A dictionary of scientific terms : pronunciation, derivation, and definition of terms in biology, botany, zoology, anatomy, cytology, embryology, physiology

THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

LOS ANGELES

The RALPH D. REED LIBRARY

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

LOS ANGELES, C'ALIF.

(2ik Of Stephen Rook

K

(RETURN TO)
STEPHEN

A Dictionary of Scientific Terms

A DICTIONARY OF
SCIENTIFIC TERMS

PRONUNCIATION, DERIVATION, AND DEFINITION OF

TERMS IN BIOLOGY, BOTANY, ZOOLOGY, ANATOMY,

CYTOLOGY, EMBRYOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY

BY

I. F. HENDERSON, M.A.

AND

W. D. HENDERSON, M.A., B.Sc.,PH.D.,F.R.S.E.

.ROOK

OLIVER AND BOYD

EDINBURGH: TWEEDDALE COURT

LONDON: 33 PATERNOSTER ROW, E.G.

I92O

Uttrary

STEPHEN ROOK

PREFACE

Tins compilation was undertaken as it was thought desirable
that there should be available to students and scientists, an
up-to-date work somewhat on the lines of Stormonth's Manual
of Scientific Terms (1879, republished 1903). It contains
definitions of about ten thousand terms, including several
hundred lately coined expressions, many of which have not
hitherto appeared in a dictionary. The work is expected to
supply a want felt by many students and other readers of
the Biological Sciences, as the usual handy-sized dictionary
contains comparatively few purely scientific terms. The sub-
jects selected for treatment are Biology and its allies, Anatomy,
Botany, Zoology, Embryology, Cytology, Physiology ; and
some terms in Bacteriology and Palaeontology are included.

In a first edition of a book of this kind, errors of omission are
inevitable, as few people have convenient access to each text-
book and treatise, even in one subject, as it makes its appearance
Suggestions for additions will be welcomed and noted for future
use, and should be accompanied by the name of the work in
which the original definition is to be found ; derivation offers
no difficulty as a rule, but pronunciation might be indicated by
coiners of entirely new terms.

In the etymological section, Greek words have been trans-
literated, as science and medical students are seldom acquainted
with that language, and on the advice of an authority on
Greek, the transliteration of certain combinations of letters
represents the sound rather than the exact letters of the
original ; hence the frequent occurrence of such words as
brangchia, hydor, etc.

This work was begun by Mr J. H. Kenneth, who compiled
most of the primary lists from which the whole has been
elaborated. Mr Kenneth had completed upwards of three

751937

vi PREFACE

hundred terms when ill-health prevented his continuing the
work, and it was handed over to the present authors.

We have to acknowledge our indebtedness to Professor
J. H. Ashworth of Edinburgh University, who has very kindly
read over the manuscript and given us some suggestions for
additions.

I. F. H.
ZOOLOGY DEPARTMENT,

UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL.

NOTE AS TO PRONUNCIATION

IT has seemed expedient in many cases to give alternatives, as different
centres of learning have different types of pronunciation ; again, as it is
usage which determines correct pronunciation, and the terms are not
everyday words, it will be long before a term which lends itself equally
well to two methods will be fixed down to one.

As to many anatomical and other purely Latin terms, students will
probably follow the type of pronunciation, English or Continental,
learned at school ; in the latter case, the second alternative or some
modification of it will be employed. Those who can readily pronounce
ch as in loch, and who have so learned to pronounce the combination
in Greek, will naturally introduce that sound into such words as
branchial, brachycnemic ; although the k sound has been adopted in
this as in other dictionaries, the other is not to be regarded as
incorrect.

The sound-symbols have been made as simple as possible, only the
broader differences of vowel-sounds having been included. A general
indication of pronunciation, rather than a critically exact reproduction,
is what is wanted for the average reader of scientific works.

In the case of words which have not previously appeared in a
dictionary, and whose pronunciation is not clearly indicated by
etymological or other rules, it remains for the coiner to indicate his
preference.

SOUND-SYMBOLS USED IN PRONUNCIATION

a.
adv.

e.g.

anat.
bact.
biol
bot. .
cyt. .

Ar. .
A.S.
But.
F. .
Ger.
Gk. .
I eel.
It. .

fate.

6

as in not.

fat.

6

„ form.

far.

6

„ anatomy.

church.

oi

„ toy.

he.

oo

„ good.

hen.

ow

„ cow.

her.

s

so.

go-

sh

lash.

guano.

th

„ thin.

pine.

u

„ pure.

pin.

8

„ nut.

gem.

ii

„ French u.

cat.

y

„ yard.

queen.

z

„ is.

sing.

zh

„ vision

no.

ABBREVIATIONS

adjective.

//.

noun.

adverb.

,

J opposite,

applied to.

opp.

\opposed to.

compare.

pert.

pertaining to.

diminutive.

plu.

plural.

for example.

sing.

singular.

that is.

•v. .

verb.

anatomy.

emb.

embryology.

bacteriology.

pal.

palaeontology.

biology.

Phys.

physiology.

botany.

zool.

zoology.

cytology.

Arabic.

L. .

Latin.

Anglo-Saxon.

L.L.

Late Latin.

Dutch.

Mai.

Malaysian.

French.

M.E.

Middle English.

German.

O.F.

Old French.

Greek.

O.H.G.

Old High German.

Icelandic.

Sp.

Spanish.

Italian.

Swed.

Swedish.

A DICTIONARY OF

SCIENTIFIC TERMS

ABA-

abactinal (abak'tinal, abakti'nal) a.
[L. ab, from ; Gk. aktis, ray.]
Appl. the area of an echinoderm
body without tube-feet and in which
the madreporite is usually included ;
abambulacral ; antambulacral ; opp.
actinal (zoo/.).

abambulacral (ab'ambula'kral) a. [L.
abt from ; ambulare, to walk.]
Appl. the area of an echinoderm
body remote from that on which
the tube-feet are found (zoo/.).

abaxial (abak'slal) a. [L. ab, from ;
axis, axle.] Pert, that surface of
any structure which is remote or
turned away from the axis (biol.).

abaxile (abak'sil) a. [L. ab, from ;
axis, axle.] Appl. an embryo in
which the axis has not the same
direction as the axis of the seed
(dot.}.

abbreviated (abre'vlated) a. [L. ad,
to ; brevis, short.] Shortened ;
curtailed.

abdomen (abdo'men, ab'domen) n.
[L. abdomen, belly.] The belly ; in
vertebrates, the part of the body
containing the digestive organs ; in
Arthropods and certain Polychaets,
the posterior part of the body ; in
Synascidians, part of the zooid
below the thorax (zoo/., anat.).

abdominal (abdom'Inal) a. [L. ab-
domen, belly.] Pert, abdomen ;
appl. structures, organs, or parts of
organs situated in, on, or closely
related to, the abdomen.

abdominal pores, — single or paired
openings leading from the coelom
to the exterior, in Cyclostomes and
certain other fishes (zoo/.).

abdominal reflex, — contraction of ab-
dominal wall muscles when the skin
over the side of the abdomen is
stimulated (phys.).

abdominal regions, — nine areas into
which the abdomen is divided by

ABO-

two horizontal and two vertical
imaginary lines, viz., hypochondriac
(2), lumbar (2), inguinal (2), epigas-
tric, umbilical, hyppgastric (anat.).

abdominal ribs, — ossifications occur-
ring in the fibrous tissue between
skin and muscles of certain reptiles
(zoo/.).

abdominal ring, — one of two openings
in the fasciae of the abdominal
muscles through which passes the
spermatic cord in the male, and the
round ligament in the female ;
inguinal ring (anat.}.

abducens (abdu'se'nz) n. [L. abducere,
to lead away.] The sixth cranial
nerve supplying the rectus externus
which turns the eyeball outwards
(anat.).

abduct (abdukt') v. [L. abducere, to
lead away.] To draw away from
the median axis (phys.}.

abductor (abduk'tor) n. [L. abducere,
to lead away.] A muscle that
draws a limb or part outwards
(anat.).

aberrant (abeYant) a. [L. aberare, to
wander away.] Appl. species with
characteristics not strictly in accord-
ance with the type (bot., zoo/.).

abiogenesis (abiqje'n'gsis) n. [Gk. a,
not ; bios, life ; genesis, birth.] The
production of living from non-living
matter ; archegony ; autogony ;
spontaneous generation (oio/.).

abiology (ablol'oji) n. [Gk. a, not ;
bios, life ; logos, discourse.] The
study of non-living things ; anor-
ganology.

abomasum (aboma'zum, abom'azum)
n. [L. ab, from ; omasum, paunch.]
The read or fourth chamber of the
stomach of ruminants (zoo/.).

aboral (abo'ral) a. [L. ab, from ; os,
oris, mouth.] Away from, or
opposite to, the mouth.

abort (abort') v. [L. abortus, prc-

ABO-

ACC-

mature birth.] To be arrested in
development ; to be born prema-
turely (biol.)

abortion (abor'shun) n. [L. abortus,
premature birth.] Premature birth ;
arrest of development of an organ

abranchiate (abrang'kiat) a. [Gk. a,
without ; brangchia, gills.] Without
gills (zool.).

abrupt (abrupt') a. [L. ab, from ; rum-
pere, to break.] Appearing as if
broken, or cut off, at the extremity.
abruptly-acuminate, — having a.broad
extremity, as a leaf, from which a
point arises (hot.).

abruptly-pinnate, — having the main
axis of the epipodium not winged,
but bearing a number of secondary
axes which are winged (bot.).
absciss (ab'sls) a. [L. abscindere, to
cut off.] Appl. layer of cells just
outside the cork-layer, to whose
disorganization the fall of the leaf
is due (bot).

abscission (absish'un) n. [L. abscin-
dere, to cut off.] The separation
of parts (dot.).

absorption (absorp'shun) n. [L.
absorbere, to suck in.] The intus-
susception of fluid by living cells
or tissues ; the passage of nutritive
material through living cells (biol.,
phys.).

abstriction (abstrik'shun) n. [L.
abstringere, to cut off.] The pro-
cess of detaching spores (conidia)
by the rounding off of the tips of
the sporophores, as in mildews (bot.).
abterininal (abter'mmal) a. [L. ab,
from ; terminus, end.] Going from
the end inwards (phys.).
abysmal (abiz'mal) a. [Gk. abysses,
bottomless.] Pert, depths of the
ocean.

abyssal (abis'al) a. [Gk. abysses,
bottomless.] Pert, depths of the
ocean ; appl. organisms or material
usually found there (biol.).
acanaceous (akana'shus) a. [Gk.
akanos, thorn.] Bearing thorns or
prickles, as leaves (bot.).
acantha (akan'tha) n. [Gk. akantha,
thorn.] Prickle (bot.) ; spinous
process (zool).

acanthaceous (akantha'shus) a. [Gk.
akantha, thorn.] Bearing prickles.

acanthin (akan'thin) n. [Gk. akantha,
thorn.] A substance like chitin,
strontium sulphate, forming the
skeleton of the Radiolarians (phys.).
acanthion (akan'thion) n. [Gk. akan-
tha, thorn.] The most prominent
point on the nasal spine (anat.).
acanthocarpous (akan'thokar'pus) a.
[Gk. akantha, thorn ; karpos, fruit.]
Having the fruit covered with spines
or prickles.

acanthocephalous (akan'thokef'alus,
-sef-) a. [Gk. akantha, thorn ; keph-
ale, head.] With a hooked pro-
boscis (zool.).

acanthocladous (akan'thoklad'us) a.
[Gk. akantha, thorn ; klados, branch.]
Having spiny branches,
acanthocyst (akan'thosist) n. [Gk.
akantha, thorn ; kystis, bladder.]
A sac containing lateral or reserve
stylets in Nemerteans (zool.).
acanthophore (akan'thofor) n. [Gk.
akantha, thorn ; pherein, to bear.]
A conical mass, the basis of the
median stylet in Nemerteans (zool.).
acanthosphenote (akan'thosfe'not) a.
[Gk. akantha, thorn ; sphen, wedge.]
Appl. an echinoid spine made up of
solid wedges separated by porous
tissue (zool.).

acanthozooid (akan'thozo'oid) n. [Gk.

akantha, thorn ; soon, animal ; eidos,

form.] The tail part of the pro-

scolex of Cestodes as distinguished

from the body or cystozooid (zool.).

acapnia (akap'nia) n. [Gk. akapnos,

without smoke.] Diminution or

want of carbon dioxide (phys.).

acaulescent (akoles'ent) a. [Gk. a,

without ; kaulos, stalk.] Having a

shortened stem (bot.).

accelerator (aksgl'erator) n. [L. ac-

celerare, to hasten.] Appl. muscle

or nerve which increases the rate

of action (phys.).

acceptor (aksep'tor) n. [L. accipere,
to accept.] A body or substance
which receives and unites with
another substance or gas intro-
duced (phys.).

accessorius (akseso'rius) n. [L. ac-
cedere, to go to.] A muscle aiding
in the action of another ; the spinal
accessory or eleventh cranial nerve
(anat.).
accessory (akseVori) a. [L. accedere,

ACC-

ACI-

to go to.] Additional or accom-
panying.

accessory bud, — an additional axillary
bud (bot.).

accessory chromosome, — a chromo-
some found in the sex-cells of various
animals which by its peculiar be-
haviour and the stage it appears at,
is considered by some authorities
to be the factor that determines sex.

accessory nerve,— the eleventh cranial
nerve (anat.).

accessory pancreatic duct, — Santo-
rini's duct (anat.).

accommodation (akomoda'shun) n.
[L. ad, to ; commodus, fitting.] The
adjustment of the eye for receiving
clear images of objects at different
distances (phys.).

accrescent (akres'ent) a. [L. accre-
scere, to increase.] Appl. plants that
continue to grow after flowering, or
calyx continuing to grow after pol-
lination (bot.).

accretion (akre'shun) n. [L. accre-
scere, to increase.] Growth by the
external addition of new matter ; in
protozoology, agglomeration (biol.).

accumbent (akum'bent) a. [L. ac-
cumbere, to lie on.] Appl. embryo
having cotyledons with their edges
turned towards the radicle, as in
Cruciferae (bot.).

acentrous (asen'trus) a. [L. a, with-
out ; centrum, centre.] With no
vertebral centra and with per-
sistent notochord, as in certain
fishes (zoo/.).

acephalous (akef'alus, -sef-) a. [Gk.
a, not ; kephale, head.] Having no
structure comparable to the head,
as in some molluscs (zool.).

acerate (as'grat) a. [L. acer, sharp.]
Needle-shaped ; pointed at one end,
appl. monaxon or oxeote spicules
(zool.).

acerose (as'eros) a. [L. acer, sharp.]
Narrow and slender, with a sharp
point ; as a pine-leaf (bot.).

acervuline (aseYviilin) a. [L. acervus,
heap.] Irregularly heaped to-
gether, appl. foraminiferal tests
(zool.).

acervulus (aser'vulus) n. [LL. dim.
of acervus, heap.] A small heap
or cluster ; especially of sporo-
genous mycelium (bot.).

acervulus cerebri, — minute grains of
a calcareous nature in the pineal
gland, etc., of the brain (anat.).

acetabulum (asgtab'ulum) n. [L.
acetabulum, vinegar - cup.] The
socket for the head of the femur,

situated at the junction of the
ilium, ischium, and pubis, all of
which may or may not take part in
its formation (anat.) ; in insects,
the cavity of the thorax formed by
the epimeron, sternum, and occa-
sionally epigastrium, in which the
legs are inserted ; the large pos-
terior sucker in leeches ; one of
the cotyledons of the ruminant
placenta ; the sucker on the arms
of a Cephalopod (sool.).

acheilary (akl'lan) a. [Gk. a, with-
out ; cheilos, lip.] Having the
labellum undeveloped, as in some
orchids (bot.).

achene (aken') ». [Gk. a, not ;
chainein, to gape.] A monosper-
mal seed-vessel which does not
open or crack (bot.).

Achillis tendo (Skills ten'do) n.
[Achilles, hero of the Iliad, who
had a vulnerable heel ; L. tendo,
tendon.] The hamstring ; the
united strong tendon of the gastro-
cnemiusand solaeus muscles (anat.).

achlamydeous (ak'lamid'eus) a. [Gk.
a, without; chlamys, cloak.] Having
neither calyx nor corolla (bot.).

achromatin (akro'matin) n. [Gk. «,
without ; chroma, colour.] The
non-staining ground substance and
linin of the nucleus (cyt.).

achromatinic (akro'matin'ik) a. [Gk.
a, without ; chroma, colour.] Pert.
achromatin, or resembling achro-
matin in its properties (cyt.).

acicular (aslk'ular) a. [L. acicula,
small needle.] Like a needle in
shape ; sharp-pointed (bot.).

aciculum (aslk'ulum) n. [L. acicula,
small needle.] One of the stiff
basal setae in the parapodium of
a worm (zool.).

acinaciform (aslnas'iform) a. [L.
acinaces, short sword ; forma,
shape.] Shaped like a sabre or
scimitar ; appl. leaf (bot.).

acinarious (aslna'rlus) a. [L. acinus,
berry.] Having globose vesicles,
as some Algae (bot.).

ACI-

ACT-

acinus (as'fnus) «. [L. acinus, berry.]
One of the pulpy drupes composing
the fruit of bramble or raspberry
(hot.} ; the sac-like termination of
a branched gland (anat.).

acoelomate (ase'lomat) a, [Gk. a,
without ; koilos, hollow.] Appl.
animals not having a true body
cavity.

acoelomatous,acoelous, — acoelomate.

acontia (akon'tia, akon'shia) n. plu.
[Gk. akontion, small javelin.]
Threadlike processes of the mesen-
teric filaments armed with stinging
cells, in Actinians (zoo/.').

acotyledon (a'kotlle'don) ». [Gk. a,
without ; kotyledon, a cup-shaped
hollow.] A plant without a coty-
ledon (hot.}.

acquired character, —a modification
or mutilation, due to disease or to
use or disuse of a special organ or
organs, which has actually made its
appearance during the lifetime of
the individual (biol.).

acraspedote (akras'pgdot) a. [Gk. a,
without ; kraspedon, an edge or
border.] Having no velum (zool.).

acrobryous (ak'robrl'us) a. [Gk. akros,
tip ; bryein, to swell.] Growing at
the tip only (dot.).

acrocarpous (ak'rokar'pus) a. [Gk.
akros, tip ; karpos, fruit.] Having
the fructification terminating the
axis (bot.).

acrocoracoid (ak'rokSr'akoid) n. [Gk.
akros, tip ; korax, crow ; eidos,
shape.] A process at the dorsal
end of the coracoid in birds (zoo!.).

acrocyst (ak'roslst) n. [Gk. akros, tip ;
kystis, bladder.] The spherical
gelatinous cyst formed by the gono-
phore, when it projects after migra-
tion on the blastostyle beyond the
mouth of the gonotheca, for the
completion of the maturation of the
generative cells (zool.).

acrodont (ak'rodont) a. [Gk. akros,
tip ; odous, tooth.] Appl. teeth
which are ankylosed by their base
to the summit of a parapet of bone
(anat.).

aerodrome (ak'rodrom), acrodromous
(akrSd'romus) a. [Gk. akros, tip ;
dromein, to run.] Appl. leaf with
nerves converging at its point (bot.).

acrogenous (akr6j'6nus) a. [Gk. akros,

tip ; genos, offspring.] Increasing
in growth at the summit or growing
point (bot.).

acromial (akro'mial) a. [Gk. akros,
summit ; omos, shoulder.] Pert.
the acromion, appl. artery, process,
ligament, etc. (anat.).

acromio-clavicular (akro'mio-klavik'-
ular) a. [Gk. akromion, shoulder-
summit ; L. claviculus, dim. of
clavts, key.] Appl. ligaments cover-
ing the joint between the acromion
and the clavicle (anat.).

acromion (akro'mion) n. [Gk. akros,
summit ; omos, shoulder.] The
ventral prolongation of the spina
scapulae (anat.}.

acropetal (ak'ropeVal) a. [Gk. akros,
summit ; L. petere, to seek.] Appl.
leaves or flowers developing from
an axis so that the youngest arise
nearest the apex (bot.).

acrorhagus (akrora'gus) n. [Gk. akros,
summit ; rhax, grape.] A tubercle
on the margin of certain Actinians,
containing nematocysts (zool.).

acrosarc (ak'rosark) n. [Gk. akros,
summit ; sarx, flesh.] A pulpy
berry resulting from the union of
ovary and calyx (bot.).

acrosome (ak'rosom) n. [Gk. akros,
tip ; sotna, body.] Body at the apex
of a spermatozoon, the apical body
(zool.).

acrospire (ak'rospir) n. [Gk. akros,
summit ; speira, something twisted.]
The first shoot or sprout, being
spiral, at the end of a germinating
seed (bot.).

acrospore (ak'rospor) n. [Gk. akros,
tip ; sporos, seed.] The spore at
the end of a sporophore (bot.).

actinal (ak'tmal, aktfnal) a. [Gk.
aktis, ray.] Appl. area of an echino-
derm body in which the tube-feet
are situated ; appl. the oral area
with tentacles in Actinaria (zool.).

actine (ak'tln) n. [Gk. aktis, ray.] A
star-shaped spicule (zool.).

actinenchyma (ak'tlngng'kima) n.
[Gk. aktis, ray ; en, in ; chein, to
pour.] Cellular tissue having a
stellate appearance (bot.).

actinoblast (aktln'oblast) n. [Gk.
aktis, ray ; blastos, bud.] The
mother-cell from which a spicule
is developed (zool.).

ACT-

ADE-

actinocarpous (ak'tinokar'pus) a. [Gk.
aktis, ray ; karpos, fruit.] Appl.
plants with flowers and fruit radially
arranged (bot.).

actinodrome (aktm'b'drom) a. [Gk.
aktis, ray ; dramas, a running.]
Veined palmately (hot.}.

actinogonidial (ak'tinogonid'ial) a.
[Gk. aktis, ray ; gonos, offspring.]
Having radiately arranged genital
organs as in Stelleroids (zool.).

actinoid (ak'tinoid) a. [Gk. aktis, ray ;
eidos, shape.] Rayed, star-shaped.

actinomere (aktin'omer) n. [Gk. aktis,
ray ; meros, part.] A radial seg-
ment (zool.}.

actinomorphic (ak'tinomor'f Ik), actino-
morphous (ak'tinomor'fus) a. [Gk.
aktis, ray ; morphe, shape.] Appl.
flowers which can be divided into
like halves by a vertical section
through the centre ; radiosym-
metrical.

actinost (ak'tinost) n. [Gk. aktis, ray ;
os/eon, bone.] Basal bone of the
fin-rays in Teleosteans (zool.}.

actinostome (aktin'ostom) n. [Gk.
aktis, ray ; stoma, mouth.] The
five-rayed oral aperture of the star-
fish (zool.}.

actlnotrichium (ak'tinotrlk'ium) n.
[Gk. aktis, ray ; thrix, hair.] A
delicate unjointed horny fibre of
mesoblastic origin found at the
edge of all the fins in adult Tele-
ostomes, probably homologous with
the ceratotrichia of Elasmobranchs
(zool.}.

actinotrocha (ak'tfnotro'ka) n. [Gk.
aktis, ray ; trochos, wheel.] Free-
swimming larval form of Phoronis
(zool.}.

actinula (aktin'ula) n. [Gk. aktis,
ray.] A larval stage in some Hydro-
medusae, in which a coelenteron,
mouth, and tentacles are formed,
and cell differentiation has taken
place before the larva is set free
from the parent form (zool.}.

aculeate (aku'leat) a. [L. aculeus,
prickle, thorn.] Having prickles
or sharp points (bot.}.

aculeiform (akule'iform) a. [L.
aculeus, prickle ; forma, shape.]
Formed like a prickle or thorn
(bot.}.

aculeus (aku'leus) n. [L. aculeus,

prickle.] A prickle growing from
the bark, as in the rose (bot.} ; a
sting (zool.}.

acuminate (aku'minat) a. [L. acumen.
point.] Drawn out into a long
point ; tapering (bot.} ; pointed
(zool.}.

acuminiferous (akummlf'e'rus) a. [L.
acumen, point ; ferre, to carry.]
Having pointed tubercles (zoo/.}.

acuminulate (ak'umm'ulat) a. [L.
acuminulus, dim. of acumen, point.]
Having a very sharp tapering point.

acute (akut')#. [L. acutus, sharpened.]
Ending in a sharp point.

acyclic (asik'llk) a. [Gk. a, without ;
kyklos, circle.] Appl. flowers in
which the series of floral leaves are
arranged in a spiral ; opp. cyclic
(**}

adamantoblast (adaman'toblast) n.
[L. adamas, diamond ; Gk. blastos,
bud.] A cell of the internal epi-
thelial layer of the mammalian
enamel organ, columnar in shape ;
the enamel cell ; in many of the
lower forms the enamel organ con-
sists only of such cells (zool.}.

adambulacral (ad'ambula'kral) a.
[L. ad, to ; ambulare, to walk.]
Appl. ossicles or structure adjacent
to the ambulacral areas in Echino-
derms (zool.}.

adaptation (adapta'shun) n. [L. ad,
to ; aptare, to fit.] The process by
which an organism becomes fitted
to its environment ; a structure or
habit fitted for some special environ-
ment ; the fitting of cutaneous and
other sensations to a point when
discomfort ceases, as the physio-
logical zero in the case of adapta-
tion to temperature (phys.}.

adduction (aduk'shun) n. [L. ad, to ;
ducere^ to lead.] The movement
towards the median axis (phys.}.

adductor (aduk'tor) n. [L. ad, to ;
ducere, to lead.] Any muscle which
brings one part towards another
(anat.}.

adeciduate (adesld'uat) a. [L. a,
away from ; df, from ; cadere, to
fall.] Not falling, or coming
away, appl. evergreens (bot.) ;
appl. placenta (zool.).

adelocodonic (ad'61okod6n'lk, ade'-
I6kod6n'lk) a. [Gk. adelos, con-

ADE-

ADR-

cealed; kodon, bell.] Appl. the
undetached medusome of certain
Gymnoblastea, which degenerates
after discharging ripe sexual cells,
as opp. the free or phanerocodonic
gonophore or medusome (zoo/.).
adelomorphic (ad'elomor'fik, ade'-
I6m6r'(ik) a. [Gk. adelos, con-
cealed ; morphe, shape.] Indefinite
in form ; appl. central cells of peptic
glands (anat.).

adelphous (adel'fus) a. [Gk. adel-
phos, brother.] Joined together in
bundles (hot.} ; used in compounds
monadelphous and diadelphous,
which see.

adenocheiri (ad'gnokl'n, -re) n. plu.
[Gk. aden, gland ; cheir, hand.]
Elaborate accessory copulatory
organs, outgrowths of the atrial
walls in the turbellarian genus
Artioposthia (zool.}.
adenodactyli (ad'Snodak'till, -le) n.
plu. [Gk. aden, gland ; daktylos,
finger.] Adenocheiri, which see
(zoo/.).

adenoid (ad'gnoid) a. [Gk. aden,
gland ; etdos, shape.] Pert, or
resembling a gland ; pert, or re-
sembling lymphoid tissue.
adenophore (ad'enofor') n. [Gk. aden,
gland ; pherezn, to carry.] The stalk
of a nectar gland (bot.}.
adenophyllous (ad'enb'fil'Cis) a. [Gk.
aden, gland ; phyllon, leaf.] Bear-
ing glands on the leaves (hot.}.
adenopodous (adenop'odus) a. [Gk.
aden, gland ; pous, foot.] Bearing
glands on the peduncles (bot.}.
adenostemonous (ad'enostgrn'onus) a.
[Gk. aden, gland ; steinon, a spun
thread.] Having glands on the
stamens (bot.}.

adesmy (adgs'mi) n. [Gk. adesmos,
unfettered.] A break or division
in an organ usually entire (bot.}.
adetopneusic (ad'gtopnu'sik) a. [Gk.
adetos, free ; pnein, to breathe.]
Having papulae or dermal
branchiae occurring beyond the
abactinal surface, as in certain of
the Stelleroids (zool.}.
adherent (adhe'rgnt) a. [L. ad, to ;
haerere, to stick.] Pert, union of
parts which are normally separate,
as calyx and ovary ; adnate (dot.}.
adhesion (adhe'zhun) n. [L. ad, to ;

haerere, to stick.] Condition of
being united to, or separate from,
one another, appl. elements of a
whorl (bot.}.

adhesive cells, — Glandular or special-
ized cells found in various animals;
on the tentacles of Ctenophores, on
the epidermis of certain Turbel-
larians, on the pedal disc of
Hydra, etc.

adipose (ad'Tpos) a. [L. adeps, fat.]
Pert, or designating animal fat ;
fatty (phys.}.

adipose tissue,— the special animal
tissue for the formation and storage

adminicula (ad'mimk'ula) n. plu. [L.
adminiculum, support.] Spines of
certain pupae, assisting in wriggling
motion (zoo!.).

adnate (adnat') a. [L. ad, to ; gnatus,
born.] Pert, or designating the con-
dition of being closely attached to
the side of the petiole or stalk, as
in the case of stipules or leaves ;
designating the condition of the
anther when its back is attached
throughout its whole length to the
filament, or to its continuation the
connective (bot.}.

adnexa (adngk'sa) n. plu. [L. ad, to ;
nectere, to bind.] Certain structures
or parts of structures closely related
to any organ (anat.}.

adnexed (adneksf) a. [L. ad, to ;
nectere, to bind.] Reaching to the
stem only (bot.}.

adoral (ado'ral) a. [L. ad, to ; os,
mouth.] Near the mouth, or pert.
the mouth (zoo!.).

ad-radius (adra'diiis) n. [L. ad, to ;
radius, radius.] The radius in
Coelenterates midway between the
perradius and the interradius, a
radius of the third order (zool.).

adrectal (adrgk'tal) a. [L. ad, to ;
rectum, rectum.] Near to or
closely connected with rectum
(zool.}.

adrenal (adre'nal) a. [L. ad, to ;
renes, kidneys.] Suprarenal.

adrenalin (adre'nalTn), adrenaline
(adre'nalin, adre'nalen) n. [L. ad,
to ; renes, kidneys.] A crystalline
substance obtained from suprarenal
extract (phys.}.

adrostral (adros'tral) a. [L. ad, to ;

ADS-

rostrum, beak.] Near to or closely
connected with the beak or rostrum
(zool.).

adsorption (iidsorp'shun) n. [L. ad,
to ; sorbere, to suck in.] The con-
centration of a substance in solution
in a liquid on a surface in contact
with the surface of another phase ;
the adhesion of molecules to solid
bodies (phys.).

aduncate (adung'kat) a. [L. aduncus,
hooked.] Crooked ; bent in the
form of a hook.

advehent (ad've'he'nt) a. [L. adve-
here, to carry to.] Appl. veins,
same as afferent (anat.).

adventitious (advgntish'iis) a. [L. ad,
to ; venire, to come.] Accidental ;
appl. organs arising in abnormal
positions (hot.}.

aecidiospores (esld'iosporz', as-) n. plu.
[L. aecidium, cup ; Gk. sporos, seed.]
The spores contained in an aeci-
dium or clustercup (bot.).

aecidium (estd'ium, as-) n. [L. aeci-
dium, cup.] A cup-shaped structure
containing simple sporophores,
bearing rows of spores (bot.).

aegithognathous (e'jlthog'nathus, a'-
glthogna'thus) a. [Gk. aegithos,
hedge - sparrow ; gnathos, jaw.]
With maxillo - palatines separate,
vomers forming a wedge in front
and diverging behind ; appl. a type
of palate found in the Carinatae
(zool.).

aerial (ae'rtal) a. [L. aer, air.] In-
habiting the air ; appl. roots grow-
ing above ground, e.g. from stems
of ivy, for purposes of climbing ;
also to small bulbs appearing in
the axils of the leaves of certain
plants (bot.).

aerobe (a'eYob) n. [Gk. aer, air ;
bios, life.] An organism which
grows only in the presence of
oxygen ; appl. bacteria.

aerobic (a'erob'ik) a. [Gk. aer, air ;
bios, life.] Thriving only in abund-
ance of oxygen (bact.).

aerocyst (a'grb'sTst) n. [Gk. aer, air ;
kystis, bladder.] An air vesicle
of Algae (bot.).

aerophyte (a'6roflt) n. [Gk. aer, air ;
phyton, plant.] A land-plant grow-
ing attached to another plant ; an
epiphyte.

aerostat (a'grostat) n. [L. aer, air ;
stare, to stand.] An air-sac in
insect body or in bird-bone (zool.).

aerostatic (a'Srostat'ik), a. [L. aer,
air ; stare, to stand.] Pneumatic ;
containing air-spaces (zool.).

aerotaxis (a'grotak'sls) «. [Gk. aer,
air ; taxis, arrangement.] The
movement of bacteria and other
micro-organisms towards or away
from oxygen (phys.).

aerotropism (aerot'ropizm) n. [Gk
aer, air ; trepein, to turn.] The
reaction of plants to gases (bot.).

aesthacyte (es'thaslt) n. [Gk. ais-
thesis, sensation ; kytos, hollow.]
A sensory cell of primitive animals,

aesthesia (gsthe'zla) n. [Gk. aisthesis,
sensation.] Sensibility.

aestival (eVtlval, estl'val) a. [L.
aestas, summer.] Produced in, or
pert, summer.

aestivation (eVtiva'shun) n. [L. aesti-
•uus, pert, summer.] The mode in
which the different parts of the
flower are disposed in the flower-
bud ; praefloration ; torpor during
summer as in the case of some
animals.

aethalium (etha'llum, ath-) n. [Gk.
aithahs, soot.] An aggregation of
plasmodia to form a compound fruit
in Mycetozoa.

aetiology (etI61'6jl) n. [Gk. aitia,
cause ; logos, discourse.] A branch
of biology dealing with causes.

afferent (af'erent) a. [L. afferre, to
bring.] Appl. nerves carrying im-
pulses to the nervous centres ; appl.
blood-vessels carrying blood to any
particular organ or set of organs
(anat.).

affinity (afm'itl) n. [L. affinis, related
to.] Relationship ; similarity in all
essential organs (biol.).

aflagellar (a'flajgl'ar) a. [Gr. a,
without ; L. flagelluni, a whip.]
Without a flagellum, a whip-like
appendage in certain unicellular
organisms ; appl. the end of a
trypanosome not furnished with a
flagellum (zool.}.

afterbirth (af'terberth) n. [A.S.
aefter, behind ; beran, to bring
forth.] Placenta and foetal mem-
branes expelled after the young is
born (anal!.).

AFI-

8

ALA

aftershaft (af'tershaft) ». [A.S.
aefter, behind ; shaft.] A small
tuft of down in the neighbourhood
of the superior umbilicus in the
feathers of most birds ; in certain
birds (e.g. moas, emu, cassowary)
a second vane, which, usually
shorter, but sometimes of equal
length to the vane proper, arises
near the superior umbilicus (zool.}.

agametes (ag'amets) n. plu. [Gk. a,
without ; games, marriage.] Amoe-
bulae which develop directly into
adults without syngamy (zool.}.

agamic (agam'lk) a. [Gk. a, without ;
games, marriage.] Asexual ; appl.
to a parthenogenic race (biol.} ;
cryptogamic (bot.}.

agamobium (ag'amS'bium) n. [Gk.
a, without ; games, marriage ; bios,
life.] The asexual stage in meta-
genesis (zool.} ; the sporophyte
(bot.}.

agamogenesis (ag'amqje'n'e'sis) n. [Gk.
a, without ; games, marriage ;
genesis, generation.] Partheno-
genesis.

agamogenetic (ag'amojSngt'ik) a.
[Gk. a, without ; games, marriage ;
genesis, birth.] Appl. asexual re-
production.

aganiogony (ag'amog'oni) n. [Gk. a,
without ; games, marriage ; genes,
offspring.] Schizogony, or repro-
duction without sexual process
(biol.}.

agamont (ag'amont) n. [Gk. a, with-
out ; games, marriage ; on, being.]
A schizont, or that stage which
gives rise to agametes (biol.}.

agamous (ag'amus) a. See agamic.

agglomerate (agl8m'6rat) a. [L. ad,
to ; glomus, ball.] Clustered, as a
head of flowers.

agglutination (aglootina'shun) «. [L.
ad, to ; glutinare, to glue.] The
forming of clumps or floccules by
bacteria distributed in a medium,
and their simultaneous loss of
mobility (bact.}.

agglutinin (agloot'inm) n. [L, ad,
to ; glutinare, to glue.] A sub-
stance which is supposed to cause
agglutination (phys.}.

aggregate (ag'rggat) a. [L. ad, to ;
gregare, to collect into a flock.]
Formed in a cluster (bot., zool.}.

aggregate fruit, — a fruit formed
from the apocarpous gynoecium
of a single flower, as the raspberry.

aggregation (agrgga'shun) n. [L. ad,
to ; gregare, to collect.] The
peculiar movement of the proto-
plasm in the cells of the tentacles
or tendrils of sensitive plants, which
being due to previous contact, causes
the tentacle or tendril to bend
towards the point where the stimu-
lus was applied (phys.}.

aggressin (agres'm) n. [L. aggressus,
attacked.] A toxic substance pro-
duced by pathogenic organisms
inhibiting the defensive reactions
of the host (phys.}.

aglossate (aglos'-at) n. [Gk. a, with-
out ; glossa, tongue.] Having no
tongue (zool.}.

agnathostomatous (agnath'ostonY-
atus) a. [Gk. a, without ; gnathos,
jaw ; stoma, mouth.] Having the
mouth unfurnished with jaws, as in
the lamprey (zool.}.

agnathous (agnath'us) a. [Gk. a,
without ; gnathos, jaw.] Having
no jaw (zool.}.

agrostology (ag'rostol'ojl) n. [Gk.
agrostis, grass ; logos, discourse.]
That part of botany dealing with
the systematic treatment of grasses
(bot.}.

air-bladder (ar'-blad'er) n. [L. aer,
air; A.S. bleedre, bladder.] The
swim-bladder, an air-sac formed by
an outgrowth from the alimentary
canal in many fishes (zool.}.

air-cells, — thin-walled cavities in the
ethmoidal labyrinth ; numerous
cavities in the mastoid (anat.}.

air-sacs, — spaces filled with air and
connected with the lungs, which
increase the respiratory coefficient,
and probably lessen the specific
gravity in birds.

akaryote (aka/iot) n. [Gk. a, without ;
karyon, nut, nucleus.] A cell in
which the nucleoplasm has not
collected together to form a nu-
cleus ; a non-nucleated cell (cyt.}.

akinete (^'kinet', aVinet) n. [Gk. a,
not ; kinein, to move.] A resting
cell in certain green Algae, which
will later reproduce (bot?).

ala (a'la) n. [L. ala, wing.] Any
winglike projection, e.g. of vomer

ALA

9

ALL-

(anat.) ; the lateral petal of a
papilionaceous flower ; the mem-
branous expansion on some seeds
or fruits (bot.).

alar (a'lar) a. [L. ala, wing.] Wing-
like ; pert, alae ; axillary (bot.) ;
appl. ligaments, cartilages, etc.
(anat.).

alary (a'l&rT) a. [L. ala, wing.]
Wing-like.

alate (a'lat) a. [L. ala, wing.] Broad-
lipped, appl. shells ; appl. a spicular
system in Calcarea which is sagit-
tal because of inequality of angles
(zool.).

albescent (albeVgnt) a, [L. albescere,
to grow white.] Growing whitish.

albicant (al'bikant) a. [L. albicare,
to grow white.] Becoming white.

albinism (al'bimzm) n. [L. albus,
white.] The absence of pigmenta-
tion (zoo!.) ; state of having colour-
less chromatophores.

albino (albino, albe'no) n. [Sp.
albino, white, from L. albusl\ A
person with congenital deficiency
of pigment in the skin, hair, and
eyes (anat.) ; any animal with a
similar deficiency on its body
(zool.) ; a plant with colourless
chromatophores, due to absent
chloroplasts or undeveloped chro-
moplasts (bot.).

albumen (albu'men) n. [L. albumen,
white of egR.] The white of egg
(zool.) ; nutritive material stored in
the embryo (bot.).

albumin (albu'mln) n. [L. albumen,
white of egg.] A protein occurring
in blood serum, milk, and many
animal and vegetable tissues (phys.).

albuminous (albu'minus) a. [L. albu-
men, white of egg.] Pert, having,
or of the nature of, albumen or
albumin.

alburnum (albur'num) n. [L. albus,
white.] Sapwood or splintwood,
the soft white substance between
inner bark (cambium) and true
wood (duramen) ; the outer young
wood of a dicotyledonous stem
(bot.).

alecithal (aleVithal) a. [Gk. a, with
out ; lekithos, yolk.] Appl. ova
with little or no yolk (zool.).

aleurone (alu'ron) n. [Gk. aleuron,
flour.] Appl. proteid grains found

in general protoplasm and used as
reserve food-materials (bot.).

alexin (aleVsin) n. [Gk. alexein, to
ward off.] A substance in the
blood which destroys bacteria
(Phys.).

algin (al'jin) n. [L. alga, seaweed.]
A substance of a gelatin character
obtained from certain Algae (phys.).

algoid (al'goid) a. [L. alga, plant ;
Gk. eidos, shape.] Pert, resembling
or of the nature of an Alga (bot.).

algology (algol'oji) n. [L. alga, sea-
weed ; Gk. logos, discourse.] The
study of seaweeds or Algae (bot.).

alima (al'ima) ». [Gk. halimos, pert.
sea.] A larval stage of certain
Crustacea, e.g. Squilla (zool.).

alimentary (al'Ime'n'tari) a. [L. alere,
to nourish.] Pert, the nutritive
functions ; appl. canal, tract,
system, etc.

alisphenoid (al'isfe'noid) «. [L. a/a,
wing ; Gk. sphen, wedge ; eidos,
form.] The wing-like portion of
the sphenoid forming part of the
cranium.

alitrunk (al'itrungk) n. [L. ala, wing ;
truncus, trunk.] The thorax of an
insect when fused with the first
segment of the abdomen.

allantois (Slan'tois) n. [Gk. alias,
sausage.] An embryonic organ, a
membranous bag arising from the
posterior part of the alimentary
canal in the higher vertebrates,
and acting as an organ of respira-
tion or nutrition or both, and
usually uniting with the chorion
(emb.).

allassotonic (alas'otfin'ik) a. [Gk.
allassein, to change ; tonos, strain.]
Induced by stimulus, appl. move-
ments of grown plants.

allelomorph (ale'lomorf) n. [Gk. alle-
lon, one another ; morphe, form.]
In Mendelian inheritance one of
any pair of alternative characters
(biol.).

alliaceous (alta'shus) a. [L. allium,
garlic.] Pert, the allium or garlic
family ; having a smeN or taste
like garlic (bot?).

allogamy (alfig'aml) n. [Gk. allos,
other ; gamos, marriage.] Cross-
fertilization, as opp. autogamy
(biol.).

ALL-

10

AMP-

alloiogenesis (al'oiojen'esis) n. [Gk.
alloios, different ; genesis, descent.]
The alternation in a life-history of
a sexual and a non-sexual form ;
alternation of generations (biol.}.

allopelagic (al'opelaj'ik) a. [Gk. allos,
other ; pelagos, sea.] Pert, organ-
isms found at any depth of the sea
uninfluenced by heat or cold (biol.}.

alloplasmatic (al'dplasmat'ik) a. [Gk.
allos, other ; plasma, something
moulded.] Appl. the differentiated
portion of cell protoplasm (cyt.).

alloplast (al'oplast) n. [Gk. allos,
other ; plastos, formed.] A morpho-
logical cell-unit of more than one
kind of tissue (cyt.}.

alluvial (alu'vial, aloo-) a. [L. alluere,
to wash to.] Pert, or found in
deposits laid down by running
water (pal.}.

alsinaceous (alsina'shiis) a. [Gk.
alsine, chickweed.] Appl. a poly-
petalous corolla where intervals
occur between the petals, as in the
chickweed (bot.}.

alteration theory, — explains the
electromotive forces of nerve and
musclebyalterations in the chemical
composition of the tissue at the
cross-section (phys.}.

alternate (alter'nar, olteVnat) a. [L.
alternus, one after another.] Appl.
leaves or branches occurring at
different levels on opposite sides of
the stem (bot.}.

alternation of generations, — the
occurrence in one life-history of
two or more different forms differ-
ently produced, as in the polypoid
and medusoid stages of Hydroids
(biol.}.

alternation of parts, — it is the general
rule that leaves of the different
whorls alternate in position with
each other, sepals with petals,
stamens with petals (tot.).

alternlplnnate (alteYnipin'at, 61-) a.
[L. alternus, one after another ;
pinna, wing.] Appl. leaflets or
pinnae arising alternately on each
side of the mid-rib (hot}.

altrices (altrl'sez, al'trlsgz) n. plu.
[L. altriX) nourishes] Appl. birds
whose young are hatched in a very
immature condition (zool.}.

alula (al'ula) n. [L. alula, dim. of

ala, wing.] A small lobe separated
off from the wing-base on its pos-
terior edge in certain insects ; false
wing of birds (zool.}.

alveola (alve'dla) n. [L. alveolus, a
small cavity.] A pit on the surface
of an organ (bot.}.

alveolar (alve'olar) a. [L. alveolus,
a small pit.] Pert, a tooth socket
or alveolus ; appl. artery, nerve,
process, canal, in connection with
the jaw-bone (anat.) ; appl. a par-
ticular stage in protoplasm ; and to
small cavities in the lungs (zool.} ;
alveolar point — see prosthlon.

alveolate (alve'olat) a. [L. alveolatus,
pitted.] Deeply pitted or honey-
combed.

alveolus (alve'olus) «. [L. alveolus,
a small pit.] A tooth socket or
small pit or depression (anat.) ; the
pyramidal ossicle supporting a tooth
in the sea-urchin (zool.}.

alveus (al'veus) n. [L. alveus, cavity.]
A thin white layer on the ventricular
surface of the hippocampus (anat.}.

amacrine (am'akrin) a. [Gk. a, not ;
makros, long ; fs, fibre.] Appl.
cells occurring in the inner nuclear
layer of the retina (anat}.

ambidextrous (am'bidgk'strus) a. [L.
ambo, both ; dexter, right.] Able
to use both hands with equal ease.

ambiens (am'bignz) n. [L. ambire, to
go round.] A thigh muscle in cer-
tain birds, the action of which causes
the toes to grasp the perch (zool.}.

ambiparous (amblp'arus) a. [L. ambo,
both; parere, to beget.] Appl.
buds as they contain the beginnings
of both flowers and leaves (hot.}.

ambisporangiate (am'blsporan'jTat)
a. [L. ambo, both ; Gk. sporos,
seed ; anggeion, box.] Appl. plants
with sporophylls bearing both
megasporangia and microsporangia
(bot.).

ambital (am'bital) a. [L. ambire, to
go round.] Appl. interambulacral
and antambulacral plates of Aster-
oids ; the outer skeleton of arm of
Ophiuroids (zool.} .

ambitus (am'bitus) n. [L. ambire, to
go around.] The outer edge or
margin of a thing ; the outline of
an echinoid shell viewed from the
apical pole (zool.}.

AMB-

11

AMP-

amboceptor (am'bose'p'to'r) n. [L.
ambo, both ; capere, to take.] An
antibody or specific immune body
necessary for the ferment-like action
of the complement on a toxin or
a red blood corpuscle (phys.}.

ambulacra (am'bula'kra) n. plu. [L.
ambulare, to walk.] Locomotor
tube-feet of Echinoderms (zool.}.

ambulacralia (am'bulakra'lia) n. plu.
[L. ambulare, to walk.] Ambu-
lacral plates, i.e. plates through
which the tube-feet protrude (zool.}.

ambulacriform (ambulak'riform) a.
[L. ambulare, to walk ; forma,
shape.] Having the form or appear-
ance of ambulacra (zool.}.

ameliflcation (amel'ifika'shun) n.
[M.E. amell, enamel ; L.facere, to
make.] Formation of tooth-enamel
(anat.}.

aineloblast (ameToblast) n. [M.E.
amell, enamel ; Gk. blastos, bud.]
A columnar or hexagonal cell about
five times as long as it is broad, an
enamel-forming cell ; a cell of the
internal epithelium of the enamel
organ (anat.}.

amentaceous (amgnta'shus) a. [L.
amentum, a thong.] Appl. plants
bearing aments or catkins (bot.).

amentiferous (amgntlferus) a. [L.
amentum, a thong ; ferre, to carry.]
Amentaceous.

amentum (amen'tum) n. [L. amentum,
a thong.] A catkin, consisting of
a bracted axis bearing unisexual
flowers as in the poplar and willow
(**>

ametabolic (amSt'abol'ik) a. [Gk. a,
without ; metabole, change.] Appl.
insects that do not pass through
any marked metamorphosis (zool.}.

amicron (amik'ron)' n. [Gk. a, with-
out ; mikros, small.] An element
so small that even the ultramicro-
scope can only indicate it as a
diffuse illumination in the track of
the beam ; cf. submicron (phys.}.

amlcronucleate (ami'kronu'kleat) a.
[Gk. a, without ; mikros, small ; L.
nucleus, kernel.] Appl. fragments
of certain Protozoa in which there
is no micronucleus (zool.}.

amitosis (amito'sis) n. [Gk. a, with-
out ; mitos, thread.] Cell-division
and cleavage of the nucleus with-

out the thread-like formation of the
nuclear material (cyt.}.

ammonltiferous (am'onltlf'e'rus) a.
[Gk. Amman, Jupiter; L. ferre, to
carry.] Containing the fossil re-
mains of Ammonites (pal.}.

amoeba (ame'ba) n. [Gk. amoibe, ex-
change.] A protozoon in which the
shape is subject to constant altera-
tions due to the formation and
retraction of pseudopodia (zool.}.

amoebifonn (ame'biform) a. [Gk.
amoibe, change ; L. forma, shape.]
Shaped like or resembling an
amoeba (biol.}.

amoebocyte (ame'boslt) ». [Gk.
amoibe, change ; kytos, hollow.]
Any cell having the shape or pro-
perties of an amoeba, especially
certain cells in the coelom of Ech-
inoderms ; a leucocyte (zool.}.

amoeboid (ame'boid) a. [Gk. amoibe,
change ; eidos, shape.] Resembling
an amoeba in shape or in properties
(zool.}.

amoebula (ame'bula) n. [Gk. amoibe,
change.] The swarm-spore of a
protozoan when furnished with
pseudopodia (zool.}.

amorphous (am&r'fus) a. [Gk. a,
without ; morphe, shape.] Inde-
terminate, or of irregular form.

amphiarthrosis (am'fiarthro'sls) n.
[Gk. amphi, both ; arthron, joint.]
A slightly movable articulation, as
a symphysis or syndesmosis (anat.}.

amphiaster (am'ftas'te'r) n. [Gk.
amphi, both ; aster, star.] The
two asters connected by the
achromatic spindle formed in
mitotic cell division (cyt.).

amphibious (amfib'ius) a. [Gk.
amphi, both ; bios, life.] Adapted
for life either on land or in water
(biol.}.

amphiblastic (am'fiblas'tlk) a. [Gk.
amphi, both ; blastos, bud.] Having
unequal segmentation, appl. telo-
lecithal ova with complete segmen-
tation (biol.}.

amphiblastula (am'fiblas'tula) n. [Gk.
amphi, both ; blastos, bud.] Stage
in the development of certain
sponges, in which the posterior
end of the embryo is composed
of granular archaeocytes, and the
anterior end of flagellate cells (zool.}.

AMP-

12

AMP-

amphibollc (am'fibol'ik) a. [Gk.
amphi, both ; ballein, to throw.]
Capable of turning backwards or
forwards, as the outer toe of certain
birds (zool.).

ainphlcarpous (am'fikar'pus) a. [Gk.
amphi, both ; karpos, fruit.] Pro-
ducing fruit of two kinds (bot.).

ampbicoelous (am'fise'lus) a. [Gk.
amphi, both ; koilos, hollow.] Con-
cave on both surfaces ; appl. verte-
brae with the anterior and posterior
surfaces of the centra hollow (zoo/.}.

amphicondylous (am'fikon'dilus) a.
[Gk. amphi, both ; kondylos, knob.]
Having two occipital condyles
(zool.).

amphidisc (am'fidisk) n. [Gk. amphi,
both ; diskos, round plate.] Grapnel-
shaped spicules protecting the
gemmules of some freshwater
sponges (zoo/.).

amphigastria (am'figas'tria) n. plu.
[Gk. amphi, both ; gaster, stomach.]
Ventral rudimentary leaves of
foliose liverworts (dot.).

amphigony (amfig'oni) n. [Gk.
amphi, both ; gonos, offspring.]
Sporogony or reproduction in-
volving two individuals ; cf. mono-
gony (zool. ).

amphikaryon (am'fikar'ion) n. [Gk.
amphi, both ; karyon, nut.] An
amphinucleus, a type of nucleus
characterized by a large karyo-
some, in reference to the supposed
encapsuling of the kinetic nucleus
by the trophic nucleus (cyt.).

amphimixis (am'fimlk'sis) n. [Gk.
amphi, both ; mixis, mingling.]
The mingling of paternal and
maternal characteristics by the
union of the male and female
pronucleus in fertilization (biol.).

amphiodont (am'ftodont) n. [Gk.
amphi, both ; odous, tooth.] Appl.
an intermediate state of mandible
development in stag-beetles (zool.).

amphiont (am'fiSnt) n. [Gk. amphi,
both ; on, being.] A zygote or
sporont formed by the coming
together of two individuals (zool.).

amphiplatyan (am'fiplat'ian) a. [Gk.
amphi, both ; platys, flat.] Flat
on both ends ; appl. centra of
vertebrae (zool.).

amphipneustous (am'flpnus'tus) a.

[Gk. amphi, both ; pnein, to
breathe.] Having both gills and
lungs throughout the life-history ;
also appl. the condition in most
dipterous larvae of an open anterior
and posterior pair of spiracles with
the intermediate pairs closed (zool.).

amphipodous (amfip'odus) a. [Gk.
amphi, both ; pous, foot.] From
Amphipoda, an order of Crustacea,
of which the anterior three pairs
of abdominal appendages are more
strongly developed for swimming,
the remaining three pairs being
adaptedforjumping, hence, — having
feet both for walking and for
swimming (zool.).

amphipyrenin (am'fiplre'mn) n. [Gk.
amphi, both ; Pyren, stone of a
fruit] The substance of which
the nuclear membrane in a cell is
composed (biol.).

ampb.irb.inal (am'firl'nal) a. [Gk.
amphi, both ; rhis, nose.] Having
two nostrils (zool.).

amphisarca (am'ffsar'ka) n. [Gk.
amphi, both ; sarx, flesh.] A
superior indehiscent many-seeded
fruit with pulpy interior and woody
exterior (bot.).

amphispermous (am'fispSr'mus) a.
[Gk. amphi, both ; sperma, seed.]
Having the seed closely surrounded
by the pericarp (bot.).

ampbispore (am'fispor') n. [Gk.
amphi, both ; sporos, seed.] A
reproductive spore which functions
as a resting spore in certain Algae
(bot.).

ampbisternous (am'fisteYnus) a. [Gk.
amphi, both ; sternon, the breast.]
Appl. a type of sternum structure
in the Atelostomata (zool.).

amphistomatic (am'fistomat'ik) a.
[Gk. amphi, both ; stoma, mouth.]
Having stomata on both surfaces,
appl. certain types of leaves (bot.).

amphistomous (amfis'tomus) a. [Gk.
amphi, both ; stoma, mouth.] Hav-
ing a sucker at each end of the
body, as in certain worms (zool.).

amphistylic (am'fistil'ik) a. [Gk.
amphi, both ; stylos, pillar.] Hav-
ing the lower jaw connected with
the skull by both hypid and quad-
rate, or by both hyoid and palato-
quadrate (zool.).

AMP-

13

ANA-

amphithecium (auifithe'shiuuij n.
[Gk. amphi, both ; thekion, box.]
The peripheral layer of cells in the
sporangia of mosses (bot.).

amphitoky (amfit'oki) n. [Gk. amphi,
both ; tokos, birth.] Partheno-
genetic reproduction of both males
and females (zoo!.).

amphitriaene (am'fitrl'en) n. [Gk.
amphi, both ; triaina, trident.] A
double trident-shaped spicule (zool.).

amphitrocha (amfit'roka) n. [Gk.
amphi, both ; trochos, wheel.] A
free-swimming annelid larva with
two rings of cilia (zool.).

amphitropal (amfit'ropal) a. [Gk.
amphi, both ; trope, turning.]
Having the ovule inverted, with the
hilum in the middle of one side
(Ad*).

amplectant (amplek'tant) a. [L.
amplecti, to embrace.] Clasping
or winding tightly round some
support, as tendrils in certain
plants (bot.).

amplexlcaul (ampleVsikol) a. [L.
amplecti, to embrace ; caulis, stem.]
Clasping or surrounding the stem,
as the base of a leaf (dot.).

ampliate (am'pliat) a. [L. ampliatus,
made wider.] Having the outer
edge of the wing prominent, as in
certain insects (zool.).

ampulla (ampool'a, -pul'-) n. [L.
ampulla, flask with narrow neck
and globular body.] A membran-
ous vesicle ; part of the dilated
tubule in the mammary gland ; the
dilated portion at one end of each
of the semi-circular canals of the
ear (anat.) ; the internal reservoirs
on the ring canal of the water-
vascular system in Echinoderms ;
the terminal vesicle of sensory
canals of Elasmobranchs (zool.) ;
the submerged bladder of Utri-
cularia (bot).

ampullaceal (ampula'seal) a. [L.
ampulla, flask.] Flask-shaped,
appl. arachnid spinning glands
which furnish silk for foundations,
lines, and radii (zool.).

ampullaceous (ampula'shus) a. [L.
ampulla, flask.] Flask-shaped.

ampullary (ampool'ari, -pul'-) a. [L.
ampulla, flask.] Pert, or resembling
an ampulla (anat.).

ainyelinic (amielin'ik) a. [Gk. a,
without ; myelos, marrow.] Appl.
non-medullated nerve-fibres (anat.).

amygdala (amig'dala) n. [L. from
Gk. amygdale, almond.] One of
the palatal tonsils ; a rounded lobe
at the side of the vallecula of the
cerebellum (anat.).

amyloplast (am'iloplast') n. [L.
amylum, starch ; Gk. plastos,
formed.] A leucoplast or colourless
starch-forming granule in plants
(bot.).

amyloplastid, — amyloplast.

amylum (am'ilum) n. [L. amylum,
starch.] Starch.

anabiosis (an'ablo'sis) n. [Gk. ana,
up ; bios, life.] Resuscitation after
apparent death ; power of revivifica-
tion as seen in certain Tardigrada
(zool.).

anabolism (anab'olizm) n. [Gk. ana,
up ; ballein, to throw.] The con-
structive chemical processes going
on in living organisms whereby food-
material is transformed into proto-
plasm (phys.).

anacrogynous (anakroj'mus) a. [Gk.
an, not ; akros, apex ;gyne, female.]
Appl. certain liverworts in which
the archegonia or female repro-
ductive bodies do not arise at or
near the apex of a shoot (bot.).

anacromyoldlan (anak'romioid'ian) a.
[Gk. ana, up ; akros, apex ; mys,
muscle.] With the syringeal
muscles attached -at the dorsal
ends of the bronchial semi-rings
(zool.).

anaerobe (ana'Srob) n. [Gk. an, with-
out ; aer, air ; bios, life.] An organ-
ism capable of living in the absence
of free-oxygen ; appl. bacteria.

anaesthesia (angsthe'zla) n. [Gk. an,
without ; aisthesis, feeling.] In-
sensibility (phys.).

anagenesis (an'aje'n'e'sis) n. [Gk. ana,
again ; genesis, birth.] Regenera-
tion of tissues (phys.).

anal (a'nal) a. [L. anus, anus.] Pert.
or situated at or near the anus ;
appl. posterior median unpaired
ventral fin of fishes, margin and
nerve of insect wing, posterior ven-
tral scute of reptiles (zool.).

analogues (an'a!6gz) n. plu. [Gk.
analogia, proportion.] Organs of

ANA-

14

AND-

different plants or animals with
similar function but of dissimilar
origin (biol.}.

anamorphosis (an'amor'fosis) n. [Gk.
ana, again ; morphe, form.] The
evolution from one type to another
through a long series of gradual
changes (biol.}.

anangian (anan'jian) a. [Gk. a,
without ; anggeion, vessel.] Appl.
worms without a vascular system.
(zool.}.

anaphase (an'afaz) n. [Gk. ana, up ;
phasis, appearance.] A stage in
mitosis during the divergence of
the daughter-chromosomes (biol.}.

anaphylaxis (an'afilak'sis) ». [Gk.
ana, up ; phylax, guard.] Con-
dition of being hypersensitive to a
serum, caused by the first or sensi-
tizing dose (phys.}.

anapophysis (an'apofisis) n. [Gk.
ana, up ; apo, from ; phyein, to
grow.] A small dorsal projection
rising near the transverse processes
in lumbar vertebrae (anat.}.

anarthrous (anar'thrus) a. [Gk. a,
without ; arthron, joint.] Having
no distinct joints (zool.}.

anastates (an'astats) n. plu. [Gk.
ana, up ; stanein, to make to
stand.] The various materials
that arise owing to metabolism in
a cell, in the formation of complex
from simple substances (biol.}.

anastomosis (anas'tomo'sis) n. [Gk.
ana, up ; stoma, mouth.] Union of
ramifications of the leaf- veins (bot.} ;
union of blood-vessels arising from
a common trunk ; union of nerves ;
formation of a network or mesh-
work (anat.}.

anatomy (anat'omi) n. [Gk. ana, up ;
tome, cutting.] The science that
treats of the structure of plants and
of animals ; the structure of a plant
or of an animal.

anatriaene (an'atrl'en) n. [Gk. ana,
up ; triaina, a trident.] A triaene
with backwardly directed cladi or
branches (zool.}.

anatropal (anat'ropal), anatropous
(anat'ropus) a. [Gk. ana, up ;
trepein, to turn.] Inverted, appl.
ovules with the hilum and micro-
pyle close together and the chalaza
at the other end (bot.).

anaxial (anak'sial) a. [Gk. a, with-
out; axis, axis.] Having no distinct
axis (biol.}.

anchor (ang'kor) n. [L. ancora,
anchor.] The anchor - shaped
spicule found in the skin of Holo-
thurians (zool.}.

anchylosis (ang'kilo'sis) n. [Gk.
angkylosis, stiffness.] The union
of two or more bones or hard parts
to form one part, e.g. of bone to
bone, or tooth to bone (zool.}.

anconeal (angko'neal) a. [L. ancon,
elbow.] Pert, the elbow (anat.}.

anconeus (ang'kone'us) n. [L. ancon,
elbow.] Small extensor muscle
situated over the elbow (anat.}.

androconia (an'droko'nia) n. plu.
[Gk. aner, man ; konia, dust.]
Modified wing-scales producing a
sexually attractive scent in certain
butterflies (zool.}.

androdioecious (an'drodle'shus) a.
[Gk. aner, man ; dis, two ; oikos,
house.] Having perfect male flowers
on different plants (bot.).

androecium (andre'shuim) n. [Gk.
aner, man ; oikos, house.] The
male reproducing organs of a
plant ; the stamens taken col-
lectively (bot.}.

androgonidia (an'drogomd'ia) n. plu.
[Gk. aner, man ; gonos, offspring.]
Male sexual elements formed after
repeated divisions of partheno-
gonidia of volvox (sool.}.

androgynal (androj'Inal), a. [Gk.
aner, man ; gyne, woman.] Her-
maphrodite; bearing bothstaminate
and pistillate flowers in the same
bunch (bot.}.

androgynary (andrqj'inari) a. Having
flowers with stamens and pistils
developed into petals (bot.}.

androgynism (andrqj'imzm) n. [Gk.
aner, man ; gyne, woman.] The
condition of bearing both stamens
and pistils ; hermaphroditism (bot.}.

androgynous (androj'inus), — andro-
gynal.

androphore (an'drofor) n. [Gk. aner,
man ; pherein, to carry.] Stalk
supporting the stamens (bot.} ; the
stalk carrying the male gonophores
in the Siphonophora (zool.}.

androphyll (an'drofil) n. [Gk. aner,
man ; phyllon, leaf.] The leaf

AND-

15

ANI-

bearing the microspores ; the
microsphorophyll (bot.).
androsporangium (an'drosporan'jmm)
n. [Gk. aner, man ; scores, seed ;
anggeion, box.] A sporangium con-
taining the androspores (hot.}.
androspore (an'drospor') n. [Gk.
aner, man ; sporos, seed.] An
asexual zoospore which gives rise
to a small male dwarf plant
(bot.).

anemophily (an'gmof'ili) n. [Gk.
anemos, wind ; philein, to love.]
Plant-fertilization by the agency
of wind (bot.).

anemotropism (an'emot'ropizm) n.
[Gk. anemos, wind ; trepein, to
turn.] Orientation of the body
with regard to wind (zool.).

anenterous (anen'terus) a. [Gk. a,
without ; enteron, gut.] Having
no alimentary tract (zoo/.).

anfractuose (anfrak'tuos) a. [L. an-
fractus, a bending.] Wavy, sinuous
(bot.).

angienchyma (an'jJeng'kTma) n. [Gk.
anggeion, vessel ; engchein, to pour.]
Vascular tissue (bot.).

angioblast (an'jioblast) n. [Gk.
anggeion, vessel ; blastos, bud.]
One of the cells from which the
lining of the blood-vessels is derived
(emb.).

angiocarpous (an'jiokar'pus) a. [Gk.
anggeion, vessel ; karpos, fruit.]
Having the fruit enclosed in a
cavity (bot.}.

angiology (an'jlol'ojl) n. \G\a.anggeion,
vessel ; logos, discourse.] The ana-
tomy • of the circulatory and lym-
phatic systems (anat.).

angiospermous (an'jiosper'mus) a.

Sik. anggeion, vessel; sperma, seed.]
having seeds in a closed case, the
ovary (oof.).

angiosporous (an'jfospo'rus) a. [Gk.
anggeion, vessel ; sporos, seed.]
Having spores contained in a theca
or spore capsule (bot.}.

angiostomatous (an'jiostom'atus) a.
[Gk. anggeion, vessel ; stoma,
mouth.] Narrow - mouthed, appl.
a certain order of Molluscs, and
to a sub-order of snakes with non-
distensible mouths (zool.).

angular (ang'gular) «. [L. angulus,
corner.] One of the membrane

bones of the lower jaw in most
vertebrates (zool.}.

angulo-splenial (ang'gulosple'nial) «.
[L. angulus, corner ; splenium, a
patch.] The bone in Amphibia
forming most of the lower and inner
part of the mandible (zool.).

angustifoliate (anggus'tifo'llat) a.
[L. angustus, narrow ; folium, a
leaf.] With narrow leaves (bot.}.

angustirostrate (anggus'tlros'trat) a.
[L. angustus, narrow ; rostrum, a
beak.] With narrow beaks or
snouts (zool.).

animal pole, — in many ova the yolk
is more or less aggregated at one
pole, and as a result the segmenta-
tion at that pole is retarded ; at the
other pole, which is called the
animal pole, the segmentation is
more rapid and usually results in
some form of overgrowth on the
lower, retarded, or vegetable pole
(emb.).

anion (anl'on) n. [Gk. ana, up ; ion,
going.] A negatively-charged par-
ticle or ion which moves up towards
the anode or positive pole (fihys.).

anisocarpous (anisokar'pus) a. [Gk.
a, not ; isos, equal ; karpos, fruit.]
Having the number of carpels less
than that of the other floral whorls
(**}

anisocercal (amsoser'kal} a. [Gk. a,
not ; isos, equal ; kerkos, tail.]
With lobes of the tail-fin unequal
(zool.}.

aniso«hela (amsoke'la) n. [Gk. a,
not ; isos, equal ; chele, claw.] A
chela with the two parts unequally
developed (zool.).

anisodactylous (anTsodak'tTlus) a.
[Gk. a, not ; isos, equal ; daktylos,
finger.] Having unequal toes, three
toes forward, one backward ; refers
to an old classification of birds
(zool.}.

anisogamous (anisog'amus) a. [Gk.
a, not ; isos, equal ; gamos, mar-
riage.] Appl. a conjugation in
which the gametes or conjugating
bodies are differentiated in some
manner (biol.).

anisogamy, — conjugation between
sharply differentiated gametes.

anisognathous (an'fsogna'thus, an'-
isog'nathtis) a. [Gk. a, not ; isos,

ANI-

16

ANT-

equal ; gnathos, jaw.] Having the
teeth in the upper and lower jaws
unlike (sool.}.

anisomerous (amsom'erus) a. [Gk.
a, not ; t'sos, equal ; meros, part.]
Having unequal numbers of parts
in the floral whorls (hot.).

anisopleural (anisoploo'ral) a. [Gk.
a, not ; tsos, equal ; pleura, side.]
Unsymmetrical bilaterally.

anisopogonous (anisopog'onus) a.
[Gk. a, not ; tsos, equal ; pogon,
beard.] Unequally webbed with
reference to feathers (zool.).

anisopterous (anisop'tgrus) a. [Gk.
a, not ; tsos, equal ; pteron, wing.]
Unequally winged ; appl. seeds
(A*).

anisospore (anisospor') n. [Gk. a,
not ; tsos, equal ; sporos, seed.]
A dimorphic spore, the sexes
differing in size (hot.}.

anisostemonous (anisostgm'onus) a.
[Gk. a, not ; t'sos, equal ; stemon, a
spun thread.] Having the number
of stamens unequal to the number
of parts in the other floral whorls
(dot.}.

anisotropic (anisotrop'ik) a. [Gk. a,
not ; tsos, equal ; trepein, to turn.]
Appl. eggs with predetermined axis
or axes (emb.).

ankylosis, — see anchylosis.

anlage (anla'ge) n. [Ger. anliegen,
to lie on.] The first accumulation
of cells in a developing embryo
recognizable as the commencement
of a structure, organ, or part (smb.).

annectent (aneVtSnt) a. [L. annectere,
to bind together.] Linking, appl.
intermediate species or genera
(biol.).

annelid (an'Slid) a. [L. annulus, ring ;
Gk. eidos, resemblance.] Con-
structed of ring-like segments, as
one of the ringed worms (zool.).

annotinus (annot'iniis) n. [L. annus,
year.] A year old (bot., zool.).

annual (an'ual) a. n. [L. annus, year.]
Appl. structures or features that are
marked off or completed yearly ;
living for a year only (pot.).

annual ring, — one of the rings seen
in sections of dicotyledons indicat-
ing the secondary growth of a year
(bot.}.
annular (an'ular) a. [L. annulus,

ring.] Appl. certain fibrous bands
or fascia in connection with the
wrist and ankle, etc. (anat.) ; appl.
certain vessels in xylem owing to
the ring-like thickenings in their
interior (bot.}.

annulate (an'ulat) a. [L. annulus,
ring.] Composed of ring-like seg-
ments ; having the colour arranged
in ring-like bands or annul!, as in
earthworm or leech (zool.).
annul! (an'ull) plu. of annulus.
annulus (an'ulus) n. [L. annulus,
ring.] Any of the ring-like struc-
tures (anat.) ; the special ring in the
fern sporangium, by the action of
which the sporangium bursts ; the
remains of the veil in mushrooms ;
the ring of cells in the moss capsule
whose rupture causes the opening
of the capsule (bot.) ; a ring of an
Annelid (zool.).

anoestrum (ane'strum) n. [Gk. an,
not ; oistros, gad-fly.] The non-
breeding period ; the period of
absence of sexual desire (biol.).
anomaly (anom'all) n. [Gk. a, not ;
homalos, even.] Any departure from
the type characteristics (biol.).
anomophyllous (an'omof'flus) a. [Gk.
anomalos, uneven ; phyllon, leaf.]
With irregularly placed leaves
(bot.).

anorganology (an'organol'DJl) ;/. [Gk.
a, not ; organon, instrument ; logos,
discourse.] The study of non-living
things (biol.}.

anosmatic (anosmat'lk) a. [Gk. a,
without ; osme, smell.] Having no
sense of smell (phys.).
antambulacral (ant'ambula'kral) a.
[Gk. anti, against ; L. ambulare, to
walk.] Not situated on the ambu-
lacral area (zool.).

antebrachium (an'tgbra'kTum) n. [L.
ante, before ; brachium, arm.] The
fore-arm, or corresponding portion
of the fore-limb (zool.).
antecubital (an'tgku'bital) a. [L. ante,
before ; cubitum, elbow.] Anterior
to the elbow (zool.).
antedorsal (an'teclor'sal) a. [L. ante,
before ; dorsum, back.] Situated
in front of the dorsal fin in fishes
(zool.).

antemarginal (an'temar'jinal) a. [L.
ante, before ; inargo, an edge.]

ANT-

17

ANT-

Appl. sori of ferns when they lie
within the margin of the frond (dot.),

antenna (anten'a) n. [L. antenna, a
sail-yard.] A jointed feeler on the
head of an insect or crustacean
(zool.).

antennary (anten'arf) a. [L. antenna,
a sail-yard.] Like or pert, or situ-
ated near an antenna (zool.).

antennule (anten'ul) «. [L. dim. from
antenna] A small antenna or feeler,
specifically the first pair of antennae
in Crustacea (zoo/,).

anteposition (an'tSpdzTsh'un) n. [L.
ante, before ; ponere, to place.]
Superposition of whorls in a flower
typically alternating (dot.).

anterior (ante'rior) a. [L. anterior,
former.] Nearer the head end
(zool., anat.) ; ventral in human
anatomy ; facing outwards from
the axis (dot.).

anthela (anthe'la) n. [Gk. anthein, to
bloom.] The cymose inflorescence
of the rush-family (hot.).

anther (an'ther) n. [Gk. anthos,
flower.] The part of the stamen
which contains the pollen (dot.).

antheridiophore (antherld'iofor) n.
[Gk. anthos, flower ; idion, dim. ;
pherein, to bear.] A gametophore
bearing antheridia (dot.).

antheridium (antherTd'ium) n. [Gk.
anthos, flower ; idion, diml\ An
organ or receptacle in which male
sexual cells are produced (dot.).

antherozoids (an'thSrozo'Idz) n. plu.
[Gk. anthos, flower ; zoon, animal.]
Male sexual cells in antheridia
(dot.).

antherozooids (an'thgrozo'oidz) n.plu.
[Gk. anthos, flower ; zoon, animal ;
eidos, resemblance.]. Antherozoids.

anthocarpous (an'thokar'pus) a. [Gk.
anthos, flower ; karpos, fruit.] Appl.
multiple fruits such as the straw-
berry (dot.).

anthocaulis (an'thokol'is) n. [Gk.
anthos, flower ; L. caulis, stem.]
The pedicle of a late trophozooid
stage of Madrepore development
(zool.).

anthocodia (an'thoko'dla) n. [Gk.
anthos, flower ; kodeia, head.] The
distal portion of an alcyonarian
zooid bearing mouth and tentacles
(zool).

anthocyanin (an'thosi'anfti) n. [Gk.
anthos, flower ; kyanos, dark blue.]
Blue or violet colouring matter in
flowers (dot.).

anthocyathus (an'thosl'athus) n. [Gk.
anthos, flower ; kyathos, cup.] The
discoid crown of the trophozooid
stage in Madrepore development
(zool.).

anthodium (antho'dium) n. [Gk.
anthos, flower ; eidos, resemblance.]
The capitulum or head of flowers
of a composite plant (dot).

anthogenesis (an'thoje'n'e'sis) n. [Gk.
anthos, flower ; gignesthai, to pro-
duce.] In certain aphids the pro-
duction of both malesand females by
asexual forms (zool.).

anthophilous (anthof'ilus) a. [Gk.
anthos, flower ; philein, to love.]
Fond of flowers ; appl. certain in-
sects either living among or feeding
on flowers (zool.).

anthophore (an'thdfor) n. [Gk. anthos,
flower ; pherein, to bear.] Elonga-
tion of the thalamus between calyx
and corolla (dot.).

anthotaxis (an'thotak'sis) n. [Gk.
anthos, flower ; taxis, arrangement.]
The arrangement of flowers on an
axis (dot.).

anthoxanthine (an'thozan'thm) n.
[Gk. anthos, flower; xanthos, yellow.]
Yellow colouring pigment of flowers
(dot.).

anthropogenesis (an'thropojgn'gsis) n.
[Gk. anthropos, man ; genesis, de-
scent, origin.] Theory of the de-
scent of man.

anthropoid (an'thropoid) a. [Gk.
anthropos, man ; eidos, resem-
blance.] Resembling man ; appl.
Simian apes (zool.).

anthropology (an'thropol'qji) n. [Gk.
anthropos, man ; logos, discourse.]
The natural history of man.

anthropomorphous (an'thropomor'fus)
a. [Gk. anthropos, man ; morphe,
shape.] Resembling man.

antiae (an'tle, an'tla) n. plu. [L.
antiae, forelock.] Feathers at the
base of the bill-ridge of some birds
(zool.).

antibody (an'tibod'l) n. [Gk. anti,
against ; A.S. bodig, body.] A
substance formed in the blood
which antagonizes toxins (phys.).
B

ANT-

18

AOR-

antibrachlal (an'tlbra'kial) a. [Gk.
anti, against ; L. brachium, arm.]
Pert, forearm; appl. fascia, muscles,
nerves (anat.).

antibrachiuni (antibra'kTum), — ante-
brachium.

anticlinal (an'tlkll'nal) a. [Gk. anti,
against ; klinein, to bend.] Appl.
line of division of cells at right
angles to the apex (bot.) ; in quad-
rupeds, appl. one of the lower
thoracic vertebrae with upright
spine towards which those on
either side incline (zool.).

anticoagulin (an'tlkoag'tilin) n. [Gk.
anti, against ; L. cogere, to drive
together.] A substance which
prevents the coagulation of drawn
blood, as hirudin (phys.).

anticubital, — antecubital.

antidromy (antid'rom!) n. [Gk. anti,
against ; dromos, running.] Condi-
tion of spiral phyllotaxy with
genetic spiral changing direction
after each cycle (bot.).

antigen (an'tljen) n. [Gk. anti,
against; genos, birth.] Appl. sub-
stances which, when injected into
an animal, cause a series of physio-
logico-chemical changes resulting
in the formation of antibodies in
the blood (phys.).

antlhellac (an'tihe'liks) n. [Gk. anti,
against ; helix, a convolution.]
The curved prominence in front
of the helix of the ear (anat.).

antimeres (an'timerz) n. plu. [Gk.
anti, against ; meros, part.] A
series of equal radial parts of the
body of a radially symmetrical
animal (zool.).

antipetalous (an'tipeYalus) a. [Gk.
anti, against, opposite ; petalon,
petal.] With stamens in front of
petals (dot.).

antipodal (antip'odal) a. [Gk. anti,
against ; pous, foot.] Appl. group
of three cells at chalazal end of
embryo sac (bot.) ; appl. cone of
astral rays opposite spindle fibres
(cyt.).

antiseptic (an'ttsep'tik) a. [Gk. anti,
against ; sepsis, putrefaction.] A
substance which destroys harmful
micro-organisms, one of the
functions of gastric juice (phys.).

antispadix (an'tispa'dlks) ». [Gk.

anti, against ; spadix, a palm
branch.] A group of four modified
tentacles in internal lateral lobes
of Nautilus (zool.).

antisquama (an'tiskwa'ma) n. [Gk.
anti, against ; L. squama, scale.]
A basal lobe next the squama of
insect wing ; the squama alaris or
antitegula (zool.).

antitegula (an'titeg'ula) n. [Gk. anti,
against ; L. tegula, tile.] Smaller
lobe, nearer the base of wing, than
alula (zool.).

antithrombin (an'tithrom'bm) n. [Gk.
anti, against ; thrombos, clot.] A
substance formed in the liver
which prevents clotting of the
blood (phys.).

antitoxin (an'titok'sin) n. [Gk. anti,
against; toxikon, poison for arrows.]
A substance which develops as a
result of, and subsequently neutral-
izes, the injection of a specific
poison introduced into the animal
body (phys.).

antitragus (an'titrag'us) n. [Gk. anti,
against; tragos, he -goat.] A
prominence opposite the tragus
of the ear (ana/.).

antitrochanter (an'tltrokan'te'r) n.
[Gk. anti, against ; trochanter, a
runner.] An articular surface on
the ilium in birds against which
the trochanter of the femur plays
(zool.).

antitrppal (antit'ropal) a. [Gk. anti,
against ; trepein, to turn.] In-
verted ; appl. embryos with radicle
directed away from the hilum (bot.).

antitropous, — ant i t ropal.

antlia (ant'lia) n. [L. antlia, pump.]
The spiral suctorial proboscis of
the Lepidoptera (zool.).

antorbital (ant6r'bital) n. [L. ante,
before ; orbs, circle.] Situated in
front of the orbit (zool.).

antrum (an'trum) n. [L. antrum,
cavity.] A cavity or sinus ; appl.
maxillary sinus, and cavity of the
pylorus (anat.).

anurous (anu'rus) a. [Gk. a, without ;
oura, tail.] Tailless.

anus (a'nus) n. [L. anus, anus.] The
posterior opening of the alimentary
canal (anat.).

aorta (aorta) n. [Gk. aorte, the great
artery.] The great trunk artery-

AOR-

19

APO-

which carries pure blood from the
heait for distribution to various
parts of the body through arteries
and their branches (anat.).

aortic (aor'tik) a. [Gk. aorte, the
great artery.] Pert, the aorta ; appl.
arch, hiatus, isthmus, septum, etc.
(anat.), regurgitation (phys.).

apatetic (ap'atet'ik) a. [Gk. apatet-
ikos, fallacious.] Appl. misleading
coloration (zool.).

aperispermic (apeYisper'mik) a. [Gk.
a, without ; peri, around ; sperma,
seed.] Appl. seeds without nutritive
tissue (dot.}.

apetalous (apet'alib) a. [Gk. a, with-
out ; pe talon, petal.] Having no
petals (bot.).

apex (a'pfiks) n. [L. apex, summit.]
The tip or summit, as of lungs,
heart, etc. (anat.).

aphanipterous (af'anlp'terus) a. [Gk.
aphanes, unseen ; pteron, wing.]
Apparently without wings (zool.}.

apheliotropism (af'ellot'ropizm) n.
[Gk. apo, away; helios, sun; trepein,
to turn.] Tendency to turn away
from light (biol.).

aphodal (af 'odal) a. [Gk. apo, away ;
hodos, way or path.] Appl. a type
of canal system in sponges (zool.}.

aphodus (af'ddus) n. [Gk. apo, away ;
hodos, path.] The short tube lead-
ing from the flagellate chamber to
the excurrent canal in one of the
types of canal systems in sponges
(zool.}.

aphyllous Oftftfs) a. [Gk. a, with-
out ; phyllon, leaf.] Without foliage
leaves (bot.}.

aphylly (afil'l) «. [Gk. a, without ;
phyllon, leaf.] Suppression or
absence of leaves (bot.}.

apical (ap'ikal) a. [L. apex, summit.]
At the tip or summit, appl. cell at
tip of a growing point (bot.} •
appl. aboral plates of Echinoderms
(zool.}.

apiculate (aptk'ulat) a. [L. apex,
summit.] Forming abruptly to a
small tip, as a leaf (bot.}.

apilary (apilarl) a. [Gk. a, not ;
pilos, felt cap.] Having the upper
lip wanting or suppressed in the
corolla (bot.}.

aplacental (ap'lasen'tal) a. [L. a,
not ; placenta, flat cake.] Not

developing a placenta, as in Mono-
tremes (zool.).

aplanogamete (aplan'ogamet') ».
[Gk. a, not ; pianos, wandering ;
gamete, wife.] A non-motile con-
jugating germ cell in various plants
and animals (biol.).

aplanospore (aplan'ospor) n. [Gk. a,
without ; pianos, wandering ; sporos,
seed.] A non-motile resting spore
of Algae for tiding over unfavourable
circumstances (bot.).

aploperistomatous (ap'loper'lstom'-
atus) a. [Gk. aploos, single ; peri,
around ; stoma, mouth.] Having a
peristome with one row of teeth, as
mosses (bot.).

aplostemonous (ap'lostem'onus) a.
[Gk. aploos, single ; stemon, a spun
thread.] Having a single row of
stamens (bot.).

apneustic (apnu'stik) a. [Gk. a,
without ; pneustos, breath.] With
closed tracheal system ; appl. aqua-
tic larvae of certain insects (zool.).

apocarpous (ap'okar'pus) a. [Gk.
apo, away ; karpos, fruit.] Having
separate or partially united carpels
(bot.).

apocyte (ap'osit) n. [Gk. apo, away ;
kytos, hollow.] A multinucleate
cell, a plurinucleate mass of
protoplasm (cyt.).

apodal (ap'odal) a. [Gk. a, without ;
pous, foot.] Having no feet (zool.).

apodema (ap'ode'ma) n. [Gk. apo,
away ; demas, body.] An internal
projection usually of thoracic seg-
ments, for muscle attachments,
found in Arthropods (zool.).

apodous (ap'odus), — apodal.

apogamy (apog'aml) n. [Gk. apo,
away ; gamos, marriage.] Develop-
ment without the intervention of
sexual organs (bot.).

apogeotropic (ap'oje'otrSp'lk) a. [Gk.
apo, away ; gaia, earth ; trepein, to
turn.] Having the property of turn-
ing away from the earth (bot.).

apogeotropism (ap'qjeot'ropizm) n.
[Gk. apo, away ; gtiia, earth ; tre-
Pein, to turn.] Tendency to act
apparently contrary to law of
gravity — this is, to turn away from
the earth (biol.).

aponeurosis (ap'b'nuro'sis) n. [Gk.
apo, from ; neuron, sinew ] The

APO-

20

AQU-

flattened tendons of certain muscles
(anat.).

apophyllous (ap'ofil'us) a. [Gk. apo,
away ; phyllon, leaf.] Appl. the
parts of a single perianth whorl
when they are free leaves (bot.).

apophysis (apof'isis) n. [Gk. apo,
away ; phyein, to grow.] Process
from a bone, usually for muscle
attachment (anat.) ; a swelling at
the base of the capsule in some
mosses ; appl. small protuberance
at apex of an ovuliferous scale in
female cone of pine (bot.).

apoplasmodial (ap'oplasmo'dial) a.
[Gk. apo, away ; plasma, something
moulded.] Not forming a typical
plasmodium (zool.).

apopyle (ap'opil) n. [Gk. apo, away ;
pyle, gate.] The exhalent pore of
a sponge (zool.).

aposematic (ap'osemat'ik) a. [Gk.
apo, away ; sema, signal.] Appl.
warning colours which serve to
frighten away enemies (zool.).

aposporogony (ap'osporog'onT) n.
[Gk. apo, away ; sporos, seed ;
gonos, birth.] The absence of
sporogony (zool.).

apospory (apos'pori) n. [Gk. apo,
away ; sporos, seed.] The produc-
tion of prothalli without the inter-
vention of spore-formation in certain
plants (bot.).

apostasis (apos'tasis) n. [Gk. apo,
away ; stasis, standing/] Term
appl. condition of abnormal growth
of axis which thereby causes a
separation of the perianth whorls
from one another (bot.).

apostrophe (apos'trofe) n. [Gk. apo,
away ; trepein, to turn.] Arrange-
ment of chloroplasts along the
lateral walls of cells of leaves

apothecium (ap'othe'siiim, -shium) n.
[Gk. apo, away ; theke, cup.] The
ascocarp of Lichens (bot.).

apotropous (apot'ropus) a. [Gk. apo,
away ; trepein, to turn.] Anatropal
and with ventrally-situated raphe
(bot.).

appendage (apen'daj) n. [L. ad, to ;
pendere, to hang.] An organ or
part attached to a trunk, as a limb
(anat.).

appendicula (up'endik'ular) a. [L.

ad, to ; pendere, to hang.] Pert.
appendages; appl. skeleton of limbs
as opposed to skeleton of trunk
(anat.).

appendiculate (ap'endlk'ulat) a. [L.
ad, to ; pendere, to hang.] Having
a small appendage, as a stamen or
filament (bot.).

appendix (apen'diks) n. [L. ad, to ;
pendere, to hang.] An outgrowth,
especially the vermiform appendix
(anat.).

applanate (ap'lanat) a. [L. ad, to ;
planatus, flattened.] Flattened
out (bot.).

apposition (ap'ozish'un) n. [L. ad, to ;
ponere, to place.] The formation
of successive layers in the growth
of a cell wall ; cf. intussusception
(bot.).

aproterodont (ap'roter'b'dont, apro'-
terodont) a. [Gk. a, without ; pro-
teros, first ; odous, tooth.] Hav-
ing no teeth on the pre-maxillae
(zool.).

apteria (apte'ria) n. plu. [Gk. a, with-
out; pteron, wing.] Naked or down-
covered surfaces between the ptery-
lae or feather-tracts (zool.).
apterous (ap'terus) a. [Gk. a, with-
out ; pteron, wing.J Wingless
(zool.) ; having no wing-like ex-
pansions on the stems or petioles
(bot.).

apterygial (ap'terij'ial) a. [Gk. a,
without ; pteron, wing.] Wingless ;
without fins (zool.).

apterygotous (ap'terigo'tus) a. [Gk.
a, without ; pterygion, dim. of pteron,
wing.] Resembling or pert, the
primitive wingless insects or Aptery-
gota (zool.).

aptychus (ap'tikiis) n. [Gk. a, with-
out ; ptyche, fold.] A horny or
calcareous structure, possibly an
operculum, of Ammonites (zool.).
aquatic (akwat'ik, -wot-) a. [L. aqua,
water.] Pert, water ; living in or
frequenting water (bot., zool.).
aqueduct (ak'wedukt) n. [L. aqua,
water ; ducere, to lead.] A channel
or passage as that of cochlea, and
of vestibule of ear (anat.).
aqueous (a'kweus) a. [L. aqua, water.]
Watery, appl. fluid occupying the
space between the lens and the
cornea of the eye (anat.) ; appl.

ARA-

21

ARC-

tissue consisting of thin -walled
watery parenchymatous cells (bot.}.

arachnid (arak'md) a. [Gk. arachne,
spider.] Spider-like, pert, spiders
(goo/.).

arachnidium (araknid'ium) n. [Gk.
arachne, spider.] The spinning
apparatus of a spider, including
spinning-glands and spinnerets
(sool.}.

arachnoid (arak'noid) a. [Gk. arach-
ne, spider ; eidos, form.] Like a
cobweb ; consisting of fine en-
tangled hairs resembling a cobweb
(bot.} ; appl. a thin membrane of
the central nervous system, com-
posed of delicate connective tissue
with an endothelial covering on its
free surfaces and lying between the
dura and the pia mater (ana/.} ;
pert, or resembling a spider (zool.}.

arborescent (ar'bore's'e'nt) a. [L. ar-
borescens, growing like a tree.]
Branched like a tree (bot.}.

arboroid (ar'boroid) a. [L. arbor,
tree ; Gk. eidos, like.] Tree-like,
designating general structure of a
protozoan colony (zool.}.

arbor vitae (ar'bor vl'te, ve'ta) n. [L.
arbor, tree ; -vita, life.] The tree
of life, appl. arborescent appear-

- ance of the cerebellum in vertical
. section (anat.}.

arbutean (arbu'tean) a. [L. arbutus,
strawberry tree.] Of or pert, the
strawberry tree (bot.}.

arcade (arkad') n. [L. arcus, a bow.]
An arched channel or passage ; a
bony arch, as supra- and infra-
temporal arches in the skull (anat.}.

archaeocytes (ar'keoslts) n.plu. [Gk.
archaios, ancient ; kytos, hollow.]
Cells arising from undifferentiated
blastomeres and ultimately giving
rise to germ-cells and gametes
(emb.}.

archaeostomatous (ar'keosto'm'atus) a.
[Gk. archaios, primitive ; stoma,
mouth.] Having the blastopore per-
sistent and form ing the mouth (zool.}.

arch-centra (ark'-seVtra) n. plu. [Gk.
archi, beginning, first ; L. centrum,
centre.] Centra formed by fusion
of basal growths of primary arcualia
external to chordal sheath ; cf.
chordacentra (zool.}.

archebiosis (ar'keblo'sls) n. [Gk.

arche, beginning ; bios, life.] The
origin of life (biol.}.

archegoniophore (ar'kego'niofor) n.
[Gk. arche, beginning ; gonos, off-
spring ; pkerein, to bear.] Branches
of mosses bearing archegonia (bot.}.

archegonium (ar'kego'mum) n. [Gk.
arche, beginning ; gonos, offspring.]
A female organ in which the
oospheres are formed, and in which
the young plant begins its develop-
ment (bot.}.

archenteron (arkgn'tgron) n. [Gk.
arche, beginning ; enteron, gut.]
The cavity of the gastrula which
forms the primitive gut of the
embryo (emb.}.

archespore (ar'kespor) n. [Gk. arche,
beginning ; sporos, seed.] The
tetrahedral or meristematic cell of
a sporangium (bot.}.

archiamphiaster (ar'kTam'fTas'te'r) n.
[Gk. archi, first ; amphi, on both
sides ; aster, star.] The amphiaster
forming the first or second polar
body in cell maturation (cyt.}.

archiblast (ar'kiblast) n. [Gk. archi,
first ; blastos, bud.] Egg proto-
plasm.

archiblastic (ar'kiblas'tik) a. [Gk.
archi, first ; blastos, bud.] Having
total and equal segmentation (cyt.}.

archiblastula (ar'kiblas'tula) n. [Gk.
archi, first ; blastos, bud.] Typical
hollow ball of cells derived from an
egg with total and equal segmenta-
tion (cyt.}.

archicarp (ar'kikarp) n. [Gk. archi,
first ; karpos, fruit.] The spirally
coiled region of the thallus of
certain fungi (bot.}.

archicerebrum (ar'kise'r'e'brum) n.
[Gk. archi, first ; L. cerebrum, brain.]
The primitive brain, as the supra-
oesophageal ganglia of higher
Invertebrates (zool.}.

archichlamydeous (ir'kiklamid'eus) a.
[Gk. archi, first ; chlamys, cloak.]
Having no petals, or having petals
entirely separate from one another
(bot.}.

archicoel (i/kisel) n. [Gk. archi,
first ; koilos, hollow.] The primary
body- cavity or space between vthe
alimentary canal and ectoderm in
development of various groups of
animals (zoo/.}.

ARC.

22

ARM-

archigony (arkig'onl) n. [Gk. archi,
first ; gonos, offspring.] The first
origin of life by spontaneous genera-
tion (bio!.}.

archinephric (ar'kmef'rik) a. [Gk.
archi, first ; nephros, kidney.] Appl.
the duct into which the pronephric
tubules open (emb.}.

archinephros (ar'kinef'ros) n. [Gk.
archi, first ; nephros, kidney.] The
primitive kidney (emb.}.

archipallium (ar'kTpal'ium) n. [Gk.
archi, first ; L. pallium, a mantle.]
The olfactory region of the cerebral
hemispheres (phys.}.

archipterygium (ar'kipterij'ium) n.
[Gk. archi, first ; pterygion, little
wing.] Type of fin in which the
skeleton consists of an elongated
segmented central axis and two
rows of jointed rays (zool.}.

architype (ar'kitip) n. [Gk. archi,
first ; typos, type.] An original type
from which others may be derived
(biol.}.

archoplasm (ar'koplazm) n. [Gk.
archon, ruler ; plasma, something
moulded.] The substance con-
stituting the attraction sphere,
astral rays, and spindle-fibres
(emb.}.

arclcentrous (ar'kisen'trus) a. [L.
arcus, bow ; centrum, centre.]
Appl. vertebral columns in which
the centra are mainly derived from
the arch tissue (emb., anat.).

arciferous (arsif'eYus) a. [L. arcus,
bow ; ferre, to carry.] Appl. pec-
toral arch of toads, etc., where the
precoracoid and coracoid are widely
separated and connected by a large
arched epicoracoid (zool.}.

arciform (ar'siform) a. [L. arcus,
bow ; forma, shape.] Shaped like
an arch or bow (zool.}.

arcocentrous (ar'kb'sen'trus) a. [L.
arcus, bow ; centrum, centre.] Appl.
vertebral columns with inconspicu-
ous chordal sheath and centra de-
rived from arch tissue (zool.}.

arcocentrum (ar'kosSn'trum) n. [L.
arcus, bow ; centrum, centre.] A
centrum formed from parts of neural
and haemal arches (zool.}.

arcualia (ar'kua'lia) n.plu. [L. arcus,
bow.] Small cartilaginous pieces,
dorsal and ventral, fused or free, on

the vertebral column of fishes
(zool.}.

arcuate (ar'kuat) a. [L. arcus, bow.]
Curved or shaped like a bow.

ardellae (ardeTe) n. plu. [Gk. ardein,
to sprinkle.] Small apothecia of
certain lichens having the appear-
ance of dust (bot.}.

area (a'rea) n. [L. area, ground-space.]
A surface, as area opaca, area
vasculosa (smb.}.

arenaceous (arSna'shus) a. [L. arena,
sand.] Having the properties or
appearance of sand ; sandy.

areola (are'ola) n. [L. areola, dim. of
area, space.] A small coloured
circle round a nipple ; the part of
the iris bordering the pupil of the
eye (anat.} ; one of the small spaces
or interstices of a special kind of
tissue (zool.} ; the areas defined by
cracks on the surface of lichens (bot.}.

areolar (are'olar), areolate (are'olat) a.
[L. areola, space.] Of or like an
areola, having distinct spaces or
interstices (bot.} ; areolar is appl. a
kind of connective tissue with the
fibres loosely attached (zool.}.

argenteal (arjen'teal) a._ [L. argenteus,
silvern.] Appl. layer of the eye
containing calcic crystals (zvol.}.

argenteous (arjen'teus) a. [L. argen-
teus, silvern.] Like silver (bot.}.

argent euin (arjgn'teum) n. [L. argen-
tum, silver.] A dermal reflecting
tissue layer of iridocytes without
chromatophores in fishes (zool.}.

aril (ar'il), arillus (aril'us) n. [F.
arille, Sp. arillo, a small hoop.]
An additional investment formed on
a seed after fertilization (bot.}.

arillode (ar'ilod) n. [F. arille, hoop ;
Gk. eidos, like.] A false arillus
arising from the micropyle as an
expansion of the exostome (bot.}.

arista (arls'ta) n. [L. arista, beard of
an ear of corn.] Awn ; long-pointed
process as in many grasses (bot.} ;
a bristle borne by the antenna of
many brachycerous Diptera (zool.}.

Aristotle's lantern (Ar'istot'lz),— the
masticating apparatus of the sea-
urchin (zool.}.

armature (ar'matur) n. [L. arma,
weapons.] Anything which serves
to defend, as hairs, prickles, thorns
(bot.} ; spines, stings, etc. (zool.}.

ARO-

23

ASC-

arolium (an/Hum) n. [Gk. arole, pro-
tection.] Pad between the claws
on tarsus of Orthoptera (zool.).

arrectores pilorum, — bundles of non-
striped muscular fibres associated
with the hair follicles,— on con-
traction, they render the hair more
erect (p/iys.).

arrhenoplasm (arSn'oplazm) «. [Gk.
arrenos, male ; plasma, something
moulded.] Male plasm, in reference
to the theory that all protoplasm
consists of arrhenoplasm and thely-
plasm (diol.).

arrhenotoky (argnot'oki) «. [Gk.
arrenos, male ; tokos, birth.] Pro-
duction of males parthenogenetic-
ally (zool.).

arterial (arte'rial) a. [L. arteria,
artery.] Pert, an artery, or the
system of channels by which the
blood issues to the body from the
heart ; appL blood, duct, gland
(anat.).

arterial sclerosis, — hardening of the
walls of the arteries, said to con-
tribute to natural death (phys.).

arteriole (arte'rlol) n. [L. arteriola,
small artery.] A small or branch
artery (anat.).

artery (ar'te"r!) n. [L. arteria, artery.]
A vessel which conveys blood from
heart to body (anat.).

arthritic (arthrit'ik) a. [Gk. arthron,
joint.] Pert, or at joints (anat.).

arthrobranchiae (aYthrobrang^kle,
-kla) n. plu. [Gk. arthron, a joint ;
drangchia, gills.] Joint-gills, arising
at the junction of thoracic append-
ages with trunkof Arthropods (zool.).

arthrodia (arthro'dia) «. [Gk. arthron,
joint.] A joint admitting of only
gliding movements (anat.).

arthrodlal (arthro'dlal) a. [Gk.
arthron, joint.] Appl. the articular
membranes connecting thoracic
appendages with trunk, as in
Arthropods (zool.).

arthromere (ar'thrb'mer) n. [Gk.
arthron, joint ; meros, part.] An
arthropod body-segment or somite
(zool.).

arthropod (ar'thropod) a. [Gk.
arthron, joint ; pous, foot.] Of or
pert, the Arthropoda (zool.).

arthropterous (arthr6p't6rus) a. [Gk.
arthron, joint ; pteron, wing.]

Having jointed fin-rays, as in fishes
(zool.).

arthrospore (Arth'rospor) n. [Gk.
arthron, joint ; sporos, seed.] A
resting bacterial cell (hot.}.

arthrosterigmata (ar'throste'rig'mata)
n.plu. [Gk. arthron, joint; sterigma,
a support] Jointed sterigmata (dot.').

arthrostracous (arthrSs'trakus) a.
[Gk. arthron, joint ; ostrakon, shell.]
Having a segmented shell (zool.).

articular (artik'ula>) a. [L. articulus,
joint] Pert, or situated at a joint
or joints ; appl. cartilage, lamellae,
surface, capsule, etc. (anat.}.

articulated (artik'ulate'd) a. [L. arti-
culus, joint.] Jointed ; separating
easily at certain points (fe&jl

articulation (irtikula'shun) n. [L.
articulus, joint.] A joint, between
bones or segments (zool.\ or seg-
ments of a stem (dot.).

artifact (ar'tlfakt) n. [L. ars, art;
facere, to make.] Any appearance
produced by a reagent or other
artificial means (biol^).

artiodactyl (ar'tiodaktil) a. [Gk.
artios, equal ; daktylos, finger.]
Having an even number of fingers
or toes (sool.)

arytenoid (arjrte'noid) a. [Gk.
arytaina, a pitcher.] Pitcher-like,
appl. two cartilages at the back of
the larynx, also glands, swellings,
etc. (anat.\

asci (as'I, as'kl, as'ke) n. plu. [Gk.
askos, bladder.] Membranous spore-
sacs of fungi within which the
ascospores are formed (dot.}.

ascidian (asld'Ian) a. [Gk. askidion,
dim. of askos, bag.] Like an
ascidian or sea-squirt (zool.).

ascidium (asld'lum) n., ascidia (asTd'Ia)
plu. [Gk. askidion, little bag.]
Pitcher-leaves, as in Nepenthes
(dot.).

ascigerous (aslj'grus) a. [Gk. askos,
bag ; L. gerere, to bear.] Bearing
asci, as certain hyphae in Fungi
(dot.).

ascocarp (as'kokarp) n. [Gk. askos,
bag ; karpos, fruit.] The protective
covering investing the asci (dot.).

ascogenous (ask8j'5nus) ^ a. [Gk.
askos, bag ; gignesthai, to pro-
duce.] Bearing asci (dot.).

ascogonium (as'kogo'nTum) n. [Gk.

ASC-

24

ATR-

askos, bag ; gignesthai, to produce.]
A sac-like structure in which the
reproductive bodies are formed
(bot.).

ascospore (as'kospor) n. [Gk. askos,
bag ; sporos, seed.] One of the
spores contained in an ascus (bot.).

ascus, — sing, of asci, which see.

asexual (aseVsual) a. [Gk. a, with-
out ; L. sexus, sex.] Having no
apparent sexual organs ; patheno-
genetic or vegetative as appL repro-
duction (btol.).

aspect (as'pekt) n. [L. ad, to;
spectare, to look.] Look, appear-
ance, point of view (btol.).

asperity (aspeViti) n. [L. asper,
rough.] Roughness as on certain
leaves (hot.}.

aspidobranchiate (as'pidobrang'kiat)
a. [Gk. aspis, shield ; brangchia,
gills.] Pert, or resembling the
Aspidobranchiata, a group of
Gasteropods (zool.).

asplanchnic (asplangk'nik) a. [Gk.
a, without ; splangchna, viscera.]
Without alimentary canal (zool.).

asporous (asp5'rus) a. [Gk. a, with-
out ; sporos, seed.] Having no
spores (bot.).

assimilation (asTm'ila'shun) n. [L. ad,
to ; similis, like.] Conversion into
protoplasm of ingested nutrient
material (phys.).

association (aso'sia'shun) «. [L. ad,
to ; socius, fellow.] Adherence of
gregarines without fusion of nuclei
(zool.} ; appl. fibres connecting
white matter of interior of brain
with cortex of convolutions (phys.).

astely (Aste'H) n. [Gk. a, without ;
stele, pillar.] Absence of a central
cylinder or axis (hot.}.

aster (as'tgr) n. [Gk. aster, a star.]
The star-shaped achromatinic
structure surrounding the centro-
some during mitosis ; the star-
shaped arrangement of the
chromosomes during mitosis (cyt.).

asterion (aste'rion) n. [Gk. aster,
star.] The region of the postero-
lateral fontaneTle where lambdoid,
parieto - mastoid, and occipito-
mastoid sutures meet (anat.).

asteroid (as'tgroid) a. [Gk. aster, star ;
eidos, resemblance.] Star-shaped ;
pertaining to the star-fish (zoou).

asterospondylous (as'tSrospon'dllus)
a. [Gk. aster, star ; sphondylos,
vertebra.] Having centrum with
radiating calcified plates (zool.).

astomatous (astom'atus) a. [Gk. a,
without; stoma, mouth.] Not having
a mouth (zool.) ; without epidermic
pores or stomata (bot.).

astomous (asto'mus) a. [Gk. a, with-
out ; stoma, mouth.] Without a
stomium or line of dehiscence ;
bursting irregularly (bot.).

astragalus (astrag'alus) n. [Gk.
astragalos, an ankle bone.] The
second largest tarsal bone in man
(anat.); a tarsal bone in Vertebrates.

astrocentre (as'trosSn'ter) n. [L. aster,
star ; centrum, centre.] The centro-
some (cyt.).

astrosphere (as'trosfer) n. [Gk. aster,
star ; sphaira, ball.] The central
mass of the aster without the rays ;
the aster exclusive of the centro-
some ; the astral sphere (cyt.).

asymmetrical (asimet'rikal) a. [Gk.
a, without ; syn, with ; metron,
measure.] Pert, want of sym-
metry ; in the condition of having
two sides unlike or disproportion-
ate ; appl. structures or organs
which cannot be divided into
similar halves by any vertical axis
(biol.\

asymmetry (asTm'gtri) n. [Gk. a, with-
out ; syn, with; metron, measure.]
Want of symmetry.

atavism (at'avizm) n. [L. atavus,
ancestor.] Reversion, the oc-
currence of a characteristic of a
remote ancestor not .observed in
the more immediate ancestors
(btol.).

atavistic (at'avls'tik) a. [L. atavus,
ancestor.] Pert, marked by, or
tending to atavism (btol.).

athalamous (athal'amus) a. [Gk. a,
without ; thalamos, inner room.]
Wanting a thalamus (bot.).

atlas (at'las) n. [Gk. atlas, a giant.]
The first cervical vertebra articulat-
ing with the skull (anat.).

atokous (at'okus) a. [Gk. atokos,
childless.] Without offspring.

atoll (at'61, atol') n. [Mai. atoll.} A
coral reef surrounding a body of
water (zool.).

atria! (a'triil) a. [L. atrium, a central

ATR-

25

AUT-

room.] Pert, atrium ; appl. cavity,
pore, canal, siphon, lobes (zool.).

atriocoelomic (a'trloselom'ik) a. [L.
atrium, central room ; Gk. koilos,
hollow.] Connecting the atrium
and the coelom ; appl. funnels, of
uncertain function, in Cephalo-
chorda (zool.).

atriopore (a'triopor) n. [L. atrium,
central room ; porus, channel.]
The opening from the atrial cavity
to the exterior in Cephalochorda
(***),

atrioventricular (atriove'ntrik'ular) a.
[L. atrium, chamber ; ventriculus,
small cavity.] Pert, the atrioven-
tricular structure in the heart ; appl.
bundles, groove, openings (anat.).

atrium (a'trium) n. [L. atrium,
chamber.] The two anterior cavi-
ties of the heart ; the tympanic
cavity (anat.) ; a chamber surround-
ing the pharynx in Tunicates and
Cephalochordates (zoo!.).

atrochal (at'rokal) a. [Gk. a, with-
out ; trochos, wheel.] Without the
preoral circlet of cilia ; appl. tro-
chophore stage when the preoral
circlet is absent and the surface
is covered uniformly with cilia
(zool.).

atrophy (at'rofi) n. [Gk. a, without ;
trephein, to nourish.] Emaciation ;
diminution in size and function of
a part or organ (biol.).

atropous (at'ropus) a. [Gk. a, with-
out ; trepein, to turn.] Appl. ovule
in proper position, i.e. not inverted
(dot.).

atterminal (atteYmmal) a. [L. ad,
to ; terminus, end.] Towards a
terminal ; appl. current directed
toward the thermal cross-section
(Phys.\

attraction (atrak'shun) n. [L. at-
tractus, drawn to.] Any structure
which apparently draws other
things to it, as an attraction cone
(cyt.).

auditory (od'itorl) a. JX. audire, to
hear.] Pert, the hearing apparatus,
appl. organ, nucleus, ossicle, capsule,
canal, meatus, nerve, tentacle, etc.

Auerbach's plexus, — a gangliated
plexus of non-medullated nerve-
fibres, found between the two layers
of the muscular coat of the small

intestine ; the plexus myentericus
(Phys.).

augmentor (ogme'n'tSr) a. [L. augere,
to increase.] Appl. nerves rising
from the sympathetic system and
acting on the heart, with antago-
nistic relation to the vagi ; ac-
celerator (phys.).

aulostomatous (ol'ostom'atus) a. [Gk.
aulos, tube ; stoma, mouth.] Having
a tubular mouth or snout (zool.).

aural (6^1) a. [L. auris, ear.] Pert.
ear or hearing.

auricle (6r'lkl) n. [L. auricula, little
ear.] The external ear ; any ear-
like lobed appendage (zool.) ; the
upper or anterior chamber on each
side of the heart (anat.).

auricula (orik'ula) n. [L. auricula,
little ear.] An auricle.

auricular (ortk'ular) a. [L. auricula,
small ear.] Pert, an auricle ; appl.
artery, nerve, tubercle, vein (anat.).

auricularia (orik'ula'ria) n. [L. auri-
cula, small ear.] A type of larva
found among the Holothurians
(zool.).

auriculars, — n. plu., ear coverts of
birds.

auriculate (orik'ulat) a. [L. auricula^
small ear.] Eared ; appl. leaf with
expanded bases surrounding the
stem ; appl. leaf with lobes separate
from rest of blade ; hastate-auricled
(dot.).

auriculo - ventricular (6rik'ulo-v£n-
trflc'ular) a. Pert, or connecting the
auricle and ventricle of the heart ;
appl. bundle, valve (anat.).

aurophore (or'ofor) n. [L. auris, ear ;
Gk. pherein, to bear.] An organ
projecting from the base of pneu-
matophore of certain Siphonophores
(zool.).

autacoid (ot'akoid) n. [Gk. autos,
self.] A term including both
hormone and chalone (phys.).

autoblast (ot'dblast) n. [Gk. autos,
self; blastos, bud.] An inde-
pendent micro-organism.

autocatalysis (ot'okatal'isls) n. [Gk.
autos, self ; kata, down ; lysis, a
loosing.] The dissolution or re-
action of a cell or substance due
to the influence of a product or
secretion of its own (phys.).

autochthon (6tSk'th6n) n. [Gk. autos,

AUT-

26

AUX-

self; chthon, the ground.] An
indigenous species of plant or
animal (bioL).

autocyst (ot'osist) n. [Gk. autos, self;
kystis, bladder.] A thick membrane
formed by the Neosporidia separat-
ing them from the host tissues (zoo/.).

autodermalia (ot'odermal'ia) n. plu.
[Gk. autos, self; derma, skin.]
Dermal spicules with axial cross
within the dermal membrane (zool.).

autoecious (ote'shus) a. [Gk. autos,
self; oikos, house.] Appl. rusts
whose aecidium form inhabits the
same host as the uredoform stage
(bot.).

autogamy (otog'ami) n. [Gk. autos,
self; gamos, marriage.] Self-
fertilization (biol.).

autogenesis (6t'6jen'e'sis) n. [Gk.
autos, self; genesis, birth.] Spon-
taneous generation (biol.).

autogenetic (ot'qje'net'lk) a. [Gk.
autos, self ; genesis, birth.] Repro-
ducing spontaneously, appL body-
cells.

autogeny (otoj'gm) n. Autogenesis.

autogony (otog'oni) n. [Gk. autos,
self; gonos, offspring.] Auto-
genesis.

autolysis (otol'isis) n. [Gk. autos,
self; lysis, a loosing.] Self-
digestion.

automixis (ot'omik'sis) n. [Gk. autos,
self; mixis, mingling.] The union
in a cell of chromatin derived from
common parentage (biol.).

autonomic (6t'6n8m'ik) a. [Gk. autos,
self; nomos, province.] Self-
governing, spontaneous ; appL
nerves of sympathetic system and
of certain involuntary muscles, and
of secreting glands (phys.).

autonomous (oton'omus). a. Auto-
nomic.

autophagous (6tof'agus) a. [Gk.
autos, self; phagein, to eat.] Appl.
birds capable of running about and
securing food for themselves when
newly hatched (zool.).

autophya (6t'6ffa) n.plu. [Gk. autos,
self; phyein, to produce.] Ele-
ments in the formation of a shell
secreted by the animal itself; cf.
xenophya (zool.).

autophyllogeny (ot'of iloj'eni) n. [Gk.
autos, self; phyllon, leaf; genos,

birth.] Growth of one leaf upon
or out of another (bot.).

autophyta (ot'ofl'ta) n. plu. [Gk.
autos, self; phyton, plant.] Plants
which obtain food in the ordinary
way ; cf. saprophyta (bot.).

autoskeleton (6t'6skel'6ton) n. [Gk.
autos, self ; skeletos, dried.] A true
skeleton formed within the animal
(zool.).

autostylic (ot'ostil'ik) a. [Gk. autos,
self; stylos, pillar.] Having the
mandibular arch self-supporting,
and articulating with the skull
direct (zoo!.).

autotomy (otot'omi) n. [Gk. autos,
self; tome, cutting.] Self-amputa-
tion of a part, as in certain worms
and arthropods (zoo/.).

autotrophic (ot'otrof'ik) a. [Gk. autos,
self; trephein, to nourish.] Procur-
ing food independently ; appl.
plants which are neither sapro-
phytic nor parasitic (dot.).

autotropism (6t6t'ropizm) n. [Gk.
autos, self; trepein, to turn.]
Tendency to grow in a straight
line ; appl. plants unaffected by
external influence (phys.).

autozooid (ot'ozooid) n. [Gk. autos,
self ; zoon, animal ; eidos, resem-
blance.] An independent alcyona-
rian zooid or individual (zool.).

auxetics (oksSt'iks) n. plu. [Gk.
auxein, to increase.] A term appl.
chemical agents which induce cell-
division in leucocytes and other
cells (cyt.\

auximone (ok'simon) n. [Gk. auxi-
mos, promoting growth.] An
accessory growth - stimulating or
promoting factor in the food of
plants (biol.).

auxospore (ok'sospor) n. [Gk. auxein,
to increase ; sporos, seed.] A
diatom which, having reached its
limit of size, by bi-partition escapes
from its valve, and uniting with a
similar one gives rise to a new
plant (bot.).

auxotonic (ok'soton'ik) a. [Gk.
auxein, to increase ; tonos, strain.]
Induced by growth ; appl. move-
ments of immature plants ; opp.
alassotonic (bot.) ; appl. contraction
against an increasing resistance
(Phys.).

AVE-

BAC-

avenaceous (avena'shus) a. [L. avena,
oats.] Pert, oats (dot.).

avicularium (avTkula'rTum) n. [L.
avicula, dim. of avis, bird.] In
Polyzoa a modified zooecium with
muscular movable attachments re-
sembling a bird's beak (zool.).

awn (on) ;/. [Ger. ahne} chaff.] The
"beard" of grass, grain, etc. (hot.).

axial (ak'sial) a. [L. axis, axis.] Pert.
axis or stem (btol.).

axial filament, — the central filament
of any structure such as the stiff
radiating pseudopodia of some of
the Protozoa (zool.)

axial sinus,— a nearly vertical canal
in the Echinoderms opening into
the internal division of the oral ring
sinus, and communicating aborally
with the stone canal (zool.).

axial skeleton,— the skeleton of the
head and trunk, as ofip. the skeleton
of the limbs (zool.).

axil (ak'sil) n. [L. axilla, arm-pit.]
The angle between a leaf or branch
and the axis from which it springs
(bot.).

axile (ak'sil) a. [L. axilla, arm-pit.]
Pert., situated in or belonging to
the axis ; appl. placentation (bot.).

axilemma (ak'silSm'a) n. [L. axis,
axis ; Gk. lemma, husk.] In medul-
lated nerve fibres, the sheath
supposed to surround the axial
cylinder (anat.).

axilla (aksll'a) n. [ L. axilla, arm-pit.]
The ami-pit (anat.) ; an axil (bot.).

axillary (ak'silari, aksil'ari) a. [L.
axilla, arm-pit.] Pert, the axil ;
growing in the axil, as buds (bot.) ;
pert, the arm-pit (anat.).

axipetal (aksip'Stal) a. [L. axis, axis ;
Petere, to seek.] Passing towards
the attachment of the axon, appl.
nerve impulses (phys.).

axis (ak'sis) n. [L. axis, axis.] The
main stem or central cylinder (bot.) ;
the fundamentally central line of a
structure ; the second cervical
vertebra (anat.).

axis cylinder,— the central tract of a
nerve fibre, the impulse transmitter

axon (ak'son) n. [Gk. axon, axle.]
The axis-cylinder process of a multi-
polar nerve-cell (anat.).

axoneme (ak'sonem) n. [Gk. axon,

axle ; ntma, thread.] One of the
three threads of the main strand
of an infusorian stalk (zool.).

axoiiost (ak'sonost) n. [Gk. axon,
axle ; osteon, bone.] The basal
portion of rods supporting the
dermotrichia of fin-rays (zool.).

axopodium (ak'sopo'dlum) n. [Gk.
axon, axle ; pous, foot.] A pseudo-
podium with axial filament (zool.).

axostyle (ak'sostll) n. [Gk. axon,a.\\& ;
stylos, pillar.] A slender flexible
rod of organic substance forming a
supporting axis for the body of
many Flagellates (zool.).

azygobranchiate (azl'gobrang'kiat) a.
[Gk. a, without ; zygon, yoke ;
brangchia, gills.] Having the gills
or ctenidia not developed on one
side (zool.).

azygomatous (a'zlgom'atus) a. [Gk.
a, without ; zygoma, a bar.] With-
out a zygoma or cheek-bone arch
(zool.).

azygos (azi'gos, az'igos) n. [Gk. a,
without ; zygon, yoke.] An un-
paired muscle, artery, vein, process
(anat.).

azygosperm (azi'gospe'rm) ». [Gk.
a, without ; zygon, yoke ; sfierma,
seed.] An azygospore.

azygospore (azl'gospor) n. [Gk. a,
without ; zygon, yoke ; sporos, seed.]
A spore developed directly from a
gamete without conjugation (bot.).

azygous (azl'gus, az'Igus) a. [Gk. a,
without ; zygon, yoke.] Unpaired.

B

bacca (bak'a) n. [L. bacca, berry.]
A pulpy fruit (bot.).

baccate (bak'at) a. [L. bacca, berry.]
Pulpy, fleshy (bot.).

bacciferous (bakslf'grus) a. [L. bacca,
berry ; ferre, to bear.] Berry-pro-
ducing (bot.).

bacciform (bak'slform) a. [L. bacca,
berry ; forma, shape.] Berry-
shaped (bot.).

bacillus (basll'us) n. [L. bacillum,
small stick.] An elongated rod-
like bacterium ; a single-celled
fungus (bot.).

bacteriology (bak'tertol'ojl) n. [Gk.

BAC-

28

BAS-

bakterion, rod ; logos, discourse.]
The science dealing with the life-
history, structure, and effects of
Bacteria.

bacteriolysin (bakte'rioli'sin) n. [Gk.
bakterion, small rod ; lyein, to loose.]
A substance which neutralizes the
toxicity of or destroys Bacteria
(phys.).

balancers (bal'anserz) n. plu. [L.
bilanx, having two scales.] The
halteres or poisers of dipterous
insects (zoo!.}.

balanoid (bal'anoid) a. [Gk. balanos,
acorn; eidos, like.] Pert, barnacles;
acorn-shaped (zool.).

balausta (balos'ta) n. [Gk. balaustion,
tree-blossom.] Any fruit, many-
celled, many-seeded, indehiscent
and with tough pericarps (dot.}.

baleen (balen') n. [L. balaena, whale.]
The horny plates attached to the
upper jaw of true whales ; whale-
bone (zool.).

balm (bam) n. [L. balsamum, balsam.]
A fragrant garden plant ; a soothing
ointment (bot.).

balsamiferous (bal'samif 6rus) a. [L.
balsamum, balsam ; ferre, to bear.]
Producing balsam (bot.).

barb (barb) ». [L. barba, beard.] One
of delicate thread-like structures
extending obliquely from a feather
rachis, and forming the vane (zool.} ;
a hooked hair-like bristle (dot.).

barbate (bar'bat) a. [L. barba, beard.]
Bearded (bot., zool.).

barbel (bfr'bel) n. [L. barbus, barbel.]
A tactile process arising from the
head of various fishes (zool.).

barbellate (barbeTat, ba/bglat) a.
[L. barba, beard.] With stiff
hooked hair-like bristles (bot.).

barbicel (bar'bisgl) n. [L. barba,
beard.] Small process on a feather
barbule (zool.).

barbula (bar'bula) n. [L. barbula,
dim. of barba, beard.] Row of teeth
of the peristome of mosses (bot.).

barbule (bar'bul) n. [L. barbula, dim.
of barbat beard.] One of the small
hooked processes fringing the barbs
of a feather (zool.).

barotaxis (barbtak'sis) n. [Gk. baros,
weight ; taxis, arrangement.] The
reaction against a pressure stimulus

(ba'sal) a. [L. basis, base.]
Pert, at or near the base,
basal ganglia,— ganglia connecting
cerebrum with other centres

(phys.).

basal granule, — a thickening at the
base of a flagellum, the centrosome,
in certain Protozoa (zool.).

basal leaf, — one of the leaves pro-
duced near the base of the stem
(bot.).

basal placenta, — arises from the proxi-
mal end of ovary (bot.).

basal plates, — certain plates in
Echinoderms, which are situated
at the top or near the top of the
stalk in Crinoids, and in Echinoids
form part of the apical disc (zool.).

basal wall,— the first plane of division
of the oospores of Ferns and Mosses
(bot).

basale (basa'le, basal'a) «., basalia
(basa'lia) plu. [L. basis, base.] A
bone of variable structure arising
from the fusion of pterygiophores
and supporting fish fins (zool.).

basement membrane, — themembrane
of a gland containing the acini or
special secreting portions (anat.}.

basialveolar (ba'sTalve'olar) a. [L.
basis, base ; alveolus, hollow.] Ex-
tending from basion to centre of
alveolar arch (anat.).

basibranchial (ba'sibrang'klal) n.
[Gk. basis, base ; brangchia, gills.]
The median ventral or basal
skeletal portion of a branchial
arch (zool.}.

basichromatin (ba'sikro'matin) n.
[Gk. basis, base ; chroma, colour.]
The deeply staining substance of
nuclear network ; chromatin (cyt.).

baslconic sensillae, — upright conical
clavate sense hairs, immovable at
their base and having thin chitinous
covering (zool).

basicranial (ba'sikra'nTal) a. [Gk.
basis, base ; kranion, skull.] Situ-
ated at the base of the skull
(zool.).

basidiophore (basid'Iofor) n. [Gk.
basis, base ; pherein, to bear.] A
sporophore which carries basidia
(bot.).

basidlospore (bastd'iospor) n. [Gk.
basis, base ; sporos, seed.] A
spore or gonidium abstricted from

BAS-

29

BDE-

a basidium ; a basidiogonidium
(tot.).

basidium (basld'ium) n. [Gk. basis,
base.] A special cell of certain
Fungi forming spores by abstriction
(dot.},

basidorsal (ba'sidor'sal) a. [L. basis,
base ; dorsum, back.] Appl. a
small cartilaginous neural plate
which fuses with the neural process
in the adult (emb.).

basiflxed (ba'sifiksd) a. [L. basis,
base ; figere, to make fast.] At-
tached by the base ; innate, or
having the filament attached to
base of anther (tot.).

basifugal (ba'sTfu'gal, baslf'ugal) a.
[L. basis, base ; fugere, to flee.]
Growing away from the base (bot.).

basigamous (basTg'amus) a. [Gk.
basis i base ; gatnos, marriage.]
Having the oosphere reversed in
the embryo-sac (bot.).

basihyal (ba'sihral) n. [Gk. basis,
base ; hyoeides, Y-shaped.] Broad
median plate, the basal or median
ventral portion of the hyoid arch
(«*£).

basilar (bas'ilar) a. [L. basis, base.]
Pert, or near the base ; appl. artery,
crest, membrane, plexus (anat.),
plate (smb.), style (tot.).

basilic (basil'ik) a. [Gk. basilikos,
royal.] Appl. a large vein on the
inner side of the biceps of the arm
(anat.).

basilingual (ba'siling'gwal) a. [L.
basis, base ; lingua, tongue.] Appl.
a broad flat cartilaginous plate, the
body of the hyoid, in crocodiles,
turtles, and amphibians (zoo/.).

basioccipital (ba'sioksTp'ital) n. [L.
past's, base ; occiput, back of head.]
The median ventral bone or element
in the occipital region of the skull
(anat.).

basion (ba'slon) n. [L. basis, base.]
The middle of the anterior margin
of the foramen magnum (anat.).

basiophthalmite (ba'slofthal'mlt) n.
[Gk. basis, base ; ophthalmos, eye.]
The proximal joint of the eye-stalk
in Crustaceans (zoo/.).
basipetal (basip'etal) a. [Gk. basis,
base ; L. petere, to seek.] Develop-
ing from apex to base ; appl. leaves
and inflorescences (tot.).

basipodite (baslp'odlt) n. [Gk. basis,
base ; pous, foot.] The second or
distal joint of the protopodite of
certain limbs of Crustacea (zool.).

basipterygium (ba'sTptgrij'ium) tt.
[Gk. basis, base ; pterygion, little
wing.] A large flat triangular bone
in the pelvic fin of Teleosts, and a
bone or cartilage in other fishes
(zool.).

basipterygoid (ba'sYpt&tgoid) n. [Gk.
basis, base ; pterygion, little wing.]
A process of the basisphenoid in
some birds (zool.).

basisphenoid (ba'stsfe'noid) n. [Gk.
basis, base ; sphen, wedge ; eidos,
resemblance.] A cranial bone
between the basioccipital and pre-
sphenoid (zool.).

basitemporal (ba'sTtem'poral) n. [L.
basis, base ; temporalis, temporary.]
A broad membrane bone covering
the basisphenoidal region of the
skull (zool.).

basivertebral (ba'siveYtgbral) a. [L.
basis, base ; vertebra, vertebra.]
Appl. vertebral veins emerging on
the posterior surface (anat.).

basophil (ba'sofil) a. [Gk. basis,
base ; philein, to love.] Appl.
leucocytes having a strong affinity
for basic dyes (phys.).

bast (bast) n. [A.S. baest, bast.] The
inner fibrous bark of certain trees ;
the strong fibre obtained from
certain trees ; phloem (tot.).

bastard wing, — the ala spuria, con-
sisting of three quill feathers borne
on the first digit of bird's wing
(zoo!.).

bathy limnetic (bath'ilTmngt'ik)a. [Gk.
bathys, deep ; limnetes, living in
marshes.] Living or growing in
the depths of lakes or marshes.

bathypelagic (bath'ipglaj'Ik) a. [Gk.
bathys, deep ; pelagos, sea.] In-
habiting the deep sea (zool.).

bathy smal (bathlz'mal) a. [Gk. bathys,
deep.] Pert, the deepest depths of
the sea (zool.).

batrachian (batra'kTan) a. [Gk. ba-
trachos, frog.] Relating to frogs
and toads (zool.).

bdelloid (deToid) a. [Gk. bdella,
leech ; eidos, resemblance.] Leech-
like, or having the appearance of a
leech (zool.).

BEA-

30

BIE-

beard (herd) n. [A.S. beard, a beard.]
Any of the arrangements of hairs
on the heads of animals which
resemble a man's beard (zool.) ;
the barbed or bristly hair-like out-
growths on grain (hot.}.

belemnoid (beTemnoid, bglem'noid) a.
[Gk. belemnon, dart ; eidos, resem-
blance.] Shaped like a dart (zool?) ;
appl. styloid process (anat.).

bell nucleus, — a solid mass of cells,
derived from the ectoderm and lying
between the ordinary ectoderm and
the mesogloea at the apex of the
medusoid bud, which later becomes
hollow and ultimately forms the
sub-umbral cavity of the medusoid
(zool.}.

Bellini's ducts, — the larger ducts
opening at the apex of a kidney
papilla, and formed by the union
of smaller collecting tubules (anat.).

benthos (ben'thos) n. [Gk. benthos,
depths of the sea.] The fauna and
flora of the bottom of the sea
(biol.).

berry (beYi) n. [A.S. berie, berry.]
The egg of a lobster, or of a cray-
fish ; the dark knob-like structure
on the bill of the swan (zool?) ; a
small, pulpy fruit (hot?).

betulin (bet'ulm) n. [L. betula, birch
tree.] A substance derived from
the outer bark of the birch (phys.).

biacuminate (bl'aku'minat) a. [L. bis,
twice ; acumen, point.] Having
two tapering points (dot.).

biarticulate (bl'artik'ulat) a. [L. bis,
twice ; articulus, joint.] Two-
jointed (hot., sool.).

bicapsular (blkap'sular) a. [L. bis,
twice ; capsula, little box.] Having
two capsules or vessels (hot.}.

bicarinate (bikar'mat) a. [L. bis,
twice ; carina, keel.] With two
keel-like processes (hot., zool?).

bicarpellate (blkar'pe'lat) a. [L. bis,
twice ; Gk. karpos, fruit.] With
two carpels (tot.).

blcaudate (blko'dat) a. [L. bis, twice ;
cauda, tail.] Possessing two tail-
like processes, as the wings of
Lepidoptera (zool?).

blcellular (blseTular) a. [L. bis, twice ;
cellula, little cell.] Composed of
two cells (to/.).

bicepa (bl'seps) n. [L. bis, twice ;

caput, head.] A muscle with two
heads or origins (anat?).

bicipltal (blsip'ital) a. [L. bis, twice ;
caput, head.] Pert, biceps (anat?).

bicipital groove, — a groove on the
upper part of the humerus (anat.).

bicollateral (bl'kolat'eral) a. [L. bis,
twice ; con, together ; latus, side.]
Having the two sides similar.

bicolligate (blkol'igat) a. [L. bis,
twice ; cum, together ; ligare, to
bind.] With two stretches of web-
bing on the foot (zool?).

biconjugate (blkon'joogat) a. [L. bis,
twice ; cum, with ; jttgum, yoke.]
With two similar sets of pairs
(bot.).

bicornute (bikor'nut) a. [L. bis, twice ;
cornu, horn.] With two horn-like
processes (zool?).

bicostate (bikos'tat) a. [L. bis, twice ;
costa, rib.] Having two longitudinal
ridges or ribs, as in a leaf (bot.).

bicrenate (blkre'nat) a. [L. bis, twice ;
crena, notch.] Doubly crenate,
as leaves with notched toothed
margins (tot.).

blscuspid (bikiis'pid) a. [L. bis, twice ;
cuspis, point.] Having two cusps
or points (bot., zool.).

bicuspid, — n. A premolar tooth
(anat.).

bicuspid valve, — the mitral valve of
the heart (anat.).

bicyclic (blsik'lik) a. [L. bis, twice ;
Gk. kyklos, circle.] Arranged in
two whorls (bot?).

Bidder's ganglia,— a collection of
nerve-cells in the frog, in the region
of the auriculo-ventricular groove,
whence fibres are distributed to the
rest of the heart (zool.).

