 31 (6 pieces). Besides these he arranged
his " Roumanian Dances," Op. 22, for 4
hands.
KiifTner, Johann Jacob Paul, b. 1713,
Niirnberg; d. 1786, Regensburg(Ratis-
bon), Capellmeister to the Prince of
Thurn and Taxis. Excellent organist
and clavecinist.
2 Sonatas, Op. i (a second edition appeared,
1762, at Niirnberg); 9 Sonatas with Vln; a
collection of short pieces and Sonata for 4
hands. 10 Concertos remained in manu-
script.

Kiindinger, Rudolph, b. March 2, 1832,
Nordlingen (Bavaria). Pupil of his
father. Settled (1850) in St. Peters-
burg, where his performances were
greatly admired, and led to the post of
instructor to the Czaritsa and the
children of the Grand Duke Constantin
NicolajeviS.
Trio, Op. 10; Mazurka-Fantaisie, Op. 16;
Nocturnes, Concert pieces, &c.

*Kufferath, Hubert Ferdinand, b. June 10,
1818 (not 1808, as given by many
dictionaries), at Miilheim a/d/Ruhr
(Germany) . At first a pupil of his elder
brother, Joh. Hermann (1797-1864),
afterwards of Hartmann (Cologne) for
Vln. ; later, of Ferd. David and of
Mendelssohn (Vln. and Composition) in
Leipzig. 1 84 1 -44 , Conductor of the Male
Choral Society (Cologne); he settled
(1844) in Brussels, where he became
teacher of Princess Charlotte (later,
Empress of Mexico), Count and
Countess of Flanders, and other

members of the Royal Belgian family ;
1872, appointed Prof, of Counterpoint
and Fugue at the Royal Conserv. of
Brussels, and (1885) Knight of the
Order of Leopold. His compositions
for Pf. are —
Capriccio, Op. i; Concerto, Op. 24; Trio,
Op. 9; Quartet, Op. 12; Etudes de Con-
cert, Op. 2, Op. 8, Op. 35 ; Characterstiicke,
Op. 30; Valses (4 hands). Op. 40.
His brother —
♦Kufferath, Louis, b. Nov. 10, 181 1,
Miilheim a/d/Ruhr; d. March 2, 1881,
Brussels. Pupil of his elder brother, Joh.
Hermann, later of Friedr. Schneider
(Dessau). 1836-50, Director of the
Conserv. of Leeuwarden (Holland) ;
he settled (1850) in Ghent as a teacher,
but removed later to Brussels. He
was a brilliant pianist and excellent
teacher. Only a few of his composi-
tions were published.
Trios, Morceaux de Salon, Variations.
*Kuhe, Wilhelm, b. Dec. 10, 1823,
Prague. Pupil of Proksch, Tomaschek,
and Thalberg. With the singer Pischek
he went (1845) to London; settled there,
dividing his duties as a teacher between
Brighton and London. 1870-82, he
gave in Brighton very successful annual
Festivals. 1886, appointed Prof, at the
R.A.M., London. The King of Prussia
conferred on him the Order of the
Crown. His compositions consist of
drawing-room pieces, operatic Fan-
tasias, Romanzas, &c., some of which
have obtained great popularity.
Feu follet. Gondola, Etude de Concert, and
Rosee du Soir.
Kuhlau, Friedrich, b. March 13 (Sept.
II ?), 1786, tjlzen (Hanover) ; d.
March 18 (12?), 1832, Copenhagen.
Pupil of Schwenke in Hamburg. He
went (1810) to Copenhagen; was ap-
pointed Flautist of the Royal Orchestra,
and, later, promoted to a Professorship
and to officiate as Composer to the
Court. For the Pf. he composed —
Sonatas, Op. 4, 5, 8 (12-15) ; Sonatas (3),
Op. 52; Sonatas (3), Op. 60; Grande Sonate
brillante, Op. 127 ; Sonatinas (16), Op. 20,
55i 59 ; Sonatinas with Vln. ad lib.. Op. 88
several Sonatas with Vln. (or Fl.)
3 Quartets; Concerto, Op. 7; Allegro
pathdtique. Op. 123 ; Sonatas and Sonatinas
for 4 hands. Op. 8, 17, 44, 66 ; many Rondos
and Variations.
Kuhnau, Johann, b. April, 1667 (1666?),
Geysing (Saxony) ; d. June 5, 1722,
Leipzig. Pupil at the Kreuzschule
(School of the Cross) in Dresden, but
he left for his native place on account
of the pestilence breaking out. For
some time Organist in Zittau, he was
(1684) successor of Kiihnel as Organist
of the Thomas Church of Leipzig, and
was elected (1700) Director of Music of

64

KULLAK— KWAST.

the Leipzig University and Cantor of
the Thomas School, where Seb. Bach
succeeded him. He was not only an
excellent musician, but a highly accom-
plished scholar; he had studied the
law, translated from the Greek,
Hebrew, &c. With Froberger, Pach-
elbel, and Buxtehude, Kuhnau was
decidedly the most worthy predecessor
of Bach.
The "first" Sonata in B flat, 1695; Neuer
Clavierubung erster Theil, bestehend in 7
Partien aus dem Ut, Re, Mi oder Tertia
majore eines jedweden Toni, &c., Allen
Liebhabern zu sonderbarer Annehmligkeit
aufgesetzet und verleget von J. Kuhnauen
(Leipzig, 1689). Neuer Clavieriibung anderer
Theil— das ist, 7 Partien, &c.; benebenst
einer Sonata aus dem B (flat). See above.
(Leipzig, 1695.) Frische Clavierfriichte oder
7 Suonaten von guter Invention und Manier,
auf dem Claviere zu spielen (Leipzig, 1696).
Musikalische Vorstellung einiger bib-
lischer Historien in 6 Sonaten, auf dem
Clavier zu spielen : Sonate i. The fight
between David and Goliath ; 2. Saul cured
by David through music ; 3. Jacob's wed-
ding; 4. The deadly ill and again healthy
Hiskias ; 5. The Saviour of Israel, Gideon ;
6. Jacob's death and funeral.

KuUak, Dr. Adolph, b. Feb. 23, 1823,
Meseritz ; d. Dec. 25, 1862, Berlin.
Studied philosophy at the Berlin
University ; was a pupil of Agthe and
Dr. B. Marx. Appointed teacher at
his brother's Academy, contributor to
several musical journals, and author of
the following important works :
"Das Musikalische Schone" and "Aesthetik
des Clavierspiels," of which the third edition
was revised (1889) by Dr. Hans Bischoff.
About 15 solo pieces, amongst them a Noc-
turne (Op. 37), Ballade (Op. 38), Le Chant
des Oc^anides (Op. 23).

Kullak, Dr. Theodor, b. Sept. 12, 1818,
Krotoschin; d. March i, 1882, Berlin.
Through the interest of Prince Radzi-
will (composer of the music to Goethe's
"Faust," b. 1775; d. 1833) he played
at Court when only eleven years old.
Pupil of Agthe (Posen), Dehn (Har-
mony) at Berlin ; 1842, pupil of Czerny
(Pf.), Sechter and Otto Nicolai
(Theory and Composition) at Vienna.
After having finished his studies in
Vienna, he travelled ; having settled in
Berlin, he became teacher to the Royal
Family, was appointed (1846) Court
Pianist; founded (1850), with Julius
Stern and Dr. Bernh. Marx, the Berlin
(later, Stern) Conserv., dissolved
(1855) the partnership, and started

the eminently successful " Neue
Akademie der Tonkunst," which
existed for 25 years, and at which
Xaver and Philipp Scharwenka, M.
Moszkowski, Alfred Griinfeld, Sher-
wood, Martha Remmert, Dr. Hans
Bischoff, Dr. O. Neitzel, C. Sternberg
Erica Lie, and Helen Geissler were
pupils. KuUak's eminent qualities as
a teacher were generally admired and
his excellent performances enthu-
siastically applauded . 1 86 1 , he received
the title of Konigl . Prof ., was named Hon .
Member of the Royal Philharmonic
Academy of Florence, Knight of the
Orders "Red Eagle" and "Prussian
Crown," and of several other orders.
As a composer he was very industrious.
His son, Franz Kullak, b. April 12,
1842, continued the Academy, but
dissolved it, 1889.
" Materials for Elementary Instruction " and
" School of Octaves " (a highly important
work) are considered very useful; Concerto,
Op- 55 ; 7 Octave Studies, Op. 48 ; Pas-
torales, Op. 75 ; Kinderleben, I., II. (a
charming collection). Op. 62 ; Ballade, Op.
54; Impromptu-Caprice, Op. 97; 2 Polo-
naises caractdristiques, Op. 103 ; 4 solo
pieces, Op. 104 ; Hymn, Op. 85, &c. His
Transcriptions of national songs (Airs
nationaux russes, Op. 108 ; Lieder aus alter
Zeit ; Romances du vieux temps. Op. in)
are very effective, and his " Arpdges " and
" Gazelle " have often been played at
concerts.

Kunz, Conrad Max, b. Dec. 30, 1812,
Schwandorf (Bavaria) ; d. Aug. 3,
1875, Munich. Conductor of the Royal
Opera Choir. Although his reputation
rests principally on his works for male
voices, his 200 short Canons (Op. 14)
are too important to be passed over ;
for with Seb. Bach's Duets and two-part
Inventions they are the most practical
introduction for a correct performance
of Fugues. Actually intended only
for beginners, more advanced per-
formers will also derive great benefit
from studying them with attention.

■"Kwast, James, b. Nov. 23, 1852, Nijkerk
(Holland). Pupil of his father, later of
Reinecke and Richter (Leipzig), Kullak
and Wiierst (Berlin), L. Brassin and
Gevaerts (Brussels). 1874, appointed
Prof, at the Cologne Conserv., which
appointment he changed for a similar
one at the Hoch Conserv. of Frank-
fort o/M.
Trio, Concerto, Romanza in F sharp, &c.

LACHNER— LAIDLAW.

63

L.

Lachner, Vinzenz, b. July 19, 1811,
Rain (Bavaria) ; d. Jan. 22, 1893,
Carlsruhe (Baden). Like his brothers,
Franz and Ignaz L., he was at first
instructed by his father, a poor school-
master, and had afterwards to depend
entirely on his own exertions. In his
17th year he accepted the appointment
of tutor, in a Polish family living at
Posen. Afterwards he came to Vienna,
received the post of Organist of the
Lutheran Church, and was (1836)
called to Mannheim o/Rhine to succeed
his brother Franz as Capellmeister of
the Opera, which post he retained
until 1873, when he retired and went to
Carlsruhe (Baden), occupying himself
with teaching and composing. He
was one of the best and most widely
instructed musicians of our age — well
acquainted with history, taking lively
interest in natural science, well read in
poetry and literature ; he was, at the
same time, an excellent and sharp, yet
kind critic, from whom his pupils
learned much by his explaining de-
ficiencies in the plainest manner and
showing the means for improvement.
Of his compositions for Pf. not many
have been published. These are : —
tPrelude and Toccata in D min. ; tRustic
Dances; 42 Variations on the C maj. scale,
Op. 42 ; 7 Pieces in the form of Valses ;
tlinpromptu and Tarantelle, Op. 52 ; Bunte
Blatter ; Quartet (prize) with Strings, Op. 10.

*Lack, Theodore, b. Sept. 3, 1846,
Quimper (Finisterre). Pupil and
Laureat of the Paris Conserv., where
Marmontel (Pf.) and Bazin (Harmony)
were his teachers. He has resided,
since 1863, as a teacher in Paris. 1881,
named Officier de 1' Academic ; 1887,
Ofiicier de I'lnstruction publique.

Op. 30, Etudes ^l^gantes ; Op. 85, Etudes de
Mdlle. Didi, I., II. ; Op. 20, Tarantelle ; Op.
27, Boldro ; Op. 40, Valse espagnole ; Op. 61,
Scenes enfantines ; Op. 106, Souvenir
d'Alsace. For 2 Pf. : Polonaise de Concert.

Lacombe, Louis Brouillon, b. Nov. 26,
1818, Bourges (Departement Cher) ; d.
Sept. 30, 1884, St. Vaast-la-Hougue.
1829, he entered the Paris Conserv.,
became at once a pupil of Zimmermann
and gained, after two years, the first
prize for playing. After leaving Paris
he went to Germany and Vienna, where
Czerny, Fischhof, and Sechter gave
him lessons, and where he was able to

become more thoroughly acquainted
with classical music. In his concerts
he was everywhere successful, for his
playing was considered most satis-
factory and highly interesting. When
he returned to Paris he obtained a large
circle of industrious pupils, to whom
he was a sympathising and encouraging
teacher. His best-known works are —
Op. 8, 4 Nocturnes ; Op. 40, Etudes en
Octaves ; Op. 45, Choral, Grande Etude de
Concert ; Op. 50, 2 Nocturnes ; Op. 52,
6 Romances sans paroles, and the charming
Lullaby " Dors, mon enfant."
Lacombe, Paul, b. 1837, Carcassonne
(Departement Oude). Pupil of Teys-
seyre in his native place, but mostly
relying on his own exertions and
industry. He made his name favourably
known by —
Sonatas for Pf. and Vln., Op. 8 and 17 ; 4
Duos for Pf. and V'cello, Op. 10 ; a Trio,
Op. 12; a Suite (A min.). Op. 15; Etudes,
Op. 18 ; 5 Arabesques, Op. 16 ; and the
"Aubade aux Marias," Op. 56.

Ladurner, Ignaz Anton Franz Xaver, b.
Aug. I, i766,Aldein(Tyrol); d.March4,
1839, Paris. 1777, he went to the
monastery of Benediktbeuren, where
he began his first compositions and
practised the clavecin with rare energy.
1782, on the death of his father, he had,
in order to sustain his mother, to accept
the appointment of organist at Algund
near Meran, until his younger brother,
Joseph Aloys L., succeeded him. He
went to Munich, continued his studies,
and found in the Countess Haimhausen
(a good pianist) a kind patroness, who
took him to her Chateau Longeville
(Champagne), where he remained until
1788, when he went to Paris and soon
found a large number of pupils. His
industry must have been marvellous,
for during 40 years he occupied 15
hours out of the 24 with teaching. One
of his pupils was Auber.
Sonatas, 3, Op. i; 3, Op. 2; 3, Op. 4; 3 for
Pf. and Vln., Op. 5 ; 3 ditto, Op. 7; Sonata
for 4 hands, Op. 6 ; 3 Sonatas followed by a
Caprice, Op. 11. Besides these he wrote
Variations and Divertissements.
*Laidlaw,AnnaRobena (Mrs.Thomson),
b. April 30, 1819, Bretton, Yorkshire.
She was educated at Edinburgh, where
Robert Miiller was her musical teacher.
1830, her parents took her to Konigs-
berg (Prussia), where she made such
rapid progress that it was decided to
let her become an artist. 1834, she

66

LALO— LARA.

came to London and had lessons from
Henri Herz ; 1836, she went to Berlin,
where she enjoyed the friendship and
advice of Ludwig Berger; 1837, she
made in Leipzig the acquaintance of
Robert Schumann, who was so
fascinated by her performances that
he inscribed to her his beautiful Phan-
tasiestiicke, Op. 12. She then gave
most successful concerts in Vienna,
Breslau, Hanover (appointed Pianist
to the Queen), and other towns. 1840,
she returned to London and remained
there for two years as a teacher. 1842,
she started for a lengthened concert
tour to Paris, Brussels, the Dutch
towns, Frankfort o/M., &c., and was
everywhere received by the crowned
heads with unusual kindness and
with the warmest sympathy and
every mark of sincere appreciation by
the public. Via Berlin she went to
Konigsberg, giving in this town a
concert in aid of charity, and returned,
1845, to London, when she invited her
parents (her father having failed as a
merchant) to join her. She supported
them until 1852, when she married a
Scotch gentleman, Mr. Thomson, and
retired into private life. All reports
agree about the fine, correct, graceful,
elegant, and thoroughly musicianly
qualities of her interesting perform-
ances, and the letters which Schumann
addressed to her are the best proof of
how high she stood in his esteem and
admiration.

Lalo, Edouard (Victor Antoine), b.

Jan. 27, 1830, Lille ; d. April 23, 1892,

Paris. Excellent violinist (also viola).

Pupil of Baumann (Lille).

2 Trios, Sonata with V'cello, ditto with Vln.,

and characteristic pieces with Vln.

•Lamont, Frederic, b. Jan. 28, 1868,
Glasgow. At first apupil of his brother,
David L. ; 1882, pupil at the Raff
Conserv., Frankfort o/M., where Max
Schwarz (Pf), Urspruch (Composi-
tion), Heermann (Vln.) were his
teachers. 1884-85, he received lessons
from Dr. von Biilow in Frankfort o/M.,
Berlin, and Meiningen ; 1885-86, pupil
of Liszt at Weimar and Rome. He
played with distinguished and decided
success in England, Germany, and
other countries, and is one of the
foremost pianists of the day.
8 Clavierstiicke, Op. i, and a Trio, Op. 2.
Several other Chamber music works nave
not yet been published.

Lampert, Ernst, b. July 3, 1818, Gotha;
d. there, June 17, 1879. Pupil of
Hummel (Weimar), Hauptmann and

Spohr (Cassel). 1844, appointed
Concertmeister and (1855) Hof-
Capellmeister at Gotha. From his
Duke he received the Cross of Merit,
and from the King of Prussia the gold
medal for Art and Science. His com-
positions for Pf. and Vln., and other
string instruments, are well and solidly
constructed.
•Lange, Gustav, b. Aug. 13, 1830,
Schwerstedt, near Erfurt ; d. July 19,
1889, Wernigerode. Pupil of Wilh.
Bach, Grell, and Albert Loschhorn.
Composer of more than 400 light, easy,
and effective pieces, which were in great
demand and published in England,
America, France, and Germany. Their
style is correct, and nowhere suffers
from vulgarity. His most popular
pieces are —
Message of the Swallow, Op. 58 ; Boatman's
Serenade, Op. 61 ; Zither Echoes, Op. 67 ;
Brahms's Cradle Song, Op. 190a ; In jungen
Tahren, Op. 316 ; With flying flags, Op. 318 ;
Mazeppa Galop, Op. 327 ; Farewell to the
Aim, Op. 334 ; Love of long ago. Op. 335 ;
The Dulcimer, Op. 355; Jean et Jeanette,
Gavotte, Op. 362; Musical Box, Op. 384;
Love on the Aim, Op. 393 ; Woodland round.
Op. 406. Also, Op. 344, 347, 366, 371, 375,
376, and 399.
♦Lange, Samuel de, b. Feb. 22, 1840,
Rotterdam. Pupil of his father, J. F.
Dupont, Joh, J. H. Verhulst (Rot-
terdam), Alex. Winterberger (Vienna),
B. Damcke (Brussels), and C. Mikuli
(Lemberg). 1856-57, he travelled with
the famous violoncellist, Francois
Servais, in Austria and Poland ; 1857-
58, with his brother in Galicia; rSCo-
63, active as a teacher in LeuiLerg ;
1869-72, went as organist to the
principal German towns, Paris, and
Vienna; 1873-74, appointed teacher at
the Music School of Rotterdam ; 1874-
75, in a similar capacity at Basle;
1876-85, at the Cologne Conserv.,
Prof, of Pf., Organ, and Harmony,
and Conductor of the celebrated
Male Choral Society ; 1885-93, Con-
ductor of the Society " Promotion of
Music " at The Hague.
Concerto, 3 Sonatas with Vln., Sonata with
V'cello, Sonata for Pf. solo, Trio and Quintet
with strings.
♦Lara, Adelina de, b. Jan. 23, 1872,
Carlisle (her grandparents were
Spanish). 1885, she went to Frank-
fort o/M. in order to study with Clara
Schumann, with whom she remained
for five years. Before this she had
lessons from Fanny Davies. Her
teacher in Composition and Counter-
point was IwanKnorr (Frankfort o/M.).
Her appearances in London and the
provinces were eminently successful.

LAUSKA— LEDENT.

67

Lauska, Franz (Seraphinus), b. Jan. 13,
1764, Briinn ; d. April 28, 1825, Berlin.
Although his father intended him to
become a gentleman farmer, his love
for music was so great that he devoted
almost all his time to its study and
received permission to go (1784) to
Vienna, where Albrechtsberger was his
teacher. The Duke of Serbelloni en-
gaged him to accompany him to
Rome, and after his return the Palatine
of Bavaria elected him Kammer-
Musikus. 1794, he went, via Frank-
fort o/M. and Hamburg, to Copenhagen,
where he created a great sensation, and
resided there as a teacher for four years.
1798, he arrived in Berlin, where his
name was already well known ; the
Court engaged him as a teacher, and the
number of his pupils was so great that
he scarcely found time for composing.
Among his pupils was Meyerbeer. His
style of playing was elegant, fluent,
brilliant, full of grace and refinement.
His compositions were popular and
much played.
24 Sonatas (Op. i, in C min. ; Op. 4, Grande
Sonata; Op. 43, Sonata path^tique). Sonata
with V'cello, Op. 28. Several pieces for 4
hands : Sonata, Op. 31, in B flat ; Polonaise
in C ; 6 easy and agreeable pieces, &c. ;
Rondeaux, Polonaise, and Variations for 2
hands. With Beczwarsowsky he published
a Method of Pf. playing.
Lazare, Martin, b. Oct. 27, 1829,
Brussels. Pupil of Van der Does
(Hague) and Zimmermann (Paris).
6 Concert Studies, 6 Etudes de genre, Sici-
lienne (Op. 16), and some Valses de Salon.
•Le Beau, Louise Adolpha, b. April 25,
1850, Rastatt (Baden), daughter of
an officer. Pupil of Wilh. Kalliwoda
(Carlsruhe) and Clara Schumann in
Baden. Composition and Counterpoint
she studied in Munich with Prof. Sachs
and J. Rheinberger; from Dr. Franz
Lachner she received advice about
Instrumentation. Up to 1885 she
conducted a private school for Pf.
playing and theory ; after 1885 she
resided for a few years at Wiesbaden,
and has lived, since 1890, permanently in
Berlin. Her performances in Munich,
Berlin, Leipzig, Baden, and Vienna
were greeted with sincere cordiality and
warm applause; but more than this,
her excellent compositions, solidly
constructed, melodious, and interesting,
were an agreeable surprise for the
critical public of these towns.
Trio, Op. 15; Fantasia with Orchestra, Op. 25;
Quartet with strings. Op. 28 ; Solo Sonata
for Pf., Op. 8 ; Sonata with Vln., Op. 10 ;
ditto with V'cello, Op. 15; Variations on
an original theme. Op. 3 ; Improvisata for
the left hand alone, Op. 30; and Gavotte,
Op. 32 (very popular).

Lebert (really Levy), Sigismund, b.
Dec. 12, 1822, Ludwigsburg (near
Stuttgart) ; d. Dec. 8. 1884, Stuttgart.
Pupil of Tomaschek, Dionys Weber,
Tedesco, and Proksch (Prague). He
was, with great success, for several
years active as a teacher in Munich,
and founded (see Stark), with Dr. Faisst,
Brachmann, Stark, and Speidel, the
Stuttgart Conserv., in which he had
many opportunities of exhibiting his
rare accomplishments as a teacher. He
published with Stark the great Method
of Pf . playing, which has been trans-
lated into English (3 editions), and an
instructive edition of the Classics,
although in several instances of
doubtful merit. The University of
Tiibingen conferred on him the
diploma of Hon. Doc. Phil., and the
late King of Wiirtemberg gave him the
title of Konigl. Professor. For the
" Method" he wrote many Studies.
Le Carpentier, Adolphe Clair, b. Feb. 17,
1809, Paris; d. there, July 14, 1869.
Pupil of Lesueur and Fetis at the
Conserv. (181 8) ; he gained several
prizes and established himself (1833) as
a teacher. His patience, experience,
and general kindness as an instructor
brought him numerous pupils, and his
educational pieces were soon popular
in France, England, Belgium, and
Germany.
His " Methode de Piano pour les enfants " is a
standard work, and his 25 Etudes elemen-
taires, Op. 59, are excellent ; likewise his
collection, Le progres, 24 Etudes. His
pieces (about 270) on operatic and national
airs are very often used ; they are written
with care, and not difficult.

Le Couppey, Felix, b. April 14, 1814,

Paris ; d. there, July, 1887. In his tenth

year (1824) he entered the Conserv. as

a pupil of Dourlen, whom he succeeded

in 1843. When only in his seventeenth

year Cherubini entrusted him with a

preparatory class for Dourlen and

Leborne. 1848, when H. Herz went to

America, Le Couppey was selected as

his substitute. A special class for ladies

was arranged for him, and amongst

his fair pupils we find the names of

Madame Montigny-Remaury, Vidal,

and Mdlle. Coudere. He received the

Legion of Honour, and his pupils

remember him with sincere affection.

His educational works are well known :

"£coledu m^canisme du Piano," 24 Etudes

,primaires. Op. 10; L'art du Piano, 50 Etudes

with remarks; and a pamphlet, "De I'en-

seignement du Piano; conseils auxjeunes

Professeurs " (1865).

*Ledent, Felix Etienne, b. Nov. 17,
1816, Liege; d. there, Aug. 23, 1886.

68

LEDUC— LESCHETIZKI.

Pupil at the Liege Conserv., 1827 ; later
of Daussoigne-Mehul (Paris). 1843,
he received the second prize of Rome.
1844, appointed Prof, at the Liege
Conserv., and received later the Order
of Leopold and other distinctions. He
was an excellent pianist, of whom the
Liegois were very proud. As a com-
poser he did not make any great mark.
Leduc, Alphonse, b. March 9, 1804,
Nantes ; d. June 17, 1868, Paris.
Was a pianist, composer, teacher, and
musicseller. His father, an excellent
bassoon player, taught his son several
instruments ; thus he could play in a
concert on the bassoon, flute, or
guitar. For several years a pupil at the
Paris Conserv. 1841, he established
the publishing and musicselling
business, which still exists. He wrote
above 1,000 small pieces. Of his
educational works the best known
are —
M^thode ^l^mentaire de Piano, a I'usage des
pensions (about 20 editions) ; 25 petites
Etudes, &c.. Op. 156 ; Etudes ^Umentaires,
Op. 128; Etudes m^lodiques. Op. 146;
Etudes de m^canisme, Op. 100, &c.
Lefebure-W61y, Louis James Alfred,
b. Nov. 13, 1817, Paris; d. there, Jan.
I, 1870. At first a pupil of his father,
Antoine L.-W., Organist at St. Rochus
Church ; later at the Conserv., where
Benoist (Organ), Zimmermann (Pf.),
Berton and Halevy (Composition)
were his teachers. When only in his
eighth year he acted as substitute for
his father, and when only fourteen
years old he became his successor.
He received several prizes at the Con-
serv., became in time Organist of the
Madeleine (1847), but resigned (1858)
this post in order to devote himself
entirely to composition. 1863, he ac-
cepted the post of Organist of St.
Sulpice, as successor to his private
teacher, Sejan, 1850, he received the
Legion of Honour and (1859) the
Spanish Order of Charles IH.
50 Etudes ; 3 Etudes de Salon, Op. 44 ; Etude
raoyen-4ge. Op. 76 ; Saltarelle, Etude, Op. 57;
la Retraite militaire, Op. 68 ; la Garde
montante. Op. 31 ; Larmes du coeur, Op. 84 ;
Pens^es intimes. Op. 91 (3) ; Aprds la Vic-
toire, Marche, Op. 87 ; les Cloches du
Monast^re, la Chasse k courre. Op. 64 ; la
Serenade du Gondolier, Op. 88.
Leitert, Johann Georg, b. Sept. 29,
1852, Dresden. Pupil of Kragen and
Reichel (Pf), Rischbieter (Harmony).
1865, he played with eminent success
in Dresden ; 1867, he went to Engfend ;
1869, to Liszt, with whom he remained
for 2 years in Rome; 1871, he returned
to his native town, Dresden, and accom-
panied (1872) the violinist Wilhelmj

on a tour to the towns of East Prussia

and Russian Poland. 1879-81, was

a teacher at Horak's Piano School

(Vienna) . Of his merits as an executive

artist, some critics speak in enthusiastic

terms and declare his memory to be

a phenomenal one.

Esquisses, Op. 12; Chants du crdpuscule. Op.

24 ; Rayons et ombres, Op. 31 ; Valse

Capiice, Op. 43; Feuilles d'Amour, Op. 37;

Lose Blatter, Op. 38.

Lemoine, Henri (fourth son of the
guitarist and music-publisher, Antoine
Marcel L.), b. Oct., 1786, Paris; d.
there. May 18, 1854. Pupil at the Con-
serv., of Berton, Dourlen, and Catel ;
he received prizes in 1805, 1806, 1807,
1809. 1821 , he took lessons of Reicha, to
whom he owes more than to his former
teachers; 1817, he succeeded his
father as a publisher. As a composer
he made himself known by
Sonate a 4 mains; Polonaise, Op. 5 ; Etrennes,
Sonatines faciles; several books of Varia-
tions; 36 books of " Bagatelles " ; 50 Etudes
enfantines, Op. 37 ; several books of " Recre-
ations." His principal work is " M^tbode
pratique " and Tablettes du Pianiste,
Memento du Professeur de Piano (1844).

Lentz, Heinrich Gerhard, b. 1764,
Cologne; d. Aug. 21, 1839, Warsaw.
He was a pupil of his father, an
excellent organist. 1784, he went to
Paris, where he had the rare luck to
perform one of his own Concertos at the
Concerts spirituels. 1791, he went to
London, where Clementi, Salomon,
and even Joseph Haydn showed him
every possible attention. 1795, he
returned to Germany, went first to
Hamburg, but then was (1796) in-
vited by Prince Louis Ferdinand of
Prussia to join him at Berlin. He was
on intimate terms with the Prince
until 1802, when Dussek appeared and
put Lentz into the background. He
left Berlin, went to Halle, Lemberg,
and lastly to Warsaw, where he was
appointed Prof, at the Conserv. (1826-
31). He was a popular teacher, much
sought after.
3 Concertos (Paris), 9 Trios, Sonatas with
Vln., Sonata for 4 hands, Preludes, Varia-
tions, &c.

•Leschetizki, Theodor, b. 1830, Langert <
(Austrian Poland). At first a pupil of his
father, an eminent and favourite teacher
at Vienna; afterwards of C. Czemyand
Sechter (Composition). He completed
his studies at the College (Gymnasium)
and attended the University in order
to study Philosophy, but owing to the
Revolution of 1848 the University was
closed. He began when in his fifteenth
year to teach ; and he appeared with

LESSMANN— LIEBLING.

69

great success in concerts (1842-
48 and 1852). In 1852 he left for
St. Petersburg, where he was (with
but few exceptions) working for 27
years, not only as a teacher — private
and at the Conserv. — but also as a
public performer and composer, and,
during the absence of Rubinstein, as
Maestro di capella to the Grand Duchess
Helena. After having been married
a first time — which union was dis-
solved— he married (1880) his former
pupil, Annette Essipoff (Essipowa).
1878, his impaired health obliged him
to leave Russia; he visited London
(where he appeared at the Musical
Union and New Philharmonic con-
certs), Holland, Germany, and again
Vienna, where he remained as a
private teacher, receiving pupils from
all parts of the world. His merits
have been recognised by the Sovereigns
of Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Rou-
mania, who all conferred on him high
Orders. Of his published compositions
the best known are —
Souvenirs d'ltalie (6 pieces), 4 Morceaux pour
Piano, Suite a la Campagne, Menuetto
capriccioso, Mazurkas (Op. 24), Las deux
Alouettes (Op. 22), tValse chromatique,
Second Nocturne (Op. 12), La Petite
Coquette (Op. 12, VI.), Souvenir de St.
Petersbourg (Op. 15).

Lessmann, W. J. Otto, b. Jan. 30, 1844,
Riidersdorfer Kalkberge (near Berlin).
At first educated at Magdeburg, where
his father had a music business ; pupil
of A. J. Ritter ; in Berlin of H. von
Biilow (Pf.) and Kiel (Composition).
1866, teacher at the Stern Academy;
later (until 1871) at Tausig's Academy
of Pf. playing ; for a short time pro-
prietor of a similar Academy; since 1872
Director of the Musical Instruction at
the Empress Augusta Institute for
Ladies at Charlottenburg, and, since
1 881 .teacher at Scharwenka's Academy .
1882, he began to publish the y4W^^»tefM«
Musik-Zeitung. He is known as an
intelligent and impartial critic.
Polonaise, Op. 13 ; Erinnerungen (Recollec-
tions), 6 characteristic pieces, Op. 16 ; also
Transcriptions (6) from Beethoven's Trios
for String Instruments, and 6 ditto from
Schubert's String Quartets.
Leybach, Ignace, b. July 17, 1817, Gamb-
sheim (Alsace) ; d. May 23, 1891, Tou-
louse. He received his first instruction
in Strassburg, afterwards in Paris,
from Pixis, Kalkbrenner, and Chopin.
1844, appointed Organist of the
Cathedral of Toulouse. He was an
excellent teacher and favourite com-
poser of easy, unpretentious, and
pleasing pieces (255 numbers).
Of these the Nocturnes, Op, 3 and 4 ; Aux

bords du Gange (Mendelssohn), Op. 42;

Boldro brillant, Op. 64; Ballade, Op 19;

Valse po^tique. Op. 216 ; and Les bateliires

de Naples, are well known.
*Liadow, Anatole, b. April 29, 1855,
St. Petersburg. Pupil of Johansen
(Counterpoint and Fugue), Rimsky-
Korsakow (Musical Forms and Instru-
mentation). Appointed teacher of
theory at the St. Petersburg Conserv.
and to the Imperial Chapel.
Op. 3, 6 Morceaux, Books i and 2; Op. 4,

Arabesques (4) ; Op. 7 and 8, Intermezzi ;

Op. 13, Prdudes (4); Op. 20, Novellette;

Op. 21, Ballade; Op. 27, Preludes (3); Op. 31,

Deux Morceaux. Besides these. Mazurkas,

Impromptus, Bagatelles, Valses, Idyls,

Sketches, &c.
*Liapounow, Sergi, b. Nov. 18, 1859,
Jaroslaw. Pupil of Klindworth and
Pabst (Pf.) and Hubert (Theory and
Composition) at Moscow. At present
Sub-Director of the Imperial Choir.
Concerto, 3 pieces, &c.
Lickl, Carl Georg, b. Oct. 28, 1801,
Vienna; d. there, Aug 31, 1877. Pupil
of his father.
3 Sonatas, 8 Rondeaux, 4 books of Variations,

+ the Ischler-Bilder (Op. 57), Gasteiner-

Bliithen (Op. 59), 6 Elegies (Op. 63),

Novellettes (Op. 66). Very popular.
Lie, Erika (Madame Nissen), b. Jan. 17,
1845, Kongsvinger (near Christiania).
Until her fifteenth year she received
instruction from her mother and sister.
i860, Halfdan Kjerulf gave her lessons
in Christiania ; 1861, she went vnth her
sister to Berlin, and became a pupil of
Theodor Kullak. During her stay in
Berlin she lost her mother, and this
determined her to remain longer, in
order to profit as much as possible.
Kullak engaged her as a teacher in his
Academy, and persuaded her to give a
concert, which was eminently suc-
cessful, and encouraged her to extend
her artistic journeys to other German
towns, and to Copenhagen and Stock-
holm (where she was elected Hon.
Member of the Royal Academy). She
was everywhere received with genuine
applause. At present she resides in
Christiania, where she teaches, and
delights her countrymen with her
artistic and refined performances.
*Liebling, Max (Emil), b. Sept. 22, 1846,
Hultschin (Upper Silesia). Pupil of
Krug (Posen) and Heinr. Ehrlich (Ber-
lin). 1878-79, he made with Wilhelmj
(the celebrated violinist) a tournee to the
West of the United States, and created
a. furore by his brilliant performances
and dazzling technique. He resides in
New York. His compositions are light
and popular.
Silver Wedding, Polonaise, La Coquette,

Polka, " On the wing."

TO

LIEBLING— LISZT.

♦Liebling, Sally, b. April 8, 1859, Posen.
Pupil of Fraxiz Bendel and Theodor
Kullak (Pf), Wuerst and Weitzmann
(Composition), Berlin. When only in
his twelfth year he gave concerts in the
principal towns of Germany, and went,
1875, to North America, where he
appeared in the orchestral concerts of
Thomas; travelled in turn with Ole
Bull, Wilhelmj, Rem6nyi, Clara Luise
Kellog, and Emma Thursby, and re-
mained until 1883, when he returned to
Berlin, anxious to put himself under
Bulow, who, however, declined to take
him as a pupil, declaring that he had
only to learn from himself, or, perhaps,
to follow Rubinstein's advice. 1884, he
went to Liszt (Weimar) , where he en-
joyed, in company with M. Rosenthal,
E. Sauer, A. Friedheim, and A. Siloti,
the good advice of the illustrious master.
1888, he founded the New Conserv. of
Music at Berlin,

♦Liebling, Georg (youngest brother of
the above), b. Jan. 22, 1865, Berlin.
Pupil of Theodor and Franz Kullak,
H. Ehrlich (Pf.), Heinrich Urban
(Composition) in Berlin, and of Liszt
(Weimar). From his sixteenth to his
twenty-first year he was teacher in
KuUak's Academy. With Dengremont,
A. Senkrah, Teresine Tua, A. Matema,
Sembrich, Barbi, Nikita, and Mierz-
winski he made j ourneys in all European
countries. 1890, the Duke of Saxe-
Coburg-Gotha named him Pianist to
the Court. His best known pieces
are —
Air de Ballet and Romance, Gavotte, " Lieb-
ling's" Walzer, and Octave Study.

Lindemann, Ole Andres, b. 1768, Suren-
dalen (Norway); d. 1855, Trondhjem.
Pupil of Wernicke, and himself teacher
of Tellefsen. Farrenc, of Paris, pub-
lished, in his "Tresor du Pianiste," the
works of Lindemann.

Liszt, Franz (von), b. Oct. 22, 1811,
Raiding (Hungary); d. July 30-31,
1886, Bayreuth. At the age of six he
commenced to study the Pf. under the
supervision of his father, progress being
so satisfactory that the boy when nine
years old made his debut at a concert
in Oedenburg (Hungary). At another
concert, at Pressburg, he so impressed
several Hungarian noblemen that they
granted him a sum of 600 florins (;^6o)
annually, for a period of six years,
towards the continuation of his musical
studies. It was at once decided (1821)
to send the boy to Vienna to study
under Czerny, with whom his progress
was marvellous. Beethoven was so

enchanted with his playing that he
publicly embraced him at the boy's
Farewell concert (1823), on his leaving
Vienna for Paris. Liszt's conscientious
father intended him to continue his
education at the Paris Conserv., but
this was impossible, owing to the
Director's (Cherubini) aversion to
prodigies. He refused Liszt admis
sion to the school, giving his foreign
nationality as an excuse for his decision.
Thus publicity became his chief in-
structor. He was received in the most
distinguished society and " le petit
Litz " soon became the enfant gate of
Parisian salons. After having electrified
Paris audiences, father and son visited
London twice. In 1827, when on a
concert tour through the French
provinces, the father died at Boulogne.
From that day forth Liszt was respon-
sible for his own and his mother's
sustenance, private lessons enabling
him to fulfil his filial duties. The
presence in the French capital of
artists such as Paganini, Chopin,
Berlioz, &c., strongly influenced his
artistic development and charac-
teristics. In 1836, when Thalberg
created a sensation in Paris, great
rivalry existed between the two artists,
Liszt, however, eventually proving
victor in the contest. The following
years (particularly 1839-47) witnessed
his greatest triumphs as a performer.
During this period he visited all
important European countries. In
1847 he accepted the post of Hof-
Capellmeister at Weimar, and remained
there until 1861 ; Weimar becoming,
under his influence, a musical centre
of great importance. 1861-70, he
lived in Rome. It was here that
Pope Pius IX., who had always
manifested a keen interest in Liszt's
artistic and personal qualities, conferred
upon him (1865) the dignity of Abb6.
This distinction was much prized by
Liszt, who had always evinced a strong
inclination towards clerical life. The last
years of his life were spent alternately
in Rome, Pesth, and Weimar ; the
latter town, during his presence, being
crowded with admirers and pupils from
all countries. His last visit to London
was paid in the year of his death (1886).
He was the father of three children, who
were the issue of his liaison with the
Comtesse d'Agoult — known as an
authoress under the name of Daniel
Stern. His daughter, Cosima, has
become celebrated by her marriage
with Richard Wagner. Liszt occupies

LISZT— LITOLFF.

71

a unique position in the history of the
Pf., his influence absolutely command-
ing the modern phase of execution.
As a performer, as well as a composer,
he stands alone. Unrivalled up to the
present day as an executant, and as an
interpreter of all kinds and classes of
music, he may be said to be the founder
of modern Pf. playing. His composi-
tions and transcriptions completely
transformed the nature of the instru-
ment, enriching its capacities to a
degree hitherto unknown ; through him
the Pf. has become a worthy repre-
sentative of the orchestra (vide, for
instances, his transcription of Beet-
hoven's Symphonies) . It is impossible
to enumerate the various qualities and
characteristics of Liszt's playing ;
suffice it to say that the King of Pianists
is looked upon and honoured by all
players as the unsurpassable ideal of
an artist. Together with Rubinstein
and Brahms, Liszt has received the
highest distinctions possible from
sovereigns, cities, universities, acade-
mies, and learned societies ; indeed,
the collection of his orders, presents,
diplomas and addresses formed a little
museum, which was, during his life-
time, one of the sights of Weimar, to
the Court of which he was attached as
Chamberlain. A monument to him was
erected (1893) at Oedenburg (Hungary).

Etudes (12) d'ex^cution transcendante, Trois
grandes Etudes de Concert, Grandes Etudes
de Paganini (6), Ab-Irato, Etude de perfec-
tionnement, Harmonies poetiques et re-
ligieuses (lo), Annies de P^lerinage (g),
ditto (5\ Sonata, Grosses Concerto Solo,
Concerto (with orchestra), No. i in E flat,
No. 2 in A ; " Todten-Tanz," Paraphrase on
" Dies irae," Grand Duo for Pf. and Vln. sur
"lemarin"; Scherzo and March, Ballades
(2), Apparitions (3), Consolations (6),
Heroischer Marsch (im ungarischen Styl),
Fest-Marsch (1842), Polonaises (2), Mazurka
brillante. Caprices - Valses (3), Valse-Im-
promptu, Feuilles d'Album, Grand Galop
chromatique, Waldesrauschen, Gnomen-
tanz, Arbre de Noel (12 pieces), Romance
oublide, Hymne du Pape, Venezia e Napoli
(Gondoliera-Tarentelle) ; Impromptu (i), St.
Francois d'Assise (2), St. Francois de
Paul ; Liebestraume (3), Canzone napoli-
tana, Hungarian Rhapsodies {15), Capriccio
alia Turca, Rhapsodie espagnole. Fan-
tasias: Les Huguenots, Robert lediable, La
Juive, Don Juan, Somnambula, Norma,
I Puritani (2), La Fiancee (Auber), Muette
de Portici, Lucrezia Borgia (2), Lucia di
Lammermoor, Illustrations du Prophete (s).
Transcriptions : Tannhauser, Lohengrin,
Flying Dutchman, Rienzi, Meistersinger,
Parsifal, Nibelungen (Wagner), King Alfred
(Raff), Benvenuto Cellini (Berlioz). Para-
phrases de Concert: God save the Queen,
Wedding March and Elfin Dance (Mendels-
sohn), Gaudeamus igitur, Marche funebre,
Dom Sebastian (Donizetti), Swiss melodies,
Contrabandista, Cavatine de Pacini, La

Serenata e I'or^ia (Rossini), Pastorella e li
Marinari (Rossini), Hussiten Lied. Tran-
scriptions of: Beethoven's Symphonies,
Beethoven's Septuor, Episode de la Vic
d'un Artiste, Harold en Italie (Berlioz).
Overtures : Oberon, Jubel, Freischiitz
( W eber), William Tell (Rossini), Les Francs-
juges, Roi Lear (Berlioz), Tannhauser
(Wagner). Transcriptions of Songs by
Schubert (57), Beethoven, including " Liedep
kreis" (15), Mendelssohn (7), Robert Franz
(12), Schumann, Dessauer, Weber, Meyer-
beer, Liszt. Other Transcriptions : Soirees
musicales (12), Stabat Mater (2) de Rossini,
Amusements (6) on Airs by Mercadante,
3 ditto on Airs by Donizetti, Glanes de
Woronince (3), Melodies russes (2), Melodies
hongroises d'apr^s Schubert, Marches by
Schubert and Glinka, Soirdes de Vienne on
Valses by Schubert (9), Bunte Reihe by
David (24), La Romanesca, 6 Preludes and
Fugues, Fantasia e Fuga, by Bach.
Litolff, Henri Charles, b. Feb. 6, 1818,
London ; d. Aug. 5, 1891, Paris. His
father, a violinist from Alsace, settled
in London ; confided the musical
education of his highly-talented son to
Moscheles, under whose care he made
such rapid progress that he played in
public when only twelve years old. He
was throughout his life somewhat
erratic, and to this disposition must be
attributed his marriage when only in his
seventeenth year. This event forced
him to leave London to find a living in
Paris. However, he did not succeed, and
had to content himself with a modest
appointment in Melun, a small French
town. It was in 1840 that he drew the
attention of the Parisians to his splendid
performances and interesting composi-
tions. The idyl of his early life — his
marriage — was destroyed; he left his
wife and travelled in Belgium. 1841-44,
he was Conductor in Warsaw, after
which he travelled in Germany and
Holland, passed the stormy days of
1848 in Vienna, escaped the rigour
of the military prosecutions, and
arrived, somewhat broken-hearted and
dispirited, in Germany. 1850, he
settled in Brunswick, married the
widow of the music publisher Meyer,
and changed the name of the firm to
H. Litolff, publishing cheap editions
which found their way to all countries
of Europe, i860, he transferred the
business to his adopted stepson
Theodor, and went again to Paris,
where in the excitement and turmoil
of the French capital he felt happy.
Having made the acquaintance of the
Countess Larochefoucauld, he dis-
solved his union with his second wife,
and married the Countess. His com-
positions are interesting, in some
degree even original, and for a while
fascinating, but they have no lasting

72

LOBE— LOVENSKJOLD.

value ; he never got rid of a certain
impetuosity, which prevented him from
examining his works with discrimina-
tion, and from using the pruning knife
in order to eliminate many prolixities.
Concerto-Symphonie, Op. 22 ; ditto. Concert
National Hollandais ; Trios, Op. 47 in D
min. and Op. 56 in E flat ; 3 Duets with
Vln. (with Leonard), Op. 53 ; 6 Etudes de
Concert, Op. 18; Opuscules, Op. 25, 1-6;
Invitation a la Tarentelle, Op. 36 ; Noc-
turne, Op. 62 ; 6 Characteristic Pieces,
Op. 65; tSpinnlied.

Lobe, Johann Christian, b. May 30, 1797,
Weimar ; d. July 27, 1881, Leipzig.
Pupil (as flautist) of Riemann, later of A.
E. Miiller (Weimar). Appointed a viola
player in the orchestra ; he left this post
in 1842, when he established a music
school, which he conducted until 1846 ;
then left Weimar for Leipzig, where
he remained until his death. He was
a highly intelligent author and a
thoroughly well-educated musician.
Quartets (2) ; Caprice, Op. 15 ; Variations, Op.

16 ; +Le Buflbn, characteristic piece, Op. 23 ;

Blumen-Frucht und Dornstiicke, Op. 24 ;

-f Rondoletto ungheriano. Op. 28 ; and 6

pieces for 4 hands.

*Loder, Kate (Lady Thompson), b. Aug.
22, 1826, Bath. Daughter of the excel-
lent musician, George Loder (who died
at the age of thirty-three) and niece of
John Loder, for many years leader of
the Philharmonic Society. When only
three years old she could tell any notes
that were struck on the Pf . , and it was
decided to train her for the musical
profession. After having studied in
Bath with Henry Field, she played
there in 1838 for the first time in
public ; came (1839) to London,
where she studied the Pf. with Mrs.
Anderson and Harmony with Charles
Lucas; gained twice the King's Scholar-
ship, and played each year at the
Academy concerts. 1847, she appeared
at the Philharmonic concerts and con-
tinued doing so until 1854, when she
made her last public appearance,
having married (1851) the eminent Sur-
geon, Mr. (now Sir) Henry Thompson.
Trio, 2 Sonatas, 2 books of Studies, several
smaller pieces, and Duets.

Lbhlein, George Simon, b. 1727, Neu-
stadt (Coburg); d. 1782, Leipzig.
There is no information concerning his
musical education, but it is related
that in travelling (1743) to Copen-
hagen, when passing through Potsdam,
he was — owing to his extraordinary
height — seized and forced into the
Prussian grenadiers. He had to take
part in the battle of Collin, was left
among the fallen on the battlefield,
but was attended to by the Austrians,

who, after his recovery, allowed him
to proceed to Jena in order to continue
his studies. 1761, appointment in
Weimar; 1763, left for Leipzig, where
he soon made himself a reputation as
a performer and talented composer.
He published the following works
(some of which he engraved himself on
copper plates) :

Clavecin School (the 6th edition revised by
A. E. Miiller) ; 6 Partite, Op. i (1766) ; 6
Senate, Op. 2; 6 Partite, Op. 3; 3 Trios,
Quartet, Musical trifles, and Concertos
(1775)-

Loschhorn, Albert, b. June 27, 1819,
Berlin. Pupil (1837-39) of Ludwig
Berger. Continued his studies with
KoUitschgy, one of Berger's most
experienced pupils, and in Harmony
and Composition with Wilhelm Bach
and Ed. Grell. 1851, he succeeded
KoUitschgy as principal teacher at the
Academical Institute for sacred music ;
1847, he began to give, with the
brothers Adolph and Julius Stahl-
knecht, highly successful Trio Soirees,
which were continued for many years,
and which offered an opportunity of
exhibiting his admirable qualities as
pianist, one of them being more
particularly a beautiful, varied, and
carefully graduated touch. In 1853
these excellent artists performed also
with success in Russia. 1868, he
received the title of Konigl. Prof.,
and, 1889, the "Red Eagle" Order.
He is a member of the Royal Society
of Examining Judges. He is un-
doubtedly one of the most experienced
educational composers of the present
time, and the enumeration of his
Studies is warranted : —

42 easy Studies, Op. 192 ; 21 melodious Studies,
Op. 193 ; Studies for beginners. Op. 65 ; for
more advanced. Op. 66 ; for advanced, Op.
67; characteristic Studies, Op. 118; 17
melodious Studies, Op. 194 ; li ditto. Op.
195 ; 12 ditto, Op. 196 ; Rhythmical
Problems, Op. 197; melodious pieces for
Study, Op. 186 ; Le trille, 14 Studies, Op.
165 ; Universal Studies, Op. 185 ; La vdlo-
cit^, Op. 136; Scenes from Childhood, Op.
96 and Op. 100 (2 books each) ; melodious
Studies, Op. 38 ; Studies for Children, Op.
181. Besides these he published Technical
Studies, Octave School, Op. 176 ; School of
Scales; 3 Instructive Sonatas, Op. loi. Solo
pieces: "La belle Amazone," Op. 25;
Tarantelle, Op. 133 ; A V^nise (barcarolle),
Op. 162 ; Trois Mazurkas, Op. 163 ; Deux
Valses, Op. 161 ; 4 elegant pieces, Op. 109.

Lttvenskjold, Hermann Severin (Baron
de), b. July 30, 1815, Norway; d.
Dec. 5, 1870, Copenhagen. 1829, he
went to Copenhagen, where he received
his musical education. 1841, the King
appointed him Kammermusiker.

LOW— LULLY.

73

Trio, Op. 2 ; Fantasias, Op. 3 and 5 ; Charac-
teristic pieces. Op. 12; " Sogni d'ltalia "
(12 pieces) ; Rondos, &c.
Low, Joseph, b. Jan. 23, 1834, Prague ;
d. there Oct., 1886. In 1854 he made a
very successful tour through Moravia,
Silesia, Galicia, and Buckowina. 1856,
returned to Prague, where he estab-
lished himself. Was a successful
teacher and most industrious composer
of light and popular drawing-room
pieces, of which more than 450 were
published. The best known are —
Jugend-Album, Op. 142; Soir de printemps.
Op. 326; Deux Impromptus romantiques,
Op. 187; Maiengruss, Op. 413; Allegro
brillant for 2 Pf., Op. 325.
Lowe, Dr. Carl, b. Nov. 30, 1796,
Lobejiin (Cothen); d. April 20, 1869,
Kiel. Pupil of Tiirck (Halle). 1820,
Cantor of St. Jacob's Church and
Musical Director of the College at
Stettin ; he held these appointments
for 46 years, when a stroke of apoplexy
obliged him to retire. The University
of Greifswald conferred on him the
diploma of Hon. Doc. Phil. In his
earlier years he wrote a good deal for
the Pf.—
Sonatas, Op. 16, 33, 41, and 47; Evening
Fantasia, Op. 11 ; " Mazeppa," tone-poem
(after Byron), Op. 27 ; the " Brother of
Mercy," tone - poem, Op. 28 ; Sonate
^l^giaque, Op. 32 ; " Spring," a tone-poem.
Op. 47 ; Fantasia of the Alps, Op. 53 ;
tBiblical pictures. Op. 96 ; Gipsy Sonata, Op.
107 ; 4 Fantasias, Op. 137 ; Trio, Op. 12.
Logier, johann Bernhard, b. Feb. 9,
1777, Cassel ; d. July 27, 1846, Dublin.
In 1805 he went to Dulalin as flautist
in an Irish regiment. When the regi-
mental band was dissolved, he was
appointed Organist at Westport
(Ireland), where he invented the
" Chiroplast," a device to regulate the
position of the hands. 1816, he intro-
duced his system of teaching several
pupils at the same time — each playing
on an instrument for her or himself.
This system— a sort of wholesale in-
struction— found great favour, and he
was invited by the Prussian Govern-
ment to superintend the use of his
Chiroplast and his new system as ap-
plied in the German schools. After
some three years he returned to Ireland.
His own compositions have no great
merit (Concertos, Sonatas, &c.), but
his books deserve much attention :
An explanation and description of the Royal
patent Chiroplast, or hand-director for
Pf. (1816) ; the First Companion to the
Chiroplast (1818), which work treats of
the "Unisono " playing; Logier's practical
thorough bass (1819).

Louchet, Gustave, b. Oct. 4, 1840,
Boulogne-sur-Mer. Pupil of Mar-
montel ; resides at present in Paris.

His short pieces, exhibiting a refined

and elegant taste, are much in demand,

more particularly —

6 pens^es musicales. Op. 17 ; Improvisata,

Op. 21; 3 Album leaflets. Op. 23, and the

Valse caracteristique in A min., Op. 22.

Louis, Ferdinand (really Ludwig Fried-
rich Christian), Prince of Prussia
(nephew of Frederic II.), b. Nov. 18,
1772, Friedrichsfeldt (Berlin) ; was
killed Oct. 10, 1806, in the battle of
Saalfeld. At an early age he showed
very superior talent for Pf. playing and
composing, and it seems that his tutors
developed these talents to such a
degree that they forgot to look after
his general education and more par-
ticularly after the development of
his moral character. His many
romantic and erotic adventures and
other escapades gave his family and
himself many troubles ; but, on the
other hand, it cannot be denied that
he redeemed these shortcomings by
his wonderful gallantry and intre-
pidity as a soldier. His friendship
with Dussek, who went (1800) to
Berlin, is well known. That the
Prince's talent was great is undeniable,
for Beethoven, who made his acquaint-
ance in 1796, said that he did not
play like a Prince, but like a real
musician. The Prince, on the other
hand, was a warm admirer of Beethoven
(who dedicated his Concerto in C min.,
Op. 37, to the Royal artist). A novel
by Fanny Lewald, "Prince L. F. of
Prussia," relates all the most note-
worthy incidents of his life.
Quintet in C min., Op. i ; Quartet in E flat,
Op. 5, and +in F min., Op. 6 ; Trios, Op. 2, 3,
and 10; Octet (Pf., CI., 2 Horns, 2 Via.,
and 2 V'cellos), Op. 12 ; Rondos with Or-
chestra; Larghetto, Op. 11; Notturno, Op. 8
(these two are with accompaniment of
strings) ; Variations and Fugue, Op. 7.

Ltibeck, Ernst, b. Aug. 24, 1829, The
Hague (Holland); d. Sept. 17, 1876,
Paris. Pupil of his father, he after-
wards went to Paris. 1850-54, travelled
in America ; 1854, settled permanently
in Paris, and gave chamber concerts
with Lalo, Armingaud, and Jacquard.
He was a highly popular teacher and
much admired as a performer. His last
years were darkened by deep melan-
cholia, which necessitated his being
confined in a private asylum. Only a
few of his pieces were published.
Souvenir du P^ron, Tarantelle, Berceuse, and
Polonaise.

Lully, Jean Baptiste de, b. 1633, Florence ;
d. March 22, 1687, Paris. Founder of
the French National Opera.
F

74

LUTTER— MACKENZIE.

Lessons for the Harpsichord or Spinet,
" Almands, Corants, Sarabands, Airs,
Minuets, and Jiggs" (Daniel Wright, of
London, printed, and sold by him). The
genuineness of these lessons is doubtful.
*Lutter, Heinrich, b. March i8, 1854,
Hanover. At first a pupil of C. Herner
(Hanover), also enjoyed the advice and
supervision of Dr. von Biilow. 1876-85,
pupil of Liszt, in Weimar and Pesth.
In the latter town R. Volkmann was
his teacher for Composition. His ex-
cellent performances are everywhere
cordially received and admired ; and
his visit to London gave him an
opportunity of gaining the favourable
opinion of a critical London audience.

Lysberg (really Bevy), Charles Samuel
(known under the nom de plume of
Lysberg), b. March i, 1821, Geneva;
d. there Feb. 15, 1873. At first he was
educated in his native town, then went
to Paris in order to take lessons from
Chopin and from Delaire in Harmony.
For some time Prof, at the Conserv. of
Geneva. Many of his popular, pleasing,
and, on the whole, correctly written
pieces are to be found on the desks of
lady amateurs. The greatest favourites
are —

Sur rOnde, Op. 94 ; Idylle, Op. 64 ; Menuet,
Op. 60; Deux Nocturnes, Op. 29; La
Napolitaine, Op. 26; Les Ondines, Op. 90.

M.

•MacDowell, Edward Alexander, b. Dec.
18, 1861, New York. Pupil of Desver-
nire and Madame Carreno (New York),
Marmontel and Savard (Paris), Louis
Ehlert, Joachim Raff, Carl Heymann
and Liszt (Germany). He resides in
Boston (Mass.), and is one of the fore-
most American artists of our time.
Among his compositions, which deserve
great attention, are —
Modern Suites, Op. 10 and 14 ; Concerto in
A min., Op. 15 ; Concerto in D min. ; Sonata
tragica ; and a considerable number of
smaller pieces.

•Macfarren, Sir George Alexander, b.
March 2, 1813, London; d. there Oct.
31, 1887. 1829, pupil at the R.A.M.,
under Charles Lucas, W. H. Holmes,
and Cipriani Potter. 1834, became
Prof.,and, 1875, Principal of the R. A.M.
1875, P*rof. of Music at Cambridge
University. Knighted 1883. His pub-
lished compositions are :
Quintet in G min. (for Strings and C.-Bass) ;
Trio in E min.; Sonatas: No. i in E flat,
No. 2 in A, No. 3 in Gmin. ; Romanzas : 6 for
Pf , and 5 for Pf. and Vln. ; Sonata in B flat,
for Pf. and Fl. (posthumous). Unpublished
compositions : Concerto in C min. (with
orchestra); 2 Sonatas (A and C) with Vln.,
and 7 solo Sonatas.

•Macfarren, Walter Cecil, b. Aug. 28,

1826, London. 1836-41, chorister at

Westminster Abbey (under James

Turle). 1842-46, student at the R.A.M.,

under W. H. Holmes, G. A. Macfarren,

and Cipriani Potter. 1847, Associate;

1862, Fellow; from 1848, Prof, of Pf.,

and 1873-80, Conductor of the orchestra

and choir at the R.A.M.