Bidder's organ, — a rudimentary ovary
attached to the anterior end of the
generative organs in both sexes
in the toad ; it disappears in old
females, but is large in old males
and has been known to become
functional (zool.).

bidental (blden'tal) a. [L. bis, twice ;
dens, tooth.] Having two teeth, or
tooth-like processes.

bidenticulate (bi'dgntik'ulat) a. [L.
bis, twice ; dens, tooth.] With two
small teeth or tooth- like processes,
as some scales (zool.).

biennial (blen'ial) a. [L. bis, twice ;

BIF-

31

BIN-

annus, year.] Lasting for two
years (tot.).

bifacial (blfa'slal, blfa'shal, blfas'yal)
a. [L. fa's, twice ; fades, face.]
Appl. leaves with distinct upper
and lower surfaces ; dorso-ventral
(tot.).

bifarious (blfa'rlus) a. [L. bis, twice ;
fart, to speak.] Arranged in two
rows ; one row on each side of
an axis (tot.).

bifid (bifid) a. [L. bis, twice ; findere,
to split.] Forked, opening with a
median cleft (zool., tot.).

biflabellate (bfflabel'at) a. [L. bis,
twice ; flabellum, fan.] Doubly
flabellate, each side of the antennal
joints sending out flabellate pro-
cesses (zool.}.

biflagellate (blflajeTat) a. [L. bis,
twice ; flagellum, whip.] Having
two lash-like appendages or flag-
ella (zool., bot.).

biflex (bl^ks) a. [L. bis, twice ;
flectere, to bend.] With two
curves.

biflorate (blflo'rat) a. [L. bis, twice ;
flora, flowers.] Producing two
flowers, or bearing two flowers
(bot.).

bifoliate (bifo'liat) a. [L. bis, twice ;
folium, leaf.] Appl. compound leaf
with two leaflets (bot.).

biforin (blf'orin) «. [L. bis, twice ;
fort's, door.] An oblong raphidian
cell opening at each end (bot.).

bifurcate (blfur'kat) a. [L. bis, twice;
/urea, fork.] Forked ; having two
prongs (bot., zool.) ; having two
joints, the distal V-shaped and
attached by its middle to the
proximal (zool.).

bigeininate (bijem'inat) a. [L. bis,
twice ; gcminus, double.] Doubly-
paired ; twin-forked (bot.).

bljugate (bijoo'gat) a. [L. bis, twice ;
jugare, to join.] With two pairs of
leaflets (bot.).

bilabiate (bila'biat) a. [L. bis, twice ;
labium, lip.] Two-lipped, as some
corollas (tot.).

bilamellar (bllam'elar, bllameTar) a.
[L. bis, twice ; lamella, plate.]
Formed of two plates ; having two
lamellae (bot., zool.).

bilaminar (bllam'inar) a. [L. bis,
twice; lamina, thin plate.] Having

two plate-like layers ; diploblastic
(zool.).

bilateral (bllat'eral) a. [L. bis, twice ;
latus, side.] Having two sides
symmetrical about an axis.

bile (bil) n. [L. bilis, bile.] The
secretion of the liver (phys.).

biliary (bil'iari) a. [L. bilis, bile.]
Conveying or pert, bile (phys.).

bilicyanin (bil'isl'anin) n. [L. bilis,
bile ; Gk. kyanos, dark blue.] A
blue pigment found in renal calculi
(Phys.\

bilirubin (bil'iroo'bin) n. [L. bilis,
bile ; ruber, red.] A reddish-yellow
bile pigment (phys.).

biliverdin (bil'Tvgr'din) «. [L. bilis,
bile ; F. vert, green.] A green bile
pigment formed by oxidation of
bilirubin (phys.).

bilobate (bllo'bat) a. [L. bis, twice ;
Gk. lobos, rounded flap.] Having
two lobes.

bilobular (bllob'ular) a. [L. bis,
twice ; L. Ipbulus, dim. of lobus,
lobe.] Having two lobules.

bilocellate (bfloseTat) a. [L. bis,
twice ; locellus, dim. of locus, place.]
Divided into two compartments
(bot.).

bilocular (bllok'ular) a. [L. bis, twice ;
locus, place.] Containing two
cavities or chambers (bot.).

biloculine (bllok'ulin) a. [L. bis,
twice ; loculus, little place.] Two-
chambered.

bilophodont (bllof'odont) a. [L. bis,
twice ; Gk. lophos, ridge ; odous,
tooth.] Appl. molar teeth of tapir,
which have ridges joining the two
anterior and two posterior cusps
(zool.).

bimaculate (blmak'ulat) a. [L. bis,
twice ; macula, spot.] Marked
with two spots or stains (zool.).

bimanous (blm'anus) a. [L. bis, twice ;
manus, hand.] Having two hands ;
appl. certain of the primates
(zool.).

bimastism (blmas'tizm) n. [L. bis,
twice ; Gk. mastos, breast.] Condi-
tion of having two mammae (zool.).

bimuscular (blinus'kular) a. [L. bis,
twice ; musculus, muscle.] Having
two muscles (zool.).

binary fission,— the division of a cell
into two by an apparently simple

BIN-

32

BIO-

division of nucleus and cytoplasm
(zool.).

binary nomenclature, — see binomial
nomenclature.

binate (bi'nat) a. [L. dint, two by
two.] Appl. leaf composed of two
leaflets ; growing in pairs (hot.}.

binodal (bino'dal) a, [L. bis, twice ;
nodus, nob.] Having two nodes,
as the stem of a plant (bot.}.

binomial (blno'mial) a. [L. bis, twice ;
nomen, name.] Consisting of two
names (biol.}.

binomial nomenclature, — the system
of double names given to plants
and animals, — first the generic
name, then the specific, as Felis
(genus) tigris (species).

binomialism (blnd'mTalTzm) n. [L.
bis, twice ; nomen, name.] The
system of binomial nomenclature
(biol.}.

binuclear (blnu'klear) a. [L. bis,
twice ; nucleus, small nut.] Having
two nuclei (biol.}.

binucleate, — binuclear.

bioblast (bl'oblast) n. [Gk. bios, life ;
blastos, bud.] A biophore (biol.}.

biocellate (blosel'at) a. [L. bis, twice ;
ocellus, dim. oioculus, eye.] Having
two ocelli (zool.}.

biochemistry (bl'dkem'Tstri) n. [Gk.
bios, life ; chemos, juice.] The
chemistry of living organisms (biol.}.

biocoenosis (bl'bseno'sis) n. [Gk.
bios, life ; koinos, common.] Asso-
ciation of forms of life on any given
feeding area (biol}.

biodynamics (bl'odinam'fks) ». [Gk.
bios, life ; dynamis, power.] The
science of the active vital phe-
nomena of animals (phys.}.

biogen (bl'b'jen) n. [Gk. bios, life ;
genos, offspring.] A hypothetical
vital unit (biol.}.

biogenesis (bl'qjen'gsis) n. [Gk. bios,
life ; genesis, birth.] The theory of
the descent of living matter from
living matter — omne vivum e vivo ;
opp. abiogenesis (biol.}.

blogenetic law, — recapitulation
theory.

biogenous (bioj'enus) a. [Gk. bios,
life ; genos, offspring.] Inhabiting
living organisms, as Bacteria (biol.}.

biogeny (bloj'6ni) n. [Gk. bios, life ;
genesis, birth.] The science of the

evolution of organisms, comprising
ontogeny and phylogeny (biol.}.

biogeography (bi'ojeog'rafi) n. [Gk.
bios, life ; ge, earth ; graphein, to
write.] The part of biology dealing
with the geographical distribution
of plants (phytogeography) and
animals (zoogeography) ; chorology.

biological (blolqj'ikal) a. [Gk. bios,
life ; logos, discourse.] Relating to
the science of life (biol.}.

biology (blol'oji) n. [Gk. bios, life ;
logos, discourse.] The science of
life.

biometrics (blomet'riks) ;/. [Gk. bios,
life ; metron, measure.] The stat-
istical study of living organisms.

biometry (blom'e'tri), biometrics.

bion (bl'on) n. [Gk. bion, living.] An
independent living organism.

bionergy (blon'erji) n. [Gk. bios, life :
energda, action.] Vital force.

bionomics (blonom'Tks) n. [Gk. bios,
life ; nomos, law.] The study of
organisms in relation to their
environment.

biophore (bl'ofor) n. [Gk. bios, life ;
pherein, to carry.] A hypothetical
vital unit, of which a group forms
a determinant.

biophyte (bl'oflt) n. [Gk. bios, life ;
phyton, plant.] A plant which gets
sustenance from living organisms
(biol.}.

bioplasm (bl'b'plazm) n. [Gk. bios,
life ; plasma, something moulded.]
Living matter ; protoplasm (biol.).

bioplast (bl'bplast) n. [Gk. bios, life ;
plasma, something moulded.] A
minute quantity of living proto-
plasm capable of reproducing itself
(biol.}.

biorgan (blpr'gan) n. [Gk. bios, life ;
organon, instrument.} An organ in
the physiological sense, not neces-
sarily a morphological unit (biol.}.

bios (bi'os) n. [Gk. &ws,\ite.] Organic
life, plant or animal.

biostatics (bl'ostat'iks) n. [Gk. bios,
life ; statos, stationary.] The branch
of physiology dealing with structure
in relation to function (phys.}.

biota (blo'ta) n. [Gk. bios, life.] The
fauna and flora of a region.

biotic (blot'ik) a. [Gk. bios, life.]
Pert, life ; vital (biol.}.

biotonus (bl'oto'nus) «. [Gk. bios,

BIO-

33

BIT-

life ; tonos, strain.] The ratio
between assimilation and dissimila-
tion of the biogens (phys.).

biovulate (blov'ulat) a. [L. bis, twice ;
ovum, egg.] Containing two ovules
(bot.).

bipaleolate (blpal'eolat) a. [L. bis,
twice ; palea, chaff.] Furnished
with two small paleae (bot.).

bipalmate (blpal'mat) a. [L. bis,
twice ; palma, palm of the hand.]
Lobed with the lobes again lobed
(bot.).

biparietal (bl'parl'gtal) a. [L. bis,
twice ; paries, wall.] Linking up
or connected with the two parietal
eminences (anat.).

biparous (bip'arus) a. [L. bis, twice ;
parere, to beget.] Having two
young at a time (zool.).

blpectinate (blpgk'tinat) a. [L. bis,
twice ; pecten, comb.] Having the
two margins furnished with teeth
like a comb (bot., zool.).

biped (bl'ped) «. [L. bis, twice ; pes,
foot.] A two-footed animal.

bipennlform (blpgn'iform) a. [L. bis,
twice ;penna, feather ; forma, shape.]
Feather-shaped, with the sides of
the vane of equal size ; appl. some
muscles (anat.).

bipetalous (blpet'alus) a. [L. bis,
twice ; Gk.petalon, leaf.] With two
petals (bot.).

bipinnaria (bipina'ria) n. [L. bis,
twice ; pinna, feather.] An aster-
oid larva with pre-oral and post-oral
bands of cilia (zool.).

bipinnate (blpln'at) a. [L. bis, twice ;
pinna, feather.] Having leaflets
growing in pairs on paired stems
(bot.).

bipinnatifid (bl'pinat'ifid) a. [L. bis,
twice ; pinna, feather ; findere, to
cleave.] With leaves segmented
and these segments again divided
(bot.).

bipinnatlpartite (bi'pinat'ipartlt) a.
[L. bis, twice ; pinna, feather ;
partiri, to divide/] Bipinnatifid,
but with divisions extending nearly
to the midrib (bot.).

bipinnatisect (bl'plnat'isekt) a. [L.
bis, twice ; pinna, feather ; secare,
to cut.] Bipinnatifid, but with
divisions extending to the midrib
(bot.).

biplicate (bip'likat) a. [L. bis, twice ;
plicare, to fold.] Having two folds.

bipocillus (bl'pbsil'us) n. [L. bis,
twice ; pocillum, a little cup.] A
microsclere with curved shaft and
cup-shaped expansion at each end
(zool.).

bipolar (blpo'lar) a. [L. bis, twice ;
Gk. polos, pivot.] Having a pro-
cess at each end or pole, appl.
nerve cells (anat.).

bipolarity (bl'polaYrti) n. [L. bis,
twice ; Gk. polos, pivot.] The
condition of having two polar pro-
cesses ; the condition of having
two distinct poles, as the vegetative
and animal poles in an egg (biol.).

biramose (blra'm5s) a. [L. bis, twice ;
ramus, branch.] Divided into two
branches.

biramous, — biramose.

birostrate (blros'trat) a. [L. bis,
twice ; rostrum, beak.] Furnished
with two beak-like processes.

birth pore, — the uterine pore of
Trematodes and Cestodes ; the
birth-opening of the rediae of Tre-
matodes (zool.).

biseptate (blsep'tat) a. [L. bis, twice ;
septum, fence.] Having two parti-
tions.

biserial (blse'rlal) a. [L. bis, twice ;
series, series.] Arranged in two
rows.

biserrate (biser'at) a. [L. bis, twice ;
serra, saw.] Having marginal teeth
which are themselves notched (bot.).

bisexual (blsek'sual, blsek'shual) a.
[L. bis, twice ; sexus, sex.] Having
both male and female reproductive
organs (biol.).

bistephanic (bl'stefan'lk) a. [L. bis,
twice ; Gk. Stephanos, crown.]
Joining the two points where the
coronal suture crosses the superior
temporal ridges (anat.).

bistipulate (blstip'ulat) a. [L. bis,
twice ; stipitla, stem.] Provided
with two stipules (bot?).

bistratose (blstrat'os) a. [L. bis,
twice ; stratum, layer.] With cells
arranged in two layers (bot.).

bisulcate (blsul'kat) a. [L. bis, twice ;
sulcus, groove.] Havingtwogrooves
(zool.).

bitemporal (bite"m'p6ral) a. [L. bis,
twice ; teinporalis, temporary.]
C

BIT-

34

BLA-

Appl. the two temporal bones ; a
line joining the posterior ends of the
two zygomatic processes (attaf.).

biternate (blteVnat) a. [L. bis, twice ;
terni, three by three.] Ternate
with each division itself again
ternate (bot.}.

bivalent (biva'lgnt, biv'algnt) a. [L.
bis, twice ; valere, to be strong.]
Appl. a double chromosome (cyt.}.

bivalve (bl'valv) a. [L. bis, twice ;
valvae, folding doors.] Consisting
of two plates or valves, as a mussel
shell (zool.} ; or a seed-capsule of
similar structure (bot.}.

biventer cervlcis (biven'tgr servl'sls) n.
[L. bis, twice ; venter, belly ; cervix,
neck.] A muscle of the neck con-
sisting of two fleshy broad ends
with a narrow tendinous portion in
the middle (anat.}.

biventral (blvSn'tral) a. [L. bis, twice;
venter, belly.] Appl. muscles of the
biventer type (anat.}.

bivittate (bivit'at) a. [L. bis, twice ;
vitta, band.] With two oil re-
ceptacles (bot.} ; with two stripes

bivium (blv'lum) n. [L. bis, twice ;
via, way.] Generally the posterior
pair of ambulacral areas in certain
Echinoidea ; the two rays between
which the madreporite lies (zool.}.

bladder (blad'er) n. [A.S. blaedre,
bag.] A membranous sac filled
with air or fluid (bot., zool.}.

bladder-worm stage, — the cysticercus
stage in tapeworms (zool.}.

blade (blad) n. [A.S. blaed, leaf.] The
flat part of the leaf of grasses
(bot.}.

blastaea (blaste'a) n. [Gk. blastos,
bud.] A planaea or ciliated planula,
a hypothetical stage in evolution
(biol}.

blastelasma (blas'tglaz'ma) n., blastel-
asmata (blas'teiaz'mata) plu. [Gk.
blastos, bud ; elasma, plate.] Any
germ layer formed after the forma-
tion of the epiblast and hypoblast
(etnb.}.

blastema (blaste'ma) n., blastemata
(blaste'mata) plu. [Gk. blastema,
bud.] The formative substance in
an egg ; the primordium of an
organ (etnb.}; the thallus of a lichen
(bot}.

blastocarpous (blas'tokar'pus) a. [Gk.
blastos, bud; karpos, fruit.] De-
veloping while still surrounded by
the pericarp (bot.}.

blastocheme (blas'tokem) n. [Gk.
blastos, bud ; ochema, vessel.] A
reproductive individual in some
Medusae (zool.}.

blastochyle (blas'tokll) n. [Gk. blastos,
bud ; chylos, juice.] The fluid in a
blastocoel, or segmentation-cavity
(zool.}.

blastocoel (blas'tosel) n. [Gk. blastos,
bud ; koilos, hollow.] The segmenta-
tion-cavity of a developing ovum
(emb.}.

blastocolla (blas'tokol'a) n. [Gk.
blastos, bud ; kolla, glue.] A gummy
substance coating certain buds (bot.}.
blastocyst (blas'tosist) «. [Gk. blastos,
bud ; kystis, bladder.] The germinal
vesicle (emb.}.

blastoderm (blas'toderm) n. [Gk.
blastos, bud ; derma, skin.] The
germinal disc (smb.}.
blastodermic vesicle, — ahollow sphere
of cells, an earlystage in the develop-
ment of a fertilized ovum (emb.}.
blastodisc (blas'todisk) n. [Gk. blastos,
bud ; diskos, disk.] The germinal
area of a developing ovum (emb.}.
blastogenesis (blas'tqjen'esls) n. [Gk.
blastos, bud ; genesis, birth.] Gem-
mation or reproduction by bud-
ding ; transmission of inherited
characters by means of the germ-
plasm only (biol.}.

blastogenic (blas'tqjen'ik) a. [Gk.
blastos, bud ; genos, offspring.]
Appl. inactive idioplasm unalter-
able till time and place of activity
are reached (emb.}.

blastomere (blas'tomer) n. [Gk.
blastos, bud ; meros, part.] One of
the cells formed during the primary
divisions of an egg (emb.}.
blastoneuropore (blas'tonu'ropor) n.
[Gk. blastos, bud ; neuron, nerve ;
poros, passage.] A temporary
passage connecting blastopore and
neuropore (emb}.

blastophore (blas'tofor) n. [Gk. blastos,
bud \pherein, to bear.] Embryonic
origin of plumule (bot.} ; in Alcypn-
aria the reproductive body, giving
rise usually to buds ; the central
part of the spermocyte mass in

BLA-

35

BON-

worms, which remains unchanged
through spermatogenesis (zool.}.

blastopore (blas'topor) n. [Gk. blastos,
bud ; poros, passage.] The cavity
leading into the archenteron of the
gastrula (etnb.}.

blastosphere (blas'tosfer) n. [Gk.
blastos, bud ; sphatra, globe.] The
blastula, a hollow ball of cells (emb.}.

blastostyle (blas'tostll) n. [Gk. blastos,
bud ; stylos, pillar.] In Hydrozoa,
a columniform zooid with mouth
and tentacles, or with mouth and
tentacles absent, bearing gono-
phores (zool.}.

blastossooid (blas'tozo'oid) ». [Gk.
blastos, bud ; zoon, animal ; eidos,
resemblance.] A larval bud in
case of precocious budding in
Ascidians (zool.}.

blastula (blas'tula) n. [L. dim. of Gk.
blastos, bud.] A hollow globe of
cells, with wall usually one layer
thick (emb.}.

blastulatlon (blas'tula'shun) n. [L.
blastula, little bud.] Formation of
blastulae (emb.}.

bleeding of plants, — exudation of
watery sap from vessels at a cut
surface, due to root-pressure (bot.}.

blended inheritance, — mixed race or
descent.

blendling (blgn'dlmg) n. [A.S. blan-
dan, to mix.] A hybrid.

blepharoblast (bleTaroblast) n. [Gk.
blepharon, eye-lid ; blastos, bud.]
See blepharoplast.

blepharoplast (b!6f aroplast) n. [Gk.
blepharon, eyelid ; plastos, moulded.]
A centrosome which is in relation
to a motor cell organ, as to the
flagellum of flagellates (zool.}.

blight (bllt) n. [A.S. blaecan, to grow
pale.] A disease-producing insect
or fungus ; a plant disease (bot.}.

blind spot, — the region of the retina
of the eye where the optic nerve
enters (anat.}.

blister (blis'tgr) n. [A.S. blotvan, to
blow.] A subcutaneous bubble or
bladder filled with fluid ; a plant
disease.

blood (blud) n. [A.S. blod, blood.]
The fluid circulating in the vascular
system of animals, distributing food-
material and oxygen and collecting
waste products (phys.}.

blood cells, — cells derived by mitosis
from the ordinary mesoderm cells,
at first somewhat similar to lympho-
cytes ; the primitive haematoblasts
(phys.}.

blood crystals, — crystals of haemo-
globin, haemin, or haematoidin,
which form when blood is shaken
up with chloroform or ether (phys.}.

blood dust, — the form in which fat is
seen in blood cells, by means of
the ultramicroscope (phys.).

blood islands, — isolated reddish
patches in the mesoderm in which
primitive erythroblasts are found
enclosed in a mesodermal syncytium

blood platelets, — colourless bodies
about one-third the size of the red
corpuscles, and nucleated when the
red corpuscles are nucleated (phys.}.

blood plates, — minuteamoeboid proto-
plasmic bodies found in the blood,
each with a small nuclear-like
structure (phys.}.

blood serum, — the fluid or plasma left
after removal of the corpuscles and
fibrin (phys.}.

blood vessel, — any vessel or space in
which blood circulates ; strictly
only used in regard to special
vessels with well - defined walls
(anat.}.

bloom, — a layer of wax particles on
the external surface of certain
fruits, such as grapes, peaches ;
the flower of a plant (bot.}.

blubber (blub'er) n. [M.E. blober, a
bubble.] The fat of whales, lying
between the outer skin and muscle
layer (zool.}.

blue timber, — a wood disease pro-
duced by fungus, causing a bluish
discoloration (bot.}.

body blight, — a fungal disease of pear
trees (bot.}.

body cavity, — the coelom or space in
which the viscera, etc., lie ; it is
mesodermal in origin, and is
schizocoelic or enterocoelic Lin
development (anat.}.

body cell, — a somatic as distinct from
a germ cell.

body stalk,— a band of mesoderm
connecting the caudal end of an
embryo with the chorion (emb.}.

bone (bon) n. [A.S. ban, bone.] Con-

BOO-

BRA-

nective tissue in which the ground-
substance is impregnated with salts
of lime (anat.).

book gill, — a gill composed of delicate
leaf-like lamellae placed one over
the other like leaves of a book, as
seen in Limulus (zool).

book lung, — a gill similar to a book
gill, but modified for air-breathing,
and open to the exterior only by a
small slit, as in Scorpions (zool).

booted (boot'ed) a. [O. F. boute, boot.]
Equipped with raised horny plates
of skin, as feet of some birds
(zool.).

bordered, pit, — a form of pit developed
on the walls of tracheides, caused
by a portion of the wall remaining
unthickened (bot).

bosselated (bos'elated) a. [M.E.
bosse, knob.] Covered with knobs,
as some mollusc shells (zool.}.

bosset (bos'gt) n. [M.E. bosse, knob.]
The beginning of horn formation
in deer in the first year (zool.).

bostryx (bos'tricks) n. [Gk. bostrychos,
curl.] A cymose inflorescence with
blooms on only one side of the axis
(bot.).

botany (bot'am) n. [Gk. botane, pas-
ture.] That branch of biology
dealing with plants.

bothridium (bothrld'ium) n. [Gk.
bothros, trench.] A muscular cup-
shaped outgrowth from scolex of
Cestoids ; a phyllidium (zool.).

bothrium (both'rium) n. [Gk. bothros,
trench.] A sucker ; a sucking
groove of Cestoids (zool).

botryoidal (bot'rioidal) a. [Gk. botrys,
bunch of grapes.] Appl. tissue of
branched canals surrounding the
enteric canal in leeches (zool).

botryose .(bot'rios) a. [Gk. botrys,
bunch of grapes.] Racemose ; in
the form of a bunch of grapes
(bot.).

bouillon (boo'yong) ». [F. bouillir,
to boil.] An infusion of beef for
the cultivation of germs (phys.).

Bowman's capsule, — the vesicle of an
excretory tubule, one side of which
projects into the other, nearly
filling the cavity (anat).

Bowman's glands (bo'manz), — serous
glands in the corium of the olfactory
mucous membrane (anat).

braccate (brak'at) a. [L. braccae,
breeches.] Appl. birds having
additional feathers on legs or feet
(zool).

brachelytrous (brakel'itrus) a. [Gk.
brachys, short ; elytron, wing.]
Having short elytra, or wing
covers (zool).

brachial (bra'kial) a. [L. brachium,
arm.] Pert, arm, arm-like.

brachiate (bra'klat) a. [L. brachium,
arm.] Branched ; having opposite
paired branches on alternate sides
(bot).

brachiferous (brakif'erus) a. [L.
brachium, arm ; ferre, to carry.]
Branched.

brachigerous,— brachiferous.

brachiocephalic (brak'iokefal'ik, -sef-)
a. [L. brachium, arm ; Gk. kephale,
head.] Pert, arm and head, appl.
artery (anat).

brachiocubital (brak'ioku'bital) a. [L.
brachium, arm ; cubitum, forearm.]
Pert, arm and forearm (zool).

brachiolaria (brakiola'ria) n. [L.
brachiolum, a small arm.] A larval
stage in the metamorphosis of
certain starfishes (zool).

brachiorachidian (brak'Torakld'ian) a.
[L. brachium, arm ; Gk. rhachis
spine.] Pert, arm and spine.

brachium (brak'ium) n. [L. brach-
ium, arm.] An arm or branching
structure ; the upper limb of verte-
brates (zool).

brachycerous (brakis'erus) a. [Gk.
brachys, short ; keras, horn.] Short-
horned ; with short antennae (zool).

brachycnemic (brak'ikne'mik) a. [Gk.
brachys, short ; kneme, tibia.]
Appl. arrangement of mesenteries
of Zoanthids where the sixth
protocneme is imperfect (zool).

brachydont (brak'idont) a. [Gk.
brachys, short ; odous, tooth.] Appl.
molar teeth with low crowns (zool).

brachyodont, — brachydont.

brachyourous (brak'ioo'rus) a. Brach-
yural.

brachypleural (brak'iploo'ral) a. [Gk.
brachys, short \pleuron, side.] With
short pleura or side plates (zool).

brachypodous (brakip'b'dus) a. [Gk.
brachys, short ; pous, foot.] With
short legs (zool), or stalk (bot).

brachypterous (brakip'tgrus) a. [Gk.

BRA-

5TEPH

37

BRE-

brachys, short ; pteron, wing.] With

short wings (zool.).
brachystomatous (brak'istom'atus) a.

[Gk. brachys, short ; stoma, mouth.]

With short proboscis ; appl. certain

insects {zool.}.
brachyural (brak'fu'ral) a. [Gk.

brachys, short ; oitra, tail.] Having

a short abdomen usually tucked in

below the thorax ; appl. certain

crabs (zool.).
bract (brakt) n. [L. bractea, thin

plate of metal.] A floral leaf; a

modified leaf in whose axil a flower

arises (hot.) ; a hydrophyllium in

Siphonophora ; the distal exite of

the sixth appendage of Apus

(zool.\
bract scales, — small scales developed

directly on the axis of cones ; cf.

ovuliferous scales (dot.).
bracteal (brak'teal) a. [L. bractea,

thin metal plate.] Like a bract

(hot.).
bracteate (brak'teat) a. [L. bractea,

thin metal plate.] Having bracts

(JWL).

bracted, — bracteate.
bractelform (brakte'iform) a. [L.

bractea, metal plate ; forma, shape.]

Bracteal.
bracteolate (brak'te6lat)#. [L. bractea,

metal plate.] Appl. flowers with

bracteoles (bot.).
bracteole (brfxk'teol) n. [L. bractea,

metal plate.] Secondary bract at

the base of flower (bot.).
bracteose (brak'teos) a. [L. bractea,

metal plate.] With many bracts

(bot.).

bractlet,— bracteole.
brain (bran) n. [M.E. brayne, brain.]

The centre of the nervous system ;

the mass of nervous matter in

vertebrates at the anterior end of

the spinal cord, lying in the skull ;

in invertebrates, the supraoeso-

phageal or suprapharyngeal ganglia

branch (bransh) n. [It. branca, claw.]
A bough ; a principal outgrowth
from a stem or axis (bot.) ; a prin-
cipal division of an artery, vein, or
nerve (anai.).

branchia (brang'kia) »., branchiae
(brang'kle, -kia), plu. [Gk. brang-
chia, gills.] Gills (zool.).

branchiae (brang'kiak) a. [Gk. brang-
chia, gills.] Pert, gills.

branchial,— branchiae.

branchial arch,— one of the bony or
cartilaginous arches placed on the
side of the pharynx posterior to the
hyoid arch, and supporting gill
bars (zoo/.).

branchiate (brang'kiat) a. [Gk.
brangchia, gills.] Having gills
(zool.).

branchicolous (brangkik'olus) a. [Gk.
brangchia, gills ; L. colere, to in-
habit.] Parasitic on fish gills ; appl.
certain Crustaceans (zool.).

branchiforra (brang'kiform) a. [Gk.
brangchia, gills ; L. forma, shape.]
Gill-like (sool.).

branchihyal (brang'klhfal) a. [Gk.
brangchia, gills ; hyoeides, Y-shaped.]
One of the elements of a branchial
arch (zool.).

branchiocardiac (brang'ktokar'diak) a.
[Gk. brangchia, gills ; kardia, heart.]
Pert, gills and heart ; appl. vessel
given off ventrally from the ascidian
heart (zool.).

branchiomere (brang'klomer) n. [Gk.
brangchia, gills ; meros, part.] A
branchial segment (zool., emb).

branchiopallial (brang'klopal'lal) a.
[Gk. brangchia, gills ; L. pallium,
mantle.] Pert, gill and mantle of
Molluscs (zool.).

branchiostegal (brang'klos'tggal) a.
[Gk. brangchia, gills ; stege, roof.]
With or pert, a gill cover ; appl.
membrane, rays, etc. (zool.).

branchiostege (brang'klostej') n. [Gk.
brangchia, gills ; stege, covering.]
The branchiostegal membrane
(zool.).

branchiostegite (brang'klos'tgglt) ».
[Gk. brangchia, gills ; stege, roof.]
The expanded lateral portion of the
carapace forming the gill cover in
certain Crustaceans (zool.).

branchireme (brang'klrem) n. [Gk.
brangchia, gills ; L. remus, oar.]
A branchiate limb ; any of the
locomotory and respiratory limbs
of a Branchiopod (zool.).

brand (brand) n. [A.S. beornan, to
burn.] A fungus producing a burnt
appearance on leaves of trees (tot.).

bregma (brgg'ma) n. [Gk. bregma,
fore part of head.] That part of

BRE-

38

BUL-

the skull where frontals and parietals
meet (anat.).

brevicaudate (breVik&'dat) a. [L.
brevis, short ; cauda, tail.] With a
short tail (zool.).

brevifoliate (breVifo'liat) a. [L.
brews, short ; folium, leaf.] Having
short leaves (bot.).

brevillngual (breViling'gwal) a. [L.
erems, short ; lingua, tongue.]
With short tongue (zool.).
breviped (breVipe"d) a. [L. brevis,
short ; pes, foot.] Having short
legs ; appl. certain birds (zool.).
brevipennate (breVipfin'at) a. [L.
brevis, short ; penna, feather.] With
short wings (zool.).

brevirostrate (breViros'trat) a. [L.
brevis, short ; rostrum, beak.] With
short beak or bill, of birds (zool.).
brevissimus oculi, — the obliquus in-
ferior, the shortest muscle of the
eye (anat.).

brochidodromous (brok'idod'romus) a.
[Gk. brochos, loop ; dromein, to run.]
Appl. nerves in leaves when they
form loops within the blade (bot.).
bronchia (brong'kiS) n. plu. [Gk.
brongchos, tube.] The subdivisions
or branches of each bronchus
(anat.).

bronchial (brSng'klal) a. [Gk. brong-
chos, windpipe.] Pert, the bronchi.
bronchiole (brong'klol) n. [Gk.
brongchos, windpipe.] A small
terminal branch of the bronchi
(anat.).

bronchopulmonary (brong'kopuTmon-
arl) a. [Gk. brongchos, windpipe ;
L. pulmo, lung.] Pert, bronchi and
lungs (anat.).

bronchotracheal (brong'kotra'keal) a.
[Gk. brongchos, windpipe ; L.
trachea, trachea.] Pert, bronchi
and trachea (anat.).
bronchovesicular (brfing'kove'sik'ular)
a. [Gk. brongchos, windpipe ; L.
vesicula, little sac.] Pert, bronchial
tubes and the lung cells (anat.).
bronchus (brfing'kus) «., bronchi
(brong'kl, -ke) plu. [Gk. brongchos,
windpipe.] Tubes connecting the
trachea with the lungs (anat.).
brood pouch, — a sac-like cavity into
which the eggs or embryos are
placed, in which they pass a stage
of their development ; a space

formed by overlapping plates
attached to the bases of the thor-
acic limbs in certain Crustacea
(zool.).

brown body,— a brown, rounded mass
of compacted degenerate organs
in some Polyzoa (zool.).
Brownian movements, — the passive
vibratory movements of fine gran-
ules when suspended in a fluid,
brown funnels, — a single pair of
organs on dorsal aspect of posterior
end of pharynx, opening posteriorly
into the atrium, and anteriorly into
the coelom, supposed to be acces-
sory excretory organs in Amphioxus
(zool.).

bryology (brlol'oji) n. [Gk. bryon,
moss; logos, discourse.] The science
dealing with mosses (bot.).
bryophyte (bri'ofit) n. [Gk. bryon,
moss ; phyton, plant.] Any of the
mosses or liverworts (bot.).
bryozoon (bri'ozo'on) n. [Gk. bryon,
moss ; zoon, animal.] A Polyzoon,
so named from the moss-like appear-
ance (zool.).

buccal (buk'al) a. [L. bucca, cheek.]
Belonging to the cheek or mouth
(anat.).

buccinator (buk'sina'tor) n. [L. buc-
cina, trumpet.] A broad thin muscle
of the cheek (anat.).
buccolablal (buk'ola'bial) a. [L. bucca,
cheek ; labium, lip.] Pert, the
mouth cavity and lips (anat.).
buccolingual (buk'oling'gwal) a. [L.
bucca, cheek ; lingua, tongue.] Pert.
cheeks and tongue (anat.)
bucconasal (biik'ona'zal) a. [L. bucca,
cheek ; nasus, nose.] Pert, cheek
and nose ; appl. membrane (anat.).
buccopharyngeal (buk'ofaYinje'al,
-f&rin'jeal) a. [L. bucca, cheek ;
G\a.pharyngx, throat.] Pert, cheeks
and pharynx (anat.).
bud (bud) n. [M.E. budde, bud.] A
rudimentary shoot, or flower (bot.) ;
any outgrowth which will develop
directly into an exact replica of the
structure or organism from which
it grew out (zool.).

budding (bud'fng) n. [M.E. budde,

bud.] A method of reproduction

seen in many primitive animals

(zool.).

bulb (bulb) n. [L. bulbus, globular

BUL- 39

root] A part resembling a bulb
(anat.} ; a specialized underground
bud with thick fleshy leaves which
afford it nourishment during de-
velopment (bot.~).

bulbar (bul'bar) a. [L. bulbus, globular
root] Pert, a bulb or a bulb-like
part ; generally appl. paralysis from
a disease of the medulla oblongata
(anat.).

bulbiferous (bulblfgrus) a. [L. bulbus,
bulb ;ferre, to carry.] Bulb-bearing
(bot.\

bulbil (bul'bll) n. [L. bulbus, bulb.]
A large and fleshy axillary bud
which may fall and produce a new
plant, as in some lilies (dot.}.

bulbonuclear (buTbonu'klear) a. [L.
bulbus, bulb ; nucleus, kernel.] Pert.
medulla oblongata and the nuclei of
the cranial nerves (anat.).

bulbous (bul'bus) a. [L. bulbus, bulb.]
Like a bulb ; developing from a
bulb ; having bulbs (oof.).

bulbus (bul'bus) n. [L. bulbus, bulb.]
The knob-like part found in con-
nection with various nerves (anat.}.

bulla (bool'a, bul'a) n. [L. bulla,
water-bubble.] Appl. the rounded
prominence formed by the bones
of the ear ; the tympanic bulla
(anat.).

bullate (bool'at) a. [L. bulla, water-
bubble.] Blistered-like ; puckered
like a savoy-cabbage leaf (oot.).

bunodont (bu'nodont) a. [Gk. bounos,
mound ; odous, tooth.] Having
molar teeth with low conical cusps
(zoo/.).

bunoid (bu'noid) a. [Gk. bounos,
mound.] Appl. cusps of cheek-
teeth, low and conical (zoo/.).

bunolophodont (bu'nolof'6d6nt) a.
[Gk. bounos, mound ; lophos, crest ;
odous, tooth.] Between bunodont
and lophodont in structure, appl.
cheek-teeth (zoo!.).

bunoselenodont (bu'nosSle'nodSnt) a.
[Gk. bounos, mound ; selene, moon ;
odous, tooth.] Having the internal
cusps bunoid, the external selenoid ;
appl. cheek-teeth (zoo/.).

bursa (bur'sa) n. [L. bursa, purse.]
A sac-like cavity ; a sac rilled with
viscid fluid at joints to prevent
friction (anat.).

bursa copulatrix, — a genital pouch

CAE-

in Lepidoptera and Turbellarians
(zoo/.).

bursicule (buYsikiil) n. [L. dim. of
bursa, purse.] A small sac (zoo/.).

butyrinase (bu'tlrinas) n. [L. butyrutn,
butter.] An enzyme occurring in
blood serum (phys.}.

byssal (bls'al) a. [Gk. byssos, fine
flax.] Pert, the byssus (zoo/.).

byssus (bis'us) n. [Gk. byssos, fine
flax.] The tuft of strong filaments,
secreted in a gland of certain bi-
valve Molluscs, by which they attach
themselves to one another and to
rocks, etc. (zoo/.)

cachalots (kash'alot) n. [Sp. cacha-
lote, the sperm whale.] The sperm
whale (zoo/.).

cadophore (kad'ofor) n. [Gk. kados,
urn ; pherein, to bear.J A dorsal
process in certain of the free-
swimming Tunicates on which the
buds are borne (zoo/.).

caducibranchiate (kadu'sibranglclat)
a. [L. caducus, from cadere, to
fall; Gk. brangchia, gills.] With
temporary gills (zoo/.).

caducous (kadu'kus) a. [L. caducus,
from cadere, to fall.] Pert, parts
that fall off very early, e.g. calyx
(tot).

caecum (se'kum) n. [L. caecus, blind.]
A blind diverticulum or pouch from
some part of the alimentary canal
(anat., zoo/.).

Caenogaea (se'nqje'a) n. [Gk. kainos,
recent;^, land.] Azoogeographical
region under which is included the
Nearctic, Palearctic, and Oriental
regions; cf. Bogaea; also spelt
Cainogea.

caenogenesis (se'nqje'n'e'sTs) n. [Gk.
kainos, recent ; genesis, birth.]
The non-phylogenetic processes in
the development of any individual
(zool.}.

Caenozoic (senozo'ik) a. [Gk. kainos,
recent ; zoe, life.] Pert, the geo-
logical era from Mesozoic to recent
times ; also Calnozolc.

caespitose (seVpTtos) a. [L. caexpus.

CAL-

40

CAL-

turf.] Pert, turf; having low,
closely matted stems (bot).

calamistrum (karamis'trum) n. [L.
calamistrum, a curling iron.] A
comb-like structure on the hind
limbs of certain spiders (zool.).

calamus (kal'amus) n. [L. calamus,
a reed.J The quill of a feather
(zool).

calcaneum (kalka'neum) n. [L. calx,
heel.] The heel ; a large bone in
the tarsus which forms the heel and
represents the fibulare in lower
forms ; a process on the meta-
tarsus of birds (anat., zool).

calcar (kal'kar) n. [L. calcar, a spur.]
A hollow prolongation or tube at
the base of a sepal or petal (hot.} ;
a spur-like process on the leg or
wing of birds which is not a digit ;
a tibial spine in insects ; a process
of the calcaneum which supports
the web between the leg and tail
in bats ; the pre-hallux of a frog
(awl.).

calcareous (kalka'reus) a. [L. cal-
carius, limy.] Growing on soil
derived from decomposition of cal-
careous rocks (hot.).

calcariform (kalkar'iform) a. [L.
calcar, a spur ; forma, shape.]
Spur-like.

calcarine (kal'karln) a. [L. calcar, a
spur.] Pert, the hippocampus
minor (anat.).

calclferous (kalsif'erus) a. [L. calx,
lime ; ferre, to carry.] Containing
lime (biol).

calcification (kalslfika'shun) n. [L.
calx, lime ; facere, to make.] The
deposition of lime salts in a tissue
(biol.).

calcigerous (kalsij'erus) a. [L. calx,
lime ; gerere, to carry.] Producing
or containing lime salts (biol).

calcivorous (kalsiv'orus) a. [L. calx,
lime ; vorare, to devour.] Appl.
plants which live on limestone
(bot.).

calicle, — see calycle.

callosal (kalo'sal) a. [L. callosus,
hard.] Pert, the corpus callosum
(anat.).

callosities (kalos'itiz) n. plu. [L. cal-
lositas, hardness.] Hardened and
thickened areas on the skin, or on
the bark of a plant, which often

project beyond the general surface
(bot., zool.).

callus (kal'us) n. [L. callus, callous
skin.] A growth of shell - like
material within the umbilicus of a
shell (zool.) ; the soft tissue that
forms over the cut or damaged
surface of any stem or branch
(bot.).

caloricity (kalb'rls'iti) n. [L. calere,
to be warm.] In animals, the
power of developing and maintain-
ing a certain degree of heat (phys.).

caltrop (kal'trop) n. [A.S. coltraeppe-
a sort of thistle.] A sponge spicule
with four rays so disposed that any
three being on the ground the fourth
projects vertically upwards (zool).
Also spelt calthrops.

calvarium (kalva'rium) n. [L. calvus,
bald.] The dome or upper portion
of the skull (anat.).

calycanthemy (kal'ikan'themi) n,
[Gk. kalyx, a calyx ; anthemon, a
flower.] Abnormal development
of various parts of the calyx into
petals (bot).

calyciflorous (kal'isiflo'rus) a. [L.
calyx, a calyx ; flos, a flower.] Appl.
flowers in which stamens and petals
are adnate to the calyx (bot).

calyciform (kalis'iform) a. [L. calyx,
a calyx ; forma, shape.] .Calyx-like
in shape (bot).

calycine (kal'Ism) a. [L. calyx, a
calyx.] Pert, a calyx ; cup-like
(bot., zool).

calycle (kal'ikl) n. [L. calyculus, a
little calyx.] An epicalyx (bot) ;
any of the cup-shaped cavities in
a coral ; a theca in a Hydroid
(zool).

calyptoblastic (kalip'toblas'tik) a.
[Gk. kalyptos, hidden ; blastos, a
bud.] Pert. Hydroids in which the
reproductive persons or gonophores
are enclosed in a gonotheca (zool)

calyptobranchiate (kalTp'tobrang'klat)
a. [Gk. kalyptos, hidden ; brangchia,
gills.] With gills not visible from
the exterior (zool.).

calyptra (kalip'tra) n. [Gk. kalyptra,
a covering.] The cap-like remains
of the archegonium found surround-
ing the apex of the capsule in mosses
(bot.).

calyptrogen (kaltp'trojen) n. [Gk,

CAL

41

CAP-

kalyptra, a cap ; genesis, birth.]
The special layer of cells lying
at the apex of a growing root and
giving origin to the root-cap (hot.}.

calyx (ka'llks) »., calyces (ka'lisez)
plu. [L. calyx, a calyx.] The outer
whorl of floral leaves (hot.) ; the
cup-like portion of the pelvis of
the kidney (anat.} ; the theca of
certain Hydroids, the cup-like body
of the Crinoids (zool.}.

cambiform (kam'biform) a. [L.
cambium, change ; forma, shape.]
Essentially similar to cambium
cells (dot.).

cambiogenetic (kam'bioje'ne't'ik) a.
[L. cambium, change ; genesis,
birth.] Appl. cells which produce
cambium (bot.}.

cambium (kam'bium) n. [L. cambium,
change.] The soft tissue from
which new root and bark are
formed in the stems and roots of
shrubs and trees (bot.}.

Cambrian (kam'brTan) a. [L. Cambria,
Wales.] Pert, the earliest division
of the Palaeozoic era (pal,}.

cameration (kamfira'shun) n. [L.
cameratio, vaulting.] Division into
alargenumberof separate chambers
(zool.}.

camerostome (kam'grostom') n. [L.
camera, a chamber ; stoma, a
mouth.] The hollowed-out under
surface of the " hood " of certain
Trogulidae (zool.}.

camptodrome (kamp'todrom) a. [Gk.
kampios, flexible ; dromos, a course.]
Pert, leaf venation in which the
secondary veins bend forward and
anastomose before reaching the
margin (bot.}.

campylospermous (kam'pilospeYmus)
a. [Gk. kampylos, curved ; sperma,
a seed.] Appl. seeds with a groove
along the inner face (bot.}.

campylotropous (kam'pilot'ropus) a.
[Gk. kampylos, curved ; trope, a
turning.] Pert, ovules in which
the nucellus and embryo-sac are
bent so that the micropyle points
almost back to the placenta (bot.}.

canal (kanal') n. [L. canalis, a
channel.] A duct ; a tubular
passage formed in or by some
tissue ; a groove in the hard or
soft parts of various animals ; a

passage or groove found in the
tissues of numerous plants.

canalicular (kanallk'ular) a. [L.
canalicuhis, a small channel.] Pert.
canals.

canaliculus (kanalik'ulus) n. [L.
canaliculus, a small channel.]
Canaliculi (ptu.) are small canals
connecting the lacunae with one
another or with the Haversian
canals in bone ; small channels
for the passage of nerves through
various bones (anat.}.

canaliform(kanarrf6rm)a. [L. canalis,
a canal ; forma, shape.] Canal-like
(biol., anat.}.

cancellous (kan'sglus) a. [L. can-
cellosus, chambered.] Consisting
of slender fibres and lamellae,
which join to form a reticular
structure ; appl. the inner, more
spongy, portion of bony tissue
(anat.}.

cancrisocial (kang'kriso'shal) a. [L.
cancer, a crab ; socius, an ally.]
Appl. animals which live on the
shell of, or are commensal with,
a crab (zool.}.

canine (kanln', ka'nln) n. [L. cants,
a dog.] The tooth next to the
incisors; a., pert, the canine tooth,
or to a ridge or groove on the
surface of the superior maxillary
(anat., zool.}.

cannon bone (kan'on bon) n. [L.
canna, a reed.] The bone support-
ing the limb from hock to fetlock,
the enlarged and fused metacarpals
or metatarsals ; in birds the tarso-
metatarsus (zool.}.

canthus (kan'thus) n. [Gk. kanthelia,
a pack-saddle.] The angle where
the upper and lower eyelids meet
(anat.}.

capillary (kaptrari) a. [L. capillus,
hair.] Minute ; hair-like ; n. one
of the minute thin-walled vessels
which form networks in various
parts of the body, e.g. blood, lymph,
or biliary capillaries (anat.}.

capillitium (kap'ilTt'ium, kap'Ilish'ium)
n. [L. capillus, hair.] A peculiar
protoplasmic network of filaments
among which the spores are found
in the sporangia of certain Fungi
(bot.}.

capitate (kap'itat) a. [L. caput, the

CAP-

42

CAR-

head.] Enlarged or swollen at
the tip (zool.) ; gathered together
into a mass at the apex, as in some
inflorescences (dot.).

capitellum (kap'iteTum) n. [L. caput,
the head.] An articulatory pro-
tuberance at the end of a bone,
e.g. on the humerus for the articula-
tion of the radius (anat.).

capitulum (kaplt'ulum) n. [L. caput,
the head.] A knob-like swelling
at the end of a bone (anat.) ; the
part of the body of a Cirripede
enclosed in the mantle as opposed
to the peduncle ; the swollen end
of a hair or tentacle ; the enlarged
end of an insect proboscis ; the
exsert part of the head in ticks
(zool.) ; an inflorescence of sessile
flowers or florets crowded together
on a receptacle and usually sur-
rounded by an involucre (hot.).

capreolate (k&pre'olat, k&p'reolat) a.
[L. capreolus, a tendril.] Supplied
with tendrils (dot.).

capsule (kap'sul) n. [L. capsula, a
little box.] A sac-like membrane
enclosing either the whole or a
part of an organ (anat., zool.) ; any
closed box-like vessel containing
spores, seeds, or fruits (dot.).

capsuliferous (kap'sulif'grus) a. [L.
capsula, a little box ;ferre, to carry.]
With or forming a capsule (biol.,
anat).

capsuligerous, capsulogenous, — cap-
suliferous.

caput (kap'ut) n. [L. caput, the head.]
Head ; a knob-like swelling at the
apex (anat., zool.).

carapace (kaYapas) n. [S p. carapacho,
covering.] A shield covering the
whole or part of the back of certain
animals, — it may be chitinous or
bony (zool.).

carbohydrates (kar'bohl'drats) n. plu.
[L. cardo, coal ; Gk. hydros, water.]
Compounds of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen, generally speaking alde-
hyde or ketone alcohols, or con-
densation products thereof (dial.).

carbon dioxide (kar'b6n dlok'sid) n.
[L. cardo, coal ; di, two ; Gk. oxys,
sharp.] Carbonic acid gas ; a heavy,
colourless gas produced by the de-
composition of organic substances
(phys.).

carboniferous (kar'bonif'e'rus) a. [L.
cardo, coal ; ferre, to carry.] Pert.
the entire period of the coal
measures, or fossils found in these
strata (pal.).

carcerule (kar'sSrool) n. [L. career,
a prison.] A superior, dry, many-
celled fruit, with indehiscent one-
or few-seeded carpels cohering by
their united styles to a central axis
(dot.).

carcinology (kar'sinol'ojl) n. [Gk.
karkinos, a crab ; logos, discourse.]
The study of the group of animals
known as Crustacea (zool.).

cardiac (kaYdiak) a. [Gk. kardia, the
heart.] Pert, near or supplying
the heart ; appl. sinus, artery, etc.
(anat.).

cardiac impulse, — the motion caused
by the rapid increase in the tension
of the ventricle (phys.).

cardinal (kaVdmal) a. [L. cardo, a
hinge.] Pert, the hinge of a bivalve
shell, or to the cardo of many
insects (zool.).

cardinal sinuses and veins, — veins
uniting in Cuvier's duct, persistent
in most fishes, embryonic in other
vertebrates (zool.).

cardo (kar'do) n. [L. cardo, a hinge.]
The hinge of a bivalve shell ; the
basal joint of the maxilla in insects
(zool.).

carina (karl'na, kare'na) n. [L. carina,
keel.] A keel-like ridge on certain
bones, as the breast-bone of birds ;
the median dorsal plate of a barnacle
(zool) ; the portion of a leguminous
flower in which the stamens and
pistils are contained ; a ridge on
the bracts of certain grasses (dot.).

carinate (kar'Inat) a. [L. carina, a
keel.] Having a ridge or keel
(dwl.).

cariniform (karm'if6rm) a. [L. carina,
a keel ; forma, shape.] Keel-
shaped (dial.).

carnassial (karnas'ial) a. [L. caro,
flesh.] Pert, cutting teeth of carni-
vores, the fourth premolar above
and the first molar below, — in the
upper the protocone is reduced, in
the lower the metaconid (zool.).

carnivorous (karniv'orus) a. [L. caro,
flesh ; vorare, to devour.] Flesh-
eating ; appl. carnivores (zool.), and

CAR.

43

CAT-

certain plants which feed on the
proteids of entrapped insects (dot.}.

carotid (karSt'Id) a. [Gk. karos, heavy
sleep.] Pert, the chief arteries in
the neck (anat., zool.).

carpale (karpal'a, karpa'le) n. [L.
carpus, wrist.] One of the bones
of the wrist (anat.).

carpels (kar'pglz) n.plu. [Gk. karpos,
fruit.] The modified leaves which
carry the megasporangia (bot.).

carpocerite (karp5s'6rit) n. [L. carpus,
wrist ; Gk. keras, horn.] The fifth
joint of the antenna in certain
Crustaceans (zool.).

carpogenous (karpoj'finus) a. [Gk.
karpos, fruit ; genos, birth.] Appl.
those cells in red Algae which form
the carpogonium (hot.).

carpogonium (kar'pogo'nium) n. [Gk.
karpos, fruit ; gignesthai, to be
born.] The lower portion of the
procarp, in some Thallophytes,
which contains the female nucleus
(hot.).

carpolith (kar'pollth) n. [Gk. karpos,
fruit ; lithos, stone.] A fossil fruit
(bot.).

carpometacarpus (kar'pome'takar'pus)
n. [L. carpus, wrist ; Gk. meta,
after.] The portion of the wing
skeleton of a bird formed by the
fusion of the carpal and meta-
carpal bones (zool.).

carpophagous (karpof'agus) a. [Gk.
karpos, fruit ; phagein, to eat.]
Feeding on fruit (zool.).

carpophore (kar'pofor) n. [Gk. karpos,
fruit ; pherein, to bear.] The part
of the axis of a flower situate
between or above the carpels, and to
which the carpels are attached (bot.).

carpophyte (kar'poflt) n. [Gk. karpos,
fruit ; phyton, a plant.] Such of the
Thallophytes as form sporocarps
(hot.).

carpopodite (karpop'odlt) n. [L.
carpus, wrist ; Gk. pous, a foot.]
The third joint in the walking leg
of certain Crustaceans (zool.).

carposperm (kar'pospeYm) n. [Gk.
karpos, fruit ; sperma, a seed.] The
oosphere in certain Thallophytes
after fertilization (bot.).
carposporangium (kir'posporSn'jTum)
n. [Gk. karpos, fruit ; spares, a
seed ; anggeion, a vessel.] The

terminal cells of the filaments that
are developed from the fertilized
carpogonium in some Thallophytes
(bot.).

carpospore (kar'pospor) n. [Gk.
karpos, fruit ; scores, seed.] A
spore of those formed at the end
of the filaments which are developed
from the carpogonium (bot.).
carpus (kar'pus) n. [L. carpus, wrist.]
The wrist ; the region of the fore-
limb between forearm and meta-
carpus (anat., zool.).
cartilage (kar'tilaj) n. [L. cartilage,
cartilage.] Gristle ; a translucent,
bluish-white tissue, firm and at the
same time elastic, found for the
most part in connection with bones
of the skeleton, most of which are
in the embryo represented by carti-
lage (anat., zool.).

caruncle (karung'kl) n. [L. caruncula,
a small piece of flesh.] A naked,
fleshy excrescence (anat.). ; a fleshy
outgrowth on the heads of certain
birds, and on certain caterpillars ;
a little horny elevation at the end
of the beak of embryo chicks ; the
sucking-disc on the tarsi of certain
mites (zool.)-, one of outgrowths from
various regions of the testa of a
seed, arising after fertilization (bof.).

caryo, — see karyo-.

caryopsis (kar^p'sls) n. [Gk. kar-
yon, a nut ; opsis, appearance.] A
superior, one-celled, one-seeded,
indehiscent fruit with a thin dry
membranous pericarp inseparably
united with the seed (bot.).

casein (ka'seln) n. [L. caseus, cheese.]
A nucleoalbumin proteid of milk,
separated by the action of rennet
(Phys.).

cassideous (kasid'eus) a. [L. cassis, a
helmet.] Helmet-like (bot.).

caste (kast) n. [L. castus, pure.] One
of the distinct forms found among
certain social insects (zool.).

castrate (kas'trat) a. [L. castrare, to
castrate.] Pert, flowers from which
the androecium has been removed
(bot.).

cata-, — see kata-.

catalysis (katal'fsTs) ». [Gk. kata,
down ; lysis, a loosing.] The
acceleration or retardation of a
reaction due" to the presence of a

CAT-

44

CEL-

substance which apparently remains
unchanged, e.g. enzymes (biol.).

cataphyllary (kat'afil'ari) a. [Gk.
kata, down ; phyllon, a leaf.] Appl.
rudimentary or scale-like leaves
which act as the covering of buds,
etc. (dot.).

catenpid (kat'enoid) a. [L. catena, a
chain.] Chain-like ; appl. certain
protozoan colonies (zool.).

catenulate (katSn'ulat) a. [L. catena,
a chain.] Chain-like ; appl. colonies
of bacteria, colour-markings on
butterfly wings, shells, etc. (zool.).

caterpillar (kat'erpll'ar) n. [L.L.
cattus, a cat ; L. pilosus, hairy.]
The young worm-like larva of many
insects (zool.).

catkin (kat'kin) n. [A.S. catkin, a
little cat] A kind of spike with
unisexual flowers and pendulous
rachis (bot.).

cauda (ko'da) n. [L. cauda, a tail.]
A tail, or tail-like appendage ; the
posterior part of an organ, e.g.
cauda equina, cauda epididymis
(anat.) ; a tube at the posterior end
of the abdomen of certain insects
suggesting the presence of an
eleventh segment (zool.).

caudal (ko'dal) a. [L. cauda, a tail.]
Of or pert, a tail, e.g. caudal fin, the
terminal fin of a fish (sool.).

caudate (ko'dat) a. [L. cauda, a tail.]
Having a tail, e.g. caudate nucleus,
a mass of gray matter in the corpus
striatum (anat.).

caudatolenticular (koda'tolgntik'ular)
a. [L. cauda, a tail ; lens, a lentil.]
Appl. the caudate and lenticular
nuclei of the corpus striatum (anat.).

caudex (ko'dSks) n. [L. caudex, a
dry stump.] The axis or stem of
a woody plant (bot.).

caudicle (k6'dikl) n. [Dim. of L.
cauda, a tail] The stalks of the
pollinia in orchids (bot.).

caul (k61) n. [M.E. calle, a covering.]
An enclosing membrane (anat.).

caulescent (kolfis'Snt) a. [L. caulis,
a stalk.] With leaf-bearing stem
above ground (bot.).

caulicolous (k61ik'olus) a. [L. caulis,
a stalk ; colere, to inhabit.] Appl.
Fungi which grow on the stems of
other plants (bot.).

cauliform (k61'If6rm) a. [L. caulis, a

stalk ; forma, shape.] Stem-like
(bot.).

cauligenous (kolij'enus) a. [Gk.
kattlos, a stem ; genos, birth.]
Borne on the stem (bot.).

cauline (ko'lln) a. [L. caulis, a stalk.]
Appl. leaves growing on the upper
portion of a stem ; appl. vascular
bundles not passing into the leaves
(bot.).

caulocarpous (ko'lokar'pus) a. [Gk.
kaulos, a stem ; karpos, a fruit.]
With fruit-bearing stem (bot.).

caulome (ko'lom) n. [Gk. kaulos, a
stem.] The stem structure of a
plant as a whole (bot.).

cavernosus (kav'erno'sus) a. [L.
cavernosus, chambered.] Full of
cavities ; hollow, or resembling a
hollow ; appl. tissue, nerve, arteries
(anat.).

cavicorn (kav'ikorn) a. [L. cavus,
hollow ; cornu, horn.] Hollow-
horned ; appl. certain of the
ruminants (zool.).

cavity (kav'iti) n. [L. cavus, hollow.]
A hollow, enclosed or cup-shaped ;
e.g. amniotic, glenoid cavity (anat.).

cavum (ka'vum) n. [L. cavus, hollow.]
The lower division of the concha
caused by the origin of the helix ;
any hollow or chamber in which an
organ or part thereof lies (anat.).

cell (sel) n. [L. cella, a compartment.]
A small cavity or hollow ; a unit
mass of protoplasm, usually con-
taining a nucleus (biol.).

cellifugal (selif'ugal) a. [L. cella, a
cell ; fugere, to flee.] Moving
away from a cell (phys.).

cellipetal (selip'gtal) a. [L. cella, a
cell ; petere, to seek.] Moving
towards a cell (phys.).

cell lineage, — the derivation of a
tissue or part from a definite blasto-
mere of the embryo (biol.).

cell membrane,- a membranous cell-
wall (biol.).

cell organ, — a part of a cell having a
special function, as a centrosome
(biol.).

cell plate, — the equatorial thickening
of the spindle fibres from which the
partition wall arises during the
division of plant cells (cyt.).

cell sap, — the more fluid ground sub-
stance of the cell or nucleus (cyt.).

CEL-

45

CEP-

cellular (sefular) a. [L. cellula, a
small cell.] Pert, or consisting of
cells (biol.).

cellulose (seTulos) «. [L. cellula, a
small cell.] A carbohydrate form-
ing the main part of the cell walls
of plants, also found in the tests of
tunicates (biol.).

cell-wall, — the investing portion of
a cell, which may be extremely
delicate, or may be strong and
thick as in plants (cyt.).

cement (sement') n. [L. caementum,
mortar.] A substance chemically
and physically allied to bone, in-
vesting the root, neck, and crowns
of teeth (zool.).

censer mechanism, — the method of
seed distribution by which seeds
are jerked out from the fruit only
by a high wind (dot.}.

centradenia (seVtrade'nla) n. [L.
centrum, a centre.] The name
given to the type of siphonophore
colony found in the Disconectae

central (sgn'tral) a. [L. centrum, a
centre.] Situated in the centre ;
pert, a vertebral centrum (anat.).

centrale (sentra'le, sfintral'a) n. [L.
centrum, a centre.] A bone in the
wrist or ankle situated between the
proximal and distal rows (zool.).

centric (sen'trik) a. [L. centrum, a
centre.] AppL leaves which are
cylindrical or terete (hot,},

centrifugal (sgntrif'ugal) a. [L.
centrum, a centre ; fugere, to flee.]
AppL compact cymose inflor-
escences having the youngest
flowers towards the outside (dot.) ;
appl. nerves transmitting impres-
sions from nerve centre to parts
supplied by nerve (anat.).

centrlole (sen'trlol) n. [L. centrum,
a centre.] The central particle of
the centrosome, in some authors ;
in others, the centrosome itself
(cyt.).

centripetal (sgntrip'gtal) a. [L.
centrum, a centre ; petere, to
seek.] Appl. racemose inflor-
escences having the youngest
flowers at the apex (dot.) ; appl.
nerves transmitting impressions
from peripheral extremities to
nerve centres (ana/.).

centripetal canals, — blind canals
growing from the circular canal
backwards towards the apex of
the bell in certain Trachomedusae
(zool.).

centrodesmose (sen'trodes'mos), cen-
trodesmus (sgn'trodeVmus) n. [Gk.
kentron, a centre ; desmos, a band.]
The fibril or system of fibrils tempo-
rarily connecting the two centro-
somes (cyt.).

centrodorsal (sfin'trodor'sal) a. [L.
centrum, a centre ; dorsum, a back.]
Appl. the plate in the middle of the
aboral surface of unstalked Crinoids
(zool.).

centrogenous (sentrqj'enus) a. [Gk.
kentron, a centre ; genos, descent.]
Appl. a skeleton of spicules which
meet in a common centre and grow
outwards (zool.).

centrolecithal (sen'trolgs'ithal) a.
[Gk. kentron, a centre ; lekithos,
yolk.] Appl. an ovum with its
yolk aggregated in the centre

centroplasm (sgn'troplazm) n. [Gk.
kentron, a centre ; plasma, some-
thing moulded.] The substance of
the centrosphere (cyt.).

centrosome (sen'trosom) n. [Gk.
kentron, a centre ; soma, body.]
A cell-organ, being the centre of
dynamic activity in mitosis, and
consisting of centriole and attrac-
tion-sphere (cyt.).

centrosphere (sgn'trosfer) n. [Gk.
kentron, a centre ; sphaira, a ball.]
The central mass of the aster and
centrosome ; the astrosphere ; the
attraction sphere (cyt.).

centrum (sen'trum) n. [L. centrum,
a centre.] The main body of a
vertebra, from which the neural and
haemal arches arise (zool.).

cephalanthium (ket'alan'thium, sef-)
n. [Gk. kephale, a head ; anthos,
a flower.] The capitulum in com-
posite plants (&?/.).

cephaletron (kgf'aletron, sfif-) n. [Gk.
kephale, the head ; etron, the belly.]
The anterior region of a Limulid
(zool.).

cephalic (kefal'ik, sgf-) a. [Gk. kephale,
the head.] Pert, the head ; in the
head region.

cephalia (kgf'alis, sgf-) «. [Gk.

CEP-

kephale, the head.] The upper-
most chamber of monaxonic Radio-
larian shells (zool.).
cephalization (kef'aliza'shun, s6f-) n.
[Gk. kephale, the head.] Increasing
importance of the anterior end in
animal development (zool.).

cephalont (kgf'alont, s6f-) n. [Gk.
kephale, the head.] A sporozoan
about to proceed to spore-formation
(zool.).

cephalopoda (kgf'alopodz, sef-) n. plu.
[Gk. kephale, the head ; pous, the
foot.] Animals with muscular,
sucker-bearing arms on the head
region (zool.).

cephalostegite (kef'alosteg'it, s6f-) n.
[Gk. kephale, head ; siege, roof.]
The anterior part of the cephalo-
thoracic shield (zool.).

cephalostyle (kefalostll, s6f-) n. [Gk.
kephale, head ; stylos, a pillar.]
The anterior end of the notochord
enclosed in its sheath, in chondro-
crania (zool.).

cephalotheca (kgf'alothe'ka, sef-) n.
[Gk. kephale, head ; theke, a case.]
The head integument in the pupa
of insects (zool.).

cephalothorax (kef'alotho'raks, s6f-)
n. [Gk. kephale, head ; thorax,
breast.] The body-region formed
by the fusion of head and thorax in
Arachnids and Crustaceans (zool.).

cephalotrocha (ket'alotrS'ka, sSf-) n.
[Gk. kephale, head ; trochos, a
wheel.] A Turbellarian larva with
eight processes arranged round
the mouth (zool.).

cerata (keYata, sera'ta) n. plu. [Gk.
keras, horn.] Lobes or leaf-like
processes acting as gills on the
back of nudibranch molluscs (zool.).

ceratlum (sera'shium, sera'tium) n.
[Gk. keration, little horn.] A siliqua
without the replum (bot.).

ceratohyal (keYatohi'al, ser-) n. [Gk.
keras, horn ; hyoeides, Y-shaped.]
The component of the hyoid arch
next below the epihyal (zool.).

cereal (seYkal) a. [Gk. kerkos, tail.]
Pert, the tail (zool.).

cercarla (sgrka'ria) n. [Gk. kerkos,
tail.] A trematode larva with a
slightly heart-shaped body and
long tail (zool.).

cercl (ser'ke, seYsl) n. plu. [Gk.

46 CER-

kerkos, tail.] Jointed appendages
at the end of the abdomen in many
Arthropods (zool.).

cere (ser) n. [L. cera, wax.] A
swollen fleshy patch at the proximal
end of the bill in birds, on which
the nostrils open.

cerebellar (ser'ebeTar)a. [L. cerebrum,
the brain.] Pert, the hind-brain
(anat.).

cerebellum (ser'ebeTum) n. [L.
cerebrum, the brain.] The fourth
division of the brain arising from
the differentiation of the anterior
part of the third primary vesicle
(anat.).

cerebral (ser'ebral) a. [L. cerebrum,
the brain.] Pert, the brain ; pert.
the anterior part of the brain or
cerebral hemispheres.

cerebrifugal (ser'ebrifu'gal) a. [L.
cerebrum, the brain ; fugere, to
flee.] Appl. nerve fibres which
pass from brain to spinal cord
(Phys.).

cerebroganglion (ser'ebrogang'glion)
n. [L. cerebrum, the brain ; Gk.
ganglion, a swelling.] The brain,
or supra-oesophageal ganglia of
invertebrates (zool.).

cerebropedal (ser'gbrope'dal) a. [L.
cerebrum, the brain ; pes, a foot.]
Appl. nerve strands connecting the
cerebral and pedal ganglia in
Molluscs (zool.).

cerebrospinal (ser'ebrbspl'nal) a. [L.
cerebrum, the brain ; spina, the
spine.] Pert, brain and spinal
cord (anat.}.

cerebrovisceral (ser'ebrovis'eral) a.
[L. cerebrum, the brain ; viscera,
viscera.] Appl. the connective
joining the cerebral and visceral
ganglia in Molluscs (zool.).

cerebrum (ser'ebrum) n. [L. cerebrum,
the brain.] The fore-brain, or
hemispheres, arising from the
differentiation of the first primary
vesicle (zool.).

ceriferous (serlferus) a. [L. cera,
wax ; ferre, to carry.] Appl. wax-
producing organs (btol.).

cernuous (seYnuus) a. [L. cernuus,
with face turned downwards.]
Drooping ; pendulous (bot.).

ceroma (sero'ma) n. [Gk. keroma,
ointment.] The cere of birds (zool.).

CER-

cerous (se'nis) a. [L. cera, wax.]
Appl. a structure resembling a
cere (zool.).

cerumen (sgroo'mgn) «. [L. cera,
wax.] The wax-like secretion
from the ceruminous glands of
the ear (phys.).

cervical (servl'kal) a. [L. cervix, the
neck.] Appl. structures connected
with the neck, as nerves, bones,
blood-vessels, also to the cervix or
neck of an organ (anat., zool.).

cervix (seYviks) n. [L. cervix, a
neck.] The neck or narrow mouth
of an organ, as cervix uteri (anat.).

chaeta (ke'ta) n. [Gk. chaite, hair.]
A seta or bristle of certain worms
(zool.).

chaetiferous (ketlffirus) a. [Gk.
chaite, hair ; L. ferre, to bear.]
Bristle-bearing ; chaetigerous.

chaetophorous (ketof'orus) a. [Gk.
chaite, hair ; pherein, to bear.]
Bristle-bearing ; appl. worms and
certain insects (zool.).

chaetotaxy (ke'totak'sl) n. [Gk.
chaite, hair ; taxis, arrangement.]
The bristle-patterns on an insect
(zool.).

chalaza (kala'za) n. [Gk. chalaza,
hail, tubercle.] One of the two
spiral bands attaching the yolk to
the membrane of a bird's egg
(zool.) ; the base of the nucellus of
an ovule from which the integu-
ments arise (bot.).

chalazogamy (kalazog'ami) n. [Gk.
chalaza, hail, tubercle ; gamos,
marriage.] Fertilization in which
the pollen- tube pierces the chalaza
of the ovule, instead of entering by
the micropyle ; cf. porosramy (bot.).

chalice (chal'is) n. [L. calix, calyx.]
Appl. simple gland cells in the
epithelia of the frog (zool.) ; any
modified columnar epithelial gland
cell (anat.).

chalones (kal'onz) n. plu. [Gk. chali-
nos, curb.] Substances which
depress activity (phys.).

channelled (chan'gld) a. [L. canalis,
a canal.] Having grooves ; canal-
iculate (bot.).

chasmogamy (kazmog'amT) n. [Gk.
chasma, opening ; gamos, marriage.]
The opening of a mature flower to
ensure fertilization (bot.).

CHE-

chasmophyte (kaz'mofit) n. [Gk.
chasma, opening ; phyton, a plant.]
A plant which grows in nooks and
crannies of rocks (bot.).

cheek (chek) n. [A.S. ce'oce, the
cheek.] The fleshy wall of the
mouth in mammals ; the side of
the face ; in invertebrates the
lateral portions of the head, as the
fixed and free cheeks of Trilobites
(zool., anat.).

cheiropterygiuin (klrSptSrlj'Ium) n.
[Gk. cheir, hand; pteryx, wing.]
The pentadactyloid typical limb of
higher vertebrates.

chela (ke'la) n. [Gk. chele, claw.]
The claw borne on certain limbs of
Crustaceans and Arachnids (zool.).

chelicerae (kelis'gre, -ra) n. plu. [Gk.
chele, claw ; keras, horn.] Anterior
chelate or sub-chelate appendages
of Arachnids (zool.).

cheliferous (kelif'erus) a. [Gk. chele,
claw ; L. ferre, to bear.] Supplied
with chelae or claws (zool.).

cheliforin (ke'liform) a. [Gk. chele,
claw ; L. forma, shape.] Claw-like ;
appl. appendages (zool.).

chelophores (keUforz) n. plu. [Gk.
chele, claw ; pherein, to bear.] The
first pair of appendages in the
Pycnogons (zool.).

chemoreflex (kgm'ore'flgks) n. [Gk.
chemos, juice ; L. reflectere, to bend
back.] A reflex caused by chemical
stimulus (phys.).

chemosynthesis (kSm'osin'thgsis) n.
[Gk. chemos, juice ; syn, with ;
tithenai, to place.] The building
up of chemical compounds in plants
by means of chemical reactions
(bot.).

chemotaxis (kgm'otak'sis) ». [Gk.
chemos, juice ; taxis, arrangement.]
The sensitiveness of cells or micro-
organisms to chemical stimulus,
which is either attractive or repel-
lent, exhibiting respectively positive
or negative chemotaxis (biol.).

cheniotropism (ke'mot'ropizm) n. [Gk.
chemos, juice ; trope, a turning.]
Curvature of a plant towards or
away from chemical stimuli (bot.) ;
response to chemical stimulus (biol.).

chevron (sheVron) a. [L. caper,
a goat.] Appl. V-shaped bones
articulating with the ventral surface

CHI-

48

CHO-

of the spinal column in the caudal
region of many vertebrates (zoo/.).

chiasma (klaz'ma) n. [Gk. chiazein,
to mark with a cross.] A decussa-
tion, as optic chiasma (anat.).

chlastoneural (klas'tonu'ral) a. [Gk.
chiastos, diagonally arranged ; neu-
ron, a nerve.] Appl. certain Gastro-
pods in which the visceral nerve
cords cross and form a figure 8
(zool.).

chilaria (klla'ria) n. plu. [Gk. cheilos,
lip.] A pair of processes between
the sixth pair of appendages in
Limulus (zool.).

chilidium (killd'lum) n. [Gk. cheilos,
lip.] A shelly plate covering the
deltidial fissure in the dorsal valve
of certain Brachiopods (zool.).

chitln (kl'tln) n. [Gk. chiton, a tunic.]
A carbohydrate derivative forming
the skeletal substance in Arthropods
(zool.).

chlamydate (klam'idat) a. [Gk. chla-
mys, a cloak.] Supplied with a
mantle (zool.).

chlamydeous (klamid'eus) a. [Gk.
chlamys, a cloak.] Pert, flower and
envelope (bot.).

chlamydospore (klam'idospor) n. [Gk.
chlamys, cloak ; sporos, seed.] A
thick-walled resting spore found in
many Fungi, as yeast (bof.).

chloragen (klo'rajen) a. [Gk. chloros,
grass green ; genos, descent.] Appl.
yellow cells found in connection
with the alimentary canal of the
earthworm, and other Annelids ;
also chloragogen (zool.).

chloranthy (kloran'thi) n. \G\a.chloros,
grass green ; anthos, flower.] Re-
version of floral leaves back to
ordinary green leaves (bot.).

chlorophyll (klo'rofil) n. [Gk. chloros,
grass green ; phyllon, a leaf.] The
green colouring matter found in
plants and in some animals (biol.).

chloroplast (klo'roplast) n. [Gk.
chloros, grass green ; plastos,
moulded.] A chlorophyll-carrying
plastid (bot.).

chloroplastid (klo'roplas'tid) n. [Gk.
chloros, grass green ; plastos,
moulded.] A minute granule or
plastid containing chlorophyll,
found in plant-cells exposed to light
(biol.).

chlorosis (kloro'sls) ;/. [Gk. chloros,
grass green.] A diseased condition
in plants owing to lack of certain
minerals, due mainly to want of
light (bot.).

chlorotic (klorot'ik) a. [Gk. chloros,
grass green.] Appl. plants or
organs of plants devoid of chloro-
phyll (bot.).

choana (ko'ana) n. [Gk. choane,
funnel.] Any funnel-shaped open-
ing (anat.).

choanocyte (ko'anoslt) n. [Gk choane,
funnel ; kytos, hollow.] A cell with
a funnel-shaped rim or collar round
the base of the flagellum (zool.).

choanoid (ko'anoid) a. [Gk. choane,
funnel ; eidos, like.] Funnel-
shaped; appi.eye. muscle in Reptiles
(zool.).

choanosome (ko'anosom) n. [Gk.
choane, funnel ; soma, body.] In
sponges, the inner layer with flagel-
late cells (zool.).

choledoch (kol'edok) a. [Gk. chole,
bile ; dochos, containing.] Appl.
common bile duct.

choleic (kole'ik) a. [Gk. chole, bile.]
Pert, acid contained in ox bile
(Phys.).

cholesterin (koles'terln) n. [Gk. chole,
bile ; stereos, solid.] A white fatty
alcohol found in nerve tissue, bile,
yolk, and other animal substances
(phys.). ^

choline (ko'lm, -en) n. [Gk. chole,
bile.] A crystalline base found in
plants and animals with composi-
tion C6H16O2N (phys.).

cholochrome (ko'lokrom) «. [Gk.
chole, bile ; chroma, colour.] A bile
pigment (phys.).

cholohaematin (ko'lohe'matm) n. [Gk.
chole, bile ; haima, blood.] A pig-
ment developed in the bile of
ruminants after exposure to the air
(Phys.).

chondral (kon'dral) a. [Gk. chondros,
cartilage.] Pert, cartilage (anat.).

chondrification (kon'driflka'shun) n.
[Gk. chondros, cartilage ; L. facere,
to make.] Conversion into cartil-
age (phys.).

chondrigen (kon'drijen) n. [Gk.
chondros, cartilage ; genos, descent.]
The base matrix of all cartilaginous
substance, a collagen (phys.).

CHO-

49

CHO-

chondrin (kon'drin) n. [Gk. chondros,
cartilage.] A gelatinous substance
obtained from cartilage (phys.}.

chondriosomes (kondrlosomz ) n. plu,
[Gk. chondros, cartilage ; soma,
body.] Permanent feebly refractive
bodies found in cell protoplasm,
which are probably combinations
of fatty acids or of phosphate of
albumen (biol.}.

chondroblast (kon'droblast) n. [Gk.
chondros, cartilage ; blastos, bud.]
A cartilage-producing cell (phys.}.

chondroclast (kon'droklast) n. [Gk.
chondros, cartilage ; klastos, broken
down.] A cell which breaks up or
destroys cartilage cells (phys.}.

chondrocranium (kon'drokra'nium) n,
[Gk. chondros, cartilage ; kranion,
skull.] The skull when in a car-
tilaginous condition, either tem-
porarily as in embryos, or per-
manently as in some fishes (zoo!.,
anat.).

chondrogenesis (kon'drojgn'esis) n.
[Gk. chondros, cartilage ; genesis,
descent.] The production or forma-
tion of cartilage (phys.}.

chondromucoid (kon'dromu'koid) n.
[Gk. chondros, cartilage ; L. mucus,
mucus ; Gk. eidos, form.] A whitish
amorphous powder found in cartil-
age (phys.}.

chondrophore (kon'drofor) n. [Gk.
chondros, cartilage ; pherein, to
bear.] A structure which supports
the inner hinge cartilage in a
bivalve shell (zoo/.).

chondroskeleton (kon'droskel'e'ton) n.
[Gk. chondros, cartilage ; skeleton,
a dried body.] A cartilaginous
skeleton (zool.}.

chondrosteous (kondros'teiis) a. [Gk.
chondros, cartilage ; osteon, bone.]
Having a cartilaginous skeleton
(zool.}.

chondrosteriial (kon'drosteYnal) a.
[Gk. chondros, cartilage ; sternon,
the breast.] Pert, rib cartilages
and sternum (anat.}.

chone (kon) n. [Gk. choane, a funnel.]
A passage through the cortex of
sponges with one or more external
openings, and one internal open-
ing provided with a sphincter
(zool.}.

chorda (kor'da) n. [Gk. chorde^ a

string.] The notochord ; in plural,
tendinous cords attached to the
valves of the heart (anat.}.

chordacentra (kor'dasgn'tra) n. plu.
[Gk. chorde, a string ; L. centrum,
centre.] Centra formed by the
conversion of the chordal sheath
into a number of rings (zool.}.

chordate (kor'dat) a. [Gk. chorde,
a string.] Having a notochord
(zool.}.

chordotonal (kor'doto'nal) a. [Gk.
chorde, a string ; tonos, a tone.]
Appl. rod-like or bristle-like struc-
tures, auditory in nature, in various
parts of the body of insects (zool.}.

choriocapillaris (ko'riokapiraris, -kap'-
ila'rls) n. [Gk. chorion, chorion ; L.
capillaris, a capillary.] The inner-
most vascular layer of the choroid
coat of the eye (anat.}.

chorioid, — choroid.

chorion (ko'rlon) n. [Gk. chorion, a
skin.] An embryonic membrane
external to and enclosing the
amnion (emb.}.

chorionlc (korion'ik) a. [Gk. chorion,
a skin.] Pert, the chorion (emb.}.

chorioretinal (ko'rioreYinal) a. [Gk.
chorion, a skin ; L. retina, the
retina.] Pert, choroid and reli ia
(anat.}.

choripetalous (ko'ripeYalus) a. [Gk.
choris, separate ; petalon, a leaf.]
Having separate petals (dot.}.

choriphyllous (ko'rifil'us) a. [Gk.
choris, separate ; phyllon, a leaf.]
Having the perianth parts distinct
(bot.}.

chorisepalous (ko'risep'alus) a. [Gk.
choris, separate ; sepalon, a sepal.]
Having the sepals separate (hot.}.

chorisis (ko'rlsts) «. [Gk. choris,
separate.] Increase in number of
parts of a floral whorl due to
division of its primary members ;
duplication (bot.}.

chorpid (ko'roid) a. [Gk. chorion,
skin ; eidos, form.] Appl. delicate
and highly vascular membranes ;
n. the layer of the eye between
retina and sclerotic (anat.}.

choroidal (koroid'al) a. [Gk. chorion,
skin ; eidos, form.] Pert, the
choroid (anat.}.

chorology (korol'qjl) n. [Gk. choros,
place ; logos, discourse.] The
D

CHR-

50

CHR-

science which deals with the dis-
tribution of organs (biol.).

chromaffln (kromafin) a. [Gk.
chroma, colour ; L. affinis, re-
lated.] AppL cells forming the
medullary parts of the suprarenal
bodies, on account of their yellow
colour after treatment with chromic
salts ; chromophil (phys.).

chromatic (kromat'lk)«. [Gk. chroma,
colour.] Colourable by means of
staining reagents (biol.).

chromatic sphere, — the sphere formed
by coalescence of chromosomes after
the anaphase in mitosis (bot.).

chromatin (kro'matln) n. [Gk. chroma,
colour.] A substance in the nucleus
which contains nucleic acid proteids
and stains with basic dyes (biol?).

chromatogen organ, — a brownish
lobed body, the axial organ of
certain Echinoderms (zool.).

chromatoid grains,— readily stainable
grains in cell-protoplasm, probably
of an albuminous nature (cyt.).

chromatolysis (kro'matol'Ms) n. [Gk.
chroma, colour ; lyein, to break up.]
Disintegration and final disappear-
ance of the chromatin in injured
nerve-cells (phys.).

chromatophore (kro'matofor) n. [Gk.
chroma, colour ; pherein, to bear.]
The general term appl. coloured
plastids of plants and animals
(cyt.) ; a pigment cell, which under
control of the sympathetic nervous
system can be altered in shape to
produce a colour change (zoo!.).

chromatoplasm (kro'matd'plazm) n.
[Gk. chroma, colour ; plasma, some-
thing moulded.] The colour or
pigment matter in cells (cyt.}.

chromatospherite (kro'matdsfer'lt) n.
[Gk. chroma, colour ; sphaira, a
globe.] A nucleolus, which see (cyt.).

chromidia (kro'mld'ia) n. plu. [Gk.
chroma^ colour.] Extra - nuclear
particles of chromatin (cyt.).

chromidiosomes (kromid'fosomz') n.
plu. [Gk. chroma, colour ; soma,
body.] The smallest chromatin
particles of which the chromidial
mass is made up (cyt.).

chromoblast (kro'moblast) n. [Gk.
chroma, colour ; blastos, a bud.]
An embryonic cell giving rise to a
pigment cell (biol.}.

chromogen (kro'mojfin) n. [Gk.
chroma, colour; genos, birth.] The
material in plants which will de-
velop into colouring matter (bot.).

chromogenic (kro'mojgn'ik) a. [Gk.
chroma, colour ; genos, birth.]
Colour - producing ; appl. organ-
isms, as bacteria (bot.).

chromomere (kro'momer) n. [Gk.
chroma, colour ; meros, part.] One
of the chromatin granules of which
a chromosome is formed, and which
corresponds to an id (cyt.).

chromophanes (kro'mofanz) n. plu.
[Gk. chroma, colour ; phainein, to
show.] Red, yellow, and green oil
globules found in the retina of
birds, reptiles, fishes, and mar-
supials (zool.).

chromophil (kro'mofil) a. [Gk.
chroma, colour ; philein, to love.]
Chromaffin, which see.

chromophilous (kromof iltis) a. [Gk.
chroma, colour ; philos, loving.]
Staining readily (biol.).

chromophore (kro'mofor) n. [Gk.
chroma, colour ; pherein, to bear.]
Any substance to whose presence
colour in a compound is due
(Phys.).

chromoplast (kro'moplast) n. [Gk.
chroma, colour ; plastos, moulded],
also chromoplastid. A coloured
plastid or pigment body other than
a chloroplast (biol.).

chromoproteid (kro'mopro'teid) n.
[Gk. chroma, colour ; protos, first.]
Substance formed by combination
of a proteid and a pigment (phys.).

chromosome (kro'mosom) n. [Gk.
chroma, colour ; soma, body.] One
of the deeply staining bodies, the
number of which is definite for the
cells of a species, into which the
chromatin resolves itself during
karyokinesis (cyt.).

chrysalis (kris'alis) n. [Gk. chrysos,
gold.] The pupa stage of certain
insects (zool.).

chrysocarpous (kris'okar'pus) a. [Gk.
chrysos, gold ; karpos, fruit.] With
golden fruit (bot.).

chrysophyll (krls'of il) n. [Gk. chrysos,
gold ; phyllon, a leaf.] A yellow
colouring matter in plants, a de-
composition product of chlorophyll
(bot.).

CHY-

51

CIN-

chylaceous (kila'shus) a. [Gk. chylos,
juice.] Of a chyle-like nature ; pert,
chyle (phys.).

chyle (kil) n. [Gk. chylos, juice.]
Lymph containing globules of
emulsified fat found in the lacteals
during digestion (phys.).

chylifaction (kl'lifak'shun) n. [Gk.
chylos, juice ; L. facere, to make],
also chylification. The formation of
chyle (Phys.).

chyliferous (kllif'erus) a. [Gk. chylos,
juice ; L. ferre, to carry.] Chyle-
conducting ; appl. tubes or vessels
(phys.).

chyliflc (klllf'ik) a. [Gk. chylos, juice ;
L. facere, to make.] Chyle-pro-
ducing ; appl. the true stomach of
insects (zool.).

chylocaulous (klldcol'us) a. [Gk.
chylos, juice ; L. caulis, a stem.]
With fleshy stems (bot.).

chylocyst (kl'losist) n. [Gk. chylos,
juice ; kystis, a bladder.] The
chyle receptacle (anat.).

chylophyllous (kl'lofil'us) a. [Gk.
chylos, juice ; phyllon, a leaf.]
With fleshy leaves ; appl. certain
desert plants (bot.).

chylopoiesis (kl'lopoie'sis) n. [Gk.
chylos, juice ; poiein, to produce.]
The production of chyle (phys.).

chyme (kim) n. [Gk. chymos, juice.]
The partially digested food after
leaving the stomach (phys.).

chymification (ki'miflka'shun) n.
[Gk. chymos, juice ; L. facere, to
make.] The process of converting
food into chyme (phys.).

cicatricial tissue, — newly - formed
fibrillar connective tissue which
closes and draws together wounds
(anat.).

cicatrlcle (sik'atrik'l), cicatricula
(sik'atrik'ula) n. [L. cicatrix, a
wound.] The blastoderm in bird
and reptile eggs (emb.) ; a small
scar in the place of previous attach-
ment of an organ (zoo/.} ; the ^mark
left after the healing up of a wound
in plants (bot.).

cicatrix (sik'atriks, slka'triks) n. [L.
cicatrix, a wound.] Cicatricle,
which see.

ciclnnal (slsm'al) a. [Gk. kikinnos,
a curled lock.] Appl. uniparous
cymose branching in which the

daughter axes are developed right
and left alternately (bot.).

cilia (sil'ia) n. plu. [L. cilium, an
eyelid.] Hairlike vibratile out-
growths of the ectoderm or pro-
cesses found in many cells (biol.) ;
barbicels of a feather (zool.) ;
marginal hairlike processes (bot.} ;
eyelashes (anaf.).

ciliary (sil'lari) a. [L. cilium, an
eyelid.] Pert, cilia ; appl. certain
structures in the eyeball (anaf.,
zoo/.}.

ciliate (sil'iat) a. [L. cilium, an eye-
lid.] Provided with cilia (biol.}.

ciliated epithelium,— an epithelium
found lining various passages,
usually with columnar cells, the
free edge of each of which has a
bunch of fine tapering vibratile
hairlike outgrowths (zool., phys.~).

ciliograde (sil'iograd) a. [L. cilium,
an eyelid ; gradus, a step.] Pro-
gressing by ciliary movement (zool.).

ciliospore (sil'iospor) n. [L. cilium,
an eyelid ; Gk. sporos, a seed.] A
protozoan swarm-spore with a coat
of cilia (zool.).

cilium (sil'mm) n. [L. cilium, an
eyelid.] Sing, of cilia, which see.

cinchonin (sm'konin) n. [Named after
a Countess Chinchon.] A white
alkaloid found in various types of
Rubiaceae (bot.).

cincinnus (sinsin'us) n. [Gk. kikinnos,
a curled lock.] A scorpioid cyme
(bot.).

cinclides (sing'klldez) n. plu. [Gk.
kingklis, a latticed gate.] Perfora-
tions in the body wall of certain
Anthozoa for the extrusion of acontia
(zool.).

cinclis (sing'klis) n. [Gk. kingklis, a
latticed gate.] Sing, of cinclides,
which see.

cingulate (sing'gulat) a. [L. cin-
gulum, a girdle.] Having a girdle
or cingulum (biol.).

cingulum (smg'gulum) n. [L. tin*
gulum, a girdle.] Any structure
which is like a girdle ; a ridge
round the base of the crown of a
tooth ; a tract of fibres connecting
the callosal and hippocampal con-
volutions of the brain ; the outer
ciliary zone on the disc of rotifers
(anat., zool.).

CIU-

52

CLA-

circinate (seVsmat) a. [Gk. kirkinos,
a circle.] Rolled on the axis, so
that the apex is the centre (bot.).
circulation (seVkula'shun) n. [L.
circulatio^ act of circulating.] The
regular movement of any fluid
within definite channels in the
body (anat., phys.) ; the streaming
movement of the protoplasm of
plant cells (bot.).

circulus (ser'kulus) n. [L. circulus, a
circle.] Any ringlike arrangement
of blood-vessels caused by branch-
ing or connection with one another,
as circulus major of iris (anat.).
circumduction (ser'kumduk'shun) n.
[L. circum, around ; ductus, led.]
The form of motion exhibited by
a bone describing a conical space
with the articular cavity as apex
(artaf., phys).

circumferential (ser'kiimf eren'shal) a.
[L. circum, around ; ferre, to bear.]
Appl. cartilages which surround
certain articulatory fossae (anat.).
circumflex (seYkumfleks) a. [L.
circum, around ; flectere, to bend.]
Bending round ; appl. certain
arteries, veins, nerves (anat.).
circumfluence (serkum'flooens) n.
[L. circum, around ; fluens, flowing.]
In Protozoa, the engulfing of food
by the protoplasm flowing round
and enveloping it after contact
(zool.).

circumnutation (ser'kumnuta'shun) n.
[L. circum, around ; nutare, to
swim.] The irregular elliptical or
spiral movement exhibited by the
apex of a growing stem or shoot
(bot.).

circumoesophageal (ser'kumesof-
aje'al) a. [L. circum, around ; Gk.
oisophagos, the gullet.] Appl.
structures or organs surrounding
or passing along the gullet (zool.).
circumpolar (ser'kumpo'lar) a. [L.
circum, around ; polus, end of axle.]
Appl. animals found at the Poles
(zool.).

circumscissile (stir'kumsis'il) a. [L.
circum, around ; scindere, to cut.]
Appl. the form of dehiscence
exhibited by a pyxidium (bot.).
circumvallation (ser'kumvala'shun) n.
[L. circum, around ; vallare, to
wall.] In Protozoa, the ingestion of

food by the sending out of pseudo-
podia which ultimately surround
without touching it (zool.).
cirrate (sT/at) a. [L. cirratus, having

ringlets.] Having cirri (zool.).
cirrhus and cirrhi, — see cirrus,
cirrose (sires', sir'os) a. [L. cirrus, a
lock.] With cirri (zool.) ; with
tendrils (bot.).

cirrus (sir'us) »., cirri (str'l) pltt.
[L. cirrus, a lock.] Tendrils (bot.) ;
the appendages of barnacles ; the
jointed filaments of the axis or of
the aboral surface of crinoids ; the
barbels of fishes ; the respiratory
and tactile appendages of worms ;
the organs of copulation in some
molluscs and trematodes ; hairlike
structures on the appendages of
insects (zool.).

cladanthous (kladan'thCis) a. [Gk.
klados, a sprout ; anthos, a flower.]
Having terminal archegonia on
short lateral branches (bot.).

cladautoicous (klad'otoik'us) a. [Gk.
klados, a sprout ; autos, self ; oikos,
house.] With antheridia on a
special stalk (hot.).

cladocarpous (klad'tikar'pus) a. [Gk.
klados, a sprout ; karpos, a fruit.]
Cladanthous, which see.

cladode (klad'od) n. [Gk. klados, a
sprout.] A branch arising from the
axil of a true leaf, resembling a
foliage leaf, and consisting of a
single internode (bot.).

cladogenous (kladqj'enus) a. [Gk.
klados, a sprout ; genes, birth.]
Cladanthous, which see.

cladome (kladom') n. [Gk. klados, a
sprout.] The group of superficially
situated rays in a triaene (zool.).

cladophyll (klad'ofil) n. [Gk. klados,
a sprout ; phyllon, a leaf.] Cladode,
which see.

cladoptosis (klad'opto'sis) «. [Gk.
klados, a sprout ; ptosis, falling.]
The annual shedding of twigs
instead of leaves (bot.).

cladose (klad'os, klados') a. [Gk.
klados, a sprout.] Branched (biol.).

cladotyle (klad'otil) n. [Gk. klados,
a sprout ; tylos, a knob.] A rhabdus
with one actine branched, the other
tylote (zool.).

clasmatocyte (klazmat'oslt, klas'mato-
sit) n. [Gk. klasHia, a fragment ;

CLA-

53

CLI-

kytos, hollow.] A soft, much vacuo-
lated, very variable cell in areolar
tissue (phys.).

claspers (klas'perz) n. plu. [M.E.
claspen, to hold.] Rod-like pro-
cesses on the pelvic fins of certain
male elasmobranchs ; any modifica-
tion of an organ or part to enable
the two sexes to clasp one another
(zoo/.) ; tendrils or climbing off-
shoots (bot.).

clathrate (klath'rat) a. [Gk. kleihra,
a lattice.] Lattice-like (biol.).

claustrum (klos'triim) n. [L. claus-
trum, a bar.] In the cerebral
hemispheres, a thin layer of grey
substance lateral to the external
capsule, bounding the lentiform
nucleus^ (anat.).

clava (kla'va) n. [L. clava, a club.]
The knob-like end of the antennae
of certain insects (zool.) ; the elon-
gated swelling at the end of the
fasciculus gracilis (anat.).

clavate (klav'at) a. [L. clava, a club.]
Club-shaped ; thickened at one end

clavicle (klav'lkl) n. [L. clavis, a key.]
The bone forming the anterior
portion of the shoulder girdle
(anat.) ; in animals, ventral.

claviculariuin (klavik'ula'rium) n. [L.
clavis, a key.] The epiplastron of
Chelonia, probably corresponding
to the clavicles of other forms (zool.}.

clavula (klav'ula) n. [L. clava, a
club.] A monactinal modification
of a triaxon spicule ; one of the
minute ciliated spines on the
fascicles of Spatangidae (zool.) ; the
clavate sporophore of certain Fungi
(bot.).

clavus (kla'vus) n. [L. clavus, a nail.]
The part of an elytron lying next
to the scutellum in Hemiptera
(tool.).

claw (klo) n. [A.S. clawu, a claw.]
The stalk of a petal (bot.) ; a sharp
curved nail on a finger or toe ; the
forceps of certain crustaceans ; a
curved process on the limbs of
insects (zool.).

clearing foot,— the filamentous pro-
cess of the exopodite of the second
maxilla in the Phyllocarida (zool.).

cleavage (kle'vaj) n. [A.S. cleofan,
to cut.] The series of karyo-

kinetic divisions which change the
egg into a multicellular embryo
(cyt.).

cleavage nucleus, — the nucleus of the
fertilized egg, produced by the
orderly and intimate union of the
male and female pronuclei (cyt.).

cleistocarp (kli'stokarp) n. [Gk. kleis-
tos, closed ; karpos, a fruit.] Cleisto-
thecium, which see.

cleistocarpous (kli'stokar'pus) a. [Gk.
kleistos, closed ; karpos, a fruit.]
AppL mosses with non-operculate
capsules (bot.).

cleistogamous (kllstog'amus) a. [Gk.
kleistos, closed ; gamos, marriage.]
Pert, or possessed of characteristics
of cleistogamy (bot.).

cleistogamy (kli'stog'aml) n. [Gk.
kleistos, closed ; gamos, marriage.]
State of having small inconspicuous
flowers which are self-fertilizing and
do not open ; fertilization without
opening (bot.).

cleistogene (kffstojen) n. [Gk. kleis-
tos, closed ; genos, birth.] A plant
with cleistogamous flowers (bot.).

cleistothecium (kll'stdthe'shmm) n.
[Gk. kleistos, closed ; theke, a box.]
An ascocarp which remains closed
and produces its spores internally
(bot.).

cleithrum (klr'thrum) n. [Gk. klei-
thron, a key.] The pair of additional
clavicles in Stegocephalia (pal.) ;
the clavicular element of the pectoral
girdle in some fishes (zool.).

clinandrium (klinan'drium) n. [Gk.
kline, bed ; aner, a man.] A cavity
in the "column" between the
anthers in Orchids (bot.).

clinidium (klinid'ium) n. [Gk. kline,
a bed.] A filament in a pycnidium
which produces spores (bot.).

clinosporangium (kli'nosporan'jlum)
n. [Gk. kline, bed ; sporos, seed ;
anggeion, a vessel.] Pycnidium,
which see.

clitellum (kliteTum) n. [L. clitellae,
a pack-saddle.] The saddle or
swollen glandular portion of the
skin of certain worms (zool.).

clitoris (klit'oris) n. [Gk. kleiein, to
enclose.] An erectile organ, homo-
logous with the penis, at the upper
part of the vulva (anat.).

clivus (kll'vus) n. [L. clivus, a hill.]

CLO-

54

coc-

A shallow depression in the sphen-
oid, behind the dorsum sellae
(anat.).

cloaca (kloa'ka, klo'aka) n. [L. cloaca,
a sewer.] The common chamber
into which intestinal, genital, and
urinary canals open, in vertebrates
except most mammals (zool.}.

clone (klon) n. [Gk. klon, a twig.]
Desma, which see.

clonus (klo'nus) n. [Gk. klonos, violent
motion.] A series of muscular con-
tractions when the individual con-
tractions are discernible ; incom-
plete tetanus (phys.).

clump (klump) v. [Ger. klump, a
mass.] To form lumps or knots
(bot.).

clypeal (klip'eal) a. [L. clypeus, a
shield.] Pert, the clypeus of insects
(zool.).

clypeate (klip'eat) a. [L. clypeus, a
shield.]. Round or buckler-like
(biol.) ; having a clypeus (zool.).

clypeola (klipe'dla), clypeole (klip'eol)
n. [L. clypeus, a shield.] A sporo-
phyll in the spike of an Equisetum
(bot.).

clypeus (klip'eus) n. [L. clypeus, a
shield.] A shield on the antero-
median part of an insect's head
(zool.) ; a band of tissue round the
mouth of a perithecium of certain
Fungi (bot.).

cnemldlum (nemid'ium, knemid'ium)
n. [Gk. knemis, a legging.] The
lower part of a bird's leg devoid of
feathers.

cnemls (ne'mis, kne'mis) n. [Gk.
knemis, a legging.] The shin or
tibia (zool., anat.).

cnida (n^da, knl'da) n. [Gk. knide, a
nettle.] A cnidoblast.

cnldoblast (nl'doblast, knl'doblast) n.
[Gk. knide, a nettle ; blastos, a
bud.] A stinging cell ; a goblet-
shaped cell with a long barbed
thread and poisonous fluid in the
interior, and a trigger-like process
projecting externally, found in cer-
tain Coelenterates (zool.).

cnidocil (nfdtisll, knl'dosil) n. [Gk.
knide, a nettle ; L. cilium, an eye-
lid.] A minute process projecting
externally from a cnidoblast (zool.).

cnidophore (nl'dofor, knfdofor) n.
[Gk. knide, a nettle ; pherein, to

bear.] A modified zooid which
bears nematocysts, of the nature
of a dactylozooid (zool.).

cnidopod (ni'dopod, knfdopod) n.
[Gk. knide, a nettle ; pous, a foot.]
The drawn-out basal part of a
nematocyst, embedded in the meso-
gloea (zool.).

cnidosac (nl'dosak, knfdosak) ». [Gk.
knide, a nettle ; L. saccus, a bag.]
A kidney-shaped swelling or battery,
often protected by a hood, found on
the dactylozooids of Siphonophores
(zool.).

coadaptation (ko'adapta'shun) n. [L.
cum, with ; ad, to ; aptare, to fit.]
The correlated variation in two
mutually dependent organs (phys.).

coagulation (koagula'shun) n. [L.
cum, with ; agere, to drive.] Curd-
ling or clotting ; the changing from
a liquid to a viscous or solid state
by chemical reaction (phys.).

coagulin (koag'ulin) n. [L. cogere, to
drive together.] Any substance
capable of coagulating albuminous
substances (phys.).

coagulum (koag'ulum) n. [L. cogere,
to drive together.] Any coagulated
mass (phys.).

coarctate (koark'tat) a. [L. coarctare,
to press together.] Closely con-
nected (biol.) ; having abdomen
separated from thorax by a con-
striction (zool.).

coarctate larva or pupa, — semipupa ;
pseudopupa ; a larval stage of
certain Diptera (zool.).

cocci (kok'sl) n. plu. [Gk. kokkos, a
seed.] Septicidal carpels ; spore
mother cells of certain hepatics
(hot.) ; rounded cells, as some
bacteria (bact.).

coccogone (kok'ogon) n. [Gk. kokkos,
a seed ; gonos, birth.] A repro-
ductive cell in certain Algae (hot.).

coccoid (kSk'oid) a. [Gk. kokkos, a
seed ; eidos, form.] Pert, a coccus ;
spherical or globose (bot., bact.).

coccolith (kok'ollth) n. [Gk. kokkos, a
seed ; lithos, a stone.] A calcareous
spicule in certain of the Flagellates
(zool.).

coccospheres (kok'osferz) n.plu. [Gk.
kokkos, a seed ; sphaira, a globe.]
Collections of undigested shells in
certain Radiolarians (zool.).

COC-

55

COE-

coccus (kok'us) n. [Gk. kokkos, a
seed.] Sing, of cocci, which see.

coccygeal (k6ksfj'eal) a. [Gk. kokkyx,
the cuckoo.] Pert, or in the region
of the coccyx (anat., zoo/.).

coccyx (kok'siks) n. [Gk. kokkyx, the
cuckoo.] The part of the vertebral
column beyond the sacrum.

cochlea (kok'lea) n. [Gk. kochlias,
a snail.] A division of the ear
spirally coiled like a snail's shell
(anat.).

cochlear (kSk'lear) a. [Gk. kochlias,
a snail] Pert, the cochlea (anat.).

cochlearifonn (kok'lear'iform) a. [Gk.
kochlias, a snail ; L. forma, shape.]
Spoon-shaped (zoo/.) ; pert, the thin
plate of bone separating the tensor
tympani canal from the Eustachian
tube (anat.).

cochleate (kok'leat) a. [Gk. kochlias,
a snail.] Screw-like (anat.).

cocoon (kokoon') n. [F. cocon, a
shell.] The protective case of
many larval forms before they be-
come pupae ; the covering formed
by many animals for their eggs
(zoo/.).

coelenterate (selgn'tgrat) a. [Gk.
koilos, hollow ; enteron, intestine.]
Pert. Coelenterata (zoo/.).

coelenteron (se!6n't6r6n) n. [Gk.
koilos, hollow ; enteron, intestine.]
The cavity in the body of a Coelen-
terate (zoo/.).

coeliac (se'Mk) a. [Gk. koilia, belly.]
Pert, the abdominal cavity ; appl.
arteries, veins, nerves (anat.).

coeloblast (se'loblast) n. [Gk. koilos,
hollow ; blastos, a bud.] A divi-
sion of the embryonic endoblast
(emb.).

coelogastrula (se'l6gas'troola)». [Gk.
koilos, hollow ; gaster, stomach.] A
gastrula developed from a blastula
with a segmentation cavity (zoo/.).

coelom (se'lom) n. [Gk. koilos,
hollow.] A cavity of the body
derived from the mesoblast (emo.).

coelomate (se'lomat, selo'mat), — see
coelomic.

coeloinic (selom'ik) a. [Gk. koilos,
hollow.] Pert, or having a coelom
(zoo/.).

coelomoduct (selo'modukt) n. [Gk.
koilos, hollow ; L. ducere, to lead.]
The duct leading directly from the

genital cavity to the exterior in
Cephalopods and in Annulates
(zoo/.).

coelomopores (selo'moporz) n. plu.
[Gk. koilos, hollow ; poros, a
passage.] Ducts leading directly
from the pericardial cavity of
Nautilus to the exterior (zoo/.).

coelomostome (selo'mostom) n. [Gk.
koilos, hollow ; stoma, mouth.] The
external opening of a coelomoduct

(*»/.).

coelosperm (se'lospgrm) n. [Gk.
koilos, hollow ; sperma, seed.] A
carpel, hollow on its inner surface
(bot.).

coelozoic (se'lozolk) a. [Gk. koilos,
hollow ; zoon, an animal.] Appl. a
trophozoite of a sporozoan when
situated in some cavity of the body
(zoo/.).

coenanthium (senan'thium) n. [Gk.
koinos, common ; anthos, flower.]
An inflorescence with a nearly flat
receptacle having slightly upcurved
margins (bot.).

coenenchyma (sengng'kima), coenen-
chyme (sengng'klm) n. [Gk. koinos,
common ; engchyma, infusion.] The
common tissue which connects the
polyps or zooids of a compound
coral (zoo/.).

coenobium (senolaium) n. [Gk.
fcoinos, common ; bios, life.] A
unicellular colony with no marked
distinction between vegetative and
reproductive units (biol.).

coenoblast (se'noblast) n. [Gk. koinos,
common ; blastos, a bud.] A germ
layer which gives origin to the
endoderm and mesoderm (zoo/.).

coenocyte (se'nosit) n. [Gk. koinos,
common ; kytos, a hollow.] A plant
body in which the constituent proto-
plasts are not separated by cell
walls (bot.\

coenoeclum (sene'shium) n. [Gk.
koinos, common ; oikos, a house.]
The common groundwork of a
polyzoan colony (zoo/.).

coenogamete (se'nogamet) n. [Gk.
koinos, common ; gamos, union.]
A gamete with more than one
nucleus (bot.}.

coenosarc (se'nosark) n. [Gk.
koinos, common ; sane, flesh.]
The common tissue which unites

COE-

56

COL-

the various polyps in a compound
colony (zool.}.

coenosteum (senos'teum) n. [Gk.
koinos, common ; osteon, a bone.]
The common colonial skeleton in
corals (zool.).

coenurus (senu'riis) n. [Gk. koinos,
common ; aura, a tail/] A meta-
cestode with large bladder, from
the walls of which a very large
number of heads are formed
(zool.).

coherent (kohe'rSnt) a. [L. cohaerere,
to stick together.] With similar
parts united (bot.).

cohesion (kohe'zhun) n. [L. cohaerere,
to stick together.] The condition
of union of the separate parts of a
floral whorl (bot.}.

cohort (ko'hort) n. [L. cohort, an
enclosure.] Used in earlier clas-
sifications to denote a somewhat
indefinitely limited group (bwl.).

coleopterous (kol'eop'tgrus) a. [Gk.
koleos, a sheath ; pteron, a wing.]
Having the anterior wings hard
and used as elytra (zool.).

coleorhiza (kol'eori'za) n. [Gk. koleos,
a sheath ; rhiza, a root.] The layer
surrounding the radicle (bot.).

colic (kol'ik) a. [Gk. kolon, the colon.]
Pert, the colon (anat.).

collagen (k61^j6n) ». [Gk. kolla,
glue ; genos, offspring.] A protein
substance, probably an anhydride
of gelatin, occurring as the chief
constituent of the white fibres of
connective tissue and the organic
part of the bones (phys.).

collar (kol'ar) n. [M.E. coler, a
collar.] The choana of a collared
cell ; a prominent fold behind the
proboscis in the Hemichorda ; the
fleshy rim projecting beyond the
edge of a snail shell ; any structure
likened to a collar (zool.}.

collateral (kolat'eral) a. [L. cum,
with ; latera, sides.] Side by
side ; appl. bundles, as collateral
bundle, with xylem and phloem in
contact on one side only (dot.} ;
appl. fine lateral branches from the
axon of a nerve cell (anat.).

collateral circulation, — circulation
established through anastomosis
with other parts when the chief
vein is obstructed (phys}.

collenchyma (koleng'kima), collen-
chyme (kolgng'klm) n. [Gk. kolla,
glue ; engchyma, infusion.] Paren-
chymatous tissue, with cells elon-
gated and thickened at the angles
(bot.) ; the middle layer of sponges
(zool.).

collencyte (kol'enslt) n. [Gk. kolla,
glue ; kytos, hollow.] A clear cell
with thread-like pseudopodia found
in sponges (zool.}.

colleterium (ksrete'rfum) n. [Gk.
kolla, glue.] A mucus-secreting
gland in the female reproductive
system of insects (zool.}.
colleters (kole'terz) n. plu. [Gk.
kolla, glue.] The hairs, usually
secreting a gluey substance, which
cover many resting buds (bot.}.
colletocystophore (kole'tosist'ofor) n.
[Gk. kolla, glue ; kystis, a bladder ;
pherein, to bear.] The statorhab of
Haliclystus (zool.).

colliculus (kollk'ulus) n. [L. colli-
culus, a little hill.] One of the
prominences of the corpora quadri-
gemina ; a rounded elevation near
the apex of the antero-lateral surface
of the arytaenoid cartilage (anat.).
colloblast (kol'dblast) n. [Gk. kolla,.
glue ; blastos, a bud.] A cell on
the tentacles and pinnae of Cteno-
phores, which carries little globules
of adhesive substance (zool}.
colloid (kol'oid) n. [Gk. kolla, glue ;
eidos, form.] A gelatinous sub-
stance which does not readily
diffuse through an animal or veget-
able membrane ; opp. crystalloid.
collophore (kol'ofor) n. [Gk. kolla,
glue ; pherein, to bear.] The
ventral tube of the Collembola
(zool.}.

collum (kfil'um) n. [L. collum, the
neck.] Any collar-like structure
(biol.) ; the basal portion of the
sporogonium in mosses (bot.).
colon (ko'lon) n. [Gk. kolon, the
colon.] The second portion of the
intestine of insects ; the part of the
large intestine stretching from its
junction with the small intestine to
the rectum (zool., anat.).
colony (kol'onl) n. [L. colonia, a
farm.] Any collection of organisms
living together, appl. ants, bees ;
a group of animals or plants living

COL

57

CON-

together and somewhat isolated ;
a group of bacteria in a culture
(dial.) ; term appl. all the " persons "
in a colonial Coelenterate (zool.).

columella (kgl'iimeTa) n. [L. columen,
a column.] A prolongation of the
stalk into the sporangium (bot.) ;
the central pillar in the skeleton of
some corals ; the rod, partly bony,
partly cartilaginous, connecting the
tympanum with the inner ear in
birds, reptiles, and amphibians ; the
central pillar in gasteropod shells
(zool.) ; the axis of the cochlea
(ana/.).

columellar (kol'umeTar) a. [L. colu-
men, a column.] Pert, a colu-
mella.

column (kol'um), columna (kolum'na)
n. [L. columen, a column.] Any
structure likened to a column, as
spinal column ; the actinian body ;
the stalk of a crinoid ; a longitudinal
bundle of nerve fibres in the white
matter of the spinal cord (zool.) ;
the nasal septum edge ; thick
muscular strands found in the
ventricle of the heart (anat.) ; the
stamens in the mallows ; the united
stamens and pistil in the orchids
(bot.).

columnals (kolum'nalz) n. plu. [L.
columen, a column.] Stem ossicles
in crinoids (zool.).

columnar (kSlum'nar) a. [L. columen,
a column.] Pert, a column or
columna.

coma (ko'ma) n. [Gk. kome, hair.]
A terminal cluster of bracts as in
the pine-apple ; hairs found on
certain seeds (bot.) ; stupor (pkys.).

comb-ribs, combs, — see swimming-
plates.

comes (ko'mez) n. [L. comes, a com-
panion.] A blood-vessel that runs
alongside a nerve (anat.}.

comitalia (kom'Ital'Ia) n. plu. [L.
comitari, to accompany.] Small
di- or tri-actine spicules which
accompany the principal spicules
in sponges (zool.).

commensal (komfin'sal) n. [L. cunt,
with ; mensa, a table.] An organism
living with another and sharing
the food, both species as a rule
benefiting by the association.

comminator (kom'Inator) a. [L. cum,

with ; minarf, to threaten.]
muscles which connect adjacent
jaws in Aristotle's lantern (zool.).

commissure (kSm'lsur) n. [L. cum,
together ; mittere, to send.] The
union-line between two parts ; a
connecting band of nerve tissue
(zool., anat.) • the carpellary co-
hesion plane (dot.).

communistic (kom'unis'tik) a. [L.com-
munis, common.] Appl. animals
which live or have their nests
together.

comose (ko'mos) a. [L. comosus,
hairy.] Furnished with a tuft of
hairs (bot.).

compass (kom'pas) n. [L. cum, to-
gether ; passus, a pace.] A curved
bifid structure, part of Aristotle's
lantern (zool.).

complemental male, — a purely male
form, usually small, found living in
close proximity to the ordinary
hermaphrodite form in certain
animals, as barnacles.

complexus (kompleVsus) n. [L. cum,
together ; plectere, to knit.] An
aggregate ; appl. muscles (anat.).

complicant (kSm'plikant) a. [L. cum,
together ;pltcare, to fold.] Folding
over one another ; appl. the elytra
of certain insects (zool.).

complicate (kfim'pllkat) a. [L. cum,
together ; plicare, to fold.] Folded ;
appl. insect wings (zool.) ; appl.
leaves folded longitudinally so that
the right and left halves are in
contact (bot.).

composite (kom'poslt) a. [L. cum,
together ; ponere, to place.] Having
the characteristics peculiar to the
Compositae (oof.).

compound (kom'pownd) a. [L. cum,
together ; ponere, to place.] Made
up of several elements; appl. flowers,
leaves, eyes.

compressor (komprgs'or) n. [L. cum,
together ; premere, to press.] Some-
thing that serves to compress ; appl.
muscles (anat.).

conarium (kona'rmm) n. [Gk. kona-
rion, a little cone.] Transparent
deep-sea larva of Vellella with red
endoderm (zool.).

concentric (konsgn'trik) a. [L. cum,
together ; centrum, a centre.]
Having a common centre (biol.) ;

CON-

58

CON-

appl. bundles with wood in centre
surrounded by bast (bot.}.

conceptacle (konsSp'takl) n. [L. con-
cipere, to conceive.] A depression
in the thallus of certain Algae in
which the reproductive organs are
borne (dot.}.

concha (kong'ka) n. [Gk. kongche,
shell.] The cavity which opens
into the meatus (anat.} ; the external
ear ; a projection from the lateral
wall of the olfactory organ (zool.}.

conchiform (kSng'klform) a. [Gk.
kongche, a shell ; L. forma, shape.]
shaped like a concha ; shell-
shaped (biol.}.

conchiolin (kfingkl'dlin) n. [Gk.
kongche, a shell.] The organic
substance that forms the basis of
the shells of molluscs.

conchology (kongk61'6jl) n. [Gk.
kongche, a shell ; logos, discourse.]
The branch of zoology dealing with
molluscs or their shells.

conchula (kong'kula) n. [Gk. kongche,
a shell.] The conspicuous pro-
tuberant lip of the modified sulcus
in Peachia (zool.}.

concolorate (konkul'orat) a. [L. cum,
with ; color, colour.] Similarly
coloured on both sides ; appl. wings
of insects.

concrescence (konkreVgns) n. [L.
cum, together ; crescere, to grow.]
The growing together of parts (biol.}.

conducting (kSnduk'tlng) a. [L.
conducere, to lead together.] Con-
veying ; appl. tissues, bundles (bot.}.

conduction (kfinduk'shun) n. [L.
conducere, to lead together.] The
transference of soluble matter from
one part of a plant to another (bot.}.

conductivity (kSn'duktlv'ttl) n. [L.
conducere, to lead together.] Power
of transmitting stimuli from a part
irritated to others more or less
remote (phys.}.

conduplicate (kondu'plikat) a. [L.
conduplicare, to fold together.]
Complicate, which see.

condylar (k6n'd!lar) a. [Gk. kondylos,
a knuckle.] Pert, a condyle (anat.}.

condyle (kon'dil) n. [Gk. kondylos,
a knuckle.] A process on a bone
for purposes of articulation.

condyloid (kon'diloid) a. [Gk. kon-
dylos, a knuckle ; eidos, form.]

Shaped like, or situated near a
condyle (anat., zool}.

cone (kon) n. [Gk. konos, a cone.]
The female flower of the Coniferae,
with woody axis and spirally-
arranged carpels (dot.} • a conical
elevation on an egg just before
fertilization (emb.} ; a conical or
flask-shaped cell of the retina
(anat.').

cone of origin, — the small clear area
at the point of exit of the axon
(anat.}.

cone-bipolars, — bipolar cells whose
inner ends ramify in contact with
the dendrites of the ganglionic
cells (anat.}.

confluence (kon'flooSns) n. [L. cum,
with ; fluere, to flow.] The angle
of union of the superior sagittal
and transverse sinuses of the
occipital bone (anat.}.

congeneric (kon'jeneYflc) a. [L.
congener, of the same race.]
Belonging to the same genus
(biol.}.

congenital (konjen'ital) a. [L. cum,
with ; gignere, to beget.] Present
at birth (anat.}.

conglobate (konglo'bat) a. [L. cum,
together; globus, a ballj Ball-
shaped ; appl. the gland on the
lower side of the ductus ejacu-
latorius in insects (zool.}.

conglomerate (k5ngl5m'Srat) a. [L.
cum, together ; glomerare, to wind.]
Bunched or crowded together (dot.}.

conical (kon'ikai) a. [Gk. konos, a
cone.] Cone-shaped ; appl. calyx,
ventricle, etc. (biol.}.

conidial (konid'ial) a. [Gk. konis,
dust.] Pert, a conidium.

conidiiferous (kfinld'nfe'rus) a. [Gk.
konis, dust ; L. ferre, to bear.]
Giving rise to conidia (bot.}.

conidiophore (konid'iofor) n. [Gk.
konis, dust ; pherein, to bear.J A
branch of the hyphae which bears
the conidia (bot.}.

conidium (kontd'ium) n. [Gk. konis,
dust] A fungal spore asexually
produced and carried usually on
sterigmata (bot.}.

coniferous (kontf'e'rus) a. [Gk. konos,
a cone ; L. ferre, to bear.] Cone-
bearing (bot.}.

conjugation (kSn'jooga'shun) n. [L.

CON-

59

CON-

cum, together with ; jugare, to
yoke.] The temporary union or
complete fusion of two gametes
or unicellular protists, which
involves the fusion of their nuclei
or at least a nuclear exchange
(biol.).

conjunctiva (konjungktl'va) n. [L.
cum, together ; jungere, to join.]
The mucous membrane of the eye,
lining the eyelids and reflected
over the fore part of the sclera and
cornea (anat.).

connate (kon'nat, konat') a. [L. cum,
together ; natus, born.] Firmly
joined together from birth (Hoi.).

connate-perfoliate,— joined together
at the base so as to surround the
stem (tot.).

connective (kongk'tiv) n. [L. cum,
together ; nectere, to bind.] A
connecting band of nerve tissue
between two ganglia (zool.) ; the
tissue separating the two lobes of
an anther (dot.).

connective tissue, — a mesoblastic
tissue with a large amount of
intercellular substance in which
fibres are developed (anat.).

connivent (konl'vgnt) a. [F. conniver,
to wink.] Converging (Hoi.).

conoid (ko'noid) a. [Gk. konos, a
cone ; eidos, form.] Cone-like,
but not quite conical (dial.).

conoid ligament, — one of the fasciculi
of the coraco-clavicular ligament
(anat.).

conoid tubercle, — a small rough
eminence on the posterior border
of the clavicle, serving for the
attachment of the conoid ligament
(anat.).

consensual (konsSn'sual) a. [L.
consentire, to feel together.] Appl.
involuntary action correlated with
voluntary action (phys.).

constant (kon'stant) a. [L. constans,
unchanged.] Changeless ; invari-
able ; appl. characters, structures
(sool.).

constricted (konstrik'tgd) a. [L.
constrictus, drawn together.] Com-
pressed at regular intervals (tot.).

constrictor (konstrik'tfir) n. [L. con-
strictus, drawn together.] A muscle
which compresses or constricts, e.g.,
constrictor urethrae (anat.).

contabescence (kfin'tabe's'e'ns) n. [L.
contabescere, to waste away.] Stamen
abortion (hot.).

context (kon'te'kst) n. [L. cum,
together ; texere, to weave.] The
layers developed between the
hymenium and the true mycelium
in certain Fungi (tot.).

continuity (kSn'tfnu'iti) n. [L. con-
tinuus, continuous.] Succession
without a break, as continuity of
the germ plasm (zool.).

continuous (kontln'uiis) a. [L. con-
tinuus, uninterrupted.] Not seg-
mented or articulated (Hoi.).

contorted (kontor'tgd) a. [L. con-
torquere, to twist together.] Twisted ;
appl. aestivation in which one leaf
overlaps the next with one margin,
and is overlapped by the previous
on the other (tot.).

coiitortuplicate (kon'tortu'pllkat) a.
[L. cum, with ; torquere, to twist ;
plicare, to fold.] A bud with con-
torted and plicate leaves (tot.).

contour (kon'toor) n. [F. contoumer,
to twist.] Outline of a figure or
body ; appl. the outermost feathers
that cover the body of a bird, the
contour feathers (zool.).

contractile (kontrak'til) a. [L. cum,
together ; trahere, to draw.] Cap-
able of contracting (Hoi.).

contractile cell, — any cell in a spor-
angium or an anther wall which by
hygroscopic contraction helps to
open them (bot.).

contractile fibre -cells, — elongated,
spindle-shaped, more or less poly-
hedral, nucleated muscle-cells, con-
taining a central bundle of fibrillae
(anat.).

contractile vacuole, — a small spherical
vesicle, found in the cytoplasm of
many Protista, which appears and
disappears with regularity (Hoi.).

contractility (kon'traktil'iti) n. [L.
cum, together ; trahere, to draw.]
The power by which muscle-fibres
are enabled to contract (phys.).

contracture (kontrak'tur) n. [L. con-
tractus, drawn together.] Contrac-
tion of muscles persisting after the
stimulus has been removed, seen
especially in strong direct stimula-
tion, and as death approaches
(phys.).

CON-

COR-

conuli (kon'ull) n. plu. [Gk. konos, a
cone.] The tent-like projections on
the surface of certain Sponges caused
by the principal skeletal elements
(tool.).

conus (ko'nus) n. [Gk. konos, a cone.]
Any cone-shaped structure, as the
conus arteriosus, a structure between
the ventricle and aorta in fishes and
amphibians (zool.) ; thediverticulum
of the right ventricle from which the
pulmonary artery arises ; conus
medullaris, the tapering end of the
spinal cord (anat.).

convergence (k6nv6r'j6ns) n. [L.
convergere, to incline together.]
The development of similar char-
acters in organisms belonging to
different groups (biol.).

convolute (kon'volut) a. [L. cum,
together ; volvere, to wind.] Rolled
together ; appl. leaves and coty-
ledons (hot.) ; appl. shells in which
the outer whorls overlap and con-
ceal the inner (zool.).

convolution (kon'volu'shun) n. [L.
cum, together ; volvere, to wind.]
A coiling or twisting, as of the
brain, the intestine (anat).

coprodaeum (kop'rode'um) n. [Gk.
kopros, dung ; odos, a way.] The
division of the cloaca which receives
the rectum (zool.).

coprolite (kop'rollt) n. [Gk. kopros,
dung ; lithos, a stone.] Petrified
faeces.

coprophagous (koprof'agus) a. [Gk.
kopros, dung ; phagein, to eat.]
Feeding on dung ; appl. insects.

copula (kSp'ula) n. [L. copula, a
bond.] A ridge in the development
of the tongue formed by the union
of the ventral ends of the second
and third arches (anat.).

copularium (kop'ula'rium) n. [L.
copula, a bond.] A cyst formed in
gregarines round two associated
gametocytes (zool.).

copulation (kop'ula'shun) n. [L.
copula, a bond.] Sexual union ;
coition (biol.).

coracoid (ko/akoid) a. [Gk. korax, a
crow ; euios, form.] Pert, the bone or
process in the pectoral girdle (zool.).

coracoid bone, — the part of the pectoral
girdle between scapula and sternum
(zool.).

coracoid ligament, — the ligament
which stretches over the supra-
scapular notch (zool.).

coracoid process, — the rudimentary
coracoid element in most mammals
fused to the scapula (zool.).

coralliferous (kor'alif'erus) a. [Gk.
korallion, coral ; L. ferre, to bear.]
Coral - fo rmin g ; made of coral
(zool.).

coralline (kor'alin) a. [Gk. korallion,
coral.] Resembling a coral ; appl.
Hydroids and Polyzoa ; composed
of coral (zool.) ; appl. certain Algae
(bot.).

corallite (kor'allt) n. [Gk. korallion,
coral.] Cup of a single polyp of
coral (zool.).

coralloid (kor'aloid) a. [Gk. korallion,
coral ; eidos, form.] Resembling,
or branching like a coral (biol.).

corallum (koral'um) n. [Gk. korallion,
coral.] The skeleton of a compound
coral (zool.).

corbicula (korbik'ula) n. [L. corbis, a
basket] The pollen apparatus of
a bee ; the fringe of hair on the
tibia (zool.).

corbula (kor'bula) n. [L. corbis, a
basket.] The phyllactocarp of
Aglaeophenia, etc., a stem with
alternate branches rising upwards
and forming a pod-like structure
(zool.).

cord (k&rd) n. [Gk. chorde, a cord.]
Any chord-like structure, as spinal,
spermatic cord (anat.).

cordate (k&r'dat) a. [L. cor, the
heart.] Heart-shaped (bot.).

cordiform (k6r'dlform) a. [L. cor, the
heart ; forma, shape.] Heart-shaped
(biol.).

cordiform tendon, — the central apo-
neurosis of the diaphragm (anat.).

cordylus (k&r'dilus) n. [Gk. kordyle,
a swelling.] An intertentacular
exumbral structure with core of
vacuolated cells and flattened ecto-
derm (zool).

coriaceous (ko'ria'shus) a. [L. corium,
leather.] Leathery ; appl. leaves
(bot.).

corium (ko'rium) n. [L. corium,
leather.] The middle division of
an elytron (zool.) ; the deeper-seated
layer of the skin, consisting of a
vascular connective tissue [(anat.).

COR

61

COR-

cork (kork) ;/. [Sp. alcorque, cork.]
A tissue derived usually from the
outer layer of the cortex in woody
plants (dot.}.

conn (korm), cormus (kor'mus) n.
[Gk. kormos, a trunk.] An en-
larged solid subterranean stem,
rounded in shape, composed of two
or more internodes and covered
externally by a few thin membran-
ous scales or cataphyllary leaves
(hot.}.

cormel (kor'mel) n. [Gk. kormos, a
trunk.] A secondary corm pro-
duced by an old corm (hot.).

cormidium (kormld'ium) n. [Gk.
kormos, a trunk.] An aggregation
of individuals in a Siphonophore,
borne on the coenosarc and capable
of liberation therefrom (zool.}.

cormoid (kor'moid) a. [Gk. konnos,
a trunk ; eidos, form.] Like a corm
(bot.}.

connophylogeny (kor'mofiloj'e'n!) n.
[Gk. kortnos, a trunk ; phyle, a
tribe ; genos, offspring.] The de-
velopment of families or races
(biol.}.

cormophyte (kor'moflt) n. [Gk.
kormos, a trunk ; phyton, a plant.]
A plant which possesses stem, root,
and leaf (dot,).

cormous (kor'mus) a. [Gk. korinos,
a trunk.] Conn-producing (bot.}.

cornea (kor'nea) n. [L. corttu, horn.]
The transparent covering on the
anterior surface of the eyeball
(anat., zool.} ; the outer transparent
part of each element of a compound
eye (zool.}.

corneagen (kor'neajen') a. [L. cornu,
horn ; Gk. genos, offspring.] Cornea-
producing ; appl. cells lying immedi-
ately below the cuticle, which secrete
the cuticularlens and are renewed on
ecdysis (zoo/.).

corneal (kor'neal) a. [L. cornu, horn.]
Pert, the cornea.

corneous (kor'neus) a. [L. cornu,
horn.] Horny ; appl. the sheath
covering the bills of birds.

corniculate (kornik'ulat) a. [L. cornu,
horn.] Having horns (zool.}.

corniculate cartilages, — two small,
conical, yellow elastic cartilages
articulating with the summit of the
arytaenoid cartilages (anat., cool.}.

corniculum (kornik'ulum) n. [L.
cornu, horn.] A small horn or
horn-like process.

cornua (kor'nua) n. plu. [L. cornu,
horn.] Horn-like prolongations ;
appl. bones, nerve tissues, cavities,
etc.

cornucopia (kor'nuko'pia) ;/. [L.
cornu, horn ; copia, plenty.] The
horizontal portion of the taeniae of
the fourth ventricle (anat.}.

cornute (kornut') a. [L. cornu, horn.]
With horn-like processes (bot.}.

corolla (korol'a) n. [L. corona, a
crown.] The petals of a flower
(bot.}.

corollaceous (kor'ola'shus) a. [L.
corona, a crown.] Pert, a corolla
(bot.}.

corolliferous (kor'ollf'erus) a. [L.
corona, a crown ; ferre, to bear.]
Having a corolla (bot.}.

corona (koro'na) n. [L. corona, a
crown.] A cup-shaped body formed
by the union of scales on the peri-
anth leaves at the junction of claw
and limb (bot.} ; the theca and arms
of a Crinoid ; the ciliated disc of
certain animals (zool.} ; the head
or upper portion of any structure
(anat.}.

corona radiata,— the layer of cells
immediately surrounding the mam-
malian egg (emb.} ; the fibres of the
internal capsule (anat.}.

coronal (koronal) a. [L. corona, a
crown.] Situated or lying in the
coronal sutural plane (anat.}.

coronary (ko/onari) a. [L. corona, a
crown.] Crown-shaped or crown-
like ; appl. arteries, bones, sinuses,
ligaments (anat., zool.}.

coronary arteries, — arteries supply-
ing the tissue of the heart itself
(anat.}.

coronary bone, — a small conical bone
in the mandible of reptiles ; the
small pastern bone of the horse
(zool.}.

coronary sinus, — a venous channel in
the posterior part of the coronary
sulcus and covered by muscular
fibres from the left atrium (anat.}.

coronated (kor'ona'tgd) a. [L. corona,
a crown.] Supplied with a crown
(zool., bot.}.

coronet (kor'onfit) /;. [L. corona, a

COR-

62

COT-

crown.] The burr of an antler
(zool.}.

coronoid (kor'onoid) a. [Gk. korax,
a crow ; eidos, form.] Shaped like
a beak ; appl. processes (anat.}.

corpora adlposa, — the fat bodies of
amphibians, attached to the dorsal
wall of the body cavity (zool.}.

corpora cavernosa, — erectile masses
of tissue, stiffening the anterior
surface of the penis (anat., zool.}.

corpora quadrigemina, — four rounded
eminences which form the dorsal
part of the mesencephalon (anat.}.

corpus (kor'pus) n., corpora (kor'pora)
plu. [L. corpus, a body.] Any
fairly homogeneous structure which
forms part of an organ (anat.}.

corpus spcmgiosum, — a mass of
erectile tissue forming the posterior
wall of the penis (anat., zool.}.

corpuscle (kor'pusl, korpus'l) n. [L.
corpusculus, a small body.] A
protoplasmic cell, floating freely in
some fluid, or embedded in some
matrix ; appl. various sensory struc-
tures (anat.} ; any small proto-
plasmic mass of definite function
or shape (bot.}.

correlation (kSr'gla'shun) n. [L.L.
correlatio, relationship.] Similarity
or mutual relationship (biol.}.

corrugator (ko/ooga'tor) a. [L.
cum, together ; rugare, to wrinkle.]
Wrinkled or wrinkling ; appl.
muscles (anat.}.

cortex (kor'teks) n. [L. cortex, bark.]
The extrastelar fundamental tissue
of the sporophyte (bot.} ; the outer
or more superficial part of an organ
(anat.}.

cortical (kor'tikal) a. [L. cortex,
bark.] Pert, the cortex.

corticate (k&r'tikat) a. [L. cortex,
bark.] Having a special outer
covering (anat., biol.}.

corticiferous (kor'tislf'e'rus) a. [L.
cortex, bark ; ferre, to carry.]
Forming or having a bark-like
cortex (bot.}.

corticostriate (kor'tikostrfat) a. [L.
cortex, bark ; stria, a channel.]
Appl. fibres which join the corpus
striatum to the cerebral cortex
(anat.}.

cortina (k&rtfna) n. [L. cortina, a
curtain.] The velum in Agarics (bot.}.

cortlnate (k&r'tlnat) a. [L. cortina,
a curtain.] Having a velum ; of a
cobweb-like texture (bot.}.

Corti's organ, — the organon- spirale,
placed on the inner portion of the
membrana basilaris of the ear
(anat.}.

corymb (kor'imb) n. [Gk. korymbos,
a cluster of flowers.] A raceme
with lower pedicels elongated so
that the top is nearly flat (bot.}.

corymbose (kor'imbos) a. [Gk.
korymbos, a cluster of flowers.]
Pert, or like a corymb ; arranged
in a corymb (bot.}.

cosmine (kos'min) n. [Gk. kosmios,
regularly.] The outer regular layer
of dentine-like material in ganoid
scales (zool.}.

cosmopolite (kozmop'ollt) a. [Gk.
kosmos, world ; polites, citizen.]
World-wide in distribution (biol.}.

costa (kos'ta) n. [L. costa, a rib.] A
rib ; anything rib-like in shape
(anat.} ; anything rib-like, as a ridge
on shell, coral, insect-wing (zool.}.

costal (kps'tal) a. [L. costa, a rib.]
Pert, ribs or rib-like structures ;
appl. the bony shields of Chelonia ;
pert, the primary brachial series in
crinoids (zool.} ; pert, a main rib
(bot.}.

costalia (kosta'lia) n. plu. [L. costa,
a rib.] The supporting plates in
the theca of the Cladoidea (zool.}.

costate (kos'tat) a. [L. costa, a rib.]
With one or more longitudinal ribs
(bot.} ; with ridges or costae (zool.}.

coterminous (koteYminus) a. [L.
cum+ with ; terminus, an end.] Of
similar distribution (biol.}.

cotyledon (kot'ile'don) n. [Gk. kotyle,
a cup.] The primary or first leaf of
an embryonic sporophyte (bot.} ; the
definite patches of villi on the
placenta of a mammal (zool.}.

cotyledonary (kot'lle'donari) a. [Gk.
kotyle, a cup.] Pert, cotyledons
(bot.} ; with cotyledons on the
placenta (zool.}.

cotyloid (kot'floid) a. [Gk. kotyle, a
cup ; eidos, form.] Cup-shaped ;
pert, the cotyloid cavity (anat.}.

cotylophorous (kot'ilof'orus) a. [Gk.
kotyle, a cup ; pherein, to bear.]
With a cotyledonary placenta
(zool.}.

COT.

63

CRE-

cotype (ko'tip) n. [L. cum, with ;
typus, an image.] An additional
type specimen, frequently collected
in the same place at the same time,
or a specimen from a description of
which, along with others, the type
is drawn up (biol.).

cover-scales, — small scales arranged
spirally and developed directly on
the axis of a cone of the Coniferae
(dot.}.

covert (kuv'ert) n. [F. couvrir, to
cover.] Appl. the feathers cover-
ing the bases of the quills in birds.

cowled (kowld) a. [L. cucullus, a
hood.] Furnished with or shaped
like a hood.

coxa (kok'sa) n. [L. coxa, hip.]
The proximal joint of an insect
leg (zool.).

coxal (kok'sal) a. [L. coxa, hip.]
Pert, the coxa (zool.).

coxopodlte (koksop'odft) n. [L. coxa,
hip ; Gk. pous, a foot.] The proxi-
mal part of the protopodite of a
crustacean limb (zoo/.).

crampon (kram'pon) n. [O.H.G.
chramph, crooked.] An aerial
root, as in the ivy (pot.).

cranial (kra'nlal) a. [Gk. kranion,
the head.] Pert, the skull, or
that part which encloses the
brain ; appl. nerves, muscles,
blood-vessels, bones, etc.

craniate (kra'nlat) a. [Gk. kranion,
the head.] Having a skull (zool.).

craniology (kra'niol'ojT) n. [Gk.
kranion, the head ; logos, dis-
course.] The study of the skull
(ana/.).

craniometry (kra'niom'fitri) n. [Gk.
kranion, the head ; metron, a
measure.] The science of the
measurement of skulls.

cranium (kra'nium) n. [Gk. kranion,
the head.] The skull of any craniate,
or more particularly, that part en-
closing the brain (anat., zool.).

craspedodromous (kras'pedod'romus)
a. [Gk. kraspedon, an edge ; dro-
mein, to run.] With nerves running
directly from mid-rib to margin

. (bot.).

craspedote (kras'pedot) a. [Gk.
kraspedon, an edge.] Having a
velum (zool.).

craspedum (kras'pedum) ;/. [Gk.

kraspedon, an edge.] A mesen-
teric filament of sea-anemones
(zool.).

craticular (kratfk'ular) a. [L. crati-
cula, a gridiron.] Crate-like ;
appl. a stage in the life-history
of a diatom where new valves are
formed before the old are lost
(dot.).

creatine (kre'atm) n. [Gk. kreas,
flesh.] A nitrogenous substance
found in the muscles, brain, and
blood of vertebrates (phys.).

creatinine (kreat'inen) n. [Gk. kreas,
flesh.] A nitrogenous substance
found in muscles and urine (phys.).

cremaster (kremas't£r) n. [Gk.
kremannunai, to hang.] A thin
muscle in the spermatic cord
(anat.) ; a stout terminal abdominal
spine in subterranean insect pupae;
the anal hooks for pupae suspension
(zool.).

cremocarp (krSm'okarp) n. [Gk.
kremannunai, to hang ; karpos,
fruit.] An inferior, dry, indehiscent,
two-celled, two-seeded fruit (do/.).

crenate (kre'nat, krgn'at) a. [L. crena,
a notch.] With scalloped margins
(bot.).

crenulated (kren'ulated) a. [Dim.
of L. crena, a notch.] With margins
minutely crenate (bot.).

crepis (kre'pis) n. [L. crepis, un-
known.] The term appl. the funda-
mental spicule by deposition of
silica upon which a desma is
formed (zool.).

crepitation (krgplta'shun) «. [L.
crepare, to crack.] In insects, the
discharge with an explosive sound
of a fluid (zool.).

crepuscular (krgpus'kular) a. [L.
crepusculum, dusk.] Flying before
sunrise or in twilight ; appl. certain
insects and birds (zool.).

crescent (krSs'fint) n. [L. crescere,
to grow.] A term appl. various
crescentic structures found in
glands (anat.).

crescents of Gianuzzi (janopt'se), —
small crescent-shaped bodies with
polyhedral granular cells lying
between the cells and the membrana
propria in certain alveoli of the
salivary glands (anat.).

crest (krgst) //. [L. cresla, a crest.]