Concertstiick in E (with orchestra) ; Concerto

in B min. (unpublished) ; Trios (3) in C min.,

E min., apd C sharp min. (unpublished) ;

Sonatas (2) in C sharp min. and A (unpub-
lished) ; Sonatas (z) in F and D, with Vln. ;
Sonata in E min., with V'cello ; Suites de
Pieces (3) ; Caprices (4) ; Allegro appas-
sionato in A min. ; Allegro cantabile in B ;
Rondoletto (La Primavera); Rondinos(4);
Polonaises (2) in D flat and G min. ;
Scherzos (2) in G and A min. ; Toccata in
G min.; Illustrations of Tennyson's Heroines
(6) ; Tarantellas (5) ; Saltarella in A min. ;
Impromptus (3) ; Gavottes (5) ; Bourrees
(4) ; Sarabandas (2) ; Valses (9) ; Mazurkas
(5); Nocturnes (4); Songs; Berceuses (3);
numerous Romanzas, Pastorales, Esquisses,
&c. ; 12 Studies (2 sets) in Style and Tech-
nique. For 4 hands : L'Appassionata in G
min.. La Gracieuse (Rondo) in A, Andante
and Bolero, Andante and Scherzo. Piano-
forte Method, including 36 Original Pro-
gressive Studies. Editor of Mozart's,
Bennett's, Beethoven's Sonatas, and of
Popular Classics (180 numbers), &c.
'Mackenzie, Sir Alexander Campbell
(Mus. Doc.), b. Aug. 22, 1847, Edin-
burgh. At first educated at Schwarz-
burg-Sondershausen, under Eduard
Stein (Composition) and W. Ulrich
(Vln). ; afterwards at the R.A.M. under
Charles Lucas (Composition), F. B.
Jewson (Pf.), and Prosper Sainton
(Vln.). Successor of Sir G. A. Macfarren
as Principal of the R.A.M. ; Conductor
of the Philharmonic concerts. Mus.
Doc. of the Universities of St. Andrew's
and Cambridge. 1884, received the
Hessian Gold Medal for Art and
Science; and, 1893, the Cross of Merit,
Coburg-Gotha. Knighted 1895.
Op. 13, 5 pieces ; Op. 15, 3 Morceaux ; Op. 20,
Hymnus, Ritornello, Reminiscence, Chasse
aux papillons, Rgverie, Dance ; Op. 21,
Rhapsodie ^cossaise ; Op. 23, Scenes in the
Scottish Highlands ; Op. 24, Burns' Second
Scotch Rhapsody ; Op. 37, 6 pieces with
Vln. ; the same arranged for Pf. and V'cello ;
Quartet in E flat, with Vln., Via., and
V'cello ; Intermezzo (" On the waters ") lor
4 hands.

MAGNUS-MARTINI.

75

Magnus, D^sir6 (really Magnus Deutz),
b. June 13, 1828, Brussels; d. Jan.,
1884, Paris. Pupil of VoUweiler
(Heidelberg) ; later, at the Brussels
Conserv., where he obtained the first
prize. Gave concerts in England,
Russia, Spain, &c. Settled in Paris as
a teacher, composer, and reporter for
several journals. Besides drawing-
room pieces he also composed —
34 Studies for Velocity and Melody, Op. 190;
and Grande Senate, Op. 140. His M^thode
elementaire (1879) became very popular.

Mangin, Eugene Edouard, b. Dec. 9,
1837, Paris. Pupil of Marmontel at
the Conserv., where he gained the
second prize, 1853, and the first, 1857.
1872, he founded the Conserv. of Lyons.

Marcello, Benedetto, b. Aug. i, 1686,
Venice ; d. July 24, 1739, Brescia.
Pupil of Lotti and Gasparini.
Sonatas in C min., G min., F min., E flat, B
flat, and A. Suites, Preludes, &c.

Marchand, Jean Louis, b. Feb. 2, 1669,
Lyons ; d. Feb. 17, 1732, Paris. Pupil
of his father. 1697 °^ 1698, he went to
Paris and was appointed Organist of
the Jesuit Church. He was banished,
1717, owing to his bad behaviour and
dissipated habits, and went to Dresden,
where, in the same year, the well-
known competition took place between
him and Sebastian Bach. Some time
after this event he was allowed to
return to Paris, where he became
the most fashionable teacher of the
Clavecin.
Pieces de Clavecin, Paris (Ballard, 1705), and
Deux Livres de pieces de Clavecin (1718).

MarkuU, Friedrich Wilhelm, b. Feb. 17,
1816, Reichenbach (near Elbing) ; d.
April 30, 1887, Dantzig. Only in 1833
could he devote himself entirely to the
study of music. First a pupil of his
father (an organist), later of Kloss,
and, 1833-35, of Fr. Schneider (Dessau).
1836, appointed principal Organist of
the Marienkirche (Dantzig). He
worked hard as a teacher, conductor,
and composer ; was Konigl. Musik-
Director and Conductor of a male
choral society. His Pf. pieces testify
to his being a thorough musician.
9 pieces, called " Auf der Reise," Op. 45, are
particularly valuable. His arrangements of
classical works are very good.

Marmontel, Antoine Francois, b. Jan. 18,
1816, Clermont-Ferrand (Puyde Dome).
Pupil at the Paris Conserv., under
Zimmermann (Pf.) and Halevy and
Le Sueur (Composition) ; gained, as
early as 1832, the first prize. 1848,
succeeded Zimmermann as Prof, at
the Conserv., where, until quite lately,
he was still working. Among his

pupils were Guiraud, Paladilhe, Duver-

noy, Jos. Wieniawski, Bizet, Dubois,

and many others. For many years he

was one of the authorities of France

with respect to Pf. playing, and he

received many distinctions (Legion of

Honour, &c.). As a composer he was

most successful in his educational

works.

La premiere ann^e de musique ; 30 petites

Etudes m^lodiques. Op. 80; Etudes d'agilit^

et d'expression (24), Op. g; (24), Op. 45;

Ecole de m^canisme. Op. 105, io(5, 107 ; 50

Etudes de Salon, Op. 108 ; L'Art de d^chiffrer

k quatre mains, Op. in ; Petite Grammaire

populaire ; Vade-mecum du professeur de

Piano ; L'Art classique et moderne dn

Piano (Advice for young Professors) ; Les

Pianistes c^lebres (Silhouettes, 1878).

Marpurg, Friedrich "Wilhelm, b. Oct. i,
1718, Seehausen (Altmark, Prussia) ;
d. May 22, 1795, Berlin. 1746, went,
as secretary of General Rothenburg,
to Paris, where he made the acquaint-
ance of Rameau and studied his system
of music. After having returned to
Germany (Berlin and Hamburg) he
received a Royal appointment. His
reputation is chiefly founded on his
various theoretical works (on thorough
bass, the fugue, historical and critical
essays, elementary principles of musical
theory, &c.) and less on his Composi-
tions.
6 Sonate per il Cembalo, 1756; Fughe e
Capricci per il Cembalo, ded. to Eman.
Bach, 1777 ; Die Kunst, das Clavier zu
spielen, Vol. L, 1750, Vol. H., 1755 (3 editions
published) ; Anleitung zum Clavierspielen,
&c. (with 18 copper-plates), 1765 ; Clavier-
stiicke fiir Anfanger und Geiibtere (Pieces
for beginners and for those more advanced),
3 parts, 1762-63.

M arschner, Heinrich (August) , b. Aug. 16,
1795, Zittau (Saxony) ; d. Dec. 14, 1861,
Hanover. Pupil of Schicht (Leipzig).
After having been appointed teacher
and conductor in Pressburg and Leip-
zig, he settled (1831) in Hanover as
Hof-Capellmeister, where he worked
for 28 years, and received (1859) his
pension, with the title of General
Musik-Director. His fame rests on
his dramatic works; but as his Pf.
compositions were in their time very
popular, it is but right to mention
them —
Grande Sonate, Op. 6; 4 Polonaises (4 mains).
Op. 13 ; 3 Grandes Marches (4 mains). Op.
16; 3 Rondeaux agr^ables et progressives
in C, G, and F, Op. 19-21 ; 3 Scherzi a 4
mains. Op. 28 ; Premier grand Trio, Op. 29 ;
Esquisses caracteristiques, Op. 49; "La
Belle Prude," Introduction and Rondo, Op.
57 ; Capriccio scherzando, Op. 59.

Martini, Padre Gian-Battista, b. April
25, 1706, Bologna ; d. there, Oct. 3,
1784. Pupil of his father (Vln.), Padre

76

MARTUCCI— MASSART.

Predieri (Clavecin and Singing), and
of Riccieri (Counterpoint). 1725,
Organist of the Franciscan Church.
Member of the Accademia del Filar-
monici (Bologna) and of the Arcadici
(Rome).
12 Sonatas for Organ (Clavicembalo ?), Amster-
dam, 1738-1742. Sonate d'intavolatura per
rOrgano e Cembalo (Op. 2), Bologna, 1747.
New editions appeared in dementi's
" Practical Harmony " (4 Sonatas in Vol. II.,
gin Vol. IV.), and in Farrenc's " Tresor du
Pianiste" (12 Sonatas).
Martucci, Giuseppe, b. Jan. 6, 1856,
Capua. Son of a bandmaster, who gave
him his first instruction. 1867-72, pupil
at theConserv. of Naples, of Cesi (Pf.),
Carlo Costa (Harmony), and Paolo
Serras and Lauro Rossi (Counterpoint).
1875, he visited London and Dublin ;
1878, went to Paris, where he intro-
duced several of his works with great
success. 1880, appointed Prof, at the
Naples Conserv., Director of theSocieta
del Quartette, and Conductor of the
Orchestral Concerts. 1886, appointed
Director of the Liceo Musicale of
Bologna, which post he still holds.
Sonata (prima). Op. 34; Fantasia for 2 Pf.,
Op. 32 ; Sonata with Vln., Op. 22 ; Trio in
C, Op. 59 (which received the Milan prize,
1883) ; Capriccio di Concerto, Op. 24 ;
Fugues, Op. 14, 18, and 28 ; Studio di Con-
certo, Op. 9 ; 7 Caprices, and about 20
smaller pieces ; also Quintet with strings ;
2 Concertos.
*Marx, Berthe, b. July 28, 1859, Paris.
Daughter of a violoncellist. Showed
most remarkable talent when only 3
years old. 1868, Auber (Director of
the Conserv.) was so encnanted with
her pla5dng that he admitted her as a
pupil without the usual preliminary
examinations — a favour rarely accorded
to students. First a pupil of Madame
Retz. Gained the solfege and harmonie
prizes and medals for Pf. playing.
Then the (favourite and last) pupil of
Henri Herz. Gained the first prize of the
Conserv. when only 15. Has appeared
in France and Belgium with great
success. Since 1885 has played in
association with Senor Sarasate at
some 400 concerts in Continental
towns and at 75 concerts in America.
For the last 5 years has appeared both
in London and in the provinces at
Senor Sarasate's recitals. 1894, she
married Otto Goldschmidt, secretary
and accompanist to Seiior Sarasate.
Marxsen, Eduard, b. July 23, 1806,
Nienstadten (near Altona) ; d. Nov. 18,
1887, Altona. Pupil of Jacob Schmitt
and Clasing (Hamburg), of Booklet for
Pf. and Sey fried for Composition
(Vienna). After having finished his

studies, he settled at Hamburg, re-
ceiving (1875) the title of Konigl.
Musik-Director. Among his pupils
were Johannes Brahms, H. Boje, and
Louis Bodecker (b. 1845 at Hamburg).
He composed and published a con-
siderable number of Pf. pieces, some
of which enjoyed a certain popularity
between 1840-50, but are now almost
forgotten.
Masek (Mcischek), Vincent, b. April 5,
1755, Zwikovec (Bohemia) ; d. Nov. 15,
1 83 1, Prague. Pupil of Franz Duschek
(who must not be confused with Johann
Ludwig Dussek) and Seeger- He was
an excellent pianist and clever per-
former on the " Harmonika " (Har-
monium). Mozart, when visiting
Prague, spoke with decided approval
of Maschek's musical abilities.
Concertos, Sonatas, and several pieces for the
Harmonika.

♦Mason, Dr. Wilham, b. Jan. 24, 1829,
Boston ; third son of Dr. Lowell Mason
(one of the founders of the well-known
harmonium manufactory. Mason and
Hamlin). He played as early as 1846
at concerts ; continued his studies in
America till 1849, then went to Leipzig,
where he entered the Conserv. and had
lessons from Moscheles, Hauptmann,
and Richter. After leaving Leipzig he
went to Alex. Dreyschock (Prague) and
spent part of the years 1853-4 i°
Weimar with Liszt, where H. von
Billow, C. Klindworth and Dionys
Pruckner were his fellow pupils. 1853,
he played twice in London ; 1854,
returned to America and gave Pf.
recitals in Chicago and most of the
larger cities. He settled eventually in
New York, where he is a most suc-
cessful, esteemed, and popular teacher.
1872, he received the honorary degree
of Doctor of Music from Yale College.
The following compositions are con-
sidered his best by the composer him-
self—
Op. 4, Amitie pour moi ; Op. 6, Silverspring :
Op. 12, Ballade in B; Op. 13, Monody
in B flat ; Op. 20, Springdawn, Mazurka
Caprice; Op. 24, Rgverie po^tique; Op. 34,
Berceuse ; Op. 39, Serenata ; Op. 41, Scherzo.
A Method for the Pf., by Mason and
Hoadley ; System for Beginners, &c., by
Mason and Hoadley : Mason's Pf. Tech-
nics; Touch and Technic, in 4 parts, for
artistic Pf. playing.
•Massart, Louise Aglae (n«« Masson), b.
June 10, 1827, Paris; d. there, July 26,
1887. Pupil of Madame Coche (1838)
and of Louis Adam (1839) at the Con-
serv. 1875, appointed Prof, as suc-
cessor of Madame F"arrenc. Was
highly esteemed for her excellent and

MASSENET— MAYER.

77

successful teaching. Madame Roger-
Miclos and Mdlle. C. Kleeberg were
among her pupils. With her husband,
the eminent violinist, Lambert Joseph
M. (1811-92), she composed —
Duets on themes from Weber's " Freischiitz"
and Rossini's " Comte Ory."

Massenet, Jules (Emile Frederic), b.
May 12, 1842, Montaud, near St.
iitienne (Loire). Pupil at the Paris
Conserv., of Laurent (Pf), Reber
(Harmony), and Ambroise Thomas
(Composition). 1863, he received the
Prix de Rome. He is a Membre de
I'lnstitut, Officier de la Legion
d'Honneur, and, since 1878, Prof, of
Composition at the Paris Conserv.
(as successor of Bazin). His best
known and most popular pieces are —
Le Roman d'Arlequin; Aragonaisedu" Cid";
Sarabande espagnole, du XVI. siecle ; Im-
provisations, 20 pieces en 3 livres; 7 pieces
de genre, Op. 10; Scenes de Bal,7 morceaux
a 4 mains. Op. 17; Scenes pittoresques ;
Scenes hongroises (and Suite).

'Mattel, Tito, b. May 24, 1841, Campo-
basso (near Naples). Pupil of his
father, Alfonso M., Luigi Maggoni,
Parisi, Ruta, Conti, and Thalberg.
1852 (when 11), was created "Professore
deir Accademia di Santa Cecilia" in
Rome; later, "Membro" della Societa
dei Quiriti, Societa Filarmonica di
Firenze e Torino. He received a
" Medaglia speciale d'oro " for playing
before Pope Pius IX. ; was named
Pianist to the King of Italy, and
received, besides other decorations, the
Order of Knighthood of SS. Maurizio
e Lazare. The most popular of his
numerous compositions for Pf. — mostly
intended for the drawing-room — is the
well-known " Grande Valse." He has
resided for some years in London.
^ *Matthay, Tobias Augustus, b. Feb. 19,
1858, Clapham (London). Pupil of.
Sterndale Bennett, Sullivan, and Prout
for Composition, and of Dorrell and
Walter C. Macfarren for Pf. 1871,
he was elected to the first Sterndale
Bennett Scholarship; gained, 1879,
the annual medal and the "Reed"
prize for a Piano Quartet ; 1876-80,
sub-Prof., and, 1880, Prof, at the
R.A.M. Composer of a good deal of
chamber music and a great number of
solo pieces, of which the following
have met with considerable success :
17 Variations on] an original theme ; A

Summer Day Dream ; Moods of a Moment ;

A Waltz-Whim ; Love Phases (3) ; Mono.

themes (6); Scottish Dances (4); Lyrics (7)_

Mattheson, Johann, born Sept. 28, 1681,
Hamburg; d. there April 17, 1764.
Pupil of Jacob Pratorius. 1697, he

appeared as a tenor sitter; 1699, as a
composer, singer, and conductor (?) in
his opera, " Die Plejaden." 1705,
tutor to the English Ambassador's son,
with whom he travelled. 1706, ap-
pointed Councillor of Legation, and,
later, "Resident" (a kind of sub-
Ambassador). 1715, Mus. Dir. and
Canon (Canonicus) of the Hamburger
Dom (Cathedral), which post he re-
signed (1728) on account of increasing
deafness. His marvellous industry is
not only shown in his highly important
literary works, but also in the number
of Operas (8), Oratorios (24), Can-
tatas, &c., that he composed.
Sonate pour le Clavecin, dedieea qui lajouera
le mieux, London, 1714 ; Monument-har-
monique, 12 Suites pour le Clavecin,
London, 1714 (a most important collection,
which deserves entire re-publication). Die
musikalische Fingersprache ; Fugues (2
parts), 1735 and 1737; 9 Fughe per il
Cembalo o fOrgano.
'Matthias (Mathias), Georges Amedee
Saint-Clair, b. Oct. 14, 1826, Paris.
Pupil of Kalkbrenner ; later, for 4
years, of Chopin ; also pupil at the
Paris Conserv., under Halevy, for
Composition. Was appointed Prof.
(1862-87). Knight of the Legion of
Honour, Commander (de numero) of
the Spanish Order Isabella la Catho-
lique, and the Saxe-Coburg medal for
merit.
6 Trios for Pf., Vln., and V'cello, Op. i, 15,
33, 36, 50, and 60 ; 5 morceaux symphoniques
pour Pf., Vln., V'cello, Op. 30; Sonata for
Pf. and Vln., Op. 68; Sonatas (Pf. solo) in B
min., Op. 20 ; in F, Op. 35 ; Concerto,
Op. 21 ; Second Concerto, Op. 57 ; Allegro
appassionato. Op. 5 ; Allegro symphonique.
Op. 51; 12 Pieces symphoniques, Op. 58;
10 Etudes de genre. Op. 10; Etudes de style
et de m^canisme. Op. 28 (2 books). The
most popular of his shorter pieces are:
Nocturne et Barcarolle, Op. 3 ; Feuilles du
printemps. Op. 8 and i;? ; 2"° ScherzOi
Op. 63 ; 2Pensees; Ballatina.
Mayer, Charles, b. March 21, 1799,
Konigsberg (Prussia) ; d. July 2, 1862,
Dresden. His father, an excellent CI.
player, was for four years Capellmeister
in St. Petersburg, then went to Moscow,
where his wife taught Pf . and singing ;
she first instructed her highly-gifted
son, but later entrusted his education
to John Field, whose pupil he remained
until 1814. He made his first tour in
the same year, visiting Warsaw, Ger-
many, Holland, and France with great
success. 1819, he returned, being
then at the height of his career as a
performer and teacher, to St. Peters-
burg. 1845, he made a second journey,
which embraced Stockholm (where he
was elected Hon. Member of the
Royal Academy of Music), Copenhagen

78

MEGLIO— MENDELSSOHN-BARTHOLDY.

(where the King appointed him Pianist
to the Danish Court), Hamburg,
Leipzig, and Vienna. In 1846, dis-
inchned to return to the Russian
capital, where Adolph Henselt had
meanwhile come to the front, he
settled in Dresden, and remained
there till his death, working as a com-
poser, performer, and teacher. Of his
playing a contemporary says: "His
style was that of the older Pf.
school, much resembling that of John
Field ; his execution was exceedingly
clear, delicate, even, and particularly
brilliant in every technical detail."
The same qualities distinguish his
numerous and effective compositions,
which are well and smoothly written.
Studies: 6 Studies, Op. 31; 3 Grand Studies
(No. 2, Tremolo ; No. 3, Fsharp, Le ruisseau).
Op. 61 ; Grand Studies {3), Op. 91 ; (3), Op.
92 ; 12 melodious Studies, Op. 93 ; 6 Etudes-
Fantaisies, Op. 100; 12 Grand Studies (Fiir
hohere Ausbildung), Op. 119; 6 melodious
Studies, Op. 149; 40 Studies (4 books). Op.
168 ; La Velocite, Op. 177 ; Ecole de la
velocite (24 Studies), Op. 200 ; 20 technical
Studies, Op. 271 ; L'Art de delier les doigts.
Op. 305 ; 25 easy Studies, Op, 340. Other
compositions: Grand Concerto, Op. 70;
Concerto Symphonique, Op. 89 ; Allegro de
Concert, Op. 51 ; (2nd), Op. 60 ; Allegro di
Bravura, Op 102 ; Grand Fantaisie
dramatique. Op. 54 ; Concert ' ..onaise. Op.
238; Valses Etudes, Op. fr , 71, i83, 116,
122, +131, ti33, 157 ; Toccata in E. Educa-
tional Pieces: Op. 121, Jugendbliithen (24);
Op. 140, Immortelles (24); Op. 165, Flora
(100); Op. 166, Mosaique (24 romantic
pieces); Op. 106, Myrthen (12).
Megiio, Vincenzo de, b. April g, 1825,
Naples. Pupil of Pasquale Mugnone ;
later of Francesco Lauza. He com-
posed a considerable number of elegant
and effective pieces.
Mehlig, Anna, b. July 11, 1840, Stutt-
gart. Pupil of Lebert, and, 1869, of
Liszt. She is decidedly the most suc-
cessful and best-known pupil of the
" Stuttgart" School. 1869-70, she met
with great success in America, and was
on various occasions received with
great favour in England. Since her
marriage with a merchant (Falk) of
Antwerp she has more or less retired
from public life.
Mehul, Etienne Nicolas (not Henri), b.
June 22, 1763, Givet (Ardennes) ; d.
Oct. 18, 1817, Paris. Pupil of Wilhelm
Hauser. Organist in the convent of
Lavaldieu. 1778, he went to Paris.
He is well-known as a dramatic com-
poser.
3 Sonatas, Op. i, for Pf. solo: 3 for Pf. and
Vln.

Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (Jacob Lud-
wig), Felix, b. Feb. 3, 1809, Hamburg;
d. Nov. 4, 1847, Leipzig. 1812, his

father changed his residence and settled
in Berlin. At first a pupil of his mother,
later of Ludvdg Berger (Pf.) and
Zelter (Theory). 1818, he played for
the first time in public ; accompanied
his father, 1816, to Paris, where he had
lessons from Madame Bigot. 1829, he
visited England for the first time, and
paid further visits in 1832, 1833, 1837,
1840, 1842, 1844, and 1846. Mendels-
sohn's beautiful, intellectual, and
thoroughly musical Pf. playing was
everywhere listened to with rapture,
and his improvisations were not less
admired. He was Member of the
Academy of Science (Berlin), Member
of the " Ordre pour le merite," and
Hon. Doc. Phil, of the University of
Leipzig (1836). 1843, he founded the
Conserv. of Leipzig, in which he took
an active part as a teacher. The King
of Prussia conferred on him the title
of Koniglich preussischer General
Musik-Director.
With Orchestra : Concertos : Op. 25, in G mln.
(1832); Op. 40, in D min. (1837); Capriccio
in B min., Op. 22 (1832); Rondo brillant
in E fiat. Op. 29 (1834) ; Serenade and
Allegro giojoso in B and D, Op. 43 (1838).
Chamber Music: Sextuor for Pf., Vln.,
2 via., V'cello, and C.-Bass, in D, Op.
no (Posth.); Quartet for Pf., Vln., Via.,
and V'cello, in C min , Op. t (1822); ditto,
in F min.. Op. 2 (1823); ditto, in B min..
Op. 3 (1824). Trios for Pf., Vln., and
V'cello, in D min.. Op. 49 (1839); •" C
min., Op. 66 (1845). Sonatas for Pf. and Vln.,
in F min.. Op. 4 ; for Pf. and V'cello (No.
J), in B flat. Op. 45 (1838); (No. 2), in D,
Op. 58 (1843); Variations concertantes for
Pf. and V'cello, in D, Op. 17 (1829) ; Song
without words for Pf. and V'cello, in D,
Op. 109 (Posth.). Solo music: Sonatas in
E, Op. 6 (1826); in G min.. Op. 105 (Posth.);
in B flat. Op. 106 (Posth.). Capriccio in F
sharp min., Op. 5 (1825); 7 Characteristic
Pieces, Op. 7 (1824-28) ; Rondo capriccioso in
E, Op. 14 ; rantasia in E, Op. 15 ; 3 Caprices
or Fantasias in A min., E min., and E,
Op. 16 (1829) ; Fantasia in F sharp min.,
Op. 28 (1833); 3 Caprices in A min. (1834),
E (1835), and B flat min. (1833), Op. 33. 6
Preludes and Fugues, Op. 35: No. i, m E
inin.. Prelude (1837), Fugue; No. 2, in D,
J'relude (1836), Fugue (1837) ; No. 3, in B
min., Prelude (1836), Fugue (1832); No. 4,
in A flat. Prelude (1837), Fugue (1835); No.
5, in F min.. Prelude (1836), Fugue, 1834;
No. 6, in B flat, Prelude (1837), Fugue
(1836). Variations sdrieuses, in D min.,
Op. 54 (1841) ; 6 Christmas Pieces, Op. 72;
Variations in E flat. Op. 82(1841); ditto, in B
flat, Op. 83(1841); 3 Preludes, B flat, Bmin.,
and D, and 3 Studies, B flat min, F, and A
min.. Op. 104 ; Albumblatt in E min.. Op. 1 17 ;
Capriccio in E, Op. 118 ; Perpetuum mobile
in C, Op. iiQ. Songs without words: Book
I., Op. 19, E, A min.. A, A, F sharp min.,
G min. (1830); Book II., Op. 30, E flat (1834),
B flat min., E, B min. (1834), D (1833), F
sharp min.; Book III., Op. 38, E flat, C
min., E, A, A min. (1837), A flat ; Book IV.,
Op. 53, A flat, E flat, G min., F, A min.
(1841), A (1841); Book v.. Op. 62, G (1844),
B flat (1843), E min. (1843), G (1843), A mm.,

MENTER— MERTKE.

79

A (1843); Book VI., Op. 67, E flat (1844),
F sharp min. (1839), B flat (1845), C (1843),
B min. (1844), E; Book VII., Op. 85, F, A
min. (i8h4), E flat, D (1845), A (1845), B flat
(1841); Book VIII., Op. loj, E min., D, C,
G min., A, C. Prelude (1841) : Fugue in E
min. (1827) ; Andante cantabiie and Presto
agitato (1838); Study, F min., and Scherzo,
B min. (1836); Scherzo a Capriccio, F sharp
min. ; 2 Pieces, B flat and G min. ; Gondo-
liera in A. For 4 hands: Andante and
Variations in B flat. Op. 83 (1844 ?) ; Allegro
brillante in A, Op. 92 (1841).
"M enter, Sophie.daughter of the excellent
violoncellist, Joseph M. (1808-56); b.
July 29, 1848, Munich, where she was
at first a pupil of Schonchen ; later, of
L. Lebert (with Stark, founder of the
Stuttgart Conserv.) and Niest. 1863,
she appeared for the first time in
public ; 1867, she created an unusual
furore in Frankfort o/M ; in Leipzig ;
the same year, she made the acquaint-
ance of Charles Tausig, who persuaded
her to become his pupil in Berlin.
1869, she met Liszt in Vienna, who
took the warmest interest in her career,
encouraged and assisted her in every
way, and often declared that " many
call themselves my artistic children,
but I recognise in Sophie Menter the
only legitimate child of my muse."
1872, she married the famous violon-
cellist, Popper, which union was
dissolved in 1886. The Prince of
Hohenzollern appointed her Court
Pianist; 1868, the University of
Utrecht elected her Hon. Student, the
King of Sweden bestowed a decoration
on her, the Emperor of Austria ap-
pointed her Imperial Court Pianist,
and the Conserv. of Prague gave her
the title of " Hon. Prof." 1878, she
accepted the post of Prof, at the
Conserv. of St. Petersburg, but resigned
in 1 88 1. She is received with great
enthusiasm wherever she appears.
Her greatest merits are : never-failing
clearness, accuracy and correctness of
execution, nobility of feeling, tender-
ness and warmth of expression. Her
technical execution baffles description.
She resides at her castle Itter, in the
Tyrol. Her most distinguished pupil
is Wassily Sapellnikoff.
Mereaux, Jean Amedee le Froid de, b.
1803, Paris; d. April 25, 1874, Rouen.
Pupil of his father and Reicha. 1835,
he settled in Rouen, and was most
successful and popular as a teacher.
Here he composed 5 books of Grandes
Etudes, which were approved by the
musical section of the Institut de
France, and used at the Paris Conserv.
1858, he was elected a Member of the
Academy of Science, Rouen, and later

Chevalier of the Legion of Honour.
An excellent pianist, but best known
as the editor of the valuable publica-
tion—
"Les Clavecinistes de 1637 k 1790. CEuvres
choisies, classdes dans leur ordre chrono-
logique, revues, doigtees et accentudes avec
les agrements et ornements du temps,
traduits en toutes notes." (Paris, 1867.)
Merkel, Gustav Adolf, b. Nov. 12,
1827, Oberoderwitz, near Zittau ; d.
Oct. 29-30, 1885, Dresden. Pupil of
Julius Otto (Counterpoint), Schneider
(Organ), and Reissiger. R. Schumann
also took great interest in his career.
1864, Hof-Organist, and, since 1861,
Prof, at the Dresden Conserv.
Op. 81, Bagatelles (4) ; Op. 82, Tonbliithen (4) ;
Op. 91, Haideroschen ; Op. 92, Tarantelle;
Op. 112, Polonaise; Op. 113, Impromptu;
Op. 119, Reigen; Op. 120, Lenz und Liebe
(5 pieces, +Nos. 1 and 5); Op. 121, Canta-
biie ; Op. 125, 4 easy Sonatinas ; Op. 126, 2
Sonatinas; Op. 136, 2 instructive Sonatinas;
Op. 154, 2 Rondos ; Op. 161, Lyrische Blatter
(+Nos. I and 4); Op. 180, Skizzen; Op. 181,
Miniatur bilder (3 pieces).
•Mertke, Eduard, b. June 17, 1833, Riga.
Pupil of his father, later of S. v. Lutzau
(Pf.) and Agthe (Theory). He per-
formed in public when only in his tenth
year. 1850, he went to St. Petersburg;
where \ 1 was well received by A.
Henselt SnA the violinist, Maurer, his
concerts in St. Petersburg and Moscow
meeting with undoubted success. 1853,
he went to Leipzig and entered the
Conserv. David, recognising his ability
as a violinist, placed him among the
first violinists in the Gewandhaus
Concerts orchestra. He retained this
post for six years. 1859, he made a tour
as a pianist in Scandinavia. After his
return tp Leipzig he was appointed,
i860, Mus. Dir. at Wesserling (Alsace).
When he left this small town he settled
in Lucerne for four years. 1865 (Sept.),
he went to Freiburg, but musical affairs
being in a very unsettled state there,
he gladly accepted the invitation of
Vinzenz Lachner to establish himself
as a teacher and performer in Mann-
heim. 1869, appointed Prof, at the
Cologne Conserv., which post he still
holds (1893). Taking great interest in
educational matters, he published the
valuable work —
Technical exercises for mechanism, ornamen-
tation, and rhythm, and School of Octaves.
He edited the Concerted Pieces of Mendels-
sohn, Weber, and Hummel, with a
compressed score for second Pf. He also
edited Chopin's works, and published para-
phrases of Wagner's operas, 12 transcrip-
tions of Songs by Schumann, Impromptus a
la Valse on Songs by Schubert, " Ukrainische
Melodien," &c. Composer of Op. 8, Suite
in G min. ; Op. 7, 4 pieces ; Op. 23, Nocturne
and Valse.

8o

MEYER— MOCKWITZ.

Meyer, Leopold von, b. Dec. 20, 1816,
Baden (near Vienna) ; d. March 5-6.
1883, Dresden. Pupil of Czemy and
Fischhof. His wonderfully graduated
touch, delicacy, and elegance of per-
formance created not only in Vienna,
but also in Russia, America, &c., a
great sensation. With regard to force
he was unrivalled, without ever injur-
ing his instrument. As a composer
he is insignificant. His writings dis-
play a lamentable want of correctness,
which, however, did not prevent his
Waltzes and Polkas, when played by
him, electrifying his audiences in all
parts of the world. As a performer
he was demonstrative to such a degree
that the risible muscles of the audience
were frequently called into activity.
His specialty being light music and
dances, it is intelligible that the
cljissical style should be entirely
opposed to his nature. His most
popular compositions were: —
Op. 21, Nocturne ; Op. 22, Machmudier, Air
guerrier des Turcs; Op. 23, Bajazeth, Air
national des Turcs ; Op. 45, +Air boh^mien
russe; Op. 124, Air turque de Nedjies
Pasha; Op. 180, Souvenir de Vienne, Valse;
the tGrillen and tPepita Polkas.

•Micheux, Georges, b. 1805, Laibach
(Illyria); d. Sept. i, 1892, at the
Chateau de Villeroy, belonging to his
patroness. Countess de Vaucouleur.
He received his musical education in
Vienna, where he enjoyed the friend-
ship of Franz Schubert. 1848, he
settled in Paris, teaching and com-
posing, but having to contend with
many adversities. His best known
compositions, mostly elegant and
showy drawing-room pieces, are —
Echos de Hongrie, Op. 50 ; 6 Melodies
sympathiques. Op. 112.

Mihalovich, Edmund von, b. Sept. 13,
1842, Fericsaucze (Croatia). Studied
at the College of Pesth, had lessons in
harmony from Mosonyi (1814-70).
1865, went to Leipzig; was instructed
in Composition by Hauptmann, and,
later, by Biilow (Pf), at Munich. His
compositions belong to the New
German School ; his Ballades obtained
a very considerable success. He
resides at Pesth.

•Mikuli, Carl, b. Oct. 22, 1821, Czemo-
witz (Bukowina), where he was first
educated. 1839, he went to Vienna to
study medicine ; but his desire to
become a musician was so great, and
his talent for Pf. playing and Com-
position so decided, he finally devoted
himself entirely to the study of music.
1844, he went to Paris, and became

Chopin's pupil, while Reber instructed
him in Composition. The political
events of 1848 obliged him to leave Paris
and to return to his native place. He
then made several professional journeys
through Russia, Roumania, and
Galicia. His success in the latier
country Wcis so great that, in 1858, he
was appointed Director of the Lemberg
Conserv., which post he held until

1888, when he himself founded a music
school which is attended by 172 pupils

1889, the Emperor of Austria conferred
on him the Order of Francis JosejJR.
He published an edition of Chopin's
works (Leipzig : Kistner) , for which he
had the great privilege of using all the
marks made by Chopin in Mikuli's
copies. The preface to this edition is
of great interest and undoubted im-
portance with respect to Chopin's
style of playing and method of teach-
ing. Mikuli is an excellent pianist,
and his compositions, although great'y
influenced by his master, are of con-
siderable merit and interest.

Op. 2, 3, 4, 10, and II, Mazourkas ; Op. 8, 2
Polonaises; Op. 9, 6 Pieces: i. Prelude;
2, Agitato ; 3, +Etude ; 4, Lied ; 5, Scherzino ;
6, Reverie. Op. 12, Etude ; Op. 13, 6 Danses
allemandes ; Op. 18, Valses ; Op. 19, 2
Nocturnes; Op. 20, Valse; Op. 21, Ballade;
Op. Si, 10 pieces (2 books) ; Op. 14, Medita-
tion, and Op. 15, tAndante con Variazioni
(both for 4 hands) ; Op. 22, Serenade for Pf.
and CI. Arrangements of orchestral parts
for a second Pf. of Chopin's Op. 2, Varia-
tions; Op. II, Concerto, No. i; Op. 13,
Grande Fantaisie ; Op. 14, Krakowiak ; Op.
21, Concerto, No. 2; Op. 22, Polonaise.
The edition of the well-known Nocturne
(Op. 9, No. 2, in E flat), with Chopin's
authentic ornaments, is of great interest.

Mills, Sebastian Bach, b. March 13,
1838, Cirencester (Gloucestershire).
At first a pupil of his father, later
(1856-59) of Plaidy and Moscheles at
the Conserv. of Leipzig. 1859, went
to America, where his playing met
with so much success that he resolved
to settle in New York, where he is
still one of the most popular and
admired performers and, as a teacher,
very successful. He published several
effective pieces.

Mockwitz, Friedrich, b. March 5, 1785,
Lauterbach near Stolpen (Saxony) ; d.
1849, Dresden. At first his parents
desired him to study law, but soon
yielded to his wish to devote himself
to music. He settled in Dresden and
was highly successful as a teacher.
Since i8og his name has become
favourably known as an experienced
arranger of overtures, symphonies,
quintets, and quartets of the classical

MONIUSZKO-MOZART.

8i

masters. His arrangements are prac-
tical, effective, and keep closely to the
original text.
Moniuszko, Stanislaus, b. May 5, i8ig,
Ubiel, Minsk (an estate belonging to
his father) ; d. June 4, 1872, Warsaw.
Pupil of the organist Freyer, of "War-
saw, and (1837-39) of Rungenhagen in
Berlin. After struggling hard to earn
a livelihood as a teacher, he became
Organist in Wilna. Was afterwards
appointed Conductor of the Opera,
and lastly Prof, at the Conserv. at
Warsaw. A Polonaise of his became
generally known, and it may be men-
tioned that Tausig (Op. 2) composed
a Fantasia on his Opera " Halka."

Montigny-Remaury, Fanny Marceline
Caroline, b. Jan. 22, 1843, Pamiers,
Ariege. Pupil of Le Couppey. Ex-
cellent performer, who visited London
on various occasions, where her per-
formances met with as great a success
as in Paris, where her name is well
known.

Mortier de Fontaine {see Fontaine).

Moscheles, Ignaz, b. May 30, 1794,
Prague ; d. March 10, 1870, Leipzig.
Pupil of Dionys Weber. He was able
to play a Concerto of his own compo-
sition in public when only 14 years
old. Soon after this first success he
lost his father. With considerable
reluctance his mother consented to
send him to Vienna, where he was a
pupil of Albrechtsberger and Salieri,
whilst Beethoven took great interest
in his progress. Sincere friendship
connected him with Hummel and
Meyerbeer, both at this time in
Vienna. 1816, he undertook a pro-
fessional tour to Munich, Dresden,
and Leipzig. 1820, went to Paris,
where he created a great furore.
1821, he settled in London; became
a Director of the Philharmonic Society
and Prof, at the R.A.M. Repeated
journeys to the Continent brought
him into contact with Mendelssohn,
Schumann, and almost all the leading
artists. Mendelssohn's devotion to
Moscheles is as well known as
Schumann's respect for his admirable
qualities. When Mendelssohn founded
the Leipzig Conserv. he was anxious
to secure Moscheles as a teacher.
The latter complied with his friend's
wish, left London (1846), and settled
in Leipzig, where he was actively
working until a few days before his
death. His pupils were very numerous,
and came from every European and

American town to profit by his sound
and vast experience. His playing was
very brilliant, full of fire and energy,
and sharply rhythmicized. His com-
positions may be classified in two
distinct categories — the popular and
the educational. Of the first almost
all the different works have been for-
gotten, whilst the second form a most
important contribution to the classical
literature of the Pf. His best works

Concerto (G min.), Op. 58; Concerto (C),
Op. 87; Concerto Fantastique (B flat),
Op. 90. Concertos less known are : Op. 45,
56, 64, 93, and 96; Souvenir d'Irlande, Op.
69; Sextuor for Pf., Vln., Fl., 2 Hns.,
V'cello, andC.-Bass, Op. 35; Sonata for Pf.
and V'cello, Op. 121 ; Hommage a Handel
(2 Pf.), Op. 92 ; Duo Concertante (2 Pf.) on
Weber's "Preciosa" (with Mendelssohn),
Op. 87b; Les Contrastes (2 Pf., 8 hands),
Op. 115 ; Sonata in E fiat (4 hands), Op. 47 ;
Sonata Symphonique in B min. (4 hands),
Op. 112; 24 Characteristic Studies, Op. 70;
12 Characteristic Studies, Op. 95; 50 Pre-
ludes, Op. 73 ; 4 Etudes de Concert, Op. in ;
2 Studies for the Beethoven Album, Op.
105 ; 2 Studies I'Ambition, I'Enjouement ;
Sonate Melancolique, F sharp min.. Op. 49;
La Tenerezza, Rondo, Op. 52 ; Les Charmes
de Paris, Op. 54 ; Cadenzas for Beethoven's
Concertos. The works up to Op. 80 were
published before 1830. His works reach the
Opus number 142.

Moszkowski, Moritz, b. Aug. 23, 1854,
Breslau where he received his first
instruction. His father took him later
to Dresden, where he entered the
Conserv., and afterwards to Berlin,
where he became a pupil of Kullak
(Pf.) and Wiierst (Composition). 1873,
he gave his first Concert, in which he
created an unusual furore by his ex-
cellent, brilliant, technically finished,
and elegant playing, and not less by
the originality, freshness, and melo-
diousness of his compositions, which
at once procured for the highly gifted
young artist a rare popularity. His
most celebrated compositions are —
Op. 5, Hommage a Schumann; Op. 15, 6
Pieces : tSerenade, Arabeske, Mazurka,
Canon, Walzer, +Barcarole; Op. 17, 3
Pieces: Polonaise, tMinuet, and Walzer;
Op. 18, 5 Pieces: Melodic, -fScherzino,
+Etude, NIarcia, Polonaise; Op. 24,3 Con-
cert Studies (+No. 2, Les vagues) ; Op. 27,
Barcarole and +Tarantelle; Op. 28,5 Minia-
tures; Op. 36, 8 Pieces: Pidce Rococo,
Reverie, ^ Expansion, +En automne. Air de
Ballett, tEtincelles, Valse sentimentale.
Piece rustique ; Op. 37, Caprice Espagnol ;
Op. 42, 3 Morceaux poetiques ; Valse in A flat ;
Suite, Op. 50. Duets: tOp. 8, 5 Waltzes;
lOp. 12, Spanish Dances; +Op. 21, Album
Espagnol ; +Op. 23, From foreign parts ;
Op. 25, German Rounds ; Op. 33, 4 Duets
(Kindermarsch, tHumoreske, tTarantella,
tSpinnerlied).

Mozart, Leopold, b. Nov. 14, 1719,
Augsburg; d. May 28, 1787, Salzbuig.

82

MOZART— MOZART.

Son of a bookbinder. He devoted
himself to music. 1743, became Hof-
musikus to the Archbishop of Salz-
burg, and (1762) Vice-Capellmeister.
He was one of the best instructed
musicians of his time, and the excel-
lent education he gave his great son
testifies to his intelligence and common-
sense.
Der Morgen und der Abend, den Inwohnern
der Hochfurstlichen Residenzstadt Salz-
burg melodisch und harmonisch ange-
kiindigt ; Oder 12 Musikstucke fur das
Clavier. Augsburg, 1759. (The Morning
and Evening, 12 pieces for the Clavier.
Augsburg, 1759). Musikalische Schlit-
tenfahrt (Musical Sledge Drive). (Peters.)
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (really
Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgang
Gottlieb), b. Jan. 27, 1756, Salzburg ;
d. Dec. 5, 1791, Vienna. When only
in his fourth year he received instruc-
tion from his father, Leopold M., and
having reached his sixth year he made
his first tour, with his sister, Anna
Maria. In Munich, Vienna, (1763) in
Paris and Brussels, ajid (1764) in
London {see C. F. Pohl's "Mozart
and Haydn in London ") the young
artists were received with the greatest
enthusiasm. 1765, he left London for
Holland, and returned (1766) vid Paris
to Salzburg. 1768, he went again to
Vienna ; returned (1769) to Salzburg ;
was appointed Concertmeister to the
Archbishop, but left in the same year,
and went with his father to Milan and
Rome. In Rome the Pope conferred
on him the Order of the (Solden Spur.
He was elected a Member of the Phil-
harmonic Society of Bologna, and
made there the acquaintance of
Padre Martini, and of Sammartini
at Milan and Valotti at Padua. 1771,
he was again in Salzburg, but returned
(1771-72) to Italy. In spite of his
great success as an artist, his pecuniary
circumstances were in a deplorable
state, and when he returned to Salz-
burg he planned another tour, for
which, however, the Archbishop re-
fused his permission. Upon this,
Mozart resigned his post, and went,
accompanied by his mother, to Munich,
Augsburg, Mannheim, and Paris. In
Paris he lost his mother (1778) ; re-
turned to Salzburg; was in Munich,
1781 ; and settled afterwards in Vienna,
where the Emperor Joseph II. appointed
him Imperial Capellmeister, which
post he retained until his death.
Mozart's Pf. compositions are works
of the greatest beauty and importance.
For gracefulness, sweetness of expres-
sion, never-ceasing euphony, he is

unrivalled. Moreover, the study of his
works is indispensable for all who
would learn to play with fluency,
steadiness, and natural expression.
We find in his Pf . works an undeniable
feeling for beauty and symmetry.
Everything harsh and disconnected, all
disorder, eccentricity, and rhapsodical
excitement he regarded with antipathy.
He did not care for mere technical
playing. We observe everywhere the
inclination to make the instrument
sing ; even in his most rapid passages
he is harmonious and melodious. We
recognise in his best Pf. works his
innate sense for order, nature, and
beauty — qualities which were pre-
dominant in his character.
Sonatas: In C, 4/4 (1777); in F, 3/4 (1777);
+B flat, 3/4 (1777) ; E flat, 4/4 (i777) : +G.

3/4 (1777) ; D. 4/4 (1777) ; +c, 4/4 (1778); tA

min., 4/4 (1778) ; 0,4/4 (1778) ; C, 2/4 (1779) ;
f A, 6/8 (1779) ; +F, 3/4 (1779) ; B flat, 4/4
(1779) ; tCmin. (preceded by the Fantasia), 4/4
(1784); C (for beginners), 4/4 (1788) ; B flat,
3/4(1789); 10,6/8(1789); tF, 4/4 (Allegro and
Andante, 1788 ; Rondo, 1786). For 4 hands :
Sonatas in G, 3/4 (1786) ; +B flat, 4/4 (1780);
+D,4/4 (1781); F, 3/4 (1786); C, 4/4 (1787):
Fugue in G min., 4/4 (1782). Fantasias:
In tC, 4/4, with a Fugue (1782) ; C min.,
4/4 (1782); D min., 4/4 (1782); +C min., 4/4,
followed by the Sonata (1785). For 4 hands:
Fantasia, Adagio, 3/4, and Allegro, 4/^, in
F min. and maj. (1790) ; iFantasie in F
min. ,4/4(1791). Variations: In 0,2/4(1765);
Willem von Nassau in D, 4/4 (1765) ; F, 2/4
(1768); Minuet de Fischer in C, 3/4 (1773);
" Mio caro Adone " in G, 3/4 (1773) ;
"Lison dormait " in C, 2/4 (1776); "Ah
vous dirai-je. Mama," in C, 2/4 (1776);
Mariage des Samnites in F, 4/4 (1780);
" La belle Fran9aise " in E flat, 6/8 (1780) ;
"Je suis Lindor" in E flat, 2/4 (1780);
Salve tu Domine in F, 3/4 (1782); t" Unser
dummer Pobel meint " in G, 4/4 (1784) ;
" Come un agnello " in A, 3/4 (178^) ; B flat,
4/4 (1786); Minuet de Duport m D, 3/4
(1789) ; +" Ein Weib ist das herrlichste " in

F, 3/4 (1791). For 4 hands : ^Variations in

G, 2/4 (1786). For 2 Clavecins : Fugue in C
min., 4/4 (1783) ; fSonata in D, 4/4 (1784).
For 3 hands: Rondo in D, 4/4 (1786); tA
min., 6/8 (1787) ; in F, 2/4 (1791), originally
written for a musical box; Suite in C, 4/4
(1782-83); Allegro, G min., 3/4 (1778); B
flat, 4/4 (1782); fAdagio in B min., 4/4
(1788); tGigue in G, 6/3 (1789). Minuets:
In G, B flat, F, and D (1761-62); in D
(1780); Waltz, B flat. Sonatas with Vln.:
4 (1763); 6 (1764); 6 (1765); 7 (1768); tSonata
in C, 4/4 (1778); +G, 3/4 (1778); E flat, 3/4
(1778); 0,4/4(1778); +E min., 4/4 (1778); A,
6/8(1778); +D,4/4 (1778); +F, 4/4 (1781); F,
4/4 (1781); tB flat, 4/4 (1781) ; G, 2/4 (1781);
E flat, 4/4 (1781) ; +A, 3/4 (1782) ; C, 4/4
(1783); 0,4/4 (1784); +B flat, 4/4(1784); +E
flat, 3/4 (1785); +A,6/8 (1787); F,4/4 (1788),
for beginners. Trios: For Clavecin, Vln.,
and V'cello : In B flat, 3/4 (1776) ; D min.,
4/4 (1783) ; G, 4/4 (1786) ; tE flat, 6/8 (1786).
For Clavecin, CI., and Via. : In B flat, 4/4
(1786); E. 3/4 (1788); 0, 4/4 (1788); G, 4/4
(1788). Quartets and Quintets : +G min., 4/4
(1785); +E flat, 4/4 (1786); E flat, 4/4, with
Ob., Cl., Horn and Bssn. (1784). Concertos:
In F, 4/4 ; B flat, 4/4 ; D, 4/4 i G, 3/4 (1767) ;

MOZART— M UFFAT.

83

D, 4/4 (1773); B flat, 4/4 (1776); C, 4/4
(1776); \E flat, 4/4 (1777); F. 3/4 (1782); A,
4/4 (1782); C, 4/4 (1782-83); E flat, 3/4
(1784); +B flat, 4/4 (1784); D,4/4 (1784); G,
4/4 (1784); B flat, 4/4 (1784); F,4/4 (1784);
fD min., 4/4 (1785); tC, 4/4 (1785); +E flat,
4/4 (1785); +A, 4/4 (1786); \C min., 3/4
(1786) ; tC, 4/4 (1786) ; +D, 4/4 (1788) ; B flat,
4/4 (1791). For 2 Clavecins : E flat, 4/4
(1780). For 3 Clavecins : F, 4/4 (1776). 35
cadenzas for his Concertos.
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (second son
of the above), b. July 26, 1791, Vienna ;
d. July 29, 1844, Carlsbad (Bohemia).
His early education was directed by
Franz and Josepha Duschek and Prof.
I'ranz Niemczek of Prague, intimate
friends of his illustrious father. 1802,
instructed by Andreas Streicher, in
Vienna, published a Quartet and be-
came, 1804, a pupil of Hummel, Vogler,
and Albrechtsberger. 1804, he played
at his own concert a Concerto in C
(Op. 14) and Variations on the Minuet
( Don Giovanni) of his own composition .
181 1, he performed in Lemberg, was
appointed teacher to the family of
Count Baworowski. Was six years in
Lemberg, then returned (playing in
Warsaw, Konigsberg, Danzig, Prague,
Leipzig, &c.) to Vienna, where he re-
mained till 1822, when he settled until
1838 in Lemberg, conducting the musi-
cal society and highly respected as a
teacher. 1838, he went again to Vienna,
and remained there until June, 1844.
His performances of his father's Con-
certos and Sonatas were remarkable
for sincerity of feeling and correctness
of execution. During the winter even-
ings (Tuesdays) of 1838-44, his two
modestly furnished rooms were the
meeting-place of the most celebrated
musicians, poets, painters, &c., of
Vienna, who listened to excellent
(juartet playing by Jansa, Durst,
Zach, and Borzaga.
Sonata in G, Op. 10 ; Concerto, Op. 25 ; Rondo
favori in F ; Variations, Op. 16 (Marche de
Coriolan) ; Op. 20 (Russian air) ; and 4 other
sets of variations.
Miiller, August Eberhard, b. Dec. 13,
1.767, Nordheim (Gottingen) ; d. Dec.
3, 1817, Weimar. Pupil of his father,
an organist, later of Joh. Christoph
Bach (ninth son of Seb. B.), who
resided at Biickeburg. As his father
had a numerous family he was obliged
to begin earning his living when only
14 years old. His excellent perform-
ances on the clavecin and flute procured
him a modest income and the friendship
of many influential people. 1789, he
settled in Magdeburg, and was ap-
pointed Organist of St. Ulrich's Church.
1792, visited Berlin, where he was

cordially received by Marpurg, Fasch,
and Reichardt, the latter recommending
him for the post of Organist of the
" Nicolai " Church at Leipzig. Here
he soon became the friend and assistant
of Joh. Adam Hiller and was, on Killer's
death (1804), unanimously elected
Cantor of the Thomas School. 1807
and 1809, he taught the Princess of
Saxe-Weimar, and was appointed
Capellmeister (1810), retaining this
appointment until his death. His
works for clavecin (later piano) are of
considerable importance —
Grands Caprices i6), Op. 29 (in +E min., +C,
D flat, tC min., +B min., +G flat) ; ditto (3),
Op. 31 (in A, +C, D min.); ditto (3), Op. 34
(in IF min., fG sharp min., E flat) ; ditto (3),
Op. 4t (in D, D flat, fG min.); 3 Sonatas,
Op. 7 (in A, E flat, and C) ; Concerto in E
flat, Op. 21 ; Trio, and several other
Sonatas ; cadenzas for 8 Concertos by
Mozart. Educational works : Pianoforte
School (1804) ; the eighth edition was revised
by C. Czerny. Small elementary book for
pianists (new edition by C. Czerny).
Miiller, Christian Heinrich, b. Oct. 10,
1734, Halberstadt ; d. there Aug. 29,
1782, when Cathedral Organist. He
was one of the first who wrote sonatas
for 4 hands. Three of them were
published at Dessau in 1783. Their
somewhat curious title is :
" 3 Sonaten fiir's Clavier als Doppelstiicke, fiir
2 Personen mit vier Handen."
Miithel, Johann Gottfried, b. 1729,
Mollin (Lauenburg) ; d. (date un-
known), Riga. When only 17 years
old, he was appointed Hof-Organist
at Schwerin (Mecklenburg). After
some years, received permission to
become a pupil of Seb. Bach, in whose
house he went to live. After Bach's
death he went to Bach's son-in-law,
Altnikol (Naumburg), and later to
Emanuel Bach (Berlin). Returned to
Schwerin for 2 years, and then became
Director of an orchestra at Riga ; he
was also appointed Organist of the
principal church there. Miithel was
one of the most distinguished per-
formers of his time on the organ and
clavecin.
2 Concert! per il Cembalo, with Orchestra
(Riga and Mitau, 1767) ; Duo for s
Clavecins or Pfs. (Riga, 1771) ; 3 Sonate
e 2 Ariosi, con 12 Variazioni (Niirnberg,
Haffner).

Muffat, Georg, year of birth unknown ;
d. Feb. 23, 1704, Salzburg. He was
for 6 years in Paris, where he made
himself acquainted with Lully's style.
Afterwards (up to 1675) Organist of the
Strassburg Minster, which he resigned
on account of the war. Went to Vienna
and Rome, and was appointed (about
1690) Organist and Kammerdiener

84

MUFFAT— NEEFE.

(butler) to the Archbishop of Salzburg
and (1695) Capellmeister of the Court
at Passau, where he also officiated as
tutor to the pages. In this situation
he remained until his death. The
following work is of interest to clave-
cinists —
"Apparatus Musico Organisticus" (Augs-
burg, 1690). It contains 12 Toccatas, a
Ciaccona, Passacaglia and Aria, and is dedi-
cated to the Emperor Leopold I. (1640-1705).
His son,

MufTat, August Gottlieb (Theophilus),
b. April 25, i6go, Passau; d. Dec.
10, 1770, Vienna. Pupil of Fux, and,

about 1727, Organist to the Imperial
Austrian (iourt. His chief work is —
"Componimenti musicali per il Cembalo,"
ded. to the Emperor Charles VI. (1685-1740),
The Court Library of Vienna possesses, in
M S., Preludes, Fugues,Toccatas, old dances,
a Partita in C, &c. Farrenc has published
the entire work " Componimenti," &c., in
his " Trdsor du Pianiste."
Murschhauser, Franz Xaver Anton, b.
(about) 1670, Zabern (Alsace) ; d. 1733,
Munich. Pupil of J. Caspar Kerl until
his death (i6go). He succeeded him
as Organist of the Frauen-Kirche.
Aria pastoralis variata in G (Pauer's "Alte
Clavier-musik "). His works for organ are
of considerable importance.

N.

Naegeli, Johann Georg, b. 1768, Ziirich ;
d. there Dec. 26, 1836. He received
his education at Berne, his native
town, where he founded (1792) a music
publishing business. 1803, he began
to issue the " Repertoire des Clave-
cinistes," which consisted of works by
dementi, Cramer, Dussek, Steibelt,
Beethoven, and others. It is well
known that he was not over- con-
scientious in the publication of
Beethoven's Sonatas, for — to cite only
one instance — he added four bars
towards the end of the first movement
of the Sonata, Op. 31, No. i, which
alteration offended the great composer
in the highest degree. Of his Pf.
compositions only 12 Toccatas were
published. One of the most popular
of his songs is "Life let us cherish,"
of which the melody, according to the
latest researches, belongs to the South
of France. His literary productions
are held in great respect in Switzer-
land, and it may be asserted that he
alone, among his compatriots, in-
fluenced the progress of music in his
country.

Napoleon (Napoleao), Arthur, b. March
6, 1843, Oporto. Pupil of his father
(who was of German extraction) and
of Charles Halle. As early as 1845 he
gave concerts, and created a great
sensation. His compositions are
popular and elegant. Since 1871 he
has settled in Rio de Janeiro as a music-
seller and agent of the foremost
European Pf. manufacturers.

Naumann, Johann Gottlieb, b. April 17,
1741, Blasewitz, near Dresden; d. Oct.
23, 1801, Dresden. Pupil at the
Kreuzschule, Dresden, but mostly

self-taught. A rich Swedish musician,
Weestrom, heard him play Bach's
pieces, and decided to take him as a
companion to Italy ; but, owing to
unexpected bad treatment, Naumann
parted from Weestrom at Padua, and
remained there alone, enjoying for three
years Tartini's instruction in harmony ;
he also met Hasse. Tartini recom-
mended him to Padre Martini, in
Bologna, who gave him lessons in
Counterpoint. 1764, the Princess
Maria Antonia of Saxony, widow of
the Palatine, offered him the post of
Church Composer, and (1765) he was
appointed Court Composer.
Concerto ; Quartet, Op. i ; and 6 Sonatas,
Op. 4.

Neate, Charles, b. March 28, 1784,
London ; d. March 30, 1877, Brighton.
Pupil of John Field. Resided in
London. Was highly respected as a
teacher and promoter of the best
interests of musical art.
A treatise on Fingering; Sonata in C min.,
Op. 2, published in Vienna.

Neefe, Christian Gottlob, b. Feb. 5, 1748,
Chemnitz (Saxony) ; d. Jan. 26, 1798,
Dessau. His youth was a very melan-
choly one ; although his talent for music
was evident, his father, a tailor, was too
poor to cultivate it. 1769, he resolved
to study law at the University of
Leipzig, but at the same time occupied
himself with the theoretical works of
Marpurg and Emanuel Bach. Joh.
Adam Hiller, taking great interest in
the young musician, gave him good
advice and recommended him (1776)
as Conductor of the "Seller" troupe,
which played, till 1777, at Leipzig and
Dresden. This company being dis-
solved in 1779, he went to Bonn as

NEITZEL— NEUSTEDT.