CRE-

64

CRY-

A ridge on a bone ; a fleshy longi-
tudinal ridge as in newts (zool.).

cretaceous (kreta'shus) a. [L. creta,
chalk.] Appl. the entire period
between the Jurassic and Tertiary,
or the upper division of this period
(Pal.)

cribellum (kribel'um) n. [L. cribrum,
a sieve.] A special spinning organ
found only in certain spiders (zool.).

cribriform (krib'riform)a. [L.cribruin,
a sieve ; forma, shape.] Sieve-like
(bot., anat., zool.).

cribriform cell,— sieve cell (bot.).

cribriform organ, — the folded mem-
brane carrying papillae in the
interradial angles of certain star-
fishes (zool.).

cribriform plate, — the horizontal
portion of the ethmoid perforated
with many foramina for the exit of
the olfactory nerves (anat., zool.).

cricoid (knk'oid) n. [Gk. krikos, a
ring ; eidos, form.] A ring-like
cartilage in the larynx, articulating
with the thyroid and the arytaenoid
cartilages (anat.).

crissal (kris'al) a. [L. crissare, to
move the haunches.] Pert, the
crissum (zool.).

crissum (krib'um) ;/. [L. crissare, to
move the haunches.] The circum-
cloacal region of a bird, or the
feathers thereon (zool.).

crista (krls'ta) n. [L. crista, a crest.]
A crest or ridge ; the projection
from the ectoloph into the median
valley in lophodont molars (zool.).

crochet (kroch'gt) n. [F. crochet, a
small hook.] The projection of
the protoloph in lophodont molars
(zool.).

crop (krop) n. [M.E. croppe, top of a
plant] A sac-like dilatation of the
gullet of a bird ; a similar structure
in an insect or worm (zool.).

cross (kros) n. [M.E. crois, a cross.]
An organism produced by the
mating of parents of different
breeds (biol.).

crotaphite (krot'aflt) n. [Gk. krot-
aphos, of the temples.] The
temporal fossa (anat.).

crotchet (kroch'et) n. [F. crochet, a
small hook.] A curved chaeta,
notched at the end (zool.).

crown (krown) n. [L. corona, a

crown.] The grinding surface of
a tooth ; the distal part of an
antler ; the crest, the head ; the
cup and arms of a crinoid (zool.).

crucial ligaments, — two ligaments
which connect the femur and tibia
in the knee-joint (anat.).

cruciate (kroo'shlat, kroo'siat) a. [L.
crux, cross.] With leaves or petals
in the form of a cross (bot.) ;
Y-shaped or + -shaped, appl.
muscles, ligaments (anat.).

cruor (kroo'or) n. [L. cruor, blood.]
The clots in coagulated blood
(phys.).

cruorin (kroo'orln) n. [L. cruor,
blood.] Haemoglobin (phys.).

crura cerebri, — two cylindrical masses
at the base of the brain, they emerge
from the pons and disappear into
the substance of the cerebral hemi-
spheres (anat.).

crural (kroo'ral) a. [L. crus, leg.]
Pert, the thigh (anat).

crureus (kroo'reus) n. [L. crus, leg.]
The vastus internus muscle of the
thigh (a?iat.).

crus (krus) n., crura (kroo'ra) plu.
[L. crus, leg.] The shank ; any
body likened to a leg or to a pair
of legs (anat.).

crusta (krus'ta) n. [L. crusta, a
shell.] The ventral part of the
substantia nigra of the cerebral
peduncles (anat.) ; the cement layer
in teeth (zool.).

crustaceous (krusta'shus) a. [L.
crusta, a shell.] With crustacean
characteristics (zool.).

crypt (kript) n. [Gk. kryptos, hidden.]
A simple glandular tube or cavity
(anat.).

cryptocarp (krip'tokarp) n. [Gk.
kryptos, hidden ; karoos, fruit.] A
fruit-like structure which is really
the sporophyte phase in the Red
Algae (bot.).

cryptogam (krip'togam) n. [Gk.
kryptos, hidden ; gamos, union.] A
name given to that group of plants
for the supposed reason that sexual
reproduction was concealed ; cf.
phanerogam (bot.).

cryptoneurous (krip'tonu'rus) a. [Gk.
kryptos, hidden ; neuron, nerve.]
With no definite or distinct nervous
system (zool.).

CRY.

65

CUS-

cryptostomata (krip'tbstom'ata) n.plu.
[Gk. kryptos, hidden ; stoma, mouth.]
Non-sexual conceptacles in the
Fucaceae (hot.},

cryptozoic (krip'tozo'fk) a. [Gk.
kryptos, hidden ; zoon, animal.]
Appl. fauna dwelling in darkness,
or under stones, bark, etc. (biol.}.

crystallin (kris'talin) n. [Gk. krys-
tallos, ice.] A globulin which is
the principal chemical constituent
of the lens of the eye (pkys.}.

crystalline (kris'talln) a. [Gk. krys-
talltnos, crystalline.] Transparent ;
appl. various structures (anat.}.

crystalloid (kris'taloid) n. [Gk.
krystallos, ice ; eidos, form.] A
substance which in solution readily
diffuses through an animal mem-
brane ; opp. colloid ; appl. crystal
of proteid matter found in oily
seeds (bot.}.

ctene (ten, kten) n. [Gk. kteis, a
comb.] The swimming-plates of
Ctenophores (zoo/.).

ctenidium (temd'ium, ktgntd'ium) n.
[Gk. kteis, a comb.] The respira-
tory apparatus in the Mollusca,
feather-like or comb like in appear-
ance (zool.}.

ctenocyst (tgn'dsist, ktgn'ostst) n.
[Gk. kteis, a comb ; kystis, a bladder.]
The aboral sense organ of the
Ctenophora (zool.}.

ctenoid (tSn'oid, kte'noid) a. [Gk.
kteis, a comb ; eidos, resemblance.]
With a comb-like margin, appl.
scales (zool.}.

ctenophoral (tgnof'dral, ktenof'dral)
a. [Gk. kteis, a comb ; pherein,
to bear.] Supplied with swimming-
plates (zool.}.

cubital (kutrftil) a. [L. cubitalis, of

] ~>rf. the
soot.).

the elbow. Pert,

ulna (ana/.,

cubitus (ku'bitus) n. [L. cubitus, the

elbow.] The ulna, forearm (anat.} ;

the primary vein in an insect's wing

(zoo/.).
cuboid (ku'boid) a. [Gk. kuboeides,

cube-like.] Nearly cubic in shape

(anat.} ; #., the outermost of the

distal tarsal bones (zool.}.
cuboidal (kuboid'al) a. [Gk. kuboeidest

cube-like.] Pert, the cuboid (anat.,

zool.}.
cucullate (ku'kulat) a. [L. cucullus,

a cap.] With hood-like sepals or
petals (bot.} • with prothorax hood-
shaped (zool.}.

cuirass (kwe'ras, kweras') n. [F.
cuirasse, a leathern jacket.] Bony
plates or scales arranged like a
cuirass (zool.}.

culm (kulm) n. [L. culmus, a stalk.]
The stem of grasses and sedges
(bot.}.

culmen (kul'mgn) n. [L. cellere, to
push.] The ridge of a bird's beak
(zool.} ; the anterior raised part of
the monticulus (anat.}.

cultellus (kulteTus) n. [L. cultellus,
a little knife.] A sharp knife-like
organ, one of the mouth-parts of
certain blood-sucking flies (zool.}.

culture (kul'tur) n. [L. colere^ to till.]
The cultivation of micro-organisms
in prepared media (bad.}.

cumulus (ku'mulus) n. [L. cumulus,
a heap.] The corona radiata (erne.).

cuneate (ku'neat) a. [L. cuneus, a
wedge.] Wedge-shaped ; appl.
leaves with broad abruptly-pointed
apex, and tapering to the base
(bot.}.

cuneiform (kune'ifonn) a. [L. cuneus,
a wedge ; forma, shape.] Pert, the
distal tarsal bones (anat.}.

cuneus (ku'neus) n. [L. cuneus, a
wedge.] A division of the elytron
of certain insects (zool.} ; a wedge-
shaped area between the calcarine
fissure and the medial part of the
parieto-occipital fissure (anat.}.

cup (kup) n. [A.S. cuppe, a cup.]
Any structure resembling a cup
(biol.}.

cupula (ku'pula) n. [L. cupula, a
little tub.] The bony apex of the
cochlea ; the apex of the lungs
(anat.}.

cupule (kup'ul) n. [L. cuppa, a cup.]
The involucre of the female flower
of the oak, etc. ; the gemmae -
bearing cup of Marchantia (bot.} ;
a small sucker of various animals
(zool.}.

curviserial (kur' vise' rial) a. [L. cutvus,
a curve ; series, a row.] Appl.
phyllotaxis in which the divergence
is such that the orthostichies them-
selves are slightly twisted spirally
(bot.}.

cushion (koosh'un) n. [M.E. cuisc/ten,
E

cus-

66

CYN-

a cushion.] The central thick
region in the prothallus of a fern
(bot.}.

cusp (kusp) n. [L. cuspis, a point.]
A prominence, as on teeth (anat.) ;
a sharp point (bot.}.

cuspidate (kus'pidat) a. [L. cuspidare,
to make pointed.] Terminating in
a point ; appl. leaves (hot.) ; pointed ;
appl. teeth (zool.\

cutaneous (kuta'neus) a. [L. cutis,
the skin.] Pert, the skin.

cuticle (ku'tlkl) n. [L. cutis, skin.]
An outer skin or pellicle (zool.,
anat.} ; the epidermis (bot.}.

cuticular (kutik'ular) a. [L. cutis,
skin.] Pert, the cuticle or external
integument.

cuticular transpiration,— transpira-
tion through the cuticle, of gases,
etc. (phys.}.

cutin (ku tin) n. [L. cutis, skin.] A
substance allied to cellulose found
in the external layers of the
thickened epidermal cells (bot.}.

cutinization (ku'tlnlza'shun) n. [L.
cutis, skin.] The deposition of
cutin in the external cells, thereby
forming a cuticle (bot.}.

cutis (ku'tls) n. [L. cutis, skin.] The
corium, or deeper layer of the skin
(anat.}.

Cuvierian organs (kuve'rlan), —
glandular tubes extending from the
cloaca of Holothurians (zool.}.

cyanic (slan'fk) a. [Gk. kyanos, dark
blue.] Appl. flowers of a blue
colour (bot.}.

cyanophilous (slanof'ilus) a. [Gk.
kyanos, blue ; philein, to love.]
With special affinity for blue or
green dyes ; appl. a structure in a
cell (zool.}.

cyanophyll (slan'ofil) n. [Gk. kyanos,
blue ; phyllon, a leaf.] A bluish-
green colouring matter in plants
(**).

cyathlum (slath'ium) n. [Gk. kyathos,
a cup.] The peculiar inflorescence
in Euphorbia, a cup-shaped in-
volucre with marginal glandular
scales, and inside, stamens and a
stalked gynoecium, each stamen
and the gynoecium being a separate
flower (bot.}.

cyathozooid (sl'athozo'oid) n. [Gk.
kyathos, cup ; soon, animal ; eidos,

shape.] The primary zooid in
certain Tunicates (zool.}.

cyathus (sl'athus) n. [Gk. kyathos, a
cup.] A small cup-shaped organ ;
the gemma-cup of Marchantia (hot.}.

cycle (sl'kl) n. [Gk. kyklos, a circle.]
The circulation of a fluid through a
definite series of vessels (anat.}.

cyclic (si'klik) a. [Gk. kyklos, a circle.]
Having the parts of the flower
arranged in whorls (bot.}.

cyclical (si'klikal) a. [Gk. kyklos, a
circle.] Cyclic.

cyclocoelic (si'klose'lik)a. [Gk. kyklos,
a circle ; koilia, intestines.] With
the intestine coiled in one or more
distinct spirals (zool.}.

cyclogenous (slklqj'enus) a. [Gk.
kyklos, a circle ; genos, offspring.]
Exogenous ; appl. a stem growing
in concentric circles (bot.}.

cycloid (sl'kloid) a. [Gk. kyklos, a
circle ; eidos, shape.] Appl. scales
whose free border presents an even
curve (zool.}.

cyclosis (slklo'sls) n. [Gk. kyklosis, a
whirling round.] The movement
or circulation of protoplasm within
a cell (biol.}.

cyclospermous(sl'kl6sper'mus)a. .[Gk.
kyklos, a circle ; sperma, a seed.]
With embryo coiled in a circle or
spiral (bot.}.

cyclospondylic (sl'klospondifik) a.
[Gk. kyklos, a circle ; sphondylos, a
vertebra.] Appl. centra in which
the internal calcareous matter is
confined to the middle zone (zool.}.

cylinder (sll'inder) n. [Gk. kylindros,
a cylinder.] Any region marked
by definite tissue (bot.}.

cylindrical (silin'drikal) a. [Gk.
kylindros, a cylinder.] Appl. leaves
rolled on themselves, or to solid
cylinder-like leaves (bot.}.

cymbiform (sim'blform) a. [L. cymba,
a boat ; forma, shape.] Boat-
shaped.

cyme (sim) n. [L. cyma, a young
sprout of cabbage.] Any deter-
minate inflorescence (bot.}.

cynarrhodium (slnaro'dlum), cynar-
rhodon (slnaro'don) «. [Gk. kyon,
a dog ; rhodon, a rose.] An etaerio
with the achenes placed on a con-
cave thalamus (bot.}.

cynopodous (smop'odus) a. [Gk.

CYP-

67

CYT-

kyon, a dog ; pous, a foot.] With
non-retractile claws (zoo/.).

cyphella (slfeTa) n. [Gk. kyphella,
hollow of the ear.] A small cup
found on the thallus of certain
Lichens (dot.).

cypsela (sip'sela) n. [Gk. kypsele, a
hollow vessel.] An inferior bi-
carpellary achene (dot,).

cyst (sist) n. [Gk. kystis, a bladder.]
The enclosing membrane (as distinct
from the protoplasm) around a
resting cell or apocyte (zoo/.) ; a
bladder or air vesicle in certain
Seaweeds (dot.).

cystein (sis'tein) «. [Gk. kystis, a
bladder.] A proteid decomposition
product (phys.).

cystenchyma (sisteng'kima) n. [Gk.
kystis, a bladder ; engchyma, in-
fusion.] A parenchyma in sponges
with large vesicular cell-structure
(zoo/.).

cystencytes (sis'te"nslts) n. flu. [Gk.
kystis, a bladder ; kytos, hollow.]
In sponges, collencytes which have
acquired a vesicular structure
(zoo/.).

cystic (sls'tlk) a. [Gk. kystis, a bladder.]
Pert, a cyst (dial.) ; pert, the gall or
urinary bladder (anat.).

cysticercoid (sis'tiseYkoid) a. [Gk.
kystis, a bladder ; kerkos, a tail ;
eidos, form.] Appl. the bladder-
worm stage of tape-worms (zoo/.).

cysticercus (sis'tiser'kus) n. [Gk.
kystis, a bladder ; kerkos, a tail.]
The larval form or bladderworm
stage of certain tape-worms (zoo/.).

cysticolous (sistik'blus) a. [Gk. kystis,
a bladder ; L. colere, to inhabit.]
Living in a cyst (zoo/.).

cystid (sis'tld) n. [Gk. kystis, a
bladder.] A fossil form of any of
the Cystoidea (pal.).

cystidium (sistid'ium) n. [Gk. kystis,
a bladder.] A large inflated cell in
the hymenial layer of some Fungi
(dot.).

cystoarian (sis'toa'rlan) a. [Gk. kystts,
a bladder.] Appl. gonads when
they are enclosed in coelomic sacs,
as in most Teleosts ; opp. gymno-
arian (zoo/.).

cystocarp (sis'tbkarp) n. [Gk. kystis,
a bladder ; karpos, fruit.] Crypto-
carp, which see.

cystocyte*(srs't6sit) n. [Gk. kystis, a
bladder ; kytos, hollow.] Cysten-
cyte, which see.

cystogenous (sistoj'Snus) a. £Gk.
kystis, a bladder ; genos, offspring.]
Cell-forming ; appl. large nucleated
cells in the cercaria of Distomum
which secrete the cyst (zoo/.).'

cystolith (sis'tolith) n. [Gk. kystis, a
bladder ; lithos, a stone.] An ir-
regular mass of calcium carbonate
found in epidermal cells, as in the
nettle (dot.).

cyston (sis'ton) n. [Gk. kystis, a
bladder.] A dactylozooid in the
Siphonophora modified for excre-
tory purposes (zoo/.).

cytase (sl'tas) n. [Gk. kytos, hollow.]
An enzyme responsible for digesting
hemi-celluloses (dot.).

cytaster (sltas'tgr) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollow ; aster, a star.] A star-
shaped achromatinic figure consist-
ing of the attraction-sphere and
aster rays (cyt.).

cytoblast (sftoblast) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollow ; dlastos, a bud.J The cell
nucleus ; one of the hypothetical
vital units of which a cell is formed
(cyt.),

cytoblastema (sl'tbblaste'ma) n, [Gk.
kytos, hollow ; blastema, growth.]
The formative material from which
cells were supposed to arise
(cyt.).

cytochylema (sl'toklle'ma) n. [Gk.
kytos, hollow ; chylos, juice.] Cyto-
lymph, which see.

cytococcus (sl'tokok'us) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollow ; kokkos, a grain.] The
nucleus of a fertilized egg (zoo/.).

cytocyst (si'tosist) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollow; kystis, a bladder.] The
envelope formed by the remains
of the host - cell within which
the protozoan parasite multiplies
(zoo/.).

cytode (sl'tod) «. [Gk. kytos, hollow ;
eidos, form.] A non - nucleated
protoplasmic mass (cyt.).

cytodiaeresis (sl'todie'rgsTs) n. [Gk.
kytos, hollow ; diairesis, division.]
Mitosis.

cytogamy (sltbg'aml) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollow ; gatnos, union.] Conjuga-
tion (zoo/.).

cytogenesis (sftojen'SsIs) n. [Gk.

CYT-

68

CYT-

kytos, hollow ; genesis, descent.]
The development or formation of
cells (biol.).

cytogenous (sltoj'gnus) a. [Gk. kytos,
hollow ; genos, offspring.] Produc-
ing cells ; appl. lymphatic tissue
(phys.).

cytoglobin (si'toglo'bm) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollow ; L. globus, a globe.] A
proteid which retards coagulation
of the blood (phys.).

cytohyaloplasma (sl'tohi'aloplaz'ma)
n. [Gk. kytos, hollow ; hyalos, glass ;
plasma, something moulded.] The
substance of the cytomitome
(cyt.).

cytology (sltol'oji) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollow ; logos, discourse.] The
branch of biology dealing with the
structure, functions, and life-history
of cells.

cytolymph (sl'tolimf) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollow ; L. lympha, water.] The
ground -substance of cytoplasm
(cyt.).

cytolysin (sl'toll'sin) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollow ; lysis, a loosing.] A sub-
stance inducing cytolysis (phys.).

cytolysis (sltol'isis) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollow ; lysis, a loosing.] Cell-dis-
solution ; cell-degeneration (phys.).

cytomeres (sftomerz) n. plu. [Gk.
kytos, hollow ; meros, a part.] The
cells in Carystropha formed by the
division of the schizont, and them-
selves giving rise to the merozoites
(zoo!.}.

cytomicrosome (si'toml'krosom) n.
[Gk. kytos, hollow ; mikros, small ;
soma, body.] A microsome of the
cytoplasm ; opp. nucleomicrosome
(cyt.).

cytomitome (si'tomitom) n, [Gk.
kytos, hollow ; mitos, a thread.]
The cytoplasmic threadwork (cyt.).

cytomorphosis (sl'tb'mor'fosTs, sl'to-
morfo'sis) n. [Gk. kytos, hollow ;
morphosis, a shaping.] The life-
history of cells ; the series of
structural modifications of cells or
successive generations of cells
(cyt.).

cyton (si'ton) n. [Gk. kytos, hollow.]
The body of a nerve cell (phys.).

cytophan (sl'tofan) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollow ;phaneros, visible.] The ovoid
matrix surrounding the karyophans

in the spironeme and axoneme
fibres in the stalk of an Infusorian
(zool.).

cytopharynx (sl'tdfar'ingks) n. [Gk.
kytos, hollow ; pharyngx, the gullet.]
A tube-like structure leading from
the mouth into the endoplasm in
certain protozoan cells (zool.).

cytophil (si'tofil) a. [Gk. kytos,
hollow ; philein, to love.] Pert.
haptophorous groups ; having an
affinity for cells (phys.).

cytoplasm (si'toplazm) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollo w;^/<z.r;#<z,something moulded.]
The substance of the cell-body ex-
clusive of the nucleus ; cf. nucleo-
plasm (cyt.}.

cytoproct (sl'toprokt) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollow ; proktos, anus.] A cell-
anus (zool.}.

cytopyge (si'toplj) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollow ; pyge, the rump.] Cyto-
proct, which see.

cytoreticulam (sl'toretik'ulCim) n.
[Gk. kytos, hollow ; L. reticulum, a
little net.] The cytoplasmic thread-
work (cyt.).

cytosine (sl'tosin) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollow.] A cleavage product of
protein (phys).

cytosome (sltosom) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollow ; soma, body.] The body of
the cell as opposed to that of the
nucleus (cyt.).

cytostome (sl'tostom) «. [Gk. kytos,
hollow ; stoma, a mouth.] A cell-
mouth.

cytotaxls (sl'totak'sis) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollow ; taxis, arrangement.] Cy-
totropism, which see.

cytothesis (sitoth'esis) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollow ; thesis, something set down.]
The regenerative tendency of a cell
or neuron (phys.).

cytotoxin (sl'totok'sin) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollow ; toxikon, poison.] A cell-
poisoning substance formed in the
blood serum (phys.).

cytotrophoblast (si'totro'foblast) n.
[Gk. kytos, hollow ; trophe, nourish-
ment ; blastos, a bud.] The inner
layer of the trophoblast, or layer of
Langhans (anat.).

cytotroplsm (sltot'roptzm) n. [Gk.
kytos, hollow ; trope, a turning.]
The mutual attraction of two or
more cells (cyt.).

CYT-

69

DEC-

cytozoic (sftozolk) a. [Gk. kytos,
hollow ; zoon, an animal.] Appl.
the trophozoite of a sporozoon when
situated within a cell (zool.}.

cytula (sit'ula) n. [Gk. kytos, hollow.]
The fertilized ovum or parent cell

D

dacryon (dak'rlon) n. [Gk. dakryon,
tear.] The point of junction of the
anterior border of the lacrimal with
the frontal (anat.}.

dactyl (dak'til) n. [Gk. daktylos,
finger.] A digit or finger (anat.}.

dactylar (dak'tilar) a. [Gk. daktylos,
finger.] Pert, finger or digit (anat.}.

dactylopodite (dak'tllop'odlt) n. [Gk.
daktylos, finger ; pous, foot.] The
distal joint in certain limbs in the
Crustaceans, especially the thoracic
limbs (zool.}.

dactylopore (dak'tllopor') n. [Gk.
daktylos, finger ; poros, exit.] The
opening in the skeleton of the
Milleporina through which a dactyl-
ozooid protruded when alive (zool.').

dactylopterous (dak'tllop'te'rus) a.
[Gk. daktylos, finger ; pteron, wing.]
With the anterior rays of the
pectoral fins more or less free
(zool.}.

dactylozooid (dak'tilozo'oid) n. [Gk.
daktylos, finger ; zoon, animal ;
eidos, resemblance.] A hydroid
modified for the special function of
catching prey, it may be long, with
tentacles or with short knobs, with
or without a mouth (zool.).

dactylus (dak'tilus) n. [Gk. daktylos,
finger.] Part of the tarsus of an
insect (zool.}.

dart (dart) n. [O.F. dart, dagger.]
Anything resembling a dart, appl.
crystalline structure in Molluscs
(zool.}.

dart sac, — a small sac containing a
dart of limey material attached to
the vagina near its orifice in Gastro-
pods (zool.}.

dartoid (dar'toid) a. [Gk. dartos,
flayed.] Pert, the dartos (anat.}.

dartos (dar'tSs) n. [Gk. dartos,
flayed.] A thin layer of non-striped

muscle fibres around the base of
the scrotum (anat.}.

Darwinian tubercle, — theslightprom-
inence on the helix near the point
where it bends downwards (anat.}.

Darwinism (Dar'wlnlzm) n. [Dar-
win.] The theory of the origin of
species by natural selection working
on the slight variations that occur,
thereby selecting those fittest to
survive (biol.}.

dasypaedes (da'sipe'dez) n. phi. [jGk.
dasys, hairy ; pats, child.] Birds
whose young are downy at hatching
(zool.}.

daughter (d6'ter) n. [A.S. dohtor,
daughter.] Offspring of the first
generation with no reference to sex,
as daughter-cell, daughter-nucleus,
etc. (biol.}.

deamlnation (deam'inashun) n. [L.
de, down ; Gk. amtnoniacum, a
resinous gum.] The conversion of
ammonium salts into urea, partly
accomplished in the liver (phys.}.

death (deth) n. [M.E. deth, death.]
The complete and permanent cessa-
tion of all vital functions in any
organism (biol.}.

death-point,— the temperature above
or below which micro-organisms
cannot exist (biol.}.

decalcify (dekal'sifl) v. [L. de, away ;
calx, lime.] To treat with acids for
the removal of the calcareous part
(anat.}.

decamerous (dgkam'griis) a. [Gk.
deka, ten ; meros, part.] With the
various parts arranged in tens (bot.}.

decapod (dek'apod) a. [Gk. deka,
ten ; pous, foot.] In Crustacea,
with five pairs of legs on the
thorax ; in Cephalopods, with ten
arms (zool.}.

decapodlform (dek'apod'iform) a. [Gk.
deka, ten ; pous, foot ; L. forma,
shape.] Resembling a decapod,
usually said of insect larvae (zool.}.

decemfid (dgsfim'fid) a. [L. decent,
ten ; findere, to cleave.] Cut into
ten segments (bot.}.

decemfoliate (des'gmfo'liat) a. [L.
decent, ten ; folium, leaf.] Ten-
leaved (bot.}.

decemjugat (deV£mjoo'gat) a. [L.
decem, ten ; jugare, to join.] With
ten pairs of leaflets (bot.}.

DEC.

70

DEI,

decempartite (dgs'e'mpar'tit) a. [L.
decem, ten ; partiri, to divide.] Ten-
lobed ; divided into ten lobes (dot.).

decidua (desid'ua) n. [L. de, away ;
caderc, to fall.] The mucous mem-
brane lining the uterus, that is cast
off after parturition (anat.).

decidual (desid'ual) a. [L. de, away ;
cadere, to fall.] Pert, decidua
(anat.).

deciduate (desld'uat) a. [L. de, away ;
cadere, to fall.] Characterized by
having a decidua ; partly formed
by the decidua (zoo/.).

deciduous (desid'uus) a. [L. de, away ;
cadere, to fall.] Falling at the end
of the period of growth (dot.} ; falling
at maturity (zoo/.).

declinate (dek'ltnat) a. [L. de, away ;
clinare, to bend.] Bending aside
in a curve, as the anther filament
in the horse-chestnut (dot.).

decollated (dekol'ated) a. [L. de,
away ; collum, neck.] With the
apex of the spire wanting (zoo/.).

decomposed (de'kompozd') a. [L. de,
away ; cum, with ; ponere, to place.]
Not in contact ; not adhering, said
of the barbs of a feather when they
are separate (zoo!.).

decompound (de'kompound') a. [L.
de, away ; cum, with ; ponere, to
place.] When the monopodial
branching is very complete, and
the ultimate wings are little de-
veloped, the leaf is called decom-
pound (dot.}.

decumbent (dekum'bent) a. [L. de-
cumbere, to lie down.] Appl. stems
which trail on the ground, but rise
at the apex (A?/.)..

decurrent (dekuYSnt) a. [L. de,
away ; currere, to run.] Having the
leaf base prolonged down the stem
as a winged expansion or rib (hot.}.

decussate (dgk'usat, dekus'at) a. [L.
decussare, to cross like an X.]
Having paired leaves, succeeding
pairs crossing at right angles (dot.}.

decussation (de'kusa'shun) n. [L.
decussare, to cross like an X.] The
condition when opposite leaves are
arranged so that each pair crosses the
previous at right angles (dot.} ; the
crossing of nerves or bands of
nerve-fibres when there is an inter-
change of fibres (anat.).

dedupllcation (dedu'plika'shun) «.
[L. de, intensive ; duplicare, to
double.] The augmentation of
parts of a flower by splitting during
development (dot.}.

defaecation (de'feka'shun) n. [L.
defaecatio, voiding of excrement.]
The expulsion of faeces (phys.}.

defensive (defen'siv) a. [L. defendere,
to defend.] Protective ; appl. pro-
teid substances which destroy the
toxic substances of bacteria (phys.) ;
appl. numerous organs or parts of
organs in various animals (zoo/.).

deferred (defgrd') a. [L. deferre, to
bring down.] Appl. shoots that are
given out from dormant buds when
stem or branch has been destroyed
(dot.).

definite (def'Tnlt) a. [L. definire, to
limit.] Fixed, constant ; appl.
inflorescences with primary axis
terminating early in a flower ; appl.
stamens limited to twenty in number
(dot.}.

definitive (defin'itiv) a. [L. definire,
to limit.] Complete, fully developed
(diol.}.

defoliate (defo'liat) a. [L. defoliare,
to strip of leaves.] Bared at the
annual fall (dot.}.

degeneration (dejgnera'shun) n. [L.
degener, base.] Return to a simpler
condition ; retrogressive evolution
(diol.}.

deglutition (deglootish'un) ». [L.
deglutire, to swallow down.] The
process of swallowing (phys.}.

dehiscence (dehls'gns) n. [L. de,
away ; hiscere, to gape.] The
opening of an organ or structure
along certain lines or in a definite
direction (dot.}.

Deiter's cells (di'tgrz), — supporting
cells between the rows of outer
hair-cells in the organ of Corti
(anat.).

delamination (delam'inashun) n. [L.
de, down ; lamina, a layer.] The
dividing off of cells to form new
layers (emd.).

deliquescent (del'ikwes'ent) a. [L.
deliquescere, to become fluid.]
Having the lateral buds the more
vigorously developed so that the
main stem seems to divide into a
number of irregular branches (dot.).

DEL-

71

DEU-

delomorphous (de'lomor'fus) a. [Gk.
delos, visible ; morphe, shape.] With
definite form, appl. oxyntic cells of
the gastric glands (anat.).

delthyrium (dglthl'rium) n. [Gk.
delos, visible ; thyrion, little door.]
The opening between the hinge
and beak for the peduncle exit in
many Brachiopods (zoo/.).

deltidium (deltld'ium) n. [Gk. A,
delta.] A plate covering the del-
thyrium (zoo/.).

deltoid (deftoid) a. [Gk. A, delta;
eidos, resemblance.] More or less
triangular in shape, appl. nerves,
muscles, etc. (anat.} ; appl. the oral
Mates on the calyx of the Blastoids

plates (
(zoo/.).

demersal (demeYsal) a. [L. demer-
gere, to demerse.] Sunk ; appl. fish
eggs which sink to the bottom
(zoo/.).

deiniplate (dem'iplat) n. [L. dimidius,
half ; platus, flat.] Plate cut off by
the fusion of adjoining plates behind
it from the central suture line of the
ambulacral area in Echinoderms
(zoo/.).

demisheath (dgm'Isheth) n. [L.
dimidius, half; A.S. sceath, sheath.]
One of the protecting covers of the
ovipositor (zoo/.).

demoid (de'moid) a. [Gk. demos, the
common people.] Abundant (pal.).

dendriform (den'driform) a. [Gk.
dendron, tree ; L. forma, shape.]
Tree-like (dial.).

dendrite (dSn'drit) n. [Gk. dendron,
tree.] A branched tree-like proto-
plasmic process of a nerve cell
(anat.).

Dendrogaea (dSn'droje'a) n. [Gk.
dendron, tree ; gaia, earth.] A zoo-
geographical region, including all
the Neotropical region except
temperate South America (bio/.).

dendron (deVdron) n. See dendrite.

dens(denz)w. [L. dens, tooth.] Tooth,
or tooth-like process (anat.).

dental (den'tal) a. [L. dens, tooth.]
Pert, teeth ; appl. nerves, blood-
vessels, canals, furrows, papillae,
tissue, etc. (anat.).

dentary (den'tari) a. [L. dens, tooth.]
Pert, dentaries, membrane bones in
lower jaw of many vertebrates
(zoo/.).

dentate (dgn'tat) a. [L. dens, tooth.]
With sharp saw-like teeth on the
margin (zoo/., dot.).

dentate ciliate, — with teeth and hairs
on the margins ; appl. leaves
(dot.).

dentate crenate, — with marginal teeth
somewhat rounded (dot.).

denticles (den'tiklz) n. plu. [L. dens,
tooth.] The paragnaths of certain
Polychaets ; the teeth within the
secondary orifice in Polyzoa ; the
scales of certain Elasmobranchs
(zoo/.).

dentinal (den'tinal) a. [L. dens, tooth.]
Pert, dentine (anat.).

dentine (dgn'tin) n. [L. dens, tooth.]
A hard, highly elastic substance
composing the greater part of every
tooth, a collagen (anat.).

dentition (dgntish'un) n. [L. dens,
todth.] The number, arrangement,
and kind of teeth in the jaws of an
animal (anat.).

depigmentation (depTg'me'nta'shun) n.
[L. de, away ; pingere, to paint.]
The destruction of colour in a cell,
either by natural or experimental
physiological processes (phys.).

deplanate (dep'lanat) a. [L. deplan-
are, to level.] Levelled, flattened
(dot.).

depressant (depres'ant) n. [L. de-
priinere, to lower.] Anything that
lowers vital activity (phys.).

depressed (deprgst') a. [L. deprimere,
to lower.] Flattened in a vertical
direction (diol.).

depressomotor (deprSs'omo'tor) n.
[L. deprimere, to lower ; movere, to
move.] Any nerve which lowers
muscular activity (anat.).

depressor (depreVor) n. [L. depri-
mere, to lower.] Any muscle which
lowers or depresses any structure;
appl. a nerve which lowers the
activity of an organ (anat.).

derm (dSrm) «. [Gk. derma, skin.]
The layers of the integument below
the epidermis (anat.).

derma (deYma) n. See derm.

dermal (der'mal) a. [Gk. derma,
skin.] Pert, derma, or skin (anat.).

dermalia (deYma'lia) n. plu. [Gk.
derma, skin.] Microscleres in the
dermal membrane in Sponges
(zoo/.).

DER-

72

DEU-

dermarticulare (deVmartTk'ula're,
-ara) n. [Gk. derma, skin ; L.
articulare, to divide into joints.]
The goniale (zoo/.).

derrnatogen (der'matqje'n) n. [Gk.
derma, skin ; gignesthai, to produce.]
The young or embryonic epidermis
in plants (bo/.).

dermatoplasm (deVmatoplazm') n.
[Gk. derma, skin ; plasma, some-
thing moulded.] The cell-wall
protoplasm (bol.).

dermatoplast (deVmatoplast') n. [Gk.
derma, skin ; plastos, moulded.] A
protoplast with a supposed cell-wall
(biol.).

dermatopsy (deYmatop'si) n. [Gk.
derma, skin ; ^^w, sight.] Condi-
tion of seeing with the skin, i.e.
with a skin sensitive to light (zoo/.).

dermatosome (deVmatosom') «. [Gk.
derma, skin ; soma, body.] One of
vital units forming a cell-membrane

dermic (der'mik) a. [Gk. derma,
skin.] Pert, skin, or derived from
the skin (zoo/.).

dennis (deYmis) n. [Gk. derma,
skin.] See derm.

dermoblast (der'moblast') n. [Gk.
derma, skin ; blastos, bud.] The
layer of mesoblast which gives rise
to the derma (anat.).

dermoossification (deVmoos'ifika'-
shun) n. [Gk. derma, skin ; L.
os, bone ; fieri, to become.] A
bone formed in the skin (zoo/.).

dermosclerites (deVmoskleYfts) n.plu.
[Gk. derma, skin ; skleros, hard.]
Masses of spicules found in the
tissues of the Alcyonidae (zoo/.).

dermoskeleton (deYmoskeTe'ton) n.
[Gk. derma, skin ; skeletos, dried.]
See exoskeleton.

dertrotheca (deYtrothe'ka) n. [Gk.
dertron, beak ; theke, cup.] The
horny casing of the maxilla of
birds (zoo/.).

dertrum (deVtrum) n. [Gk. dertron,
beak.] Any modification of the
casing of the maxilla in birds
(zoo/.).

descendence (desSn'dSns) n. [L. de,
down ; scandere, to climb.] Descent
from some ancestor, usually a
common ancestor (biol.).

descending (desen'ding) a. [L. de,

down ; scandere, to climb.] Directed
towards the caudal region ; appl.
blood-vessels, nerves, etc. (ana/.).

desegmentation (deseg'me'nta'shun)
n. [L. de, from ; segmentum, piece
cut off.] Fusion of segments origin-
ally separate (zoo/.).

deserticolous (de"zertlk'6lus) a. [L.
desertus, solitary ; colere, to inhabit.]
Desert-inhabiting (zoo/.).

desma (des'ma) n. [Gk. desma, bond.]
The megasclere which forms the
characteristic skeletal network of
the Lithistida, an irregular branched
spicule (zoo/.).

desmactinic (des'maktm'ik) a. [Gk.
desma, bond ; aktis, ray.] With
the podia continued upwards to
the apical plate, appl. Stelleroidea ;
cf. lysactinlc (zoo/.).

desmogen (des'mqjen) n. [Gk. desma,
bond ; gignesthai, to produce.]
Merismatic tissue (bot.).

desmognathous (desmog'nathus) a.

eik. desma, bond ; gnathos, jaw.]
aving the maxillo-palatines fused
with one another in the middle line
owing to certain other peculiarities
in the skull ; appl. birds (zoo/.).

desquamation (des'kwama'shun) n.
[L. de, away ; squama, scale.] The
shedding of the cuticle or epidermis
in flakes (zoo/.).

determinant (deter'mmant) n. [L.
determinare, to limit.] A hypo-
thetical unit, being an aggregation
of biophores determining the de-
velopment of a cell or an inde-
pendently variable group of cells
(biol.).

determinate (deter'minat) a. [L.
determinare, to limit.] With certain
limits ; appl. inflorescence with the
primary axis terminated early with
a flower-bud (bot.) ; appl. cleavage
(emb.).

detorsion (detor'shun) n. [L. de,
away ; torquere, to twist.] Torsion
in an opposite direction to that
of the original, resulting in a more
or less posterior position of the
anus and circumanal complex (zoo/.).

deuterocerebrum (du'terb'se'r'e'brum)
n. [Gk. deuteros, second ; kerebron,
brain.] That portion of the Crusta-
cean brain from which the anten-
nular nerves arise (zoo/.).

DEU-

73

BIA-

deuterocone (du'tgrokon') n. [Gk.
deuteros, second ; konos, cusp.]
A mammalian premolar cusp
corresponding to the molar pro-
tocone (anat).

deuteroproteose (du'tgropro'tSos) n.
[Gk. deuteros, second ; protein, to
be first.] A secondary product
from the gastric and pancreatic
digestion of proteids (phys).

deuterostoma (du'tgrosto'ma) n. [Gk.
deuteros, second ; stoma, mouth.]
A mouth formed secondarily, as
distinct from the gastrula mouth
(zool).

deuterotoky (du'teVot'ok!) n. [Gk.
deuteros, second ; tokos, birth.]
Reproduction of both sexes from
parthenogenetic eggs ; cf. arrheno-
toky and thelyotoky (zool).

deuterozooid (du'tSrozo'oid) n. [Gk.
deuteros, second ; zoon, animal ;
eidos, resemblance.] A zooid
produced by budding from a
primary zooid (zool).

deuthyalosome (duthi'alosom) n. [Gk.
deuteros, second ; hyalos, glass ;
soma, body.] The nucleus remain-
ing in the ovum after the formation
of the first polar body (cyt.).

deutoblast (du'toblast) n. [Gk.
deuteros, second ; blastos, bud.]
The amoeba-like bodies formed
from the protoblasts in the zygote
of Microclossia, and liberated to
multiply in the blood (zool.}.

deutocerebron (du'toseVSbron) n.
[Gk. deuteros, second ; kerebron,
brain.] That portion of the brain
of certain insects which corre-
sponds with the deuterocerebrum
of Crustaceans (zool.} ; also deuto-
cerebrum.

deutomalae (du'toma'le, -mal'a) n. plu.
[Gk. deuteros, second ; malon,
cheek.] The broad plate in the
Chaetognatha covering the under
part of the head and partially
enclosing the mouth, formed by
the fusion of the second pair of
mouth appendages (zool.).

deutomerite (dutom'e'rit) n. [Gk.
deuteros, second ; meros, part.]
The posterior division of a Greg-
arine body (zool.).

deutoplasm (dii'toplazm) n. [Gk.
deuteros, second ; plasma, some-

thing moulded.] The yolk or
food material in the cytoplasm of
an ovum ; opp. protoplasm (cyt.).

deutoscolex (du'tosko'lgks) n. [Gk.
deuteros, second ; skolex, head.]
A secondary scolex produced by
budding, in the bladder-worm stage
of certain tape-worms (zool.).

deutovum(duto'vum) n. \Gk.deuteros,
second ; L. ovum, egg.] A stage
in the metamorphosis of certain
mites in which the outer envelope
becomes brown and hard, and
splits longitudinally, exposing the
thin inner membrane (zool).

development (deveTo'pme'nt) n. [F.
developper, to unfold.] The changes
undergone by an organism on reach-
ing maturity (biol).

dexiotropic (dgk'slotrop'ik) a. [Gk.
dexios, right ; trepein, to turn.]
Having the whorls turning from
left to right ; appl. shells (zool.) ;
appl. spiral cleavage (cyt.).

dextral (deYstral) a. [L. dexter,
right-hand.] See dexiotropic.

dextrin (dek'strin) n. [L. dexter,
right-hand.] A soluble substance
derived from starch by exposure
to a high temperature for a short
time (phys).

dextrorse (dekstrors', dSk'strors) a.

g.. dexter, right ; vertere, to turn.]
rowing in a spiral which twines
from left to right (hot).

diachaenium (di'ake'nlum) n. [Gk.
dis, twice ; a, not ; chanein, to
gape.] Each part of a cremocarp
(dot).

diacranteric (dl'akranteVik) a. [Gk.
dia, asunder ; kranteres, wisdom
teeth.] With a diastema between
the front and back teeth, as in
snakes (zool).

diactinal (dlak'tinal) a. [Gk. dis,
twice ; aktis, ray.] With two rays
pointed at the ends (zool).

diadelphous (dl'SdeTfus) a. [Gk. dis,
twice ; adelphos, brother.] Having
the stamens in two bundles owing
to the fusion of the filaments
(hot).

dladematoid (dl'adgm'atoid) a. [Gk.
diadema, crown ; eidos, shape.] Of
Echinoids, having the pore plates
arranged as follows : three prim-
aries with occasionally a secondary

DIA-

74

DIA-

between the aboral and the middle
primary (zool.).

dladromous (dl'adro'mus) a. [Gk.
diadromos, wandering.] Having
the nerves radiating in a fan-like
manner (dot.}.

diaene (dlen') n. [Gk. dis, twice — on
analogy of triaene, from Gk. triaina,
trident.] A form of triaene, with
one of the cladi reduced or absent
(«N£).

diageotropism (dl'ajeot'ropizm) n.
[Gk. dia, through ; gaia, earth ;
trepein, to turn.] The tendency
in certain parts of plants to take
a position at right angles to the
direction of gravity (dot.}.

diagnosis (dfagno'sis) n. [Gk. diet,
through ; gignoskein, to know.] A
concise description of an organism
with full distinctive characters
(biol.).

diagnostic (dl'agnos'tik) a. [Gk. diet,
through ; gignoskein, to know.]
Differentiating the species or genus,
etc., from others similar (biol.}.

diaheliotropism (dl'ahelTot'ropizm) n.
[Gk. dia, through ; helios, sun ;
trepein, to turn.] The tendency of
certain parts of plants to take up
a position at right angles to the
rays of light (&?/.).

dialyneury (dl'allnu'rl) n. [Gk. dia,
through ; lyein, to loose ; neuron,
nerve.] In certain Gastropods,
having the pleural ganglia united
to the opposite branch of the
visceral nerve by an anastomosis
of the pallial nerve (zool.}.

dialypetalous (di'alipeYalus) a. [Gk.
dia, asunder ; lyein, to loose ;
petalon, petal.] Polypetalous (dot.}.

dialyphyllous (dl'allfll'us) a. [Gk.
diet) asunder ; lyein, to loose ;
phyllon, leaf.] With separate
leaves (bot.).

dialysepalous (dl'alisep'alus) a. [Gk.
dia, asunder ; lyein, to loose ;
sepalon, sepal.] Polysepalous (bot.}.

dialystely (dl'aliste'li) n. [Gk. dia,
asunder ; lyein, to loose ; stele,
post.] A condition in which the
steles in the stem remain more or
less separate (dot.).

diancistra •(di'angkTs'tra) n. [Gk.
dis, twice ; angkistron, hook.] A
spicule resembling a stout sigma,

but the inner margin of both hook
and shaft thins out to a knife edge
and is notched (zool.}.

diandrous (dlan'drus) a. [Gk. dis,
twice ; aner, man.] Having two
free stamens (bot.}.

diapedesis (dlaped'esis, dl'apede'sis)
n. [Gk. diapedesis, leaping through.]
Emigration of white blood corpuscles
through the walls of the capillaries
into the surrounding tissue (phys.}.

diaphototropism (di'afotot'ropizm) ;/.
[Gk. dia, through ; p/ws, light ;
trepein, to turn.] See diahelio-
tropism.

diaphragm (di'afram) n. [Gk. di-
aphragtna, midriff.] The wall
which separates the small cell, the
prothallus, from the rest of the
macrospore in Hydropterideae ; a
septum at the nodes in Equisetum
(bot.} ; a sheet of muscular tissue
attached to the introvert in worms ;
the single strongly developed septum
in the Terebelliformia ; the per-
forated tissue that subdivides the
tentacle cavity in Polyzoa ; the
transverse septum separating the
cephalothorax from the abdomen
in certain Arachnids ; a special
fan-shaped muscle spreading from
the anterior end of the ilia to the
oesophagus and base of the lungs
in Anura ; a partition partly
muscular, partly tendinous, separat-
ing the cavity of the chest from the
abdominal cavity (zool.}.

diaphragma (dfafrag'ma) n. See

diaphysis (diaf'ists) n. [Gk. dia,
through ; phyein, to bring forth.]
The shaft of a bone as distinguished
from the epiphysis (anat.} ; the
abnormal growth of an axis or
shoot (bot.}.

diapophysis (di'apof'Ms) n. [Gk. dia,
through ; phyein, to produce.] The
lateral or transverse process of the
neural arches of Anura (zool.}.

diarch (dl'irk) a. [Gk. dis, twice ;
arcke, origin.] With two xylem
and two phloem bundles ; appl.
root in which the protoxylem
bundles meet and form a plate of
tissue across the cylinder with the
phloem bundle on each side (bot.).

diarthrosis (dl'arthro'sls) n. [Gk. dia^

DIA-

DIC-

through ; arthroun, to fasten by a
joint.] An articulation allowing
considerable movement (anat.}.

diastase (dl'astas) n. [Gk. dia,
through ; histanai, to set.] An
enzyme which acts principally in
converting starch into sugar
(phys.\

diastatic (dl'astat'lk) a. [Gk. diet,
through ; histanai, to set.] Pert.
diastase, or having similar prop-
erties (phys.}.

diastema (dlas'tgrnS, dl'aste'ma) n.
[Gk. diastema) space.] A space in
a jaw without teeth, usually be-
tween two types of teeth (zool.}.

diaster (dlas'ter) n. [Gk. dis, twice ;
aster, star.] The stage in mitosis
where the daughter chromosomes
are grouped near the spindle poles
ready to form a new nucleus (cyt.}.

diastole (dlas'tole) n. [Gk. diastole,
difference.] The rhythmical relaxa-
tion of the heart ; the rhythmical
expansion of a contractile vacuole
(zool.\

diastomatic (dl'astom&t'Ik) a. [Gk.
dia, through; stoma, pore.] Through
the stomata or pores, giving off
gases from the spongy parenchyma
through the stomata (bot.}.

diathesis (diathesis) n. [Gk. dia,
through ; tithenai, to place.] A
congenital predisposition to some
class of diseases or type of develop-
ment (biol.}.

diatom (dl'atom) n. [Gk. dia, through ;
temnein, to cut.] Any unicellular
microscopic form of Alga with walls
of silica (dot.}.

diatropism (diat'ropizm) n. [Gk. dia,
through ; trepein, to turn.] The
tendency of plants or organs of
plants to place themselves at right
angles to the line of action of the
stimulus (bot.}.

diaxon (dlak'son) a. [Gk. dis, twice ;
axon, axis.] With two axes, as
certain sponge spicules (zool.}.

diaxone (dlak'son) n. [Gk. dis, twice ;
ax-on, axis.] A nerve-cell with two
cylinder axes (anat.}.

diblastula (dlblas'tula) n. [Gk. dis,
twice ; blastos, bud.] A coelenter-
ate embryo consisting of two layers
arranged round a central cavity
(zool.}.

dibranchiate (dlbrangTcTat) a. [Gk.
dis, twice ; brangchift, gills.] With
two gills (zool.}.

dicellate (dlseTat) a. [Gk. dikella, a
two-pronged hoe.] With two
prongs ; appl. sponge spicules
(zool.}.

dichasium (dlkaz'Tum) n. [Gk. di-
chazein, to divide in two.] An
inflorescence in which two buds
always develop just below the
terminal bud (bot.}.

dichlamydeous (dl'klamld'eus) a.
[Gk. dis, twice ; chlamys, cloak.]
Having both calyx and corolla
(bot.}.

dichogamy (dikog'ami) n. [Gk.
dicha, in two ; gamos, union.] The
maturing of the microsporophylls
and the macrosporophylls at
different times, thus ensuring cross-
pollination (bot.}.

dichoptic (dlkop'tlk) a. [Gk. dicha,
in two ; opsis, sight.] With the
eyes quite separate (zool.}.

dichotomous (dlkflt'omus) a. [Gk.
dicha, in two ; temnein, to cut.]
Pert., situated near, or characterized
by dichotomy (bot.}.

dichotomy (dlkot'oml) n. [Gk. dicha,
in two ; temnein, to cut.] Branching
which results from the division of
a growing point with two equal
parts (bot., zool.}.

dichromatic (dl'kromat'lk) a. [Gk.
dt, two ; chroma, colour.] With
two colour varieties (biol.}.

diclinous (dfidinus, dlkli'nus) a. [Gk.
di, two ; kline, bed.] With the
stamens and pistils on separate
flowers (bot.}.

dicoccous (dlkok'us) a. [Gk. di, two ;
kokkos, seed.] Having two one-
seeded coherent capsules (bot.}.

dicostalia (dl'kcteta'lla) n. [Gk. di,
two ; L. costa, rib.] The secundi-
branchs or second brachial series
in a Crinoid (zool.}.

dicotyledon (dlk5t!le'don) n. [Gk.
di, two ; kotyledon, cup-shaped
hollow.] A plant with two seed-
leaves (bot.}.

dictyodromous (dlk'tlSd'ro'mus) a.
[Gk. diktyon, net ; dromein, to run.]
Net-veined, when the smaller veins
branch and anastomose freely (bot.}.

dictyogen (dlk'tlqje'n) n. [Gk. diktyon,

DIC-

76

DIG-

net ; gignesthai, to produce.] A
net-leaved plant, appl. usually to
monocotyledons (bot.).

dictyonalia (dik'tiona'lia) n. [Gk.
diktyon, net.] The principal par-
enchyma spicules of the Dictyonina
and of many Lyssacina (zool.).

dictyostelic (dik'tioste'lik) a. [Gk.
diktyon, net ; stele, stele.] Poly-
stehc (bot.).

dictyotic (dik'tiot'ik) a. [Gk. diktyon,
net.] Having the whole skeleton
laid down at once (zool.}.

dictyotic moment,— lorication mo-
ment, which see.

dicycllc (disik'lik) a. [Gk. di, two ;
kyklos, circle.] Having a row of
per-radial infrabasals, appl. theca
of Crinoids (zool.) ; having two
whorls (bot.).

didactyl (didak'til) a. [Gk. di, two ;
daktylos, finger.] Having two
fingers or two toes (zool.~).

didymous (did'imus) a. [Gk. didymos,
twin.] Growing in pairs (bot.,
zool.).

didynamous (didm'amus) a. [Gk. di,
two ; dynamis, power.] With four
stamens, two long, two short (bot.).

diencephalon (di'enkgf'alon, -s6f'-) n.
[Gk. dia, between ; engkephalon,
brain.] See thalamencephalon
(anat.).

differentiation (diferen'shta'shun) n.
[L. differre, to differ.] The modifica-
tion in structure of various organs
of the body owing to a division of
labour (zool.).

diffluence (diflooens) n. [L. dis,
away ; fluere, to flow.] Disintegra-
tion by the formation of large
vacuoles whose walls break on
bursting (biol.).

diffuse (difus') a. [L. diffundere, to
pour.] Widely spread (biol.).

digastric (digas'trik) a. [Gk. di, two ;
gaster, belly.] Two-bellied, appl.
muscles fleshy at the ends, tendinous
in the middle (anat.).

digenesis (dijeVesis) n. [Gk. dis,
twice ; gignesthai, to produce.]
Alternation of generations.

digenetic (drjeneYik) a. [Gk. dis,
twice ; gignesthai, to produce.]
Pert, digenesis (biol.).

digenoporous (dl'jgnop'orus) a. [Gk.
dis, twice ; genos, birth ;poros, pore.]

With two genital pores, said of
many Turbellaria (zool.).

digestion (dijeVchun) n. [L. digestio,
digestion.] The process by which
nutrient materials are rendered
absorbable by the working of various
juices and mechanical action (phys.).

digestive (dijgs'tiv) a. [L. digestio,
digestion.] Pert, digestion, or
having the power of aiding in diges-
tion (phys.).

digit (dip) n. [L. digitus, finger.]
A division of the limb in any
vertebrate above Fishes (zool.).

digital (dij'ital) a. [L. digitus, finger.]
Pert, finger or digit, also appl.
things resembling a digit (zool.).

digital (dij'ital) n. [L. digitus, finger.]
The distal joint of a spider's pedi-
palp (zool.).

digitaliform (dij'ital'iform) a. [L.
digitus, finger ; forma, shape.]
Finger-shaped, appl. corollae which
are like the finger of a glove (bot.).

digitate (dij'itat) a. [L. digitus,
finger.] Having the parts arranged
like the fingers in a hand (bot.) ;
with fingers (zool.) ; finger-shaped
(hot., zool.).

digitiform (dlj'itiform) a. [L. digitus,
finger ; forma, shape.] Finger-
shaped ; appl. roots (bot.).

digitigrade (dij'itTgrad) a. [L. digitus,
finger ; gradus, step.] Having feet,
the digits of which only touch the
ground in walking (zool.).

digitinervate (dij'itiner'vat) a. [L.
digitus, finger ; nervus, a sinew.]
Having the veins radiating out from
the base like the fingers of a hand,
with usually five or seven veins ;
appl. leaves (bot.).

digitipartite (dij'itipar'tit) a. [L.
digitus, finger ; partire, to divide.]
Having the leaves divided up in a
hand-like pattern (bot.).

digitipinnate (dij'itipin'at) a. [L.
digitus, finger ;pinna, leaf.] Having
digitate leaves of which the leaflets
are pinnate (bot.).

digitule (dlj'itul) n. [L. digitus,
finger.] Any small finger-like pro-
cess ; small process on the insect
tarsi (zool.).

digoneutic (dl'gonu'tik) a. [Gk. dis,
twice ; goneuein, to produce.]
Breeding twice a year (zool.).

DIG-

77

DIP-

digonoporous (di'gonop'orus) a. [Gk.
dis, twice ; genos, birth ; poros,
pore.] With two distinct genital
apertures, male and female (zool.}.

difjynous (dij'inus) a. [Gk. di, two ;
gyne, woman.] Having two carpels
(dot.},

dihybrid (dlhl'brid) n. [Gk. dis, twice ;
L. hibrida, mixed offspring.] A
cross whose parents differ in two
distinct characters (biol.}.

dilatator (dii'ata'tor) n. [L. dilatare,
to expand.] See dilator.

dilated (dlla'tgd) a. [L. dilatare, to
flatten.] Expanded or flattened ;
appl. parts of insects, etc., with a
wide margin (zoo/.).

dilator (dlla'tor) n. [L. dilatare, to
expand.] Name appl, any muscle
that expands or dilates any organ
(anat.}.

dilophous (dllof'us) a. [Gk. di, two ;
lophos, crest.] Any tetractinal
spicule with two of its rays forked
like a crest (zool.}.

diluvial (dilu'vlal) a. [L. diluvium,
deluge.] Pert, the present, in geo-
logical reckoning (pal,}.

dimerous (dim'erus) a. [Gk. dis,
twice ; meros, part.] Having each
whorl of two parts (hot.} ; with a
two-jointed tarsus (zool.},

dimidiate (dimid'iat) a. [L. ditnidius,
half.] Having only one-half de-
veloped (biol.} ; having the capsule
split on one side (dot.}.

dimorphism (dlmor'fizm) n. [Gk. dis,
twice ; morphe, shape.] Condition
of having stamens of two different
lengths, of having two different
kinds of leaves, flowers, etc. (dot.},
State of having two different forms
of one sex ; of having two different
kinds of zooids ; of having two
different kinds of offspring ; of
having broods which, owing to
differing conditions, differ in size or
colouring (zool.}.

dimyaric (dim'iar'ik) a. [Gk. dis,
twice ; mys, muscle.] Having two
adductor muscles (zool.}.

dinomic (dlnom'lk) a. [Gk. dis, twice ;
nomos, division.] Appl. an organism
restricted to two of the biogeo-
graphical divisions of the globe
(diol,},

dioecious (dle'shus) a. [Gk. dis,

twice ; oikos, house.] Having the
sexes separate (zool.} ; having the
male and female flowers on different
individuals (bot.}.

dioptrate (dlop'trat) a. [Gk. dis,
twice ; root opt, to see.] Having
the eyes or the ocelli separated by
a narrow line (zool.},

dipetalous (dlpet'alus) a. [Gk. dis,
twice ; petalon, petal.] Having
two petals (bot.}.

dlphycercal (dif'fser'kal) a. [Gk.
diptyes, twofold ; kerkos, tail.] With
a tail in which the vertebral column
runs straight to the tip, thereby
dividing the fin symmetrically
(zool.}.

dlphy genie (dlf'ijgn'lk) a, [Gk. di-
phyes, twofold ; genos, birth.] With
two types of development of the
embryo (zool.},

diphyodont (dif'iodont') a. [Gk.
diphyes, twofold ; odous, tooth.]
With deciduous and permanent
sets of teeth (zool.}.

diplanetic (d^planSt'lk) a. [Gk. dis,
twice ; planetikos, inclined to
wander.] With two distinct types
of zoospores (bot.}.

diplarthrous (diplar'thrus) a. [Gk.
diploos, double ; arthron, joint.]
With the tarsal or carpal bones of
one row articulating with two bones
in the other (zool.}.

dipleurula (diploor'ula) n. [Gk. dis,
twice ; pleuron, side.] Any of the
bilaterally symmetrical larvae of
the Echinoderms ; an echino-
paedium (zool.}.

diploblastic (dlp'loblas'tik) a. [Gk.
diploos, double ; blastos, bud.]
Having two distinct germ layers
(zool.}.

diplocardiac (dlp'lokar'diak) a. [Gk.
diploos, double ; kardia, heart.]
With the two sides of the heart
quite distinct (zool.}.

diplocaulescent (dip'lokoles'e'nt) a.
[Gk. diploos, double; kaulos, stem.]
With secondary stems (bot.}.

diploe (dip'loe) n. [Gk. diploos,
double.] The cancellous tissue
between the outer and inner
lamellae of certain skull bones
(anat.}.

diplogangliate (dip'logang'gliat) a.
[Gk. diploos, double ; gang-lion,

DIP-

78

DIS-

ganglion.] With the ganglia
usually arranged in pairs (zool.).

diplogenesls (dip'lqjen'e'sis) n. [Gk.
diploos, double ; genos, birth.] The
supposed change in the germ plasm
that accompanies the "use and
disuse" changes occurring in the
body tissues (biol.).

diploic (diplo'ik) a. [Gk. diploos,
double.] Occupying channels in
the cancellous tissue of certain
bones (anat.).

diplonephridia (dip'lonefrid'ia) n. plu.
[Gk. diploos, double ; nephros,
kidney.] Nephridia derived partly
from ectoderm, partly from meso-
derm (zool.).

diploneural (dip'ldnu'ral) a. [Gk.
diploos, double ; neuron, nerve.]
Supplied with two nerves (anat.).

diploperistomous (dip'l6p6ris'tomus)
a. [Gk. diploos, double ; peri,
around ; stotna, mouth.] Having
a double projection or peristome
(hot.).

diploplacula (dip'ldplak'ula) n. [Gk.
diploos, double; plakoeis, flat.] A
flattened blastula consisting of two
layers of cells (biol.}.

diplopore (dip'lopor) n. [Gk. diploos,
double ; poros, pore.] Respiratory
organ in the Cystoidea (zool.).

diplosoine (dip'losom) n. [Gk. diploos,
double ; soma, body.] A double
centrosome lying outside the
nuclear membrane (cyt.).

diplosphene (dip'ldsfen) n. [Gk.
diploos, double ; sphen, wedge.]
A wedge-shaped process on the
neural arch of the vertebrae of
certain fossil Reptiles (pal.).

diplospondylic (dip'lospondil'ik) a.
[Gk. diploos, double ; sphondylos,
vertebra.] With two centra to
each myotome, or with one centrum
and a well-developed intercentrum
(zool.).

diplostemonous (dip'lostem'dnus) a.
[Gk. diploos, double ; stemon, warp.]
With two whorls of stamens in
regular alternation with the perianth
leaves (dot.).

diplotegia (dip'lote'jia) n. [Gk.
diploos, double ; tegos, roof.] An
inferior fruit with dry indehiscent
pericarp (bot.).

dipnoan (dip'noan) a. [Gk. dis,

twice ; pnein, to breathe.] Breath-
ing by gills and lungs (zool.).

diprotodont (dipro'todont) a. [Gk.
dis, twice ; protos, first ; oaous,
tooth.] Having the two anterior
incisors large and prominent, the
rest of the incisors and canines
being smaller or absent (zool.).

dipterocecidlum (dip'terdsesid'umi)
n. [Gk. dis, twice ; pteron, wing ;
kekis, gall nut.] A gall caused by
any insect (biol.).

dipterous (dip'terus) a. [Gk. dis,
twice ; pteron, wing.] With two
wings or wing-like expansions (bot.,
zool.).

directive body, — a polar body (cyt.).

directive mesenteries, — in Zoan-
tharia, the dorsal and ventral pairs
of mesenteries (zool.).

directive sphere, — attraction sphere
(cyt.).

disc (disk) n. [Gk. diskos, disc.]
Any flattened portion like a disc
in shape (bot., zool.); the circumoral
area in many animals ; the circular
areas at the opposite poles of many
animals (zool.) ; any modification
of the thalamus (bot.) ; the area
marking the entrance of the optic
nerve into the eye ; cup-shaped

- tactile structures in the skin ; the
mass of cells of the membrana
granulosa which projects into the
cavity of the egg follicle (anat.).

disc-florets, — the inner florets borne
on the abbreviated and reduced
peduncle in many inflorescences
(bot.).

discal (dis'kal) a. [Gk. diskos, disc.]
Pert, any disc-like structure.

discal (dis'kal) n. [Gk. diskos, disc.]
A large cell at the base of the wing
of lepidopterous insects completely
enclosed by wing-nervures ; also
in some Diptera (zool.).

disciflorous (dis'kiflo'rus, dis'iflo'rus)
a. [Gk. diskos, disc ; L. flos,
flower.] With flowers in which
the receptacle is large and disc-
like (bot.).

discoblastic (dis'kdblas'tik) a. [Gk.
diskos, disc ; blastos, bud.] Pert.
meroblastic eggs in which the area
of segmentation is disc-shaped
(zool.).

discoblastula (dls'kdblas'tula) n. [Gk.

DIS-

79

DIS-

tiiskos, disc ; blastos, bud.] A
blastula formed from a meroblastic

eg

with disc-like blastoderm

discocarp (dis'kokarp) n. [Gk. diskos,
disc ; karpos, fruit.] A special
enlargement of the thalamus below
the calyx (bot.).

dlscoctasters (dis'koktas'terz) n. plu.
[Gk. diskos, disc ; okto, eight ;
aster, star.] Sponge spicules with
eight rays terminating in discs,
each disc corresponding in position
to the corners of a cube ; a modi-
fied hexactine (zoo/.).

disced actylous (dis'kodak'tilus) a.
[Gk. diskos, disc ; daktylos, finger.]
With suckers at the ends of the
fingers (zoo/.).

discohexactine (dis'kohgksak'tin) n.
[Gk. diskos, disc ; hex, six ; actis,
ray.] A sponge spicule with six
equal rays meeting at right angles
(zoo!.).

discohexaster (dis'kdhgksas'ter) n.
[Gk. diskos, disc ; hex, six ; aster,
star.] A hexactine with the rays
ending in discs (zoo/.).

discoid (dis'koid) a. [Gk. diskos,
disc ; eidos, resemblance.] Flat
and circular ; disc-shaped.

discoidal (dlskoi'dal) a. [Gk. diskos,
disc ; eidos, like.] Disc-like ; appl.
segmentation in which the blasto-
derm forms a one-layered disc or cap
which spreads over the yolk (emo.).

discontinuous variation, — see muta-
tion.

disconula (diskon'ula) n. [Gk. diskos,
disc.] An eight-rayed stage in the
larval development of certain
Coelenterates (zoo/.).

discooctaster (dis'kooktas'ter), — see
discoctasters.

discoplacenta (dis'koplasen'ta) ;;. [Gk.
diskos, disc ; L. placenta, placenta.]
A placenta with the villi on a
circular cake-like disc (zoo/.).

discus proligerus, — in a Graafian
follicle, the mass of cells immedi-
ately surrounding the ovum (emb.).

disjunct (disjungkt') a. [L. dis, apart ;
jungere, to join.] Having the body
regions separated by deep con-
strictions (zoo/.).

disjunctive symbiosis, — a mutually
helpful condition of symbiosis

although there is no direct con-
nection between the partners (oio/.).

disk,— see disc.

dispermous (dispeYmus) a. [Gk. dis,
twice ; sperma, seed.] Having two
seeds (oof.).

dispenny (dlspeYm!) n. [Gk. dis,
twice ; sperma, seed.] The entrance
of two spermatozoa into an ovum
(biol.).

dispersal (dispeYsal) n. [L. dis,
apart ; spargere, to strew.] The
actual scattering or distributing of
organisms on the earth's surface

(fflO/.).

dispireme (dlspfrem) n. [Gk. dis,
twice ; speirema, skein.] The stage
of karyokinests in which each
daughter nucleus has given rise to
a spireme (cyt.).

displacement (displas'mSnt) n. [O.F.
desplacier, to displace.] An abnor-
mal position of any part of a plant
due to its shifting from its normal
place of insertion (bot.\

dissected (disgk'ted) a. [L. dis, apart ;
secure, to cut.] Having the lamina
cut into lobes, the incisions reaching
nearly to the midrib (eot.).

dissepiment (disSp'iment) n. [L. dis,
apart ; saepire, to hedge in.] The
partition found in some compound
ovaries (bot.) • in Corals, one of
the oblique calcareous partitions
stretching from septum to septum
and closing the interseptal loculi
below (zoo/.).

dissilient (dlsil'ien t) a. [L. dis, apart ;
salire, to leap.] Springing open ;
appl. capsules of various plants
which dehisce explosively (bot.).

dissoconch (dis'okongk') n. [Gk.
dtssos, double ; kongche, shell.] The
shell of a veliger larva (zoo/.).

dissogeny (disoj'gni) n. [Gk. dissos,
double ; genos, birth.] The con-
dition of having two sexually mature
periods in the same animal— one in
the larva, one in the adult (zoo/.).

dissogony (disog'oni),— see dissogeny.

distal (dis'tal) a. [L. dis, apart ; stare,
to stand.] Standing far apart, appl.
bristles, etc. ; pert, end of any
structure farthest from the middle
line of the organism (oio/.).

distichalia (dlstlka'lla) n. plu. [Gk.
distichos, with two rows.] In

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80

DOR-

Crinoids, the secondary brachalia,
fixed or free (zool.).

distichous (dis'tikus) a. [Gk. distiches,
with two rows.] Pert, alternate
leaves, so arranged that the first is
directly below the third (bot.).

distractile (distrak'til) a. [L. fit's,
apart ; trahere, to draw.] Widely
separate ; appl. usually to long-
stalked anthers (dot.}.

distribution (dis'tribu'shun) n. [L.
dis, apart ; tribuere, to allot.] The
range of an organism or group in
the biogeographical divisions of the
globe (Hoi.).

dithecal (dithe'kal) a. [Gk. dis, twice ;
theke, box.] Two-celled (bot.).

ditokous (dit'okus) a. [Gk. dis, twice ;
tokos, birth.] Producing two at a
time, either eggs or young (zool.).

ditrematous (dltre'matus) a. [Gk.
dis, twice ; trema, opening.] With
separate genital openings ; with
anus and genital openings separate
(zool.).

ditrochous (dlt'rokus) a. [Gk. dis,
twice ; trochos, runner.] With a
divided trochanter, or second joint
of the limb (zool.).

diurnal (dlur'nal) a. [L. dies, day.]
Opening during the day only (bot.) ;
active in the day-time (zool.).

divaricate (divar'ikat) a. [L. dis,
apart ; varicare, to straddle.]
Widely divergent ; bifid ; forked
(hot., zool.).

divaricators (dl'varlka'torz) n. plu.
[L. dis, apart ; varicare, to straddle.]
Muscles stretching from the ventral
valve to the cardinal process, and
by their contraction opening the
shell (zool.).

divergency (diver'jenst) n. [L. dis,
apart ; vergere, to bend.j The
fraction of a stem circumference,
usually constant for a species, which
separates two consecutive leaves in
a spiral (bot.).

divergent (diver'jgnt) a. [L. dis,
apart ; vergere, to bend.] Separ-
ated from one another ; appl. leaves
(bot.).

diverticulum (dl'vgrtlk'ulum) n. [L.
de, away ; -vertere, to turn.] A tube
or sac, blind at the distal end,
branching off from a canal or cavity
(zool.).

divided (divl'ded) a. [L. dividere, to
divide.] With the lamina cut by
incisions which reach the midrib ;
appl. leaves (bot.).

division (divlzh'un) n. [L. dividere,
to divide.] One of the smaller
groups of organisms which together
form a larger group (biol.) ; one of
the separate parts of which any
structure may be composed (biol.).

dizoic (dlzo'ik) a. [Gk. dis, twice;
zoon, animal.] Pert, spore con-
taining two sporozoites (zool.).

dodecagynous (do'dekaj'inus) a. [Gk.
dodeka, twelve ; gyne, woman.]
Having twelve pistils (bot.).

dodecamerous (do'dekam'erus) a.
[Gk. dodeka, twelve ; meros, part.]
Having each whorl composed of
twelve parts (bot.).

dodecandrous (do'dekan'drus) a.
[Gk. dodeka, twelve ; aner, man.]
Having at least twelve stamens
(bot.).

dolabriform (dolab'riform) a. [L.
dolabra, mattock ; forma, shape.]
Axe-shaped (biol.).

dolichostylous (dol'lkostl'lus) a. [Gk.
dolichos, long ; stylos, pillar.] Pert.
long-styled anthers in dimorphic
flowers (bot.).

dolioform (do'lioform) a. [L. dolium,
jar ; forma, shape.] Shaped like
a barrel (zool.).

dominant characters, — see Men-

dormant (dor'mant) a. [L. dormire,
to sleep.] Resting ; appl. any
structure or feature which may
develop later (Hoi.).

dorsal (dor'sal) a. [L. dorsum, back.]
Pert, or lying near the back as
opp. the venlral surface (anat.) ;
pert, surface farthest from the
axis ; the upper surface of the
thallus or prothallus of ferns, etc.
(bot.).

dorsalis (dorsa'lis) n. [L. dorsum,
back.] The artery which supplies
the back of any organ (anat.).

dorsiferous (dorsif'erus) a. [L.
dorsum, back ; ferre, to carry.]
With the sori on the back of the
leaf (bot.) ; carrying the young on
the back (zool.).

dorsifixed (dor'sifik'st) a. [L. dorsum,
back ; fingere^ to fix.] Having the

DOR-

81

DUP-

filament attached to the back of the

anther, which is immovable (dot.).
dorsigrade (dor'sigrad) a. [L.

dorsum, back ; gradus, step.]

Having the back of the digit on

the ground when walking (zool.).
dorsispinal (dor'slspl'nal) a. [L.

dorsum, back ; spina, spine.] Pert.

or referring to the back and spine

(anat.).
dorsiventral (dor'siven'tral) a. [L.

dorsum, back ; venter, belly.] With

upper and lower surfaces distinct

(bot.).
dorsocentral (dor'sosen'tral) a. [L.

dorsum, back ; centrum, centre.]

Pert, mid-dorsal surface ; pert.

aboral surface of Echinoderms

(zool.).
dorsolumbar (dor'solum'bar) a. [L.

dorsum, back ; lumbus, loin.] Pert.

lumbar region of the back (zool.).
dorsoumbonal (dor'soumbo'nal) a.

[L. dorsum, back ; umbo, umbo.]

Lying on the back near the umbo

(zool?).
dorsoventral (dor'soven'tral) a. [L.

dorsum, back ; venter, belly.] Pert.

structures which stretch from the

dorsal to the ventral surface (zool.).
dorsulum (dor'sulum) n. [L. d

back.] The upper surface lying
between the collar and scutellum ;
the mesonotum (zool.).

dorsum (dor'stim) n. [L. dorsum,
back.] The sulcular surface of
Anthozoa ; the tergum or notum
of Insects and Crustacea ; the back
or higher animals (zool.).

drepanium (drSpa'nlum) n. [Gk.
drepanon, sickle.] A helicoid cyme
with the secondary axes developed
in a plane parallel to that of the
main peduncle and its first branch
(dot.).

dromaeognathous (dro'meog'nathus)
a. [Gk. dromein, to run ; gnathos,
jaw.] Having a palate in which
the palatines and pterygoids do
not articulate, owing to the inter-
vention of the vomer (zool.). .

dromotropic (dro'motrop'lk) a. [Gk.
dromos, course ; trepein, to turn.]
Bent in a spiral (bot.).

drone (dron) n. [A.S. dran.} The
male of any species of bee (zool.).

drupaceous (droopa'shus) a. [Gk.

druppa, berry.] Pert, drupe ;
bearing drupes ; drupe-like (bot.).

drupe (droop), n. [Gk. druppa,
berry.] A superior, one-celled
fruit with one or two seeds and
a fleshy sarcocarp, a hard endocarp
and the pericarp separable into its
component parts (bot.).

drupels (droop'6lz) n. plu. [Gk.
druppa, berry.] The individual
components of the fruit of the
raspberry (bot.).

duct (diikt) n. [L. ducere, to lead] ;
also ductus. Any tube which
conveys fluid or other substance
(anat.) ; a tube formed by a series
of cells which have lost their walls
at the points of contact (bot.).

ductless glands, — glands which do
not communicate with any organ
directly by means of a duct, e.g.
spleen (anat.).

ductule (dtik'tul) n. [L. ducere, to
lead.] The fine thread-like
terminal portion of a duct (anat.).

ductus (duk'tus) n. [L. ducere, to
lead.] See duct.

ductus ejaculatorius,— the common
duct into which the vasa deferentia
open in Insects; a narrow muscular
tube at the end of the vas deferens
in various invertebrates (zool.).

duodenal (du'ode'nal) a. [L. duodeni,
twelve each.] Pert, duodenum
(anat.).

duodenum (du'dde'num) n. [L.
duodeni, twelve each.] That por-
tion of the small intestine next to
the pyloric end of the stomach
(anat.).

duplication (du'pllka'shun) n. [L.
duplex, double.] See chorisis.

duplicature (du'plika'tur) n. [L.
duplex, double.] A circular fold
near the base of the protrusible
portion of a polyzoan polypide
(zool.).

duplicident (duplis'Idgnt) a. [L.
duplex, double ; dens, tooth.]
Having two pairs of incisors in
the upper jaw, one behind the
other (zool.).

duplicodentate (du'plikoden'tat) a.
[L. duplex, double ; dens, tooth.]
With the marginal teeth on the
leaf bearing smaller teeth-like
structures (bot.).

F

DUR-

82

ECH-

dura mater (du'ra ma'ter, door'a
mat'eY) n. [L. dura, hard ; mater,
mother.] The tough membrane
lining the whole cerebro-spinal
cavity (anat.}.

dura spinalis, — the tough membrane
lining the spinal canal (anat.}.

duramen (dura'me'n) n. [L. durare,
to harden.] The hard, darker
central region of a tree-stem ; the
heart wood (hot.).

dwarf male,— the small three- or four-
celled plant formed from the andro-
spore of Oedogonium (hot.} ; a small,
usually simply formed, individual in
many classes of animals, either free
or carried by the female (zool.).

dyad (dl'ad) n. [Gk. dyas, two.] The
half of a tetrad group (cyt.).

dyaster (dl'aster) n. [Gk. dyas, two ;
aster, star.] " The double group of
chromosomes during the anaphases
of cell-division " (cyt.).

dyne (din) n. [Gk. dynamis, power.]
The unit of force in the C.G. system
of physical units (phys.).

dysmerism (dTs'merizm) «. [Gk. dys,
hard ; meros, part.] An aggregate
of unlike parts (biol.).

dysmerogenesis (dls'merqjen'esis) n.
[Gk. dys, hard ; meros, part ; genesis,
birth.] Segmentation resulting in
unlike parts (biol.).

dysoxidize (disok'sidiz) v. [Gk. dys,
hard ; oxys, sharp.] To find difficult
to oxidize (phys.).

dyspnoea (dis pnea) n. [Gk. dys,
hard ;pnein, to breathe.] Difficulty
in breathing (phys.).

dysteleology (dis'te'le'ol'oji) n. [Gk.
dys, hard ; telos, end ; logos, dis-
course.] Haeckel's doctrine of
purposelessness in nature (biol.).

dzlerzon (dzer'tson) theory, — the belief
that the males of the honey-bee are
always produced from unfertilized
eggs (zool.}.

ear (er) n. [A.S. eare.] The auditory
organ (anat.) ; the various structures
among invertebrates supposed to
have an auditory function ; the
specialized tufts of hair or feathers

which are close to, or similar to an
external ear or pinna (zool.) ; an
ear-shaped structure ; the spike of
any cereal (bot.).

eared (erd) n. [A.S. eare.} Having
external ears or pinnae ; with tufts
of feathers resembling ears (zool.) ;
having long bristles or processes, as
in the grains of corn, etc. (bot.).

ebracteate (ebrak'teat), ebracteolate
(ebrak'teolat) a. [L. ex, from ;
bracteatus, covered with a gold
plate.] Without bracts, or without
bracteoles, reduced leaves on the
flower-stalk (bot.).

ecalcarate (ekal'karat) a. [L. ex,
without ; calcar, spur.] Having no
spur (zool.) ; with no spur-like pro-
cess on the petals (bot.).

ecardinal (ekar'dinal) a. [L. ex,
without ; cardo, hinge.] Having
no hinge ; also ecardinate (zool.).

ecarinate (ekar'inat) a. [L. ex, with-
out ; carina, keel.] Not furnished
with a keel or keel-like ridge (bot.,
zool.).

ecaudate (eko'dat) a. [L. ex, without ;
cauda, tail.] Without a tail (zool.).

ecblastesis (ek'blaste'sis) n. [Gk. ek,
out of; blastos, bud.] A prolifera-
tion of the main axis of an inflores-
cence (bot.).

ecdemic (ekdem'ik) a. [Gk. ek, out
of ; demos, people.] Not native.

ecderon (ek'deron) n. [Gk. ek, out ;
deros, skin.] The outer or epi-
dermal layer of the skin (anat.).

ecderonic (ek'deronlk) a. [Gk. ek,
out ; deros, skin.] Ectodermic ;
epiblastic (smb.).

ecdysis (ekdl'sis) n. [Gk. ek, out;
dyein, to enter.] The act of moult-
ing any particular cuticular layer or
structure (zool.).

echinate (eVinat) a. [Gk. echinos,
spine.] Furnished with spines or
bristles (zool.).

echinochrome (gk'inokrom', ekl'no-
krom) n. [Gk. echinos, spine ;
chroma, colour.] A colouring pig-
ment found in Echinoderms (zool.).

echinoid (eVinoid, gkfnoid) a. [Gk.
echinos. spine.] Pert, sea-urchins
(zool.).

echinopaedium (ek'fnope'dfum, ekl'no-
pe'dium) n. [Gk. echinos, spine ;
pais, child.] See dipleurula.

ECH-

83

ECT-

echinopluteus (eVinoploo'teus, e'kl'no-
ploo'teus) n. [Gk. echinos, spine ;
L. pluteus, shed.] The larva or
pluteus of echinoids, from its sup-
posed resemblance to an upturned
easel (zool.).

echinulate (6kin'ulat) a. [Gk. echinos,
spine.] Having small spines (zool.).

ecology (ekol'qji) n. [Gk. oikos, house ;
logos, discourse.] That part of
biology which deals with the re-
lationship between organisms and
their surroundings (biol.).

ectental (gktgn'tal) line,— the line
where the ectoderm and endoderm
meet at the blastopore of a gastrula
(cyt.).

ectethmoid (ekteth'moid) n. [Gk.
ektos, without ; ethmos, sieve ; eidos,
resemblance.] The lateral ethmoid
bone (anat.).

ecthoraeum (ek'thore'um) n. [Gk.
ekthroskein, to leap out.] The
thread of a nematocyst (zool.}.

ectoblast (ek'toblast) n. [Gk. ektos,
without ; blastos, bud.] See epi-
blast.

ectobronchium (ek'tobrong'kium) n.
[Gk. ektos, without ; brongchos, wind-
pipe.] See ectobronchus.

ectobronchus (ek'tobrong'kus) n. [Gk.
ektos, without ; brongchos, wind-
pipe.] A lateral branch of the
main bronchus in birds (zool.).

ectocarpous (ek'tokar'pus) a. [Gk.
ektos, without; karpos, fruit.] Having
the gonads of ectodermal origin
(zool?).

ectochondrostosis (ek'tdkondrosto'sis)
n. [Gk. ektos, without ; chondros,
cartilage ; osteon, bone.] The de-
position of lime-salts beginning in
the perichondrium and gradually
invading the cartilage (anat.).

ectochone (ek'tokon) n. [Gk. ektio,
without ; choane, funnel.] A funnel-
shaped chamber into which the
ostia in certain Sponges lead (sool.).

ectocoelic (eYtose'lik) a. [Gk. ektos,
outside ; koilos, hollow.] Pert.
structures situated outside the
enteron of the Coelenterates (zool.).

ectocondyle (elc'tdkon'dil) n. {Gk.
ektos, outside ; kondylos, knob.]
The outer condyle of a bone
(anat.).

ectocranial (eYtokra'nial) a. [Gk.

ektos, outside ; kranton, skull.]
Pert, outside of skull (anat.).

ectocuneiform (gk'tokune'iform) n.
[Gk. ektos, outside ; L. cuneus,
wedge ; forma, shape.] A bone in
the distal row of the tarsus (anat.).

ectocyst (ek'toslst) n. [Gk. ektos,
outside ; kystis, bladder.] The
outer layer of the zoecial wall in
Polyzoa (zool.).

ectoderm (eYtddgrm) n. [Gk. ektos,
outside ; derma, skin.] The outer
layer of a multicellular animal,
when composed of cells (zool.) ;
the epidermis in higher mammals
(anatj.

ectogenous (ektoj'e'nus) a. [Gk. ektos,
outside ; gignesthai, to produce.]
Able to live an independent life ;
appl. Bacteria (dot.).

ectoglla (ektog'lia) n. [Gk. ektos,
outside ; glia, glue.] An outer
layer of cells in the central
nervous system (anat.).

ectolecithal (6k'tol6s'ithal) a. [Gk.
ektos, outside ; lekithos, yolk of an
egg.] Having the yolk surround-
ing the formative protoplasm
(zool.).

ectoloph (gk'tolof) n. [Gk. ektos,
outside ; lophos, crest.] The ridge
stretching from the paracone to
the metacone in a lophodont molar
(anat.).

ectomere (ek'tomer) n. [Gk. ektos,
outside ; meros, part.] An epiblast
cell which gives rise to ectoderm
(cyt.).

ectoparasite (eYtopar'asit) n. [Gk.
ektos, outside ; para, beside ; sttos,
food.] A parasite that lives on
the exterior of an organism (zool.).

ectopatagium (ek'topata'jium) ».
[Gk. ektos, outside ; L. patagium,
border.] The part of the wing-
like membrane of bats carried on
the metacarpals and the phalanges
(zool.).

ectophyte (eVtoflt) n. [Gk. ektos,
outside ; phyton, plant.] Name
given to an external parasite in
the plant world (bot.).

ectoplasm (Sk'to'plazm) n. [Gk.
ektos, outside ; plasma, something
moulded.] The external layer of
protoplasm in a cell, usually slightly
modified (diol.) ; the ectosarc in a

ECT-

84

ELA-

protozoan cell (zool.) ; the layer
next the cell-wall (bot.).

ectosarc (ek'tosark) n. [Gk. ektos,
outside ; sarx, flesh.] The ex-
ternal, often highly specialized,
layer of protoplasm in a Proto-
zoon (zool.).

ectosome (ek'tosom) n. [Gk. ektos,
outside ; soma, body.] The en-
veloping portion of a Sponge con-
taining no flagellated chambers
(zool.).

ectosphere (ek'tosfer) n. [Gk. ektos,
outside ; sphaira, globe.] The
outer zone of the attraction sphere
(cyt.).

ectosppre (ek'tospor) n. [Gk. ektos,
outside ; sporos, seed.] The spore
formed at the end of each sterigma
in the Basidiomycetes (bot.).

ectostosis (ek'tosto'sis) n. [Gk. ektos,
outside ; osteon, bone.] Formation
of bone in which the ossification
begins under the perichondrium
and either surrounds or replaces
the cartilage (anat.).

ectotheca (ek'tothe'ka) ». [Gk. ektos,
outside ; theke, cup.] The outer
coating of the gonotheca in certain
Hydroids (zool.).

ectotrophic (ek'totro'f Ik) a. [Gk. ektos,
outside ; trephein, to nourish.] Find-
ing nourishment from outside ; appl.
Fungi which surround the roots of
the host with a web of hyphae (bot.).

ectoturbinal (ek'totur'bmal) n. [Gk.
ektos, outside ; L. turbo, whirl.]
One of the divisions of the ethmo-
turbinals (zool.).

ectozopn (ek'tozo'on) n. [Gk. ektos,
outside ; zoon, animal.] An ex-
ternal parasite (zool.).

edaphic (edaf'ik) a. [Gk. edaphos,
soil.] Pert, or influenced by the
conditions of the soil (phys.).

edentate (eden'tat) a. [L. ex, with-
out ; dens, tooth.] Without teeth
(zool.) ; without tooth-like projec-
tions (bot.).

edriophthalmlc (gd'Hofthal'mik) a.
[Gk. edra, seat ; ophthalmos, eye.]
Having sessile eyes ; appl. certain
Crustacea (zool.).

efferent (ef'firent) a. [L. ex, out ;
ferre, to carry.] Conveying from,
appl. vessels, lymphatics, etc.
(anat.) ; carrying outwards, appl.

impulses carried outwards by the
motor nerves (phys.).

egest (ejest') v. [L. ex, out ; gerere,
to carry.] To throw out ; to void ;
to excrete (phys.).

egg (eg) n. [Icel.^gg-.] The matured
germ-cell of a female plant or animal
(biol.).

egg-albumin, — the chief constituent
of the white of egg, known to be a
mixture of glucoproteids (phys.).

egg-apparatus,— the two synergids
and ovum proper, near the micro-
pyle in the embryo sac of seed
plants (bot.).

egg-case, — a protective covering
formed by many animals for their
eggs (zool.).

egg-cell, — the ovum proper apart
from any layer of cells derived
from it or from other cells (zool.).

egg-membrane, — the layer of tough
tissue lining the shell of an egg
(zool.).

egg-nucleus,— the female pronucleus
(cyt.).

egg-tooth, — a small horny and cal-
careous structure on the tip of the
beak by means of which the embryo
breaks the shell (zool.).

ejaculation (ejak'ula'shun) n. [L. ex,
out ; jacere, to throw.] Act of
suddenly ejecting a fluid from a
duct (phys?).

ejaculatory (ejak'ulatori) a. [L. ex,
out ; jacere, to throw.] Throwing
out, appl. function of certain ducts
(Phys.).

elaborate (elab'orat) v. [L. ex, out ;
laborare, to work.] To change
from a crude state to a state cap-
able of assimilation (pkys.) ; to
form complex organic substances
from simple materials (bot.).

elaeoblast (ele'oblast) n. [Gk. elaion,
oil ; blastos, bud.] A mass of
nutrient material at the posterior
end of the body in certain Tunicates
(zool.).

elaeodochon (el'eod'okon) n. [Gk.
elaiodochos, oil-containing.] The
preen-gland or oil-gland in birds
(zool.).

elaioplast (ell'oplast') n. [Gk. elaion,
oil ; plastos, moulded.] A plastid
in a plant cell which forms or helps
to form oil globules (bot.).

ELA-

85

EM In-

elastic fibres,— special fibres, often
branched and highly resistant to
the action of boiling water, but
easily acted on by tryptic digestion
(J>hys.).

elastic fibro-cartilage,— consists of
cartilage cells and a matrix per-
vaded by a network of yellow
elastic fibres which branch and
anastomose in all directions (anat.).

elastic tissue, — a type of connective
tissue in which elastic and yellowish
fibres are mixed with the non-
elastic fibres (phys.).

elastin (elas'tin) n. [Gk. elauein, to
drive.] The substance which forms
elastic tissues (phys.).

elater (el'ater) n. [Gk. elater, driver.]
One of the cells in certain plants
with a spiral thickening in the
wall which assists in dispersing
the spores (bot.).

electric organ, — modifications of
muscles or groups of muscles
which discharge a considerable
amount of electric energy, found
in certain Fishes (zool.).

electroplax (616k'troplaks) n. [Gk.
elektron, amber ; plax, anything
broad and flat.] One of the con-
stituent plates of an electric organ,
which are arranged at right angles
to the axis of the primitive muscle
(zool.).

electro-tonic (gleYtroton'ik) a. [Gk.
elektron, amber ; tonos, tension.]
Pert, a state ofelectric tension (phys.).

electrotonus (elfiktrot'onus) n. [Gk.
elektron, amber ; tonos, tension.]
The modified condition of a nerve
when subjected to a constant
current of electricity (phys.). •

eleidin (ele'Idln) n. [Gk. eleos,
wandering.] A substance found
as small granules in the stratum
granulosum of the epidermis,
probably a stage in the formation
of keratin (phys.).

element (eTement) n, [L. elementum,
unit.] A substance that cannot
be separated into simpler substances
(phys.).

eleutherodactyl (61u'th6rodak'tTl) a.
[Gk. eleutheros, free ; daktylos,
finger.] Having the hind toe
free (zool.).

eleutheropetalous (glu'thgropeValiis)

a. [Gk. eleutheros, free ; petalon,
petal.] Having the petals or the
components of the whorl free or
separate (dot.).

eleutherophyllous (61u'th6r6fil'us) a.
[Gk. eleutheros, free ; phyllon, leaf.]
Having the components of the
perianth whorls free (bot.).

eleutherosepalous (61u'th6rosep'alus)
a. [Gk. eleutheros, free ; sepalon,
sepal.] Having the sepals free and
separate (dot.).

elliptical (glip'tikal) a. [Gk. elleipsis,
a falling short.] Oval-shaped ;
appl. leaves of about the same
breadth at equal distances from
base and apex, which are slightly
acute (hot.).

elytriform (elit'riform) a. [Gk. elytron,
sheath ; L./orma, shape.] Shaped
like an elytrum (zool.).

elytroid (elit'roid) a. [Gk. elytron,
sheath ; eidos, resemblance.] Re-
sembling an elytrum (zool.).

elytrum (elit'riim) n. [Gk. elytron,
sheath.] The anterior wing of
certain insects, hard and case-like ;
one of the scales or shield-like
plates found on the dorsal surface
of some worms (zool.).

emarginate (emar'jinat) a. [L. ex,
put ; marginare, to delimit.] Hav-
ing a triangular notch at the apex
(bot.) ; having the tip notched (zool.).

embole (em'bole) n. [Gk. embole,
putting into place.] Invagination
(emb.).

embolic (embol'lk) a. [Gk. embolos,
anything pointed.] Pushing or
growing in (emb.).

embolium (gmbo'lium) n. [Gk.
embolos, pointed.] The outer or
costal part of the wing in certain
insects (zool.).

embolomerous (e'm'bolom'e'rus) a.
[Gk. embolos, anything pointed ;
meros, part.] Having two verte-
bral rings in each segment due
to the union of the hypocentra
with the neural arch, and the
union of the two pleurocentra
below the notochord (anat.),

embryo (gm'brio) n. [Gk. embryon,
embryo.] Any young organism
in the early stages of its develop-
ment before it has become self-
supporting (biol.).

EMB-

86

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embryo cell, — one of the two cells
formed from the first division of
the fertilized egg in certain plants,
developing later into the embryo,
the other developing into the
suspensor (bot.).

embryo sac, — the megaspore (bot.).

embryogeny (embrioj'en!) n. [Gk.
embryon, embryo ; genos, birth.]
The processes by which the embryo
is formed (emb.).

embryology (embriol'dji) n. [Gk.
embryon, embryo ; logos, discourse.]
That part of biology dealing with
the formation and development of
the embryo (biol.).

embryonic (embrion'ik) a. [Gk. em-
bryon, embryo.] Pert, embryo (biol.).

embryophore (em'briofor) n. [Gk.
embryon, embryo ; pherein, to bear.]
The ciliated mantle enclosing the
embryo in many tape-worms, and
formed from the superficial
blastomeres of the embryo (zool.).

embryotegia (Smbriote'jia) n. [Gk.
embryon, embryo ; tegos, roof.] The
small hardened portion of the testa
which marks the micropyle in some
seeds and separates like a little lid
at the period of germination (bot.).

embryotrophy (Sm'briot'rofi) n. [Gk.
embryon, embryo ; trephein, to
nourish.] The nourishment of the
embryo, or the means adapted to
that purpose (emb.).

emergence (emeYjens) n. [L. ex, out ;
mergere, to dip.] Any of the out-
growths which arise from the sub-
epidermal tissue (bot.) zool.).

emersed (emers't) a. [L. ex, out ;
mergere, to dip.] Rising above the
surface of the water ; appl. leaves
(bot.).

eminence (em'inens) n. [L. eminens,
eminent.] Ridge or projection on
the surface of bones (anat.).

emlnentla (em'ine'n'shla) n. plu. [L.
eminens, eminent.] Eminences.

emissary (em'isari) a. [L. emittere,
to send out.] Coming out ; name
appl. veins passing through aper-
tures in the cranial wall and estab-
lishing connection between the
sinuses inside and the veins outside
(anat.).

empodium (gmpo'dium) n. [Gk. en,
in ; pous, foot.] A small variable

median structure between the claws
of many insects' feet (zool.).

emulsln (emiil'sin) n. [L. emulgere,
to milk out.] An enzyme found in
certain plants (bot.).

enamel (enam'el) n. [O.F. esmaillier,
to coat with enamel.] The hard
material containing over 90 per
cent, calcium and magnesium salts
which forms a cap over the dentine,
or may form a complete coat to the
tooth or scale in which it is found
(anat.).

enamel cells,— the cells which form
the enamel and are collectively
known as the enamel organ.

enantioblastic (enan'tloblas'tik) a.
[Gk. enantios, opposite ; blastos,
bud.] Formed at the end of the
seed opposite the placenta (bot.).

enarthrosis (en'arthro'sis) n. [Gk. en,
in ; arthron, joint.] Ball-and-socket
joint (anat.).

encephalocoel (enkef'alosel, -sef-) n.
[Gk. enkephalos, within the head ;
koilos, hollow.] The cavity within
the brain (zool.).

encephalon (enkef'alon, -sef-) n. [Gk.
enkephalos, within the head.] The
brain (anat.).

encephalospinal (enkef'alospi'nal,
-sSf-) a. [Gk. enkephalos, within
the head ; L. spina, spine.] Pert.
the brain and spinal cord (anat.).

enchylema (en'klle'ma) n. [Gk. en,
in ; chylos, juice.] The more fluid
protoplasm in a cell (biol.):

encyst (ensist') v. [Gk. en, in ; kystis,
bladder.] Of a cell or small animal,
to surround itself with an outer coat
or capsule (biol.).

encystation (ensista'shun) n. [Gk.
en, in ; kystis, bladder.] Forma-
tion of a cyst or capsule (biol.).

encystment (ensist'ment) n. [Gk.
en, in ; kystis, bladder.] Formation
of a firm, resistant envelope or
capsule (biol.).

endarch (find'ark) a. [Gk. endon,
within ; arche, beginning.] With
a central protoxylem, or with
several surrounding a central pith
(bot.).

endaspidean (end'aspid'ean) a. [Gk.
endon, within ; aspis, shield.] With
the scutes extending on the inner
surface of the tarsus (zool.).

END-

END-

end-bulbs, — minute cylindrical or oval
bodies, consisting of a capsule
containing a semi-fluid core in
which the axis cylinder terminates
either in a bulbous extremity or in
a coiled plexiform mass (anat.).

endemic (SndSm'lk) a. [Gk. en, in ;
demos, the people.] Restricted to a
certain region or part of a region

enderon (Sn'dSron) n. [Gk. en, in ;
deros, skin.] The inner or endo-
dermal layer (ana/.).

enderonic (Sn'de'ron'ik) a. [Gk. en,
in ; deros, skin.] Endodermal.

endites (gndlts') n. plu. [Gk. endon,
within.] The offshoots on the
mesial border of the appendages
of certain Crustacea (zool.).

endoblast (gn'doblast) n. [Gk. endon,
within ; blastos, bud.] The hypo-
blast (emd.).

endocardiac (gn'dokar'diak) a. [Gk.
endon, within ; kardia, heart.] Situ-
ated within the heart (anat).

endocardlal (gn'dokir'dial), — see
endocardiac.

endocardium (gn'ddkar'dium) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; kardia, heart.] The
thin smooth membrane which lines
and gives the glistening appearance
to the inner surface of the heart
(anat.).

endocarp (fin'dokarp) n. [Gk. endon,
within ; karpos, fruit.] The inner-
most layer of the pericarp, usually
hard and stony, in drupaceous fruits
(dot.).

endocarpold (Sn'dokar'poid) a. [Gk.
endon, within ; karpos, fruit.] Having
the disc-like ascocarps embedded in
the thallus (dot.).

endochondral (6n'd6kon'dral) a. [Gk.
endon, within ; chondros, cartilage.]
Beginning or forming inside the car-
tilage, usually appl. ossification
(anat.).

endochone (gn'dokon) «. [Gk. endon,
within ; choane, funnel.] Spacious
sub-cortical crypt in the tissue of
Sponges from which the incurrent
canals start (zool.).

endochrome (gn'dokrom) plate, — a
band of yellowish chromatophores
found in the protoplasmic portion
of certain Diatoms (dot.).

endochylous (eVdokl'lus) a. [Gk.

endon, within ; chylos, juice.] With
the water-cells within the internal
tissue (dot.).

endocoelar (£n'dose'lar) a. [Gk. endon,
within ; koilos, hollow.] Pert, the
inner wall of the coelom, i.e. the
splanchnic wall (zool.).

endpcone (Sn'docon) n. [Gk. endon,
within ; konos, cone.] One of the
conical structures formed in certain
cephalopod shells (Pal.).

endocranium (gn'dokra'nium) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; kranion, skull.] The
process on the inner surface of the
cranium of certain insects (zool.).

endocrine (Sn'dokrfn) a. [Gk. endon,
within ; krinetn, to separate.] Appl.
organs of internal secretion (phys.).

endocyde (gn'dosl'kl) n. [Gk. endon,
within ; kyklos, circle.] A layer of
tissue separating the internal phloem
from the endodermis (dot.).

endocycllc (gn'dosik'lik) a. [Gk.
endon, within ; kyklos, circle.] With
the mouth remaining in the axis of
the coil of the gut, appl. Crinoids ;
having an apical system with a
double circle of plates surrounding
the anus, appl. Echinoids (zool.) ;
pert, endocycle (dot.).

endocyst (gn'dosist) n. [Gk. endon,
within ; kystis, bladder.] The soft
body wall of a zooid in a Polyzoan
(zool.).

endoderm (gn'dodgrm) n. [Gk. endon,
within ; derma, skin.] The hypo-
blast ; the epithelium of the digestive
and respiratory organs, and of the
glands appended to the digestive
tract (emd.).

endoderm disc, — the posterior un-
paired thickening on the ventral
surface of the blastoderm of the
crayfish (zool.).

endoderm lamella, — a thin sheet of
endoderm stretching between ad-
jacent radial canals, and between
the circular canal and the enteric
cavity in certain Coelenterates
(zool.).

endodermis (en'dodeVmis) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; derma, skin.] The
innermost layer of the cortex in
plants (dot.).

endogamy (findSg'ami) n. [Gk.end0n,
within ; gamos, marriage.] Zygote
formation within the cyst by the

END-

END-

reciprocal fusion of the division
products of the daughter nuclei
(zool.).

endogastric (6n'dogas'trik) a. [Gk.
endon, within ; gaster, belly.] Hav-
ing the curvature of the body with
the enclosing shell towards the
ventral side (zool.}.

endogenous (gndoj'enus) a. [Gk.
endon, within ; genos, birth.] De-
veloping from a deep-seated layer

endogenous multiplication, — see

spore formation.

endogeny (findqj'Sni) n. [Gk. endon,
within ; genos, birth.] Development
from a deep-seated layer (biol.).
endognath (en'dognath') n. [Gk.
endon, within ; gnathos, jaw.] The
inner branch of the oral appendages
of Crustacea (zool.).
endognathion (gn'dognath'ion) n.
[Gk. endon, within ; gnathos, jaw.]
The mesial segment of the maxilla
in man, bearing a central incisor
(anat.).

endogonidium (Sn'dogonid'ium) «.
[Gk. endon, within ; gonos, offspring.]
A gonidium formed in a receptacle ;
the colony-forming cells in such
forms as Volvox (bot.).
endolabium (Sn'dola'blum) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; L. labium, lip.J A
membranous lobe in the interior of
the mouth on the middle parts of
the front of the labium (zool.).
endolaryngeal (en'dolar'mje'al, -larin'-
jeal) a. [Gk. endon, within ; laryngx,
larynx.] Pert, inside of, or situated
in, the larynx (anat.).
endolymph (en'dolimf) n. [Gk. endon,
within ; L. lympha, water.] The
fluid in the inner labyrinth of the
ear (anat.).

endolymphangial (gn'dolimf an'jlal) a.
[Gk. endon, within ; L. lympha,
water ; Gk. anggeion, vessel.] Situ-
ated in a lymphatic (anat.).
endolymphatic (gn'dolfmfat'ik) a.
[Gk. endon, within ; L. lympha,
water.] Pert, lymphatics (anat.).
endometrium (gn'domet'rium) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; metra, womb.] The
mucous lining of the womb (anat.).
endomysium (Sn'domiz'ium) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; mys, muscle.] The
delicate connective tissue which

separates the muscle fibres from one
another (anat.).

endoneurium (gn'donu'rium) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; neuron, nerve.] The
delicate connective tissue holding
together and supporting the nerve
fibres within the funiculus (anat.).
endoparasite (en'dopar'aslt) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; para, beside ; sitos,
food.] Any organism living par-
asitically in another (biol.).
endoperidium (en'dopSrid lum) n.
[Gk. endon, within ; peridion, little
pouch.] The inner layer of coat of
peridium (bot.).

endophragm (gn'dofram) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; phragma, fence.} A
septum formed by the cephalic and
thoracic apodemes in Crustacea
(zool.).

endophragmal (en'dofrag'mal) a. [Gk.
endon, within ; phragma, fence.]
Belonging to or pert, the endo-
phragm (zool.).

endophyte (gn'dofit) n. [Gk. endon,
within ; phyton, plant.] A plant
growing within another, either as
parasite or otherwise (bot.).
endophytic (en'dofit'ik) a. [Gk.
endon, within \phyton, plant.] Living
in the cavities of other plants (bot.).
endoplasm (Sn'doplazm) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; plasma, something
moulded.] The endosarc, or inner
portion of the protoplasm in a cell
(biol.).

endoplastule (gn'doplas'tul) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; plastos, moulded.]
The micronucleus of certain Protists
(biol.).

endopleura (Sn'ddploo'ra) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; pleura, side.] The
inner seed-coat (bot.).
endopleurite (gn'doploo'rit) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; pleura, side.] The
epimeral portion of the apodeme
(zool.).

endopodite (gndop'odit) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; pous, foot.] The
inner or mesial branch of a bi-
ramous crustacean limb, or the only
part of the biramous limb remaining
(zool.).

endoral (findo'ral) a. [Gk. endon,
within ; L. os, mouth.] Pert.
structures situated in the vestibule
of certain Protozoa (zool.).

89

ENE-

endorhachis (gn'dora'kis) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; rhachis, stem.] A
layer of connective tissue lining
the canal of the vertebral column
and the cavity of the skull (anat.).

endosarc (fin'dosark) n, [Gk. endon,
within ; sarx, flesh.] See endo-
plasm.

endosiphuncle (gn'dosifung'kl) n.
[Gk. endon, within ; L. siphunculus,
little tube.] The tube leading from
the protoconch to the siphuncle in
certain Cephalopods (pal.}.

endoskeleton (eVdoskeTeton) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; skeletos, hard.] The
inner skeleton as opposed to the
exoskeleton (zoo!.).

endosmosis (Sn'dSsmo'sTs) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; osmos, pushing in-
fluence.] The passage inwards
through a permeable or semi-
permeable membrane of a less
concentrated solution (phys.).

endosome (e"n'dos5m) n. [Gk. endon,
within ; soma, body.] The chroma-
tinic mass near the centre of a
vesicular type of nucleus (cyt.).

endosperm (gn'dospgrm) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; sperma, seed.] The
female prothallium (pot.).

endospore (fin'dospor) n. [Gk. endon,
within ; sporos, seed.] The inner
coat of the sporocyst in some
Protozoa (zoo!.) ; an asexual spore ;
the inner coat of a spore wall
(bot.\

endosporium (Sn'dospo'rium), — see
endospore.

endosteal (e"nd8s'teal) a. [Gk. endon,
within ; osteon, bone.] Pert, the
endosteum (ana/.).

endosternlte (eVdosteYnlt) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; L. sternum, sternum.]
The internal skeletal plate for the
attachment of muscles ; a free
skeleton situated in the prosoma
between the alimentary canal and
the nerve cord in Arachnids (zoo!.).

endosttmm (gndos'teum) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; osteon, bone.] The
internal periosteum lining the
cavities of bones (anaf.).

endostosis (gn'dosto'sis) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; osteon, bone.] Ossi-
fication which begins in the carti-
lage (anaf.).

endostracum (gndos'trakum) n. [Gk.

endon, within ; ostrakon, shell.] The
inner layer of the shell (zoo!.).

endostyle (en'dostll) n. [Gk. endon,
within ; stylos, pillar.] A band
of thickened epithelium on the
oesophageal wall of a Tornaria ;
two ventral longitudinal folds separ-
ated by a groove in the pharynx
of the Tunicates ; a longitudinal
groove lined by ciliated epithelium
on the ventral wall of the pharynx
of Amphioxus (zoo!.).

endotheca (gn'dothe'ka) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; theke, box.] The
whole system of dissepiments in any
given calyx of a coral ; the oval
surface of any Cystidea (zool.).

endothecial (gn'dothe'ktal, -shial) a.
[Gk. endon, within ; theke, box.]
Pert, the endothecium ; with asci
in an ascocarp (bot.).

endothecium (gn'dothe'ktum, -shium)
n. [Gk. endon, within ; theke, box.]
The central region of an epibasal
octant of the oospore of liverworts
and mosses ; the inner lining of an
anther (dot.).

endothelium (Sn'dothe'llum) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; thele, nipple.] A
squamous epithelium which lines
the serous cavities, the heart, blood,
and lymphatic vessels (anat.).

endothorax (e'n'dotho'raks) n. [Gk.
endon, within ; thorax, chest.] The
apodeme system in a crustacean
thorax (zoo!.).

end-plates, — the ramified expansions
within the muscular fibre which
form the ends of a motor nerve
(anat.).

end-sac, — the sac-like vestigial portion
of the coelom in the excretory glands
of certain Crustacea (zoo!.).

endysis (gndl'sls) n. [Gk. endysts,
putting on.] The development of
a new coat (zoo!.).

energesis (6n'6rj e'sts) n. [Gk. energein,
to be active.] The process by which
energy is liberated through kata-
bolic action (phys.).

energld (6n'6rjld) n. [Gk. en, in ;
ergon, work.] Any living uni-
nucleated protoplasmic unit with
or without a cell wall (bot.)

enervose (eneVvos) a. [L. ex, with-
out ; nervus, sinew.] Having no
veins, appl. certain leaves (bot.).

ENG-

90

ENT-

engraved (engraVd)<2. [h..S.grafan,io
dig.] With irregular linear grooves
on the surface (zool.).

ensiform (en'siform) a. [L. ensis,
sword ; forma, shape.] Sword-
shaped (biol.).

entelechy (gnteTe"ki) ». [Gk. en, in ;
telos, end ; echein, to hold.] The
realisation of forms in plant and
animal life which have the power
of reproducing their kind (biol.).

entepicondylar (gntSpikon'dilar) a.
[Gk. entos, within ; epi, upon ;
kondylos, knob.] Pert, the lower
or condylar end of the humerus
(anat.).

enteric (Sn'tgrlk) a. [Gk. enteron,
gut.] With an alimentary canal
(zool.).

enterocoel (6n't6rosel') n. [Gk.
enteron, gut ; koilos, hollow.] A
coelom which has arisen either as
a pouch-like outgrowth of the arch-
enteric cavity, or as a series of such
outgrowths (emb.).

enteron (en'teron) n. [Gk. enteron,
gut.] The alimentary tract (zool.).

entire (entlr') a. [M.E. enter, un-
touched.] With a continuous
margin ; appl. leaves (dot.).

entoblast (en'toblast) n. [Gk. entos,
within ; blastos, bud.] The endo-
derm ; the nucleolus (zool.).

entobranchiate (fin'tobrang'kTat) a.
[Gk. entos, within ; brangchia, gills.]
Having internal gills (zool.).

entobronchlum (Sn'tobrong'klum) n.
[Gk. entos, within ; brongchos, wind-
pipe.] The dorsal secondarybranch
of the bronchus in birds (anat.).

entobronchus(e'n'tobrong'kus), — ento-
bronchium.

entochondrostosis (gn'tokondrosto'-
sis) n. [Gk. entos, within ; chondros,
cartilage ; osteon, bone.] Ossifica-
tion from within outwards (zool.).

entocodon (gn'tb'ko'don) n. [Gk.
entos, within ; kodon, bell.] The
lens-shaped mass of cells in the
development of a medusoid which
sink below the level of the super-
ficial ectoderm, and ultimately
develop a cavity (zool.).

entocoel (gn'tosel) n. [Gk. entos,
within ; koilos, hollow.] The space
enclosed by a pair of mesenteries
in the Anthozoa (zool.).

entocondyle (en'tokon'dil) n. [Gk.
entos, within ; kondylps, knob.] The
condyle on the mesial surface of a
bone (anat.).

entoconid (gn'tb'ko'nid) n. [Gk. entos,
within ; konos, cone.] The postero-
internal cusp of a lower molar (zool.).

entocuneifonn (£n'tbkune'iform) n.
[Gk. entos, within ; kuneos, wedge ;
L.forma, shape.] The most internal
of the distal row of tarsal bones
(anat.).

entocyemate (gn'tosie'mat) a. [Gk.
entos, within ; kyema, embryo.] With
embryos having amnion and allan-
tois (smb.).

entoderm, — see endoderm.

entodermal, — see endodermal.

entogastric (en'togas'trik) a. [Gk.
entos, within ; gaster, belly.] Pert.
interior of stomach ; appl. gastric
budding in Medusae (zool.).

entoglossal (Sn'toglos'al) a. [Gk.
entos, within ; glossa, tongue.] Lying
in the substance of the tongue
(anat.).

entomology (en'tb'morojT) n. [Gk.
entomon, insect ; logos, discourse.]
That portion of zoology dealing
with Insects (zool.).

entomophilous (Sn'tomof ilus) a. [Gk.
entomon, insect ; philein, to love.]
Pollinated by the agency of insects
(**}

entophyte (en'toflt) n. [Gk. entos,
within ; phyton, plant.] Endophyte.

entoplastron (gn'toplas'tron) n. [Gk.
entos, within ; F. plastron, breast-
plate.] The anterior median plate
in the chelonian plastra, often called
the episternum, and probably homo-
logous with the interclavicle of other
Reptiles (zool.).

entopterygold (fin'topteVigoid) n.
[Gk. entos, within ; pteryx, wing ;
eidos, resemblance.] The inner
bone adjoining the palate in Fishes
(zool.).

entosphere (Sn'tosfer) n. [Gk. entos,
within ; sphaira, globe.] The inner
portion of the attraction sphere
(biol.).

entosternite (gn'tostSr'nlt) n. [Gk.
entos, within ; sternon, breast.]
Endosternite.

entosternum (SntostSr'num) n. [Gk.
entos, within ; sternon, breast.] The

ENT-

EPH-

entoplastron ; an internal process
of the sternum of numerous Arthro-
pods (zool.).

entoturbinals (e'n'totur'binalz) n. plu.
[Gk. entos, within ; L. turbo, whorl.]
One of the divisions of the ethmo-
turbinals (zool.).

entovarlal (Sn'tova'rial) a. [Gk. entos,
within ; L. ovum, egg.] Pert, canal
formed in the ovaries of certain
Fishes by the insinking and closure
of a groove formed by the covering
epithelium (zool.).

entozoa (gn'tozo'a) n. plu. [Gk. entos,
within ; zoon, animal.] A general
name for all internal parasites
(zool.).

entozoic (gn'tozo'ik) a. [Gk. en/as,
within ; zoon, animal.] Living
within the body or substance of
another plant or animal (zool.).

entrochite (gntro'klt) n. [Gk. en, in ;
trochos, wheel.] The joint of the
fossil stem of a stalked Crinoid(/a/.).

envelope (gn'vgldp) n. [F. enveloppe,
covering.] One of the outer cover-
ings of an egg (zool.} ; any surround-
ing structure, e.g. floral envelop
(dot.}.

environment (gnvl'ronme'nt) n. [F.
environ, about.] The sum-total of
the external influences acting on
an organism (bio/.).

enzootic (gn'zoSt'ik) a. [Gk. en, in ;
zoon, animal.] Afflicting animals
(zool.}.

enzyme (en'zfm) n. [Gk. en, in ;
zyme, leaven.] A chemical or un-
organized soluble ferment (phys.}.

Eocene (e'osen) n. [Gk. eos, dawn ;
kainos, recent.] The earliest or
oldest division of the Tertiary
system (pal.}.

Eogaea (e'oje'a) n. [Gk. eos, dawn ;
gaia, land.] A zoogeographical divi-
sion including Africa, S. America,
and Australasia ; cf. Caenogaea.

eosinophile (e'osTn'ofil) a. [Gk. eos,
dawn ; philein, to love.] Appl.
cells which readily stain a brilliant
red colour when treated with a
mixed stain containing eosin (phys.).

epacme (gpSk'me) n. [Gk. epi, upon ;
akme, point.] The stage in the
phylogeny of a group just previous
to its reaching its summit (pal.).

epalaceous (e'pala'shus) a. [L. ex,

without \pala, shovel.] Not spade-
shaped (bot.).

epaleaceous (e'palea'shus) a. [L. ex,
without ; palea, chaff.] With re-
ceptacles which do not contain
chaff (bot.).

epalpate (epal'pat) a. [L. ex, without ;
palpus, palp.J Not furnished with
palpi (zool.).

epapillate (epSp'ilat) a. [L. ex, with-
out ; papilla, nipple.] Not having
papillae (zool.).

epapophyals (gp'apof'isis) n. [Gk.
epi, upon ; apophysis, offshoot.] A
median process arising from the
centre of the neural arch of a
vertebra (anat.).

eparterial (ep'arte'rial) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; L. arteria, artery.] Situated
above an artery ; appl. branch of
right bronchus (anat.).

epaulettes (6p'616ts) n. plu. [F.
tyaule, shoulder.] Branched or
knobbed processes projecting from
the outer side of the oral arms
of many Scyphozoa ; horizontally
placed crescentic ridges of cilia in
the Echinopluteus (zool.).

epaxlal (gpak'slal) a. [Gk. epi, upon ;
L. axis, axis.] Above the axis ;
usually appl. axis formed by verte-
bral column (anat.).

epedaphic (ep'edafik) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; edaphos, soil.] Pert, climatic
conditions (bot.).

epencephalon (6p'6nk6f'alon, -seT-) n.
[Gk. epi, upon ; engkephalon, the
brain.] The cerebellum (anat.).

ependyma (gpgn'dima), ependyme
(e'pe'ndlm7) n. [Gr. ependyma, outer
garment/] The layer of cells lining
the cavities of the brain and spinal
cord (anat.).

ependymal (gpgn'dimSl) a. [Gk. epen-
dyma, outer garment.] Pert, epen-
dyma.

ephebic (gfe'blk) a. [Gk. epi, upon ;
hebe, puberty.] Pert, stage in
phylogeny between the early, or
childhood stage and the old-age
stage of a group (pal.).

ephemerals (ef gm'gralz) n. plu. [Gk.
ephemeras, daily.] Annual plants
with duration of life-cycle so
shortened as to enable several
generations to follow one another
during a single season (bot.).

EPH-

92

EPI-

ephippium (efip'ium) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; hippos, horse.] The pituitary
fossa, or fossa hypophyseos of the
sphenoid (anat) ; a thickened and
indurated part of the shell which
separates from the rest at ecdysis
and forms a protective case for the
eggs in certain Cladocera (zool).

ephyra (eTira) n. [Gk. Ephyra, a
nymph's name.] The small free-
swimming jelly-fish stage of certain
Scyphozoa, produced by strobilation
of the Scyphistoma (zool.).

ephyrula (6f ir'ula), — ephyra.

epibasal (ep'iba'sal) a. [Gk. epi, upon ;
L. basis, base.] Pert, upper segment
of an oospore, ultimately giving rise
to the shoot (hot.),

epibenthos (gp'ibgn'thos) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; benthos, depths.] Fauna and
flora found between the low-water
mark and the'hundred fathoms' line
(biol).

epiblast (gp'iblast) n. [Gk. epi, upon ;
blastos, bud.] The outer layer of the
gastrula ; the ectoblast (emb).

eplblema (gp'ible'ma) n. [Gk. epi-
blema, cover.] The outermost layer
of the root-tissue (bot.).

epibolic (gp'ibol'ik) a. [Gk. epi, upon ;
ballein, to throw.] Growing so as to
cover over ; appl. type of gastrula-
tion (emb.).

epiboly (epib'oli) n. [Gk. epi, upon ;
ballein, to throw.] Growth of one
part over another in embryonic
stages (emb.).

eplbranchial (ep'ibrang'kial) a. [Gk.
epi, upon ; brangchia, gills.] Pert.
the second upper element in a
branchial arch (zool).

epicalyx (ep'Ika'liks) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; kalyx, cup.] The stipules,
fused in pairs, producing an ap-
parent outer or extra calyx ; a
structure just below the calyx pro-
duced by the aggregation of bracts
or bracteoles (bot).

epicanthus (gp'ikan'thus) n. [Gk.
epi, upon ; kanthos, corner.] A
prolongation of the upper eyelid
over the inner angle of the eye
(anat.).

epicardium (ep'ikar'dium) n. [Gk.
epi, upon ; kardia, heart.] The
visceral part of the pericardium
(anat) ; a tubular prolongation of

the branchial sac in many Ascidians,
which takes part in budding (zool.).
epicarp (ep'fkarp) n. [Gk. epi, upon ;
karpos, fruit.] The outer layer of
the pericarp (bot).

epicentral (ep'isgn'tral) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; kentron, centre.] Attached
to or arising from the vertebral
centra ; appl. usually to inter-
muscular bones (anat).
epicerebral (ep'iser'gbral) a. [Gk.
epi, upon ; L. cerebrum, brain.]
Situated above the brain (anat.).

epichilium (ep'ikll'ium) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; cheilos, lip.] The terminal
lobe of the lower petal of an
orchid (bot.).

epichordal (ep'ikor'dal) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; chorde, cord.] Upon the
notochord ; appl. vertebrae in which
the ventral cartilaginous portions
are almost completely suppressed
(zool.).

epicoele (ep'isel) n. [Gk. epi, upon ;
koilos, hollow.] The cavity of the
mid-brain in the lower vertebrates ;
the cerebellar cavity (anat) ; a peri-
visceral cavity formed by invagina-
tion (zool).

epicoelia (ep'ise'lia) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; koilia, cavity.] Epicoele.

epicondylar (gp'lkon'dilar) a. [Gk.
epi, upon ; kondylos, knob.] Pert.
the epicondyle (zool).

epicondyle (ep'ikon'dil) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; kondylos, knob.] The outer
protuberance at the lower or distal
end of the humerus (anat).

epicoracoid (Sp'ikor'akoid) a. [Gk.
epi, upon ; korax, crow ; eidos, re-
semblance.] Pert, an element
usually cartilaginous in nature at
the sternal end of the coracoid in
Amphibians, Reptiles, and Mono-
tremes (zool).

epicormic (ep'ikor'mik) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; kormos, trunk of a tree.]
Growing from a dormant bud
(hot).

epicotyl (ep'ikot'il) n. [Gk. epi, upon ;
kotyle, vase.] The axis of a plumule
(hot).

epicotyledonary (ep'lkot'iled'onari) a.
[Gk. epi, upon ; kotyle, vase.] Above
the cotyledons (hot).

epicoxite (ep'ikok'sTt) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; L. coxa, hip.] A small

EPI-

93

EPI-

process at the posterior end of the
toothed part of the coxae of the
second, third, fourth, and fifth pairs
of appendages in the Eurypterida
(Pal.}.

epicranial (ep'ikra'nial) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; kranion, skull.] Pert.
cranium ; appl. muscles, bones,
etc. (anat.).

epicranlum (gp'ikra'nium) n. [Gk.
epi, upon ; kranion, skull.] The
region between and behind the
eyes in an insect's head (zool) ;
the structure covering the cranium
(anat.).

epicritic (ep'ikrit'ik) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; krinein, to judge.] Pert.
return and accurate localization of
elaborate sensations after an opera-
tion (phys.).

epicyte (Ip'islt) n. [Gk. epi, upon ;
kytos, hollow.] The external layer
of the ectoplasm in certain Protozoa
(zool.).

epidemes (Sp'idemz) n. plu. [Gk.
epi, upon ; demas, body.] In
certain insects, small pieces closely
related with the articulation of the
wings (zool.).

epidermis (gp'Tder'mis) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; derma, skin.] The outer-
most protective layer of stems,
roots, and leaves, occasionally it
may be the outer layer of the
ground tissue (hot.) ; the external
layer of the skin, a non-vascular
stratified epithelium of ectodermic
origin ; the single layer of ectoderm
in many invertebrates (zool.).

epididymis (ep'idid'imis) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; didymos, testicle.] A mass
at the back of the testicle composed
chiefly of the vasa efferentia ; gener-
ally speaking, the greatly coiled
anterior end of the Wolffian duct
(anat., zool.).

epidural (ep'idu'ral) a. [Gk. epi, upon ;
L. dura, hard.] Pert, dura mater ;
appl. space between the dura mater
and the wall of the vertebral column
(anat.).

epigamic (ep'fgam'ik) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; gamos, marriage.] Tending
to attract the opposite sex (zool.).

epigainous (epig^amus) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; gamos, marriage.] Designat-
ing that stage in polychaete worms

in which the immature forms be-
come heteronereid, whilst the sexual
elements are ripening (zool.).

epigaster (ep'Igas'ter) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; gaster, belly.] That part of
the embryonic intestine which later
develops into the gut (emb.).

epigastric (gp'igas'trik) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; gaster, belly.] Pert, anterior
wall of the abdomen ; middle region
of the upper zone of the artificial
divisions of the abdomen (anat).

epigastrium (Sp'Tgas'trium) n. [Gk.
epi, upon ; gaster, stomach.] The
epigastric region (anat.) ; the sternal
portions of the meso- and meta-
thorax of insects (zool.).

epigeal (gp'iie'al) a. [Gk. epi, upon ;
gaia, land.] Living near the ground,
appl. insects (zool.) ; borne above
the ground, appl. cotyledons when
they form first foliage leaves (dot.).

epigenesis (ep'ijen'e'sis) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; gignesthai, to be born.] The
theory of generation, that the em-
bryo is an entirely new creation,
not a mere unfolding of preformed
structures (biol.).

epigeous (gp'Tje'us), — see epigeal
(bot.).

epiglottis (ep'iglot'is) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; glotta, tongue.] A thin leaf-
shaped lamella of fibro-cartilage,
yellowish in colour, between the
root of the tongue and the entrance
to the larynx (anat) ; the epistome
in Polyzoa ; the epipharynx in In-
sects (zool.).

epignathous(6p'igna'thus,6pig'nathus)
a. [Gk. epi, upon ; gnathos, jaw.]
Having the upper jaw longer than
the lower (zool.).

epigonium (e'p'Igo'nlum) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; gone, seed.] The young
sporangial sac in the Liverworts
(bot.).

epigynous (gpij'mus) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; gyne, woman.] Having the
various whorls adnate to the ovary,
thus apparently inserted in the ovary
(bot.).

epigyny (epij'inl) n. [Gk. epi, upon ;
gyne, woman.] The condition of
having the whorls apparently in-
serted in the ovary (bot.).

epihyal (gp'ihi'al) a. [Gk. epi, upon ;
hyoeidcs, Y-shaped.] Pert, the upper

EPI-

94

EPI-

portion of the ventral part of the
hyoid arch ; n. the upper element
of the ventral portion (zool.}.

epilabrum (ep'ilab'rum) n. [Gk. 'epi,
upon ; L. labrum, lip.] A process
at the side of the labrum in Myria-
pods (zool.}.

epimandibular (ep'imandlb'ular) a.
[Gk. epi, upon ; L. mandibulum,
jaw.] Pert, a bone in the lower
jaw of vertebrates (zool.}.

epimeral (epim'eral) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; meros, part.] Pert, epimeron.

epimere (ep'imer) n. [Gk. epi, upon ;
meros, part.] The upper region,
or dorsal muscle-plate of the meso-
thelial wall (smb.}.

epimerite (epim'e'rlt) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; meros, part.] The deciduous
portion of the protomerite in certain
Gregarines (zool.}.

epimeron (epim'eron) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; meros, part.] A portion of
the pleuron in insects which may
be posterior or nearly as far forward
as the episternum ; a portion of the
arthropod segment between the
tergum and the limb insertions
(zool.}.

epimorphosis (e'p'imor'fosis) n. [Gk.
epi, upon ; morphe, change.] That
type of regeneration in which a
proliferation of new material pre-
cedes the development of the new
part (biol.}.

epimysium (ep'imlz'ium) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; mys, muscle.] The sheath
of areolar tissue which invests the
entire muscle ; cf. perimysium
(anal.}.

epinasty (ep'inas'ti) n. [Gk. epi, upon ;
nastos, pressed close.] The more
rapid growth of the upper surface
of a dorso-ventral organ, e.g. a
leaf, thus causing an unrolling or
downward curvature (bot.}.

epineural (ep'inu'ral) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; neuron, nerve.] Arising
from the neural arch of a vertebra
(anat.} ; pert, canal immediately
below the radial nerve cord in the
Ophiuroidea, which represents the
missing ambulacral groove (zool.}.

epineurium (ep'mu'rium) n. [Gk.
epi, upon ; neuron, nerve.] The
external sheath of a nerve cord
(anat.}.

epiotic (ep'iot'ik) a. [Gk. epi, upon ;
ous, the ear.] Pert, the upper ele-
ment of the bony capsule of the ear
(anal.}.

epiparasite (ep'ipar'asit) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; para, beside ; sites, food.]
Ectoparasite.

epipetalous (ep'ipet'alus) a. [Gk. cpi,
upon ; petalon, petal.] Having the
stamens inserted on the petals (bot.}.

epipharyngeal (ep'ifaYinje'al, ep'i-
farin'jeal) a. [Gk. ept, upon ;
pharyngx, throat.] Pert, the upper
or dorsal aspect of the pharynx
(zool.}.

epipharynx (ep'ifa'ringks) n. [Gk.
epi, upon ; pharyngx, throat.] A
projection on the roof of the mouth
cavity of certain insects ; the mem-
branous lining of labrum and
clypeus drawn out with the labrum
to form a piercing organ, as in
Diptera (zool.}.

epiphragm (ep'ifram) n. [Gk. epi-
phragma, covering.] A layer of
hardened mucous matter, or a cal-
careous plate, closing the opening
of certain gastropod shells (zool.} ;
the membrane which closes the
capsule in certain Mosses ; a
closing membrane in the sporo-
phores of certain Fungi (bot.}.

epiphysial (ep'ifiz'ial) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; phyein, to grow.] Pert, or
similar to the epiphysis (zool.}.

epiphysis (epif'isis) n. [Gk. epi, upon ;
phyein, to grow.] Any part or pro-
cess of a bone which is formed from
a separate centre of ossification and
later fuses with the bone ; the pineal
body (anat., zool.} ; a stout bar
firmly fused to the alveolus of each
jaw and articulating with the rotulae
in sea-urchins ; certain of the pro-
cesses on the tibia of insects (zool.}.

epiphyte (ep'ifit) n. [Gk. epi, upon ;
phyton, plant.] Plant which lives
on other plants, but is not parasitic
(bot.}.

epiphytic (ep'ifit'ik) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; phyton, plant.] Pert, or
similar to an epiphyte (bot.}.

epiphytotic (ep'ifitot'ik) a. [Gk. epiy
upon ;phytoft, plant.] Pert, disease
epidemic in plants (bot.}.

epiplankton (ep'iplang'kton) n. [Gk.
epi, upon ; plangktos, wandering.]