85

Conductor of the " Grossmann-Hell-
muth" company. Here he taught
Beethoven. He remained there until
1796, but had — as the Palatine Max
Franz was obHged to dissolve his
princely establishment — to struggle
hard to earn sufficient to keep himself
and his family. His daughter, Louise,
a clever singer, was engaged at the
theatre of Dessau (1796) and her father
was appointed Conductor. The death
of his beloved wife accelerated his end.
Neefe was not only an excellent musi-
cian, good composer, and admirable
teacher, but also a man of sterling
character and high intellectual capaci-
ties.
Concerto for Clav. and Vln. (with orchestra' ;
12 Sonatas (Leipzig, 1772) ; 6 new Sonatas
with Variations (1774); Fantasia; Varia-
tions ; 6 Sonatas with Vln.
Neitzel, Dr. Otto. b. July 6, 1852,
Falckenburg (Pomerania). Pupil at
Kullak's " Neue Akademie der Ton-
kunst " (BerHn). Studied Philosophy
and Art History at the Berlin, Univer-
sity, and received, 1875, the diploma of
Doc. Phil. After having resided for
some time in Weimar and received
advice from Liszt, he accompanied the
singer, Madame Lucca, and the cele-
brated violinist, Sarasate, on their pro-
fessional tours. Was appointed teacher
at the Conserv. of Strassburg (Alsace),
where he also conducted the Musical
Society, and was for two years Capell-
meister of the Strassburg theatre.
1881-85, was Prof, at the Imperial Con-
serv. of Moscow ; went afterwards to
Cologne to be teacher at the Conserv.,
which appointment he resigned, July,
1887, in order to act as musical reporter
to the Cologne Gazette. He is an
excellent pianist, and being well ac-
quainted with piano literature his
criticisms are full of interest and
useful suggestions. At the present
time he is again appearing as a public
performer.
Neukomm, Sigismund, Chevalier de, b.
July 10, 1778, Salzburg; d. April 3,
1858, Paris. Pupil of Michael Haydn
(Salzburg) and (1798) of Joseph Haydn
(Vienna). 1808, he published, by
Joseph Haydn's advice, his first com-
positions, which were received with
so much approval that both the
Academies of St. Petersburg and of
Stockholm elected him a Member.
i8og, he went to St. Petersburg, and
acted for some time as Capellmeister
of the Imperial Opera ; but this work not
being sympathetic to his more earnest
and refined taste, he subsequently went

to Paris, where he enjoyed the friend-
ship of Gretry, Cherubini, the great
zoologist Cuvier, and other renowned
persons. The Princess of Lothringen
Vauvemont, who took a motherly
interest in the young and highly-
accomplished artist, introduced him to
Talleyrand, who took so great a liking
to him that he invited him to occupy
apartments in his own house. 1814,
accompanied Talleyrand to Vienna,
where he composed a Requiem in
memory of Louis XVI., for which
Louis XVIII. made him a Chevalier
of the Legion of Honour and conferred
the rank of nobility on him. 1816, he
accompanied the Duke of Luxemburg,
the French Ambassador, to Rio de
Janeiro (Brazil), where he remained
until 1821, when he left with the Duke
for Lisbon, but soon returned to
Talleyrand in Paris. After many years
of travelling in Holland, Belgium, Italy,
and visits to London and the German
capitals, he divided his time between
Paris and London, staying in the latter
city with his friend. Chevalier de
Bunsen.
Sonata, Op. 14 ; Sonata, " Le retour a la vie,"
Op. 40; Fantasia-Sonata; Elegie har-
monique sur la mort de J . L. Dussek ; ditto,
sur la mort de la Princesse de Courland;
L'amitie et I'amour ; 2 Esquisses, 12 Valses,
Caprices, Polonaises, and an Elegy on
Chopin's death.
Neupert, Edmund, b. April i, 1842,
Christiania; d. June 22, 1888, New
York. 1858, pupil at Kullak's Conserv.
(Berlin) ; afterwards travelled in
Germany, Sweden, and Norway, where
his performances were greatly admired.
1868, he went to Copenhagen, where
he was appointed successor of Ree
{see this name). He went, later, to
Moscow, but had to leave on account
of the climate not agreeing with him.
1883, he settled in New York. Neupert
was certainly one of the best Scan-
dinavian artists.
Characterstiicke, Op. 21; Pieces, Op. 47; 24
Concert Studies, Op. 17 ; 24 Octave Studies,
Op. 18; 24 Studies for technique and
expression, Op. 19 ; 10 Poetical Studies,
Op. 25 and 51 ; 4 characteristic pieces. Op.
45 ; 8 transcriptions of Studies by Cramer.

■^Neustedt, Charles Frederic, b. 1834,
Saumur (Maine et Loire), Pupil of
his father and Thalberg. " Officier de
r Instruction publique, ' ' one of the most
popular teachers in Paris, and the
Director of musical education in the
convents. His compositions are effec-
tive, not too difficult, and enjoy
considerable favour.
Carillon de Louis XIV., Fete romaine.
Gavotte du bon vieux temps; Menuet

86

NICHELMANN— NORMAN,

d'enfants, Pavane, Gavotte favorite de
Marie Antoinette, Pantomime, Minuetto
dans le style ancien, Chanson des arciers.

Nichelmann, Christoph, b. Aug. 13,
1717, Treuenbriezen (Brandenburg) ;
d. July 20, 1762, Berlin. At first in-
structed by Cantor Bubal and the
organists, Schweinitz and Lippe ; went
(1730) to Leipzig, and entered the
Thomas School, where Sebastian Bach
taught him Composition and Friede-
mann Bach, Clavecin-playing. 1733,
went to Hamburg, where he enjoyed
the friendship of Keiser, Telemann,
and Mattheson. 1738, he returned for
a short visit to his native town, then
went to Berlin, and was appointed
Secretary to Count Barfuss. In
Berlin he seized the opportunity of
improving himself in Counterpoint
under Quanz, and also attempted some
vocal compositions. 1744, he intended
to go to London, but went only as far
as Hamburg, where he heard that he
was appointed Kammermusikus and
second Cembalist of the Opera in
Berlin. He resigned these posts (1756)
and lived there in retirement until his
death.
Sei brevi Sonate da Cembalo, Op. 1 (1749) ;
ditto. Op. 2 (1749); Clavecin pieces in
Emanuel Bach's " Musikalisches Allerley"
(1761-62) ; Sonaten and Fugen, edited by
Emanuel Bach (1744); Concertos for
Clavecin, with 2 Vln., Via., and Bass.

•Nicodd, Jean Louis, b. Aug. 12, 1853,

iersitz (Posen). At first instructed by
is father and Hartkas, then entered
the "Neue Akademie der Tonkunst"
(Berlin), where his teachers were
Kullak (Pf.), Wiierst (Composition),
and Kiel (Counterpoint and Com-
position). 1871-77, he taught at the
above Academy; 1878-85, was teacher
at the Conserv. of Dresden; 1885-89,
Conductor of the Dresden Phil-
harmonic concerts ; previous to this.
Director of the Berlin Monday Popular
concerts. With the celebrated singer,
Madame Art6t-Padilla, he gave con-
certs in Galicia and Roumania. He is
Hon. Member of several important
societies, and is held in great respect
by his colleagues and the public. He
is not only a very brilliant pianist, with
command of an enormous technique,
but also a highly distinguished com-
poser, who in a very short time made
himself a great reputation. His most
popular works are —
Op. 6, Souvenir de Robert Schumann (6
pieces, I., II.) ; Op. 9, 2 Morceaux carac-
teristiques ; Op. 13, Danses et Chansons
Nationales Italiennes (Barcarole, Can-
zonetta, and fTarantelle) ; Op. 18, Variations
and Fugue; Op. 19, Sonata in F min. ; Op.

21, 3 Studies (F sharp min., F,and +D min.) ;
Op. 12, 2 Studies (Elfin dance) ; Op. 22,
+Ein Liebesleben; Op. 28, tWalzer,
tBurlesca, Scherzo. Duets: Op. 7, Mis-
cellanees (Volkslied) ; Op. 19, tValses
Caprices ; Op. 26, Eine Ball-Scene ; Op. 29,
tBilder aus dem Siiden (I., II., III.);
Sonata for Pf. and V'cello in G ; a second
Pf. part for Chopin's Allegro de Concert,
Op. 46.

Niedermeyer, Louis, b. April 27, 1802,
Nyon, on the Lake of Geneva; d.
March 14, 1861, Paris. Pupil of
Moscheles (Pf.) and Forster (Theory)
in Vienna; later of Fioravanti and
Zingarelli in Rome . Greatly patronised
by Rossini, he commenced by writing
operas, which, however, were not
successful ; only two of his melodies —
" Le Lac" and "Adieu done, belle
France" — became very popular. 1844,
he received in Paris, where he had settled
since 1823, the decoration of the Legion
of Honour and an annual allowance
of 5,000 francs for the continuation
and improvement of the Society for
Sacred Music, foimded by Choron.
He was an excellent teacher and
accomplished musician.
Introduction, Variations, et Finale sur la
dernidre pens^e de C. M. de Weber, Op. 13;
Le Bal, Divertissement, Op. 15 ; Divertisse-
ment Espagnol, Op. 16 ; several other Fan-
tasias and Variations on Italian opera airs
are of small importance.

*Norman, Ludwig, b. Aug. 28, 1831,
Stockholm ; d. there March 25, 1884.
At an early age he showed great talent
for music, and was patronised by
Prince (now King) Oscar of Sweden,

ienny Lind, and the composer Lind-
lad. 1848, he was sent to Leipzig,
and entered the Conserv. as a pupil
of Moscheles (Pf.), Hauptmann and
Rietz (Harmony and Composition).
Almost all the eminent Leipzig
authorities, including Robert Schu-
mann, took great interest in his pro-
gress. 1857, he returned to Stockholm.
Was appointed Prof, of Composition
at the Royal Swedish Academy (1861),
Conductor of the Royal Opera, and
President of the Musical Academy.
1864, he married the celebrated
violinist, Wilhelmine Neruda (now
Lady Halle). 1879, he retired on
account of feeble health. It was then
that King Oscar conferred on him the
Orders of " Wasa " (Sweden) and
"St. Olaf" (Norway), and likewise
the title of Principal Capellmeister
of the Swedish Court.
Op. 54, ConcertstGck (with Orchestra) ; Op.
3, Sonata in F, for Pf. and Vln. ; Op. 28,
Sonata in D, for Pf. and V'cello ; Op. 32,
Sonata in G min., for Pf. and Via. ; Op. 4,
Trio in D, for Pf., Vln., and V'cello; Op.

NOSZKOWSKI— O'LEARY.

87

10, Quartet in E, for Pf., Vln., Via., and
V'cello; Op. i and 2, tCharacteristic pieces;
Op. 5, 4 Fantasiestiicke ; Op. 7, 3 pieces for
4 hands ; Op. 8, Capriccio on 2 Swedish
melodies ; Op. 9, +4 pieces; Op. 11, tAlbum
leaves ; Op. 12, t3 pieces in the form of
Scherzos. His 30 transcriptions of Swedish
national songs are written in excellent
style.
♦Noszkowski, Zygmunt von(Sigismund),
b. May 2, 1846, Warsaw. 1864-67,
pupil at the Warsaw Musical Institute.
The Musical Society sent him (1873) to
Berlin, where he studied with Kiel
(Composition) and Oscar Raif (Pf.).
After leaving Berlin he became Con-
ductor of the Bodau Society, in
Constance (Switzerland). 1881, ap-
pointed Director of the Musical
Society and (1888) Prof, at the Conserv.
of Warsaw.
Op. 24, Impressions, 4 pieces; Op. 27, Images,
6 Morceaux caracteristiques ; Op. 31,
Chansons et Danses cracoviennes ; Op. 35,
3 pieces (conte d'hiver) ; Op. 36, Moments
mllodiques (4 characteristic pieces) ; Op.
39, Petits rayons (4 pieces). For 4 hands :
Op. 33, Melodies Rutheniennes (8 pieces) ;
Op. 38, Mazury, Danses masoviennes.
Nottebohm, Martin Gustav, b. Nov. 12,
1 81 7, Liidenscheid (Westphalia) ; d.
Oct. 30, 1882, Graz (Styria). 1838-39,
pupil of Berger (Pf.) and Dehn (Com-
position) in Berlin; went (1840) to
Leipzig, where he continued his studies
under the superintendence of Mendels-
sohn and Schumann ; settled (1846) in
Vienna, where he had lessons from

Sechter, and earned his livelihood as a
teacher. The great merits of Notte-
bohm as an author are well known,
and his works on Beethoven have been
gratefully received by the musical
public.

A Sketch Book of Beethoven (1865)— 1855 is
given as the date in Breitkopf and Hartel's
Catalogue; Thematic Catalogue of Beet-
hoven's Works (186S); Beethoveniana
(1872) ; Neue Beethoveniana (1875) ;
Beethoven's Studies (his studies with
Haydn, Salieri, and Albrechtsberger, 1873) ;
A Sketch Book of Beethoven from the year
1803 ; A Thematic Catalogue of Schubert's
Works (1874); Mozartiana (1880). Pf.
Pieces : Op. 1, Quartet for Pf., Vln., Via.,
and V'cello ; Op. 4, Trios ; Op. 10, fFliegende
Blatter (6 pieces); Op. 11, 3 Caprices;
Op. 13, a lyric pieces ; Op. 14 and 15,
Impromptus: La Serdna and La Contem-
plative ; Op. 17, fVariations on an air by
Seb. Bach for 4 hands.

Nowakowski, Joseph, b. 1805, Mniszck,
near Radomsk (Poland) ; d. 1865,
Warsaw. Pupil of Wiirfel and Eisner
in Warsaw. He was an excellent
pianist, who travelled a great deal
and gained everywhere considerable
success. After returning to Warsaw
he was appointed Prof, at the Alexandra
College, where he remained until his
death. The most popular of his
compositions (about 60) are —

Op. 14, Grande Polonaise path^tique ; Op. ig
and 26, Mazurkas ; Op. 25, i2 Grandes
Etudes (dedicated to F. Chopin).

o.

Oesten, Theodor, b. Dec. 31, 1813,
Berlin ; d. there March 16, 1870.
Pupil of Dreschker (Pf.), Rungenhagen,
and Schneider (Composition). He was
a most successful teacher, and his
numerous educational compositions
and arrangements found great favour.
They are written in a correct, clear,
and practical manner and are still
much used.

Oginski, Count Michael Cleophas, b.
Sept. 25, 1765, Guron, near Warsaw;
d. Oct. 31, 1833, Florence. He became
well knovwi as the composer of 14
Polonaises. One called the "Death"
Polonaise made the round of the
world ; popular fancy connected it with
a romantic episode of his life, for it was
said that Count Oginski, desperately
in love with a lady who did not return
his affection and married another
gentleman, composed the Polonaise
and committed suicide on the evening

before her wedding. To make the
incident more thrilling, it was reported
that in a letter he had desired the
Polonaise to be played during the
wedding festivities. The sober facts
are, however, that the "Death" Polon-
aise was composed in 1793, several
years before the wedding in question,
and that Oginski died thirty-eight
years after the supposed tragedy.
Besides the 14 Polonaises he published
3 Marches.
♦O'Leary, Arthur, b. March 15, 1834,
Tralee, County Kerry (Ireland) . Pupil
at the Leipzig Conserv. under Plaidy
and Moscheles (Pf), Hauptmann,
Richter, and Rietz (Theory and Com-
position). Returning to London, he
entered the R.A.M. and studied under
Sterndale Bennett (Composition) and
Cipriani Potter (Pf.). He is a Prof, at
the R.A.M. and a most successful
teacher.

88

ONSLOW— PACHMANN.

Concerto in E min. (with Orchestra) ; +Theme
in C min., with Variations (in 3 movements) ;
Op. 3, 2 pieces j Op. 7, Im Gebirge, 3
characteristic pieces ; +Toccata in F ;
Romanza in E flat min., and various
smaller pieces.

Onslow, George, b. July 27, 1784, Cler-
mont-Ferrand (Puy-de-D6me) ; d. there
Oct. 3, 1852. Grandsonof Lord Onslow.
Part of his youth was spent in London,
where Hiillmandel, Dussek, and Cramer
were his teachers. He returned later
to his estate at Clermont, and used
to play with some friends the best
chamber music, taking the V'cello
himself. It was there that he wrote a
great number of works for string
instruments.

34 Quintets ; 36 Quartets; Sextet for Pf., FL,
CI., Hn., Bssn., and C.-Bass, Op. 30;
Sextet for Pf., with Strings, Op. 77bis ;
Quintets, Op. 70 and 76; Trios (3), A min.,
C, G min., Op. 3; Trios (3), E min., E flat,
D ; Trios: D min.. Op. 20; C min., Op. 26;
G, Op. 27. Duoi, with Vln.: Sonatas (3),
Op. 11; (3) Op. 16; Duo, Op. 15; and Op. 31.
Pf. Solo : Sonata, C min.. Op. 2 ; +Toc-
cata. Op. 6; Variations, "Charmante
Gabrielle "; Sonatas for 4 hands : tE min.,
Op. 7; tF min.. Op. 22.

Ordenstein, Heinrich, b. Jan. 7, 1856,
Offstein, near Worms. 1871-75, pupil
at the Leipzig Conserv., under
Reinecke, Jadassohn, Coccius, and
Dr. Oscar Paul. 1881, teacher at the
New Academy of Berlin. Founded
(1884) the Conserv. at Carlsruhe
(Baden), which now numbers about
400 pupils. The Grand Duke of
Baden conferred on him the title of
"Professor." He is the author of
various essays on musical education.

♦Osborne, George Alexander, b. Sept.
24, 1806, Limerick (Ireland) ; d. Nov.
17, 1893, London. He showed at an
early age signs of uncommon musical
talent. Went to Brussels, where
Prince de Chimay took great interest
in the young Irish musician, and
allowed him to study the classical
works in his library. He also made
the acquaintance of Fetis, who gave
him excellent advice. Prince de
Chimay recommended him as teacher
to the Crown Prince of the Netherlands,
and the King conferred on him the
Order of the " Crown of Oak." 1831,
he went to Paris, formed a lasting
friendship with Chopin and Berlioz,
and took lessons from Pixis, and later
from Kalkbrenner. 1848, he settled
in London, where he had already been
for artistic purposes in 1845. The
abilities of the conscientious and ex-
perienced teacher, and his sterling
qualities, procured him numbers of
pupils cmd devoted friends ; but
seldom has an artist enjoyed so great
and lasting a popularity and such
sincere respect as fell to the lot of
Osborne. He was a member of the
Philharmonic Society, a Director of
the R.A.M., and Vice-President of the
London Trinity College.
Quartet ; Sonata for Pf. and V'cello ; Sextet
for Pf., string and wind instrimients ; a
great number of elegant and brilliant
drawing-room pieces, of which " La Pluie
des Perles," "A Summer's Eve," "Evening
Dew," " Marche Militaire," and " Nouvelle
Pluie de Perles" are the most popular.
His Duo (with De B6riot) on Rossini's
"William Tell" gave pleasure to number-
less amateurs.

P.

Pachelbel, Johann, b. Sept. 1, 1653,
Niirnberg; d. there March 3, 1706.
Pupil of H. Schwemmer. After a
short stay in Vienna, as assistant to

i. C. Kerl (Organist of St. Stephen's),
e went, 1675, to Eisenach, 1678 to
Erfurt, 1690 to Stuttgart, 1692 to
Gotha, and 1695 back to his native
town as Organist of the Sebaldus
Church. His compositions were mostly
for the Organ; for the Clavecin he
wrote —
A Ciaccona, with 13 variations; Fugues in
E min. and C ; and a Fughetta in C.

Pachelbel, Wilhelm Hieronymus, b.
1685, Niirnberg ; date of death un-
known. Either son or nephew of the
above.

Musikalisches Vergnugen bestehend in einem

Preludio, Fuga, und Fantasia for Organ or

Clavecin. Niirnberg, 1725.

Pacher, Joseph Adalbert, b. March 28,

1816, Daubrowitz (Moravia) ; d. Sept. 2,

1871, Ischl. 1832, went to Vienna and

became a pupil of Anton Halm ; was

successful as a public performer and

teacher, and very industrious as a

composer of educational and popular

pieces.

Op. 29, Die Fundamente der Technik (I. and

II.); Op. II, 6 Octave Studies; Op. 50, la

Etudes melodiques; Op. 75, Der Pianist der

guten Schule ; Op. 9. La harpe; Op. 15, El-

tenreigen; Op. 18, GrSce et Coquetterie;

Op. 30, Papageno Caprice; Op. 53, Ten-

dresse.

Pachmann, Wladimir von, b. July 27,

1848, Odessa. Pupil of his father, and,

PADEREWSKI— PASQUINI.

89

1866, of Dachs in Vienna. He ap-
peared in London for the first time in
1882 ; travelled in Austria, Germany,
and Denmark, where the king con-
ferred on him the Order of the "Dane-
brog." Went to America and, on his
return, again gave concerts in England,
where he is considered to be one of
the best " Chopin " players.

-^ Paderewski, Ignaz Ian, b. Nov. 6, 1859,
Podolia. Pupil at the Warsaw Con-
serv., of Raguski for Harmony and
Counterpoint, later of Urban and
Wiiefst (Berlin), and Theodor Les-
chetizki (Vienna). He was appointed
Pf. teacher at the Conserv. of
Strassburg (Alsace). For the last
three years his performances have
created a great and fully deserved sen-
sation in Paris, England, and America.
He is undoubtedly among the foremost
performers of the present time.
Op. I, Prelude and Minuet; Op. 6, Introduc-
tion et Toccata ; Op. 5 and 9, Danses
polonaises ; Op. 10, Album de Mat, Scenes
romantiques ; Op. 11, Variations et Fugue;
Op. 14, Humoresques de Concert, I.:
tMenuet; Sarabande, Caprice; II.: Bur-
lesque, Intermezzo poUaco, tCracovienne
fantastique ; Op. 15, Dans le desert ; Op.
16, Miscellanse: tL6gende,+MeIodie,Th^me
varie, Nocturne ; Op. 13, Sonate pour Pf. et
Vln. ; Op. 17, Concerto ; Fantasia on Polish
Airs, with orchestra.

Paer, Ferdinando, b. June i, 1771,
Parma; d. May 3, 1839, Paris. 1791,
appointed Conductor in Venice ; 1797,
in Vienna; 1802-6, in Dresden; 1812-
27, in Paris; 1831, became Membre
de I'Academie ; 1832, Director of the
Royal Chapel.
3 Grandes Sonates pour Pf., Vln., et V'cello,

B flat, A, and E flat ; 6 Valses ; Variations

and Marches.

Paisiello, Giovanni, b. May g, 1741,
Tarento ; d. June 5, 1816, Naples.
Pupil of Durante. 1759, Assistant
Teacher at the Naples Conserv. ; 1776-
84, at St. Petersburg; 1784-1802, Court
Capellmeister at Naples; 1802-3, Con-
ductor in Paris ; but, after 1803, again
in Naples.
Concertos (6), Quartets (12) with Strings; and

2 vols, of pieces for the Grand Duchess

Marie of Russia.

Papendieck, Hermann, b. Jan. 16, 1832,
Magdeburg. 1848-51, pupil of J. B.
Andre (Berlin) for Pf. and Composition,
and 1856 of Ernst Liibeck (Paris).
1858, he played for the iirst time in
public (Paris, Berlin, &c.) ; 1855-70,
was a teacher in Paris, then had to
leave on account of the Franco-German
war. A temporary engagement as
teacher in Kullak's Academy kept him
(1870-71) in Berlin; went afterwards to

London, where he resides at present, a

most successful teacher.
Capriccio, Op. 3 (which obtained first prize,
the judges being Moscbeles, Kullak, and
Sechter) ; iz Etudes m^lodiques; Can-
zonetta, &c.

Paradies, Pietro Domenico, b. 1710,
Naples ; d. there 1792. Pupil of Por-
pora. He resided for the greater part
of his life in London. Was an energetic
teacher and also a dramatic composer.
12 Sonate di gravicembalo dedicate a sua

Altezza Reale la Principessa Augusta.

Printed for the author by Blundell (London,

1746). A second edition was published (1770)

at Amsterdam.

Paradis (Paradies), Maria Theresia von,
b. May 15, 1759, Vienna; d. there
Feb. I, 1824. She became blind in
her third year (sec Jahn, "Mozart").
Pupil of Kozeluch, Salieri, and Abbe
Vogler. As godchild of the Empress
Maria Theresia, she received a pension
of 200 florins, and her beautiful playing
and sweet voice won for her the favour
of the Viennese. It is said that she
was able to play 60 Concertos correctly
and with exquisite taste; indeed, her
memory seems to have been quite
phenomenal. In Germany, Paris, and
London she was received with great
favour, and reaped not only plenty of
laurels, but also considerable sums of
money. She dictated her composi-
tions note for note. A sincere friend-
ship bound her to Leopold Mozart, and
his illustrious son, W. A. M., composed
a Concerto for her. Compositions
published during her lifetime —
4 Sonatas, Amsterdam, 1778 ; 6 Sonatas, Op. i,
Paris, 1791 ; 6 Sonatas, Op. 2 ; An meine
entfernten Lieben, Fantasia, 1786.

Parry, Charles Hubert Hastings, M.A. ;
Mus. Doc, Cantab (1883); Mus. Doc.
Oxon (1884) ; Choragus, Oxford Univer-
sity (1883) ; Mus. Doc, Dublin Univer-
sity; Prof, and Director (1894), Royal
College of Music (London) ; b. Feb. 27,
1848, Bournemouth. Educated at Eton
and Christ Church, Oxford, where he
graduated Mus. Bac. in 1867 and B.A.
in 1870. For a short time a pupil of
Dr. (Sir) George Elvey, later of H. H.
Pierson (Edgar Mannsfeldt) in Stutt-
gart, of Macfarren (Composition) and
Dannreuther (Pf.) in London.

Sonnets and Songs without Words (3 books);
Characterbilder ; Grand Duo for 2 Pf. in
E min. ; Trio for Pf., Vln., and V'cello in E
min. ; Quartet for Pf. and Strings in A flat ;
Fantaisie Sonata for Pf. and Vln. ; Sonata
for Pf. and V'cello; another in A; Theme
and Variations in D min. ; Partita for Pf.
and Vln. in D min.

Pasquini, Bernardo, b. 1637, Massa
Valnevola (Toscana); d. Nov. 22, 1710,

90

PASTERWITZ— PAUL.

Rome. Pupil of L. Vittori and A.

Cesti, and teacher of Durante and

Gasparini. Excellent performer. Little

is known of his works for clavecin.

Toccata (Amsterdam, 1704); Sonata per

gravicembalo, 1702 ; Sonata per gravi-

cembalo, 1732 (MS., British Museum).

Pasterwitz, Georg von, b. June 7, 1730,
Burchhiitten (Upper Austria) ; d. 1803
in the Monastery of Kremsmiinster.
Although he entered the Monastery of
the Benedictines as early as 1744, he
followed up his musical studies with
rare energy, and enjoyed the friendship
of Haydn, Mozart, Salieri, Albrechts-
berger, and other celebrities. His
compositions are but few, but they are
written in the most correct and polished
manner.
8 Fughe secondo I'ordine de tuoni ecclesias-
tic! per il clavicembalo ; 8 Fughe secondo
I'A, B, C, di musica per il clavicembalo, and
8 Idem, Op. 3 (Vienna).

Pauer, Ernst, b. Dec. 21, 1826, Vienna.
The only son of the Very Rev. Ernst P.,
Superintendent-General of the Pro-
testant Churches of Austria, Director
of the Theological Seminary, &c. He
was educated by private tutors. Until
1839, pupil of TheodorDirzka; 1839-44,
of W. A. Mozart, jun. (Pf.), and Simon
Sechter (Composition) ; 1845-47, pupil
of Franz Lachner (Munich); 1847-51,
Director of the Musical Societies of
Mayence o/Rhine. He visited London
in the spring of 185 1 ; played at the
Philharmonic and Musical Union
concerts ; returned to Germany
(Frankfort o/M.) and then to London,
Dec, 1 85 1, in order to settle there.
1859, he succeeded Cipriani Potter
as Prof, at the R.A.M.; 1861, began
his historical performances of Clave-
cin and Pf. music in chronological
order (3 series) ; 1862, was elected
Juror of the International Exhibition
for Austria and Germany, and com-
missioned to write the official report
for the German Governments. 1867,
principal Prof, at the National Training
School, and, 1883, at the Royal
College of Music. 1858, he received
from the Grand Duke of Hesse the
title of " Concertmeister " ; 1861, the
Austrian great gold medal for art and
science ; 1866, the patent as pianist to
the Imperial and Royal Court of
Austria; i862,the Orders of the Prussian
Crown and Albrecht of Saxony ; 1863,
of Francis Joseph (Austria), St. George
and Michael of Bavaria, House-
order of Coburg - Gotha ; 1866, of
Philip (Hesse) ; 1869, St. Stanislas of |
Russia and Crown of Italy. Hon. j

Member of the R.A.M. and of several

other societies. His lectures on

different musical subjects, delivered at

the Royal and London Institutions, the

South Kensington Museum, the Royal

Institutions of Manchester, Liverpool,

and other towns in the provinces (also

in Ireland and Scotland) met with

success.

Author of the Primers : " The art of Pf.

playing " ; " Musical Forms " ; " The beau-

'tiful in Music," which obtained popularity.

The Historical publications — Alte Clavier-

musik (i2 books); Alte Meister (65

numbers); Old English, Italian, French,

and German composers — have been found

useful. Educational publications : The

New Gradus ad Parnassum (100 Studies

of different composers) ; the Classical

Companion (100 pieces) ; celebrated Concert

Studies (50) ; Culture of the left hand

(4 books). Original Studies : 24 easy

and melodious Studies ; 20 progressive

Studies, 20 Rhythmical Sketches; Mozart

Studies (12); the Culture of the Scale (24) ;

Characteristic Studies for the left hand (12).

Educational pieces : 4 Sonatinas; 6 National

Sonatinas; A Child's Life; Suite facile;

Suite for the left hand; 20 Musical Sketches;

Musical Scrap-book (100). Composer of

Quintet for Pf., Ob., CI , Hn., Bssn., Op.

44 (also arranged as Quartet for Pf. and

Strings) ; Sonata for Pf. and Vln. ; Sonata

for Pf. and V cello; Solo Sonatas ; Caprice,

Op. 39; Passacaille, Op. 40; Valse de

Concert, Cascade, Op. 37 ; Tarantelle, Op.

30; I'Adieu du Soldat, Op. 36; Caprice

hongrois, Op. 58, &c. Editor of the

Pf. Classics, Children's Classics (9), Pf.

Library for study and amusement (10 books).

Besides these he arranged Beethoven's and

Schumann's Symphonies for 2 and 4 hands,

38 Overtures for ditto, and other classical

pieces.

Pauer, Max, b. Oct. 31, 1866, London.
Son and pupil of the above. 1881-85,
pupil of Vincenz Lachner (Composi-
tion) ; at the same time appointed Prof,
at the Conserv. (Carlsruhe). 1887, ap-
pointed Prof, at the Conserv. (Cologne).
He has taken extensive concert tours
in Germany, Austria, Hungary, Russia,
Holland , Belgium , &c. 1 893 , appointed
Kammervirtuose to the Grand Duke of
Hesse. Associate of the Royal College
of Music.
His arrangements of Mozart and Haydn|a
Symphonies for 2 and 4 hands, and his
Album Classique for 4 hands (6 books) have
given great satisfaction. Gavotte, Taran-
telle a 4 mains, Rhapsody, Waltz, 7 pieces
(4 hands), 3 pieces. Miniatures, &c.

Paul, Dr. Oscar, b. April 8, 1836, Frei-
waldau (Silesia). 1858, pupil of Plaidy
and Richter. Studied theology at the
University (Leipzig), became Doc.
Phil.; was elected " Privat Docent"
in 1866; 1869, Prof, at the Conserv.,
and. 1872, Prof, of Music at the
University.
Author of a "History of the Clavecin," of a
"Handlcxikon dcr Tonkunst" (2 vols.,

PAUR— PFEIFFER.

9X

1869-73), and Editor of Dr. Hauptmann's
posthumous work, " Die Lehre von der

Harmonik."
Paur, Emil, b. Aug 29, 1855, Czernowitz,
Bukowina. Son of Franz P., a Con-
ductor, who did not wish his son to
devote himself to music. Emil went
to Vienna and entered the Conserv.
against the will and without the know-
ledge of his father, who thereupon
disclaimed any further interest in his
career. But when he heard that his son
had received the first prize, a recon-
ciliation took place. 1869, he obtained
the appointment of violinist in the
orchestra of the Vienna Imperial
Opera, and, after some years, decided
to become a conductor. In this
capacity he was Capellmeister in
Mannheim, afterwards in Leipzig,
and, in 1893, accepted an appoint-
ment in Boston (U.S.). He is an
excellent pianist as well as a good
violinist.
Solo Sonata, Sonata for Pf. and Vln., and
solo pieces.
Payer, Hieronymus, b. Feb. 15, 1787,
Meidling (near Vienna) ; d. Sept., 1845,
Wiedburg (near Vienna). His father,
a poor schoolmaster, taught him the
Vln., Organ, and to tune the Clavecin.
With his modest savings he bought
the works of Mattheson, Tiirck, Mar-
purg, and Kirnberger, and tried, with
admirable perseverance, to further his
career. 1 800 (thirteen years old) , he suc-
ceeded his father (who died that year)
as organist, but resigned in 1816, when
he was appointed Musical Director of
the " New Theatre on the Wien " (a
small river) in Vienna. 1818, he made
a journey through Germany, became
Capellmeister at Amsterdam, and went
(1825) to Paris, where he was the first
to perform in public on the Phys-
harmonika (Harmonium). In Paris,
and later in Vienna, he filled the post
of Conductor of the Opera, and
eventually retired to Wiedburg, near
Vienna, where he died.
Concertino for Pf. and Orchestra, Op. 79;
Variations for Pf. and Orchestra, Op. 71 ;
Variations for Pf. and Quartet, Op. 30, 47,
88, 96, and 112; Trios for Pf., Vln., and
V'cello; Sonatas; Rondos; Variations, &c.,
for 4 hands ; Variations for Pf. solo.
Perabo, Ernst, b. Nov. 14, 1845, Wies-
baden. 1852, his parents settled in
New York, where they remained for two
years. The publisher, Wilhelm Schar-
fenberg (b. in Cassel), succeeded in
finding the necessary means for sending
the talented boy, first to Hamburg
(1858), where he was instructed in the
Ed ucational Institute of Prof . Andresen ,

and, 1862, to Leipzig, where Wenzel

and Moscheles, Papperitz, Haupt-

mann, Richter, and Reinecke were his

teachers in the Conserv. 1865, he

returned to New York, gave concerts

in different towns of America, and

settled in Boston, where he resides, an

influential and successful pianist and

teacher. Some of his compositions

were published in America and

Leipzig.

Pescetti, Giovanni Battista, b. 1704,

Venice; d. there 1784. Pupil of Lotti.

After 1726 he went to London. It is

not known how long he remained in

England.

9 Sonatas were published in London, 1739;

they were also published in Haffner's

" Raccolta Musicale " (Niirnberg).

Petersen, Dory (Burmeister), b. Aug. i,
i860, Oldenburg. Pupil of Julius
Leven, later (for seven years) of Liszt.
She gave concerts in Italy, Hungary,
Germany, Paris, and London. 1883,
she married the pianist, Richard
Burmeister, and, since 1887, has been
Prof, at the Women's College of
Baltimore.
Petersenn, Georg von, b. Sept, i, 1849,
Welmjir (Livland). After finishing his
studies at the University, he was a
pupil at the Munich Conserv. 1875,
appointed teacher at the Wiirzburg
Music School. Afterwards took lessons
from Billow in Hanover. Received
the title of "Professor," and, since
1884, has been Prof, at the Royal
Hochschule of Berlin.
6 Studies in C, A fiat, A min., E flat, C and F

min., which are used in several German

music schools.

Pflughaupt, Robert, b. Aug. 4, 1833,
Berlin; d. June 12, 1871, Aix-la-
Chapelle. Pupil of Dehn (Berlin) ;
then of A. Henselt (St. Petersburg),
where he married ; and later of Liszt,
at Weimar, where he resided from
1857 until 1862 ; afterwards in Aix-la-
Chapelle. He left his money to the
General German Musical Society,
which used it for a "Beethoven"
foundation.
Op. I, Theme original et Variations ; Op. 3,
Petite Valse; Op. 6, Mazurka; Op. 9,
Second Galop de Concert ; Op. 11, Invita-
tion a la Polka.

Pflughaupt, Sophie {nee Stschepin) , wife
of the above, b. March 15, 1837, Diina-
burg (Russia) ; d. Nov. 10, 1867, Aix-
la-Chapelle. Pupil of Henselt and
Liszt. Excellent pianist.

*Pfeiffer, Georges, b. Dec. 12, 1835,
Versailles. Pupil of his mother, Clara
P., who was a pupil of Kalkbrenner

92

PIERNfi— PLACHY.

and Chopin. His instructors in
Harmony and Composition were
Maleden and Damcke. Excellent
pianist. 1862, gave his first con-
cert in Paris, introducing a Trio and
other smaller pieces. He is one of the
directors of Pleyel and Wolffs Pf.
factory, and also Vice-President of the
French Society of Composers, of which
Saint-Saens and Joncieres were Presi-
dents (1890-91 and 1892-93).
Concerto (No. i), Op. 11 ; Concerto (No. a),
Op. 21; Trio, Op. 14; Sonatines, 1-3, Op.
59 ; Quartet for Pf. and Strings ; Quintet for
Pf. and Strings ; 25 Etudes preparatoires a
celles de Cramer, Op. 70 ; Mazurkas, Op. 35
and 88; Melodies (I.-II.), Op. 105.

•Piernd, Gabriel, b. Aug. 16, 1863, Metz.
Became in his eighth year (1871) a
pupil at the Paris Conserv. 1879, first
prize for Pf. playing (Marmontel's
class) ; 1881, first prize for Counter-
point and Fugue; 1882, "Grand Prix
de Rome " (Massenet's class) ; also first
prize for Organ (teacher, Cesar Franck) ;
Member of the Jury for Competitions
at the Conserv.
Fantaisie-Ballet (with Orchestra), Concerto in
C min. (with Orchestra), Scherzo-Caprice
(with Orchestra), Collection of 2o melodies,
and several smaller pieces.

Pinto (really Sauters), George Frederic,
b. Sept. 25, 1786, Lambeth (London) ;
d. March 23, 1806, Little Chelsea. His
education was directed by his grand-
mother, Mrs. Brent, who placed him
under Salomon for Vln. When fifteen
years old he gave concerts in London,
Bath, Oxford, Cambridge, Winchester,
and went afterwards with Salomon to
Scotland, later to Paris, everywhere
creating a great sensation. But his
Clavecin playing was also wonderful,
and his Sonata, dedicated to his friend
John Field, testifies to his great facul-
ties. Several of his contemporaries
declare that he might have been a
second Mozart if he had led a more
regular life.

•Pirani, Eugenio de, b. Sept. 8, 1852,
Ferrara. He studied at the College of
Bologna and the Conserv. Rossini and
pass^ excellent examinations. He
intended to study law, but soon turned
to the study of music instead. Dr.
Kullak, of BerHn, wished to engage a
competent teacher for the higher
classes of his academy, and Pirani
succeeded in getting the appointment.
For ten years he worked there, and
during that time he made concert tours
through Germany, Russia, France, and
Italy, and went several times to
London, where he performed at St.

James's Hall and the Albert Hall. He
studied Counterpoint with Kiel. He
is a successful author, and writes
equally well in Italian and German.
The Kuag of Italy named him Officer
of the ItaUan Crown, the King of
Prussia, Knight of the Prussian Crown.
He is also a Member of the Academies
of Rome, Florence, Bologna, &c. He
resides at Heidelberg. The follow-
ing compositions enjoy considerable
popularity :
Trios, Op. 24 and 48 ; Scena veneziana, with
Orchestra (3 movements); Concert Studies,
Op. 19 and 51 ; Fantasia, Op. 16; Serenade,
Op. 16: Gavottes, Op. 25 and 34; Fughetta
and Valse, Op. 30 ; Menuet, Op. 32, &c.

Pirkhert, Eduard, b. Oct. 14, 1817,
Aussee (Stsrria) ; d. Feb. 27, 1881,
Vienna. Pupil of Anton Halm and
Czemy (Vienna). 1855, appointed
Prof, at the Vienna Conserv. He was
an excellent pianist, who fully deserved
the admiration bestowed on his truly
artistic performances.
Op. 3, 6 Etudes m^lodiques ; Op_. 6, Thdme

original varie ; Op. 9, 6 Melodies ; Op. 10,

12 Etudes de Salon.

Pixis, Johann Peter, b. 1788, Mannheim;
d. Dec. 20, 1874, Baden-Baden. Pupil
of his father, Fr. Wilh. P., an organist.
Even in his ninth year he was an
expert performer, and travelled in
company with his elder brother, Fr.
Wilh. P. (1786-1842), an excellent
violinist ; they obtained great success
everywhere. 1803-8, he studied with
perseverance in his native town,
where he also taught ; went (1809) to
Paris, and settled there, 1825. After
many journeys with his adopted
daughter, Francilla P. (Gohringer), an
excellent singer, he established him-
self (1840) in Baden-Baden, where he
gave lessons, but no longer composed.
Pixis was a performer of the school
of Kalkbrenner and Herz — elegant,
correct, jmd brilliant, but without
deep feeling or enthusiasm. His
compositions, some of which are not
without merit, are scarcely known or
played at the present time.
Concerto, Op. 100; Trios for Pf., Vln., and
V'cello, Op. 75 and 87; Quartet with Strings,
Op. 4 ; Sonatas with Vln., Fl., V'cello, Op.
14, 17, 24, 30, 35, &c. ; Solo Sonatas, Op. 3,
10, and +85 (ded. to J. B. Cramer); Fantaisie
militaire, Op. 121 ; Variations, Caprices,
Polonaises, Valses, Rondos, Etudes en
forme de Valses, &c.

Plachy, Wenzel, b. Sept. 4, 1785,
Klopotowitz (Moravia) ; d. July 7,
1858, Prague. Pupil of his uncle,
Anton P. 1811, he went to Vienna,
obtained the appointment of Organist

PLAIDY— PLEYEL.

93

of the "Piaristen" Church, and was
highly successful as a teacher. His
educational compositions, practically
and correctly written, are unpre-
tentious, but pleasing and eiifective —
Elementary Studies, Op. 25; First Studies,
Op. 79; Revue Musicale en 24 Etudes, Op.
10:; Short and Practical Studies, Op. no;
Sonata, Op. 6; Rondeaux, Op. 2; 12 Pre-
ludes, Op. 97; Variations; and several
collections of opera airs arranged as solo
pieces,

Plaidy, Louis, b. Nov. 28, 1810, Werms-
dorf (Saxony) ; d. March 3, 1874,
Grimma (Saxony). Pupil of Agthe
(Pf.) and Haase (Vln.) at Dresden. He
hrst practised the Vln. as his principal
instrument, but later the Pf., and
studied with great attention the
elementary and technical details. At
the time of the opening of the Leipzig
Conserv. (1842) Mendelssohn appointed
him one of the Pf. teachers, and almost
all English pianists who studied in
Leipzig were his pupils, and recollect
gratefully his patient and careful
instruction. He retained this appoint-
ment until 1865, and afterwards
became a private teacher. His well-
known educational work, "Technical
Studies," of which many editions were
published, and a little pamphlet, "Der
Clavierlehrer " (The Pf. Teacher], are
so much respected they need no
further notice. Plaidy was universally
beloved for his simple, modest, but
thoroughly reliable character, and his
retirement proved a great loss for the
Conserv.

\ Plante, Francois, b. March 2, 1839,
Orthez (Basses-Pyrenees). Entered,
in his tenth year (1849), Marmontel's
class at the Paris Conserv. ; obtained
the first prize after seven months'
tuition, and was selected by Alard and
Franchomme as pianist for their Trio
Soirees. 1853, he studied Thorough-
Bass and Harmony with Bazin.
He retired for ten years, then
appeared as a most finished and brilliant
performer, and was received by the
public with great acclamation. His
style is refined, graceful, elegant,
his technique worked out with minute-
ness, his runs smooth and clear ; but
the whole is more fascinating for the
amateur than for the musician, as the
latter feels somewhat the absence of
enthusiasm, grandeur, and what may
be called the feu sacre. His tran-
scriptions of classical pieces (Gluck,
Mozart) are written with the greatest
care. He is Chevalier de la Legion
d'honneur.

Pleyel, Ignaz Joseph, b. June i, 1757,
Ruppersthal (near Vienna). The
twenty-fourth child of a poor school-
master, whose wife, the daughter of an
aristocratic family, was disinherited on
account of her mesalliance. Died Nov.
14, 1831, at his estate, near Paris.
He was patronised by several noble
and highly influential persons. Amongst
them was Count Krdody, who first
gave him Wanhal as a teacher, and
later paid Joseph Haydn ;^ioo a year
for taking him as a pupil and boarder.
He was five years with Haydn. 1777.
the Count appointed him his Capell-
meister, but allowed him to spend
four years in Italy, so that he might
make the acquaintance of the fore-
most Italian artists. 1781, he re-
turned ; 1783, he accepted the
appointment of Assistant Capell-
meister of the Strassburg Cathedral,
where he was elected (1789) first
Capellmeister. 1792, the Society of
the " Professional Concerts," di
London, invited him to come to
England, where he composed and
conducted some of his Symphonies.
These concerts were in opposition to
Salomon's, who had engaged Haydn
in the same way. This rivalry did
not interfere, however, with the
friendship and mutual goodwill of
master and pupil. 1795, Pleyel left
London for Paris, where his elegant
and light compositions were immensely
popular. By degrees he became a
thorough man of business. He estab-
lished a music-publishing house, more
or less for the publication of his own
works, and somewhat later (1807)
founded a Pf. manufactory, which
still exists under the name of Pleyel,
Wolff and Co. Later, he ceased to
compose and retired to his estate near
Paris.
Concertos ; Trios (above 100, some of them
being arrangements) ; many Sonatas for
Pf. and Vln.; 6 great Solo Sonatas, Op. 15;
easy Sonatas and Sonatinas ; Variations ;
Rondos ; Dances ; +4 Rondeaux favoris ;
Sonatas for 4 hands. With Dussek he
published a Method, of which another
edition was published with the co-operation
of Clementi.
Pleyel, Camille, b. Dec. 18, 1788 (1792?),
Strassburg ; d. May 4, 1855, Paris.
Pupil of his father, I. J. P., and
Dussek. 1824, he undertook, vrith
Kalkbrenner, the direction of the Pf.
manufactory founded by his father,
and also continued the music-publish-
ing business. He was Knight of the
Legion of Honour. An excellent per-
former, of refined taste, he succeeded

94

PLEYEI PRENTICE.

also in winning a certain success as
a composer.
Quartet, Op. 3 ; 3 Trios, Op. 1 ; Sonatas with
Vln. ; and different solo pieces.
Pleyel, Marie Felicite Denise {nee
Moke),b. Sept. 4, 1811, Paris; d. March
30, 1875, St. Josse-ten-Noode (near
Brussels). Pupil of Jacques Herz,
Moscheles, and Kalkbrenner ; also en-
joyed the advice of Thalberg and Liszt.
As Mdlle. Moke she was even in her
fifteenth year one of the most excellent
and distinguished of pianists, creating
in Russia, Belgium, Austria, and Ger-
many an unusual, but well-deserved
sensation. 1848-72, Prof, at the
Conserv. of Brussels.
Poisot, Charles Emile, b. July 7, 1822,
Dijon. Pupil of Senart, Louis Adam,
Stamaty, Thalberg, Leborne, and, 1844,
of Halevy. 1868, he founded the Con-
serv. of Dijon, and is one of the founda-
tion members of the Paris Society of
Composers. He established also a
Concert Society in his native town,
Duo for Pf. and Vln. ; Trio (dedicated to
Onslow); Fantaisie a 4 mains; Scherzo k
4 mains ; Exercices de m^canisme.
PoUini, Francesco Giuseppe, b. 1763,
Laibach (lUyria, Austria] ; d. Sept. 17,
1846, Milan. Instructed first in his
native town, later in Vienna by Mozart ,
who dedicated to him a Rondo for
Clavecin and Vln. 1793, he went to
Milan, where, after having received
instruction from Zingarelli, he became
Prof, at the Conserv. He was a
thoughtful and excellent performer,
and was the first to use three staves,
in order to distribute the melody
between the two hands and to sur-
round it with graceful figures {see his
" Uno de '32 Esercizi in forma di
Toccata," Op. 42).
Toccatas, Op. 31, 50i and 67; tToccatina in
G ; 3 Sonatas, Op. 26 ; Caprices, Op. 28,
29; Rondo, Op. 43; Variations (6 books);
^Divertimento pastorale. Op. 34; Method
for Pf. playing.
Potter, Cipriani, b. Oct. 3, 1792, London ;
d. there Sept. 26, 1871. Pupil of his
father, later of Wolfl (Pf.), Attwood,
Crotch, and Callcott. 1818, went to
Vienna, where he studied with Forster,
and made Beethoven's acquaintance.
1822, appointed Prof, of Pf. at the
R.A.M., London, and (1832) succeeded
Crotch as Principal, which post he
resigned (1859). He was an excellent
linguist, a man of liberal judgment,
an eminent teacher, and, as pianist, a
performer of considerable merit. Well
acquainted with Continental ideas about
music, he was always anxious to draw
the attention of lus countrymen to

foreign merit ; at a time when Schu-
mann's works were scarcely known in
England, and almost ridiculed by those
critics who did know them. Potter was
aware of their great beauty, and loudly
proclaimed his admiration ; indeed,
there has seldom been a man who filled
his post with greater honour than he
did. The following compositions, now
scarcely known or used, deserve notice :
Sonata, Op. 3 ; 3 Toccatas in G, +B flat,
and E, Op. 9; Pezzi di Bravura en forme
d'Etudes, Op. 15 (I.-III.); II Campiacente
(Andante and Allegretto), Op. 16; fEtudes
dans tous les tons majeurs et mineurs,
Op. 19; Fantasia, Marcia e Trio, in E flat ;
tLaPlacidita, Divertimento in A; Rondeaux
in F and C ; Sextuor for Pf., Fl., Vln., Via.,
V'cello, and C.-Bass, Op. 11; 3 Trios, Op,
12, in E flat, D, and B flat min. ; Duo con-
certante for Pf. and Vln., Op. 14, in A ; Duo
for 2 Pf., Op. 6, in F; Introduction and
Rondo (4 hands). Op. 8, in £ flat.
Pradher (Pradere), Louis Barth^lemi,
b. Dec. 18, 1781, Paris; d. Oct., 1843,
Gray (Haute Sa6ne). Son of a vio-
linist. Pupil of Gobert. 1797, he
obtained, at the Paris Conserv., the
second and (1798) the first prize for Pf. ;
1802, he succeeded Hyacinthe Jadin as
Prof. He was the teacher of Jacques
and Henri Herz, Dubois, Lambert,
and Rosellen. 1827, he left Paris and
settled in Toulouse, and was appointed
Director of the Conserv. He was an
industrious composer.
Concerto in G; Trio, Op. 17; 5 Solo Sonatas,
Op. I, 2, 3, 13, and 16 ; Rondeau for 2 Pf. ;
Variations, &c.
*Praeger, Ferdinand Christian Wilhelm,
b. Jan. 22, 1815, Leipzig; d. Sept. 2, 1891,
London. Pupil of Hummel (Weimar)
and Pape (Liibeck). For some time he
resided at The Hague teaching, but
settled (1834) in London, where he
was a hard-working composer, teacher,
critic, and author,
Lamentation, Elfenmarchen, Crepuscule,
R6ve de Bonheur, Impromptu, Caprice,
Moments joyeux, Flocons de Neige. A
" Praeger Album " was published at Leipzig.
Preindl, Joseph, b. Jan. 30, 1758, Mar-
bach (Lower Austria] ; d. Oct. 26,
1823, Vienna. Pupil of Albrechts-
berger. 1780, Choirmaster of St.
Peter's (Vienna) and (1809) Capell-
meister of St. Stephen's.
2 Concertos ; Sonatas, Variations, Fantasias,
which enjoyed a brief popularity.
Prentice, Ridley, b. July 6, 1842, Paslow
Hall, Essex. Pupil at the R.A.M.,
London, under George Alexander Mac-
farren (Composition) and Walter C.
Macfarren (Pf.). Prof, at the London
Guildhall School. Composer of several
solo pieces.
Author of 6 books, entitled " The Musician,"
favourably received in England and
America.

PROKSCH— QUIDANT.

9b

Proksch, Joseph, b. Aug. 4, 1794, Reichen-
berg (Bohemia) ; d. Dec. 20, 1864,
Prague. Pupil of Kozeluch (Prague).
When only in his thirteenth (seven-
teenth?) year he became totally blind,
but pursued his studies with admirable
perseverance. 1825, he left Prague for
i Berlin, where he became acquainted
with the system of Logier ; returned in
the same year and opened a school in
his native town, where instruction was
given according to Logier's system.
This undertaking met with great
success. He then transferred the
management of it to his brother, Anton,
and opened on a larger scale a similar
" Logier " school at Prague in 1835, no
less successful than the first. He was
an excellent teacher and was highly
respected.
•Prosniz, Albert, b. Dec. 2, 1829, Prague.
Pupil of Proksch and Tomaschek.
For many years Prof, of Pf. and
Musical History at the Vienna Con-
serv. He made his name favourably
known by a — •
Handbuch der Clavier Literatur (Vienna,
1884). A second volume, comprising the
works of modern composers, has been
promised.

Pruckner, Dionys, b. May 17, 1834,
Munich. Pupil of Fried. Niest and
(1852-56) of Liszt, in Weimar. 1856-58,
he resided in Vienna; 1859, in Munich,
and was appointed the same year Prof,
at the Stuttgart Conserv. 1864, he
received the diploma of Hof-Pianist
and (1868) the title of Konigl. Prof.
From the King of Wiirtemberg he
received the great gold medal for art
and science on the riband of the
" Crown " Order, the Order of
Frederic, and the ' 'Jubilee' ' medal. 1861 ,
he founded, with the violinist, Singer,
and the violoncellist, Goltermann,
chamber-music evenings . He travelled

in Germany and America, and also
played in Paris. He is one of the best
pianists of our time, the clearness,
correctness, and rhythmical excellence
of his playing have everywhere been
admired. He is also a successful
teacher.

Prudent (Beunie), Emile, b. Feb. 3, 1817,
Angouleme ; d. May 14, 1863, Paris.
At an early age he lost his parents, and
was adopted by a Pf. tuner. In the
Paris Conserv. he was a pupil of
Lecouppey and Zimmermann (Pf)
and Laurent (Harmony). He obtained
the second prize, 1831, and the first,
1833. Thalberg, who came to Paris,
1836, made a deep impression on him,
so that he studied with restless energy
in order to reach the point at which
his model had arrived. 1840, he sur-
prised the Parisians by his excellent
performances, and the critics declared
that he stood between Thalberg and
Dohler. His performances were loudly
applauded in Germany, Belgium, Eng-
land, and France. His compositions
are neatly constructed, elegant, and
full of nice detail, but they lack
grandeur, poetry, and, above all,
originality.
Op. 9, Andante ; +Op. ii, L'hirondelle ; Etude ;
Op. 12, La ronde de nuit; Op. i6, 6 Etudes
de genre; Op. 30, -f-No. i. La Berceuse,
No. 5, Chanson Sicilienne ; Op. 33, Faran-
dole; Op. 40, Vilanelle; Op. 4r, fLe Reveil
des Fees ; Op. 52, Sousles Palmiers ; Op. 60,
6 Etudes de Salon ; Op. 64, Le rSve d'Ariel;
Trio ; Concert Symphonique.

Purcell, Henry, b. (about) 1658, West-
minster (London) ; d. there Nov. 21,
1695. Pupil of Cooke, Humfrey, and
Blow.
10 Sonatas for the Harpsichord, (London,
1683) ; Lessons for the Harpsichord
(London) ; " Musick's Handmaid," by Play-
ford, 1689. See also F'arrenc, " Tresor du
Pianiste " (27 pieces), and Pauer, " Old
English Composers."

'Quidant (Pierre Robert Joseph), Alfred,
b. 1815, Lyons ; d. Oct. 9, 1893, Paris.
Pupil at the Paris Conserv. and of
Liszt. Being a brilliant performer,
who understood how to exhibit all the
best qualities of an instrument, and
who possessed the talent of improvising
in an interesting manner, the firm of
Erard (Paris) entrusted him with the
task of playing on their instruments in
all the Exhibitions, beginning with the
first Paris Exhibition, 1834, and ending
with that of 1889. The London Exhi-

bition of 1851 especially offered him
the opportunity of showing not only
his accomplishments as a pianist,
but also the excellent qualities of
the Erard pianos. He has received
Orders of Knighthood on different
occasions.

" Mazeppa '' ; Royal Polka ; Le Roulis ; " Par-
les-moi " ; La Chataine; La Marche du
Prince Imperial; Hymn, played before the
English Queen in the Exhibition, 1851.
Educational works : Gymnastique dcs
Pianistes devenu celebre; L'Ame du Piano,
essai sur les deux Pedales.

96

RACHMANINOFF— RAPPOLDI

R.

•Rachmaninoff, Sergei Wassiliewitsch,

b. 1873, Novgorod. Pupil at the

Imperii Conserv. of Moscow, where

Arenski (Theory) and Siloti (Pf.)

were his teachers. Received (1891)

the great gold medal.

Concerto, Op. I ; Morceaux de Fantaisie,

Op. 3 ; Fantaisie pour 2 Pf., Op. 5 ; Trio

elegiaque, Op. 9.

Raff, Joachim, b. May 27, 1822, Lachen,
on the lake of Ziirich ; d. June 24/25,
1882, Frankfort o/M. Son of an
organist, he was educated at Wiesen-
stetten (Wiirtemberg), and went to
the Jesuit College of Schwytz ; being
too poor to attend a University, he
became a teacher. His talent for
composing showed itself at an early
age, and several little pieces which he
sent to Mendelssohn gained the latter's
favour, and he recommended the young
artist to Breitkopf and H artel, so that
Raff had the satisfaction of seeing his
first works engraved and printed.
They are Op. 2 to Op. 14 ; and among
them is a Scherzo (Op. 3), 12 Romances
en forme d'Etudes (Op. 8), and a
Sonata and Fugue (Op. 14). These
pieces were received with so much
favour, he resolved to devote himself
entirely to music. Liszt and Biilow
both encouraged him, and played his
compositions in public. Having tried
unsuccessfully to get an appointment
in Stuttgart, he followed Liszt (1850)
to Weimar, where he remained until
1856, when he left for Wiesbaden,
where he worked till 1877, and then
accepted the Directorship of the newly-
founded " Hoch" Conserv. of Frank-
fort o/M. This post he filled loyally
until his death. Raff was not only an 1
experienced composer, but also an
excellent teacher. He was also one of
the most thoroughly instructed of men —
a splendid linguist, well acquainted
with history, geography, and the
natural sciences. This general know-
ledge brought him the flattering
nickname of " the wandering Encyclo-
paedia." His compositions (about 200
works are published) are very uneven ;
some of them are even trivial and
shallow, others are manufactured to
the order of the publishers, whilst
others rank very high.

With Orchestra: Ode an printemps, Op. 76;
Concerto in C min.. Op. 185 ; Suite in
E flat, Op. 200. Chamber Music : Quintet,
Op. 107; Trios, Op. 102, 112, 155, and 158;
Sonatas with Vln., Op. 73, 78, 128, 129, and
145; Suite with Vln., Op. 210. Piano Solos —
Suites : in A min., Op. 69 ; in C, Op. 71 ;
tin E min.. Op. 72; in D min. and D, Op.
91 ; No. 3, Landler in E flat, Op. 162 ; in G
(Au soir, Rhapsodie, Idylle), Op. 163 ; fin B
flat (Rigaudon and Tambourin), Op. 204;
Aus der Adventzeit (8 pieces). Op. 216; 12
morceaux (Fleurette, Fabliau, Babillarde),
Op- 75; 12 morceaux (No. 12, tProcida,
Tarantelle), Op. 82; Elegy, Romance, Valse,
Op. 22 ; Capriccio (imitation of Mendels-
sohn's Op. 14), Op. 64; Introduction and
Allegro, Op. 87 ; tMessagers du printemps,
Op. 55 ; Tanz-Capricen, Op. 54 ; Valse-
Caprice, Op. 116; Valse in C, Op. 11 1 ;
Impromptu Valse, Op. 94 ; tPolka de la
Heine, Op. 95 ; Gavotte in A min.. Op. 125 ;
Bolero, Op. 11 1 ; Valse brillante. Op. 169; 30
Etudes progressives ; tEtude de Salon, Op.
88 ; 2 Etudes melodiques. Op. 130 ; Fan-
taisie-Polonaise, Op. 106; Cavatine, +La
Fileuse, Op. 157 ; Nocturne, A flat. Op. 17 ;
Vilanelle, Op. 89; Impromptu, Op. 196;
Airs suisses, Op. 60; Chaconne (2 Pf. a 4
mains). Op. 150; Marche brillante i 4 mains.
Op. 132.

•Raif, Oscar, b. July 31, 1847, The
Hague (Holland). Pupil of his father,
Carl R., and Tausig (Berlin). 1875,
named Konigl. Prof. Teacher at the
Hochschule, excellent pianist, and
talented composer.
Concerto, Sonata for Pf. and Vln.
Rameau, Jean Philippe, b. Sept. 25,
1683, Dijon ; d. Sept. 12, 1764, Paris.
He was organist in Lille and Cler-
mont, and went, 1721, to Paris, where
Louis XV. conferred on him the title
of " Compositeur de Cabinet."
Premier livre de pieces de Clavecin, Paris,
1706; 2me livre, 1721 ; 3me livre, 1731;
Nouvelles Suites de pieces de Clavecin,
avec des remarques sur les difierents genres
de musique ; 3 Concertos pour Clavecin,
Violon et Basse de Viole, 1741. Among
the best known are the tSuite in A min. ; 2
Gigues en rondeaux; fLa tendre Plainte ;
fLa Poule ; fLes Niais de Sologne;
-f Le Rappel des Oiseauz ; 2 Menuets ;
I'F-Kypt'enne.
Rappoldi, Laura (nee Kahrer), b. Jan. 14,
1853, Mistelbach, near Vienna. In her
tenth year she received her first instruc-
tion in Pf. playing, and made such
rapid progress that in 1864 she
played before the Empress of Austria,
who then defrayed the costs of her
education at the Vienna Conserv.,
under Dachs (Pf.) and Dessoff (Com-
position). 1867, she received the first

RASETTI— REICHA.

97

prize, and began her journeys through

Germany, Russia, &c. Afterwards

profited by the advice of Henselt,

Liszt, and Biilow. 1874, she married

the distinguished vioUnist Rappoldi,

and resides with her husband in

Dresden, where both are Profs, at the

Royal Conserv.

Rasetti (Razetti), Amadeo, b. 1754,

Turin; d. 1799, Paris. Pupil of the

clavecinist Clement. He established

himself (1781 ?) at Paris, where his

compositions found many admirers

and he himself friends and pupils.

Concert arabe, Op. 14 ; 4 Trios; Sonatas with

Vln. ; 6 Sonates dans les styles d'Eckard,

Haydn, Clementi, Cramer, Steibelt, at

Mozart (Op. 7).

Ratzenberger, Theodor, b. April 14,
1840, Grossbreitenbach (Thuringia) ;
d. March 8, 1879, Wiesbaden. Pupil
of Liszt (Pf.) and Cornelius (Com-
position). Court Pianist of Schwarz-
burg (Sondershausen). His technical
execution and finished as well as
refined performances were deservedly
admired. 1864, appointed Prof, in Lau-
sanne and (1868) in Diisseldorf. Only
a few of his compositions — mostly
drawing-room pieces — were published.
Ravina, Jean Henri, b. May 20, 1818,
Bordeaux. Pupil at the Paris Con-
serv., where Zimmermann (Pf.) and
Laurent (Theory) were his teachers.
1832, second, 1834, ^''^t prize for Pf.
playing, and 1836, first prize for
Harmony. He continued his studies
with Reicha and Leborne. 1837, he left
the Conserv. Afterwards he performed
not only in France, but also in Russia
(1858) and Spain (1871), and was
received with great cordiality, the
neatness, correctness, and elegance of
his style being everywhere admired.
1861, made Chevalier de la Legion
d'honneur. His pieces enjoy great
popularity.
Op. 14, 12 Etudes de style et de perfectionne-
ment (I., II.); Op. 28, 25 Exercices Etudes
(I., II.); Op. 50, 25 Etudes harmonieuses
(I., II.); Op. 35, Simple histoire; tOp. 41,
Douce Pens^e ; +Op. 55, Jour de Bonheur ;
Op. 62, Petit Bolero, tConfidence, Noc-
turne; Op. 71, Historiette; Op. 86, Calinerie ;
Op. 78, 12 pieces intimes ; Op. 13, fNocturne
in D flat.

Reber (Napoleon), Henri, b. Sept. 23,
1807 (Fetis, Oct. 21), at Miihlhausen
(Alsace) ; d. Nov. 24, 1880, Paris.
Pupil at the Paris Conserv. under
Reicha and Lesueur. 1862, succeeded
Halevy as Prof, of Composition. 1853,
elected Membre de 1' Academic des
Beaux- Arts; 1854, Chevalier de la
Legion d'honneur.

Op. 8, Trio ; 2nd Trio ; Op. 34, 6th Trio ; Op.
36, Bagatelles (30); Op. 13, and Suite;
Valses for Pf., and some tor Pf. and Vln.

*Redon, Ernest, b. June 15, 1835, New

Orleans. Pupil of Schad (Pf.) and

Schaffner (Harmony) at Bordeaux,

where he now resides.

" Hommage a Schumann," " Reflets

d'Orient," " Chants crtoles " (4).

"Ree, Anton, b. Oct. 5, 1820, Aarhus,
Jutland ; d. Dec. 20, 1886, Copenhagen.
In his fifteenth year (1835) he went to
Hamburg and was a pupil of Jacques
Schmitt and Carl Krebs. 1839, he
went to Vienna, and met with great
success as a pianist ; 1841, he was in
Paris, became a pupil of Chopin, and
also enjoyed the advice of Kalkbrenner.
1842, he settled in Copenhagen, where
he worked as a teacher and as a
reporter for the best German papers.
Among his pupils were Aug. Winding,
F. Hartvigson, and Mdlle. Th. Sanne.
His compositions are mostly written
for educational purposes. A book,
" Musikhistoriske Momenter," and the
exercises, " Bitrag tie Klaverspildets
Teknik," are well known in Denmark.
Sonatine, Op. g; 3 Danses caract^ristiques,
Op. 17 ; Cadenzas to Mozart's Concertos in
C and D min., and Beethoven's in C min.

Rehberg, Willy, b. Sept. 2, 1863, Morges
(Switzerland). Son and pupil of the
music teacher and organist, Friedrich
R. Later he went to the Ziirich Music
School and then to Leipzig, where he
entered the Conserv. He was ap-
pointed teacher there in 1884. 1890,
Principal Prof, at the Music School of
Geneva. He is an excellent performer
and his compositions evince taste and
elegance. The Duke of Altenburg gave
him the title of " Court Pianist."
Op. 2, 3 Characteristic Pieces: Menuet,
Chanson d'amour, and Gavotte ; Op. 4, 2
Etudes de Concert ; Op. 3, Sonata in G
min. ; Op. 10, Sonata in D for Pf.and Vln.

Reicha, Anton, b. Feb. 27, 1770,

Prague; d. May 28, 1836, Paris. Pupil

of his uncle, Joseph R. 1794, went to

Hamburg; 1799, to Paris. 1802-8,

he resided in Vienna, where he was in

friendly intimacy with Beethoven,

Haydn, Albrechtsberger, and Salieri.

1808, he returned to Paris ; 1818,

appointed Prof, of Composition at the

Conserv. (as successor to Mehul) ;

1835, he succeeded Boieldieu as

" Membre de I'Academie." He was

also Chevalier de la Legion d'honneur.

Quartet, with wind instruments; Trios;

Sonatas with Vln. ; Solo Sonatas, Op. 40,

43, and 46; 36 Fugues, according to a new

system ; 6 Fugues, Op. 81 ; L'Art de varier,

57 Variations, Op. 57; Etudes et Exercices,

Op. 31 ; Etudes dans le genre fugue, Op. 97.

98

REINECKE— RHEINBERGER

Reinecke, Carl (Heinrich Carsten), b.
June 23, 1824, Altona. Pupil of his
father. 1843, in Leipzig, where he
enjoyed Mendelssohn and Schumann's
friendship and advice; 1846, Court
Pianist to the King of Denmark ;
1848-49, he resided at Leipzig, after-
wards at Bremen; 1851, appointed
Pf. Prof, at the Cologne Conserv. ;
1854, Musik Director at Barmen;
1859, in a similar position at Breslau ;
i860, appointed Prof, at the Leipzig
Conserv. and Conductor of the
Gewandhaus Concerts, which ap-
pointment he still holds. Among his
pupils were many well-known and
celebrated names, such as Max Bruch,
J. Brambach, Arnold Krug, E. Rudorff,
Arthur Sullivan, Svendsen, Edvard
Grieg, Hans Huber, Ernst Perabo,
Otto Klauwell, and Hugo Riemann for
Composition ; L. Maas, James Kwast,
August Winding, Rafael Joseffi, the
ladies Schirmacher and Jeanne Becker
for Pf. His merits have often been
recognised. The King of Saxony gave
him the title of Royal Prof., the
Leipzig University conferred on him
the diploma of Doc. Phil., hon. caiisd,
he is Hon. Member of many societies,
and many sovereigns bestowed high
Orders on him. He is a prolific com-
poser, as the following list will show —
Concertos (with Orchestra), Op. 72 and 120;
Quintet ; Quartet ; Trios (6) ; Sonatas for
Pf. and V'cello (2); Sonatas for Pf. and
Vln. (4); Fantasia for Pf. and Vln., Op. 160;
Sonatas for 2 and 4 hands ; Sonatinas, Op.
47 (3) ; Op. 98 (3) ; Op. 127a (6) ; Op. 136 (6) ;
Fantasia in the form of a Sonata, Op. 15 ;
Romanzas (3), Op. 28; Serenade, Op. 48;
Old and New Dances (4), Op. 57 ; Marchen-
Vorspiele a 4 mains, Op. 99; Maiden's
Songs (10), Op. 88; Fantasiestiicke (10),
Op. 17; Serious and gay (12), Op. 145; Aus
der Jugendzeit (8), Op. 106; tEin neues
Notenbuch fiir kleine Leute, Op. 107 ; 24
Studies, Op. 121 ; 4 pieces. Op. 129 (+No. 3) ;
4 characteristic pieces. Op. 13 (Nos. i and
4) ; Nocturne, Op. 69 ; 6 pieces. Op. 123
(N'os. I, 5, and 6); fBallade, Op. 20; Haus-
musik (1-18), Op. 77; Variations on an Air
of Handel, Op. 84 ; Duos for 2 Pf., +0p. 66
("Manfred"); ditto, " La belle Griselidis,"
Op. 94.

*Reinhold, Hugo, b. March 3, 1854,

Vienna. Pupil at the Conserv. under

Schenner and Epstein (Pf.), Bruckner

(Harmony), Dessoff (Composition).

Since 1874, when he left the Conserv.,

he has devoted his time entirely to

composition. Excellent pianist.

Suite, with Orchestra, Op. 7 (received the

Beethoven Prize) ; Sonata for Pf. and Vln. ;

2 Serenades for Pf. and Vln.; Bagatelles (5),

Op. 12; flntermezzo. Op. 14; Jugend-

Album (10), Op. 27 ; Impromptus (3\ Op. 28.

♦Reisenauer, Alfred, b. Nov. i, 1863,

Konigsberg (Prussia). Pupil of Louis

Kohler and Liszt. Appeared for tha
first time at Cardinal Hohenlohe's
palace (Tivoli, Rome) with Liszt.
1 88 1, he gave concerts in London and
Leipzig ; 1881-82, he studied at the
University of Leipzig. Since 1882 has
made journeys in Austria, Sweden,
Norway, Denmark, Germany, Russia,
Siberia, Central Asia, &c. Eminent
pianist.
Reissiger, Carl Gottlieb, b. Jan. 31,
1798, Belzig, near Wittenberg ; d.
Nov. 7, i86g, Dresden. 181 1, pupil,
at the Leipzig Thomas School, of
Schicht ; 1822, of Winter (Munich) ;
1826, engaged to organise a Conserv.
at The Hague (Holland), but eventually
engaged as Capellmeister in Dresden.
His compositions enjoyed popularity
with amateurs, and his Quartets, and
particularly his Trios, were for a long
time favourite pieces. The valse,
generally called "Weber's last idea,"
is by Reissiger.
Quartets: Op. 2g, in A min. ; Op. 70, in C

min. ; Op. 108, in E flat ; Op. 138, in E flat;

Op. 141, in E flat. Trios (15): Op. 33, 40,

56, 75. 77. 85, 97. 103. 115. 125. 137. 150, i5«.

167. Sonatas with Vln.: Op. 45, 94, 102;

with V'cello : Op. 102, 152; Sonatas (3);

Sonatas, for 4 hands (2) ; Rondeaux, Op. 27

(4 hands). Op. 37, 39; Valses, Op. 49;

Danses modernes et brillantes (12), Op. 38;

.,12), Op. 46.

Remmert, Martha, b. Sept. 13, 1854,
in the village Gross-schwein, near
Glogau. Pupil of Kullak, later of
Tausig and Liszt. She is considered
one of the best pianists of the present
time.

Rendano, Alfonso, b. April 5, 1853,
Carolei, near Cosenza (Calabria).
Pupil at the Conserv. of Naples, later
of Thalberg, and (1871) at the Leipzig
Conserv. During his visit to London
he played with great success at the
Philharmonic Society and Musical
Union Concerts. He resides in Italy,
where his works (mostly drawing-room
pieces) are published.

Rheinberger, Joseph Gabriel, b. March
17, 1839, Vaduz, Liechtenstein (on the
Swiss frontier). 1851-54, pupil at the
Royal Music School of Munich, where
he settled ; 1859, appointed Prof. ;
1867, Royal Prof, and Inspector of the
same school ; 1877, Konigl. Capell-
meister of the Hofkirche. Member of
the Bavarian Maximilian Order for
art and science, Knight of several
other Orders, and Member of the
Royal Academy of Prussia.
Concerto in A flat, Op. 94; tQuintet, Op.
lis; tQuartet in E flat. Op. 38 ; Trios (2):
fNo. 2, Op. 112; Sonatas for Pf. and Vln.;

RICCIUS— RIEMANN.

99

No. 2 in E flat, Op. 105; Solo Sonatas:
Sonata Symphonique, Op. 47 ; Sonata, D
flat, Op. 99 ; Sonata, E flat. Op. 135 ;
Toccatas, Op. \i2, loi, 104, t"5; Preludes
(24), in the form of Studies, Op. 14; Etude,
Op. loi ; 6 Morceaux Fugues, Op. 39; ditto.
Op. 68; Etudes (3), Op. 6; tHumoresques
(4), Op. 28; tFrom Italy (3), Op. 29;

52 Morceaux, Op. 45 ; t? petits Morceaux
e Concert, Op. 5 ; jWaldmarchen, Op. 8 ;
Theme with 61 Variations, Op. 61 ; Taran-
telle. Rhapsody, and Rondoletto, Op. 53 ;
fCapriccio, Menuet, and Fugue for the left
hand. Op. 113; En vacances, 4 pieces for
4 hands. Op. 72 ; fTarantelle, Op. 13.
Riccius, August Ferdinand, b. Feb. 26,
1819, Bernstadt, near Herrnhut
(Silesia) ; d. July 4, 1886, Carlsbad.
Until his fourteenth year he was
instructed by Schonfeld ; attended
(1833) the college of Zittau; 1840,
studied theology at the Leipzig Uni-
versity, but then resolved to devote
himself to music. 1849, appointed
Director of the Euterpe concerts;
1855, Conductor of the Leipzig and
(1864) of the Hamburg Opera. *
Senate melancolique, Op, 16; 4 easy charac-
teristic pieces, Op. 2 ; 5 melodious pieces
(fNo. 4), Op. 25 ; A Christmas gift for the
house (12 pieces), with descriptions and
verses; 2 Marches a 4 mains, Op. 21;
Allegro appassionato a 4 mains, Op. 41.

♦Richards, Brinley, b. Nov. 13, 1817,
Carmarthen (Wales); d. May i, 1885,
London. His father, an organist, was
his first teacher. Although intended
to study medicine, his talent for music
was so pronounced that he entered the
R.A.M,, London, where he received
(1835-37) t^he King's Scholarship. He
soon gained distinction by his excellent
reading and performance of classical
Pf. music. After a visit to Paris,
where he met Chopin, he was appointed
Prof, at the R.A.M. His compositions,
written in a iiuent, light, pleasing, and
practical style, became very popular.
His Andante con moto. Caprice in
F min., and some others prove that he
studied composition in an exhaustive
manner. As a teacher he was sincerely
beloved by his pupils and respected by
his colleagues for his upright, frank,
and excellent character. He belonged
to the staff of the Guildhall School
until his too early death. His name
will be perpetuated by the composition
of the beautiful National Anthem,
"God bless the Prince of Wales"
(produced for the first time on Feb. 14,
1863).

Richter, Ernst Friedrich, b. Oct, 24,
1808, Gross-Schonau, near Leipzig;
d. April 9, 1879, Leipzig. Pupil of
Weinlig. 1843, appointed Prof, at
the Leipzig Conserv. ; 1868, Musical

Director and Cantor of the Thomas
School ; also Musical Director of
the University. Received the title of
Konigl. Prof.

Op. 7, 3 Romanzas ; Op. 21, 3 Preludes and
Fugues; Op. 26, Sonata with Vln. (A min.);
Op. 27, Sonata (C sharp min.); Op. 30, 4
characteristic pieces; Op. 31, 4 pieces; Op.
33, Sonata (E flat); Op. 34, Variations on
an original air for 4 hands.

Ricordi, Giulio, b. 1835, Milan. He
received an excellent musical educa-
tion, and is the present proprietor of
the well-known firm Ricordi, of Milan.
His compositions — Studies, Fantasias,
&c. — show considerable talent, while
the pieces pubHshed under the tiotn de
plume of Burgtnein are finished with
much care and possess decided
elegance and refinement.

Rie, Bernhard (Bernard-Rie), b. Oct.
25, 1839, Prague. Up to 1856 pupil
of Alex. Dreyschock. He resides in
Paris.
25 Etudes spdciales and 2^ Etudes d'agilitd,
Op. 37 ; " La belle Bateliere," and a Taran-
tella.

Riemann, Dr. Hugo, b. July i8, 1849,
Grossmehla, near Sondershausen.
Pupil of Frankenberger (Theory),
Barthel and Ratzenberger (Pf).
1865-68, he studied at the Convent
School of Rossleben, later at the
University of Berlin. 1870-71, he had
to serve in the army, and then resolved
to devote himself entirely to music.
For this purpose he became a pupil at
the Leipzig Conserv. ; became (1873)
Doc. Phil, of the University of
Gottingen. For several years Con-
ductor at Bielefeld, he went (1878)
to Leipzig as " Privat Dozent " of the
University ; 1880, as teacher to Brom-
berg; 1881, to Hamburg as one of the
principal teachers at the Conserv. ;
1890, appointed Prof, at Sondershausen ;
and at present is similarly occupied at
Wiesbaden. He edited, with remarks
and directions for phrasing, Mozart
and Beethoven's Sonatas, Schubert's
Impromptus, Bach's Inventions and
48 Preludes and Fugues, and
Clementi and Kuhlau's Sonatinas.
Theoretical Works: Catechism of musical
instruments; ditto of musical history;
ditto of Pf. playing; Analysis of Bach's
48 Preludes and Fugues ; Dynamik und
Agogik (method of musical phrasing) ; On
phrasing in the elementary instruction ;
Dictionary of Music (4th edition, 1893).
Pf. Compositions : Sonata ; 6 Sonatinas,
Op. 43; Sonatina for 4 hands. Op. 49;
Sonata with Vln.; Elementar-Schule ;
Technical and other Studies, Op. 40 and
41 ; 5 Pieces, Op. 2i ; Romanza in F sharp.
Op. 7.

RIES— RITTER.

Ries, Ferdinand, b. Nov. 29, 1784, Bonn
on the Rhine ; d. Jan. 13, 1838, Frank-
fort o/M. 1800-4, Beethoven's pupil
at Vienna. Left Vienna 1805, went,
vid Coblenz, to Paris, where he re-
mained for two years, leaving afterwards
for Russia. 1813, he arrived in London,
where he succeeded admirably as a
teacher, composer, and performer;
1830, he left London and settled in
Frankfort o/M. He was an industrious
composer, but only a very few of his
works were able to withstand the
influence of time and altered fashion,
and are thus almost completely for-
gotten. The following is only an
approximate list of his Pf. works : —
Concertos: Op. 42 in E flat; tOp. 55 in C
sharp min. ; Op. 115 in C min. ; Op. 120
(Pastoral) in D ; Op. 123 in C ; Farewell
Concerto, Op. 132, in A min. ; Op. 151,
" Salut au Rhin," in A flat; Op. 177 in G.
Chamber Music : Op. 25, Septuor in E flat ;
Op. 100, Sextet in C ; Op. 142, Sextet ; Op.
128, Octet ; Op. 74, Quintet in B min. ;
Quartets, Op. 13, 16, 141 ; Trios, Op. 2, 28,
63, 95, and 143 ; 24 Sonatas with Vln. ; 3
Sonatinas with Vln. Solo Music: 52
Sonatas ; 15 Fantasias ; Rondos ; Varia-
tions ; Ballades tStudies, Op. 31 ; 40
Preludes, Op. 60, &c.

Rietz, Dr. Julius, b. Dec. 28, 1812,
Berlin; d. Sept. 12, 1877, Dresden.
Pupil of Romberg and Ganz. 1834,
Conductor at D iisseldorf ; 1 847 , Capell-
meister of the Leipzig Theatre ; 1848,
Conductor of the Gewandhaus Con-
certs; 1854, having given up the post
of Capellmeister, he devoted himself
entirely to the Gewandhaus Concerts
and accepted the appointment of Prof,
at the Conserv. ; 1859, the Leipzig
University conferred upon him the
diploma of Doc. Phil., hon.causd; i860,
he succeeded Reissiger as Konigl. Hof-
Capellmeister of the Dresden Opera,
and was elected Director of the Royal
Conserv. ; 1874, the King of Saxony
gave him the title of " General Musik
Director."

Sonata in A min., Op. 17; Sonata with Vln.;
Sonata with Fl. ; Scherzo capriccioso, Op. 5 ;
Arrangements of Haydn's Symphonies,
Mendelssohn's Overtures, Marches, &c.

Rimbault, Edward Francis, LL.D.,
London, Doc. Phil., lion, causd, Gottin-
gen, b. June 13, 1816, London ; d.
there Sept. 26, 1876. Pupil of his
father and Wesley, he was, as early as
1832, Organist in Soho; founded (1841),
with E. Taylor and William Chappell,
the Musical Antiquarian Society ;
edited the book " Parthenia " ; pub-
lished (i860) "The Pianoforte, its
origin, progress, and construction."
He was very industrious in arranging

operas, oratorios, and in writing a great
number of educational works.

Rimsky-Korsakow, Nicolaus Andreje-
witch, b. 1844, Tichwin (Russia). An
officer of the Navy, he studied music
only as an amateur, and had mostly
to depend upon self-instruction ; but
thanks to his perseverance and ad-
mirable energy he was (1871) appointed
Prof, of Composition at the Conserv.
of St. Petersburg, and succeeded
Balakirew as Director of the Free
Music School.
Op. 10, Valse, Intermezzo, Scherzo, Nocturne;
Prelude et Fugue ; 6 Variations sur le
thdme B-A-C-H ; Op. 11, 4 Morceaux;
Berceuse; Tarantella; Menuetto; Caril-
lon ; Fugue grotesque. The last 5 pieces
are introduced in the collection "Bigar-
rures."

Rinaldi, Giovanni, b. 1840, Reggio
(Emilia). Biographical details are
entirely wanting.
Eantasias, Sketches, Novellettes, Nocturnes,
and Barcarolles.

Rinck, Johann Christian Heinrich, b.

Feb. 18, 1770, Elgersburg (Thuringia) ;

d. Aug. 7, 1846, Darmstadt. 1786-89,

pupil of Kittel (Erfurt) ; 1790, organist

atGiessen; 1805, at Darmstadt; 1813,

Hof-Organist ; 1845, Doc. Phil., hon.

causd, of the University of Giessen.

Excellent organist and teacher.

Trios : Sonates pour Pt., Vln., et V'cello, Op.

32 (3), and one in E flat; Sonatas with

V'cello; also for 4 hands ; Preludes, Op. 25 ;

Two-part exercises (30), Op. 67 ; Exercises

for beginners for 2 and 4 hands (I., II.), Op.

60.

Riotte, Philipp Jacob, b. Aug. 16, 1776,

Trier; d. Aug. 20, 1856, Vienna. He

was for several years conductor of the

opera at Prague, afterwards in the

same capacity at Vienna. In his time

he enjoyed great popularity in Austria

as a composer for the Pf.

Concertos, Op. 8 and 15; Concerto for 2 Pfs. ;

Trios, in F and E flat. Op. 9; Sonatas with

Vln. (7); Solo Sonatas (13); Variations (12

sets) ; Rondos (6). His best known work is

"The Battle of Leipzig," a characteristic

tone-picture, of which there were several

editions.

♦Risler, Edouard, b. Feb. 23, 1873, Baden-
Baden (of French parents). Pupil at
the Paris Conserv. of L. Diemer (Pf.).
1889, he received the first prize and
travelled in Germany, profiting by the
advice of Eugen d' Albert. His per-
formances in London were very suc-
cessful.

Ritter, Theodore (Bennet), b. April 5,
1841, near Paris ; d. April 6, 1886,
Paris. Pupil of Liszt. Excellent
pianist and a talented composer. Of

ROCKEL— ROSENHAIN.

his elegant, brilliant, and effective
pieces, one became a great favourite —
" Les Courriers."
*R6ckel, Joseph Leopold, b. April ii,
1838, London. Pupil of Eisenhofer
(Wiirzburg) and Gotze (Weimar) for
Composition, and of his father and
brother, Eduard R., for Pf. For many-
years has lived at Clifton (Bristol) and
is highly respected as an excellent
teacher.
Air au Dauphin ; Allegretto pastorale ;
"Gwendoline" (Idyl and Dance of the
Sylphs). For his operatic Fantasias and
easier pieces he uses the pseudonym
" Edouard Dorn."
Rbder, Martin, b. April 7, 1851, Berlin.
1870-72, pupil at the Hochschule; then
he received an appointment in Milan.
Since 1880 he has resided at Berlin as
a teacher of singing.
Trio in F min. ; "Aus meinem Skizzenbuch "
(2 books, each containing 6 pieces).

Rontgen, Julius, b. May 9, 1855, Leipzig.
Pupil at the Conserv., where Haupt-
mann, Richter, and Reinecke were his
teachers. Since 1S78 he has resided
at Amsterdam as Prof, of the Music
School. He is an excellent pianist and
a talented composer.
Sonata with Vln. ; Sonata with V'cello ; Solo
Sonatas ; Op. 5, a Cycle of Pf. pieces ;
Op. 6, Ballade ; Op. 7, Suite (4 movements) ;
Op. 8, Fantasia; Op. 12, Julklapp (a Christ-
mas piece) ; Op. 16, Introduction, Scherzo,
Intermezzo, and Finale.

*Roger-Miclos, Marie, b. May i, 1862,
Toulouse. 1873, she became a pupil
at the Paris Conserv. of Madame
Massart. After having gained (1877)
the first prize, she was appointed Prof.
i8gi, and obtained the (for a lady)
rare distinction of being made Officier
de r Instruction publique. She is one
of the most distinguished pianists of
the present time, and has several times
been heard and admired in London.

Rohde, Eduard, b. 1828, Halle a/S. ; d.
March 25, 1883, Berlin. Among the
modern educational composers he is
certainly one of the best ; his pieces
are throughout solidly constructed,
correctly and practically written, and
their melodiousness and ingratiating
qualities have made his name well
known.
Sonatinas ; Feuilles volantes, Op. 36, &c.

Rolle, Johann Heinrich, b. Dec. 23,
1718, Quedlinburg ; d. Dec. 29, 1785,
Magdeburg. Pupil of his father, an
organist. Studied (1736) at the Leipzig
University ; went afterwards to Berlin
as member of the Royal Orchestra ;
remained there till 1746, when he was
appointed Organist at the principal

church of Magdeburg, and, after the
death of his father (1752), Musik-
Director of the town.
3 Concertos, Op. 1 (Berlin); Sonatas (Leipzig);

and shorter pieces, to be found in Em.

Bach's " Musikalisches Vielerley und

Allerley" (1760-62).

♦RoUfuss, Bernhard, b. July 21, 1837,
Goritzhain (Saxony). Pupil of Friedrich
Wieck and Blassmann (Pf.), and of
Julius Otto (Composition), of Dresden;
later of Hauptmann and Julius Rietz
(Leipzig). 1863-75, he played at his
Chamber Music Concerts (Dresden).
Founded (1875) a musical academy for
ladies and an elementary school, in
which sixteen experienced teachers are
giving lessons. The King of Saxony
conferred on him the title of Konigl.
Prof.
Melodious Finger Exercises ; Studies, Op. la
and Op. 25 (to strengthen the fourth and
fifth fingers) ; Drawing-room pieces, com-
bined with Scale exercises ; Op. 23, Nocturne ;
Op. 24, Scherzo ; Op. 26, Andante cantabile ;
Op. 27, Intermezzo ; Op. 30, Prelude,
Romanza, and Novellette.

Rosellen, Henri, b. Oct. 13, 1811, Paris;
d. there March 20, 1876. Pupil at the
Conserv., where his teachers were
Pradher and Zimmermann for Pf.,
Dourlen, Fetis, and Halevy for Com-
position. After having left the Con-
serv. he took lessons from Henri
Herz (1835). Highly successful as a
teacher and extraordinarily popular
as a composer of easy, practically-
written, and agreeably sounding
drawing-room pieces.
Trio, Op. 82, in F; 23 Etudes de moyenne
force. Op. 133, which ought to precede the
12 Etudes brillantes, Op. 60 ; Manuel des
Pianistes, Op. 116; Nocturne et Tarantelle,
Op. 92 ; -f-Reverie in G ; 3 Reveries, Op. 2S ;
76 Fantaisies on operatic airs; n Rondos;
and many sets of Variations.

*Rosenhain, Jacob Qacques), b. Dec. 2,
1813, Mannheim; d. March 21, 1894,
Baden-Baden. Pupil of Jacob Schmitt
(at that time residing in Mannheim)
and of Schnyder von Wartensee, in
Frankfort o/M. 1837, he went to
London, where he gave a concert, and
performed at one of the Philharmonic
Society concerts. In the autumn
(1837) he went to Paris, where he
remained until 1870, when the Franco-
German War obliged him to reside at
Baden-Baden, where he had a villa. He
was a hard-working teacher and com-
poser, and had received decorations
from Holland, France, Spain, Portugal,
and Baden, and was elected Hon.
Member of the St. Cecilia Society of
Rome.

ROSENTHAI RUBINSTEIN.

Quartet for Pf. and Strings, Op. i ; Trios, Op-
2i 32. 50, and 80; Sonatas for Pf. and
V'cello, Op. 38 and t53 i Concertino, Op. 5 ;
tConcerto, Op. 73 ; 12 Etudes caract^ris-
tiques. Op. 17 (fNo. 2, Serenade du Pecheur ;
tNo. 5, Danse des Sylphes); 24 Etudes
melodiques. Op. 20 (Introduction to those
of Cramer); Sonata in F min., Op. 41;
tSonate symphonique, F min.. Op. 70;
Sonata in D min.. Op. 74. Melodies carac-

teristiques: I., Op. 25(tChant montagnard);
II., Op. 31; III., Op. 37 (f Chants orientaux);
IV., Op. 45 (tCalabraise et Ballade); V.,
Op. 67 (Chanson slave) ; VI., Op. 68 (Barca-
rolle); VII., Op. 82 (Berceuse). Historiettes,
Op- 97; tReveries, Op. 26; Sc^ne drama-
tique. Op. 30.
Rosenthal, Moriz, b. Dec. 18, 1862,
Lemberg. Pupil (1873) of Mikuli, with
whom he played, when only a child,
Chopin's Rondo in C for 2 Pf. 1875,
his parents settled in Vienna, where he
studied with Rafael Joseffy. 1876, he
gave a successful concert in Vienna,
and his parents then went with him to
Belgrade and Bucharest, where the
youth of fourteen was named Pianist to
the Roumanian Court. In the same
year (1876) he was introduced to Liszt,
who invited him to accompany him to
Weimar. 1878, after having been in
Weimar, he went to Paris and St.
Petersburg, where he created a great
sensation. In order to follow up his
general studies he attended (for twenty
months) the Staats - Gymnasium in
Vienna, passed his "maturity"
examination, and went to the Uni-
versity lectures of Zimmermann,
Brentano, and Hanslick ; in spite of
this — with him an earnest and serious
occupation — he continued his Pf.
studies with the greatest energy.
After six years' retirement he re-
appeared (1882) in Vienna, and his
marvellous performances were received
with the utmost enthusiasm. Since
then his reputation has increased in a
wonderful degree, and in Berlin,
Dresden, Cologne — indeed, every-
where — he has astonished and
bewildered the most experienced
musicians by his unrivalled technique,
and earned the most phrenetic ex-
pressions of approval from crowded
audiences. His playing is distinguished
principally by his enormous virtuosity.
It is not only his astonishing technique,
but his marvellous endurance, which
is really phenomenal, and puts into
shade everything that has yet been
known. The results of his technical
studies are laid down in the work
lately published.
School of modern Pf. Virtuosity : " Technical
Studies for the highest deeree of develop-
ment." By Moriz Rosenthal and Ludvig
Scbytte.

Rosetti, Franz Anton, b. 1750, Leit-
meritz, Bohemia — where he was called
Roester ; d. June 30, 1792, Ludwigs-
lust. His parents intended him to
become a priest, and he took (1769) the
first vow as lay-priest : but as he wished
to devote himself entirely to music he
went to Rome and obtained a dispen-
sation. He was for some time
conductor of the band of Prince
Wallerstein, but received (1789) the
appointment of Hof-Capellmeister at
Schwerin. 1792, the King Frederic
William III. of Prussia invited him to
Berlin, where he conducted an oratorio
of his own composition.
Concerto; Trios; Sonatas for Pf., Vln., and
V'cello (6), Op. i; (3), Op. 2; 3 Divertisse-
ments.

Rubinstein, Anton Gregorowitsch, b.
Nov. 30, 1830, Wechwotynecz, Bessa-
rabia (this date was given by himself) ;
d. Nov. 20, 1894, Peterhof, near St.
Petersburg. Showed at a very early
age extraordinary talent for music,
and was first instructed by his
mother. His parents taking up their
abode in Moscow, where the father
established a pencil manufactory,
Anton's musical education was en-
trusted to Villoing, who was the
only master of the great artist. When
he was ten years old Villoing took his
pupil to Paris, where he introduced
him to Liszt and Chopin ; both were
so struck with the boy's eminent talent
that they (particularly Liszt) strongly
advised that he should be taken to
Germany for further education . From
Paris, master and pupil went to
Holland, England, Scandinavia, Ger-
many, and finally to Moscow. In
all these countries the young artist
gave Concerts with the greatest possible
success. On their return (1843),
Anton's younger brother, Nicolaus,
also highly gifted, was just seven years
old, so the mother decided to take
both boys to Berlin, where Anton, on
the recommendation of Meyerbeer,
became a pupil of Prof. Dehn. All
the Berlin musicians took great interest
in the career of the genial youth, and
Mendelssohn also felt the sincerest
sympathy for him, 1846, the mother
was obliged to return (with her youngest
son Nicolaus) to Moscow, owing to the
illness of her husband, whilst Anton
remained in Berlin, only leaving for a
short tour in Hungary with the eminent
flautist, Heindl. Owing to political
events, he returned (1848) to Russia,
where he found a generous patron in the

RUBINSTEIN— RUBINSTEIN.

103

Grand Duchess Helena (Princess of
Wiirtemberg) ; 1852, advised and
assisted by the Grand Duchess and
Count Wielhorski, he again went to
Germany, where he found publishers for
his numerous works. After having given
Concerts in Paris and London he
returned (1858) to St. Petersburg, was
appointed Pianist to the Court and
Conductor of the concerts. 1859, he
accepted the direction of the Russian
Musical Society; founded, 1862, the
Imperial Conserv., and became its
Director. 1867-70, he travelled through
Europe, giving concerts, and being
received with the greatest enthusiasm.
1872-73, he was on a tour in America.
After 1867 he had no fixed appoint-
ment, but, 1887, after DavidofTs death,
he again undertook the direction of
the St. Petersburg Conserv., which he
relinquished shortly before his death.
He possessed one of the noblest
characters imaginable, and was an
artist in the full sense of the word —
free from any envy or jealousy, a
generous and liberal colleague, full of
veneration for all that is good and
grand, entirely devoid of vanity, or of
the desire to put himself forward ;
was indifferent to praise, and, in spite
of his enormous successes, retained a
simplicity and modesty rarely to be
found. The Czar of Russia conferred
on him the Vladimir Order, with the
rank of nobility, and appointed him
Imperial Director-General of Music,
with the rank of Imperial Councillor
and the title of "Excellency"; the
French Republic named him Officer
of the Legion of Honour ; he was also a
Member of the " Ordre pour le Merite,"
the highest possible distinction an
artist can receive in Germany, and
nearly all the European Sovereigns
decorated him. He was an Hon.
Member of learned and musical
societies, including the Royal Academy
of Prussia —in fact, he received the
greatest rewards which an artist can
receive. Rubinstein was a serious and
earnest artist. His book, " Music and
its Masters," testifies to his thorough
knowledge of musical history, and
many of his articles in musical papers
are full of original, correct, and ex-
cellent ideas. At the same time he was
one of the greatest of all pianists past
and present, his execution was mar-
vellous, his touch possessing all
imaginable qualities and gradations of
tone and expression. In his readings
greater imporlance was attached to the

general musical contents than to
minute technical details — the emotional
at times overweighting the intellectual
Everything played by him appeared to
the listener an intelligible musical
speech. Even when not coinciding
with our own opinions, his playing
never lacked the charm of conviction
and originality.
Concertos : No. i, E min., Op. 35; No. 2, in

F. Op. 35 ; f No. 3, in G, Op. 45 ; +No. 4, in
D min.. Op. 70; fNo. 5, in E flat. Op. 94 ;
Fantaisie in C, Op. 84 ; Caprice Russe, Op.
102; ConcertstiJck, Op. 113. Chamber
Music : Octet, Op. 9, m D, for Pf., Vln.,
Via., V'cello, Double Bass, Fl., CI., Hn.;
Quintet in F, with wind instruments. Op.
55 ; Quintet with strings, in G min.. Op. 99 ;
Quartet in C, Op. 66. Trios : No. 1, in F ;
No. 2, G min.. Op. 15; fNo. 3, in B flat.
Op. 52; No. 4, in A, Op. 85; No. 5, in C
min., Op. 108. Sonatas with Vln. : No. i, in

G, Op. 13 ; No. 2, A min., Op. 19 ; No. 3, in
B min., Op. 98; 3 Morceaux, Op. 11;
Sonata with Via. in F min., Op. 49.
Sonatas with V'cello ; fNo. i, in D, Op. 18 ;
No. 2, in G, Op. 39. For 4 hands : (2 Pf.)
Fantaisie in F, Op. 73; (Pf.) Character-
Bilder (6), Op. 50; Sonata in D, Op. 89;
tSal Costume, Suite, &c.. Op. 103. Solo
Music : Sonatas: No. i, in E, Op. 12; No. 2,
in C min., Op. 20 ; No. 3, in F, Op. 41 ; No. 4,
in A min.. Op. 100. 2 Melodies, Op. 3 ;
3 Pieces : Polonaise, fCracovienne, Mazurka,
Op. 5; Kammenoi Ostrow (24), Op. 10 ; Le
Bal (10 pieces : fPolka Mazurka, fPolo-
naise). Op. 14 ; 3 Morceaux (No. 3, Serenade),
Op. 16; 3 Caprices (No. 3), Op. 21; fS
Etudes, Op. 23 ; 6 Preludes, Op. 24 ; 2
pieces (fNo. i). Op. 26; 2 pieces (No. i,
Barcarolle), Op. 30; (6) Soirees k St.
Petersbourg (No. 3) ; 6 Morceaux (No. i,
Melancolie in G min.), Op. 51 ; 5 Morceaux
(tNos. 2 and 3), Op. 69; Album de Peterhof
(fNos. 2 and 5), Op. 75 ; Fantaisies in E
min.. Op. 77; in C, Op. 84; 6 Etudes, Op.
81 ; fEtude in C (No. i) ; fin E flat (No. 3) ;
tValse Caprice ; tBarcaroUe, No. 4, in G ;
Miscellanees (Book 1-9); ■\RomaDza in E
flat; fMelody in F.

Rubinstein, Nicolaus, b. June 2, 1835,
Moscow; d. March 23, 1881, Paris.
Pupil of Villoing, Kullak, and Dehn.
For some time it was thought that he
possessed greater talent for Compo-
sition than his brother Anton, but
this supposition was not realised.
1859, he founded the Russian Musical
Society of Moscow, which Society
opened (1864) the Conserv., of which
Nicolaus was the Director until his
death. 1878, he conducted, during the
French Exhibition, three "Russian"
concerts in the Trocadero, which
were so successful that he gave a
fourth, at which he also appeared as
a pianist. His brother, Anton, declared
Nicolaus to be the better performer,
but this opinion was not shared
by the general public. His playing
was full of fire and impetuosity,
and he particularly excelled in the

ro4

RUDOLPH— RUTINI.

performance of his brother's com-
positions. Only a few of his pieces
were published, but these are original
and full of taste and elegance.
Op. II, Mazurka, No. i, f Mazurka, No. 2 ; Op.
13, +Bolero; Op. 14, tTarantelle; Op. 15,
Polka; Op. 16, tValse de Salon; Op. 17,
Polonaise, Scene de Bal; Deux feuilles
d' Album.

Rudolph, Johann Joseph Rainer, Arch-
duke of Austria, Cardinal, Prince-
Bishop of Ollmiitz, youngest son of
the Emperor Leopold II., b. Jan. 8,
1788, Florence; d. July 24, 1831,
Baden, near Vienna. Pupil and friend
of Beethoven, who dedicated the
following important works to his
Imperial pupil :
Concerto, No. 4, in G, Op. 58 ; No. 5, in E flat,
Op. 73 ; Sonata, " Les Adieux, I'Absence, et le
Retour," in E flat. Op. 8ia ; Pf. score of the
opera " Fidelio," Op. 72b ; Sonata with
Vln., in G, Op. 96; Sonata in B flat. Op.
106; Trio in B flat. Op. 97 ; Missa solennis.
Op. 123; Fugue for Strings, Op. 133; and
several smaller pieces.
The Archduke's own published com-
positions were —
Sonata for Pf. and CI., Op. a; and a theme
given by Beethoven, varied 40 times.

Rudorff, Ernst Friedrich Carl (son of
the Prof, and Privy Councillor
(Geheimrath), Dr. Adolph R), b.
Jan. 18, 1840, Berlin. At first a
pupil of Bargiel (Pf.)., he passed his
" Abiturienten " Examination, and
intended to inscribe his name as
student at the University, but left
(1859) for Leipzig, where he entered
the Conserv., and studied under
Plaidy and Moscheles (Pf.) and J.
Rietz (Composition), taking, later,
private lessons from Hauptmann and
Keinecke. 1865, appointed Prof, at
the Cologne Conserv., and (1869)
Principal Prof, at the Hochschule
(Berlin). Among his pupils the most
distinguished are Natalie Janotha and
Bernhard Stavenhagen. For ten years
he was Conductor of the Stern
Choral Society. He received the
Prussian Order of the Red Eagle and
the Order of "Christ" of Portugal,
and is a Member of the Royal
Academy of Prussia.
Variations for 2 Pf., Op. i; 6 pieces for 4
hands, Op. 4.

Riifer, Philippe Barthelemy, b. June 7,
1 844 , Liege, where his father, a German ,
was appointed Prof, at the Conserv.
Pupil at the Conserv. ; 1867, Musik-
Director at Essen ; settled (1871) at
Berlin, where he was teacher at the
Stern Conserv., and then at the Schar-
wenka Conserv. As a composer he
made his name favourably known by —

Sonata with Vln., Op. i ; Phantasiestiicke for
4 hands. Op. 10 ; and solo pieces. Op. 14, 21,
and 22; Op. 24, Scherzo; Op. 26, Scherzo;
Op. 27, 6 pieces ; Op. 34, Trio (Bolero).

•Rummel, Franz, b. Jan. 11, 1853,
London. Pupil of Louis Brassin
(Brussels). 1872, gained the first
prize; 1877-78, he made a tour, with
Minnie Hauck and Ole Bull, through
Holland; 1878, made his first, 1886,
his second journey to America ; 1884-
85, teacher first in KuUak's, then in
Stern's Academy (Berlin). 1889, the
Kings of Sweden and Denmark con-
ferred Orders on him. His excellent
playing has everywhere been received
with great favour. He resides at New
York.

Rust, Friedrich Wilhelm.b. July 6, 1739,
Dessau; d. there Feb. 28, 1796. He
studied law at the Leipzig University
until 1762, but then devoted himself to
music. Pupil of Hockh (Vln.) ; 1763,
of Franz Benda (Composition). Prince
Leopold III. of Anhalt-Dessau took
Rust with him to Italy (1765-66), and
appointed him (1775) Hof-Musik-
Director. Rust was really a violinist,
but his compositions for the Clavecin
deserve recognition.

6 Sonatas ; 24 Variations on a Song by Schulz
(1782); Allegretto grazioso with Variations '
(1797); Grande Senate (posthumous). His
grandson, Wilhelm Rust, has lately pub-
lished two Sonatas (B flat min. and F sharp
min.) by his grandfather.

Ruthardt, Adolph, b. Feb. 9, 1849, Stutt-
gart. 1864-68, pupil at the Conserv.,
where his teachers were Lebert and
Speidel (Pf), Faisst and Stark (Com-
position). After having finished his
studies he went to Geneva, and re-
mained there eighteen years (1886)
actively promoting the classical and
modern German music. 1886, ap-
pointed Prof, at the Leipzig Conserv.
Sonata for 2 Pfs., Op. 31; Trio pastorale for
Pf., Ob., and Via., Op. 34; Schritt fiir
Schritt (12 pieces for 4 hands). Op. 27 ;
Menuet, Op. 4; Romanza, A flat, Op. 6; 6
Morceaux de genre, Op. u ; 2 Preludes and
Fugues, Op. 15 ; Serenade du Nord, Op. 16;
Introduction et Scene du Bal, Op. 24 ; 6
Valses, Op. 21. Editor of the new edition
of Eschmann's " Guide."
Rutini, Giovanni Maria, b. 1730,
Florence ; d. there, 1797. Pupil at the
Onofrio Conserv., of Naples. After
having travelled through Germany, he
resided for several years at Prague.
1 786, he returned to Italy and was first
appointed Capellmeister by the Duke
of Modena, and then by the Grand
Duke Leopold of Toscana.
6 Sonatas, X3p. i; (6), Op. 2; (6), Op. 12;
Sonata in C (HatTner's Kaccolta) ; Sonatas
for Clavecin and Vln., Op. 10 and 11.

SACCHINI— SAPELLNIKOFF.

105

s.

Sacchini, Antonio Maria Gaspare, b.
July 23, 1734, Puzzuoli (Naples) ; d.
Oct. 7, 1786, Paris. Pupil of Durante.
Operatic composer. For the Clavecin
he composed —
12 Sonatas with Vln , Op. 3 and 4 (Paris and
London).

Sachs, Julius, b. 1830, Meiningen; d.
Dec. 28, 1887, Frankfort o/M. Pupil of
Eduard Rosenhain (Pf.) and Kessler
(Composition), of Frankfort o/M. (not
J. C. Kessler, of Lemberg). Excellent
pianist and a talented composer.
Suite, Op. 40, F sharp min. ; 3 pieces, Op. 4 ;
Berceuse, Op. 51.

Saetta, Vincenzo, b. 1836, Naples.
Pupil of Staffa and Mercadante. He
devoted his talent almost exclusively
to teaching. He published the esteemed
book —
" La Scienza estetica " and the well-written
" Theoretical and Practical Piano Method."

Saint-Saens, Camille (Charles), b.

Oct. 9, 1835, Paris. Pupil at the

Conserv. of Stamaty (Pf.), Maleden

(Theory), Benoist (Organ), and Halevy,

Reber, and Gounod (Composition).

1855, Organist of St. Merry ; 1858, of

the Madeleine, which appointment he

resigned in order to devote himself

entirely to Composition. He is not

only an original composer, but also a

most distinguished pianist and organist ;

indeed, a most accomplished musician

all round, such as we seldom meet

with. His country conferred the

highest honours upon him— viz., the

Legion of Honour and the Membership

of the Academy, whilst the University

of Cambridge made him (June 13,

1893) Mus. Doc, hon. caitsd.

Concertos : No. i, D min., Op. 17 ; fNo. 2, G

min., Op. 22 ; No. 3, E flat, Op. 29 ; +No. 4,

C min., Op. 44. Quintet, Op. 14; Quartet,

Op. 41; Trio, Op. 18; Suite for Pf. and

V'cello, Op. 16; Sonata with V'cello, Op.

32; Berceuse, Op. 38; Romanza with

Vln., Op. 48; 16 Etudes, Op. 52;

Gavottes, Op. 23 and 65 ; Mazurkas, Op. 21,

24, and 66; Allegro appassionato. Op. 70;

Marche heroique. Op. 34 ; fVariations for

2 Pf., Op. 35 ; Polonaise for 2 Pf., Op. 77 ;

Marche a 4 mains, Op. 25 ; Fueillet d'Album,

Op. Si ; Album (6 pieces). Op. 72.

*Salaman, Charles Kensington, b. March
3, 1814, London. Pupil at the R.A.M.,
and afterwards private pupil of Charles
Neate. His first public performance
took place in 1828, after which he left

for Paris, and took lessons from Henri
Herz. 1833-37, he gave annual con-
certs in London ; 1846-48, he resided
in Rome, where he was made Hon.
Member of the St. Cecilia Society and
Hon. Member of the Philharmonic
Academy ; 1855, he began his lectures
on the history of the Pf. ; 1858, was
one of the founders of the Musical
Society of London, of which he was
Hon. Secretary until 1865. Several
of his numerous compositions for Pf.
have met with great favour, and have
been performed in public.
Toccata; Saltarello; Prelude and Gavotte;
Rondo alia G iga ; Remembrance (Capriccio) ;
Capriccio in E flat; Nocturnes; Twilight
Thoughts and Tranquillity; La Vivacita
(Scherzo); Joy (Impromptu); 12 Voluntaries;
6 characteristic melodies ; Crepuscule ;
Reverie, &c.

Sandt, Max van de, b. Oct. 18, 1863,
Rotterdam. Pupil of his father (Pf.),
Th. Verhey (Theory), and Gernsheim
(Composition). After having success-
fully performed in his own country,
he gave concerts in Cologne (1884),
and studied for two years with Liszt
(Weimar). He travelled through Ger-
many, Austria, Switzerland, France,
&c., everywhere with great success.
1889, appointed Prof, at the Stern
Academy of Berlin, in succession to
the late Dr. Hans Bischoff.

*Sapellnikofr, V.'assily, b. Oct. 21, 1868,
Odessa. His musical education began
in his seventh year, when his father,
an eminent violinist, gave him Vln.
lessons, and soon after his mother
instructed him on the Pf. His next
Pf. teacher was Franz Kessler (Odessai.
In his eleventh year he gave a concert,
appearing as a pianist and violinist.
He continued to study both instru-
ments with equal industry, until, in
his fourteenth year, Anton Rubinstein
decided that the Pf. ought to be his
principal instrument ; on Rubinstein's
recommendation the town of Odessa
gave him a scholarship, which enabled
him to study for live years at the St.
Petersburg Conserv., under Louis
Brassin, and later, after Brassin's
death, under Sophie Menter. 1888,
he gave, in Hamburg, before a critical
German audience, an excellent per-
formance of Tscha'ikowsky's Concerto

H

io6

SARTI— SCHAD.

in B flat, under the composer's direc-
tion. He is well known to the London
public.
Sarti, Giuseppe, b. Dec. i, 1729, Faenza;
d. July 28, 1802, Berlin. Pupil of
Padre Martini (Bologna). 1769, he
was in London, where he published
3 (6?) Sonatas for the Harpsichord, and
Sonatas with Vln., Op. 1 and 2.
Satter, Gustav, b. Feb. 12, 1832, Vienna.
His father desired him to study medi-
cine, but Gustav's undeniable talent
for music, particularly for Pf. playing,
made him concur with the son's wish
to devote himself entirely to music.
He undertook a tour in America;
resided (1863) at Vienna, later at
Dresden, Hanover, Gothenburg, Stock-
holm, and is at present in America.
Op. 104, Sonata in E ; Op. 107, in G min. ;
Op. 157, in E; Op. 158, 6 grand Studies;
Op. 162, 6 Studies ; Valses de Concert :
No. I, A min., Op. in ; No. 2, in G flat.
Op. 113; No. 3, in B min., Op. 114; No. 4, in
E, Op. 117 ; Saltarello, Op. 147,
"'^^ *Sauer, Emil, b. Oct. 8, 1862, Ham-
burg. Pupil of his mother; 1879-81,
of Nicolaus Rubinstein (Moscow) ;
and, 1884-85, of Liszt (Weimar). Since
1882 he has made highly successful
journeys through Germany, Austria,
Roumania, Russia (three times), Den-
mark, Sweden, Spain, Italy, and
England. He is considered one of the
best pianists of the present time.
Suite moderne (5 movements) ; Aus lichten
Tagen (5 pieces) ; Concert Study j Romance
sans paroles ; Valse de Concert.
Scarlatti, Domenico, son of Aless. S.
(1659-1725), b. 1685 (1C83?), Naples;
d. 1757, Madrid (according to Padre
Sacchi, at Naples). Pupil of his father
and Gasparini (Rome). 1709, he met
Handel at Cardinal Ottoboni's in
Rome. Of his playing at that time
Thomas Roseingrave relates: "After
a pupil of Gasparini' s had sung one
of his cantatas, which the composer
himself accompanied, an earnest young
man, dressed in dark clothes with a
black wig, came from a comer and
began playing. I thought ten hundred
devils had taken possession of the
instrument, for never had I conceived
such execution or effect possible. The
playing of this young man surpassed
anything I could ever have imagined."
1715, appointed Maestro di Capella of
St. Peter's, in succession to Baj ; 1719,
Maestro al Cembalo of the Italian
Opera, London; 1721 (not 1716), the
King of Portugal appointed him teacher
to the Princesses at Lisbon ; and when ,
in 1729, Princess Magdalena Theresia
married the Crown Prince of Spain

(1746, became King Ferdinand VI.) he
followed her to Madrid (having been
decorated with the Order of San
Giacomo), where he remained till 1754,
when he retired with a pension, and
died at Madrid ; but, according to a
report in the Gazetta Musicale di
Napoli (15/9/1838), he returned (1754)
to Naples, where he died in a state of
great poverty. He was a prolific
composer — the Abbe Santini possessed
no less than 349 of his pieces, and
declared his collection not complete.
New editions of his pieces were pub-
lished by Czerny (200), Farrenc (130),
Breitkopf and Hartel (60), Pauer (50),
Banck (30), &c. The following is
Schumann's opinion : " Scarlatti has
much that is excellent, and that dis-
tinguishes him among his contem-
poraries. The mailed order (if we
may say so) of a Seb. Bach's flow of
ideas is not to be found in Scarlatti :
he is far more shallow, rhapsodical,
and superficial, and so quick in making
and unmaking complications that it i.s
difficult to follow him. His style is—
for his time — short, piquant, and
pleasing ; but although his works hold
so important a place in musical
literature, we confess that there is
much in them that cannot now please
us." ("Schumann," II., 91.)

Schachner, Rudolph, b. Dec. 31, 1821,
Munich. At first a pupil of Madame
de Fladt, who also taught A. Henselt ;
1837-38, of J. B. Cramer, at that time
in Munich ; had lessons in Composition
from Caspar Ett. 1842, he went to
Vienna, where he played in public
with considerable success. A few
years later he visited Paris, where he
had the rare opportunity of playing a
Concerto of his own composition at
a Conserv. concert, for which per-
formance he received a gold medal.
Returning to Germany, he was kindly
received by Mendelssohn (Leipzig),
who invited him to play at the
Gewandhaus Concerts. 1853, he went
to London, and remained there for a
number of years, without appearing
much in public. At present he resides
in Vienna.
Concerto, Op. 6; Poesies musicales. Op. 8
and 9 ; Romance variee, Op. 11 ; Ombres et
Rayons (6 books), Op. 13 and 17; La chasse.
Op. 12; Phantasiestiick, Op. 15.

Schad, Joseph, b. March 6, 1812,
Steinach (Bavaria) ; d. July 4, 1879,
Bordeaux. At first a pupil at the
Wiirzburg Conserv. ; later of Aloys
Schmitt (Frankfort o/M.). 1834,

SCHAEFFER— SCHFRMACHER.

107

organist, teacher, and conductor at
Morges (Canton Vaud) ; later Prof,
at the Conserv. of Geneva, and, since
1847, one of the most successful
teachers of Bordeaux. His compo-
sitions are melodious, practically
written, and popular.
Le Soupir, Op. 19 ; La Gracieuse (Valse),
Op. 22; tLa Rose des Alpes, Op. 38; tFleur
des .-Mpes, Op. 39; Tarentelle, Op. 55.

Schaeffer, Dr. Julius, b. Sept. 28, 1823,
Krevese, near Osterburg (Prussia).
First studied philosophy and theology.
Friendly intercourse with Rob. Franz
strengthened his love for music, but
circumstances obliged him to accept
for two years an appointment as tutor
in Jassy (Moldavia). Through Franz
he became acquainted with Schumann,
Mendelssohn, and Gade, and, following
their advice, he resolved to devote
himself entirely to music. 1850, he took
lessons from Dehn (Berlin), and (1855)
was appointed Musik - Director of
Schwerin, where he founded the well
known " Schloss Kirchenchor." i860,
named Musik-Director of the Breslau
University and Conductor of the Sing-
Academie ; 1861, he received the
diploma of Konigl. Musik-Director;
1878, that of Prof. ; 1872, the University
conferred on him the degree of Doc.
Phil., hon. causd.
Op. I, FantasicRtiJcke ; Op. 2, Fantasie

Variationen ; Op. 4, Polonaise in A min. ;

Op. 7, Barcarolle ; Op. 8, Notturno.

Scharwenka (Ludwig), Philipp, b. Feb.
16, 1847, Samter (Posen), where his
father was a builder. 1859, the family
moved to Posen , where he completed his
studies at the "Gymnasium"; went
with his parents to Berlin (1865).
Here he entered Kullak's Academy
as a pupil of Kullak (Pf.) and Wiierst
(Composition), taking also private
lessons from Dorn. 1870, appointed
teacher of composition at Kullak's
Academy, he is now (1893) director
of the Klindworth-Scharwenka Con-
serv. (Berlin). His educational com-
positions are of great value, and his
larger works are highly respected.
Op. 34, Aus der Jugendzeit ; Op. 18, Mis-
cellen; Op. 31, Humoresken (3); Op. 33,
Album polonaise; Op. 54, Festklange fiir
die Jugend; Op. 36, Bergfahrt (6); Op. 50,
Scherzo ; Op. 64 and 68, Kinderspiele (8
pieces, a series); Op. 60, Seestiicke (6);
Op. 65, Romantische Episoden; Op. 72,
Von vergansenen Tagen (5) ; Op. 61, Sonata
in A, No. 1 ; No. 2, in F sharp min. ; Op. 85,
Rhapsidieen ; Op. 55, Divertissements (10);
Op. 27, Feuilles d' Album (5); Op. 32, In
banter Reihe (6) ; Op. 46, Momens musicaux
(4); Op. 47, Capriccio in D min.; Op. 26,
Morceaux de Fantaisie (5). Duets: Op. 21,
Tanz-Suite ; Op. 23, Wedding March, Valse,

and Evening Music ; .Op. 30, AH' Ongarese
and Valse ; Op. 38, Polish Dances ; Op. 54
Songs and Dances; Op. 57, Stimmungs-
bilder; Op. 59, Herbslbilder ; Op. 75, Dance-
Scenes (5) ; Op. 91, Scherzi (3).
Scharwenka (Franz), Xaver, b. Jan. 6,
1850, Samter (Posen). His education
was the same as that of his brother
Philipp, only he gave greater attention
to the study of the Pf. Kullak and
Wiierst were also his teachers. His
excellent performances, as well as his
spirited, bright, and melodious com-
positions, soon gained the attention of
the musical public, not only of Berlin,
but of other German towns. 1868-
74, was teacher at Kullak's Academy.
1 88 1, he opened the "Scharwenka"
Conserv., which, after his departure
for America, was directed by his
brother, and was lately 1 1893) amalga-
mated with Klindworth's Academy.
Xaver S. is decidedly one of the most
talented pianists and composers of the
present time, and some of his pieces
are universally known.
Concertos: No. i, in B flat min.. Op. 35;
No. 2, in C min.. Op. 56; Quartet for Pf.
and strings ; Trios : No. i. Op. i ; No. 2,
Op. (?) ; Sonata with Vln., Op. 2 ; Sonata
with V'cello, Op. (?); Solo Sonatas (2):
No. I, in C sharp min.. Op. 6; Studies and
Preludes (6), Op. 27 (tNo. 3, Staccato
Study) ; Im Freien (5), Op. 38 (No. 5, All'
Ongarese); tWaltzes, Op. 44; tT heme and
Variations, Op. 48 ; +Album (6), Op. 43
(fNo. 6); Polish Dances, Op. +3,9,29,34,
58(21 numbers: +Nos. i, 4, 5, 13, 15).

Scheuenstuhl, Michael, b. March 3,
1705, Guttenstetten, near Bayreuth ;
d. (?) Hof (Saxony). Someof his works
are remarkable for their quaint titles.
" Gemijths- und Ohrenergbtzende Clavier-
Uebung, bestehend in61eichten nach heuti-
gem Gout gesetzten Galanterie-Partien,
meistens fiir Frauenzimmer componirt."
2 Theile. Niirnberg. (An ear and soul-
pleasing Clavecin-Study, consisting of 6 easy
fancy parts, composed in the taste of the
day, mostly for ladies.) " Die beschaftigte
Muse Clio, 3 Galanterie Suiten." (The busy
Muse Clio, 3 Fancy Suites.) Clavier Senate,
1736, and Clavier Concerte (2), 1738.
Schiffmacher, Joseph, b. 1827, Eschau,
near Strassburg. Pupil of Reber,
Rosenhain, Prudent, Thalberg, Haber-
bier, and others. He resides at Paris.
His compositions are mostly short,
elegant, and effective.
Morceaux de Salon.
*Schirmacher, Dora, b. Sept. x, 1862,
Liverpool. Pupil of her father, later
of E. F. Wenzel and Reinecke of
Leipzig, where she gained the "Men-
delssohn " prize. Her performances
at the Leipzig Gewandhaus, Quartet
and Euterpe concerts were received
with great favour ; not less successful
were her appearances in Frankfort 0/ M ,

zo8

SCHLOSSER-SCHNEIDER.