EPI-

95

EPI-

That portion of the plankton from
the surface to the hundred fathoms
line (zool.}.

eplplasm (Sp'iplazm) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; plasma, something moulded.]
Cytoplasm of a brood mother-cell
remaining over unused in brood
formation (biol.}.

epiplastron (£p'iplas'tron) n. [Gk.
epi, upon ; F. plastron, breast-plate.]
One of the anterior pair of bony
plates in the plastron of Chelonians
(zool.}.

epipleura (ep'iploo'ra) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; pleuron, rib.] One of rib-
like structures in Teleosts which
are not preformed in cartilage ; an
uncinate process in birds ; the
turned down outer margin of the
elytra of certain beetles (zool.}.

epiploic (gp'iplo'ik) a. [Gk. epiploon,
caul of the entrails.] Pert, the
omentum.

epiploic foramen, — the opening be-
tween the bursa omentalis and the
large sac of the peritoneum ; the
foramen of Winslow (anat.}.

epiploon (gp'iplo'on) n. [Gk. epiploon,
caul of the entrails.] The great
omentum (anat.} ; insect adipose
tissue (zool.}.

epipodial (ep'ipo'dial) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; pous, foot.] Pert, the epi-
podium.

epipodite (epip'odij) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; pous, foot.] A process
arising from the basal joint of the
crustacean limb and usually ex-
tending into the gill chamber (zool.}.

eplpodium (Sp'ipo'dTum) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; pous, foot.] The embryonic
leaf-lamina (bot.} ; ridge or fold
running along the entire edge of the
creeping sole of the foot of Gastro-
pods, often beset with papillae ; the
raised ring on an ambulacral plate
surrounding the two pores through
which the tube-feet project in
Echinoidea (zool.}.

epiprecoracoid (ep'iprekor'akoid) ;/.
[Gk. epi, upon ; L. pre, before ; Gk.
tnnur, crow ; eidos, resemblance.]
A small cartilage at the ventral
end of the precoracoid in some
turtle pectoral girdles (zool.}.

epipteric (ep'ipter'ik) a. [Gk. epi%
upon ; pteron, wing.] Pert, or

shaped like, or placed above the
wing ; appl. a small bone in the
skull between the parietal and the
sphenoidal ala (anat.}.

epipterygoid (ep'iptgr'igoid) n. [Gk.
epi, upon ; pteryx, wing.] A small
bone extending nearly vertically
downwards from the prootic to the
pterygoid ; also called columella
(zool.}.

epipubic (ep'ipu'blk) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; L. pubes, adult.] Pert, or
borne upon the pubis ; appl.
certain cartilages or bones princi-
pally in marsupials (zool.}.

epipubis (ep'fpu'bis) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; L. pubes, adult.] An un-
paired cartilage or bone borne
anteriorly on the pubis (zool.}.

epirhizous (epTrfzus) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; rhiza, root.] Growing upon
a root (bot.}.

episepalous (gp'isep'alus) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; sepalon, sepal.] Adnate to
the sepals (bot.}.

episkeletal (ep'iskel'gtal) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; skeletos, hard.] Outside the
endoskeleton (zool.}.

episperm (Sp'isperm) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; sperma, seed.] The testa or
outer coating of the seed (bot.}.

episporangium (gp'isporan'jTum) n.
[Gk. epi, upon ; sporos, seed ;
anggeion, vessel.] An indusium
(bot.}.

epispore (ep'ispor) n. [Gk. epi, upon ;
sporos, seed.] The outer layer of
the wall of a sporocyst (zool.}.

episternalia (6p'ist6rna'lia) n. plu.
[Gk. epi, upon ; sternon, breast-
bone.] Two small elements pre-
formed in cartilage frequently inter-
vening in development between the
clavicles and the sternum, and
ultimately fusing with the sternum
(zool.}.

episternite (ep'isteYnit) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; sternon, breast-bone.] One
of the portions of an ovipositor
formed from the side portions of a
somite (zool.}.

episternum (ep'isteYnum) «. [Gk.
epi, upon ; sternon, breast-bone.]
The interclavicle ; also applied to
an anterior cartilaginous element
of the sternum ; a lateral division
of an arthropod somite, usually

EPI-

96

EQU-

above the sternum and more an-
teriorly placed than the epimeron
(zool.).

epistoma (ep'isto'ma) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; stoma, mouth.] The region
between the antenna and the mouth
in Crustacea ; a small lobe over-
hanging the mouth in the Polyzoa
and containing a part of the body
cavity ; that portion of the insect's
head immediately behind the
labrum ; a portion of the rostrum
of certain Diptera (zool.).

epistome, — see epistoma.

epistrophe (epis'trofe) n. [Gk. epis-
trophe, turning towards.] The
position assumed by the chloro-
plasts along the outer and inner
walls when exposed to diffuse light
(bot.).

epistropheus (ep'istro'feus, ep'istro'-
fyus) n. [Gk. epistropheus, turning.]
The axis vertebra (anat}.

epithalamus (ep'ithal'amus) n. [Gk.
epi, upon ; thalamos, chamber.]
The trigonum habenulae, the pineal
body and the posterior commissure
of the brain (anat.).

epithalline (ep'ithal'ln) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; thalla, stem.] Growing upon
the thallus (hot.}.

epitheca (gp'ithe'ka) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; theke, cup.] An external
layer surrounding the lower part
of the theca in many Corals (zool}.

epithecium (e"p'ithe'kium, gp'ithe'-
shtum) n. [Gk. epi, upon ; theke,
cup.] The surface of the spore-
cases in Lichens and Fungi (dot.).

epithelial (ep'ithe'lial) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; t/tele, nipple.] Pert, epithe-
lium.

epithelium (ep'lthe'lium) n. [Gk.
epi, upon ; thele, nipple.] Any
cellular tissue covering a free
surface or lining a tube or cavity
(biol.).

epithem (ep'Tthgm) n. [Gk. eft,
upon ; tithenai, to put.] A group
of specialized colourless paren-
chyma cells surrounding a space
in the tissue of a plant and forming
a hydathode (bot.) ; an excrescence
on the beak of birds (zool.).

epithema, — see epithem.

epitheme, — see epithem.

epitokous (epTt'b'kus) a. [Gk. epi,

upon ; tokos, birth.] Designating
the heteronereid stage of certain
Polychaetes (zool.).

epitrichial (ep'itrik'ial) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; thrix, hair.] Pert, or re-
sembling the epitrichium (emb.).

epitrichium (ep'itrlk'ium) n. [Gk.
epi, upon ; thrix, hair.] An outer
layer of the epidermis in the foetus
of many mammals, usually shed
before birth (emb.}.

epitrochlea (gp'itrok'lea) n. [Gk.
epi, upon ; trochos, wheel.] The
inner condyle at the distal end of
the humerus (anat.).

epitympanic (e'p'itimpan'ik) a. [Gk.
epi, upon ; L. tympanum, kettle-
drum.] Situated above the tympa-
num (zool.).

epixylous (ep'iksi'lus, epik'siliis) a.
[Gk. epi, upon ; xylon, wood.]
Growing upon wood (bot.).

epizoic (ep'izo'ik) a. [Gk. epi, upon ;
zoon, animal.] Pert, animals living
on or attached to the body of
another animal (zool.).

epizoon (gp'izo'on) ;;. [Gk. epi, upon ;
zoon, animal.] An animal living
on another ; an external parasite
(zool.).

epizootic (ep'izoot'ik) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; zoon, animal.] Common
among animals (zool.).

epizygal (ep'izl'gal) n. [Gk. epi,
upon ; zygon, yoke.] The upper
ossicle in a syzygial pair of
brachials or columnars in the
Crinoids (zool.}.

eponychium (ep'onik'ium) «. [Gk.
epi, upon ; onyx, nail.] The thin
cuticular fold which overlaps the
lunula of the nail (anat.) ; the
dorsal portion of a neonychium
(emb.).

epoophoron (gp'ooftiron) n. [Gk.
epi, upon ; oon, egg ; p herein, to
bear.] A rudimentary organ, the
remains of the WolfHan body of
the embryo, lying in the meso-
salpinx between the ovary and the
uterine tube (anat.).

equal (e'kwal) a. [L. aequalis, equal.]
Having the portions of the lamina
equally developed on the two sides
of the midrib ; appl. leaves (bot.).

equation division,— in mitosis, by
the longitudinal splitting of the

EQU-

97

EftV-

chromatin thread all the ancestral
germ-plasms are equally distributed
in the daughter nuclei (cyt.}.
equatorial (ek'wato'rial) plate,— the
group of chromosomes lying at
the equator of the spindle during
mitosis (cyt.}.

equiblradlate (ek'wiblra'dtat) a. [L.
aeguus, equal ; bis, twice ; radius,
radius.] With two equal rays
(zool.}.

equicellular (ek'wiseTular) a. [L.
aequus, equal ; cellula, cell.] Com-
posed of equal cells (zool.}.

equilateral (ek'wilat'e'ral) a. [L.
aequus, equal ; latiis, side.] Hav-
ing the sides equal ; appl, shells
which are symmetrical about a
transverse line drawn through the
umbo (zool.}.

equitant (gk'witant) a. [L. equitare,
to ride.] Having the bases over-
lapping, saddlewise, the leaves
above them (bot.}.

equlvalve (ek'wivalv') a. [L. aequus,
equal ; valva, valve.] Having the
two halves of the shell exactly
alike in form and size (zool.}.

erect (erekt') a. [L. erigere, to raise
up.] Not decumbent (bot.}.

erectile (ereVtil) a. [L. erigere, to
raise up.] Capable of being erected
(zool.}.

erectile tissue, — a tissue capable of
being made rigid and dilated by
the distention of the blood-vessels
within it (anat.}.

erection (ereVshiin) n. [L. erigere,
to raise up.] The state of a part
which has become swollen and
distended through the accumula-
tion of blood in the erectile tissue
(phys.}.

erector (ergk'tor) n. [L. erigere, to
raise up.] A muscle which raises
up an organ or part (anat.}.

eremochaetous (eYemoke'tus) a.
[Gk. eremos, lonely ; chaeta, bristle.]
Having no regularly arranged
system of pointed bristles ; appl.
flies (sool.}.

ergaloid (eYgaloid) a. [Gk. ergates,
worker.] Having the adults sexu-
ally capable though wingless (zool.}.

ergastoplasm (grgas'toplazm) n. [Gk.
ergazesthai, to work ; plasma, some-
thing moulded.] Archoplasm (biol.}.

ergatandrous (grgatan'driis) a. [Gk.
ergates, worker; aner, man.] Hav-
ing worker-like males (zool.}.

ergatogynous (eYgatqj'Tnus) a. [Gk.
ergates, worker ; gyne, woman.]
Having worker-like females (zool.}.

ergot (eVgot) n. [O.K. argot, spur.]
A small bare patch found on the
limbs of the horse-tribe, represent-
ing the last remnant of the naked
palm of the hand and sole of the-
foot (anat.}.

eriophyllous (eYiofil'us) a. [Gk.
erion, wool ; phyllon, leaf.] Having
leaves with a cottony appearance
(bot.}.

erose (eros') a. [L. erodere, to wear
away.] Having the margin
irregularly notched (bof.).

erosion (erS'zhun) n. [L. erodere, to
wear away.] Decay which usually
starts at the apex of many gastro-
pod shells (zool.}.

erostrate (eros'trat) a. [L. ex, with-
out ; rostrum, beak.] Having no
beak ; appl. anthers (bot.}.

ersaeome (eYseorh) n. [Gk. erse,
young.] The free monogastric
generation of Siphonophora (zool.}.

eruciform (eroo'slform) a. [L. eruca,
caterpillar ; forma, shape.] Hav-
ing the shape of, or resembling a
caterpillar ; appl. insect larvae
(zool.}.

erumpent (eriim'pent) a. [L. ex, out ;
rumpere, to break.] Breaking out
suddenly ; appl. fungal hyphae
(bot.}.

erythrin (grith'rin) n. [Gk. erythros,
red.] A red colouring matter found
in certain Algae (&?/.).

erythrism (erith'rizm) n. [Gk. eryth-
ros, red.] A condition due to ex-
cessive amount of red colouring
matter in the feathers (zool.}.

erythroblasts (Srith'roblasts) n. plu.
[Gk. erythros, red ; blastos, bud.]
Amoeboid nucleated cells, derived
from the mesoderm, which later
contain haemoglobin and develop
into red blood corpuscles (phys.}.

erythrocyte (grtth'roslt) n. [Gk. eryth-
ros, red ; kytos, hollow.] A red blood
corpuscle (anat.}.

erythrophilous (eVithrofllus) a. [Gk.
erythros, red ; philein, to., love.]
Having special affinity for red dyes ;

*'

ERY-

ETI-

appl. structures in a cell or to a
type of cells (biol.}.

erythrophyll (erith'rofil) n. [Gk.
erythros, red ; phyllon, leaf.] A red
colouring matter found in some
leaves (bot.}.

erythrozym (erith'rozlm) n. [Gk.
erythros, red ; zyme, leaven.] One
of the enzymes capable of acting
upon the glucosides (bot.}.

erythrozyme (grith'rozlm) n. [Gk.
erythros, red ; zyme, leaven.] An
enzyme capable of decomposing
ruberythric acid (phys.}.

escape (6skap') n. [M.E. escapen.]
A plant originally cultivated, now
found wild (bot.}.

esculent (es'kulent) a. [L. esculentus,
edible.] Suitable for food.

escutcheon (esktich'un) n. [O.F.
escuchon, shield.] The area on the
rump of many quadrupeds which is
either variously coloured or has the
hair specially arranged ; the meso-
scutellum of certain insects ; the
ligamental area of certain bivalves
(xool.}.

eseptate (esep'tat) a. [L. ex, without ;
septum, division.] Not supplied
with septa (biol.}.

esophagus (esof'agus), — see oeso-
phagus.

esoteric (es'oter'fk) a. [Gk. esoterikos,
arising within.] Arising within the
organism (phys.}.

espathate (espa'that) a. [L. ex, with-
out ; spatha, sheath.] Having no
spathe (hot.).

esquamate (eskwa'mat) a. [L. ex,
without ; squama, scale.] Having
no scale (bot.}.

estipulate (estip'ulat) a. [L. ex, with-
out ; stipula, stem.] Having no
stipules (bot.}.

estivation (gs'tiva'shun), — see aesti-
vation (bot., zool.}.

estuarine (es'tuarin) a. [L. aestus,
swell of the sea.] Pert, or found
in an estuary ; appl. plants and
animals (biol.}.

etaerio (ete'rlo) n. [Gk. efairia, an
association.] A fruit composed of
achenes or drupelets carried on an
enlarged receptacle (bot.}.

etheogenesis (6th'eoj5n'esTs) n. [Gk.
etheos, youth ; gignesthai, to pro-
duce.] A kind of parthenogenesis

producing males, said to exist in
some Protozoa (zool.\

Ethiopian (e'thto'pTan) n. [Gk. at-
thiops, burned face.] A zoogeo-
graphical region including Africa
south of the Sahara and southern
Arabia (zool.}.

ethmoid (eth'moid) a. [Gk. ethmos,
sieve ; eidos, shape.] Pert, bones
which form a considerable part of
the walls of the nasal cavity (anat.\

ethmoidal (ethmoi'dal) a. [Gk.
ethmos, sieve ; et'dos, shape.] Pert.
region of the ethmoids (anat.}.

ethmoidal notch,— a quadrilateral
space separating the two orbital
parts of the frontal (anat.}.

ethmolysian (eth'molis'ian) a. [Gk.
ethmos, sieve ; lyein, to loosen.]
Pert, an apical system in which
the madreporite extends backwards
till it separates the two postero-
lateral genitals (zool.}.

ethmopalatine (eth'mopal'atin) a.
[Gk. ethnics, sieve ; L. palatus,
palate.] Found in the ethmo-
palatine region, or stretching from
the ethmoid to the palatine (zool.}.

ethmophract (eth'mofrakt) a. [Gk.
ethmos, sieve ; phrassetn, to fence
in.] Pert, a simple, compact, apical
system with the pores occurring
only in the right anterior corner
(zool.}.

ethmoturbinals (eth'motur'binalz) «.
plu. [Gk. ethmos, sieve ; L. turbo,
whorl.J Cartilages or bones in the
cavity of the nostril which are folded
so as to increase the olfactory area
(zool.}.

ethmovomerine (eth'movo'merin) a.
[Gk. ethmos, sieve ; L. votner,
ploughshare.] Pert, the ethmoid
and vomer regions (zool.}.

ethmovomerine cartilage,— the plate
of cartilage which forms the septum
of the nose in the early stages of
the embryo (emb.}.

ethnology (ethnol'dji) ». [Gk. ethnos,
nation \logos, discourse.] Thescience
which deals with the different races
of mankind, their distribution, rela-
tionship, and peculiarities (biol.}.

ethology (ethol'qjl) ». [Gk. ethos,
custom ; logos, discourse.] Bio-
nomics.

etiolation (e'tiola'shun) n. [F. etioler,

ETI-

99

EVO-

to blanch.] The condition pro-
duced in plants reared in darkness
(bot.).

etiolin (e'tiolin) n. [F. etioler, to
blanch.] A yellowish pigment
found in the chloroplasts of plants
grown in darkness (phys.).

etiology (e'tiol'oji),— see aetiology.

euaster (uas'ter) n. [Gk. eu, good ;
aster, star.] An aster in which the
rays meet at a common centre (zool.).

eucephalous (ukgf'alus, -sef-) a. [Gk.
eu, good ; kephale, head.] With
well-developed head ; appl. certain
insect larvae (zool.).

eucone (ukon') a. [Gk. eu, good ;
konos, cone.] Having the crystal-
line cones fully developed in the
single elements of the compound
eye (zoo/.}.

eudipleural (u'diploo'ral) a. [Gk. eu,
good ; dis, double ; pleuron, side.]
Symmetrical about a median plane ;
bilaterally symmetrical (zool.).

eudoxoxne (udok'som) n. [Gk. eu,
well ; doxa, credit.] A monogastric
free-swimming stage of a Siphono-
phore in which there is no necto-
calyx (zool.).

eugenics (ujen'iks) ;/. [Gk. eu, well ;
gcnos, birth.] The science dealing
with the improvement of stock ;
usually referred to betterment of
human race (biol.).

euglenoid (uglen'oid) a. [Gk. eu, well ;
glene, pupil of eye.] Pert, or like
Euglena ; appl. characteristic move-
ment of Euglena (biol.).

eumerism (u'me'rTzm) n. [Gk. eu,
well ; meros, part.] An aggrega-
tion of like parts (biol.).

eumerogenesis (u'merojgn'gsis) ».
[Gk. eu, well ; meros, part ; gig-
nesthai, to produce.] Segmentation
in which the units are similar at
least for a certain time (biol.).

euplastic (uplas'tik) a. [Gk. eu, well ;
plastos, moulded.] Readily organ-
ized, easily forming a tissue (phys.).

euryhaline (u'rihal'm) a. [Gk. eurys,
broad ; halinos, marine.] Appl.
marine animals adaptable to a wide
range of salinity ; cf. stenohaline
(biol.).

eurypylous (u'ripl'lus) a. [Gk. eurys,
broad ; pyle, gate.] Wide at the
opening ; appl. canal system of

Sponges in which the chambers
open directly into the excurrent
canals by wide apopyles, and re-
ceive the water from the incurrent
canals through the prosopyles
(zool.).

eusporangiate (u'sporan'jlat) a. [Gk.
eu, well ; sporos, seed ; anggeion,
vessel] Having the sporogenous
tissue derived from the inner cell
that follows the periclinal division
of the superficial initial ; cf. lepto-
sporangiate (bot.).

Eustachian(usta'kian)<z. [It. Eustachi,
Italian physician.] Pert, canal
connecting tympanic cavity with
pharynx (anat.).

Eustachian valve,— a rudimentary
valve guarding the orifice of the
inferior vena cava in the atrium of
the heart (anat.).

eustele (u'stel) n. [Gk. eu, well ;
stele, pillar.] The arrangement of
the vascular tissue into collateral
bundles with the conjunctive tissue
between, as in a typical Dicotyledon
(bot.).

eustomatous (ustom'atus) a. [Gk. eu,
well ; stoma, mouth.] Having a
distinct mouth-like opening (zool.).

euthenics (uthfin'lks) n. [Gk. euthen-
ein, to thrive.] The science of the
betterment of the human race on
the side of intellect and morals ;
the psychological as distinct from
the physiological improvement, or
eugenics (biol.).

euthyneurous (u'thinu'rus) a. [Gk.
euthus, straight ; neuron, nerve.]
Having the visceral loop of the
nervous system untwisted (zool.).

evagination (e'vajina'shun) n. [L. e,
out ; vagina, sheath.] The process
of unsheathing, or product of this
process ; an outgrowth (biol.).

evanescent (ev'anes'gnt) a. [L. evan-
escere, to vanish.] Disappearing
early ; appl. flowers which fade
quickly (bot.).

eviscerate (evis'erat) v. [L. ex, out ;
viscera, entrails.] To disembowel ;
to eject the viscera, as Holothurians
do on capture (zool.).

evolute (e'volut) a. [L. evolvere, to
unroll.] Turned back ; unfolded
(bot.).

evolution (e'volu'shun) n. [L. evol-

EXA-

100

EXO-

vere, to unroll.] The gradual de-
velopment of organisms from pre-
existing organisms (biol.).

exalate (gksa'lat) a. [L. ex, without ;
ala, wing.] Not having wing-like
appendages (bot.).

exalbuminous (gk'salbu'minus) a. [L.
ex, without ; albumen, white of egg.]
Without albumen ; appl. seeds with-
out endosperm or perisperm, or
both (dot.).

exannulate (eksan'ulat) a. [L. ex,
without ; annulus, ring.] Having
a sporangium not furnished with
an annulus or ring ; appl. certain
ferns (bot.).

exarch (ek'sark) n. [L. ex, without ;
Gk. arche, beginning.] With the
protoxylem strands in touch with
the pericycle (dot.).

exasperate (eksas'perat, egzas'perat)
a. [L. ex, without ; asperare, to
make rough.] Furnished with hard,
stiff points (hot.).

excentric (eksen'trik) a. [L. ex,
without ; centrum, centre.] One-
sided ; having the two portions of
the lamina unequally developed
(bot.).

exciple (gk'sipl) n. [L. excipula, re-
ceptacles.] Theouter covering of the
apothecium in certain Lichens (dot.).

excitation (ek'sita'shun) n. [L. ex,
out ; citare, to rouse.] The act of
producing or increasing the stimu-
lation ; the stimulation thus pro-
duced (phys.).

excitatory cells, — motor cells in the
sympathetic nervous system (phys.).

excite (ekslt') v. [L. ex, out ; citare,
to rouse.] To start or increase the
vital activities of an organism or
part thereof (phys.).

excitonutrient (eksi'tonu'trient) a.
[L. ex, out ; citare, to rouse ;
nutriens, feeding.] Causing or in-
creasing the nutrient activities
(phys.).

exclusion (ekskloo'zhun) n. [L. ex-
cludere, to exclude.] Act of expel-
ling, or the product of the expulsion
(phys.).

exconjugant (ekskon'joogant) n. [L.
ex, out ; conjugare, to yoke.] An
organism which is leading an inde-
pendent life after conjugation with
another (zool.).

excreta (gkskre'ta) n. plu. [L. ex-
cretum, separated.] Waste material
eliminated from the body or any
tissue thereof (phys.) ; deleterious
substances formed within a plant
(bot.).

excrete (ekskret') v. [L. ex, out ;
cernere, to sift.] To eliminate waste
material from the body (phys.) ; to
withdraw useless materials from the
place of most active metabolism in
the plant (hot.).

excretion (ekskre'shun) n. [L. ex,
out ; cernere, to sift.] Act of elimi-
nating waste material, or the pro-
duct of the elimination (phys.).

excurrent (ekskur'e'nt) a. [L. ex,
out ; currere, to run.] Pert, ducts,
channels, or canals in which there
is an outgoing flow (zool.) ; with
undivided main stem ; having the
midrib projecting beyond the apex
(bot.).

excurved (ekskurvd') a. [L. ex, out ;
curvare, to curve.] Curved out-
wards from the centre (zool.}.

exfoliation (gksfo'lia'shun) n. [L.
ex, out \folium, leaf.] The shedding
of the leaves or scales from a bud
(bot.).

exhalent (eksha'lfint) a. [L. ex, out ;
halare, to breathe.] Capable of
carrying from the interior outwards
(zool.).

exindusiate (ek'slndu'zlat) a. [L. ex,
out ; indusium, cover.] Having
the sporangia uncovered or naked
(bot.).

exine (ek'sm), — see extine.

exinguinal (eVsm'gwInal) a. [L. ex,
out ; inguen, groin.] Occurring
outside the groin ; pert, second
joint of an arachnid leg (zool.).

exites (ekslts') n. plu. [Gk. exo,
without.] Offshoots on the outer
lateral border of the axis of certain
arthropod limbs (zool.}.

exocardiac (ek'sokar'diak) a. [Gk.
exo, without ; kardia, heart.] Situ-
ated outside the heart (zool.).

exocarp (ek'sokarp) n. [Gk. exo,
without ; karpos, fruit.] The outer
layer of the pericarp (bot.).

exoccipital (ek'sokslp'ftal) a. [L. ex,
without ; occiput, back of head.]
Pert, a bone on each side of the
foramen magnum (goal.).

EXO-

101

EXO-

exochorion (Sk'sok5'rI5n) n. [Gk.
exo, without ; chorion, chorion.]
The outer layer of the membrane
secreted by the follicular cells
surrounding the egg in the ovary
of Insects (zoo/.).

exocoel (Sk'sosel) n. [Gk. exo, with-
out ; koilos, hollow.] The space
between the mesenteries of ad-
jacent couples in certain Zoantharia
(goo/.).

exocoelar (eVsose'lar) a. [Gk. exo,
without ; koilos, hollow.] Pert, the
parietal wall of the coelom ; pert.
space between adjacent couples
of mesenteries in the Zoantharia
(zoo/.).

exocoelom (eVsose'lom) n. [Gk.
exo, without ; koilos, hollow.] The
extra-embryonic body cavity of the
embryo (emb.}.

exoderm (eVsodgrm) n. [Gk. exo,
without ; derma, skin.] The dermal
layer of Sponges supposed by
Haeckel to be equal to ectoderm
of other animals (zoo/.).

exodermis (eYsodeVmis) n. [Gk.
exo, without ; L. dermis, skin.]
See ectoderm.

exogamete (Sk'sogamet') n. [Gk.
exo, without ; gametes, mate.] A
reproductive cell which fuses with
one derived from another source
(zoo/.).

exogamy (Sksog'amT) n. [Gk. exo,
without ; gamos, marriage.] Con-
jugation or fusion of isogametes
with others of a different brood
(6to/.).

exogastrically (ek'sogas'trikal!) adv.
[Gk. exo, without ; gaster, belly.]
Where the shell is coiled towards
the dorsal surface of the body
(zoo/.).

exogenous (e'ksoj'e'nus) a. [Gk. exo,
without ; genos, race.] Developed
from superficial tissue, the super-
ficial meristem (oof.) ; growing from
parts which were previously ossified
(zoo/.).

exognathion (6k'sognath'l8n) n. [Gk.
exo, without ; gnathos, jaw.] The
maxillary portion of the upper jaw ;
the maxilla with exception of
endognathion and mesognathion
(anaf.).

exoperidium (e'k'sope'rid'ium) n.

[Gk. exo, without ; peridion, a
small wallet.] The outer layer of
the spore case in certain Fungi

exoplasm (eVsoplazm) n. [Gk.
exo, without ; plasma, something
moulded.] The ectoplasm (biol.).

exopodite (gksop'odit) n. [Gk. exo,
without ; potts, foot.] The outer
branch of a typical biramous
crustacean limb (zool.}.

exoskeleton (6k'sosk61'6ton) n. [Gk.
exo, without ; skeletos, hard.] A
hard supporting structure secreted
by the ectoderm or by the skin
(zoo/.).

exosmosis (gk'sosmo'sis) n. [Gk.
exo, without ; osmos, impulse.]
The passing out through a mem-
brane of a gas or fluid, a phase in
osmosis (phys.~).

exospore (fik'sospor) n. [Gk. exo,
without ; sporos, seed.] The outer
coating of the sporangial wall ; one
of the conidia (&?/.).

exosporlum (ek'sospo'rmm) n. [Gk.
exo, without ; sporos, seed.] The
outer layer of the sporangial wall
(bot.}.

exostome (eVsostom) n. [Gk. exo,
without ; stoma, mouth.] The
opening or foramen in the outer
wall of the ovule (bot.}.

exostosis (eVs8sto's!s) n. [Gk. exo,
without ; osteon, bone.] The forma-
tion of knots on the surface of wood
(oot.) -, the formation of knob-like
outgrowths of bone at a damaged
portion, or of dental tissue in a
similar way (anaf.).

exotheca (eYsothe'ka) n. [Gk. exo,
without ; theke, box.] The extra-
capsular tissue of a Coral (zoo/.).

exothecal (gk'sothe'kal) a. [Gk. exo,
without ; theke, box.] Pert, tissue
outside the theca of a Coral (zoo/.),

exothecate (eVsothe'kat) a. [Gk.
exo, without ; theke, box.] Having
an exotheca (zoo/.).

exotic (gksot'ik, 6gz8t'Tk) a. [Gk.
exotikos, foreign.] Signifying an
introduced or non-endemic plant
(tof.).

exotospore (Skso'tospor) n. [Gk.
exotikos, foreign ; sporos, seed.] A
sporozoite (zoo/.).

exotropism (6ks6t'roplzm) n. [Gk.

EXP-

102

EXT-

exo, without ; trepein, to turn.] The
curvature away from the axis, ex-
hibited by a laterally geotropic
organ (bot.}.

expiration (ek'spira'shun) n. [L. ex,
out ; spirare, to breathe.] The act
of emitting air from the lungs ; the
act of emitting volatile substances
from the lungs, or from any internal
cavity (phys.}.

exsculptate (ekskiilp'tat) a. [L. ex,
out ; sculpere, to carve.] Having
the surface marked with more or
less regularly arranged raised lines
with grooves between (sool.}.

exscutellate (ek'skutel'at) a. [L. ex,
without ; scutellum, shield.] Hav-
ing no scutellum ; appl. Insects
(zool.}.

exserted (ekseYted) a. [L. exserere,
to stretch out.] Protruding ; appl.
stamens which project beyond the
corolla (bot.} ; protruding beyond
some including organ or part
(zool.}.

exsertile (eksgr'til) a. [L. exserere,
to stretch out.] Capable of extru-
sion (biol.}.

exsufflation (eks'sufla'shun) n. [L.
ex, out ; sufflare, to blow.] Forced
expiration from the lungs (phys.}.

extend (Skstfind') v. [L. ex, out ;
tendere, to stretch.] To straighten
out, as opp. to flex or bend any
organ (phys.}.

extension (elcstgn'shiin) n. [L. ex,
out; tendere, to stretch.] Straighten-
ing out of an organ (phys.}.

extensor (ekstgn'sor) n. [L. ex, out ;
tendere, to stretch.] Any muscle
which extends a limb or part there-
of (anat.).

exterior (gkste'rior) a. [L. externus,
on the outside.] Situated on the
side away from the axis or definitive
plane (biol.}.

external (gkster'nal) a. [L. externus,
outside.] Near the outside, away
from the mesial plane (anat.}.

extine (ek'stin) n. [L. exter, on the
outside.] The outer coat of the
pollen grain (bot.}.

extra-axillary (eVstra-aksTl'arl) a. [L.
exter, outside ; axilla, armpit.]
Arising above the axil of a leaf,
said of branches which develop
from the upper bud when there

are more than one in connection
with the axil (bot.}.

extrabranchial (ek'strabrang'kfal) a.
[L. exter, outside ; Gk. brangchia,
gills.] Arising outside the branchial
arches (zoo!.}.

extracapsular (Sk'strakap'sular) a.
[L. exter, outside ; capsida, cup.]
Arising or situated outside the
capsule; appl. ligaments, etc., in
connection with a joint (anat.} ;
appl. protoplasm lying outside the
central capsule in some Protozoa
(zool.}.

extracellular (ek'straseTular) a. [L.
exter, outside ; cellula, little cell.]
Occurring outside the cell (biol.}.

extraembryonic (eVstraem'brion'ik)
a. [L. exter, outside ; Gk. embryon,
foetus.] Situated outside the em-
bryo proper (emb.}.

extraenteric (ek'straenter'ik) a. [L.
exter, outside ; Gk. enteron, gut.]
Outside the alimentary tract
(zool.}.

extrafloral (ek'straflo'ral) a. [L.
exter, outside ; flos, flower.] Situ-
ated outside the flower (bot.}.

extranuclear (ek'stranu'klear) a. [L.
exter, outside ; nucleus, nucleus.]
Pert, structures or forces acting
outside the nucleus ; situated out-
side the nucleus (biol.}.

extraocular (ek'straok'ular) a. [L.
exter, outside ; cculus, eye.] Ex-
terior to the eye ; appl. antennae
of Insects (zool.}.

extrastapedial (ek'strastape'dlal) a.
[L. exter, outside ; stapes, stirrup.]
Extending beyond the stapedio-
columellar junction (anat.}.

extrastelar (6k'straste'lar) a. [L.
exter, outside ; Gk. stele, column.]
Pert, ground tissue outside the
vascular tissue (bot.}.

extravaginal (ek'stravaj'inal) a. [L.
exter, outside ; vagina, sheath.]
Forcing their way through the
sheath, as the shoots of many
plants (bot.}.

extravasate (ekstrav'asat) v. [L.
exter, outside ; vas, vessel.] To
force its way from the proper
channel into the surrounding tissue;
said of blood, etc. (phys.}.

extraventricular (gk'strdvgntrik'ular)
a. [L. exter, outside ; -venter,

EXT-

103

FAL-

belly.] Situated or arising beyond
the ventricle (phys.).

extremity (e'kstre'm'iti) n. [L. ex-
tremitas, limit.] The limb, or
distal portion of a limb ; or the
distal end of any limb-like structure
(biol., anat.).

extrinsic (gkstrin'sik) a. [L. ex-
frinsecus, on the outside.] Pert.
muscles not wholly within the part
(anat.).

extrorse (Skstrors') a. [L. extrorsus,
outwardly.] Turned away from the
axis (hot.}.

exudation (ek'suda'shun) n. [L.
exudere, to sweat.] Any discharge
through an incision or pore, e.g.
gums, resins, moisture, etc. (biol.).

exumbral (gksiim'bral) a. [L. ex;
out ; umbra, shade.] Pert, the
rounded or convex upper surface
of a jelly-fish (zoo/.).

exumbrella (ek'sumbreTa) n. [L. ex,
out ; umbra, shade.] The upper
rounded or convex surface of a
jelly-fish (goal.).

exuviae (egzu'vle) n.plu. [L. exuere,
to pull off.] Cast-off skins, etc.,
of animals (zoo/.).

eye (I) n. [M.E. ighe^\ The organ
of sight or vision ; one of the
pigment spots in various animals
and in many of the lower plants
(biol.) ; the bud of a tuber (dot.).

eye-ball, — the globular capsule of the
vertebrate eye ; also the capsule
and its contents.

eye spots,— certain pigment spots in
many of the lower plants and
animals, and also in some verte-
brates, which are supposed to have
an ocular function (biol.).

P!, — us^d for convenience to denote the
first filial generation, or the hybrids
arising from a first cross, successive
generations arising from this one
being denoted by F^ F3, etc. Pt
denotes the parents of the Ft
generation, P2 the grandparents,
and so on (biol.}.

fabella (fabel'a) n. [L. fat>e//<it small

bean.] A small fibro-cartilage
ossified in the gastrocnemius (anaf.).

fabiform (fa'blform) a. [L.faba, bean ;
forma, shape.] Bean-shaped.

Pabrician system, — a classification of
thearthropoda based on the anatomy
of the mouth parts (zoo/.).

facet (fas'et) n. [L. fades, face.] A
smooth, flat, or rounded surface for
articulation (anat.) ; an ocellus
(zoo/.).

facial (fa'shal) a. [L. fades, face.]
Pert, face; appl. artery, nerve, bone,
vein, etc. (anaf.).

faciolingual (fa'shloling'gwal) a. [L.
fades, face ; lingua, tongue.] Pert.
or affecting the face and tongue
(anaf.).

facultative (fak'ulta'tiv) a. [L.facu/tas,
faculty.] Having the power of
living under different conditions
(biol.-).

facultative parasites, — parasites
which may be normally self-depend-
ent, but which are adaptable to
parasitic or semiparasitic mode of
life ; cf. obligatory parasites (biol.).

faeces (fe'sez) n. plu. [L. faeces, dregs.]
The excrement or waste matter from
the bowels (anaf.).

falcate (fal'kat) a. [L. falx, sickle.]
Sickle-shaped ; hooked (biol.).

falciform (fal'slform) a. [L. falx,
sickle ; forma, shape.] Sickle-
shaped or scythe-shaped (anaf.,
zoo/.).

falciform ligament, — a dorso-ventral
fold of the peritoneum, attached to
under surface of diaphragm and
the anterior and upper surfaces of
the liver (anaf.).

falcula (lal'kula) n. [L.falcula, little
hook.] A curved scythe-like claw
(zoo!.).

falculate (fal'kulat) a. [L. falcula,
little hook.] Curved, and sharp at
the point.

Fallopian tubes (falo'pian),— the upper
portions of the oviduct in man and
mammals ; the anterior portions of
the Miillerian ducts (anaf.).

false ribs, -those ribs whose carti-
laginous ventral ends do not join
the sternum directly, if at all (anaf.).

falx (falks) n., falces (fal'sez) plu.
[L. fair, sickle.] A sickle-shaped
fold of the dura mater (ana/.).

FAM-

104

FEM-

family (fam'ili) n. [L.famih'a, house-
hold.] Term used in classification,
signifying one group of an Order
(biol.).

fan (fan) n. [A.S./a«#,fan.] A bird's
tail feathers (zool.}.

fang (fang) n. [A.S. fang, grip.] A
long-pointed tooth, especially the
poison tooth of snakes (zool.) ; the
root of a tooth (anat.).

faradisation (far'adiza.'shun) n. [Fara-
day, electrician.] Method of stimu-
lation inducing partial or complete
tetanus (phys.).

farina (fare'na, fari'na) n, [L. farina,
flour.] The pollen of plants (bot.) ;
the fine mealy-like powder found
on some insects (zool.).

farinaceous (far'ina'shus) a. [L.
farina, flour.] Covered with fine
mealy-like dust (zool.).

farinose (far'inos) a. {L. farina, flour.]
Covered with fine powder or dust
(bot., zool.).

fascia (fas'ia, fash'ia) n. [L. fascia,
band.] An ensheathing band of
connective tissue (anat.).

fascial (faYial, fash'ial) a. [L. fascia,
bundle.] Pert, a fascia, ensheathing
and binding (anat.).

fasciated (fas'ia'ted, fash'ia'tgd) a. [L.
fascia, bundle.] Banded (zool.} ;
arranged in fascicles ; appl. stems
or branches malformed and flattened
(bot.).

fascicle (fas'ikl) n. [L. fasciculus,
dim. of fascia, bundle.] A small
bundle or tuft, as of fibres (ana/.)
or of leaves (bot.).

fascicular (fasik'ular) a. [L. fascicu-
lus, dim. of fascia, bundle.] Pert.
a fascicle ; arranged in bundles or
tufts ; appl. cambium, tissue (bot.).

fasciculus (fasik'ulus) n. {L. fascicu-
lus, little bundle.] A fascicle ; the
direct pyramidal tract (anat.).

fasciola (fasl'ola) n. [L. fasciola, a
small bandage.] A narrow colour
band (zool.} ; a delicate lamina con-
tinuous with the dentate gyrus
(anat.).

fascicle (fas'iol) n. [L. fasciola, a
small bandage.] A ciliated band
on certain Echinoids for sweeping
fresh water over the surrounding
parts (zool.}.

fastigiate (fastij'iat) a. [L. fastigare.

to slope up.] With branches parallel
and erect (hot.} ; in pyramidal or
conical form (zool.}.

fat (fat) n. [A.S.faett, fat.] Adipose
tissue ; any part of animal tissue
which has its cells filled with a
greasy or oily reserve material
(Phys.}.

fatigue (fateg') n. [L. fatigare, to
weary.] The effect produced by
long stimulation on the cells of an
orga"n (phys.).

fauces (fosez) n. plu. [L. fauces,
throat.] The upper or anterior part
of the throat between palate and
pharynx (anat.} ; the mouth of a
spirally coiled shell (zool.}. ; the
throat of a corolla (dot.}.

fauna (fon'a) n. {L.faunus, a god of
the woods.] All the animals
peculiar to a country, area, or period
(biol.}.

faunal region, — an area characterized
by a special group or groups of
animals (zool.}.

favella (favgl'a) n. [L. favus, honey-
comb.] A conceptacle of certain
red Algae (bot.}._

faveolate (fave'olat) a. [L. faveolus,
dim. of 'favus, honeycomb.] Honey-
combed or alveolate.

faveolus (fave'6'lus) n. [L. faveolus,
small honeycomb.] A small de-
pression or pit ; alveola (hot.}.

favose (favos') a. [L. favus, honey-
comb.] Like a honeycomb ; alveo-
late (dot.).

feather-veined, — appl. leaf in which
the veins run out from the mid-rib
in a regular series at an acute angle
(bot.).

feces,— see faeces.

fecundity (fekun'diti) n. [L.fecundus,
fertile.] Power of a species to
multiply rapidly (biol.}.

female (fe'mal) n. [L.femina, woman.]
A pistillate flower (bot.) ; a female
animal, i.e. an egg-producing or
young- producing animal (zool.) —
symbol %.

female pronucleus, — the nucleus left
in the ovum after maturation.

femoral (fgm'oral) a. [L. femur,
thigh.] Pert, the thigh; appl. artery,
vein, nerve, etc. ; crural (zool}.

femur (fe'mur) n. {L. femur, thigh.]
The proximal bone of the hind

FEN-

105

FIL-

limb in man and vertebrates (anat.};
the third joint in an insect's leg
counting from the proximal end
(zool.}.

fenchone (fSn'chon) n. [Ger./enc/ie/,
fennel.] A ketone, the essential
oil in oil of fennel (phys.}.

fenestra (fgneYtrS) n. [L. fenestra,
window.] An opening in a bone,
or between two bones (anat.} ; a
pit on the head of the cockroach ;
a transparent spot on the wings
of insects (zool.}.

fenestrate (fgngs'trat) a. [L. fenestra,
window.] Having small perfora-
tions or transparent spots, appl.
insects' wings (zool.} ; having
numerous perforations, appl. leaves
(hot.}.

fenestrule (ffineVtrool) n. [L.. fenestra,
window.] A small opening be-
tween the branches of a polyzoan
colony (zool.}.

feral (f e'ral) a. [L. fera, wild animal.]
Wild, or escaped from cultivation
and reverted back to the wild state
(zool.}.

ferment (feYmSnt) n. [L. fermentum,
ferment.] A substance, organized
or unorganized, capable of produc-
ing fermentation (phys.}.

fermentation (feYmSnta'shun) n. [L.
fermentum, ferment.] Any of the
transformations occurring in or-
ganic substances caused by the
presence of a ferment (phys.}.

ferruginous (fgroo'jmus) a. [L.ferru-
ginus, rusty.] Having the appear-
ance of a rusty spot (bot.}.

fertile (feVtil) a. [L.fertilis, fertile.]
Capable of producing ; of eggs or
seeds capable of developing (biol.}.

fertilization (feYtiliza'shun) n. [L.
fertilis, fertile.] The orderly and
intimate union of male and female
pronuclei (biol.} ; the process of
pollination (bot.}.

fetlock (feY16k) n. [I eel. fet, step ;
lokka, tuft of hair.] The tuft of
hair behind a horse's pastern joint ;
the pastern joint itself (zool.}.

fibre (ffber) n. [L. fibra, band.] A
strand of nerve, muscle, connective,
or bast-tissue (bot., zool.}.

fibril (fl'brll) n. [L. fibrilla, a small
fibre.] A small thread-like structure
or fibre, a component part of a

fibre (anat.}; a root-hair ; a slender
filiform outgrowth on some Lichens
(bot.}.

fibrillae (flbril'e) n. plu. [L. fibrilla,
small fibre.] The thread-like
branches of roots (bot.} ; minute
elastic fibres secreted within spongin
cells ; minute muscle-like threads
found in various Infusorians (zool.).

fibrillate (fl'brilat) a. [L. fibrilla.
small fibre.] Having fibrillae or
hair-like structures (bot.}.

fibrillose (fl'brilos, fibril'os) a. [L.
fibrilla, small fibre.] Furnished
with fibrils ; appl. mycelia of
certain Fungi (bot.}.

fibrin (ffbrin) n. [L. fibra, band.]
An insoluble proteid found in blood
after coagulation, it is readily
digested in gastric juice (p/tys.}.

fibrinogen (fibrin'qje'n) n. [L. fibra,
band ; Gk. gignesthai, to produce.]
A soluble constituent of blood which
yields fibrin and produces coagula-
tion (phys.}.

fibro-cartilage (fi'bro-kar'tilaj) n. [L.
fibra, band ; cartilago, gristle.] A
kind of cartilage whose matrix is
mainly composed of fibres similar
to connective tissue fibres, found
at articulations, cavity margins, and
osseous grooves (anat }.

fibrous (fi'brus) a. [L fibra, band.]
Composed of fibres ; appl. tissue
(anat.} ; roots (bot.}.

fibula (fib'ula) n. [L. fibula, buckle.]
The outer and smaller bone of
the shin (anat.}.

fibulare (fib'ula're, -ara) n. [L. fibula,
buckle.]/ The outer element of the
proximal row of the tarsus (anat.}.

filament (firSme'nt) n. [L. filuni,
thread.] The stalk of the anther
(bot.} ; the stalk of a down-feather
(zool.}.

fllicauline (fil'ikolTn) a. [L. filum,
thread ; caulis, stalk.] With a
thread-like stem (bot., zool.}.

filiciform (fills'iform) a. [L. filix,
fern ; forma, shape.] Shaped like
the frond of a fern (bot.}.

fllicoid (fil'Ikoid) a. [L. filix, fern;
Gk. eidos, like.] Shaped like or
resembling a fern (bot.}.

filiform (ffliform) a. [L. filum,
thread ; forma, shape.] Thread-
like.

FIL-

106

FLA-

flliform papillae,— papillae on the
tongue ending in numerous minute
slender processes (anat.}.

flligerous (filij'eriis) a. [L. filum,
thread ; gerere, to carry.] With
thread-like outgrowths or flagella
(zool.}.

fillet (fil'et) n. [L. filum, thread.]
Band of white matter in the brain ;
the lemniscus of the mid-brain
(anat.}.

flloplume (fil'oploom) n. [L. filum,
thread ; pluma, feather.] A deli-
cate hair-like feather with long
axis and a few free barbs at the
apex (zool.}.

filopodia (fil'opo'dia) n. plu. [L.
filum, thread ; Gk. pous, foot.]
Thread-like pseudopodia of Proto-
zoa (zool.}.

filose (fi'los) a. [L. filum, thread.]
Slender ; threadlike ; appl. pseudo-
podia of Protozoa (zool.}.

filtration (filtra'shun) n. [F. filtrer,
to strain.] Appl. the iridial angle
of the cornea (anat.} ; straining, as
of lymph through capillary walls
(Phys.}.

filum terminate, — the terminal
thread, a slender grey filament, of
the spinal cord (anat.}.

fimbria (fim'bria) ;/., fimbriae (fim'-
brie) plu. [L. fimbria, fringe.]
Any fringe-like structure (anat.,
bot.} ; a prolongation of the hippo-
campus (anat.} ; delicate processes
fringing the mouth of tubes or
ducts, as of the oviduct ; or the
siphons of molluscs (zool.}.

flmbriated (fim'bria'tecl) a. [L. fim-
bria, fringe.] Fringed at the
margin, as petals (bot.}, as tubes
or ducts (zool.}.

fin (fin) n. [A.S. finn, fin.] A fold
of skin with fin-rays and skeletal
supports, corresponding in the case
of the paired fins to limbs, found
in most fishes (zool.}.

flnials (fin'Talz) n. plu. [L. finis,
end.] The ossicles of the distal
rami of Crinoids which do not
branch again (zool.}.

fin-rays, — horny supports of the fins
(zool.}.

fissilingual (fis'Iling'gwal) a. [L.
fissus, cleft ; lingua, tongue.] With
bifid tongue (zool.}.

fission (fish'iin) n. [L. fissus, cleft.]
Cleavage of cells ; division of a
unicellular organism into two or
more parts, thereby reproducing
its kind (biol.}.

fissiparous (fisip'ariis) a. [L. fissus,
cleft ; parere, to beget.] Repro-
ducing by binary or multiple fission
(biol.}.

fissiped (f is'ipgd) n. [L. fissus, cleft ;
pes, foot.] With cleft feet, that is,
with digits of feet separated (zool.}.

fissirostral (fis'iros'tral) a. [L. fissus,
cleft; rostrum, beak.] With deeply-
cleft beak (zool.}.

fissure (flsh'ur) n. [L. fissus, cleft.]
A cleft, deep groove, or furrow
dividing an organ into lobes, or
sub-dividing and separating certain
areas of the lobes (anat.}.

fix (fiks) v. {L.fi.rus, fixed.] To kill,
and preserve ; to establish (biol.}.

fixation muscles, — muscles which
prevent disturbance of the equi-
librium of the body generally, and
fix limbs in the case of limb-move-
ments (anat.}.

flabellate (flabel'at) a. [L. flabellare,
to fan.] Fan-shaped.

flabellate antennae, — pectinate an-
tennae with long processes (zool.}.

flabelliform (flabel'Iform) a. [L.
flabellum, dim. of flabrum, breeze ;
forma, shape.] Fan-shaped.

flabellinerved (fiabel'Tnervd) a. [L.
flabellum, little breeze ; nervus,
sinew.] Appl. leaves with many
radiating nerves (bot.}.

flabellum (flabel'um) n. [L. flabellum,
fan.] Any fan-shaped organ or
structure ; the distal exite of a
branchiopodan limb ; the epipodite
of certain crustacean limbs (zool.}.

flagellate (flaj'glat) a. [L. flagellum,
whip.] Furnished with flagella ;
like a flagellum (bot., zool.}.

flagelliform (flajel'Tform) a. [L.
flagellum, whip ; forma, shape.]
Lash-like ; like a flagellum (bot.,
zool.}.

flagellula (flaj el'ula) n. [L. flagellula,
dim. of flagellum, whip.] A flagel-
late zoospore (zool.}.

flagellum (flajeTum) n. [L. flagellum,
whip.] The lash-like process of
many Protista ; a long slender
runner or creeping stem (bot.}.

FLA-

107

FOL-

flame cells,— the terminal cells of
the branches of the excretory
system in many worms, with cavity
continuous with the lumen of the
duct, and containing a cilium or
bunch of cilia, the motions of which
give a flickering appearance similar
to that of a flame ; a pronephri-
diostome (zool.).

flavescent (flaves'ent) a. [L. fla-u-
escere, to turn yellow.] Growing
yellow.

flex (flgks) v. [L. flectere, to bend.]
To bend ; appl. movement of limbs
(anaf.).

flexor (flek'sor) n. [L. flexus, bent.]
A muscle which bends a limb (or
part) by its contraction (anat.).

flexuous (flek'suus) a. [L. flexus,
bent.] Curving in a zig-zag
manner (bot.).

flexure (fleVsur) n. \L. flexus, bent.]
A curve or bend ; appl. the curve
in the embryonic brain, the curve
of the intestine (anaf.).

float (flot) n. [A.S.fota, ship.] The
pneumatophore of Siphonophores
(zool.) ; a large spongy mass serving
as a float in some Pteridophytes
(bot.).

floating ribs,— ribs not uniting at
their ventral end with the sternum
(anaf.).

floccose (flok'os) a. [L. floccus, a lock
of wool.] Covered with wool-like
tufts.

floccular (flok'ular) a. [L. floccus,
lock of wool.] Pert, the flocculus
(anaf.).

flocculence (flok'ulens) n. [L. floccus,
lock of wool.] Adhesion in small
flakes, as of a precipitant (phys.).

flocculent (flok'Qlgnt) a. [L. floccus,
lock of wool.] Covered with a soft
waxy substance giving the appear-
ance of wool (zool.) ; covered with
small woolly tufts (bot.).

flocculus (flok'ulus) n. [L. floccus,
lock of wool.] A small accessory
lobe on each lateral lobe of the
cerebellum (anaf.).

floccus (flok'us) n. {L. floccus, lock of
wool.] The tuft of hair terminating
a tail ; the downy plumage of young
birds (zool.) ; a mass of hyphal
filaments in Algae and Fungi
(bot.).

flora (flo'r5) n. [L. flos, flower.]
The plants peculiar to a country,
area, or period (bot.).
floral (flo'ral) a. [L. flos, flower.]
Pert, the flora of a country or area ;
pert, flowers (bot.).

florescence (floreVe'ns) n. [L. flos,
flower.] Bursting into bloom (bot.).
floret (flor'et) n. [L. flos, flower.]
One of the small individual flowers
of a composite flower (bot.).
fioricoxne (flor'ikom) n. [L. flos,
flower ; coma, hair.] A form of
branched hexaster spicule (zool.).
floscelle (floseT) n. [L. flosculus, a
little flower.] The flower-like struc-
ture in some Echinoids round the
mouth composed of the five bour-
relets and the five phyllodes (zool.).
floss (flos) n. [F. floche, soft.] A
downy or silky substance (bot.) ; the
loose pieces of silk in a cocoon
(zool.).

flower (flow'er) n. [L. flos, flower.]
The blossom of a plant, comprising
generally sepals, petals, stamens,
and pistils ; a leafy shoot adapted
for reproductive purposes (bot.).
fluvlatile (floo'vlatil) a. [L.fluviatilis,
pert, river.] Growing in or near
streams (hot.) ; inhabiting and de-
veloping in streams, appl. certain
insect larvae (zool.).
fluviomarine (floo'viomaren') a. [L.
fluvius, stream ; mare, the sea.]
Found in rivers and in the sea
(zool.) ; pert, rivers and the sea
(bot., zool.).

fluvioterrestrial (floo'viotgreYtrial) a.
[L. fluvius, stream ; terra, land.]
Found in streams and in the land
beside them (zool.).
flux (fluks) n. [L. fluere, to flow.]
Term appl. species that are not yet
stable (btol.).

foetal (fe'tal) a. [L. foetus, offspring.]
Embryonic ; pert, a foetus (emb.).
foetid glands, — small sac-like glands
in Orthoptera which secret* an
ill-smelling fluid (zool.).
foetus (fe'tus) n. [L. foetus, offspring.]
An embryo in the egg or in the
uterus (emb.).

foliaceous (fo'lla'shus) a. [L. folium,
leaf.] Having the form or texture
of a foliage leaf (bot.) ; thin ; leaf-
like (zool.).

FOL-

IOS

FOS-

follar (fo'liar) a. [L. folium, leaf.]
Pert, or consisting of leaves (bot.}.

foliobranchiate (fo'liobrang'kiat) a.
[L. folium, leaf; Gk. brangchia,
gills.] Possessing leaf-like gills
(zool.}.

foliolae (fo'liole) n. plu. [L. folium,
leaf.] Leaf-like appendages of the
telum (zool.}.

foliolate (fo'liolat) a. [L. folium,
leaf.] Pert, leaflets (&?/.)•

foliole (fo'liol) n. [L. folium, leaf.]
Small leaf-like organ or appendage
(zool.} ; a leaflet (&>/.).

foliose (fo'lios) a. [L. folium, leaf.]
With many leaves (&?/.).

folium (fo'lium) n. [L. folium, leaf.]
A flattened plate-like structure in
the cerebellum (anat.}.

follicle (fol'ikl) n. [L.folliculus, small
sac.] A capsular fruit which opens
on one side only (bot.} ; a cavity or
sheath (zool.}.

follicular (f olik'ular) a. [L.folliculus,
a small sac.] Pert., like or con-
sisting of follicles.

folliculate (folik'ulat),— follicular.

folliculose (folik'ulos) a. [L.folliculus,
a small bag.] Having follicles (bot.}.

fontanelle (fon'tangl') n. [F./ontan-
elle, a little fountain.] A gap or
space between bones in the cranium
closed only by membrane (anat.}.

fonticulus (fontik'ulus) n. [L. fonti-
culus, dim. of fans, fountain.] The
depression at the anterior end of
the sternum (anat.}.

food-vacuole, — a small vacuole con-
taining fluid and small food-
particles, contained in the endosarc
of many Protista.

foot (foot) n. [A.S. fot, foot.] An
embryonic structure in ferns through
which nourishment is obtained
from the prothallus ; the basal
portion of the sporophyte in Mosses
(bot.} ; an organ of locomotion,
differing widely in different animals,
from the tube-foot of Echinoderms,
the muscular foot of Gastropods and
Molluscs, the tarsus of Insects, to
the foot of vertebrates and man
(zool.}.

foramen (fora'mfin) n. [L. foramen,
an opening.] The opening through
the coats of the ovule (bot.} ; any
small perforation (anat.}.

foramen magnum,— the opening in
the occipital region of the skull
through which the spinal cord
passes (anat., zool.}.

foraminate (foram'fnat) a. [L. fora-
men, opening.] Pitted ; having
many foramina (zool.}.

foraminiferous (foram'inif'erus) a.
[L. foramen, opening ; ferre, to
carry.] Containing shells of the
Foraminifera (zool.}.

forceps (for'sSps) n. [L. forceps, a
pair of tongs.] The clasper-shaped
anal cerci of some Insects ; the
large fighting or seizing claws of
crabs and lobsters (zool.}.

forcipated (for'slpated) a. [L. forceps,
pair of tongs.] Resembling forceps,
or forked like a forceps (zool.}.

forcipulate (forsip'ulat) a. [L. forceps,
pair of tongs.] Sharped like a small
forceps ; appl. asteroid pedicellariae
(zool.}.

forfex (forfgks') n. [L. forfex, pair
of shears.] A pair of anal organs
which open and shut transversely,
occurring in certain Insects (zool.}.

forficate (for'flkat) a. [L. forfex,
shears.] Deeply notched (zool.}.

formation (forma'shun) n. [L. forma,
shape.] Structure arising from an
accumulation of deposits (pal.}.

formative (for'mativ) a. [L. forma,
shape.] Appl. matter which is
living and developable (phys.}.

fornicated (for'mka'te'd) a. [L.fornix,
vault.] Concave within, convex
without ; arched (zool.}.

fornix (for'niks) n. [L.fornix, vault.]
An arched sheet of white longi-
tudinal fibres beneath the corpus
callosum (anat.} ; one of the arched
scales in the orifice of some flowers
(bot.}.

fossa (fos'a) ;/. [L. fossa, ditch.] A
ditch or trench-like depression
(anat.}.

fossette (f6s6t') n. [L. fossa, ditch.]
A small pit ; a socket containing
the base of the antennule in Arthro-
pods (zool.}.

fossil (fos'il) n. [L. fossilis, dug up.]
Petrified animal or plant, or portion
thereof, found in rocks (biol.}.
fossiliferous (fos'ilif'erus) a. [L.
fossilis, dug up ; ferre, to carry.]
Containing fossils (biol.}.

FOS-

109

FUG-

fossorial (foso'rial; n. [L. fossor,
digger.] Adapted for digging ;
appl. claws, feet (zool.}.

fossula (fos'ula) n. [L. fossa, ditch.]
A small pit with reduced septa on
one side of a corallite cup in the
Rugosa (pal.}.

fossulate (fos'ulat) a. \L. fossa, ditch.]
With slight hollows or grooves
(zool.}.

fossulet (fos'ulet) ;/. [L.fo ssa, ditch.]
A long narrow depression (zool.}.

fovea (fo'vea) n. [L. fovea, depres-
sion.] A small pit or fossa (anat.} ;
a small hollow at the leaf base in
Isoetes containing a sporangium
(bot.}.

foveate (fo'veat) a. [L. fovea, de-
pression.] Pitted.

foveola (fove'ola) n. [L.foveola, small
pit.] A small pit ; a shallow cavity
in bone (anat.} ; a small depression
just above the fovea in the leaf of
Isoetes (bot.}.

foveolate (fo'veolat) a. [L. foveola,
small pit.] Having regular small
depressions (hot., zool.}.

fragmentation (frag'me'nta'shun) n.
[L. frangere, to break.] Division
into small portions (biol.} ; nuclear
division by simple splitting (biol.}.

free (fre) a. [A.S. freo, acting at
pleasure.] Motile ; unattached ;
distinct ; separate.

frenate (fre'nat) a. [L./renum, bridle.]
Having a frenum or frenulum (zool.}.

frenulum (frgn'ulum) «., frenula
(frfin'ula) plu. [L. frenulum, dim.
of frenum, bridle.] A fold of mem-
brane, as of tongue, clitoris, etc.
(anat.} ; a process on the hind- wing
of Lepidoptera for attachment to
fore-wing ; a thickening of the sub-
umbrella of certain Scyphomedusae
(zool.}.

frenum (fre'num) «., frena (fre'na)
plu. [L. frenum, bridle.] A fren-
ulum ; a fold of integument at
junction of mantle and body of
Cirripedes, ovigerous in Peduncu-
lata (zool.}.

frond (fr6nd) n. [L. frons, leafy
branch.] A leaf, especially of a
fern (dot.).

frondescence (frondSs'e'ns) n. [L.
frondescere, to put forth leaves.]
Development of leaves (tot.}.

frons (fronz) n. [L. frons, forehead.]
The forehead.

frontal (frun'tal) a. [L. frons, fore-
head.] In the region of the fore-
head ; appl. artery, vein, lobe, con-
volution, etc. (anat.} ; appl. head-
organ of Nemertines ; a prostomial
ridge of Polychaetes ; palps of
certain Nereids (zool.}.

frontocerebellar fibres,— fibres pass-
ing from the frontal region to the
cerebellum (phys.}.

fronto-ethmoidal (frun'to-e'thmoid'al)
a. Pert, the frontal and ethmoidal
bones ; appl. suture (an<it.}.

frontonasal (frun'tona'zji 1) a. [L.
frons, forehead ; nasum, nose.]
Pert, forehead or frontal region
and the nose ; appl. ducts and pro-
cesses (emo.}.

frontonasal ducts, — ducts connecting
the nasal cavities with .the frontal
sinuses (anat.}.

frontosphenoidal (frun'tosfenoid'al) a.
[L. frons, forehead; Gk. sphen,
wedge.] Pert, frontal and sphenoid
bones ; appl. a process of the zygo-
matic articulating with the frontal
(anat.}.

fructification (fruk'tiflka'shiin) n. [L.
fructus, fruit ; facere, to make.]
Fruit formation (bot.}.

frugivorous (froojiv'orus) a. \L./rux,
fruit ; vorare, to devour.] Fruit-
eating ; appl. certain animals (zool.}.

fruit (froot) n. [F. fruit, from L.
fructus, fruit.] The fertilized and
developed ovary of a plant (bot.}.

frustule (frus'tul) n. [L. frustulum,
a small fragment.] The proto-
plasmic cell of a diatom (bot.}.

frutescent (froot6s'6nt) a. [L.frutex,
shrub.] Shrub-like (bot.}.

frutex (froo'tSks) n. [L. frutex,
shrub.] Shrub (bot.}.

fruticose (froo'tikos) a. [L. frutex^
shrub.] Shrub-like (bot.}.

fruticulose (frootik'ulos) a. [L.frutex,
shrub.] Like a small shrub (bo£).

fucivorous (fusiv'orus) a. [L. fucus,
rock-lichen ; vorare, to devour.]
Eating seaweed ; appl. certain
animals (zool.}.

fucoid (fu'koid) a. [L. fucus, rock-
lichen.] Pert, or resembling sea-
weed (bot.}.

fugacious (fuga'shus) a. [L. fugax,

FUL-

110

GAL-

swift.] Evanescent ; falling off
early ; appl. petals, etc. (bot.}.

fulcrate (ful'krat) a. [L. fulcrum,
a support.] Having a fulcrum.

fulcrum (ful'krum) a. [L. fulcrum, a
support.] A supporting organ such
as a tendril or stipule (bot.} ; part of
the incus in the mastax of Rotifers ;
spine-like scales on anterior fin-rays
of many Ganoids (zool.}.

function (fungk'shun) n. [L.functus,
performed.] The normal action
proper to any organ or part (phys.}.

functional (fungk'shonal) a. [L.
functus, performed.] Acting nor-
mally ; acting or working part of an
organ as distinct from the remainder
(phys.}.

fundiform (fun'diform) a. [L. funda,
sling ; forma, shape.] Looped ;
appl. a ligament of the penis
(anat.}.

fundus (fun'dus) n. [L. fundus,
bottom.] The base of an organ, as
of stomach, etc. (anat.}.

fungicolous (funjik'olus) a. [L.
fungus, mushroom ; colere, to in-
habit.] Parasitic on Fungi (bot.}.

fungiform (fun'jiform) a. [L. fungus,
mushroom ; forma, shape.] Fun-
goid or shaped like a fungus ; appl.
tongue papillae (anat.}.

fungivorous (funjiv'orus) a. [L.
fungus, mushroom ; vorare, to de-
vour.] Appl. fungus-eating animals
(zool.}.

fungous (fung'gus) a. [L. fungus,
mushroom.] With character or
consistency of fungus (bot.}.

funicle (fu'nikl) n. [L. fumculus, a
small cord.] An ovule stalk (bot.} ;
a small cord or band of fibres
especially in brain (anat.} ; a large
double strand of cells passing from
aboral end of coelom to aboral
wall of zooecium of Molluscoidea
(zool.}.

funicular (funik'ular) a. [L. funic-
ulus, small cord.] Consisting of
a small cord or band ; pert, a funic-
ulus (anat., zool.}.

funiculus,— see funicle.

funnel (fun'el) n. [L. fundibulum,
funnel.] The siphon of Cephalo-
pods (zool.}.

funnelfonn (fim'elform)a. [L. fundere,
to pour ; forma, shape.] Widening

gradually from a narrow base ;
infundibuliform (bot.}.

furca (fur'ka) n. [L. furca, fork.]
The apophysis or entothorax of
insect metathorax (zool.}.

furcal (fur'kal) a. [L. furca, fork.]
Forked ; appl. a branching nerve
of the lumbar plexus (anat.}.

furcate (fur'kat) a. [L. furca, fork.]
Branching like the prongs of a
fork.

furciferous (fursiferus) a. [L. furca,
fork ; ferre, to carry.] Bearing a
forked appendage, as some Insects
(zool.}.

furcula (fur'kula) n. [L. ftircula,
dim. of furca, fork.] A forked
process or structure, the merry-
thought bone (anat.} ; a transverse
ridge in the embryonic pharynx
(emb.}.

furred (furd) a. [M.E. furren, a
sheath.] Having short decumbent
hairs thickly covering the surface
(zool.}.

fuscin (fus'kin) n. {L.fttscus, tawny.]
A brown pigment in the retinal
epithelium (phys.}.

fusi (fu'zl) n. phi. [L.fusus, spindle.]
In spiders, organs composed of
two retractile processes which issue
from the mammillae and form the
threads (zool.}.

fusiform (fu'zTform) a. [L. fiisus,
spindle ; forma, shape.] Spindle-
shaped ; tapering gradually at both
ends (zool.}.

galactase (galak'tas) n. [Gk. gala,
milk.] An enzyme, trypsin-like in
action, found in milk (phys.}.

galactophorous (gal'aktoforfis) a.
[Gk. gala, milk ; pheretn, to carry.]
Lactiferous ; appl. ducts of mam-
mary glands (anat.}.

galactosis (gal'akto'sis) n. [Gk. gala,
milk.] Milk production (phys.}.

galbulus (gal'bulus) n. [L. galbulus,
cypress nut.] A modified cone
with fleshy scales, as in cypress
(bot.}. ^

galea (gal'ea) n. [L. galea, helmet.]
A helmet-shaped petal, or other

GAL-

111

GAM-

similarly-shaped structure (bot.} ;
a muscle of the scalp (anat.} ; the
outer division of the endopodite of
the first maxillae of insects (zool.}.

galeate (gal'eat) a. [L. galea, helmet.]
Helmet-shaped (hot.}.

gall(g61)». [A.S.^«//a,gall.] Bile,
the secretion of the liver (phys.} ;
any excrescence on plants caused
by disease (hot.).

gall-bladder,— a small pear-shaped
or spherical sac which stores the
bile (anat.}.

galvanotaxis (gal'vanotak'sis) n. [It.
Galvani, physiologist.] Response or
reaction to electrical stimulus (phys.}.

galvanotropism (garvanot'ropizm) n.
[It. Gal-vani, physiologist ; Gk.
trope, a turning.] Galvanotaxis.

gametal (game'tal) a. [Gk. gametes,
spouse.] Pert, a gamete ; repro-
ductive (biol.}.

gametangium (gam'etan'jlum) «.
[Gk. gametes, spouse ; anggeion,
vessel.] A structure producing
sexual cells (hot.}.

gametes (garnets') n. plu. [Gk.
gametes, spouse.] Cells derived
from gametocytes which conjugate
and form zygotes (zool.} ; sexual
cells (biol.}.

gametlc (gamet'ik) a. [Gk. gametes,
spouse.] Pert, gamete (biol.}.

gametids (game'tidz) n. plu. [Gk.
gametes, spouse.] Primary sporo-
blasts destined to become gametes
(zool.}.

gametocyte (game'tosit) n. [Gk.
gametes, spouse ; kytos, hollow.]
The mother-cell of a gamete (zool.}.

gametogenesis (game'tqjen'e'sis) ».
[Gk. gametes, spouse ; genesis,
birth.] Gamete formation (biol.}.

gametogeny (gam'etoj'enT) n. [Gk.
gametes, spouse ; genos, birth.]
Gametogenesis.

gametogonlum (game'togo'nium) «.
[Gk. gametes, spouse ; gonos, off-
spring.] A cell producing a gamete,
a gametocyte (bot.}.

gametophore (game'tofor) n. [Gk.
gametes, spouse ; pherein, to bear.]
A special part of a gametophyte on
which gametangia are borne (bot.}.

gametophyll (game'tofll) n. [Gk.
gametes, spouse ; phyllon, leaf.] A
modified leaf bearing sexual organs;

a micro- or macro - sporophyll
(bot.}.

gametophyte (game'toflt) n. [Gk.
gametes, spouse ; phyton, plant.]
The gamete-forming phase in
alternation of plant generations ;
the sexual generation of plants ; cf.
sporophyte (bot.}.

gamic (gam'ik) a. [Gk. ganws,
marriage.] Fertilized (biol.}.

gamobium (gamo'bium) n. [Gk.
gamos, marriage ; bios, life.] The
sexual or medusoid generation in
hydrozoan colonies (zool.}.

gamodesmic (garn'odeVmik) a. [Gk.
gamos, marriage ; desma, bond.]
Having the vascular bundles fused
together instead of separated by
connective tissue (bot.}.

gamogastrous (gam'ogas'trus) a. [Gk.
gamos, marriage ; gaster, belly.]
Appl. a pistil formed by union of
ovaries, but with styles and stig-
mata free (bot.}.

gamogenesis (gam'ojen'esTs) n. [Gk.
gamos, marriage ; genesis^ descent.]
Sexual reproduction (biol.}.

gamogenetic (gam'qjeneYik) a. [Gk.
gamos, marriage ; genesis, descent.]
Reproduced from union of sex
elements ; sexual (biol.}.

gamogony (gamog'onT) n. [Gk. gamos,
marriage ; gone, descent.] Sporo-
gony in Protozoa (zool.}.

gamont (gamont') ». \G\a. gamos, mur-
riage;ons, a being.] A sporont (zool.}.

gamopetalous (gam'opeYalus) a. [Gk.
gamos, marriage ; petalon, petal.]
With coherent petals ; mono-
petalous (bot.}.

gamophyllous (gain'oftl'iis) a. [Gk.
gamos, marriage ; phyllon, leaf.]
With united perianth leaves; mono-
phyllous (bot.}.

gamosepalous (gam'bsep'alus) a. [Gk.
gamos, marriage ; sepalon, sepal.]
With coherent sepals ; monosep-
alous (bot.}.

gamostele (gam'ostel') n. \G\i.gamos,
marriage ; stele, pillar.] A stele
formed from the fusion of several
steles (bot.}.

gamostelic (gam'dste'llk) a. [Gk.
gamos, marriage ; stele, pillar.]
Appl. the condition in which the
steles of a polystelic stem are
fused together (bot.}.

GAM-

112

GAS-

gamostely (gam'oste'H) n. [Gk.
gamos, marriage ; stele, pillar.]
The arrangement of polystelic
stems when the separate steles
are fused together surrounded by
pericycle and endodermis (dot.}.

gangliar (gang'gllar) a. [Gk. gang-
glion, little tumour.] Pert, a gan-
glion or ganglia.

gangliate (gang'gllat) a. [Gk. gang-
glion, little tumour.] Having
ganglia.

gangliform (gang'gliform) a. [Gk.
gangglion, little tumour ; L. forma,
shape.] In the form of a ganglion.

ganglioblast (gang'glipblast) n. [Gk.
gangglion, little tumour ; blastos,
bud.] The mother-cell of a ganglio-
cyte (anat.~).

gangliocyte (gang'glioslt) n. [Gk.
gangglion, little tumour ; kytos,
hollow.] A ganglion cell outside
the central nervous system (anat.).

ganglioid (gang'glioid) a. \GY.gang-
glion, little tumour ; eidos, resem-
blance.] Like a ganglion (anat.).

ganglion (gang'glion) n. [Gk. gang-
glion, little tumour.] A mass of
nervous matter containing nerve
cells and giving origin to nerve
fibres ; a nerve centre (anat.).

ganglionated (gang'glTona'ted) a.

gjk. gangglion, little tumour.]
upplied with ganglia (anat.).

ganglioneural (gang'glionu'ral) a.
[Gk. gangglion, little tumour ;
neuron, nerve.] Appl. a system of
nerves, consisting of a series of
ganglia connected by nerve strands
(zool.).

ganglioneuron (gang'glionu'ron) n.
[Gk. gangglion, little tumour ;
neuron, nerve.] A nerve cell of a
ganglion (anat.}.

ganglionic (gang'glion'ik) a. [Gk.
gangglion, little tumour.] Pert.
consisting of, or in the neighbour-
hood of a ganglion ; appl. a layer of
the retina, arteries, arterial system
of brain (anat.).

ganglioplexus (gang'glioplgk'sus) n.
[Gk. gangglion, little tumour ; L.
plexus, twisted.] A diffuse ganglion
(anat.).

ganoid (gan'oid) a. [Gk. ganos,
sheen ; eidos, resemblance.] Appl.
scales of ganoid fishes, rhomboidal,

joined like parquetry and consisting
of a layer of bone with a superficial
enamel layer (zool.).

ganoin (gan'oin) n. [Gk. ganos,
sheen.] The outer layer of a
ganoid scale, formed by -the coriuin
(zool.).

gape (gap) n. [A.S. geapan, to open
wide.] The distance between the
open jaws of birds, fishes, etc.
(zool.).

Gasserian ganglion, — a large gan-
glion on the sensory root of the fifth
cranial nerve (anat.).

gasteromycetous (gas'teromlse'tus) a.
[Gk. gaster, belly ; mykes, a mush-
. room.] Having the spores de-
veloped in a peridium (oot.).

gastraea (gastre'a) n. [Gk. gaster,
stomach.] A hypothetical gastrula-
like animal ; the ancestral Meta-
zoan, according to Haeckel (zool.).

gastraeum (gastre'iim) n. [Gk. gaster,
stomach.] The ventral side of the
body (anat.).

gastral (gas'tral) a. [Gk. gaster,
stomach.] Pert, stomach, as the
gastral cavity, cortex, layer, etc.
(anat.).

gastralia (gastra'lia) n. plu. [Gk.
gaster, stomach.] Microscleres in
the gastral membranes of Hexacti-
nellids (zool.).

gastric (gas'trik) a. [Gk. gaster,
belly.] Pert, or in the region of
the stomach ; appL arteries, glands,
nerves, veins (anat.).

gastrin (gas'trin) n. [Gk. gaster,
stomach.] The hormone which is
the result of the action of the
salivary products on the gastric
mucous membrane (phys.).

gastrocentrous (gas'trosen'triis) a.
[Gk. gaster, stomach ; L. centrum,
centre.] Appl. vertebrae with
centra formed by pairs of inter-
ventralia, while the basiventralia
are reduced (zool.).

gastrocnemius (gas'trokne'mius) n.
[Gk. gaster, belly ; kneme, the
tibia.] The large muscle of the
calf of the leg (anat.).

gastrocoel (gas'trosel) n. [Gk. gaster,
belly ; koilos, hollow.] The arch-
enteron of a gastrula (emb.).

gastrocolic (gas'trokol'ik) a. [Gk.
gaster, stomach ; kolon, the gut.]

GAS-

113

GEM-

Pert. stomach and colon ; appl. a
ligament (anat.}.

gastroduodenal (gas'trodu'ode'nal) a.
[Gk. gaster, stomach ; L. duodeni,
twelve each.] Pert, stomach and
duodenum ; appl. an artery (anat.}.

gastroepiplolc (gas'troep'iplo'ik) a.
[Gk. gaster, stomach ; epiploon, the
great omentum.] Pert, stomach
and the great omentum ; appl.
arteries, veins (anat.}.

gastrointestinal (gas'tromtes'tinal) a.
[Gk. gaster, stomach ; L. intus,
withinj Pert, stomach and in-
testines (anat.}.

gastrolienal (gas'trolle'nal) a. [Gk.
gaster, stomach ; L. lien, the
spleen.] Pert, the stomach and
spleen ; appl. ligament (anat.}.

gastrolith (gas'trollth) n. [Gk. gaster,
stomach ; lithos, stone.] A mass of
calcareous matter found at certain
seasons on each side of the gizzard
of Crustaceans (zool.}.

gastroparietal (gas'tropari'e'tal) a.
[Gk. gaster, stomach ; L. paries,
wall.] Pert, stomach and body
wall (anat.}.

gastrophrenic (gas'trofren'lk) a. [Gk.
gaster, stomach ; phrenos, midriff.]
Pert, stomach and diaphragm ;
appl. ligament (anat.}.

gastropod (gas'tropfid) n. [Gk.
gaster, stomach ; pous, foot.J A
mollusc with a ventral muscular
disc adapted for creeping (zool.}.

gastropores (gas'troporz) n. plu.
[Gk. gaster, stomach ; poros,
channel.] The larger pores, for
nutrient persons, of hydroid Corals
(zool.}.

gastropulmonary (gas'tropul'monarl)
a. [Gk. gaster, stomach ; L. pulmo,
lung.] Pert, stomach and lungs
(anat.}.

gastrosplenic (gas'trosple'n'lk) a.
[Gk. gaster, stomach ; splen, the
spleen.] Pert, stomach and spleen
(anat.}.

gastrostege (gas'trostej) n. [Gk.
gaster, belly ; stege, roof.] A
ventral scale of snakes (zoo/.).

gastrovascular (gas'trovas'kular) a.
[Gk. gaster, stomach ; L. •uasculum,
a small vessel.] Serving both di-
gestive and circulatory purposes, as
canals of some Coelenterates (zool.}.

gastrozooid (gas'trozo'oid) n. [Gk.
gaster, stomach ; zoon, animal ;
eidos, resemblance.] In coelenter-
ate colonies, the nutrient person
with mouth and tentacles (zool.}.

gastrula (gas'troola) n. [Gk. gaster,
stomach.] The cup- or basin-
shaped structure formed by in-
vagination of a blastula (emb.}.

gastrulation (gas'troola'shun)«. [Gk.
gaster, stomach.] The formation of
a gastrula from a blastula by in-
vagination (emb.}.

geitonogamy (gl'tonog'amT) n. [Gk.
geiton, neighbour ; gamos, marriage.]
Fertilization of a flower by another
from the same plant (bot.}.

gelatigenous (jeTatij'Snus) a. [L.
gelare, to congeal ; Gk. genos,
offspring.] Gelatine - producing
(anat.}.

gelatine (jeTatin) n. [L. gelare,
to congeal.] A jelly-like sub-
stance obtained from animal tissue
(Phys.}.

gelatinous (jelat'mus) a. [L. gelare,
to congeal.] Jelly-like in consist-
ency (zool.}.

geminate (jem'mat) a. [L. gemini,
twins.] Growing in pairs ; binate
(bot.}.

geminiflorous (jgm'iniflo'rus) a. [L.
gemini, twins ; flos, flower.] Appl.
a plant whose flowers are arranged
in pairs (bot.}.

gemma (jgm'a) n., gemmae (jgm'e,
jgm'a) plu. [L. gemma, bud.] A
bud or outgrowth of a plant or
animal which develops into a new
organism (biol.} ; hypothetical units
(cyt.}..

gemmaceous (jgma'shus) a. [L.
gemma, bud.] Pert, gemmae or
buds.

gemmate (jgm'at) a. [L. gemma,
bud.] Reproducing by bud-forma-
tion.

gemmation (jgma'shon) n. [L. gemma,
bud.] Bud-formation by means of
which new independent individuals
are developed in plants and animals
(biol.}.

gemmiferous (jgrnlfe'rus) a. [L.
gemma, bud ; ferre, to bear.] Bud-
bearing ; gemmate.

gemmiform ( jgm'iform) a. [L. gemma,
bud ; forma, shape.] Shaped like
H

GEM-

114

GEN-

a bud ; appl. pedicellariae of Echino-
derms (zool.).

gemmiparous (jemip'arus) a. [L.
gemma, bud ; parere, to produce.]
Gemmiferous.

gemmulation (jem'ula'shun) n. [L.
gemma, bud.] Gemmule-formation.

gemmule (je'm'ul) n. [L. gemmula,
little bud.] A pangen (cyt.) ; one
of the internal buds of Porifera
arising asexually and coming into
activity on the death of the parent
organism (zool.).

gena (je'na) n., genae (je'ne) plu.
[L. gena, the cheek.] The cheek or
side part of the head ; the antero-
lateral part of an insect's head
(zool.).

genal (je'nal) a. [L. gena, cheek.]
Pert, the cheek ; appl. the facial
suture of Trilobites and the angle
of the cheek (zool.).

geneology (je'neol'qji) n. [Gk. gene,
descent ; logos, discourse.] The
study of the development of indi-
vidual and race ; Embryology and
Palaeontology combined.

genera (jSn'era), — see genus.

generalized (jen'erallz'd) a. [L. gen-
eralis, of one, kind.] Combining
characteristics of two or more
groups, as in many fossils (pal.).

generation (jen'era'shun) n. [L.gener-
atio, reproduction.] Production ;
formation ; the individuals of a
species equally remote from a
common ancestor, — see alternation
of generations.

generative (jen'era'tiv) a. [L. genus,
race.] Concerned in reproduction ;
appl. the smaller of two cells into
which a pollen grain primarily
divides (bot.\

generic (j£neYik) a. [L. genus, race.]
Common to all species of a genus,
— see binomial nomenclature.

genesis (jen'esis) n. [Gk. gignesthai,
to produce.] Formation, produc-
tion, or development of a cell,
organ, individual, or species.

genetic (jgnet'ik) a. [Gk. gignesthai,
to produce.] Pert, production.

genetic spiral,— in spiral phyllotaxis,
the imaginary spiral line following
the points of insertion of successive
leaves (dot.).

genetics ( j enet'iks) n. [Gk. gignesthai,

to produce.] That part of Biology
dealing with heredity and varia-
tion.

genial (jen'ial, jeni'al) a. [Gk. geneion,
the chin.] Pert, the chin ; appl.
chin-plates of Reptiles (zool.).

genicular (jenTk'ular) a. [L. genicu-
lum, little knee.] Pert, region
of the knee ; appl. arteries, etc., also
to ganglion of facial nerve (anat.).

geniculate (jenik'ulat) a. [L. genicu-
lum, little knee.] Bent like a knee-
joint ; appl. a ganglion of the facial
nerve (zool.) ; having the upper
part of the filament forming an
angle more or less obtuse with the
lower (bot.).

geniculum (jenik'ulum) n. [L. gen-
iculum, little knee.] The part of
the facial nerve in the temporal
bone where it turns abruptly towards
the stylo-mastoid foramen (anat.).

genioglossal (jenl'oglos'al) a. [Gk.
geneion, chin ; glossa, tongue.] Con-
necting the chin and tongue ; appl.
muscles (anat.).

geniohyoid (jem'ohl'oid) a. [Gk.
geneion, chin ; hyoeides, Y-shaped.]
Pert, chin and hyoid ; appl. muscles
(anat.).

genital (jen'ital) a. [L. gignere, to
beget.] Pert, the region of the
reproductive organs ; appl. cor-
puscles, glands, ridge, tubercle, etc.
(anat.).

genitals (jen'italz) n.plu. [L. gignere,
to beget.] The organs of reproduc-
tion, especially the external organs
(anat.).

genitoanal (jen'itoa'nal) a. [L. gignere,
to beget ; anus, the vent.] In the
region of the genitals and anus
(anat.).

genitocrural (jen'itokroo'ral) a. [L.
gignere, to beget ; crus, leg.] In
the region of the genitals and thigh ;
appl. a nerve (anat.).

genitoenteric (jen'itoenter'ik) a. [L.
gignere, to beget ; Gk. enteron, gut.]
Pert, genitals and intestine (anat.).

genitofemoral (jen'itofem'oral) a. [L.
gignere, to beget ; femur, thigh-
bone.] Genitocrural.

genoblast (jen'dblast) n. [Gk. genos,
offspring ; blastos, bud.] A mature
germ-cell exclusively male or female
(cyt.).

GEN-

115

GER-

genu (jSn'u) n. [L. genu, knee.] A
knee-like bend in an organ or part ;
the anterior end of the corpus cal-
losum (anat.).

genus (je'nus) «., genera (jSn'era) plu.
[L. genus, race.] A group of closely
related species, in classification of
plants or animals.

genys (je'nis) n. [Gk. genys, jaw.]
See gonys.

geobios (je'obl'os) n. [Gk. ge, earth ;
bios, life.] Terrestrial life — one of
Haeckel's terms (dial.}.

geoblast (je'oblast) n. [Gk.^, earth ;
blastos, bud.] A germinating plum-
ule of which the cotyledons remain
underground (bot.).

geocarpic (je'okar'pik) a. [Gk. ge,
earth ; karpos, fruit.] Having the
fruits maturing underground (bot.).

geology (jeol'ojl) n. [Gk. ge, earth ;
logos, discourse.] The science
dealing with the structure, activi-
ties, and history of the earth.

geomalism (jeom'alizm) n. [Gk. ge,
earth ; omalos, level.] Response
to the influence of gravitation (tot.).

geophilous (jeofilus) a. [Gk. ge,
earth ; philein, to love.] Living in
or on the earth, the ground.

geophyte (je'oflt) n. [Gk. ge, earth ;
phyton, plant.] A plant which
grows in the earth (tot.).

geotaxis (je'otak'sis) n. [Gk. g*,
earth ; taxis, arrangement.] Re-
sponse to the laws of gravity.

geotonus (je'oto'nus) n. [Gk. ge,
earth ; tonos, tension.] Normal
position in relation to gravity (tot.).

geotropism (jeot'ropizm) n. [Gk. ge,
earth ; trepein, to turn.] Tendency
to respond to stimulus of gravity
by turning towards it, as the down-
ward growth of a root (dot.).

gephyrocercal (gef'Iroser'kal, jSfi'ro-
ser'kal) a. [Gk. gephyra, bridge ;
kerkos, tail.] Appl. secondary di-
phycercal caudal fin brought about
by the reduction of the extreme tip
of the heterocercal or homocercal
fin (zool.).

geratology (jer'atol'oji) n. [Gk.geras,
old age ; logos, discourse.] Study
of the factors of decadence.

germ (jfirm) n. [L. gennen, bud.]
A unicellular micro-organism ; a
seed (tot.) ; a developing egg (zool.).

germ-cell, — a reproductive cell, opp.
somatic ; a primitive male or female
element (btol.).

germ centre, — an area of lymph-
corpuscle division in nodules of
lymph gland tissue (anat.).

germ-disc, — a small green cellular
plate of the germ tube of liverworts
(bot.).

germ layer, — an early differentiated
layer of cells (emb.).

germ nucleus, — an egg or sperm
nucleus (emb.).

germ plasm, — idioplasm ; the physi-
cal basis of inheritance.

germ pore, — the exit pore of a germ
tube in the spore integument (bot.).

germ stock, — the stolon in certain
Tunicates (zool.).

germ theory, — biogenesis ; the theory
that living organisms can be pro-
duced or developed only from living
organisms (btol.).

germ tube, — the short filamentous
tube put forth by a germinating
spore (bot.).

germ vitellarium, — an organ of
Platyhelminths producing both ova
and vitelline material. (sool.).

germ yolk gland,-^-m. some Rhabdo-
coels, an embryonic structure con-
sisting of the fertile portion of the
egg and a sterite\ portion which
functions as a yolk gland feeding
the fertite ftprlion (zool.).

germarium (jerma'rium) n. [L. ger-
men, bud.] An ovary (zool.).

germen (jer'men) n. [L. germen,
bud.] A mass of undifferentiated
cells, the primary form of the germ
cells.

germinal (jer'mmal) a. [L. germen,
bud.] Pert, a seed, a germ-cell, or
reproduction.

germinal bands, — two sets of rows of
cells in early development of
Annulates (zool.).

germinal cells, — the cells concerned
in reproduction, set apart early in
embryonic life (emb.).

germinal disc, — the disc-like area of
an egg yolk on which segmentation
first appears (emb.).

germinal epithelium, — the layer of
columnar epithelial cells covering
the stroma of an ovary (emb.).

germinal layers,— the primary layers

GER-

116

GLA-

of cells in a developing ovum, epi-
blast, hypoblast, and later mesoblast
(emb.).

germinal spot, — the nucleus of an
ooplasm (emb.).

germinal vesicle,— the nucleus of an
egg, before formation of polar-
bodies (emb.).

germination (jer'inma'shun) n. [L.
germen, bud.] Beginning of growth ;
budding ; development (bot.).

germiparity (jeYmipar'iti) n. [L.

frmen, bud ; parere, to beget.]
eproduction by germ-formation.

germogen ( j eVmoj Sn') n. [L. germen,
bud ; Gk. genos, offspring.] The
central cell of the gastrula-like
phase, or infusorigen, in the
development of the Rhombozoa ;
the residual nucleus, or unused
portion, after formation of the
rhpmbogen by division of the
primary germogen or primitive
central cell (zool.).

gestation (jSsta'shun) n. [L. gerere^
to carry.] The intra-uterine period
in the development of an embryo
(emb.).

giant cells,— large nerve-cells in
Annelids ; myeloplaxes ; osteo-
clasts ; large multinuclear proto-
plasmic masses found in marrow,
spleen (anat.).

giant fibres, — greatly enlarged and
modified nerve-fibres running longi-
tudinally through the ventral nerve
cord of some invertebrates, as
Worms (zool.).

gibbous (gib'us) a. [L. gibbus,
humped.] Inflated ; saccate or
pouched, as the lateral sepals of
Cruciferae (bot.).

gill (gll) n. [M.E. gille, gill.] A
plate-like or filamentous outgrowth ;
respiratory organ of water-inhabit-
ing animals (zool.) ; one of a number
of lamellae radiating from the stalk
of a mushroom (&?/.).

gill arch, — part of the visceral skele-
ton in the region of functional gills ;
branchial arch (zool.).

gill basket,— the branchial skeleton
of lampreys, composed of continu-
ous cartilage (zool.).

gill book, — the respiratory organ of
certain Arachnids, consisting of a
large number of leaf-like structures

between which the water circulates
(zool.).

gill cleft,— a branchial cleft formed
on the side of the pharynx (zool.).

gill cover, — an operculum;

gill helix, — a spirally coiled gill-like
organ in certain Clupeidae (zool.).

gill plume,— the gill or ctenidium of
the majority of Gastropods (zool.).

gill pouch, — an oval pouch containing
gills and communicating directly or
indirectly by a duct with the
exterior, seen in Myxine and Petro-
myzon (zool.).

gill rakers, — small spine-like struc-
tures attached in a single or double
row to branchial arches to prevent
escape of food (sool.).

gill remnants, — epithelial, post-
branchial, or suprapericardial bodies
arising in the pharynx of higher
vertebrates (zool.).

gill rods, — oblique gelatinous rods
supporting the pharynx in Cephalo-
chorda (zool.).

gill slits, — a series of perforations
leading from pharynx to the exterior,
persistent in lower vertebrates,
embryonic in higher (zool.).

gingival (jinjl'val) a. [L. gingivae,
gums.] Pert, the gums.

ginglymoid (gmg'glTmoid) a. [Gk.
gingglymos, hinge - joint.] Con-
structed like a hinge-joint (anat.).

ginglymus (ging'glimus) n. [Gk.
gingglymos, hinge-joint.] An ar-
ticulation constructed to allow
motion in one plane only (anat.).

girdle (ger'dl) n. [A.S. gyrdan, to
gird.] In appendicular skeleton,
the supporting structure at shoulder
and hip, each consisting typically
of one dorsal and two ventral
elements (anat.).

gizzard (giz'ard) n. [M.E. gizer,
gizzard.] In birds, the muscular
grinding chamber of the alimentary
canal ; the proventriculus of insects
(zool.).

glabella (glabel'a) n. [L. glaber,
bald.] The space on the forehead
between the superciliary ridges
(anat.) ; the elevated median region
of the cephalic shield of Trilobites
(Pal.).

glabrate (glab'rat) a. [L. glaber,
smooth.] Becoming smooth; glab-

GLA-

117

GLO-

rescent ; with a nearly smooth sur-
face (hot.}.

glabrescent, — see glabrate.

glabrous (glab'rus) a. [L. g/afer,
smooth.] With a smooth, even
surface.

gladiate (glad'iat) a. [L. gladius,
sword.] Shaped like a sword (bot.).

gladiolus (glad'io'lus) n. [L. gladiolus,
small sword.] The middle or largest
part of the sternum (anat.).

gladius (glad'ius) n. [L. gfaSta,
sword.] The pen of a cuttle-fish
(tool.).

gland cell,— an isolated secreting
cell ; a cell of glandular epithelium.

glands (glandz) n. plu. [L. glans,
an acorn.] Single cells or masses
of cells specialized for the elabora-
tion of secretions either for use in
the body or for excretion (anat.).

glandula (glan'dula) n. \L. glandula,
small acorn.] An arachnoid granu-
lation on the outer surface of the
dura mater (anat.).

glandular (glan'dular) a. [L. glandula,
small acorn.] Pert, a gland ; with
secreting function (zool.) ; bearing
a gland (hot.}.

i.landular epithelium,— the tissue of
glands, composed of polyhedral
c •'lumnar or cubical cells whose
protoplasm contains the material
secrtted (phys.).

glandular tissue,— tissue of single
or massed cells, parenchymatous
and filled with granular protoplasm,
adapted for secretion of aromatic
substances (hot.).

glandule (glan'dul) n., — see glandula.

glandulose-serrate (glan'dulos-seYat)
a. [L. glandula, small acorn ;
serratus, sawn.] Having the serra-
tions tipped with glands (bot.).

glans (glanz) n. [L. glans, acorn.]
A nut ; a hard, dry, indehiscent
one-celled fruit like an acorn (bot.) ;
a gland, especially the glans penis
(anaf.}.

glaucescent (glosgs'gnt) a. [L. glau-
cus, sea-green.] Somewhat glaucous
(bot.).

glaucous (glok'us) a. [L. glaucus,
sea-green.] Covered with a bluish-
green bloom (bot.).

gleba (gle'ba) n. [L. gleba, clod.]
The central part of the sporophore

in certain Fungi ; the spore-form-
ing apparatus in certain plants
(bot.).

glebula (gle'bula) ». [L. glebula,
small clod.] A small prominence
on a lichen thallus (bot.).

glenohumeral (gle'nohu'mSral) a.
[Gk. glene, socket ; L. humerus,
the humerus.] Pert, glenoid fossa
and humerus ; appl. ligaments
(anaf.).

glenoid (gle'noid) a. [Gk. glene,
socket ; eidos, resemblance.] Like
a socket ; appl. especially to the
cavity into which the head of the
humerus fits, the mandibular fossa,
and ligaments (anat.).

glenoidal labrum, — a fibro-carti-
laginous rim attached round the
margin of glenoid cavity and
acetabulum (anaf.).

glia (gll'a, gle'a) n. [Gk. glia, glue.]
A cell of the neuroglia ; a support-
ing cell of nervous tissue (phys.).

Glisson's capsule, — a thin fibrous
capsule within the tunica serosa of
the liver (anat.).

globate (glo'bat) a. [L. globus, globe.]
Globe-shaped.

globigerina ooze (globg'erl'na ooz), —
sea-bottom mud, which is largely
composed of foraminifera shells
(zool.).

globin (glo'bin) n. [L. globus, globe.]
The protein constituent of haemo-
globin (phys.).

globoid (glo'boid) n. [L. globus,
globe ; Gk. eidos, resemblance.] A
spherical body of aleurone grains;
a double phosphate of calcium and
magnesium (bot.).

globose (globes') a. [L. globus, globe.]
Spherical or globe-shaped.

globular (glob'ular) a., — see globose.

globule (glSb'ul) n. [L. globulus,
small globe.] Any minute spher-
ical structure ; the antheridium of
Characeae (bot.).

globulin (glob'ulin) n. [L. globus,
globe.] A proteid such as fib-
rinogen, vitellin (phys.).

globulose (glob'ulos) a. [L. globus,
globe.] Spherical ; consisting of,
or containing globules.

glochidiate (glokTd'Iat) a. [Gk.
glochis, arrow - point.] Furnished
with barbed hairs (bot.).

GLO-

118

GLU-

glochidium (glokid'ium) n. [Gk.
glochis, arrow-point.] Hairs bear-
Ing barbed processes seen on the
massulae of certain Rhizocarps
(bot.} ; the larva of fresh -water
mussels such as Unio and Anodon
(zool.}.

gloea (gle'a) n. [Gk. gloia, glue.]
An adhesive secretion of some
Protozoa (zool.}.

glomerular (glomer'ular) a. [L.
glomus, ball.] Pert, or like a
glomerulus (anat.}.

glomerulate (glomeYulat) a. [L.
glomus, ball.] Arranged in
clusters.

glomerule (glom'grul) n. [L. glomus,
ball.] A condensed cyme of almost
sessile flowers ; a compact cluster
(bot.}.

glomeruliferous (glomgr'ulTf'grus) a.
[L. glomus, ball ; ferre, to carry.]
Having the flowers arranged in
glomerules (bot.}.

glomerulus (glomer'ulus) n. [L.
glomus, ball.] A network of capil-
lary blood-vessels ; the inturned
portion of a Bowman's capsule
(zool.} ; an oval body terminating
the olfactory fibre in the rhinen-
cephalon (anat.}.

glomus (glo'mus) n., glomera (glonV-
6ra) plu. [L. glomus, ball.] A
number of glomeruli run together
(zool.} ; the coccygeal and carotid
skeins of the suprarenal glands
(anat.}.

glossa (glos'a) n. [Gk. glossa,
tongue.] A tongue-like projection
in the middle of the labium of
insects (zool.}.

glossal (glos'al) a. [Gk. glossa,
tongue.] Pert._ the tongue.

glossarium (glosa'rium) n. [Gk. glossa,
tongue.] Theslender-pointedglossa
of certain Diptera (zool.}.

glossate (glos'at) a. [Gk. glossa,
tongue.] Having a tongue or
tongue-like structure (zool.}.

glossoepiglottic (glos'ogp'iglot'ik) a.
[Gk. glossa, tongue ; epi, upon ;
glotta, tongue.] Pert, tongue and
epiglottis ; appl. folds of mucous
membrane (anat.}.

glossohyal(glos'6hl'al) n. \Gk.glossa,
tongue ; hyoeides, Y-shaped.] The
median basihyal of fishes (zool.}.

glosso-kinaesthetic area, — a brain
area in Broca's convolution immedi-
ately connected with speech (phys.}.

glossopalatine (glos'opal'atm) a.
[Gk. glossa, tongue ; L. palatus,
the palate.] Connecting tongue
and palate ; appl. arch, muscle
(anat.}.

glossophagine (glosof'ajin) a. [Gk.
glossa, tongue ; phagein, to eat.]
Securing food by means of the
tongue (zool.}.

glossopharyngeal (glos'ofarTn'jeal,
-far'inje'al) a. [Gk. glossa, tongue ;
pharynx, gullet.] Pert, pharynx
and gullet ; appl. the ninth cranial
nerve (anat.}.

glossopodium (glos'dpo'dium) n. [Gk.
glossa, tongue ; pous, foot.] The
sheathing leaf-base of Isoetes
(bot.}.

glossotheca (glos'othe'ka) n. [Gk.
glossa, tongue ; theke, box.] The
proboscis-covering part of a pupal
integument of insects (zool.}.

glottis (glot'is) n. [Gk. glotta,
tongue.] The opening into the
windpipe (anat.}.

glucase (glook'as) n. [Gk. glykus,
sweet.] A plant enzyme which
produces grape sugar from maltose
(bot.}.

glucoproteins, — compounds of pro-
tein with a carbohydrate, including
mucins and mucoids (phys.}.

glucosamine (glook'osam'in) ;/. [Gk.
glykus, sweet.] A nitrogenous sub-
stance with a reducing power,
obtained from chitin, and dextro-
rotary (phys.}.

glucose (glook'os) n. [Gk. glykus,
sweet.] The grape sugar of plants
and animals (phys.}.

gluma (gloom'a) n. [L. gluma, husk.]
A bract at the base of a grass in-
florescence or spikelet (bot^.

glumaceous (glooma'shus) a. [L.
gluma, husk.] Dry and scaly like
glumes (bot.}.

glume (gloom) n., — see gluma.

glumiferous (gloomlf'e'rus) a. [L.
gluma, husk ; ferre, to bear.]
Bearing or producing glumes (bot.}.

glumiflorus (gloom'iflo'rus) a. [L.
gluma, husk ; flos, flower.] Having
flowers with glumes or bracts at
their bases (bot.}.

GLU-

119

GON-

gluteal (gloot'eal) a. [Gk. gloutos,
buttock.] Pert, or in the region of
the buttocks ; appl. artery, muscle,
nerve, tuberosity, vein (anaf.).

gluten (gloor/gn) n. [L. gluten, ghie.]
A tough substance obtainable from
some grains.

gluteus (gloot'eus) «. [Gk. gloutos,
buttock.] Name given to certain
muscles of the buttock (anat.).

glutinous (gloot'mus) a. [L. gluten,
glue.] Having a sticky or adhesive
surface (dot.).

glycerin (glis''erin) n. [Gk. glykos,
sweet.] The sweet principle of
natural fats and oils (phys.).

glycerol (glis'6r61) n.,- see glycerin.

glycogen (glfkoj^n) n. [Gk. glykos,

sweet.] Animal starch (phys.).

glycolysis (gllkol'isls) n. [Gk. glykos,
sweet ; lyein, to loosen.] Decom-
position of sugar by hydrolysis
(Phys.).

glycosecretory (gll'kosekre'tori) a.
[Gk. glykos, sweet ; L. secretus, set
apart!] Connected with the secre-
tion of glycogen (phys.).

gnathic (gnath'ik, nath'ik) a. [Gk.
gnathos, jaw.] Pert, the jaw (zool.).

gnathism (gnath'Izm, nath'izm) n.
[Gk. gnathos, jaw.] Formation of
jaw with reference to the degree
of projection.

gnatbites (gnath'lts, nath'lts) n. plu.
[Gk. gnathos, jaw.] The buccal
appendages of insects.

gnathobase (gnath'obas, nath'obas) n.
[Gk. gnathos, jaw ; basis, base.]
An inwardly turned masticatory
process on the protopodite of
appendages near the mouth in
Crustacea (zool.).

gnathopod (gnath'opod, nathopod) n.
[Gk. gnathos, jaw ; pous, foot.] Any
Crustacean limb in the oral region
modified to assist with the food
(zool.).

gnathopodite (gnathop'ddit, nathop'-
ddlt) n. [Gk. gnathos, jaw ; pous,
foot.] Amaxillipedof an Arthropod
(zool.).

gnathostegite (gnathSs'tgglt, nathos'-
tejit) n. [Gk. gnathos, jaw ; stege,
roof.] A covering plate for the
mouth parts of some Crustaceans
(zool.).

gnathostomatous (gnath'ostSm'atus,

nath'ostSm'atus) a. [Gk. gnathos,
jaw ; stoma, mouth.] With jaws at
the mouth.

gnathotheca (gnath'othe'ka, nath'-
othe'ka) n. [Gk. gnathos, jaw ;
theke, case.] The horny outer
covering of a bird's lower jaw
(zool.).

goblet cells, — mucus-secreting cells
of most columnar epithelia (phys.).

gomphosis (g6mfo'sis)«. \G\a.gomphos,
a bolt] Articulation by insertion
of a conical process into a socket,
as of roots of teeth into alveoli
(anaf.).

gonad (gon'ad) n. [Gk.gone, descent.]
A sexual gland, either ovary or
testis (zool.).

gonaduct (gSn'adukt) n. [Gk. gonos,
offspring ; L. ducere, to lead.] A
genital duct ; a duct leading from
the gonad to the exterior ; a gono-
duct (zool.).

gonanglum (gon5n'jtum) n. [Gk.
gone, seed ; anggeion, vessel.] A
gonotheca, a dilated cup of peri-
sarc protecting the blastostyle of
Calyptoblastea (zool.).

gonapophyses (gon'apof isez) n. plu.
[Gk. gone, seed ; apo, from ; phyein^
to grow.] The chitinous outgrowths
subserving copulation in insects ;
the component parts of the sting
(zool.).

goniale (gon'Iale, gonial'a) n. [Gk.
gonia, corner.] In some verte-
brates, a bone of the lower jaw
beside the articular (anat.).

gonidangium (gon'idan'jium) n. [Gk.
dim. otgone, seed ; anggeion, vessel.]
A structure producing or contain-
ing gonidia (bot.).

gonldia (gonid'ia) n. plu. ; gonidium
(gonid'Ium) sing. [Gk. dim. of gone,
seed.] Asexual non-motile repro-
ductivecells produced upon gameto-
phytes (dot.).

gonidial (gonid'lal) a. [Gk. dim. of
gone, seed.] Pert, gonidia (dot.).

gonidiferous (gonldlf'6rus) a. [Gk.
dim. of gone, seed ; L. ferre, to
carry.] Bearing or producing
gonidia (dot.).

gonidimlum (gSn'Idfm'lum) n. £Gk,
dim. of gone, seed.] A gonidial
structure smaller than a gonidium
and larger than a gonimium (dot.).

GON-

120

GRA-

gonidiogenous (gonid'ioj'enus) a. [Gk.
dim. of gone, seed ; genos, offspring.]
Bearing or producing gonidia ;
gonidiferous (bot.).

gonidioid (gonid'ioid) a. [Gk. dim.
of gone, seed ; et'dos, resemblance.]
Like a gonidium ; appl. certain
Algae (Sot.).

gonidiophore (gonid'iofor) n. [Gk.
dim. of gone, seed ; pherein, to bear.]
An aerial hypha supporting a goni-
dangium (bot.).

gonidiophyll (gonid'iofil) n. [Gk.
dim. of gone, seed ; phyllon, leaf.]
A gametophyte leaf bearing gonidia
(dot.).

gonimium (gSmm'ium) n. [Gk.
gonimos, productive.] A bluish-
green gonidium of certain Lichens
(bot.).

gonimoblasts (gon'imoblasts) n. plu.
[Gk. gonimos, productive ; blastos,
bud.] Filamentous outgrowths of
a fertilized carpogonium of certain
Algae (dot).

gonion (go'nlon) n. [Gk. gonia, angle.]
The angle point on the lower jaw
(anat.).

gonoblast (gon'oblast) n. [Gk. gonos,
offspring ; blastos, bud.] A repro-
ductive cell (zool.).

gonoblastid (gSn'oblas'tid) n. [Gk.
gonos, offspring ; blastos, bud.J A
blastostyle of Hydrozoa (zool.).

gonocalyx (gSn'oka'liks) n. [Gk.

finos, offspring ; kalyx, a cup.]
he bell of a medusiform gonophore
(zool.).

gonocheme (gSn'okem) n. [Gk. gonos,
offspring ; ochema, support] A
medusoid bearing sex-cells in the
Hydrozoa (zool.).

gonochorism (gon'oko'rizm) n. [Gk.
gonos, offspring ; chorisein, to
divide.] The history or develop-
ment of sex distinction.

gonocoele (g6n'6sel) n. [Gk. gone,
seed ; koilos, hollow.] The cavity
containing the gonads (zool.).

gonocytes (gon'oslts) n. plu. [Gk.
gone, seed ; kytos, hollow.] Sexual
cells of Sponges ; the mother-cells
of ova and spermatozoa (zool.).

gonodendron (gon'6d6n'dron) n. [Gk.
gonos, offspring ; dendron, tree.]
A branching blastostyle in Physalia
(zool.).

gonoduct (gon'odiikt') n., — see gona-
duct.

gonophore (gon'ofor) n. [Gk. gone,
seed ; pherein, to bear.] An elonga-
tion of the thalamus between corolla
and stamens (bot.) ; a reproductive
zooid in a hydroid colony (zool.).

gonoplasm (gon'oplazm) n. [Gk. gone,
seed ; plasma, something moulded.]
The generative part of protoplasm
(cyt.).

gonopore (gon'opor) n. [Gk. gone,
seed ; poros, channel.] The repro-
ductive aperture of female Nema-
todes (zool.).

gonosome (gon'osom) n. [Gk. gonet
seed ; soma, body.] All the repro-
ductive zooids of a hydrozoan
colony (zool.).

gonosphaerium (gon'osfe'rium) n.
[Gk. gone, seed ; sphaira, globe.]
An oosphere (bot.).

gonostyle (gon'ostll) n. [Gk. gone,
seed ; stylos, pillar.] The blasto-
style ; sexual palpon or siphon of
Siphonophora (zool.).

gonotheca (gSn'othe'ka) n. [Gk. gone,
seed ; theke, cup.] A transparent
protective expansion of the perisarc
round a blastostyle or gonophore
(zool.).

gonotome (gon'otom) n. [Gk. gone,
seed ; temnein, to cut.] An embry-
onic segment containing the pri-
mordium of the gonad, comparable
to a nephrotome (smb.).

gonozooid (gon'b'zd'oid) n. [Gk. gone,
seed ; zoon, animal ; eidos, resem-
blance.] A gonophore or repro-
ductive individual of a hydrozoan
colony; a zooid containing a gonad
(zool.).

gonydial (gonld'ial) a. [Gk. genys,
lower jaw.] Pert, a gonys (zool.).

gonys (gon'is) n. [Gk. genys, lower
jaw.] The lower part of a bird's
bill (zool.).

Graaflan (graf'Ian, graf'ian) follicle,—
a vesicular spherical capsule sur-
rounding an ovum, the cells of the
capsule being morphologically equal
to the ovum ; an ovisac with de-
veloping ova.

gracllis (gras'ilis) n. [L. gracilis,
slender.] A superficial muscle of
the thigh (anat.).

graduated (grad'uatgd) a. [L. gradus^

GRA-

121

GUA-

step.] Tapering ; becoming longer
or shorter by steps.

grain (gran) n. [L. granum, grain.]
Theseedof cereals ; a granular prom-
inence on the back of a sepal (dot.}.

graminifolious (gram'fnifo'llus) a.
[L. gramen, grass ; folium, leaf.]
With grass-like leaves (bot.}.

graminivorous (gram'miv'orus) a.
[L. gramen, grass ; vorare, to eat.]
Grass-eating (zool.}.

granellae (graneTe) n. plu. [L. dim.
of granum, grain.] Small oval,
refractile granules consisting chiefly
of barium sulphate, found in the
tubes of certain Sarcodina (zool.}.

granellarium (gran'gla'rium) n. [L.
dim. of granum, grain.] The system
of granellae-containing tubes of
Sarcodina (zool.}.

granose (gran'os) a. [L. granum,
grain.] In appearance like a chain
of grains, like some insect antennae ;
moniliform (zool.").

granular (gran'ular) a. [L. granum,
grain.] Consisting of grains or
granules ; appearing as if made up
of granules (zool.}.

granulation (gran'ula'shun) n. [L.
granum, grain.] A grain-like eleva-
tion or eminence ; appl. arachnoid
elevations on the outer surface of
the dura mater (anat.}.

granule (gran'ul) n. [L. granulum,
small grain.] A small particle of
matter ; a small grain (hot.).

granule cells, — ovoid or spheroid
cells formed of soft protoplasm
containing basiphil granules.

granule glands,— the prostate glands
of flatworms.

graphiohexaster (graf i6h6ksas'ter) n.
[Gk. graphein, to write ; hex, six ;
aster, star.] A hexaster spicule
with long outwardly-directed fila-
mentous processes from four of the
rays (zool.}.

grater (gra'ter) n. [O.F. grater, to
scrape.] One of the denticles of a
Eunice (zool.}.

gravity (grav'iti) n. [L.gravis, heavy.]
The force of attraction of all bodies
towards each other ; the tendency
of terrestrial bodies to be drawn
towards the earth's centre (phys.}.

green glands, — the excretory organs
of certain Crustacea (zool.}.

gregaloid (grgg'aloid) a. [L. grex,
flock; Gk. eidos, like.] Appl. a
colony of Protozoa of indefinite
shape, usually with a gelatinous
base, formed by incomplete division
of individuals or partial union of
adults (zool.}.

gregarious (grgga'rius) a. [L. grex,
flock.] Tending to herd together ;
colonial ; growing in clusters (biol.}.

grey matter, — nerve tissue abund-
antly supplied with nerve cells, of
greyish colour, internal to white
matter in spinal cord, external in
cerebrum (anat.}.

grey nerve-fibres, — semitransparent,
grey or yellowish-grey, gelatinous
non-medullated nerve-fibres, com-
prising most of the fibres of the
sympathetic system and some of
the cerebro-spinal (anat.}.

groin (groin) n. [lct\.grein, branch.]
The depressed part of the body
between abdomen and thigh (anat.}.

groove (groov) n. [Dut. groef,
channel.] Any channel, furrow, or
depression, as carotid, costal, optic,
primitive vertebral groove (anat.}.

group (groop) n. [F. groupe, group.]
A number of plants, or animals,
related to one another, and con-
sidered collectively (biol.}.

growing point,— a part of the plant
body at which cell-division is
localized, generally terminal and
composed of meristematic cells
(bot.}.

growth, — increase in substance of
plant or animal, due to anabolism
being greater than katabolism
(biol.}.

growth rings,— see annual rings
(bot.}.

grumose (groom'os) a. [L. grutnus,
hillock.] Clotted ; knotted ; col-
lected into granule masses (bot.}.

grumous (groom'us),— see grumose.

guanin (gwan'In) n. [Peruvian, huano,
dung.] A substance contained in
guano, also in some plants and
certain mammalian glands ; that
found in fish corium forms the
basis of artificial pearl (biol.}.

guanylic (gwan'ilik) a. [Peruvian,
huano, dung.] Appl. a nucleic
acid, yielding guanin, found in the
pancreas (phys.}.

GUA-

122

GYM-

guard (gard) n. [O.F. garder, to
guard.] The rostrum of a Belem-
nite (pal.}.

guard cells, — cells surrounding the
stomata of the aerial epidermis of
plant tissue (dot.}.

gubernacular (goo'bernak'ular) a.
[L. gubemare, to govern.] Pert.
the gubernaculum.

gubernaculum (goo'bernak'ulum) n.
[L. gubemare, to govern.] A cord
stretching from the epididymis to
the wall of the scrotum (anat.) ;
strands of blastostylar ectoderm
between gonophore and gonotheca
in the Hydromedusae ; a posterior
flagellum functioning as a rudder
(zoo/.).

guest Insect, — an insect living or
breeding in the nestof another (zoo/.}.

gula (gu'la) n. [L. gula, gullet.]
The upper part of the throat ; the
median ventral piece of an insect's
head (zoo/.).

gular (gu'lar) n. [L. gula, gullet]
An anterior unpaired horny shield
on the plastron of Chelonia (zoo/.).

gullet (gul'et) n. [L. gula, gullet.]
The oesophagus; a muscular canal
extending from mouth cavity to
stomach ; the canal between the
cell-mouth or cytostome and the
endoplasm of Ciliata (zoo/.).

gum (gum) n. [L.gummi, gum.] An
exudation of certain plants and
trees ; a vegetable mucilage (hot.).

gummiferous (gurmf'eYus) a. [L.
gummi, gum ; ferre, to carry.]
Gum-producing or exuding (dot.).

gummosis (giimd'sTs) n. [L. gummi,
gum.] Condition of plant tissue when
cell-walls become gummy (dot.).

gums (gumz) n. plu. [A.S. goma,
jaw.] The thick tissues investing
the jaws (anat.).

gustatory (gus'tatori) a. [L. gustare,
to taste.] Pert, sense of taste ; appl.
cells, hairs, pores, nerves (anat.).

gustatory calyculus, — a taste bud ;
an end-cell or end-organ of taste
consisting of a group of gustatory
cells (anat.).

gut (gut) n. [A.S. gut, a channel.]
The intestine or part thereof,
according to the structure of the
animal (zoo/.).

gutta (gut'a) n. [L. gutta, drop.]

A small spot of colour on an
insect's wing or elsewhere (zoo/.).

guttation (guta'shun) n. [L. gutta,
drop.] Formation of drops of
water on plants from moisture in
the air (dot.).

guttiform (gut'iform) a. [L. gutta,
drop ; forma, shape.] Drop-like ;
in the form of a drop (zoo/.).

guttulate (gut'ulat) a. [L. guttula,
small drop.] In the form of a
small drop, as markings (zoo/.).

gymnanthous (jimnan'thus) a. [Gk.
gymnos, uncovered; anthos, flower.]
With no floral envelope; achlamyd-
eous (dot.).

gymnetrous (jimne'trus) a. [Gk.
gymnos, naked ; etron, abdomen.]
Without an anal fin (zoo/.).

gymnoarian (jimnoa'rian) a. [Gk.
gymnos, naked.] Appl. gonads
when naked, or not enclosed in
coelomic sacs ; opp. cystoarian
(zoo/.).

gymnoblastic (jlm'noblas'tik) a. [Gk.
gymnos, naked ; blastos, bud.] With-
out hydrothecae and gonothecae ;
appl. certain of the Coelenterates
(zoo/.).

gymnocarpous (jim'nokar'pus) a.
[Gk. gymnos, uncovered ; karfios,
fruit.] With naked fruit ; appl.
Lichens with uncovered apothecia,
Mosses with expanded hymenium
(dot.).

gynmocidlum (jTm'nosid'ium) n.
[Gk. gymnos, uncovered.] A basal
swelling of certain moss capsules
(dot.).

gymnocyte(jTm'nosit)«. [Gk. gymnos,
uncovered ; kytps, hollow.] A cell
without a defining cell-wall (diol.).

gymnocytode ( jim'nti sl'tod), — a cytode
without cell-wall or nucleus — a term
used by Haeckel (diol.).

gymnogenous (j!mnqj'6nus) a. [Gk.
gymnos, naked ; genos, offspring.]
'Naked when bo'rn ; appl. birds
(zoo/.).

gymnogynous (jimnqj'inus) a. [Gk.
gymnos, naked ; gyne, woman.]
With exposed ovary (dot.).

gymnoplast (jim'noplast) n. [Gk.
gymnos, naked ; plastos, formed.]
Protoplasm without definite forma-
tion or cell-wall (diol.).

gymnorhlnal (jTm'nori'nal) a. [Gk.

GYM-

123

HAB-

gymnos, naked ; rhis, nose.] With

nostril region not covered by

feathers, as in some birds (zoo/.).

gymnosomatous (jim'nosom'atus) a.

£ik. gymnos, naked ; soma, body.]
aving no shell or mantle, as
certain Molluscs (zoo/.).

gymnospermous (jimnospeYmus) a.
[Gk. gymnos, uncovered ; spenna,
seed.] Having seeds not enclosed
in a true ovary, as in the Conifers
(oof.).

gymnospore (jfm'nospor) n. [Gk.
gymnos, naked ; sporos, seed.J A
naked germ not enclosed in a
protective envelope (oto/.).

gymnostomatous ( jim'nostom'atus) a.
[Gk. gymnos, naked ; stoma, mouth.]
Naked-mouthed ; having no peri-
stome (zoo/., bo f.).

gynaecophoral groove, — see gynaeco-
phore.

gynaecophore (jine'kofor) ». [Gk.
gyne, woman ; pherein, to carry.]
The canal or groove of certain
Worms formed by an inrolling of
the sides, in which the female is
carried (zool.}.

gynandrism (jman'drlzm) n. [Gk.
gyne, woman ; aner, man.] Her-
maphroditism.

gynandromorphism (jinan'dromor'-
fizm) n. [Gk. gyne, woman ; aner,
man ; morphe, form.] Condition of
having one side characteristically
male, the other female, from ex-
ternal aspect.

gynandrophore ( jlnan'drofor') n. [Gk.
gyne, woman ; aner, man ; pherein,
to carry.] An axial prolongation
bearing a sporophyll (oof.).

gynandrosporous (jinan'drospo'rus)
a. [Gk. gyne, woman ; aner, man ;
sporos, seed.] With androspores
adjoining the oogonium, as in some
Algae (oof.).

gynandrous (jinan'drus)a. \G\i.gyne,
woman ; aner, man.] Having the
stamens fused with the pistils, as in
some Orchids (oof.).

gynantherous (jinan'thgrus) a: [Gk.
gyne, woman ; anf/ios, flower.] Hav-
ing the stamens converted into pistils
(oof.).

gynobase (ji'nobas) n. [Gk. gyne,
woman ; L. basis, base.] A gynoe-
cium-bearing receptacle of certain

plants ; the condition in which the
style appears to arise from the
ovary (6of.).

gynobasic style,— a style arising from
the base of the carpel (oof.).

gynodioecious (jf nodle'shus) a. [Gk.
gyne, woman ; dis, twice ; oikos,
house.] Dimorphic, with some
plants producing only female
flowers (oof.).

gynoecium (jine'stum) n. [Gk. gyne,
woman ; oikos, house.] The pistils,
carpels, or female organs of a flower
(oof.).

gynogonidia (ji'ndgonld'ia) n. plu.
[Gk. gyne, woman ; gonos, offspring.]
Female sexual elements formed after
repeated division of parthenogonidia
in Mastigophora (oio/.).

gynomonoecious (ji'nomone'shus) a.
[Gk. gyne, woman ; monos, alone ;
oikos, house.] Appl. plants with
pistillate flowers only (oof.).

gynophore (ji'nofor) n. [Gk. gyne,
woman ; pherein, to carry.] A
stalk supporting the ovary ; an
elongation of the thalamus between
stamens and pistil (oof.).

gynostegium (jfnosce'jium) n. [Gk.
gyne, woman ; stege, roof.] A pro-
tective covering for a gynoecium
(oof.).

gynostemium (ji'noste'mlum) ». [Gk.
gyne, woman ; stemon, warp.] The
column composed of pistil and
stamens in Orchids (oof.).

gyration (jira'shun) n. [L. gyrare, to
revolve.] Rotation, as of cells ; a
whorl of a spiral shell (zool.}.

gyrose (jfros) a. [L. gyrare, to
revolve.] With undulating lines ;
sinuous (dot.).

gyrus (ji'rus) n., gyri (jl'rl) plu. [L.
gyrus, circle.] A cerebral convolu-
tion ; a ridge between two grooves
(anaf.).

H

habenula (habSn'Oli) n. [L. habena,
strap.] A name appl. certain
band-like structures (anaf.).

habituation (hablt'ua'shun) n. [L.
habituare, to bring into a habit.]
The adjustment effected in a cell
by which subsequent contacts of

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124

HAE-

the same stimulus produce dim-
inishing effects (phys.}.

hadrocentrlc (h&d'rosgn'trik) a. [Gk.
hadros, thick ; kentron, centre.]
With the phloem surrounding the
xylem (bot.}.

haemachrome (he'makrom) n. [Gk.
haima, blood ; chromos, colour.]
The colouring matter found in the
blood (phys.}.

haemacyanin, — see haemocyanin.

haemacyte (he'masit) n. [Gk. haima,
blood ; kytos, hollow.] A blood
corpuscle (anat., phys.}.

haemad (he'mad) adv. [Gk. haima,
blood.] Situated on same side
of vertebral column as the heart
(zool., anat.}.

haemal (he'mal) a. [Gk. haima,
blood.] Pert, blood or blood-
vessels ; also situated on the same
side of the vertebral column as the
heart (zool.}.

haemamoeba (hem'ame'ba) n. [Gk.
haima, blood ; amoibos, exchang-
ing.] Protozoon with an amoeboid
trophozoitic stage parasitic in a red
blood-corpuscle (zool.}.

haemapoietic (hem'apoigt'ik) a. [Gk.
haima, blood ; poiein, to form.]
Blood-forming.

haemapophysis (hem'apof'isis) n.
[Gk. haima, blood ; apo, from ;
phyein, to grow.] One of plate-like
or spine-like processes growing
from the latero-ventral surfaces of
a vertebral centrum (anat.}.

haexnatal (hem'atal) a. [Gk. haima,
blood.] Pert, blood or blood-vessels.

haematid (hem'atid) n. [Gk. haima,
blood.] Red blood-corpuscle.

haematin (hem'atln) n. [Gk. haima,
blood.] A blue-black substance
formed by the decomposition of
haemoglobin, and probably con-
taining iron (phys.}.

haematobic (hem'ato'bflc) a. [Gk.
haima, blood ; bios, life.] Living
in the blood (zool.}.

haematobium (hem'ato'bTum) n. [Gk.
haima, blood ; bios, life.] Any or-
ganism, plant or animal, living in
the blood (biol.}.

haematoblast (hgm'atoblast) n. [Gk.
haima, blood ; blastos, bud.] Any
cell that will develop into a red
blood-corpuscle (emb.}.

haematochrome (hgm'atokrom) n.
[Gk. haima, blood ; chromos, colour.]
A red colouring matter found in
certain Algae (bot.}.

haematocryal (hgm'atokrl'al) a. [Gk.
haima, blood ; kryos, cold.] Cold-
blooded (zool.}.

haematocyanin (hgin'atosl'anTn) n.
[Gk. haima, blood ; kyanos, dark
blue substance.] A colourless sub-
stance in the blood of Molluscs
and Arthropods which becomes
blue when oxydized (zool.}.

haematocytozoon (hgm'atosi'tozo'on)
n. [Gk. haima, blood ; kytos, hol-
low ; zoon, animal.] An intra-cor-
puscular blood parasite (zool.).

haematodocha (hgm'atodo'ka) n. [Gk.
haima, blood ; doche, receptacle.]
A fibre-elastic bag, normally col-
lapsed and spirally disposed round
the base of the bulb, the basal
portion of the palpal organ in the
Araneae (zool.}.

haematogen (hgm'atojen) n. [Gk.
haima, blood ; gignesthai, to pro-
duce.] A pseudo-nuclein containing
iron (phys.}.

haematogenesls (hgm'atojSn'esis) n.
[Gk. haima, blood ; gignesthai, to
produce.] The formation of blood
(Phys.}.

haematogenous (hSm'atoj'gnus) a.
[Gk. haima, blood ; gignesthai, to
produce.] Formed in the blood
(Phys.}.

haematoidln (hgm'atoid'In) n. [Gk.
haima, blood ; eidos, resemblance.]
An iron-free pigment found in
blood-stains (phys.}.

haematolysis (henYatSl'isis) n. [Gk.
haima, blood ; lyein, to dissolve.]
Breaking up of blood corpuscles,
hence reduced coagulability (phys.}.

haematophagous (hgm'atSf'agus) a.
[Gk. haima, blood ; phagein, to eat.]
Feeding on the blood, or obtaining
nourishment from the blood (zool.}.

haematophyte (hgm'atoflt) n. [Gk.
haima, blood ; phyton, plant.] Any
vegetable micro-organism of the
blood (phys.}.

haematoporphyrin (he"m'at6p6r'fir!n)
n. [Gk. haima, blood ; porphyra,
purple.] An iron-free substance
formed by the decomposition of
haematin (phys.}.

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125

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haematosis (hem'ato'siTs) n. [Gk.
haimafoein, to change to blood.]
Blood-formation (phys.}.

haeniatothermal (hgm'atothgr'mal) a.
[Gk. haima, blood ; thermos, warm.]
Warm-blooded (zool.).

haematozoon (hgm'atb'zo'on) n. [Gk.
haima, blood ; zoon, animal.] Any
animal parasitic in the blood (zool.).

haemic (hem'ik) a. [Gk. haima,
blood.] Pert, blood (phys.).

haemin (hem'in) n. [Gk. haima,
blood.] Haematin hydrochloride
(Phys.).

haeinochromogen (hem'okro'mb'jen)
n. [Gk. haima, blood ; chroma,
colour ; gignesthai, to produce.]
The colour producing component
of haemoglobin (phys.).

haemocoele (hem'osel) n. [Gk. haima,
blood ; koilos, hollow.] An ex-
panded portion of the blood system
which replaces the true coelom
(*»/.).

haemocyanin (hern'osfanm), — see
haematocyanin.

haemocytolysis (hem'osltol'isis) n.
[Gk. haima, blood ; kytos, hollow ;
lyein, to dissolve.] The breaking
up of the red blood-corpuscle by
solution (phys.).

haemocytotrypsis (hem'osl'totrip'sTs)
n. [Gk. haima, blood ; kytos, hol-
low ; tribein, to rub.] Breaking up
of blood by pressure (phys.).

haemoerythrin (hem'derith'rin) «.
[Gk. haima, blood ; erythros, red.]
A red pigment found in the blood
of Worms, etc., probably performing
the same functions as haemoglobin
(«»/.).

haemoglobin (hem'oglo'bin) ». [Gk.
haima, blood ; globos, sphere.] The
red colouring matter of blood
(phys.).

haemoid (hem'oid) a. [Gk. haima,
blood ; eidos, resemblance.] Re-
sembling blood (phys.).

haemolymph (hem'olimf) n. [Gk.
haima, blood ; lympke, fluid.] A
fluid found in the coelom of some
invertebrates, which is regarded as
equivalent to the blood and lymph
of the higher forms (zool.).

haemolysin (hern'oll'sln) ». [Gk.
haima, blood ; lyein, to dissolve.]
A substance developed in the blood

serum capable of destroying red
blood-corpuscles (phys.}.

haemolysis (hemol'lsTs), — see haema-
tolysis.

haemoplasmoclium (hem'oplasmo'-
dium) n. [Gk. haima, blood ,
plasma, something moulded.] A
unicellular animal parasite of the
blood (zool.\

haemotropic (hem'otrop'ik) a. [Gk.
haima, blood ; trepein, to turn.]
Affecting or acting upon the blood
(Phys.}.

haemozoin (he'mozo'In) n. [Gk. haima,
blood ; zoon, animal.] Granules
of a black pigment usually called
melanin, but without the chemical
characteristics of true melanin
(Phys.}.

hair (har) n. [A.S. haer.] A thread-
like or filamentous outgrowth of the
epidermis of animals (zool.) ; any
outgrowth of the epidermis consist-
ing of one or more cells, and very
varied in shape (tot.}.

hair cell,— any of the columnar cells
bearing long stiff processes or hairs,
found in the inner ear near the
points of entrance of the nerve
fibres (anat.).

hair follicle, — the tubular sheath
formed by an invagination of the
epidermis and surrounding the
base of a hair (anat.}.

hair worm, — any of the small Nema-
todes (zool.).

half-inferior, — having the ovary but
partially adherent to the calyx
(bot.}.

half-terete, — rounded on one side,
flat on the other (&?/.).

haliplankton (hal'fplang'kton) n. [Gk.
hals, the sea ;plangklos, wandering.]
The floating organisms in the sea ;
cf. limnoplankton.

hallux (hal'uks) n. [L. hallux, the
great toe.] The first digit of the
hind-limb (anat.}.

halobios (hal'obfos) «. [Gk. hals,
sea ; bios, life.] The sum total of
living plants and animals in the
sea (biol.}.

halolimnic (hal'olTm'nik) a. [Gk.
hals, sea ; limne, marsh.] Pert, or
referring to marine organisms
modified to live in fresh water
(zool.).

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126

HEA-

halophilous (halof'ilus) a. [Gk. hals,
salt ; philein, to love.] Salt-loving
(bot.}.

halophyte (haloflt) n. [Gk. hals,
salt ; phyton, plant.] Shore plants ;
plants capable of thriving on salt-
impregnated soils (dot.}.

halteres (hal'terez) n. plu. [Gk.
halter, weight used in jumping.]
A pair of small capitate bodies
representing the rudimentary pos-
terior wings in Diptera, which are
said to be balancers (zool.}.

hamate (ham'at) a. [L. hamatus,
hooked.] Hooked or hooked-
shaped at the tip.

hamatum (hama'tum) n. [L. hamatus,
hooked.] The unciform bone in
the carpus, probably corresponding
to the fourth arid fifth distalia of a
typical pentadactyl limb (zool.}.

hamirostrate (ham'iros'trat) a. [L.
hamus, hook ; rostrum, beak.]
Having a hooked beak (zool.}.

hamose (ha'mos) a. [L. hamus, hook.]
Hooked (dot.}.

hamular (ham'ular) a. [L. hamus,
hook.] Hooked ; hook-like (zool.}.

hamulus (ham'ulus) n. [L. hamulus,
little hook.] A hook, or hook-like
process (anat.} ; the minute hook-
like process on the distal barbules
which aid in the interlocking of the
barbs of a feather (zool.}.

hapaxanthous (hap'aksan'thus) a.
[Gk. hapax, once ; anthos, flower.]
With only a single flowering period
(bot.}.

haplocaulescent (hap'lokoles'ent) a.
[Gk. haploos, simple ; L. caulis,
stem.] With a simple axis, i.e.,
capable of producing seed on the
main axis (tot.},

haplochlainydeous (hap'loklamid'eus)
a. [Gk. haploos, simple ; chlamys,
cloak.] Having rudimentary leaves
in connection with the sporophylls
(bot.}.

haplodont (hap'lodont)tf. [G\a. haploos,
simple ; odous, tooth.] Having the
molars with simple crowns (zool.}.

haploid (hap'loid) a. [Gk. kaploos,
simple ; eidos, like.] Having the
number of chromosomes character-
istic of the germ-cells for the
organism in question (biol.}.

haploperistomous (hap'loperls'tomus)

a. [Gk. haploos, simple ; peri,
around ; stoma, mouth.] Having
a peristome with a single row of
teeth ; appl. Mosses (hot.}.

haplopetalous (hap'lopet'alus) a. [Gk.
haploos, simple ; petalon, petal.]
With a single row of petals (bot.}.

haptera (hap'tera) n. plu. [Gk. hap-
tein, to fasten.] Special disc-like
outgrowths from the stem - like
portion of certain Algae, which
serve as organs of attachment
(dot.}.

haptophores (hap'tof orz) n. plu. [Gk.
haptein, to fasten ; pherein, to carry.]
The combining qualities of the
molecule of a toxin ; cf. toxophores
(Phys.\

harmonic suture, — an articulation
brought about by the apposition of
fairly smooth edges or surfaces
(anat.}.

harmosone (har'moson) //. [Gk.
armozo, I regulate.] One of the
class of hormones which influence
growth (phys.}.

HassaH's concentric corpuscles, —
cell nests in the reticulum of the
thymus gland (anat.).

hastate (has'tat) a. [L. hasta, spear.]
Spear-shaped, more or less tri-
angular with the two basal lobes
divergent (hot.}.

haulm (horn) n. [A.S. healing The
stem of such plants as peas ; the
stem of a grass (bot.}.

haustellate (hos'telat) a. [L. haurire,
to suck.] Having a proboscis
adapted for sucking (zool.}.

haustellum(h6steTum) n. [L. haurire,
to suck.] A proboscis adapted for
sucking (zool.}.

haustorial (hosto'rlal) a. [L. haurire,
to drink.] Pert, or resembling a
haustorium (bot.}.

haustorium (hosto'riiim) n. [L.
haurire, to drink.] An outgrowth
of the stem of certain plants, which
serves as a means of drawing food
from the host plant (bot.}.

haversian canals [ffavers, English
physician], — the small canals in
bone in which the blood-vessels lie
(anat.}.

head (hed) n. [AS. heafod.] The
anterior part of a vertebrate body
containing the brain, skull, eyes,

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127

HEM-

ears, etc. ; the anterior end of most
invertebrate animals containing
the cerebral ganglia ; the antlers of
deer (zool.) ; the top of a plant when
it consists of a mass of leaves ; a
compact inflorescence (bot.).

head case,— the outer hard covering
of an insect's head (zool.).

head cell, — one of the cells found on
the manubrium of the antheridium
of Chara (bot.).

head kidney, — the pronephric portion
of the kidney, in vertebrates usually
represented only in the embryo ; a
nephridium usually developed in
the cephalic segment of inverte-
brates (zool.).

heart (hart) n. [A.S. heorte."] A hollow
muscular organ with a varying
number of chambers which by
rhythmic contraction keeps up the
circulation of the blood (zool.,anat.) ;
the core or central portion of a tree
or fruit (bot.).

heat (het) n. [A.S. haetu.] A kind
of energy manifested in various
ways ; the sensation of warmth
produced by stimulation of special
organs ; the period of sexual desire
(Phys.).

heat spot,— any of the special areas
on the skin at which nerve endings
sensitive to heat are found (phys.).

hectocotylus (heVtokot'llus) //. [Gk.
hekaton, hundred ; kotyle, vessel.]
One of the arms of a male ceph-
alopod specialized to effect transfer-
ence of sperms to eggs (zool.).

hedonic (hedon'ik) glands, — skin
glands found in certain reptiles
which secrete muskand are specially
active at the rutting season.

heel(hel)«. [A.S. Ae/a.] The hinder
part of the foot ; the posterior
tarsal portion of the foot ; the talon
or talonid of a tooth (zool.).

hekistotherm (hekTs'tothgrm) n. [Gk.
hekistos, least ; therme, heat.] A
plant that thrives with the minimum
of heat, as alpine plants (bot.).

helicine (heTisin) a. [Gk. helix,
spiral.] Spiral ; convoluted ;
hoisted ; appl. certain convoluted
and dilated arteries in the penis ;

4 pert, outer rim of the pinna (anat.).

helicoid (heTikoid) a. [Gk. helix,
spiral; eidos, like.] Spiral; shaped

like a snail's shell ; pert, genus
Helix (zool.) ; pert, type of sym-
podial branching in which the sym-
podium consists of the fork branches
of the same side (bot.).

helicoid cyme, — an inflorescence pro-
duced by the suppression of the
successive axes on the same side,
thus causing the sympodium to be
spirally twisted (bot.).

helicotrema (hel'ikotre'ma) n. [Gk.
helix, spiral ; trema, hole.] A
small opening near the summit
of the cochlea by which the two
scalae communicate with one
another (anat.).

heliosis (helio'sTs) n. [Gk, Julias,
sun.] The production of dis-
coloured spots or markings on
leaves through the concentration
of the sun on them (bot.).

heliotaxis (he'liotak'sis) n. [Gk.
helios, sun ; taxis, arrangement.]
Response to the stimulus of the
sun's rays.

heliotropism (he'liot'ropizm) n. [Gk.
helios, sun ; trepein, to turn.] The
tendency of growing organisms
or parts thereof to respond to
the stimulus of sunlight (biol.).

helix (he'llks) n. [Gk. helix, spiral.]
The outer rim of the ear (anat.) ;
the coiled spiral arrangement of
certain structures in the inverte-
brates (zool.).

helmet (heTme't) n. [O.F. helmet,
head covering.] The process of
the bill of hornbills ; the bony
plates covering the head of certain
extinct Fishes ; the galea of Insects
(zool.).

helminthology (hel'minthol'dji) n.
[Gk. helmins, worm ; logos, dis-
course.] The study of the natural
history, anatomy, etc., of Worms,
especially parasitic forms (zool.).

helotism (hel'otizm) «. [Gk. Helos,
Laconian town.] Symbiosis in
which the one organism enslaves
the other and forces it to labour
in its behalf, e.g. in Lichens, in
some species of ants (biol.).

hemelytron (hemeTitron) n. [Gk.
hemi, half; elytron, wing.] The
thickened forewing of certain
Insects ; the elytra of certain
Worms (zool.).

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128

HEP-

hemelytrum, hemelytron.

hemibasidium (hem'ibasid'ium) n.
[Gk. hemi, half ; basis, base.] The
promycelium of the Ustilaginales
(bot.).

hemibathybial (hem'ibathib'ial) a.
[Gk. hemi, half; bathys, depths.]
Perl, plankton between the littoral
and bathybial zones (biol.).

hemibranch (hem'ibrangk) n. [Gk.
hemi, half; brangchia, gills.] A
gill with gill filaments on one side
only (zool.).

hemichordate (hem'ikor'dat) a. [Gk.
hemi, half; chorde, string.] Possess-
ing a more or less rudimentary
notochord (zool.).

hemicyclic (hem'isi'klik) a. [Gk.
hemi, half; kyklos, round.] With
some of the floral whorls cyclic,
others spiral (bot.).

hemielytron, — hemelytron .

hemiepiphyte (hem'iep'iflt) n. [Gk.
hemi, half ; epi, upon ; phyton,
plant.] A plant whose seeds
germinate on another plant, but
later send roots to the ground
(bot.}.

hemignathous (hem'ignath'us) a. [Gk.
hemi, half ; gnathos, jaw.] Having
one jaw snorter than the other, as
in some birds (zool.).

hemlmetabolic (hgm'imgt'aborik) a.
[Gk. hemi, half; meta, after; ballein,
to change.] Having an incomplete
metamorphosis, i.e. the larva has a
strong resemblance to the adult
(zoo!.).

hemiparasitic (hem'ipar'asTt'ik) a.
[Gk. hemi, half; para, beside;
sites, food.] Pert, a plant which
is capable of carrying on photo-
synthesis, but not sufficiently to
supply all food material (bot.).

hemipenis (hem'ipe'nis) n. [Gk. hemi,
half; L. penis, penis.] One of the
paired copulatory organs in lizards
and snakes (zool.).

hemipterous (hemip'terus) a. [Gk.
hemi, half; pteron, wing.] Pert.
Hemiptera (zool.).

hemisaprophyte (hgm'isap'roflt) n.
[Gk. hemi, half ; sapros, dung ;
phyton, plant.] A plant living
partly by photosynthesis, partly
by obtaining food from the humus
(bot.).

heinisome (hSm'isom) n. [Gk. hemi,
half; soma, body.] The sym-
metrical half of an animal about
a median vertical plane (zool.).

hemisphere (he'm'isfer) n. [Gk.
hemi, half; sphaira, globe.] One
of the cerebral hemispheres (zool.).

hemisystole (hgm'isis'tole) n. [Gk.
hemi, half ; syn, with ; stellein, to
set.] Contraction of one ventricle
of the heart (phys.).

hemitropous (hemit'ropus) a. [Gk.
hemi, half; trepein, to turn.]
Turned half round, having an
ovule with the hilum on one side
and the micropyle, etc., opposite
in a plane parallel to the placenta
(bot.).

hemorrhoidal (hem'oroi'dal) a. [Gk.
haima, blood ; rhein, to flow.]
Rectal ; appl. arteries and veins
(anat.).

Henle's layer, — a single stratum of
nucleated cubical cells in the inner
root sheath of a hair follicle (anat.).

Henle's loop, — the loop of a kidney
tubule within the apical portion of
the pyramid (anat.).

hepar (he'par) n. [L. hepar, liver.]
Liver or any organ having a similar
function (anat., zool.).

hepatic (hepat'ik) a. [L. hepar, liver.]
Pert, like or associated with the
liver (zool.) ; pert. Hepatics (bot.).

hepatocolic (hep'atokol'ik) a. [L.
hepar, liver ; colon, large intestine.]
Pert, liver and colon (zool.).

hepatocystic (hgp'atosis'tik) a. [L.
hepar, liver ; Gk. kystis, bladder.]
Pert, liver and gall-bladder (zool.).

hepatoduodenal (hep'atodu'tide'nal) a.
[L. hepar, liver ; duodeni, twelve
each.] Pert, liver and duodenum
(anat.).

hepatoenteric (hgp'atoenter'lk) a. [L.
hepar, liver ; Gk. enteron, gut.] Of
or pert, liver and intestine.

hepatogastric (hep'atogas'trik) a. [L.
hepar, liver ; Gk. gaster, belly.]
Pert, liver and stomach (anat.).

hepatopancreas, — the digestive gland
in many invertebrates, supposed to
perform a function similar to that
of the liver and of the pancreas in
higher forms (zool.).

hepatoportal (hep'atdpor'tal) a. [L.
, liver ; portare, to carry.]