(Museum), Wiesbaden, Amsterdam
(Felix meritis), Dresden, Berlin,
Cologne, and other large German
towns. She obtained also much praise
for her playing at the Popular and
Crystal Palace concerts (London), Phil-
harmonic concerts (Liverpool), Halle's
concerts (Manchester), and concerts
in numerous other English towns.
Suite, Valse Caprice, Sonata, Tone-pictures,
Evening Song, Serenade, &c., published
on Rubinstein's recommendation at
Hamburg.
Schlosser, Adolph, b. Feb i, 1830,
Darmstadt. Pupil of his father, Louis
S. After having performed with de-
cided success in Germany, he settled
(1854) in England, where he is Prof, at
the R.A.M., and was also elected Hon.
Member. Knight of the Portuguese
Order of Christ.
Quartet (with strings), Trio, Studies, tSuite
in D min., and a considerable number of
shorter solo pieces. He edited several
examples of older Clavecin music.
Schlottmann, Ludwig, b. Nov. 12, 1826,
Berlin. Pupil of Taubert (Pf.) and
Dehn (Composition). He holds no
public appointment, but is much
occupied in careful, practical, and
highly successful teaching. 1875, he
received the title of Konigl. Musik-
Director.
Op. 8, Trois Capricettes ; Op. 11, Polonaise
de Concert ; Op. ig, Andantino and Varia-
tions ; Op. 22, tjugendspiegel (6).
Schmitt, Aloys (sen.), b. Aug. 26,
1789, Erlenbach o/M. (Bavaria) ; d. July
25, 1866, Frankfort o/M. Pupil of his
father, later of A. Andre at Offenbach
o/M. From 1816 he resided, with
few exceptions, in Frankfort o/M. as
a highly influential and successful
teacher. 1820, he went for some time
to Berlin, and (1825-29) was at Hanover
as Court Pianist to the Duke of Cum-
berland. His name is particularly
well known by his educational works,
which made the round of the world.
Studies, Op. 16, 55, 62 (Rhapsodies), 67, and
115 ; Method of Pf. playing, Op. 114 ; Sona-
tinas and Rondos, and Concertos, Sonatas,
and Variations, which are less known.
Schmitt, Jacob (Jacques), younger
brother and pupil of the above, b. Nov.
2, 1803, Obernburg (Bavaria) ; d.June,
1853, Hamburg. He settled in Ham-
burg, where he was an active teacher,
pianist, and composer. Of his com-
positions (about 370), his Sonatinas are
decidedly the most popular for their
practical style, clearness, and melo-
diousness.
Sonatina in B flat. Op. 29 ; t3 Sonatines faciles
et progressives. Op. 83; Sonatine, Op. 84;
t6 Sonatines, Op. 207; Sonatine in A, Op.
848; H Sonatinas in F, Op, 249. His

" Musikalisches Schatzkastlein" (Musical
Treasure-box), Op. 325 (133 short pieces), is
of great value. His Rondos — La Coquette,
Op. 113; Rondo militaire, Op. 88; and I'El^-
gant. Op. 250 — and his Nocturnes (14)— espe-
cially " Tendre reproche," Op. 123 — have met
with great favour. For 4 hands : Sonatinas,
Op. 65, Op. 31, 49, n8, and 208.
Schmitt, Georg Aloys, son of A. S. {see
above), b. Feb. 2, 1827, Hanover.
Pupil of his father and of Vollweiler
(Heidelberg). He travelled as a
pianist with great success in Germany,
Belgium, and France ; visited also
London, Algiers, &c. After having
filled the post of Capellmeister of the
Opera at Aix-la-Chapelle and Wiirz-
burg, he was appointed 11857) Hof-
Capellmeister at Schwerin. Among
his pupils was Emma Brandes {see
this name). Several of his solo pieces
met with considerable favour.
♦Schmitt, Hans, b. Jan. 14, 1835,
Koken (Bohemia). Was at first, as
oboe-player, a pupil at the Prague
Conserv. 1851, became a member of
the orchestra of Bucharest; 1856, of,
the Court Orchestra of Vienna; and
(1867) of the Imperial Theatre and
Royal Opera Orchestra; 1860-62, he
enjoyed the tuition of Dachs (Pf.), at
the Vienna Conserv.; became teacher,
later Prof, there. Author of many
educational works.
His graduating classification of Stephen
Heller's Studies, his essays on the use of
the Pedal (1875), progressive order of edu-
cational material, and the basis of Pf.
technique ; 120 short pieces for tuition ; a
School edition of dementi's " Gradus," and
several other publications were received
with great approbation. Compositions:
Characteristic solo pieces, and Duets for
Pf. and Vln.
Schneider, Dr. Friedrich Johann Chris-
tian, b. Jan. 3, 1786, Altwaltersdorf,
near Zittau ; d. Nov. 23, 1853, Dessau.
Pupil of his father, Gottlieb S., who
was originally a weaver. Friedrich
attended (1798) the Zittau College
(Gymnasium) , and, 1805, the University
of Leipzig; 1807, appointed Organist
of the Pauliner Church ; later, of the
Thomas Church; 1821, called to
Dessau, where he officiated as Hof-
Capellmeister, and opened (1829) a
Music School, which obtained a great
reputation. Until the opening of the
Leipzig Conserv., the Dessau School
was considered the princ^ai school of
Germany. Although as a composer he
was more occupied with sacred works
(Oratorios, Masses, Psalms), he was
also an industrious writer for the Pf.
Quartets : for Pf. and Strings, Op. 24, in E flat ;
Op. 34 in F ; Op. 36 in C min. Trios : Op.
10 in B flat; Op. 38 in E flat. Duo wii'i
Vln., Op. 31. Sonatas for 4 hands : Op. 8

SCHOBERT— SCHUBERT.

log

in E flat; Op. 8 in A; Op. 13, 29, and 78 in
IJ flat. Solo Sonatas : 3 Sonatas, Op. i ;
ditto, Op. 3, 5, 6, 14, 20 (2), 21, 26, 27, 30, 37,
40 ; tSonata di Bravura, Op. 76 and 80.

Schobert (Schubart) — his christian name
is unknown — b. 1730, Strassburg ; d.
1768, Paris. There are no details
about his education. He was ap-
pointed Organist in Versailles, but
dismissed on account of his negligence.
1760, the Prince de Conti employed
him as his Clavecinist. The following
compositions (which are not without
interest) were publi.shed :
6 Concertos ; 6 Symphonies for Clavecin and
2 Hn.; 3 Sonatas for Clavecin and 3
string instruments; 16 Sonatas for Clave-
cin and Vln. ; H Solo Sonatas for Clavecin.
A complete collection of his works, Op. i-
17, was published in London for the benefit
of his son.
*3chbnberger, Benno, b. Sept. 12, 1S63,
Vienna. Pupil at the Vienna Conser v. ,
of Anton Door, Bruckner (Counter-
point), and Robert Volkmann (Com-
position) ; later, pupil of Liszt, at
Buda Pesth and Rome. His public
performances began in Vienna (1874),
he then travelled through the greater
part of Europe, until 1880; 1888, he
visited England for the first time. In
Valencia and Madrid he was given the
title of Hon. Prof., and also received
decorations from Spain, Italy, Servia,
and Roumania.
3 Sonatas, Phantasiestiicke, Novelletten,
Bolero, Polonaise, &c.

*Scholtz, Hermann, b. June 9, 1845,
Breslau. Pupil of Brosig. 1865, went
to Leipzig, where he continued his
studies with C. Riedel (Counterpoint)
and L. Plaidy (Pf.). On Liszt's advice
he went (1867) to Munich, where he
became a pupil of Biilow in the Royal
Music School, receiving at the same
time lessons from Rheinberger in Com-
position ; 1870-75, was teacher in the
same school; 1875, he settled in
Dresden, where (1880) the King of
Saxony conferred on him the title of
" Court Pianist." He is one of the
foremost pianists of the present time,
an admirable teacher, careful editor,
and refined composer. His edition of
Chopin's complete works is well known
and very reliable.
Tiio in F min., Op. 51 ; Sonata in G min..
Op. 44; 5 books of Variations; Traumbilder,
Op. 22 ; Stimmunpsbilder, Op. 60 ; Ballade,
Op. 6C ; Passacaplia in D min., Op. 73;
5 Collections of Ij ric pieces (fAlbumblatter).

*Scholz, Bernhard, b. March 30, 1835,
Mayence o/Rhine. Pupil of E.
Pauer, at that time (1847-51) Musik-
Director of the Choral Societies, and,
later, of Dehn (Berlin). 1856-57, he

was teacher of Counterpoint at the
Conserv. of Munich; 1857-58, Capell-
meister at Ziirich ; 1858-59, at Niirn-
berg; 1859-65, Hof-Capellmeister at
Hanover; 1865-66, Director of the
Cherubini Society of Florence ; 1 866-7 1 ,
he resided at Berhn ; 1871-83, Con-
ductor of the Orchestral Society of
Breslau ; 1883, appointed Director of
the Hoch Conserv. of Frankfort o/M.
He received the Hanoverian Order of
the Guelphs, the title of Konigl. Prof.,
and the University of Breslau con-
ferred on him the diploma of Doc.
Phil., hon. causd.
Op. 3 and 55, Sonatas for Pf and Vln. ; Op. 5,
Sonata for Pf. and V'cello ; Op 25,
(Quintet; Op. 41, Sonatinas; Op. 24, Valses
a 4 mains; Op. 31, 6 Duets forPf and Vln.;
Op 57. Concerto; Op. 35, Capriccio (with
Orchestra).

Schroter, Johann Samuel, b. 1750,
Warsaw; d. Nov. i, 1788, London.
1767, he began his tours through
Holland and other countries. 1774.
he went to London, where at first he
had great difficulty in gaining a liveli-
hood, until Joh. Christ. Bach became
acquainted with his compositions and
recommended him to the publisher,
Napier (?). His works soon obtained
public favour, and his playing was
greatly admired. "He plays in a
very elegant and masterly style ; his
Cadenzas are well imagined, and if his
penchant was not rather to play rapidly
than al core, he would excel on the
Pf." (A. B. C. Dario, p. 44). It is said
that he was one of the first who under-
stood how to treat the newly-introduced
Pf. with due effect. The Prince of
Wales gave him the title of Chamber-
Musician.
6 Sonatas for Pf , Op. i ; 3 Quintets for Pf.,

2 Vln., Alto, and Bass; 6 Trios, Op. 2;

6 Concertos, Op. 3 ; 3 ditto (Berlin); 3 ditto;

Op. 5 ; 6 ditto, Op. 6 (Paris); and 2 Trios.

Op. 9 (1787).
Schubert, Franz (Peter) (son of a poor
schoolmaster), b. Jan. 31, 1797, District
Lichtenthal (Vienna) ; d. Nov. 19, 1828,
Vienna. He was one of nineteen children.
At first a pupil of his father (on the
Vln.), his pretty voice obtained for
him a place in the Imperial Chapel
and a scholarship in the Imperial
" Convikt " (a college subsidised by
Government). His teachers were
Ruc'ziszka and Salieri (thorough bass).
1813, he left the Imperial School, be-
came assistant to his father, and taught
in the elementary classes of the Lich-
tenthal School until 1817. His friend,
Schober, assisted him in every way,
and he received (during the summer

SCHUTT— SCHULZ-SCHWERIN.

months, 1818-1824) the appointment
of music teacher in the family of
Count Esterhazy, in Zelesz (Hungary).
Unsuccessful in obtaining fixed ap-
pointments, he was obliged to gain
his livelihood as a composer ; however,
the sums he received for his splendid
and immortal works appear to have
been — viewing them from our present
:.tate of payment for new works — quite
ludicrous. Like Mozart, Schubert
had during his whole life to fight
against adversity. Although he never
performed in public on the Pf., his
works are a proof that he was a
consummate master of the instrument.
Quintet for Pf., Vln., Via., V'cello, and
C.-Bass, Op. 114 (1819); Trios: No. i in
B flat, Op. 99 (1827); No. 2 in E flat,
Op. 100 (1827); Adagio and Rondo con-
certant in F (1816); Nocturne in E flat,
Op. 148 (appeared 1844). For Pf. and Vln.:
Sonata in A, Op. 162 (1817) ; 3 Sonatinas (in
D, A min., and G min.). Op. 137 (1816) ;
Rondeau brillant in B min.. Op. 70 (1826);
Fantasia in C, Op. 159 (1828). For Pf. and
Fl.: Introduction and Variations, Op. i6o
(1824); Arpeggione (a small harp) Sonata
in A min. (1824). For 4 hands: Grand Duo
in C, Op. 140 (1824) ; Fantasia in F min.,
Op. 103 (1829) ; Sonata in B flat. Op. 30
(1824); Rondo in A, Op. 107 (1828);
Andantino vari^ et Rondeau brillant.
Op. 84 (1826) ; Rondeau, " Notre amitie
est invariable," in D, Op. 138 (1835) ;
Divertissement a la Hongroise in G min.,
Op. 54 (1824); Divertissement in the form
of a March in E min.. Op. 63 (1826);
Lebensstiirme, characteristic Allegro in
A min., Op. 144 (1828); Characteristic
Marches (2), Op. 121 (1830); Grande Marche
heroique, A min.. Op. 66 (1825 or 1826) ; 3
Marches heroiques. Op. 27 (1815, 1816,
1824); 3 Marches militaires. Op. 51 (1826);
6 Grandes Marches, Op. 40 (1826) ; Marche
fun^bre, C min.. Op. 55 ; Kindermarsch
(1827); 4 Polonaises, Op. 75 (1827); 6
Polonaises, Op. 61 (1828); Overture in F,
Op. 34 (1825); in C, Op. 170 (Italian style,
1817); in D (1817); Fugue in E min.. Op.
152 (1828) ; Variations in E min.. Op. 10
(iSzr) ; in A flat (original theme), Op. 35
(1824); in C (theme by Herold), Op. 82
(1827). For Pf. solo: Sonatas in A min..
Op. 42 (1825); in D, Op. 53 (1825?); in G
(Fantasia, Andante, Menuetto, and Alle-
gretto), Op. 78 (1826) ; Sonata in A, Op. 120
(1825 ?); in E flat. Op. 122 (1817); in A min..
Op. 143 (1823); in B, Op. 147 (1817); in A
min.. Op 164 (1817) ; 3 (posth.) Sonatas in
C min., A, and B flat (1828). Variations
(Waltz by Diabelli), 1821 ; 13 Variations
(theme by Hiittenbrenner), 1817; Adagio
in E (1818); iAdagio and Rondo in E, Op.
145 (1817?); Allegretto in C min. (1827);
+3 Clavierstucke (Nos. i and 2, 1828; No. 3,
before 1828); 5 Clavierstucke (1843); f4
Impromptus, Op. 90 (1828) ; +4 Impromptus,
Op. 142 (1838); ^Moments musicaux, Op.
94 (1828); IKantasia in C, Op. 15 (1820); 2
Scherzi (1817) ; 12 Landler, Op. 171 (1823) ;
German Dances and Ecossaises, Op. 33
(1823-24); Hommage aux belles Viennoises,
Op. 67 (1826) ; Galopp and Hcossaisen,
Op. 49 (1826); Grazer Walzer and Galopp
(1827); First Valses, Op. 9 (1816-21); Last
Valses, Op. 127 (1824); Valses nobles,

Op. 77 (1827); Valses sentimentales. Op. 50
(1826) ; Valses, Landler, Ecossaises, Op. 18
(1816-21) ; 20 Landler (1824); 12 German
Dances and 5 Ecossaises (1817); March in
E (1840); Relic (unfinished Sonata), 1825.
•Schiitt, Eduard, b. Oct. 10, 1856, St.
Petersburg. At first a pupil at the
Conserv. ; later of E. F. Richter and
Jadassohn in Leipzig, and of Theodor
Leschetizki in Vienna. 1882-87, Con-
ductor of the Academical Wagner
Society in Vienna. As pianist, he
travelled with great success in Ger-
many and Russia. Several of his
compositions are included in the
repertory of the most celebrated
pianists of the present time. 1889-91,
was in Paris, but since 1891 has
lived in Vienna.
Op. 7, Concerto (G min.); Op. 8, +5 pieces;
Op.9,+Variationsfor2 Pfs. ; Op. 12, Quartet
(F); Op. 3, Lose Blatter (1-12); Op. 15,3
Morceaux (-Hdylle) ; Op. 16: i, +Etude
mignonne ; 2, fValse mignonne ; Op. 17,
Scenes de Bal (tValse lente, tRococo); Op.
25, Bluettes en forme de Valse; Op. 26,
Sonata with Vln.; Op. 27, Trio (C min.);
Op. 28, 3 Morceaux (tScherzino) ; Op. 29,
Theme varid et Fugato ; Op. 32, 2 Mor-
ceaux ; Op. 35, f Preludes (8) ; Op. 36, Poesies
d'Automne.
♦Schulhoff, Julius, b. Aug. 2, 1825,
Prague. His first Pf. teacher was
Kisch, then J. Tedesco, £md in Theory
and Composition, W. Tomaschek.
1842, he went, via Dresden, Weimar,
and Leipzig to Paris, where he per-
formed with great success. On
Chopin's advice, he gave (1845) his
first public concert in Paris, and his
elegant, brilliant, and graceful per-
formance, and melodious, rhythmical,
and agreeable compositions at once
took hold of the Parisian public. Not
less striking was his success in London.
During the winter, 1850-51, he gave
concerts in Warsaw, St. Petersburg,
and Moscow; and 1852-53, in South
Russia (Odessa, Crimea, Kieff, Char-
kow, &c.). After residing for many
years in Dresden, he settled perma-
nently in Berlin. Some of his com-
positions became exceedingly popular.
Their chief merit lies in melodiousness,
correct writing, practicability of execu-
tion, and total absence of triviality.
Op. 5, Mazurkas; Op, 8, 3 Impromptus (+No.
2) ', Op. 13, Etudes de Concert (No. 6, Le
'1 lille), tOp. II, 19, +28, Nocturnes; Op. 17,
tGalop di Bravura ; Op. 20, Valse in D flat ;
Op. 23 (No. 2) ; Op. 27 (No. 3) ; Op. 36 (No.
2), Idylles; Op. 30, fSouvenir de Varsovie ;
Op. 35, L'Ondine ; Op. 39, ISouvenir de
Kieff; Op. 42, +Aubade; Op. 45, Chants
d'amitie (No. i) ; Op. 49, 2 Romances sans
paroles; Op. 53, t6 Morceaux de musique
intime (Nos. 4 and 6).
Schulz-Schwerin, Carl, b. Jan. 3, 1845,
Schwerin. 1862-65, pupil at the Stern

SCHUMANN— SCHUMANN.

Conserv. of Berlin^ where Biilow,
Geyer, Stem, and Weitzmann were
his teachers. After finishing his
studies, appointed principal teacher of
Pf. at the Conserv. of Stettin ; later.
Conductor of the Musical Society of
Stargard (Pomerania). Since 1885
has resided in Berlin. He published a
considerable number of solo pieces,
and arranged for orchestra several
celebrated Pf. pieces, among them
Mendelssohn's Rondo Capriccioso,
Op. 14.

Schumann, Georg Alfred, b. Oct. 25,
1866, Konigstein (Saxony). Pupil of
Baumfelder (Dresden), and, 1882-87, ^'
the Leipzig Conserv., where Jadas-
sohn, Reinecke, and Zwintscher were
his teachers. After finishing his studies
he received the " Beethoven " prize.

Concerto with Orchestra, Quintet, Trio,
several pieces for 4 hands, and solo pieces,
of which the " Traumbilder " are the best
known.

Schumann, Gustav, b. March 15, 1815,
Holdenstedt ; d. Aug. 16, 1889, Berlin,
where he resided as a teacher and com-
poser. The following are his best
known works:

Op. 2, Characteristic pieces; Op. 9, Im-
promptu; Op. 10, 3 Fairy Tales (fNo. 3I;
Up. II, Tarantella ; Op. 12, Valse brillante ;
Op. 18, Scenes de Bal (Valse); Op. 19,
Caprice. Most of his pieces have been
revised and edited by Adolph Henselt.

Schumann, Robert, b. June 8, 1810,
Zwickau (Saxony) ; d. July 29, 1856,
Endenich, near Bonn o/Rhine. His
father, a bookseller, encouraged his
musical studies (at first directed by
the Baccalaureus Kuntzsch), and
wrote to C. M. von Weber, asking him
to undertake his son's education ; this
plan was not realised, and the father
dying (1826), the mother insisted upon
her son's attending the Leipzig Uni-
versity to study law. This study
proved unsympathetic to his poetically-
inclined nature, and, having spent a
happy year in Heidelberg, where he
attended the musical meetings in Prof.
Thibaut's house, he returned to Leipzig,
where Fr. Wieck examined him and
advised him to devote himself entirely
to music. He began (1830) his regular
studies under Wieck (Pf.) and Dorn
(Composition). In his eagerness to
obtain the independent working of his
fingers, he disabled his second (German
fingering) finger entirely, and so was
obliged to discontinue the career of a
virtuoso. 1834, he founded, with his
friends Julius Knorr, L. Schunke, and

his teacher Wieck, the Neue Zeits-
chrift fur Musik. 1835-44, he con-
ducted alone this interesting journal,
for which he wrote many instruc-
tive, poetic, aesthetic, fanciful, and
thoroughly original articles and essays,
thus procuring for the journal a unique
position in musical history. The
articles on Mendelssohn, Beethoven,
Chopin, Schubert, Bach, &c., have
never been rivalled with regard to
purity, elevated and romantic tendency.
1838, he went to Vienna; 1839, re-
turned to Leipzig ; 1840, received from
the University of Jena the diploma of
Doc. Phil., hon. causd, and married, in
the same year, Clara Wieck. 1843,
Mendelssohn made him a Prof, at the
newly-founded Conserv. ; but this
work did not prove attractive to his
rather musing and self-absorbed dis-
position, and he resigned the following
year. He made a journey with his
wife to St. Petersburg, and on his
return settled at Dresden. 1850-53,
Conductor of the Choral Society of
Diisseldorf . Signs of deep melancholia,
which had already appeared in 1833
and 1845, 110 w showed themselves more
frequently, and (1854) it was necessary
to entrust him to the care of Dr.
Richartz, of Endenich, near Bonn.
The characteristics of Schumann's
music are the union of the most fiery
passion, the most sincere feeling, and the
tenderest thoughtfulness, with a most
refined and minutely finished execu-
tion. His sentiment is everywhere
sustained by strong intellectuality, and
his feeling is the outcome of a high
moral soul. The words spoken at his
grave, by his friend Ferdinand Hiller,
give a correct description of his cha-
racter : "Thou hast been a genuine
artist, and what is implied therein of
powerful, incorruptible will, of devoted
activity, of persistent courage — is not
known to many ! And thou wert good
and kind to others, and just, as far as
it is permitted that any mortal being
should be. Thy melodies glow with
the gracefulness of a noble soul — they
shine with the warmth of a loving
heart. Quietly listening to the
melodious waves of thine own soul,
and to all the wonderful harmonies
that dwelt there, like flowers on the
bottom of a deep sea, thou wouldst
never give way to a frivolous vanity,
which tempts an artist's soul too often
with seductive chords and melodies;
thou didst not lend an ear to them ;
perhaps they sought thee not, knowing

SCHUMANN— SCHUNKE.

that it was useless." The surest
monument an artist can possess
should be that his works are beloved
and esteemed by his brethren. There
is no doubt that the memory of Schu-
mann is held sacred by everyone who
loves the art and knows how to value
the high principles which he possessed.
The following is a complete list of
Schumann's works for Pf. :

Concerto in A min., Op. 54 (1841-45); Con-
certstuck in G, Op. 92 (1849) ; Concert
Allegro in D min.," Op. 134; Quintet in E
flat, Op. 44 (1842); Quartet in h flat, Op. ^7
(1842). Trios: In D min., Op. 63 (1847); in
F, Op. 80(1847); i° G min.. Op. 110 (1851).
Sonatas for Pf. and Vln. : In A min.. Op.
105 (1851); in D min.. Op. 121 (1851).
Fantasiestucke for Pf., Vln., and V'cello,
Op. 88 (1842) ; 3 Romanzas for Pf. and Ob.,
Op. 94 (1849); Fantasiestucke for CI. and
Pf., Op. 73 ( 1849) ; 5 easy pieces in a popular
manner for Pf. and V'cello, Op. 102 (1849);
Marchenbilder for Pf. and Via., Op. 113
(1851) ; Marchenerzahlung for Cl., Via., and
Pf., Op. 132 (1853 ?) ; Sonata in F sharp
min., Op. 11(1835); Grande Sonate (Concert
sans Orchestre) in F min, Op. 14 (1836);
Sonata in G min., Op. 22 (1833 and 1838);
Fantaisie in C, Op. 17 ■1836); Allegro in B
min., Op. 8 (1831); Etudes symphoniques
in C sharp min., Op. 13 (1834); Studien
nach Capricen von Paganini, Op. 3 (1832);
Etudes de concert d'apres des Caprices de
Paganini, Op. 10 (1833) ; Variations (Abegg),
Op. 1 (1830); Intermezzi, Op. 4 (1832);
Papillons, Op. 2 (1829 and 1831 1; Carnaval,
Op. 9 (1834 and 1835) ; Fantasiestucke (8),
Op. 12 (1837) ; Davidsbiindlertanze (18).
Op. 6 (1837); Kreisleriana, Op. 16 (1838);
Novelletten (8), Op. 21 (1838) ; Nachtstucke
(4), Op. 23 (1839); Faschingsschwank aus
Wien in B flat, Op. 26 (1839) ; Scherzo, Gigue,
Romanze, and Fughette, Op. 32 (1838) ;
Humoreske in B flat. Op. 20 (1839); 3
Romanzen, Op. 28 (1839) ; Studies for the
Pedal Pf., Op. 56 (1845) ; Sketches for the
Pedal Pf., Op. 58 (1845) ; 4 Fugues, Op. 72
(1845); 6 Fugues on the name of Bach, ftp.
60 (1845); 4 Marches, Op. 76 (18491; 7
Fughettas, Op. 126 (1853) ; Waldscenen,
Op. 82 (1848 and 1849); Arabeske in C, Op.
18 (1839) ; Blumenstijck in A flat. Op. 19
(1839) ; Toccata in C, Op. 7 (1830-33) ; Im-
promptus in C, Op. 5 (1833) ; Bunte Blatter,
Op. 99 (1836, 1838, 1841) ; Albumblatter, Op.
124 (from 1842 till 1845); 5 Fantasiestucke,
Op. 111(1851); Scenes from Childhood, Op. 15
(1838); Album for the young. Op. 68 (1848);
Gesange der Friihe, Op. 133 (1853 ?) ; 3
Sonatas for the young. Op. 118 (1853). For
4 hands: Bilder aus Osten, Op. 66 (1848);
Children's pieces. Op. 85 (1849) ; Ball-
Scenen, Op. 109 (1851); Andante and Varia-
tions (2 Pf.), Op. 46(1843); Kinderball, Op.
130(1853).

Schumann (n^^Wieck), Clara Josephine,
wife of Robert S., b. Sept. 13, 1819,
Leipzig. Daughter of Fr. Wieck.
Showed very early extraordinary
talent for music, and more particularly
for Pf. playing. In her tenth year she
performed for the first time in public,
and when thirteen made a tour with
her father. Her performances of

Beethoven's Sonatas, Bach's Fugues,
and Chopin's and Henselt's pieces
created everywhere a great sensation
Combined with a thoroughly correct
execution were womanly tenderness
and sincere feeling, which struck a
sympathetic chord in the breasts of
numberless hearers. But it was only
in 1837, when she was betrothed to
Robert S., that, owing to the in-
fluence of his genial, romantic, and
poetic nature, she fully realised the
profound meaning and imperishable
beauty of the classical composers'
works. This influence awakened in
her a conception of the art hitherto
unknown to any lady pianist. Her
appearances in Holland, Austria,
Paris, and Germany were greeted
with the utmost enthusiasm ; and
admiration for her artistic perform-
ances was enhanced by hearty affection,
evoked by her touching devotion to
her husband during the last years of
his life. The English public — at all
times strongly influenced by the
critics' judgments, which were at first,
from personal reasons, cold and
unfavourable — learned by degrees to
value, esteem, and at last venerate the
rare talents and merits of the cele-
brated artist, thus making her annual
visits to England veritable epochs.
1878-92, principal Pf. Prof, at the
Hoch Conserv. of Frankfort o/M.,
and then worked as a private teacher.
Amongst many different distinctions
may be named the great gold medal
for Art and Science (Prussia) and the
title of " Pianist to the Imperial and
Royal Court of Austria." The best
known of her compositions are :
Op. 7, Concerto; Op. 10, Scherzo; Op. 14,
Second Scherzo; Op. 15, 4 Pieces fugitives;
Op. 16, 3 Preludes and Fugues ; Op. 17,
Trio in G min. ; Op. 20, Variations on a
theme of Robert Schumann; Op. 21, 3
Romanzas ; Op. 22, 3 Romanzas with Vln.

Schunke, Carl, b. 1801, Magdeburg; d.
(by his own hand) Dec. 16, 1839, Paris.
At first a pupil of his father, Michael
S. (1780-1821), later of Ferd. Ries,
whom he followed to England. 1828,
he went to Paris, where his elegant
playing was received with so much
favour that he was appointed Pianist
to the Queen and obtained the Legion
d'Honneur. Unfortunately a stroke
of apoplexy robbed him of the power
of speech, and, despairing of ever
getting better, he threw himself out of
the window and was killed. He was a
popular composer, but most of his
pieces are brilliant transcriptions of

SCHUNKE— SEIFERT.

"3

operatic airs and other popular melo-
dies. The collection, " LePensionnat "
(1-24), was, in its time, much liked.

Schunke, Ludwig, son of Gottfried S.
(1777-1840), b. Dec. 21, 1810, Cassel;
d. Dec. 7, 1834, Leipzig. When only
in his tenth year he played Mozart and
Hummel's Concertos with ease, and
was very successful when he appeared
(1824) in Vienna and Munich. In the
same year he went to Paris to study
with Kalkbrenner (Pf.) and Reicha
(Composition). 1830, he went to
Stuttgart ; 1832, again to Vienna; later,
to Prague, Dresden, and Leipzig. In
Leipzig he made the acquaintance of
Robert Schumann, for whom he had
the warmest friendship and affection,
which was heartily reciprocated
(Schumann's Toccata, Op. 7, is dedi-
cated to him). He became one of the
collaborators of the Neue Zeitschrift.
He delighted everyone by his beautiful,
expressive, and intellectual perform-
ances.
Op. 3, Variations; Op. 9, Caprice; Op. 10,
second Capriccio; Op. 13, Characteristic
pieces ; Op. 14, Variations. See Robert Schu-
mann's remarks in his " Gesammelte
Schriften," Vol. I., pp. 92, 325; Vol. II., pp.
56.277-
Schwalm, Robert, b. Dec. 6, 1845,
Erfurt. Pupil of Pflughaupt, later, at
the Leipzig Conserv., where Wenzel,
Moscheles (Pf.), and Reinecke (Com-
position) were his teachers. 1870-75,
was a teacher at Elbing, and con-
ductor of several musical societies. He
is now Konigl. Musik-Director and
Prof., and resides at Konigsberg
(Prussia) .
Excellent Studies, and Editor of the valuable
collection, " Classische Hausmusik,"Op. 10.

*Schwarz,Max,b.Dec. i, 1856, Hanover.
Pupil of Franz Bendel, Hans von
Biilow, and F. Liszt. 1880-83, teacher
at the Hoch Conserv. of Frankfort o/M . ;
since 1885, Directorof the Raff Conserv.
in the same town. Excellent pianist,
and a much respected teacher.

♦Schweizer, Otto, b. May 26, 1846,
Ziirich. 1857, his mother and step-
father moved to Rudolstadt a/S. Pupil
of his stepfather. 1863, went to
Winterthur, where he enjoyed the
advice of H. Gotz and Theodor
Kirchner; 1867, pupil at the Leipzig
Conserv., where "Wenzel and Mos-
cheles (Pf.), E. W. Richter and Oscar
Paul (Theory) were his teachers.
Since 1870, he has resided in Edin-
burgh, but is also Prof, of Pf. at the
Athenaeum School of Music, Glasgow.

Suite in C min. ; Polonaise brillante ;
Romantic Studies (3) ; Morceaux populaires
(3). Op. 3^ ; Suite, No. 2 (1-6) ; Sonata in
A flat mm. ; Sonata for Pf. and V'cello,
Op. 28.

•Schytte, Ludvig, b. April 28, 1848,
Aarhus, Jiitland (Denmark). He
studied chemistry at first, but devoted
himself from his twenty-second year
(1870) to music. Pupil of Ree, later
of Neupert (Pf.) and of W. Niels
Gade (Composition), at Copenhagen.
1884-85, resided in Berlin. Since
1885, teacher of- the highest class in
Horak's Music Academy of Vienna.
Some of his compositions enjoy
considerable popularity.
Characterstiicke, Op. 12 ; Naturstimmungen,
Op. 22 ; Concerto, Op. 28 (performed with
great success by M. Rosenthal) ; Panto-
mimes, a 4 mains. Op. 30 (a great favourite
of Liszt) ; Danish Melodies, Op. 35 ;
Swedish Songs and Dances (4 hands), Op.
52; Sonata, Op. 53 ; Bojarentanze (4 hands),
Op. 61 ; Studies, &c. With M. Rosenthal
he published a Method for the higher
development of Pf. playing (see Rosenthal).

Sechter, Simon, b. Oct. 11, 1788,
Friedberg (Bohemia) ; d. Sept. 10, 1867,
Vienna. Pupil of Kozeluch and Hart-
mann( Vienna) . 1 8 1 1 , teacher of music in
the College of the Blind ; later. Member
of the Imperial Chapel and Organist
to the Imperial Court ; 1851, Prof, of
Harmony and Composition at the
Conserv. He was Harmony teacher
of Thalberg, Dohler, Henselt, Vieux-
temps, Berens, Bruckner, Rufinatscha,
and other distinguished musicians.
Although most of his works were
written for the organ, he also pub-
lished several interesting — with regard
to scholarship — pieces for the Pf.
Dances in Counterpoint, Op. 13 ; Fugue on
Haydn's hymn, " God preserve ti.e
Emperor" ; 12 contrapuntal pieces, Op. 62;
Prose and Music, Op. 76. Very amusing
are 24 Fugues for 4 hands on the most
popular national and operatic airs. Op. 55 (4
books).
Seeling, Hans, b. 1828, Prague ; d.
there May 26, 1862. On account of
feeble health he went (1852) to Italy ;
1856, to Constantinople, Syria, and
Greece ; 1857, returned to Italy ; 1859,
was in Paris ; then resided until his
death in Germany. He was an excel-
lent pianist, possessed a masterly
technique, and his style was par-
ticularly admired for sincere feeling
and natural expression, combined
with great elegance and refinement.
fLoreley (Lurline), Op. 2 ; Nocturnes, Op. 2
and 12; Idyl. Op. 6; 2 Poems, Op. 7; +12
Concert Studies, Op. 10; Memoirs of aii
Artist, Op. 13 (i-io).
'Seifert, Uso, b. Feb. 9, 1852, Romhild
(Thuringia). Pupil at the Dresden

"4

SEISS— SIEMERS.

Conserv., where Dr. Wiillner, G.
Merkel, A. Blassmann, and Nicode
were his teachers. He resides at
Dresden ; is Prof, at the Conserv. and
Organist of the Reformed Church.
Op. 2, Capriccietto ; Op. 3, Valse Impromptu:
Op. 8, Polacca graziosa ; Op. 15, Grand
Study, " Ohne Rast, ohne Ruh " ; 2 Christ-
mas pieces; and Op. 18, Polonaise (D min.).
Method of Pf. playing. Editor of Leuckart's
" Salon-Album " (2nd vol.) and of many
educational works.

*Seiss, Isidor, b. Dec. 23, 1840, Dresden.
Pupil of Fr. Wieck and L. Niedermeyer
(Pf.), JuUus Otto and C. Riccius
(Harmony and Composition) ; later of
M. Hauptmann at Leipzig. 1861,
appointed Pf. Prof, at the Conserv.
of Cologne, where he still works.
1878, he received the title of Konigl.
Prof. ; 1892, the Order of the Prussian
Crown. His performances of classical
works (more particularly of Mozart's)
are justly admired, whilst his reputa-
tion as a careful and successful teacher
is well recognised.
Op. 8, Sonatinas ; Op. 10, Bravura Studies ;

Op. II, Toccata; Op. 12, Preludes; Op.

7 and 9, Clavierstiicke; tTranscriptions

of Beethoven's Contredanses et Danses

allemandes.

Seydelmann, Franz, b. Oct. 8, 1748,

Dresden ; d. there Oct. 23, 1806.

Pupil of his father; later of Weber

{not C. M. von W.) and Naumann.

At the expense of the Palatine he wcis

sent to Italy. He returned 1770, was

appointed " Kurfiirstlich Sachsischer

Kirchencomponist," and (1787) Capell-

meister. He was in his time a very

popular composer, who contributed a

great deal towards the literature of

Clavecin music.

3 Sonatas for Clavecin and Vln., Op. 3; 7

ditto ; 6 Sonatas for 4 hands ; i ditto ; 6

Sonatas for Clavecin and Flute; 3 Solo

Sonatas; and a Sonata for z Clavecins.

Gerber mentions also 6 Duet Sonatas, Op.

I (1781), and 3 Sonatas (1787).

Bgambati, Giovanni (Commendatore),
b. May 18 (28 ?), 1843, Rome. Son of
a lawyer. Pupil of Barberi, Natalucci,
and Aldega. As a performer, his pro-
gress was so extraordinary that Liszt
took great interest in his musical
education. His excellent performances
were applauded not only in Italy, but
also in England, Germany, Denmark,
and Russia. Since 1877 principal
Prof, of Pf. at the newly founded
Liceo di Santa Cecilia of Rome. He
has received several decorations, and
is a. persona grata at the Italian Court.
Quintets, Op. 4 (F min.) and Op. 5 (G min.);
Concerto, Op. 15 (G min.) ; Prelude and
if ague, Op. 6; 2 Etudes de Concert, Op. 10;

Fogli Volanti, Op. 12 (iS) ; fGavotte, Op.
14; 4 pieces, Op. 18; 3 Notturni, Op. 20;
Suite in B, Op 21 (1-5).

*Sharpe, Herbert Francis, b. March i,

1861, Halifax (Yorkshire). 1876,

gained a scholarship at the National

Training School (London), where J. F.

Barnett was his teacher. 1884,

appointed teacher at the Royal

College of Music.

Deux Caprices brillantes, Op. 6 ; Variations

for 2 Pf., Op. 46; Suite in C, Op. 58 ; and

3 Symphonic pieces for 4 hands, Op. 59.

*Sherwood, William H., b. Jan. 31, 1854,
Lyons (New York). At first a pupil of
his father, the Rev. L. H. S. (founder
of the Lyons Musical Academy), after-
wards of Ed. Heimburger, Pychowski,
and William Mason, of New York (see
this name). Went to Berlin, studied
with Th. KuUak and Deppe, and later
with Liszt (Weimar) ; for Theory,
Counterpoint, and Composition was
under Dr. Weitzmann, C. Doppler, R.
Wiierst (Berlin) , and Richter (Leipzig).
During his stay in Germany he played
with great success in Hamburg, Leip-
zig (Gewandhaus) , Bremen, Cassel,
Berlin (at Court', Weimar, &c. Re-
turning to America, he made his debut
at the "Centennial," at Philadelphia
(1876), and made his name known in
all the principal towns of the United
States and Canada. He is one of the
founders of the American College of
Musicians, also a member of the Music
Teachers' National Association and
member of the Societies of Boston,
New York, and Chicago. He resides
at Chicago and is Director of the Pf.
department of the Conserv. there.
Op. 5, Suite (5) ; Op. 6, 2 Mazurkas ; Op. 7,
Scherzo ; Op. 8, Romanza appassionata ;
Op. 9, Scherzo Caprice ; Op. 10, Gipsy
Dance; Op. 12, Allegro patetico ; Op. 13,
Medea; Op. 14, Suite (5). Besides these
works, he edited a goodly number of com-
positions by different masters.

♦Siboni, Erik Anton Valdemar, b, Aug.
26, 1828, Copenhagen. Pupil of J. P. E.
Hartmann ; 1847, pupil of Moscheles
and Hauptmann (Leipzigi; after
1850, resided in Vienna, then until
1865 in Copenhagen, as a teacher and
composer, and now teaches in the
Music Academy of Soroe (near Copen-
hagen).
Quartet, Op. 10; Impromptus (3); Caprice;
Ablum leaves (6) ; Ballad and Cradle Song;
Scherzo; Phantasiestiicke (3); Sonates
faciles (2); 2 Sonatines for 4 hands; Con-
certo (D min.). Op. 64; Quartet, Op. 6z, &c.

Siemers, Carl Heinrich August, b.
May 7, 1819, Goldenstedt (Oldenburg) ;
d. Nov. 30, 1876, Dresden. Pupil of
K. Arnold, at Miinster (Westphalia) ;

SILAS— SMITH.

"5

1839, of Seyfried (Vienna). 1845, he
went to Hamburg ; 1855, to Man-
chester, as Orgcinist of the German
Church. 1864, he settled in Dresden,
where he was a highly successful
teacher. Several of his compositions
(on Hungarian airs, &c.) enjoyed at
one time considerable popularity.

'Silas, Edward, b. Aug. 22, 1827, Amster-
dam. 1837, appeared for the first time
as a pianist in Amsterdam. Pupil of
Grua (Harmony) at Mannheim ; 1839,
of Louis Lacombe (Frankfort o/M.) ;
1842, of Kalkbrenner (Paris) ; he
entered later the Conserv., where
Benoist (Organ) and Halevy (Fugue
and Studies for Opera -writing) were
his teachers. He received two gold
medals and (1849) the first prize for
Organ. 1850, he settled in England.
1866, he received the first prize, con-
sisting of a gold medal and 1,000
francs, from the Assemblee Generale
des Catholiques en Belgique, for the
composition of a Mass. There were
seventy-six competitors from twelve
different nations. He is Prof, at the
Guildhall School and London Academy
of Music. Among his many composi-
tions for Pf., the following deserve
particular mention —
10 Romances sans paroles. Books I. and II. ;
tAmaranth; Sonata, Op. 10 ; Caprice in F ;
JGavotte, Passepied, andCourante ; Persian
Serenade, Op. 44 ; a great number of
Impromptus, Nocturnes, Mazurkas, Bour-
rees, Valses, Gavottes (7), Romanzas,
Barcirolles, &c. Among his greater com-
positions are 4. Trios (in C min., A, C, and
D): a Trio for Pf., CI., and V'cello; 6
Duets for 4 hands, Op. 23 ; and a Concerto
(performed at the Crj-stal Palace, London).

'Siloti, Alexander von, b. Oct. 10, 1863,
Charkow. At first a pupil of his
father. 1873, ^^ went to Moscow,
where he entered the Conserv., and
was taught by Zwereff ; later (1876-81),
by Nicolaus Rubinstein (Pf.) and
Tschaikowsky (Theory). He received
a diploma and the gold medal. 1883,
he went to Liszt (Weimar) ; 1S87-90,
Prof, at the Moscow Conserv. Since
1890 he has lived in Paris. He
belongs to the foremost pianists of the
day, and has earned many laurels in
Germany, Belgium, England, and
France.

*Sinding, Christian, b. Jan. 11, 1856,
Kongsberg (Norway). He studied in
Dresden and Munich, and in Leipzig
with Reinecke, and settled as organist
and teacher in Christiania, but does
not hold any official appointment.
Romanza and Suite for Pf. and Vln. ; Pf.
Quintets (a); Concerto (1890); Sonata for

Ff. and Vln. ; Variations for 2 Pf., 4 bands ;
Buch der Lieder, &c.
•Sjogren (Johann Gustav), Emil, b. June
15 (16?), 1853. Stockholm. First an
assistant in a music warehouse ; later,
pupil at the Conserv. 1879-80, he had
lessons in Counterpoint from Kiel and
in organ playing from Haupt, of
Berlin. Since 1890, Organist of the
Johannes Church (Stockholm).
Op. 15, Novelletten ; Op. 20, Stemninger
(Stimmungsbilder) (8); +" Erotikon " (5);
Op. 24, Sonatas for Pf. and Vln. (E min.) ;
Op. 27, 2 FantasiestiJcke for Pf. and Vln.
■'-Slivinski, Joseph von, b. Dec. 15, 1865,
Warsaw. Pupil at the Warsaw Con-
serv., under Strobel; afterwards went
to Vienna, where he was pupil of
Th. Leschetizki for four years, and
later of Anton Rubinstein (St. Peters-
burg). His merits as an excellent and
refined pianist are well known. He
has not published his compositions.
Sloper, Lindsay, b. June 14, 1826,
London ; d. there July 3, 1887. Pupil
of Moscheles, on whose advice he went
(1840) to Germany. Studied under
Aloys Schmitt (Frankfort), and, later,
with C. VoUweiler (Heidelberg). For
several years he resided in Paris,
where he formed a sincere friendship
with Stephen Heller, to whom he
dedicated 24 Studies (Op. 3). Leaving
Paris, he settled in London, where he
soon became popular as a teacher and
much admired as a performer. 1880,
appointed Pf. Prof, at the Guildhall
School. His compositions are elegant,
ably written, and well constructed.
Smetana, Friedrich, b. March 2, 1824,
Leitomischl (Bohemia) ; d. May 12,
1884, Prague. Pupil of Proksch
(Prague) ; later, for a short time, of
Liszt (Weimar). He opened a music
school at Prague; married the pianist,
Katharine Kolar, and (1856) was
appointed Conductor of the Musical
Society of Gothenburg (Sweden) . His
wife succumbed to the cUmate and
died (i860). 1861, he gave concerts in
Sweden, and returned afterwards to
Prague. 1866-74, Conductor of the
Opera (Prague) ; then resigned because
he had entirely lost the faculty of
hearing. He was essentially a national
(Czechish) composer, and presents his
works in a thoroughly national dress.
Trio, Bohemian National Dances, +6 Mor-
ceaux caracteristiques, and Album Leaves.
♦Smith, Sydney, b. July 14, 1839, Dor-
chester ; d. March 3, 1889, London.
His father, a Prof, of music, was his
first teacher. 1855-58, pupil at the
Leipzig Conserv., under Plaidy and

1X6

SORGE— STAMATY.

Moscheles (Pf.), Hauptmann, Richter,
and Papperitz (Harmony and Com-
position), and Griitzmacher (V'cello).
1859, he settled in London, where he
was highly successful as a teacher, and
even more so as a composer of light,
pleasing, popular, and practically-
written pieces, of which some became
very generally known.

Sorge, Georg Andreas, b. March 29,

1703, Mellenbach ( Schwarzburg) ; d.

April 4, 1778, Lobenstein, while Hof-

und Stadt-Organist, which post he had

held since his nineteenth year (1722).

His reputation chiefly rests on his

theoretical and scientific works, of

which he published a great number.

6 Sonatas, Op. 1 (1738); 6 Sonatinas; Wohl-

gewurzte Klangspeisen, bestehend in 6

Clavier Parthien; Sonatas, composed

according to modern taste ; 6 Symphonies

for the Clavecin ; 12 Minuets with Vln. ;

Toccata per omnem circulum xxiv.modorum

for Clavecin.

•Sormann, Alfred, b. May 16, 1861,
Dantzig. 1879-84, pupil at the Hoch-
schule (Berlin), where Rudorff, Barth,
Spitta, and Bargiel were his teachers ;
1885, he went to Liszt ; 1886, he
appeared in public and gave successful
concerts at most of the principal
German towns ; 1889, the Grand Duke
of Mecklenburg-Strelitz named him
Pianist to the Court, and bestowed
upon him the Golden Cross of the
Mecklenburg Order. He is considered
to be one of the foremost pianists of
the present time.
Trio, Concerto in C min., and several sma'ler
works.

Sowinsky, Albert Czyli Wojcech, b.
1803 (?), Ladyzyn (Ukraine) ; d. March
5, 1880, Paris. Pupil of Czerny,
Leidersdorf, and Seyfried at Vienna.
Author of the biographical work " Les
musiciens polonais et slaves anciens et
modernes." He was an excellent
pianist and composer.
Grandes Etudes de Concert, Op. 60 ; Taran-

telle, Op. 67; Sicilienne, Op. 70; fBerceuse,

Op. 73-

Speidel. Wilhelm, b. Sept. 3, 1826, Ulm.
Pupil of Ignaz Lachner, Wanner, and
Kuhe, at Mimich. 1846-48, teacher at
Thann (Alsace) ; 1848-54, at Munich ;
1855-57, Musik - Director at Ulm ;
founded later, with Lebert Stark and
Faisst, the Music School at Stuttgart,
where he was working until 1874,
when he opened the " Kiinstler und
Dilettantenschule fiir Clavier " on his
own account. His talents as a teacher
are unquestionable, and his Institute
proved a great rival to the older

school. For twenty-eight years Con-
ductor of the Society " Liederkranz."
The King of Wiirtemburg named him
Konigl. Prof, and Knight of the
Frederic Order; whilst the King of
Prussia decorated him with the Order
of the Red Eagle. He is Hon.
Member of many musical societies.
His excellent, correct, and brilliant
performances were much admired,
while his compositions are very popular.
Trios; Sonata with V'cello (D min.); Concert

Solo, Op. 4 ; 3 Morceaux de genre, Op. 32 ;

Saltarello, Op. 20; Pictures from the

Highlands ; Short scenes, &c.

•Spindler, Fritz, b. Nov. 24, 1817, Wurz-
bach, near Lobenstein. Pupil of the
organist, W. loch. 1831, he attended
the College at Schleiz, to prepare
for the study of theology ; but his
desire to study music was so great that
his parents gave way to it. Pupil of
Fr. Schneider, of Dessau. 1841, he
settled in Dresden, where he soon
became a favourite teacher. His com-
positions are of moderate difficulty,
melodious, well-constructed, and prac-
tically-written. Several of his trifles
have become universally known ; but
although his popular pieces were more
admired than his more serious works,
he continued to write Symphonies
(Op. 60 and 150), and never ceased
following up his studies. The following
are some of his best-known works : —
Op. 5, "Frisches GrQn"; Op. 6, Wellenspiel;
Op. 7, Under the Window ; Op. 140,
Husarenritt; Op. 116, Le Carillon; Op. 66,
Butterflies; Op. 171, Forest Hermitage;
Op. 113, Murmuring of the Waves. Sona-
tines. Op. 290, 294, and 157 ; Sonatines for
4 hands, Op. 136 ; 3 easy Trios for Pf , Vln.,
and V'cello, Op. 305; Concerto in D min..
Op. 260; Trio, Op. 154; Quartet, Op. 108;
Quintet for Pf , Ob., CI., Hn., and Bssn.,
Op. 360; Sonata for Pf. and Hn., Op. 347.

Stadler, Abbe Maximilian, b. Aug. 4,

1748, Melk (Lower Austria) ; d. Nov. 8,

1833, Vienna. Son of a baker. Was

educated in the Jesuits' College,

Vienna ; 1772, entered the Benedict

Monastery in Melk ; 1786, became

Abbot at Lilienfeld ; 1789, at Krems-

miinster ; and then resided in Vienna,

being an intimate friend of both

Haydn and Mozart. His compositions

were mostly Masses, Psalms, and

Requiems.

Sonata (1799), 2 Sonatas and a Fugue, 6

Sonatinas (1796), Fugues, and a Fugue on

the name of Franz Schubert (" Too soon

lost"). He also finished the Fugue in G

min. for 4 hands, by W. A. Mozart.

Stamaty, Caraille Marie, b. March 23,
1811, Rome; d. April 19, 1870, Paris.
1 83 1, pupil of Kalkbrenner (Pf.),

STANFORD— STEIBELT.

117

Benoit and Reicha (Organ and Com-
position). 1835, he gave, with unusual
success, his first concert in Paris ; was
chosen by Kalkbrenner as assistant,
lint became so great a favourite with
his pupils that he over-exerted himself,
and, 1836, went for a short rest to
Leipzig, where Mendelssohn took great
interest in his playing and composi-
tions. On his return to Paris he gave
concerts with the singer Delsarte, and
introduced the Parisians to the works
of Bach, Beethoven, and Mozart.
1846, he lost his mother and retired
to Rome for a year. Returning to
Paris, he worked incessantly until his
death. Among his most celebrated
pupils were Gottschalk and Saint-
Saens. He was a most excellent
teacher, and his merits were not only
recognised by his colleagues, but also
by the Government, which conferred
on him (1862) the Legion d'honneur.
His educational works are of decided
merit.
Etudes progressives, Op. 37; 25 Etudes pour
petites mains, Op. 38 ; Chant et mecanisme,
20 Etudes, Op. 39; 24 Etudes de per-
fectionnement, Op. 46 ; Chant et mecanisme,
12 Etudes a 4 mains ; 12 Etudes pittoresques,
Op. 21 ; 6 Etudes caracteiistiques sur
Oberon de Weber, Op. 33 ; Le Rhythme des
doigts a I'aide du metronome. Op. 36 ; Con-
certo, Op. 2 ; Solo Sonatas, Op. 8 and 14 ;
Trio, Op. 12, Variations, Op. 5 and 19.

Stanford, Charles Villiers, b. Sept. 30,
1852, Dublin. Pupil of A. O'Leary
and Sir Robert Stewart ; matriculated
at Queen's College, Cambridge, as
choral scholar. 1873, succeeded Dr.
Hopkins as Organist of Trinity
College ; 1874, graduated there in
classical honours ; was appointed
Conductor of the Cambridge Univer-
sity Musical Society ; 1874-76, he
continued his studies of Composi-
tion with Reinecke (Leipzig) and
Kiel (BerUn) ; 1877, he received the
degree of M.A. ; 1883, of Mus. Doc,
hon. causd, from the University of
Oxford; 1885, he succeeded Otto
Goldschmidt as Conductor of the Bach
Choir ; 1887, elected Prof, of Music at
Cambridge University; 1883, Prof, of
Composition at the Royal College of
Music, London.
Suite and Toccata, Op. 2 and 3 ; Sonata for
Pf. and V'cello, Op. 9; Sonata with Vln.,
Op. 11; 3 Intermezzi with Vln., Op. 13;
Trio in E flat, Op. 35 ; Quintet for Pf. and
Strings, Op. 25 ; Sonata for Pf. and V'cello
(No. 2), Op. 39; Characteristic Pieces, Op.
42 (MS.); Concerto in G min. (MS.).

Stark, Dr. Ludwig, b. June 19, 1831,
Munich ; d. March 22, 1884, Stuttgart.
Pupil of Ignaz and Franz Lachner.

Resided for some time in Paris.
1856, he founded, with Dr. Faisst,
Lebert, Brachmann, and Speidel, the
well-known Stuttgart Music School,
where he taught harmony, score-
reading, and history of music. 1861,
was in Weimar, enjoying the advice of
Liszt ; 1873, he travelled in Italy to
continue his studies. His principal
work was "The Great Method of.
Pf. playing," which was translated
into French and English. As to his
editions (with phrasing, fingering, and
terms of expression) of classical
works, there exists a great and serious
difference of opinion.

*Stavenhagen, Bernhard, b. Nov. 24,
1862, Greiz (Principality of Reuss).
Pupil of Rudorff at the Hochschule
and of Kiel at the Meisterschule
(Berlin). Gained the " Mendelssohn "
prize of the Hochschule. 1885, he
went to Liszt (Weimar), whose favourite
pupil he became, and with whom he
remained until Liszt's death, 1886.
He settled in Weimar, where he
assembles, after Liszt's fashion, a con-
siderable number of pupils. On his
journeys through Austria, Hungary,
France, Holland, England, &c., he
gained most enthusiastic receptions
and acclamations, due to his excellent
performances, representing all the best
qualities of his illustrious teacher and
friend, Liszt. 1890, the Grand Duke of
Saxe- Weimar named him Pianist to
the Court, and, 1892, he conferred on
him the "Knighthood of the White
Falcon." Of his compositions, only
about six short pieces were published.
Steffan, Joseph Anton, b. March 14.
1726, Kopidluo (Bohemia) ; d. (?) at
Vienna. Pupil of Wagenseil (Vienna).
He remained in Vienna, and was
appointed teacher of the Clavecin to
the Archduchess Marie Antoinette
(who became the wife of the unfortu-
nate Louis XVL of France).
6 Divertimenti per il Cembalo, Op. i (1756) ;
6 Sonate, Op. z; 6 Sonate, Op. 3; .40
Preludi per diversi tuoni, 1762; a collection
of German songs for the Clavecin (1778-81);
25 Variations on a Bohemian air (1802).

Steibelt, Daniel, b. 1765, Berlin ; d.
Sept, 20, 1823, St. Petersburg. Son of
a Clavecin-maker. Pupil of Kirnberger.
Endowed with great talent, he created
a sensation by his excellent, brilliant,
and fascinating performances ; but was
e\eryvvhere disliked for his dissipated
and extravagant habits, which often
bordered on dishonesty. 1789, he
began his tours; 1790, appeared at

ii8

STEIN— STIEHL.

Paris, where his publisher, Boyer, suc-
ceeded in procuring him numbers of
pupils ; 1808, was obliged to leave
Paris to escape numerous creditors.
He went to St. Petersburg and suc-
ceeded Boieldieu as Conductor of the
Imperial Opera. Most of his com-
positions are now entirely forgotten,
and it is not necessary to enumerate
them all.
29 Solo Sonatas and Sonatinas; 37 Sonatas
with Vln. ; 4 Trios; 5 Concertos, of which
No. 3, in E (Op. 35), contains the well-known
"Storm" Rondo: 15 Rondeaux; 18 Fan-
tasias ; 6 Bacchanales ; +50 Studies, Op. 78 ;
12 Studies from his " Method," and many
Variations. A Duo for 2 Pf., the Elegy on
the Death of Prince Soltykoff, and a Rondo,
" Le Berger et son troupeau," in B flat,
enjoyed considerable popularity.

Stein, Nanette, b. Jan. 2, 1760, Augs-
burg ; d. Jan. 16, 1833, Vienna. Wife
of Johann Andreas Streicher, whom
she married {1793). Highly talented
performer, about whom W. A. Mozart
wrote a very amusing letter (Augsburg,
Oct. 23, 1777). Until her marriage she
assisted her father, Georg Andreas
Stein (1728-92), who was a pupil of
Silbermann, in the manufacture of
clavecins. After 1793 she settled in
Vienna, and with her husband estab-
lished the firm "Nanette Streicher
geb. Stein." Being an excellent
pianist, who, before performing in
public, tuned the Pf. herself, and
a very kind and generous woman, her
house became the meeting-place of all
the most celebrated composers and
performers. She reckoned Beethoven
amongst her truest and most faithful
friends, and he was always deeply
grateful for the care she took of his
(sometimes unsettled) household.

Steinkiihler, Emil, b. May 12, 1824,
Diisseldorf; d. Nov. 21, 1872, Ghent.
Pupil of his father, who taught him
the Vln. and Pf . He profited much by
Mendelssohn's advice when in Diissel-
dorf. 1840, he went to Frankfort o/M.
and became a pupil of Aloys Schmitt.
1845, he visited Paris and settled after-
wards in Lille, where he remained
until the French war began (1870).
Trio, Op. 35 ; Duos for Pf. and V'cello, Op. 12
and 50; fiS Etudes mdodiques, Op. 58.

"Stephens, Charles Edward, b. March 18,
1821, London; d. there July 19, 1892.
Pupil of J. M. Rost and Cipriani Potter
(Pf.), of Rost, Smith, and Blagrove
(Vln.), and J. A. Hamilton (Harmony
and Composition) . 1 850, an Associate,
and, 1857, a Member of the Philhar-
monic Society ; 1865, Fellow of the
College of Organists ; 1870, Hon.

Member of the R.A.M. ; 1874, original
member of the Musical Association ;
and 1880-92, Hon. Treasurer of the
Philharmonic Society.
Quartet with Strings, Op. 2 ; Trio, Op. i ; Duo

concertant for 2 Pfs., Op. 4; Sonata, Op. 8;

Duo brillant for 4 hands. Op. 19, and several

shorter pieces.

Sterkel, Abbe Johann Franz Xaver, b.
Dec. 3, 1750, Wiirzburg ; d. there
Oct. 21, 1817. Pupil of Kette and
VVeissmandel. He made such rapid
progress that, in spite of his vocation
as a priest, the Palatine sent him to
Italy, where his brilliant performances
were cordially received. 1778, before
his journey to Italy, he was appointed
Clavecinist and Chaplain to the
Palatine of Mayence, who was
residing at Aschaflfenburg. 1805,
Capellmeister at Ratisbon (Regens-
burg), but, owing to political events,
he returned (1813) to Wiirzburg,
where he died. In a letter, dated
Nov. 26, 1777, Mozart speaks rather
unfavourably about Sterkel's playing :
"... came Sterkel. He played
five Sonatas with Vln., but so fast that
one could not understand it ; it was
neither distinct nor in time."
6 Concertos; about 30 Trios; many Duets;
7 Solo Sonatas shorter pieces, including
the once popular "Rondo comique"; and
Sonatas for 4 hands.

•Sternberg, Constantin (Ivanovitch
Edler von), b. July 9, 1852, St. Peters-
burg. Pupil of Moscheles and Kullak
(Pf.), Reinecke and Wiierst (Com-
position). 1871, Hof- Capellmeister of
the Strelitz Opera; 1876, Court Pianist
(Strelitz). Travelled through the
whole of Europe, and settled finally
in Philadelphia (U.S.).

Op. 9, Hochzeits-Polonaise ; Op. 22, Al
Fresco, 10 pieces ; Op. 24, 3 pieces ; Op. 38,
Concert-Polonaise ; Op. 48, Italian Scenes
(4); Op. 50, 3 pieces (No. 2,Historiette; No.
3, Staccatella) ; Op. 57, Chasseresse ; Op. 58,
Passepied; Trios, &c.

Stiehl, Heinrich Franz Daniel, b. Aug.
5, 1829, Liibeck ; d. May i, 1886,
Reval. Pupil of Lobe at the Leipzig
Conserv. 1853-56, Organist of St.
Peter's Church and Conductor of the
Choral Society of St. Petersburg.
For artistic purposes, travelled after-
wards in Germany, Italy, and England,
and (1874-78) was Conductor of the
St. Cecilia Society of Belfast ; 1878-80,
he resided at Hastings as a teacher,
but afterwards accepted the post of
Organist of St. Olai and the direction
of the Choral Society in Reval. He
was an excellent musician, brilliant
performer, and talented composer.

STOJOWSKI— TAUBERT.

119

Trios (3); Sonata with V'cello; several
Sonatas with Vln. ; 5 Fantasiestiicke, Op.
58; "In lonely hours" (4 pieces), Op. 75;
4 Musical Portraits, Op. 166, &c.

♦Stojowski, Sigismond, b. May 2, 1870,
Strelce (Poland^. Pupil of L.
Zelenski (Cracow). 1887, he went to
Paris ; completed his education at the
Sorbonne, and continued his musical
studies at the Conserv., under Diemer
(Pf.) and Leo Delibes (Composition).
Since then he has studied with I.
Paderewski. 1889, he received the
first prize both for playing and com-
position; 1891, he gave an orchestral
concert in Paris, at which he introduced
a Concerto of his own composition.
His appearance in London was highly
successful, and the musical public
follows his career with great attention.
His published pieces are very graceful,
elegant, and effective.

Streabbog (see Gobbaerts).

Streicher, Johann Andreas, b. Dec. 13,
1761, Stuttgart ; d. May 25, 1833,
Vienna. He was a fellow student of
Schiller at the " Carlsschule " and
assisted him in his flight from that
institution. 1793, he married Nanette
Stein and established with her a Pf.
manufactory at Vienna He was a
good and well-instructed musician, a
devoted friend of Beethoven, and the
teacher of Mozart's son and many other
pianists — in short, one of the most
influential men in the Austrian capital.

Strelezki, Anton (nom de plume of an
English composer), b. Dec. 5, 1859,
Croydon. 1876, pupil at the Leipzig
Conserv., later of Madame Schumann.

The following are the most popular of
his pieces :
Valsette ; Menuet 4 I'antique (E flat) ; Sere-
nade espagnole; Jagdstiick; Tarantelle (D
min.); Valse-Souvenir.
Szekely, Imre (Emeric), b. May 8, 1823,
Malyfolva (Hungary). Was educated
at Buda-Pesth ; travelled in 1846, and
gave concerts in Paris and London.
1852, established himself as a success-
ful teacher and popular performer in
Buda-Pesth.
Compositions de Salon, Op. 20-27 ; 30 Hun-
garian Fantasias on National Airs (" Mag-
yar Abrand's).
*Szumowska, Antoinette, b. Feb. 22,
1868, Lublin (Poland), the daughter of
a Prof, of the Lublin College, who was
banished to Siberia. After his return
from exile, he settled at Warsaw,
where his daughter worked at her
musical studies under Strobel and
Michalowski. Later she went to
Paris and studied with Paderewski.
Her performances in London, the
provinces, and Paris met with great
approbation.
Szymanowska, Marie [nee Wolowska),
b. 1790, Poland; d. 1831, St. Peters-
burg. Pupil of John Field at Moscow.
1815-30, she resided at Warsaw, where
she appeared with eminent success.
With the same success she played at
Leipzig, Vienna, Berlin, Hamburg, and
St. Petersburg, where she was appointed
Pianist to the Court, and was much
respected as a teacher. Schumann
speaks very approvingly of her
" Studies" ; and her 24 Mazurkas, as
well as the Nocturne, " Le Murmure,"
all of which testify to considerable
talent.

T.

Talexy, Adrien, b. 1820, Paris ; d. there
Feb., 1881. He composed a great
number of light and popular pieces.
20 Etudes expressives, Op. 80; and a Mdthode
elementaire et progressive de Piano.

Tappert, Wilhelm, b. Feb. 19, 1830,
Ober-Thomaswaldau near Bunzlau
(Silesia). 1856, pupil of Kullak and
Dehn (Berlin). After finishing his
studies, he lived until 1866 at Glogau,
but then settled permanently at Berlin
as a teacher of Pf. and Theory, and
as a reporter to the Kleines Journal
and the Neue Berliner Musikzeitung.
jo Studies for the left hand, and AlLum-leaves,
Op. II.

Taubert, Ernst Hduard, b. Sept. 25, 1838,
Regenwalde (Pomerania). Studied
Theology and Philology, but then
resolved to devote himself to music.
Pupil of Dietrich (Bonn) and Kiel
(Berlin). At present Prof, at the
Stern Conserv. of Berlin, and reporter
to the Post Journal. He is a dis-
tinguished composer, and the following
works deserve particular mention :
Op. 8, Suite (5 pieces) for 4 hands; Op. 9,4
easy pieces for 4 hands ; Op. 10, Novelletten ;
Op. 13, Humoreske; Op. 27, Concert-
WaUer ; Op. 28, 6 Arabesques; Op. 30,
Polonaise ; and Op. 33, Waltzes for 4 hands,
Taubert, Wilhelm (Carl Gottfried), b.
March 23, 181 1, Berlin ; d. there Jan. 7,

TAUSCH— TELEMANN.

1891. At first a pupil of Neithardt,
later (with Mendelssohn) of Ludwig
Berger (Pf). Studied composition
under Bernhard Klein. Worked for
several years as a teacher ; 1831,
he became Conductor of the Court
Concerts ; 1842, Hof-Capellmeister of
the Royal Opera, which appointment
he held (from 1869 as first Hof-Capell-
meister) until 1870. From 1875 till a
few years before his death he was
Chairman of the musical section of
the Royal Academy of Arts. As a
pianist he was unrivalled in his per-
formances of older music, and his
style was much admired for exquisite
refinement, fine graduations of tone,
irreproachable paxt-playing, absolute
correctness, clearness, and tender ex-
pression. All these qualities are
represented in his Pf. works.
Quartet in E flat, Op. 19; Trio in F, Op. 32;
Duets (with Vln.), Op. i and 15; Sonatas,
Op. 4, 20, 21 (2), and 35 ; Sonatinas, Op. 44 ;
+ 6 Scherzi, Op. 8; 6 Impromptus, Op. 14;
■j-An die Geliebte (8) ; Concerto, Op. 18 ;
Camera obscura ; ti2 Etudes de Concert,
Op. 40; -fLa Campanella, Op. 41a; Grace et
Bravour, Op. 41b; +La Nayade, Op. 49;
Silvana, Op. 60; fjugendparadies. Op. 84.

Tausch, Julius, b. April 15, 1827, Dessau,
where he was a pupil of Fr. Schneider.
1844-46, attended the Leipzig Conserv. ;
1853, acted temporarily instead of
Schumann as Conductor of the musical
societies of Diisseldorf, and, 1855,
succeeded him. He is an eminent
pianist and a clever composer.
Fantasiestiicke, Sonata with Vln., &c.

Tausig, Carl (son of Aloys T., who died
1885), b. Nov. 4, 1841, Warsaw ; d.
July 17, 1871, Leipzig. Pupil of his
father (who was a pupil of Thalberg),
and later of Liszt. His technical
execution was stupendous, and he
overcame, with the greatest ease, the
most difficult and complicated in-
tricacies ; indeed, his technique was
not only irreproachable, but infallible.
He owed his marvellous dexterity
entirely to his systematic and per-
severing study of technical figures of
all kinds, which resulted in an inde-
pendence of the fingers never before
attained. These remarkable finger-
exercises have been published by his
friend Ehrlich, and are used by every
pianist and in every music school.
Tausig edited a selection from de-
menti's" Gradus ad Parnassum," and
added to the various studies a mode
of fingering which appears at times
almost tantalising, but tends to im-
prove the strength and flexibility of
the hands. Besides a few original

compositions (Etudes de Concert, &c.),
he transcribed, with more or less
success —
5 Sonatas by Domenico Scarlatti, Schubert's
Military March, Hungarian Gipsy Melodies,
Weber's Invitation to the Dance, Wagner's
" Walkiirenritt," fSiegmund's Liebeslied,
from the " Walkiire "; Bach's Organ Toccata
and Fugue in D min., some of Strauss's
Valses, as " Nouveaux Soirees de Vienne " ;
and a Fantasia on themes of " Halka," by
the Polish composer Moniuszko (1819-1S72).
•Taylor, Franklin, b. Feb. 5, 1843,
Birmingham. Pupil of the late C. E.
Flavell (who was a pupil of Alo)s
Schmitt) and of Thos. Bedsmore, late
Organist of Lichfield Cathedral. 1859,
went to Leipzig, entered the Conserv.,
and studied with Plaidy and Moscheles
(Pf.t, E. F. Richter and Hauptmann
(Theory). After leaving Leipzig he
spent a winter in Paris. He appeared
for the first time in London (Crystal
Palace) in 1865. 1876, appointed Pf.
Prof, at the National Training School,
and, 1883, at the Royal College of
Music (also a Member of the Board) .
From 1891-94, one of the Directors of
the Philharmonic Society ; also Member
of the Associated Board of the R.A.M.
and Royal College of Music for Local
Examinations (established 1889). He
translated three of Richter's theoretical
works, wrote a Primer of Pf. playing
(translated into German), a Pf. tutor for
beginners, and many articles on tech-
nical matters in Grove's " Dictionary
of Music." Since 1883 he has given
up playing in public.
Tedesco, Ignaz (Amadeus), b. 1817,
Prague ; d. Nov. 13, 1882, Odessa.
Pupil of his father and Triebensee,
later of W. Tomaschek, who also
instructed him in Composition. In
Vienna, and on his travels through
Germany and Russia, he met with great
success. For several years he resided
at Odessa, where he had a great
number of pupils. Afterwards went
to Hamburg and Oldenburg (where he
was named Pianist to the Court) and
visited England. His playing was
exceedingly elegant and brilliant,
although his execution was not nearly
so great and dazzling as that at pre-
sent expected from pianists. His com-
positions are light and popular, and
his transcriptions of celebrated airs
and classical movements are conscien-
tiously written.
Telemann, Georg Philipp (contemporary
and great friend of Seb. Bach), one of
the most prolific composers that ever
existed, b. March 14, 1681, Magde-
burg ; d. June 25, 1767, Hamburg. His

TELLEFSEN — THALBERG.

father, a clergyman, superintended his
first studies. 1700, he attended the
University of Leipzig; 1704, appointed
Organist of the Neukirche. Before
this he had had to write every fort-
night a new work for the Thomas
Church, where Kuhnau was Cantor.
He founded the historically interesting
Collegium Musicum. 1708, he accepted
an appointment at Eisenach; 1712,
named Music Director of St. Catha-
rine's Church, Frankfort o/M. ; and
1 72 1, Musical Director of the town of
Hamburg, where he remained until
his death.
Fantaisies pour le Clavecin, 3 douzaines ;

6 Sonatinas, 1718 ; 20 short Fugues, 1731 ;

6 Concertos and 6 Suites for Clavecin, Fl.,

V 'cello concertante; 6 Overtures, French,

Polish, and Italian.

Tellefsen, Thomas Dyke Acland, b.
Nov. 26, 1823, Drontheim (Norway) ;
d. Oct., 1874, Paris. Although he
showed decided musical talent, his
parents wished him to become a clergy-
man, and he studied for this calling
until his nineteenth year, when the
desire to devote himself entirely to
music (particularly the Pf.) became so
strong that he went to Paris to take
lessons from Chopin, to whom he
proved a most devoted friend. After
the outbreak of the French war (1870),
he resided for some time in London.
He was an excellent performer, who
combined elegance and gracefulness
with poetic expression. In his com-
positions the national element is
everywhere apparent, but never domi-
nates over the forms and dogmas of
the art. He was a Knight of the
" Seraphine " Order of Norway.
2 Concertos, Trio, Sonata for Pf. and Vln.,
Sonata with V'cello, Duets for Pf. and
Vln., and a considerable number of
Nocturnes, Mazourkas, Valses, &c.

Ten Brink, Jules (or Brink, Jules ten),
b. Nov., 1838, Amsterdam. Pupil of
Heinze, later of A. Dupont (Brussels)
and E. F. Richter (Leipzig). 1860-68,
Music Conductor at Lyons, but settled
(1868) in Paris, where several of his
compositions were favourably received.
Op. 8, six pieces a 4 mains.

Thalberg, Sigismund (son of Prince
Joseph Dietrichstein and the Baroness
Wetzlar), b. Jan. 7, 1812, Geneva; d.
April 27, 1871, Naples. Pupil of
Sechter for Composition and of Mittag,
first Bssn. player of the Imperial
Opera at Vienna, for Pf. He never
was a pupil of Hummel, as asserted
by some of his biographers. In his

fifteenth year he was already a very
clever performer, and created a great
sensation in private circles. 1830, he
undertook his first journey to Germany,
where he quickly made a lasting repu-
tation ; 1835, 1^6 went for the first time
to Paris, and carried everything before
him ; 1836, he competed with Liszt,
but as their style was an entirely
different one, it was impossible to
declare who was the greater performer.
On the one hand, Liszt, genial, poetic,
impetuous, and grasping everything
with an iron hand; on the other,
Thalberg, cool, collected, aristocratic,
never losing sight of his principal
object — to create an effect — it was not
possible to compare them. 1836-55,
he travelled through the whole of
Europe, everywhere received with
enthusiastic admiration ; 1855, he went
to Brazil ; 1856, to N. America ; 1858,
he retired for some years to Naples,
where he took great interest in
cultivating wines; 1862, he went again
to Paris and London ; and, 1863, for a
second time to Brazil. He was pianist
to the Emperor of Austria and the
King of Saxony, and decorated by
most of the European Sovereigns
and the Emperor of Brazil. The chief
qualities of his playing were absolute
correctness, clearness, and smoothness,
faultless phrasing, polished execution,
and most admirable graduations of
tone. His careful use of the pedal was
a study for every pianist, and his touch,
from the softest to the loudest, was,
without exception, full and round.
But his style lacked warmth and
spontaneity of feeling, and his posture
and manner before the instrument
were so quiet and motionless that the
listener, although experiencing a feeling
of comfort and reliance, could never be
stirred up to a state of frenzy, as was
often the case when listening to Liszt's
playing. With regard to his innova-
tion of dividing the melody in the
middle of the Pf. between the two
hands, so as to give the full bass and
rich accompaniment to the left, whilst
the right hand surrounds the melody
with runs, broken chords, figures in
octaves— it has to be observed that this
decidedly striking method had already
been used by Eli Parish-Alvars, a
famous harpist, and was imitated not
only by a number of pianists, but also
by such a composer as Mendelssohn,
who, in his second Concerto, Op. 40
(first movement), employs it with
excellent effect.

THERN— TOMASCHEK.

Op. 5, Concerto in F min ; +Op. 15, Caprice
in E min. ; Op. 19, Caprice in E flat ;
Op. 16, 2 Nocturnes ; fOp. 21, 3 Nocturnes ;
fOp. 26, 12 Studies; Op. 28, Nocturne in E ;
Op. 31, Scherzo; fOp. 32, Andante; Op. 35,
Nocturne (F sharp) • Op. 36, iLa Cadence,
fStudy in E flat ; fOp. 38, Romance et
Etude in A; +Op. 41, 3 Romances; fOp- 45i
ThSme original et Etude in A min. ; Op. 56,
Sonata in C min.; tOp. 60, Barcarolle;
. fOp. 64, Les Capricieuses, Valses ; Op. 65,
Tarantelle. Operatic Fantasias : fOp. 20,
Huguenots; tOp-33i Moise ; Op. 40, Donna
del Lago; Op. 51, Semiramide ; Op 52,
Muette de Portici ; tOp- 66, L'Elisir
d'amore ; Op. 67, Don Pasquale.

Them, Willi, b. June 22, 1847, Ofen, \
Thern, Louis, b. Dec. 18, 1848, Pesth, )
sons of Carl T. (1817-86). Received
their first instruction from their father,
but studied (1864-65) with Moscheles
and Reinecke in Leipzig. Both are
excellent pianists and musicians, who
won particular distinction by their
wonderful ensemble playing, the even-
ness and exactitude of which has never
before been attained. They reside
and are popular as teachers in Vienna.

Thorn 6, Francois Lucien Joseph
(Francis), b. Oct. 18, 1850, Port Louis,
Mauritius. Entered (1866) the Paris
Conserv. and studied with Marmontel
(Pf.) and Duprato (Harmony). His
elegant and graceful compositions have
become very popular.

Simple aveu. Op. 25 ; Menuet dans le style
ancien. Op. 68 ; Sous la feuillee. Op. 29 ;
Papillons bleus, Op. 59 ; Coquetterie,
Illusion, Op. 60 ; 3 Valses, Op. 36 ; Agitato,
Op. 50; Les Lutins, Op. 69.

Thumer, Theodor, b. Dec. 13, 1833,
Pfaflfersheim, Upper Rhine; d. May 20,
1893, Marseilles. 1846, pupil at the
Paris Conserv., under Zimmermann
and Alkan (Pf.) and Bazin (Composi-
tion). 1849, gained the first prize;
1850, he established himself at Toulon ;
1864-74, at Marseilles as Prof, of the
Conserv. His Trio- Soirees were highly
successful — indeed, he was an influen-
tial agent in the interest of classical
music.
6 Romances sans paroles. Barcarolle, fTaran-
telle, fSarah la baigneuse, 2 Valses dans le
style de Chopin, and Etude-Toccata.

Tietz, Hermann, b. March 8, 1844,
District Driesen (Frankfort o/Oder).
1859-63, he studied chemistry, but
then resolved to make music the aim
of his life ; 1865, pupil of KuUak
(Berlin), who appointed him (1866)
teacher of the junior classes of his
Academy ; 1868, he went to Gotha,
founded a Musical Society and (1880)
the Conserv. Was named (1869)
Pianist to the Court and (1888) Prof.

Timanof, Vera, b. Feb. 18, 1855, Ufa
(Russia^; Pupil of Ludwig Nowitzky.
Played in her ninth year in public.
1866, was, for a short time, a pupil of
Rubinstein (St. Petersburg); afterwards,
for two and a half years, of Tausig
(Berlin). Returned to St. Petersburg;
resided (1871) in Prague ; 1872, at
Vienna; and went almost every year
to Weimar, in order to profit by
Liszt's advice. She is one of the
foremost lady pianists of the present
time.
Tinel, Edgar, b. March 27, 1854, Sinay
(Belgium). Pupil at the Brussels
Conserv., where he was instructed by
Brassin (Pf.], Kufferath and Gevaert
(Theory and Composition). He pub-
lished several pieces at Brussels, but
his fame rests principally on his
sacred works.
Tinto, Michele, b. Feb. 10, 1822, Aversa
(Caserta). 1831, pupil at the Conserv.
of Naples, where Zingarelli, Lanza,
and Nacciarone were his teachers.
His pieces only appeared in Italy.
Tischer, Johann Nicolaus, b. 1707,
Bohlen (Schwarzburg) ; d. 1766,
Schmalkalden. Pupil of the organist,
Rauche; later of Graf. 1 731, Organist
of the principal church at Schmal-
kalden. The titles of his several
works are highly amusing :
The pleased ear and the refreshed intellect,
in six elegant Partitas for the ladies'
instruction; i, 2, and 3. Divertissement
musical consistant en 3 Suites. Agreeable
Clavecin fruits, consisting of 6 short
Suites, for the service of beginners, but
more especially of children. Musical
twins, in 2 concerts of the same key
(major and minor) for the Clavecin; first
fruit in C and C min., second fruit in D
and D min., &c., up to A and A min. ; last
and easy concert as a finale of the musical
twins ; Part No. 7. A lamenting Kyrie and
rejoicing Hallelujah, or harmonious joy for
the heart, represented in 2 Concertos in C
and C min., in which the sentiment of
several added passages in writing is a little
expressed by pleasant melodies and well-
applied modulations (Niirnberg).

Tofano, Gustave, b. Dec. 22, 1844,
Naples. Pupil of Castrucci (Pisa),
Domenico Caldi (Turin), and Stefano
Golinelli (Bologna). 1872, appointed
Prof, at the Liceo (Bologna). He is
considered one of the foremost Italian
pianists of the present time.

Tomaschek, Wenzel, b. April 17, 1774,
Skutsch (Bohemia) ; d. April 3, 1850,
Prague. 1787, he entered and was
educated in the Monastery of Iglau,
but had generally to pursue his musical
studies by himself, with the aid of
the works of Marpurg, Kirnberger,

TOURS— TYSON-WOLFF.

"3

Mattheson, &c. Later he attended

the Prague University as a student of

the law, but found a generous patron

in the person of his pupil, Count Georg

Bucquoy, who, by providing sufficient

means, enabled him to devote himself

entirely to music. He was a successful

teacher, and among his pupils were

Kittl, A. Dreyschock, J. Schulhoff,

I. Tedesco, W. Kuhe, S. Goldschmidt,

Worzischek, Wiirfel, and others. His

compositions somewhat crude and

unsympathetic, are but Uttle known,

but offer good material for teaching.

Sonatas, Op. 14, 15, 21, 48; Sonata in B,

without opus number ; Eclogues (6), Op. 35 ;

(6), Op. 47; (6), Op. 51; (6), Op. 63; (6),

Op. 66; and (6), Op. 83; Rhapsodies (6),

Op. 40 ; (6), Op. ^1 ; 3 Ditirambi, Op. 65 ;

Alleg^i capricciosi di Bravura (3), Op. 52;

and (3), Op. 84.

♦Tours, Berthold, b. Dec. 17, 1838,
Rotterdam. Pupil of Verhulst (Amster-
dam), Fetis (Brussels), Julius Rietz
and E. F. Richter (Leipzig). Settled,
about 1863, in London. Composer of
small (exceedingly well-written) pieces,
among which the "Juvenile Album"
deserves particular mention. He
arranged, in a very efficient manner,
Gounod's sacred works, " The Redemp-
tion " and " Mors et Vita," and is the
careful editor of various albums.

Tschaikowsky, Peter Iljitsch, b. Dec.
25, 1840, Wotkinsk (Government
Wiatka, Russia) ; d. Nov. 6, 1893, St.
Petersburg. He studied law and
entered the service of the Government,
but soon after the foundation of the
St. Petersburg Conserv. by A. Rubin-
stein he became a pupil, and, 1866-77,
Prof, of Composition. He resided in
Russia, Paris, Italy, and Switzerland.
He was considered one of the most
typical composers of Russia, and some
of his works have attracted great
attention. June 13, 1893, the Univer-
sity of Cambridge conferred on him
the hon. degree of Mus. Doc.

Op. 23, Concerto, No. i, in B flatmin. ; Op. 4^,
Concerto, No. 2 ; Op. 56, Fantasia with
Orchestra; Op. 50, Trio; Op. 2, ^Souvenir
de Hapsal (3 pieces) ; Op. 5, Romance ; Op.
9, 3 Morceaux ; Op. 10, 2 Morceaux ; Op. 19,
6 Morceaux ; Op. 37, Sonata ; Op. 37a, The
Seasons (12 characteristic pieces) ; Op. 39,
Kinder-Album (24 pieces); Op. 40, +12 Mor-
ceaux ; Op. 51, 6 Morceaux ; Op. 72, i8
Morceaux. All other pieces are arrange-
ments of orchestral or chamber music.
Tiirck (Tiirk), Daniel Gottlieb, b. Aug.
10, 1756 (1751 ? ), Claussnitz, near
Chemnitz (Saxony) ; d. Aug. 26, 1813,
Halle. At first a pupil of his father,
later of Homilius (Dresden) ; 1772, of
Adam Hiller (Leipzig), who became
his warm and faithful friend. 1776,
Hiller procured him the appointment
of organist and teacher at the Protestant
College of Halle ; 1779, he received
another appointment as organist in
Halle; 1808, the University made him
Prof, and conferred on him the degree
of Doc. Phil., kon. causd. His literary
works are very important, and his
works for Clavecin proved very useful.
Method for teachers and learners (1789); 60
Exercises (Handstiicke) for beginners; 30
Sonatas in 5 collections (1789, 1793, 1798);
120 easy pieces for 4 hands (4 books).
Tyson-Wolff, Dr. Gustav, b. April 12,
1840, Berlin. Pupil of A. Loschhorn
(Pf.) ; 1862, pupil at the Leipzig Con-
serv., where Plaidy, Moscheles, Haupt-
mann, Richter, and Reinecke were his
teachers. From 1866 he resided for
several years in Bradford (Yorkshire),
where he established a music school and
arranged concerts for chamber music.
Received from the Archbishop of Can-
terbury the diploma of Mus. Doc,
hon. causd. 1884, he returned to
Germany, and has resided since i886
in Berlin as a teacher of Composition,
Theory, and Pf. The following com-
positions deserve notice :
Op. 17, Trio; Op. 19, 32 Etudes; Op. 26, 36
Morceaux m^lodiques ; Op. 11, 2 Sonatinas;
Op. 12, 2 Sonatinas ; Op. 4, 2 Morceaux
caract^ristiques a 4 mains ; Op. 5, Barcarolle ;
Op. 25, " Fiir kleine Leute " ; Op. 27, " In
the Woods."

124

UHL— VERGER.

u.

Uhl, Edmund, b. Oct. 25, 1853, Prague.
Pupil at the Leipzig Conserv., where
Richter, Reinecke, Jadassohn, and
Wenzel were his teachers. Received,
1878, the " Helbig" prize. At present
he resides in Wiesbaden and is Prof,
at the Freudenberg Music School.
Trios, Sonata for Pf. and V'cello, Variations,
and several smaller pieces.

Ulrich, Hugo, b. Nov. 26, 1827, Oppeln
(Silesia) ; d. May 23, 1872, Berlin. He
was a richly-gifted artist, a thorough
musician, and gave promise of be-
coming a distinguished composer.
Pupil of Mosewius (Breslau) and
(1846) of Dehn (Berlin). 1859-63, Prof,
of Composition at the Stern Academy
(Berlin). Being very poor he had to
earn his livelihood by working as a
corrector and arranger for the pub-
lishers. Only a Trio of his own com-

position was published, but his name
will be gratefully remembered for his
most excellent arrangements of Beet-
hoven's Symphonies (for 4 hands),
works of Schubert, &c.
Urbach, Carl Friedrich, b. Sept. 26, 1833,
Burg (Magdeburg). He made himself
favourably known by a Method of Pf.
playing (which received a "prize")
and a second practical Pf. school.
Since 1857 he has been a teacher at
Egeln (Province Magdeburg).
Sonatinas, Studies, and various short pieces.
*Urspruch. Anton, b. Feb. 17, 1850,
Frankfort o/M. Pupil of Wallenstein
(Pf.) and Ignaz Lachner (Composition),
later of Liszt and J. Raff.
Quintet ; Sonata for Pf. and Vln. ; Sonata

for Pf. and V'cello; 5 Fantasiestiicke, Op.

2 ; Sonata for 4 hands ; Concerto ; Trio ;

Variations and Fugue on a theme of Seb.

Bach, for 2 Pf., &c.

V.

Van den Gheyn, Matthias, b. April 7,
1721, Tirlemont (Belgium) ; d. June 22,
1785, Lou vain. Probably a pupil of
the Abbe Raick (Louvain). 1741, he
received the appointment of Organist
of St. Peter's (Louvain). He was the
foremost Carilloneur of his time, and
every Sunday, for forty years, charmed
the people of the town, who used to
crowd into the adjacent streets in
order to admire his excellent per-
formances. His works for Clavecin
were published by Xavier van Elewyck,
who also wrote his biography.
12 petites Senates, 6 Divertissements; and a
collection of Preludes, Rondos, and Fugues,
&c., 2 vols. (Schott and Co., Brussels).

Van der Does, Charles, b. March 6,
1817, Amsterdam ; d. Jan. 30, 1878,
The Hague. At first instructed in his
native town ; afterwards a pupil of
Rummel (Wiesbaden). On his return
to Holland, the King named him
Pianist to the Court, and the Dowager
Queen conferred on him the Orders of
the Crown of Oak and the Lion of the
Netherlands. He was Prof, at the
Royal School (Hague) and Inspector
of the Dutch Music Schools. According
to various reports, he was an excellent
pianist.

Van Elewyck, Chevalier Xavier Victor,
b. April 24, 1825, Ixelles-les-Bruxelles ;
d. April 28, 1880, Louvain. Pupil of
Boutmy (Pf.) and Bosselet (Harmony).
He attended the Louvain University,
became Secretary and finally President
of the Louvain Music Academy,
founded the Society of St. Cecilia,
and took the greatest interest in
everything which could promote the
progress of music in Belgium. His
chief merit consists in the publication
of Van den Gheyn's works, which
were, up to the time of Elewyck's
researches, entirely unknown. The
Kings of Belgium and Holland showed
their appreciation by conferring on
him high classes of their Orders. He
was also a Member of the St. Cecilia
Society (Rome) and of many other
learned academies.

Verger, Virginie du (nee Morel), b.
1799, Metz ; d. 1870, at the Chateau du
Verger, her husband's property — a
Lieut. -Colonel of the Staff — whom she
married in 1829. 1814, she became a
pupil at the Paris Conserv., was patro-
nised by Mehul, and received important
and useful advice from dementi ; for
some time she was also a pupil of

VIENOT— VOLKMANN.

125

Hummel. The Duchesse de Berry
named her " Pianiste." Other details
are wanting.
Vienot, Edouard, b. 1825, Paris (?).
Composed a great number of popular
light pieces of considerable brilliancy.
The only information to be got from
his principal publisher is that he was
an officer in the Cuirassiers, and dated
his letters from different garrison
towns, but that lately the correspond-
ence has entirely ceased.
Etudes, Galop, Carillon, Berceuse, Gel^es
blanches, Barcarolle, Op. 23 ; Mazurka
russe, and Galop des Guides.
Vierling, Georg, b. Sept. 5, 1820,
Frankenthal (Palatinate). Pupil of
Neeb (Frankfort o/M.) and Rinck
(Darmstadt). 1842 - 45, he studied
Composition with A. B. Marx (Berlin) ;
1847, Organist at Frankfort o/Oder ;
1852-53, Conductor of the Choral
Societies (Mayence on the Rhine);
settled, 1853, at Berlin, where he re-
ceived (1859) the title of " Konigl.
Musik-Director." He is an expe-
rienced composer, whose works have
met with considerable success.
Capriccio with Orchestra, Trio, Fantasie-
stiicke for Pf. and V'cello ; Fantasia for Pf.
and VIn., Sonata, Op. 44 ; Valse Caprice,
Op. 43; 3 Impromptus, Op. 53, &c.
Vilbac (Alphonse Charles), Renaud de,
b. June 3, 1829, Montpellier ; d. March
19, 1884, Paris. Pupil at the Paris
Con ser v., where Lemoine, Halevy, and
Benoit were his teachers. 1844, he
received the Grand Prix de Rome and
went to Italy ; 1856, Organist of St.
Eugene (Paris). Excellent performer
and a popular composer of easy, plea-
sant, melodious, and practically written
pieces.
3 Morceaux de Salon, Op. 23 (tNo. 3, Corri-
colo); 3 Caprices, Op. 25 (tNo. 2, Delia
Notte; +No. 3, La 2iza); Les Amazones,
Galop ; Duos a 4 mains on Donna del Lago,
Op. ig; tElisir d'amore. Op. 24. The col-
lection : Beaut^s des Operas (Rossini,
Weber, Donizetti, Gounod, Wagner,
HaltSvy); Method of Pf. playing.
Villoing, Ale.xander, b. (information
wanting), St. Petersburg; d. there
Sept., 1S78. His fame rests on being the
sole teacher of Anton and Nicolaus
Rubinstein, and on having written the
excellent book "I'Ecole Pratique du
l^iano," in which the system on which
he instructed the famous brothers is
explained. He is the composer of a
Concerto and of some shorter pieces.
Viole, Rudolph, b. May 10, 1815, Schoch-
witz (Mansfeld) ; d. Dec. 7, 1867, Berlin,
where he resided. A careful and
industrious teacher, but little known,
until he became a pupil of Liszt, who

warmly recommended his compositions.
Since 1857, contributor to the Neue
Zeitschrift fi'ir Musik.
II Sonatas, Op. i and 21-30; "Die musika-
lische Gartenlaube," 100 Studies, Polonaise,
Ballade, Caprice h^roique, Poesies lyriques.
Vogler, Abbe Georg Joseph, b. June 15,
1749, Wi'irzburg ; d. May 6, 1814,
Darmstadt. For a very short time
pupil of Padre Martini (Bologna) and
Valotti (Padua). Ordained a priest in
Rome; received the title of " Proto-
notar," the dignity of Papal Chamber-
lain, and the Order of the " Golden
Spur " ; he was also elected a Member
of the Arcadians. 1775, at Mannheim,
where he established a music school ;
1781, at Munich; 1783, in Paris;
1786, in Stockholm, from whence he
returned (1799) to Germany. 1807,
appointed Hof-Capellmeister at Darm-
stadt, where he established a school,
at which C. M. von Weber, Meyerbeer,
and Gansbacher were the most dis-
tinguished pupils. Many of his con-
temporaries declared him to be a
charlatan ; it is certain that he under-
stood how to make the most of his
talents.
Concertos (he called them Symphonies),
Quartet, ' The matrimonial quarrel,"
Sonata with accompaniment of strings;
Polymelos ou caracteres de musique de
diffdrentes nations, 6 Sonatas for 2 Pf.,
Variations, Preludes.

Vogt, Johann (Jean), b. Jan. 17, 1823,
Gross-Tintz, near Liegnitz ; d. July
31, 1888, Berlin. Educated at the
Seminary of Bunzlau. 1845, went to
Berlin, where Wilhelm Bach and
Grell were his teachers ; later to
Breslau, where Hesse and Seidel
instructed him. Henselt advised him
to go to St. Petersburg, and he settled
there in 1850. 1855, he made tours
through Germany, England, France;
1857, to Leipzig, Vienna, Berlin, &c. ;
1 861 , he established himself at Dresden ;
18G5-71, was a teacher at the Stern
Academy (Berlin) ; then lived for
two years in New York ; afterwards
returned to Berlin,
Pf. Quartets and Trios; Prelude and Fugue

for 2 Pf,, Op. 18; Prelude and Toccata, Op.

19; Preludes and Fugues (3 books). Op. 20;

12 Grandes Etudes, Op. 26; Valse brillante.

Op. 39; 3 Impromptus, Op. 6g ; Salonstiicke

(6), Op. 73-
Volkmann (Friedrich), Robert, b. April
6, 1815, Lommatzsch (Saxony) ; d.
Oct. 29/30, 1883, Pesth. At first a
pupil of his father (a Cantor) ; after-
wards of Anacker (Freiberg) and K. F.
Becker (Leipzig) . During his sojourn
at Leipzig, Robert Schumann had
great influence on the development of

126

VOLLWEILER— WALLACE.

his talent, and it may be asserted
that there is considerable affinity of
character in Schumann's and Volk-
mann's compositions. 1839, music
teacher at Prague ; 1842, working in
Pesth ; 1854-58, he Uved in Vienna,
but returned to Pesth, and was
appointed teacher of composition at
the National Music School. His com-
positions axe throughout noble and
distingmshed, his melodies are interest-
ing and fascinating, his harmonisation
euphonious and without any harshness.
His contributions to the Uterature of
the Pf. are very valuable.
2 Trios, Op. 3 and 5; Allegretto capriccioso
for Pf. and Vln., Op. 15 ; Rhapsody for Pf.
and Vln., Op. 31 ; Concertstuck with
Orchestra, Op. 42 ; Solo Sonata, Op. i2 ;
Variations on a theme of Handel for 2 Pf.,
Op. 26. Shorter pieces are: +" Grandmother's
Songs," Op. 39 ; Morning, noon, evening,
and night ; Op. 60 and 61, Sonatinas ; f Op.
21, Visegrad ; fOp. 23, Wanderskizzen ;
Op. 22, 4 Marches; Op. 20, Hungarian
Melodies. For 4 hands: " Musical Picture-
Book," Hungarian Sketches, and 3 Marches.

Vollweiler, Carl, b. 1813, Offenbach
o/M. ; d. Jan. 27, 1848, Heidelberg.

Pupil of his father. He lived for
several years at St. Petersburg, but
returned during the last years of his
short life to Germany (Heidelberg).
Trios, Op. 2 and 15 ; a " prize " Sonata, Op.
3 ; Lyric Studies, Op. 9 and 10; 6 Etudes
melodiques, Op. 4. He also published
Fantasias on operatic airs.
Voss, Charles, b. Sept. 20, 1815,
Schmarsow, near Demmin (Pome-
rania) ; d. August 28/29, 1882, Verona.
1846, went to Paris, and soon made
himself a name as an elegant performer
and careful teacher; remained there
until i860, when he varied the places
of his residence. The number of
his Fantasias, Transcriptions, Para-
phrases, easy and more difficult
arrangements of operatic, national,
and lyric music is very great. The
style of his pieces (effective without
being difficult) became so popular
that his works were eagerly bought by
German, French, English, Russian,
and Italian publishers, thus tempting
the otherwise talented author to devote
his time to mere trifles, lightly written
and heavily paid.

w.

•Wachs, Paul, b. Sept. ig, 1851, Paris.
Pupil at the Conserv., where Victor
Masse, Marmontel, Cesar Franck, and
Duprato were his teachers. 1872, he
gained the first prize for Organ. His
pieces, generally short, elegant, grace-
ful, and piquant, quickly gained
considerable popularity.
" Tiens, c'est gentil ! " Valse des Myrtes ;

Capricante ; " Aujourd'hui, autrefois," Valse

interrompue.

Wagenseil, Georg Christoph, b. Jan. 15,
1715, Vienna; d. there March i, 1777.
Pupil of Fux (author of the " Gradus ad
Pamassum"). Teacher to the Empress
Maria Theresia and her children, with
whom he was a decided favourite.
He composed a considerable number of
works, written in a formal, conven-
tional, and somewhat empty style.
Suavis artificiose elaboratus concentus
musicus continens VI. parthias selectas ad
clavicembalum compositas, 1740; 6 Sonatas,
Op. I ; 4 Symphonies for Clavecin with
strings. Op. 4; 30 Suiters; 27 Concertos;
Divertissement for 2 Clavecins ; Quartets ;
Trios ; Sonatas with Vln. ; " The bells of
the Vatican at Rome," for Clavecin.

•Waley, Simon, b. Aug. 23, 1827,
London ; d. there Dec. 30, 1875. Pupil
of Moscheles (Pf ). W. Horsley
(Harmony), later of Sterndale Bennett

I and B. Molique. Although an amateur,
his endeavour to do his best in music
warrants his name being included in
this book. He was an expert and
brilliant performer, and his com-
position ; show sound and conscientious
learning. 1852-60, he was an active
member of the Amateur Musical
Society, of which Henry Leslie was
conductor, and his house was a
meeting-place for artists, who met with
the kindest reception from him and
his family.
Concerto, with Orchestra, Op. 16 ; Trios, Op.
15 and 20.

Wallace, William Vincent, b. July i,
1814, Waterford (Ireland); d. Oct. 12,
1865, Touraine (Pyrenees). Pupil of
his father. Frc m his eighteenth year
he travelled a great deal, visiting
Australia, New Zealand, India, South
America, the United States, and
Mexico. 1841-42, he conducted the
Opera in Mexico ; 1843-53, he resided
in New York, afterwards in England ;
1863-65, in Paris. He had great
faciUty in writing, his melodies having a
popular character ; his style resembles
that of the later works of Henri
Herz, and might be called "gushing."
His most popular pieces are —

WALLENSTEIN— WEHLE.

127

La Gondola, Op. 18; 3 Nocturnes, Op. ao;
Nocturne m^iodique, Op. 30 ; Melodie
irlandaise, Op. 53 ; Valse brillante dc Salon ;
Tarantelle ; Andante and Variations ;
t" Music murmuring in the trees."

•Wallenstein, Martin, b. July 22, 1843,
Frankfort o/M. Pupil of his father,
later of A. Dreyschock (Prague),
Hauptmann and Rietz (Leipzig). His
performances have been greatly ad-
mired, but he excels more particularly in
refinement of taste and in working out
in detail the ornamental part, &c. He
received the title of Konigl. Musik-
Director and is Pianist to the Hessian
Court.
Concerto, D min.; Studies; Solo pieces.

Wanhal (Vanhall), Johann Baptist, b.
May 12, 1739, Neu - Nechanitz
(Bohemia) ; d. Aug. 26, 1813, Vienna.
Being the son of a peasant he had to
teach himself, until Countess Schaff-
gotsch took him to Venice, introduced
him in the best families, and afforded
him the opportunity of profiting by
excellent masters. Later he went to
Vienna, where he married and lived in
comfortable circumstances until a
temporary mental disease — originating
in religious scruples — interfered with
his composing in his usual industrious
manner. Getting better, he re-com-
menced to compose, although Haydn,
Mozart, and Beethoven's creations put
his former reputation into the shade.
In his day he was the favourite com-
poser of amateurs. The following
(partial) list may give an idea of the
number of his compositions : —
2 Concertos; 8 Concerts faciles ; 8 Quartets;
many Trios; Sonatas with \ In., Fl., CI.,
Guitar; 6 Solo Sonatas (congratulatory
Sonatas); Sonate militaire ; "The Battle
of Wiirzburp," Sonata; "The Battle of
Trafalgar," Sonata ; many Sonatinas ; 70
books of Variations ; fis Sonatinas ; short
and easy pieces (of which many editions
were published).

Weber, Carl Maria (Friedrich Ernst),
Baron von, b. Dec. 18, 1786, Eutin
.Oldenburg) ; d. June 5, 1826, London.
At first a pupil of his step-brother,
Fritz ; 1796, of Heuschkel (Hildburg-
hausen) ; 1797, of Michael Haydn
(Salzburg) ; 1798-1800, of Kalcher
(Theory) ; 1801, for the second time a
pupil of Michael Haydn; 1802, at
Hamburg; 1803, at .\ugsburg and
Vienna, where Joseph Haydn declined
to take him as a pupil ; 1803, had lessons
from Abbe Vogler ; 1804, Capellmeister
at Breslau ; 1806, Musical Director
of the Prince Eugen of Wiirtemberg's
orchestra at Carlsruhe (Silesia;.
After having resided for some time at

Stuttgart, he was appointed (1813)
Capellmeister at Prague and (1816)
Hof-Capellmeister of the German
Opera at Dresden. He was a most
excellent pianist — original, impetuous,
tender, romantic, and fascinating. His
hands were so large, he could strike
twelve notes (duodecime) with ease.
His Pf. works contain, consequently,
a much wider distribution of chords
than had hitherto been known ; and it
was this innovation which created an
extraordinary sensation, and connects
his Pf. works more closely with the
present style of writing, with that of
Beethoven and others. It may be
asserted that he brought effects of
orchestral instruments like the Fl., CI.,
Vln., Bssn., and V'cello within the
domain of the keyed instrument.
Although the style of his Sonatas is
sometimes rather fragmentary, dis-
jointed, and rhapsodic, these defects
are in themselves so charming and
fascinating that they appear, in their
decided originality, so many merits.
Concertos: No. i in C, Op. ii ; No. 2 in E
flat. Op. 32; Concertstiick in F min.. Op.
79. Sonatas: No. i in C, Op. 24 (1812);
No. 2 in A flat. Op. 39 (1816) ; No. 3 in D
min.. Op. 49 (1816) ; No. 4 in E min.. Op. 70
(1822). Trio for Pf , Fl., and V'cello in E
flat, Op. 63 ; Quartet for Pf. and Strings in
E flat ; Duo for Pf. and CI. in E flat. Op. 48.
Duets with Vln.: No i in F, No. 2 in G,
No. 3 in D min., No. 4 in E flat. No. 5 in A,
No. 6 in C. Variations : (6) on an original
theme in C, Op. 2 ; (8) on " Castor and
Pollux " in F, Op. 5 ; (6) on " Samori " in B
flat, Op. 6i ; (7) on f" Vien qua Dorina bella "
in C, Op. 7; (7) on an original (?) theme in
F, Op. 9; (9) on a Norwegian theme in D
min , Op. 22 ; (7) on " Silvana" in B flat.
Op. 33; (7) on "Joseph" (Mehul) in C,
Op. 2$ ; (9) on " Schone Minka" in C min..
Op. 40. Momento capriccioso in B flat
(1808); Polonaise in E flat. Op. 21 (1808);
Rondo brillante in E flat. Op. 62 (1819);
Auflorderung zum Tanze in D flat. Op. 65
(1819); Polacca brillante in E, Op. 72 (1819);
6 favourite Waltzes (1812); Original Waltz
(1815); 12 Allemandes, Op. 4 (1801); 6
Ecossaises (1802). For 4 hands: 6 petites
pieces faciles, Op. 3; (6) Op. 10; (8) Op. 60.

Wehle, Carl, b. March 17, 1825, Prague ;

d. June 3, 1883, Paris. Pupil of

Moscheles (Leipzig) and Kullak

(Berlin). His journeys extended to

Asia, America, Africa, Australia, New

Zealand. 1853, he settled in Paris.

He was a brilliant and excellent

pianist, who understood how to combine

a popular manner of playing with a

firm musical foundation. In a pleasant

manner he related the events of his

journeys in the Leipziger Si^nale.

Fete bohemienne ; " Marche cosaque";

t" Berceuse javanaise " ; " Un songe k

Vaucluse"; 2 Sonatas, Op. 38 and 58;

Suite, Op 86.

128

WEITZMANN— WIECK.

Weitzmann, Carl Friedrich, b. Aug. i8,
1808, Berlin; d. there Nov. 7, 1880.
Pupil of Hauptmann and Spohr. 1832,
Director at Riga ; 1836, at St. Peters-
burg ; 1846, in London and Paris ; he
settled {1848) at Berlin as a teacher of
Composition and author; 1863, he
wrote a history of Pf. playing and
literature, which was supplemented
(1880) by a history of the Pf.
Valses nobles, pieces for 2 and 4 hands, Riddles
(Canons) for 4 hands, and not less than
1,800 Preludes and Modulations, of which
the iitst book is called '* Classical," the
second " Romantic."
Wenzel, Ernst (Ferdinand), b. Jan. 24,
1808, Walddorf, near Lobau (Saxony);
d. Aug. 16, 1880, Kosen (District
Merseburg). He attended the Uni-
versity of Leipzig, where he studied
Philosophy. As a pupil of Fr. Wieck
(Pf.) he formed an intimate friendship
with Schumann. 1843, was appointed
by Mendelssohn teacher of Pf. at the
Conserv., which post he filled with
uninterrupted success. Almost all
English pianists who studied in Leip-
zig were pupils and also devoted
friends of the highly intelligent, witty,
and somewhat eccentric little man.
His critical remarks were caustic and
sharp, but correct, and uttered in a
manner which could not oflfend.
Wermann, Friedrich Oscar, b. April 30,
1840, Neichen, near Trebsen (Saxony).
Pupil of J. Otto, Kragen, Fr. Wieck
(Dresden) ; later at the Leipzig Con-
serv. Was Conductor at Wesserling ;
later Prof, of the Seminary of Neuf-
chatel; 1868, appointment in Dresden;
1876, Organist and Cantor of the
" Kreuzschule " and Musik-Director
of the three principal Protestant
churches (Dresden). His educational
works are of great merit.
24 easy melodious studies, Op. 6 j 10 easy
characteristic pieces for playing in a small
circle. Op. 7 ; 6 easy characteristic pieces.
Op. 8 ; (3) Leaves of Recollection, Op. 9.
Werner, August, b. 1841, St. Petersburg.
Son of Swiss parents. He received his
instruction in Germany, and has re-
sided for many years in Geneva as
Prof, and Member of the Committee
of the Conserv.
Etudes(io),Op. i8;ditto(6). Op. 34; 2 Idylles,
Op. 37; Nocturne a 4 mains. Op. 25 ; Marche
hongroise. Op. 23, &c.
Wesley, Samuel, b. Feb. 24, 1766,
Bristol; d. there Oct. 11, 1837. For
detailed biography see Grove's " Dic-
tionary," Vol. iv., pp. 445-47.
8 Harpsichord Lessons (1777), 11 Sonatas, 2
Sonatinas, 16 Rondos (mostly on popular
airs>, 7 sets of Variations, Preludes, Polacca
in G, Grand Fugue, 4 Marches, Tiio for 3
Pf., 4 Waltzes.

Wesley, Samuel Sebastian, b. Aug. 14,
1810, London; d. April ig, 1876,
Gloucester. Educated at the Bluecoat
School ; 1824, Chorister at the Chapel
Royal ; 1827, Organist, St. James's
Church, Hampstead Road ; 1829, at
Camberwell ; 1832, Organist of Here-
ford Cathedral; 1835, at Exeter; 1842,
at Leeds Parish Church ; before 1842,
Mus. Doc, Oxon ; 1849, Organist of
Winchester Cathedral ; 1865, until
his death. Organist of Gloucester
Cathedral.
Air and Variations, March in C min.. Rondo
in C.
*Westlake, Frederick, b. Feb. 25, 1840,
Romsey, Hampshire. 1855, he entered
the R.A.M. (London), and was taught
by the brothers Macfarren, but profited
also by the advice of Sterndale
Bennett, Charles Lucas, and Dorrell.
1863, appointed Prof, there, and is
still one of their most experienced,
careful, and successful teachers.
Member of the Associated Board for
Local and School Examinations.
Duo concertante for Pf. and V'cello; 9 Epi-
sodes ; a Fugue in Octaves. He is also
editor of the valuable collection, "Lyra
studentium."
Weyse, Christoph Ernst Friedrich, b.
March 5, 1774, Copenhagen ; d. there
Oct. 4, 1842. His first teacher was his
grandfather, J. A. P. Schulz (1747-
1800). Under his superintendence he
published his first work, Allegri di
bravura per il Clavicembalo del Signor
Weyse publicate per i maestri di
Capella Schulze e Reichardt (1796).
He was an excellent teacher, who was
proud of being able to call the dis-
tinguished Danish composer, Gade, his
pupil.
4 Sonatas ; Studies (much respected by
Schumann) ; several Allegri di bravura,
Op. 50; and some included in the Reper-
toire des Clavecinistes.
Wider, Charles Marie, b. Feb. 24, 1845,
Lyons. The son of an Alsatian, whose
family came originally from Hungary.
Pupil of Fetis (Brussels) and Rossini
(Paris). His organ performances were
so much admired in Lyons and other
French towns that he was appointed
(1869) Organist of St. Sulpice in Paris.
Concerto in F min. (1876); Trio, Op. 19;
Quintet, Op. 7 ; Serenade for Pf., Fl., Vln.,
V'cello, and Harmonium, Op. xo ; Suite
Polonaise, Op. 51 ; Dans Ics Bois (5), Op.
44; Valse en R6 b^mol, Op. 11, L; Chant
d'Avril, Aubade ; fMarche Americaine,
Op. 31, XL ; 6 Morceaux de Salon, Op. 15,
rOrientale, Scherzo, Op. 8.
Wieck, Clara {see Schumann).
Wieck, Friedrich, b. Aug. 18, 1785,
Pretzvch, near Torgau ; d. Oct. 7, 1873,
Loschwitz, near Dresden. After

WIECK— WILLMERS.

i2g

having completed his studies in the
College of Torgau, he attended the
University of Wittenberg, in order to
study Theology, but his desire to
become a musician vkras so great that
he preferred to accept situations as
private tutor in the families of Baron
Seckendorf (Querfurt) and Madame
von Levezovv, so as to have sufficient
time to study music. He established
a Pf. manufactory and circulating
library of music in Leipzig, and was
also a teacher. He was twice married
— Clara, Alwin, and Gustav were his
first wife's children, and Marie, his
second wife's child. Foremost among
his pupils were his daughter Clara,
Robert Schumann, H. von Biilow,
Anton Krause, Fritz Spindler, J. Seiss,
Rollfuss, and G. Merkel (see these
names). He published several Essays
on musical education, and 2 books of
Studies.

*Wieck, Marie, b. Jan. 17, 1835, Leipzig.
Pupil of her father (see above) . Showed
at an early age signs of considerable
talent, and played as early as 1843 at
concerts (Dresden). 1858, the Prince
of Hohenzollern named her " Pianist
to the Court." She gave many
concerts in the principal towns of
Germany, Sweden, &c., and appeared
also with great success in London.
At present she conducts at Dresden a
school for Pf. playing, after the
principles of her late father.

Wiedeburg, Michael Johann Friedrich,

b. 1735, Halle, a/d/Saale ; d. about

1790. Organist at Norden (East Frisia).

He wrote one of the earliest Methods

of Clavecin playing under the quaint

title of

" The self-instructing Clavecinist, or clear and

easy instruction in Clavecin playing " (first

part, 1765 ; second part, 1767 ; third part,

1775I. Also additional contributions to the

self-instructing Clavecinist, or twice 24

easy and 24 more difficult Preludes, 1776.

He also published Musical Card-playing for

Clavecinists (first game, 1788).

Wiel-Lange, Frederick Johannes, b.
Jan. 20, 1849, Viskinge (Seeland).
1874, Licentiate of Theology of the
University of Copenhagen, and entered
the Conserv. the same year as pupil of
Gade and Hartmann, who took such
warm interest in his rare talent that they
soon promoted him to a Professorship.
1877, he married the pianist, Minna
Fries (b. Aarhus) , whose delicate health
obliged him to reside in the country.
At present he is clergyman at Broost, a
"jmall town near d'Oester-Svenstrup

(Jutland). His Pf. works are, so to
speak, musical illustrations of Ander-
sen's fairy tales : —
Skovblomster (3 pieces), Ved Lowfald (4),
I Skumringen (6). Besides these he pub-
lished : " Recits d'aventures," five stiort
pieces, Stimmungsbilder (2).

Wieniawski, Joseph, b. May 23, 1837,
Lublin. 1847, entered the Paris
Conserv. under Zimmermann, Mar-
montel,and Alkan (Pf . ), and Le Couppey
(Harmony) ; 1850, he returned to
Russia, and gave concerts with his
brother, Henri W. (the famous vio-
linist) ; 1855-58, in Germany, studied
with Liszt in Weimar ; and, 1856,
with Marx, in Berlin. After this he
returned to Paris; left, 1867, for
Moscow, where he was appointed Prof,
at the Conserv. ; went later to
Warsaw as Director of the Musical
Society, resided there for some years,
and then settled in Brussels. He is
a most excellent performer, able to
satisfy all the high demands of the
present time. He possesses a mar-
vellous technique, noble and refined
expression, and musicianly feeling.
He received decorations from Russia,
Persia, Holland, &c. 1875-78, was
member of the Jury for the public
examinations of the Paris Conserv.,
and Hon. Member of the Lemberg
Society. He invented the Piano a
double clavier renverse (exhibited at
the Paris Exhibition of 1878).
Concerto, Op. 20 ; Trio, Op. 40 ; Sonata, Op.
22; Sonata with Vln., Op. 24; Sonata with
V'cello, Op. 26 ; Fantasia for 2 Pf., Op. 42.
Studies: Romance Etude, Op. 10; Etudes
de Concert, Op. 33 and 36; 124 Etudes, Op.
44; Polonaises, Op. 13, 2i, 27,48. Valses:
fOp. 3, 7, 18, 30, 46 ; -fMazurkas, Op. 23 ;
Fantaisie et Fugue, Op. 25, and a good
many shorter pieces.

Willmers, Rudolph, b. Oct. 31, 1821,
Berlin ; d. (insane) Aug. 24, 1878,
Vienna. Pupil of Hummel (Weimar)
and Fr. Schneider (Dessau). For some
time he taught at the Stern Academy
(Berlin), but afterwards resided in
Vienna, where the Emperor named
him Imperial and Royal pianist, and
where he was highly respected. His
specialty was a most perfect shake ;
indeed, the great beauty of a shake — ■
its swelling and diminishing — and
the wonderful evenness in the per-
formance of the so-called "Triller-
ketten" had never been exhibited
before with such supreme mastery as
by him. But his technique was
equally remarkable in all other points.
His compositions, although well-
constructed, are somewhat dry and

»30

WILM— WITTE.

uninteresting ; the wonderful way in

which they were performed, however,

made these blemishes appear less.

tSehnsucht am Meere, Op. 8 ; Un jour d'et^ en

Norvege, Op. 27 ; 2 Etudes de Concert

(+No. I, La Pompa di Festa), Op. 28 ; 6

Etudes, Op. I ; Serenade drotique (left

hand). Op. 5 ; La Sylphide, Op. 49 ; Northern

National Songs, Op. 29 ( JNo. i) ; tTriller-

ketten, Op. 69; Tarantella giocosa. Op. 35.

♦Wilm, Nikolai von, b. March 4, 1834,
Riga (Livland). His first studies were
superintended by his father, an accom-
plished amateur, later by Weller,
Marx, Markus, and Willmans (Riga).
1851-56, pupil at the Leipzig Conserv.,
under Hauptmann, Richter, Rietz,
Plaidy, &c. After leaving Leipzig he
travelled, but accepted (1857-58) the
post of second Conductor of the Riga
Opera ; 1858, went to St. Petersburg,
where, on the recommendation of
Henselt, he received the post of teacher
at the Imperial Institute, "Nicolai";
1875, he went to Dresden, but has lived
since 1878 at Wiesbaden. His com-
positions enjoy a great reputation and
begin to be very popular.
For Pf. and Vln.: Sonatas, Op. 83 and 92;
Suite, Op. 88 and 95. For Pf. and V'cello :
Sonata, Op. in. For 2 Pf.: Prelude and
Sarabande, Op. 62 ; Theme and Variations,
Op. 64 : Waltzes, Op. 72. For 4 hands :
tReisebilder aus Schlesien, Op. 18 ; Suites,
+25. +30> +44i +53t and 100 ; Suite of Waltzes,
Op. 86, 90, 93 ; Calendarium (4 books), Op.
39. Solo Pieces: 10 Characteristic pieces,
Op. 24 ; People and times in the mirror of
their dances, +Op. 31 (5 books); Fantasia,
Op. 68 ; Theme and Variations, Op. 89 ;
Valse brillante. Op. 13 (No. 2); Valse
Impromptu, Op. 45 ; In the Russian village.
Op. 37 (No. 2); and several collections of
pieces.

Wilms, Jan Willem, b. March 30, 1772,

Witzhelden (Province Berg) ; d. July 19,

1847, Amsterdam. Pupil of his father,

an organist. Influential teacher at

Amsterdam, where he was elected

Member of the Academy of Holland

and Hon. Member of the society

" Toonkunst." His playing was much

admired and he was universally

respected for his admirable qualities.

Concertos, Quartets, Trios, Sonatas with Vln.,

Sonatas for 4 hands. Grand Sonata (1793),

tSonatinas (Op. 16), "The Battle of

Waterloo."

•Winding, August (Henrik), b. March 24,
1835, Taaro, Isle of Laaland (Den-
mark). Pupil of his father, Reinecke,
and Ree (Copenhagen); also of A.
Dreyschock (Prague) and Niels W.
Gade (Copenhagen). Director and
Prof, of the Copenhagen Conserv. and
Knight of the Order of Danebrog. He
is a highly talejated and original com-
poser, whose works deserve close

acquaintance in order to be fully

appreciated.
Concerto, Op. 16; Concert Allegro, Op. 29;
Quartet, Op. 17; Ho Clavierstiicke in form
of Studies, Op. 18 ; Preludes in all keys.
Op. 26; Sonatas for Pf. and Vln., Op. 5 and
35 ; Studies, Op. 25 ; Duets (for 4 hands).
Op. 32, I. and II.; +Contrasts (2 Books);
Phantasiestiicke for Pf., Vln., or CI., Op.
19; Reisebilder, Op. 3; Genrebilder, Op.
15; Landliche-Scenen (10); Valses (3);
Humoreske; Toccata, Op. 34, &c.
*Wingham, Thomas, b. Jan. 5, 1846,

London ; d. there March 24, 1893.