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129

HET-

Pert. or designating the portal
circulation of the liver (zoo/.).

hepatorenal (hep'atore'nal) a. [L.
hepar, liver ; rents, kidneys.] Pert.
liver and kidney (zoo/.).

hepatoumbilical (hepatoumbil'ikal)
a. [L. hepar, liver ; umbo, umbo.]
Joining liver and umbilicus (anat.).

heptagynous (hgptaj'inus) a. [Gk.
hepta, seven ; gyne, female.] With
seven pistils (oof.}.

heptamerous (heptam'Srus) a. [Gk.
hepfa, seven ; meros, part.] Having
the whorls of the flower in sevens
(bot.).

heptandrous (hSptan'driis) a. [Gk.
hepta, seven ; aner, man.] Having
seven stamens (bot.}.

heptastichous (heptas'tikus) a. [Gk.
hepta, seven ; stichos, row.] Having
the leaves arranged in sevens
(hot.).

herb (h6rb) n. [M.E. herbe.] Any
seed plant which has not a woody
stem (bot.).

herbaceous (herba'shiis) a. [L. her-
baceus, grassy.] Pert, or resem-
bling a herb, or similarly formed
(oof.).

hercogamy (hgrkog'ami) n. [Gk.
herkos, barrier ; gamos, birth.] The
condition in which self-fertilization
is impossible (bot.}.

hereditary (hergd'itari) a. [L. hered-
itas, heirship.] Transmitted or
possibly transmissible from parent
to offspring, as a special quality or
condition (biol.).

heredity (hered'iti) n. [L. hereditas,
heirship.] The organic relation
between successive generations
(biol.}.

hermaphrodite (hermaf'rodlt) n. [Gk.
hcrmaphroditos, combining both
sexes.] Any organism having both
male and female reproductive
organs (biol.}.

hermaphroditism (hermafrod'Itizm) n.
[Gk. hermaphrodites, combiningboth
sexes.] The condition of having
both male and female reproductive
organs in one individual (biol.}.

herpetology (h6r'p6tol'oji) n. [Gk.
herpeton, reptile ; logos, discourse.]
That part of zoology dealing with
the structure, habits and classifica-
tion of Reptiles (zoo/.).

hesperidium (hgs'perid'Ium) n. [Gk.
Hesfieria, Western land.] A superior,
many-celled, few-seeded indehiscent
fruit, having epicarp and mesocarp
joined together, and an endocarp
projecting into the interior as mem-
branous partitions which divide the
pulp into chambers (oof.).

heteracanthous (het'erakan'thus) a.
[Gk. heteros, other ; akanthe, spine.]
Having the spines in the dorsal fin
asymmetrical (zoo/.).

heteractinal (hgt'erak'tlnal) a. [Gk.
heteros, other ; aktis, ray.] Pert.
nail-like spicules, having a disc of
six to eight rays in one plane, and
a stout ray rising at right angles to
these (zoo/.).

heterandrous (het'eran'drus) a. [Gk.
heteros, other ; aner, man.] With
the stamens of different lengths or
shape (bot.).

heterauxesis (hgt'erokse'sis) n. [Gk.
heteros, other ; auxein, to grow.]
Irregular or asymmetrical growth
of organs (bot.}.

heteraxial (het'erak'slal) a. [Gk.
heteros, other ; axis, axis.] With
three unequal axes (zoo/.).

heteroblastic (hgt'eroblas'tik) a. [Gk.
heteros, other ; blastos, bud.] With
an indirect development (zoo/.).

heterocarpous (heYgrokar'pus) a.
[Gk. heteros, other ; karpos, fruit.]
Bearing two distinct types of fruit
(bot.}.

heterocellular (heYerosel'ular) a. [Gk.
heteros, other ; L. cellula, cell.]
Composed of more than one type of
cells (bot.).

heterocephalous(h6t'gr6kef'alus,-sef-)
a. [Gk. heteros, other ; kephalc,
head.] Having the pistillate flowers
on separate headsfromthestaminate
flowers (bot.}.

heterocercal (het'eroser'kal) a. [Gk.
heteros, other ; kerkos, tail.] Hav-
ing the vertebral column terminat-
ing in the upper lobe of the fin,
which is usually larger than the
lower ; afipl. tail fins (zoo/.).

heterocercy (het'groseVs!) «. [Gk.
heteros, other ; kerkos, tail] The
condition of having a heterocercal
tail (zoo/.).

heterochlamydeous (heYgroklamld'-
eus)#. [Gk. heteros, other ; chlamys^
I

HET-

130

HET-

cloak.] Having a calyx differing
from corolla in colour, texture, etc.
(bot.).

heterochromous (heYerokro'mus) a.
[Gk. heteros, other ; chroma, colour.]
Having disc and marginal florets
differently coloured (bot.).
heterochronism (hgt'erokro'nizm) n.
[Gk. heteros, other ; chronos, time.]
A departure from the typical se-
quence in time of the formation of
the organs (biol.).

heterochrosis (h6t'6rokr5'sis) n. [Gk.
heteros, other ; chrosis, colouring.]
Abnormal coloration (zool.).
heteroclinous (heYgrokll'nus) a. [Gk.
heteros, other ; kline, bed.] Hetero-
cephalous (bot.).

heterocoelous (het'grose'lus) a. [Gk.
heteros, other ; koilos, hollow.] Pert.
vertebrae with saddle-shapedarticu-
latory centra (zool.).
heterocysts (hgt'groststs) n. plu. [Gk.
heteros, other ; kystis, bladder.] The
clear cells occurring at intervals
on the filaments of certain Algae,
and marking the limits of the
hormogonia (bot.).

heterodactylous (het'erodak'tilus) a.
[Gk. heteros, other ; daktylos, toe.]
With the first and second toes
turned backwards (zool.).
heterodont (het'erodont) a. [Gk.
heteros, other ; odous, tooth.] Hav-
ing the teeth differentiated for
various purposes (zool).
heterodromous (he't'e'rod'romus) a.
[Gk. heteros, other ; dromein, to
run.] Having the genetic spiral
of the stem leaves turning in a
different direction to that of the
branch leaves (bot.).
heteroecious (het'gre'shus) a. [Gk.
heteros, other; oikos, house.] Pass-
ing different stages of its life on
different hosts (bot.).
heterogamous (heYerog'amus) a. [Gk.
heteros, other ; gamos, marriage.]
With unlike gametes ; having two
types of flowers ; having indirect
pollination methods (biol.).
heterogamy (hgt'grog'aml) a. [Gk.
heteros, other ; gamos, offspring.]
Alternation of generations (biol.).
heterogangliate (hgt'grogang'gltat)
a. [Gk. heteros, other ; gangglion,
ganglion.] With widely separated

and asymmetrically placed nerve-
ganglia (zool.).

heterogenesis (het'erqje'n'e'sis) n. [Gk.
heteros, other ; gignesthai, to pro-
duce.] Spontaneous generation ;
alternation of generations (biol.).

heterogeny (heVerqj'eni) n. [Gk.
heteros, other ; genos, race.] Hav-
ing several distinct generations
succeeding one another in a
regular series (biol.).

heterogonous (het'erog'onus) a. [Gk.
heteros, other ; gonos, birth.] Pert.
heterogenesis (biol.).

heterogony (het'erog'oni) n. [Gk.
heteros, other ; gonos, birth.] Hav-
ing two kinds of flowers differing
in length of stamen (bot.) ; alterna-
tion of generations (biol.).

heterogynous (het'eroj'mus) a. [Gk.
heteros, other ; gyne, woman.]
With two types of females (zool.).

heterokaryote (het'erokar'Iot) a. [Gk.
heteros, other ; karyon, nut.] Hav-
ing two distinct types of nuclei
(zool.).

heterokinesis (het'erokme'sis) n. [Gk.
heteros, other ; kinein, to move.]
Qualitative or differential division
of the chromosomes (biol.).

heterolecithal (het'eroles'ithal) a.
[Gk. heteros, other ; lekithos, yolk.]
Havingunequally distributed deuto-
plasm (biol.).

heterology (het'erol'qjl) n. [Gk.
heteros, other ; logos, discourse.]
The non-correspondence of parts
owing to different origin or different
elements (biol.).

heteromallous (het'erom'alus) a. [Gk.
heteros, other; mallos, lock of wool.]
Spreading in different directions
(bot.).

heteromastigate (hgt'e'romas'tigat) a.

eik. heteros, other ; mastix, lash.]
aving two different types of
flagella (zool.).

heteromastigote (het'eromas'tigot),
— heteromastigate.

heteromerous (het'erom'erus) a. [Gk.
heteros, other ; meros, part.] Hav-
ing the whorls consisting of
an unequal number of parts (bot.).

heterometabolic (het'eromeYabol'ik)
a. [Gk. heteros, other ; metabole,
change.] Having incomplete meta-
morphosis (zool.).

HET-

131

HET-

heteromorphic (het'eromor'flk) a.
[Gk. heteros, other ; morphe, shape.]
Having different forms at different
times (zool.).

heteromorphism (heYSromor'fizm) n.
[Gk. heteros, other ; morphe, shape.]
The state or quality of being
heteromorphic (biol.).
heteromorphosis (heYeromor'fosis) n.
[Gk. heteros, other; morphe, shape.]
The production of a part in an
abnormal position, by any organ-
ism ; a case of regeneration, when
the new part is different from that
removed (biol.).

heteromorphous (hfit'e'romor'fus) a.

[Gk. heteros, other; morphe, shape.]

Pert, an irregular structure, or

departure from the normal (biol.).

heteronereis (het'e'rone'reis) n. [Gk.

heteros, other ; nereis, nereis.] A

• free-swimming dimorphic sexual

stage of Nereis and other marine

worms (zool.}.

heteronomous (hgt'gron'omus) a. [Gk.
heferos, other; nomos, law.] Subject
to different laws of growth; special-
ized on different lines (biol.).
heteropelmous (heYeropeTmus) a.
[Gk. heteros, other ; pelma, sole of
foot.] Having the flexor tendons
of the toes bifid (zool.).
heteropetalous (heYgropeYalus) a.
[Gk. heteros, other ; petalon, petal.]
With dissimilar petals (bot.).
heterophagous (hgt'eWagus) a. [Gk.
heferos, other ; phagein, to eat.]
Having young which are immature
and require feeding at birth ; appl.
birds (zool.).

heterophyadic (hgt'eroflad'ik) a. [Gk.
heteros, other ; phyas, shoot.] Pro-
ducing separate shoots, one vegeta-
tive, one reproductive (bot.).
heterophyllous (het'grofil'us) a. [Gk.
heteros, other; phyllon, leaf.] Bear-
ing foliage leaves of different shape
on different parts of the plant (bot.).
heteroplasia (heYgropla'zia) n. [Gk.
heteros, other ; plassein, to mould.]
The development of one tissue
from another of a different kind
(zool.}.

heteroplasm (het'Sroplazm) n. [Gk.
heteros, other ; plasma, something
moulded.] Tissue formed in ab-
normal places (biol.).

heteroproteose (heYeropro'teos) n.
[Gk. heteros, other ; protos, first.]
One of the primary products formed
by the action of gastric juices on
proteids (phys.).

heterorhizal (het'grorl'zal) a. [Gk.
heteros, other ; rhiza, root.] With
roots coming from no determinate
point (bot.).

heterosporous (hSt'Stospo'riis, het'-
SrSs'poriis) a. [Gk. heteros, other ;
sporos, seed.] Producing two kinds
of spores (bot.).

heterosteinonous (hCt'erostem'onus)
a. [Gk. heteros, other ; stemon,
stamen.] With unlike stamens
(bot.).

heterostrophy (het'eros'trofi) n. [Gk.
heteros, other ; strophe, turning.]
The condition of being coiled in
a direction opposite to the normal
(zool.).

heterostyled (het'erdstl'ld) a. [Gk.
heteros, other ; stylos, pillar.]
Having unlike styles ; or unequal
styles (bot.).

heterostyly (he't'e'rosti'li) n. [Gk.
heteros, other; stylos, pillar.] Con-
dition of being heterostyled (bot.).

heterotaxls (heYgrotak'sis) n. [Gk.
heteros, other ; taxis, arrangement.]
Abnormal or unusual arrangement
of organs or parts (biol.).

heterotomy (heYgrot'oml) n. [Gk.
heteros, other; temnein, to cut.] The
condition of having the parts of the
perianth whorls unequal or dis-
similar (bot.) ; irregular dichotomy
in Crinoids (zool.).

heterotopy (heYerot'opi) n. [Gk.
heteros, other ; topos, place.] Dis-
placement (biol.).

heterotrlchous (hgt'erot'rlkus) a.

Eik. heteros, other ; thrix, hair.]
aving two types of cilia (zool.).

heterotrophic (het'erotrof'ik) a. [Gk.
heteros, other ; trephein, to nourish.]
Getting its nourishment from
outside ; appl. parasitic plants
(bot.).

heterotropic, — heterotropous.

heterotropous (he't'e'rot'ropus) a. [Gk.
heteros, other ; trepein, to turn.]
Pert, an ovule with hilum and
micropyle at opposite ends in a
plane parallel to the placenta (bot.).

heterotypic (hgt'grotlp'Ik) a. [Gk.

vv

HET-

132

HIT,-

heteroS) other ; L. typus, type.]
Pert, mitotic division in which the
daughter chromosomes remain
united and form rings (biol.).

heteroxenous (het'erok'senus) a. [Gk.
heteros, other ; xenos, guest.] Oc-
curring on or infesting more than
one kind of host (biol.).

heterozygosis (het'erozlgo'sis) n. [Gk.
heteros, other ; zygein, to yoke.]
Condition or state of being hetero-
zygote (dial.).

heterozygote (het'erozl'got) n. [Gk.
heteros, other ; zygein, to yoke.]
A mendelian hybrid which contains
one or more recessive characters
and therefore does not breed true
(biol.).

hexacanth (hek'sakanth) a. [Gk.
hex, six ; akantha, thorn.] Having
six hooks ; appl. embryos of flat-
worms (zool.).

hexactinal (hek'sak'tinal) a. [Gk.
hex, six ; aktis, ray.] Pert, spicules
with six rays (zool.).

hexactine (hek'sak'tin) n. [Gk. hex,
six ; aktis, ray.] A spicule with
six equal and similar rays meeting
at right angles (zool.).

hexactinian (hek'saktm'Ian) a. [Gk.
hex, six ; aktis, ray.] With the ten-
tacles or mesenteries in multiples
of six (zool.).

hexacyclic (hek'sasi'kllk) a. [Gk.
hex, six ; kyklos, circle.] Having
the floral whorls consisting of six
parts (bot.).

hexagynous (heksaj'mus) a. [Gk.
hex, six ; gyne, woman.] Having
six pistils (bot.).

hexamerous (hgksam'erus) a. [Gk.
hex, six ; nteros, part.] Occurring
in sixes or arranged in sixes
(bot.).

hexandrous (heksan'drus) a. [Gk.
hex, six ; aner, man.] Having six
stamens (bot.).

hexapetaloid (hek'sapgt'aloid) a.
[Gk. hex, six ; pe talon, petal ; eidos,
like.] With a petaloid perianth of
six parts (bot.).

hexapetalous (hek'sapet'alus) a.
[Gk. hex, six ; petalon, petal.]
Having six petals (bot.).

hexaphyllous (hgk'safil'us) a. [Gk.
hex, six ; phyllon, leaf.] Having
six leaves (bot.).

hexapod (hek'sapod) a. [Gk. hex,
six ; pous, foot.] Pert, animal
with six legs (zool.).

hexapterous (heksap'terus) a. [Gk.
hex, six ; pteron, wing.] Having
six wing-like processes or ex-
pansions (bot.).

hexarch (hek'sark) a. [Gk. hex, six ;
arche, beginning.] Having six
radiating vascular strands ; appl.
roots (bot.).

hexasepalous (hek'sasep'alus) a.
[Gk. hex, six ; sepalon, sepal.]
Having six sepals (bot.).

hexaspermous (hek'sasper'mus) a.
[Gk. hex, six ; sperma, seed.]
Having six seeds (bot.).

hexastemonous (hek'sastem'onus) a.
[Gk. hex, six ; stemon, stamen.]
Having six stamens (hot.).

hexaster (heksas'te'r) n. [Gk. hex,
six ; aster, star.] A variety of the
hexactine in which the rays branch
and produce star-shaped figures
(zool.).

hexastichous (heksas'tfkus) a. [Gk.
hex, six ; stichos, row.] Having
the parts arranged in six rows
(bot.).

hexicology (hek'sikol'ojl) n. [Gk.
hexis, habit ; logos, discourse.]
Bionomics (biol.).

hiatus (hia'tus) n. [L. hiare, to gape.]
Any large opening (anat.).

hibernaculum (hi bernak'ulum) n.
[L. hibernaculum, winter resi-
dence.] Specially modified winter
bud, found in certain fresh-water
Polyzoa (zool.).

hibernate (hi'bernat) v. [L. hibemus,
wintry.] To pass the winter in a
resting state (biol.).

hibernating glands, — lymph glands
of richly vascularized fatty tissue
occurring in some Rodents and
Insectivores (anat.).

hidrosis (hldro'sis) n. [Gk. hidros,
sweat.] Excretion of sweat ; per-
spiration (phys.).

high (hi) a. [A.S. heh.~] Having a
more complex and more highly
differentiated structure.

hiliferous (hllif'grus) a. [L. hilum,
trifle ; ferre, to carry.] Having a
hilum (bot.).

hilum (hl'liim) n. [L. hilum, trifle.]
The scar on the ovule where it

HIL-

133

HIS

was attached to the placenta ; the
eye of a seed ; the nucleus of a
starch grain (hot.).

hilus (hl'lCis) ;/. [L. hilum, trifle.]
A small notch or opening ; a
small opening or depression
usually where the blood-vessels,
etc., enter (anaf., zool.}.

hind brain, — the rhombencephalon,
that portion of the brain derived
from the third embryonic vesicle
(anaf.).

hind gut, — a diverticulum of the yolk-
sac extending into the tail-fold in
the human embryo ; the posterior
portion of the alimentary tract
(anaf.).

hinge joint, — a joint in which the ar-
ticulatory surfaces are so moulded
to one another as to permit motion
in one direction only (anaf.).

hinge ligament, — the tough elastic
substance joining the two valves
of a bivalve shell (zool.).

hinge line, — the line of articulation
of the two valves in a bivalve shell
(zool.).

hinge tooth, — one of the projections
found on the hinge line in bivalves
(zool.).

hip-joint, — the ball-and-socket joint
between femur and hip-girdle
(anaf.).

hippocampal (hip'okam'pal) a. [Gk.
hippos, horse ; kampos, sea-monster.]
Pert, the hippocampus (anaf.).

hippocampus (hip'okam'pus) n. [Gk.
hippos, horse; kampos, sea-monster.]
A curved eminence that extends
throughout the entire length of the
floor of the inferior cornu of the
lateral ventricle (anaf.).

hirsute (heVsut) a. [L. hirsutus,
hairy.] Covered with hair-like
feathers, appl. birds ; having stiff,
hairy bristles (zool.} ; having stiff,
hairy covering (hot.}.

hirudin (hiru'din) n. [L. hirudo,
leech.] A substance obtained in
solution from the head of leeches
which renders drawn blood non-
coagulable ; an anticoagulin (phys.).

hispid (his'pid) a. [L. hispidus,
rough.] Having stiff hairs, spines,
or bristles (hot., zool.}.

histoblast (hls'toblast) n. [Gk. histos,
tissue ; blastos, bud.] One of the

units of any tissue (anaf.) ; imaginal
discs (zool.}.

histochemistry (his'tokgm'IstrT) n.
[Gk. histos, tissue ; cheinos, juice.]
The chemistry of animal tissues
(biol.}.

hlstocyte (his'toslt) n. [Gk. histos,
tissue ; kytos, hollow.] A tissue
cell as distinguished from a germ
cell (zool.}.

histogenesis (his'tojen'e'sis) n. [Gk.
histos, tissue ; gigiiesthai, to pro-
duce.] Formation and develop-
ment of tissue (biol.).

histogenic (hls'tqje'n'ik) a. [Gk.
histos, tissue ; gignesthai, to pro-
duce.] Tissue-producing ; appl.
the separate merismatic layers in
a stratified growing point (hot.} ;
tissue-producing (zool.).

histohaematin (his'tohe'matin) n.

gik. histos, tissue ; haima, blood.]
ne of the animal pigments with
a great affinity for oxygen, and
so supposed to be respiratory
(Phys.).

histology (histol'ojl) n. [Gk. histos,
tissue ; logos, discourse.] The
science which treats of the minute
structure of tissues (biol.}.

histolysis (Mstol'isTs) n. [Gk. histos,
tissue ; lyein, to dissolve.] The
dissolution of organic tissues
(biol.} ; that process by which
most of the pupal internal organs
dissolve into a creamy fluid,
except certain cells round which
the new imaginal tissues are
formed (zool.}.

histone (his'ton) n. [Gk. histos,
tissue.] An albuminose body de-
rived from nucleo-histone (phys.}.

histophyly (histof'ili) n. [Gk. histos,
tissue ; phyle, tribe.] The phylo-
genetic history of any group of
cells (biol.}.

histotrophic (his'totrof'lk) a. [Gk.
histos, tissue ; trephein, to nourish.]
Pert, or connected with tissue
formation (phys.).

histozoic (his'tozo'ik) a. [Gk. histos,
tissue ; zoon, animal.] Living
within tissues ; appl. trophozoitic
stage of certain Sporozoa (zool.}.

histozyme (his'tozlm) n. [Gk. histos,
tissue ; zyme, leaven.] An enzyme
found in the kidneys of certain

HOC.

134

HOM-

animals capable of decomposing

hippuric acid (phys.}.
hoch (hSk) n. [A.S. hoh, heel.] The

tarsal joint, or the region of the

tarsal joint (zool.}.
holarctic (holark'tik) a. [Gk. holos,

whole ; arktos, bear.] Pert, species

found in a zoogeographical region

including the northern parts of the

new and old worlds (zool.}.
holaspldean (hol'aspid'ean) a. [Gk.

holos, whole ; aspis, shield.] With

a single series of large scales on

the posterior aspect of the tarso-

metatarsus (zool.}.
holcodont (hol'kodont) a. [Gk. holkos,

furrow ; odous, tooth.] Having the

teeth in a long continuous groove

(goal.}.
holdfast, — the sucker or disc on the

thallus of certain Algae (bot.}.
holobenthic (hol'obgn'thik) a. [Gk.

holos, . whole ; benthos, depths.]

Living in the depths of the sea

throughout life (zool.}.
holoblastic (hol'oblas'tik) a. [Gk.

holos, whole ; blastos, bud.] Pert.

eggs in which the cleavage is

total (emb.}.
holobranch (hol'obrangk) n. [Gk.

holos, w

vhole ; brangchia, gills.] A
which gill filaments are
borne on both sides (zool.}.

holochlamydate (hol'oklam'idat) a.
[Gk. holos, whole ; chlamys, cloak.]
Having no notch on the margin of
the mantle (zool.}.

holochroal (hol'okro'&l) a. [Gk. holos,
whole ; chros, touch.] Having eyes
with globular or biconvex lenses
closely crowded together, so that
the cornea is continuous over the
whole eye (zool.}.

hologastrula (hol'ogas'troola) n. [Gk.
holos, whole ; gaster, stomach.] A
gastrula formed from a holoblastic
egg (emb.}.

holognathous (hordgnath'us) a. [Gk.
holos, whole ; gnathos, jaw.] Hav-
ing the jaw in a single piece
(zoo!.).

holomastigote (hSl'omas'tigot) a.
[Gk. holos, whole ; mastix, whip.]
Having one type of flagellum
scattered evenly over the body
(zoo/.).

holometabolic (hol'dmeYabol'Ik) a.

[Gk. holos, whole ; meta, after ;
ballein, to change.] Having com-
plete metamorphosis (zool.}.

holometabolism (horometab'oWzm) n.
[Gk. holos, whole ; metabole, change.]
State of having complete metamor-
phosis (zool.}.

holomorphosis (hol'dmor'fdsis) n.
[Gk. holos, whole ; morphe, shape.]
Regeneration in which the entire
part is replaced (zool.}.

holonephros (hol'onef'ros) n. [Gk.
holos, whole ; nephros, kidney.]
The hypothetical continuous ex-
cretory organ (anat.}.

holophytlc (hol'ofit'ik) a. [Gk. holos,
whole ; phyton, plant.] Obtaining
the whole of its food after the
manner of a plant (zool.}.

holoplanktonic (hol'oplangkton'Tk)
a. [Gk. holos, whole ; plangktos,
wandering.]. Living near the
surface throughout life (zool.}.

holoptic (holop'tik) a. [Gk. holos,
whole ; ops, eye.] Having the
eyes of the two sides meeting in
a coadapted line of union (zool.}.

holorhinal (hol'drl'nal) a. [Gk. holos,
whole ; rhis, nose.] Having nares
with the posterior margin rounded,
not cleft (zool.}.

holoschisis (holos'kisis) n. [Gk.
holos, whole ; schizein, to cut.]
Amitosis (emb.}.

holosericeous (hol'oserish'us) a. [Gk.
holos, whole ; L. serious, silken.]
Completely covered with silky
hair-like structures (bot.) ; having
a silky lustre or sheen (zool.}.

holostomatous (hordstom'atiis) a.
[Gk. holos, whole ; stoma, mouth.]
With the margin of the aperture
entire (zool.}.

holosystolic (hol'osis'tolik) a. [Gk.
holos, whole ; systole, contraction.]
Pert, the complete systole (phys.}.

holotrichous (holot'rikus) a. [Gk.
holos, whole ; thrix, hair.] Having
a uniform covering of cilia over
the body (zool.}.

holozoic (hol'6z5'ik) a. [Gk. holos,
whole ; zoon, animal.] Obtaining
the whole of its food after the
manner of animals ; ingulfing pro-
teids (zool.}.

homacanth (hSm'Sk&nth) a. [Gk.
homos, like ; akantha, spine.]

IIOM-

135

HOM-

Having the spines of the dorsal
fin symmetrical (zool.).

hoinaxon (hom'aksSn) a. [Gk. homos,
alike ; axon, axis.] Built up around
equal axes (zoo/.).

homaxonlc, — homaxon.

homeoklnesis (hom'eokine'sis) n.
[Gk. homoios, same ; kinein, to
move.] Mitosis with an equal
division of the chromatinic ele-
ments to the daughter nuclei
(biol.).

homeotely (ho'meot'gli) n. [Gk.
homoios, same ; telos, end.] Evolu-
tion from homologous parts, but
with less close resemblance (biol.).

hoineozoic (hom'eozo'lk) a. [Gk.
homoios, same ; zoon, animal.]
Pert, a region or a series of
regions with identical fauna or
flora (biol.).

homoblastic (hom'oblas'tlk) a. [Gk.
homos, alike; blastos, bud.] Hav-
ing direct embryonic develop-
ment ; arising from similar cells
(emb.).

homocarpous (hom'okar'pus) a. [Gk.
homos, alike ; karpos, fruit.] Bear-
ing one kind of fruit (tot.).

homocercal (horn'oseVkal) a. [Gk.
homos, same ; kerkos, tail.] Having
a tail with equal or nearly equal
lobes, and axis ending near the
middle of the base ; usually this
type is derived from the hetero-
cercal type (zool.).

homocerebrin (horn'oseYSbrin) n.
[Gk. homos, alike ; L. cerebrum,
brain.] A substance identical
with cerebrin (phys.).

homochlamydeous (hom'oklamld'-
eus) a. [Gk. homos, same ;
chlamys, cloak.] Having the
outer and inner perianth whorls
alike (tot.).

homochromous (hom'dkro'mus) a.
[Gk, homos, alike ; chroma, colour.]
With the whole of the capitular
florets of one-colour (tot.).

homodermic (hom'odeYmlk) a. [Gk.
homos, same ; derma, skin.] Sprung
from the same embryonic layer
(biol.).

homodont (hom'6d8nt)#. [Gk. homos,
same ; odous, tooth.] Having the
teeth all alike, not differentiated
(zool.).

homodromous (homod'romus) a.
[Gk. homos, same ; dromein, to
run.] Having the genetic spiral
alike in direction in both stem
and branches (tot.).

homodynamy (hom'odin'ami) n.
[Gk. homos, same ; dynamis,
power.] Metameric homology
(biol.).

homoeosis (home'dsis) n. [Gk. homoi-
osis, likeness.] The assumption by
one part of the likeness of another
part, as the modification of an
antenna into a foot, or of a petal
into a stamen ; metamorphy (biol.).

homogamous (homSg'amus) a. [Gk.
homos, same ; gamos, marriage.]
Characterizedjay homogamy (biol.).

homogamy (homog'am!) n. [Gk.
homos, same ; gamos, marriage.]
Interbreeding due to some type
of isolation, e.g. physiological
isolation (zool.) ; having the flowers
all alike, having the stamens and
pistils mature at the same time
(bot.).

homogangliate (hom'ogang'gllat) a.
[Gk. homos, same ; ganglion,
knot.] Having the ganglia of
the nerve loops symmetrically
arranged (zool.).

homogen (hom'qjSn) n. [Gk. homos,
same ; genos, race.] One of a
group having a common origin ;
one of a series of identically
derived parts (zool.).

homogeneous (homoje'ngus), — homo-
genous.

homogenesis (hom'oje'n'e'sis) n. [Gk.
homos, same ; genesis, birth.] The
type of reproduction in which like
begets like (biol.).

homogenous (homoj'Snus) a. [Gk.
homos, same ; genos, race.] More
or less alike owing to descent
from a common stock (biol.).

homogeny (homoj'Snl) n. [Gk. homos,
same ; genos, race.] Correspond-
ence between parts due to common
descent (biol.)^

homogony (homfig'onT) n. [Gk.
homos, same ; gonos, offspring.]
Condition of having one type of
flower with equally long stamens
and pistil (bot.).

homolomerous (homoifim'e'rus) a.
[Gk. homoiost like ; meros, part.]

HOM-

136

HOO-

Having the Algae distributed
equally through the fungoid
mycelium, in a lichen (hot.'].
homoiothermal (homoi'other'mal) a.
[Gk. homoios, like ; thermos, hot.]
Warm-blooded (zool.).
homolecithal (hom'oles'ithal) a. [Gk.
homos, same ; lekithos, yolk.] Hav-
ing little deutoplasm, which is
equally distributed (emb.).
homologous (homol'bgus) a. [Gk.
homos, same ; logos, discourse.]
Resembling in structure and
origin (biol.).

homologue (hom'olog) n. [Gk. homos,
same ; logos, speech.] One of a
series of structures similar in
structure and origin (biol.).
homology (homol'ojT) n. [Gk. homos,
same ; logos, speech.] The simi-
larity in structure and development
of organs or parts (biol.).
homomallous (hom'omal'us, homom'-
alus) a. [Gk. homos, same ; mallos,
lock of wool.] Curving uniformly
to one side ; appl. leaves (bot.).
homomorphism (hom'bmor'fizm) n.
[Gk. homos, same ; morphe, shape.]
The condition of having perfect
flowers of only one type (bot.) ;
hemimetabolism (zool.).
hoinomorphosis (hom'bmor'fbsis) n.
[Gk. homos, same ; morphe, shape.]
The condition of having the newly
regenerated part like the part re-
moved (biol.).

homonculus (homon'kulus) n. [L.
homunculus, little man.] The
small miniature of the human
foetus seen in the spermatozoon,
according to the Animalculists
(biol.).

homonomy (homon'omi) n. [Gk.
homos, same ; nomos, law.] The
homology existing between parts
arranged on transverse axes (biol.).
homonym (hom'bnim) n. [Gk. homos,
same ; onyma, name.] A name pre-
occupied, and so unsuitable accord-
ing to the law of priority (biol.).
homopetalous(hom'bpe't'alus) a. [Gk.
homos, same \petalon, petal.] Hav-
ing all the petals alike (fot.).
homophyadic (hom'oflad'ik) a. [Gk.
homos, same ; phyas, shoot.] Pro-
ducing only one kind of shoot
(bot\

homophylic (hom'ofiTlk) a. [Gk.
homos, same ; phyle, race.] Re-
sembling one another owing to a
common ancestry (biol.).
homophyllous (hom'ofil'us) a. [Gk.
homos, sa.me.;phyllon, leaf.] Bear-
ing leaves which are all of one
kind (bot.).

homoplast (hom'oplast) n. [Gk.
homos, same ; plastos, moulded.]
An organ formed of similar
plastids (bot.).

homoplastic (hom'oplas'tik) a. [Gk.
homos, same ; plastos, moulded.]
Pert, homoplasty (biol.).
homoplasty (hom'bplas'ti) n. [Gk.
homos, same ; plastos, moulded.]
Convergence ; resemblance in
form or structure between differ-
ent animals or organs due to
evolution along similar lines
(biol.).

homoplasy, — homoplasty.
homopterous (homop'terus) a. [Gk.
homos, same ;pteron, wing.] Having
the wings alike (zool.).
homosporous (homos'porus) a. [Gk.
homos, same ; sporos, seed.] Pro-
ducing only one kind of spore (bot.).
homostyled (hom'bstlld) a. [Gk.
homos, same ; stylos, pillar.] With
uniform styles (bot.).
homothermous, — homoiothermal.
homotropous (homot'ropus) a. [Gk.
homos, same ; trepein, to turn.]
Erect ; having the micropyle and
chalaza at opposite ends ; appl.
ovules (bot.).

homozygote (hom'ozl'got) n. [Gk.
homos, same ; zygein, to yoke.]
An organism in which the char-
acters are stable, resulting from
the union of zygotes bearing similar
characters (biol.).

homozygous (hom'ozl'gus) a. [Gk.
homos, same ; zygein, to yoke.]
Stable (biol.).

honey-dew, — a sugary exudation
found on the leaves of many plants
(bot.) ; a sweet secretion produced
by certain insects, e.g. Aphids
(zool.).

hooded (hood'gd) a. [A.S. hod.]
Bearing a hood-like petal ; rolled
up like a cone of paper, as in
certain leaves (bot.) ; having the
head conspicuously and differently

IIOR-

137

HYB-

coloured from the rest of the body ;
having crests on the head ; having
wing-shaped expansions on the
neck, as in the cobra (zool.}.

hordeaceous (hor'dea'shus) a. [L.
hordeum, barley.] Pert, or resem-
bling barley (&?/.).

horizontal (hor'fzon'tal) a. [Gk.
horizon, bounding.] Growing in a
plane at right angles to the primary
axis (hot.}.

hormogonium (hor'mogo'nium) n.
[Gk. hortnos, chain ; goneia, genera
tion.] That portion of an algal
filament between two heterocysts
which, breaking away, acts as a
reproductive body (boll.}.

hormones (hormon'z) n. plu. [Gk.
honnao, to excite.] The secretions
of ductless glands which pass into
the blood - vessels by osmosis
(phys.}.

horn (horn) n. [A.S. horn] The
process on the head of many
animals ; any projection from an
animal resembling a horn ; a tuft
of feathers as in an owl ; a spine
in fishes ; a tentacle in snails
(zool.} ; an awn ; any pointed pro-
jection or process (bot.).

horn core, — the central bony part in
the hollow-horned ruminants (zool.}.

host (host) n. [L. hostis, stranger.]
Any organism in which another
organism spends a part or the
whole of its existence, and derives
some of its nourishment therefrom
(biol.}.

house (hows) n. [A.S. fas.] The
external gelatinous-like covering
secreted by certain Tunicates(.sw>/.).

humeral (hu'me'ral) a. [L. humerus,
the shoulder.] Pert, shoulder
region (anat.} ; pert, or naming the
anterior basal angle of the wing of
an insect, one of the horny plates
on the plastron of a turtle (zool.}.

humerus (hu'me'rus) n. [L. humerus,
shoulder.] The bone of the upper
arm (anat., zool.}.

humistratous (hii'mistra'tiis) a. [L.
humus, earth ; sternere, to spread.]
Spreading over the surface of the
earth (hot.}.

humour (hu'mor) n. [L. humor,
moisture.] The fluid of the eye
(anat.} ; any fluid or juice (phys.}.

humus (hu'miis) n. [L. humus, earth.]
A dark soil-like material formed
by the decomposition of vegetable
or animal matter (hot.}.

hunger (hung'ger) n. [A.S. hungor]
The sensation caused normally by
the lack of food (phys.}.

husk (husk) n. [M.E. huske.] The
outer coating of various seeds (hot.}.

hyaline (hfalm) a. [Gk. hyalos,
glass.] Clear ; transparent ; free
from inclusions (biol.}.

hyalogen (hl'alqje'n) n. [Gk. hyalos,
glass ; gignesthai, to produce.]
Any of the substances found in
animal tissues which are insoluble
and related to mucoids (phys.}.

hyaloid (hfaloid) a. [Gk./tyatos,g\ass.]
Glassy ; transparent (phys.}.

hyaloid membrane, — a delicate mem-
brane enveloping the vitreous body
of the eye (anaf.J.

hyalomucoid (hl'alomu'koid) n. [Gk.
hyalos, glass ; L. mucus, mucus ;
Gk. eidos, like.] One of the non-
phosphorized gluco-proteids in the
vitreous humour (phys.}.

hyaloplasm (hl'aloplazm) n. [Gk.
hyalos, glass ; plasma, something
moulded.] The ground substance
of the cell as distinguished from
the microsomes, or as distinguished
from the reticulum or spongioplasm
(zool.} • the ectoplasm or peripheral
zone in plant cells (bot.}.

hyaloplasma, — hyaloplasm.

hyalopterous (hfalop'tgrus) a. [Gk.
hyalos, glass ; pteron, wing.] Having
transparent wings (zool.}.

hyalosome (hi'alosom') n. [Gk. hyalos,
glass ; soma, body.] A nucleolar-
like body in a cell-nucleus, only
slightly stainable by nuclear or
plasma stains (biol.}.

hybrid (hl'brid) n. [L. hibrida,
a cross.] Any cross-bred animal
or plant (biol.}.

hybridism (hl'bridizm) n. [L. hibrida,
a cross.] The state or quality of
being a hybrid (biol.}.

hybridization (hl'brldiza'shun) n. [L.
hibrida, a cross.] Act or process
of hybridizing ; state of being
hybridized (biol.}.

hybridize (hl'brldlz) v. [L. hibrida,
a cross.] To interbreed, to produce
hybrids (biol.}.

HYD-

138

HYD-

hydathode (hl'dathod) n. [Gk. hydor,
water ; odos, way.] An epidermal
structure specialized for the secre-
tion of water (bof.).

hydatid (hl'datid) n. [Gk. hydatis,
watery vesicle.] Any vesicle or
sac filled with a clear watery-like
fluid, and containing encysted
stages of the larval tapeworms
(zool.).

hydatiform (hldat'ff6rm) a. [Gk.
hydatis, watery vesicle ; L. forma,
shape.] Resembling a hydatid
(zool.).

hydatigenous (hi'datlj'gnus) a. [Gk.
hydatis, watery vesicle ; gignesthai,
to produce.] Producing or forming
hydatids (zool.).

hydranth (hl'dranth) n. [Gk. hydor,
water ; anthos, flower.] A nutri-
tive zooid in a hydroid colony
(zool.).

hydrocaulis (hi'drok61'is) n. [Gk.
hydor, water ; kaulos, stalk.] The
branching vertical portion of the
coenosarc in a hydroid colony
(zool.).

hydrocircus (hl'droseVkus) n. [Gk.
hydor, water ; kirkos, circle.] The
hydrocoelic ring surrounding the
mouth in Echinoderms (zool.).

hydrocladia (hl'droklad'ia) n. plu.
[Gk. hydor, water ; klados, short.]
The secondary branches of a
hydrocaulis (zool.).

hydrocoel (hi'drosel) n. [Gk. hydor,
water ; koilos, hollow.] The water-
vascular system in the Echino-
derms (zool.).

hydrocyst (hfdrosist) n. [Gk. hydor,
water ; kystis, bladder.] A dactylo-
zooid (zool).

hydroecium (hldre'shium) n. [Gk.
hydor, water ; oikos, house.] A
closed tube at the upper end of a
Siphonophore ; an infundibulum
(zool.).

hydroid (hl'droid) n., a. [Gk. hydor,
water ; eidos, resemblance.] A
tracheid (tot.) ; pert, or similar to
the genus hydra ; the polyp form
of a Hydrozoan (zool.).

hydrolysis (hldrol'isis) n. [Gk. hydor,
water ; lyein, to dissolve.] De-
composition of a chemical com-
pound by the addition of water
(phys.).

hydrome (hi'drom) n. [Gk. hydor,
water ; mestos, full.] Any tissue
that conducts water (6ot.).

hydromegatherm (hl'dromSg'a.thgrm)
n. [Gk. hydor, water ; mega,
great ; therme, heat.] A plant
which must have both moisture
and heat to develop fully (dot.}.

hydrophilous (hldrof'ilus) a. [Gk.
hydor, water ; philein, to love.]
Pollinated through the agency of
water (dot.).

hydrophyllium (hl'drofil'ium) n. [Gk.
hydor, water ; phyllon, leaf.] One
of leaf-like transparent bodies
arising above and partly covering
the sporosacs in a Siphonophore
(zool.).

hydrophyte (hfdroflt) n. [Gk. hydor,
water ; phyton, plant.] An aquatic
plant.

hydrophyton (hidrof'iton) n. [Gk.
hydor, water ; phyton, plant.] A
complete hydroid colony, root-
like organ, stem and branches

v (zool.).

hydroplanula (hi'droplan'ula) n. [Gk.
hydor, water ; L. planus, flat. J A
stage in the larval history of a
Coelenterate between a planula and
an actinula (zool.).

hydropolyp (hl'dropol'ip) n. [Gk.
hydor, water ; F. polype, polyp.]
A polyp of a hydroid colony ; a
hydrula (zool.).

hydropore (hl'dropor) n. [Gk. hydor,
water \poros, opening.] The open-
ing into the right hydrocoel in the
echinoderm larvae (zool.).

hydrorhiza (hl'drorl'za) n. [Gk. hydor,
water ; rhiza, root.] The creeping
root-like portion of the coenosarc
of a hydroid colony (zool.).

hydrosome (hl'drosom) n. [Gk. hydor,
water ; soma, body.] The con-
spicuously hydra-like stage in a
coelenterate life-history (zool.).

hydrospire (hl'drdspir) n. [Gk. hydor,
water ; L. spira, coil.] The folds
on the stereom of blastoids ; re-
spiratory structures (pal.).

hydrostome (hl'drostom) n. [Gk.
hydor, water ; stoma, mouth.] The
mouth of a hydroid polyp (zool.).

hydrotaxis (hi'drotak'sis) n. [Gk.
hydor, water ; taxis, arrangement.]
The response of certain small

HYD-

139

HYP-

organisms or of certain organs to
the stimulus of water (biol.}.
hydrotheca (hl'drothe'ka) n. [Gk.

hymen, skin ; pherein, to carry.]
The hymen portion of the sporo-
phore of a fungus (bot.}.

hydor, water ; theke, cup.] The hymenopterous (hl'me'nop'tSrus) a.

cup-like structure into which the

polyp may withdraw, found in

many Coelenterates ; a product of

the ectoderm (zool.}.
hydrotropism (hldrot'ropTzm) n. [Gk.

hydor, water ; trepein, to turn.]

Hydrotaxis.
hydrula (hl'droola) n. [Gk. hydor,

water.] A hypothetical simple

polyp (zool.}.
hygrophilous (higrof'Ilus) a. [Gk.

hygros, wet ; philein, to love.] In-
habiting moist or marshy places

(bot.}.
hygrophyte (hl'grofit) n. [Gk. hygros,

wet ; phyton, plant.] A plant which

lives and thrives under conditions

of plentiful moisture (bot.}.
hygroplasm (hl'groplazm) n. [Gk.

hygros, wet ; plasma, something

moulded.] The more liquid part.

of protoplasm ; cf. stereoplasm.

(bioJ.}.
hygroscopic (hi'groskop'ik) a. [Gk. -^

hygros, wet ; skopein, to regard..3t/hyomandibular (hf omandib'ul&r) a.

Sensitive to moisture (bot.}. . *\

[Gk. hymen, skin ; pteron, wing.]
Having membranous wings ; appl.
certain insects (zool.}.

hyobranchial (hl'obrang'kfal) a. [Gk.
T ; brangchia, gills.] Pert, gills
and hyoid (zool.}.

hyoepiglottic (hfoepiglot'ik) a. [Gk.
T ; epi, upon ; glotta, tongue.]
Connecting the hyoid and the epi-
glottis (anat.}.

hyoglossal (h£6glos'al) a. [Gk. T;
glossa, tongue.] Pert, tongue and
hyoid (anat.}.

hyoid (hi'oid) a. [Gk. hyoeides, Y-
shaped.] Pert, or designating a
bone or series of bones lying at
the^base o£\the tongue and de-
veioped 4^pm tne hyoid arch of
ine embryo (anat.}.

hyoideus (hloid'cus) n. [Gk. hvocides,
Y-»sh£ped.] A nerve which sup-
pji^s the mucosa of the mouth and

Ofche muscles of the hyoid region

hylophagous (hllof'Xgus) a.

hyle, wood ; phagein, to eat.] Eat-
ing wood ; appl. certain insects
(zool.}.

hylophyte (hl'loflt) n. [Gk. hyle,
wood ; phyton, plant.] A plant
growing in woods (bot.}.

hylotomous (hllot'omus) a. [Gk. hyle,
wood ; temnein, to cut.] Wood-
cutting ; appl. certain insects
(zool.}.

hymen (hi'm&n) n. [Gk. hymen, mem-
brane.] A thin fold of mucous
membrane situated at the orifice
of the vagina (anat.}.

[Gk. T ; L. mandibulum, jaw.] Pert.
hyoid and the mandible ; pert.
dorsal segment of the hyoid arch
in fishes ; n., the dorsal segment
itself of the hyoid arch in fishes
(zool.}.

hyomental (hi'timgn'tal) a. [Gk. X ;
L. mentum, chin.] Pert, hyoid and
chin (anat.}.

hyoplastron (hfoplas'tron) n. [Gk.
X ; F. plastron, breast-plate.] The
second lateral plate in the plastron
of Chelonians (zool.}.

hyosternum (hfosteYnum) n. [Gk.
T; sternon, breast.] The hyo-
plastron (zool.}.

hymenial (hlme'nlal) a. [Gk. hymen, hyostylic (hfostil'ik) a. [Gk. X ;

skin.] Pert, hymenium (bot.}.

hymeniferous (hi'm6nTf'6rus) a. [Gk.
hymen, skin ; L. ferre, to carry.]
Having a hymenium (bot.}.

hymenium (hl'me'nium) n. [Gk.
hymen, skin.] The outermost layer
of a mushroom lamellae, or similar
fungus, consisting of barren cells
or paraphyses and basidial cells
(bot.}.

hymenophore (hfmSnofor) n. [Gk.

stylos, pillar.] Having the jaw
articulated to the skull by the
agency of the hyomandibular or
corresponding part (zool.}.

hyothyroid (hfothfroid) a. [Gk. T ;
thyreos, shield ; eidos, like.] Pert.
the hyoid and the thyroid cartilages
of the larynx ; appl. structures
associated with them (zool.}.

hypallelomorph (hi'pal61/6m6rf) n.
[Gk. hypo, under ; allelon, of one

HYP-

140

HYP-

another ; morphe, shape.] Allelo-
morphs which under certain con-
ditions are themselves compound
(biol.}.

hypanthium (hipan'thmm) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; anthos, flower.] Any
enlargement of the torus (dot.}.

hypanthodium (hip'antho'dium) n.
[Gk. hypo, under ; anthodes, like
flowers.] An inflorescence with a
concave capitulum on the walls of
which the flowers are arranged
(bot.}.

hypantrum (hipan'trum) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; antron, cave.] A
notch on the vertebrae of certain
reptiles for articulation with the
hyposphene (pal.}.

hypapophysis (hip'apof'isis) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; apo, upon ; phyein, to
grow.] A ventral process on a
vertebra (anat.}.

hyparterial (hip'arte'rial) a. [Gk.
hypo, under ; L. arteria, channel.]
Situated below an artery ; appl.
branch of the right bronchus
(anat.}.

hypaxial (hipak'sial) a. [Gk. hypo,
under ; L. axis, axis.] Ventral, or
below the vertebral column ; appl.
muscles (zool.}.

hyperapophysis (hi'perapof'isis) n.
[Gk. hyper, above ; apo, from ;
phyein, to grow.] A postero-lateral
process of the dorsal side of a
vertebra (zool.}.

hyperchromasy (hl'perkro'masT) n.
[Gk. hyper, above ; chroma, colour.]
A relatively superabundant supply
of chromatin to cytoplasm in a cell
(biol.}.

hyperchromatosis (hi'perkro'mato'sis)
n. [Gk. hyper, above ; chroma,
colour.] The excess of nuclear
substance in a cell just previous to
division (zool.}.

hypercoracoid (hl'pfirkor'akoid) a.
[Gk. hy^per, above ; korax, crow ;
eidos, like.] Pert, or designating
the upper bone at the base of a
pectoral fin in Fishes (zool.}.

hypermetamorphosis (hl'perme't'a-
mor'fosis) n. [Gk. hyper, above ;
meta, after ; morphe, shape.] A
protracted and thoroughgoing
metamorphosis (zool.}.

hyperparasite (hl'perpar'aslt) n. [Gk.

hyper, above ; para, beside ; sites,
food.] A parasite which is para-
sitic on or in another parasite
(biol.}.

hyperpnoea (hl'perpne'a) n. [Gk.
hyper, above ; pnoe, breath.] Rapid
breathing due to an insufficient
supply of oxygen (phys.}.

hyper-sensitivity (hl'pgrsen'sitiv'itT) n.
[Gk. hyper, above ; L. sentire, to
feel.] A condition of being unduly
sensitive to any drug (phys.}.

hypertely (hlper't&li) n. [Gk. hyper,
above ; telos, end.] Any imitation
in colour or pattern which has
overshot the mark (zool.}.

hypertonia (hi'pgrto'ma) n. [Gk.
hyper, above ; tonos, tone.] Ex-
cessive tonicity (phys.}.

hypertrophy (hlper'troff) n. [Gk.
hyper, above ; trophe, nourishment.]
An excessive growth or develop-
ment (biol.}.

hypha (hi'fa) n. [Gk. hyphe, web.]
The thread-like element of the
vegetative mycelium of a Fungus
(bot.}.

hyphasma (hifaz'ma) n. [Gk. hyphas-
ma, thing woven.] A barren
mycelium (bot.}.

hyphodrome (hl'fodrom) n. [Gk.
hyphe, web ; dromein, to run.]
Running throughout the tissues ;
appl. thick leaves where the veins
are not visible from the surface
(bot.}.

hypnocyst (hlp'nosist) n. [Gk. hypnos,
sleep ; kystis, bladder.] A cyst in
which the contained organism
simply rests (zool.}.

hypnody (hlp'nodl) n. [Gk. hypnodia,
sleepiness.] The long resting
period passed by certain larval
forms (zool.}.

hypnogenic (hip'nojen'ik) a. [Gk.
hypnos, sleep ; genos, offspring.]
Sleep-producing ; appl. influences
or localities which tend to produce
hypnosis (phys.}.

hypnospenn (hip'nosperm) n. [Gk.
hypnos, sleep ; spernia, seed.] A
hypnospore (bot.}.

hypnosporangium(hip'n6sp6ran'jium)
n. [Gk. hypnos, sleep ; sporos,
seed ; anggeion, vessel.] A spor-
angium containing resting spores
(bot.}.

HYP.

141

HYP-

hypnospore (hip'nospor) //. [Gk.
hypnos, sleep ; sporos, seed.] A
resting spore ; a zygote that re-
mains in a quiescent condition
during winter (dot.}.

hypoarion (hl'poar'ion) n. [Gk. hypo,
under ; oarion, little egg.] A small
lobe below the optic lobes of most
Teleosts (zool.).

hypobasal (hl'poba'sal) n. [Gk. hypo,
under ; L. basis, base.] The lower
segment of a developing ovule
(bot.).

hypoblast (hl'poblast) n. [Gk. hypo,
under ; blastos, bud.] The inner
germ layer in a gastrula (emb.),

hypoblastic (hl'poblas'tlk) a. [Gk.
hypo, under ; blastos, bud.] Pert.
or derived from the inner layer ;
endodermal (biol.).

hypobranchial (hl'pobrang'kial) a.
[Gk. hypo, under ; brangchia, gills.]
Pert, the lower or fourth segment
of the branchial arch (anat.).

hypocentrum (hfpose'n'trum) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; kentron, centre.] A
transverse cartilage that arises
below the nerve cord and forms
part of the vertebral centrum
(zool.}.

hypochilium (hl'pokil'ium) «. [Gk.
hypo, under ; cheilos, lip.] The
lower portion of the lip of an orchid
(bot.).

hypochondrium (hl'pokon'drlum) ;/.
[Gk. hypo, under ; chondros, carti-
lage.] A region below the epigastric
and above the lumbar (anat.).

hypochordal (hl'pokor'dal) a. [Gk.
hypo, under ; chorde, string.] Below
the notochord (anat).

hypocleidium (hi'pokli'dium) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; kleis, key.] The
interclavicle.

hypocone (hi'pokon) n. [Gk. hypo,
under ; konos, cone.] The postero-
internal cusp of an upper molar
(zool.).

hypoconid (hi'poko'nid) n. [Gk. hypo,
under ; konos, cone.] The postero-
buccal cusp of a lower molar
(zool.).

hypoconulid (hl'pokon'ulid) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; konos, cone.] The
postero-mesial cusp of a lower
molar (zool.).

hypocoracoid (hfpokor'akoid) a. [Gk.

under ; korax, crow ; eiiios,
like.] Pert, the lower bone at the
base of the pectoral fin in Fishes
(zool.).

hypocotyl (hi'pokot'il) n. [Gk. hypo,
under ; kotyle, hollow.] That por-
tion of the stem below the coty-
ledons in an embryo (emb.).

hypocotyledonary(hl'p6k6t'ile'donari)
a. [Gk. hypo, under ; kotyle, hol-
low.] Below the cotyledons
(bot.).

hypocrateriform (hi'pokrater'iform) a.
[Gk. hypo, under ; krater, cup ; L.
forma, shape.] Having a gamo-
petalous corolla with a long narrow
tube, and the limbs at right angles
- to the tube (bot.).

hypodactylum (hl'podak'tilum) n.
[Gk. hypo, under ; daktylos, digit.]
The under surface of a bird's toes
(zool.).

hypodenna (hi'podeYma) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; derma, skin.] The
tissue just under the epidermis in
plants.

hypodermal (hl'poder'mal) a. [Gk.
hypo, under ; derma, skin.] Pert.
the hypoderma or hypodermis
(biol.).

hypodermalia (hl'poderma'lTa) n.
[Gk. hypo, under ; derma, skin.]
Sponge spicules situated just below
the derma or skin (zool.).

hypodermic (hi'podeYmik) a. [Gk.
hypo, under ; L. dennis, skin.]
Pert, the parts just under the skin
(zool.).

hypodermis (hl'podgr'mis) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; L. dermis, skin.] The
cellular layer lying beneath and
secreting the cuticle of the Annu-
lata, Arthropoda, etc. ; the hypo-
blast (zool.) ; hypodema (bot.).

hypodicrotic (rifpodikrot'ik) a. [Gk.
hypo, under ; di, two ; krotein, to
beat.] Exhibiting the phenomenon
of having two arterial beats for the
one cardiac (phys.).

hypogastric (hl'pogas'trlk) a. [Gk.
hypo, under ; gaster, belly.] Pert.
the lower median region of the
abdomen (anat.).

hypogastrium (hi'pogas'trium) ».
[Gk. hypo, under ; gaster, belly.]
The lower median region of the
abdomen (anat.).

HYP-

142

HYP-

hypogeal (hl'pqje'al) a. [Gk. hypo,
under ;gaia, earth.] Subterranean ;
appl. stems, etc. (dot.).

hypogenesis (hfpojgn'gsis) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; genesis, origin.] De-
velopment without alternation of
generations occurring (bzol.).

hypogenous (hlpoj'e'nus) a. [Gk.
hypo, under ; genos, birth.] Grow-
ing on the lower surface of anything
(dot.).

hypogeous (hi'poje'us) a. [Gk. hypo,
under ; ge, earth.] Growing or
maturing under the earth (hot.,
zool.).

hypoglossal (hl'poglos'al) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; glossa, tongue.] The
twelfth paired cranial nerve, dis-
tributed to the base of the tongue
(anat.).

hypoglottis (hl'poglot'is) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; glotta, tongue.] The
under part of the tongue (anat.) ;
a division of the labium of beetles
(zool.).

hypognathous (hl'pogna'thus, hipog'-
nathus) a. [Gk. hypo, under ;
gnathos, jaw.] Having the lower
jaw slightly longer than the upper
(zool.).

hypogynium (hi'pqjin'ium) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; gyne, female.] That
structure which supports the ovary
in such plants as sedges (bot.).

hypogynous (hipqj'inus) a. [Gk.
hypo, under ; gyne, female.] In-
serted below the gynoecium, and
not adherent ; cf. perigynous
(bot.).

hypohyal (hl'pohl'al) n. [Gk. hypo,
under ; hyoeides, Y-shaped.] The
hyoid element lying between the
ceratohyal and the basihyal (anat.).

hypoischium (hl'pois'kTum) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; ischion, hip.] A small
bony rod passing backwards from
the ischiadic symphysis and sup-
porting the ventral cloacal wall
(zool.).

hypomere (hl'pomer) n. [Gk. hypo,
under ; meros, part.] The lower
or lateral plate zone of the coelomic
pouches (emb.\

hypomeron (hlporn'e'ron) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; meros, part.] The
lateral inflexed side of a coleopter-
ous prothorax (zool.).

hyponasty (hl'ponas'ti) n. [Gk. hypo,
under ; nastos, close-pressed.] The
state of growth in a flattened
structure in which the under surface
grows more vigorously than the
upper (bot.).

hyponome (hl'ponom) n. [Gk. hypo-
nome, underground passage.] The
funnel of the Cephalopods (zool.,
Pal.).

hyponychium (hi'ponik'ium) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; onyx, nail.] The
layer of epidermis on which the
nail rests (anat.}.

hypopetalous (hl'popet'alus) a. [Gk.
hypo, under ; petalon, petal.] Hav-
ing the corolla inserted below and
not adherent to the gynoecium
(bot.).

hypophare (hi'pofar) n. [Gk. hypo,
under ; pherein, to bear.] The
lower part of the sponge in which
there are no chambers ; cf. spongo-
phare (zool.).

hypopharyngeal (hi'pofarin'jeal, -far'-
inje'al) a. [Gk. hypo, under ;
pharynx, pharynx.] Pert, or situ-
ated below or in the lower surface
of the pharynx (zool.).

hypopharynx (hl'pofar'ingks) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; pharynx, pharynx.]
The lingua of many insects ; in
mosquitoes, an outgrowth from the
base of the labium which bears the
salivary groove or duct (zool.).

hypophloeodal (hi'pofle'odal) a. [Gk.
hypo, under ; phloios, bark.] Liv-
ing or growing under the bark
(bot.).

hypophyllium (hi'poffl'ium) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; phyllon, leaf.] A
scale-like leaf below a cladophyll
(bot.).

hypophysial (hl'pofiz'ial) a. [Gk.
hypo, under ; physis, growth.]
Pert, the hypophysis (anat.).

hypophysis (hlpof'isis) n. [Gk. hypo,
under ; physis, growth.] The pitu-
itary body (anat.) ; the olfactory
pit in the lancelet (zool.) ; the last
cell of the suspensor (bot.).

hypoplastron (hl'poplas'tron) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; F. plastron, shield.]
The third lateral bony plate in the
plastron of turtles (zool,).

hypopodium (hfpopo'dium) «. [Gk.
hypo, under ; podion, little foot.]

HYP-

143

HYP-

The basal portion of any leaf, in-
cluding the stalk (dot.).

hypoptilum (hlpop'tllum) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; ptilon, down.] The
after-shaft (zool.}.

hypopygium (hl'pdplg'mm, hfpopi'-
jmm) n. [Gk. hypo, under ; pyge,
buttocks.] The clasping organ of
a male dipterous insect (zool.}.

hyporachis (hi'pora'kis) «. [Gk. hypo,
under ; rhachis, spine.] The stem
of the after-shaft of a feather
(zool.}.

hyporhachis, — see hyporachis.

hyposkeletal (hrposkel'Stal) a. [Gk.
hypo, under ; skeletos, hard.] Lying
beneath or internally to the endo-
skeleton (zool.}.

hyposphene (hi'posfen) n. [Gk. hypo,
under ; sphen, wedge.] A wedge-
shaped process on the neural arch
of the vertebrae of certain extinct
reptiles which fits into the hypan-
trum (pal.}.

hypostereom (hl'posteYeom) «. [Gk.
hypo, under ; stereos, solid.] The
third or inner layer of the thecal
plates of a Cyst id ; the inner layer
of the integument of a Crinoid
(zool.}.

hypostoma (hi'posto'ma) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; sfoma, mouth.] The
fold bounding the posterior margin
of the oral aperture in Crustacea ;
the oral projection or manubrium
of a Hydrozoan (zool.}.

hypostomatous (hfpostom'atus) a.
[Gk. hypo, under ; stoma, mouth.]
Having the mouth placed on the
lower or ventral side (zool.}.

hypostome, — see hypostoma.

hypotarsus (hl'potar'sus) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; tarsus, ankle.] The
" calcaneum " of a bird (zool.}.

hypothalamus(hl'potharamus)«. [Gk.
hypo, under; thalamos, chamber.]
The subthalamic tegmental region
and the structures forming the
greater part of the floor of the
third ventricle (anat.}.

hypothallus (hl'pothal'us) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; thallus, flattened
plate.] The marginal hyphal out-
growth ; a membranous case bear-
ing sporangia (bot.}.

hypothecium (hl'pothe'sTum, -shlum)
«. [Gk. hypo, under ; theke, cup.]

The layer of dense hyphal threads
below the thecium in Lichens ; the
upper layer of the ascoma (bot.}.

hypothenar (hi'pothe'nar) a. [Gk.
hypo, under ; thenar, palm of the
hand.] Pert, the prominent part
of the palm of the hand above the
base of the little finger (anat.}.

hypothetical units, — the ultimate
component parts of protoplasm ;
ultracellular units ranking between
the molecule and the cell ; also
called variously, physiological units,
pangens, gemmules, biophores,
bioblasts, somacules, idiosomes, pla-
somes, micellae, plastidules, inotag-
mata, idioblasts, biogens, gemmae,
and microzymas (biol.}.

hypotonic (hfpotSn'ik) a. [Gk. hypo,
under ; tonos, tension.] Appl. a
solution whose osmotic pressure is
less than that of serum (phys.}.

hypotrichous (hlpot'rlkus) a. [Gk.
hypo, under ; thrtx, hair.] Pert.
Infusorians in which the cilia are
mainly restricted to the under sur-
face, and often form strong seta-
like structures (zool.}.

hypotrochanteric (hl'potrok'anteVik)
a. [Gk. hypo, under ; trochanter,
runner.] Beneath the trochanter
(anat.}.

hypotympanic (hr'potlm'panik) a.
[Gk. hypo, under ; L. tympanum,
drum.] Situated below the tym-
panum ; pert, the quadrate (anat.}.

hypoxanthin (hfpozan'thln) n. [Gk.
hypo, under ; xanthos, yellow. J A
crystalline nitrogenous substance
found in muscle tissue and in some
seeds (phys.}.

hypozygal (hfpozl'gal) n. [Gk. hypo,
under ; zygon, yoke.] The lower
ossicle of a syzygial pair bearing no
pinnule (zool.}.

hypselodont (hlp'selodont) a. [Gk.
hypsi, high ; odous, tooth.] Hypso-
dont.

hypsodont (hlp'sodont) a. [Gk.
hypsos, height ; odous, tooth.] Pert.
or designating teeth with high
crowns and short roots (zool.}.

hypsophyll (hip'sofll) n. [Gk. hypsi,
high ; phyllon, leaf.] Any leaf
beneath the sporophylls (bot.}.

hypural (hlp'ural) a. [Gk. hypo,
under ; oura, tail.] Pert, a bony

HYS-

144

ILI-

structure, formed by the fused
haemal spines of the last few
vertebrae, which supports the caudal
fin in certain Fishes (zool).
hysterogenic (his'terojen'ik) a. [Gk.
hysteros, later ; genos, birth.] Of
later development or growth (zool.}.

I

ichthyic (ik'thnk) a. [Gk. ichthys,
fish.] Pert, or characteristic of
Fishes (zool.).

ichthyoid (ik'thioid) a., — ichthyic.

ichthy elite (ik'thidllt) n. [Gk. ichthys,
fish ; lithos, stone.] A fossil fish or
part of one (pal.).

ichthyology (ikthiol'oji) n. [Gk.
ichthys, fish ; logos, discourse.]
That part of zoology treating of
fishes.

ichthyopterygia (ik'thiopterij'ia) n.
plu. [Gk. ichthys, fish ; pteryx,
wing or fin.] Paired fish fins
(zool.).

icosandrous (I'kosan'drus) a. [Gk.
eikosi, twenty ; aner, man.] Having
twenty or more stamens (pot.).

id (id) n. [Gk. idios, distinct.] A
hypothetical structural unit ; the
chromomere (cyt.).

idant (1'dant) n. [Gk. idios, distinct.]
A unit resulting from an aggrega-
tion of ids ; the chromosome (cyt.).

idioblast (id'ioblast) n. [Gk. idios,
distinct ; blastos, bud.] A bio-
phore ; an ultimate cell unit. See
hypothetical units.

idiochromatin (id'iokro'matin) n. [Gk.
idios, distinct ; chroma, colour.]
Temporarily dormant generative
chromatin ; cf. trophochromatin
(cyt.).

idiochromidia (id'iokromld'ia) n. plu.
[Gk. idios, distinct ; chroma, colour.]
Sporetia ; generative chromidia ;
cf. trophochromidia (cyt.).

idiochromosome (id'iokro'mosom) n,
[Gk. idios, distinct ; chroma, colour ;
soma, body.] An additional chromo-
some with a relation to sex, ob-
served in certain germ cells — one or
more may be present (cyt.).

idiomuscular (id'fomus'kular) a. [Gk.

idios, personal ; L. musculus,
muscle.] Appl. contraction of a
degenerated muscle artificially
stimulated (phys.).

idioplasm (id'ioplazm) n. [Gk.
idios, distinct ; plasma, something
moulded.] Chromatin ; the genera-
tive or germinal part of a cell ; cf.
trophoplasm (cyt.).

icliosome (id'iosom) n. [Gk. idios,
distinct ; soma, body.] An idio-
blast or biophore. See hypotheti-
cal units.

idiothalamous (id'iothal'amus) a.
[Gk. idios, personal ; thalamos,
receptacle.] Appl. Lichens in
which various parts are differently
coloured from the thallus (bot.).

idiothermous (id'iother'mus) a. [Gk.
idios, personal ; thermos, hot.]
Warm - blooded ; homoiothermal
(zool.).

idiozome (id'ib'zom) n. [Gk. idios,
distinct ; zoma, girdle.] In sper-
matogenesis a separated portion of
archoplasm which ultimately be-
comes the head-cap of the sperma-
tozoon (cyt.).

idorgan (idor'gan) n. [Gk. idios,
distinct ; organon, instrument.] A
purely morphological multicellular
unit which does not possess the
features of a soma (biol.).

ileocaecal (H'eose'kal) a. [L. ileum,
groin ; caecus, blind.] Pert, ileum
and caecum ; appl. fossae, folds,
etc. (anat.).

ileocolic (il'eokol'fk) a. [L. ileum,
groin ; kolon, the gut.] Pert, ileum
and colon ; appl. artery, lymph
gland, etc. (anat.).

ileum (il'eum) n. [L. ileum, groin.]
The lower part of the small in-
testine (anat.).

iliac (Il'lak) a. [L. ilia, flanks.] Pert.
ilium, a pelvic bone ; appl. artery,
fossa, furrow, tuberosity, vein,
muscle, etc. (anat.).

iliocaudal (Il'ioko'dal) a. [L. ilia,
flanks ; cauda, tail.] Connecting
ilium and tail ; appl. muscle (anat.).

iliococcygeal (iliokok'sije'al, -koksij'-
eal) a. [L. ilia, flanks ; Gk. kokkyx,
cuckoo.] Pert, ilium and coccyx ;
appl. a muscle (anat.).

iliocostal (Tl'fokos'tal) a. [L. ilia,
flanks ; costa, rib.] In region of

ILI-

145

INA-

ilia and ribs ; appl. several muscles
(anaf.).

iliofemoral (Tl'iofgm'oral) a. [L. ilia,
flanks ; femur, thigh.] Pert, the
ilium and femur ; appl. a ligament
(anaf.).

iliohypogastric (Tl'iohl'pogas'trik) a.
[L. ilia, flanks ; Gk. hypo, under ;
gaster, belly.] Pert, ilium and
lower anterior part of the abdomen ;
appl. a nerve (anaf.).

ilioinguinal (il'ibin'gwlnal) a. [L.
ilia, flanks ; in%uen, the groin.] In
the region of ilium and groins ;
appl. a nerve (anaf.).

illolumbar (il'Iolum'bar) a. [L. ilia,
flanks ; lumbus, loins.] In region
of ilium and loins ; appl. artery,
ligament, vein (anaf.).

iliopectineal (Tl'fope'ktin'eal) a. [L.
ilia, flanks ; pecten, crest.] Appl.
an eminence marking the point of
union of ilium and pubis (anaf.).

iliotibial (il'iotib'ial) a. [L. ilia,
flanks ; tibia, pipe.] Appl. a tract
or band of muscle at the lower end
of the thigh (anaf.).

iliotrochanteric (il'iotrokanter'ik) a.
[L. ilia, flanks ; Gk. trochanter, a
runner.] Uniting ilium and tro-
chanter of femur ; appl. a ligament
(anaf.).

ilium (Ilium) n. [L. ilium, flank.]
That part of the hip-bone supporting
the flank (anaf.) ; the dorsal bone,
articulating with the backbone, of
the pelvic arch (zoo/.).

imaginal (imaj'inal) a. [L. imago,
image.] Pert, an imago ; appl.
larval discs, patches of cells from
which new organs develop (zool.).

imago (Ima'go) n. [L. imago, image.]
The last or adult stage in insect
metamorphosis ; the perfect insect
(zool}.

imbricate (im'brikat) a. [L. imbricare,
to tile.] Having parts overlying
each other like house-tiles ; appl.
scales, plates, etc. (zool.} ; bud-
scales, bracts, etc. (hot}.

imitative (im'itativ) a. [L. imitari,
to imitate.] Appl. form, structure,
habit, colouring, etc., assumed for
protection (zool}.

immaculate (fmak'ulat) a. [L. in,
not ; macula, spot.] Without spots
or marks of different colour.

immunise (Tm'unlz, imu'nlz) v. [L.
immunis, free.] To render invul-
nerable to a toxin, usually by
injecting the toxin in small quanti-
ties at short intervals, without the
appearance of severe symptoms
(Phys.}.

immunity (imu'nTt!) n. [L. immunis,
free from duty.] An organism's
resistance, natural or acquired, to
the onset of pathological conditions
from infection, natural or artificial,
by any of the micro-organisms
(phys}.

imparidigitate (impar'idij'itat) a. [L.
impar, unequal ; digitus, finger.]
Having an odd number of digits
on a limb (zool}.

imparipinnate (impar'ipin'at) a. [L.
impar, unequal ; pinna, wing.] Un-
equally pinnate ; pinnate with an
odd terminal leaflet (hot}.

imperfect metamorphosis, — see in-
complete.

imperforate (ImpeVforat) a. [L. in,
not ; per, through ; foratus, bored.]
Not pierced ; appl. foraminifera
shells without fine pores in addition
to principal opening (zool.}.

impervious (TmpeVvIus) a. [L. in,
not ; per, through ; via, way.] Not
permeable (biol} ; appl. nostrils
with a septum between the nasal
cavities (zool}.

import (im'port) n. [L. importare, to
bring in.] A method of food-
ingestion in Amoeba, food being
drawn in on contact (phys}.

impregnation (im'prggna'shun) n. [L.
impraegnare, to fertilize.] Trans-
ference of spermatozoa from male
to body of female.

impression (impre'sh'on) n. [L. in,
into ; premere, to press.] An in-
dentation mark resulting from con-
tact of organs or pressure of one
on another, as those on the surfaces
of the liver, the rhomboid of the
clavicle, the trigeminal of the
temporal (anaf.).

inantherate (Inan'thgrat) a. [L. in,
not ; Gk. antheros, flowery.] With-
out anthers (bot}.

inarticulate (Tnartik'ulat) a. [L. in,
not ; articulatus, jointed.] Not
segmented (biol}.

inaxon (inak'son) n. [Gk. is, fibre ;
K

INB-

146

IND-

axon, axis.] A nerve-cell with axis-
cylinder branching at a distance
from it (phys.).

inbreeding, — breeding through a suc-
cession of parents belonging to the
same stock, or very nearly related
(biol.}.

incaliculate (Tnkalik'ulat) a. [L. in,
not ; caliculus, small flower-cup.]
Wanting a calicle (zoo!.).

incasement theory, — see preforma-
tion theory.

incised (TnsTzd') a. [L. incisus, cut
into.] With deeply notched margin
(biol.}.

incisiform (insl'zif6rm) a. [L. incisus,
cut into ; forma, shape. J Incisor-
shaped.

incisive (insl'zlv) a. [L. incisus, cut
into.] Pert, or in the region of the
incisors ; appl. bones, foramina,
fossa, canals (anat.}.

incisor (Insfzor) a. [L. incisus, cut
into.] Adapted for cutting— appl.
mammalian premaxillary teeth ; n.
a crest or ridge of bone (anat.}.

included (inklood'e'd) a. [L. includere,
to shut in.] Having stamens and
pistils not protruding beyond the
corolla ; not exserted (hot.}.

incomplete metamorphosis, — insect
metamorphosis in which the young
are hatched in the general adult
form and develop without a quies-
cent stage (zoo/.).

incongruent (Tnkong'grooent) a. [L.
incongruens, not suiting.] Not
suitable or fitting ; appl. surface of
joints which do not fit properly
(anat.}.

incoordination (in'koor'dina'shun) n.
[L. in, not ; cum, together ; ordo,
order.] Want of coordination ;
irregularity of movement due to
loss of muscle control (phys.}.

incrassate (mkras'at) a. [L. incras-
sare, to thicken.] Thickened.

incubation (in'kuba'shun) n. [L. in-
cubare, to lie on.] The hatching of
eggs by means of heat, natural or
artificial (emb.}.

incubous (in'kubus) a. [L. incubare,
to lie on.]. Appl. leaves so arranged
that the base of each is covered by
the upper portion of the next lower
(bot.}.

incudate (mg'kudat) a. [L. incus,

anvil.] Appl. type of Rotifer mastax
with large and hooked rami and
reduced mallei (zoo/.).

incumbent (mkum'bent) a. [L. in-
cumbere, to lie upon.] Lying upon ;
bent downwards to lie along a base ;
appl. cotyledons with hypocotyl
applied to the back (bot.} ; appl.
hairs or spines applied lengthwise
to their base (zoo/.).

incurrent (inkur'gnt) a. [L. in, into ;
currere, to run.] Leading into ;
appl. ectoderm - lined canals of
Sponges which admit water ; and
inhalent siphons of Molluscs (zool.}.

incurvate (Inkur'vat) a. [L. in, in ;
curvus, bend.] Of a structure,
curved inwards or bent back on
itself.

incurvation (m'kiirva'shun) n. [L.
in, in ; curvare, to bend.] The
doubling back on itself of a struc-
ture or organ, as of a spirochaete
about to divide (zoo!.).

incus (ing'kus) n. [L. incus, anvil.]
Part of a Rotifer mastax ; the anvil-
shaped ear ossicle of Mammals
(zooL).

indeciduate (Tn'desid'uat) a. [L. in,
not ; de, down ; cadere, to fall.]
Non-caducous ; with maternal part
of placenta not coming away at
birth (zoo/.).

indeciduous (Tn'desTd'uus) a. [L. in,
not ; de, down ; cadere, to fall.]
Persistent ; not falling off at
maturity ; everlasting ; evergreen
(bot.}.

indefinite (indef'init) a. [L. in, not ;
de, down ; finis, end.] Not limited ;
not determinate ; of no fixed number
(bot.\

indehiscent (in'dehis'ent) a. [L. in,
not; dehiscens, gaping.] Not split-
ting at maturity ; appl. certain fruits

indeterminate growth, — growth of
stem, branch or shoot not limited
or stopped by development of a
terminal bud ; indefinite prolonga-
tion and subdivision of an axis

indeterminate inflorescence, —

growth of a floral axis by indefinite
branching because unlimited by
development of a terminal bud

(bof.).

IND-

147

INF-

index finger, — the forefinger or digit
next to the thumb.

indifferent (indif'e're'nt) a. [L. in,
not ; dis, apart ; ferre, to carry.]
Undifferentiated.

indigenous (indfj'enus) a. [L. in, in ;
gignere, to beget.] Belonging to
the locality ; not imported (biol.).

indirect (In'dlrgkt) a. [L. in, not ;
directus, straightened.] Not by a
simple method ; complicated ; appl.
development, mitosis, selection, em-
bryogeny (biol.).

individual (in'divid'ual) a. [L. in,
not ; dividuus, divisible.] Pert, a
single example or unit, as indi-
vidual variations of colour (biol.) ;
n. a person or zooid of distinctive
function of a hydrozoan colony
(zool.).

individualism (m'divTd'ualizm) n. [L. '
in, not ; dividuus, divisible.] Sym-
biosis in which the two parties
together form what appears to be
a single organism (biol.).

indlviduation (in'divTdua'shiin), — de-
velopment of interdependent func-
tional units, as in colony formation
(biol.).

induced movement, — movement dic-
tated and influenced by external
stimulus, as plant curvature (bot.).

inductive stimulus, — an external
stimulus which influences the
growth or behaviour of any organ-
ism (biol.).

indumentum (In'dumen'tum) n. [L.
indumentum, covering.] The plum-
age of birds ; a hairy covering
(zool.).

induplicate (indu'plikat) a. [L. in,
in ; duplex, double.] In vernation
having bud-leaves bent or rolled
without overlapping ; in aestivation
having bud sepals or petals folded
inwards at points of contact (bot.).

induplicative (indu'plikatTv) a. [L.
in, in ; duplex, double.] Appl.
vernation or aestivation with in-
duplicate foliage or floral leaves
respectively (hot.}.

indusial (indu'zlal) a. [L. induere, to
put on.] Containing larval insect
cases, as certain limestones (pal.) ;
pert, the indusium (bot.).

indusiate (indu'zfat) a. [L. indriere,
to put on.] Having an enveloping

case, appl. insect larvae (zool.) ;
having an indusium (bot.).

indusiform (mdu'ziform) a. [L. in-
duere, to put on ; forma, shape.]
Resembling an indusium (bot.).

indusium (indu'zium) n. [L. induere,
to put on.] An insect larva case
(zool.) ; an outgrowth of plant epi-
derm covering and protecting a
sorus (bot.) ; the supracallosal gyrus
of the olfactory lobe of the cere-
brum, the indusium griseum
(anat.).

induviae (indu'vie) n.plu. [L. induere,
to put on.] Scale-leaves, or those
which remain attached to stem
after withering (bot.).

induviate (indu'viat) a. [L. induere,
to put on.] Covered with scale-
leaves or induviae (bot.).

inequilateral (Ine'k'wllat'e'ral) a. [L.
in, not ; aequus, equal ; latus, side.]
Having two sides unequal ; having
unequal portions on either side of
a line drawn from umbo to gape of
a bivalve shell (zool.).

inequilobate (ingk'wllo'bat) a. [L. in,
not ; aequus, equal ; Gk. lobos,
lobe.] With lobes of unequal size
(biol.).

inequivalve (Tngk'wivalv) a. [L. in,
not ; aequus, equal ; -ualvae, folding
doors.] Having the two valves or
halves of the shell unequal ; appl.
Mollusca (zool.}.

inerm (ine"rm') a. [L. in, not ; arma,
arms.] Unarmed ; without means
of defence and offence (biol.).

inermous (ineYmus) «., — inerm.

inferior (mfe'rlor) a. [L. inferior,
lower.] Appl. the lower placed of
two, the farther down the axis ;
growing or arising below another
organ (bot.).

inferoanterior (tn'fgroante'rior) a. [L.
inferus, beneath; anterior, anterior.]
Below and in front (biol.).

inf erobranchiate (in'f grobrang'klat) a.
[L. inferus, beneath ; Gk. brangchia,
gills.] With gills under the margin
of the mantle, as in certain Mollusca
(zool.).

inferolateral (In'fe'rolat'e'ral) a. [L.
inferus, beneath ; latus, side.]
Below and at or towards the side
(zool.).

inferomedian (in'fe"r6me'dlan) a. [L.

INF-

148

INF-

inferus, beneath ; medius, middle.]
Below and about the middle.

inferoposterior (m'feroposte'rior) a.
[L. inferus, beneath ; posterior,
behind.] Below and behind.

inferradial (in'ferra'dial) n. [L. in-
ferus, beneath ; radius, radius.]
The lower part of transversely bi-
sected radials of certain fossil
Crinoids (pal.).

inflated (infla.'te'd) a. [L. in, into ;
flare, to blow.] Puffed out ; dis-
tended (bot.).

inflected (inflek'ted) a. [L. inflectere,
to bend in.] Curved or abruptly
bent inwards or towards the axis
(biol.).

inflexed (mflek'sd) a., — inflected.

inflorescence (m'flores'ens) n. [L. in-
florescere, to begin to blossom.] A
flowering or putting forth blossoms ;
the method in which flowers are
arranged on an axis (dot.}.

infraaxillary (in'fraaksil'ari) a. [L.
infra, below ; axilla, armpit.]
Branching off below the axil (bot.).

inftabasal (m'fraba'sal) n. [L. infra,
below; basis, base.] One of a series
of plates, perradial in position,
below the basals in Crinoids (zool.).

infrabranchial (in'frabrang'kial) a.
[L. infra, below ; Gk. brangchia,
gills.] Below the gills ; appl. part
of the pallial chamber (zool.).

infracentral (in'frasen'tral) a. [L.
infra, below ; centrum, centre.]
Below a vertebral centrum (zool.).

infraclavicle (m'fraklav'ikl) n. [L.
infra, below ; clavicula, little key.]
A membrane bone occurring in the
pectoral girdle of some Ganoids and
Teleosts (zool.).

infraclavicular (in'fraklavik'ular) a.
[L. infra, below ; clamcula, small
key.] Beneath the clavicle ; appl.
branches of brachial plexus (anat.).

infracortical (m'frakor'tlkal) a. [L.
infra, below ; cortex, bark.] Be-
neath the cortex (anat.).

infracostal (in'frakos'tal) a. [L. infra,
below ; costa, rib.] Beneath the
ribs ; appl. muscles (anat.).

infradentary (in'fraden'tari) a. [L.
infra, below ; dens, tooth.] Beneath
the dentary bone (anat.).

infraglenoid (in'fragle'noid) a. [L.
infra, below ; Gk. glene, socket ;

eidos, like.] Below the glenoid
fossa ; appl. a tuberosity (anat.).

infrahyoid (m'frahl'oid) a. [L. infra,
below ; Gk. hyoeides, Y-shaped.]
Beneath the hyoid ; appl. muscles
(anat.).

infralabial (in'frala'bial) a. [L. infra,
below ; labium, lip.] Beneath the
lower lip (anat.).

inframarginal (in'framar'jinal) a. [L.
infra, below ; margo, margin.]
Under the margin, or marginal
structure ; appl. a cerebral convolu-
tion (anat.) ; appl. certain plates on
the carapace of Chelonians below
the marginals ; appl. the lower of
two series of plates round the
margin of stelleroid arms and
discs (zool.).

inframaxillary (in'framaksirarl) a.
[L. infra, below ; maxilla, jaw.]
Situated beneath the maxilla; appl.
nerves (zool.).

infraorbital (m'fraor'bital) a. [L.
infra, below ; orbis, circle.] Be-
neath the orbit ; appl. artery, canal,
foramen, groove, nerve, etc. (anat.).

infrapatellar (in'frapatel'ar) a. [L.
infra, below ; patella, knee-cap.]
Appl. a pad of fat beneath the
patella (anat.).

infrascapular (in'fraskap'ular) a. [L.
infra, below ; scapula, shoulder-
blade.] Beneath the scapula ; appl.
artery (anat.).

infraspinatous (m'fraspl'natus) a. [L.
infra, below ; sptna, spine.] Be-
neath the spine ; beneath the
scapular spine ; appl. muscle, fossa
(anat.).

infraspinous, — infraspinatous.

infrastapedial (in'frastape'dial) a.
[L. infra, below ; stapes, a stirrup.]
Beneath the stapes of the ear ;
appl. a part of the columella
(anat.).

infrasternal (tn'fraster'nal) a. [L.
infra, below ; Gk. sternon, breast.]
Beneath the breast-bone ; appl.
notch at the lower end of the
sternum (anat.).

infratemporal (m'fratem'poral) a. [L.
infra, below ; temporalts, tempor-
ary.] Beneath the temporal bone ;
appl. a crest or fossa (anat.).

infratrochlear (m'fratrok'lear) a. [L.
infra, below ; Gk. trochos, wheel.]

INF-

149

INS-

Beneath the trochlea ; appl. a nerve
(anat.\

infructescence (in'friiktSs'gns) n. [L.
///, into ; frtictus, fruit.] An in-
florescence matured into a fruit
(fat.).

infundibular (in'fiindlb'ular) a. [L.
infundibttlum, funnel.] Funnel-
shaped ; appl. an abdominal muscle
(anaf.) ; appl. a funnel-shaped
corolla (bot.).

infundibuliform (m'fundib'uliform) a.
[L. infiindibuluin, funnel ; Jorma,
shape.] Infundibular.

infundibulum (In'fundlb'ulum) n. [L.
infundibulum, funnel.] Any funnel-
shaped organ or structure ; appl.
part of the brain, of the ethmoid
bone, of right ventricle, etc. (anaf.};
a cephalopod siphon ; part of a
bird's oviduct ; the flattened
stomach-like cavity of a Cteno-
>hore, lying in the transverse plane

pnore,

(zool.).

infuscate (Infus'kat) a. [L. in, into ;
fuscus, dark.] Tinged to appear
dark, as insect wings (zool.).

infusoriform (in'fuzo'riform) a. [L.
infusus, poured into ; forma, shape.]
Resembling an Infusorian ; appl.
embryonic forms of some Coelenter-
ates (zool.).

infusorigen (m'fuzo'rijSn) n. [L. in-
fusus, poured into; genos, offspring.]
A gastrula-like phase in develop-
ment of certain Mesozoa (zool.).

ingest (inject') v. [L. ingestus, taken
in.] To convey food material into
the alimentary canal or food-cavity

ingestion (injeYchon) n. [L. ingestus,
taken in.] The swallowing or
assumption of food-material (phys.).

ingluvies (ingloov'iez) n. [L. inglu-vies,
crop.] The crop of a bird ; a dila-
tation of the oesophagus (zool.).

inguinal (tng'gwinal) a. [L. inguen,
the groin.] In the region of the
groin (anaf.).

inguinal ring, — see abdominal ring.

inguino - abdominal (Ing'gwino - ab-
dom'inal) a. In region of abdomen
and groin (anat.).

inguino-crural (ing'gwlnd-kroor'al) a.
In region of groin and leg (anat.).

inhalent (Inha'ldnt) a. [L. in, into ;
halare, to breathe.] Adapted for

inspiring or drawing in, as terminal
pores of incurrent canals in Sponges,
or siphons in Molluscs (zool.).

inhibition (In'hibish'on) n. [L. in-
hibere, to prohibit.] Prohibition or
checking of an action already
commenced (phys.).

inhibitory (inhTb'ftori) a. [L. inhibere,
to prohibit.] Appl. nerves which
control movement or secretion
(Phys.).

inion (fn'ion) ;/. [Gk. inion, back of
head.] The external protuberance
of the occipital (anaf.).

ink sac,— in Sepia, a pear-shaped
body in the wall of the mantle
cavity which secretes a black sub-
stance, ink or sepia, the ejection of
which is a means of defence (zool.).

innate (In'nat) a. [L. in, in ; gnatus,
born.] Basifixed ; appl. anther
when filament is only attached to
its base (bot.).

innervation (in'nerva'shun) n. [L.
in, into ; neruus, sinew.] Nerve-
distribution (anaf.) ; vital nerve
force (phys.).

innominate (Innom'Tnat) a. [L. in,
not ; nomen, name.] Nameless ;
appl. various arteries and veins
(anaf.).

innominate bone,— the hip-bone or
lateral half of the pelvic girdle
(anat.).

innovation (in'dva'shun) n. [L. inno-
vare, to renew.] A growth or shoot
of Mosses which develops into a
new plant by the dying-off of the
portion of the parent-plant behind
it (bot.).

inocular (Tnok'ular) a. [L. in, into ;
oculus, eye.] Appl. antennae in-
serted close to the eye (zool.).

inogen (I'nojen) n. [Gk. is, fibre ;
genos, offspring.] A nitrogenous
substance of muscle tissue (phys.).

inotagmata (Tnotag'mata) n. plu.
[Gk. is, fibre ; tagma, arrangement.]
Ultimate hypothetical units (phys.).

inquiline (m'kwilin) n. [L. inquilinus,
tenant.] An animal living in the
home of another and getting share
of its food ; a partner in com-
mensal ism (zool.).

inscriptions, tendinous, — term appl.
three fibrous bands crossing the
rectus abdominalis muscle (anat.).

INS-

150

INT-

insectivorous (in'sekttv'orus) a. [L.
insectus, cut off ; -vorare, to devour.]
Insect-eating ; appl. certain animals
and carnivorous plants.

inserted (insgr'tgd) a. [L. in, in ;
serere, to join.] United by natural
growth.

insertion (insSr'shun) n. [L. insertus,
joined.] Point of attachment of
organs, muscles ; the point on
which the force of a muscle is
applied (anat.}.

insessorial (m'sgso'rial) a. [L. in, in ;
sedere, to sit.] Adapted for perch-
ing (zool.}.

insistent (insis'tgnt) a. [L. insistere,
to persist.] Appl. hind toe of
certain birds whose tip only reaches
the ground (sool.}.

inspiration (inspira'shun) n. [L. in-
spirare, to inhale.] The act of
drawing air into the lungs
(Phys.\

instaininate (mstaminat) a. [L. tn,
not ; stamen, something standing.]
Not bearing stamens (hot.).

instar (in'star) n. [L. instar, form.]
Each stage in insect metamorphosis
where a moult occurs (zool.}.

insula (in'sula) n. [L. insula, island.]
A triangular eminence lying deeply
in the lateral fissure of the temporal
lobe (anat.}.

integrifolious (intgg'rifo'lms) a. [L.
integer, whole ; folium, leaf.] With
entire leaves (bot.}.

integripallial (mtgg'ripal'ial) a. See
integripalliate.

integripalliate (integ'ripa.riat) a. [L.
integer, whole ; pallium, mantle.]
Having an unbroken pallial line ;
appl. shells of Molluscs with small
or no siphons (zool.}.

integument (mtgg'umgnt) n. [L.
integumentum, covering.] A cover-
ing, investing, or coating structure
or layer ; an investing layer of an
ovule (hot., zool.}.

Interacinous (in'tgras'fnus) a. [L.
inter, between ; acinus, a grape.]
Among the alveoli of a racemose
gland (anat.}.

interalveolar (in'tgralve'olar) a. [L.
inter, among ; alveolus, small
cavity.] Among alveoli ; appl. cell
islets (anat.}.

interamtoulacral (in'tgrambula'kral) a.

[L. inter, between ; ambulare, to
walk.] Appl. area of echinoderm
test between two ambulacral areas ;
n. a plate of that area (zool.}.

interambulacrum(in'tgrambula'krum)
n. [L. inter, between ; ambulare,
to walk.] The area between two
ambulacral areas (zool.}.

interarticular (m'terartik'ular) a. [L.
inter, between ; articulus, a joint.]
Between articulating parts of bones;
appl. certain ligaments and fibro-
cartilages (anat.}.

interatrial (in'tgra'trial) a. [L. inter,
between ; atrium, a hall] Appl. a
groove separating the two atria of
the heart (anat.}.

interauricular (in'terorik'ular) a. [L.
inter, between ; auricula, little ear.]
Between the auricles of the heart
(anat.}.

interaxillary (in'tgraksil'ari) a. [L.
inter, between ; axilla, armpit.]
Placed between the axils (hot.}.

interbrachial (in'tgrbra'kial) a. [L.
inter, between ; brachium, arm.]
Between arms, rays, or brachial
plates (zool.}.

interbranchial (in'tgrbrang'klal) a.
[L. inter, between ; Gk. brangchia,
gills.] Appl. septum between suc-
cessive gill slits (zool.}.

interbreed (in'tgrbred') v. [L. inter,
between ; A.S. brod, brood.] To
cross different varieties of plants
or animals experimentally.

intercalare (in'tgrkala're, -kalara) ».
[L. intercalaris, inserted.] In many
Fishes and fossil Amphibia, an
additional element in the neural
arch (zool.}.

intercalary (m'tgrkal'ari, intgr'kalari)
a. [L. intercalaris, inserted.] Ad-
ditional ; appl. meristematic layers
between masses of permanent
tissue ; growth elsewhere than at
the growing point (bot.}.

intercapitular (in'terkapit'ular) a. [L.
inter, between ; capitulum, head.]
Between the capitula ; appl. veins
of fingers (anat.}.

intercarotid (m'terkarot'id) a. [L.
inter, between ; Gk. karos, deep
sleep.] Between the two carotid
arteries (anat.}.

intercarpal (m'tgrkar'pal) a. [L. inter,
between ; carpus, wrist.] Among

INT-

151

INT-

or between the carpal bones ; appl.
joints (anat.}.

intercarpellary (tn'tgrkarpgl'arl) a.
[L. infer, between ; Gk. karpos,
fruit.] Between the carpels (dot.}.

intercartilaginous (Tn'tgrkartilaj'inus)
a. [L. inter, between ; cartilago,
gristle.] Within the cartilage ;
appl. ossification (emb.}.

intercavernous (in'tgrkaVgrnus) a.
[L. inter, between ; cavus, hollow.]
Appl. sinuses connecting the cav-
ernous sinuses, part of the ophthal-
mic veins (anat.}.

intercellular (in'tgrsgl'ular) a. [L.
inter, between ; cellula, little cell.]
Among or between cells, as the
biliary passages among the liver-
cells (anat.}.

Intercentral (m'tgrsgn'tril) a. [L.
inter, between ; centrum, centre.]
Uniting two centra ; between two
centra (anat.}.

inter-centrum (In'tgrsgn'trum) n. [L.
inter, between ; centrum, centre.]
A second central ring in an embo-
lomerous vertebra (zool.}.

interchondral (In'tSrkon'dral) a. [L.
inter, between ; Gk. chondros, carti-
lage.] Appl. articulations and
ligaments between the costal carti-
lages (anat.}.

interclavicle (m'tgrklav'ikl) n. [L.
inter, between ; clavicula, small
key.] The episternum ; a median
ventral bone between the clavicles
(zool.}.

interclavicular (m'tgrklavlk'ular) a.
[L. inter, between ; clavicula, small
key.] Between the clavicles ; appl.
a ligament (anat.}.

interclinoid (m'tgrkll'noid) a. [L.
inter, between ; Gk. kline, bed ;
eidos, like.] A fibrous process
joining the anterior and posterior
clinoid processes (anat.}.

intercolumnar (m'tgrk61um'nar)<z. [L.
inter, between ; columna, column.]
Between columnar structures, as
certain abdominal muscle fibres
(anat.}.

intercondyloid (in'tgrkon'dlloid) a.
[L. inter, between ; Gk. kondylos,
knob ; eidos, resemblance.] Be-
tween the condyles ; appl. an
eminence of the tibia, and fossae
of the femur (anat.}.

intercostal (In'tgrkos'tal) a. [L. inter,
between ; costa, rib.] Between the
ribs, as arteries, glands, membranes,
nerves, veins, muscles (anat.}.

intercostobrachial (m'tgrkSs'tobra'-
kial) a. [L. inter, between ; costa,
rib ; brachium, arm.] Appl. a
lateral branch of the second inter-
costal nerve which supplies the
upper arm (anat.}.

intercostohumeral (m'tgrkSs'tohu'-
mgral) a. [L. inter, between ; costa,
rib ; humerus, the humerus.] Inter-
costobrachial.

intercoxal (in'tgrkSk'sal) a. [L. inter,
between ; coxa, the hip.] Between
the coxae or first-limb joints of
Arthropods (zool.}.

intercrescence (In'tgrkrgs'gns) n. [L.
inter, between ; crescere, to grow.]
A growing into each other, as of
tissues.

intercrural (in'tgrkroo'rSl) a. [L.
inter, between ; crus, the leg.]
Appl. tendinous fibres arching
across the external oblique muscles
(anat.}.

intercuneiform (in'tgrkune'iform) a.
[L. inter, between ; cuneus, wedge ;
forma, shape.] Connecting the three
cuneiform bones of the ankle ; appl.
articulations and ligaments (anat.}.

interdeferential (In'tgrdgfgr'gn'shal)
a. [L. inter, between ; de, down ;
ferre, to carry.] Between the vasa
deferentia (zool.}.

interfascicular(in'tgrfasTk'ular) a. [L.
inter, between ; fasciculus, small
bundle.] Situated between the
fascicles or vascular bundles (hot.}.

interfemoral (m'tgrfgm'oral) a. [L.
inter, between ; femur, thigh bone.]
Between the thighs (anat}.

interfertile (In'tgrfgr'til) a. [L. inter,
between ; fertilis, fertile.] Able to
interbreed (biol.}.

interfllamentar (in'tgrfilamgn'tar) a.
[L. inter, between ; filamentum,
thread.] Appl. junctions or hori-
zontal bars connecting molluscan
gill filaments (zool.}.

interfllar (Tn'tgrfflar) a. [L. inter,
between ; filum, thread.] Appl.
the ground substance of proto-
plasm, as opposed to the reticular

(cyt.\

interfoliaceous (m'tgrfolla'shus) a.

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152

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[L. inter, between ; folium, leaf.]
Situated or arising .between two
opposite leaves (hot.).

interfoliar (In'terfo'liar) a. Inter-
foliaceous.

interganglionic (in'te"rganggli6n'ik) a.
[L. inter, between ; Gk. gangglion,
a little tumour.] Connecting two
ganglia, as nerve cords or strands
(anat.).

intergenital (Tn'terjen'ital) a. [L.
inter, between ; genitus, produced.]
Between the genitals ; appl. certain
echinoderm plates (zool.).

interglobular (m'terglob'ular) a. [L.
inter, between ; globulus, small
globe.] Appl. a series of spaces
towards the outer surface of den-
tine due to imperfect calcification
(anat.).

intergular (m'tergu'lar) n. [L. inter,
between ; gula, gullet.] A paired
or unpaired plate in front of the
gulars in Chelonia (zool.).

interhyal (in'tgrhl'al) n. [L. inter,
between ; Gk. hyoeides, Y-shaped.]
A small bone between hyomandib-
ular and rest of hyoid of some
higher vertebrates (zool.).

interlamellar (In'terlameTar) a. [L.
inter, between ; lamella, a plate.]
Appl. vertical bars of tissue joining
the gill lamellae of Molluscs (zool?).

interlaminar (in'terlam'mar) a. [L.
inter, between ; lamina, plate.]
Uniting laminae ; between laminae
(anat.).

interlobular (in'tgrlob'ular) a. [L.
inter, between; lobus, lobe.] Occur-
ring between lobes ; appl. kidney
arteries, etc. (anat.}.

interlocular (in'tSrlok'ular) a. [L.
inter, between; loculus, small place.]
Between the loculi (bot.).

interloculus (in'tgrlSk'ulus) n. [L.
inter, between ; loculus, compart-
ment.] The space between two
loculi (bot.).

intermandibular (m'tgrmandib'ular)
a. [L. inter, between ; mandibu-
lum, jaw.] Between mandibles or
rami (anat.).

Intermaxllla (m'tgrmaksll'a) n. [L.
inter, between ; maxilla, jaw.]
Bone between the maxillae ; the
premaxilla (anat.).

Intermaxillary (in'termaksll'ari) a.

& inter, between ; maxilla, jaw.]
tween the maxillae ; pert, the
premaxillae ; appl. a gland in the
nasal septum of certain Amphibians
and Reptiles (zool.).

intermediary (in'terme'diari) a. [L.
inter, between ; medius, middle.]
Acting as a medium ; appl. nerve-
cells receiving impulses from affer-
ent cells and transmitting them to
efferent cells (phys.)._

intermediate (in'terme'diat) a. [L.
inter, between ; medius, middle.]
Occurring between two points or
parts ; appl. a nerve-mass (emb.) ;
appl. certain areas of the brain
(phys.) ; appl. a disc in striated
muscle (anat.).

intermediate host,— the host inter-
vening between two others in the
life-history of certain parasites,
as Limnaeus in the life-history of
Distomum (zool.).

intermedium (in'terme'dlum) n. [L.
inter, between ; medius, middle.]
A small bone of carpus and tarsus
(anat.).

intermesenteric (In't6rmgs'6nt6r'lk) a.
[L. inter, between ; Gk. mesos,
middle ; enteron, gut.] Occurring
between the mesenteries ; appl.
spaces between the mesenteries in
sea-anemones (zool.).

intermuscular (m'terinus'kular) a.
[L. inter, between ; musculus,
muscle.] Between or among muscle
fibres (anat.).

internal (inteVnal) a. [L. internus,
within.] Located on the inner side ;
nearer the middle axis (biol.).

internal secretion gland,— a duct-
less gland, e.g. spleen (phys.).

internasal (in'te'rna'zal) a. [L. inter,
between ; nasus, nose.] Between
the nostrils ; appl. septum, gland
(zool.).

interneural (m'tgrnu'ral) a. [L. inter,
between ; Gk. neuron, nerve.] Be-
tween neural processes, arches or
spines (anat.) ; appl. sharp bones
attached to dorsal fin rays (zool.).

internodal (m'terno'dal) a. [L. inter,
between ; nodus, knot.] Pert, the
part between two nodes (hot., phys.).

internode (in'ternod') n. [L. inter,
between ; nodus, knot.] A structure
between two nodes or joints ; as of

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153

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a stem (bot.), of a nerve fibre
(Phys.).

internodia (Tn't6rno'dia) n.plu. Phal-
anges.

interocular (in'tgrok'ular) a. [L. inter,
between ; oculus, eye.] Placed
between the eyes (zool.).

interopercle ( In'tgropeYkl) n. [L.
inter, between ; operculum, lid.] A
membrane bone of the operculum
of Teleostomes attached to the
mandible (zool.).

interopercular bone, — the interoper-
culum.

interoperculum(in'tgropgr'kulum).
Interopercle.

interoptic (Tn'tgrop'tik) a. [L. inter,
between ; Gk. optikos, pert, sight.]
Between the optic lobes (anat.).

interorbital (in'tgror'bital) a. [L.
inter, between ; orbis, circle.] Be-
tween the orbits ; appl. septum of
a trophibasic skull ; appl. sinus
(zool.}.

Jnterosculant (Tn'teros'kulant) a. [L.
inter, between ; osculari, to kiss.]
Possessing characters common to
Iwo or more groups or species
(tool.).

interosseous (Tn'teros'eiis) a. [L. inter,
between ; os, bone.] Occurring
between bones ; appl. arteries,
membranes, muscles, nerves (anat.).

interparietal (in'tgrparfe'tal) a. [L.
inter, between ; paries, wall.] In
many vertebrates a bone arising
between the parietals and supra-
occipital (anat.).

interpeduncular (In'tSrpSdung'kular)
a. [L. inter, between ; pedunctilus,
little foot.] Appl. a fossa between
the cerebral peduncles ; and also
a ganglion (anat.).

Interpetaloid (in'terpeYaloid) a. [L.
inter, between ; Gk. petalon, petal ;
eidos, resemblance.] Between the
petaloid areas of an echinoderm
test (zool.}.

interpetiolar (m't6rp6t'idlar) a. [L.
inter, between ; petiolus, little foot.]
Situated between the petioles or
bases of opposite leaves (bot.).

interphalangeal (in'tgrfalan'jeal) a.

fL. inter, between ; Gk. phalanx:,
ine of battle.] Appl. articulations
between successive phalanges
(anat.).

interplacental (Tn'tgrplasgn'tal) a. [L.
inter, between ; placenta, flat plate.]
Between placentae (dot.}.

interpleural (m'te'rploo'ral) a. [L.
inter, between ; Gk. pleuron, side.]
Between pleurae (anat.}.

interpubic (Tn'tgrpu'bik) a. [L. inter,
between ; piibis^ mature.] Appl. the
fibrocartilaginous lamina between
the pubic bones (anat.}.

interradial (in'tgrra'dlal) a. [L. inter,
between ; radius, radius.] Pert.
an interradius (zool.}.

interradium (in'tgrra'dlum) n. [L.
inter, between; radius, radius.] The
area between two radii of any
radially symmetrical animal (zool.}.

interradius (in'tgrra'dius) n. [L. inter,
between ; radius, radius.] The
radius of a radiate animal halfway
between two perradii (zool.}.

interramal (Tn'te'rra'mal) a. [L. inter,
between; ramus, branch.] Between
branches or rami (biol.\

interramicorn (m'tgrram'ikorn) n. [L.
inter, between ; ramus, branch ;
cornu, horn.] A piece of a bird's
bill beyond the mandibular rami
forming the gonys (zool.}.

interrenal (in'tgrre'nal) a. [L. inter,
between ; renes, kidneys.] Between
the kidneys ; appl. veins and ad-
renal organs of uncertain function
in most vertebrates (zool.}.

interrupted (in'tgrrup'ted) a. [L.
inter, between ; rumpere, to break.]
Unsymmetrical ; with continuity
broken ; irregular (hot.}.

interruptedly pinnate,— pinnate with
pairs of small leaflets occurring
between larger ones (dot.).

interscapular (Tn'tgrskap'ular) a. . [L.
inter, between ; scapula, shoulder-
blade.] Between the shoulder-
blades ; appl. feathers (zool.).

interseptal (Tn't6rs6p'tal) a. [L. inter,
between ; septum, division.] Pert.
spaces between septa or partitions.

interspicular (in'tgrspik'ular) a. [L.
inter, between ; spiculum, sharp
point.] Occurring between spic-
ules (zool.).

interspinal (in'tgrsprnal) a. [L. inter,
between ; spina, spine.] Occurring
between spinous processes or be-
tween spines ; appl. bones, muscles
(anat.).

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154

INT-

interspinous (in'tgrspl'nus) a. Inter-
spinal.

interstapedial (in'tgrstape'dial) a. [L.
inter, between ; stapes, stirrup.]
Appl. a part of the columella of the
ear (anat.).

intersterility (m'tgrsteril'iti) n. [L.
inter, between ; sterilis, unfruitful.]
Incapacity for interbreeding (biol.).

intersternal (in'tgrsteYnal) a. [L.
inter, between ; Gk. sternon, breast-
plate.] Between the sterna (zool.);
appl. ligaments connecting the
manubrium and body of sternum
(anat.).

interstitial (m'tgrstish'al) a. [L.
inter, between ; sistere, to set.]
Occurring in interstices or spaces ;
appl, cells within tissues.

Intel-temporal (m'tgrtgm'poral) n. [L.
inter, between ; temporalis, tempo-
rary.] A paired membrane bone,
part of the sphenoid complex, fusing
with the alisphenoids (zool.).

intertentacular (in'te'rte'ntak'ular) a.
[L. inter, between ; tentaculum, a
feeler.] Between the tentacles ;
appl. a ciliated tube opening at the
base of the tentacles and connect-
ing coelom and the exterior, found
in the Molluscoida (zool.).

intertidal (in'tferti'dal) a, [L. inter,
between ; A.S. tid, time.] Appl.
shore animals and plants living
between high- and low-water
marks (biol.).

intertrochanteric (m'tgrtrokanteVik)
a. [L. inter, between ; Gk. tro-
chanter, a runner.] Between the
trochanters ; appl. crest, and line
(anat.).

intertrochlear (in'tertrok'lear) a. [L.
inter, between ; Gk. trochos, wheel.]
Appl. an ulnar ridge fitting into a
groove of the humerus (anat.).

interventricular (in'tgrvgntrik'ular) a.
[L. inter, between ; ventricula, small
cavity.] Between the ventricles ;
appl. a foramen (anat.).

intervertebral (in'tervgr'tgbral) a.
[L. inter, between ; vertebra,
vertebra.] Occurring between the
vertebrae ; appl. fibrocartilages,
foramina, veins, discs (anat.).

intervillous (in'tgrvil'us) a. [L. inter,
between ; villi, hairs.] Appl. the
spaces in the trophoblastic network

filled with maternal blood (smb.} ; oc-
curring between villi (anat., zool).

interzonal (m'tgrzo'nal) a. [L. inter,
between ; zona, belt.] Between two
zones ; appl. spindle fibres uniting
groups of daughter chromosomes
in the anaphase of mitosis (cyt.).

interzooecial (in'tgrzoe'shial) a. [L.
inter, between ; zoon, animal ; oikos,
house.] Occurring among zooecia
(zool.).

intestinal (intgs'tinal) a. [L. in-
testinus, internal.] Pert, the in-
testines; appl.< arteries, glands, villi,
etc. (anat.).

intestine (intgs'tin) n. [L. intestinus,
internal.] That part of the ali-
mentary canal from pylorus to
anus, or the part corresponding to
this in lower forms (zool.).

intextine (intek'stin) n. [L. intus,
within ; exter, without.] An inner
membrane of an extine (bot.\

intima (m'tima) n. [L. intimus, inner-
most.] The innermost lining mem-
brane of a part or organ (anat.").

intine (in'tin) n. [L. intus, within.]
The inner covering membrane of a
pollen grain (bot.}.

intrabiontic (Tn'trablon'tik) a. [L.
intra, within ; Gk. bios, life ; on fa,
beings.] Appl. a process of selec-
tion occurring in a living unit
(phys., biol.).

intracapsular (m'trakap'sular) a. [L.
intra, within ; capsula, small chest.]
Contained within a capsule, as the
protoplasm of Radiolarians (biol.).

intracardiac (Tn'trakar'diak) a. [L.
intra, within ; Gk. kardia, heart.]
Within the heart (zool., anat.}.

intracartilaginous (Tn'trakar'tilaj'-
inus) a. [L. intra, within ; cartilage,
gristle.] Inside the cartilage ; appl.
ossification (emb.).

intracellular (in'trasgl'ular) a. [L.
intra, within ; cellula, little cell.]
Within the cell (biol., phys.).

intracortical (in'trakor^tikal) a. [L.
intra, within ; cortex, rind.] Uniting
parts of the brain cortex, or within
it (anat.).

intrafascicular (in'trafasTk'ular) a.
[L. intra, within ; fasciculus, little
bundle.] Within a vascular bundle
(bot.).

intrafoliaceous (m'trafolia'shus) a.

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155

INT-

[L. intra, within ; folium, leaf.]
Appl. stipules encircling the stem
and forming a sheath ; cf, ochrea
(bot.}.

Intrafusal (m'trafu'sal) a. [L. infra,
within ; fusus, poured.] Appl.
fasciculi and fibres connected re-
spectively with neurotendinous and
neuromuscular spindles (anat.}.

intraglobular (in'traglob'ular) a. [L.
intra, within ; globus, globe.] Oc-
curringwithin aglobule or corpuscle
(Phys.}.

intrajugular (in'trajoog'ular) a. [L.
infra, within ; jugulum, throat.]
Appl. a bony spicule or process in
the middle of the jugular notch
(anat.}.

intralamellar (Tn'tralamel'ar) a. [L.
intra, within ; lamella, thin plate.]
Within a lamella ; afipl. the trama
of gill-bearing Fungi (bot.}.

intralobular (in'tralob'ular) a. [L.
intra, within ; lobulus, small lobe.]
Occurring within lobules ; appl.
veins draining the liver lobules
(anat.}.

intramembranous(in'trame'rn'branus)
a. [L. intra, within ; membrana,
film.] Appl. bone developed in
membrane (anat.}.

intramolecular (m'tramolgk'ular) a.
[L. intra, within ; F. molecule, small
particle.] Appl. plant respiration
from the splitting up of complex
substances within the cell (bot.}.

intranuclear (in'tranu'klear) a. [L.
intra, within ; nucleus, kernel.]
Within the nucleus ; appl. spindles,
fibres, etc. (cyt.}.

intraparietal (in'trapari'e'tal) a. [L.
intra, within ; paries, wall.] En-
closed within the walls of an organ ;
within the parietal lobe, as sulcus,
fissure, etc. (anat.}.

intrapetalous (In'trapgt'alus) a. [L.
intra, within ; Gk. petalon, petal.]
Situated in a petaloid area, in
Echinoderms (zool.}.

intrapetiolar (m'trapgt'iolar) a. [L.
intra, within ; petiolus, little foot.]
Within the petiole base expansion
(bot.}.

intrapleural (in'traploo'ral) a. [L.

intra, within ; Gk. pleuron, side.]

Within the thoracic cavity.

intraselection (In'traseWshun)

[L. intra, within ; selectus, chosen.]
Selection within an organ of cells
fittest to survive.

intrastelar (in'traste'lar) a. [L. intra,
within ; stele, pillar.] Within the
stele of a stem or root ; appl.
ground tissue, bundles, etc. (bot.}.

intratarsal (in'tratar'sal) a. [L. intra,
within ; tarsus, ankle.] Within the
tarsus ; appl. joint of reptilian limb
between the rows of tarsal bones
(zool.}.

intrathyroid (In'trathl'roid) a. [L.
intra, within ; Gk. thyreos, shield ;
eidos, like.] Appl. a cartilage join-
ing the laminae of the thyroid
cartilage during infancy (anat.}.

intrauterine (In'trau't6rin) a. [L.
intra, within ; uterus, womb.] De-
veloping or passed within the
uterus (emb.}.

intravaginal (in'travaj'inal) a. [L.
intra, within ; vagina, sheath.]
Within the vagina (zool.} ; con-
tained within a sheath, as grass
branches (bot.}.

intravascular (m'travaVkular) a. [L.
intra, within ; vasculum, small
vessel.] Within the blood-vessels
(anat.}.

intraventricular (m'travgntrik'ular)
a. [L. intra, within ; ventriculus,
small cavity.] Appl. the caudate
nucleus of the corpus striatum,
seen within the ventricle of the
brain ; within a ventricle (anat.}.

intravesical (m'traves'ikal) a. [L.
intra, within ; vesica, bladder.]
Within the bladder (anat.}.

intravitelline (in'travitglfn) a. [L.
intra, within ; vitellus, egg-yolk.]
Within the yolk of an egg (emb.}.

intraxylary (in'trazl'lari) a. [L.
intra, within ; Gk. xylon, wood.]
Within the wood or xylem (bot.}.

intrinsic (mtrm'sik) a. [L. intrinsecus,
inwards.] Appl. inner muscles of
tongue ; opp. extrinsic (anat.}.

introitus (Intro'itus) n. [L. intro,
within ; ire, to go.] An opening
or orifice (anat.}.

intromittent (In'tromit'fint) a. [L.
intro, within ; mittere, to send.]
Adapted for inserting ; appl. male
copulatory organs (zool.}.

introrse (Intr&rs') a. [L. intro, within ;

n. versus^ turned.] Turned inwards

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156

IRI-

or towards the axis ; of anthers,
opening on the side next the
pistil (60 f.).

Introvert (m'trovert) n. [L. intro,
within ; vertere, to turn.] That
which is capable of involution, as
the anterior region of the body of
certain zooids, of certain Annulates,
the mouth extremity of certain
Molluscs (zool.} ; v. to turn, bend,
or draw inwards (biol.).

Intussusception (m'tussusgp'shun) n.
[L. intus, within ; suscipere, to
receive.] Growth in surface-extent
or volume by intercalation of par-
ticles among those already present
(biol.).

inulase (in'ulas) n. [L. inula, the
plant elecampane.] A ferment of
plants which acts on inulin (bat.).

inulin (m'ulin) n. [L. inula, the plant
elecampane.] A form of starch
found in plant-cell sap (bot.).

invaginate (mvaj'inat) v. [L. in,
into ; vagina, sheath.] To involute
or draw into a sheath ; appl. the
insinking of a wall of a cavity or
vessel apparently reducing the
original cavity and leaving a new
cavity or groove visible on the
exterior {zool., bot.).

invagination (invaj'ina'shun) n. [L. in,
into ; vagina, sheath.] Involution ;
introversion ; gastrula-formation by
infolding of the blastula wall (zool.}.

invertase (inveVtas) n. [L. invertere,
to turn into.] A ferment of plants
which acts on cane sugar (bot.).

invertebrate (invgr'tgbrat) a. [L. in,
not ; vertebra, joint.] Back-bone-
less ; without spinal column.

investing bones, — membrane bones.

investment (mv&st'ment) n. [L. in,
in ; vestire, to clothe.] The outer
covering of a part, organ, animal,
or plant.

involucel (invol'use'l) n. [Dim. of L.
involucrum, covering.] The small
bracts at the base of a secondary
umbel ; a partial involucre (hot.}.

involucellate (Invol'usSl'at) a. [Dim.
of L. involucrum, covering.] Bear-
ing involucels (bot.).

involucral (in'volu'kral) a. [L. in-
volucrum, covering.] Pert, or like
an involucre (bot.).

involucrate (m'volu'krat) a. [L. in-

volucrum, covering.] Bearing in-
volucres (bot.).

involucre (in'volu'ker) n. [L. invo-
lucrum, covering.] Bracts at the
base of chief branches of compound
umbels (bot.).

involucrum (in'volu'krum) n. [L.
involucrum, covering.] In Hydro-
medusae, the protective cup into
which nematocysts can be spirally
retracted ; the metanotum of Or-
thoptera (zool.) ; an involucre (hot.).

involuntary (invol'untarl) a. [L. in,
not ; voluntas, a wish.] Not under
control of the will ; appl. certain
plain unstriped muscles, as of the
alimentary canal, and to their
movements (phys.).

involute (in'volut) a. [L. involutus,
rolled up.] Of leaves, having the
edges rolled inwards at each side
(bot.) ; of shells, closely coiled
(zool.).

involution (in'volu'shun) n. [L. in-
volvere, to roll up.] Appl. forms
that have become deformed in
structure owing to unfavourable
conditions, but not to such an
extent as to be incapable of re-
covery if the conditions improve ;
as the so-called "latent bodies" in
the Haemoflagellate life - history
(zool.).

iodothyrin (lo'dothl'nn) n. [Gk. iodes,
violet ; thyreos, shield.] An iodine
compound in the colloid material
of the thyroid gland (phys.).

iridial angle, — the filtration angle of
the eye ; an angular recess at the
anterior surface of the attached
margin of the eye (anat.).

iridocytes (ir'idoslts) n. plu. [L. iris,
rainbow; Gk. kytos, hollow.] Guanin
granules, bodies or plates, of which
the reflecting tissue of the skin of
Fishes is composed ; iridescent
cells in the integument of Sepia
(zool.).

iridomotor (ir'idomo'tor) a. [L. iris,
rainbow ; movere, to move.] Con-
nected with the movements of the
iris (phys.).

iris (I'ris) n. [L. iris, rainbow.] A
thin, circular, contractile disc sus-
pended in the aqueous humour of
the eye between the cornea and
lens (anat.).

IRR-

157

ISO-

irritability (ir'itabil'itl) n. [L. irritare,
to provoke.] Power of receiving
external impressions or stimuli, and
reacting to them, inherent in living
matter (phys.).

irritant (Ir'itant) n. [L. irritare, to
provoke.] An external stimulus
which provokes a response (phys.).

ischiadic (is'kTad'lk) a. Ischial.

ischial (Ts'kial) a. [Gk. ischion, a hip.]
Pert, or in the region of the hip ;
appl. artery, vein (anat.).

ischiocapsular (Ts'kTokap'sular) a.
[Gk. ischion, hip ; L. capsula, little
chest.] Appl. a ligament joining
the capsular ligament and the hip
(anat.).

ischiocavernous (Ts'kTokav'ernus) a.
[Gk. ischion, hip ; L. cavus, hollow.]
Appl. muscle between the hip and
the corpora cavernosa (anat.).

ischiopodite (fs'kiop'odlt) n. [Gk.
ischion, hip ; pous, foot.] The
proximal joint of the walking legs
of certain Crustacea, or of the
maxillipedes (zool.).

ischiopubic (Is'kTopu'bTk) a. [Gk.
ischion, hip ; L. pubis, adult.] Appl.
a gap or fenestra between the
ischium and pubis (anat.).

ischiopubis (Ts'kTopu'bTs) n. [Gk.
ischion, hip ; L. pubis, adult.] The
ischium of Pterodactyls, the pubis
being excluded from the acetabu-
lum ; a fused ischium and pubis

ischiorectal (Is'kTorgk'tal) a. [Gk.
ischion, hip ; L. rectus, straight.]
Pert, ischium and rectum ; appl.
fossa and muscles (anat.).

ischium (Ts'kTum) n. [Gk. ischion,
hip.] The ventral and posterior
bone of each half of the pelvic
girdle of Mammals ; an ischiopodite
(zool.).

isidiferous (I'sTdif'erus) a. [Gk. isis,
plant ; ~L.ferre, to bear.] Bearing
isidia (bot.).

isidioid (IsTd'Toid) a. [Gk. isis, plant ;
cidos, like.] Like an isidium (bot.).

isidium (IsTd'ium) »., isidia (Isid'ia)
plu. [Gk. isis, plant.] Coral-like
soredia on the surface of some
Lichens (bot.).

isidophorous (I'sTdof'oriis) a. [Gk.
isis, plant ; pherein, to bear.] Isid-
iferous.

islets of Langerhans, — spherical or
oval bodies scattered throughout
the pancreas, concerned in the
metabolism of sugar in the body
(phys.).

isobilateral symmetry, — the quality
of leaves whose upper and lower
surfaces are similar (dot.).

isocarpous (I'sokar'pus) a. [Gk. isos,
equal ; karpos, fruit.] Having car-
pels and perianth divisions equal
in number (bot.).

isocercal (I'soseYkal) a. [Gk. tsos,
equal ; kerkos, tail.] With verte-
bral column ending in median line
of caudal fin (zool.).

isochela (I'soke'la) n. [Gk. isos, equal ;
chele, claw.] A chela with two
parts equally developed (zool.).

isocytic (I'sosTt'ik) a. [Gk. isos, equal ;
kytos, hollow.] With all cells equal
(biol.).

isodactylous (I'sodak'tiliis) a. [Gk.
isos, equal; daktylos, finger.] Hav-
ing all the digits of equal size
(zool.).

isodiametric (I'sodiamgt'rik) a. [Gk.
t'sos, equal ; dia, through ; metron,
measure.] With cells or other
structures of equal diameter (bot.).

isodont (I'so'dont) a. [Gk. isos, equal ;
odous, tooth.] Having teeth all
equal (zool.).

isodynamic (I'sodtnam'ik) a. [Gk.
isos, equal ; dynamis, power.] Of
equal strength ; appl. foods (phys.).

isogamete (I'sogamet') n. [Gk. isos,
equal ; gamos, marriage.] One of
a pair of equal gametes, not
differentiated from one another.

isogamous (Isog'amus) a. [Gk. isos^
equal ; gamos, marriage.] Having
the gametes alike (hot.).

isogamy (isog'amT) n. [Gk. isos,
equal ; gamos, union.] Sexual
union, or union of similar gametes
(biol.).

isogenetic (I'sojengt'ik) a. [Gk. isos,
equal ; genos, offspring.] Arising
from the same or a similar origin
(biol.).

isogenous (isoj'e'nus) a. Isogenetic.

isognathous (Isog'nathus) a. [Gk.
isos, equal; gnathos, jaw.] Having
both jaws alike (zool.).

isomastigote (I'somas'tTgot) a [Gk.
isos, equal; inastix, whip.] Having

ISO-

158

JAC-

the flagella of equal length
(zool.).

isomere (I'somer) n. [Gk. isos, equal;
meros, part.] A homologous struc-
ture or part (zool.).

isoinerous (Isom'Srus) a. [Gk. isos,
equal; meros, part.] Having equal
numbers of different parts ; appl.
flowers with the same number of
parts in each whorl (dot.).

isomorphic (I'somor'fik) a. [Gk. isos,
equal ; morphe, shape.] Super-
ficially alike (biol.\

Isomorphism (I'somor'fizm) n. [Gk.
tsos, equal ; morphe, shape.] Ap-
parent similarity of individuals of
different race or species (diol.).

isomorphous (I'somor'fus) a. Isomor-
phic.

isopedine (isop'edin) n. [Gk. isopedos,
level.] A layer of compact bony
material in certain fish scales (zool.).

isopetalous (I'sopeYalus) a. [Gk. isos,
equal ; petalon, petal.] Having
similar petals (dot.).

isophytoid (I'sofi'toid) a. [Gk. isos,
equal ; phyton, plant.] An " indi-
vidual" or part of a compound
plant not differentiated from the
rest (dot.).

isopodous (Isop'odus) a. [Gk. isost
equal ; pous, foot.] Having the
legs alike and equal (zool.).

Isopogonous (I'sopog'onus) a. [Gk.
isos, equal ; pogon, beard.] Of
feathers having the two webs
equal and similar (zool.).

isospore (I'sospor7) n. [Gk. isos, equal ;
sporos, seed.] An agamete pro-
duced by schizogony ; opp. aniso-
spore (zool., hot.).

isosporous (Isos'porus) a. [Gk. isos,
equal ; sporos, seed.] Having
spores of one kind only (hot.).

isostemonous (I'sostgm'onus) a. [Gk.
isos, equal ; L. stamen, standing.]
Having stamens equal in number
to that of sepals and petals (dot.).

isotely (Tsot'glT) n. [Gk. isos, equal ;
telos, end.] The close resemblance
in a homologous character, feature,
or organ which has undergone
subsequent modifications on a
similar line although it may be in
widely divergent groups (zool., dot.).

isotomy (Ts6t'6mT) n. [Gk. tsos,
equal ; temnein, to cut.] Bifurca-

tion constantly repeated in a
regular manner, as in crinoid
brachia (zool.).

isotonic (I'soton'ik) a. [Gk. isos,
equal ; tonos, tone.] Of equal
tension (phys.).

isotonicity (I'sotonis'iti) n. [Gk. isos,
equal ; tonos, tone.] Normal ten-
sion under pressure or stimulus
(phys.).

isotropous (isot'ropiis) a. [Gk. isos,
equal ; trepein, to turn.] Not
influenced in any one direction
more than another (dot.) ; without
predetermined axes, as in eggs
(zool.).

isotropy (isot'ropi) n. [Gk. isos,
equal ; trepein, to turn.] Absence
of predetermined axes in eggs.
(emd.).

isozoic (I'sozo'ik) a. [Gk. isos, equal ;
zoon, animal.] Inhabited by
similar forms of animal life (dial ).

isozooid (I'sozo'oid) n. [Gk. isos,
equal ; zoon, animal ; eidos, like.]
A zooid similar to the parent
stock (zoo!.).

isthmiate (is'miat) a. [Gk. isthmos,
neck.] Connected by an isthmus-
like part.

isthmus (is'mus) n. [Gk. isthmos,
neck.] A narrow structure con-
necting two larger parts, as those
of aorta, acoustic meatus, limbic
lobe, thyroid, etc. (anat.).

iter (ft'Sr) n. [L. iter, way.] A
passage or canal, as those of the
middle ear, brain, etc. ; an aque-
duct (anat.).

ivory (I'vori) n. [L. edur, ivory,
through French.] Dentine of teeth,
usually that of the elephant's tusks
and similar structures, formed from
the odontoblasts.

Jacobson's cartilage, — a special carti-
lage formed in the nose region,
supporting Jacobson's organ.

Jacobson's organ, — a diverticulum of
the olfactory organ in many verte-
brates, often developing into an
epithelium-lined sac which opens
into the mouth.

JAC-

159

KAR-

jaculator (jak'ulator) n. [L. jaculatus,
thrown.] A placental process,
usually hook-shaped, of certain
fruits (hot.).

jaculatory (jak'ulatorf) a. [L. jacu-
latorius, throwing.] Darting out;
capable of being emitted (zoo/.).

jaculatory duct, — a portion of the
vas deferens in many animals,
which is capable of being pro-
truded (zool.}.

jaculiferous (jak'ulif'erus) a. [L.
jaculum, a dart ; ferre, to carry.]
Bearing dart-like spines.

jaw (jo) n. [Akin to chaw, cheivl\
A structure of vertebrates supported
by bone or cartilage, naked or
sheathed in horn, or bearing teeth
or horny plates, forming part of
the mouth, and helping to open
or shut it ; in invertebrates, a
similarly placed structure.

jaw-bone,— the mandible.

jaw-foot, — a maxillipede of Arthro-
pods (zool.}.

jecorin (jSk'orin) n. [L.jecur, liver.]
A lecithin-like phosphorized sub-
stance present in many of the
organs of the body in minute
quantities, and soluble in ether
(phys.}.

jejunum (jejoon'um) n. [L. jejunus,
empty.] The part of the small
intestine stretching from the duo-
denum to the ileum (anat.}.

jelly of Wharton, — the mucoid tissue
found in connection with the vessels
of the umbilical cord (anat.}.

jubate (joob'at) a. [L. jubatus,
maned.j With mane-like growth
(zool.\.

jugal (joog'al) n. [L. jugum, yoke.]
The malar bone, between maxilla
and squamosal.

jugate (joog'at) a. [L.jugum, yoke.]
Having pairs of leaflets (bot.} ;
furnished with a jugum (zool.).

jugular (joog'ular, jug-) a. [L. jugu-
lum, a collar-bone.] Pert, neck or
throat ; appl. ventral fish-fins be-
neath and in front of pectoral fins
(zool.).

jugulum (joog'ulum, jug-) n. [L.
jugulum, collar-bone.] The fore-
neck region of a bird's breast ; in
Insects, the jugum of the wing
(zool.}.

jugum (joog'iim) n. [L.jugum, yoke.]
A pair of opposite leaflets ; a ridge
on the mericarp of umbelliferous
plants (dot.} ; a small forewing lobe
of a very few moths with no fren-
ulum (zool.} ; the union of the small
sphenoidal wings in the first year
after birth (anat.}.

juice (joos) n. [L.jus, mixture.] The
fluid contained in animal flesh or
plant structure (phys.).

Jurassic (jooras'ik) a. [Jura moun-
tains.] Occurring in the middle
Secondary rock-system, the eighth
of the thirteen systems (pal.}.

K

kakogenesis (kak'ojen'gsls) n. [Gk.
kakos, bad ; genesis, descent.] In-
ability to hybridize (biol.}.

kalldium (kalid'ium) n. [Dim. Gk.
kalia, a hut.] A form of sporocarp
(bot.}.

kalymmocytes (kaltm'osits) n. plu.
[Gk. kalymma, covering ; kytos,
cell.] In Ascidians, certain follicle-
cells which migrate into the egg
after maturation (zool.}.

karyaster (karias'ter) n. [Gk. karyon,
nucleus ; aster, star.] A star-shaped
group of chromosomes (cyt.}.

karyenchyma (kar'Igng'kTma) n. [Gk.
karyon, nucleus ; engchyma, in-
fusion.] Nuclear sap (cyt.}.

karyogamy (kar'iog'aml) n. [Gk.
karyon, nucleus ; games, union.]
Union and interchange of nuclear
material (cyt.}.

karyokinesis (karfokine'sis) n. [Gk.
karyon, nucleus ; kinein, to change.]
Indirect cell-division; mitosis (cyt.}.

karyolymph (kar'iolimf) n. [Gk.
karyon, nucleus ; L. lympha, water.]
Nuclear sap (cyt.}.

karyolysls (kar'iol'lsls) n. [Gk. kar-
yon, nucleus ; lyein, to loosen.]
Supposed dissolution of the nucleus
in mitosis (cyt.}.

karyomlcrosome (kar'iomi'krosom) 11.
[Gk. karyon, nucleus ; mikros, small ;
soma, body.] A nuclear granule

(cyt.}.

KAR-

160

KIN-

karyomite (kar'lomlt') n. [Gk. kar-
yon, nucleus ; mitos, thread.] A
chromosome (cyt.}.

karyomitome (karTomitom') n. [Gk.
karyon, nucleus ; mitoma, network.]
Nuclear network of fibres (cyt.}.
karyomitosis (kar'iomito'sis) n. [Gk.
karyon, nucleus ; mitos, thread.]
Indirect nuclear division (cyt.}.
karyon (kar'ion) n. [Gk. karyon,

nucleus.] The cell-nucleus (cyt.}.
karyophans (kar'iofanz') n. plu. [Gk.
karyon, nucleus ; phainein, to
appear.] Microsomes or nucleus-
like granules surrounded by an
ovoid matrix, which form the
spironeme and axoneme in stalk
of Infusoria (cyt.}.

karyoplasm (kar'toplazm) n. [Gk.
karyon, nucleus ; plasma, something
moulded.] The nucleoplasm or
nuclear substance (cyt.}.
karyorhexis (kar'iorek'sis) n. [Gk.
karyon, nucleus ; rexis, breaking.]
Fragmentation of the nucleus (cyt.}.
karyosome (kar'iosom) n. [Gk. kar-
yon, nucleus ; soma, body.] One
of the nucleoli of the "net-knot"
type ; a chromosome ; a special
aggregation of chromatin in the
resting nucleus ; the cell-nucleus
itself ; cf. plasmosome (cyt.}.
karyota (kario'ta) n. plu. [Gk. kar-
yon, nucleus.] Nucleated cells,
karyotheca (kar'iothe'ka) n. [Gk.
karyon, nucleus ; theke, covering.]
The nuclear membrane (cyt.}.
katabolism (katab'olizm) n. [Gk.
kata, down ; ballein, to throw.] The
destructive processes of metabolism
(phys.}.

kataphoric (katafor'ik) a. [Gk. kata,
down ; pherein, to carry.] Appl.
passive action, the result of lethargy
(phys.}.

kataplexy (kat'aplek'si) n. [Gk. kata,
down ; plessein, to strike.] Con-
dition of an animal feigning death
(Phys.}.

katastate (katas'tat) n. [Gk. kata,
down ; stasis, state.] Any product
of katabolic activity of protoplasm
(phys.}.

kathodic (kathod'ik) a. [Gk. kathodos,
descent.] Not arising in conforma-
tion to the genetic spiral ; appl.
leaves (bot.}.

kation (katl'on) ;/. [Gk. kata, down ;
ienai, to go.] A positively charged
ion which moves towards the
kathode or negative pole ; opp.
anion (phys.}.

keel (kel) n. [A.S. ceol, ship.] The
carina or breast-bone of flying birds
(zool.} ; the boat-shaped structure
formed by the two anterior petals
of the Leguminosae (bot.}.
keraphyllous (keraf'iltis) a. [Gk.
keras, horn ; phyllon, leaf.] Appl.
layer of a hoof between the horny
and sensitive parts.
keratin (ker'atin) n. [Gk. keras,
horn.] An insoluble substance
forming the basis of epidermal
structures such as horns, nails
(zool.}.

keratinization (kerat'iniza'shun) n.
[Gk. keras, horn.] State of becom-
ing horny ; appl. cells of epiderm
developing in a horny material
(zool.}.

keratogenous (keratqj'e'nus) a. [Gk.
keras, horn ; gignesthai, to produce.]
Horn-producing (zool.}.
keratoid (ker'atoid) a. [Gk. keras,
horn ; eidos, resemblance.] Horny ;
resembling horn (zool.}.
keratose (ker'atos) a. [Gk. keras,
horn.] Having horny fibres in
their skeleton, as certain Sponges
(zool.}.

kernel (ker'nel) ». [A.S. cyrnel, a
small grain.] The inner part of a
seed containing the embryo (bot.}.
kidney (kld'ni) n. [M.E. kidnere,
kidney.] A urine-secreting organ
(anat.}.

kinaesthetic (kln'esthet'ik) a. [Gk.
kinein, to move ; aisthesis, percep-
tion.] Pert, sense of muscular effort ;
motorial ; appl. sense, area (phys.}.
kinesodic (km'esod'ik) a. [Gk. kinesis,
movement ; odos, way.] Conveying
motor impulses (phys.}.
kinetic (klnet'lk) a. [Gk. kinein, to
move.] Appl. energy employed in
producing or changing motion
(phys.} ; appl. division centre in
cell-division (cyt.}.

kinetoblast (kine'toblast) n. [Gk.
kinein, to move ; blastos, bud.] The
outer ciliated investment of aquatic
larvae with special locomotor prop-
erties (zool.}.

KIN-

161

LAii-

kinetogenesis (kine'toje'n'e'sis) n.
[Gk. kinein, to move ; gignesthai,
to produce.] The evolution theory
that animal structures have been
produced by animal movements
(biol.}.

kinetonucleus (klne'tonu'kleus) n.
[Gk. kinein, to move ; L. nucleus,
kernel.] The secondary nucleus,
in forms such as Trypanosomes,
in close connection with the flag-
ellum and undulating membrane ;
cf. trophonucleus (cyt.}.

kinetoplasm (kine'toplazm) n. [Gk.
kinein, to move ; plasma, some-
thing formed.] An iron-contain-
ing nucleo-protein forming a source
of energy to Nissl granules of
nerve-cells (phys.}.

kinoplasm (km oplazm) n. [Gk.
kinein, to move ; plasma, some-
thing formed.] The substance of
which attraction-sphere, astral
rays, and spindle-fibres consist ;
archoplasm (cyt.}.

klasma-plates (klas'ma-plats) n. plu.
[Gk. klasma, fragment ; L. platus,
flat.] Small parts of compound
ambulacral plates separated by
growth pressure in certain Echi-
noids (zool.}.

kleistogamous (kllstog'amus) a. [Gk.
kleistos, closed ; gamos, marriage.]
Fertilized in closed flowers (bot.}.

knee (ne) n. [A.S. cnecnu, knee.]
The joint between femur and tibia
(zool.} ; a root-process of certain
swamp-growing trees (bot.}.

knot (not) n. [A.S. cnotta, a knot.]
In wood, the base of a branch sur-
rounded by new layers of wood
and hardened by pressure (dot.) ;
in nuclear-meshwork, the small
particles of chromatin where the
meshes cross (cyt.}.

labellate (labeTat) a. [L. labellum,

small lip.] Furnished with labella

or small lips (dot., zool.}.
labelloid (labeToid) a. [L. labellum,

small lip ; Gk. eidos, resemblance.]

Like a labellum.
labellum (labeTum) n. [L. labelling

small lip.] The lower petal,
morphologically posterior, of an
orchid (bot.} ; a small lobe beneath
the labrum in certain insects ; one
of the proboscis lobes in certain
insects (zool.}.

labia (la'bia) n. plu. [L. labium, lip.]
Lip-like structures (anat.}.

labia cerebri,— the margins of the
hemispheres of the brain overlap-
ping the corpus callosum (anaf.}.

labia majora, — the outer lips of the
vulva (anat.}.

labia minora, — the inner vulvular
lips (anat.}.

labial (la'blal) a. [L. labium, lip.]
Pert, or resembling a lip (zool.}.

labial palp, — the lobe-like structure
near the mouth of a mollusc ; the
jointed appendage on the labium
of Insects (zool.}.

labiate (la'blat) a. [L. labium, lip.]
Lip-like ; possessing lips or
thickened margins (zool.} ; having
the limb of the calyx or corolla so
divided that the one portion over-
laps the other (bot.}.

labiatiflorous (la'biatiflo'rus) a. [L.
labium, lip ; flos, flower.] Having
the corolla divided into two lip-
like portions (bot.}.

labidophorous (lab'idof'orus) a. [Gk.
labis, forceps ; pherein, to carry.]
Possessing pincer-like organs
(zool.}.

labiella (la'bleTa) n. [L. labium, lip.]
One of the mouth organs of Myria-
pods (zool.}.

labiodental (la'biodgn'tal) a. [L.
labium, lip ; dens, tooth.] Pert.
lip and teeth ; appl. to an em-
bryonic lamina (emb.}.

labium (la'bium) n. sing, of labia ;
the fused second maxillae of Insects
(*»/.).

labral (la'bral) a. [L. labrum, lip.]
Pert, a labrum (zool.}.

labrum (la'brum) n., labra (la'bra)
plu. [L. labrum, lip.] The anterior
lip of Insects, Crustaceans, and
certain other Arthropods ; the outer
margin of the mouth of a gastropod
shell (zool.}.

labyrinth (lab'frinth) n. [L. laby-

rinthus, labyrinth.] The complex

internal ear, bony or membranous ;

the portions of kidney cortex with

L

I,AB-

162

LAG-

the uriniferous tubules (anat.) ; the
tracheal tympanum (zool.).
labyrinthodont (lab'irin'thodont) a.
[Gk. labyrinthos, labyrinth ; odous,
a tooth.] Having teeth with great
complexity of dentine arrangement
(zool.}.
laccate (lak'at)tf. [It. lacca, varnish.]

Appearing as if varnished (dot.).
lacerated (Ias'6rat6d) a. [L. lacerare,
to tear.] Having the margin or
apex deeply cut into irregular lobes
(hot., zool.}.

lacertiform (lasfir'tiform) a. [L.
lacerta, lizard ; forma, shape.]
Having the shape of a lizard
(zool).

lachrymal, — see lacrimal.
laclnia (lasin'ia) n. [L. lacinia, flap.]
Segment of an incised leaf (hot.) ;
internal endopodite of labium of
Insects (zool.).

laciniate (lasm'Iat) a. [L. lacinia,
flap.] Irregularly incised, as
petals ; fringed (hot.).
lacinula (lasin'ula) n. [L. lacinia,
flap.] Small lacinia (hot., zool.} ;
the inflexed sharp point of the
petal (tot.).

lacinulate (lasin'ulat) a. [L. lacinia,
flap.] Having lacinulae (dot., zool.).
lacrimal (lak'rimal) a. [L. lacrima,
tear.] Pert, or situated 'nejjii-^e
lacrimal organ; appl. bone, duct,
papillae, sac, etc. (anat.). ' .,
lacrimonasal (lak'rlmona'zal) a. ' [L.
lacrima, tear ; nasum, nose.] Pert. 1
the lacrimal and nasal bones or
duct (anat.).

lacrimose (lak'rimos) a. [L. lacrima,
tear.] Bearing tear-shaped ap-
pendages, as the gills of certain
Fungi (bot.).

lactalbumin (lak'talbu'min) n. [L.
lac, milk ; albumin, albumin.] An
albumin found in milk (phys.).
lactase (lak'tas) n. [L. lac, milk.]
An enzyme found in the animal
body forming glucose, etc., from
lactose (phys.).

lactation (lakta'shun) n. [L. lac,
milk.] Secretion of milk in • the
mammary glands (zool.).
lacteals (lak'tealz) n. plu. [L. lac,
milk.] Thechyliferous or lymphatic
vessels of the smallintestine (anat.);
ducts which carry latex (tot.).

lactescent (lakteVgnt) a. [L. lac-
tescere, to turn to milk.] Produc-
ing milk (zool.) ; yielding latex
(bot.).

lactic (lak'tik) a. [L. lac, milk.]
Pert, milk ; appl. bacilli (phys.).

lactiferous (laktif'erus) a. [L. lac,
milk ;ferre, to carry.] Forming or
carrying milk (zool} ; carrying
latex (tot.).

lactochrome (lak'tokrom) n. [L. lac,
milk ; Gk. chroma, colour.] A
colouring matter of a nitrogenous
nature supposed to be in milk
(phys.).

lactoglobulin (lak'toglob'ulin) n. [L.
lac, milk ; globulus, dim. of globus,
globe.] The specific proteid of
milk, insoluble in water (phys.).

lactoproteid (lak'topro'teid) n. [L.
lac, milk ; Gk. protos, first ; eidos,
resemblance.] Any of the milk
proteids (phys.).

lacuna (laku'na) n. [L. lacuna, cavity.]
A space between cells ; a sinus
(zool.) ; a urethral follicle ; a cavity
in bone (anat.) ; a small cavity or
depression on the surface in Lichens
(bot.).

lacunar (laku'nar) a. [L. lacuna,
cavity.] Having or resembling
lacunae (zool., anat.).

lacunose (laku'nos) a. [L. lacuna,
cavity.] With numerous cavities
(zool., bot.).

lacunosorugose (lak'unosoroo'gos)
a. [L. lacuna, cavity ; rugosus,
wrinkled.] Having deep furrows or
pits, as some seeds and fruits (bot.).

lacustrine (lakus'trin) a. [L. lacus,
lake.] Pert, or being in or beside
lakes (tot., zool.).

laeotropic (le'otrop'ik) a. [Gk. laios,
left ; trepein, to turn.] Inclined,
turned, or coiled to the left (zool.).

laeotropous (leot'ropus). Laeotropic.

lagena (lagen'a, laje'na) ;/., lagenae
(lage'na, lajen'e) plu. [L. lagena,
flask.] An outgrowth of the sac-
culus, the terminal portion of the
cochlea (zool.).

lageniform (lage'mform, laje'niform)
a. [L. lagena, flask ; forma, shape.]
Shaped like a flask (zool.).

lagopodous (lagop'odus) a. [Gk.
lagos, hare ; pous, foot.] Possessing
hairy or feathery feet (zool.).

LAM

LAP-

Lamarckian (lamark'ian) a. [F.
Lamarck, biologist.] Of or pert.
the theories put forward by Lamarck
(diol.).

Lamarckism (lamark'izm) n. [F.
Lamarck, biologist.] The evolution
theory of Lamarck, embodying the
principle that acquired character-
istics are transmissible (diol.).

lambda (lam'da) n. [Gk. A, lambda.]
The junction of the lambdoid and
sagittal sutures (anat.).

lambdoid (lam'doid) a. [Gk. A,
lambda ; eidos, resemblance.] A-
shaped ; appl. a cranial suture
(anat.).

lambdoidal, — lambdoid.

lamella (lamel'a) n. [L. lamella, a
small plate.] Any thin plate-like
structure (anat., zool.) ; the gill of
an Agaric (dot.).

lamellar (lameTar) a. [L. lamella, a
small plate.] Composed of, or
possessing thin plates (zool., dot.).

lamellate (lamel'at). Lamellar.

lamellibranchiate (lameTibrang'kiat)
a. [L. lamella, thin plate ; Gk.
brangchia, gills.] Having plate-
like gills on each side ; with bi-
laterally compressed symmetrical
body, like a bivalve (zool.).

lamellicorn (lameTikorn) a. [L.
lamella, plate ; cornu, horn.] Hav-
ing antennal joints expanded into
flattened plates (zojf.).

lamelliferous (lam'elif'e'rus) a. [L.
lamella, plate ; ferre, to cawy.j
Having small plates or scales
(zool.).

lamelliform (lamel'iform) a. [L. la-
mella, plate ; forma, shape.] Plate-
like (zool.).

lamellirostral (lamgl'iros'tral) a. [L.
lamella, plate ; rostrum, beak.]
Having the inner edges of the
bill bearing lamellar-like ridges
(zool.).

lamelloss (lameTos, lam'£los), lamellar.

lamina (lam'ina) n. [L. lamina, plate.]
A thin layer, or scale ; one of the
thin plate-like expansions of sensi-
tive tissue which fit into the grooves
on the inside of the horse-hoof
(zool.) ; the blade of the leaf (dot.).

laminar (lam'mar) a. [L. lamina,
plate.] Consisting of plates or thin
layers (dot., zool.).

laminiform (lamin'iform) a. [L. lam-
ina, plate ; forma, shape.] Laminar.

laminiplantar (lam'inTplan'tar) a. [L.
lamina, plate ; planta, sole of foot.]
Having the scales of the metatarsus
meeting behind in a smooth ridge
(zool.).

laminous (lam'inus) a. [L. lamina,
plate.] ^Laminar.

lanate (lan'at) a. [L. lana, wool.]
Woolly (zool.) ; covered with short
hair-like processes giving a woolly
appearance to the surface (dot.).

lance-linear (lans'-lin'ear) a. [L.
lancea, lance ; linea, line.] Between
lanceolate and linear in form ; appl.
leaves (dot.).

lance-oblong (lans'-ob'long) a. [L.
lancea, lance ; odlongus, oblong.]
Oblong with tapering ends ; appl.
leaves (dot.).

lanceolate (lan'seolat) a. [L. lanceola,
little lance.] Broad at base and
tapering to the point ; lance-shaped
(dot., zool.).

lance-oval (lans'-o'val) a. [L. lancea,
lance ; ovalis, oval.] Something
between lanceolate and oval (dot.).

lance-ovate (lans'-o'vat) a. [L. lancea,
lance ; ovalis, oval.] Something
between laftceolate and ovate (dot.).

lancefejaafoisi, — speciad'plates support-
I &iHf&^e water-vascular vessels of
\,^TJlastoMs (jppJit).

Langerhans, — see islets of Langer-
y. V nAnsT

Vlanguet, languette (lang'gwe't) n.
[F. langue, tongue.] A process on
the branchial sac of Ascidians
(zool.).

laniary (lan'iari) a. [L. laniare, to
tear in pieces.] Term appl. to
canine tooth (zool.).

lantern, — see Aristotle's lantern
. (zool.).

lanthanin (lan'thanin) n. [Gk. lan-
thanein, to conceal.] Oxychro-
matin.

lanuginous (lanu'jinus) a. [L. lanugo,
wool.] Woolly (dot., zool.).

lanugo (lanu'go) n. [L. lanugo, wool.]
The downy covering on a foetus,
shed early in life (anat.).

lapidicolous (lap'Idik'olus) a. [L.
lapis, stone ; colere, to cultivate.]
Appl. animals that live under
stones (zool.).

LAP-

164

LAX

lappaceous (lapa'shus) a. [L. lappa,
bur.] Prickly (dot.).

lappet (lap'et) n. [M.E. lappe, a loose
hanging part.] One of the paired
lobes extending downwards from
the distal end of the stomodaeum
in jelly-fish ; the lobes of a sea-
anemone gullet ; the wattle of a
bird (zool.).

larva (lar'va) n. [L. larva, ghost.]
An embryo which becomes self-
sustaining and independent before
it has assumed the characteristic
features of its parents (zool.).

larval (lar'val) a. [L. larva, ghost.]
Pert, or in the larval stage (zool.).

larviform (lar'viform) a. [L. larva,
ghost ; forma, shape.] Shaped like
a larva (zool.).

larvigerous (larvlj'erus) a. [L. larva,
ghost ; gerere, to bear.] Coarctate
(zool.).

larvlparous (larvip'arus) a. [L. larva,
ghost ; parere, to produce.] Pro-
ducing live larvae (zool.).

larvlvorous (larviv'orus) a. [L. larva,
ghost ; vorare, to devour.]" Larva-
eating (sool.).

larvule (lar'vul) n. [L. larvula, small
larva.] Young larva (zool.).

laryngeal (larin'jeal, lar'fnje'al) a.
[Gk. larynx, upper part of wind-
pipe.] Pert, or near the larynx ;
appl. artery, vein, nerve, etc.
(anat.).

laryngotracheal (laring'gotra'keal,
larin'jo-) a. [Gk. larynx, windpipe ;
L. trachea, trachea.] Pert, larynx,
and trachea ; appl. embryonic tube
(emb.).

larynx (lar'inks);*., larynges (larin'jez)
plu. [Gk. larynx, the larynx.] The
organ of voice in most vertebrates,
with the exception of birds (zool.).

lasso-cells, — filamented hemispheri-
cal cells investing the tentacles
of Ctenophores, which adhere to
foreign bodies (zool.).

latebra (lat'ebra) n. [L. latebra,
hiding-place.] The bulb of the
flask-shaped mass of white yolk in
eggs (emb.).

latebricole (latgb'rikol) a. [L. latebra,
hiding-place ; colere, to cultivate.]
Inhabiting holes.

latent (la'tSnt) a. [L. latere, to lie
hid.] Lying dormant but capable

of development under favourable
circumstances ; appl. buds (hot.) ;
resting stages (zool.) \ character-
istics (biol.).

latent bodies, — the resting stage of
certain Haemoflagellates (zool.).

lateral (lateral) a. [L. latus, side.]
Pert, or situated at a side (zool.) ;
or at a side of an axis (bot.).

lateral chain theory, — see side chain
theory (phys.).

lateral line, — a longitudinal line at
each side of the body of Fishes
marking the position of supposedly
sensory cells connected together,
and with the pneumogastric nerve
(zool.).

lateral mesenteries, — the mesenteries
ofZoantharia, excludingthe directive
or dorsal and ventral pairs (zool.).

laterigrade (lat'erigrad) a. [L. latus,
side ; gradus, step.] Walking side-
ways, as a crab (zool.).

laterinerved (lat'erinervd') a. [L.
latus, side ; nervus, sinew.] With
lateral veins (bot.).

latex (la'teks) n. [L. latex, fluid.] A
milky fluid found in some plants
(bot.).

laticiferous (lat'isif'erus) a. [L. latex,
fluid ; ferre, to carry.] Conveying
latex ; appl. cells, tissue, vessels
(bot.).

latiplantar (lat'iplan'tar) a. [L. latus,
side ; filanta, sole of foot.] Having
the hinder tarsal surface rounded
(zool.).

latirostral (lat'iros'tral) a. [L. latus,
broad ; rostrum, beak.] Broad-
beaked (zool.).

latiseptate (lat'isep'tat) a. [L. latus,
broad ; septum, septum.] Having
a broad septum in the silicula
(bot.).

Laurer-Stieda canal, — a canal leading
from the junction of the oviduct
and vitelline duct to open exter-
nally on the dorsal surface in Tre-
matodes (zool.).

laurinoxylon (lor'inok'silon) n. [L.
laurus, laurel ; Gk. xylon, wood.]
Any fossil wood.

law of acceleration, — the generaliza-
tion that organs of greater import-
ance develop more quickly (emb.).

lax(laks)a. [L. laxus, loose.] Loose,
as appl. panicle (bot.).

LAY-

LEP-

layer of Langhans,— see cytotropho-
blast.

leader (le'der) n. [A.S. laedan, to
lead.] Highest shoot or part of
trunk of a tree (bot.).

leaf (lef) «. [A.S. leaf, leaf.] An
expanded outgrowth of a stem,
usually green (bot.}.

lechriodont (Igk'riodont') a. [Gk.
lechrios, slantwise ; odous, tooth.]
With vomerine and pterygoid teeth
in a row which is nearly if not quite
transverse (zool.).

lecithalbumin (Igs'ithalbu'min) n.
[Gk. lekithos, egg-yolk ; L. albumen,
white of egg.] A substance, con-
sisting of albumin and lecithin, said
to exist in various organs in the
body (phys.).

lecithin (leYithin) n. [Gk. lekithos,
egg-yolk.] A phosphorized fat of
cell-protoplasm (phys.).

lecithoblast (leVithoblast) n. [Gk.
lekithos, egg-yolk ; blastos, bud.]
In developing eggs, the yolk-con-
taining blastomeres (smb.).

lecithocoel (leYithosel) n. [Gk. leki-
thos, egg-yolk ; koilos, hollow.] The
segmentation cavity of holoblastic
eggs (emb.\

legume (IggunV, leg'um) n. [L. leg-
ume n, pulse.] A dehiscent one-
celled, two-valved carpel, as pod of
pea or bean (dot.).

legumin (Iggu'min) n. [L. legumen,
pulse.] A proteid found in the
seeds of the Leguminosae (bot.).

lemniscus (le"mms'kus) n. [Gk.
lemniskos, fillet.] One of paired
club-shaped organs at base of
the acanthocephalan proboscis
(zool.) ; a fillet of fibres on each side
of the cerebral peduncles (anat.).

lens (16nz) n. [L. lens, lentil.] A
transparent part of the eye which
focusses rays of light on the
retina ; the crystalline lens (anat.);
the modified portion of the cornea
in front of each element of a
compound eye (zool.).

lenticel (16n'tTs61) n. [L. lens, lentil.]
Ventilating pore in Angiosperm
stems (bot.).

lenticular (16ntik'ular) a. [L. len-
ticula, dim. of lens, lentil.] Shaped
like a double convex lens (bot.,
zool.).

lenticular (Igntik'ular) n. The tip of
the incus articulating with the
stapes, which is often ossified as
a separate unit (anat.).

lenticulate (16ntik'ulat) a. [L. lens,
lentil.] Meeting in a sharp point ;
depressed, circular, and frequently
ribbed (zool.).

lentiform (len'tiform) a. [L. lens,
lentil ; forma, shape.] Lenticular.

lentigerous (le'ntij'e'rus) a. [L. lens,
lentil ; gerere, to bear.] Furnished
with a lens (zool.).

lentiginose (IgntTj'Inos) a. [L. lentigo,
from lens, lentil.] Freckled ;
speckled ; bearing numerous small
dots (zool., bot.).

lentiginous (IgntijTnus). Lentiginose.

lepidodendroid (lep'idode'n'droid) a.
[Gk. lepis, scale ; dendron, tree ;
eidos, like.] Pert, lepidodendron ;
having scale-like leaf-scars (pal.).

lepidophyte (lep'idoflt) n. [Gk. lepis,
scale ; phyton, plant.] A fossil
plant of the fern family (pal.).

lepidopterous (16p'Id6p't6rus) a. [Gk.
lepis, scale ; pteron, wing.] Pert.
the Lepidoptera, i.e. having wings
covered with minute over-lapping
scales (zool.).

lepidote (Igp'Idot) a. [Gk. lepis, scale.]
Covered with minute scales (bot.).

lepidotic (lep'IdSt'lk) a. [Gk. lepis,
scale.] Appl. an acid found in
wings of some Lepidoptera (phys.).

lepidotrichia (Igp'idotrik'ia) n. plu.
[Gk. lepis, scale ; thrir, hair.] In
Teleostomi, bony dermal fin-rays,
probably modified scales (zool.).

lepospondylous (Igp'ospon'dllus) a.
[Gk. lepos, husk ; sphondylvs,
vertebra.] Having amphicoelous,
or hour-glass shaped, vertebrae
(zool.).

leptocephaloid (16p't6k6f'aloid, -s6f-)
a. [Gk. leptos, slender ; kephale,
head ; eidos, resemblance.] Re-
sembling or having the shape of
a Leptocephalus (zool.).

leptocercal (Igp'tosgr'kal) a. [Gk.
leptos, slender; kerkos, tail.] With
long slender tapering tail, as some
Fishes (zool.).

leptodactylous (lep'todak'tilus) a.
[Gk. leptos, slender; daktylos,
finger.] Having small or slender
digits (zool.).

LEP-

166

LIE-

leptodermatous (Ifip'todeYmatus) a.
[Gk. leptos, slender ; derma, skin.]
Thin-skinned; appl, various thecae
(bot.}.

leptodermic (Igp'todgr'mik). Lepto-
dermatous.

leptodermous (Igp'toder'mus). Lepto-
dermatous.

leptome (Igp'tom) n. [Gk. leptos,
slender.] Vascular tissue of
plant stems ; phloem ; bast (bot.}.

leptophloem '(ISp'toflo'Sm) n. [Gk.
leptos, slender ; phloios, smooth
bark.] Rudimentary bast tissue

leptophyllous (lep'tofil'us) a. [Gk.
leptos, slender ; phyllon, leaf.]
With slender leaves "(bot.}.

leptosporangiate (Igp'tosporan'jiat) a.
[Gk. leptos, slender ; sporos, seed ;
anggeion, vessel.] With sporo-
genous tissue developing from
outer cell of periclinal division ;
opp. eusporangiate (bot.}.

leptostroterate (lep'tostrot'grat) a.
[Gk. leptos, slender ; strotos,
covered.] With ambulacra! plates
narrow and crowded together, as
in certain Stelleroidea (zool.}.

leptoxylem (lep'tozl'lgm) n. [Gk.
leptos, slender ; xylon, wood.]
Rudimentary wood tissue (bot.}.

leptus (Igp'tus) n. [Gk. leptos, small.]
The six-legged larva of mites
(zool.}.

lethal (le'thal) a. [L. letum, death.]
Of a parasite, fatal or deadly in
relation to a particular host (zool.}.

leuceine (lu'sgin, lu'seen, loo-) n.
[Gk. leukos, white.] An amino-
acid formed during the decomposi-
tion of proteids (phys.}.

leucine (lu'sen, lu'sln, loo-) n. [Gk.
leukos, white.] A white nitro-
genous substance found as a
constituent of various tissues and
organs (phys.}.

leucite (lu'sit, loo-) n. [Gk. leukos,
white.] A colourless plastid (bot.}.

leucoblast (lu'koblast, loo-) n. [Gk.
leukos, white ; blastos, bud.] A
colourless blood-corpuscle in de-
velopment (emb.}.

leucocarpous (lu'kokar'pus, loo-) a.
[Gk. leukos, white ; karoos, fruit.]
With the fruit white (bot.}.

leucocyan (lu'kosfan, loo-) n. [Gk.

leukos, white ; kyanos, dark blue.]
A pigment found in certain Algae
(bot.}.

leucocyte (lu'koslt, loo-) n. [Gk.
leukos, white ; kytos, hollow.] An
amoebocyte ; a colourless blood-
corpuscle (anat.}.

leucocy togenesis (lu'kosi'toj en'esls,
loo-) n. [Gk. leukos, white ; kytos,
hollow ; gignesthai, to produce.]
Leucocyte formation (phys.}.

leucoplastids (lu'koplas'tidz, loo-) n.
plu. [Gk. leukos, white ; plastos,
formed.] Colourless plastids from
which amylo-, chloro-, and chromo-
plastids arise (bot.}.

leucoplasts (lu'koplasts, loo-) n. phi.
[Gk. leukos, white; plastos, formed.]
Colourless granules of plant cyto-
plasm which may develop into
chromatophores or amyloplasts
(bot.}.

levator (16va/tor) n. [L. levare, to
raise.] A name given to muscles
serving to raise an organ or part
(anat.}.

Leydig's duct, — the Wolffian duct
(emb.}.

Leydig's organs, — minute organs on
the antennae of Arthropods, sup-
posed to be organs of smell (zool.}.

liana (lian'a) n. [L. ligare, to bind.]
Any luxuriant woody climber of
tropical or semi-tropical forests
(bot.}.

liber (ll'ber) n. [L. liber, inner bark.]
Bast (bot.}.

lichenism (ll'kgnizm) n. [Gk. leichen,
liverwort.] Symbiotic relationship
between Fungi and Algae (bot.}.

lichenoid (H'kgnoid) a. [Gk. leichen,
liverwort ; eidos, resemblance.]
Resembling a Lichen (bot.}.

lichenology (Il'ke"n61'6ji) n. [Gk.
leichen, liverwort; logos, discourse.]
The study of Lichens (bot.}.

Lieberktihn's crypts, — tubular glands
of the intestines (anat.}.

lien (ll'6n, le'6n) n. [L. lien, spleen.]
Spleen.

lienal (ll'enal) a. [L. lien, spleen.]
Pert, spleen ; appl. artery, vein,
nerve plexus (anat.}.

lienculus (lign'kulus) n. [L. lien,
spleen.] An accessory spleen
(anat.}.

lienogastric (lle'nogas'trlk, lea'no-) a.

TJF-

167

TJX-

[L. /ten, spleen ; gaster, stomach.]
Pert, spleen and stomach ; appl.
artery supplying spleen and parts
of stomach and pancreas (anat.).

life-cycle — the various phases through
which an individual species passes
to maturity (biol.).

ligament (lig'amgnt) «. [L. liga-
mentum, bandage.] A strong
fibrous band of tissue connecting
two or more moveable bones (anat.).

ligneous (ITg'neus) a. [L. lignum,
wood.] Woody ; of the nature of
wood (tot.).

lignescent (lignSs'e'nt) a. [L. lignes-
cere, to become woody.] Develop-
ing the characters of woody tissue
(dot.).

ligmicolous (iTgnik'olus)tf. \L.lignum,
wood ; colere, to cultivate.] Grow-
ing on wood (tot.).

ligniflcation (Hg'nifika'shun) n. [L.
lignum, wood ; facere, to form.]
Wood-formation, the thickening of
plant cell-walls by the deposition
of lignin (tot.).

lignin (Ilg'nen, lig'ntn) n. [L. lignum,
wood.] The substance which, modi-
fied by cellulose, causes the thicken-
ing of plant cell-walls, and so forms
wood (tot.).

lignivorous (ligmv'orus) a. [L. lig-
num, wood ; vorare, to devour.]
Eating wood; appl. various Insects •
(zool.).

lignocellulose (Ifg'noseTulos) n. [L.
lignum, wood ; cellula, little cell.]
The essential constituent of woody
tissue, lignin and cellulose com-
bined (tot.).

lignose (lig'nos) n. [L. lignum, wood.]
A variety of cellulose (tot.).

ligula (lig'ula) n. [L. ligula, little
tongue.] A band of white matter
in the wall of the fourth ventricle
(anat.) ; a process on the wall of
the mouth of Insects (zool.).

ligulate (Itg'ulat) a. [L. ligula, little
tongue.] Having or pert, ligules ;
strap-shaped, as the ray flowers of
Compositae (tot.).

llgule (Hg'ul) n. [L. ligula, little
tongue.] A membranous append-
age at the junction of blade and
petiole ; a supra-sporangial scale in
Selaginella (tot.) ; one of the lobes
qf the annelidan parapodium (zool.).

liguliflorous (ITg'ulIflo'rus) a. [L.
ligula, little tongue ; flos, flower.]
Having ligulate flowers only (dot.).
limacel (Hm'asgl) n. [L. Umax, slug.]
The concealed vestigial shell of
slugs (zool.).

limaciform (limas'lform) a. [L.
Umax, slug ; forma, shape.] Like
a slug (zool.).

limacine (Itm'asin) a. [L. Umax,
slug.] Pert, or resembling a slug
(zool.).
limb (Hm) n. [A.S. Urn, limb.]

Branch ; arm ; leg ; wing,
limbic (llm'blk)a. [L. limbus, border.]
Bordering ; appl. a cerebral lobe
(anat.).

limbous (lim'bus) a. [L. limbus,
border.] Appl. overlapping su-
tures (anat.).

limbus (lim'bus) n. [L. limbus,
border.] Any border if distinctly
marked off by colour or structure
(zool., hot.).

limicolous (limlk'olus) a. [L. limus,
mud; colere, to dwell.] Living in
mud (zool., tot.).

limivorous (lirmVorus) a. [L. limus,
mud ; vorare, to devour.] Mud-eat-
ing ; appl. certain aquatic animals
which swallow mud (zool.).
limnetic (llmngt'lk) a. [Gk. limne,
marsh.] Living in marshes ; pert.
organisms of marshy habitat (tot.,
zool.).

limnophilous (limnofilus) a. [Gk.
limne, marsh ; philein, to love.]
Living in fresh-water marshes ;
appl. snail, etc. (zool.).
limnoplankton (Iim'noplang'kt6n) n.
[Gk. limne, marsh ; plangktos,
wandering.] The floating animal
and plant life in fresh-water ponds
and marshes ; cf. hallplankton.
line (lin) n. [A.S. line, cable.] A
line ; anatomical term, such as
nuchal, temporal line (anat.).
linea (Hn'ea) n. [L. linea, line.] A

line, which see.
linear (lln'ear) a. [L. linea, line.]

Thread-like^/.,^/.),
linear-ensate (lln'ear-gn'sat) a. [L.
linea, line ; ensis, sword.] Between
linear and ensiform in shape ; appl
leaves (tot.).

linear - lanceolate (lln'ear-lan'seolat)
a. [L. lineO) line ; lanceola^ small

LIN-

168

LIT-

lance.] Between linear and lanceo-
late in shape ; appl. leaves (bot.).

linear-oblong (Im'ear-ob'long) a. [L.
tinea, line ; oblongus, long across.]
Between linear and oblong in
shape ; appl. leaves (hot.).

linellae (linel'e) n. plu. [L. linella,
fine thread.] A system of filaments
in certain Sarcodina holding to-
gether the xenophya (zool.}.

lineolate (lin'eolat) a. [L. linea, line.]
Marked by fine lines or striae
(bot., zool.).

lingua (ling'gwa) n. [L. lingua,
tongue.] The floor of the mouth in
mites ; the hypopharynx of insects ;
a tongue or tongue-like structure
(zool.).

lingual (ling'gwal) a. [L. lingua,
tongue.] Pert, tongue ; appl. radula
of Molluscs (zool.) ; appl. artery,
gyrus, nerve, vein (anat.).

lingula (Img'gula) n. [L. lingula,
little tongue.] A small tongue-like
process of bone or other tissue, as
of cerebellum or sphenoid (anat.}.

linin (ffnln) n. [L. tinum, flax.]
The substance of the achromatinic
reticulum of a cell-nucleus (cyt.).

Linnaean (Hne'an) a. [L. Linnaeus,
Swedish naturalist.] Pert, or
designating the system of classi-
fication established by Linnaeus
(biol.).

lip (lip) n. [A.S. lippa, lip.] One of
the fleshy folds round the mouth ;
a lip-like structure, such as labia,
labella, etc. (zool., anat.).

lip cell, — a sporangium cell at the
point of dehiscence (bot.).

lipase (lip'as) n. [Gk. lipos, fat.] An
enzyme, lipolytic in action, found in
blood and in various organs, and
also in various seeds (phys.).

lipochrome (lip'okrom) n. [Gk. lipos,
fat ; chroma, colour.] A pigment
found in some Polychaetes (zool.),
and in some plants (bot.).

lipogastry (lip'ogas'tri) «. [Gk.
leipesthai, to be lacking ; gaster,
belly.] Temporary obliteration of
the gastral cavity, as in some
Sponges (zool.).

lipogenous (lipoj'6nus) a. [Gk. lipos,
fat ; gignesthai, to produce.] Fat-
producing (bot., zool.).

lipoid (iTp'oid) a. [Gk. lipos, fat j

eidos, resemblance.] Any fatty sub-
stance, such as lecithin, cholesterin,
found in cells (phys.).

lipolytic (Hp'olTt'ik) a. [Gk. lipos,
fat ; lyein, to reduce.] Capable of
dissolving fat ; fat-reducing (phys}.

lipomerism (Ifpom'e'rlzm) n. [Gk.
leipesthai, to be lacking ; meros,
part.] Suppression of segmenta-
tion, or coalescence of segments, as
in Crustaceans (zool.).

lipostomy (ITpos'tom!) n. [Gk. leipes-
thai, to be lacking ; stoma, mouth.]
Temporary obliteration of the
mouth or osculum (zool.).

lipoxenous (lipok'sgnus) a. [Gk.
leipesthai, to be lacking ; xenos,
host.] Leaving the host before
completion of development, as in
case of certain parasites (bot.).

lipped (Hpt) a. [A.S. lippa, lip.]
Labiate (bot.).

lirella (lireTa) n. [L. lira, furrow.]
A linear apothecium of Lichens
(**).

lissencephalous (lis'gnkeTalus, -sgf-)
a. [Gk. lissos, smooth ; engkephalon,
brain.] Having few or no con-
volutions on the brain (zool.).

lissoflagellate (lis'oflaj'glat) a. [Gk.
lissos, smooth ; L. ftagellum, whip.]
Having no collar surrounding the
base of the flagellum (zool.).

lithite (iTth'lt) n. [Gk. lithos, stone.]
A calcareous secretion found in
connection with the ear, or with
otocysts, lithocysts, and tentaculo-
cysts, the supposed auditory organs
of many invertebrates (anat., zool.).

lithocysts (lith'osists) n. plu. [Gk.
lithos, stone ; kystis, bladder.]
Minute sacs or grooves, containing
lithites, found in various inverte-
brates ; the marginal sense-organs
of certain Coelenterates (zool.).

lithodesma (lith'odeVma) n. [Gk.
lithos, stone ; desma, bond.] A
small plate, shelly in nature, found
in certain bivalves (zool.).

lithodomous (lithod'timus) a. [Gk.
lithos, stone ; demein, to build.]
Living in rocks (zool.).

lithogenous (Hthqj'e'nus) a. [Gk.
lithos, stone ; gignesthai, to pro-
duce.] Rock-forming, or rock-
building, as certain corals (zool.).

lithophagous (lithof'agus) a, [Gk.

LIT-

169

LON-

lithos, stone ; phagein, to eat.]
Stone-eating, as Birds ; rock-
burrowing, as Molluscs (zoo/.).

lithophilous (lithofilus) a. [Gk.
lithos, stone ; philein, to love.]
Growing on stones or rocks (bot.).

lithophyll (lith'ofil) n. [Gk. lithos,
stone ; fihyllon, leaf.] A fossil leaf,
or leaf-impression (J>al.).

lithophyte (lith'oflt) n. [Gk. lithos,
stone ; phyton, plant.] A plant
growing on rocks or in rocky
places (bot.).

lithotomous (lithot'omiis) a. [Gk.
lithos, stone ; temnein,\.o cut.] Stone-
boring, as certain Molluscs (zoo/.).

littoral (Ht'oral) a. [L. littus, sea-
shore.] Growing or living at or
near the sea-shore (biol.).

liver (liv'er)«. [A.S. lifer, liver.] A bile-
secreting gland of vertebrates (zoo/.).

liver-pancreas, — an organ in Molluscs
and Crustaceans combining the func-
tionsof the liver and pancreas (zoo/.).

lobate (lo'bat) a. [Gk. lobos, lobe.]
Divided into lobes.

lobe (lob) n. [Gk. lobos, lobe.] A
flap-like structure on the toes of
certain birds (zoo/.) ; any rounded
projection of an organ.

lobed (lobd) a. [Gk. lobos, lobe.]
Having the margin cut up into
rounded divisions by incisions
which reach less than half-way to
the mid-rib (bot.).

lobopodia (lo'bdpo'dia) n. phi. [Gk.
lobos, lobe ; pous, foot.] Blunt
pseudopodia of Protozoa (zoo/.).

lobose (16'bos) a. [Gk. lobos, lobe.]
Having lobes, or divided up into
lobes (hot., zoo/.).

lobular (16b'ular) a. [Gk. lobos, lobe.]
Like or pert, small lobes (anat.).

lobulate (ISb'ulat) a. [Gk. lobos,
lobe.] Divided into small lobes.

lobule (lob'ul) n. [Gk. lobos, lobe.]
A small lobe (anat.).

lobulus (lob'iilus). Lobule.

lobus (lo'bus). Lobe.

localization (lo'kaliza'shun) n. £L.
locus, place.] The state of being
localized (phys.).

localization of function,— reference
to different parts of the brain as
communicating centres of the
various senses (phys.).

localization of sensation,— identifica-

tion on surface of body of exact
spot affected (phys.).

locellus (loseTus) n. [L. locellus,
from locus, place.] A small com-
partment of an ovary (bot.).

locomotor rods, — hooked or knobbed
rods for crawling, on the ventral sur-
face of certain round- worms (zoo/.).

locular (lok'ular) a. [L. loculus, from
locus, place.] Containing, or com-
posed of loculi (bot., zoo/.).

loculate (lok'ulat). Locular.

loculicidal (lok'ulfsl'dal) a. [L. locus,
place ; caedere, to cut.] Dehiscent
dorsally down the middle of the
carpels (dot.).

loculus (lok'ulus) »., loculi (ISk'ulI,
lok'ule), plu. [L. loculus, from locus,
place.] A small chamber or cavity ;
the cavities between the septa in
certain Coelenterates ; a chamber
of a foraminiferal shell (zoo/.) ; one
of the cavities of an ovary (bot.).

lodicule (16d'Ikul) n. [L. lodicula,
coverlet.] A scale at the base of
the ovary in grasses supposed to
represent a perianth (bot.).

loma (lo'ma) n. [Gk. loma, fringe.]
A thin membranous flap forming
a fringe round an opening (zoo/.).

lomastome (lo'mastom') n. [Gk. loma,
fringe ; stoma, mouth.] Having
the margin of the lip recurved or
reflected (zoo/.).

loment (16'mSnt) n. [L. lomentum,
mixture of bean and rice meal.]
A legume or pod constricted be-
tween the seeds (bot.).

lomentaceous (I6'm6nta'shus) a. [L.
lomentum, bean meal.] Pert, or
resembling a loment, or having
loments (bot.}.

lomentum (lomeVtum). Loment.

longicorn (lon'jikorn) a. [L. longifs,
long; cornu, horn.] Having long an-
tennae ; appl. certain beetles (zoo/.).

longipennate (ISn'jipe'n'at) a. [L.
longus, long \penna, wing.] Having
long wings, or with long feathers
(zoo/.).

longlrostral (Ifin'jlros'tral) a. [L.
longus, long ; rostrum, beak.]
With a long beak (zoo/.).

longitudinal (lon'jltu'dlnal) a. [L.
longus, long.] Running lengthwise
or along the line of axis ; appl.
muscle, nerve, etc. (anat.).

LOP-

170

LITN-

lophiostomate (Io'ff6st5'mat) a. [Gk.
lophion, small crest ; stoma, mouth.]
With crested conceptacle-opening
(tot.).

lophobranchiate (lo'fobrang'kiat) a.
[Gk. lophos, crest ; brangchia, gills.]
With tufted gills (zool.).

lophocalthrops (lo'fokal'throps) n.
[Gk. lophos, crest ; A.S. coltraeppe,
a kind of thistle.] A sponge spic-
ule with all the rays crested or
branched (zool.).

lophocercal (lo'foseVkal) a. [Gk.
lophos, crest ; kerkos, tail.] Having
a rayless caudal fin like a ridge
round the end of the vertebral
column (zool.}.

lophodont (lo'fodont) a. [Gk. lophos,
crest ; odous, tooth.] Having trans-
verse ridges on the cheek-teeth
grinding surface (zool.).

lophophore (lo'fofor) n. [Gk. lophos,
crest ; pherein, to carry.] An oval
tentacle-supporting organ in Poly-
zoa and Brachiopods (zool.).

lophoselenodont (lo'fosfile'nodont) a.
[Gk. lophos, crest ; selene, moon ;
odous, tooth.] Having the cheek
teeth ridged with crescentic cuspid
ridges on the grinding surface (zool.).

lophosteon (lo'fos'teon) n. [Gk. lophos,
ridge ; osteon, bone.] The keel-
ridge of a sternum (zool.).

lophotriaene (lo'fotri'en) n. [Gk.
lophos, ridge ; triaina, trident.]
Lophocalthrops.

lophotrichous (lofoYrikus) a. [Gk.
lophos, ridge ; thrix, hair.] Having
long whip-like flagella (hot., zool.).

lophs (lofs) n. flu. [Gk. lophos, ridge.]
Crests which may connect the
cones in teeth and so form ridges
(zool.).

loral (lo'ral) a. [L. lorum, thong.]
Pert, or situated at the lore (zool.).

lorate (lo'rat) a. [L. lorum, thong.]
Strap-shaped (tot.).

lore (lor) n. [L. lorum, thong.] The
space between bill and eyes in
birds (zool.).

lorica (loYlka) n. [L. lorica, corselet.]
A protective external case found in
Rotifers and Infusorians (zool.).

loricate (lor'ikat) a. [L. lorica, corse-
let.] Covered with protective shell
or scales (zool.).

lorication moment, — the occasion of

the deposition of silica for an
entire skeleton at one time (zool.).

lorum (lo'rum) n. [L. lorum, thong.]
The piece of the under jaw on which
the submentum lies in certain
Insects (zool.).

loxodont (lok'sodont) a. [Gk. loxos,
oblique ; odous, tooth.] Having
molar teeth with shallow grooves
between the ridges (zool.).

luciferase (loostf'e'ras) n. [L. lux,
light \ferre, to carry.] An oxidizing
enzyme which acts on luciferine,
causing luminosity in certain ani-
mals (phys.).

luciferine (loosif'grin) n. [L. lux,
light ; ferre, to carry.] The sub-
stance oxidized by luciferase, caus-
ing luminosity ; it appears to have
some of the properties of proteins
(phys.).

lumbar (lum'bar) a. [L. htmbus,
loin.] Pert, or near the region of
the loins ; appl. artery, vein, ver-
tebra, plexus, gland (anat.).

lumbocostal (lum'bokos'tal) a. [L.
lumbus, loin ; costa, rib.] Pert.
loins and ribs ; appl. arch (anat.).

lumbosacral (lum'bosa'kral) a. [L.
lumbus, loin ; sacrum, sacred.]
Pert, loins and sacrum ; appl.
nerve-plexus, trunk (anat.).

lumbriciform (Iumbrls'if6rm) a. [L.
lumbricus, earth-worm ; forma,
shape.] Like a worm (zool.).

lumbricoid (lum'brlkoid). Lumbrici-
form.

lumen (lii'mSn, loo-) n. [L. lumen,
light.] The cavity of a tubular
part or organ (anat.).

luminous organs,— specialized organs
for the production of light, found
in fireflies, deep-sea fishes, glow-
worms, etc. (zool.).

lunar (lu'nar, • loo-) a. [L. luna,
moon.] Appl. carpal bone ; also
called semilunar and intermedium ;
lunate (zool.).

lunare (lunar'e, loona'ra) n. [L. luna,
moon.] The lunar bone (anat.).

lunate (lu'nat, loo-) a. [L. luna,
moon.] Somewhat crescent-shaped
(zool.).

lung (lung) n. [A.S. lunge, lung.]
The paired or single respiratory
organ of air-breathing higher
a.nimal forms (zool.).

LUN-

171

MAC-

lung-book, — the respiratory organ of
Scorpionids, formed like a purse
with numerous compartments
(zool.}.

lunular (lu'nular, loo-) a. [L. lunula,
small moon.] Marked with cres-
cent-shaped marking (zool.}.

lunulate (lu'nulat, loo-). Lunular.

lunule (lu'nul, loo-) n. [L. lunula,
small moon.] A crescent-shaped
marking (zool.}.

lunulet (lu'nulSt, loo-) n. [L. lunula,
small moon.] A small lunule
(zool.}.

lupulin (lu'pultn, loo'pulln) n. [L.
lupus, a hop.] The resinous gland-
ular scales of hops (hot.} ; an
organic compound, bitter and acrid,
obtained from these (phys.}.

lutein (lu'tein, loo-) n. [L. luteus,
orange-yellow.] The yellow pig-
ment of egg-yolk (phys.}.

lychnidiate (liknld'iat) a. [Gk. lych-
nis, phosphorescent gem.] Lumin-
ous (zool.}.

lymph (limf) n. [L. lympha, water.]
An alkaline colourless fluid con-
tained in the lymphatic vessels
(anaf., phys.}.

lymph heart, — a contractile expan-
sion of a lymph vessel where it
opens into a vein, found in many
of the vertebrates (zool.}.

lymphatic (Hmfat'ik) a. [L. lympha,
water.] Pert, or conveying lymph
(anat.}.

lymphocyte (lim'foslt) n. [L. fympha,
water ; Gk. kytos, hollow.] A
colourless corpuscle found in blood
and lymph (phys.}.

lymphogenlc (llm'fojen'ik) a. [L.
lympha, water ; Gk. gignesthai, to
produce.] Produced in the lymph-
glands (phys.}.

lymphogenous (limfoj'e'nus) a. [L.
lympha, water ; Gk. gignesthai, to
produce.] Lymph-forming (phys.,
anat.}.

lymphold (lim'foid) a. [L. lympha,
water ; Gk. eidos, resemblance.]
Appl. retiform tissue with meshes
largely occupied by lymph cor-
puscles ; adenoid (phys.}.

lyophll (li'ofil) a. [Gk. lyein, to loose ;
philos, loving.] Appl. solutions
which, after evaporation to dry-
ness, go readily into solution again

on the addition of a fluid ; cf.
lyophobe (phys.}.

lyophobe (Ifofob) a. [Gk. lyein, to
loose ; phobos, fear.] Appl. solu-
tions which, after evaporation to
dryness, remain as a solid ; cf.
lyophll (phys.}.

lyotropic (llotrop'ik) a. [Gk. lyein, to
loose ; trope, a turning.] Appl.
solutions which are dependent on
changes in the solvent itself
(phys.}.

lyra (li'ra) n. [Gk. lyra, lyre.] Tri-
angular part of the corpus callosum,
marked with lines as a lyre (anat.}.
lyrate (ffrat) a. [Gk. lyra, lyre.]
Lyre-shaped ; appl. certain leaves
(bot.}.

lysactinic (Hsaktln'Ik) a. [Gk. lysis,
a loosing ; aktis, ray.] Of Stel-
leroidea, having the podia limited
to the lower half of the body instead
of continued to the apical plates ;
cf. desmactlnic (zool.}.
lyslgenous (lisij'gnus) a. [Gk. lysis,
loosing ; gignesthai, to produce.]
Appl. formation of tissue cavities
caused by the degeneration and
breaking down of cell-walls in the
centre of the mass (bot.}.
lysln (li'sin) n. [Gk. lysis, loosing.]
Any substance capable of destroy-
ing bacteria (phys.}.
lysogenesls (Irsojen'ests) n. [Gk.
lysis, loosing ; gignesthai, to pro-
duce.] The action of lysins (phys.}.
lysogenous (llsoj'e'nus). Lysigenous.
lyssa (lis'a) n. [Gk. lyssa, madness.]
A vermiform structure of cartilage,
muscle, and connective tissue,
under the tongue of Mammals
(anat.}.

lytta (llt'a) n. [Gk. lytta, madness.]
A cartilaginous or fibrous rod lying
in the tongue of Carnivores (zool.}.

M

macerate (m&s'erat) v. [L. macerare,
to soften.] To wear away or to
isolate the parts of a tissue or
organ (zool.} ; to soften and wear
away by digestion or other means
(phys.}.

machopolyp (mak'6p611p) n. [Gk,

MAC-

172

MAC-

mache, fight ; polys, many ; pous,
foot.] A nematophore of certain
Hydromedusae provided with
cnidoblasts or adhesive globules
(zool.).

inacrandrous (makran'drus) a. [Gk.
makros, large •, aner, man.] Having
large male plants or elements

macrobiotic (mak'robiot'ik) a. [Gk.
makros, large ; bios, life.] Long-
lived ; life-prolonging (btol.).

macroblast (mak'rdblast) n. [Gk.
makros, large ; blastos, bud.] A
large cell or corpuscle (zool.).

macrocarpous (mak'rokar'pus) a. [Gk.
makros, large ; karpos, fruit.] Pro-
ducing large fruit (bot.).

macrocephalous (mak'rokef'alus, -s6f-)
a. [Gk. makros, large ; kephale,
head.] Having the cotyledons
thickened (bot.) ; big-headed (anat.).

macrocnemic (mak'rokne'mik) «. [Gk.
makros, large ; kneme, tibia.] Appl.
Zoanthidae having the sixth proto-
cneme or primary pair of mesen-
teries perfect (zool.).

macroconidium (mak'rokonid'ium) n.
[Gk. makros, large ; konis, dust.]
A large asexual spore or conidium
(bot.).

macroconjugant (mak'rokon'joogant)
n. [Gk. makros, large ; L. conju-
gare, to unite.] The large indi-
vidual of a conjugating pair, as the
ordinary sedentary Vorticellan to
which the motile microconjugant
or individual attaches itself (zool.).

macrocyst (mak'rosist) n. [Gk. makros,
large ; kystis, bladder.] A large
reproductive cell of certain Fungi ;
a large cyst or case, as for spores
(bot.}.

macrocytase (mak'rosi'tas) n. [Gk.
makros, large ; kytos, hollow.] The
enzyme of macrophages or endo-
thelial cells (phys.).

macrodactylous (mak'rodak'tilus) a.
[Gk. makros, large ; daktylos, finger.]
With long digits (zool.}.

macrodont (mak'rodont) a. [Gk.
makros, large ; odous, tooth.] With
large teeth (anat.).

macrogamete (mak'rogamet') n. [Gk.
makros, large; gametes, spouse.]
The larger of two conjugants,
usually considered as equivalent

to the ovum or female conjugant
(zool.).

macrogametocyte (mak'rogame'toslt)
n. [Gk. makros, large ; gametes,
spouse ; kytos, hollow.] The mother-
cell of a macrogamete, considered
female ; term used mainly in con-
nection with Protista (biol.).

macrogamy (makrog'ami) n. [Gk.
makros, large ; gamos, marriage.]
Syngamy between full-grown in-
dividuals of a species, as in Acti-
nophrys (zool.).

macroglossate (mak'roglos'at) a. [Gk.
makros, large ; glossa, tongue.]
Furnished with a large tongue.

macrognathic (mak'rognath'ik) a.
[Gk. makros, large ;' gnathos, jaw.]
Having specially developed jaws
(zool.).

macrogonidium (mak'rogonid'itim) n.
[Gk. makros, large ; gone, genera-
tion.] A large gonidium (bot.).

macromere (mak'romer) n. [Gk.
makros, large ; meros, part.] In
the cleavage of telolecithal eggs,
one of the larger cells of the lower
hemisphere (emb.).

macromerozoite (mak'romer'dzo'it) n.
[Gk. makros, large ; meros, part ;
zoon, animal.] One of the many
divisions produced by the macro-
schizont stage of a Sporozoan
(zool.).

macromesentery (mak'romes'enteri)
n. [Gk. makros, large ; mesas,
middle ; enteron, gut.] One of the
larger complete mesenteries of an
Anthozoan (sool.).

macromyelon (mak'roml'elon) n. [Gk.
makros, large ; myelos, marrow.]
The medulla oblongata (anat.).

macront (mak'ront) n. [Gk. makros,
large ; ons, being.] The larger
of two sets of cells formed after
schizogony in Neosporidia, the
macront giving rise to macro-
gametes (zool.).

macronucleus (mak'ronu'kleus) n.
[Gk. makros, large ; L. nucleus,
kernel.] The larger of two nuclei
in a cell, usually supposed to be
of a vegetative or somatic nature
(zool.).

macrophage (mak'rofaj) n. [Gk.
makros, large ; phagein, to eat.]
A large phagocyte or endothelial

MAC-

173

MAC-

cell possessing the enzyme macro-
cytase (phys.).

macrophyllous (mak'rofil'us) a. [Gk.
makros, large ; phyllon, leaf.] Hav-
ing elongated leaves or leaflets
(bot.).

macropodous (makrop'ddus) a. [Gk.
makros, large \pous, foot.] Having
a long stalk, as a leaf or leaflet ;
having the hypocotyl large in pro-
portion to the rest of the embryo
(&>/.).

macropterous (makrop'te'rus) a. [Gk.
makros, large \pteron, wing.] With
unusually large fins or wings
(zool.).

macroschizogony (mak'roshizog'oni)
«. [Gk. makros, large ; schizein,
to cleave ; gone, generation.]
Method of multiplication of the
macroschizonts (zool.).

macroschizont (mak'roshiz'ont) n.
[Gk. makros, large ; schizein, to
cleave.] A stage in the life-cycle
of certain Haemosporidia de-
veloped from a sporozoite, and
giving rise to a number of macro-
merozoites (zool.).

macroscopic (mak'roskop'ik) a. [Gk.
makros, large ; skopein, to view.]
Visible to the naked eye.

macrosepalous (mak'rosep'alus) a.
[Gk. makros, large ; sepalon, sepal.]
With specially large sepals (dot.).

macroseptum (mak'rose'p'tum) n.
[Gk. macros, large ; L. septum,
division.] A primary or perfect
septum of the Anthozoa (zool.).

macrosmatic (mak'rosmat'ik) a. [Gk.
makros, large ; osme, smell.] With
well - developed sense of smell

macrosomatous (mak'rosom'atus) a.
[Gk. ma&ros, large ; soma, body.]
Possessing an abnormally large
body.

inacrosporangiophore(rnak'r6sp6ran'-
jlofor) n. [Gk. makros, large ;
sporos, seed ; anggeion, vessel ;
pherein, to bear.] A structure
bearing a macrosporangium (hot.}.

macrosporangium (mak'rosporan'-
jium) n. [Gk. makros, large ; sporos,
seed ; anggeion, vessel.] A spor-
angium developing macrospores or
megaspores (bot.).

macrospore (mak'rdspor) «. [Gk.

makros, large ; sforos, seed.] A
large anisospore or gamete of
Sarcodina (zool.) ; one of the larger
spores of heterosporous plants (&>/.).

macrosporophore (mak'rospo'rofor) n.
[Gk. ma&ros, large ; sporos, seed ;
pherein, to bear.] A leafy lobe
developing macrosporangia (dot.}.

macrosporophyll (mak'rospo'rofil) n.
[Gk. makros, large ; sporos, seed ;
phyllon, leaf.] Macrosporophore.

macrosporozoite (mak'rospo'rozo'it) n.
[Gk. makros, large ; sporos, seed ;
zoon, animal.] A larger endo-
gamous sporozoite of Sporozoa

macrostomatous (mak'rostom'atus) a.

[Gk. makros, large ; stoma, mouth.]

With very large mouth.
macrostylospore (mak'rostl'lospor) n.

[Gk. makros, large ; stylos, pillar ;

sporos, seed.] A large spore-like

stalked body (dot.).
macrostylous (mak'rostl'lus) a. [Gk.

makros, large ; stylos, pillar.] With

long styles (&?/.).
macrotherm (mak'rothgrm) n. [Gk.

makros, large ; therme, heat.] A

tropical plant ; a plant requiring

heat and moisture (bot.\
macrotous (makro'tus)'a. [Gk. makros,

large ; ous, an ear.] With large

ears (zool.~).
macrotype (mak'rotip) n. [Gk. makros,

large ; L. typus, a typej A modi-

fied arrangement of Anthozoan

mesenteries containing more macro-

mesenteries than the normal micro-

type (zool.).
macrozoogonidium(mak'r6z6'6gonld'-

ium) n. [Gk. makros, large ; zoon,

animal ; gone, generation.] A large

zoogonidium (dot.).
macrozoospore (mak'rozo'ospor) «.

[Gk. makros, large ; zoon, animal ;

sporos, seed.] A large motile

spore.
macula (mak'ula) //., maculae ni.ik'-

ula) plu. [L. macula, spot.] A

spot or patch of colour ; a small

pit or depression ; a tubercle

(anat.).
macula lutea, — the yellow spot of

the retina, an oval yellowish area

in the centre of the posterior part

of the retina at the point of most

perfect vision (anat.).

MAC-

174

MAL-

maculate (mak'ulat) a. [L. macula,
spot.] Spotted.

maculation (mak'ula'shun) n. [L.
macula, spot.] The arrangement
of the spots on a plant or animal
(biol.}.

maculiferous (mak'ulif'erus) a. [L.
macula, spot ; ferre, to bear.]
Spotted.

maculose (mak'ulos). Maculate.

madrepore (mad'rfipor) n. [F. mad-
repore— from L. mater, mother ; Gk.
poro s, friable stone.] A branching
stony Coral ; the plate at the ex-
ternal opening of the stone canal
in Echinoderms (zool.}.

madreporic (mad'rSpor'ik) a. [F.
madrepore, madrepore.] Pert, a
madrepore or madreporite ; appl.
body, plate, tubercle, canal
(zool.}.

madreporic canal, — see stone canal.

madreporite (mad'repo'rlt, madrgp'-
orlt) n. [F. madrepore, madrepore.]
A flat circular or pentagonal per-
forated plate marked by grooves,
lying at the end of an interambu-
lacral area in many, or free between
two ambulacral areas in other
Echinoids, or between the rays in
the Asteroids ; a modified genital
plate (zool.}.

maggot (mag'ot) n. [M.E. magot, a
grub.] The most lowly organized,
completely worm-like, insect larva
withoutappendages or distinct head
(zool.}.

mala (ma'la) n.-, malae (mala) plu.
[L. mala, the cheek.] Part of the
maxilla of some Insects, of the
mandible of certain Myriapods ;
part of the exterior of the lower
jaw of Birds (zool.}.

malacoid (mal'akoid) a. [Gk. mala-
kos, soft.] Soft in texture.

malacology (mal'ak61'6jl) n. [Gk.
malakos, soft ; logos, discourse.]
The department of zoology dealing
with Molluscs.

malacophilous (mal'akof'ilus) a. [Gk.
malakos, soft ; philein, to love.]
Pollinating through the agency of
Gastropods (bot.}.

malacopterous (mal'akop'te'rus) a.
[Gk. malakos, soft ; pteron, wing.]
Soft-finned (zool.}.

malacostracous (mal'akos'trakus) a.

[Gk. malakos, soft ; ostrakon, shell.]
Soft-shelled (zool.}.

malar (ma'lar) a. [L. mala, cheek.]
Pert, or in the region of the cheek ;
n. the zygomatic bone (anat.}.

male (mal) n. [L. mas, a male.] Pert.
male or a masculine organism ;
appl. organs of reproduction, as
the testes (zool.} ; or fertilizing
organs of flowers, as stamens (bot.};
symbol $ .

male pronucleus,— the nucleus of the
spermatozoon.

malleate (mal'eat) a. [L. malleus,
hammer.] Hammer-shaped ; appl.
a type of trophi of Rotifer gizzard
(zool.}.

malleoincudal (mal'eoln'kudal) a. [L.
malleus, hammer ; incus, anvil.]
Pert, malleus and incus of the
ear (anat.}.

malleolar (male'olar) n. [L. dim. of
malleus, hammer.] The vestigial
fibula of Ruminants ; a., pert, or in
the region of the malleolus ; appl.
arteries, folds, sulcus (anat.}.

malleolus (male'olus) n. [L. dim. of
malleus, hammer.] Median and
lateral malleolus, the lower ex-
tremity prolongations of tibia and
fibula respectively (anat.}.

malleoramate (mal'eora'mat) a. [L.
malleus, hammer ; ramus, branch.]
Appl. type of trophi with looped
manubrium and toothed incus in
Rotifer gizzard (zool.}.

malleus (mal'eus) n. [L. malleus,
hammer.] A part of the Rotifer
mastax or gizzard ; one of the
chain of auditory ossicles of Mam-
mals ; one of the Weberian ossicles
of Fishes (zool.}

Malpighian (malplg'ian) a. [After
Malpighi, of Pisa.] Discovered by
or named after Malpighi.

Malpighian body, or corpuscle, — in
spleen, a nodular mass of lymphoid
tissue ensheathing the smaller
arteries ; in the kidney, a tuft or
glomerulus of convoluted capillary
blood-vessels enclosed in a dilata-
tion of the uriniferous tubule (anat.,
zool.}.

Malpighian layer,— the basal layer
of the epidermis next to the true
skin (anat.}.

Malpighian tubes,— slender thread-

MAL-

175

MAN-

like excretory tubes leading into
the posterior part of the gut of
Insects.

Malpighian tuft, — see Malpighian
corpuscle.

maltase (m61'tas) n. (A.S. mealt,
malt.] A plant ferment which con-
verts malt-sugar into grape-sugar
(dot.).

maltose (mol'tos) n. [A.S. mealt,
malt.] Malt-sugar (phys.~).

mamelon (mam'Slon) n. [L. mamilla,
nipple.] A small pimple-like struc-
ture in the centre of a tubercle of
an Echinoid interambulacral plate
(zoo!.).

mamilla (mamil'a) n, [L. mamilla,
nipple.] A nipple (anat., zoo!.).

mamlllary process or tubercle, — the
superior tubercle connected with
the transverse processes of the lower
thoracic vertebrae (anat.).

inanimate (mam'ilat) a. [L.mamilla,
nipple.] Studded with small pro-
tuberances.

mamma (mam'a) n. [L. mamma, the
breast.] The milk-secreting organ
of Mammals, functionless in the
male (zoo!.).

mammal (mam'al) n. [L. mamma,
the breast.] An animal of the class
of higher vertebrates of which the
females suckle the young (zoo!.).

mammary (mam'ari) a. [L. mamma,
the breast.] Pert, the breast ; appl.
arteries, veins, glands, tubules
(anat.}.

mammiferous (mamif'grus) a. [L.
mamma, the breast ; ferre, to bear.]
Developing mammae ; milk-secret-
ing ; mammalian (zoo!.).

mandible (man'dibl) n. [L. mandibu-
lum, jaw.] The lower jaw of verte-
brates, either a single bone or
composed of a number ; or gener-
ally, either jaw ; a paired append-
age connected with the mouth in
Arthropods.

mandibular (mandlb'ular) a. [L.
mandibulum, jaw.] Pert, the jaw ;
appl. arch, canal, foramen, fossa,
nerve, notch (anaf.).

mandibulate (mandlb'ulat) a. [L.
mandibulum, jaw.] Having a lower
jaw ; having functional jaws ; hav-
ing mandibles (zoo!.).

mandibuliform (mandib'ullform) a.

[L. mandibulum, Jaw ; forma, shape.]
Resembling, or used as a mandible;
appl. certain insect maxillae (zoo!.).

mandibulo-hyoid (mandib'ulo-hi'oid)
a. [L. mandibulum, jaw ; Gk.
hyoeides, Y-shaped.] In the region
of the mandible and hyoid (anaf.).

mandibulo-maxillary (mandib'ulo-
mak'silari, -maksil'-) a. [L. mandib-
ulum, jaw ; maxilla, jaw.] Pert.
maxillae and mandibles of Arthro-
pods (zool.}.

manducation (man'duka'shun) n. [L.
manducare, to chew.] Chewing ;
mastication (phys.).

manicate (man'Ikat) a. [L. mani-
catus, sleeved.] Covered with en-
tangled hairs or matted scales (dot.).

manna (man'a) n. [Gk. manna,
manna.] The hardened exudation
of the bark of certain trees (hot.} ;
honey-dew secreted by certain
Coccidae (zoo!.).

mantle (man'tl) n. [L. mantellum, a
cloak.] The outer soft fold of
integument next the shell of Mol-
luscs ; a pallium ; a sheath of
spongoblast cells ; the body-wall
of Ascidians (zool.}.

mantle cavity,— a space between the
mantle and body proper (zoo/.).

mantle cell, — a cell of the tapetum
or investing tissue of a sporangium
(bot.\

mantle fibres,— the spindle fibres of
a fully formed spindle (emb.).

mantle layer, — a layer of the embry-
onic medulla spinalis representing
the future gray columns (emb.).

mantle lobes, — dorsal and ventral
flaps of the mantle in bivalves
(zooL).

manual (man'ual) n. [L. manus,
hand.] A wing-quill borne on the
manus or hand of Birds ; a primary
feather (zoo!.).

manubrial (manu'brial) a. [L. manu-
brium, handle.] Pert, a manubrium ;
handle-shaped (zoo!.).

manubrium (manu'brium) n. [L.
manubrium, handle.] A cell pro-
jecting inwards from the shield of
an antheridial globule of Thallo-
phytes (dot.) ; a hypostome or coni-
cal elevation at the distal end of a
Hydrozoan polyp ; the clapper-like
portion hanging down from the

MAN-

176

MAS-

under surface of Medusae (zool.) ;
the handle-like part of the malleus
of the ear ; the anterior part of the
sternum (anat.).

manns (ma'nus) n. [L. manus, hand.]
The hand, or part of the fore-limb
corresponding to it, as found in
vertebrates from Amphibia up-
wards (zool.~).

manyplies,— the omasus or psalte-
rium, the third chamber of the
stomach of Ruminants— so-called
from its folded structure (zool.).

marcescent (marses'ent) a. [L. mar-
cescere, to wither.] Withering but
not falling off; appl. a calyx or
corolla persisting after fertilization
(bot.).

marginal (mar'jmal) a. [L. margo,
edge.] Pert, at or near the margin,
edge, or border ; appl. a form of
nervation (bot.) ; appl. a convolu-
tion of the frontal lobe (anat.).

marginal organ or vesicle, — a litho-
cyst (zool.).

marginal plates, — the system of
plates round the margin of a
Chelonian carapace (zool.).

marginalia (mar'jina'lia) n. plu. [L.
margo, edge.] Prostalia or defen-
sive spicules on the body surface
round the osculum (zool.).

marginate (mar'jinat) a. [L. margo,
edge.] Having a distinct margin
in structure or colouring.

marginicidal (mar'jmisl'dal) a. [L.
margo, edge ; caedere, to cut.]
Dehiscing by line of union of
carpels (bot.).

marginiform (mar'jmlform) a. [L.
margo, edge ; forma, shape.] Like
a margin or border in appearance
or structure.

marginirostral (mar'jiniros'tral) a.
[L. margo, edge ; rostrum, beak.]
Forming the edges of a bird's bill
(zool.).

marmorate (mar'morat) a. [L. mar-
mor, marble.] Of marbled appear-
ance.

marrow (mar'6) n. [M.E. marow,
pith.] The connective tissue filling
up the cylindrical cavities in the
bodies of long bones, and the
spaces of the cancellous tissue,
differing in composition in different
bones.

marsupial (marsu'pial) a. [L. marsu-
pium, a pouch.] Pert, a marsupium ;
pouch - bearing, as a kangaroo ;
appl. certain bones in connection
with the pelvic girdle in certain
Mammalsj

marsupium (marsu'pium) n. [L.
marsupium, pouch.] Any pouch-
like structure in which the young
of an animal complete their de-
velopment, such as the abdominal
pouch of Marsupials ; the gill cavi-
ties of bivalves ; a recess formed
by diverging spines and a support-
ing membrane in Stelleroids ; the
structure protecting the acrocyst in
Sertularians (zool.).

masked (mas'kd) a. [F. masque, a
mask.] Personate, as appl. corolla
(bot.).

masseter (mase'ter) n. [Gk. masse ter,
one that chews.] The muscle which
raises the lower jaw and assists
in chewing (anat.).

masseteric (mas'eter'ik) a. [Gk.
masseter, one that chews.] Pert.
or near the masseter muscle of the
cheek ; appl. artery, vein, nerve
(anat.).

massula (mas'ula) n. [L. massa,
mass.] A mass of microspores in
a sporangium of certain Pterido-
phytes ; a massed group of micro-
spores in Orchids (bot.).

niastax (mas'taks) n. [Gk. mas tax,
the mouth.] The gizzard of Rotifers
(zool.).

mast cells (Mastzellen of Ehrlich),—
spheroid or ovoid cells of soft proto-
plasm, very granular, numerous in
parts where fat is being laid down.

mastication (mas'tika'shun) ;/. [L.
masttcare, to chew.] Process of
chewing food with the teeth till
reduced to small pieces or a pulp
(Phys.).

masticatory stomach, — the gastric
mill or stomodaeal apparatus of
Crustaceans for grinding and strain-
ing food material (zool.).

mastigium (mastij'ium) n. [Gk.
mastigion, little whip.] A defen-
sive posterior lash of certain insect
larvae (zool.}.

mastigobranchia (mas'tlgobrang'kla)
n. [Gk. mastigion, little whip ;
brangchia, gills.] The epipodite of

MAS-

177

MEA-

adult Decapoda, a bilobed mem-
branous lamina extending upwards
between the gills (zool.}.

mastoid (mas'toid) a. [Gk. mastos,
breast; eidos, resemblance.] Nipple-
shaped ; appl. a process of the
temporal bone, also cells, foramen,
fossa, notch (anat.}.

mastoideosquamous (mastoid'e'6-
skwa'mus) a. [Gk. mastos, breast ;
eidos, like ; L. squama, scale.] Pert.
mastoid and squamous parts of the
temporal bone (anat.}.

mastoidohumeralis(mastoid'6humer-
a'lis) a. [Gk. mastos, breast ; eidos,
like ; L. humerus, the humerus.]
A muscle of certain quadrupeds
connecting mastoid and humerus
(zool.}.

masto-occipital (mas'to-oksip'ital) a.
[Gk. mastos, breast ; L. occiput, the
occiput.] Pert, occipital bone and
the mastoid process of the temporal
(anaf.).

mastoparietal (mas'topari'e'tal) a.
[Gk. mastos, breast ; L. paries,
wall.] Pert, the parietal bone and
the mastoid process of the temporal
(zool.}.

mastotympanic (mas'totimpan'lk) a.
[Gk. mastos, breast ; tympanon,
drum.] Appl. part of the tympanic
cavity's boundary in certain Reptiles
(zool.}.

matrix (ma'triks) n. [L. mater,
mother.] The ground substance
of connective tissue ; the part
beneath the body and root of the
nail ; the uterus (anaf.) ; the body
upon which a Lichen or Fungus
grows (dot.).

mattula (mat'ula) n. [L. matta, mat.]
The fibrous network covering the
petiole bases of palms (dot.}.

maturation (mSt'ura'shun) n. [L.
maturus, ripe.] The completion of
germ-cell development, consisting
of the reduction of the chromatin,
usually visible in the polar body
formation (cyt.}.

maxilla (maksU'a) n. [L. maxilla,
jaw.] The jaw ; part of the upper
jaw beyond the premaxilla ; an
appendage of most Arthropods
posterior to the mandible, modified
in various ways in adaptation to
function and requirements (zool.).

maxillary (maksil'ari) a. [L. maxilla,
jaw.] Pert, or in the region of the
maxilla or jaw ; appl. artery, nerve,
process, sinus, tuberosity, vein
(anaf.).

maxillary glands, — paired renal or-
gans opening at the base of the
maxilla in Crustacea (zool.}.

maxilliferous (mak'sillf e"rus) a. [L.
maxilla, jaw \ferre, to carry.] Bear-
ing maxillae (zool.}.

maxillifonn (maksil'Iform) a. [L.
maxilla, jaw ; forma, shape.] Like
a maxilla (zool.}.

maxillipede (maksil'iped) n. [L.
maxilla, jaw ; pes, foot.] An ap-
pendage, in one, two, or three
pairs, posterior to the maxillae in
Arthropods (zool.}.

maxillpdental (maksil'oden'tal) a. [L.
maxilla, jaw ; dens, tooth.] Pert.
jaws and teeth (anaf.).

maxillojugal (maksll'ojoo'gal) a. [L.
maxilla, jaw ; jugum, yoke.] Pert.
jaw and jugal bone (anaf.).

maxillomandibular (maksH'oman-
dib'ular) a. [L. maxilla, jaw ; man-
dibulum, jawj Appl. arch forming
the jaws of primitive Fishes ; pert.
maxilla and mandible (anaf.).

maxillopalatal (maksH'opaTatal) a.
[L. maxilla, jaw ; palatus, the
palate.] Pert, jaw and palatal
bones ; appl. a maxillary process
of Birds (zool.}.

maxillopharyngeal (maksirofarln'-
jeil) a. [L. maxilla, jaw ; Gk.
pharynx, gullet.] Pert, lower jaw
and pharynx (anaf.).

maxillo-premaxillary (maksfl'6-pre'-
maksirari) a. [L. maxilla, jaw ;
pre, before.] Pert, the whole of
the upper jaw ; appl. jaw when
maxilla and premaxilla are fused
(anat.}.

maxilloturbinal (maksH'otur'blnal) a.
[L. maxilla, jaw ; turbo, whorl.]
Pert, maxilla and the turbinals ;
«., a bone arising from the lateral
wall of the nasal cavity which
supports the sensory epithelium
(anat.}.

maxillula (maksirula) n. [L. dim.
of maxilla, jaw.] A first maxilla
in Crustacea when there are more
pairs than one (zool.}.
meatus (mea'tus) n. [L. vteatus, a
M

MEC-

178

MED-

passage.] A passage or channel,
as the acoustic or auditory, and the
nasal meatus (anat.}.

Meckelian cartilage or rod. [After
Meckel, German anatomist.] The
lower jaw of lower vertebrates, and
in the higher the axis round which
the membrane bones of the jaw are
arranged and formed (anat.}.

Meckel's rod or cartilage, — Meckelian
rod or cartilage.

meconidium (mgk'onid'ium) n. [Gk.
mekon, poppy.] Sessile or pedicel-
late extracapsular medusae usually
lying on the top of the gonangium
of certain Hydroids (zool.}.

media (me'dia)«. [L. medius, middle.]
A middle structure, such as a layer
of tissue, a central nervure (anat.,
zool.} ; as a plu., substances of
various kinds, such as bouillon, in
which cultures are grown (biol.}.

mediad (me'diad) adv. [L. medius,
middle.] Towards but not quite in
the middle line or axis (anat.}.

medial (me'dial) a. [L. medius,
middle.] Situated in the middle.

median (me'dlan) a. [L. medius,
middle.] Lying or running in the
axial plane ; intermediate ; middle.

mediastinal (me'dias'tmal, -astl'nal)
a. [L. mediastinus, a servant.] Pert.
or in the region of the mediastinum;
appl. cavity, arteries, glands, pleura
(anat.}.

mediastinum (me'dias'tinum, -astl'-
num) n. [L. mediastinum, servant.]
The space between the right and
left pleura in and near the median
sagittal chest plane ; an incomplete
vertical septum of the testis (anat.}.

mediodorsal (me'diodor'sal) a. [L.
medius, middle ; dorsum, the back.]
In the dorsal middle line.

mediopalatine (me'dioparatin) a. [L.
medius, middle ; palatus, palate.]
Between the palatal bones ; appl.
a cranial bone of some Birds (zool.}.

mediopectoral (me'diopgk'toral) a.
[L. medius, middle ; pectus, breast.]
Appl. the middle part of the sternum
(anat.}.

mediostapedial (me'diostape'dial) n.
[L. medius, middle ; stapes, stirrup.]
Pert, that portion of the columella
auris of certain animals external to
the stapes (anat.}.

mediotarsal (me'diotar'sal) a. [L.
medius, middle ; tarsus, ankle.]
Between the tarsal bones.

medioventral (me'dioven'tral) a. [L.
medius, middle ; -venter, the belly.]
In the middle ventral line.

medithorax (me'ditho'raks) n. [L.
medius, middle ; Gk. thorax, the
breast.] The middle part of the
thorax ; the mesothorax of Insects
(zool.}.

medium (me'dmm) n., media (me'dia)
plu. [L. medius, middle.] Any of
the structures through which a
force acts, as the refracting media
of the eyebulb (anat.} ; any of the
more or less solid substances in
which cultures are reared or
tissues are propagated (phys.}.

medulla (mgdul'a) n. [L. medulla,
marrow, pith.] Marrow of bones ;
the central part of an organ or
tissue (anat.} ; the pith or central
portion of a stem (hot.}.

medulla oblongata, — the posterior
portion of the brain continuous
with the medulla spinalis, or spinal
cord (anat.}.

medullary (mgdul'ari) a. [L. medulla,
pith.] Pert, or in the region of
the medulla ; appl. axis, artery,
lamina, membrane, bone, spaces
(anat.}.

medullary canal or cavity, — the
hollow cylindrical portion of a long
bone containing marrow (anat.} ;
the neurocoel (emb.}.

medullary groove, — a groove on the
surface of the medullary plate,
bounded by folds which, growing
up, coalesce and convert the groove
into a canal ; the neurocoel (emb.}.

medullary keel, — a down ward growth
towards the archenteron, the rudi-
ment of the central nervous system
in the development of certain primi-
tive vertebrates (smb.}.

medullary layer, — a thick subcortical
layer of the thallus of some Lichens
(bot.}.

medullary plate, — the plate-like
formation of ectoderm cells
bordering the blastopore of early
embryo ; the earliest rudiment of
the nervous system (emb.}.

medullary rays, — a number of strands
of connective tissue extending be

MED.

179

MEG-

tween the pith and the pericycle
(**}

medullary sheath,— a ring of pro-
toxylems round the pith of certain
stems (dot.) ; a layer of white
glistening material surrounding
the axis cylinder of a medullated
nerve-fibre (zool.).

medullated (mgdula'tSd) a. [L.
medulla, pith.] Provided with a
medullary sheath.

medullated nerve-fibres, — the fibres
of the white part of the brain and
spinal cord, consisting of an axis-
cylinder or neuraxis of primitive
fibrillae, surrounded by medullary
sheath, which is in turn covered by
a delicate membrane, the neuri-
lemma (anat.).

medullispinal (mgdul'ispi'nal) a. [L.
medulla, pith ; spina, the spine.]
Of the spinal cord.

medusa (mgdu'sa) n. [Gk. Medousa,
one who rules.] A jelly-fish (zool.).

medusiform (medu'siform) a. [Gk.
Medousa, Medusa ; L. forma,
shape.] Like a medusa or jelly-fish.

medusoid (medu'soid) n. [Gk.
Medousa, Medusa ; eidos, like.]
A medusa - like free - swimming
gonophore of Hydrozoa (zool.) ; a.,
like a jelly-fish or medusa (zool.).

medusome (mSdu'som) n. [Gk.
Medousa, Medusa ; soma, body.]
A name given to the medusoid
stage in the life-history of Obelia
(zool.).

megagamete (mgg'agamet) n. [Gk.
megas, large ; gametes, a spouse.]
A rounded cell regarded as an
ovum or its equivalent ; developed
from a megagametocyte after a
process akin to maturation (zool.).

megagametocyte (mgg'agame'toslt)
n. [Gk. megas, large ; gametes, a
spouse ; kytos, hollow.] A cell
developed from a merozoite, and
itself giving rise to a megagamete,
frequently requiring transference
to another host before its develop-
ment can proceed (zool.).

megakaryocyte (meg'akar'ioslt) n.
[Gk. megas, large ; karyon, nut ;
kytos, hollow.] A giant-cell of
marrow with one large annular
lobulated nucleus, containing a
number of nucleoli (anat.).

megalaesthetes (meYaleVthets) ».
plu. [Gk. megalon, great ; aistheti-
kos, perceptive.] Sensory organs,
sometimes in the form of eyes in
the Placophora (zool.).

megaloblast (meg'aloblast) n. [Gk.
megalon, great ; blastos, bud.J A
large erythroblast (anat.).

megalogonidlum (mgg'alogonTd'Ium)
n. [Gk. megalon, great ; gonos,
offspring.] A large gonidium (dot.).

megalopa (mfig'alo'pa). Megalops.

megaloplc (mgg'alop'ik) a. [Gk.
megalon, great ; ops, eye.] Be-
longing to the megalops stage
(zool.).

megalopore (meg'alopor) n. [Gk.
megalon, great ; poros, a channel.]
A pore in the dorsal plates in
Chiton for placing a megalaesthete
in direct communication with the
exterior (zool.).

megalops (me'g'alops) n. [ Gk meg-
alon, great ; o£s, eye.] A larval
stage of certain Crustaceans, as
crabs, conspicuous by large stalked
eyes (zool.).

megalospherlc (mgg'alosfgr'ik) a.
[Gk. megalon, great ; sphaira, a
globe.] Of polythalamous Foramin-
ifer shells, having a megalosphere
or large initial chamber (zool.}.

megamere (meg'amer) n. [Gk. megas,
large ; meros, part.] One of the
large cells formed after the primary
divisions of a developing ovum
(emb.\

meganucleus (mgg'anu'kleus) n. [Gk.
megas, large ; L. nucleus, kernel.]
The larger nucleus, or vegetative
nucleus, of the Infusoria (zool.).

megasclere (mSg'askler) n. [Gk.
megas, large ; skleros, hard.] A
skeletal spicule of the general
supporting framework, as opp. a
microsclere (zool.).

megaspherlc (mgg'asfeVlk). Megalo-
spheric.

megasporangium (me'g'asporanjium)
n. [Gk. megas, large ; sporos,
seed; anggeion, vessel.] A macro-
spore-producing sporangium (bot.).

megaspore (me'g'aspor) n. [Gk.
megas, great ; sporos, seed.] A
larger-sized spore of dimorphic
forms in reproduction by spore-
formation (zool.) ; the larger spore

MEG-

180

MEM-

of heterosporous plants, regarded
as female ; the embryo sac-cell of
a seed plant (bot.}.

megasporophyll (meg'aspo'rofil) n.
[Gk. megas, great ; sporos, seed ;
phyllon, leaf.] A spore-bearing leaf
developing megasporangia (bot.}.

megatherm (meg'atherm) n. [Gk.
megas, great ; therme, heat.] A
tropical plant (bot.}.

megazooid (meg'azo'oid) n. [Gk.
megas, great ; zoon, animal ; eidos,
like.] The larger zooid resulting
from binary or other fission (zool.}.

megazoospore (meg'azo'ospor) n. [Gk.
megas, great ; zoon, animal ; sporos,
seed.] A large zoosppre, as in the
reproduction of certain Radiolaria
(zool.') ; a zoogonidium of certain
Algae (bot.}.

Meibomian glands, — glands of the
eyelid with a sebaceous secretion
(anat.}.

meiophylly (ml'ofil'I) n. [Gk. melon,
smaller ; phyllon, leaf.] The sup-
pression of one or more leaves in
a whorl (bot.}.

meiostemonous (ml'ostem'onus) a.
[Gk. melon, smaller ; stemon, a spun
thread.] Having fewer stamens
than petals or sepals (hot.}.

meiotaxy (ml'otak'si) n. [Gk. melon,
smaller ; taxis, arrangement.] Sup-
pression of a whorl or a set of
organs (bot.}.

meiotic (mlot'fk) a. [Gk. melon,
smaller.] Appl. reduction division,
which see ; also maiotic (cyt.}.

Meissner's plexus, — a gangliated
plexus of nerve fibres in the sub-
mucous coat of the small intestine
(j>hys.\

melanin (mel'anln) n. [Gk. melas,
black.] Black or dark-brown pig-
ment, as of the retina ; cf. haemo-
zoin (phys.}.

melanism (mel'anTzm) n. [Gk. me/as,
black.] Excessive development of
black pigment in skin or body-
covering (biol.}.

melanocyte (mel'anosit) n. [Gk. melas,
black; kytos, hollow.] A black
pigmented lymphocyte (phys.}.

melanospermous (ineTandsper'iniis) a.
[Gk. melas, black ; sperma, seed.]
Appl. seaweeds with dark-coloured
spores (bot.}.

melanotlc (meTanot'ik) a. [Gk. melas,
black.] Having black pigment un-
usually developed.

melliferous (melif'erus) a. [L. mel,
honey ; ferre, to carry.] Honey-
producing (bot.}.

melliphagous (melif'agus) a. [L. mel,
honey ; Gk.phagein, to eat.] Feed-
ing on honey (zool.}.

mellisugent (mel'Isu'jent) a. [L. mel,
honey ; sugere, to suck.] Honey-
sucking (zool.}.

mellivorous (meliv'orus) a. [L. mel,
honey ; vorare, to devour.] Feeding
on honey (zool.}.

member (mem'ber) n. [L. membrum,
a member.] A limb or organ of
the body (zool.} ; a well-defined
part or organ of a plant (bot.}.

membrana (membra'na) n. [L. mem-
brana, a membrane.] A thin film,
skin or layer of tissue covering a
part or organ of animal or plant ;
or a thin skin-like covering of
cells or unicellular organisms
(biol.}.

membranaceous (mem'brana'shus) a.
[L. membrana, membrane.] Of the
consistency or having the structure
of a membrane (biol.}.

membrane (mem'bran), — a mem-
brana, which see.

membrane bone, — a bone developing
directly from membrane without
passing through a cartilage stage
(anat.}.

membranella (mem'branel'a) n. [L.
membrana, membrane.] A flapping
or swinging membrane formed by
fusion of rows of cilia, found among
the Protozoa (zool.}.

membraniferous (mem'branif'erus) a.
[L. membrana, membrane ; ferre,
to carry.] Enveloped in or bear-
ing a membrane.

membranoid (mem'branoid) a. [L.
membrana, membrane ; Gk. eidos,
like.] Resembling membrane.

membranous (mem'branus) a. [L.
membrana, membrane.] Resem-
bling or consisting of membrane ;
pliable and semitransparent.

membranous cranium, — a mesenchy-
mal investment enclosing the whole
brain (emb.}.

membranous labyrinth,— the internal
ear, separated from the bony cavi-

MEM-

181

MER-

ties by perilymph, and itself con-
taining endolymph (ana/.).

membranous vertebral column, —
a continuous sheath of mesoderm,
enveloping notochord and neural
tube (emb.}.

membranula (me'mbran'ula) n, [L.
dim. of membrana, membrane.] A
concrescence of cilia, as in certain
Infusoria (zoo/.).

membranule (mgm'branul) n. [L.
dim. of membrana, membrane.] A
small opaque space, in some
dragon-flies' wings, lying close to
the body of the insect in the anal
area of the wing (zoo/.).

Mendellan,— pert, law, factor or
character which behaves accord-
ing to the results of Mendel's
experiments.

Mendellsm, — a law or rule governing
the inheritance of characters in
plants and animals discovered by
Gregor Mendel. This principle
deals with the inheritance of " unit
characters," the presence or ab-
sence of one or other of a pair of
contrasting characters. It also
shows that the offspring of organ-
isms with a pair of contrasting
characters will be produced in a
definite ratio. From this law we
are able to get a more correct and
scientific definition of "purity of
a breed." It may be extended to
deal with groups of characters.

meningeal (mgn'Inje'al, mgnm'jeal) a.
[Gk., meninx, a membrane.] Pert.
or in the region of the meninges ;
appl. artery, vein, nerve (ana/.).

meninges (me'nin'jez) n. plu. [Gk.
meninx, a membrane.] The three
membranes enclosing the brain and
spinal cord, from without inwards —
the dura mater, arachnoid and pia
mater (anat.}.

meningosis (mgn'ingo'sis) n. [Gk.
meninx, a membrane.] Attach-
ment by means of membranes.

meningo-spinal (mening'go-spl'nal) a.
[Gk. meninx, a membrane ; L.
spina, spine.] Pert, the spinal
cord membranes (anat.}.

meniscus (mgnis'kus) n., menisci
(mgnts'kl) plu. [Gk. meniskos, a
little moon.] Interarticular fibro-
cartilages found in joints exposed

to violent concussion, such as wrist
and knee joints (anat.}.

mensa (m&n'sa) n. [L. mensa, a
table.] The chewing surface of a
tooth.

menstruation (men'strooa'shun) «.
[L. mensis, a month ; struere, to
flow.] A monthly discharge from
the female reproductive organs,
chiefly in higher mammals (zoo/.).

mental (mgn'tal) a. [L. mentum,
chin.] Pert, or in the region of
the chin ; appl. foramen, nerve,
spines, tubercle, muscle (anat.} ;
pert, the mentum of insects ; apj>L
scale or plate of fish and of reptile
(anat.}.

mentigerous (me'ntij'e'rus) a. [L.
mentum, chin ; gerere, to carry.]
Supporting or bearing the mentum
(zoo/.).

mentomeckelian (me'n'tome'ke'lian) a.
[L. mentum, chin ; Ger. Meckel,
comparative anatomist.] Appl. a
cartilage bone present in a few
lower vertebrates at either side of
the union of the two halves of the
lower jaw (zoo/.).

mentum (mgn'tum) n. [L. mentum,
chin.] The chin (anat.} ; an un-
divided mouth-part of Insects, con-
tinuous with submentum or gula
and posterior to labial palps and
palpigers ; a projection between
the head and foot of some Gastro-
pods (zoo/.).

mericarp (meYikarp) n. [Gk. meros,
part ; karpos, fruit.] A one-seeded
indehiscent part of a schizocarp
(**}

meridional canal, — in Ctenophores, a
canal extending upwards and down-
wards beneath a swimming-plate,
into which the adradial canals
open (zoo/.).

merism (meYizm) n. [Gk. meros,
part.] "A repetition of homo-
logous parts."

merismatic (meYfzmat'ik) a. [Gk.
merismos, a partition.] Dividing
or separating into cells or seg-
ments ; consisting of meristem, as
merismatic tissue (oof.).

merismoid (mgrlz'moid) a. £Gk.
merismos, partition ; eidos, like.]
With branched pileus (bot.\

merispore (mgrfspor) n. [Gk. meros,

MER-

182

MER-

part ; sporos, seed.] A segment or
spore of a multicellular spore-body
(bot.).

meristele (mer'istel) n. [Gk. meros,
part ; stele, pillar.] A separate
part of a monostelic stem passing
outwards from stele to leaves ; the
branch of a stele supplying a leaf

meristem (meYistgrn) n. [Gk.
meristes, a divider.] Tissue formed
of cells all capable of division, as
found at growing points ; meris-
matic or meristematic tissue (bot.}.

merlstematic (mgr'istemat'Ik) a. [Gk.
meristes, a divider.] Pert, or con-
sisting of meristem ; appl. tissue,
cells of growing point ; merismatic
(bot.).

meristic (mSris'tik) a. [Gk. meristes,
a divider.] Segmented ; divided
off into parts (bot.).

meristic variation, — changes in the
number of parts or segments, and
in the geometrical relations of the
parts ; cf. substantive variation
(biol.).

meristogenetic (me'ris'tqje'ne't'ik) a.
[Gk. meristes, a divider ; genesis,
descent.] Developing from mer-
istem (bot.).

merithallus (me'rlthal'us) n. [Gk.
meros, part ; thallos, young shoot.]
An internode (bot.).

mermaid's purse, — the horny floating
or fixed egg-envelope of skates and
sharks (zool.).

meroblastic (mer'oblas'tik) a. [Gk.
meros, part ; blastos, bud.] Appl.
ova which undergo only partial
segmentation or cleavage in de-
velopment (zool.) ; developing from
part of the opsphere only (bot.).

merocerite (meros'e'rlt) n. [Gk. meros,
thigh ; keras, horn.] The fourth
segment of crustacean antennae
(zool.).

merocyte (mer'oslt) n. [Gk. meros,
part ; kytos, hollow.] A nucleus
lying in the yolk, directly below
the blastoderm in a meroblastic
ovum (cyt.).

merogastrula (mer'ogaVtroola) n.
[Gk. meros, part ; dim. of gaster,
stomach.] The gastrula formed
from a meroblastic ovum (zool.).

m orogenesis (meVoje'n'e'sis) n. [Gk.

meros, part ; gigncsthai, to produce.]
Formation of parts ; segmentation.

merognathite (meVognath'it) n. [Gk.
meros, thigh ; gnathos, jaw.] The
fourth segment of a crustacean
mouth-part (zool.).

merogony (merog'onT) n. [Gk. meros,
part ; gone, generation.] Develop-
ment of normal young of small size,
from part of an egg, in which there
was no female pronucleus (zool).

meroistic (meYois'tlk) a. [Gk. meros,
part.] Appl. certain insect ovaries
which produce vitelligenous cells
in addition to ova (zool.).

meromorphosis (mer/6m6r'f6s!s) n.
[Gk. meros, part ; morphosis, change.]
Regeneration of a part when the
new part is less than that lost
(zool.).

meront (mSront') n. [Gk. meros,
part ; ons, being.] A uninucleate
schizont-stage in Neosporidia suc-
ceeding the planont-stage, which
multiplies by fission (zool.).

meroplankton (mer'oplang'kton) n.
[Gk. meros, part ; plangktos,
wandering.] Plankton living only
part-time near the surface (bot.,
zool.).

meropodite (merop'odit') n. [Gk.
meros, thigh ; pous, foot.] The
fourth segment of a thoracic ap-
pendage in the Crustacea (zool.).

meros (me'rfis) n. [Gk. meros, thigh.]
The fourth segment of a crustacean
appendage (zool.).

merosomatous (meVosom'atus) a.
[Gk. meros, part ; soma, body.]
Appl. ascidiozooids divided into
two regions, thorax and abdomen
(zool).

merosome (mer'osom) n. [Gk. meros,
part ; soma, body.] A body seg-
ment, somite, or metamere (zool.).

merosthenic (me'rosthe'n'ik) a. [Gk.
meros, thigh ; sthenos, strength.]
With unusually developed hind-
limbs (zool.).

merotomy (merot'dmi) n. [Gk. meros,
part ; temnein, to cut.] Segmenta-
tion or division into parts (zool.).

merozoite (mer'ozo'it) n. [Gk. meros,
part ; zoon, animal.] A cell, the
division-product of a schizont in
Sporozoa (zool.).

merozoon (mer'6zo'8n) n. [Gk. meros,

MER-

183

MES-

part ; zoon, animal.] A fragment
of a unicellular animal containing

Eart of the macronucleus, obtained
y artificial division (zool.}.

merrythought,— the furcula of birds,
formed by the coalescence of clav-
icles (zool.).

merus (me'rus) n. [Gk. meros, thigh.]
Meros, which see.

mesamoeboid (meVame'boid) cells, —
nucleated cells of the blood islands
from which blood corpuscles are
derived (emb.).

mesarch (meVark) a. [Gk. mesos,
middle ; arche, beginning.] Appl.
xylem having metaxylem develop-
ing in all directions from the
protoxylem, characteristic of ferns ;
having the protoxylem surrounded
by metaxylem (bot.\

mesaxonic (meYakson'lk) a. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; axon, axis.] With
the line dividing the foot, passing
up the middle digit (zool.).

mesencephalon (m6s'6nk6f'alon, -s6f-)
n. [Gk. mesos, middle ; en, in ;
kephale, head.] The mid-brain,
comprising corpora quadrigemina
(bigemina) and cerebral peduncles
(anat.).

mesenchyma (me'se'ng'kima) n. [Gk.
mesas, middle ; engchein, to pour
in.] A mass of tissue, intermediate
between ectoderm and endoderm
of a gastrula (emb.).

mesenchyme (mgse'ng'klm). Mesen-
chyma.

mesenterlal (me's'e'nte'rlal, meYgnte'-
rlal) a. [Gk. mesos, middle ; enteron,
gut.] Pert, a mesentery ; appl.
filaments of Actinozoa (zool.).

mesenteric (meYenteVik, mez'enteYik)
a. [Gk. tnesos, middle ; enteron,
gut.] Pert, a mesentery ; appl.
artery, glands, nerves, veins (anat.).

mesenterlole (meYgnte'riol, meY-
Snte'rlol) n. [L. dim. of mesenterium,
a mesentery.] A fold of peritoneum
derived from the mesentery, retain-
ing the vermiform appendix in
position (anat.).

mesenterium (me's'e'nte'rTum, meY-
gnte'rium) n. [L. mesenterium, a
mesentery.] A mesentery.

mesenteron (me'se'n'te'rSn) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; enteron, gut.] The
main digestive cavity of Actinozoa

and other Coelenterates; the portion
of the alimentary canal lined by
endoderm (zool.).

mesentery (me's'e'nte'r!, mez'e'nte'rl) n.
[L. mesenterium, a mesentery.] A
peritoneal fold serving to hold the
viscera in position : there are three,
the mesentery proper, the trans-
verse mesocolon, and the sigmoid
mesocolon (anat.) ; a muscular par-
tition, complete or incomplete, ex-
tending inwards from the body-
wall in Coelenterates (zool.).

mesepimeron (m6s'fiplm'6r6n) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; ejbi, upon ; merost
part.] The epimeron of the meso-
thorax of an insect (zool.).

mesethmoid (me'se'th'moid) a. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; etJimos, sieve ; eidos,
like.] Between the two ectethmoid
bones ; appl. ethmoid plate of
cranium when it ossifies (anat.) ;
a median cranial bone of verte-
brates (zool.).

mesiad (me'zlid) adv. [Gk. mesos,
middle.] Towards or near the
middle plane.

mesial (me'ziai) a. [Gk. mesos, middle.]
In the middle vertical or longi-
tudinal plane.

meslan (me'zlan) a. [Gk. mesos,
middle.] Mesial.

mesoarlum (mSs'oa'rlum) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; oarion, a small egg.]
A mesovarium.

mesobenthos (mes'obe'n'thSs) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; benthos, depths.]
The animal and plant life of the
sea-bottom when the depth is be-
tween 100 fathoms and 500 fathoms
(zool., bot.).

mesoblast (mes'oblast) ». [Gk. mesos,
middle ; blastos, bud.] The meso-
derm or middle layer of an embryo
(emb.).

mesoblastema (mes'oblaste'ma).
Mesoblast.

mesoblastlc (mes'oblas'tlk) a. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; blastos, bud.] Pert.
or developing from the middle layer
(emb.).

mesobranchial (mes'bbrang'klal) a.
[Gk. mesos, middle ; brangchia,
gills.] Pert, the middle gill-region,
as in Crustacea (zool.).

mesobronchus (mes'obrSng'kus) «.
[Gk. mesos, middle ; brongchos.

MES-

184

MES-

wind-pipe.] In birds, the main
trunk of a bronchus in the lung
beyond the ventricle : it gives rise
to secondary bronchi (zoo/.).

mesocaecum (mes'ose'kum) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; L. caecus, blind.]
The mesentery connected with the
caecum (anat.).

mesocardium (mes'okar'dlum) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; kardia, the heart.]

- An embryonic mesentery binding
the heart to the pericardial walls
(emb.); part of the pericardium
enclosing veins (venous m.) or
aorta (arterial m.) (anat.).

mesocarp (mes'okarp) n. [Gk. mesos,
middle ; karpos, fruit.] The middle
layer of the pericarp or coat of a
fruit (bot.).

mesocentrous (mes'ose'n'trus)tf. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; L. centrum, a centre.]
Ossifying from a median centre
(anat.).

mesochilium (mes'okil'ium) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; cheilos, a lip.] The
middle portion of the labellum of
orchids (bot.).

mesocoel (mes'osel) n. [Gk. mesos,
middle ; koilos, hollow.] The second
of three main parts of the coelom
of Molluscs (zoo/.).

mesocolic (mes'okol'ik) a. [Gk. mesos,
middle ; kolon, the large intestine.]
Pert, the mesocolon ; appl. lymph
glands (anat.).

mesocolon (mes'oko'lon) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; kolon, the large in-
testine.] A mesentery or fold of
peritoneum attaching the colon to
the dorsal wall of the abdomen
(anat.).

mesocoracoid (mes'okor'akoid) a. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; korax, crow ; eidos,
resemblance.] Situated between
hyper- and hypo-coracoid ; appl.
a middle part of the coracoid arch
of certain Fishes (zoo/.).

mesocycle (mes'oslkl) n. [Gk. mesos,
middle ; kyklos, a circle.] A layer of
tissue between xylem and phloem
of a monostelic stem ; part of the
conjunctive tissue of the stele (hot.).

mesoderm (mes'odgrm) n. [Gk. mesos,
middle ; derma, skin.] The meso-
blast or embryonic layer lying be-
tween the ectoderm and endoderm
(emb.).

mesodermal (mes'oder'mal) a. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; derma, skin.] Pert.
derived or developing from meso-
derm (emb.).

mesodesm (mes'odezm) n. [Gk. mesos,
middle ; desma, bond.] Part of the
mesocycle (bot.).

mesodont (mes'6d8nt) a. [Gk. mesos,
middle ; odous, tooth.] Appl. stag-
beetles having a medium develop-
ment of mandible projections (zoo/.).

mesogaster (mes'ogas'te'r) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; gaster, belly.] The
mesentery proper, or fold of peri-
toneum supporting the stomach
(anat.).

mesogastric (mes'ogas'trik) a. [Gk.
mesos. middle ; gaster, belly.] Pert.
a mesogaster or mesogastrium ;
pert, the middle gastric region
(anat.).

mesogastrium (mes'ogas'trium) n.
[Gk. mesos, middle ; gaster, belly.]
The mesentery connecting stomach
with dorsal abdominal wall in the
embryo (emb.) ; the middle ab-
dominal region (anat.).

mesogloea (mes'ogle'a) n. [Gk. mesos,
middle ; gloia, glue.] An inter-
mediate non-cellular layer in
Sponges and Coelenterates (zoo/.).

mesognathion (mes'ognath'ion) n.
[Gk. mesos, middle ; gnathos, jaw.]
The lateral segment of the maxilla,
bearing the lateral incisor (anat.).

mesohepar (mes'ohe'par) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; L. hepar, liver.] The
mesentery supporting the liver
(anat.).

mesohydpophytic (mes'ohl'droflt'ik)
a. [Gk. mesos, middle ; hydor,
water ; phyton, plant.] Growing in
temperate regions but requiring
much moisture (bot.).

mesolecithal (mes'oleVlthal) a. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; lekithos, yolk of
egg.] Appl. eggs with yolk in the
centre (emb).

mesology (mes81'ojT) n. [Gk. mesos,
middle ; logos, discourse.] Bio-
nomics ; the relation between or-
ganism and environment.

mesomere (mes'omer) n. [Gk. mesos,
middle ; meros, part.] The middle
zone of the coelomic pouches in
the embryo ; a mesoblastic somite
or protovertebra (emb.).

MES-

185

MES-

mesometrium (mes'ome'trium) n.
[Gk. mesos, middle ; metra, uterus.]
The mesentery of uterus and con-
necting tubes (anat.).
mesomitosis (mes'omito'sis) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; mttos, thread.]
Mitosis within the nuclear mem-
brane, without co-operation of cyto-
plasmic elements ; cf. metamltosis
(emb.).

mesomyodian (mes'dmlo'dlan) a. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; ntys, a muscle.]
Appl. birds with muscles of syrinx
attached to middle of bronchial
semi-rings (zoo/.}.

meson (mes'8n, mez^n) n. [Gk. mesos,
middle.] The central plane, or
region of it (zool.).

mesonephric (mes'oneTrik) a. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; nephros, kidney.]
Pert, mesonephros, or mid-kidney;
appl. duct, tubules (zool.).
mesonephridium (mes'one'frfd'ium) n.
[Gk. mesos, middle; nephros, kidney.]
A nephridium or excretory organ
of certain invertebrates, derived
from mesoblast (zool.).
mesonephros (mes'6neTr5s) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; nephros, kidney.]
The intermediate part of the ex-
cretory organ in vertebrate embryos
— it becomes the functional kidney
in lower Craniata, it atrophies
in the higher forms (zoo/.) ; the
Wolffian body (anat.).
mesonotum (mes'ono'tum) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; noton, the back.]
The dorsal part of an insect meso-
thorax (zool.).

mesoparapteron (mes'6'parap'tSron) n.
[Gk. mesos, middle ; para, beside ;
pteron, wing.] The small sclerite
of the mesothorax of insects (zool.).
mesopetalum (mes'opfit'alum) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; petalon, a petal.]
The labellum or lip of an orchid
(bot.).

mesophragma (mes'ofrag'ma) n. [Gk.

mesos, middle ; phragma, a fence.]

A chitinous piece descending into

interior of insect body with post-

scutellum for base (zool.).

mesophryon (mesofrion) n. [Gk.

mesos, middle ; ophrys, an eyebrow.]

The elevated median head-region

of Trilobites (Pal.).

raesophyll (mes ofil) n. [Gk. mesos,

middle ; phyllon, leaf.] The inter-
nal parenchyma of a leaf (bot.).
mesophyte (mes'oflt) n. [Gk. mesos,
middle ; phyton, plant.] A plant
thriving in temperate climates with
a normal amount of moisture (bot.).
mesoplankton (mes'6plang'kt6n) n.
[Gk. mesos, middle ; plangktos,
wandering.] Floating animal and
plant life from a hundred fathoms
downwards.^

mesoplast (mes'oplast) n. [Gk. mesos,
middle ; plastos, moulded.] A cell
nucleus (cyt.).

mesoplastron (mes'6plas'tr5n) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; F. plastron, breast-
plate.] A plate between hyo- and
hypo - plastron of certain Turtles
(zool.).

mesopleuron (mes'oploo'rSn) ». [Gk.
mesos, middle ; gleura, side.] A
lateral part of an insect mesothorax
(zool.).

mesopodlal (mes'opo'dlal) a. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; pous, foot.] Pert.
a mesopodium (bot., zool.).
mesopodium (mes'opo'dlum) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; pous, foot.] The
leaf-stalk or petiole region of a leaf
(bot.) ; the middle part of a mol-
luscan foot (zool.).

mesopraescutum (mes'opresku'tum)
n. [Gk. mesos, middle ; L. prae,
before ; scutum, a shield.] The
praescutum of mesothorax in Insects
(zool.).

mesopterygium (mes'6pt6rij'Ium) n.
[Gk. mesos, middle ; pterygion, a
little wing or fin.] The middle of
three basal pectoral fin-cartilages
in recent Elasmobranchs (zool.).
mesopterygoid (mes'5pt6rTgoid) n.
[Gk. mesos, middle ;pteryx, a wing ;
eidos, resemblance.] The middle
of three pterygoid bone elements of
Teleosts ; the ectopterygoid (zool.).
mesorchium (mes&r'klum) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; orchis, a testicle.]
The mesentery supporting the
testis, attached to dorsal abdominal
wall in mammalian embryos ; sus-
pensory in adult Fishes (zool.).
mesorectum (mes'b'rgk'tum) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; L. rectus, straight.]
The mesentery supporting the
rectum (anat.).
mesorhlnal (mes'ori'nal) a. [Gk.

MES-

186

MES-

mesos, middle ; rhts, nose.] Be-
tween the nostrils (zool.).

mesorhinium (mes'orm'fum) n. [Gk,
mesos, middle ; rhis, nose.] The
internarjal surface region of a
bird's bill (zool.).

mesosalplnx (mes'osal'pmgks) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; salpingx, a trumpet.]
The portion of supporting ligament
stretching from uterine tube to the
lerel of the ovary (anat.).

mesoscapula (mes'oskap'ula) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; L. scapula, shoulder-
blade.] The scapular spine
(anat.).

mesoscutellum (mes'oskuteTum) n.
[Gk. mesos, middle ; L. scutellum,
a small shield.] The scutellum of
insect's mesothorax (zool.).

mesoscutum (mes'osku'tum) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; L. scutum, a shield.]
The scutum of insect's mesothorax
(zool.}.

mesosoma (mes'oso'ma) n. [Gk. mesos,
middle ; soma, body.] The middle
part of the body ; the praeabdomen
of Arthropods, or anterior broader
part of abdomen (zool.).

mesosperm (mes'ospgrm) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; sperma, seed.] The
integument investing the nucellus
of an ovule (bot.).

mesospore (mes'ospor) n. [Gk. mesos,
middle ; sporos, seed.] The inter-
mediate of three spore coats ; a
resting-spore stage (bot.).

mesosporium (mes'ospo'rrum). Meso-
spore.

mesostate (mes'ostat) n. [Gk. mesos,
middle ; stasis, a standing.] An
intermediate stage in metabolism
(phys.\

mesostereom (mes'6st6r'e8m) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; stereos, solid.] The
middle layer of thecal plates of
Cystidea (zool.).

mesosternebra (mes'oste'r'ne'bra) n.
[Gk. mesos, middle ; sternon, breast-
bone.] A part of the developing
mesosternum (emb.).

mesosternum (mes'osteYnum) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; L. sternum, breast-
bone.] The middle part of the
sternum of vertebrates ; the gladi-
olus (anat.) ; the sternum of the
mesothorax of Insects (zool.).

mesostethium (mes'oste'thlum) n.

[Gk. mesos, middle ; stethos, the
chest.] A mesosternum (zool.).

mesostylous (mes'osti'lus) a. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; stylos, pillar.] Hav-
ing styles of intermediate length ;
appl. heterostylous flowers (bot.).

mesotarsal (mes'otar'sal) a. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; L. tarsus, ankle-
joint.] Pert, a mesotarsus of an
Insect (zool.).^

mesotarsus (mes'otar'sus) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; L. tarsus, ankle-
joint.] A middle-limb tarsus of
insects (zool.).

mesothecium (mes'othe'sium, -shium)
n. [Gk. mesos, middle ; theke, cup.]
The middle investing layer of an
anther-sac (bot.).

mesothelium (mes'othe'lium) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; thele, nipple.] Meso-
derm bounding the primitive coelom
and giving rise to muscular and
connective tissue (anat.).

mesotherm (mes'othgrm) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; therme, heat.J A
plant thriving in a moderate heat
(bot.).

mesothoracic (mes'dthoras'ik) a. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; thorax, chest.] Pert.
or in the region of the meso-
thorax ; appl. a spiracle of Insects
(zool.).

mesothorax (mes'otho'raks) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; thorax, chest.] The
middle segment of the thoracic
region of Insects (zool.).

mesotriaene (mes'otri'en) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; triaina, a trident.]
An aberrant type of triaene spicule
(zool.).

mesotrochal (mesot'rokal) a. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; trochos, wheel.]
Appl. an annulate larva with circlet
of cilia round the middle of the
body (zool.).

mesotympanic (mes'otimpan'Ik) a.
[Gk. mesos, middle ; tympanon, a
drum.] The symplectic ; one of
the bones in the suspensory appa-
ratus of the lower jaw in Fishes
(zool.).

mesovarlum (mes'ova'rium) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; L. ovarium, an
ovary.] The mesentery of the
ovary ; suspensory mesentery of
Fishes (zool., anat.).

mesoventral (mes'ovgn'tral) a. [Gk.

MES-

187

MET-

mesas, middle ; L. venter, belly.]
In the middle ventral region.
Mesozoic (mes'ozo'ik) n. [Gk. mesos,
middle ; zoe, life.] The middle or
secondary group of rock-systems

metabiosis (met'ablo'sis) n. [Gk.
me/a, after ; bios, life.] Condition
in which one organism lives only
after another has prepared its
environment and died (biol.}.

metabolic (mgt'abol'ik) a. [Gk. meta,
after ; ballein, to throw.] Change-
able ; appl. chemical changes
occurring in living organism ;
metamorphosing (biol.\

metabolln (metab'olin) n. [Gk. meta-
bole, change.] A product of meta-
bolism (phys.}.

metabolism (metab'ollzm) n. [Gk.
metabole, change.] The chemical
change, constructive and destruc-
tive, occurring in living organisms
(biol.).

metabranchial (mgt'abrang^kTal) a.
[Gk. meta, after ; brangchia, gills.]
Pert, or in the region of the
posterior gill region (zoo/.).

metacarpal (mgt'akar'pal) a. [Gk.
meta, after ; L. carpus, the wrist.]
Pert, the metacarpus ; appl. bones,
articulations, etc. (anat.~).

metacarpophalangeal (mgt'akar'po-
falan'jeal) a. [Gk. meta, after;
L. carpus, wrist ; Gk. phalanx,
series.] Appl. the articulations be-
tween metacarpals and phalanges
(anat.).

metacarpus (mgt'akar'pus) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; L. carpus, wrist.]
The skeletal part of the hand
between wrist and fingers, con-
sisting of five cylindrical bones
(anat.).

metachromatinic grains, — chroma-
toid bodies found in cells very
similar to chromatin in properties
and characteristics (cyt.).

metachrosis (met'akro'sis) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; chrosis, colouring.]
Ability to change colour by expan-
sion of pigment cells, as in some
Fishes and Reptiles (zoo/.).

metacneme (meYaknem) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; kneme, the tibia.] A
secondary mesentery of Zoantharia
(tool.).

metacoel (mgt'asel) n. [Gk. meta,
after ; koilos, hollow.] The third
and posterior part of the coelom
of Molluscs (zoo/.).

metacone (met'akon) n. [Gk. meta,
after ; konos, cone.] The postero-
external cusp of an upper molar
(tool.)

metaconid (met'ako'nid) n. [Gk. meta,
after ; konos, cone ; eidos, resem-
blance.] The postero-internal cusp
of a lower molar (zoo/.).

metaconule (meYako'nul) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; konos, cone.] The
posterior secondary cusp of an
upper molar (zoo/.).

metacoracoid (met'akSr'akoid) n.
[Gk. meta, after ; korax, crow ;
eidos, resemblance.] The posterior
part of the coracoid (zoo/.).

metacromion (mSt'akro'mlon) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; akros, summit ; omos,
shoulder.] A posterior branch-
process of the acromion-process of
the scapular spine (zoo/.).

metadiscoidal (mgt'adiskoid'al) a.
[Gk. meta, after ; diskos, a quoit ;
eidos, resemblance.] Appl. placenta
in which thevilli are at first scattered
and later restricted to a disc, as in
man and monkey (zoo/.).

metadromous (mgtad'romus) a. [Gk.
meta, after ; dromos, a running.]
With primary veins of a segment
arising from the upper side of the
midrib (bot.).

metaesthetism (metgs'thgtlzm) n.
[Gk. meta, after ; aisthetos, per-
ceptible by the senses.] The
doctrine that " consciousness is a
product of the evolution of matter
and force."

metagastric (met'agas'trlk) a. [Gk.
meta, after ; gaster, belly.] Pert.
the posterior gastric region (zoo/.).

metagastrula (m&t'agas'troola) n.
[Gk. meta, after ; gaster, belly.] A
modified form of gastrula (zoo/.).

metagenesis (mgt'ajen'gsis) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; genesis, descent.] Al-
ternation of generations, which see.

metakinesis (met'Skine'sIs) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; kinein, to move.] The
middle stage of mitosis, during which
the chromosomes are grouped in
the equatorial plate (cyt.}.

metaloph (met'alof) n. [Gk. meta,

MET-

188

MET-

after; lophos, a crest.] The posterior
crest of a molar, uniting metacone,
metaconule, and hypocone (zool.}.

metamere (mSt'amer) n. [Gk. me/a,
after ; meros, part.] A body
segment (zoo/.).

metameric (m 6 t'amg r'lk) a. [Gk. me fa,
after ; meros, part.] Pert, metamer-
ism or segmentation (zool.}.

metamerism (mStam'Srizm) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; meros, part.] The
condition of a body divided up
into segments more or less alike ;
segmentation ; zonal symmetry
(zool.}.

metamerized (me'ta'm'e'rizd) a. [Gk.
meta, after ; meros, part.] Seg-
mented (zool.}.

metamitosis (mSt'Smito'sis) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; mitos, thread.] Mitosis
in which cytoplasmic and nuclear
elements are both affected ; cf.
mesomitosis.

metamorphosis (mgt'amor'fbsis) n.
[Gk. meta, beyond ; morphe, form.]
Change of form and structure under-
gone by an animal from embryo to
adult stage, as in Insects (zool.} ;
interference with normal symmetry
in flowers (bot.} ; internal chemical
change (phys.}.

metamps (me'tamp's, me'tamps) n.
plu. [Gk. meta, after ; morphe,
form.] Different forms of the same
species, as in certain Sponges (zool.}.

metanauplius (mgt'anop'lius)». [Gk.
meta, after ; L. nauplius, a kind of
shell-fish.] The larval stage of
Crustacea succeeding the nauplius
stage (zool.}.

metanephric (meYaneTrik) a. [Gk.
meta, after ; nephros, a kidney.]
Pert, or in the region of the hind-
kidney (emb.}.

metanephros (m6t'angf'r6s) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; nephros, a kidney.]
The organ arising behind the
mesonephros and replacing it as
the functional kidney of fully-
developed amniotes (zool.}.

metanotum (mgt'ano'tum) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; noton, back.] The
notum or tergum of the meta-
thorax of Insects (zool.}.

metanucleus (me't'anu'kleus) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; L. nucleus, a kernel.]
A term appl, by Haecker to the

egg-nucleus after its extrusion from
the germinal vesicle (cyt.}.

metapeptone (met'apep'ton) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; peptos, cooked.] A
product of the action of gastric
juice on albumins (phys.}.

metaphase (meYafaz) n. [Gk. meta,
after ; phainein, to appear.] The
stage in mitosis in which the
chromosomes are split up in the
equatorial plate (cyt.}.

metaphery (mgtaf'grl) «. [Gk. meta,
beyond ; pherein, to bear.] Dis-
placement of organs (bot.}.

metaphloem (mgt'aflo'gm) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; phloos, bark.] The
phloem of secondary xylem (bot.}.

metaphragma (mSt'afr&g'ma) n. [Gk.
•meta, after ; phragma, a fence.]
An internal metathoracic septum
in Insects (zool.}.

metaphyte (mgt'afit) n. [Gk. meta,
after ; phyton, plant.] A multi-
cellular plant (bot.}.

metaplasia (met'apla'zia) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; plasis, moulding.]
Conversion of tissue from one
form to another, as in ossification

metaplasia (metap'lasts) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; plasis, moulding.]
The mature period in the life of
an individual (phys.}.

metaplasm (mgt'aplazm) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; plasma, something
moulded.] The lifeless ingredients
of protoplasm, as opp. to the living
material (cyt.}.

metaplastic (mgt'aplas'tik) a. [Gk.
meta, after ; plastos, moulded.]
Pert, metaplasia or metaplasm
(cyt.}.

metaplastic bodies, — grains or
granules of protoplasm which are
stages or products of metabolism
and not true protoplasm (cyt.}.

metapleural (met'aploo'ral) a. [Gk.
meta, after ; pleura, a side.] Pos-
teriorly and laterally situated ;
pert, a metapleure or metapleuron
(zool.}.

metapleure (meYaploor) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; pleura, a side.] An
abdominal or ventro-lateral fold of
integument of certain of the lowest
vertebrates (zool.}.

metapleuron (mSt'aploor'Sn) n. [Gk.

MET-

189

MET-

meta, after ; pleura, a side.] The
pleuron of an insect metathorax
(zool.).

metapneustic (met'apnu'stik) a.
[Gk. meta, after ; pneuma, breath.]
AppL insect larvae with only the
terminal pair of spiracles (zool.).

metapodeon (met'apo'deon) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; pous, foot.] That part
of an insect's abdomen behind the
petiole or podeon (zool.).

metapodeum (mfit'apo'deum). Meta-
podeon.

metapodial (meYapo'dial) a. [Gk.
meta, after ; pous, foot.] Pert, a
metapodeon or metapodium (zool.).

metapodium (met'apo'dium) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; pous, foot.] The
posterior portion of a molluscan
foot ; the portion of the foot
between tarsus and digits ; in
four-footed animals, the meta-
carpus and metatarsus (zool.).

metapolar cells, — the second circlet
of cells of the polar cap of the
rhombogen of Rhombozoa.

metapophysis (meYapof'isis) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; apo, from ; phyein, to
grow.] A prolongation of a verte-
bral articular process developed
in certain vertebrates (zool.} ; the
mammillary process (anat.).

metapore (met'apor) n. [Gk. meta,
after ; poros, a channel.] The
medial aperture in the roof of the
fourth ventricle of the brain ;
Magendie's foramen (anat.).

metapostscutellum (met'apostsku-
teTum) n. [Gk. meta, after ; L.
post, after ; scutellum, a small
shield.] The post-scutellum of
an insect metathorax (zool.).

metapraescutum (met'apresku'tum)
n. [Gk. meta, after ; L.prae, before ;
scutum, shield.] The praescutum
of an insect meta-thorax (zool.).

metapterygium (meYapte'rlj'ium) n.
[Gk. meta, after ; pterygion, a little
wing.] The posterior basal fin-
cartilage or bone, either pectoral
or pelvic, of recent Elasmobranchs
(zool.).

metapterygoid (m£t'apter'fgoid) tt.
[Gk. meta, after ; pteryx, wing ;
eidos, resemblance.] The posterior
of three pterygoid elements in
certain lower vertebrates (zool.).

metarachis (mgt'aralrts) n. [Gk. meta,
after ; rhachis, a spine.] The face
of Pennatulacea which coincides
with the sulcar aspect of the ter-
minal zooid, otherwise the so-called
dorsal surface (zool.).

metascutellum (met'askuteTum) n.
[Gk. meta, after ; L. scutellum, a
small shield.] The scutellum of an
insect metathorax (zool.).

metascutum (mSt'asku'tum) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; L. scutum, shield.]
The scutum of an insect meta-
thorax (zool.).

metasitlsm (mSt'asit'Izm) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; sitos, food.] The ac-
quisition of a cannibalistic mode
of life (zool.).

metasoma (mSt'aso'ma) «. [Gk. meta,
after ; soma, body.] The posterior
body-region of Arachnids (zool.).

metasomatic (met'asomat'lk) a. [Gk.
meta, after ; soma, body.] Pert.
or situated in the metasoma (zool.).

metasperm (met'aspe'rm) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; spertna, seed.] A plant
having seeds in a closed ovary ; an
angiosperm (bot.).

metastasis (mgtas'tasis) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; stasis, standing.] Meta-
bolism ; transference of function
from one organ to another (phys.).

metastatlc (meVastat'ik) life-history —
that of certain Trematodes in which
the young form after entering the
intermediate host, metamorphoses
into the adult, after which the
intermediate host is swallowed by
the final host (zool.).

metasternum (mgt'asteVnum) «. [Gk.
meta, after ; sternon, breast-bone.]
The sternum of insect metathorax ;
the posterior sternal part of Anura ;
the xiphoid or ensiform process,
the posterior part of the sternum
of higher vertebrates (zool.).

metasthenic (meYasthenlk) a. [Gk.
meta, after ; sthenos, strength.]
With well-developed posterior part
of the body (zool.).

metastlgmate (meYastlg'mat) a. [Gk.
meta, after ; stigma, mark.] Hav-
ing posterior tracheal openings or
stigmata, as in Mites (zool.).

metastoma (meYasto'ma) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; stoma, mouth.] Thetwo-
lobed lower lip of Crustacea (zool.).

MET-

190

MIC-

metatarsal (meYatar'sal) a. [Gk.
meta, after ; L. tarsus, the ankle.]
In the region of the tarsus ; appl.
arteries, veins, etc. ; pert, the meta-
tarsal bones (zool., anat.}.

metatarsophalangeal (me't'atar'so-
falan'jeal) a. [Gk. me fa, after ; L.
tarsus, ankle ; Gk. phalanx, troop.]
Appl. articulations between the
metatarsus and phalanges of the
foot (anat.}.

metatarsus (met'atar'sus) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; L. tarsus, ankle.] The
part of the foot between the ankle
and toes (anat.}.

rnetathalamus (met'atharamus) n.
[Gk meta, after; thalamos, chamber.]
The geniculate bodies of the brain
(anat.}.

metathorax (met'atho'raks) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; thorax, the chest.] The
posterior segment of the thorax
of Insects (zool.}.

metatrophic (meYatrof'ik) a. [Gk.
meta, after ; trofihe, nourishment.]
Living on decaying organic matter
(bot.}.

metaxylem (mSt'azi'lem) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; nylon, wood.] Second-
ary xylem with thick walled cells
(t>ot.}.

metazoaea (mgt'azo'ea) n. [Gk. meta,
after ; zoe, life.] A larval stage of
Crustacea between zoaea and mega-
lopa stages (zool.}.

metazoon (mSt'azo'on) n. [Gk. meta,
after ; zoon, animal.] A multicellu-
lar animal (zool.}.

metencephalon (met'enkef'alon, -sef-)
n. [Gk. meta, after ; en, in ; kephale,
head.] The hind-brain or cere-
bellum.

metenteron (meten'teron) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; enteron, gut.] An
intermesenteric chamber of a sea-
anemone or other Coelenterate
(zopl.}.

metepimeron (mSt'e'pim'gron) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; epi, upon ; meros, part.]
The epimeron of an insect meta-
thorax (zool.}.

metepisternum (met'e'pisteVnum) n.
[Gk. meta, after ; epi, upon ; sternon,
breast-bone.] The episternum of
an insect metathorax (zool}.

methaemoglobin (mgthe'moglo'bm) ;/.
[Gk. meta, after ; haiina, blood ; L.

globus, a globe.] A product of
blood decomposition (phys.}.

metochy (met'oki) n. [Gk. metoche,
a sharing.] The relationship be-
tween a neutral guest insect and its
host (zool.}.

metoecious (mSte'shus) a. [Gk. meta,
after ; oikos, a house.] Metoxenous
or heteroecious (dot.}.

metope (meYope) n. [Gk. metopon,
forehead.] The middle frontal
portion of a Crustacean (zool.}.

metopic (metop'ik) a. [Gk. metopon,
forehead.] Pert, the forehead ;
appl. the frontal suture (anat.}.

metosteon (mStos'teon) n. [Gk. meta,
after ; osteon, bone.] A posterior
sternal ossification in birds (zool.}.

metovum (meto'vum) n. [Gk. meta,
after ; L. ovum, an egg.] An egg-
cell surroundedbynutritive material
(cyt.}.

metoxenous (metok'sgnus) a. [Gk.
meta, after ; xenos, a guest.] Para-
sitic on different hosts at different
stages in life-history (dot.}.

micella (miseTa) n. [L. dim. of mica,
morsel.] An ultimate supra-mole-
cular unit of a cell. See hypo-
thetical units.

micraesthetes (mlkres'thets) n. plu.
[Gk. mikros, small ; aesthetikos, per-
ceptive.] The smaller sensory
organs of Placophora (zool.}.

microbe (mi'krpb) n. [Gk. mikros,
small ; bios, life.] A bacterium ; a
micro-organism.

microbiology (ml'kroblpl'oj!) n. [Gk.
mikros, small ; bios, life ; logos, dis-
course.] Bacteriology.

microcalthrops (ml'krokal'throps) n.
[Gk. mikros, small ; A.S. coltraeppe,
a kind of thistle.] A primitive
tetraxon, or euaster with four
persistent rays (zool.}.

microcentrum (mi'krosen'trum) «.
[Gk. mikros, small ; L. centrum,
centre.] The dynamic centre of
a cell composed of centrosomes
(cyt.}.

microconjugant (ini'krdkon'joogant) //.
[Gk. mikros, small ; L. conjugare,
to unite.] A motile ciliated free-
swimming conjugant or gamete
which attaches itself to a macro-
conjugant and fertilizes it (zool.}.

microconidium (mi'krbkonid'ium) n.

MIC-

191

MIC-

[Gk. mikros, small ; font's, dust.]
A comparatively small conidium
(dot.).

microcyst (mf kroslst) n. [Gk. mikros,
small ; kystis, bladder] A resting-
spore stage of slime Fungi (hot.}.

microcytase (mfkrosftas) n. [Gk.
mikros, small ; kytos, hollow.] The
enzyme of microphages or smaller
leucocytes (phys.).

microcytes (mf kroslts) n. plu. [Gk.
mikros, small ; kytos, hollow.]
Blood-corpuscles about half the
size of erythrocytes, numerous in
diseased conditions (phys.).

microdont (mfkrodont) a. [Gk.
mikros, small ; odous, a tooth.]
With comparatively small teeth
(zool.).

microgamete (mfkrogamet') n. [Gk.
mikros, small ; gametes, a spouse.]
The smaller of two conjugant
gametes, regarded as male (zool.).

microgametocyte (mfkrogame'toslt)
n. [Gk. mikros, small ; gametes, a
spouse ; kytos, hollow.] A cell
developed from a merozoite in
certain Protozoa, and giving rise
to a microgamete (zool.).

microgamy (mlkrQg'amT) n. [Gk.
mikros, small ; gamos, marriage.]
Syngamy between the smallest in-
dividuals, produced by fission or
gemmation, as in Foraminifers
(zool.).

inicrogonidium (ml'krogonld'ium) n.
[Gk. mikros, small ; gonos, off-
spring.] A comparatively small
gonidium (dot.) ; a male gamont or
gametocyte (zool.).

mlcromere (mfkromer) n. [Gk.
mikros, small ; meros, part.] A
cell of the upper or animal hemi-
sphere in meroblastic and other
eggs (emb.).

micromerozoite (ml'kromeYozoit) n.
[Gk. mikros, small ; meros, part ;
zoon, animal.] A cell derived from
a raicroschizont and developing
into a gametocyte in Haemo-
sporidia (zool.).

micromesentery (mf krome's'e'nte'rl) n.
[Gk. mikros, small ; mesos, middle ;
enteron, gut.] A secondary incom-
plete mesentery in Zoantharia
(zool.).

micron (mi'kron) /;. [Gk. mikros,

small.] One-thousandth part of a
millimetre, symbol M, used in
measurement of diameters of cor-
puscles, etc. (phys.).

micront (mfkront) n. [Gk. mikros,
small ; ons, being.] A small cell
formed by schizogony, itself giving
rise to microgametes in Neo-
sporidia (zool.).

micronucleus (mfkr6nu'kleus)«. [Gk.
mikros, small ; L. nucleus, a kernel.]
The smaller nucleus of many Proto-
zoa, lying in close proximity to the
meganucleus (zool.).

micro-organism (mfkro-6r'ganizm) n.
[Gk. mikros, small ; organon, an
instrument.] A microscopic organ-
ism ; a bacterium or microbe.

microphages (ml'krofa'jez) n. plu.
[Gk. mikros, small ; phagein, to
eat] Leucocytes possessing the
enzyme microcytase (phys.).

microphagocyte (mi'krofag'oslt) n.
[Gk. mikros, small ; phagein, to
eat ; kytos, hollow.] A microphage
or small phagocyte of blood (phys.).

microphyllous (mf krofil'us) a. [Gk.
mikros, small ;phyllon, leaf.] With
small leaves (bot.).

microphyte (mf kroflt) n. [Gk. mikros,
small ; phyton, plant.] A micro-
scopic plant (bot.).

microphytology (mfkrofltol'qjl) n.
[Gk. mikros, small ; phyton, plant ;
logos, discourse.] The science of
microphytes ; vegetable bacteri-
ology (bot.).

micropodous (mikrSp'odus) a. [Gk.
mikros, small ; pous, foot.] With
rudimentary or small foot or feet.

micropore (mf kropor) n. [Gk. mikros,
small ; poros, a channel.] A small
pore in a Chiton shell containing a
sense-organ (zool.).

inicropterism (mlkrop'terizm) n. [Gk.
mikros, small ; pteron, wing.] Con-
dition of having unusually small
wings, as in some insects (zool.).

micropterous (mlkrop'tgrus) a. [Gk.
mikros, small ; pteron, a wing.]
Having small hind wings invisible
till tegmina are expanded, as in
some insects ; with small or rudi-
mentary fins (zool.).

micropyle (mfkropll) n. [Gk. mikros,
small ; pyle, a gate.] The aperture
for admission of pollen-tube at the

MIC-

192

MID-

ovule apex (dot.) ; the aperture in
the egg-membrane for admission
of spermatozoon ; a pore in the
spongin-coat of Sponges for escape
of gemmules (zoo£).

micropyle apparatus, — raised pro-
cesses or porches, sometimes of
very elaborate structure, developed
round the micropyle of certain
insect eggs (zool.).

microrhabdus (ml'krorab'dus) n. [Gk.
mikros, small ; rhabdos, a rod.]
A minute monaxon or rod-like
spicule (zool.).

microschizont (inl'kroshl'zont) n. [Gk.
mikros, small ; schizein, to cut.] A
male schizont of certain Protozoa
(zool.).

microsclere (ml'kroskler) n. [Gk.
mikros, small ; skleros, hard.] One
of sponge spicules found lying
scattered freely in the tissues
(zool.).

microseptum (ml'krosep'tum) n. [Gk.
micros, small ; L. septum, parti-
tion.] An incomplete mesentery
of Zoantharia (zool.).

microsmatic (ml'krosmat'ik) a. [Gk.
mikros, small ; osme, smell.] With
feebly-developed sense of smell
(Phys.).

microsome (ml'krosom) n. [Gk.
micros, small ; soma, body.] The
granule of protoplasm as opposed
to the ground-substance (cyt.).

microsphere (ml'krosfer) n. [Gk.
mikros, small ; sphaira, a globe.]
The initial chamber of Foramin-
ifera when very small (zool.).

microspheric (mi'krosfgr'ik) a. [Gk.
mikros, small ; sphatra, a globe.]
Appl. Foraminifera when the initial
chamber of the shell is small
(zool.).

microsporangium(mi'krospdran'jium)
n. [Gk. mikros, small ; sporos, seed ;
anggeion, vessel.] A sporangium
bearing a number of microspores
(bot.).

microspore (mlkrospor) n. [Gk.
mikros, small ; sporos, seed.] The
spore developed in a microspor-
angium of heterosporous plants
(bot.) ; a smaller anisospore of
Sarcodina (zool.).

microsporophore (ml'krospo'rofor) n.
[Gk. micros, small ; sporos, seed ;

pherein, to bear.] A microspor-
angium (dot.).

microsporophyll (rm'krospo'rofll) n.
[Gk. mikros, small ; sporos, seed ;
phyllpn, leaf.] A microsporangium-
bearing leaf (bot).

microsporozoite (ml'krospo'rozo'it) n.
[Gk. mikros, small ; sporos, seed ;
zoon, animal.] A smaller endo-
genous sporozoite of Sporozoa(sw/.).

microstome (mi'krostom) n. [Gk.
mikros, small ; stoma, mouth.] A
small opening or orifice (zool.).

microstylospore (ml'krostl'lospor) n.
[Gk. mikros, small ; stylos, pillar ;
sporos, a seed.] A comparatively
small stylospore (dot.).

microstylous (mi'krostl'lus) a. [Gk.
mikros, small ; stylos, pillar.] Hav-
ing short styles ; appl. heterostylous
flowers (bot.).-

microtherm (inl'krotherm) n. [Gk.
mikros, small ; therme, heat.] A
plant of the north temperate zone
(bot.).

microtype (mi'krotlp) n. [Gk. mikros,
small ; L. typus, type.] The normal
arrangement of mesenteries in
Anthozoa (zool.).

microzooid (mi'kroz5'oid) n. [Gk.
mikros, small ; zoon, animal ; eidos,
resemblance.] A free-swimming
motile ciliated bud of Vorticella
and other Protozoa (zool.).

microzoospore (ml'krozd'ospor) n.
[Gk. mikros, small ; zoon, animal ;
sporos, seed.] A small planogamete
(bot.); a small anisospore of Radio-
larians (zool.).

microzyma (mi'krozl'ma) n. [Gk.
mikros, small ; zyme, leaven.] A
biophore or idioblast,a hypothetical
ultimate unit (biol.).

microzyme (ml'krozlm) n. [Gk. mikros,
small ; zyme, leaven.] A micro-
organism of fermenting or decom-
posing liquids (phys.).

mid-body, — a cell plate or group of
granules in the equatorial region
of the spindle in the anaphase of
mitosis (cyt.).

mid-brain, — the middle zone of the
primitive or embryonic brain ; the
mesencephalon of adults, consisting
of the cerebral peduncles, the cor-
pora quadrigema, and the aque-
ductus Sylvii (anat.).

MID-

193

MIX-

mid-rib, — the large central vein of a
leaf, the continuation of the petiole
(bot.}.

midriff (mid'rif) n. [A. S. mid, middle ;
hrif, the belly.] The diaphragm or
muscular partition between the
thoracic and abdominal cavities
(anat., zool.}.

Miescher's tubes, — see Ralney's
tubes.

migration (migra'shun) n. [L.
migrare, to transfer.] Change of
habitat, according to climate or
food-supply, observable chiefly in
birds, also in reindeer, bats, certain
fishes, etc. (zool.}.

migratory cell, — an amoeboid cell or
leucocyte of the blood.

miliary (mil'iar!) a. [L. milium,
millet.] Of granular appearance ;
small and numerous (zool.}.

milk-teeth, — the first dentition of
Mammals, shed soon after or before
birth.

milt (milt) «. [A.S. tnilte, the spleen.]
The spleen. •

milt (milt) n. [A corruption of milk,
due to confusion with milt, the
spleen.] The soft roe, or male
generative organ of Fishes.

mimetic (mfmgt'ik) a. [Gk. mimet-
ikos, imitative.] Appl. animals
and plants which practise mimicry
(biol.}.

mimic (mim'lk) v. [Gk. mimikos,
imitating.] To assume, usually for
protection, the habits, colour, or
structure of another organism
(zool.}.

mimicry (mim'ikri) n. [Gk. mimikos,
imitative.] Assumption of resem-
blance in colour or structure as a
means of self-protection (dial.}.

mine (mm) n. [L. minare, to con-
duct.] A tunnel or gallery con-
structed by an insect (zool.}.

minimus (min'imus) n. [L. minimus,
least.] The fifth digit of hand or
foot.