Pupil of Sterndale Bennett (R.A.M.).

He was a highly-successful teacher, and

warmly appreciated by his colleagues

for his simplicity, amiability, and

thoroughness.
Barcarolle (F min.), Concert-Capriccio, Elegy
on the death of Sterndale Bennett, and
several other smaller pieces.

♦Winkler, Louis, b. Sept. i, 1813,
Brunswick; d. there Sept. 16, 1885.
- He was organist of one of the prin-
cipal churches, a successful teacher,
and his name is favourably known by
his excellent arrangements of classical
works (notably those of Beethoven)
for Pf. (2 hands).
Winterberger, Alexander, b. Aug. 14,
1834, Weimar. 1848-49, pupil at the
Leipzig Conserv.; later of Liszt. 1861,
he went to Vienna ; 1869, he succeeded
A. Dreyschock as Prof, at the St.
Petersburg Conserv. Since 1872 has
resided at Leipzig. He is considered
one of the best pianists of the present
time.
Alinen-Dances (Valses, Mazurkas, Menuets,
&c.). Op. 20; 3 pieces. Op. 25; Concert-
Study and Valse Caprice, Op. 27 ; Concert-
Adagio, Op. 63 ; 23 instructive and charac-
teristic pieces, Up. 72 ; 2 Sonatinas, Op. 93.

Wittasek, Johann Nepomuk August,

b. Feb. 22, 1770, Horzin (Bohemia) ;

d. Dec. 7, 1839, Prague. At first a

pupil of his father (a schoolmaster) ;

afterwards Princess Lobkowitz made

him a pupil of Franz Duschek (Clavecin)

and Kozeluch (Composition), Prague.

1814, appointed Organist of the

"Domkirche"; 1826, Director of the

Organ School. His performances of

classical Concertos (notably Mozart's)

were greatly admired, and Mozart

himself expressed his gratification at

hearing his playing. As a composer

he was less known.

Concerto, Sonatas with Vln., Favourite

pieces (3 books), fRondeaux, Romanza —

all of them now completely forgotten, but

in their time popular in Prague society.

•Witte, Georg Henri, b. Nov. 16, 1843,

Utrecht. Son of a well-known organ

builder. 1859-62, pupil at the Royal

Music School at The Hague, where

WOLFL— WORZISCHEK.

13X

Van der Does (Pf.), Liibeck (Vln.),
and Nicolai (Organ and Theory) were
his teachers; 1862-65, pupil at the
Leipzig Conserv., under Plaidy and
Moscheles(Pf.), Hauptmann (Counter-
point), and Reinecke (Composition).
1865-67, taught in Leipzig; 1867-70,
teacher in Alsace; 1871, appointed
Director of the Musical Society of
Essen (Westphalia). Received (1882)
the title of Konigl. Musik-Director.
Quartet with Strings, Op. 5; Sonata with
V'cello, Op. 15, and 3 pieces with V'cello,
Op. 14 (these obtained a prize) ; Wahzes,
Op. I, 3) 7 (a 4 mains) ; 4 Impromptus, Op. 4 ;
Sonatina a 4 mains, Op. 8; 2 characteristic
pieces, Op. 13.

Wolfl (Wolffl, Woelfl), Joseph (at one

time an admired composer and rival (?)

of Beethoven), b. 1772, Salzburg; d.

May II, 1812, London. Pupil of

Leopold Mozart and Michael Haydn

(Salzburg). Created a great sensation

with his improvisations, which by

some connoisseurs (?) were preferred

to those of Mozart and Beethoven.

1792-94, he resided at Warsaw;

1794-98, at Vienna; 1801, went to

Paris. A few years later he travelled

with Elmenreich, an actor of very

doubtful character, who tempted him

to become his associate in dishonest

card-playing, which, being detected,

they were obliged to leave Brussels

in great haste, and seek refuge in

London; there he found himself

ignored, where before he had received

a splendid reception. Although he

appeared again in public he had lost

his former popularity. The events

of his last years are shrouded in

mystery. It is said that he died in a

state of great poverty in a suburb of

London

6 Concertos, Op. 20, 26, 32, +0p. 43 ; Concerto

militaire, Op. 49 (Coucou) ; Le Calme and

a Concerto da camera; 18 Trios; 30 Duos

with Vln. Sonatas: Op. i (3); Op. 6 (3,

dedicated to Beethoven) ; Op. 15 (3, dedicated

to Prince Louis Ferdinand); fOp. 4 i,Non plus

ultra; fOp. 50, Lediable a quatre; Sonatas

(2) in C min. ; 14 books of Variations ; Ron-

deaux ; Fantasias ; Sonatas for 4 hands ;

Sonata for 2 Pf. ; Methode de Piano (with

100 Studies), Op. 56; 24 Preludes.

Wohlfahrt, Heinrich, a highly respected
educational composer and practical
teacher, b. Dec. 16, 1797, Kossnitz,
near Apolda ; d. May 9, 1883, Con-
newitz, near Leipzig. He attended
the Seminary at Weimar, where Haser
was his teacher ; had several appoint-
ments as private teacher and Cantor
in small towns of Thuringia, until he
retired to Jena. 7867, settled at
Leipzig.

Method for children (about 30 editions) ; the
First Tuition, Op. 50; Der Klavier-freund
(36 Studies for children); Kleine Leute,
Op. 86 ; 3 Sonatas for children ; instructive
pieces, Op. 74 ; Anthologic method of Pf.
playing. Op. 47, &c.
Wolf, Ernst Wilhelm, b. 1735, Gross-
behringen, near Gotha; d. Dec. 7, 1792,
Weimar. 1755, he attended the Uni-
versity of Jena, but then decided to
devote himself to music. 1761, ap-
pointed teacher to the Duchess of
Weimar; 1786, Hof-Capellmeister. He
published essays, descriptions of artistic
journeys, &c.
7 Concertos ; 4 Quintets for Pf., Fl., Vln., Via.,
and V'cello; 7 books of 6 Sonatas each, and
other Sonatas (4 with affection).
Wolff, Edouard, b. Sept. 15, 1816. War-
saw ; d. Oct. 16, 1880, Paris. Pupil of
Zawadski (Pf.) at Warsaw, and (1828)
of Wiirfel at Vienna. After his return
to Warsaw, he had lessons in Harmony
from Eisner (Chopin's teacher) ; 1835,
went to Paris, where he remained until
his death, with the exception of some
journeys to Germany, the provincial
towns of France, and the Danubian
principalities. He was an admirable
performer, a well educated musician,
and a favourite teacher. His com-
positions are influenced by the genius
of his friend and countryman, Chopin.
24 Etudes, Op. 20; +24 nouvelles Etudes, Op.
50 ; I'Art de I'expression ; 24 Etudes faciles,
Op. 90; I'Art de I'ex^cution: 24 Improvisa-
tions en forme d'etudes. Op. 100; I'Art de
chanter sur le Pf., 48 Etudes, Op. 189 ; La
Favorite, Valse, Op. 63 ; Chansons
polonaises originales. Op. 139 ; Tarantelle,
Op. 148 ; tChansons bacchiques. Op. 164
and 186.

Wollenhaupt, Heinrich Adolph, b.
Sept. 27, 1827, Schkeuditz (district
Merseburg) ; d. Sept. 18, 1863, New
York. Pupil at the Leipzig Conserv.
1845, he went to New York, where he
was admired for his excellent playing
and pleasant, popular compositions;
and warmly beloved for his admirable
qualities as son, brother, and friend.
It is but seldom that the loss of a
young and talented artist is so sincerely
deplored as was the case with him.
In his compositions there is much
natural, spontaneous feeling, and a
great deal of rhythmical charm.
Marches militaires, fOp. 19 and 31 ; Valses
styriennes, +0p. 27 and 47; Nocturne, Op.
32 ; Galop di Bravura, Op 24 ; Improvisa-
tion, Op. 30 ; tScherzo brillante. Op. 72 ; and
Valse hdroique in E flat.
Worzischek (Johann), Hugo, b. May 11,
1791, Wamberg (Bohemia); d. Nov.
ig, 1825, Vienna. He was — after
receiving elementary tuition from his
father, a schoolmaster — a pupil of
W. Tomaschek (Prague). He went to

132

WOUT^RS— WURM.

Vienna to obtain a State appointment,
but his love of music was so great he
finally devoted himself entirely to it.
and was fortunate enough to receive
the post of Organist at the Imperial
Chapel. He was a richly-gifted com-
poser, and a general favourite in the
musical circles of Vienna.
12 Rhapsodies, Op. i ; Variations : la Senti-
nelle.Op. 6; 3 Impromptus, Op.7; Fantaisie,
Op. 12; IRondeau Espagnol, Op. 17 ; Grande
Senate, Op. 20 ; and several other smaller
works.

Wouters (Franfois), Adolphe, b. May
28, 1841, Brussels, where he was a
pupil at the Conserv. Since 1871,
Prof, there, and conducts the class for
ladies. His edition of classical works,
" Repertoire du Conservatoire de
Bruxelles," is considered a standard
work, and his technical Studies are
much used in Belgium.

♦Woycke, Eugen (Adelbert), b. June 19,
1843, Dantzig. 1864-67, pupil at the
Leipzig Conserv. under Plaidy and
Moscheles (Pf.), Hauptmann (Com-
position) ; also Reinecke (Pf) and
E. F. Richter (Harmony, Counter-
point, and Fugue). After leaving
Leipzig he settled in Edinburgh, where
he is a teacher.
Sonatas : " Dramatique," " Romantique,''
" PoStique," " Capricieuse," " Heroique,"
" Fantastique," and " Sentimentale" — the
last two are with Vln. ; 8 Novellettes, Op.
41 ; 6 characteristic pieces. Op. 42 ; " Au
Rouet," Op. 23 ; " L'Oisillon, ' Op. 35 ; and
Andante (U flat), Op. ig.

Wraniczky (Wranitzky), Paul, b. Dec.
30, 1756, Neureisch (Moravia) ; d. Sept.
28, 1808, Vienna. Received his musical
education, first in a monastery near
his native place, later at Iglau and
Olmiitz. 1776, he went to Vienna and
entered the Seminary so as to study
Theology, but his qualities as a
violinist were so remarkable he was
elected Musik-Director. He continued
his studies of composition in Vienna
with the Swedish composer, Joseph
Kraus. With every year his pro-
ductivity became greater, and his music
being that of a regular ' ' Viennese" com-
poser— cheerful, light, for a short
time fascinating — he soon became the
favourite musician of the Austrian
capital. Amongst other operatic works
he wrote the music to the Ballet " Das
Waldmadchen," the Russian dance of
which Beethoven took as theme for
his charming Variations in A.
Sonatas, some of them with Vln.; 3 Trios,
Op. 21; and fLa Chasse, with accompani-
ment of wind instruments.

*Wrigley, John, b. Sept. 29, 1830,
Ashton-under-Lyne. 1849, entered the
R.A.M. (London), where he received
(1852) excellent testimonials from the
principal Professors ; 1853, named
A.R.A.M., and, 1887, F.R.A.M. His
useful work as a teacher is acknow-
ledged by all who profited by it. He
resides at Manchester.

2 Sonatas, Allegro de Concert, Tarantella,
Presto scherzando, Waltz, and the " Sprites'
Frolic."

Wiillner, Dr. Franz, b. Jan. 28, 1832,
Miinster (Westphalia). Pupil of A.
Schindler (Beethoven's friend) and
Ferdinand Kessler (1793-1856), of
Frankfort o/M (must not be confused
with Joseph Chr. K., of Lemberg) ;
later of Grell and Dehn (Berlin).
1854, appointed Prof, at the Royal
Munich School ; 1858-65, Conductor
of the Musical Societies of Aix-la-
Chapelle. After 1865, he returned to
Munich as Principal of the vocai
classes of the Music School ; 1870,
Director and Prof, of the Royal
Academy (formerly School) of Munich
and Conductor of the Opera; 1877,
appointed Director of the Conserv.
(Dresden), Hof - Capellmeister ; and
Conductor of the Catholic Church
choir and orchestra ; 1884, Principal
of the Conserv. of Cologne ; Conductor
of the Giirzenich concerts and the
Town Orchestra ; Member of the Royal
Academy of Arts (Berlin) ; Doc. Phil.,
hon. causa, of the University of
Munich ; Knight of several Orders, &c.
Solo Sonatas : Op 6 (D min.) and Op. 10 (E) ;
Trio (D), Op. 9; Sonata with Vln. (E min.),
Op. 30 ; Variations on themes of Bach,
Op. 23 ; Schubert, Op. 39 (with V'cello) ; on
an original air. Op. 19 ; and several Duets
for 4 hands. Op. 11 and Op. 27.

WUrfel, Wilhelm, b. 1791, Planian
(Bohemia) ; d. April 22, 1852, Vienna.
At first instructed by his mother, he
had later to depend entirely on his
own exertions. Chopin, when in
Vienna, met Wiarfel, and spoke with
gratitude of the assistance he gave in
arranging his concert. 1815, appointed
teacher at Warsaw ; returned to
Vienna, and received (1826) the post
of Sub-Conductor of the Opera. He
was an admirable pianist and a highly
successful teacher.
Concerto, Op. 28 ; Allegro and Rondo carac-

tdristique ; Fantaisie, Op. 45 ; Rondeaux ;

Variations, &c. ; "Wellington's Victory";

Op. 13, for 4 hands.

♦Vi^urm, Marie, b. May 18, i860,
Southampton. Pupil at the Stuttgart

WYLDE— ZIMMERMANN.

133

Music School, under Dr. Stark (Har-
mony) and D. Pruckner (Pf.). 1878-80,
pupil of Madame Mehlig, Mary
Krebs, I. Wieniawski, F. Taylor, and
Madame Montigny-R^maury ; 1880, of
Madame Schumann and Dr. Joachim
Raff (Frankfort o/M). 1884, she
gained the Mendelssohn Scholarship,
and became a pupil of Sir Arthur
Sullivan, Dr. V. Stanford, and Dr.
F. Bridge; 1886, of Dr. Reinecke
(Leipzig).
Tanzweisen, 4 hands ; Valse de concert ;
Barcarolle ; Gavotte and Pastorale (by

Reinecke), arranged for a Pf. ; Concerto;

Sonata ; Sonata for Pf. and Vln. ; Sonata

for Pf. and V'cello ; Prelude and Fugue for

2 Pf. Ballades for 2 Pf. are still in MS.

Wylde, Henry, Mus. Doc, b. 1822,

Hertfordshire; d. March 13, 1890,

London. Pupil of Cipriani Potter.

1 852, Director of the New Philharmonic

Society ; 1863, Prof, at Gresham

College ; established (1867) the London

Academy of Music. Among his

numerous pupils was John Francis

Barnett.

Concertos, Sonatas, Rhapsodies, Fantasias,

&c.

z.

♦Zabalza, Don Dimaso, b. Dec. 11,
1833, Irurita (Province Navarra) ; d.
Feb. 25, 1894, Madrid. Pupil of Don
Casimiro Sagabeta, later of D. Luis
Vidaola and of D. Mariano Garcia
(Harmony). Settled (1858) at Madrid,
where he made himself known by
giving successful concerts ; soon after
appointed assistant teacher at the
Conserv. He received the Cross of
Charles III. and various Academical
honours.
Sonatinas, Studies (adopted by the schools of
Paris, ^Iadrid, Barcelona, and Milan).

Zarembski (ZaremskiJ, Jules de, b.
Feb. 28, 1854, Zitomir (Russian
Poland) ; d. there Aug., 1885. Pupil of
Dachs (Vienna) , later of Liszt (Weimar) ,
who warmly recommended his studies
and procured for him the appointment
of Prof, at the Conserv. of Brussels,
which he held for five years. Return-
ing for a holiday to his native place,
he suddenly died, only thirty-one
years old. His compositions are
original, quaint, and full of national
colour.
Op. 23, A travers Pologne (6); Op. 27,

Etrennes(6); Op. 25, Serenade espagnole;

iOp. 7, Trois Etudes de Concert; Op. i8.

Ballade ; Op. 20, Serenade burlesque ; Op.

22, Berceuse in A.

*Zarzycki, Alexander, b. Feb. 21, 1834,
Lemberg (Austrian Poland). Received
his first musical education in Lemberg ;
1856-61, he resided at Paris, taking
lessons in Theory from Henri Reber ;
played with eminent success in con-
certs, visited (giving concerts) Germany,
Austria, and Poland. 1870, he under-
took the direction of the Musical
Society of Warsaw; 1879, appointed
Director of the Conserv. His merits

as a brilliant pianist were everywhere

warmly admired, and his effective

compositions deserve recognition.

Op. 7, Grande Polonaise (with Orchestra);

Op. 17, Concerto (with Orchestra) ; Op. 37,

Suite Polonaise (with Orchestra) ; Op. 34,

3 Morceaux ; Op. 18, Grande Valse ; Op. 19

and tOp. 20, Mazurkas ; Op. 24, Serenade

and Valse Impromptu ; +0p. 10, 2 Nocturnes.

*Zichy, Giza, Count, b. July 22, 1849,
Sztara (Hungary). From his child-
hood devoted to music and studied the
Pf. with rare industry, but had the
misfortune to lose his right arm in 1866
(when seventeen years old) ; in spite of
this calamity he threw his whole energy
into the study of playing with the left
hand only, and reached so wonderful
a degree of facility and technical per-
fection that his performances were
received with bewildered astonishment
and phrenetic acclamations. All critics
unite in describing his playing as
unrivalled and wholly unique. His
teachers were Mayrberger, Volkmann,
and Liszt (Pesthj. He was Director
(Intendant) of the Royal and National
Opera of Pesth.
Collection of Studies and Pieces for the left
hand (Paris).

Zimmermann, Agnes, b. July 5, 1847,
Cologne o/Rhine. Went at an early
age to London, where she was a pupil
at the R.A.M. of Cipriani Potter, and
later of Pauer (Pf.), of Dr. Steggall and
George Macfarren (Composition). She
twice obtained (i860 and 1862) the
King's Scholarship, received the silver
medal two years in succession and did
full honour to the R.A.M. Her merits
as a pianist were often recognised and
praised by the audiences at the Crystal
Palace and the Popular concerts, £is

134

ZIMMERMANN— ZWINTSCHER.

well as in Germany and the English
Provinces. At her own concerts she
provided excellent programmes, and
showed every year continued progress.
Trio, Op. 19; 3 Sonatas for Pf. and Vln., Op.

16, 21, and 23 ; Suite, Op. 22 ; 2 pieces, Op.

18 ; and a number of shorter pieces. Editor

of Beethoven and Mozart's Sonatas and

of pieces by Schumann.
Zimmermann, Pierre Joseph Guillaume,
b. March 19, 1785, Paris ; d. there
Nov., 1853. 1798, entered theConserv.
as pupil of Boieldieu, Rey, Catel, and
Cherubini. 1816, appointed Prof, and
continued working until 1848, when
he received the Legion of Honour and
his pension. Amongst his most cele-
brated pupils were Alkan, Prudent,

Marmontel, Ravina, Lacombe, and A
Thomas.
Encyclop^diedu Pianiste ; 24 Etudes, Op. 31;

2 Concertos (with Orchestra) ; Sonata, Op.

5 ; a great number of Variations, and several

Rondeaux.

*Zwintscher, Bruno, b. May 15, 1838,
Ziegenhain, near Meissen (Saxony),
son of a clergyman. For two years
pupil of Julius Otto (Dresden) ; 1856-
59, at the Leipzig Conserv., where
Plaidy and Moscheles (Pf.), E. F.
Richter, Hauptmann, and Rietz (Har-
mony and Composition) were his
teachers. 1875, appointed Prof, there.
" Technical School," " School of Ornaments,''

with a supplement about the " Metronome

and its use."

BABCOCK— BEHNING.

»35

PIANO MAKERS.

B.

Babcock, Alpheus, established (1829) in 1
Philadelphia, the inventor (1825, in I
Boston) of the complete metal frame,
with hitchpin plate, in one casting
(Babcock's iron ring) ; it was applied
to square pianos. In 1830, he took
out another patent for " cross-
stringing." The business was after-
wards carried on in Boston, Mass.

*Bacon, Francis, late Raven and Baconi
of New York. The history of this
house is as follows: 1789, Jan. 10,
I. Jacob Astor, of 81, Queen Street,
had for sale imported pianos from the
best makers in London ; 1802, Astor
retired, and was succeeded by John
and William Raff, 127, Broadway,
N.Y. ; 1815, they were succeeded by
William Dubois, 126, Broadway ; 1836,
the firm became Dubois and Bacon,
and (1841) Bacon and Raven ; 1856, by
the death of the senior Bacon, the
firm became Raven and Bacon; 1871,
Bacon and Karr ; they were succeeded
(1880) by Francis Bacon. "Bacon"
pianos were manufactured as early as
1789. 1876, the highest awards were
granted at Philadelphia ; 1856, by the
Franklin Institute of the State of
Pennsylvania, by the Metropolitan
Mechanics' Institute (N.Y. ), and (1893)
by the Columbian Exposition, Chicago.
The firm produces squares, uprights,
and grands.

♦Baldwin, D. H., and Co., of Cincinatti,
Ohio, U.S. Founded (1863) as retail
and wholesale dealers. The factory
(of uprights) was started 1891. The
firm is composed of D. H. Baldwin,
Lucien Walsin, A. A. van Buren,
George W. Armstrong, jun., and
Clarence Wulsin. "The factory of
The Baldwin Piano Co. is planned on
the best modern models, and there are
added to these many new ideas that
individualize the plant and give it a
certain distinctive character."
Bechstein, Carl, of Berlin, founder of
the celebrated firm, manufacturer to
the German Emperor, the Empress

Frederick, Queen of England, Duke of
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, &c., was born
June I, 1826, at Gotha. He worked in
several factories ; 1848-52, was manager
of Perau's piano business (Berlin) ;
studied also in London, in Paris (Pape
and Kriegelstein) , and began with very
modest means, in 1854, his present
great and highly influential business.
Almost all continental pianists use the
Bechstein instruments for their public
performances, and the beauty of their
tone, elasticity of touch, and excellent
mechanism have obtained for them
universal favour. The instruments are
made in Berlin in three distinct
factories, in which above 500 workmen
are employed, producing about 3,500
instruments per year, the greater
number being grand pianos. The
factory furnishes five styles of grands
and four styles of uprights. Bechstein
is assisted by his three sons, who take
active parts in different departments.
The King of Prussia decorated him,
and named him Counsellor of Com-
merce ; other European Sovereigns
also decorated him, and the Guild of
German musical instrument makers
elected him chairman.

•Becker, Jacob, of St. Petersburg,
founder of the firm, was born in
Neustadt a/d/Haardt ; d. 1884, St.
Petersburg. Received diplomas as
"Fournisseur de S.M. I'Empereur"
(Russia), and of the Emperor of
Austria, King of Denmark, the Grand
Dukes Vladimir, Constantin, and
Nicolai, of Russia. After his retire-
ment from the business (1871), Michael
Bietepage became the proprietor ; he
is hereditary hon. citizen of St. Peters-
burg, Commander of the St. Stanislas
Order, &c. The firm's specialty is
grand pianos.

Behning and Son,of NewYork. (1864,
Behning and Klix ; 1873, Behning and
Diehl ; 1880, Behning and Son.) Henry
Behning (b. in Hanover) served his
apprenticeship in the factories of

136

BEHR— BOSENDORFER.

Gercke and Helmholtz (must not
be confused with the eminent scientist
of the same name) ; arrived (1856)
in New York, entered the factory
of Lighte, Newton and Bradbury,
and remained there until 1857.
1864, he started business with Klix,
continued (1873) with Diehl, and, after
the latter's retirement, with his own
son Henry (b. Nov. 26, 1859, Bridge-
port, Conn.). Another son, Albert (b.
1866), is in charge of the book-keeping,
and the youngest son, Gustav(b. 1868),
superintends the factory. The firm's
chief patents are a "compensating
agraffe" (1874), "sounding-board ex-
tension for uprights" (1882), and
"concave name-board" (1875). A
new bijou instrument, the "General
Tom Thumb" piano, has been added
to their various kinds of instruments.

Behr Brothers, of New York (Henry,
b. 1848, and Edward, both b. in
Hamburg). They founded their busi-
ness in 1881. 1889, they took out
patents for their " hammer compen-
sating lever " in grand piano actions
and for their "new stringing device."
The firm was joined by Siegfried
Hansing, from Biickeburg, Germany
(b. June 12, 1842), who arrived (1884)
in America. At present the business
is a close corporation : Henry and
Edward Behr, Emil Hartzig, Charles
L. Burchard, and Siegfried Hansing.

Bent, R. M., and Co., of New York.
The firm was founded (1868) by Richard
M. Bent (b. 1834, New York, of
English parents) and James F. Beames
(d. Dec, 1889). Patents were taken
out by R. M. Bent for "detachable
arms and key bottom," for "bushed
tuning-pins in full iron-frame," and
for "practice pedal or muffler."

•Biese.Wilhelm, of Berlin, manufacturer
to the Prussian Court, b. April 20,
1823, Rathenow, near Potsdam. He
served his apprenticeship with Schulz,
and Giinther (of Magdeburg), Eck

fof Cologne), Kisting and Stocker
of Berlin). He founded the firm in
Berlin (1851). Has now 120 workmen,
and turns out about 800 instruments
(uprights) per year. In 1893 the
15,000th instrument left the workshop.
Gold medals: Stettin, 1865; Cassel,
1870; Moscow, 1872; Berlin, 1879;
Melbourne, 1880; Niirnberg, 1882, &c.
The firm is well known and greatly
respected.
•Billberg, C. H., of Goteborg (Gothen-
burg), Sweden. The bubiness was

founded 1868. After his death,
William Nilsson become proprietor
(1886). The factory makes pianinos
and grands {see J. G. Malmsjo), and
received fifteen medals and diplomas.
Gold medal, 1872, at Moscow; silver
medal, 1891, Gothenburg.

•Bliithner, Julius Ferdinand, b. March
II, 1824, Falkenhain, near Merseburg.
Piano manufactory at Leipzig. He
founded the firm (Nov. 7, 1853) with
three workmen. 1856, he introduced
a new mechanism and the "symmetri-
cal " pianos, and (about 1873) the far-
famed ' 'Aliquot "system . The business
flourished so much that in 1880 (scarcely
seventeen years after its foundation)
the 15,000th, and, in 1882, the 20,000th
instrument was sold. 1,800 pianinos
and 1,200 grands are made per year.
The factory is worked by two steam-
engines and covers an area of 24,250
square metres ; branch establishments
in London, Berlin, Hamburg, and
other towns. The following are the
medals and diplomas received : Gold
medals and first prizes — Merseburg,
1865; Paris (first prize), 1867; Chem-
nitz, 1867; Cassel (1867, centennial
medal) ; Philadelphia, 1876 ; Puebla,
1880 ; Sydney, 1879 (2) ; Melbourne,
1881 (2) and 1889. Diplomas of honour —
Vienna, 1873 ; Brunswick (as Juror),
1877 ; Amsterdam, 1883 i Teplitz (as
Juror), 1884. Personal decorations:
Knight of the Order of Saxe-Coburg-
Ernestine House, the Dannebrog,
Albrecht of Saxony, Griffin of Meck-
lenburg-Schwerin ; gold medal with the
crown, Saxe-Altenburg ; gold medal
of the Royal Italian "Bellini" Club
of Catania ; patent of manufacturer
to the Kings of Saxony and Greece;
Counsellor of Commerce, &c. The
excellence of his instruments is every-
where acknowledged and appreciated.

Boardman and Gray, of Albany, U.S.
The firm was founded (i 835) by William
Boardman (b. 1800, Albany; d. 1881),
James Gray (b. 1815, New York), and
Hazelton {see this name), the latter
working in the business. 1850, Gray
went with several instruments to
England, and introduced his patented
" Dolce Campana," insulated iron-rim
and frame, and the corrugated sounding-
board. 1877, his son, William, was
admitted as partner.

*Bosendorfer, Ludwig, of Vienna, b.
April 10, 1835. The firm was founded

(1828) by his father, Ignaz Bosendorfer
b. 1795, d. 1859, Vienna), a pupil of

BOISSELOT— BROADWOOD,

137

Brodmann, who soon succeeded in
making his name known and respected.
After his death his son, Ludwig, intro-
duced great improvements, and adapted
the construction of his pianos more to
American and English principles,
while adhering to the so-called Vienna
mechanism. His concert grands,
however, are made with the English
action. He introduced the "Piano
Imperial" (compass, 8 octaves). The
firm received the highest medals and
several diplomas, but exhibits now as
fiors concours. Received the patent
as Kaiserl Konigl.-Hof und Kammer
Pianoforte Fabrik. Ludwig was deco-
rated with the Golden Cross of Merit
with the Crown, and received the title
of Imperial Counsellor of Commerce.
1872, he opened a concert-room, in
which nearly all the chamber concerts
are given. The beauty of his pianos,
their elastic touch, excellent treble,
sonorous bass, and singing quality of
the middle registers is recognised by
all the pianists who perform in the
Austrian capital and provincial towns.
He is well known as a generous and
liberal patron of young and striving
artists.

♦Boisselot, fils et Cie, of Marseilles.
This eminent firm was founded (182S)
by Jean Louis Boisselot (b. 1788) and
his son, Louis (b. 1810, d. 1850), as
Boisselot et fils. It was continued by
the son Xavier. Since 1865, it has
been Boisselot, fils et Cie., and is
under the direction of Jean Louis's
grandson, Marie Louis Franz (b. 1845).
1844, the firm received the patent as
" Foumisseur du Roi"; 1838, as
" Fournisseur de I'lnstitut" ; 1855, the
Cross of the Legion d'honneur. Gold
medals, 1844 and 1849, Paris ; silver
medals, 1834 and 1839 ; medal of the
first class, 1859, Paris ; prize medal,
1862, London ; diplomas and medals at
the " Expositions regionales." The
firm patented pianos with "pedal
tonale," " Clediharmonique a queue,"
&c. The factory is worked by steam,
and the instruments are greatly
esteemed.

•Bord, A., et Cie., of Paris. This well-
known factory was founded (1840) by
Jean Denis Antoine Bord (b. 1814, d.
March 4, 1888, Paris). The firm
employs 300 workmen (up to 1893
had made 84,000 instruments, mostly
pianinos), uses steam power in the
chief factory at St. Ouen (Seine), and
makes ten instruments per day. Bord

was Knight of the Legion of Honour,
member of the Jury at Paris (1878),
Rouen, and Bordeaux. Gold medal,
Lyons, 1872 ; Melbourne, 1880 ; Bor-
deaux, 1S82; Amsterdam, 1883; Rouen,
1884 ; Paris, 1889 ; prize medal, London,
1862.

Desert and Schomaker, of Phila-
delphia. (See Schomaker and Co.)

•Bretschneider, Alexander, of Leipzig.
Founded 1833, by Ludwig Alexander
Bretschneider (b. 1806, Gera ; d. 1870,
Leipzig). He was succeeded by his
son, Robert. The firm makes grands
and uprights, and enjoys a good
reputation for solidity of construction,
evenness of tone, and elasticity of
touch.

Briggs and Co., of Boston, Mass. C.
C. Briggs entered (1854) the business
of Emerson, soon became foreman, con-
tributed materially to the improvement
of the Emerson pianos [see Emerson),
and, entering (1861) into partnership
with George M. Guild [see this name),
founded the firm Guild and Co. After
some years he entered into business
with his son, C. C. Briggs, jun.
Briggs and Co. were among the first
to develop the resources of the upright
in America for general use.

*3rinsniead,John,and Sons, of London.
Founded (1837) by John Brinsmead,
in Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square;
moved from there to Tottenham Court
Road, and eventually to Kentish Town ;
the warehouse is in Wigmore Street,
Cavendish Square. The firm turns out
about 2,000 instruments per year, and
patented a perfect check repeater.
Has exhibited in European and
Colonial towns, and received many
medals and diplomas. The principal
of the firm was decorated with the
Legion of Honour (1878) and a
Portuguese Order (1883). His son,
Edgar, is the author of a " History of
the Piano." Medals: London, 1862,
1884, 1885; Paris, 1867, 1870, 1874,
1878; Jamaica, 1891; Edinburgh, 1890;
Barcelona, 1888 ; Calcutta, 1884 ; New
Zealand, 1882 ; Melbourne, 1881 ;
Naples, 1886, &c.

*Broadwood, John, and Sons. Ware-
houses : 33, Great Pulteney Street ; 9,
Golden Square ; and Bridle Lane,
London. Manufactory : Horseferry
Road, Wood Wharf, Grosvenor Road,
Westminster. Founded (1732) at Great
Pulteney Street, by Burkat Shudi
(Burkhard Tschudi). Shudi (b. 1702,
^- 1773)1 harpsichord maker, took

138

BROWN— BROWNE.

John Broadwood (b. 1732, d. 1812)
into partnership (known as Shudi
and Broadwood) in 1770. Shudi's
patent for the Venetian swell in
harpsichords (No. 947, 1769) was
for an invention subsequently trans-
ferred to the organ. After Shudi's
demise John Broadwood continued the
business with Shudi's son, Burkat —
an arrangement which lasted about
nine years, and then left John Broad-
wood sole proprietor. After the elder
Shudi's death, John Broadwood de-
voted himself to the improvement of
the newly introduced pianoforte. His
patent (No. 1379, 1783) was for the
invention of the loud and soft pedals,
and an entire remodelling of the square
piano. About 1788 he divided the
belly bridge, the lower section to carry
the bass strings. As he did not patent
this invention, it was at once univer-
sally adopted. 1795, he took his son,
James Shudi (b. 1772, d. 1851) into
partnership, and the firm became
John Broadwood and Son ; 1808, by
the admission of another son, Thomas,
the firm became Broadwood and Sons.
The most important invention intro-
duced by James and Thomas Broad-
wood was the metal string plate, first
applied in 1822, and patented in com-
bination with metal bars (No. 5,485)
in 1827. 1834, Henry Fowler Broad-
wood (b. iSii.d. 1893) joined the firm,
and for more than fifty years was the
leading partner. 1847, he invented
the grand piano in a complete iron
frame, combined with a diagonal bar.
Averse to patents, he took no steps
to protect this or any improvement
effected during his control, with the
exception of an iron pin-piece and
screw tuning-pins (No. 1,283, 1862).
1843, Walter Stewart Broadwood and
Thomas Broadwood, jun., became
partners; 1857, George Thomas Rose,
Fr. Rose, and, until 1861, John Reid ;
1881, Henry John Tschudi Broadwood!;
1883, Geo. Daniel Rose ; 1890, James
Henry Tschudi Broadwood ; and (1894)
W. C. Dobbs, grandson of H. F.
Broadwood and, in direct descent, of
the sixth generation, counting from
Shudi. The last four, with Fr. Rose,
form the present firm (1895). Recent
patents are (No. 1,231, 1888) for a steel
frame piano without baas, taken out
by H. J. Tschudi Broadwood, and
(No. 7,665, provisionally, 1893) for an
improvement in the repetition grand
action, by G. D. Rose. The medals
awarded to the firm in connection with

Exhibitions are dated 1851, 1862 ;
Paris, 1867 (first gold medal for
England) ; and in the last important
piano competition, which took place at
the Inventions Exhibition, 1885, a gold
medal, and, in addition, the further
honour of the gold medal of the Society
of Arts. A gold medal was also
received from the Tasmanian Exhibi-
tion, 1892. From 1740, and, it may
be, earlier, this house has had the
patroucige of the English Court. It
is the oldest pianoforte business in
the world, and is probably the oldest
existing in England of any kind still
located in the original premises.

[Besides the great merits this firm
may honourably claim as manufac-
turers, there is another, and not the
least, which they could not themselves
advert to, but may be justly added;
and that is the most generous manner
in which they have assisted some of
the foremost English musicians to
pursue their studies in Germany, and
have foimd opportunities for removing
otherwise almost insuperable difficul-
ties for young artists in the early days
of their career.]
Brown and Hallett, of Boston, Mass.,
established 1835. Edwin Brown took
out patents for several important im-
provements. {See Hallett, Davis & Co.)

Brown, Simpson & Co., of Worcester,
Mass. Founded Aug. 10, 1883, by
Theodor Brown (b. Oct. 2, i860.
Maiden, Mass.). The specialty of their
instruments is " first-class in every
respect." A gold medal was granted
at New England Fair, 1889.

•Browne, Justin, piano manufacturer,
London; b. Dec. 21, 1838, London.
He served his apprenticeship with
Messrs. Ennever and Son, and was sub-
sequently with Messrs. Broadwood ajid
Sons, and Erard. He started his own
business in 1864, and is now in the
first rank of English piano makers.
The secret of his success was the intro-
duction of a new iron frame, which
was registered under the number of
32,924. His uprights are built on
exactly the same lines as horizontal
grand pianos, and thus stand equally
well in tune ; they combine all the im-
provements which produce delicacy
and responsiveness of touch, perfection
of repetition, &c. During the last
thirty years above 16,000 instruments
have been sold in the home and foreign
markets. Prize medal, London, 1885 ;
gold medal, Liverpool, 1886 ; highest

CHALLEN— COLLARD.

139

award, New Zealand Exhibition, 1890-
These are the only exhibitions where
his instruments were shown. Vice-
President of the Musical Trades Asso-

ciation, and elected by the London
Chamber of Arbitration as Arbitrator
to settle disputes in connection with
the music trade and profession.

c.

*Challen and Son, of London. Founded
(1804J by Thomas Butcher, who retired
(1830) and was succeeded by William
Challen (associated with him since
1816). He died 1861, having retired
in favour of his son, C. Challen. 1862,
C. Challen entered into partnership
with the publishers, Duff and Hodgson ;
after the death of Duflf (1863) and
Hodgson (1873), C. H. Challen was
admitted as partner, the style of the
firm being altered to Challen and Son.
Their upright pianos enjoy a well-
merited and extensive reputation.
Among many medals received in 1862,
1877, 1881, 1885, 1886, is the "Medaille
d'honneur" awarded at the Paris Ex-
hibition, 1878. One of their specialties
is the " Dulcephone," or piano lone
moderator.

•Chappell & Co., of London (warehouse,
53, New Bond Street ; factory, Belmont
Street, Chalk Farm Road.N.W.). The
firm commenced 1861 and has, up to
the present time (1893), made up-
wards of 30,000 instruments. Thomas
Chappell, as head of the firm, takes
great interest in the improvement of
the instruments and the enlargement of
this successful business. The special-
ties are "Student's Piano" (five
octaves), school pianinos, cottage
oblique, overstrung and horizontal
grand pianos, the Eolian piano (a com-
bination of piano and harmonium),
and yacht pianinos with folding key-
board. The latest improvement is the
" upright grand." Since 1862, the firm
has received nine medals.

*Chickering and Sons, of Boston and
New York. This far-famed factory
was founded in April, 1823, by Jonas
Chickering (b. April 5, 1798, Mason,
New Hampshire; d. Dec. 8, 1853).
At present, Geo. H. Chickering is
president ; Henry Saltonstall, vice-
president ; and C. H. W. Foster,
treasurer of the very extensive
business. At first Jonas Chickering
only made square pianos ; these
were succeeded (1830) by uprights,
and (1840) by grands. Of square
pianos three different kinds are made,

of uprights the same number, and of
grand pianos the firm makes small
parlour grands, semi-grands, and full
concert grands. Up to March, 1894,
84,000 instruments had been sold.
Medals were obtained — 1876 (gold),
Paris ; 1875 (first grand gold), Santiago
de Chili; 1876 (gold), Philadelphia;

1883, Cork ; 1884, London, Crystal
Palace; three first gold medals at
exhibitions in the United States during

1884. " In all a total of 128 first
medals and awards." Cross of the
Legion of Honour, 1867 (Paris). The
factory, in Tremont Street, Boston,
has about five acres of floor space.
The beauty and solidity of the instru-
ments have been acknowledged by the
most celebrated artists of the present
time.

♦Collard and Collard, of London. The
founders of this celebrated firm were
the publishers, Longman and Broderip,
located, since 1767, at 26, Cheapside,
London. They were joined (1798-
1800) by Muzio Clementi, who invested
part of his money in the factory, and
succeeded by degrees, in company
with F. W. and W. P. Collard, in
gaining a lasting reputation for their
instruments. 1798-1800, the firm was
Clementi and Co. Clementi did not
possess any practical knowledge of piano
construction, but suggested all possible
advantageous points for the performer,
whilst F. W. Collard took out (as early
as 1 811) patents for important improve-
ments. After the retirement of Cle-
menti, the firm became Collard and
Collard. On the decease of F. W.
Collard and the retirement of F. W.
Collard, jun. (1859), Charles Lukey
Collard, who was left sole remaining
partner, determined to remove the head-
quarters of the firm to the West-End
(Grosvenor Street), when an enormous
expansion of trade followed. Charles
L. Collard died at his Bournemouth
residence (Ravensworth) on Dec. 9,
1 89 1. The names of the present
partners are William Stuartson Collard,
John Clementi Collard, and Cecil
Collard. The world-wide fame which

140

CONOVER— DUYSEN.

the Collard and Collard pianos have
obtained through their solidity of
construction, extraordinary durability,
brightness and sweetness of tone, is so
great as to need no further comment.

Conover Brothers, of Kansas City and
New York (J. Frank Conover, b.
Jan. 31, 1843, and George H. Conover,
b. June 20, 1844). The firm was estab-
lished (1870) in Kansas and (1880) in
New York. The Kansas business was
sold in Jan., 1889. Patents have been
taken out since 1878 : 1884, for a
"duplex bridge with auxiliary vibra-
tors." According to reports, the
accuracy of which cannot be vouched
for, the business was given up in 1893.

♦Cramer and Co., of London. The
business was started (1865) by George
Wood, in connection with the well-

known music warehouse established
(1824) in Regent Street. Specialties
are pianettes, uprights, and grands,
also table and yacht pianos. Silver
medal, 1885, in London.

Cristofori, Bartolommeo di Francesco
(b. 1651 ; d. 1731), a harpsichord
maker, of Padua, afterwards of
Florence, in the service of Prince
Ferdinand dei Medici, and, at last, of
the Grand Duke ; the inventor of the
pianoforte. In 1709, Cristofori had
made four pianofortes, three being of
the usual harpsichord or grand form,
the other not described. Two grand
pianos by him are still existing in
Florence, dated respectively 1720 and
1726. The action of these instruments
is complete, with escapement, check,
and damper.

D.

Decker Brothers, of New York (David
and Johann Jacob, both born in
Germany). "They have, from 1862
to 1890, kept well in the front rank,"
and are known and esteemed for their
intelligence, self-confidence, practical
skill, and sympathy with musical art.
David retired several years ago. The
firm has taken out five patents.

Decker and Son, of New York. Founded
by Myron A. Decker (b. 1823, Man-
chester, Ontario, C. of New York),
who arrived {1844) ^ New York;
" served four years' apprenticeship in
the shop of Van Winckle"; accepted
(1849) an offer to go to Albany, to the
firm of Boardman and Gray ; started
(1856) his own business in Albany,
and opened (1864) his house in New
York. Since 1875 his son, Frank C.
Decker (b. 1858), has been partner.
The firm enjoys great popularity, and
the Decker pianos have a ready sale.

•Domer, P., and Son, of Stuttgart.
The firm was founded by Fr. Dorner
(b. 1806, Stuttgart ; d. there Jan. 21,
1882) in 1830, and soon obtained the

patronage of his countrymen, and,
later, of the public of other countries.
The firm obtained twelve first medals,
the patent as manufacturers to the
Court of Wurtemberg and to H.R.H.
the Prince of Hohenzollern, and the
principal was decorated with the
"Friedrich" Order. Their pianinos
and grands are solidly constructed,
and possess all the most important
improvements of recent date.

*Duysen, Jes Lewe, of Berlin, b. Aug.
I, 1 82 1, Flensburg. He served his
apprenticeship in the factory of
Hansen (Flensburg). i860, he estab-
lished himself at Berlin, and was soon
successful, the construction, tone,
touch, and solidity of his instruments
being much admired. The factory
turns out 250 pianinos and 200 grands
per year. Manufacturer to the German
Emperor and Graod Duke of Saxe-
Weimar ; Counsellor of Commerce ;
Knight of the Prussian Crown and of
a Tunisian Order. First medal:
Vienna, 1873; Santiago, 1875 ; Utrecht,
1876; Berlin, 1879.

EAVESTAFF— FISCHER.

T41

E.

♦Eavestaff, W. G., and Sons, of
London. The factory was founded
by William Eavestaff (1823) and carried
on, since 1851, by his son, William G.
Eavestaff. The specialty of their
uprights is full and rich tone, excellent
repetition, and evenness of registers.
1855, the firm introduced entire cast-
iron frames. The Eavestaflf pianinos
belong to the best manufactured in
England.

♦Eck and Lefdbvre (late of Cologne).
This, for a short time (1840-44), cele-
brated and valued firm, was founded
by Jacob Eck (b. 1804), who was
joined by Lefebvre. Without any
fault of theirs, the business had to be
liquidated, and Eck retired to Ziirich,
where he died about 1849.

Emerson Piano Company, of Boston,
Mass. Founded (1849) by William P.
Emerson. 1854, C. C. Briggs (see this
name) entered the shop, became fore-
man at once, and contributed materially
towards the reputation of the company.
Briggs left (1861), and joined G. M.
Guild in the establishment of the firm
M. Guild and Co.

Erard, of Paris and London. This
world-wide knovim firm was founded
by Sebastian Erard (Erhard), b. April
5, 1752, Strassburg ; d. Aug. 5, 1831,
at his chateau, near Passy, Paris.
About 1772 he established himself
with his brother, Jean Baptiste, in the
Rue de Bourbon (Paris) . The branch
establishment in London was opened
1786, and the firm obtained both in

England and France a great reputation
and permanent success. 1821, the
highly important repetition action was
invented. After Sebastian Erard's
death the business passed into the
hands of his nephew, Pierre Erard (b.
1796, d. Aug. 18, 1855), who published
(1834) " Perfectionnement apport^s
dans le m^canisme du piano par les
Erard depuis I'origine de cet instrument
jusqu'a I'exposition de 1834." Pierre
was succeeded by the nephew of his
wife, Pierre Schaffer (d. 1878), and the
proprietor of the business is now
Comte de Franqueville. The London
manufactory has been discontinued
since 1890. The Erard firm has been
connected with all the foremost pianists
(Chopin excepted) of our time. Piano
maker to H.M. Queen Victoria, the
Prince and Princess of Wales, the
Queens of Spain and Belgium. Only
Council medal, London, 1851 ; Grand
Prix de Paris, 1889 ; gold medal, Paris,
1819, 1823, 1827, 1834, 1839, 1844, 1851,
1855, 1878 ; and medals (2), Sydney,
1879 ; Melbourne (3), i88o ; Kimberley,
1892.

Estey Piano, The, formerly known as
" Arion " piano, manufactured by
Simpson and Co., which is now the
" Estey" Company (New York). The
manager is at present Stephen Bram-
bach (brother of the celebrated com-
poser of Bonn on the Rhine), whilst
another brother, Carl, also entered
the business. R. Proddow and J. B.
Simpson are the principals.

F.

"Fischer, J. and C, of New York. This
iirm, at first established in Naples
(Italy), was started (1840) in New York
by John N. and Charles S. Fischer,
both born in Naples. They manu-

facture grand and upright pianos, and
have received, among other medals,
those of the Exhibitions at Montreal,
1881 ; New Orleans, 1885 ; and Chicago,
1893.

142

GALE— HALS.

G.

Gale, A. H., and Co., of New York (see
New York Piano Co.). Their pianos
were familiar features of the American
trade for upward of thirty years ; but
the firm disappeared about 1870.

Geib, John, probably a German, was a
square pianoforte maker in London,
and is known to have made such
instruments for Longman and Broderip,
in Cheapside. His claim to permanent
record rests upon his having invented
the "hopper," a form of escapement
lever that was employed in square
and upright pianos for many years.
He patented this invention in 1786.
He transferred his business to New
York, John and Adam Geib appearing
as piano makers in the directory of
that city in 1807. He appears to have
died before 1809, but the name has
been carried on in different American
firms until a recent date.

•Graf, Conrad, of Vienna, b. Nov. 17,
1782, Riedlingen (Wiirtemberg) ; d.
March 18, 1851, Vienna. At first a
cabinet maker. 1799, had to serve in
the Voluntary Rifle Corps of Vienna ;
1802, he entered the business of
Schelkle (Vienna) as a workman, and

developed such remarkable talent for
mechanical works that, in 1804, he was
able to establish himself as piano
maker. Being a man of great energy,
perseverance, and industry, he has
succeeded in gaining, since 1830, a
great reputation for his pianos, which
were used by Thalberg, Liszt, Dohler,
Willmers, Sophie Bohrer, and other
eminent performers. On the occasion
of the marriage of Clara Wieck with
Robert Schumann, Graf presented the
bride with an excellent piano of his
manufacture, which Robert Schumann
liked so much that he used it until his
death, after which it came into the
possession of Johannes Brahms, who
presented it to the Museum of the
" Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde "
(Vienna). Graf received the patent
as manufacturer to the Imperial and
Royal Court of Austria, and several
gold medals. The great reputation of
the " Vienna" pianos rests principally
on those made by Streicher and Graf,
and, in later years, by Bosendorfer.
Guild, George M., of Boston, Mass.
The pianos made since i86i {see
Briggs) "are well known for their
modest price."

H.

*Hagspiel and Co., of Dresden
Founded (1851) by Gustav Hagspiel
(b. 1820, d. 1879), and is at present
under the direction of his son, Oscar
(b. 1852). The specialty is the so-
called " semi-grand." These instru-
ments have obtained considerable
fame, and brought to the fijrm medals
— Dresden, 1871 and 1875 ; Chemnitz,
1867; Vienna, 1873; San Jago, 1875;
Graz, 1880; and London, 1884. The
King of Saxony named him manufac-
turer to the Court.

Haines Brothers. Napoleon J. Haines
(b. 1824, London) and Francis W.
Haines (d. Sept. 18, 1887), of New
York. The brothers worked from
1839 in the shop of the New York
Piano Manufacturing Company, and
started business on their own account
in 1 85 1. The firm soon gained a
foremost place. Since 1870 they have

directed their chief attention to the
manufacture of uprights, and have left
off making square pianos.

Hallet, Davis and Co., of Boston,
Mass. ; followed the firm of Brown
and Hallet (see this firm), under the
direction of Russell Hallet and George
Davis. The latter died in 1879, when
the firm was changed into Hallet and
Allen.

Hallet and Allen (later, Hallet and
Cumston). 1839. Cumston took out a
patent for a damper improvement in
squares.

*Hals Brothers, of Christiania (Norway).
Manufacturers to the King of Sweden
and Norway. The firm was established
on Nov. 3, 1847, t>y the brothers Karl
and Fetter Hals. The latter died 1871,
and Karl carried on the business alone
(b. April 27, 1822) on the family estate.

HARDMAN— HERZ.

143

Willberg, near Christiania. His sons,
Thor and Sigurd, entered later as
partners. The firm employs 100 work-
men ; produces 10 to 12 instruments
per week — concert grands, semi-grands,
and uprights. A music warehouse is
connected with the manufactory ; and
in the adjoining concert-room (holding
600 persons) the principal concerts of
native and foreign artists are given.
The principal is Commander of the St.
Olaf Order (Norway), Danebrog (Den-
mark), and Knight of the Legion of
Honour ; also gold medalist of King
Oscar II. Medals received: London,
1862; Stockholm, 1866; Paris, 1867,
1878, and 1880 ; Drammen, 1873 ;
Christiania, 1874 and t88o; Melbourne,
1888.

Hardman, Peck and Co., of New York.
Founded, 1842, by Hugh Hardman ;
later, the firm consisted of John
Hardman (son of Hugh Hardman,
who retired) and Leopold Peck. John
Hardman died Nov. 10, 1889, but the
name of the firm remains unaltered.
Among the patented improvements
used are a "key frame support" and
a "harp stop."

Hawkins, John Isaac, an Englishman,
who, by the way, invented ever-pointed
pencils, has the great merit of having
invented the modern upright piano-
forte, with the strings descending
below the keyboard and the bottom
of the instrument resting upon the
floor. Before his, upright pianos were
either grand or square pianos turned
up on end, and resting upon a stand
or framed support. He patented his
invention for a "portable grand," as
he called it, at Philadelphia, U.S.A.,
where he was living at the time, in
Feb., 1800, and in the same year he
patented it in London, through his
father, Isaac Hawkins. The specifica-
tion contains a remarkable bundle of
inventions, some of which have since
been developed with important results.
Hawkins's "portable grand" is the
modern cottage piano, but with the
instrument independent of the case,
in an iron frame, and the wrest-plank
resting upon a metal support. It has
an equal length of string throughout,
tuning by mechanical screws, and a
system of iron rods at the back to
resist the tension ; also metal supports
to the action, which, in its principle,
anticipated Wornum's famous action ;
finally, a folding keyboard and a
"volte subito," or leaf-turner. Other
ideas in his patent are not carried out

in the specimen Messrs. Broad wood
possess. One was coiled strings in the
bass, to do away with tension ; another
a sostenente, to be attained by a rapid
reiteration of the hammer blow. He
introduced this sostenente by means of
a ring-bow mechanism in an instrument
he called the " claviol," resembling
a cabinet piano, in a concert at Phila-
delphia, June 21, 1802. He removed
to Bordentown, New Jersey, and, in
1813, went to England to exhibit his
inventions, which had been, however,
to a certain extent, already appro-
priated. He subsequently became a
prominent member of the Institution
of Civil Engineers. The years of his
birth and death do not appear to be
recorded.

Hazelton Brothers, of New York.
The firm was founded by Henry
Hazelton (b. 1816, New York). 1831,
he served seven years' apprenticeship
in the factory of Dubois and Stodart.
May 19, 1838, he went, in company
with James A. Gray and other young
piano makers, to Albany, and entered
the business of William G. Boardman ;
but soon after he engaged in the
manufacture of the " Hazelton "
pianos, having as partners A. G. Lyon
and Talbot. 1841, he removed to New
York, and associated (1850) vdth his
brothers Frederick and John, when
the name of the firm became Hazelton
Brothers. They build grands, squares,
and uprights, the excellence of which
has won a high reputation for the
makers.

*Herz, Henri, of Paris. This celebrated
manufactory was founded 1825, and
obtained, after a comparatively short
time, a European reputation. The
fine, rich tone, evenness of registers,
and excellence of touch were every-
where admired, and won for their
grands and uprights the following
distinctions : — Gold medals : Paris,
1844, 1878, Medals of honour : Paris,
1855; Oporto, 1865; Melbourne, 1880,
1 88 1, 1B89; London, 1862. Diplomas
of honour: Metz and Nantes, 1861 ;
Bordeaux, 1865 ; Amsterdam, 1869 ;
Paris, 1875. Hors concours: Paris,
1867; Lyons, 1872. 1864, he received
the patent as " Fournisseur de I'lm-
peratrice des Frangais." (For other
distinctions, see Henri Herz.) Up to
the present (1893) 33. 5°° instruments
have been sold. After Herz's death
(Jan. 5, 1888) the business was con-
tinued by Amedee Thibout et Cie.
Thibout is " Officier de 1' Academic."

144

HOPKINSON— IVERS.

•Hopkinson, J. and J., of London.
Founded by John Hopkinson, b. Dec.
5, 1811, Chatham; d. April 4, 1886,
Criccieth (North Wales). 1835, he
began to make pianos at Leeds, but,
taking his brother James into partner-
ship, moved (1846) to London, and
opened warerooms in Soho Square,
employing six workmen and two ap-
prentices. 1851, he took out a patent
for a repetition and tremolo action on
an entirely new principle. 1853, anew
factory was built in Diana Place, Euston
Road, but destroyed by fire in 1856 :
during the rebuilding of the factory,
the warerooms were removed to 235,
Regent Street, where the business was
carried on for twenty -six years. James
Hopkinson, who had, till 1856,
managed the business at Leeds, came
to London, leaving another brother,
Thomas Barker Hopkinson, as his
successor at Leeds. 1866, a new
factory was built at Fitzroy Road,
Primrose Hill. i86g, John Hopkinson
retired, and two sons of James
Hopkinson (John and James) were
(1874) admitted as partners. The
warerooms were moved to 95, New
Bond Street. 1883, James Hopkinson
(sen.) retired, and William Wood, a
trusted superintendent of the business,
was taken as partner. The firm re-
ceived the following medals: — 1851,
prize medal, London ; 1855, gold medal,
Paris ; 1862, prize medal, London ; first

class medals were gained at Wakefield,
Dublin, and York (1885 and 1886)
Dublin and Leeds (1872 and 1875)
Only gold medal for England, 1878
Paris ; prize medal, York, 1879 ; Edin
burgh, i886; gold medal, London
1885, and Melbourne, 1888. The ware
rooms are at present (1892) at 34-36
Margaret Street, Cavendish Square
London.

"Hornung and MoUer, of Copenhagen,
manufacturers to the Danish Court.
The manufactory was founded (1827)
by Conrad Christian Hornung, b. July
I, 1801, Skjelsbor, Island of Seeland
(Denmark), who transferred it (1851)
to his former assistant, Hans Petter
Moller (b. May, 1802, Copenhagen).
It was still called Hornung and Moller.
1842, the firm introduced the entire
cast-iron frame. The factory is worked
by steam aud employs about 100 work-
men. The excellence of the instru-
ments is generally acknowledged.

^Hiiniand Hiibert, of Zurich. This once
highly successful firm was founded by
Hiini, a native of Switzerland, and
Hiibert, a German ; their successors
were the brothers Bourry from Alsace.
After a conflagration in 1885, which
destroyed the factory, the business was
given up. The pianos exhibited (1862)
in London showed extreme solidity
and general beauty and excellence of
tone and touch.

I.

♦Ibach, Rudolf Johann, of Barmen,
Schwelm, and Cologne. This cele-
brated firm was founded (1794) by
Johannes Adolph Ibach (b. 1766, Bar-
men ; d. there 1848) ; he was succeeded
by his eldest son, Rudolf (1804-63),
who was succeeded by his eldest
son, Rudolf (1843 - 92), who was
succeeded on his death by his sons.
Manufacturers to the King of Prussia,
Duke of Meiningen, &c. The beauty
and solidity of their grand pianos,
uprights and school instruments are
well known, and won diplomas and
medals of the highest class in the Exhi-
bitions of Diisseldorf, Aix-la-Chapelle,
London, Altona, Dresden, Vienna,
Philadelphia, Melbourne, and Sydney.
Branch establishments in London,
Berlin, and Cologne.

*Irmler, sen., J. G., of Leipzig. The
business was founded 11818), by Joh.
Christian Gottlieb Irmler, b. Feb. 11,
1790, Grumbach, near Dresden ; d.
1857, Leipzig. His successors were
his sons. Otto and Oswald, and his
grandson, Emil Irmler. Manufacturers
to the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-
Schwerin. The excellence of their
pianos was recognised by several
medals and diplomas, and (1842) a gold
medal for special merit from the King
of Saxony.

Ivers, Pond and Co., of Boston, Mass.
The business was started (1872) by
William H. Ivers, a graduate of the
Chickering Factory (Boston. Since
1872 he has patented many improve-
ments.

JAMES— KIRKMAN.

145

James and Holstrom, of New York.
This successful firm was founded in
1873, and, according to Spillane, the
historian of the American piano,

K.

*Kaim und Sohn (formerly Kaim and
Giinther), of Kirchheim and Teck,
near Stuttgart; founded, 18 19, by
Franz Kaim. Their grand pianos,
uprights, and square pianos for hot
climates received medals wherever
they were exhibited. The firm holds
appointments to the Kings of Bavaria
and Wiirtemberg and other princely
houses. Branch establishments in
Munich, Augsburg, and Stuttgart,
whilst their instruments are sold in
London (84, New Bond Street).
Kaps, Ernst, of Dresden, manufacturer
to the Court of Saxony, b. Dec. 6,
1826, Dobeln (Saxony); d. Feb., 1887,
Dresden. After having visited the
best factories of Copenhagen, Stock-
holm, Paris, Italy, and London, and
worked in several of them, he estab-
lished himself (1859) in Dresden, and
succeeded after a short time in getting
many orders for his (now well-known)
short grands. He patented a " Re-
sonator Patent Fliigel," a " Pianino n it
Ton-Refiektor," and advertised the
" Piano a pittura " and the " Resonator
Mascagni Fliigel." He was succeeded
by his sons.
Keller Brothers and Blight Co.,
The, of Bridgeport, Ct. The firm was
founded by Joseph Keller (b. Sept.,
1856, New York) in 1882. The
specialty of the firm is upright pianos,
for which they have received several
State Fair medals.
Kirkman and Son. This firm was
founded by Jacob Kirchmann (the c has
been dropped and the h altered into k
in the present century 1 in the neigh-
bourhood of Golden Square, London,
before 1740, and is one of the two
oldest houses in the pianoforte trade
now existing.