Miocene (ml'osen) a. [Gk. melon,
less ; kainos, recent.] Appl. the
eleventh of the thirteen rock-
systems, and belonging to the
Cainozoic or Tertiary group (pal.}.

miostemonous, — meiostemonous
(Art).

miracidium (mTr'asTd'ium) n. [Gk.

dim. of meirakion, a stripling.]
The ciliated embryo or youngest
stage in the life-history of a Trema-
tode (zool.}.

mitochondria (mi'tokon'dria) n. plu.
[Gk. mitos, thread ; chondros, grain.]
Ergastoplasmic granulations of
protozoan protoplasm ; sphero-
plasts (zool.} ; a rounded mass of
granules or fibrils near the nucleus
of pancreas cells (anat.}.

mitochondrial sheath, — an envelope
containing mitochondrial granules
sheathing the spiral thread of a
spermatozoan body or connecting
piece (emb.}.

mitome (ml'tom) n. [Gk. mitos,
thread.] The reticulum of cell-
protoplasm, as opposed to ground-
substance (biol.}.

mltoschisis (mitos'krsls) n. [Gk.
mitos, thread ; schizein, to cleave.]
Indirect nuclear division ; mitosis

mitosis (mito'sts) n. [Gk. mitos,
thread.] Indirect or karyokinetic
nuclear division, with chromosome-
formation, spindle-formation, and
with or without centrosome activity,
and final reduction of the chromo-
somes (cyt.}.

mitosome (mit'osom) n. [Gk. mitos,
thread ; soma, body.] A body
arising from the spindle-fibres of
secondary spermatocytes, eventu-
ally said to form the connecting
piece and tail envelope of the
spermatozoon (zool.}.

mitotic (mitot'ik) a. [Gk. mitos,
thread.] Pert, or produced by
mitosis ; appl. division, figure,
phase (biol.}.

mitra (mi'tra) n. [L. mitra, head-
band.] A helmet-shaped part of
calyx or corolla ; the mitriform
pileus of certain Fungi (bot.}.

mitral cells, — pyramidal cells with
thick basal dendrites, found in the
molecular layer of the olfactory
bulb (anat.}.

mitral valve, — the bicuspid valve,
guarding the left auriculo-ven-
tricular orifice of the heart (anat.}.

mitriform (mit'riform) a. [L. mitra,
head-band ; forma, shape.] Mitre-
shaped.

mixipterysrium (mlk'sIpteYIj'Ium) //.
N

MIX-

194

MON-

EGk. mtxts, mixing ; pterygion, a
ittle wing or fin.] The clasper of
male Elasmobranchs, the medial
lobe of the pelvic fin (zool.}.
mixotrophic (mik'sotrofik) a. [Gk.
mixis, mixing; trephein, to nourish.]
Combining holophytic with sapro-
phytic nutrition (zool.} ; obtaining
part of the nourishment from an out-
side source ; partly parasitic (bot.}.
modiolus (modl'olus) n. [L. modiolus,
a small measure.] The conical
central axis of the cochlea of the
ear (anat.}.

molar (mo'lar) a. [L. molere, to
grind.] Adapted for grinding, as
appl. teeth ; appl. certain buccal
glands (anat.}.

molecular hypothesis, — the supposi-
tion that muscle and nerve are
composed of molecules or particles,
like the molecules of a magnet,
with positive and negative surfaces
(Phys.\

molecular layer, — the external layer
of the cortex of cerebrum and cere-
bellum ; a layer of the olfactory
bulb (anat.}.

molluscoid (molus'koid) a. [L. mol-
litscus, soft ; Gk. eidos, like.] Re-
sembling a Mollusc ; charactetTsAc^
of a Mollusc (zool.}.
monacanthid (mon'akan'thid) a. ' [Gk.
monos, alone ; akantha, (fhoftrf:^
With one row of ambulacral spines,
as certain Starfishes (zool.}.
monactinal (monak'tlnal) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; aktis, ray.] Appl.
a monactine or single-rayed spicule
(zool.}.

monactinellid (monak'tinel'id) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; aktis, ray.] Contain-
ing uniaxial spicules only, as
certain Sponges (zool.}.
monad (mo'nad) n. [Gk. monas, a
unit.] A primitive organism or
organic unit; a flagellula form of
Protozoan (biol.}.

monadelphous (monadel'fus) a. [Gk.
monos, single ; adelphos, brother.]
Having the stamens united into
one bundle by union of their fila-
ments (bot.}.

monadiform (monad'iform) a. [Gk.
monas, a unit ; L. forma, shape.]
Like a flagellate Protozoan (zool.}.
monandrous (monan'driis) a. [Gk.

monos, alone ; aner, male.] Having
only one stamen (bot.}.
monarch (mon'ark) a. [Gk. monos,
alone ; arche, beginning.] With
only one protoxylem (bot.}.
monaster (monas'ter) n. [Gk. monos,
alone ; aster, star.] The astral
arrangement of the V-shaped
chromosomes at the end of the
prophase of mitosis (cyt.}.
monaxial (monak'sial) a. [Gk. monos,
alone ; axon, axis.] Having one '
line of axis ; uniaxial (biol.}; having
the inflorescence developed on the
primary axis (bot.}.

monaxon (monak'son) n. [Gk. monos,
alone ; axon, axis.] A type of
spicule built upon a single axis
(zool.}.

monaxonic (mon'akson'ik) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; axon, axis.] Elon-
gate ; appl. types of Protozoa with
one long body-axis (zool.}.

monembryonic (monem'brlon'ik) a.
[Gk. monos, alone ; embryon, foetus.]
Producing a single embryo at a
time (bot.}.

monergic (moner'jik) a. [Gk. monos,
alone ; energos, active.] Having
one energid ; consisting of one
nucleated cell (bot.}.
^imonilicorn (monil'ikorn) a. [L. monile,
necklace ; cornu, horn.] Having
antennae with appearance of a
^rtain of beads (zool.}.

moniiiform (monil'iform) a. [L.
monile, necklace ; forma, shape.]
Constricted at regular intervals,
giving the appearance of a chain
of beads ; appl. the nucleus of
certain Infusoria (zool.} ; with con-
tractions and expansions alternately,
as the branches of certain roots
(bot.}.

monimostylic (mon'imostflik) a. [Gk.
monimos, fixed ; stylos, pillar.]
Having the quadrate united to the
squamosal, and sometimes to other
bones, as in certain Reptiles ; cf.
streptostylic (zool.}.

monocardian (mon'b'kar'dian) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; kardia, heart.]
Having one auricle and ventricle
(zool.}.

monocarp (mon'okarp) n. [Gk. monos,
alone ; karpos, fruit.] A mono-
carpic plant (bot.}.

MON-

195

MON-

monocarpellary (mon'okarpeTar!) a.
[Gk. monos, alone ; karpos, fruit.]
Containing a single carpel (bot.).

monocarpic (mon'okar'pik) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; karpos, fruit.] Dying
after bearing fruit once (dot.).

monocarpous (mon'okar'pus) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; karpos, fruit.] Hav-
ing one ovary developed from the
gynoecium (bot.).

monocephalous (mon'okeTalus, -sef-)
a. [Gk. monos, alone; kephale, head.]
With one capitulum only (tot.).

monocercous (mon'oser'kus) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; kerkos, tail.] With
one flagellum, as certain Protozoa
(zool.).

inonocerous (monos'grus) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; keras, horn.] Hav-
ing only one horn (zool.).

monochasium (mon'oka'zTum) n. [Gk.
monos, alone ; chasis, division.] A
cymose inflorescence with main
axes producing only one branch
each (tot.).

monochlainydeous (mon'oklamld'eus)
a. [Gk. monos, alone ; cftlamys,
cloak.] Apetalous ; having calyx
but no corolla (tot.).

monociliated (mon'osll'iated) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; L. ciliutn, lash.]
Having one flagellum (zool.). ( W

monoclinous (mou'okll'nus) a. [Ok.
monos, alone ; aline, couch.]
ing both stamens and pistiUi
flower (tot.).

monocotyledonous (monokot'ile'-
donus) a. [Gk. monos, alone ;
kotyledon, a cup-shaped hollow.]
Having one cotyledon or embryo-
lobe (tot.).

monocrepid (mon'okrSp'id) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; krepis, foundation.]
Appl. a desma formed by secondary
silica deposits on a monaxial spicule
(zool.).

monocule (mon'okul) «. [Gk. monos,
alone ; L. oculus, eye.] A one-
eyed animal, as certain Insects and
Crustacea (zool.).

monocyclic (mSn'osik'lik) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; kyklos, circle.]
Having one whorl or circular
structure (biol.).

monodactylous (mon'odak'tllus) a.
[Gk. monos, alone ; daktylos, finger.]
With one digit only (zool.).

monodelphous, — monadelphous.

monodont (mon'6'dont) a. [Gk. monos,
alone ; odous, tooth.] Having one
persistent tooth ; appl. the narwal
with one tusk ten or twelve feet
long (zool.).

monoecious (mone'shus) a. [Gk.
monos, single ; oikos, house.] With
male and female flowers on the
same plant ; with sex organs on
one gametophyte (tot.) ; hermaph-
rodite (zool.).

monogamous (monog'amus) a. [Gk.
monos, single ; gamos, marriage.]
Consorting with one mate only
(zool.).

monoganglionic (mon'ogang'glionik)
a. [Gk. monos, alone ; gangglion,
a little tumour.] Having a single
ganglion (zool.).

monogastric (mon'ogas'trik) a. [Gk.
monos, single ; gaster, stomach.]
With only one gastric cavity
(zool.).

monogenesis (mon'qjen'esis) n. [Gk.
monos, alone ; genesis, descent.]
Asexual reproduction ; the theory
of the development of all organisms
from a>^ingle cell (biol.).

itic (m&n'ojenet'ik) a. [Gk.
*nos, a\m&\\^genests, descent.]
asexually ; direct, as
, reproduction (biol.).
, — monogenetic.

monogenous (monoj'finus) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; genos, offspring.]
Asexual, as appl. reproduction
(biol.).

monogonoporous (m6n'6g6n5p'6rus)
a. [Gk. monos, alone ; gonos, off-
spring ; poros, channel.] Having
one genital pore common to both
male and female organs, as in
certain Turbellarians (zool.).

monogony (monog'oni) n. [Gk.
monos, alone ; gonos, offspring.]
Non-sexual schizogony ; asexual
reproduction (biol.).

monogynoecial (mSn'ojme'shlal) a.
[Gk. monos, alone ; gyne, female ;
oikos, house.] Developing from one
pistil (tot.).

monogynous (monqj'inus) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; gyne, female.] Hav-
ing one pistil only (tot.) ; consort-
ing with one female mate, of male
animals (zool.).

MON-

196

MON-

monohybrid (mon'ohl'brid) n. [Gk.
monos, alone ; L. hybrida, mongrel]
A hybrid offspring of parents differ-
ing in one character (biol.).

monokaryon (mon'okar'Ion) n. [Gk.
monos, alone; karyon, nut.] A nu-
cleus with a single centriole (cyt.).

monolophous (mon'olof'us) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; lophos, crest.] Appl.
spicules with one ray forked or
branched like a crest (zool.).

monomastigate,— monomastigote.

monomastigote (mon'omas'tlgot) a.
[Gk. monos, alone ; mastis, whip.]
Having a single flagellum, as
certain Protozoa (zool.).

monomeniscous (mon'omems'kus) a.
[Gk. monos, alone ; meniskos, a
small moon.] Having an eye
with only one lens (zool.).

monomeric (mon'omer'ik) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; meros, part.] Pert.
one segment ; derived from one
part (biol.).

monomerosomatous(mon'6mer'6som'-
atus) a. [Gk. monos, alone ; meros,
part ; soma, body.] Having body-
segments all fused together, as in
certain Insects (zool.).

monomerous (monom'erus) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; meros, part.] Con-
sisting of one part only ; appl.
flower-whorls (hot.).

monomial (mono'mlal) a. [Gk. monos,
alone ; L. notnen, name.] Appl. a
name or designation consisting of
one term only ; cf. binomial
(biol.).

monomorphic (mon'omor'fik) a.
[Gk. monos, alone ; morphe, form.]
Developing with no or very slight
change of form from stage to stage,
as in certain Protozoa and Insects ;
cf. polymorphic (zool.) ; producing
spores of one kind only (hot.).

monont (mon'ont) n, [Gk. monos,
alone.] A single individual repro-
ducing without conjugation, as opp.
sporont or zygote (zool.).

mononuclear (mon'onu'klear) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; L. nucleus, kernel.]
With one nucleus only (biol).

mononychous (mon'onflc'us) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; onyx, claw.] Having
a single claw (zool.).

monopetalous (mon'opeYalus) a. [Gk.
monos, alone; petalon, petal.] Hav-

ing one petal only ; having petals
united all round (hot.).

monophagous (monof'agus) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; phagein, to eat.]
Subsisting on one kind of food ;
appl. Sporozoa living permanently
in a single cell (zool?).

monophyletic (mon'ofilet'ik) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; phyle, tribe.] Derived
from a single common parent form
(biol.).

monophyllous (mon'ofil'us) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; phyllon, leaf.] Hav-
ing one leaf only ; unifoliate ;
having a one-piece calyx (dot.).

monophyodont (mon'dfl'odont) a.
[Gk. monos, alone ; phyein, to
produce ; odous, tooth.] Having
only one set of teeth, the milk
dentition being absorbed in foetal
life or absent altogether (zool.).

monoplacid (mon'oplas'id) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; plakous, a flat cake.]
With one plate only, of any par-
ticular kind (biol.).

monoplacula (mon'oplak'ula) n. [Gk.
monos, alone ; plax, a flat plate.]
A single-layered placula (biol.).

monoplastic (mon'oplas'tik) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; plastos, formed.]
Persisting in one form (biol.).

monopodial (mon'opo'dlal) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ;pous, foot.] Branch-
ing from one main or primary axis
acropetally (bot.).

monopodium (mon'opo'dlum) n. [Gk.
monos, alone ;pous, foot.] A single
main or primary axis from which
all main lateral branches develop,
as in the pine (bot.).

monopyrenous (mon'opfre'nus) a.
[Gk. monos, alone ; pyren, kernel.]
Single-stoned, as a fruit (bot.).

monorhinal (mon'ori'nal) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; rhis, nose.] Having
only one nostril, as the Cyclostomes
(zool.).

monosepalous (mon'osep'alus) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; sepalon, sepal.] Hav-
ing a single sepal ; having all sepals
united into one (bot.).

monosiphonic (mon'b'sifon'ik) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; siphon, a small pipe.]
Having the tubes of a hydrocaulus
distinct from one another, as in
certain Hydromedusae (zool.).

monosiphonous (mon'osl'fonus) a.

MON-

197

MOR-

[Gk. monos, alone ; siphon, a small
pipe.] Having a single central
tube in the filament, as in certain
red Algae (bot.}.

monospermous (mon'ospeYmus) a.
[Gk. monos, alone ; sperina, seed.]
One-seeded (bot.}.

monospermy (mon'ospeYml) n.
[Gk. monos, alone ; sperma, seed.]
Normal fertilization by the entrance
of one sperm only into an ovum
(emb.}.

monospondylic (mon'ospondil'ik) a.
[Gk. monos, alone ; sphondylos, a
vertebra.] Appl. vertebrae without
intercentra (zool.}.

monosporangium (mon'dsporan'jTum)
n. [Gk. monos, alone ; sporos, seed ;
anggeion, vessel.] A sporangium
producing simple spores (bot.}.

monospore (mon'ospor) n. [Gk. monos,
alone ; sporos, seed.] A simple or
undivided spore (bot.}.

monosporous (monos'porus) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; sporos, seed.] Having
only one spore or a simple spore
(biol.}.

monostachyous (mon'ostak'ms) a.
[Gk. monos, alone ; stachys, a corn-
ear.] With only one spike (bot.}.

monostele (mon'ostel) n. [Gk. monos,
alone ; stele, column.] An axis
stele when only one is the direct
continuation of the plerome (bot.}.

monostelic (mon'osteTik) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; stele, column.] Hav-
ing a single stele or central cylinder
running through the whole axis
(bot.}.

monostichous (monos'tikus) a.
[Gk. monos, alone ; stichos, row.]
Arranged in one row (zool.} ; along
one side of an axis (bot.}.

monostigmatous (mon'ostig'matus) a.
[Gk. monos, alone ; stigma, mark.]
With one stigma only (bot.}.

monostylous (mon'osti'lus) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; stylos, pillar.] Having
one style only (bot.}.

monosy (mon'osl) n. [Gk. monos,
alone.] The separation of parts
normally fused (biol.}.

monosymmetrical (mon'osTmet'rikal)
a. [Gk. monos, alone ; syn, with ;
metron, measure.] Having only
one plane of bilateral symmetry
(bot.}.

monothalamic (mon'othal'amik) a.
[Gk. manes, alone ; thalamos,
chamber.] Appl. fruits formed
from single flowers ; having one
gynoecium (dot.}.

monothalamous (mon'otharamus) a.
[Gk. monos, alone ; thalamos,
chamber.] Unilocular ; single -
chambered ; appl. shells of Fora-
minifers and other Protozoa (zool.}.

monothecal (mon'othe'kal) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; theke, box.] Having
one loculus ; single - chambered
(dot.}.

monothelious (mon'othe'llus) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; thelys, female.]
Appl. a female consorting with
more than one male (biol.}.

monotocous (monot'oktis) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; tokos, offspring.]
Having one at a birth (biol.}.

monotrochous (monot'rokus) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; trochos, wheel.]
Having a single-piece trochanter,
as in most stinging Hymenoptera
(zool.}.

monotrophic (mon'otrof'ik) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; trophe, nourishment.]
Subsisting on one kind of food
(btol.}.

monotype (mon'otlp) n. [Gk. monos,
alone ; L. typus, type.] A single
type which constitutes a species or
genus (biol.}.

monozoic (mon'ozo'ik) a. [Gk. monos,
alone ; zoon, animal.] Appl. archi-
spores forming only one sporozoite
on liberation from the cyst ; pro-
ducing one sporozoite only (biol.}.

monticolous (montik'olus) a. [L.
mons, mountain ; colere, to inhabit.]
Inhabiting mountainous regions
(biol.}.

morphalaxls (mor'falak'sls) n. [Gk.
morphe, form ; L. laxare, to release.]
Transformation of one part directly
into another, in regeneration of
parts (zool.}.

morphology (morfol'qji) n. [Gk.
morphe, form ; logos, discourse.]
The science of the form and struc-
ture of plants or animals, as dis-
tinct from consideration of the
functions.

morphon (mor'fon) n. [Gk. morphe,
form.] A definitely formed indi-
vidual, as opp. a bion (biol.}.

MOR-

198

MUC-

morphosis (m6r'fos!s, morfo'sis) n.
[Gk. morphosis, a forming.] The
manner of development of part or
organism (biol.}.

morphotic (morfot'ik) a. [Gk. mor-
phosis, a forming.] Tissue-building
(phys.}.

morula (mor'ula) n. [L. morum, a
mulberry.] A solid cellular globu-
lar mass, the first result of ovum
segmentation ; the stage in de-
velopment preceding the gastrula
stage (emb.}.

morulation (morula'shun) n. [L.
morum, a mulberry.] Morula-
formation by segmentation (emb.}.

morulit (mor'ulit) n. [L. morum, a
mulberry.] Nucleolus or kary-
osome (cyt.}.

motor (mo'tor) a. [L. movere, to
move.] Pert, or connected with
movement ; appl. nerves (anat.,
phys.}.

motor areas, — areas of the brain
where motion is supposed to be
correlated (phys.}.

motor end-plates, — the terminal ex-
pansions of nerves in muscle fibres
(anat.}.

motor neurons, — nerve cells with
appendages and branches, con-
cerned in the regulation of move-
ment (anat.}.

motor ocull, — the third cranial nerve
(anat.}.

motorium (moto'rium) n. [L. movere,
to move.] Motor areas ; the part
of the nervous system where the
motorial sense is localized (phys.}.

moult (molt)z/. [L. mutare,\.o change.]
To cast or shed periodically the
outer covering, whether of feathers,
hair, skin, or horns (zool.}.

mouth part, — a head or mouth
appendage of Arthropods or In-
sects (zool.}.

mucific (musif'ik) a. [L. mucus,
mucus ; facere, to make.] Mucus-
secreting (phys.}.

muclform (musiform) a. [L. mucus,
mucus ; forma, shape.] Resembling
mucus (phys.}.

mucigen (mu'sTjgn) n. [L. mucus,
mucus ; Gk. genos, offspring.] The
substance of certain granules in
the cells of mucous membrane
(phys.}.

mucilage (mu'sllaj) n. [L. mucus,
mucus.] A substance produced in
cell-walls of certain plants due to
changes in the cellulose or pectose
constituents, causing exudations of
gum when degeneration of the cell-
wall is excessive (bot.}.

mucilage cell, — a cell which secretes
mucilage (bot.}.

mucilaginous (mii'silaj'inus) a. [L.
mucus, mucus.] Pert, containing,
resembling, or composed of muci-
lage ; appl. certain glands of joints
(anat.} ; appl. cells, ducts, canals,
slits (boL\

mucin (mu'sln) n. [L. mucus, mucus.]
A glucoproteid of mucus (phys.}.

mucinogen (mustn'qjgn) n. [L. mucus,
mucus ; Gk. genos, offspring.] A
substance producing mucin by
reaction of alkalies (phys.}.

muciparous (musip'arus) a. [L.
mucus, mucus ; parere, to beget.]
Mucus-secreting (phys.}.

mucocutaneous (mu'kokuta'neus) a.
[L. mucus, mucus ; cutis, skin.]
Pert, skin and mucous membrane
(anat.}.

mucodermal (mu'koder'mal) a. [L.
mucus, mucus ; Gk. derma, skin.]
Pert, skin and mucous membrane
(anat.}.

mucoid (mu'koid) a. [L. mucus,
mucus ; Gk. eidos, like.] Pert, or
caused by mucus or mucilage ;
appl. degeneration (bot.} ; tissue
(anat.}.

mucosa (muko'sa) n. [L. mucus,
mucus.] A mucous membrane
(anat.}.

mucoserous (mu'kose'rus) a. [L.
mucus, mucus ; serum, whey.]
Secreting mucus and body fluid

mucous (mu'kus) a. [L. mucus,
mucus.] Secreting, containing, or
pert, mucus ; appl. glands, sheaths,
tissue (anat}.

mucro (mu'kro) n. [L. mucro, a sharp
point.] A stiff or sharp point
abruptly terminating an organ
(biol.}.

mucronate (mu'kronat) a. [L. mucro,
a sharp point.] Abruptly termin-
ated by a sharp spine ; mucro-
niferous.

mucronulate (mukron'ulat) a. [L.

MUC-

199

MUL-

mucro, a sharp point.] Tipped with
a small mucro.

mucronule (mu'kronul) n. [L. mucro,
a sharp point.] A small mucro.

muculent (mu'kul£nt) a. [L. mucus,
mucus.] Mucoid ; containing
mucus ; mucilaginous (hot.}.

mucus (mu'kus) n. [L. mucus, mucus.]
The slimy, glairy substance secreted
by mucous membrane (phys.}.

Mullerian (mule'rlan) a. [Joh. Muller,
German anatomist, and other
Miillers.] Appl. eminence, fibres
(anat.} ; corpuscles (bot.} ; larva
(zool.}.

Miillerian ducts, — ducts arising on
the lateral aspects of the Wolffian
ducts (emb.}.

multangular (multSng'gular) a. [L.
multus, many ; angulus, angle.]
Appl. two carpal bones, the greater
and lesser multangulum, respect-
ively the trapezium and the trape-
zoid (anat.}.

multiarticulate (mul'tlartik'ulat) a.
[L. multus, many ; articulus, joint.]
With many articulations ; many-
jointed (zoo/.).

multicamerate (mul'tlkam'erat) a.
[L. multus,many; camera, chamber.]
Multilocular ; with many chambers.

multlcapsular (mul'tikap'sular) a. [L.
multus, many ; capsula, a little
chest.] With many capsules (bot.}.

multicarinate (mul'tikar'Inat) a. [L.
multus, many ; carina, keel.] Hav-
ing many keels.

multicellular (murtiseTular) a. [L.
multus, many ; cella, storeroom.]
Many-celled ; consisting of more
than one cell (biol.}.

multlcentral (mul'tisSn'tral) a. [L.
multus, many ; centrum, centre.]
With more than one centre of
growth or development (biol.}.

multicipital (mul'tisip'ital) a. [L.
multus, many ; caput, head.] With
many heads or branches arising
from one point (bot.}.

multicostate (mul'tikos'tat) a. [L.
multus, many ; costa, rib.] With
many ribs or veins (bot.} ; with
many ridges (zool.}.

multicuspid (mul'tlkus'pld) a. [L.
multtis, many ; cuspis, spear-head.]
With several cusps or tubercles ;
appl. molar teeth (anat.}.

multidentate (mul'tidgn'tat) a. [L.
multus, many ; dens, tooth.] With
many teeth, or indentations (biol.}.

multidigitate (mul'tldij'itat) a. [L.
multus, many ; digitus^ finger.]
Many-fingered (zool.}.

multifid (mul'tifid) a. [L. multus,
many ; fidus, cleft.] Having many
clefts or divisions (dot.}.

multiflagellate (mul'tlflaj'elat) a. [L.
multus, many ; flagellum, whip.]
Furnished with several or many
flagella ; polymastigote (zool.}.

multiflorous (mul'tiflo'rus) a. [L.
multus, many ; flos, flower.] Bear-
ing many flowers (hot.}.

multifoliate (mul'tlfo'liat) a. [L.
multus, many ; folium, leaf.] With
many leaves (bot.\

multifoliolate (muf'tifo'liolat) a. [L.
multus, many ; foliolum, a small
leaf.] With many leaflets (bot.\

multiganglionate (mul'trgang'-
glI6nat) a. [L. multus, many ;
[Gk. gangglion, a small tumour.]
With several or many ganglia
(anat.}.

multigyrate (mul'tijl'rat) a. [L.
multus, many ; gyrus, circle.]
With many gyri ; tortuous (biol.}.

multljugate (mul'tijoog'at) a. [L.
multus, many ; jugum, yoke.]
Having many pairs of leaflets
(bot.}.

multilamlnate (mul'tTlam'inat) a.
[L. multus, many ; lamina, plate.]
Composed of several or many
laminae (biol.}.

multilobate (mul'tilo'bat) a. [L.
multus, many ; lobus, lobe.] Com-
posed of many lobes.

multilobulate (mul'tllob'ulat) a. [L.
multus, many ; lobulus, a small
lobe.] Having many lobules.

multilocular (mul'tilok'ular) a. [L.
multus, many ; loculus, chamber.]
Having many cells or chambers.

multinervate (mul'tlneYvat) a. [L.
multus, many ; nervus, sinew.]
With many nerves or nervures
(zool.}.

multinodal (mul'tlno'dal) a. \L.
multus, many ; nodus, knot.] With
many nodes (bot.}.

multinomial (mul'tlno'inlal) a. [L.
multus, many ; nomen, name.]
Appl. a name or designation com-

MUL-

200

MUS-

posed of several names or terms ;
cf. binomial (biol.}.

multinucleate (mul'tlnu'kleat) a. [L.

multus, many ; nucleus, kernel.]

With several or many nuclei (cyt.}.

xnultinucleolate (mul'ttnu'kleolat) a.

[L. multus, many ; nucleolus, a

small kernel.] With more than

one nucleolus (cyt.}.

multiovulate (mul'tlo'vulat) a. [L.

multus, many ; ovum, egg.] With

several or many ovules (hot.*).

multiparous (multip'arus) a. [L.

multus, many ; parere, to beget.]

Bearing several, or more than

one, at a birth (zool.} ; developing

several or many lateral axes (hot.}.

multiple corolla, — a corolla with two

or more whorls of petals (bot,\
multiple fission, — repeated division ;
division into a large number of
parts or spores (biol.},
multipolar (mul'tipo'lar) a. [L.
multus, many ; polus, an axis-
end.] Appl. nerve-cells with
many dendrites or branching pro-
cesses (anat.}.

multiradiate (mul'tira'dlat) a. [L.
multus, many; radius, ray.] Many-
rayed.

multiramose (mul'tirarn'os) a. [L.
multus, many ; ramus, branch.]
Much branched.

multiseptate (mul'tise'p'tat) a. [L.
multus, many ; septum, partition.]
Having numerous septa or par-
titions.

multiserial (miU'tise'rial) a. [L.
multus, many ; series, row.]
Arranged in several or many
rows.

multispiral (mul'tispl'ral) a. [L.
multus, many ; spira, coil.] With
many coils or whorls,
multistaminate (mul'tTstam'inat) a.
[L. multus, many ; stamen, some-
thing standing.] Having several
or many stamens (bot,\
multisulcate (mul'tisurkat) a. [L.
multus, many ; sulcus, furrow.]
Much furrowed.

multitentaculate (mul'tltentak'ulat)
a. [L. multus, many ; tentaculum,
feeler.] Having many tentacles
(zool.}.

multituberculate (mul'tTtubeYkulat)
a. [L. multus, many ; tuberculum^

a small hump.] Having several
or many tubercles or small prom-
inences.

multituberculy (mul'titubeVkuli) n.
[L. multus, many ; tuberculum, a
small hump.] The theory that
molar teeth are derived from
forms with a number of tubercles
(tool,},

multivalve (mul'tivalv) n. [L. multus,
many ; valvae, folding-doors.] A
shell composed of more valves or
pieces than two (zool.~).

multivincular (mul'tiving'kular) a.
[L. multus, many ; vinculum,
chain.] Appl. the hinge of bi-
valve shells when it has several
ligaments (zool,}.

multivoltine (mul'tTvortTn) a. [L.
multus, many ; It. volta, turn.]
Having more than one brood in
a year ; appl. silkworms (zool.),

multocular (multok'ular) a. [L.
multus, many ; oculus, eye.]
Many-eyed.

multungulate (multung'gulat) a.
[L. multus, many; unguis, hoof.]
Having the hoof in more than
two parts (zool.}.

muricate (mu'rikat) a. [L. muricatus,
full of sharp points.] Formed with
sharp points ; covered with short
sharp prickles (bwl.}.

muriform (mu'riform) a. [L. murus,
wall ; forma, shape.] Like a brick
wall; appl. a variety of parenchyma
so arranged, occurring in medullary
rays of Dicotyledons and in corky
formations (bot.}.

muscicoline (muslk'olin) a. [L.
muscus, moss ; colere, to inhabit.]
Livin or growing among mosses

muscicolous, — muscicoline.

muscle (mus'l) n. [L. musculus,
muscle.] A mass of contractile
fibres with motorial function ; the
fleshy part of the body, composed of
muscular tissue (phys.}.

muscle-banners, — folds or plaits of
mesogloea on the sulcar aspects of
Anthozoan mesenteries, supporting
the retractor muscles (zool.}.

muscoid (mus'koid) a. [L. muscus,
moss ; Gk. eidos, resemblance.]
Mossy.

muscous, — muscoid,

MUS-

201

MYE-

muscular (mus'kulXr) a. [L. musculus,
muscle.] Pert, or consisting of
muscle ; appl. sense, excitability
(phys.}, stomach (zool.\ fibres,
process,' tissue, triangle (anat.}.

musculature (miis'kulatur) n. [L.
musculns, muscle.] The system or
arrangement of muscles as a whole
(zool.}.

musculocutaneous (mus'kulokuta'-
neus) a. [L. musculus, muscle ;
cutis, skin.] Pert, muscles and
skin ; appl. veins and nerves of leg
and arm supplying muscles and skin
(ana/., zooL).

musculophrenic (mus'kulofre'n'ik) a.
[L. musculus, muscle ; Gk. phren,
midriff.] Supplying diaphragm and
body-wall muscles ; appl. an artery
(anat.}.

musculospiral (mus'kulospl'ral) a.
[L. musculus, muscle ; spira, coil.]
Appl. a nerve which passes spirally
down the humerus (anat.}.

mutation (muta'shun) n. [L. mutare,
to change.] Gradual variation
towards a definite change of struc-
ture ; discontinuous variation ; the
theory of De yries that new fonns,
differing sufficiently to constitute a
new variety, arise spontaneously
and remain true (biol.}.

mutlcous (mu'tikus) a. [L. muticus,
maimed.] Without defensive struc-
tures, as clawless, toothless, blunt
(zool.\

mutilation (mu'tilashun) n. [L. ntu-
tilare, to maim.] Loss of an
essential part of a structure ; am-
putation (zool.}.

mutualism (mu'tualizm) n. [L.
mutuus, exchanged.] A form of
symbiosis in which both parties
derive advantage without sustain-
ing injury (biol.}.

myarian (mla'rian) a. [Gk. mys,
muscle.] Appl. classification ac-
cording to musculature (biol.}.

mycele, — mycelium.

mycelioid (mlse'lloid) a. [Gk. mykes,
mushroom ; eidos, resemblance.]
Like mycelium.

mycelium (mlse'Iium) n. [Gk. mykes,
fungus.] The network of filament-
ous cells forming the typical vege-
tative structure of Fungi (hot.}.

mycetogenetlc (mlse'toje'ne't'lk) a.

[Gk. mykes, fungus ; genesis, de-
scent.] Produced by a Fungus.

mycetogenic, — mycetogenetic.

mycetoid (mlse'toid) a. [Gk. mykes,
fungus ; eidos, resemblance.] Fun-
goid ; fungus-like.

mycetology, — mycology.

mycetophagous (mfsetSfagus) a.
[Gk. mykes, fungus ; phagein, to
eat.] Fungivorous ; feeding on
Fungi (zool.}.

mycoderm (mfkodfirm) n. [Gk.
mykes, fungus ; derma, skin.] A
bacterium of alcoholic fermentation.

mycology (mlkol'qjl) n. [Gk. mykes,
fungus ; logos, discourse.] The
department of botany dealing with
Fungi.

mycoplasm (mfkoplSzm) n. [Gk.
mykes, fungus ; plasma, form.] A
parasitic substance of cereal seeds
which may give rise to a rust
Fungus (bot.}.

mycorhiza (miTcorfza) n. [Gk. mykes,
fungus ; rhiza, root.] Association
of a fungus with the roots of a
higher plant, with mutual benefit
(bot.).

myelencephalon(ml'6lgnk6f'al8n,-sgf-)
n. [Gk. myelos, marrow ; en, in ;
kephale, head.] The posterior part
of the hind-brain (emb.) ; the
medulla oblongata ; brain and
spinal cord generally (anat.).

my elm (ml'e'lin) n. [Gk. myelos,
marrow.] A highly refracting fatty
material forming the medullary
sheath of nerve fibres (anat.}.

myelination (mr'SUna'shun) n. [Gk.
myelos, marrow.] Acquisition of a
medullary sheath (anat.}.

myelinization, — myelination.

myelocoel (ml'e'ldsel) n. [Gk. myelos,
marrow ; koilos, hollow.] The
spinal cord canal (anat.}.

myelocyte (mfgloslt) n. fGk. myelos,
marrow ; kytos, hollow.] An amoe-
boid marrow cell, resembling a
lymphoid corpuscle (anat.}.

myeloid (mfe'loid) a. [Gk. myelos,
marrow ; eidos, resemblance.] Like
marrow in appearance or structure
(anat.}.

myelon (ml'e'lbn) n. [Gk. myelos,
marrow.] The spinal cord of
vetebrates (zool.}.
myeloplast (ml'gloplast) n. [Gk.

MYE-

202

MYO-

myelos, marrow ; plastos, formed.]
A leucocyte of bone marrow.

myeloplax (ml'eloplaks) n. [Gk.
myelos, marrow ; plax, something
flat.] A giant-cell of marrow and
blood-forming organs, sometimes
multinucleate, but in most cases
multinucleolate (anat.}.

mylohyoid (ml'lohl'oid) a. [Gk. myle,
mill ; hyoeides, Y-shaped.] In the
region of hyoid bone and posterior
part of mandible ; appl. artery,
groove, muscle, nerve (anat.}.

myoalbumin (ml'oalbu'min) n. [Gk.
mys, muscle ; L. albumen, white of
egg.] An albumin product of
muscle (phys.}.

myoblast (ml'oblast) n. [Gk. mys,
muscle; blastos, bud.] A cell which
develops into muscle fibre (smb.}.

myocardium (mi'6'kar'dium) n. [Gk.
mys, muscle ; kardia, heart.] The
muscular walls of the heart (anat.}.

myochrome (ml'b'krom) n. [Gk. mys,
muscle ; chroma, colour.] A muscle-
pigment.

myocoel (ml'osel) n. [Gk. mys, muscle ;
koilos, hollow.] Part of the coelom
enclosed in a myotome (emb.}.

myocomxna (ml'okom'a) n. [Gk. mys,
muscle ; komma, a clause.] A
myoseptum or ligamentous connec-
tion between successive myotomes
(emb.}.

myocyte (mi'oslt) n. [Gk. mys,
muscle; kytos, hollow.] A contrac-
tile layer of ectoplasm of Gregar-
ines ; a contractile cell (zool.}.

myodome (mfodom) n. [Gk. mys,
muscle ; L. domus, house.] A
chamber containing the eye-muscles
in some Teleosts (zool.}.

myodynamic (ml'odinam'ik) a. [Gk.
mys, muscle ; dynamis, power.]
Pert, muscular force or contraction
(Phys.}.

myoepicardial (mi'oe'pikar'dial) a.
[Gk. mys, muscle ; epi, upon ;
kardia, heart.] Appl. a mantle,
consisting of the mesocardium
walls, destined to form the muscu-
lar and epicardial walls of the
heart (emb.}.

myoepithelial (ml'oepithe'lial) a. [Gk.
mys, muscle ; epi, upon ; thele,
nipple.] Pert, muscle and epi-
thelium (anat.} ; appl. epithelium

cells with contractile outgrowths,
as in Coelenterates (zool.}.

myoflbrillae (ml'of Ibril'e) n. plu. [Gk.
mys, muscle ; L. fibrilla, a small
fibre.] Contractile fibrils of muscu-
lar tissue (anat.}.

myoglobulin (ml'oglob'ulin) n. [Gk.
mys, muscle ; L. globulus, a small
globe.] A globulin of muscle (phys.}.

myohaematin (ml'ohe'matm) n. [Gk.
mys, muscle ; haima, blood.] A
pigment of muscular tissue (phys.}.

myoid (ml'oid) a. [Gk. mys, muscle ;
eidos, resemblance.] Resembling or
composed of muscular fibres (anat.}.

myolemma (mi'blem'a) n. [Gk. mys,
muscle ; lemma, skin.] The sheath
of muscle fibre ; sarcolemma.

myology (mlol'oji) n. [Gk. mys,
muscle ; logos, discourse.] The
department of anatomy dealing
with muscles.

myomere (mi'omer) n. [Gk. mys,
muscle ; meros, part.] A muscle-
segment of Arthropods, divided off
by connective tissue insertions ;
a myocomma (zool.}.

myoneme (ml'bnem) n. [Gk. mys,
muscle ; nema, thread.] A minute
contractile fibril of Protozoa (zool.}.

myoneure (mi'onur) n. [Gk. mys,
muscle ; neuron, nerve.] A motorial
nerve-cell (phys.}.

myonicity (mi'dnis'iti) n. [Gk. mys,
muscle.] The contracting power
of muscular tissue (phys.}.

myophan (ml'bfan) n. [Gk. mys,
muscle ; pkainein, to appear.] The
contractile layer of Protozoa (zool.}.

myophore (ml'of or) n. [Gk. mys,
muscle ; pherein, to bear.] A struc-
ture adapted for muscle attachment
(zool.}.

myophrisk (ml'ofrisk) n. [Gk. mys,
muscle ; phrix, ripple.] A myo-
neme or contractile element of
Protozoa (zool.}.

myopolar (ml'bpo'lar) a. [Gk. mys,
muscle ; polos, an axle-end.] Pert.
muscular polarity (phys.}.

myoproteid (mi'opro'teid) n. [Gk.
mys, muscle ; protos, first.] A
globulin - like substance of fish
muscle (phys.}.

myoseptum (ml'osep'tum) n. [Gk.
mys, muscle ; L. septum, partition.]
A myocomma, which see,

MYO-

203

NAS-

myosin (mfosin) n. [Gk. mys, muscle.]
A globulin of dead muscular tissue
(Phys.\

myotasis (mlot'asis) n. [Gk. mys,
muscle ; fast's, tension.] Muscular
tension or tonicity (phys.~).

myotome (mi'otom) n. [Gk. mys,
muscle ; fame, a cutting.] One of
a series of hollow cubes formed in
the early vertebrate embryo (emb.) ;
a muscular metamere of primitive
vertebrates and segmented inverte-
brates (zoo/.).

myotonia (mloto'ma) n. [Gk. mys,
muscle ; tonos, tension.] Muscular
tension or tonicity (pkys.\

myrmecophagous (mirmSkof'agus) a.
[Gk. myrmex, ant ; phagein, to
eat.] Ant-eating (zoo/.).

myrmecophile (mir'mSkofil) n. [Gk.
myrmex, ant ; philos, loving.] A
guest insect in a nest of ants
(zoo/.).

mynnecophyte (mir'mgkoflt) n. [Gk.
myrmex, ant ; phyton, plant.] A
myrmecophilous plant, or one that
benefits from ant inhabitants and
has special adaptations for housing
them (bot.).

myrosin (mir'osin) n. [Gk. myron,
unguent.] An enzyme of mustard
seeds, acting upon glucosides (bot.).

myxamoeba (mik'same'ba) n. [Gk.
myxa, slime ; amoibe, change.] A
mycetozoan spore in the amoebula
stage (zoo/.).

myxoflagellate (mik'soflaj'glat) n.
[Gk. myxa, slime ; L. flagellum,
whip.] A flagellula or zoospore,
the stage in mycetozoan develop-
ment following the myxamoeba, and
which multiplies by fission (zoo/.).

myxopodium (mik'sopo'dlum) n. [Gk.
myxa, slime ; pous, foot.] A slimy
pseudopodium (zoo/.).

myxopterygium, — mixipterygium.

N

nacreous (naTcreus) a. [Ar. nakir,

hollowed.] Yielding or resembling

mother-of-pearl (zoo/.).
nacrine (na'krin) n. [Ar. nakir,

hollowed.] Mother-of-pearl colour

(zoo/.).

naevose (na'vos, ne'vos) a. [L. naevus,
spot.] Freckled ; spotted with con-
genital marks (zoo/.).

nail (nal) n. [A.S. naegel, nail.] The
terminal horny plate of finger or
toe (zoo/.).

nail bone, — the terminal bone of finger
or toe.

nanism (nan'izm) n. [Gk. nanos,
dwarf.] Dwarfishness.

nanoplankton (nan'6'plang'ktSn)
n. [Gk. nanos, dwarf; plang-
ktos, wandering.] Microscopic
plankton.

napiform (na'piform) a. [L. napus,
turnip ; forma, shape.] Turnip-
shaped ; appl. roots (bot.).

narcotic (narkfit'ik) n. [Gk. narke,
numbness.] A drug which pro-
duces unconsciousness (zoo/.).

nares (na'rez, na'rgz) n. plu. [L.
nares, nostrils.] Nostrils (zoo/.).

nares, anterior, — the openings of
the olfactory organ to the exterior
(zoo/.).

nares, posterior, — the openings of the
olfactory organ into the pharynx or
throat (zoo/.).

narial (na'rial) a. [L. nares, nostrils.]
Pert, the nostrils (zoo/.).

narial septum, — the partition between
the nostrils (zoo/.).

naricorn (nar'ik6rn) n. [L. nares,
nostrils ; cornu, horn.] The ter-
minal horny part of nostril of
Turbinares (zoo/.) ; nasal scale
(anat.\

nariform (narTform) a. [L. nares,
nostrils ; forma, shape.] Shaped
like nostrils (zoo/.).

nasal (na'zal) a. [L. nasus, nose.]
Pert, the nose (zoo/.).

nasion (na'zton) n. [L. nasus, nose.]
The middle of the nasofrontal
suture (anat.).

Nasmyth's membrane, — a trans-
parent sheet of membrane over
the enamel of the crown of a
mammalian tooth (phys.).

nasoantral (na'zoan'tral) a. [L. nasus,
nose ; antrum, cavity.] Pert, nose
and maxillary cavity (anaf.).

nasobuccal (na'zobuk'al) a. [L. nasus,
nose ; bucca, cheek.] Pert, nose
and cheek (anaf.) ; pert, nose and
mouth cavity (zoo/.).

nasociliary (na'zosTltarl) a. [L. nasus,

NAS-

204

NEC-

nose ; cilia, eyelashes.] Appl. nasal
nerve off which the ciliary nerves
branch (anat.).

nasofrontal (na'zofrun'tal) a. [L.
nasus, nose ; frons, forehead.]
AppL part of the superior oph-
thalmic vein in nose and forehead
region (anat.).

nasolabial (na'zola'bial) a. [L. nasus,
nose ; labium, lip.] Pert, nose and
lip ; appl. muscle (anat.).
nasolacrimal (na'zolak'rimal) a. [L.
nasus, nose ; lacrima, tear.] Appl.
a duct from the lacrimal sac to the
meatus of the nose (anat.).
nasomaxillary (na'zomaksTrari) a.
[L. nasus, nose ; mairilla, jaw.]
Pert, nose and jaw (anat.).
nasooptic (na'zoop'tlk) a. [L. nasus,
nose ; Gk. optikos, relating to sight.]
Appl. a furrow, an embryonic groove
between nasal and maxillary pro-
cesses (smb.).

nasopalatal (na'zopal'atal) a. [L.
nasus, nose ; palatus, palate.]
Appl. a canal between the nose
and palate (anat.).

nasopalatine (na'zopal'atin) a. [L.
nasus, nose ; palatus, palate.] Pert.
nose and palate (anat.).

nasopharyngeal (na'zofarin'jeal) a.
[L. nasus, nose ; Gk. pharyngx,
gullet.] Pert, the nose and
pharynx (anat.).

nasopharynx (na'zofar'mgks) n. [L.
nasus, nose ; Gk. pharyngx, gullet.]
That part of pharynx continuous
with posterior nares (anat.).

nasoturbinal (na'zotur'binal) a. [L.
nasus, nose ; turbo, wheel.] Appl.
outgrowths from the lateral wall of
the nasal cavity increasing the area
of sensory surface (zool.).

nasus (na'zus) n. [L. nasus, nose.]
The nose ; the clypeus of an in-
sect's head (zool.).

natal (na'tal) a [L. nates, buttocks.]
Connected with the buttocks
(anat.).

natant (na'tant) a. [L. natare, to
swim.] Floating on the surface of
water (zool., bot.).

natatorial (na'tato'rial) a. [L. natare,
to swim.] Formed or adapted for
swimming (zool.).

natatory (na'tatorl) a. See natatorial

nates' (na'tfcz) n. plu. [L. nates, but-

tocks.] Buttocks (anat.) ; umbones
(zool.).

native (na'tiv) a. [L. gnatus, born.]
Appl. animals and plants which
originated in the district or area
in which they live, not those im-
ported thereinto (biol.).

natural selection, — the processes
occurring in nature resulting in
the survival of the fittest and the
elimination of the individuals less
adapted to their surroundings (biol.).

nauplius (no'plius) n. [L. nauplius,
a shell-fish.] The earliest larval
stage of entomostracan Crustaceans
(zool.).

nautillform (notil'iform) a. [L.
nautilus, nautilus ; forma, shape.]
Shaped like a nautilus shell (zool.).

navel (na'vgl) n. [A.S. nafele, navel.]
Place of attachment of the um-
bilical cord (emb.).

navicular •(navik'ular) a. [L. navis,
ship.] Boat-shaped.

naviculare (navlk'ulare) n. [L. navis,
ship.] The scaphoid radiale of the
mammalian carpus (anat.).

nebenkern (na'bgnkgrn) n. [Ger.
neben, near ; kern, kernel.] An
extra-nuclear chromatinic body in
the spermatia (cyt.).

nebenk8rper (na'benker'pSr) n. [Ger.
neben, near ; korper, body.] A body
surrounded by oil-drops at the
hinder pole of Pyrodinium, perhaps
the seat of luminosity (zool.).

necrogenous (nekroj'eniis) a. [Gk.
nekros, dead ; genos, offspring.]
Living or developing in dead bodies
(zool.).

necrophagous (nSkrof'agus) a. [Gk.
nekros, dead ; phagein, to eat.]
Feeding on dead bodies (zool.).

necrophilous (nekrof'Ilus) a. [Gk.
nekros, dead ; philein, to love.]
Feeding on dead bodies (zool.).

nectar (ngk'tar) n. [G\a.nektar, nectar.]
The sweet substance secreted by
special glands, the nectaries, in
flowers (bot.).
nectar gland, — see nectary.

nectar guides, — the series of markings
• on the petals of flowers, pointing
apparently to the easiest way to
reach the nectar, and at the same
time ensuring that the insect visitor
will cause cross-fertilization (biol.).

NEC-

205

NEO-

nectarlferous (nek'tarif'grus) a. [Gk.
nektar, nectar ; L. ferre, to carry.]
Producing or having nectar-secret-
ing structures (hot.}.

nectarivorous (nek'tariv'orus) a. [Gk.
nektar, nectar ; L. vorare, to de-
vour.] Nectar-sipping ; appl. to
certain Insects (zoo/.).

nectary (ngk'tari) n. [Gk. nektar,
nectar.] A group of sub-epidermal
cells of no definite position in a
flower, secreting a sweet substance ;
a nectar gland (dot.}.

nectocalyx (ngk'toka'liks) «., necto-
calyces (neYtoka'lisez) plu. [Gk.
nektos, swimming ; kalyx, cup.] A
modified medusiform person adapted
for swimming purposes found as
part of a Siphonophore colony
(zoo/.).

nectocyst (nek'toslst) n. [Gk. nektos,
swimming ; kystis, bladder.] The
cavity of a nectocalyx (zoo/.).

nectophore (neVtofor) n. [Gk. nektos,
swimming ; pherein, to carry.] A
nectocalyx ; that portion of the
common coenosarc on which the
nectocalyces are borne (zoo/.).

nectopod (neVtopod) n. [Gk. nektos,
swimming ; pous, foot.] An append-
age modified for swimming (zoo/.).

nectosac (ngk'tosak) n. [Gk. nektos,
swimming ; L. saccus, sac.] A
nectocyst (zoo/.).

nectosome (n£k'tos6m) n. [Gk. nektos,
swimming ; soma, body.] The upper
or swimming part of a Siphono-
phore (zoo/.).

nectozooid (nSk'tozo'oid) n. [Gk.
nektos, swimming ; zoon, animal ;
eidos, resemblance.] A nectocalyx
(zoo/.).

negative tropism, — a tendency to
move away from a source of stimu-
lus (phys.\

nekton (nek'ton) n. [Gk. nektos,
swimming.] The organisms swim-
ming about the surface of the sea
(Vol.).

nemathecium (ngm'athe'sium, ngm'-
athe'shium) ». [Gk. nema, thread ;
theke, box.] A protuberance on the
thallus of Thallophytes (hot.).

nematoblast (ngm'atoblast) n. [Gk.
nema, thread ; blastos, bud.] Sper-
matocyte.

nematocalyx (ngm'atoka'llks) n. [Gk.

nema, thread ; kalyx, cup.] The
" Guard-polyp " of a Plumularian,
carrying nematocysts (zoo/.).

nematocyst (ngm'atosist) n. [Gk.
nema, thread ; kystis, bladder.] A
stinging cell (zoo/.).

nematogene (nfim'atojen) n. [Gk.
nema, thread ; genos, birth.] Appl.
the phase of Dicyema when its
vermiform embryos escape from
the parent by perforating the body
wall (zoo/.).

nematogone (nSm'atogon) n. [Gk.
nema, thread ; gonos, offspring.] A
thin-walled propagative cell in cer-
tain Mosses (oof.).

nematophore (nem'atofor) n. [Gk.
nema, thread ; pherein, to carry.]
A nematocalyx (zoo/.).

nematopnorous(n£m'a.t6f'6rus) a. [Gk.
nema, thread ; pherein, to carry.]
Pert, a nematophore (zoo/.).

nematozooid (nem'atozo'oid) n. [Gk.
nema, thread ; zoon, animal ; eidos,
resemblance.] A defensive zooid
in a Hydrozoan (zoo/.).

nemorose (ngm'oros) a. [L. nemus,
woodland with pasture.] Inhabiting
open woodland places (dot.).

Neo-Darwinism, — a revival of Dar-
win's doctrine of natural selection
as the chief factor in evolution, and
of non-transmissibility of acquired
characters.

neogamous (neog'amus) a, [Gk. neos,
young ; gamos, marriage.] Appl.
forms of Protozoa exhibiting pre-
cocious association of gametocytes
(zool.\

Neo-Lamarckism, — a revival of
Lamarck's doctrine of evolution,
that inherited acquired characters
formed the inception of specific
differences.

Neolithic (ne'olith'Ik) a. [Gk. neos,
young ; lithos, stone.] Pert, that
age following on the Palaeo-
lithic (pal.\

neomorph (ne'omorf) «. [Gk. neos,
young ; morphc, form.] A struc-
tural variation from type (dioL).

neomorphosis (ne'omor'fosis) n. [Gk.
neos, young ; morpkosis, change.]
Regeneration in the case where
the new part is unlike anything in
the body (oio/.).

neonychium (neonTk'Ium) n. [Gk.

NEO-

206

NER-

neos, new ; onyx, nail.] A soft pad
enclosing each claw of the embryo
of all unguiculate vertebrates and
of some other mammals, probably
to prevent the tearing of the foetal
membranes during movements of
the embryo ; also found in the
chick (zool.}.

neopallium (ne'opal'i'um) n. [Gk.
neos, young ; L. pallium, cloak.]
In the mammalian brain, a definite
area of pallium for impressions of
tactile, visual, and other senses
(anat.}.

neoteinia (ne'oti'ma) n. [Gk. neos,
young ; teinein, to stretch.] The
state of having development arrested
to prolong immaturity (biol.}.

neoteinic (ne'otl'nik) a. [Gk. neos,
young ; teinein, to stretch.] Appl.
substitution royalties of termites
which remain undeveloped in cer-
tain respects (zool.}.

neoteny (neot'Sni) n. [Gk. neos, young;
teinein, to stretch.] The retention of
larval characters beyond the normal
period, or the occurrence of adult
characteristics in the larva, ex-
emplified in Amphibia (zool.}.

Neotropical (ne'otrop'lkal) a. [Gk.
neos, young ; trepein, to turn.] Pert.
or designating a zoogeographical
region consisting of South America,
the Antilles, and tropical North
America.

Neozoic (ne'ozo'ik) a. [Gk. neos, young ;
zoe, life.] Pert, the period from the
Mesozoic to the present day (pal.}.

nephric (nefrik) a. [Gk. nephros,
kidney.] Pert, the kidney (anat.}.

nephridial (nefrid'ial) a. [Gk. nephros,
kidney.] Nephric, usually appl. the
small excretory tubules in the kid-
ney (anat.} ; alsoperf. the excretory
organ or nephridium of Inverte-
brates (zool.}.

nephridiopore (nefrid'iopor) n. [Gk.
nephros, kidney ; poros, passage.]
The external opening of a nephridium
(zool.}.

nephridium (nefrid'mm) n. [Gk.
nephros, kidney.] Any excretory
organ ; usually the excretory organ
of Invertebrates (zool.}.

nephrocytes (ngf'roslts) n. plu. [Gk.
nephros, kidney ; kytos, hollow.]
Cells in Sponges which secrete

waste and then migrate to the
surface of the body to discharge
(zool.}.

nephrodinic (nef'rodin'lk) a. [Gk.
nephros, kidney ; odis, labour.]
Having one duct, serving for both
excretory and genital purposes
(zool.}.

nephrogonaduct (nef'rogon'adukt) n.
[Gk. nephros, kidney ; gonos, off-
spring ; L. ducere, to lead.] Ex-
cretory and genital duct in one
(zool.}.

nephroid (ngf'roid) a. [Gk. nephros,
kidney ; eidos, resemblance.] Kid-
ney-shaped (anat., zool.}.

nephrolytic (nef'rdllt'ik) a. [Gk.
nephros, kidney ; lyein, to dissolve.]
Pert, or designating enzymatic
action destructive to the kidneys
(Phys.}.

nephropore (nef 'ropor)«. \G\s..nephros,
kidney ; poros, passage.] A neph-
ridiopore (zool.}.

nephros (nef'ros) n. [Gk. nephros,
kidney.] A kidney ; usually the
functional portion of a kidney
(anat.}.

nephrostome (nefrostom) n. [Gk.
nephros, kidney ; stoma, mouth.]
The opening of a nephridial tubule
into the coelom or body cavity
(zool.}. '

nephrotome (ngf'rotom) n. [Gk.
nephros, kidney ; temnein, to cut.]
That part of a somite developing
into an embryonic excretory organ
(emb.}.

nervated (ngr'vatgd) a. [L. nervus,
sinew.] Having nerves or veins
(bot.}.

nervation (nerva'shun) n. [L. nervus,
sinew.] The disposition of nerves
in a leaf (bot.}.

nerve (nerv) n. [L. nervus, sinew.]
One of the numerous grey fibrous
cords connecting the brain with all
other parts of the body (anat.} ; the
vein of an insect wing (zool.} ; a
vein (dot.}.

nerve canal, — a canal for passage of
nerve to the pulp of a tooth (anat.}.

nerve cell, — a cell characteristic of
brain and nerve tissue (anat.}.

nerve centre, — a collection of nerve
cells associated with one particular
function (phys.}.

NER-

207

NEU-

nerve eminence, — a superficial group
of cells in some Fishes, acting as a
sense organ and connected with
the lateral line system (zool.).

nerve ending, — the terminal distal
portion of a nerve, modified in
various ways (anat.).

nerve fibres, — the thread-like struc-
tures of which nerves are composed
(anat.).

nerve pentagon, — the five-sided nerve
ring round the mouth of Echino-
derms (zoo!.).

nervimotion (nerVimo'shun) n. [L.
nervus, sinew ; movere, to move.]
Motion due to direct stimulus from
nerves (phys.).

nervous (neYvus) a. [L. nervus,
sinew.] Pert. or designating
nerves ; appl. tissue composed of
nerve fibres (anat.).

nervous system, — the brain, spinal
cord, nerves and all their branches
taken collectively (anat.).

nervule (neYvul) n. [L. dim. of
nervus, sinew.] A branch or
terminal portion of a nervure of
an insect wing (zool.).

nervuration (ner'vura'shun) «. [L.
nervus, sinew.] Disposition of
nervures (zool.).

nervure (nerVur) n. [L. nervus,
sinew.] One of the rib-like struc-
tures which support the membran-
ous wings of Insects, branches of the
tracheal system (zool.); a vein (dot.).

nervus lateralis (neVvus lat'gral'is) n.
[L. nervus, sinew ; lateralis, pert.
the side.] A branch of the vagus
nerve in Fishes connecting the
sensory "lateral line" with the
brain (anat.).

net-knots, — karyosomes.

netted-veined, — with veins in the
form of a network (bot.).

nettling-cells, — the stinging cells in
Hydra and its allies (zoo!.).

neurad (nu'rad) adv. [Gk. neuron,
nerve.] Dorsally (anat.).

neural (nu'ral) a. [Gk. neuron,
nerve.] Pert, or closely con-
nected with nerves (anal.).

neural arch, — the arch formed on
the dorsal surface of a vertebral
centrum, by the neural plates and
neural spine, for the passage of
the spinal cord (anat.).

neural canal, — the canal formed by
the neural arches (anat.).

neural plates, — the lateral members
of a neural arch (anat.) ; the median
row, usually of eight bony plates,
in the carapace of a turtle (zool.).

neurapophysis (nuYapSf'isfs) n. [Gk.
neuron, nerve ; apo, from ; phyein,
to grow.] The spinous process of
a vertebra (anat.).

neuraxis (nurak'sis) n. [Gk. neuron,
nerve ; L. axis, axle.] The central
cylinder of a medullated nerve-
fibre (anat.).

neuraxon (nurak'son) n. [Gk. neuron,
nerve ; axon, axle.] Neuraxis.

neurenteric (nur'gnteYik, nurgn'terik)
a. [Gk. neuron, nerve ; enteron,
gut] Pert, the neurocoele and
enteric cavity (anat.).

neurenteric canal,— a short canal
connecting the posterior end of
the central canal of the spinal
cord with the posterior end of the
enteric cavity (emb.).

neuric (nu'rik) a. [Gk. neuron, nerve.]
Neural.

neuricity (nuris'itl) n. [Gk. neuron,
nerve.] Property peculiar to nerves

neurillty (nuril'iti) «. [Gk. neuron,
nerve.] The stimuli - transmitting
capacity of nerves (phys.).

neuroblast (nu'roblast) n. [Gk.
neuron, nerve ; blastos, bud.]
Special epithelial cells from which
nerve cells are formed (emb.).

neurocentral (nu'rosSn'tral) a. [Gk.
neuron, nerve ; L. centrum, centre.]
Appl. two vertebral synchondroses
persisting during the first few years
of life (anat.).

neurocirrus (nu'rostr'us) n. [Gk.
neuron, nerve ; L. cirrus, curl.]
The cirrus of the neuropodium of
a polychaet Annelid (zool.).

neurocoel (nu'rosel) n. [Gk. neuron,
nerve ; koilos, hollow.] The cavityof
the central nervous system (anat.).

neurocyte (nu'rosit) n. [Gk. neuron,
nerve ; kytos, hollow.] Nerve cell
(anat.).

neurodendron(nu'r6den'dron)«. [Gk.
neuron, nerve ; dendron, tree.] A
dendrite.

n euro-epithelium (n u'ro - gplth e'lfu m )
n. [Gk. neuron, nerve ; epi, upon ;

NEU-

208

NEU-

thele, nipple.] The superficial layer
of cells where specialized for a sense-
organ (anat.}.

neuroflbrils (nu'rofi'brilz) n. plu. [Gk.
neuron, nerve ; L. fibrilla, fine fibre.]
Exceedingly fine fibres of which
a medullated nerve fibre is com-
posed ; also present in nerve cells,
and believed to be the conductors
of nerve impulses (anat.}.

neurogenesis (nu'rojen'esis) n. [Gk.
neuron, nerve ; gignesthai, to pro-
duce.] Nerve production (phys.}.

neuroglia (nu'rogle'a, nurog'lia) n.
[Gk. neuron, nerve ; glia, glue.]
A peculiar tissue, composed of cells
and fibres, supporting the nerve
cells and nerve fibres (anat.}.

neurold (nu'roid) a. [Gk. neuron,
nerve ; eidos, resemblance.] Like
a nerve (anal.}.

neurokeratin (nu'roker'atm) n. [Gk.
neuron, nerve ; keras, horn.] The
keratin of nervous tissue (phys.}.

neurolemma (nu'rolem'a) n. [Gk.
neuron, nerve ; lemma, skin.] The
delicate tubular sheath of a nerve
(anat.}.

neurology (nurol'qji) n. [Gk. neuron,
nerve ; logos, discourse.] That
part of anatomy dealing with the
details of the nervous system.

neuroraasts (nu'romasts) n. plu.
[Gk. neuron, nerve ; inastos, knoll.]
Groups of sensory cells in the
lateral line of Fishes (zool.}.

neuromere (nu'romer) n. [Gk. neuron,
nerve ; meros, part.] A spinal seg-
ment, a division of convenience not
structural (anat.}.

neuromuscular (nu'romus'kular) a.
[Gk. neuron, nerve ; L. nmsculus,
muscle.] Pert, nerve and muscle
(anat ).

neuron (nu'ron) n. [Gk. neuron, nerve.]
The nerve-cell with its outgrowths
(anat.} ; also neurone.

neuroneme (nu'ronem) n. [Gk. neuron,
nerve ; nema, thread.] A nerve
fibril running parallel to a myoneme
in an Infusorian (zool.}.

neuronephroblast (nu'roneTroblast)
n. [Gk. neuron, nerve ; nephros,
kidney ; blastos, bud.] One of cells
derived from one of the megameres
in the segmenting egg of Clepsine,
which later give rise to part of the

germinal bands from which the
nerve cord and the nephridia de-
velop (zool.}.

neurophags (nu'rofagz) n. plu. [Gk.
neuron, nerve ; phagetn, to eat.]
Phagocytic cells that encroach upon
and destroy nerve-cells in old age
(Phys.}.

neurophane (nu'rofan) a. [Gk. neuron,
nerve ; phainein, to appear.] Ner-
vous, sensory ; appl. supposed ner-
vous fibrils of Ciliata (zool.}.

neuropodium (nu'ropo'dium) n. [Gk.
neuron, nerve ; pous, foot.] The
ventral lobe of a polychaetan para-
podium (zool.}.

neuropodous (nurop'odus) a. [Gk.
neuron, nerve ; pous, foot.] " Hav-
ing limbs directed towards the
neural side " (zool}.

neuropore (nu'ropor) n. [Gk. neuron,
nerve ; poros, passage.] The an-
terior opening of the neurocoel to
the exterior (einb.}.

neuropterous (nurop'terus) a. [Gk.
neuron, nerve; ptcron, wing.] Hav-
ing wings with a network of ner-
vures (zool.}.

neuroskeleton (nu'roskel'eton) n. [Gk.
neuron, nerve ; skeletos, dried up.]
Endoskeleton (zool.}.

neurosynapse (nu'rosmaps') n. [Gk.
neuron, nerve ; synopsis, union.]
Junction of nerve-cells through
terminal arborizations or cell pro-
cesses (anat.}.

neurotendinous (nu'roten'dlnus) a.
[Gk. neuron, nerve ; tenon, tendon.]
Concerning nerves and tendons
(anat.}.

neurotrophic (nu'rotrof'ik) a. [Gk.
neuron, nerve ; trephein, to nourish.]
Nourishing the nervous system
(Phys.}.

neurotropism (nurot'roptzm) n. [Gk.
neuron, nerve ; trepein, to turn.] The
attraction exerted by nervous tissue
upon developing nerve tissue (phys.}.

neuter (nu'ter) a. [L. neuter, of
neither sex.] Sexless.

neutral (nu'tral) a. [L. neuter, neuter.]
Neither male nor female (zool.}.

neutrophil (nu'troftl) a. [L. neuter,
neuter ; Gk. philein, to love.] Des-
ignating granules of white blood
corpuscles, which stain only with
neutral stains (cyt.}.

NEU-

209

NOT-

neutrophilic, — neutrophil.

nictitant (nik'titant) a. [L. nictare,
to wink.] Appl. an ocellus with
central lunate spot (zool.}.

nictitating membrane, — the third
eyelid, a transparent membrane
which assists in keeping the eye
clean (zool.}.

nidamental (nid'amgn'tal) a. [L.
nidus, nest.] Appl. glands which
secrete material for an egg-covering
(zool.}.

nidation (mda'shun) n. [L. nidus,
nest.] The renewal of the uterus
lining between menstrual periods
(phys.\

nidicolous (nldlk'olus) a. [L. nidus,
nest ; colere, to cultivate.] Living
in the nest for a time after hatching
(zool.}.

nidifugous (nidlf'ugus) a. [L. nidus,
nest ; fugere, to flee.] Leaving the
nest soon after hatching (zool.}.

nidulus (nid'ulus) n, [L. dim. of
nidus, nest.] The nucleus from
which a nerve originates (anat.}.

nidus (nl'dus) n. [L. nidus, nest.]
A nest ; a nest-like hollow (zool.} ;
a nucleus (anat.} ; a cavity for the
development of spores (hot.}.

nidus hirundinalis (hirun'dlna'lTs) n.
A fossa of the cerebellum (anaf.).

nigrescent (ntgrSs'6nt) a. [L. nig-
rescere, to turn black.] Approach-
ing to black in colour (zool.}.

nipple (ntp'l) n. [Dim. of A.S. nib,
for neb, nose.] Mamma ; teat (anat.,
zool.}.

Nissl's granules, — angular particles
found in the cytoplasm of nerve
cells (phys.}.

nisus formativus (nfsus formatl'vus)
n. [L. niti, to strive ; formare, to
form.] The tendency to reproduce.

nitid (nit'id) a. [L nitidus, shining.]
Glossy.

nit id cms (nft'idus) a. [L. nitidus,
shining.] Glossy.

nitrobacteria (ni'trobakte'ria) n. plu.
[L. nitruin, natron ; bacterium,
bacterium.] The nitric bacteria of
the soil (bot.}.

nitrogen (nftrojgn) n. [Gk. nitron,
soda ; genos, descent.] An ele-
mentary gas composing four-fifths
of the volume of the atmosphere
(p/tys.}.

nitrogenous (nltroj'Snus) a. [Gk.
nitron, soda ; genos, descent.] Pert.
or containing nitrogen.

nitrogenous equilibrium, — equili-
brium of body maintained by
equality of income and output of
nitrogen (phys.}.

nitrophilous (nltrof'Ilus) a. [Gk.
nitron, soda ; philein, to love.]
Thriving in nitrogenous soils (dot.}.

noctilucent (nok'tiloo'sgnt, -lu'-) a.
[L. nox, night ; lux, light.] Phos-
phorescent (biol.}.

nocturnal (noktur'nal) a. [L. nox,
night.] Seeking food and moving
about at night, and not in the
day-time (zool.}.

nodal (no'dal) a. [L. nodus, knob.]
Pert, a node (bot., zool.}.

node (nod) n. [L. nodus, knob.] The
knob or joint of a stem at which
leaves arise (bot,}.

nodose (no'dos) a. [L. nodus, knob.]
Having the intermediate and ter-
minal joints thicker than the re-
mainder ; having knots or swellings
(zool, bot.}.

nodular (nod'ular) a. [L. nodulus,
dim. of nodus, knob.] Pert, a
nodule or knot (bot., zool.}.

nodule (nod'ul) n. [L. nodulus, dim.
of nodus, knob.] A small knob-
like structure.

noduliferous (nod'ullf'e'rus) a. [L.
nodus, knob ; ferre, to carry.]
Bearing a nodule ; a.ppl. roots of
leguminous plants (bot.}.

nodulus (nod'ulus) n. [L. nodulus,
dim. of nodus, knob.] A nodule.

nodus (no'dus) ». [L. nodus, knob.]
A knob or node.

nomenclature (no'me'nkla.'tur,
nomgn'klatur) n. [L. nomen, name ;
calare, to call.] System of naming
plants, animals, organs, etc.

norma (nor'ma) n. [L. nornia, rule.]
View of the skull as a whole from
certain points (anat.}.

normal (nor'mal) a. [L. norma, rule.]
Consistent with type or standard.

normoblasts (nor'moblasts) n. plu.
[L. norma, rule ; Gk. blastos, bud.]
Erythroblasts, which see.

nostrils (nSs'trilz) ». plu. [A.S.
nosthyrl, nostril.] The external
openings of the nose (anat.}.

notochordal (no'tokor'dal) a. [Gk.
O

NOT-

210

NUD-

noton, back ; chorde, cord.] Pert.
or enveloping the notochord ; appL
sheath, tissue, etc. (anaf.).

notocirrus (no'tosir'us) n. [L. notum,
back ; cirrus, curl.] The cirrus of
the notopodium of a polychaet
Annelid (zool.}.

notonectal (no'tonek'tal) a. [Gk.
noton, back ; nektos, swimming.]
AppL Notonectidae, which swim
back downwards (zool.}.

notopodium (no'topo'dium) n. [Gk.
noton, back ; pous, foot.] The
dorsal lobe of a polychaetan para-
podium (zoo/.}.

nototribe (no'totrib) a. [Gk. noton,
back ; tribein, to rub.] AppL
flowers whose anthers and stigma
touch the back of insects as they
enter the calyx, a device for secur-
ing cross-fertilization (bot.}.

notum (no'tum) n. [L. notum, back.]
The dorsal portion of an insect
segment ; tergum (zool.}.

nucellus (nusel'us) n. [L. dim. of
nux, nut.] The central region and
chief part of an ovule (hot.).

nuchal (nu'kal) a. [L. L. nucha, spinal
marrow.] AppL two sense organs
regarded as olfactory, on the
prostomium of Chaetopoda (zool.}.

nuchal cartilage, — a thin shield-
shaped plate on the posterior
surface of the neck of Sepia
(zool.}.

nuciferous (nusiferus) a. [L. nux,
nut ; ferre, to carry.] Nut-bearing
(bot.}.

nucivorous (nusi/orus) a. [L. nux,
nut ; -vorare, to devour.] Nut-
eating (zool.}.

nuclear (nu'klear) a. [L. nucleus,
kernel.] Pert, the nucleus (bot.,
zool.}.

nuclear disc, — a star-like structure
formed by the chromosomes in the
equator of the spindle during
mitosis (cyt.").

nuclear membrane, — the delicate
membrane bounding a nucleus,
formed from the surrounding
cytoplasm (cyt.}.

nuclear plate, — the equatorial plate
(cyt.}.

nuclear spindle, — a barrel - shaped
structure formed of a number of
fine fibrils in the cytoplasm sur-

rounding the nucleus, a stage in
mitosis (cyt.}.

nucleate (nu'kleat) a. [L. nucleus,
nucleus.] Having a nucleus (cyt.}.

nucleation (nuklea'shun) a. [L.
nucleus, kernel.] Nucleus forma-
tion (cyt.}.

nucleic (nu'kleik) a. [L. nucleus,
kernel.] Pert, an acid containing
phosphorus, found in some nuclei
(pkys.}.

nucleiform (nu'klelform) a. [L.
nucleus, kernel ; forma, shape.]
Shaped like a nucleus (cyt.}.

nuclein (nu'klein) n. [L. nucleus,
kernel.] One of the chemical
compounds found in nuclei, —
similar to protein but with the
addition of phosphorus (phys.\

nucleochylema (nu'kleoklle'ma) n.
[L. nucleus, kernel ; Gk. chylos,
juice.] The ground substance of
a cell-nucleus (cyt.}.

nucleohyaloplasm (nu'kleohl'alo-
plazm) n. [L. nucleus, kernel ; Gk.
hyalos, glass ; plasma, something
moulded.] The semi-fluid ground-
substance of a nucleus (cyt.}.

nucleolar (nukle'b'lar) a. [L. nucleus,
kernel.] Pert, a nucleolus (cyt.}.

nucleolus (nukle'olus) n. [L. nucle-
olus, dim. of nucleus, little kernel.]
A rounded mass of pure plastin
occurring in a nucleus (cyt.^.

nucleomicrosomes (nu'kleoml'kro-
somz) n. plu. [L. nucleus, kernel ;
Gk. mikros, small ; soma, body.]
Nuclear chromatin granules (cyt.}.

nucleoplasm (nu'kleoplazm) n. [L.
nucleus, kernel ; Gk. plasma, some-
thing moulded.] Reticular nuclear
substance ; cf. cytoplasm (cyt.}.

nucleoproteid (nu'kleb'pro'teid) n.
[L. nucleus, kernel ; Gk. protos,
first ; eidos, resemblance.] A nu-
clein with much albumin (phys.}.

nucleus (nu'kleus) n. [L. nucleus,
kernel.] A complex spheroidal
mass essential to the life of a
cell (cyt.}.

nuculanium (nu'kula'mum) n. [L.
nucula, small nut.] A fleshy fruit
like a grape (bot.}.

nudibranchiate (nu'dibrang'kiat) a.
[L. nudus, naked ; Gk. brangchia,
gills.] Having gills not covered by a
protective shell or membrane (zool.}.

NUD-

211

OBL-

nudicaudate (nu'dlkod'at) a. [L.
nudus, naked ; cauda, tail.] Having
a tail not coveredbyhairorfur(.sw/.).

nudlcaulous (nu'dikol'us) a. [L.
nudus, naked ; caulis, stem.] Appl,
stems without leaves (dot.}.

nudlflorous (nu'diflo'rus)«. [L. nudus,
naked ;flos, flower.] Having flowers
without glands or hairs (bot).

nummulation (num'ula'shun) n. [L.
nummus, coin.] The tendency of
red blood corpuscles to adhere
together like piles of coins (phys).

nummulitic (num'ulit'ik) a. [L. num-
mus, coin.] Like or pert, a Num-
mulite (zool., pal.}.

nuptial flight, — the flight taken by
the queen bee when fertilization
takes place (zool.}.

nurse cells, — single cells or layers of
cells attached to or surrounding
an egg-cell, probably for elaboration
of its food-material (cyt.}.

nurse generation, — an asexual bud-
ding generation of some Tunicates,
in which the phorozooids act as
foster parents to the later formed
buds, the gonozooids (zool.}.

nut (nut) n. [A.S. knutu, nut.] A
dry, hard, indehiscent one-celled
fruit (bot.).

nutation (nuta'shun) n. [L. nutare,
to nod.] Curvature or change of
position in organs of a growing
plant (hot.}.

nutlet (nut'let) n. [Dim. of nut.] The
stone formed in drupaceous fruits
(hot.}.

nutricism (nu'trisizm) n. [L. nutrix,
nurse.] Symbiotic relationship with
all the benefit to one partner (biol.).

nutrition (nutrish'un) n. [L. nutrix,
nurse.] The ingestion and assimila-
tion of food materials of animals
and plants (phys).

nutritive (nu'tritlv) a. [L. nutrix,
nurse.] Concerned in the function
of nutrition ; appl. yolk, polyp,
zooid, plasma.

nyctipelagic (nlk'tfpelaj'ik) a. [Gk.
nyktios, nightly ; pelagos, the sea.]
Rising to the surface of the sea
only at night (zool.}.

nyctitropism (niktit'ropizm) n. [Gk.
nyktios, nightly ; trepein, to turn.]
Tendency of certain leaves to curve
upwards at night (bot.).

nymph (ntmf) n. [Gk. nymphe, bride.]
A stage following the larval in
insect metamorphosis (zool.).

bride.] The labia minora (anat.).

O

oar-feathers,— the wing feathers used
in flight in Birds (zool.).

obcompressed (ob'komprgst') a. [L.
o&, towards ; comprimere, to com-
press.] Flattened in a vertical
direction (bot.).

obcordate (obkor'da.t) a. [L. ob,
against ; cor, the heart.] Heart-
shaped ; appl. leaves which have
the stalk attached to the apex of
the heart (bot.}.

obdiplostemonous (6bdiplost6m'6nus)
a. [L. 06, against ; Gk. diploos,
double ; stemon, a warp.] With
the outer series of stamens opposite
the petals (bot).

obelion (obe'lion) n. [Gk. obelos^ a
spit.] The point between the two
foramina on the interparietal suture
(anat.).

obex (o'beks) n. [L. obex, an obstacle.]
A triangular layer of grey matter
above the calamus in the roof of
the fourth ventricle (anat.).

obimbricate (obtm'brikat) a. [L. ob,
in the way ; imbrex, a tile.] With
regularly overlapping scales, with
the overlapping ends downwards

oblanceolate (oblan'seolat) a. [L. ob,
reversely ; lancea, a spear.] In-
versely lanceolate (bot.).

obligate or obligatory parasites, —
parasites which are limited to one
mode of life, and cannot exist inde-
pendently of a host ; cf. facultative
(biol.).

oblique- (oblek') a. [L. obliquus, bent.]
Placed obliquely ; appl. certain
muscles (anat.) ; asymmetrical (bot.).

obliquus (oble'kwus) a. [L. obliquus,
bent.] Oblique ; appl. muscles
(anat.).

obliterate (obllt'grat) a. [L. ob^ re-
versely ; litera, a letter.] Indis-
tinct or profuse ; appl. markings on
insects (zool.).

OBO-

212

OCT-

obovate (obo'vat) a. [L. ob, reversely ;
ovum, an egg.] Egg-shaped, with
the narrow end attached to the
stalk (tot.).

obovoid (obo'void) a. [L. ob, against ;
ovum, an egg ; Gk. eidos, shape.]
Inversely ovoid ; roughly egg-
shaped, with the narrow end down-
wards (bot.).

obsolescence (obsoles'ens) n. [L.
obsolescere, to wear out.] The
gradual reduction and consequent
disappearance of anorganism (biol.) ;
a blurred portion of a marking on
any animal (zoo/.).

obsolete (ob'solet) a. [L. obsolescere,
to wear out.] Wearing out or dis-
appearing ; appl. any character that
is becoming less and less distinct
in each succeeding generation
(biol.).

obturator (ob'tura'tor) a. [L. obturare,

to close.] Pert, any structure in

the neighbourhood of the obturator

foramen (anaf.).

obturator foramen, — an oval foramen

between ischium and pubis (zoo/.).
obtusilingual (obtusiling'gwal) a. [L.
obtundere, to make blunt ; lingua,
a tongue.] Short-tongued (zoo/.).
obumbrate (obum'brat) a. [L.
obumbrare, to overshadow.] With
some structure overhanging the
part so as to conceal it partially
(zoo/.).

obverse (ob'vers, obvers') a. [L.
obvertere, to turn round.] With
the base narrower than the apex
(bot.}.

obvolute (ob'volut) a. [L. obvolvere,
to wrap round.] Overlapping ;
appl. leaves when half of one leaf
is wrapped round half of another
similar leaf (bot.).

obvolvent (obvol'vent) a. [L.
obvolvere, to wrap round.] Bent
downwards and inwards ; appl.
wings, elytra of insects, etc. (zoo/.).
occipital (oksip'ital) a. [L. occiput,
back of the head.] Pert, the back
part of the head or the occipital
bones (anaf., zoo/.).
occipitalia (ok'sipita'lia) n. plu. [L.
occiput, back of the head.] The
group of parts of the cartilaginous
brain case forming the back part
of the head (zoo/.).

occiput (ok'sipoot, ok'sipiit) ». [L.
occiput, back of the head.] The
occipital region of the skull
(anaf.) ; the back of an insect's
head (zoo!.).

occlude (oklood') v. [L. occluderc,
to shut in.] To absorb (phys.}.

occlusor (okloo'sor) a. [L. occludere,
to shut in.] Appl. muscles of an
operculum or movable lid (zoo/.).

ocellate (b'sel'at) a. [L. ocellus, a
little eye.] Like an eye or eyes ;
appl. markings on many animals
(zoo/.).

ocellated (osel'ated, os'elated) a. [L.
ocellus, a little eye.] Having ocelli ;
having eye-like spots or markings
(zoo/.).

ocellation (os'ela'shun) ;/. [L. ocellus,
a little eye.] Condition of having
ocelli, or of having ocellate mark-
ings ; ocellate marking (zoo/.).

ocelli ferous (os'elif'erus) a. [L.
ocellus, a little eye ; ferre, to bear.]
Ocellated, which see.

ocellus (osel'us) »., ocelli (osel'i,
osel'e) plu. [L. ocellus, a little
eye.] A simple single eye or eye-
spot found in many of the lower
animals ; an eye-like marking as
seen in many Insects (zoo/.).

ochrea, ocrea (ok'rea, o'krea) n. [L.
ocrea, a greave.] A tubular sheath -
like expansion at the base of the
petiole (bot.} ; a sheath (zoo/.).

ocreaceous (ok'rea'shus) a. [L. ocrea,
agreave.] Ocrea-like; appl. various
structures in plants and animals.

ocreate (ok'reat) a. [L. ocrea, a
greave.] Having an ocrea (bot.} ;
booted, sheathed (zoo/.).

octactine (oktak'tin) n. [Gk. okta,
eight ; aktis, a ray.] A type of
sponge spicule with eight rays, a
modification of a hexactine (zoo/.).

octamerous (oktam'eriis) a. [Gk.
okta, eight ; meros, a part.] Appl.
organs or parts of organs when
arranged in eights ; appl. parts of
whorls of certain plants (bot.} ;
appl. parts of certain Alcyonaria
(zoo/.).

octandrous (oktan'drus) a. [Gk. okta,
eight ; aner, a man.] Having eight
stamens (bot.}.

octant (ok'tant) n. [L. octo, eight.]
One of the eight cells formed by

OCT-

213

OES-

the division of the fertilized ovule

in plants (dot.) ; one of the units

in the eight-celled stage in the

segmentation of the ovum (zool.}.
octogynous (oktoj'mus) a. [Gk. okta,

eight ; gyne, a woman.] Having

eight pistils (bot.}.
octopetalous (ok'topeYalus) a. [Gk.

okta, eight ; petalon, a petal.]

Having eight petals (hot.).
octopod (ok'topod) a. [Gk. okta,

eight ; pous, a foot.] Having

eight feet or arms (zool.').
octoradiate (ok'tora'diat) a. [L. octo,

eight ; radius, a spoke.] Having

eight rays or arms (zool.}.
octosepalous (ok'tosep'alus) a. [Gk.

06 fa, eight ; sepalon, a sepal.]

Having eight sepals (bot.}.
octosporous (ok'tospo'rus, oktos'porus)

a. [Gk. okta, eight ; sporos, a seed.]

Having eight spores (bot.}.
octostichous (oktSs'tikus) a. [Gk.

okta, eight ; stichos, a row.] Having

the leaves in eights, as in phyllo-

taxis (bot.}.
octozolc (ok'tozo'lk) a. [Gk. okta,

eight ; zoon, an animal.] Appl.

a spore of Gregarines, containing

eight sporozoites (zool.}.
ocular (Sk'ular) a. [L. oculus, an eye.]

Pert, or perceived by the eye.
ocular lobe,— the projecting thoracic

lobe in some beetles (zool.}.
ocular plates, — the plates at the

end of the ambulacral areas in sea

urchins (zool.}.
oculate (ok'ulat) a. [L. oculus, an

eye.] Having eyes, or having eye-
like spots (zool.}.
ocullferous (ok'ulTf'Srus), oculigerous

(6k'ulTj'6riis) a. [L. oculus, eye;

ferre, gerere, to carry.] Bearing

eyes (zool.}.
oculofrontal (ok'ulofriin'tal) a. [L.

oculus, eye ; frons, forehead.] Pert.

region of forehead and eye.
oculomotor (6k'uloino't6r) a. [L.

oculus, eye ; move re, to move.]

Causing the movements of the

eyeball ; appl. the third cranial

nerve (anat., zool.}.
oculonasal (ok'ulona'zal) a. [L. ocuhts,

eye; nasus, nose.] Pert, eye and nose.
oculus (Sk'ulus) n. [L. oculus, eye.]

The eye (anat., zool.} ; a leaf-bud in

a tuber (bot.}.

odontoblast (odon'toblSst) ». [Gk.
odous, a tooth ; blastos, a bud.]
One of the columnar cells on the
outside of the pulp that form the
dentine (zool.}.

odontoclast (odfin'toklast) n. [Gk.
odous, a tooth ; klan, to break.]
One of the large multinucleate
cells that absorb the roots of the
milk teeth (zool.}.

odontogeny (odontqj'eni) n. [Gk.
odous, tooth ; genos, offspring.] The
origin and development of teeth.

odontoid (odon'toid) a. [Gk. odous,
tooth ; eidos, form.] Tooth-like ;
pert, the odontoid process.

odontoid process, — a tooth-like peg
on the axis round which the atlas
rotates, — it is the centrum of the
atlas, which has first become free
and finally fused with the axis
(anat., zool.}.

odontophore (odSn'tofor) n. [Gk.
odour, tooth ; pherein, to carry.]
The radula or tooth-bearing organ
in Molluscs; a structure over which
the radula slides (zool}.

odontoplast (6d8n'topl&st) n. [Gk.
odous, tooth ; plastos, moulded.]
An odontoblast cell (anat.}.

odontostomatous (odon'tostom'atus)
a. [Gk. odous, tooth ; stoma, mouth.]
Having tooth-bearing jaws.

oecoid (e'koid) n. [Gk. oikos, a house.]
The stroma of a blood corpuscle
(anat}.

©ecology (ekol'qjl) n. [Gk. oikos,
house ; logos, discourse.] Bio-
nomics, which see.

oedematin (edgm'atin) n. [Gk. oidema,
a swelling.] The microsomes of
the ground substance of the nucleus
(cyt.}.

oenocyte (e'nosit) n. [Gk. oinos, wine ;
kytos, hollow.] One of the large
cells from the clusters which sur-
round the trachea and fat body of
Insects (zool.}.

oesophageal (esof'aje'al) a. [Gk.
oisophagos, the gullet.] Pert, or
near the oesophagus, as ganglia
(zool.}.

oesophagus (esof'agiis) n. [Gk.
oisophagos, the gullet.] That part
of the alimentary canal between the
pharynx and the stomach, or part
equivalent thereto (zool.}.

OES-

214

OMM-

oestrual (e'strooal) a. [Gk. oistros,
gadfly.] Pert, oestrus (phys.} ; also
oestrous.

oestruatlon (e'strooa'shun) n. [Gk.
oistros, gadfly.] State of being
under sexual desire ; rut (phys.}.

oestrus (e'strus) n. [Gk. oistros, gad-
fly.] The sexual heat of animals ;
rut (phys.}.

offset, — a short prostratebranch which
takes root at the apex and develops
new individuals (hot.}.

offshoot, — a lateral shoot from a main
stem (hot.).

oidium (oid'ium) n. [Gk. oon, an
egg.] The conidial stage of some
of the mildews (bot.}.

oikoplast (oik'oplast) n. [Gk. oikos,
house ; plastos, moulded?) One of
the large glandular ectoderm cells
which form the gelatinous layer of
Appendicularians (zool.}.

oilgland, — the uropygial gland in
Birds ; a gland which secretes oil
(zool.}.

oleaginous (61'eaj'inus) a. [L. olea,
oil.] Pert, oil ; containing oil ;
producing oil (biol.}.

olecranon (olgk'ranon) n. [Gk. olene,
elbow.] A large process at the
upper end of the ulna (zool.}.

oleiferous (oleif'Srus) a. [L. oleum,
oil ; fern, to carry.] Producing oil
(bot.}.

oleln (6'lem) n. [L. oleum, oil.] A
fat found in animal and vegetable
tissues and liquid at ordinary tem-
peratures (phys.}.

oleocyst (6'leosist) n. [L. oleum, oil ;
Gk. kystis, bladder.] A diverticu-
lum of the nectocalyx (zool.}.

olfactory (61fak'torT) a. [L. olere, to
have a smell ; facere, to make.]
Pert, associated with, or designating
the structures associated with the
sense of smell.

olfactory lobe, — a small lobe project-
ing from the anterior lower margin
of the cerebral hemispheres (anat.}.

olfactory pit, — any olfactory organ
of the nature of a small pit or
hollow (zool.} ; the depression which
later forms the nasal passage (eml>.).

oligacanthous (61'Igakan'thus) a. [Gk.
oligos, few ; akantha, a spine.]
Bearing few spines (zool.}.

oligandrous (ol'igan'drus) a. [Gk.

oligos, few ; aner, man.] Having
few stamens (hot.}.

oligocarpous (ol'igokar'pus) a. [Gk.
oligos, few ; karpos, fruit.] Having
few carpels (hot.}.

Oligocene (61'igosen') a. [Gk. oligos,
few ; kainos, recent.] Appl. a terti-
ary period between Eocene and
Miocene (pal.}.

ollgodynamic (ol'igodinam'ik) a.
[Gk. oligos, few ; dynamis, power.]
Caused by small or minute forces
(bot.}.

oligomerous (ol'igom'erus) a. [Gk.
oligos, few ; meros, a part.] Hav-
ing one or more of the whorls with
fewer members than the rest (bot.}.

oligonephrous (ol'igonef'rus) a. [Gk.
oligos, few ; nephros, a kidney.]
Having few Malpighian tubules ;
appl. Insects (zool.}.

oligospermous (ol'Igosper'mus) a.
[Gk. oligos, few ; sperma, a seed.]
Bearing few seeds (bot.}.

oligostemonous (ol'Igostern'onus) a.
[Gk. oligos, few ; stemon, a stamen.]
Having few stamens (bot.}.

oligotaxy (61'igotak'si) n. [Gk. oligos,
few ; taxis, arrangement.] Diminu-
tion in the number of whorls (bot.}.

oligotokous (ol'fgot'okus) a. [Gk.
oligos* few ; tokos, offspring.] Bear-
ing few young (zool.}.

oliva (oli'va), olive (61'iv) n. [L.
oliva, olive.] A prominence on
each side of the anterior end of the
medulla just below the pons (anat}.

olivary (61'ivari) a. [L. oliva, olive.]
Pert, the oliva, or olivary body
(anat}.

omasum (oma'sum) n. [L. omasum,
paunch.] The psalterium or third
division of a ruminant's stomach
. (zool.}.

omental (6'mSn'tal) a. [L. omentum,
a fold.] Pert, the omentum or
omenta (anat.}.

omentum (om&n'tum) n. [L. omentum,
a fold.] A fold of the peritoneum
either free or acting as the con-
necting link between viscera, etc.
(anat.}.

ommateum (om'ate'um) n. [Gk.
omma, the eye.] Any compound
eye (zool.}.

ommatidium (om'atid'ium) n. [Gk.
omma, eye.] One of the com-

OMM-

215

001-

ponent elements of a compound
eye (zoo/.).

ommatoids (om'a'toidz) n. pin. [Gk.
omma, eye ; eidos, form.] Two or
four light-coloured spots on the
last abdominal segment of Pedi-
palpi, — of disputed function (zoo/.).

ommatophore (Sm'atofor) n. [Gk.
omma, eye ; pherein, to bear.]
Any movable process bearing an
eye (zoo/.).

omnivorous (omniv'orus) a. [L.
omnis, all ; vorare, to devour.]
Eating both animal and vegetable^
tissue \zool.).

omohyoid (o'mohl'oid) a. [Gk.
omos, shoulder; hyoeides, Y-shaped.]
Pert, shoulder and hyoid ; appl. a
muscle (anat.}.

omoideum (omoid'eum) n. [Gk.
omos, shoulder ; eidos, shape.]
The pterygoid bone in a Bird's
skull (zoo/.).

omosternum (o'mosteVnum) n. [Gk.
omos, shoulder ; sternon, breast.]
One of the elements of the Am-
phibian sternum (zoo/.).

omphalic (omfal'Ik) a. [Gk. omphalos,
navel.] Pert, the umbilicus (anat.}.

omphaloid (om'faloid) a. [Gk.
omphalos, navel ; eidos, like.] Like
a navel; having an umbilicus
(zoo/.).

oinphaloidium (om'faioid'mm) n.
[Gk. omphalos, navel ; eidos, like.]
The scar at the hilum of a seed,
or the hilum itself (dot.}.

omphalomesaraic (8m'fal6m6s'-
ara'lk), — omphalomesenteric, which
see.

omphalomesenteric (om'falomSs'Sn-
teVik) a. [Gk. omphalos, navel ;
mesenteron, mid-gut.] Pert, um-
bilicus and mesentery ; appl. veins,
ducts (anat.}.

onchosphere (Qng'kosfer) n. [Gk.
ongkos, hook ; sphaira, a globe.]
The larval stage of a tapeworm
preceding the cysticercus stage ;
the proscolex or six-hooked em-
bryo stage of Cestoidea ; also
oncosphere (zoo/.).

ontocycle (on'tosi'kl) n. [Gk. on,
being; kyklos, a circle.] Evolu-
tion which in its later stages tends
to produce forms exactly like those
in the early stages (biol.}.

ontogenesis (5n'tqj6n'gsls) n. [Gk.
on, being ; genesis, descent.] The
life-history of a single individual
(biol.}.

ontogenetic (on'toje'ne't'rk) a. [Gk.
on, being ; genesis, descent.] Pert.
ontogeny, or the development of
the individual (biol.}.

ontogeny (ontqj'finl) n. [Gk. on,
being ; genos, birth.] Ontogenesis,
which see.

onychium (onik'Ium) n. [Gk. onyx,
a nail.] The layer below the
nail (anat.} ; a pulvillus ; in some
spiders a special false articulation
at the end of the tarsus to bear
the claws (zoo/.).

onychogenic (on'ikqjen'ik) a. [Gk.
onyx, nail ; genos, offspring.] Cap-
able of producing a nail or a nail-
like substance ; appl. a material
occurring in nail matrix and cells
forming the fibrous substance and
cuticula of hairs (phys.}.

ooblastema (6'oblaste'ma) n. [Gk.
oon, egg ; blastos, bud.] The egg
after fertilization (zoo/.).

oocyte (6'oslt) n. [Gk. oon, egg ;
kytos, hollow.] An egg before the
formation of the first polar body
(emb.} ; in Protozoa a stage in the
supposedly female cpnjugant before
it prepares for fertilization (zoo/.).

ooecium (oe'shium) n. [Gk. oon, egg ;
oikos, house.] An ovicell (zoo/.).

oogamete (o'og&met') «. [Gk.
oon, egg ; gamos, marriage.] An
oosphere of Sporozoa (zoo/.).

oogamous (oog'amus) a. [Gk, oon,
egg ; gamos, marriage.] Having
sexually differentiatedgametes (&?/.).

oogenesis (6'6j6n'6sis) n. [Gk. oon,
eSS > genesis, descent.] Forma-
tion, development, and maturation
of the egg (biol.).

oogloea (6'ogle'a) n. [Gk. oon, egg ;
gloia, glue.] Egg cement (zoo/.).

oogonial (6'ogo'nial) a. [Gk. oon,
egg ; gonos, descent.] Pert, the
oogonium.

oogonium (o'ogo'nlum) n. [Gk. oon,
egg ; gonos, offspring.] The female
reproductive organ in certain Thal-
lophytes (tot.) ; the mother egg-cell
(biol.}.

ooid (6'oid) a. [Gk. oon, egg ; eidos,
form.] Egg-shaped.

OOK-

216

OPI-

ookinesis (6'okine'sTs) n. [Gk. oon,
egg ; kinein, to move.] The karyo-
kinetic stages of the nucleus in the
maturation and fertilization of the
egg (biol.).

ooklnete (o'okinef) n. [Gk. oon,
egg ; kinein, to move.] The motile
worm-shaped stage of the zygote in
certain Protozoa (zool.}.

oolemma (o'olem'a) n. [Gk. oon,
egg ; lemma, a husk.] The vitel-
line membrane of an egg (emb.}.

oophore (6'ofor) n. [Gk. oon, egg ;
pherein, to bear.] Oophyte, which
see.

oophoridium (o'oforid'mm) n. [Gk.
oon, egg ; pherein, to bear.] The
megasporangium in certain plants
(hot.}.

oophyte (o'ofit) n. [Gk. oon, egg ;
phyton, a plant.] The sexual
generation in such plants as the
liverwort ; the gametophyte (bot.}.

ooplasm (o'oplazm) n. [Gk. oon, egg ;
plasma, something moulded.] The
cytoplasm of an egg ; the yolk or
cell substance of an egg (smb.}.

oopod (6'opod) n. [Gk. oon, egg ;
POUS, foot.] Any of the component
parts of a sting or ovipositor (zool.}.

oosperm (6'ospgrm) n. [Gk. oon, egg- ; ..
sperma, seed.] A fertilized egg.

oosphere (o'osfer) n. [Gk. oon, egg ;
sphaira, globe.] An egg before fer* -
tilization ; a female gamete (zool.}.

oospore (6'ospor) n. [Gk. oon, egg ;
sporos, seed.] The zygote or fer-
tilized egg-cell (bot.} ; the encysted
zygote in certain Protozoa (zool.}.

oostegite (oos'tggit) n. [Gk. oon, egg ;
stege, roof.] A plate-like structure
on the basal portion of a thoracic
limb in certain Crustaceans, which
forms or helps to form a receptacle
for the egg (zool.}.

oostegopod (o'ostgg'opod) n. [Gk.
oon, egg ; stege, roof ; pous, foot.]
A thoracic foot bearing an oostegite
(zool.}.

ootheca (6'othe'ka) n. [Gk. oon, egg ;
theke, a case.] A sporangium (hot.};
an egg-case, as in Insects (zool.}.

ootocoid (oot'okoid) a. [Gk. oon, egg ;
tokos, offspring ; cidos, form.] Giv-
ing ^birth -to the young at a very
early stagehand i then carrying them

ootocous (oot'okiis) a. [Gk. oon, egg ;
toko s, offspring.] Egg-laying (zool.}.

ootype (6'otlp) n. [Gk. oon, egg ;
type, place.] The part of the ovi-
duct where the shell is formed ;
the shell-gland of Turbellarians
and Trematodes (zool.}.

ooze (ooz) n. [A.S. ivos, juice.] A
soft deposit found over large areas
of the floor of the ocean.

oozooid (6'ozo'oid) n. [Gk. oon, egg ;
zoon, animal ; eidos, form.] Any
individual developed from an egg.

opercle (opeVkl) n. [L. operculum, a
lid.] The posterior bone of a fish
operculum (zool.}.

operculate (opfir'kulat) a. [L. oper-
culum, a lid.] Having a lid, as in
the capsule of Mosses (bot.} ; having
a covering for the gills, as in most
Fishes (zool.}.

operculiferous (opeYkulIf'e'rus) a. [L.
operculum, a lid ; ferre, to bear.]
Operculate.

operculiform (6p6r'kulif6rm') a. [L.
operculum, a lid ; forma, shape.]
Lid-like (bwl.}.

operculigenous (opgr'kulij'gnus) a.
[L. operculum, lid ; Gk. genos, off-
spring.] Producing or forming a
lid (zool.}.

operculum (opeYkulum) n. [L. oper-
culum, a lid.] A lid or flap, as in
the capsules of Mosses (bot.} ; any
of the convolutions covering the
island of Reil (anat.} ; the lid-like
structure seen in the Gastropods ;
the movable plates in the shell of
a Barnacle j the first pair of ab-
dominal appendages in Limulus ;
the gill-cover of Fishes ; the small
plate covering the opening of a
lung book in Spiders (zool.}.

ophiopluteus (ofioploot'eus) n. [Gk.
ophis, serpent ; L. pluteus, shed.]
The pluteus larva of an Ophiuran
(zool.).

ophryon (Sfrion) n. [Gk. ophrys,
brow.] The point of junction of
the median line of the face with
a line across the narrowest part of
the forehead (anat.}.

opisthion (opis'thion) n. [Gk. opisthe,
behind.] The median point of the
posterior margin of the foramen
magnum (anat}.

opisthocoelous (opis'those'lus) a. [Gk.

OPI-

217

ORD-

opisthe, behind ; koilos, hollow.]
Having the centrum concave be-
hind ; appl. vertebrae (anat.}.

opisthodetic (opis'thodgfik) a. [Gk.
opisthe, behind ; detos, bound.]
Lying posterior to the beak ; appl.
ligaments in some bivalve shells
(zool.}.

opisthoglossal(6pis'th6gl6s'al)0. [Gk.
opisthe, behind ; glossa, tongue.]
Having the tongue fixed in front,
free behind (zool^.

opisthognathous (opis'thognath'us) a.
[Gk. opisthe, behind ; gnathos, jaw.]
Having retreating jaws (zool.}.

opisthotic (op'isthot'ik) a. [Gk.
opisthe, behind ; ous, the ear.]
Pert, the inferior posterior bony
element of the otic capsule (zool.}.

opisthure (5p'isthur/) n. [Gk. opisthe,
behind ; aura, a tail.] The pro-
jecting tip of the vertebral column
(zool.}.

opponens (opo'nenz) a. [L. opponere,
to oppose.] Pert, muscles which
cause the digits to approach one
another (anat.}.

opposite (op'ozit) a. [L. opponere, to
oppose.] Pert, leaves which are
opposed, or placed opposite one
another at the same level on
opposite sides of the stem (bot.}

opsonic (6pson'ik).0. [Gk.
to cater.] Pert, or affected
opsonin (phys}.

opsonln (opso'nln) n. [Gk.

to cater.] A constituent of blood
which helps the phagocytes to de-
stroy invading bacteria (phys.).

optic (6p'tik) a. [Gk. opsis, sight.]
Pert, vision.

optic lobes,— that part of the brain
which supplies the eyes.

optic thalami, — see thalami.

opticociliary (Sp'tlkc'sil'ian) a. [Gk.
opsis, sight ; L. cilia, eyelashes.]
Pert, optic and ciliary nerves (anat.).

opticopupillary (Sp'tikopu'pilarl) a.
[Gk. opsis, sight ; L. pupilla, pupil
of eye.] Pert, optic nerve and pupil
(anat.}. .

optimum (op'tlmum) n. [L. optimus,
best.] The most suitable degree
of heat, etc., for the full develop-
ment of the organism concerned
(biol.) ; the point at which the best
response can be obtained (phys.}.

optocoel (8p'tosel) n. [Gk. opsis,
sight ; koilos, hollow.] The cavity
in the optic lobes of the brain
(anat.).

optogram (Sp'togram) n. [Gk. opsis,
sight 5 graphein, to write.] The
image impressed on the retina by
the action of light on the visual
purple (phys.).

ora serrata,— the wavy border of the
retina, where the nervous elements
cease (anat.).

oral (6'ral) a. [L. os, mouth.] Pert.
or belonging to the mouth ; on the
side on which the mouth lies.

orbicular (orbik'ular) a. [Gk. orbis, an
orb.] Appl. the eye muscles (anat.}.

orbicularis (orblk'iila'ris) a. [L. orbis,
an orb.] Appl. a muscle whose
fibres surround an opening (anat.).

orbiculate (orbik'ulat) a. [L. orbis,
orb.] Nearly circular, in outline ;
appl. leaves (bot.).

orbit (or'blt) n. [L. orbita, a circuit.]
The bony cavity in which the eye
is situated (anat.) ; the skin round
the eye of a bird ; the hollow in
the arthropod cephalothorax in
which the eye-stalk rises (zool.}.

orbit*! (or'bital) a. [L. orbita, cir-
-it.] Pert, the orbit.

(or'bitoma'lar) a. [L.
circuit ; mala, the cheek.]
orbit and malar bone (anat}.
*orbitonasal (drTrftona'zal) a. [L.
orbita, circuit ; nasus, nose.] Pert.
the orbit and the nasal portions of
the adjoining bones (anat.).

orbitosphenoid (6r/blt6sfe'noid) a.
[L. orbita, circuit ; Gk. sphen, a
wedge ; eidos, form.] Pert, paired
cranial elements lying between
presphenoid and frontal (zool.).

order (dr'der) n. [L. ordo, order.]
Any group of organisms closely
allied, ranking between the family
and the class (biol.).

ordinate (o/dinat) a. [L. ordo, order.]
Having the markings or orna-
mentation arranged in rows (zool.).

ordinatopunctate (or'dlna'topungTctat)
a. \L. ordo, order ; punctum,
a prick.] Indicating the serial
presence of dots, etc. (zool.).

Ordovician (dr'dOvIsh'an) a. [L.
Ordovices, people of Wales.] Lower
Silurian (pal.).

ORG-

218

ORO-

organ (dr'gan) n. [Gk. organon, an
implement.] Any part or structure
of an organism adapted for a
special purpose (biol.}.

organ of Corti, — see Corti's organ.

organellae (dr'g&nei'e) n. plu. [Gk.
organon, an instrument.] The
various parts of a cell (cyt.).

organic (organ'ik) a. [Gk. organon,
an instrument] Pert., derived
from, or showing the peculiarities
of a living organism (biol.}.

organiflc (o/ganTfik) a. [Gk. or-
ganon, instrument ; L. facers, to
make.] Producing an organism ;
making an organized structure
(biol.).

organism (dr'gamzm) n. [Gk. or-
ganon, instrument.] Any living
animal or plant ; anything capable
of carrying on the processes of life

organized (6r'ganTzd) a. [Gk. organon,
instrument.] Exhibiting the char-
acteristics of, or behaving like an
organism (biol.}.

organogen (organ'qjSn) n. [Gk.
organon, instrument ; genos, off-
spring.] Any of the four elements
C., H., O., N. (phys.).

organogenesis (6rgan'6j6n'Ssis) n.
[Gk. organon, instrument ; genesis,
descent.] The formation and de-
velopment of organs (biol.}.

organography (&r'ganog/rafi) n.
[Gk. organon, instrument ; graphein,
to write.] The description of the
organs in any living organism
(biol.}.

organoleptic (6i/gan6l6p'tik) a. [Gk.
organon, instrument ; lambanein, to
take hold of.] Capable of being
impressed, or of making an im-
pression (phys.}.

organonomy (or'ganon'oml) n. [Gk.
organon, instrument ; nomos, law.]
The laws that deal with life or
living organisms (biol.}.

organonymy (6r'ganon'imT) n. [Gk.
organon, instrument ; onyma, name.]
The nomenclature of organs (bwl.~).

organophyly (6r'ganof'ili) n. [Gk.
organon, instrument ; phylon, a
tribe.] The phylogeny of organs

nourish.] Pert, the formation and
nourishment of organs (bwl.~).

organule (oYganul) n. [Gk. organon,
instrument] Any of the cells or
elements of an organism (biol.~).

orgasm (or'gazm) n. [Gk. organ, to
swell.] Any immoderate excite-
ment ; turgescence of any organism

orientation (6'rienta'shun) n. [L.
oriens, rising.] The alteration in
position shown by various proto-
plasmic bodies in the cell under
various stimuli (phys.\

orifice (Sr'ifis) n. [L. os, mouth ;
facere, to make.] A mouth or
aperture ; the opening of a tube,
duct, etc.

original (drij'inal) a. [L. origo,
origin.] Pert, the beginning ;
appl. the wild species from which
the cultivated have been derived

ornis (6r'nis) n. [Gk. ornis, a bird.]
The bird fauna of a region (zool.\

ornithic (ornith'ik) a. [Gk. amis, a
bird.] Pert. Birds (pal^.

ornithichnite (or'mthik'nlt) n. [Gk.
ornis, bird ; ichnos, a tract.] The
fossil track or foot-prints of a Bird

ornithlne (dr'nithin) n. [Gk. ornis,
bird.] An organic substance found
in the excreta of Birds (phys.}.

ornithocopros (or'nithokop'ros) ».
[Gk. ornis, bird ; kopros, dung.]
The dung of Birds.

Ornithogaea (6r/nlthoje'a) n. [Gk.
ornis, bird ; gaia, land.] The zoo-
raphical region which includes
ew Zealand (zool.}.

gr
N

organotrophic (or'ganotrof'ik) a. [Gk.
organon, instrument ; trephein, to

ornithology (or'nithol'ojl) n. [Gk.
ornis, bird ; logos, discourse.] The
branch of Zoology dealing with
Birds.

ornithophilous (or'nithof'ilus) a. [Gk.
ornis, bird ; philein,-\.Q love.] Bird-
loving ; appl. flowers that are
pollinated through the agency of
Birds (bot.}._

oroanal (o'roa'nal) a. [L. os, mouth ;
anus, anus.] Serving as mouth
and anus (zool.~).

oronasal (o'rona'zal) a. [L. os,
mouth ; nasus, nose.] Pert, or
designating the groove that con-
nects the mouth and nose (zooL\

ORT-

219

OST-

orthoenteric (or'thoe'n'te'rlk) a.
[Gk. orthos, straight ; enteron, in-
testine.] Having the alimentary
canal stretched out along the
ventral body surface ; appl. certain
Tunicates (zool.).

orthogenesis (or'thoje'n'e'sis) n. [Gk.
orthos, straight ; genesis, descent.]
Variation which, irrespective of
natural selection or external forces,
gradually produces a new and dis-
tinct type (btol.).

orthopterous (6rth8p'te"rus) a. [Gk.
orthos, straight ; pteron, wing.]
Having straight folded posterior
wings (zoo/.").

orthospermous (or'thospeVmus) a.
[Gk. orthos, straight ; sperma, seed.]
With straight seeds (hot.).

orthostichous (6rth6s'tlkus) a. [Gk.
orthos, straight ; stichos, a row.]
Appl. a fin skeleton when the peri-
pheral somactids are parallel as in
Cladoselache (pal.).

orthostichy (orthos'Hk!) n. [Gk.
orthos, straight ;_ stichos, a row.]
The vertical line on which a row
of leaves or scales is found ; the
arrangement of the leaves or scales
in this row (bot.).

orthotriaene (6r'th6tri'en) n. [Gk.
orthos, straight ; triaina, a trident.]
A triaene with cladi directed out-
wards at right angles to the shaft
(zool.).

orthotropism (orthot'ropizm) n. [Gk.
orthos, straight ; trope, a turning.]
Growth in a vertical line (hot.*).

orthotropous (orthSr/ropus) a. [Gk.
orthos, straight ; trope, a turning.]
Having the chalaza, hilum, and
micropyle in a straight line ; appl.
ovules (bot.).

os (6s) n. [L. os, a bone.] A bone.

osculant (os'kulant) a. [L. osculans,
kissing.] Closely adherent ; inter-
mediate in character between two
groups (btol.).

oscular (os'kular) a. [L. osculum, a
small mouth.] Pert, an osculum.

osculate (os'kulat) v. [L. osculare, to
kiss.] To have characters inter-
mediate between two groups (biol.).
osculiferous (6s'kullf6rus) a. [L.
osculum, a small mouth ; ferre, to
bear.] Having oscula (zool.).
osculum (Ss'kulum) n. [L. osculum,

a small mouth.] An excurrent open-
ing in a Sponge (zool.).

osmeterium (os'mgte'rium) n. [Gk.
osme, smell.] A forked protrusible
organ borne on the first thoracic
segment of the larva of many
butterflies, and emitting an offen-
sive smell (zool.).

osmosis (osmo'sis) n. [Gk. othein, to
push.] A diffusion which takes
place between two miscible fluids
through a permeable membrane

osmotic (SsmSt'ik) a. [Gk. othein, to
push.] Pert, osmosis (phys.).

osphradium (osfra'dium) n. [Gk.
osphradion, strong scent.] A sense
organ associated with the visceral
ganglia in Molluscs, olfactory in
function (zool.).

O88& triquetra, — the Wormian bones
(anat.).

ossein <(5s'eTn) n. [L. osseus, bony.]
The organic base of bone (phys.).

osseous (os'eus) a. [L. osseus, bony.]
Composed of or resembling bone
(zool.).

ossicle (fis'ikl) n. [L. os, bone.] Any
small bone ; one of those in the
sclerotic ; one of those in the
gastric mill of Crustacea ; a plate
of a sea-urchin's test (zool.).

ossicular (Sslk'ular) a. [L. os, bone.]
Pert, ossicles.

ossiculum (osik'ulum) n. [L. os,
bone.] An ossicle ; a lithodesma
(zool.} ; a pyrene (bot.).

ossification (Sslfika'shun) n. [L.
os, bone ; facere, to make.] The
formation of bone ; the replace-
ment of cartilage by bone (anat.).

ossify (os'tfi) v. [L. os, bone ; fieri,
to become.] To change to bone
(anat.).

osteoblast (Ss'teoblast) n. [Gk.
osteon, bone ; blastos, bud.] A
bone-forming cell (smb.).

osteoclast (Ss'teoklast) n. [Gk. osteon,
a bone ; klan, to break.] A cell
which absorbs or breaks up bony
tissue (entb.).

osteocomma (os'teok8m'a) n. [Gk.
osteon, bone ; komma, piece.] A
segment of the vertebral skeleton
(zool.).

osteocranium (6s'teokra'nlum) ».
[Gk. osteon, bone ; kranion, skull.]

OST-

220

OVA-

The bony skull as distinguished
from the cartilaginous or chondro-
cranium (zool.}.

osteodentine (os'teoden'tm) n. [Gk.
osteon, bone ; L. dens, a tooth.]
A variety of dentine which closely
approaches bone in structure (zool.}.

osteodermis (os'teodeYmis) n. [Gk.
osteon, bone ; derma, skin.] A
dermis which is more or less
ossified ; a bony dermal plate
(zool.}.

osteogen (os'teqje'n') n. [Gk. osteon,
bone ; genos, offspring.] The tissue
which alters and forms bone (phys.}.

osteogenesis ((8s'teoj6n'6sis) n. [Gk.
osteon, bone ; genesis, descent.]
Bone formation (emb.}.

osteogenetic (os'teqje'ne't'ik) a. [Gk.
osteon, bone ; genesis, descent.]
Pert, or causing the formation of
bone (emb.}.

osteogenic (os'teojgn'lk) a. [Gk.
osteon, bone ; genos, offspring.]
Bone-producing (phys.}.

osteoid (5s'teoid) a. [Gk. osteon,
bone ; eidos, form.] Bone - like
(anat.}.

osteology (os'teol'oji) n. [Gk. osteon,
bone ; logos, discourse.] That part
of anatomy that deals with the
structure, nature, and development
of bones.

osteoplastic (5s'teoplas'tik) a. [Gk.
osteon, bone ; plastos, moulded.]
Producing bone ; appl. certain cells
(emb.).

osteoporosis (Ss'teoporo'sTs) n. [Gk.
osteon, bone ; poros, a pore.] The
absorption of bone, resulting in a
porous structure (phys.}.

ostiolar (os'tiolar) a. [L. ostiolum, a
little door.] Pert, an ostiole (biol.}.

ostiolate (os'tiolat) a. [L. ostiolum,
little door.] Provided with ostioles
(biol.}.

ostiole (os'tlol) n. [L. ostiolum, little
door.] The opening of a con-
ceptacle, of a perithecium, of a
stoma, of an anther sac (bot.} ; the
inhalent aperture of a Sponge (zool.}.

ostium (os'tium) n., ostia (os'tia) plu.
[L. ostium, a door.] Any mouth-
like opening ; the openings of the
Fallopian tubes ; the opening in
the crustacean heart by means of
which the blood enters the heart

from the pericardium ; the opening
from flagellate canal into para-
gastric cavity in Sponges (zool.}.

otic (o'tik) a. [Gk. ous, the ear.] Pert.
the region of the auditory capsule
(anaf.}.

otidium (otid'mm) n. [Gk. ous, ear.]
The otocyst of a Mollusc (zool.}.

otoconium (6'toko'nium) n. [Gk. ous,
ear ; konia, grain of sand.] One of
the minute particles found in the
internal ear (anat.}.

otocrypt (6'tokript) n. [Gk. ous, ear ;
kryptos, hidden.] An open invagina-
tion of the integument of the foot
in certain Molluscs (zool.}.

otocyst (o'tosist) n. [Gk. ous, ear ;
kystis, bladder.] A sac containing
fluid and otoliths, supposed to be
auditory (zool.}.

otolith (6'tolith) n. [Gk. ous, ear;
lithos, stone.] The calcareous par-
ticle or plate-like structure found
in the ear or the auditory organ of
many animals (zool.}.

otoporpae (o'topor'pe) n. plu. [Gk.
ous, ear ; porpe, a brooch.] Stripes
of cnidoblasts on the exumbrella of
Hydromedusae (zool.}.

oval (6'val) a. [L. ovum, egg.] Egg-
shaped ; pert, an egg.

ovalbuinin (o'valbu'min) n. [L. ovum,
egg ; albumen, white of egg.] The
chief constituent of white of egg
(phys.}.

ovarian (ova'riSn) a. [L. ovanum,
an ovary.] Pert, an ovary.

ovariole (ovar'iol) n. [L. ovarium,
ovary.] The ovarian tube of an
Insect ; the tubes which together
form the ovary (zool.}.

ovarium (ova'rium) n. [L. ovarium,
ovary.] An ovary.

ovary (6'vari) n. [L. ovarium, ovary.]
The essential female reproductive
organ (zool.} ; an enlarged portion
of the pistil or gynoecium (bot.}.

ovate (6'vat) a. [L. ovum, egg.]
Egg-shaped.

ovate-acuminate, — appl. an ovate
lamina with a very sharp point ;
appl. leaves (bot.}.

ovate-ellipsoidal,— ovate, approach-
ing ellipsoid ; appl. leaves (bot.}.

ovate-lanceolate, — having a form of
lamina intermediate between ovate
and lanceolate (bot.}.

OVA-

221

OXY-

ovate -oblong, — having an oblong
lamina with one end narrower than
the other (bot.).

ovenchyma (ovgng'klma) n. [L.
ovum, egg ; Gk. engchyma, in-
fusion.] A connective tissue with
ovoid-shaped cells (smb.}.

ovicell (o'vIsSl) n. [L. ovum, egg ;
cellula, a cell.] A dilatation of the
zooecium, serving as a brood pouch
(zool.).

oviduct (6'vldukt) n. [L. ovum, egg ;
ducere, to lead.] The tube which
carries the eggs from the ovary to
the exterior ; the Miillerian duct ;
the tube may or may not be
attached to the ovary (zool.).

oviferous (ovif'e'rus) a. [L. ovum,
egg ; ferre, to carry.] Serving to
carry the eggs (zool.).

oviform (o'viform) a. [L. ovum, Qgg ;
forma, shape.] Egg-shaped.

oviparity (6'vipar'itl) n. [L. ovum,
egg ; parere, to bring forth.] Con-
dition of being oviparous (zoo/.).

oviparous (ovip'arus) a. [L. ovum,
egg ; parere, to bring forth.] Pro-
ducing eggs : egg-laying ; cf. vivi-
parous (zool.).

oviposit (6'vipoz'it) v. [L. ovum,
egg ; ponere, to place.] To lay
eggs ; appl. Insects (zool.).

ovipositor (o'vipoz'itSr) n. [L. ovum,
egg ; ponere, to place.] A special-
ized structure in Insects for placing
the eggs in a suitable place ; a
tubular extension of the genital
orifice in Fishes (zool.).

ovisac (6'visak) n. [L. ovum, egg ;
saccus, a bag.] An egg-capsule
(zoo!.).

ovism (6'vizm) n. [L. OVUM, egg.]
The theory held by the Ovists that
the egg contained the germ with
the germs of all future generations
within it (biol.).

ovist (6'vTst) n. [L. ovum, egg.] A
supporter of the Ovism theory (biol.).

ovocentre (o'vosSn'ter) n. [L. ovum,
egg ; centrum, a centre.] The egg-
centrosome during fertilization
(emb.).

ovogenesis (o'vbjen'e'sis) n. [L. ovum,
egg ; Gk.. genesis, descent.] Oogen-
esis, which see.

ovoid (o'void) a. [L. ovum, egg ; Gk.
cidos, form.] Egg-shaped.

ovomucoid (o'vomu'koid) n. [L.
ovum, egg ; mucus, mucus ; Gk.
eidos, form.] A mucoid found in
eggs (pkys.).

ovotestis (o'votgs'tis) n. [L. ovum,
egg; testis, testicle.] The her-
maphroditic reproductive gland of
certain Gastropods (zoo/.).

ovoviviparous (6'vovivip'arus) a. [L.
ovum, egg ; vivus, living ; parere,
to bring forth.] Pert, forms which
produce an egg with a definite
shell, which yet hatch out internally
(zool.).

ovulate (ov'ulat) a. [L. ovum, egg.]
Containing an egg or ovule (hot.,
zool.).

ovule (6'vul) n. [L. ovum, egg.] The
megasporangium of a seed-plant
(bot.) ; any small egg or egg-like
structure (zool.).

ovuliferous (o'vullfgrus) a. [L. ovum,
egg ; ferre, to carry.] Ovule-
producing ; containing ovules (bot.).

ovuliferous scales, — stout scales,
each bearing two ovules, developed
on bract scales (bot.).

ovum (6'vum) n. [L. ovum, egg.]
A female germ cell (biol.).

oxea (ok'sea) n. [Gk. oxys, sharp.]
A sponge spicule, rod-shaped and
sharp at both ends (zool.).

oxeote (ok'seot) a. [Gk. oxys, sharp.]
Like an oxea ; in the iform of a
simple rod ; appl. sponge spicules
(zool.).

oxidize, — oxydize.

oxyaster (6k'sias'ter) n. [Gk. oxys,
sharp ; aster, a star.] A stellate
sponge spicule with sharp-pointed
rays (zool.).

oxychromatin (ok'slkro'mattn) «.
[Gk. oxys, sharp ; chroma, colour.]
Linin (emb.).

oxydactyl (ok'stdak'tll) a. [Gk. oxys,
sharp ; daktylos, a finger.] Havmg
slender tapering digits (zool.).

oxydase (6k stdas) n. [Gk. oxys, sour.]
An enzyme which promotes oxy-
dation (phys.).

oxydiact (ok'sldfakt) a. [Gk. oxys,
sharp ; di, two ; aktis, ray.] Having
three rays of which only two are
fully developed ; appl. sponge
spicules (zool.).

oxydize (ok'sidlz) v. [Gk. oxys, acid.]
To combine with more oxygen ; to

OXY-

222

PAL-

increase the oxygen content of the
blood (phys.). A

oxygnathous (ok'signath'us) a. [Gk.
oxys, sharp ; gnathos, jaw.] Having
more or less sharp jaws (zool.}.

oxyhaemoglobin (ok'sihe'moglo'bin)
n. [Gk. oxys, acid ; haima, blood ;
L. globus, a globe.] Haemoglobin
combined with oxygen, as found in
arterial blood (phys.}.

oxyhexactine (ok'sihSksak'tin) n.
[Gk. oxys, sharp ; hex, six ; aktis,
ray.] A hexactine with rays ending
in sharp points (zool.).

oxyhexaster (ok'siheksas'ter) n. [Gk.
oxys, sharp ; hex, six ; aster, star.]
A hexaster with rays ending in
sharp points (zool.}.

oxyntic (oksm'tik) a. [Gk. oxyein,
to make acid.] Secreting acid ;
appl. cells, glands (phys.~).

oxytropism (oksit'roplzm) n. [Gk.
oxys, acid ; trope, a turning.] The
tendency of numerous organisms
to be attracted by oxygen (phys.}.

oxytylote (ok'sitl'lot) n. [Gk. oxys,
sharp ; tylos, a knob.] A slender,
straight sponge spicule, sharp at
one end, knobbed at the other
(zool.}.

P,, — denoting the first parental
generation, P2 the grandparents,
etc., in the law of Mendel. See Fj.

Pacinian bodies or corpuscles, —
distal nerve-endings, consisting of
lamellated connective-tissue capsule
with a core of nucleated proto-
plasmic cells containing the ramifi-
cations of a single medullated
nerve-fibre (anaf.).

paedogenesis (pe'dojSn'esis) n. [Gk.
pais, child ; genesis, descent.]
Breeding while still in the young
or larval state, as Axolotl, certain
Diptera (zool.}.

paired flns, — the pectoral and pelvic
fins of fishes ; dorsal, anal, and
caudal fins are unpaired.

Palaeobotany (pal'eobot'anl) n. [Gk.
palaios, ancient ; botane, a plant.]
The botany of fossil plants or plant
impressions.

palaeogenetic (pal'eojenet'Ik) a. [Gk.
palaios, ancient ; genesis, descent.]
Appl. atavistic features fully de-
veloped, which are usually char-
acteristically embryonic (biol.).

Palaeontology (pal'eontol'oji) n. [Gk.
palaios, ancient ; ons, being ; logos,
discourse.] The science of past
organic life based on fossils and
fossil impressions.

Palaeozoic (pal'edzo'ik) a. [Gk.palaios,
ancient ; zoon, animal.] Appl. the
Primary or earliest of the three
groups of rock-systems (pal.}.

Palaeozoology (pal'eozSol'bji) n. [Gk.
palaios, ancient ; zoon, animal ;
logos, discourse.] The zoology of
fossil animals and animal im-
pressions.

palama (pal'ama) n. [Gk. palame,
th,e palm.] Foot-webbing of aquatic
birds.

palamate, — palmate.

palatal (pal'atal) a. [L. palatum,
palate.] Pert, the palate ; palatine ;
appl. bone, sinus, etc. (anaf.).

palate (pal'at) n. [L. palatum,
palate.] The roof of the mouth
(anaf.) ; an insect epipharynx
(zool.} ; a projection of the lower
lip of a personate corolla (&?/.).

palatine (pal'atin) a. [L. palatum,
palate.] Pert, or in the region of
the palate ; appl. artery, bone,
foramen, etc. (anaf.).

palatoglossal (pal'atoglos'al) a. [L.
palatum, palate ; Gk. glossa, tongue.]
Pert, palate and tongue ; appl. a
muscle (anaf.).

palatonasal (pal'atona'zal) a. [L.
palatum, palate ; nasus, nose.]
Pert, palate and nose (anaf.).

palatopharyngeal (pal'atofarin'jeal) a.
[L. palatum, palate ; Gk. pharyngx,
pharynx.] In the region of palate
and pharynx ; appl. a muscle
(anaf.).

palatopterygoid (pal'atopter'igoid) a.
[L. palatum, palate ; Gk. pterygion,
little wing ; eidos, resemblance.]
In the region of or pert, palate and
pterygoid (anaf.).

palatoquadrate (pal'at6'kw6d'ra.t) a.
[L. palatum, palate ; quadrat us,
squared.] Connecting palatine and
quadrate ; appl. the dorsal cartilage
of the mandibular arch (anaf.).

PAL-

223

PAL-

palea (pa'lea) n. [L. palea, chaff.]
One of little bracts on the florets
of Compositae^ (&?/.).

paleaceous (palea'shus) a. [L. palea,
chaff.] Appl. a capitulum furnished
with small scaly bracts or paleae

paliform (pa'liform) a. [L. palus, a
stake ; forma, shape.] Like an
upright stake.

palingenesis (pal'injfin'gsis) n. [Gk.
palin, anew ; genesis, descent.]
Abrupt metamorphosis ; the re-
birth of ancestral characters (bio/.).

palisade tissue,— the general ground
tissue of many foliage leaves,
so called from the palisade-like
arrangement of their elongated
cells (bot.).

pallet (pal'et) n. [L. pala, a spade.]
A shelly plate on a bivalve siphon
(zoo/.).

pallial (pal'ial) a. [L. pallium,
mantle.] Pert, the molluscan
pallium or mantle ; appl. line,
groove, sinus, muscles (zoo!.}.

palliate (pal'iat) a. [L. pallium,
mantle.] Having a mantle or
similar structure (zoo/.).

palliopedal (pal'ioped'al) a. [L.
pallium, mantle ; pes, foot.] Pert.
molluscan mantle and foot.

pallium (pal'mm) n. [L. pallium,
mantle.] A mollusc or brachiopod
mantle ; a portion of the cerebral
wall (zoo/.).

palmar (pal'mar) a. [L. palma, palm
of the hand.] Pert, the palm of the
hand ; appl. aponeurosis, nerve,
muscle (anat.).

palmaria (palma'ria) n. plu. [L.
palmaris, pert, the palm.] The
third brachials of Crinoids (zoo/.).

palmate (pal'mat) a. [L. palma, palm
of the hand.] Appl. leaves divided
into lobes arising from a common
centre (pot.) ; having anterior toes
webbed, as in most aquatic Birds
(zoc/.).

palmatifld (palmat'ifid) a. [L.^a/ma,
palm of the hand \findere, to cleave.]
Appl. leaves divided into lobes to
about the middle, at acute angles
to each other (bot.).

palmatilobate (palmat'llo'bat) a. [L.
palma, palm ; lobus, a lobe.] Pal-
mate with rounded lobes and

divisions half-way to the base
(dot.).

palmatipartite (palmat'ipir'tlt) a.
[L. palma, palm ;partitus, divided.]
Palmate with the divisions more
than half-way to the base (bot.).

palmatisect (palmat'Isgkt) a. [L.
palma, palm ; sectus, cut.] Palmate
with the divisions nearly to -the
base (bot.).

palmella (palmeTa) n. [Gk. palmos,
a quivering.] A stage of certain
Algae, consisting of groups of
rounded cells in a jelly-like mass
(bot.}.

palmitin (pal'mitin) n. [Gk. palma,
palm-tree.] A compound of fatty
acid and glycerine found in adi-
pose tissue (phys!).

palmula (pal'mula) n. [L. palma,
palm.] A terminal lobe or process
between the paired claws of insect
feet (zoo/.).

palp, — see palpus.

palpacle (pal'pakl) n. [L. palpare,
to feel.] The tentacle of a dactylo-
zooid or palpon of Siphonophora
(zoo/.).

palpal (pal'pal) a. [L. palpare, to
stroke.] Pert, a palpus.

palpate (pal'pat) a. [L. palpare, to
stroke.] Provided with a palpus
or palpi (zoo/.).

palpebra (pal'pSbra) n. [L. palpebra,
an eyelid.] An eyelid.

palpebral (pal'pfcbral) a. [L. palpebra,
an eyelid.] Pert, the eyelids ; appl.
arteries, ligament, nerves (anat.) ;
appl. a lobe or buttress on which
the eye of Trilobites rests (zoo/.).

palpifer (pal'plfgr) n. [L. palpare, to
feel ; ferre, to carry.] A maxilla
lobe bearing the palpus of Insects
(zoo/.).

palpiform (pal'plf6rm) a. [L. pal-
pare, to feel ; forma, shape.] Re-
sembling a palpus or insect-feeler
(zoo/.).

palpiger (pal'pljgr) n. [L. palpare,
to feel ; gerere, to bear.] The
support of a labial palpus in In-
sects (zoo/.).

palpocil (pal'posil) n. [L. palpare, to
touch ; cilium, a lashj A stiff sen-
sory filament attached to the sense
cells of Hydromedusae (zoo/.).

palpon (pal'pon) /;. [L. palpare, to

PAL

224

PAP-

feel.] A hydrocyst or dactylozooid
of Siphonophores (zool.).

palpulus (pal'pulus) n. [L. palpare,
to feel.] A small palpus or feeler.

palpus (pal'pus) #., palpi (pafpL
pal'pe) plu. [L. palpare, to feel.]
The labial feelers of Insects ; sen-
sory appendages on the prostomium
of polychaet worms, on mandibles
of Crustacea, etc. (zool.).

paludicole (palu'dikol) a. [L. palus,
a marsh ; colere, to inhabit.] Living
in ponds and streams.

palule (pal'ul) n. [L. palus, a stake.]
An unattached calcareous process
of Corals ; a small palus (zoo/.).

palus (pa'lus) n., pali (pa'H, pal'e)
plu. [L. palus, a stake.] A series
of small pillars projecting upwards
from the theca-base towards the
stomodaeum of madrepore Corals
(zool.).

pampiniform (pampm'iform) a. [L.
pampinus, a tendril ; forma, shape.]
Tendril-like (biol.) ; appl. a con-
voluted vein plexus of the sper-
matic cord (anat.).

pancreas (pan'kreas) n. [Gk. pan, all ;
kreas, flesh.] A compound racemose
gland at the posterior abdominal
wall of most vertebrates.

pancreatic (pankreat'Ik) a. [Gk. pan,
all ; kreas, flesh.] Pert, the pan-
creas ; appl. artery, duct, vein
(anat.}.

pancreaticoduodenal, — pert, pan-
creas and duodenum ; appl. artery,
glands, veins (anat.}.

panduriform (pandu'riform) a. [L.
pandura, a three - stringed lute ;
forma, shape.] Fiddle - shaped ;
appl. leaves (dot.}.

pangamic (pangam'ik) a. [Gk. pan,
all ; gamos, union.] Appl. indis-
criminate mating.

pangen (pan'je'n) n. [Gk. pan, all ;
genos, offspring.] Biophore ; see
hypothetical units.

pangenesis (panjeVesis) n. [Gk.
pan, all ; genesis, descent.] The
gemmule theory, that hereditary
characteristics are carried by germs
from individual body cells (biol.).

panicle (pan'lkl) n. [L. panicula, a
tuft on plants.] A tuft or bunch of
flowers or seeds, close or scattered ;
a compound raceme (dot.).

paniculate (pamk'ulat) a. [L. pani-
cula, a tuft] Having the flowers
arranged in panicles (oof.).

panmeristic (pan'meris'tik) a. [Gk.
pan, all ; meros, part.] Appl. an
ultimate protoplasmic structure of
independent units (biol.).

panmixia (panmlk'sta) n. [Gk. pan,
all ; mixis, a mixing.] Indiscrimi-
nate interbreeding consequent on
suspension of the influence of
natural selection.

pansporoblast (panspo'roblast) n.
[Gk.pan, all ; sporos, seed ; blastos,
bud.] A cell-complex of Neosporidia
producing sporoblasts and spores ;
an archespore (zool.).

papilionaceous (papTl'iona'shus) a.
[L. papilio, a butterfly.] Re-
sembling a butterfly ; appl. a five-
petal corolla, one enlarged posterior,
two united anterior forming a keel,
and two lateral, the wings or alae
(bot.).

papilla (papil'a) n. [L. papilla, a
pimple.] A glandular hair with
one secreting cell above the epi-
dermis level (bot.) ; an accessory
adhesive organ with retractile tip,
of some Trematodes ; a conical
dermal structure on Birds, the
beginning of a feather (zooL) ; one
of various small projections of the
corium of the tongue, and eminences
on the skin (anat.).

papillary (papll'ari) a. [L. papilla,
a pimple.J Pert, papillae ; appl. a
dermal layer with papillae (anat.).

papillate (papll'at) a. [L. papilla, a
pimple.] Covered by papillae ;
papillose ; like a papilla (biol.) ;
appl. petals with external cells
projecting slightly above the sur-
face (bot.).

papilliform (papTl'iform) a. [L.
papilla, a pimple ; forma, shape.]
Like a papilla in shape.

papillose,— papillate.

pappiferous (paplf'e'rus) a. [Gk.
pappos, an old man ; L. ferre, to
carry.] Pappus-bearing (bot.).

pappose (pap'os, papSs') a. [Gk.
pappos, an old man.] Having the
limb of the calyx developed as a
tuft of hairs or bristles ; downy, or
covered with feathery processes
(bot.).