Whereas Mr. Hermann Tabel, late of
Swallow Street, the famous Harpsichord
maker, dead, hath left several fine Harpsi-
chords to be disposed of by Mr. Kirckman,
his late Foreman ; this is to acquaint the
Curious, that the said Harpsichords, which
are the finest he ever made, are to be seen at
the said Mr. Kirckman's, the corner of
Pultcney Court in Cambridge Street, over
against bilver Street, near Golden Square. —
Daily Gazetteer, May 8, 1739.

their instruments have come to be
known as reliable in every sense.
They have a good musical connec-
tion.

According to the parish books of
St. James's, he rented a house in
Great Pulteney Street East, on the
opposite side of the way to his rival,
Shudi, from June, 1739, to the end of
1749. The rate book of 1750 is not
forthcoming, and in the next year
he had gone elsewhere. Jacob
Kirckman acquired a great repu-
tation as a maker of spinets and
harpsichords; in the time of Dr.
Burney his business was carried on at
the sign of "The King's Arms" (now
No. 19, Broad Street, Soho), which
testifies to the patronage he was
honoured with from George II. and
George III. He married the widow
of his former master, Tabel, a harpsi-
chord maker in Swallow Street, Picca-
dilly, and having no children by this
marriage, he ultimately took (about
1770) his nephew, Abraham Kirkman,
into partnership with him. He died,
according to Burney, about 1778.
Towards the end of the century a
Joseph Kirkman owned the business
alone. There is a harpsichord of his
make existing dated 1798. The Kirk-
mans began to make pianofortes as
early as 1774, and the development of
the instrument, in their hands, followed
on similar lines to those adopted by their
contemporaries. The second Joseph
Kirkman (who died, aged eighty-seven,
in 1877) became the head of an im-
portant pianoforte business, which was
much advanced by his second son,
Henry, who, however, predeceased
him.

'After 1877 it was continued for his
eldest son, Joseph, and, since 1883,
has been controlled by his grandson,
Henry Reece, representing the fifth
generation of the same family. Kirk-
mans removed from Broad Street to
No. 3, Soho Square, in 1820, and, in
1893, to George Street, Hanover
Square, premises formerly the well
known Edwards Hotel. The manu-
factory has been at Hammersmitli
since 1866. Two of Kirkman's patents
deserve notice : — (i) For the use of

146

KNABE— KROEGER.

wrought steel tension bars and wrest-
plank for horizontal grand pianos,
taken out in i8fo, and renewed in
1877; and (2) the "Melo" attach-
ment for grand pianos, an Italian
invention bought by them in 1875
(relinquished in 1882). Influenced by
the German school of pianoforte
making, they early adopted the " over-
strung" system, but, after careful
trial, abandoned it. They, however,
aim at a compromise between the
German and English systems, and
also use the Herz-Erard action in
their grand pianos. In exhibitions,
the Kirkman firm has been awarded
a silver medal in 1851 and a prize
medal in 1862, the medal of progress
at Vienna in 1873, and a gold medal
at the Inventions Exhibition, 1885.

Knabe, William, of Baltimore, b. 1803,
Kreuzburg, district Oppeln (Prussia) ;
d. 1864, Baltimore. On his arrival in
America he worked in Hartye's factory,
and then started a business (1839) with
Henry Gaehle. The partnership was
dissolved in 1854. i860, the great
excellence of the Knabe pianos was
generally recognised and willingly
acknowledged. He was succeeded by
his sons, William (1841-1889) and
Ernest, and a relative, Charles Keidel.

♦Knake, Gebriider, of Miinster, West-
phalia. The firm was founded (1808)
at Heiden (Westphalia), by Joh. Bern-
hard Knake (b. July 18, 1774, Heiden ;
d. there Aug. 10, 1856). After 1840
the factory removed to Miinster,
where it is carried on by J. B.
Knake's son and grandsons. The
excellence of their small grands and
uprights has been acknowledged for
many years, and the firm is decidedly
successful. Medals were received in
London, 1862 ; Paris, 1867 ; and
Barcelona, 1888.

•Knauss, Sohne, of Coblenz o/Rhine
(proprietors, Emil and Rudolph
Knauss). The manufactory was
founded 1821. Received the Govern-
ment gold medal and patent as
manufacturer to the German Emperor.
The factory is worked by steam, and
turns out 1,600 uprights and short
grands (cross-stringed). The firm has
an agency in London.

Krakauer Brothers, of New York. The
business was started in 1878. Krakauer,
sen., was once a teacher of music of
some note. He arrived (1853) with
his family in New York. The son,
Daniel, is an experienced pianist.

*Kranich and Bach, of New York.
Established (1864) by Helmuth Kra-
nich and Jacques Bach (both b. 1833,
in Germany). The specialties of their
instruments are : styles of cases, patent
action rack, patent spiral temperature
spring, patent sounding-board, patent
dampers, and patent music or note
rack ; also patent grand action (' ' the
best used") and sustaining pedal.
Medals were received at Philadelphia,
1876; Boston Mechanics' Fair, 1887;
Piedmont Exposition and Atalanta
Government, 1891 and 1892 ; and
World's Fair, Chicago, 1893.

♦Kriegelstein & Co., of Paris. Founded
(1831) by Jean Georges Kriegelstein
(b. 1801, Riquewihr, Upper Rhine;
d. Nov. 20, 1865, Paris). He estab-
lished himself with Arnaud, and re-
ceived, as early as 1834, medals for
great improvements : in square pianos
for hammers striking from above;
1839, for a grand piano with improved
dampers ; 1841, for introducing
"agraffes de precision pour faciliter
I'accord"; 1844, for a simplified
"double echappement," &c. 1842, he
invented a Mignon pianino of only
42 J inches height, which created
general admiration, and was the
theme of great praise in the London
Exhibition of 1862. It is an elegant
and delightful instrument, rich in
tone and even in the registers. 1858,
he transferred the business to his son,
Charles (b. Dec. 16, 1839, Paris). The
firm makes ten different pianos. Silver
medals: 1834, 1839, 1867, 1878 (Paris);
gold medals : 1844, 1849, 1855, 1875
(Paris); Bordeaux, 1859, 1865, 1882;
Havre, 1868; Altona, 1869; Antwerp,
1885. Prize medal, 1862, London;
1876, Philadelphia; Medaille unique,
1893, Chicago, hors concours; 1872,
Lyons, diplom^ d'honneur. The well-
merited reputation of his instruments
is based upon their extreme solidity
and rich tone.

""Kroeger, Henry, and Sons, of New
York. Founded by Henry Kroeger
(b. Nov. 1, 1827, Hamburg). Associated
with him were his sons, Henry (b.
May 24, 1859, New York ; d. there
Aug. 17, 1890) and Otto (b. March 25,
1863, New York). Henry, sen., served
his apprenticeship (1847-55) ^^ Ham
burg. He arrived (1855) in New York,
and was employed in the factory of
Steinway and Sons. The firm's
principal patents relate to a Capo

KURTZMANN— MAND.

M7

d'astro (1866) and an acoustic patent
for a method of sounding-board
adjustment. The business is a very
thriving one.
♦Kurtzmann, C, and Co., of Buffalo,
New York. Founded (1848) by
Christian Kurtzmann (now deceased),
and is at present directed by L. S.

Kurtzmann and A. Ge6ger. They
make upright pianos (high grade),
employing 150 workmen in a large
factory (corner of Niagara Street and
Penn Avenue). "They ship to all
parts of the United States, and have
an established reputation for first-class
work."

Lindemann, William, and Sons, of
New York. Founded (1835) by William
Lindemann (b. in Dresden ; d. Dec. 24,
1875, N. York), who was succeeded by
his son, Henry (b. Aug. 3, 1838, New
York). The firm exhibited (1847), in
the Mechanics' Institute , a square which
met with great approval, i860, they
took out a patent for the "Cycloid"
piano, in some respects a precursor of
the bijou grand. "They have always
aimed at making instruments of an
artistic grade, and their efforts have
deservedly won emphatic recognition
at the hands of the musical press and
impartial connoisseurs."

*Lipp, Richard and John, of Stuttgart.
Founded 1831, and makes concert and
drawing - room grands, horizontal
Mignon instruments, and uprights.
The excellence of their pianos was re-
cognised by awards of sixteen medals,

several diplomas, the patent as manu-
facturers to the Court of Wiirtemberg,
and the gold medal for art and

Loud, Thomas, an English pianoforte
maker, who followed Hawkins in
making the modern upright pianos with
the strings descending below the key-
board. 1802, he patented in London
an upright piano with a "diagonal,"
since called oblique, scale of stringing,
portability being " the leading inten-
tion and feature." This instrument
anticipated William Southwell's ver-
tical " cabinet" piano of 1807. Loud
settled in New York about 1816, and
died there in 1834. A firm in Phila-
delphia, styled Loud Brothers, was,
according to Daniel Spillane, in 1824,
the most extensive for pianos in the
United States.

M.

"Malmsjo, J. G., of Goteborg (Gothen-
burg (Sweden). Founded, Dec, 1843,
by Johan Gustav Malmsjo (b. Jan. 14,
1815, Lund, South Sweden; d. Sept.
13, 1891, Goteborg); he served his
apprenticeship with Marschall, of
Copenhagen. For several years he
was one of the magistrates (Stadtrath)
of Goteborg, and greatly respected for
his many excellent qualities. The
manufacture is now the greatest and
most important of Sweden, and the
only one which makes grand pianos.
Up to 1893, when the firm celebrated
its fifty years jubilee, 5,600 instruments
had been sold ; latterly, about 135
pianos have been made per year,
concert and semi-grands, larger and
smaller pianinos. Manufacturer to
the Swedish Court. First prizes at
the Exhibitions of Stockholm, 1851,
1S66; Goteborg, i860, 1871 ; London,
18C2 ; Paris, 1867 ; Copenhagen, 1872

and 1880 ; Malmo, 1865 and 1881 ;
Karlsbad (Sweden), 1862 ; Vienna,
1873; Philadelphia, 1875, &c. (total,
nineteen first prizes). 1891, a special
prize of honour was awarded in
Goteborg. After Malmsjo's death,
his son-in-law, Vilhelm Seydel, was
appointed Director.

*Mand, Carl, of Coblenz, manufacturer
to the Prussian Court. The business
was started in 1835, ^■nd is eminently
successful. The excellence of the
instruments (grand pianos and uprights)
has been recognised by medals con-
ferred— 1880, in Diisseldorf ; (2), 1881,
Melbourne; 1883, Amsterdam ; 1885,
Antwerp ; 1886, Coblenz ; 1888,
Brussels; and 1889 (2), Cologne.
Many of the leading artists have
testified their approval of the beauty
of tone, elasticity of touch, and decided
solidity of construction.

148

MARTIN— NEWMAN.

*Martin et Cie , of Toulouse. Founded
(1810) by Jean Bapt. Martin, the
specialty of the firm being grand
pianos. The firm received twenty-five
gold medals and several diplomas, and
(with Boisselot, of Marseilles) is
decidedly the foremost provincial
factory of France.

Mason and Hamlin, of Boston, Mass.,
started their piano business in 1883,
and introduced a patented system of
stringing and tuning, which, although
sceptically received by the American
piano makers, has been retained with
success by the firm.

Matushek (Matuschek), Frederic, and
Co., of New Haven, Connecticut. Fr.
Matashek (b. June g, 1814, Mannheim
o/Rhine) went (1848) to America,
having studied in the principal factories
of Germany, Austria, Russia, and
Paris (Pape). 1855, associated with
Spencer Driggs ; he dissolved partner-
ship in 1870, and started on his own
account the firm Matashek and Co. His
patents for inventions are numerous.

*Mayer, J., and Co., of Munich.
Founded, Oct. 18, 1833, by Joh. Jacob
Mayer (b. March 23, 1805, Altenburg,
Wurtemberg), and is at present the
foremost piano factory of Bavaria.
Medals were received — 1876 (Munich) ;
1881 (Melbourne) ; 1882 (Numberg) ;
1883 (Amsterdam) ; 1884 (London) ;
1888 (Barcelona and Munich). 1876,
the Bavarian King named Mayer
manufacturer to the Court, and (1893)
the Prince Luitpold conferred the same
distinction on him. Specialties are
grands (overstrung) and pianinos.
The present principal and proprietor
of the business is F. Schmidt, son-in-
law of Mayer.

Mehlin and Sons, of New York — Paul
Mehlin (b Feb. 28, 1837. Stuttgart)

and his sons, Paul and Charles. Paul,
sen., served his apprenticeship in the
factory of Fr. Domer {see this name) ;
went (1854) to New York, where he
was employed in the factories of
Raven and Bacon, Light and Brad-
bury, E. Gabler and Brother (1865),
with whom he remained for sixteen
years. 1881, he started his own busi-
ness. Among his most important
improvements are his grand plate and
scale for uprights (1889), hammer
scale (1885), and his touch-regulator
(1887). In all, the firm took out
twelve patents.

Meyer, Conrad, of Philadelphia. C.
Meyer (b. Marburg, Hesse Cassel)
went (1819) to Baltimore, where he
was an apprentice in the factory of
Jos. Hiskey. About 1830 he estab-
lished himself in Philadelphia. Great
differences of opinion exist about his
being the first to introduce the full
iron plate, and some judges maintain
that the priority of this invention
belongs to Babcock {see this name).
One of Meyer's pianos was exhibited
(1878) in Paris, where it attracted
considerable attention .

Miller, Henry F., and Sons, of Boston,
Mass. The founder of the firm was
bom Sept. 4, 1825, Providence, and
died Aug. 14, 1884, Wakefield, Mass.
He first intended to become a pianist
and organist, but later studied piano
making, and joined the firm of Brown
and Allen (Boston). Having worked
for five years with Emerson, he started
(1862) his own business, being associated
with N. M. Lowe and J. H. Gibson.
After a comparatively short time, he
became sole proprietor, and at present
his five sons represent the very
successful and greatly respected firm.

N.

'Neumeyer, F., of Berlin, manufacturer
of grand pianos and uprights. The firm
was founded (i86i)by F. Neumeyer (b
April 4, 1837, Eilhausen, Waldeck)
and employs 150 workmen ; up to 1893
held sold about 19,300 instruments.
The factory is worked with steam
and turns out about 1,200 instruments
per year. Branch establishment in
London.

Newman and Brothers, of Baltimore.
1850-60, the firm was, with those of
Charles M. Stieff and J. T. Stoddard,
highly respected in Baltimore. Founded
(1850) by Joseph Newman, who, after
1853, was associated with W. R. Talbot,
took out a patent for improvement in
sounding-boards. Talbot died 1884,
after having assisted to bring the firm
into greater repute.

NEW YORK— POHLMANN.

149

New York Piano Manufacturing
Co., The, began business between
1837-38. Haines Brothers were
apprentices in the Company, which
was started by some twenty of the
best workmen of Nunns and Clark.
The firm soon changed into that of A.
H. Gale & Co.

Nunns and Clark, of New York (1838).
See Nunns, Robert and William.

Nunns, Robert and William, of New
York, arrived (182 1 ) from England and
started (1824) in business. 1831, a

patent was granted them for a square
action ; they had already bought (1827)
the " scale " of Charles S. Sackmeister.
1833, they admitted John Clark as
partner, the firm's style then being
Robert Nunns, Clark and Co. William
Nunns withdrew from the business
and began a factory of his own,
later associated with J. and C. Fisher.
1851, Nunns and Clark purchased the
hammer covering invention, patented
by Rudolf Kreter, and greatly improved
by Alfred Dolge.

P.

Pape (Johann), Heinrich, of Paris (b.
July I, 1789, Sarsted, Hanover; d.
Feb. 2, 1875, Paris). He was one of the
most prolific inventors of recent times.
After having visited England in 1811,
he went to Paris ; assisted Ignaz
Pleyel {see this name) in the formation
of his factory ; started his own estab-
lishment in 1815, and produced almost
every year something new, without,
however, obtaining a lasting success
or influence by his decidedly interesting
innovations. An exhaustive account
of his inventions and innovations is to
be found in " Notice de M. H. Pape "
(Benard, Paris, 1862). He received
the Legion of Honour and other
French distinctions. See Grove's
Dictionary, Vol. II., page 647.

Peck and Son, of New York. They
opened their business in 1851. Since
1878 the firm has made great strides,
and now enjoys general confidence.

•Pleyel, Wolff and Co., of Paris.
Founded by the composer, Ignaz
Pleyel (pupil of Jos. Haydn). 1824,
his son, Camille (husband of the
celebrated pianist, Marie Pleyel, nee
Moke), succeeded him as principal,
and was much assisted by Kalk-
brenner. Camille, who died May 4,
1855, was succeeded by Auguste
Wolff (principal from 1855 until his
death in Feb., 1887), who brought out
the "Pedalier" and "Clavier trans-
positeur." Since 1887, Gustave Lyon
has been Director of the firm, now
formed into a company. Under his
direction were introduced : La Pedale
harmonique ; Balance digitale (Taffanel-
Pleyel); leMolliphoneandleDurcisseur.

The firm makes pianinos, semi-grands,
and concert grands ; employs 600
workmen. 1889, their 100,000th in-
strument was sold. Distinctions and
rewards : 1810, Ignaz Pleyel was made
manufacturer to the King of West-
phalia ; 1827, Louis Philippe, Due
d' Orleans, conferred the title of
" Fabricant de Piano a queue " ; 1829,
King Charles X. conferred the title of
"Fournisseur de sa Majeste " ; 1831,
King Louis Philippe conferred the
same title. Gold medals : 1827, 1834,
1839, 1844, 1855, 1878 (all from Paris) ;
i86i,Metz; 1875, ChiU ; 1881, Milan.
The firm was hors concours, 1849 and
1867, Paris ; 1872, Lyons ; 1873,
Vienna ; 1883, Amsterdam ; 1887,
Toulouse; 1887, Hjlvre; 1888, Brussels;
1888, Melbourne and Copenhagen.
Grand Prix, 1889, Paris. Diplomas of
honour: 1861, Metz; 1875, Blois ;
1885, Antwerp. 1834, Camille Pleyel,
Knight of the Legion of Honour;
1862, Auguste Wolff, Knight of the
Legion of Honour. Gustave Lyon
received the Belgian Order of Leopold,
Legion of Honour and Danebrog.
Branch establishments in London,
Brussels, and Moscow.
*Pohlmann and Sons, of Halifax, York-
shire. Founded (1786) by Johannes
Pohlmann, who was, it is believed,
the maker of the first pianofortes
constructed in England. The firm in
Halifax was opened (1823) by Henry
Pohlmann, the firm oeing Pohlmann
and Pohlmann, later Pohlmann and
Son . The present principal is Frederick
Pohlmann. The firm possesses a
great number of valuable patents and
has received nine medals.

ISO

RACHALS— ROSENKRAN2.

R.

•Rachals and Co., of Hamburg. This
well-known firm was established by
Matthias Ferd. Rachals (b. June 4,
1801, Milan; d. Sept. 6, 1866, Ham-
burg). He worked (1821) as apprentice
with Brix (St. Petersburg) ; 1827, with
Sachsossky (Cassel) ; 1828-31, with
Wagner (Hamburg). 1832, he estab-
lished (with one workman) his own
factory, and had the satisfaction of
selling (1845) his i.oooth instrument.
His son, Adolph Ferd. Rachals, who
studied in the principal factories of
North America, succeeded (1866) his
greatly esteemed father. The firm
makes grands, obliques, and squares.
Among their specialties is a piano
packed in four cases a 80-go, or in six
cases a 60 kilos weight. The Jury of
the Chicago Exhibition (1893) published
a highly flattering report about the
tone and action of these pianos, and
the ingenuity of facilitating transport,
which was declared "an entirely new
feature."

Raven and Bacon, of New York. On
the dealh of George Bacon (1856), his
son, Francis, became a partner until
1871, when the partnership was dis-
solved, and Karr took his place ; but
retired in 1880, whereupon Francis
re-entered the firm. "Their instru-
ments are well spoken of" {see Francis
Eacon).

•RitmUller,W., and Sohn, of Gottingen.
Established (1795) by Andreas Georg
Ritmiiller. Hisson,Wilhelm, succeeded
him, and was joined by his sons,
"Wilhelm and Martin, the firm being
W. Ritmiiller and Sons. When the
elder son left (in i860) it was altered to
W. Ritmiiller and Son. Another son
became partner of W. Ritmiiller, sen.,
and was, until 1891, sole proprietor.
Since 1891, the business has belonged
to Bernhard Schroder. For their
grand pianos and uprights twelve
medals and diplomas were received in
Germany and (1884 and 1885) in
London. The instruments are solidly
constructed and enjoy a merited and
considerable popularity.

•Romhildt, L., of Weimar. The busi-
ness was founded by Ludwig Romhildt
(b. Sept. 7, 1 81 7, Elsterberg, Saxony ;
d. Feb. 20, 1864, Weimar). He was
succeeded by his son, Ludwig (b.
April 28, 1849, Weimar ; d. there

May 31, 1890). Up to 1855 only
squares were built, and, owing to
bad health, Romhildt almost entirely
gave up piano making, devoting
himself to selling other makers' instru-
ments; but when the son took the
business (1869) he began to make
instruments, and had the satisfaction
of selling, up to 1880, 500 pianos,
which number was increased, in 1883,
to 1,000. After the death of Ludwig
Romhildt, jun., his cousin, Theodor
Vetterling, became director of the
manufactory, in which 100 workmen
are employed. Ten to eleven pianinos
are finished per week. The firm
received ten gold medals, and possesses
testimonials from the most celebrated
artists. The instruments are sent to
all parts of the world and enjoy a
most excellent reputation.

*Ronisch, Carl, of Dresden (b. 1814,
Goldberg, Silesia; d. July 21, 1894,
Blasewitz, near Dresden). He founded
(1845) his factory, which grew rapidly
into large dimensions. He was the
first to build short grands in Dresden.
Up to 1892, 20,000 of his instruments
liad been sold ; 300 workmen are
employed, and the business is steadily
increasing. He was manufacturer to
the Court of Saxony, Royal Counsellor
of Commerce, Knight of several orders,
and the recipient of first-class medals.
The yearly production is 1,500 instru-
ments.

♦Rogers and Son, of London (60,
Berners Street). Founded (1843) by
George Rogers. Turns out: i. Cupola
steel frame, allowing great freedom
and richness of tone. 2. Stud-top
bridges, helping to give clearness and
penetration of tone. 3. Sound-boards
of large size and great reflecting free-
dom, given them in the adaptation of
the strengthening ribs or bars. 4. Front
escapement check-action, combining
great delicacy and power in the touch
and perfection of repetition. 5. Over-
stringing, so as to obtain the greatest
length of string. They are now
building horizontal grands.

Rosenkranz, Ernst, of Dresden. The
firm was founded 1797. Has received
fifteen prize medals, and produces
grand pianos of different sizes and
pianinos with the usual and "Janko"
keyboards. Their smallest horizontal
instruments enjoy great favour.

SCHEEL— SCHOMAKER.

151

s.

*Scheel, Carl, b. Feb., 1812, Cassel ;
d. there Jan. 25, 1892. Son of a poor
cabinet maker. After having served
his apprenticeship with his father, he
left (1832) his native town, after old
German fashion, with knapsack on
back, and walked to Frankfort o/M.,
where he served for nine months as
assistant in the business of the cabinet
maker, Wulff. Being very fond of
music, he turned his attention to the
manufacture of pianos, and went to
Darmstadt, where he was (1833-37)
assistant of the piano maker, Vier-
heller. He then proceeded on foot
to Strassburg, as his modest means
only allowed him to take from there
the "Diligence" to Paris, where, being
an excellent tuner, he soon found
employment. Erard's firm detected
the great gifts of the young German
and (1837-46) employed him as a work-
man. A few years after his entrance,
he was promoted to the responsible
post of " Chef d'atelier." 1845, when
on a visit to Cassel, he determined to
start a business on his own account,
and began at Easter, 1846, to build his
first pianino. Soon the remarkable
excellence of his instruments became
known and (1854) he was able to
move to a much bigger house. 1859,
his factory was burnt down ; but his
great energy and general assistance
from his townsmen enabled him to
conquer all obstacles, and, with even
greater success than before, he enlarged
his factory. 1877, the Crown Prince
of Prussia (Emperor Frederick) named
him manufacturer to the Court ; 1880,
his son, Carl Heinrich, and (1888) his
son, Fritz, were admitted partners.
The solidity and general excellence of
the "Scheel" pianinos are proverbial,
and in Germany and adjoining
countries are unconditionally recog-
nised.

Schiedmayer, of Stuttgart. This firm
was started (1854) by Julius and Paul
Schiedmayer, for the manufacture of
harmoniums; i860, for that of pianinos
also ; and, somewhat later, of grand
pianos. Julius Schiedmayer died Jan.,
1878, and the firm now consists of
Paul Schiedmayer and his son-in-law,
Oscar Forster. Their instruments
enjoy a good reputation and are, like
those of Schiedmayer and Sohne, well
known in England. The firm holds

the patents of manufacturers to the
Queen of England, the German
Emperor, and the Kings of Wiirtem-
berg and Italy. Julius Schiedmayer
acted as juror at the Exhibitions of
London (1862), Paris (1867), Vienna
(1873V Philadelphia (1876), Stettin
(1865), and received for his services
as such Orders of Knighthood from
Austria, Italy, Wiirtemberg, &c. Paul
Schiedmayer acted as juror in the
Exhibitions of Zurich (1883) and
Antwerp (1885).

♦Schiedmayer und Sohne, of Stuttgart.
Founded (1781) by Johann David
Schiedmayer, at that time in Erlangen.
The business was continued by his son,
Johann Lorenz (b. Dec. 2, 1786, Er-
langen ; d. March, i860, Stuttgart).
1809, he associated himself with Dieu-
donne (d. 1825), afterwards remained
sole proprietor till 1845, when his sons
entered the firm. These were Adolph
(b. 1819, d. Oct. 17, 1890) and Hermann
(b. 1820), the firm now being Schied-
mayer und Sohne. 1842, the firm
began to make pianinos. 1854, the
King of Wiirtemberg conferred on it
the great gold medal for art and
science, whilst a gold prize medal
was received at the London Exhi-
bition (1851) and in Munich (1854);
1873, diploma of honour at the
Vienna Exhibition, and (1881) the same
distinction at Stuttgart. 1881, the
eldest member of the firm, Adolph
Schiedmayer, received the title of
" Counsellor of Commerce," whilst the
patents of Court manufacturers to the
Kings of Wiirtemberg and Roumania
were obtained (1877 and 1888). After
the death of Hermann Schiedmayer,
jun. (1891), his brother, Adolph (b.
1847), became the principal of the
house. In all, the firm received six
diplomas, nineteen medals, and took
out six patents. It is the oldest firm
in Wiirtemberg.

Schomaker (Schumacher) & Co., of
Philadelphia. Founded (1838) as
Bosert and Schomaker (Schumacher, b.
1800 in Germany ; d. 1875, Philadel-
phia). Bosert retired (1842), when the
firm took its present name. 1846, the
business was formed into a stock com-
pany in Philadelphia, U.S.A., with
Colonel H.W. Gray (b. 1830, Ephrata,
Lancaster County) and H. S. Scho-
maker, jun., as principal oflficer and

»52

SCHRODER— SOHMER.

secretary. The chief specialty of the
firm is the use of electro-plated piano
strings in gold (patented 1876). A
similar patent was taken out (1851) by
H. J. Newton, of New York, and
(1862) by Martin Miller. Colonel Gray
admits that coating strings had been
tried previously, but not "wrapped
strings."

'Schroder, C. M. (piano manufactory at
St. Petersburg). Founded by Johann
Fr. Schroder (b. 1785, Stralsund ; d.
1852, St. Petersburg) ; succeeded by
his son, Michael (b. 1828, St. Peters-
burg; d. there 1889) ; succeeded by the
present head of the firm, Carl Nicolai
Schroder (b. 1862, St. Petersburg). In
order to recognise the importance of
the firm (then seventy-five years old),
the Czar conferred on C. N. Schroder,
in 1893, the title of " Manufacturratfi."
The grand pianos are made in six, the
uprights in three, dififerent sizes. The
grands are built after the American
system, seven and one-third octaves,
repetition action, &c. The firm em-
ploys 250 workmen and turns out
1,000 instruments per year. Gold
medals : Moscow, 1872 ; Paris, 1878 ;
London, 1885. Silver medals : St.
Petersburg, 1839 ; Moscow, 1865.
Hon. diplomas: St. Petersburg, 1861 ;
Cassel, 1870 ; Antwerp, 1885 ; Chicago,
1893. Medal for progress : Vienna,
1873. Orders of knighthood : Francis
Joseph (Austria) ; Legion of Honour
(France) ; Leopold (Belgium) ; Im-
perial Eagle (Russia) ; St. Stanislzis
(Class III.), St. Anna (Class III., 1877,
Class II., 1883), Vladimir (Class IV).
Manufacturer to the Emperors of
Russia, Austria, Germany, and the
Kings of Denmark and Bavaria.

♦Schwechten, G., of Berlin, manufac-
turer to the Court. Founded 1854,
and employs at present 120 workmen.
The specialty is uprights, of which
(1893) not less than 22,000 have been
sold. Medals have been awarded in
London, Paris, Vienna, Philadelphia,
Melbourne, &c.

•Schweighofer, J. M., und Sohne, of
Vienna. Founded (1792) by Michael
Schweighofer (b. about 1765, in
Bavaria ; d. 1809, Vienna) ; succeeded
by his widow, and, 1832, by his son,
Johann Michael (d. 1852) ; the busi-
ness was then left to the latter' s sons,
Carl and Johann. The excellent
qualities of their grands (three models)
and pianinos have been generally
acknowledged. The firm re/:eived

many medals and diplcmas, and, at
the date of the centenary of the
foundation (1892), the Emperor of
Austria conferred on the senior partner
the title of Imperial Councillor and
the Golden Cross of Merit with the
Crown, whilst the Vienna magistrate
declared the brothers " tax freie
burger" (tax-exempted citizens). The
firm was also honoured with the
patent as manufacturers to the
Imperial and Royal Court of Austria.

*Shoninger (Schoninger ?), B., and Co.,
of New Haven. Founded March (1850)
by B. Schoninger (b. 1828, in Bavaria).
"Their piano has many special im-
provements and patents ; is especially
adapted to withstand all climatic
changes; is of the greatest durability."
Medals awarded by: New England
State Agricultural Society, 1868 ;
Philadelphia, 1876 ; Paris, 1878 ;
Rotterdam, 1883; New York State
Fair, 1886; also many State Fairs.
The firm has warerooms in Chicago
and New York.

Silbermann, Gottfried, originally an
organ builder (b. 1683, d. 1753), of
Kleinbobritzsch, near Frauenstein,
Saxony; settled at Freiberg, 1709, and
subsequently Dresden. As early as
1726 he submitted two pianofortes to
the judgment of J. S. Bach. About
1746 he supplied pianofortes to
Frederick the Great, three of which
are still preserved at Potsdam, in the
Stadtschloss, Sans Souci, and the
Neues Palais. Mr. A. J. Hipkins's
examination of these instruments in
1881 proved them to be built upon
Cristofori's model. Silbermann has
the credit of being the earliest German
pianoforte maker. His instruments,
from the specimens above-mentioned,
were undoubtedly good.

Sohmer and Co., of New York. The
founder and principal of the firm is
Hugo Sohmer (b. 1846, in the Black
Forest , Baden) . He received a classical
education, studied piano playing as
well as piano making, and went (1862)
to America, where he worked as
apprentice in the factory of Schutze
and Ludolf, of New York; paid, 1868,
a temporary visit to Germany, where
he studied piano making from the
European point of view ; returned,
1870, to New York and opened, in
1872, his business, vdth Joseph Kuder
as partner, the new firm being
successors to J. H. Bornhaft, who in
his turn had succeeded the old house

SPRECHER-WIRTH— STEIN WAY.

153

of Maxschall and Mittauer. Kuder is
a native of Bohemia. 1876, the Cen-
tennial Exhibition authorities awarded
high honours to the firm. 1883, an
additional factory was taken and was
enlarged in 1886. The firm has taken
out fifty-one patents. The Sohmer
"pianissimo" pedal is an improved
attachment for producing refined and
artistic piano effects, and is used in
combination with the ordinary soft
pedal. Their pianos are held in high
respect.

*Sprecher-Wirth, Theodor (formerly
Sprecher and Sons), of Zurich. Founded
(1847) by Christian Sprecher (b. 1810).
Makes grand and upright instruments.
Received fifteen diplomas and first
medals, and is the principal firm of
Switzerland.

Steck, G., and Co., of New York. The
founder of the firm, George Steck (b.
July 19, 1829, Cassel), was apprenticed
m the factory of Carl Scheel {see this
name). 1853, he arrived in New York,
and ' ' worked for four years in the
best shops," until he started (1857)
his own business. 1865, he opened
the "Steck Hall." 1884, the business
was formed into a company (Rob. C.
Kammerer, Fr. Dietz, and Nembach).
Popular nicknames of his instruments
are " The Little Giant" (upright) and
"The Steck Baby Grand." His
pianette, a novel instrument, is said
to " weigh only 178 pounds, and is
considered to have a grand future
before it."

Stein, Johann Andreas, of Augsburg (b.
1728, Heidesheim (Palatinate) ; d.
Feb. 29, 1792, Augsburg). Pupil of
Silbermann. 1758, he was in Paris,
and remained there for some years.
On his return he settled as an organ
builder in Augsburg, and began also to
make pianos, introducing several im-
portant improvements, about which
Mozart speaks in a letter (Oct., 1777)
to his mother. Stein is really the
founder of the Vienna School of piano-
forte making, and if not the absolute
inventor, certainly the improver of a
mechanism, generally called the
"Vienna mechanism." He intro-
duced the " genouilliere," or knee-
pedal for raising the dampers. In one
of his pianos, described by Gerber, he
applied the Saitenharmonica (1789), a
pedal shifting the keyboard, and thus
carrying the hammers from three
strings to one {una corda). He called
this instrument t'i.e " Spinettchen."
He had two sons and a daughter —

Matthaeus Andreas, Friedrich, and
Maria Anna, generally called Nanette
{see Streicher). Matthaeus Andreas (b.
Dec. 12, 1776, Augsburg; d. May 6,
1842, Vienna) succeeded, with his
sister, to the business of his father,
accompanied her to Vienna, and
established himself there in 1802 ; his
son, Karl Andreas (b. Sept. 4, 1797,
Vienna; d. there Aug. 28, 1863), was
his pupil in piano making, but dis-
tinguished himself also as a pianist
and composer. He devoted, however,
his chief energies to the factory, took
out a patent in 1829, and was made
Manufacturer to the Court in 1844.
He published a book " On the Playing,
Tuning, and Preservation of Stein
Pianofortes."
*Steinway and Sons, of New York,
Hamburg, and London. This world-
renowned house was founded by
Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg (the
name Steinway was taken when estab-
lishing the business in New York), b.
Feb. 15, 1797, Wolfshagen, in th«
Hartz Mountains, Brunswick, Ger-
many; d. Feb. 7, 1871, New York.
He had learned cabinet making and
organ building in Goslar ; tried,
later, his luck in making guitars and
cithers. Opened a piano business
(1835) ^•t Seesen, but, having settled
in Brunswick, resolved to build square,
upright, and grand pianos. The busi-
ness soon increased ; but, owing to the
political events of 1848, he was obliged
to emigrate (1850) to America, with
his four sons: I., Charles (b. Jan. 4,
1829, Seesen, Brunswick ; d. there,
March 31, 1865, while on a trip to
Germany). II., Henry, jun. (b. Oct.,
1829, Seesen; d. March 11, 1865, New
York). III., William, present head
of the house (b. March 5, 1836, Seesen).
IV., Albert (b. June 10, 1840, Seesen;
d. May 14, 1877, New York). The
eldest son, Theodore (b. Nov. 6, 1825,
Seesen; d. March 26, 1889, Brunswick),
remained in Europe, in order to con-
tinue the Brunswick business; but
transferred it (1865) to Grotrian,
Helfferich, and Schulz, the firm be-
coming Theodor Steinweg Nachfolger
{see Steinweg) . The New York house,
founded 1853, after Steinway and
several of his sons had worked in
other American factories, soon took
the lead in New York — indeed, in
America. A factory of grand dimen-
sions, to which was added the Steinway
Hall for concerts, was built, but soon
found insuflScient, and at present the

154

STEINWEG— STREICHER.

different factories are : Steinway,
Astoria (opposite New York), covering
twelve acres, and employing 650 work-
men ; the factory of New York, covering
the square between the Park and Lexing-
ton Avenue, where about 60 instruments
per week are finished and 650 workmen
employed; the Steinway Hall, which
had room for 2,400 seats, but since
1890 has been used for purposes of
manufacture; and the warerooms,
offices, &c., where about 250 persons
work. 1880, a factory was opened
in Hamburg (Neue Rosenstrasse, 20-24) •
in which 300 workmen are employed ;
the pianos sent from New York are
finished there. Of the five sons of
the founder, Theodor and William
took the most important part in
furthering the progress of the firm.
Theodor was Member of the Academies
of Paris, Berlin, and Stockholm ;
whilst William is the founder of
different institutions for the benefit of
his workmen. He built a school, in
which 800 children are taught ; opened
a library ; erected a fine church, vnth
a good organ ; opened bath-rooms ; and
laid out a fine garden. Among the
rewards given to the firm are — Gold
medals: 1854 3^^ 1855, ^o^" squares.
Prize medal, with particular mention
of excellence, London, 1862 ; Paris,
1867; Stockholm, 1868; Philadelphia,
1876; London, 1885, with an especial
gold medal of the Society of Arts.
The firm received the patent as manu-
facturer to the English and German
Courts, and the German Emperor
received William Steinway in a private
audience, and conferred on him the
Order of the Red Eagle. The present
active members of Steinway and Sons
are : WilUam, head of the firm ;
Charles H. (b. June 3, 1857, New
York), and Fr. T. (b. Feb. 9, i860. New
York), both sons of the late Charles
Steinway; Henry Ziegler (b. Oct. 30,
1857, New York), nephew of William ;
George A. (b. June 4, 1865, New York),
son of William; Charles F. Tretbar
(b. Feb. 13, 1832, Brunswick); and
Nahum Stetson (b. Dec. 5, 1856,
Bridge water, Mass.). The London
warehouse, with an adjoining concert-
room for 700 persons, is in Lower
Seymour Street.
♦Steinweg, C. F. Th. Nachfolger (suc-
cessor), of Brunswick. Founded
(1859) by Theodor Steinweg as a
branch of the firm Steinway and Sons,
of New York. The American firm
altered the German name Steinweg

into Steinway. 1865, the Brunswick
business was taken over by Grotrian,
Helfferich, and Schulz, as G. H.
and S. Theodor Steinweg Nachfolger
(registered 1869). The firm produces
grand and upright pianos, and has
received many (everywhere the highest)
medals. Among these are the medal
and diploma of honour at the Chicago
Exhibition, 1893. The excellence and
solidity of construction, beauty and
evenness of tone, and perfection of re-
petition mechanism of the Brunswick
firm are everywhere recognised.

Stodart and Sons, a firm of eminent
pianoforte makers in London, from
1776 to 1861. Robert Stodart, the
founder of the business, was a pupil of
John Broadwood, and,with him.assisted
Americus Backers in the invention of
the so-called English action. In 1777
Stodart took out a patent, in which
"grand," as applied to a pianoforte,
first appears. In 1795 William Stodart
took out a patent for an upright grand
in the form of a bookcase. The most
importzmt patent acquired by this firm
was that of James Thorn and William
Allen, taken out in 1820, in which
metal was for the first time successfully
introduced in the framing. This
patent gave a great impulse to the
Stodart business, and, yet more, it
entirely revolutionised pianoforte
making.

Stodart, Worcester, and Dunham, of
New York. Founded, about 1836, by
Adam Stodart, Horatio Worcester,
and John B. Dunham, successors of
John Osbom. Adam Stodart was a
nephew of Robert Stodart ; John B.
Dunham (b. 1799, d. 1873) settled
(1834) in New York, and was first
employed by Nunns, Clark, and Co. as
case maker. Horatio Worcester left
the association, the firm being then
styled Stodart and Dunham. 1849,
Stodart withdrew, when the firm
became (1867) Dunham and Sons.
Their " boudoir grands " are widely
known,

Streicher, J. B., und Sohn, of Vienna.
This celebrated manufactory was
originally founded in Augsburg by
Johann Andreas Stein (see this name),
organ builder, a pupil of Silbermann.
Stein's daughter, Nanette, an excellent
piano player, to whom Mozart refers
m his letters, was also taught piano
making by her father (see Stein,
Nanette), married (1794) Andreas
Streicher, and settled with him in
Vienna. For many years she was

VOSE— WORNUM.

155

alone in the supervision of her small
business ; but when this increased, she
was joined by her husband, who gave
up his work as a teacher. The firm
was, from 1794, Nanette Streichergeb.
Stein. When she had instructed her
only son, Johann Baptist (b. 1796), for
ten years (1812-22) he, having also
extensively travelled and gathered rich
experiences, was taken, in 1822, as
partner, the firm becoming Nanette
Streicher und Sohn. After the death
of his parents (1833) he remained sole
proprietor until his death, March 28,
1871, although the firm was, from
1857, J. B. Streicher und Sohn (Emil).
The firm was intimately connected

with famous musicians, such as Beet-
hoven, Hummel, Cramer, Moscheles,
Henselt, Kullak, &c., whilst both
Mozart and Beethoven early speak of
the excellent qualities of Stein's pianos.
The eminent qualities and great
solidity of the Streicher pianos were
almost universally acknowledged.
Gold medals and different diplomas
were received. The patent as Kaiserl.
Konigl.-Hof und Kammer Piano
Fabrikant and the Order of Francis
Joseph was bestowed by the Emperor
of Austria on both father and son, and
it may be asserted that the name
"Vienna" pianos was formerly
synonymous with that of Streicher.

V.

Vose and Sons, of Boston, Mass.
Founded (1851) by J. W. Vose (b. 1818,
Milton, Mass.), now consists of the
founder, Irving B. Vose (b. 1850),

Willard A. Vose (b. 1852), and Julian
W. Vose (b. 1859). The firm's instru-
ments enjoy great popularity. The
partners are all practical piano makers.

w.

•Waters, H., and Co., of New York.
Founded (1845) by Horatio Waters ; is
now a company, and his son, J. Lands
Waters, is president . ' ' The specialty of
the firm is high-grade upright and small
grand pianos."

VVeber, A., of New York. The firm was
' founded by Albert Weber (b. 1829,
in Bavaria ; d. June 25, 1879, New
York). He went (1845) to America,
worked in the shops of Holder and
Van Winckle, then started his business,
and achieved such eminent success
that (i860) he was able to open the
great Weber warerooms. His instru-
ments enjoy a great and well-deserved
reputation. He was succeeded by his
son, Albert (b. 1858, New York), who
started a branch establishment in
Chicago. He built the Weber Hall in
1883, and this enterprise proved in
every respect a successful one. 1887,
he exhibited in London, and his
popular bijou instrument, called the
" Baby Grand," excited general
curiosity and obtained general appro-
bation. The Weber Hall proving
inadequate, he opened a much larger
hall in Wabash Avenue. The firm
received a great number of exhibition
honours.

*Westermayer, Edouard, of Berlin. He
founded the business, 1863 (b. Aug.
20, 1824, Meiningen, Bavaria ; d. Jan.
6, 1 8g I ) , Berlin . He studied at Vienna,
Paris, Berlin, and Philadelphia, and
resided for some time as a tuner in
Buenos Ayres. The specialty of his
grands and uprights is a patent repeti-
tion mechanism, entirely different to
that of Erard and other makers. His
adopted son, Paul Westermayer, is at
present principal of the firm.

*Wheelock, William E., and Co., of
New York. The business was started
(1877) under the supervision of Charles
Borst, and soon grew to considerable
importance. 1880, W. Lawson, of
Brooklyn, became a partner, and (1890)
D. Lazelle was taken as a partner for
the retail trade. Branch establish-
ment in Chicago. " Their instruments
hold a high position."

♦Womum, Robert, and Sons, of
London. This eminent and well-
known firm, founded (1777) by Robert
Wornum, attained its celebrity under
the guidance of Robert Wornum, jun.
(b. 1780, London; d. there 1852), who
took out the first patent for a small
upright piano with oblique stringing
in 181 1. He was associated with

156

ZEITTER— ZUMPE.

George Wilkinson, but the partner-
ship was dissolved (1812). 1813, he
introduced a small upright with
vertical strings (called the " Har-
monic "), now generally termed
" Cottage " piano. 1829, he made the
" Piccolo " pianoforte ; for this the
patent had already been taken out in
1826, and vastly improved by the
introduction of the double -check
action, used at present by the piano-
forte makers of France and Germany.
After the death of Robert Wornum,

jun., he was succeeded by his son,
A. N. Wornum, who made great im-
provements in the grand pianoforte.
He died 1888, his successors being
his son-in-law, Augustus Mongredien,
in conjunction with the former manager
of the works, A. J. Brown. Patents
were taken out in 181 1, 1820, 1826,
1828, 1842, 1862, 1867, 1871, and 1875.
Prize medals were awarded in 185 1,
1862, 1867, and 1878. The London
manufacture of upright pianos began
with Wornum's invention in 1811.

Zeitter und Winkelmann, of Bruns-
wick, manufacturers to the Court.
The firm was founded in 1837 ^^^ ^^.s
adopted the "Stein way" system for
their grands and uprights. Medals
were received in London, 1851, 1884,
and 1885 ; Brunswick, 1877 ; Mel-
bourne, 1 88 1 and 1889; Porto Allegre,
1882; Amsterdam, 1883; Calcutta,
1884.

Zutnpe, Johann, the inventor of the
square pianoforte, as known in this
country for tnany years. According

to Burney he had long worked for the
harpsichord maker, Shudi, and was the
first to construct small pianos of the
size and shape of the virginal. There
are several of these instruments still
existing, the oldest in Messrs. Broad-
wood's possession, dated 1766. In
1769, the firm had become Zumpe and
Buntebart ; in 1776, it was Zumpe and
Mayer. No personal record remains
of Zumpe, his birth, death, or country ;
but that he was a German, as many of
the early pianoforte makers in England
were, there can be no doubt.

BARGIEL— GENSS.

157

SUPPLEMENT.

Bargiel, Woldemar (see page 7). 1896,
Prussian Order (Class III.) of the
Red Eagle.

'Bernard, Jean Emile Auguste, b. Nov.
28, 1843, Marseilles. Entered the
Paris Conserv. 1855. Pupil of Mar-
montel, Laurent, and Ravina (Pf.),
H. Reber and Clapisson (Harmony),
Benoist (Organ), Reber (Fugue and
Composition). ist prize for Pf.,
2nd prize for Harmony, ist prize
for Organ ; gold medal from the
Society of Composers; " Chartier "
prize from the Institute. Knight of the
Spanish Order " Isabella the Catholic."
For many years " Maitre de
Chapelle " and Organist, since 1859
" demissionaire " of the great Organ
de ' ' Notre Dame des Champs ' ' (Paris) .
Orchestral Suites arr. for Pf. (4 hands),
Op. 23, 38 ; Trio for Pf.,VIn., and V'cello, Op.
30 ; Fantaisie (Pf. and Orchestra), Op. 31 ;
Concertstiick (Pf. and Orchestra), Op. 40;
Suite for Pf. and Vln., Op. 34; Studies, Op.
16, 17, 19 ; Prelude and Fugue, Op. 14 ; Fete
Napolitaine (4 hands). Op. 18 ; 4 Morceaux
caracteristiques (4 hands), Op. 39 ; Im-
promptus, Op. 12 and 32 (2) ; Valse
Fantaisie, Op. 42, &c.

Cui, Cesar Antonowitsch (see page 22).

1895, Commander of the Legion of
Honour.

Dannreuther Edward (see page 23).

1896, Professor of the Royal College of
Music (London) as successor of E.
Pauer (retired).

♦Debefve, Jules, b. Jan. 16, 1859, Liege.
From 1866 to 1873 instructed in the
" Maitrisede la Cathedrale." Entered
afterwards the Conservatoire, where he
received in 1882 the " diplome avec
grande distinction " in Ledent's class
(see page 67), and after his death be-
came a pupil of Delaborde in Paris,
ist prize for solfeggio, harmony,
counterpoint, and fugue. 1884,
appointed Prof, of the Liege Conserv.
Of his published works the " 12 Etudes
d'une difficulte transcendante" have
been received with great favour.

Dieupart, Charles. French Claveciniste
and Composer. 1707, in London as
cembalist ; d. 1740 in straitened
circumstances.

Six Suites de Clavecin mises en Concert
pour un Violon et une Flute, avec une Basse
de Viole et un Archiluth. Also several
other Suites.

*Dietz, Kathinka von (see page 25), b.
1815. 1823, Pupilof Hummel (Weimar).
Returned, 1825, to Munich. 1829, pupil
of Kalkbrenner (Paris). After success-
ful Concert tours she settled in Paris,
where she married Mr. William
Mackenzie. Pianist of the Queen of
Bavaria and the Queen of France.
Honorary member of several Academies
and President of the "Societe Osmanie."
Resides in Paris.

Duo for 2 Pianos. Caprices (2). Duo : " la
Pluie des Notes." Studies, Nocturne,
Valses, &c.

Donzelli, Ulissa (daughter of the once
famous tenor, Domenico D., b. 1790,
Bologna; d. 1873, Florence), b. 1857,
Bologna; d. there, June, 1895. Suc-
cessful pianist and teacher.

*Genss, Hermann, b. Jan. 6, 1856,
Tilsit. Pupil of L. Kohler (Konigs-
berg), later of Hahn. After leaving
the "Gymnasium" he went, 1874, to
Berlin as pupil at the " Hochschule
and Meisterschule." Pupil of Dr.
Kiel and A. Grell (Composition). After-
wards for two years pupil of Liszt
(Weimar). 1879, Director of private
music schools at Liibeck and Ham-
burg ; 1890, Director of the " fiirst-
lichen " Sondershausen Conserv. ;
1891-92, of the Conserv. of Mayence
o/Rhine ; 1893, of the Klindworth-
Scharwenka Conserv. (Berlin) ; 1894,
Conductor of the Philharmonic Society
(Potsdam) ; 1892, Hon. Member of the
Royal Academy of Bologna.

Two " Nachtgesange," Op. 8; Concert
Walzer, Op. 15; Sonata for Pf. (F min.),
Concerto (E flat), and Concerto (D min.);
Mazurkas, &c.

158

GHYMERS— LAURENT.

Ghymers, Jules Eugene, b. May i6, 1835,
Liege. Pupil of Ledent (Pf.) and
Daussoigne-Mehul (Composition) . Prof,
of the Liege Conserv., contributor for
many years to the Guide Musical.
His Pf. works and a History of the
Pf. are not published.

Gregoir, Jacques Matthieu Joseph, b.

Jan. 18, 1817, Antwerp ; d. Oct. 29,

1876, Brussels. Pupil of H. Herz and

Christian Hummel (Wiesbaden).

Concerto, Op. 100 ; Concert Studies, Op. 53,

56, 66 ; also Duets for Pf. and Vln., also

V'cello, with Vieuxtemps, Leonard, and

Servais.

Grieg, Edvard (see page 42). 1895,
created Knight of the Legion of
Honour.

Groningen, S. van, b. June 23, 1851,
Deventer (Holland). Studied first
Mathematics and Chemistry and
received the diploma as " Technolog."
Resolved to become a musician, went
to Liszt (Weimar), and became after-
wards a pupil at the Berlin Hochschule
(Raif and Barth for Pf., and Dr. Kiel
for Composition). 1893, elected
Director of the Music School of
Leyden (Holland).
3 Morceaux, Humoresken (4 hands), several
series of Morceaux, Bagatelles, &c.

Griinberger, Ludwig, b. April 24, 1839,
Prague. Pupil of F. Skraup and Jos.
Kisch; 1855, pupil of Reichel and
Rietz.

Hall6, Sir Charles (see page 44), d. Oct.
25, 1895, Manchester.

Hamerik, Asger, b. April 8, 1843,
Copenhagen, was son of a Prof, of
Theology. Pupil of Mathison-Hanson
and Gade (Harmony and Composition),
and Haberbier (Piano). 1862, pupil of
Billow (Berlin) ; 1864, in Paris, where
Berlioz took great interest in him ;
1868, member of the Jury (Paris Exhi-
bition). Since 1872, Director of the
Musical Section of the Peabody Insti-
tute (Baltimore).
Quartet (Pf. and Strings), Op. 6 ; Fantasia for

Piano and V'cello ; Opera without

words, &c.

Hartmann, Johann P. E. (see page 45).
1895, Grand Cross of the Dannebrog
Order.

Heinze, Sarah (nee Magnus), b. 1839,
Stockholm. Pupil of Kullak, Drey-
schock, and Liszt. Resides in
Dresden.

Herzberg, Anton, b. June 4, 1825,
Tamow (GaHcia). Pupil of Bocklet

(Pf.) and Preyer l(Composition) at

Vienna. He resides in Moscow.

Nocturnes, Op. 10 and 103; Grand Galop

infernal. Op. 24 ; Fantaisie sur des theinea

polonais. Op. 35 ; Impromptus (3), Op. 71 ;

Mazurkas (2), Op. gi.

Hill, Wilhelm, b. March 28, 1838, Fulda.
Pupil of Henkel and Hauff (Frank-
fort o/M.).
Vln. Sonatas, Op. 20, 28 ; Trios, Op. 12, 43 ;
Pf. Quartet, Op. 44.

Hoffmann, Richard, b. May 24, 1831,
Manchester. Has resided, since 1847,
in New York. Eminent pianist and
composer of many brilliant pieces.

Hollander, Alexis, b. Feb. 25, 1840,
Ratibor (Silesia). After leaving the
' ' Gymnasium ' ' of Breslau he went to
Berlin, became a pupil at the Hoch-
schule and studied privately with K.
Bohmer. 1861, teacher at Kullak's
Academy ; 1864, Conductor of a Vocal
Society; 1870, Director of " Cecilia,"
a society for performing great choral
works.
Pf. Quintet, and several Solo compositions.

Krantz, Eugen, b. Sept. 13, 1844,
Dresden. Pupil at the Dresden Conserv.
of Doring, Leonhard, Reichel, Rietz,
&c. At present, professor of piano,
director and proprietor of the Conserv.

Krause, Martin, b. June 17, 1853,
Lobstadt (Saxony). 1874-76, pupil at
the Leipzig Conserv. Founder of the
" Liszt Verein." Eminent pianist.
The Duke of Anhalt conferred on him
the title " Professor " and the Cross of
the " Albrecht " order.

♦Kronke, Emil, b. Nov. 29, 1865, Danzig,
(Prussia). 1883-84, he studied in
Leipzig (Reinecke and Oscar Paul),
later with Nicode and Theodor
Kirchner in Dresden. Received, 1886,
the prize of the Dresden Conserv.
(grand piano) ; 1887, the " Ehren-
Diplom. ' ' He devotes himself entirely
to the study of Liszt's works, and
is preparing a complete edition.

Gavotte, Valse Impromptu, Bagatelle for the
left hand. Scherzo, Intermezzi (2),
Hungarian Sketch, Valse favorite, &c.

Labor, Joseph, b. June 29, 1842, Horo-
wic, Bohemia. Became blind early in
life. Pupil of Pirkhert (Pf.) and
Sechter (Composition) in Vienna.
Eminent pianist.
Pf. Quartet and Quintet and some smaller
pieces.

Laurent, Edmond, b. Nov. 10, 1852,
Bergerac (Dordogne). Pupil of Jules
Duprato and Ernest Guiraud. He

MAJOR— ZARZYCKI.

159

resides at Paris. Among his most
popular pieces are : —

Arabesques (6), Mascarade (10), A travers
champs (12), Silhouettes feminines, 4 pieces
with Orchestra, Scherzo for Pf. and Vln.

♦Major, Julius J., b. Dec. 13, 1858,
Kaschau (Hungary). Pupil of Raab,
Neubner, Schweida, F. Erkel, and F.
Liszt (Pf.), Robert Volkmann (Compo-
sition). Since 1889 Prof, at the
" Landeslehrer " Seminary and other
Colleges. With Kaldy and Nikolics
he founded the Hungarian Music
School, and became the principal
teacher there.

Concert Syniphonique(with Orchestra), Trios,
I. and II., Sonata for Pf. and Vln., Im-
promptu and Minuet, Capriccio, Charac-
teristic pieces, Hungarian Rhapsody, Pf.
Quintet, two Sonatas (not yet published).

Massenet, Jules (see page 77). 1895,
Commander of the Legion of Honour.

Melgunow, Julius von, b. 1846, Russian
Government of Kostroma. Pupil of
Henselt, Anton and Nicolaus Rubin-
stein. Editor of a Collection of Bach's
Preludes and Fugues, with indication of
the rhythmical accentuation according
to Westphal's system.

Mertke, Eduard (see page 79), d. Sept. 25,
1895, Cologne o/Rhine.

Mickwitz, Harald von, b. May 22, 1859,
Helsingfors. Pupil at St. Petersburg
Conserv. of Ark, Brassin, Rimsky-
Korsakow ; 1880-83, of Leschetizki
(Vienna). 1886, Prof, at the Conser-
vatoire of Carlsruhe, and since 1893 at
that of Wiesbaden.

Naprawnik, Eduard, b. Aug. 24, 1839,
Bejest, Koniggratz (Bohemia). 1853-
54, pupil at the Organ School (Prague).
1855-61, teacher at the "Maydl" Music
School (Prague). Afterwards Capell-
meister to Prince Yussupow (St. Peters-
burg). 1869, Conductor at the
Imperial Opera (St. Petersburg).
Trio, Pf. Quartet ; Fantasia (with Orchestra),
Op. 39; Concerto Symphonique, Op. 27.

Pauer, Ernst (see page 90). Resigned
Roy. Coll. of Music, 1896.
Beethoven Studies (50), Traditional Hebrew
Melodies (28).

Petersen, Paul, b. (?) ; d. 1895, St. Peters-
burg. Pupil of Henselt, excellent
pianist and highly esteemed as a
teacher. Afterwards proprietor of one
of the foremost Russian firms of piano
manufacturers.

•Philipp, Isidor, b. Sept. 2, 1863, Paris.
Pupil at the Conservatoire of G.
Matthias, Stephen Heller, and

Theodore Ritter. Performed with
eminent success in the Concerts of the
Conservatoire, of Lamoureux, Colonne,
&c. ; also, 1890, in the London Phil-
harmonic Society's Concerts. In his
" Seances " he introduced the works of
Widor, Faur^, Saint-Saens, Brahms,
Arensky, Glazounovv, Lalo, Gernsheim,
and others. Officier de I'instruction
publique.
Valses Caprices, Barcarolle, Novellettes,
Serenades, Capriccio, Pastels, Etudes pour
la main gauche seule, Exercices prepara-
toires, &c.

Prentice, Ridley (see page 94), d. July
15, 1895, London.

*Reimann, Dr. Heinrich, b. March 14,
1850, Renzendorf (district of Glatz).
Pupil of his father Ignaz R. and
Moritz Brosig, Capellmeister of the
Breslau Cathedral. 1877-1886, teacher
at the Berlin "Gymnasium." Since
1887 Librarian of the Royal Library,
teacher at the Klindworth-Scharwenka
Conserv., and Organist of the
" Emperor William " Memorial
Church (Berlin).

Hommage a Chopin (3 Valses),Op. 17 ; Bolero,

Op. 20, &c.

*Rieffel, Amalie, b. 1822, Flensborg ;
d. Aug. 10, 1877, Christiania. Eminent
pianist. 1839, she gave successful
concerts at Copenhagen. 1840-42, she
resided in Leipzig, where Schumann
and his wife took great interest in her
studies and performances. After
leaving Leipzig she performed in
Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, and
married, 1850, Mr. L. Wage, from
Hamburg. Schumann dedicated to her
his Op. 32 (Minuet, Gigue, Romanza,
and Fughetta).

Rheinberger, Joseph Gabriel (see page
98). Received, 1895, the Order of the
"Bavarian Crown" conferring the
rank of nobility.

Roder, Martin (see page loi). Left
Berlin to settle in Dublin, and finally
went to Boston (U.S.), where he died
June 10, 1895.

Rudorff, Ernst Friedrich Carl (see page
104). 1896, Order (Class III.) of the
Prussian Crown.

Schumann, Clara Josephine (see page
112), d. May 20, 1896, Frankfort o/M.

Tausch, Julius (see page 120), d. Nov. 11,
1895, Bonn o/Rhine.

Zarzycki, Alexander (see page 133), d.
Nov. I, 1895, Warsaw.

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