PAP-

225

PAll-

pappus (pap'us) n. [Gk. pappos, an
old man.] A circle or tuft of
bristles, hairs, or feathery processes
in place of the limb of a calyx

papulae (pap'ule) n. plu. [L. papula,
a pimple.] Dermal gills ; the soft
skin of Asteroids raised up into
finger-like processes with respira-
tory function (zool.).

papyraceous (papira'shus) a. [L.
papyrus, the papyrus-tree.] Of
papery texture (dot.}.

parabasal (paraba'sal) a. [Gk. para,
beside ; basis, base.] Appl. a
striated apparatus surrounding the
calyx of certain Protozoa (zool.}.

parabasalia (par'abasa'lia) n. plu.
[Gk. para, beside ; basis, base.]
The basalia of Crinoids when a
circlet of perradial infrabasalia
occurs beneath them (zool.).

parablast (par'ablast) n. [Gk. para,
beside ; blastos, bud.] The yolk
of meroblastic eggs ; appl. the large
nuclei of cells laden with yolk-
granules, in the development of
higher Mammals (smb.),

parabranchia (parabrang'kla) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; brangchia, gills.] A
much plumed mollusc osphradium
or organ of smell (zool.}.

parabronchi (parabrong'kl) n. plu.
[Gk. para, beside ; brongchos, wind-
pipe.] The tertiary lung tubes of
Birds, their terminations being em-
bedded in the lung mesenchyme
(zool.).

paracentral (parasgn'tral) a. [Gk.
para, beside j L. centrum, centre.]
Situated at or near the centre ;
appl. lobule, gyrus, fissure (anat.).

parachordal (parakor'dal) a. [Gk.
para, beside ; chords, a cord.] Appl.
paired horizontal cartilage plates
formed on each side of the chon-
drocranium (emb.).

parachromatin (parakro'matin) ;/.
[Gk. para, beside ; chroma, colour.]
Achromatic nuclear substance giv-
ing rise to spindle-fibres (cyt.).

parachute (par'ashoot) n. [L.parare,
to prepare ; F. chute, a fall.] A
special structure, such as an aril,
a caruncle, a wing, of seeds en-
abling them to be wafted away, and
so aiding in dispersal (bot.).

paracme (parak'me) n. [Gk. parakme,
decadence.] The decline of a
species or race after reaching the
highest point of development
(biol.).

paracoel (pSr'asel) n. [Gk. para,
beside ; koilos, hollow.] The lateral
ventricle, or cavity of the cerebral
hemisphere (ana/.).

paracondyloid (parakon'dlloid) a.
\Gk.para, beside ; kondylos, a knob ;
eidos, resemblance.] Appl. a pro-
cess of the occipital occurring
beside the condyles of some mam-
mals (zool.}.

paracone (par'akon) n. [Gk. para,
beside ; konos, a cone.] The
antero-external cusp of an upper
molar tooth.

paraconid (parako'nid) n. [Gk. para,
beside ; konos, cone.] The antero-
internal cusp of a lower molar
tooth.

paracorolla (par'akorSl'a) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; L. corolla, a small
crown.] A corolla appendage (dot.).

paracyst (par'aslst) n. [Gk. para,
beside ; kystis, a bladder.] The
antheridium of Pyronema (bot.}.

paraderm (par'aderm) n. [Gk. para,
beside ; derma, skin.] The delicate
limiting membrane of a pronymph
(zool.}.

paradidymis (paradld'imis) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; didymos, a testicle.]
A small collection of convoluted
tubules anterior to the lower part
of the spermatic cord (ana/.).

paraflbula (paraf Ib'ula) n. [Gk. para,
beside ; L. fibula, a buckle.] An
accessory element outside the fibula
at its proximal end, seen in some
Lacertilia and young Marsupials
(zool.}.

paraflagellum (paraflajeTum) n. [Gk.
Para, beside ; L. fiagellum, a whip.]
A subsidiary flagellum (zool.).

paraganglia (par'agang'glla) «. flu.
[Gk. para, beside ; ganglion, swell-
ing.] Scattered remains or rudi-
ments of ganglia left along the
aorta when the suprarenal ganglion
has been formed (phys.).

paragaster (paragas'te'r) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; gasler, stomach.]
A central cavity of Heterocoela into
which gastric ostia open (zool.).
P

PAR-

226

PAR-

paragastric (paragas'trik) a. [Gk.

para, beside ; gaster, stomach.]

Pert, a paragaster ; appl. passages

! or cavities in the branches of a

- Sponge ; appl. paired blind canals
I from the infundibulum to the oral

f^cone of Ctenophores (zool.}.

paragastrula (paragas'troola) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; gaster, stomach.] The
stage of the amphiblastula of a
Sponge when the flagellated cells
are invaginated into the dome of
rounded cells (zool.}._

paragenesia (parajene'sia) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; genesis, descent.]
Hybrids' fertility with the parent
species but not inter se (biol.}.

paraglossa (paraglos'a) n. [Gk.para,
beside ; glossa, tongue.] A process
on each side of the ligula of Insects
(«*»£).

paraglycogen (paragll'kojen) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; glykos, sweet ; genos,
production.] Reserve food-material
stored in protoplasm-grains of
Gregarines (zool.}.

paragnatha (paragna'tha) n. plu.
[Gk. para, beside ; gnathos, jaw.]
Paired, delicate, unjointed processes
between maxilla and mandible of
certain Crustacea (zool}.

paragnathous (par'agnath'us) a.
[Gk. para, beside ; gnathos, jaw.]
With mandibles of equal length ;
appl. Birds.

paraheliotropism (par'ah eliot'ropizm)
n. [Gk. para, beside ; helios, sun ;
trope, a turning.] Tendency of
plants to turn the edges of their
leaves to too brilliant an illumina-
tion to save their surfaces (hot.}.

parahormone (par'ah&r'mon) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; ormao, I arouse to
activity.] A substance which acts
like a hormone but is a product of
the ordinary metabolism of cells ;
e.g., the sensibility of a nerve to
carbon dioxide (p^hys.}.

paralinin (parall'nin) n. [Gk. para,
beside; L. linum, a linen thread.]
Nuclear ground-substance (cyt.}.

parallelinervate, parallelodrome, —
appl. leaves with veins or nerves
parallel (bot.}.

paramastigote (paramas'tigot) a.
[Gk. para, beside ; mastis, a whip.]
Having one long principal flagellum

and a short accessory one, as cer-
tain Mastigophora (zool.}.

paramastoid (paramas'toid) a. [Gk.
para, beside ; mastos, breast ; eidos,
resemblance.] Beside the mastoid ;
appl. the two paroccipital processes
of the exoccipitals (zool.}.

paramere (par'amer) n. [Gk. para,
beside ; meros, part.] Half of a bi-
laterally symmetrical structure.

paraxnetrium (paramet'rium) n.
[Gk. para, beside ; metra, uterus.]
Fibrous tissue partly surrounding
the uterus (anat.}.

paramitome (paraml'tom) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; mitos, a thread.]
The interfilar substance of proto-
plasm (cyt.}.

paramylum (parami'lum) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; amylon, starch.J A
substance allied to starch, occur-
ring in Protozoa (phys.}.

paranephric (paranef'rik) a. [Gk.
para, beside ; nephros, kidney.]
Beside the kidney ; appl. a fatty
body behind the renal fascia (anat.}.

paranephros (paranefros) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; nephros, kidney.]
An adrenal body.

paranuclein (paranu'klem) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; L. nucleus, a kernel.]
The substance of a true nucleolus
(cyt.}.

paranucleus (paranu'kleus) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; L. nucleus, a kernel.]
A micronucleus ; a spherical mass
of mitochondria (cyt.\

paraphysis (paraf'isis) n. [Gk. para,
beside \physis, growth.] A slender
filamentous epidermal outgrowth
occurring among sporogenous
organs (hot.) ; a non-nervous out-
growth on the top of the brain of
nearly all Vertebrates (zool.}.

parapineal (paraplne'al) a. [Gk.
para, beside ; L. pinea, a pine-
cone.] Appl. an eye-like epiphysis
of lampreys, the pineal body of
other Vertebrates (zool.}.

paraplasm (par'aplazm) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; plasma, something
moulded.] The vegetative or less
active part of cell substance (cyt.).

parapodium (parapo'dTum) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; pous, a foot.] A
paired process on the body-
segments of Polychaets (zool.}.

PAR-

227

PAR-

parapolar (parapo'lar) a. [Gk. para,
beside ; polos, a pivot.] Beside the
pole ; appl. the first two trunk cells
in the development of Rhombozoa
(zool.).

parapophysis (par'apof'isis) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; apo, from ; physis,
growth.] A transverse process
arising from a vertebra centrum.

parapteron (parap'teron) n. [Gk.
para, beside ;pteron, a wing.] The
tegula or shoulder-lappet or scapula
of an insect mesothorax (zool.}.

parapterum, — parapteron.

parapyles (par^apllz) n. plu. [Gk.
para, beside ; pyle, a gate.] Two
accessory openings in certain de-
veloping Radiolarians (zool.).

paraquadrate (parakwod'rat) n. [Gk.
para, beside; L. quadratus, squared.]
The squamosal, a hammer-shaped
investing bone supporting the
suspensorium, externally (zoo/.).

pararectal (pararek'tal) a. [Gk. para,
beside ; L. rectus, straight.] Be-
side the rectum ; appl. fossa, lymph
glands (anat.).

parasite (par'aslt) n. [Gk. para, be-
side ; sitos, food.] An organism
living with or within another to its
own advantage in food or shelter
(biol.\

parasitic (parasit'lk) a. [Gk. para,
beside ; sites, food.] Appl. an
organism living at the expense of
another, and in or on it (biol.).

parasitic castration,— castration
caused by the presence of a para-
site, as in certain male crabs in-
fested by Sacculina (biol.).

parasitism (par'asitizm) n. [Gk.para,
beside ; sitos, food.] A form of
symbiosis in which one symbiont,
the parasite, receives advantage
to the detriment of the other, the
host (biol.).

parasitology (par'asitol'oji) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; sitos, food ; logos,
discourse.] The science treating
of parasites, especially those affect-
ing human beings.

parasphenoid (parasfe'noid) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; sphen, wedge ; eides,
like.] A membrane bone forming
the floor of the cranium in certain
Reptiles (zool.).

parastemon (paraste'mSn) n. [Gk.

para, beside ; stetnon, a warp.] A
sterile stamen (dot.).

parasternum (parasteYnum) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; stcrnon, the breast.]
The sum-total of the abdominal
ribs of certain Reptiles (zool.).

parastichy (paras'tikl) n. [Gk. para,
beside ; stichos, row.] A secondary
spiral in phyllotaxis (bot.).

parately (parat'eli) n. [Gk. para,
beside ; telos, end.] Evolution
from unrelated material to that of
type, but resulting in superficial
resemblance (biol.).

parathyroid (parathl'roid) a. [Gk.
para, beside ; thyreos, a shield.]
Beside the thyroid ; appl. small
brownish-red glands (anat.).

paratonic (paratSn'ik) a. [Gk. para,
beside; tonos, pitch.] Stimulating;
appl. the influence of light on grow-
ing plants (bot.).

paravesical (paraveVikal) a. [Gk.
para, beside ; vesica, bladder.]
Beside the bladder ; appl. a fossa
(anat.).

paraxial (parak'sial) a. [Gk. para,
beside ; L. axis, axle.] Alongside
the axis ; appl. a medial column of
mesoderm (emb.).

parencephalon (par'SnkeTalon, -s6f-)
n. \Gk.para, beside ; engkephalon,
brain.] One of paired cerebral
hemispheres.

parenchyma (pareng'kima) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; engchyma, infusion.]
The soft, succulent tissue common-
est in plants (bot.) ; the ground-
work tissue of organs (zool.).

parenchymalia (pargng'klma'llaj n.
plu. [Gk. para, beside ; engchytna,
infusion.] Spicules of the paren-
chyma of Hexactinellids (zoo/.).

parenchymatous (pargngkim'atus) a.
[Gk. para, beside ; engchyma, in-
fusion.] Pert, or found in paren-
chyma ; appl. a kind of cell (bot.).

parenchymula (pargngkim'ula) n.
[Gk. para, beside ; engchyma, in-
fusion.] A flagellate sponge larva
with cavity filled with gelatinous
connective tissue (zool.).

parental generation, — see F,, Pj.

parhomology (par'hdmordji) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; homos, alike ; logos,
discourse.] Apparent similarity of
structure (biol.).

PAR-

PAT-

parles (pa'rlez) n. [L. paries, wall.]
The central division of a compart-
ment of Cirripedia (zool.~).

parietal (parietal) a. [L. paries, wall]
Pert, or forming part of the wall of
an organ or structure ; appl. cells,
membrane, lobe (zool^) ; layer (dot.}.

parietal bone, — a paired bone of the
roof of the skull.

parietomastoid (parl'etomas'toid) a.
[L. paries, wall ; Gk. mastos, breast.]
Connecting mastoid with parietal ;
appl. a suture (anat.}.

parieto-occipital (pari'eto-oksip'ital) a.
[L. paries, wall ; occiput, back part
of the head.] Appl. a fissure be-
tween parietal and occipital lobes
of the cerebrum (anaf.).

parietotemporal (pari'etotem'poral) a.
[L. paries, wall ; temporalis, tem-
porary.] Pert, parietal and tem-
poral regions ; appl. an artery
(anaf.).

paripinnate (par'ipin'at) a. [L. par,
equal ; pinna, a wing.] Pinnate
without a terminal leaflet (hot.}.

paroccipital (paroksip'ital) a. [Gk.
para, beside ; L. occiput^ back of
the head.] Appl. .ventrally-d«e£ted
processes of the exoccipitals

paroecious (pare'shus) Si
beside ; oikos, a house.]
theridium and archegonium close.'
to one another ; paroicous (bot.).

parolfactory (par'olfak'tori) a. [Gk.
para, beside ; L. olfactorius, ol-
factory.] Appl. an area and sulcus
adjoining the olfactory trigone of
the rhinencephalon (anaf.).

paronychia (par'omk'ia) n. plu. _[Gk.
para, beside ; onyx, nail.] Bristles
on the pulvillus of an insect foot
(zool.\

paroophoron (par'ooforon) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; oon, egg ; pherein, to
bear.] A few scattered rudimentary
tubules, remnants of the Wolffian
body in the female (anaf.).

parosteal (paros'teal) a. [Gk. para,
beside ; osteon, bone.] Appl. ab-
normal bone formations.

parosteosis (par'osteo'sTs) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; osteon, bone.] Bone
formation in tracts normally purely
fibrous.

parotic (parot'ik) n. [Gk. para, be-
side ; ous, ear.] A process formed

by1 fusion of exoccipital and opis-
thotic in adult lizards (zool.}.

parotid glands, — paired salivary
glands opening into the mouth
cavity of Mammals ; in some Am-
phibians large swellings on the side
of the head formed of aggregated
cutaneousglands, sometimes poison-
ous (zool.}.

parovarium (par'ova'rium) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; L. ovarium, ovary.]
A small collection of tubules an-
terior to the ovary, the remnant in
the adult of the embryonic meso-
nephros (zool.~).

parthenogenesis (par'thenojSn'esis) n.
[Gk. parthenos, virgin ; genesis,
descent.] Reproduction without
fertilization by a male element
(biol.}.

parthenogenetic (par'thenojenet'ik) a.

Sjk. parthenos, virgin ; genesis,
escent.] Appl. plants or animals
developed from seed or ovum with-
out fertilization by pollen or
spermatozoon (biol.\

parthenogonidia (par'thenb'gonld'ia)
n. plu. [Gk. parthenos, virgin ;
gonos, offspring.] Zooids of a
protozoan colony, with the function
of asexual reproduction (sool.\

parthenospenn (par'thenosperm) n.

j [Gk. parthenos, virgin ; sperma,
seed.] A sperm produced without
fertilization (hot.}.

parthenospore (par'thenospor) n.
[Gk. parthenos, virgin ; sporos, seed.]
A spore produced without fertiliza-
tion (bot.).

partial involucre, — see involucel.

partial segmentation, — see mero-
blastic.

partial umbel, — see umbellule.

partite (par'tlt) a. [L. partitus,
divided.] Divided nearly to the
base (bot.\

parumbilical (par'umbil'ikal) a. [Gk.
para, beside ; umbilicus, the navel.]
Beside the navel ; appl. small veins
from the anterior abdominal wall
to the portal and iliac veins (anat.).

patagial (pata'jlal) a. [L. patagium,
a border.] Pert, a patagium.

patagiate (pata'jiat) a. [L. patagium,
a border.] Furnished with a
patagium.

patagium (pata'jium) n. \L. patagium,

PAT-

229

PEC-

a border.] The membranous ex-
pansion between fore and hind
limbs of bats and flying squirrels
and foxes ; the similar expansion
on a bird's wing ; a tegula, or
dorsal process of the prothorax of
certain Lepidoptera (zool.}.

patella (pateTa) n. [L. patella, a
small pan.] The knee-cap (zool.} ;
a rounded apothecium of Lichens
(bot.\

patellar (patel'ar) a. [L. patella, a
small pan.] Pert, a patella.

patelliform (patel'iform) a. {L.patella,
a small pan ; forma, shape.] Shaped
like a patella ; pan-shaped ; like a
bordered disc.

patent (pat'fint) a. [L. patens, lying
open.] Spreading widely ; ex-
panded (biol.}.

pathetic (pathet'ik) a. [Gk. pathos,
feeling.] Appl. the trochlear nerve
and the superior oblique muscle of
the eye (anat.}.

pathogenic (path'ojSn'ik) a. [Gk.
patJws, suffering ; genos, offspring.]
Disease-producing ; appl. a parasite
in relation to a particular host
(biol.}.

patina (pat'ma) n. [L. patina, a
dish.] Circles of plates round
calyx of Crinoids (zool:).

patulent (pat'ulent),' patulous (
iilus) a. [L. patulus, sta
open.] Spreading open ; expa
(biol.}.

paturon (patu'ron) n. [Gk. patein,
to trample on.] The basal joint of
arachnid chelicerae, used for crush-
ing and expressing the -fluids of
insects (zool.}.

paulospore (pol'ospor) n. [Gk. paula,
rest ; sporos, seed.] A resting or
winter stage in development, as a
cyst ; a stage of suspended de-
velopment (biol.}.

paunch (ponsh) n. [L. pantex, the
paunch.] The rumen, an expansion
of the oesophagus, the first stomach
of ruminants (zool.}.

pavement epithelium, — simple
squamous epithelium of flat, nucle-
ated scales, fitting together like
mosaic (phys.}.

paxilla (paksll'a) n. [L. paxi/lits, a
peg.] A thick plate supporting
calcareous pillars, the summit of

each covered by a group of small
spines, — a structure of certain
Stelleroids (zool.}.

paxillar (paksll'ar) a. [L. paxillus,
a peg.] Pert, a paxilla.

paxilliform (paksll'iform) a. [L.
paxillus, a peg ; forma, shape.]
Shaped like a paxilla.

paxillus, — a paxilla.

pearl (pgrl) n. [F. perle, a pearl.]
In the shells of some Mussels, an
abnormal growth formed with a
grain of foreign matter or a minute
organism for nucleus and many thin
layers of nacre surrounding it (zool.}.

pectase (pek'las) n. \Gk.pektos, con-
gealed.] An enzyme of plants
which forms vegetable jelly.

pecten (pgk'tgn) n. [L. pecten, a
comb.] Any comb-like structure ;
a process of the inner retinal
surface in Reptiles, expanded into
a folded quadrangular plate in
Birds ; the stridulating organ of
certain Arachnids (zool.}.

pectic (pek'tik) a. [Gk. pektos, con-
gealed.] Appl. acids and bodies
consislw^ of pectase, pectin,

a. [L. pecten,
a pecten.

(pgk'tinat) a. [L. pecten,
.] Comb-like ; pectiniform ;
appl. leaves (bot.}, a ligament of the
iris (anat.}, certain gills, pedi-
cellariae of Asteroids, a septum
between the corpora cavernosa

pectlneal (pgkttn'eal) a. [L. pecten,
comb.] Afpl. a process of the
pubis of Birds ; appl. a ridge-line
on the femur and the muscle
attached thereto (anat.}.

pectinellae (pek'tlnele) n. plu. [L.
pectinella, a small comb.] Trans-
versely-planted, comb-like mem-
branellae constituting the adoral
ciliary spiral of some Infusoria
(zool.}.

pectinirhomb (pSk'tlnlromb') n. [L.
pecten, comb ; Gk. rhombos, a magic
wheel.] A type of stereom-folding
in Cystidea (zool.}.

pectoral (peYtoral) a. [L. pectus,
breast.] Pert, the chest ; in the
chest region ; appl. arch, girdle,
fins, limbs (zool.}.

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230

PEN-

pectoralis major and minor, — outer

and inner chest muscles connecting

the ventral chest wall with shoulder

and humerus (zool.).
pectus (pSk'tiis) n. [L. pectus, breast.]

The chest or breast region.
pedal (ped'al) a. [L.#es, foot.] Pert.

the foot or feet ; appl. cords,

ganglia.
pedate (pgd'at) a. [L. pes, foot.]

Pedatipartite.
pedatipartite (pedat'ipar'tit) a. [L.

pes, foot ; partitus, divided.] Appl.

a variety of palmate leaf with

cymose branching of the third order

pedatisect (pedat'rsgkt) a. [L. pes,
foot ; sectus, cut.] In pedate
arrangement, and with divisions
nearly to the midrib (bot.).

pedicel (pgd'isel) n. [L. pediculus, a
small foot.] A small, short foot-
stalk of leaf, flower, fruit, or spor-
angium (bot.) ; the foot-stalk or
stem of a stationary and fixed or-
ganism (zool.).

pedicellariae (pgd'isglar'ie) n. plu.
\L. pediculus, a small foot.] Minute
pincer-like structures studding the
surface of certain Echinoderms
(zool.).

pedicellate (ped'isel'at) a. [L. pedicu-
lus, a small foot.] Supported by a
pedicel ; appl. Hymenoptera with
stalked abdomen ; cf. pseudo-sessile
(zool.).

pedicellus (ped'iseTus) n. [L. pedicu-
lus, a small foot] A short foot-
stalk (bot.) ; the second joint of
insect antennae (zool.).

pedicle (pgd'ikl) n. [L. pediculus, a
small foot.] A short stem (bot.) ;
a backward-projecting vertebral
process (anat.) ; the narrow stalk
uniting thorax with abdomen in
Arachnids (zool.).

pedipalpus (pgd'ipal'pus) n. [L. pes,
foot ; palpare, to feel.] In Arach-
nids, the second cephalothoracic
paired appendage, variously a
pincer-like claw, a simple or leg-
like appendage, a chelate structure
(zool.).

peduncle (pfidung'kl) n. [L. peduncu-
lus, a small foot.] A stem or stalk,
supporting flower or fruit (bot.) ; a
band of white fibres joining differ-

ent parts of the brain (anat.) ; the
stalk of Brachiopods and Barnacles ;
the link between thorax and ab-
domen in Insects and Arachnids
(zool.).

pedunculate (pediing'kulat) a. [L.
pedunculus, a small foot.] Growing
on or having a peduncle (biol.) ;
appl. the primordial cerebral lobe
of Hymenoptera (zool.).

pelagic (pglaj'ik) a. [L. pelagus, the
open sea.] Ocean-inhabiting.

pelasgic (pelas'jlk) a. [L. Pelasgus,
a Pelasgian.] Moving from place
to place.

pellicle (peTikl) n. [L. pellicula, a
small skin.] The delicate pro-
tective investment of Protozoa ; any
filmy protective covering (biol.).

pellions (pgl'ionz) n. plu. [Gk. pella,
a cup.] Ring of plates supporting
the suckers of Echinoids ; rosettes
(zool.).

pelma (pel'ma) n. [Gk. pelma, sole.]
The sole of the foot.

peloria (pelo'ria) n. [Gk. pelorios,
monstrous.] Condition of abnormal
regularity ; a modification of struc-
ture from irregularity to regularity
(bot.).

peloric (pelor'ik) a. [Gk. pelorios,
monstrous.] Appl. a flower which,
normally irregular, becomes regular
(bot.).

pelta (pel'ta) n. [Gk. pdte, a shield.]
The shield-like apothecium of cer-
tain Lichens (bot.).

peltate (peTtat) a. [Gk. pelte, a
shield.] Shield-shaped; fastened
to the stalk at a point within the
margin, as a leaf (bot.).

pelvic (pgl'vik) a. [L. pelvis, a basin.]
Pert, or situated at or near the
pelvis ; appl. girdle, cavity, fin,
limbs, plexus (zool.).

pelvis (pel' vis) n. [L. pelvis, a basin.]
In Vertebrates the bony cavity
formed by the pelvic girdle along
with the coccyx and sacrum ; the
expansion of the ureter at its
junction with the kidney (anat.) ;
the basal portion of the cup of
Crinoids (zool.).

pen (pSn) n. [L. penna, a feather.]
A leaf midrib (bot.) ; the skeletal
part of a cuttlefish (zool.).

pendulous (pgn'dulus) a. [L. pen-

PEN-

231

PER-

dere, to hang.] Bending down-
wards from the point of origin ;
overhanging ; appl. ovules, branches,
flowers (bo /.).

penial setae, — paired needle-like
chitinoid bodies at the anus of a
round-worm, which also serves as
reproductive aperture (zool.).

penicillate (pgn'isll'at) a. [L. peni-
cillum, a painter's brush.] Peni-
cilliform ; pencil-shaped ; tipped
with hairs ; having a structure like
a camel-hair brush.

penis (pe'nls) n. [L. penis, a penis.]
The male copulatory organ.

pennaceous (pfina'shus) a, [L.penna,
feather.] Penniform ; like a plume
or feather.

pentacapsular (pgn'takap'sular) a.
\Gk. Pente, five ; L. capsula, a cap-
sule.] With five capsules (bot.).

pentacarpellary (pgn'takarpeTari) a.
[Gk. pente, five ; karpos, fruit.]
With five carpels (bot.).

pentachenium (pgn'take'nium) n,
[Gk. pente, five ; a, not ; chainein,
to gape.] A form of schizocarp
with five carpels (bot.).

pentacoccous (pSn'takok'us) a. [Gk.
pente, five ; kokkos, kernel.] With
five seeds or carpels (bot.).

pentacrinoid (pgn'takrf noid) a. [Gk.
pente, five ; krinon, a lily ; eidos,
resemblance.] Resembling a Penta-
crinus ; appl. a larval stage of
Feather-stars, the fixed stalked
stage like a Pentacrinus (zool.).

pentactinal (pgntak'tTnal) a. [Gk.
pente, five ; aktis, ray.] Five-rayed ;
five-branched.

pentacyclic (pgn'tasik'llk) a. [Gk.
pente, five ; kyklos, a circle.] Ar-
ranged in five whorls (hot.}.

pentadactyl (pen'tadak'til) a. [Gk.
pente, five ; daktylos, a finger.]
Having all four limbs normally
terminating in five digits.

pentadelphous (pgn'tadeTfus) a. [Gk.
pente, five ; adelphos, brother.]
Having five clusters of more or less
united filaments (bot.).

pentafld (pen'taffd) a. [Gk. pente,
five ; ~L.findere, to cleave.] In five
divisions or lobes (bot.).

pentagonal (pe'ntag'onal) a. [Gk.
pente, five ; gonia, angle.'] Appl.
the symmetry of a pentamerous

flower ; quinary ; having five angles
(bof.).

pentagynous (pgntaj'inus) a. [Gk.
pente, five ; gyne, a woman.] Having
five styles (bot.).

pentamerous (pentam'e'rus) a. [Gk.
pente, five ; meros, part.] Com-
posed of five parts ; in whorls of
five or a multiple of five (bot.).

pentandrous (pgntan'drus) a. [Gk.
pente, five ; andros, male.] Having
five stamens (&?/.)•

pentapetalous (pgn'tapeYalus) a. [Gk.
Pente, five ; pefalon, a petal.]
Having five petals (bot.).

pentapterous (pfintap'tgrus) a. [Gk.
pente, five ; pteron, wing.] With
five wings, as some fruits (bot.\

pentasepalous (pgn'tasep'alus) a.
[Gk. pente, five ; sepalon, sepal.]
Having five sepals (bot.\

pentastichous (pgntas'tlkus) a. [Gk.
pente, five ; stichos, a row.] Ar-
ranged in five vertical rows (bot.~).

pepo (pe'po) n. [Gk. pepon, melon.]
An inferior one-celled, many-
seeded pulpy fruit (bot.\

pepsin (pgp'sin) n. [Gk. pepsis, a
digesting.] An enzyme secreted
by the stomach (phys.}.

peptic (pgp'tik) a. [Gk. pepsis, a
digesting,] Relating to or pro-
moting digestion ; appl. pepsin-
secreting glands of the stomach
(anat.\

peptonephridia (pgp'tongfrfd'ia) n.plu.
[Gk. pepsis, digestion ; nephros*
kidney.] The anterior nephridia
of Oligochaets which function as
digestive glands (zool.}.

peraeopods, — pereiopods.

percurrent (pgrkur'gnt) a. [L. per-
currens, running through.] Ex-
tending throughout the entire
length, or from base to apex (bot.}.

pereion (pgrfon) n. [Gk. peraioun, to
convey.] The thorax of Crustacea
(zool.).

pereiopods (pgrfopSdz) n. plu. [Gk.
peraioun, to convey ; £ous, foot.]
The locomotory thoracic limbs of
Malacostraca ; trunk-legs (zool.).

perennation (pgr'gna'shun) n. [L.
per, through ; annus, a year.]
Condition of living for a number
of years (bof.).

perennial (peYgnlal) a. [L per,

PER-

232

PER-

through ; annus, year.] Persisting
through the year or for a number
of years (tot.).

perennibranchiate (pgren'ibrang'kTat)
a. [L. per, through ; annus, year ;
Gk. brangchia, gills.] Having
gills persisting throughout life, as
certain Amphibians (zoo/.).

perfoliate (pgrfo'Hat) a. [L. per,
through ; folium, leaf.] Appl. a
leaf with basal lobes so united as
to appear as if the stem ran through
it (tot.).

perforate (per'forat) a. [L. perforare,
to bore through.] Having holes
or pores, as Corals, Foraminifers
(zool.) ; appl. certain areas of the
brain perforated by small blood-
vessels (anat.).

perforator (pgr'fora'tor) n. [L. per-
forare, to bore through.] A barbed
spear-like head and process of some
spermatozoa, as of Salamander
(*ooL\

perhydridase (pgrhl'dridas) n. [L.
per, through ; Gk. hydor, water.]
An enzyme which causes the
activation of perhydride hydrogen

perianth (per'ianth) n. [Gk. peri,
round ; anthos, flower.] A floral
envelope ; the external floral whorls,
including calyx and corolla (tof.).

periblast (pgr'iblast) n. [Gk. peri,
round ; blastos, a bud.] The outside
layer, epiblast, or blastoderm of an
insect embryo (emb.}.

periblastic (pgriblas'tlk) a. [Gk.peri,
round ; blastos, a bud.] Pert, the
periblast ; superficial, as appl.
segmentation (emb.}.

periblastula (pgr'iblas'tula) n. [Gk.
Peri, round ; blastos, bud.] A blastula
resulting from periblastic segmenta-
tion (emb.}.

periblem (pgrTblgm) n. [Gk. peri,
round ; blema, a coverlet.] Layers
of ground or fundamental tissue
between dermatogen and plerome
of growing points (tot.).

peribranchial (pgr'ibrang'klal) a. [Gk.
peri, round ; brangchia, gills.]
Around the gills ; appl. a type of
gemmation and an atrial cavity in
Ascidians ; appl. circular spaces
surrounding basal parts of papulae
of Asteroids (zoo/.).

pericardiac (per'fkar'diak), peri-
cardial (pgrTkar'dial) a. [Gk. peri,
round ; kardia, heart.] Pert, the
pericardium ; surrounding the
heart ; appl. cavity, septum (anat.}.

pericardium (pgrTkar'dium) n. [Gk.
peri, round ; kardia, heart.] The
cavity containing the heart ; the
membrane enveloping the heart
(anat.}.

pericarp (pgr'ikarp) n. [Gk. peri,
round ; karpos, fruit.] The ovary
walls of fruits (tot.).

pericentral (pgr'isen'tral) a. [Gk.
peri, round ; L. centrum, centre.]
Round or near the centre ; appl.
auxiliary cells (tot.}.

perichaetium (pgr'ike'shlum) n. [Gk.
peri, round ; chaite, loose hair.]
One of the membranes enveloping
the archegonia of Mosses (tot.).

perichondrium (pgr'ikon'drium) n.

fGk. peri, round ; chondros, carti-
age.J A fibrous membrane that
covers cartilages (anat.}.
perichordal (per'ikor'dal) a. [Gk.
peri, round ; chorde, a cord.]
Enveloping or near the notochord
(zool.).

perichylous (pgr'iki'lus) a. [Gk. peri,
round ; chylos, juice.] With water-
storage cells outside the chlor-
enchyma (tot.).

pericladium (per'ikla'dium) n. [Gk.
Peri, round ; klados, a branch.]
The lowermost clasping portion of
a sheathing petiole (tot.).

periclinal (pgr'ikll'nal) a. [Gk. peri,
round ; kleiein, to surround.] Appl.
the system of cells parallel to the
surface of the apex of a growing
point (tot.}.

periclinium (pgr'Iklin'ium) n. [Gk.
Peri, round ; kline, a bed.] The
involucre of a composite flower
(tot.).

pericranium (pgr'ikra'nium) n. [Gk.
peri, round ; kranion, skull.] The
fibrous membrane investing the
skull (anat.}.

pericycle (pgr'isfkl) n. [Gk. peri,
round ; kyklos, a circle.] The
external layer of the stele (tot.).

peridental (pgrTden'tal) a. [G\L.peri,
round ; L. dens, tooth.] Investing
a tooth ; appl. a membrane, or the
periosteum of a root (anat.}.

PER-

233

PER-

peridenn (pgr'idgrm) n. [Gk. peri,
round ; derma, skin.] The outer
layer of bark (dot.} ; the external
cuticular layer of Hydrozoa (zool.}.
peridesm (pgr'idgzm) n. [Gk. peri,
round ; desme, a bundle.] Tissue
surrounding a vascular bundle (bot.}.
peridesmium (pgr'fdgz'mium) n. [Gk.
peri, round ; desmos, a band.]
Tissue surrounding a ligament
(anat.}.

peridlal (perld'ial) a. [Gk. peridion,
a small wallet.] Pert, a peridium
(bot.}.

perididymis (pgr'idid'imTs) n. [Gk.
pert, round ; didymos, a testicle.]
The fibrous covering of the testis
(anat.}.

peridiolum (pgrid'iolum) n. [Gk.
peridion, a small wallet.] A small
peridium or collection of spores
enclosed within the peridial covering
(bot.}.

peridium (pgrid'ium) n. [Gk. peridion,
a small wallet.] The coat investing
the sporophore of Fungi ; the outer
covering of a puff-ball (dot.}.
peridural (pgrtdu'ral) a. [Gk. peri,
round ; L. durus, hard.] Appl. the
perimeningeal space at a later stage
of development (emb.}.
perienteric (pgrtgn'tgrik) a. [Gk.
peri, round ; enteron, the gut.] Sur-
rounding the enteron (zool.}.
perienteron (pgrtgn'tgron) n. [Gk.
peri, round ; enteron, gut.] A
cavity surrounding the enteron or
visceral cavity (emb.}.
perifbliary (pgrWliari) a. [Gk. peri,
round ; L. folium, a leaf.] Round
a leaf margin (bot.\
perigastric (pgr'igas'trlk) a. [Gk.
peri, round ; gaster, stomach.]
Surrounding the viscera ; appl. the
abdominal cavity.

perigastrula (per'igas'troola) n. [Gk.
peri, round ; gaster, stomach.]
The gastrula resulting after super-
ficial segmentation (emb.}.
perigonium (peVigo'nlum) n. [Gk.
peri, round ; gone, generation.] A
floral envelope or perianth ; the
involucre round the antheridium of
Mosses (bot.} ; a gonotheca (zool.}.
perigynium (pSr'fjTn'Ium) n. [Gk.
peri, round ; gyne, a female.] The
fruit-investing utricle of the genus

Carex ; the membranous perianth
of Mosses (bot.}.

perigynous (pgrlj'mus) a. [Gk. peri,
round ; gyne, female.] Having
sepals, petals, stamens round the
gynoecium, not underneath ; cf.
hypogynous (bot.}.

perigyny (pgrij'inl) n. [Gk. peri,
round ; gyne, a female.] Arrange-
ment in a perigynous manner.
perihaemal (peYlhe'mal) a. [Gk.
peri, round ; haima, blood.] Appl.
the blood-vascular system of canals
and spaces of Echinoderms ; appl.
dorsal outgrowths of the third body-
cavity of Enteropneusta (zool.}.
perilymph (peYllimf) n. [Gk. peri,
round ; L. lympha, water.] A fluid
separating the membranous from
the osseous labyrinth of the ear
(anaf.}.

perimedullary (peYime'duTari) a.
[Gk. peri, round ; L. medulla, the
marrow.] Surrounding the pith of
a stem ; appl. a zone (bot.}.
perimeningeal (pgr'imgnTn'jeal) a.
[Gk. peri, round ; meningx, a mem-
brane.] Appl. a space between the
endorhachis and the meninx primi-
tiva or spinal cord envelope (emb.}.
perimysium (pgrTmiz'ium) n. [Gk.
peri, round ; mys, a muscle.] Con-
nective tissue binding numbers of
fibres into bundles and muscles,
and continuing into the tendons ;
alternatively, appl. only to fasciculi
envelopes ; cf. epimysium (anaf.}.
perinaeal (pgr'Ine'al) a. [Gk. peri-
naion, the part between anus and
scrotum.] Pert, the perinaeum ;
appl. artery, body, nerve (anat.}.
perinaeum (pgr'Ine'um) n. [Gk. peri-
naion, the part between anus and
scrotum.] A surface of the body
limited by the scrotum in front, the
buttocks behind, and laterally by
the medial side of the thigh (anaf.}.
perinephrium (pgr'ingf'rlum) n. [Gk.
peri, round ; nephros, kidney.] The
enveloping tissue of the kidney
(anaf.).

perineurium (pgr'inu'rlum) n. [Gk.
pert, round ; neuron, a nerve.] The
tubular sheath of a small bundle of
nerve fibres (anat.}.
perinium (pgrln'fum) n. [Gk. peri,
round ; is, a fibre.] An epispore,

PER-

234

PER-

or microspore-coating of certain
Pteridophytes (hot.).

periodicity (pe'riodis'itT) n. [Gk.peri,
round ; odos, a way.] The fulfil-
ment of functions at regular periods
or intervals ; rhythm (£&/.).

perioesophageal (per'ie'sofaje'al) a.
[Gk.peri, round ; oisophagos, gullet.]
Surrounding the oesophagus ; appl.
a nerve ring (zoo/.).

periosteum (peYlos'teum) n. [Gk.
pert, round ; osteon, bone.] The
connective membranous tissue in-
vesting the surface of bones (anat.).

periostracum (per'los'trakum) n. [Gk.
peri, round ; ostrakon, shell.] The
chitinous external layer of most
Mollusc shells (zoo/.).

periotic (peViot'ik) n. [Gk. peri,
round ; ous, ear.] A cranial bone
enclosing parts of the membranous
labyrinth of the internal ear (anat.).

peripetalous (per'ipet'alus) a. [Gk.
peri, round ; petalon, a leaf.] Sur-
rounding petals or a petaloid struc-
ture (oof.).

peripharyngeal (peYifarin'jeal) a.
[Gk.peri, round ; pharyngx, gullet.]
Encircling or surrounding the
pharynx ; appl. the cilia of Ascidi-
ans (zoo/.).

peripheral (pgrlfgral) a. [Gk. peri,
round ; pherein, to bear.] Distant
from the centre ; near the circum-
ference ; appl. end-organs of nerves,
nervous system (anal.).

peripherical (per'ifeYikal) a. [Gk.
peri, round ; pherein, to bear.]
Appl. an embryo more or less
completely surrounding the endo-
sperm in the seed (dot.).

periphery (pe'rif'e'ri) n. [Gk. peri,
round ; pherein, to bear.] The
boundary outline of a surface or
part.

periphysis (pgrlf'isis) n. [Gk. peri,
round ; physis, growth.] In certain
Fungi, a filament branching from
a hymenium without asci (bot.).

periplasin (per'iplazm) n. [Gk. peri,
round ;^/«^wa,somethingmoulded.]
The region of an oogonium outside
the oosphere, in Fungi (bot.).

periplast (peYiplast) n. [Gk. peri,
round ; plastos, moulded.] The
attraction-sphere (cyt.) ; the ecto-
plasm of flagellates ; the firm cuticle

of certain . Mastigophora ; inter-
cellular substance of tissues (zoo/.).

peripneustic (peVipnu'stik) a. [Gk.
peri, round ;pneustikos,pert. breath-
ing.] Having stigmata arranged
along the sides of the body, normal
in insect larvae (zoo/.).

periproct (per'iprokt) n. [Gk. peri,
round ; proktos, anus.] The surface
immediately surrounding the anus
of Echinoids (zoo/.).

perisarc (peYlsark) n. [Gk. peri,
round ; sarx, flesh.] The tough
outer membrane of Hydrozoa (zoo/.).

periscleral (peYiskle'ral) a. [Gk.
peri, round ; skleros, hard.] Appl.
a lymph-space external to the sclera
of the eye (anat.).

perisome (peYisom) n. [Gk. peri,
round ; soma, body.] A body-wall ;
the integument of Echinoderms
(zoo/.).

perisperm (peYisperm) n. [Gk. peri,
round ; sperma, seed.] The re-
mains of the nucellus of an ovule
when it is not all absorbed during
development of the embryo (bot.).

perispore (per'ispor) n. [Gk. peri,
round; sporos, seed.] A spore-
covering ; the mother cell in Algae
spores (bot.).

peristalsis (per'istal'sis) n. [Gk. peri,
round ; s tell fin, to place.] Move-
ment of the digestive tract, by which
food is digested and absorbed, by
means of involuntary muscles
(Phys.).

peristaltic (pgr'istal'tlk) a. [Gk. peri,
round ; stellein, to place.] Af.
the movement by which fo
digested, forced along the aliment-
ary canal (pkys.).

peristethium (peYiste'thmm) n. [Gk.
peri, round ; stethos, breast.] An
insect mesosternum.

peristome (peVistom) n. [Gk. peri,
round; stoma, mouth.] The region
surrounding the mouth ; used in
connection with Mosses (bot.), Vorti-
cella, Actinozoa, Annulates, Insects
(zoo/.).

perisystole (peVfsis'tole) n. [Gk. peri,
round ; systole, a drawing together.]
The interval elapsing between
diastole and systole of the heart
(phys.).

perithecium (per'ithe'shium) n. [Gk.

PER-

235

PER-

peri, round ; theke, a case.] A
flask-shaped cavity with terminal
ostiole in stroma of Fungi (hot.}.

peritoneal (peVitone'al) a. [Gk. peri,
round ; teinein, to stretch.] Pert.
the peritoneum ; appl. cavity, fossa,
membrane (anat.).

peritoneum (peYitone'um) n. [Gk.
peri, round ; teinein, to stretch.]
A serous membrane partly applied
against the abdominal walls, partly
reflected over the contained viscera
(anat.}.

peritreme (per'itrem) n. [Gk. peri,
round ; trema, a hole.] The margin
of a shell-opening ; the small plate
perforated by the spiracle-opening
in Insects (zoo/.).

peritrichous (peVitrik'us) a. [Gk.
peri, round ; thrix, hair.] Having
the adoral band of cilia arranged
in a spiral as in Vorticella (zoo/.).

peritrochium (peYitro'klum) n. [Gk.
peri, round ; trochos, a wheel.] A
ciliary band ; a circularly ciliated
larva (zoo/.).

peritrophic (per'itrof'ik) a. [Gk.peri,
round ; trophe, food.] Appl. a fold
of membrane in the latter part of
the intestine of Insects (zoo/.).

perivascular (peVivas'kular) a. [Gk.
peri, round ; L. vasculum, a small
vessel.] Surrounding the blood-
vessels ; appl. lymph channels
(anat.}.

perivisceral (peVivIs'gral) a. [Gk.
peri, round ; L. viscera, bowels.]
Surrounding the viscera ; appl. the
body cavity.

perivitelline (pgr'Tvitglfn) a. [Gk.
peri, round ; L. vitellus, yolk of
egg.] Surrounding the yolk of an
egg-

permanent cartilage,— cartilage
which remains unossified through-
out life ; opp. temporary (zoo/.).

permanent teeth, — the set of teeth
developed after the milk or decidu-
ous dentition ; the second set of
most, the third set of some, the first
set of other Mammals.

permanent tissue,— tissue consisting
of cells which have completed their
period of growth and subsequently
change little till they lose their
protoplasm and die (bot.}.

Permian (peYmtan) a. [Perm, E.

Russia.] The sixth rock-system of
the primary group (pall).

peronate (peVonat) a. [L. peronatus,
rough - booted.] Covered with
woolly hairs ; powdery or mealy
externally (btol.}.

peroneal (pgrone'al) a. [Gk. perone,
the fibula.] Pert, or lying near the
fibula ; appl. artery, nerve (anat.}.

peroneotibial (peYone'otlb'Ial) a. [Gk.
perone, fibula ; L. tibia, the tibia.]
In the region of fibula and tibia ;
appl. certain muscles (anat.}.

peronium (pSro'mum) n. \Gk.perone,
a fibula.] In Trachomedusae, one
of the mantle-rivets, or cartilaginous
processes ascending from the disc
margin towards the centre (zoo/.).

peroral (pSro'ral) a. [L.fler, through ;
os, mouth.] Appl. a membrane of
Infusoria formed by concrescence
of rows of cilia (zoo/.).

peroxidase (pgrflk'sidas) n. [L. per,
through ; Gk. oxys, sharp.] An
enzyme which causes the activation
of peroxide oxygen (phys.}.

perradius (peYra'dtus) n. [L. per,
through ; radius, a radius.] One of
four primary radii of Coelenterates
(zoo/.).

persistent (pSrsIs'tSnt) a. [L. per,
through ; sistere, to be fixed.] Re-
maining attached till maturation,
as a corolla (dot.} ; appl. organs or
parts in the adult which normally
disappear with larval stage or
youth, as gills (zoo/.).

person (peVs5n) n. [L. persona, a
person.] An individual or zooid of
a colony (zoo/.).

personate (peYsonat) a. [L. person-
atus, masked.] Appl. a corolla of
two lips, closely approximated and
with a projection of the lower closing
the throat of the corolla (dot.}.

perspiration (peYspfra'shun) n. [L.
per, through ; spirare, to breathe.]
Exudation or excretion through the
pores of the skin (phys.}.

pertusate (pgrtu'sat) a. [L. pertusus,
thrust through.] Pierced at the
apex (oof.).

perula (peVula, pgr'oola) n. [Gk.
Pera, a wallet.] A leaf-bud scale
(bot.},

pervalvar (pgrval'var) a. [L. per,
through ; valvae, folding-doors.]

PER-

236

PHA-

Dividing a valve longitudinally
(bot.}.

pervious (per'vius) a. [L.per, through ;
via, a way.] Perforated ; permeable
(btol.} ; appl. nostrils with no septum
between the nasal cavities (zool.}.
pes (pez) n. [L. pes, foot.] A foot or
foot-like structure ; as certain parts
of the brain, branches of the facial
nerve (anat.}.

pessulus (peVulus) n. [L. pessulus, a
bolt.] An internal skeletal element
in the syrinx of some Birds,
petal (pet'al) n. \Gk.petalon, a petal.]
One of the separate parts of a
corolla (bot.}.

petaliform (pgtal'iform) a. [Gk.
petalon, petal ; L. forma, shape.]
Petal-shaped ; petal-like ; petaloid ;
petaline.

petalled (peVald) a. [Gk. petalon, a
petal.] With petals ; petaliferous ;
opp. apetalous (bot.}.
petalody (pgtal'ddi) n. [Gk. petalon,
petal : eidos, resemblance.] Con-
version of other parts of a flower
into petals (hot.).

petaloid (p&'aloid) a. [Gk. petalon,
petal ; eidos, resemblance.] Like a
petal (biol.} ; appl. the ambulacral
areas of certain Echinoderms (zool.}.
petaloideous (pet'aloid'eus) a. [Gk.
petalon, petal ; eidos, resemblance.]
Petaloid ; appl. monocotyledons
with coloured perianth (bot}.
petasma (p£taz'ma) n. \Gk.petasma,
anything spread out.] A compli-
cated membranous plate on the
inner side of the peduncle with
interlocking coupling hooks, an
apparatus of certain Crustacea
(zool.}.

petiolar (pgt'iolar) a. [L. petiolus,
a little foot.] Pert, having, or
growing on a small stalk (bot.}.
petiolate (pgt'iolat) a. [L. petiolus,
a small foot.] Growing on a petiole
(bot.} ; having thorax and abdomen
connected by a petiole (zool.}.
petiole (pet'iol) n. [L. petiolus, a
small foot.] The foot-stalk of a
leaf (bot.} ; a slender stalk connect-
ing thorax and abdomen in Insects
(zool.}.

petiolule (pgt'io'lul) n. [L. petiolus,
a small foot.] The foot-stalk of a
leaflet of a compound leaf (bot.}.

petrohyoid (pet'rohi'oid) a. [Gk.
petros, stone ; hyoeides, Y-shaped.]
Pert, hyoid and petrous part of
temporal (anat.}.

petromastoid (pet'romas'toid) a. [Gk.
petros, stone ; mastos, breast.] Pert.
the mastoid process and the petrous
portion of the temporal (anat.}.
petrooccipital (pet'rooksip'ital) a.
[Gk. petros, stone ; L. occipzit, back
of the head.] Pert, occipital and
petrous part of temporal ; appl. a
fissure (anat.}.

petrosal (pgtro'sal) a. [Gk. petros,
stone.] Solidly bony ; appl. a
sphenoidal process, a ganglion of
the glossopharyngeal, to nerves and
sinus in the region of the petrous
portion of the temporal bone (anat.};
appl. the otic bones of Fishes (zool. }.
petrosphenoidal (pet'rosfenoid'al) a.
[Gk. petros, stone ; sphen, wedge.]
Pert, sphenoid and petrous part of
temporal ; appl. a fissure (anat.}.
petrosquamosal (pet'roskwamo'sal) a.
[Gk. petros, stone ; L. squama,
scale.] Pert, squamosal and petrous
part of temporal ; appl. sinus and
suture (anat.}.

petrotympanic (pSt'rotimpan'ik) a.
\G\a.petros, stone ; tympanon, drum.]
Pert, tympanum and petrous por-
tion of temporal ; appl. a fissure
(anat.}.

petrous (pet'riis) a. [Gk. petros,
stone.] Very hard or stony ; appl.
a pyramidal portion of the tem-
poral .bone wedged in between
sphenoid and occipital ; also a
ganglion on its lower border
(anat.}.

Peyer's patches, — oval patches of
aggregated lymph follicles on the
intestine walls (zool.}.
phacella (fasgl'a) n. [Gk. phakelos,
a bundle of faggots.] A delicate
filament with mesogloea core, and
supplied with stinging capsules,
occurring in rows in the stomach
of certain Coelenterates (zool.}.
phacoid (fak'oid) a. [Gk. phako, a
lentil ; eidos, resemblance.] Lentil-
shaped.

phaeism (fe'izm) n. [Gk. phaios,
dusky.] Duskiness ; appl. the
colouring of butterflies,
phaeochrome (fe'okrom) n. [Gk.

PHA-

237

PHL-

phaios, dusky ; chroma, colour.]
Chromaphil.

phaeochrous (feSk'rus) a. [Gk.phaios,
dusky ; chros, colour.] Of dusky
colour.

phaeodium (feo'dlum) n. \Gk..phaios,
dusky ; eidos, resemblance.] In
certain Protozoa, an aggregation
of food and excretory substances
forming a mass round the central
capsule aperture (zool.).

phaeophyll (fe'of il') n. [Gk. phaios,
dusky; phyllon, a leaf.] The
colouring matter of brown Algae
(dot.).

phagocyte (fag'oslt) n. [Gk. phagein,
to eat ; kytos, hollow.] A colour-
less blood-corpuscle which tends
to take in and destroy foreign
particles (phys.).

phagocytosis (fag'oslto'sis) n. [Gk.
phagein, to eat ; kytos, hollow.]
The ingestion and destruction of
microparasites by phagocytes
(Physl).

phagolysis(fagorisTs) n. [Gk. phagein,
to eat ; lysis, a loosing.] Dissolu-
tion of phagocytes (phys.}.

phalange (fa.la.nj') n. [Gk. phalangx,
line of battle.] A bundle of stamens
united by filaments (dot.).

phalangeal (falan'jeal) a. [Gk.
phalangx, line of battle.] Pert, the
phalanges ; appl. bones, processes
of Corti's rods, etc. (anat.).

phalanx (fal'angks) //., phalanges
(falan'jez) plu. [Gk. phalangx, line
of battle.] Segments of the digits
of Vertebrates.

phallus (fal'us) n. [Gk. phallos,
penis.] A penis.

phanerocodonic (fan'erokodon'ik) a.
[Gk. phaneros, manifest ; kodon, a
bell.] Appl. detached and free-
swimming zooids of a hydroid
colony (zool.).

phanerogam (fangr'ogam) n. [Gk.
phaneros, manifest ; games, union.]
A phaenogam or plant with con-
spicuous flowers ; cf. cryptogam
(hot.).

phanerogamous (fanSrog'amus) a.
[Gk. phaneros, manifest : gamos,
union.] Appl. plants with flowers
containing pistils and stamens
(hot.).

pharyngeal (farin'jeal, far'inje'al) a.

[Gk. pharyngx, gullet or windpipe.]
Pert, the pharynx ; ap>pl. artery,
membrane, nerve, tonsil, tubercle,
veins (anat.).

pharyngobranchial (farlng'gobrang'-
klal) a. [Gk. pharyngx, gullet ;
brangchia, gills.] Pert, pharynx
and gills ; appl. certain bones of
Fishes (zool.).

pharyngopalatine (farlng'gopal'atin)
a. [Gk. pharyngx, gullet ; L. pal-
atus, palate.] Pert, pharynx and
palatine ; appl. arch and muscle
(anat.).

pharynx (faYingks) n. {Gk. pharyngx,
gullet or windpipe.] A musculo-
membranous tube extending from
the under surface of the skull to
the level of the sixth cervical ver-
tebra (anat.) ; the gullet or anterior
part of the alimentary canal follow-
ing the buccal cavity (zool.).

phelloderm (feToderm) n. [Gk.
phellos, cork ; derma, skin.] The
secondary parenchymatous suber-
eous cortex of trees, formed on the
inner side of the cork-cambium
(dot.).

phellogen (fel'ojen) n. [Gk. phellos,
cork ; gene, production.] The cork
cambium of tree stems, arising as a
secondary meristem (dot.).

philtrum (fil'trum) n. [Gk. philiron,
a philtre.] The depression on the
upper lip beneath the septum of the
nose (anat.).

phlebenterlsm (fleb6n'tgrtzm) n. [Gk.
phleps, vein ; enteron, intestine.]
Condition of having branches of
the intestine extending into other
organs, as arms or legs (zool.).

phleboedesis (flebe'desls) n. [Gk.
phleps, vein ; oidein, to swell.]
Condition of having the circulatory
system cavity so distended and
insinuated as to diminish the
coelom, especially so in Molluscs
(zool.).

phloem (flo'Srn) n. [Gk. phloios,
smooth bark.] The soft bast of
vascular bundles, consisting of
sieve-tube tissue (dot.).

phloem parenchyma, — thin -walled
parenchyma associated with the
sieve-tubes of phloem (dot.).

phloem sheath,— the pericycle, to-
gether with the inner layer of a

PHL-

PHR-

bundle sheath where the latter
consists of two layers (bot.}.

phloeoterma (fle'oteYma) n. [Gk.
phloios, bark ; terma, end.] Endo-
dermis ; innermost layer of cortex
(dot.}.

pholidosis (fol'ido'sis) n. [Gk. pholis,
scale.] Scale arrangement of scaled
animals.

phonation (fb'na'shun) n. [Gk. phone,
sound.] Of Insects, sound pro-
duction.

phoranthium (foran'thium) n. [Gk.
pherein, to bear ; anthos, flower.]
The receptacle of composite plants
(dot.}.

phorozooid (fo'rozo'oid) n. [Gk.
pherein, to bear ; zoon, animal ;
eidos, resemblance.] Foster forms
of Doliolum buds, never sexually
mature but set free with gonozooids
attached to a ventral outgrowth
(zool}.

phosphene (fos'fen) n. [Gk. phos,
light ; phainein, to show.] A light
impression on the retina due to
stimulus other than rays of light
(Phys.}.

phosphorescence (fos'fores'ens) n.
[Gk. phosphoros, bringing light.]
The state of being luminous without
sensible heat ; common in marine
Protozoa, some Copepods, and the
majority of deep-sea animals.

photodynamics (fo'todinam'iks) n.
[Gk. phos, light ; dynamis, strength.]
The study of the effects of light-
stimulation on plants (hot.}.

photogen (fo'tojen) n. [Gk. phos,
light ; gene, production.] The light-
producing organ of certain Poly-
chaets (zool}.

photogenic (fo'tojgn'ik) a. [Gk. phos,
light ; gene, production.] Light-
producing ; phosphorescent.

photopathy (fotop'athi) «. [Gk.
phos, light ; pathos, feeling.] Re-
sponse 16 light stimulus (bot.}.

photophilous (fotof'ilus) a. [Gk.
phos, light ;philos, loving.] Seeking
and thriving in strong light (hot.}.

photophore (fo'tofor) n. [Gk. phos,
light ; pherein, to bear.] A phos-
phorescent organ of Fishes (zool.}.

photophygous (fotofigus) a. [Gk.
phos, light ; phyge, flight] Avoiding
strong light (biol}.

photospheres (fo'tosf erz) n. plu. [Gk.
phos, light ; sphaira, a globe.]
Luminous organs of certain Crus-
tacea (zool.}.

photosynthesis (fo'tosin'thests) n.
[Gk. phos, light ; synthesis, a putting
together.] Carbon assimilation
(biol}.

phototaxis (f 6'totak'sis) n. [Gk.
phos, light ; taxis, an arrangement.]
Response to the stimulus of light

phototonus (fo'toto'nus) n. \Gk.phos,
light ; tonos, a stretching/] Sensi-
tiveness to light ; the condition of
a plant or plant organ induced by
light (bot.}.

phototropism (fdtot'ropizm) n. [Gk.
phos, light ; trope, a turning.] The
tendency shown by most plants to
turn their growing parts towards
the greater light (bot.}.

pliragma (frag'ma) n. [Gk. phragina,
a fence.] A spurious dissepiment ;
a septum (bot.} ; a thoracic partition
in Insects (zool}.

phragmocone (frag'mokon) n. [Gk.
phragma, fence ; konos, a cone.]
In Belemnites and other Molluscs,
a cone divided internally by a series
of septa perforated by a siphuncle
(Pal.}.

phrenic (fren'ik) a. [Gk. phren,
diaphragm.] Pert, or in the region
of the diaphragm ; appl. artery,
nerve, plexus, vein (anal}.

phrenicocolic (fren'lkokol'ik) a. [Gk.
phren, diaphragm ; kolon, part of
intestine.] Appl. a ligament, con-
sisting of a fold of peritoneum from
left colic flexure to diaphragm (anat.},

phrenicocostal (fren'lkokos'tal) a,
[Gk. phren, diaphragm ; L. costa,
rib.] Appl. a narrow slit or sinus
between the costal and diaphrag-
matic pleurae (anat.}.

phrenicolienal (frgn'iktille'nal) a. [Gk.
phren, diaphragm ; L. lien, spleen.]
Appl. a ligament forming part of
the peritoneum reflected over the
spleen and extending to the dia-
phragm (anat}.

phrenicopericardiac(fren'ik6per'ikar'-
diak) a. [Gk. phren, diaphragm ;
peri, round ; kardia, heart.] Appl.
a ligament extending from dia-
phragm to pericardium (anat.}.

PHY-

239

PHY-

phycochrome (fl'kokrom) n. [Gk.
phykos, seaweed ; chroma, colour.]
The colouring matter of blue-green
Algae (dot.).

phycocyanln (ffkosi'anin) n. [Gk.
phykos, seaweed ; kyanos, dark blue.]
The pigment of blue-green Algae
(bot.).

phycoerythrin (f I'koeVithrin) n. [Gk.
phykos, seaweed ; erythros, red.]
The colouring matter of red Algae
(bot.).

phycology (fikol'qjT) n. [Gk. phykos,
seaweed ; logos, discourse.] The
part of Botany dealing with Algae.

phycophaein (fi'kofe'm) n. [Gk.
phykos, seaweed ; phaios, dusky.]
The pigment of brown Algae (hot.}.

phycoxanthin (fl'kozan'thin) n. [Gk.
phykos, seaweed ; xanthos, yellow.]
The buff-coloured substance of
diatoms (bot.).

phylactocarp (filak'tokarp) n. [Gk.
phylaktikos, guard ing; karpos, fruit.]
A modification of the hydrocladium
in Hydromedusae for the protec-
tion of the gonophore (zool.).

phylepheblc (fi'lefe'bik) a. [Gk.
phylon, a race ; ephebeia, manhood.]
Appl. the adult stage in race
history (biol.).

phyletic (fllet'ik) a. [Gk. phylon,
race.] Pert, a phylum or race
(biol.).

phyllade (fil'ad) n. [Gk. phyllas,
foliage.] A reduced scale-like leaf

phyllary (fil'ari) n. [Gk. phyllon,
leaf.] One of the bracts of the in-
volucres of Compositae (dot.).

phyllidia (filid'ia) n. plu. [Gk.
phyllidion, a little leaf.] Four out-
growths from the side of the scolex
ofCestoidea; bothridia (zool.).

phyllobranchia (fil'obrang'kia) n.
[Gk. phyllon, .leaf ; brangchia, gills.]
A gill consisting of numbers of
lamellae or thin plates (zool.).

phyllocladium (fil'okla'dlum) n. [Gk.
phyllon, leaf; klados, sprout.] A
green flattened or rounded stem
functioning as a leaf, as in Cactus
(bot.).

phyllocyst (f il'osTst) n. [Gk. phyllon,
leaf; kystis, bladder.] The rudi-
mentary cavity of a hydrophyllium
or protective medusoid (zool.).

phyllode (ffl'od) n. [Gk. phyllon,
leaf ; eidos, resemblance.] A winged
petiole with flattened surfaces placed
laterally to the stem, functioning as
a leaf (bot.).

phyllody (fil'odi) n. [Gk. phyllon,
leaf; eidos, resemblance.] The
metamorphosis of an organ into a
foliage leaf (bot.).

phyllogenetlc (ffl'qjeneYik) a. [Gk.
phyllon, leaf; genesis, descent.]
Producing or developing leaves
(bot.).

phylloid (fil'oid) a. [Gk. phyllon,
leaf; eidos, resemblance.] Leaf-like.

phyllomania (fiToma'nia) n. [Gk.
phyllon, leaf; mania, madness.]
Abnormal leaf-production (bot.).

phyllomorphosis (fTl'omor'fosis) n.
[Gk. phyllon, leaf; morphe, form.]
Phyllody ; variation of leaves at
different seasons (bot.).

phyllophagous (filof'agus) a. [Gk.
phyllon, leaf; phagein, to eat.]
Feeding on leaves (zool.}.

phyllophore (fil'ofor) n. [Gk. phyllon,
leaf; pherein, to bear.] The ter-
minal bud or growing point of
palms.

phyllophorous (filof'orus) a. [Gk.
phyllon, leaf; pherein, to bear.]
Bearing or producing leaves (bot.).

phyllopode (fil'opod) n. [Gk. phyllon,
leaf ; pous, foot.] A sheathing leaf
of Isoetes (bot.).

phyllopodium (fll'opo'dium) n. [Gk.
phyllon, leaf; pous, foot.] The
axis of a leaf (bot.).

phyllopodous (filop'odus) a [Gk.
phyllon, leaf; pous, foot.] Having
leaf-like swimming-feet, as in Bran-
chiopods and Cladocera (zool.).

phylloptosis (fllopto'sis) n. [Gk.
phyllon, leaf; ptosis, a falling.]
The fall of the leaf (bot.).

phyllospondylous (fil'ospon'dilus) a.
[Gk. phyllon, leaf; sphondylos,
vertebra.] Appl. vertebrae con-
sisting of hypocentrum and neural
arch, both contributing to the
hollow transverse process, as in
Stegocephals (zool.).

phyllotaxis (fil'otak'sTs) n. [Gk.
phyllon, leaf; taxis, arrangement.]
The system of leaf-arrangement on
an axis or stem (bot.).

phylloxanthin, — see xauthophyll.

PHY-

240

PIA-

phyllozooid (fll'ozo'oid) n. [Gk.
phyllon, leaf; zoon, animal.] A
shield-shaped medusoid of pro-
tective function ; a hydrophyllium
of Hydromedusae (zool.).

phylogenesis, — phylogeny.
phylogenetic (fl'lqjengt'ik) a. [Gk.
phylon, race ; genesis, descent.]
Pert, race - history ; appl. repro-
ductive cells as opp. autogenetic or
body cells (biol.).

phylogeny (flloj'eni) n. [Gk. phylon,
race ; genesis, descent.] The
history of the development of a
species or race, as opp. ontogeny,
that of the individual {biol.}.

phylogerontic (fl'lqjgron'tlk) a. [Gk.
phylon, race ; geron, an old man.]
Appl. the decadent stage in race-
history (biol.).

phylon (fi'lon), phylum (fl'lum) n.
phyla (fTla) plu. [Gk. phylon, a
race or tribe.] A group of animals
or plants constructed on a similar
general plan ; a division in classifi-
cation (biol.).

phyloneanic (fi'lonean'ik) a. [Gk.
phylon, race ; neanikos, youthful.]
Appl. the youthful stage in race-
history (biol.').

phylonepionic (fl'longp'ionlk) a. [Gk.
phylon, race ; nepios, infant.] Appl.
the post-embryonic stage in race-
history (biol.).

physicist (fiz'isist) n. [Gk. physikos,
physical.] An upholder of the
theory that vital phenomena are
explicable on a physico-chemical
basis (biol.).

physiogeny (fiziqj'e'ni) n. [Gk. physis,
nature ; gene, production.] The
development of vital activities
(Haeckel).

physiological zero, — see zero.

physiology (ffz'iol'oji) n. [Gk. physis,
nature ; logos, discourse.] The
study of functions and activities of
organisms.

physoclistous (fi'soklls'tus) a. [Gk.
physa, bladder ; kleiein, to close.]
Having no channel connecting
swim-bladder and digestive tract,
as in most Teleosts (zool.).

physodes (fl'sodz) n. plu. [Gk. physa,
a bubble.] Spindles of phoro-
glucin contained in the plasmodium
of certain Sarcodina (zool.).

physostomous (fisos'tomus) a. [Gk.
physa, a bladder ; stoma, mouth.]
Having swim-bladder and digestive
tract connected throughout life by
the pneumatic duct, as in Ganoids
(zool.).

phytobiology (fl'tobloTqji) n. [Gk.
phyton, plant ; bios, life ; logos, dis-
course.] The life-history of plants.

phytochemistry (fftokem'istri) n.
[Gk. phyton, plant ; chymeia, an
infusion.] The chemistry of plant
life.

phylogenesis (fi'tojen'e'sis) n. [Gk.
phyton, plant ; genesis, descent.]
The development of plants.

phytogeography (fi'tojeog'rafi) n.
[Gk. phyton, plant ; ge, earth ;
graphein, to write.] Geographical
distribution of plants.

phytoid (fi'toid) a. [Gk. phyton,
plant ; eidos, resemblance.] Plant-
like.

phytology (fltol'djl) n. [Gk. phyton,
plant ; logos, discourse.] Botany.

phytoma (flto'ma) n. [Gk. phyton,
plant.] Vegetative plant-substance
(bot.).

phytomer (fl'tomer) n. [Gk. phyton,
plant ; meros, part.] A structural
unit of a plant ; a bud-bearing node
(bot.).

phytomorphic (fl'tomor'fik) a. [Gk.
phyton, plant ; morphe, form.] With
plant-like structure.

phyton (fl'ton) n. [Gk. phyton, plant.]
A rudimentary plant ; a phytomer
(bot.).

phytonomy (fiton'oml) n. \Gk.phyton,
plant ; nomos, law.] The laws of
origin and development of plants.

phytophagous (fitof'agus) a. [Gk.
phyton, plant ; phagein, to eat.]
Feeding on plants ; herbivorous
(zool.).

phytophilous (fltofilus) a. [Gk.
phyton, plant ; philos, loving.]
Plant-eating (zool.).

phytophysiology (fl'tofiz'iol'qji) n.
[Gk. phyton, plant ; physis, nature ;
logos, discourse.] Plant physiology,
a branch of Botany,
phytoplasm (fl'toplazm) n. [Gk.
phyton, plant ; plasma, something

• moulded.] The protoplasm of

plants (bot.).
pia mater (pe'a mat'eY, pl'a ina'ter) n.

PIG-

241

PIN

[L. pia mater, kind mother.] A
delicate highly vascular membrane
investing brain and spinal cord
(anat.).

pigment (pig'me'nt) n. [L. pingere,
to paint.] Colouring matter in
plants or animals.

pigment cell, — a chromatophore or
cell containing colouring matter
(dto!.).

pigmentation (plg'me'nta'shun) n. [L.
pingere, to paint.] Disposition of
colouring matter in an organ or
organism (dio!.).

pileate i (pll'ea'te'd) a. [L. pileus, a felt
cap.] Crested ; appl. Birds (zoo!.).

pileolated (pil'eola'tgd) a. [L. pileolus,
a small cap.] Furnished with a
small cap or caps.

pileolus (plle'olus) n. [L. pileolus, a
small cap.] A small pileus.

pileorhiza (pll'eori'za) n. [L. pileus,
a cap ; Gk. rhiza, root.] A root-
covering ; a root-cap (dot.).

pileum (pil'eum) n. [L. pileum, a
cap.] The top of the head region
of a bird.

pileus (pll'eus) n. [L. pileus, a felt
cap.] The umbrella-shaped struc-
ture of a mushroom (dot.), or of a
jelly-fish (zoo/.).

pilidium (pllid'ium) n. [Gk. pilidion,
a small cap.] The characteristic
helmet-shaped larva of Nemertines
(zoo!.).

pilifer (pil'Ifgr) n. [L. pilus, hair ;
ferre, to carry.] Part of the labrum
of Lepidoptera (zoo!.).

piliferous (pilif'grus) a. [L. pilus,
hair ; ferre, to carry.] Bearing or
producing hair (dto!.) ; appl. the
outermost layer of a root or epi-
blema which gives rise to root-
hairs (oof.).

pilose (pflos) a. [L. pilus, hair.]
Hairy.

pilus (pl'lus)«. [L. fli/us, hair.] One
of slender hair - like structures
covering some plants (oof.).

pinacocytes (pin'akoslts) n. plu. [Gk.
pinax, a tablet ; kytos, hollow.]
The flattened plate-like cells of the
dermal epithelium of Sponges
(zoo!.).

pincers, — prehensile claws, as of
lobster ; chelae of Insects ; cheli-
cerae of Arachnids (zoo!.).

pinealis (pine'alls) n. [L. pinea, a
pine-cone.] An upgrowth from the
roof of the midbrain of Vertebrates ;
the pineal body or gland or eye.

pinna (pln'a) n. [L. pinna, a feather.]
A leaflet of a pinnate leaf (do/.) ;
the outer ear ; a bird's feather or
wing ; a fish-fin (zoo!.).

pinnate (pin'at) a. [L. pinna, a
feather.] Divided in a feathery
manner; with lateral processes ; of
a compound leaf, having leaflets
on each side of an axis or midrib
(do/.).

pinnatifld (pinat'ifid) a. [L. pinna,
feather ; findere, to cleave.] Appl.
leaves lobed about half-way to the
midrib (fot.).

pinnatilobate (plnat'ilo'bat) a. [L.
pinna, feather ; Gk. lobos, a lobe.]
With leaves pinnately lobed (oof.).

pinnation (plna'shun) n. [L. pinna,
feather.] Pinnate condition (boi.\

pinnatipartite (plnat'Ipar'tlt) a. [L.
pinna, feather ; partitus, divided.]
With leaves lobed three-quarters of
the way to the midrib (oof.).

pinnatiped (pinat'ipgd) a. [L. pinna,
feather ; pes, foot.] Having lobed
feet, as certain Birds.

pinnatisect (ptnat'isekt) a. [L. pinna,
feather ; sectus, cut.] With leaves
lobed almost down to the base or
midrib (dot.).

pinnatodentate (plnat'odeVtat) a. [L.
pinna, feather ; dens, tooth.] Pin-
nate, with toothed lobes (dof.).

pinnatopectinate (pfnat'opeVtlnat) a.
[L. pinna, feather ; pecten, a comb.]
Pinnate, with pectinate lobes (dof.).

pinnlform (ptn'lform) a. [L. pinna,
feather; forma, shape.] Feather-
shaped or fin- shaped (dio!.).

pinninervate (pln'IneVvat) a. [L.
pinna, feather ; nervus, a sinew.]
With veins disposed like parts of a
feather (dof.).

pinnule (pln'ul) n. [L. pinna, feather.]
A secondary leaflet of a bipinnate
leaf (dot.) ; in Crinoids, one of the
side-branches, two rows of which
fringe the arms (zoo!.).

pinulus (ptn'ulus) n. [L. pinulus, a
small fir.] A spicule resembling a
fir-tree owing to the development
of numerous small spines from one
radial ray (zool.\

Q

PIS-

242

PLA-

piscicolous (pisik'olus) a. [L. piscis,
fish ; colere, to inhabit.] Living
within fishes, as certain parasites
(zool.).

pisciform (pis'iform) a. [L. piscis,
fish ; forma, shape.] Shaped like
a fish.

piscivorous (pisiv'orus) a. [L. piscis,
fish ; vorare, to devour!] Fish-
eating.

pisiform (pl'siform) a. [L. pisum, a
pea ; forma, shape.] Pea-shaped ;
appl. a carpal bone (zool.).
pisohamate (pi'soham'at) a. [L.
pisum, pea ; hamus, a hook.] Appl.
a ligament connecting pisiform and
hamate bones (anat.).
pisometacarpal (pl'somet'akar'pal) a.
[L. pisum, pea ; Gk. meta, beyond ;
L. carpus, wrist.] Appl. a ligament
connecting the pisiform bone with
the fifth metacarpal (anat.}.
pistil (pTs'tll) n. [L. pistillum, a
pestle.] The seed-bearing organ
of a flower, consisting of ovary and
stigma (bot.).

pistillate (pis'tilat) a. [L. pistillum,
a pestle.] Bearing pistils or female
reproductive organs (bot.).
pistillidium (pistilid'ium) n. [L.
pistillum, a pestle.] The female
sexual organ of Bryophytes,
Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms
(bot.).

pistillody (pis'tllodi) n. [L. pistillum,
a pestle ; Gk. eidos, resemblance.]
The conversion of any organ of a
flower into carpels (bot.).
pistillum (ptstil'um) n. [L. pistillum,
a pestle.] A mass of muscle in a
chitinous tube in the aurophore of
a medusoid colony (zool.).
pit (pit) n. [h..S.pyt, a pit.] A de-
pression formed in the course of
cell-wall thickening in plant tissue
(bot.} ; an embryonic olfactory
depression (smb.}.

pitcher (pit'sher) n. [L.L. picarium,
a beaker.] A modification of a leaf
for insect-catching purposes, as the
pitcher-shaped leaf of Nepenthes
(bot.}.

pith (pith) n. [A.S./z'Ma, pith.] The

medulla or central region of a

dicotyledonous stem (bot.).

pituitary (pitu'itari) a. [L. pituita,

phlegm.] Appl. a' body or hypo-

physis of the hypothalamus of the
brain (anat.).

pivot joint, — a trochoid joint, or one
in which the movement is limited
to rotation (phys.).

placenta (plasen'ta) n. [L. placenta,
a flat cake.] The ovule-bearing
part of the carpel (bot.) ; in eutherian
Mammals, a double vascular spongy
structure formed by interlocking of
foetal and maternal tissue in the
uterus, and in which maternal and
foetal blood are in close proximity,
allowing nutritive and respiratory
elements to pass from the former to
the latter by osmosis.

placental (plasen'tal) a. [L. placenta,
a flat cake.] Pert, a placenta or
similar structure ; appl. Mammals
which develop a placenta.

placentate (plasen'tat) a. {L. placenta,
a flat cake.] Having a placenta
developed (biol,).

placentation (plas'enta'shun) n. [L.
placenta, a flat cake.] The manner
in which seeds are attached to the
pericarp, whether axile, central,
marginal, or parietal (bot.).

placentiferous, placentigerous, — pla-
centate.

placochromatic (plak'okromat'ik) a.
[Gk. plax, a plate ; chroma, colour.]
With plate-arrangement of chrom-
atophores (cyt.).

placoid (plak'oid) a. [Gk. plax, a
plate ; eidos, resemblance.] Plate-
like ; appl. the hard scales or dermal
teeth on the external surface of
Elasmobranchs (zool.).

placula (plak'ula) n. \G\a.plax, plate.]
A flattened blastula with small
segmentation cavity, an embryonic
stage of Urochords (emb.).

plagiotropic (pla'jiotrop'ik) a. [Gk.
plagios, oblique ; trope, a turning.]
Obliquely inclined ; appl. roots and
branches (bot.).

plagiotropism (pla'jiot'rb'pizm) n.
[Gk. plagios, oblique ; trope, a
turning.] Tendency to incline
from the vertical line (bot.).

plagiotropous (pla'jiot'ropus) a. [Gk.
plagios, oblique ; trope, a turning.]
Obliquely inclined ; appl. the asym-
metrical polar cap of Rhombozoa
(zool.).

planiform (pla'niform) a. [L. planus,

PLA-

243

PLA-

level ; forma, shape.] With nearly
flat surface ; appl. certain articula-
tion surfaces.

plankton (plangk'tSn) n. [Gk.
plangktos, wandering.] The animal
and plant life floating through
water, including animals with weak
locomotory power (biol.}.

planoblast (plan'oblast) n. [Gk.
pianos, wandering ; blastos, bud.]
A free-swimming hydroid individual
(zool.}.

Planogamete (plan'ogainef) n. [Gk.
pianos, wandering; gamete, a
spouse.] A ciliated motile proto-
plast or microzoospore of Algae
(bot.}.

planont (plan'ont) n, [Gk. pianos,
wandering.] The initial amoebula-
stage of Neosporidia (zool.}.

planta (plan'ta) n. [L. planta, sole of
the foot.] The sole of the foot ;
the first tarsal joint of Insects.

plantar (plan' tar) a. [L. planta, sole
of the foot.] Pert, the sole of the
foot ; appl. arteries, ligaments,
muscles, nerves, veins (anat.}.

plantigrade (plan'tlgrad) a. [L.
planta, sole of the foot ; gradus, a
step.] Walking with the whole sole
of the foot touching the ground.

plantula (plan'tula) n. [L. plantula,
a small sole.] The empodium or
pulvillus of Insects (zool.}.

planula (plan'ula) n. [L. planus,
flat.] The ovoid young free-
swimming larva of Coelenterates
(zool.}.

planum (plan'um) n. [L. planus,
flat.] A plane or area ; appl. cer-
tain cranial bone surfaces (anat.}.

plasma (plaz'ma) n. [Gk. plasma,
something formed.] The "liquid
tissue " of body fluids through which
leucocytes and corpuscles are dis-
seminated ; protoplasm generally
(biol.}.

plasm a tic (plazmat'Ik) a. [Gk.
plasma, something formed.] Pert.
plasma ; protoplasmic (biol.}.

plasmatoparous (plaz'matop'arus) a.

Cik. plasma, something formed ;
parere, to beget.] Developing
a mycelium directly upon germina-
tion instead of zoospores, as the
grape mildew and other Plasmopara
(bot.}.

plasmocyte (plafmoslt) n. [Gk.

plasma, something formed ; kytos,

hollow.] A leucocyte (pkys.}.
plasmodial (plazmo'dlal) a. [Gk.

plasma, a mould ; eidos, form.]

Pert, a plasmodium.
plasmodiocarp (plazmo'dlokarp') n.

[Gk. plasma, a mould ; eidos, form ;

karpos, fruit] A modification of a

ilasmodium in some slime Moulds

plasmodium (plazmo'dlum) n. [Gk.
plasma, a mould ; eidos, form.] A
collection of amoeboid masses
without nuclear fusion ; the naked
protoplasm of Myxomycetes (biol.}.

plasmogamy , — plastogamy.

plasmolysis (plazmol'isis) n. [Gk.
plasma, a mould ; lysis, a loosing.]
The withdrawal of water from plant
protoplasm, causing contraction of
cell walls (bot }.

plasmosome (plaz'mosom) n. [Gk.
plasma, a mould ; soma, body.]
The true nucleolus ; cf. karyosome
(cyt.}.

plasmotomy (plazmot'oml) n. [Gk.
plasma, a mould ; tome, a cutting.]
Division of a plasmodium by cleav-
age into two or more multinucleate
parts (biol.}.

plasome (plas'om) n. [Gk. plasma, a
mould ; soma, body.] An ultimate
vital unit ; a biophore. See hypo-
thetical units.

plastic (plas'tik) a. [Gk. plastos,
formed.] Formative ; appl. sub-
stances used in forming or building
up tissues or organs ; appl. force
which gives matter definite form
(jhys).

plastid (plas'tid) n. [Gk. plastos,
formed.] A cell-body other than
nucleus or centrosome (cyt.}.

plastidogen organ, — the axial organ
of Echinoderms (zool.}.

plastidule (plas'tldul) n. [G\i-plastos,
formed.] The ultimate vital unit ;
a plasome or biophore. See hypo-
thetical units.

plastin (plas'tln) n. [Gk. plastos,
formed.] A substance found in the
reticulum of cells (cyt.}.

plastodynamia (plas'todlnam'ia) n.
[Gk. plastos, formed ; dynatnis,
power.] Plastic or formative force
(Phys.}.

PLA-

244

PLE-

plastogamy (plastog'ami) n. [Gk.
plastos, formed ; games, marriage.]
Union of distinct protozoan indi-
viduals with fusion of cytoplasm
but not of nuclei (zool.}.

plastral (plas'tral) a. [F. plastron, a
breast-plate.] Pert, a plastron.

plastron (plas'tron) n. [F. plastron,
a breast-plate.] The ventral bony
shield of Tortoises and Turtles ;
some other corresponding struc-
tures (zool.}.

plate (plat) n. [L. platus, flat.] A
flat, broad, plate-like structure or
surface ; a lamina, scale, disc, etc.

platydactyl (plat'idak'til) a. [Gk.
platys, flat ; daktylos, a finger.]
With flattened-out fingers and toes,
as certain tailless Amphibians
(zool.}.

platysma (platiz'ma) n. [Gk. platysma,
a flat piece.] A broad sheet of
muscle beneath the superficial fascia
of the neck (anat.}.

plectonephridia (plek'tonefrid'ia) n.
plu. [Gk.plektos, twisted ; nephros,
kidney.] Nephridia of diffuse type
formed of networks of fine excretory
tubules lying on the body-wall and
septa of certain Oligochaetes ;
plectonephria, nephridia (zool.}.

pleiocyclic (pll'osfk'llk) a. [Gk. pleion,
more ; kyklos, circle.] Living
through more than one cycle of
activity, as a perennial plant (bot.}.

pleiomerous (pliom'erus) a. [Gk.
pleion, more ; meros, part.] Having
more than the normal number of
parts, as of petals or sepals (bot.}.

pleiophyllous (plfoftTus) a. [Gk.
pleion, more ; phyllon, leaf.] Having
more than the normal number of
leaves or leaflets (bot.}.

pleiotaxy (pli'otak'si) n. [Gk. pleion,
more ; taxis, arrangement.] A
multiplication of whorls, as in
double flowers (bot.}.

pleomorphous (ple'6m6r'fus) a. [Gk.
pleon, more ; morphe, form.] Poly-
morphous ; having two or more
distinct forms occurring in one life-
cycle (biol.}.

pleon (ple'on) n. [Gk. pleein, to sail.]
The abdominal region of Crus-
taceans (zool.}.

pleopod (ple'opod) n. [Gk. pleein, to
sail ; pous, foot.] An abdominal

appendage or swimming -leg of
Crustaceans (zool.}.

plerocestoid (pler'oses'toid) n. [Gk.
pleros, full ; kestos, girdle ; eidos,
form.] A inetacestode, or sexless
encysted stage of a cestoid worm
(zool.}.

plerome (pleYom) n. [Gk. pleroma,
completion.] The core or central
part of an apical meristem (bot.}.

pleura (ploo/a) n. [Gk. pleura,_ a
side.] A serous membrane lining
the thoracic cavity and investing
the lung (anat.}.

pleural (ploor'al) a. [Gk. pleura, a
side.] Pert, a pleura or pleuron ;
as pleural ganglia (zool.}.

pleuralia (ploora'lia) n. plu. [Gk.
pleura, a side.] Defensive spicules
scattered over the general surface
of the body (zool.}.

pleurapophysis (ploor'apofisls) n,
[Gk. pleura, a side ; apo, from ;
physis, growth.] A lateral verte-
bral process or true rib (zool.}.

pleurite (ploor'lt) n. [Gk. pleura, a
side.] A pleuron.

pleurobranchiae (ploor'obrang'kie) n.
plu. [Gk. pleura, a side ; brangchia,
gills.] Pleurobranchs, or gills
springing from the lateral walls of
the thorax of certain Arthropods
(zool.}.

pleurocarpous(ploor'6kar'pus) a. [Gk.
pleura, a side ; karpos, fruit.] Appl.
Mosses with fructification on lateral
branches (bot.}.

pleurocentrum (ploor'osen'triim) n.
[Gk. pleura, a side ; L. centrum, a
centre.] A lateral element of the
centrum of many Fishes and fossil
Amphibians (zool.}.

pleurocerebral (ploor'6'seYebral) a.
[Gk. pleura, a side ; L. cerebrum,
brain.] Pert, pleural and cerebral
ganglia, in Molluscs (zool.}.

pleurodont (ploor'odont) a. [Gk.
pleura, side ; odous, tooth.] Having
teeth fixed by their sides to the
lateral surface of the jaw ridge, as
in some Lizards (zool.}.

pleuron (ploor'on) n., pleura (ploor'a),
plu. [Gk. pleuron, a side.] The
external lateral pieces of the body
segments of Arthropods ; the
lateral extensions of Crustacean
shells (zool.}.

PLE-

PNE-

pleuropedal (ploo/oped'al) a. [Gk.
pleura, a side ; L. pes, foot.] Pert.
pleural and pedal ganglia of
Molluscs (zoo/.),

pleuroperltoneum (ploor'opeV-
itone'um) n. [Gk. pleura, side ;
peri, round ; teinein, to stretch.]
Pleura and peritoneum combined,
the body-lining membrane of
animals without diaphragm (zoo/.).
pleuropodiuxn (ploor'opo'dmm) n.
[Gk. pleura, a side ; pous, foot.]
A lateral glandular process of the
abdomen of some Insects (zoo/.).
pleurosteon (plooros'teon) n. [Gk.
pleura, side ; osteon, bone.] The
lateral process of the sternum in
young Birds, afterwards the costal
process (zoo/.).

pleurotribe (ploor'otrib) a. [Gk.
pleura, side ; tribein, to rub.] Appl.
flowers whose anthers and stigma
are so placed as to rub the sides of
insects entering them, — a device
for securing cross-pollination (to/.).
pleurovisceral (ploor'ovis'e'ral) a.
[Gk. pleura, side ; L. viscera, in-
testines.] Pert, pleural and visceral
ganglia of Molluscs (zoo/.).
plexlform (pleVstform) a. [L. plexus,
interwoven ; forma, shape.] En-
tangled or complicated ; like a
network ; appl. layers of the retina
(ana/.).
plexifonn gland, — the axial organ of

Echinoderms (zoo/.).
plexus (pleVsus) n. [L. plexus, inter-
woven.] A network of interlacing
blood-vessels or nerves (ana/.).
plica (plfka) n. [L. plicare, to fold.]
A fold of skin or membrane (ana/.).
plicate (plik'at) a. [L. plicare, to
fold.] Folded like a fan, as a leaf
(to/.) ; folded or ridged (zoo/.).
pliciform (plis'iform) a. [L. plicare,
to fold ; forma, shape.] Resembling
a fold ; disposed in folds,
pluma (ploom'a) n. [L. pluma, a
feather.] A contour feather of birds.
plumage (ploom'aj) n. [L. pluma,
feather.] The entire covering of
feathers of a bird.

plumate (ploom'at) a. [L. pluma,
feather.] Plume-like in arrange-
ment.

plume (ploom) n. [L. pluma, feather.]
A feather, or feather-like structure.

plumicome (ploomlkom) n. [L.
pluma, feather ; coma, hair.] A
spicule with plume-like tufts (zoo/.).
plumicorn (ploom'IkSrn) n. [L.
pluma, feather ; cornu, horn.] A
horn-like tuft of feathers on a bird's
head.

plumigerous (ploomij'e'rus) a. [L.
pluma, feather ; gerere, to carry.]
Feathered.

plumiped (ploom'Tpe'd) n. [L. pluma,
feather ; pes, foot.] A bird with
feathered feet.

plumose (ploom'os) a. [L. pluma,
feather.] Feathery; having feathers;
feather-like ; appl. a type arrange-
ment of skeletal fibre in Sponges,
plumula, — a plumule,
plumulaceous, — plumulate.
plumulate (ploom'ulat) a. [L. plum-
ula, a small feather.] Downy ; with
a downy covering.

plumule (ploom'ul) n. [L. plumula,
a small feather.] A primary bud
which develops the primary axis of
a stem (to/.) ; the androconia of
numerous butterflies ; a down-
feather (zoo/.).

pluriaxial (ploor'iak'slal) a. [L. plus,
more ; axis, axle.] Having flowers
developed on secondary shoots
(to/.).

plurilocular (ploor'Ilfik'ular) a. [L.
plus, more ; loculus, a little place.]
Having two or more loculi.
pluripartite (ploor'ipar'tit) a. [L.
plus, more ; ftartitus, divided.]
With many divisions, lobes, or
partitions.

pluriserial (ploor'fse'rTal) a. [L. plus,
more ; series, a row.] Arranged in
two or more rows.

plurivalent (plooriv'alfint, ploor'Iva'-

iSnt) a. [L. plus, more ; valere, to be

worth.] Appl. a chromatin-rod with

more than one chromosome (cyt.).

pluteal (ploot'eal) a. [L. pluteus, a

shed.] Pert, a pluteus.
pluteus (ploot'eus) n. [L. jtluteus, a
shed.] The free-swimming larva
of Echinoids and Ophiuroids (zool.).
pneumatic (numat'lk) a. [Gk.pneuma,
air.] Appl. bones of birds pene-
trated by canals connected with
the respiratory system (zoo/.).
pneumaticity (numatlsTtf) n. [Gk.
pneuma, air.] State of having air

PNE-

246

POL-

cavities, as in the bones of flying
birds (zool.).

pneumatized (nu'matlzd) a. [Gk.
pneuma, air.] Furnished with air
cavities.

pneumatocyst (nu'matosTst) n. [Gk.
pneuma, air ; kystis, a bladder.]
The air-bladder or swim-bladder of
Fishes (zool^j.

pneuinatophore (nu'matofor) n. [Gk.
pneuma, air ; pherein, to bear.] The
air-sac or float of Siphonophores
(zool.} ; an air-bladder of marsh or
shore-plants (hot.).

pneumatopyle (nu'matopll) n. [Gk.
pneuma, air ; pyle, gate.] One of
the pores of a pneumatophore,
opening above to the exterior in
certain Siphonophores (zool.}.

pneumogastric (nu'mogas'trik) a.
[Gk. pneuma, air ; gaster, stomach.]
Appl. the tenth cranial nerve,
supplying heart, lungs, and viscera
(<z#a/.).

pneumotaxis (nu'motak'sis) n. [Gk.
pneuma, air ; taxis, arrangement.]
Reaction to the stimulation of
carbon dioxide in solution ; cf.
aerotaxy (phys.\

pod (pod) n. [M.E. pod, a bag.] A
superior, one-celled, one- or many-
seeded fruit of two valves ; a husk
(bot.\

podal (pS'dal) a. [Gk. pous, a foot.]
Pert, feet ; j>edal.

podeon (po'deSn) n. [Gk. pous, foot.]
The petiole or slender middle part
of the abdomen of Hymenoptera
uniting propodeon and metapodeon

podetiiform (pode'shnform) a. [Gk.

pous, foot ; L. forma, shape.] Re-

sembling a podetium (hot.).
podetium (pode'shium) n. [Gk. pous,

foot.] A stalk-like elevation from

the thallus of some Lichens (bot.\
podeum, — a podeon.
podex (po'dgks) n. [L. podex, rump.]

The region about the anus.
podlcal (pSd'ikal) a. [L. podex, rump.]

In the anal region ; appl. a pair of

small hard plates beside the anus

of Arthropods (zool.~).
podite (pod'It) n. [Gk. pous, foot.]

A Crustacean walking leg.
podium (po'dium) n. [Gk.pous, foot.]

A foot or footlike structure (biol.\

podobranchiae (p5dobrang'kle) n. plu.
[Gk. pous, foot ; brangchia, gills.]
Podobranchs or foot-gills, springing
from the coxopodites of the thoracic
appendages of certain Arthropods
(zool.}.

podocephalous (podokefalus, -s6f-)
a. [Gk. pous, foot ; kephale, head.]
Having a head of flowers on a long
stalk (&?/.)•

podoconus (pod'b'ko'nus) n. \G\a.pous,
foot ; konos, cone.] A conical mass
of endoplasm connecting the central
capsule with the disc of Sarcodina
(zool.}.

podocyst (pod'osist) n. [Gk. pous,
foot ; kystis, bladder.] A pedal
sinus or caudal vesicle in certain
Gasteropods (zool.}.

pododerm (pod'oderm) n. [Gk. pous,
foot ; derma, skin.] The dermal
layer of a hoof, within the horny
layer (zool^).

podogynium (pod'qjm'ium) n. [Gk.
pous, foot ; gyne, a female.] A stipe
supporting the gynoecium (dot.*).

podomere (pod'omer) n. [Gk. pous,
foot ; meros, part.] A limb segment
of Arthropods (zool.}.

podophthalmite (pod'ofthal'mlt) n.
[Gk. pous, foot ; ophthalmos, eye.]
In Crustaceans, the eyestalk seg-
ment farthest from the head (zool.~).

podotheca (pSd'othe'ka) n. [Gk.
pous, foot ; theke, a -box.] A foot
covering, as of Birds or Reptiles.

pogonion (pogo'nion) n. \G\a.pogonion,
little beard.] The most prominent
point of the chin as represented on
the mandible (anat.}.

poikilothennal (poik'ilothgr'mal) a.
[Gk. poikilos, various ; thermos,
heat.] Appl. cold-blooded animals,
or those whose temperature varies
with that of thesurroundingmedium;
cf. homolothermal (phys.\

poikilothermous, — poikilothermal.

poisers, — halteres, which see.

polar (po'lar) a. [Gk. polos, a pivot.]
In the region of the end of an
axis ; at a pole.

polar body, — one of two cells divided
off from the ovum during matura-
tion, before the germ-nuclei fuse

polar nuclei, — a nucleus remaining
at each end of an angiosperm em-

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247

POL-

bryo, which later form the second-
ary nucleus (dot.).

polar plates, — two narrow ciliated
areas produced in the transverse
plane, part of the equilibrium ap-
paratus of certain Coelenterates
(zool.\

polar rays, — astral rays, as opp.
spindle-fibres (cyt.).

polar rings, — two ring-shaped cyto-
plasmic masses near the ovum poles
formed after union of the germ-
nuclei (cyt.}.

polarity (polarTti) n. [Gk. polos, a
pivot.] The tendency of plants to
develop from the poles, roots
downwards, stems upwards (bot.) ;
the tendency of any ovum to place
itself with its axis corresponding
to that of the mother (emb.).

pole plates, — the end-plates or achro-
matic masses at the spindle poles
in Protozoa mitosis (cyt.\

Polian vesicles, — interradial vesicles
opening into the ring-vessel of the
ambulacral system of most Star-
fishes and Holothurians (zool.).

polioplasm (pol'Ioplazm) n. [Gk.
polios,gray ; plasma, form.] Spongio-
plasm.

pollen (pol'6n) n. [L. fallen, fine
flour.] The male fertilizing element
of seed plants (&?/.).

pollen tube, — a tubular process de-
veloped from pollen grains after
attachment to the stigma (hot.).

pollex (pol'gks) n. [L. pollex, thumb.]
The thumb, or innermost digit of
the normal five in the anterior
limb (zool.}.

pollination (pSl'fnashun) n. [L.
pollen, fine flour.] Fertilization in
flowers ; transference of pollen from
stigma to ovule (&>/.).

polliniferous (pSl'Inlfgrus) a. [L.
pollen, fine flour ; ferre, to carry.]
Pollen-bearing (dot.} ; adapted for
transferring pollen (zool.\

pollinium (polin'Ium) n. [L. pollen,
fine flour.] An agglutinated pollen
mass of Orchids and some other
plants (hot.}.

pollinodium (pol'ino'dlum) n. [L.
pollen, fine flour ; Gk. eidos, form.]
A club-shaped branch of mycelium,
the antheridium of certain Fungi
(hot.}.

pollinoid (pol'moid) n. [L. pollen,
fine flour ; Gk. eidos, form.] A
male gamete or spermatium (bot,\

polocytes (po'loslts) n. plu. [Gk.
polos, axis ; kytos, hollow.] Polar
bodies (cyt.).

polyadelphous (pol'iadeTfus) a. [Gk.
polys, many ; adelphos, brother.]
Having stamens united by filaments
into more than two bundles (&?/.).

polyandrous (pol'Ian'drus) a. [Gk.
polys, many; andros, male.] Having
twenty or more stamens (bot.).

polyandry (pSl'ian'drl) n. [Gk. polys,
many ; andros,* male.] Condition
of a female consorting with several
males ; as in some Fishes (biol.\

polyarch (p811ark) a. [Gk. polys,
many ; arche, beginning.] Appl.
a root having many xylem bundles
united to form a plate in wood
tissue (bot.).

polyaxon (pol'Iak'sSn) n. [Gk. polys,
many ; axis, an axis.] A type of
spicule laid down along numerous
axes (zool.}.

polycarp (pol'ikarp) n. [Gk. polys,
many ; karpos, fruit.] One of the
gonads of some Ascidians dis-
tributed over the inner surface of
the mantle (zool.}.

polycarpeUary (pdl'ikarpeTari) a.
[Gk. Polys, many ; karpos, fruit]
With compound gynoecmm (bot.).

polycarpic, — polycarpous.

polycarpous (pol'ikar'pus) a. [Gk.
polys, many ; karpos, fruit.] With
numerous carpels ; appl. perennials
(bot.\

polycercous (pSl'fseVkus) a. [Gk.
polys, many ; kerkos, tail.] Appl.
bladderworms developing several
cysts, each with a head (zool.).

polychasium (p8rika.'zium) n. [Gk.
polys, many ; chasis, division.]" A
cymose branch system when more
than two branches arise about the
same point (&?/.).

polycotyledon (pSl'lkotlle'don) ».
[Gk. Polys, many ; kotyledon, a
hollow vessel.] A plant with more
than two embryo lobes (&>/.).

polycotyledonary (pSl'ikStlle'donarl)
a. [Gk. polys, many ; kotyledon^
a hollow vessel.] Having the
placenta in many divisions or
cotyledons (zool.).

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248

POL-

polycotyledonous (pol'ikotile'donus)
a. [Gk. polys, many ; kotyledon,
a hollow vessel.] Having more
than two cotyledons or seed lobes,
as the fir embryo (bot.).

polycotyledony (pol'ikottle'doni) n.
[Gk. polys, many ; kotyledon, a
hollow vessel.] A great increase
in the number of cotyledons (hot.}.

polycrotism (polik'rotizm) n. [Gk.
polys, many ; krotos, a beating.]
Condition of having several second-
ary elevations in the pulse curve
(phys.).

polycyclic (pol'isik'lik) a. [Gk. polys,
many ; kyklos, a circle.] Having
many whorls or ring structures
(biol.).

polycystid (pol'ists'tid) a. [Gk. polys,
many ; kystis, a bladder.] Septate ;
partitioned off (biol.}.

polydactyllsm (pol'idak'tilizm) ».
\Gk.polys, many ; daktylos, a finger.]
Condition of having an excessive
number of fingers or toes (zool.).

polyembryony (pSl'igm'brloni) n.
[Gk. polys, many ; embryon, a
foetus.] Instance of a zygote
giving rise to more than one
embryo (bot.).

polyenergid (pol'ie'n'e'rjid) a. [Gk.
polys, many ; energos, active.]
Appl. nuclei with more than one
centriole (cyt.).

polygamous (polig'amus) a. [Gk.
polys, many ; gamos, union.] Bear-
ing male, female, and hermaph-
rodite flowers (bot.) ; consorting
with more than one mate (zool.}.

polygamy (polig'ami) n. [Gk. polys,
many ; gamos, union.] Condition
of having staminate, pistillate, and
hermaphrodite flowers upon the
same individual (bot.) ; condition
of having more than one mate at
a time (zool.}.

polygenetic (pol'ijenet'ik) a. [Gk.
polys, many ; genesis, descent.]
Derived from two sources ; sexually
produced (biol.}.

polygenic,— polygenetic.

polygoneutic (pol'igonu'tik) a. [Gk.
polys, many ; goneuein, to beget.]
Rearing more than one brood in a
season (zool.).

polygynoecial (pol'Ijine'shlal) a. [Gk.
polys, many ; gyne, woman ; oikos,

house.] Having multiple fruits
formed by united gynoecia (bot.}.

polygynous (polij'inus) a. [Gk. polys,
many ; gyne, female.] Consorting
with more than one female at a
time (zool} ; with many styles (bot.}.

polykaryon (pSl'ikar'Ion) n. [Gk.
polys, many ; karyon, nut.] A
polyenergid nucleus ; a nucleus
with more than one centriole (cyt.).

polymastigote (porimas'tlgot) a.

eik. polys, many ; mastix, whip.]
aving flagella arranged in a tuft
(zool.).

polymastlsm (pollmas'tlzm) n. [Gk.
polys, many ; mastos, breast.] Oc-
currence of more than the normal
number of mammae.

polymerisation (polimSrlzashun) n.
[Gk. polys, many ; meros, part.]
The uniting together of a number
of molecules in a liquid with
chemical combination (phys.).

polymerous (polim'e'rus) a. [Gk. polys,
many ; meros, part.] Consisting of
many parts or members (bot.).

polymorphism (pol'imor'fizm) n. [Gk.
polys, many ; morphe, form.] Oc-
currence of different forms of
individuals in the same species ;
occurrence of different forms, or
different forms of organs, in the
same individual at different periods
of life (biol.).

polymorphonuclear (pol'imor'fonu'-
klear) a. [Gk. polys, many ; morphe,
form ; L. nucleus, kernel.] Appl.
leucocytes with multipartite nuclei
connected by fine threads of
chromatin (cyt.).

polymorphous (pol'imor'fus) a. [Gk.
polys, many ; morphe, form.] As-
suming various forms or shapes
(biol.).

polynucleate (pol'inu'kleat) a. [Gk.
polys, many ; L. nucleus, kernel.]
Containing several or many nuclei
(cyt.).

polyp (pol'ip) n. [L. polypus, polyp.]
A simple Actinozoon, as a sea-
anemone ; a separate zooid of an
Actinozoan colony (zool.).

polyparium (pol'Ipa'rium) n. [L.
polypus, polyp.] The common base
and connecting tissue of a colony
of polyps (zool).

polypary, — a polyparium.

POL

249

POL-

polypetalous (pol'ipeYalus) a. [Gk.
Polys, many \petalon, leaf.] Having
separate, free, or distinct petals
(bot.}.

polyphagous (pollf'agus) a. [Gk.
polys, many ; phagein, to eat.]
Eating many and various kinds of
food ; of Sporozoa, passing different
phases of life-history in different
cells (biol.}.

polyphyletio (pSl'IflleVik) a. [Gk.
polys, many ; phylon, race.] Con-
vergent, as appl. a group ; com-
bining characteristics of more than
one ancestral type through in-
dependent acquisition, (biol.}.

polyphyllous (p81'ifil'us) a. [Gk.
Polys, many ; phyllon, leaf.] Many-
leaved (bot.}.

polyphyodont (p81'ifl'6dont) a. [Gk.
pofyphyes, manifold ; odous, tooth.]
Having many successive sets of
teeth.

polypide (pol'fpld) n. [L. polypus, a
polyp.] An individual or person
of a zooid colony (zoo/.}.

polypite, — a polypide.

polyplastic (pol'iplas'tlk) a. [Gk.
Polys, many ; plastos, formed.] Cap-
able of assuming many forms (biol.}.

polypod (p51'tp8d) a. [Gk. polys,
many ; POUS, foot.] Furnished
with many feet or legs.

polypoid (poHpoid) a. [L. polypus,
polyp ; Gk. eidos, form.] Polyp-
like.

polyprotodont (pSl'Ipro'todont) a.
[Gk. Polys, many ; protos, first ;
odous, tooth.] With four or five
incisors on each side of the upper
jaw, and one or two fewer on the
lower — as in the Tasmanian Devil
(zool.}.

polyrhizal (pSl'iri'zal) a. [Gk. polys,
many ; rhiza, root.] With many
roots or rootlets (dot.}.

polysepalous (pSl'Isep'alus) a. [Gk.
polys, many ; sepalon, a sepal.]
Having free or distinct sepals (dot.}.

polyslphonic (pol'isiffin'lk) a. [Gk.
Polys, many ; siphon, a tube.] Appl.
a hydromedusa stem consisting of
several hydrocauli bound together

(•«*),

polysomitic (poTlsomlt'lk) a. [Gk.
Polys, many ; soma, body ; temnein,
to cut.] Having many body-

segments ; formed from fusion of
the primitive body segments (zool.}.

polyspermous (pol'ispeYmus) a. [Gk.
polys, many ; sperma, seed.] Having
many seeds (bot.}.

polyspenny (poTispeYml) n. [Gk.
polys, many ; sperma, seed.] Entry
of several sperms into one ovum
(biol.}.

polysporous (poTlspo'rus) a. [Gk.
polys, many ; sporos, seed.] Many-
seeded ; many-spored (bot.}.

polystachyous (pSl'IstakKus) a. [Gk.
polys, many ; stachys, an ear of
corn.] With numerous spikes (bot.}.

polystelic (pol'isteTlk) a. [Gk. polys,
many ; stele, a post.] With several
steles (bot.}.

polystely (p5ttste'H) n. [Gk. polys,
many ; stele, a post.] Arrange-
ment of axial vascular tissue in
several steles, each containing
more than one vascular bundle
(bot.}.

polystemonous (pfil'Istgrn'onus) a.
[Gk. polys, many; stemon, a warp.]
Having the stamens more than
double the number of petals or
sepals (bot.}.

polystichous (pSl'Istlk'us) a. [Gk.
polys, many ; stichos, a row.]
Arranged in numerous rows or
series.

polystomatous (pSftstSm'atus) a.
[Gk. Polys, many ; stoma, mouth.]
Having many pores, mouths, or
openings; many-mouthed, as Disco-
medusae and Sponges (zool.}.

polystomium (pfil'isto'mium) n. [Gk.
polys, many ; stoma, mouth.] A
suctorial mouth of Discomedusae
(zool.}.

polystylar (pSl'Istflar) a. [Gk. polys,
many ; stylos, pillar.] Many-
styled (bot.}.

polysymmetrlcal (pSl'IsImeYrikal) a.
[Gk. polys, many ; syn, with ; metron,
measure.] Divisible through several
planes into bilaterally symmetrical
portions (boi.}.

polythalamous (pollthal'Smus) a.
[Gk. polys, many ; thalatnos, a
chamber.] Aggregate or collective,
as appl. fruits (bot.} ; appl. shells
made up of many chambers formed
successively (zool.}.

polythely (pol'fthe'lT) n. [Gk. polys,

POL-

250

POS-

many ; thele, a nipple.] Poly-
mastism.

polytocous (polit'okus) a. [Gk. polys,
many ; tokos, offspring.] Prolific.

polytomous (p81it'6mus) a. [Gk.
polys, many ; tome, a cutting.]
Having more than two secondary
branches (bot.).

polytrichous (pol'itrik'us) a. [Gk.
polys, many ; thrix, hair.] Having
the body covered with an even
coat of cilia, as certain Infusorians
(zool.).

polytrochal (pol'itro'kal, pollt'rokal) a.
[Gk, polys, many ; trochos, wheel.]
Having several circlets of cilia
between mouth and posterior end,
as in certain Annulates (zool.).

polytrochous, — polytrochal.

polytrophic (pol'itrofik) a. [Gk.
polys, many ; trophe, nourishment.]
Nourished by more than one organ-
ism or substance (biol.).

polyzoarium (p51'iz6a'riurn) n. [Gk.
polys, many ; zoon, animal.] The
skeletal system of a Polyzoan
colony ; the colony itself (zool.).

polyzoic (pol'izo'ik) a. [Gk. polys,;,
many ; zoon, animal.] Appl. a
colony of many zooids ; appl. a spore /
containing many sporozoites (zool-.). '

pome (pom) n. [L. pomum, apple.]
An inferior, indehiscent, two or
more celled fleshy fruit (bot.).

pomum Adami, — the prominent ridge
of the thyroid cartilage in the front
of the neck, more pronounced in
males (anat.).

pons (ponz) n. [L. pans, bridge.] A
structure connecting two parts, as
the pons Varolii of the cerebellum
(anat.).

pontal, pontic, pontile, pontlne, —
pert, a pons or the pons Varolii
(anat.).

ponticulus (p5ntik'ulus) n. [L. ponti-
culus, a small bridge.] A vertical
ridge on the auricular cartilage
(anat.).

popliteal (pSplIt'eal, pop'lite'al) a.
[L. poples, the ham.] Pert, the
region behind and above the knee-
joint ; appl. artery, glands, nerve,
vein, muscle (anat.).

pore (por) n. [Gk. poros, channel.]
A minute opening or interstice, as
of the skin, of a stone.

porlcidal (po'risi'dal) a. [Gk. poros,
channel ; L. caedere, to cut.] De-
hiscing by valves or pores, as the
poppy order (bot.').

poriferous (porif'grus) a. [Gk. poros,
channel ; L. ferre, to bear.] Fur-
nished with numerous openings or
pores.

poriform (po'riform) a. [Gk. poros,
channel ; L. forma, shape.] Re-
sembling a pore.

porocyte (po'roslt) n. [Gk. poros,
channel ; kytos, hollow.] A per-
forated cell of Porifera (zool.).

porogam (po'rogam) n. [Gk. poros,
channel ; gamos, union.] A plant
whose pollen-tube enters the ovule
by the micropyle ; opp. chalazogam
(bot.).

porogamy (porog'a.mi) n. \Gk. poros,
channel ; gamos, union.] Entrance
of a pollen-tube into the ovule by
the micropyle to secure fertilization
(bot.).

porophyllous (po'rofil'us) a. [Gk.
poros, channel ; phyllon, leaf.]
Appl. leaves with numerous trans-
^ parent spots (bot.).

porta (por^ta) n. [L. porta, a gate.]
A gate-like structure, as the trans-
verse fissure of the liver (anat.).

portal (portal) a. [L. porta, gate.]
Appl. a system of veins draining
the abdominal part of the alimentary
canal, spleen, pancreas, and gall-
bladder (anat.).

portio (po/tio, por'shio) n. [L.portio,
portion.] A part or portion of a
nerve, blood-vessel, etc. (anat.).

postabdomen (post'a.bdo'me'n) n. [L.
post, after ; abdomen, belly.] In
Scorpions, themetasoma or posterior
narrower five segments of the
abdomen (zool.).

postanal (pSsta'nal) a. [L. post, after ;
anus, vent.] Situated behind the
anus (zool.).

postaxial (postak'slal) a. [L. post,
after ; 'axis, axle.] On the posterior
side of the axis ; as on the fibular
side of the leg (anat.).

postbranchial (postbrang'kial) a. [L.
post, after ; Gk. brangchia, gills.]
Behind the gill-clefts ; appl. a
structure arising in the pharynx
(zool.).

postcardinal (postkar'dinal) a. [L.

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251

POS-

post, after ; Gk. kardia, heart.]
Behind the region of the heart ;
appl. a dorsal vein (anat.}.

postcava (postka'va) n. [L. post,
after ; cavus, hollow.] The inferior
or dorsal vena cava of vertebrates
above fishes ; the postcaval vein
(sool.).

postcentral (postsgn'tral) a. [L. post,
after ; centrum, centre.] Behind
the central region ; appl. a cerebral
sulcus (anat.}.

postcentrum (postsSn'trum) n. [L.
post, after ; centrum, centre.] The
posterior part of the vertebral
centrum of certain vertebrates
.(zool.}.

postclavicle (postkl&v'ikl) n. [L.
post, after ; claviculum, a small
key.] A membrane bone occurring
in the shoulder girdle of some
higher Ganoids and Teleosts (zool.}.

postclitellian (post'kliteTian) a. [L.
post, after ; clitellae, a pack-saddle.]
Situated behind the clitellum
(zool.}.

postcllval (postkllVal) a. [L. post,
after ; clivus, a hill.] Appl.
fissure behind the clivus oflti
cerebellum (ana&.

postclypeus (po^tklip'eus) n.
post, after ; cfypeus, shiel
posterior part of the cly
Insect (zool.}.

postdicrotic (post'dlkrSt'ik) a. [L.
Post, after ; Gk. dis, twice ; krotein,
to beat.] Appl. a secondary wave
of a pulse, or that succeeding the
dicrotic (phys.}.

postembryonic (post'e'mbrTSn'flc) a.
[L. post, after ; Gk. embryon, a
foetus.] Pert, the age succeeding
the embryonic (biol.}.

posterior (poste'rlor) a. [L. posterior,
later.] Situated behind or dorsally ;
behind the axis ; superior or next
the axis (bot.).

posterolateral (pos'tgrolat'eral) a.
[L. posterior, later ; latus, side.]
Placed posteriorly and towards the
side ; appl. arteries (anat.).

posteromedlal (pos'tfirome'dt&l) a.
[L. posterior, later ; medius, middle.]
Placed posteriorly and medianly ;
appl. arteries (anat.}.

postfrontal (postfrun'tal) a. [L. post,
after ; frons, forehead.] Appl. a

bone occurring behind the orbit of
some vertebrates, articulating with
the frontal (zool.).

postfurca (postfurTca) n. [L. post,
after ; furca, fork.] A posterior
sternal furca of an Insect (zool.).

postganglionic (post'gang'gllfin'ik) a.
[L. post, after ; Gk. gangglion,
tumour.] Appl. fibres that leave
the ganglion ; cf. preganglionic
(anat.).

postglenoid (postgle'noid) a. [L.
post, after ; Gk. glene, socket.]
Behind the glenoid fossa ; appl.
a small process (anat.).

posthepatic (post'hepat'ik) a. [L.
post, after ; hepar, liver.] Appl.
the latter part of the alimentary
canal, that from the liver to the
end (emb.).

posticous (pos'tlkus) a. [L. posticus,
behind.] On the outer or posterior
surface ; extrorse (biol.).

postminimus (postmm'imus) n. [L.
post, after ; minimus, smallest.] A
rudimentary additional digit oc-
i--Ji occasionally in Amphibia

«• [L-

rer ; nodulus, a small knot.]
a cerebellar fissure between
lule and uvula (anat.).

postorbltal (posto/bltil) a. [L. post,
after ; orbis, circle.] Behind the
orbit ; appl. a bone forming part
of the posterior wall of the orbit
(zool.).

postotic (postotlk) a. [L. post, after ;
Gk. ous, ear.] Behind the ear ;
appl. a system of nerves (anat.).

postparletal (post'parfgtal) a. [L.
post, after ; paries, wall.] Appl.
paired bones sometimes occurring
between parietals and interparietals
(zool.).

postpatagium (post'pata'jtum) n. [L.
post, after ; patagiutn, border.] In
Birds, a small fold of skin extending
postaxially between upper arm and
trunk (zool.).

postpermanent (postpSr'manfint) a.
[L. post, after ; permanens, remain-
ing.] Appl. traces of a dentition
succeeding the permanent in man.

postpubic (postpu'blk) a. [L. post,
after ; pubis, mature.] At the
posterior end of the pubis ; appl.

POS-

252

PRA-

processes of the pubis parallel to
the ischium (zool.}.

postpyramidal (post'piram'Tdal) a.
[L. post, after ; pyramis, pyramid.]
Behind the pyramid ; appl. a cere-
bellar fissure (anat.}.

postscutellum (post'skuteTum) n.
[L. post, after ; scutellum, a small
shield.] A projection under the
mesoscutellar lobe of Insects, the
base of the mesophragma (zool.}.

postsphenoid (postsfe'noid) n. [L.
Post, after ; Gk. sphen, wedge.] The
posterior part of the sphenoid
(emb.}.

post-temporal (post-tSm'poral) a. [L.
post, after ; temporalis, temporary.]
Behind the temporal bone ; appl.
bone and fossa (anat.}.

post-trematic (p5st-tremat'lk) a. [L.
post, after ; Gk. trema, a hole.]
Appl. nerves running in the
posterior wall of the first gill cleft
to the pharynx (zool.}.

postzygapophysis (post'zlg&pof'isis) n.
[L. post, after ; Gk. zygon, yoke ;
apo, from ; physis, growth.] An
articular process on the posterior
face of the neural arch for articula-
tion with the succeeding vertebra
(anat.}.

potential (potgn'sh&l) a. [L. potens,
powerful.] Latent, as appl. char-
acteristics (biol.}.

pouch (powch) n. [O.Y.pouche, bag.]
A bag-like structure ; a sac or
bladder, as the pharyngeal pouches
(emb.} ; a marsupial pouch (zool.} •
a pod (bot.}.

powder-down feathers, — those which
do not develop beyond the early
stage, and which disintegrate at
the tip into powder (zool.}.

praeabdomen (pra'-, pre'abdo'mgn) n.
[L. prae, before ; abdomen, belly.]
The anterior, broader part of the
abdomen of Scorpions (zool.}.

praeauricular (pra'-, pre'orik'ular) a.
[L. prae, before ; auricula, a small
ear.] Appl. a sulcus at the anterior
part of the auricular surface of the
hip-bone (anat.}.

praeaxial (pra-, preak'sial) a. [L.
prae, before ; axis, axle.] On the
anterior border or surface.

praecentrum (pra-, presen'trum) n.
[L. prae, before ; centrum, centre.]

The anterior part of the vertebral
centrum of certain lower vertebrates
(zool.}.

praecoces (pra-, preko'sez) n. phi.
[L. prae, before ; coquere, to cook.]
Newly-hatched birds able to take
care of themselves ; cf. altrices
(zool.}.

praecostal (pra-, prekos'tal) a. [L.
prae, before ; costa, rib.] Appl.
short spurs on the basal portion of
the hind wing of Lepidoptera (zool.}.

praecmral (pra-, prekroor'al) a. [L.
prae, before ; crus, leg.] On the
anterior side of leg or thigh (anat.}.

praecuneus (pra-, preku'neus) n. [L.
prae, before ; cuneus, wedge.] The
quadrate lobe of the cerebrum
(anat.}.

praemaxilla (pra'-, pre'maksil'a) n.
[L. prae, before ; maxilla, jaw.]
The anterior portion of the upper
jaw ; the os incisivum (anat.}.

praemorse (pra'-, pre'mors) a. [L.
praemorsus, bitten off.] With
irregular and abrupt termination,
as if bitten off (bot.}.

praeoccipital (pra'-, pre'oksip'Ttal) a.
[L. prae, before ; occiput,, back of
the head.] Appl. an indentation
or notch anterior to the occipital
pole of the cerebral hemispheres
(anat.}.

praeoral (pra-, preo'ral) a. [L. prae,
before ; os, mouth.] Pert, the part
of the body of a larva anterior to
the mouth ; appl. process, loop,
lobe, ciliated rings (zool.}.

praepubic (pra-, prepu'bik) a. [L.
prae, before ; pubes, mature.] On
the anterior part of the pubis :
appl. the elongated processes of
the pubis of certain vertebrates
(zool.}.

praepuce (pra'-, pre'pus) n. [L. prae-
putium, the foreskin.] That part
of the integument of the penis
which leaves the surface at the
neck and becomes folded upon
itself; the foreskin.

praeputial (pra-, prepu'shtal) a. [L.
praeputium, the foreskin.] Pert.
the praepuce ; appl. glands, sac
(anat.}.

praeputium, — the praepuce.

praescutum (pra-, presku'tum) n.
[L. prae, before ; scutum, shield.]

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253

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The anterior part of the notum of
an insect thoracic ring (zool.}.

praesphenoid (pra-, presfe'noid) n.
[L. prae, before ; Gk. sphen, wedge.]
The anterior part of the sphenoid
(0M*).

praesternal (pra-, presteYnal) a. [L.
prae, before ; sternum, breast-bone.]
Appl. the jugular notch, on the
superior border of the sternum
(anat.).

preaxlal (preak'slal) a. [L. prae,
before ; axis, axle.] In front of
the axis.

precava (preka'va) n. \L..prae, before ;
cavus, hollow.] The anterior vena
cava ; the precaval vein (zool.).

precentral (presen'tral) a. [L. prae,
before ; centrum, centre.] An-
teriorly to the centre ; appl. a
sulcus parallel to the central sulcus
of the cerebrum (anat.~).

prechordal (prekor'dal) a, [L. prae,
before ; Gk. chorde, a cord.] An-
teriorly to the notochord or spinal
cord ; appl. part of the base of the
skull (emb.\

precipitin (preslp'ltln) n. \L.praeceps,
headlong.] A precipitate developed
in blood serum (phys.).

preclival (preklfval) a. [L. prae,
before ; clivus, hill.] Appl. a
fissure in front of the clivus of the
cerebellum (anat.~).

precoracoid (prekor'akoid) «. [L.
prae, before ; Gk. korax, crow.]
An anterior ventral bone of the
pectoral girdle of higher vertebrates
(zool.}.

predelineation (pre'dellnea'shun) n.
[L. prae, before ; de, down ; linea,
a line.] Formation and individual-
ization of the various physiological
molecules in definite areas and
substances of the undevelopedegg, —
the theory of germinal localization
(biol.}.

predentary (predSn'tarl) «. [L. prae,
before ; dens, tooth.] A bone at
the tip of the jaw of many Dinosaurs
(Pal.}.

preepistome (prefip'istom) n. [L.prae,
before ; Gk. epi, upon ; stoma,
mouth.] A plate covering the
basal portion of the epistome of
certain Arachnids (zool.}.

prefloration (pre'flora'shun) «. [L.

prae, before ; flos, flower.] The
arrangement of floral leaves in a
flower-bud (hot.}.

prefollation (pre'folia'shun) n. [L.
prae, before ; folium, leaf.] The
arrangement of foliage leaves in
the bud stage (hot. ).

preformatlon theory, — the theory of
evolution according to which it
was supposed that each ovum of
an animal contained a miniature
adult, and that nourishment only
was required to develop it into the
perfect form (dial.).

prefrontal (prefrun'tal) a. [L. prae,
before ; frons, forehead.] Appl. a
bone anterior to the frontal bone
of certain vertebrates ; appl. paired
plates or scales anterior to the
frontal scale in some Reptiles (zool.}.

preganglionic (pregang'glion'ik) a.
[L. prae, before ; Gk. gangglion, a
tumour.] Appl. the (usually)
medullated fibres from the spinal
cord to the sympathetic cell station
(anat.).

preglobultn (preglSb'ulIn) n. [L.
prae, before ; globulus, a small
globe.] A compound proteid of
white blood corpuscles (phys.}.

prehallux (prehal'uks) n. [L. prae,
before ; hallex, the great toe?] A
rudimentary additional digit on the
hind limb, in some Amphibia and
Mammals (zool.\

prehalteres (prehal'tgrez) n. plu. [L.
prae, before ; Gk. halter, a weight.]
The squamae of Diptera (zool.}.

prehaustorium (pre'hosto'rium) n. [L.
prae, before ; haurire, to drink.]
A rudimentary root-like sucker
(**).

prehensile (prehgn'sil) a. [L. pre-
Jiendere, to seize.] Adapted for
catching hold, as a suctorial
tentacle (zool.}.

prehepatic (pre'he"pat'lk) a. [L. prae,
before ; hepar, liver.] Appl. that
part of the digestive tract anterior
to the liver (emb.\

prelacteal (prelak'teal) a. [L. prae,
before ; lac, milk.] Pert, a denti-
tion which may occur previous to
the milk dentition (emb.\

prelocallzation (prelo'kaliza'shun) n.
[L. prae, before ; locus, place.]
The theory that certain portions of

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254

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the ovum are predestined to develop
into certain organs or parts (dial.).

premaxilla (pre'maksil'a) n. [L.
prize, before ; maxilla, jaw.] A
paired bone anterior to the maxilla
in most vertebrates (zool.).

premaxillary (pre'maksil'ari) a. [L.
prae, before ; maxilla, jaw.] An-
terior to the maxillae ; pert, the
premaxilla (zoo/.).

premedian (preme'dlan) a. [L. prae,
before ; medius, middle.] Anterior
to the middle of a body or part ;
appl. a vein in front of the median
vein of certain insect wings (zoo!.).

premolar (premo'lar) a. [L. prae,
before ; mola, mill.] Appl. the
teeth developed between canines
and molars, the bicuspid teeth
(zoo!.).

prenasal (prena'zal) a. [L. prae,
before ; nasus, nose.] A bone
developed in the septum in front
of the mesethmoid in certain
Mammals (zoo/.).

preocular (preSk'iilar) a. [L. prae,
before ; oculus, eye.] In front of
the eye ; as antennae, scales (zool.).

preopercle, — preoperculum.

preoperculum (pre'oper'kulum) n.
[L. prae, before ; operculum, cover.]
The anterior membrane bone of
the operculum or gill-cover (zool.).

preoral (preo'ral) a. [L.prae, before ;
os, mouth.] Situated in front of
the mouth ; appl. cilia, etc. (zool.}.

preorbital (preor'bital) a. [L. prae,
before ; orbis, circle.] Anterior to
the orbit ; appl. a membrane bone
of Teleosts (zool.}.

prepatagium (prepata'jium) n. [L.
prae, before ; patagium, border.]
The alar membrane, or fold of
skin extending between upper arm
and forearm of Birds (zool.).

preplacental (pre'plasgn'tal) a. [L.
prae, before ; placenta, a flat cake.]
Occurring before placenta forma-
tion or development (emb.).

prepollex (prepol'gks) n. [L. prae,
before ; pollex, thumb.] A rudi-
mentary additional digit occurring
sometimes preaxially to the thumb
digit of certain Amphibians and
Mammals (zool.}.

prepotency (prepo'tgnst) n. [L. prae,
before ; potens, powerful.] The

fertilization of a flower by pollen
from another flower in preference
to pollen from its own stamens,
when both are offered simultane-
ously (dot.) ; capacity of one parent
to transmit more characteristics to
the offspring than the other parent
(blol.).

prepotent (prepo'tent) a. [L. prae,
before ; potens, powerful.] Trans-
mitting the majority of character-
istics (&#/.) ; appl. a flower exhibiting
a preference for cross-pollination
(bot.).

prepubis (prepu'bis) n. [L. prae,
before ; pubes, mature.] Part of
the pelvic girdle of certain Reptiles,
anterior to the pubis (zool.).

prepyramidal (pre'piram'idal) a. [L.
prae, before ; pyramis, pyramid.]
In front of the pyramid ; appl. a
cerebellar fissure (anat.).

presphenoid (presfe'noid) n. [L.
prae, before ; Gk. sphen, wedge.]
In many vertebrates, a cranial bone
anterior to the basisphenoid (zool.).

pressor (prgs'or) a. [L. pressare, to
press.] Appl. nerve-fibres which,
when stimulated, cause a rise of
arterial pressure (phys.).

pressure (presh'iir) n. [L. pressare,
to press.] Tension in plant tissue
caused by the turgidity of the cells
(dot.).

presternal (prester'nal) a. [L. prae,
before ; sternum, breast - bone.]
Situated in front of the sternum or
breast-bone ; pert, the anterior part
of the sternum (zool.).

presternum (prester'num) n. [L.
prae, before ; sternum, breast-bone.]
The manubrium, or anterior part of
a sternum (zool.).

pretrematic (pre'tremat'ik) a. [L.
prae, before ; Gk. trema, hole.]
Appl. nerves running in the anterior
wall of the first gill cleft to the
pharynx (zool.}.

prevertebral (preveYtgbral) a. [L.
prae, before ; -vertebra, a vertebra.]
Pert, or situated in the region in
front of the vertebral column ; appl.
a portion of the base of the skull
(emb.) \ appl. ganglia of the sympa-
thetic system (zool.).

prezygapophysis (prezl'gapofiisTs) n.
[L. prae, before ; Gk. zygon, yoke ;

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255

PRO-

apo, from ; physis, growth.] A
process on the anterior face of the
neural arch for articulation with
the vertebra in front (anat.).

prickle (prik'l) n. [A.S. prica, a
point.] A pointed process arising
through epidermal tissue (bot.).

prickle cells, — cells of the deeper
layers of stratified squamous
epithelium : they have short,
fine, marginal, connecting fibrils
(anat.).

primary (prl'mari) a. [L. primus,
first.] First ; principal ; original ;
appl. axis, feathers, meristem, root,
wood (biol.).

primaxil (primak'sil) n. [L. primus,
first ; axilla, armpit.] The first
axillary arm of a Crinoid (zool.).

primibrachs (pri'mibraks) n.plu. [L.
primus, first ; brachia, arms.] In
Crinoids, all brachials up to and
including the first axillary (zool.).

primine Qpri'min) n. [L. primus,
first] The external integument
of an ovule ; occasionally appl. the
first-formed or internal coat (bot.).

primite (prim'it) n. [L. primus, first.]
The first of any pair of individuals
.of a catenoid colony in the pseudo-
conjugation of Gregarinida, in
which the protomerite of one (the
satellite) becomes attached to the
deutomerite of another (the primite)
(zool.).

primitive (prim'itiv) a. [L.primitivus,
early.] Of earliest origin ; appl.
groove, knot, streak, aorta, palate,
ventricle (emb.).

primordial (prlmdr'dial) a. [L. prim-
ordium, a beginning.] Primitive ;
original ; first commenced ; appl.
ova (emb.), cell, utricle (hot.).

primordium (primor'dmm) n. [L.
primordium, a beginning.] Original
form ; a structure when first in-
dicating assumption of form ;
anlage (emb).

priodont (prfodont) a. [Gk. prion,
saw ; odous, tooth.] Saw-toothed ;
appl. stag-beetles with smallest
development of mandible projec-
tions (zool.).

prismatic (prizmat'lk) a. [L. prisma,
prism.] Like a prism ; appl. leaves
(bot.) ; consisting of prisms, as the
prismatic layer of shells (zool.}.

proamnion (proam'nlon) n. [Gk.
pro, before ; amnion, a vessel for
receiving blood.] An area of blasto-
derm in front of the head of early
embryos of higher vertebrates
(emb).

proangiosperm (proan'jIospSrm) n.
[Gk. pro, for ; anggeion, vessel ;
sperma, seed.] A fossil type of
angiosperm (bot.).

proatlas (proat'las) n. [Gk. pro,
before ; Atlas.'] A median bone
intercalated between atlas and
skull in certain Reptiles (zool.).

proboscidiform (pro'bosid'iform) a.
[Gk. proboskis, trunk ; L. forma,
shape.] Proboscis-like ; appl. In-
fusorians with tentacles on a pro-
boscis-like process (zool.}.

proboscis (probos'Is) n. \Gk. proboskis,
trunk.] A trunk-like process of
the head, as of Insects, Annelids,
Nemerteans, Elephants (zool.}.

procambial strand,— a longitudinal
strand of elongated cells near the
periphery of the plerome of a
vascular bundle ; a desmogen
strand (dot.).

procambium (prokam'blum) n. [L.
pro, before ; L.L. cambium, nutri-
ment.] The tissue from which
vascular bundles are developed
(bot.).

procarp (pro'karp) «. [Gk. pro, for ;
karpos, fruit.] The female organ
of red Seaweeds, a one or more
celled structure containing no differ-
entiated oosphere (bot.).

process (pro'sgs) n. [L. pro, forth ;
cedere, to go.] An outgrowth, pro-
longation, projection, or eminence
of any structure.

processus, — a process.

prochorion (proko'riSn) n. [Gk. pro,
before ; chorion, skin.] An envelop-
ing structure of the blastodermic
vesicle preceding formation of a
chorion (emb.).

prochromatin (prokro'matln) n. [Gk.
Pro, for ; chroma, colour.] Plasmo-
some substance (cyt.).

procoelous (prose'lus) a. [Gk. pro,
before ; koilos, hollow.] With con-
cave anterior face, as vertebral
centra (zool.).

procoracoid (prok6r'akoid) n. [Gk.
pro, before ; korax, crow.] An

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256

PRO-

anteriorly directed process from
the glenoid fossa of Urodeles (zool.).

procryptic (prokrlp'tik) a. [Gk. pro,
for ; kryptos, hidden.] With colora-
tion adapted for concealment (zoo/.).

proctal (prok'tal) a. [Gk. proktos,
anus.] Anal ; appl. fish fins
(zool.).

proctodaeum (prok'tode'um) n. [Gk.
proktos, anus ; odos, a way.] The
latter part of the embryonic ali-
mentary canal ; formed by anal
invagination ; a similar ectoderm-
lined part in certain invertebrates
(zool.).

procumbent (pr5kum'bent) a. [L.
pro, forward ; cumbens, lying down.]
Prostrate ; trailing on the ground ;
appl. stems (bot.).

prodentine (proden'tin) n. [L. pro,
before ; dens, tooth.] A layer of
uncalcified matrix capping tooth
cusps before the formation of dentine
(anat.).

proembryo (progm'brio) n. [Gk. pro,
for ; embryon, a foetus.] An embry-
onic structure preceding the true
embryo ; the first results of spore
segmentation (hot.).

progamete (pro'gamet') n. [Gk. pro,
before ; gamos, union.] A structure
giving rise to gametes by abstriction,
in certain Fungi (bot.).

progamic (progam'ik) a. [Gk. pro,
before ; gamos, union.] Appl.
brood-division for gamete produc-
tion (zool.).

progeotropism (pro'jeot'ropizm) n.
[Gk. pro, for ; ge, earth ; trope, a
turning.] Positive geotropism (&?/.).

proglottides (prSglot'idez) n. plu.
[Gk. pro, for ; glotta, tongue.] The
propagative body-segments of a
tapeworm, formed by stabilization
from the neck (zool.) ; sing, pro-
glottis.

prognathous (prognath'us) a. [Gk.
pro, forth ; gnathos, jaw.] Having
prominent or projecting jaws.

prohydrotropism (pro'hidrot'ropizm)
n. [Gk. pro, for ; hydor, water ;
trope, a turning.] Positive hydro-
tropism (oof.).

projectile (prqjeVtil) a. [L. pro,
forth ; jacere, to throw.] Protrus-
ible ; that can be thrust forward
(zool.).

projection (projek'shiin) n. [L. pro,
forth ; jacere, to throw.] The
referring of stimulations to end-
organs of sense by means of the
connecting projection nerve-fibres
(Phys.).

proleg (pro'leg) n. [L. pro, for ;
M.E. leg, a leg.] An unjointed
abdominal appendage of arthropod
larvae (zool.).

proliferate (prolif'erat) v. [L. proles,
offspring ; ferre, to bear.] To re-
produce repeatedly (biol.).

proliferation (prolif'era'shun) n. [L.
proles, offspring ; ferre, to bear.]
Prolification ; increase by frequent
and repeated reproduction of any
kind (biol.).

proliferous (prolif'erus) a. [L. proles,
offspring ; ferre, to bear.] Multiply
ing quickly (biol.) ; appl. bud-bearing
leaves ; developing supernumerary
parts abnormally (bot.).

promitosis (pro'mitd'sis) n. [Gk. pro,
for ; mitos, thread.] A simple type
of mitosis exemplified in nuclei of
protokaryon type (cyt.).

promontory (prom'ontorl) n. [L. pro,
forth ; mons, mountain.] A prom-
inence or projection, as of the
cochlea (anat.).

promorphology (pro'morfol'oji) n.
[Gk. pro, for ; morphe, form ; logos,
discourse.] Morphology from the
geometrical standpoint.

promuscis (promus'is) n. [L. pro-
muscis, a proboscis.] The proboscis
of Hemiptera (zoo/.).

promycelium (pro'mlse'Hum) n. [Gk.
pro, for ; mykes, mushroom.] The
mycelium developed from a zygo-
spore, itself giving rise to a spor-
angium (bot.),_

pronate (pro'nat) a. [L. pronare, to
bend forward.] Prone ; inclined
(biol.).

pronation (prona'shun) n. [L. pronare,
to bend forward.] The act by which
the palm of the hand is turned
downwards by means of pronator
muscles ; cf. supination (phys.).

pronephric (pronef'rik) a. [Gk. pro,
before ; nephros, kidney.] Pert, or
in the region of the pronephros ;
appl. duct, tubules (emb.).

pronephros (pronef'ros) n. \Gk.pro,
before ; nephros, kidney.] The

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257

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head-kidney of embryonic life,
arising from mesomeric somites,
functional for a time in lower
vertebrates, later replaced by meso-
or meta-nephros (emb.~).

pronotum (prono'tum) n. [Gk. pro,
before ; noton, back.] The dorsal
part of the prothorax of Insects
(zoo/.).

pronucleus (pronu'kleus) n. [L. pro,
before ; nucleus, kernel.] The egg-
nucleus or sperm-nucleus during
fertilization (emb.}.

pronymph (pro'nlmf) n. [L. pro,
before ; nympha, a maid.] The
stage in the metamorphosis of
Diptera preceding the nymph stage
(zoo/.).

proostracum (proos'trakum) n. [Gk.
pro, for ; ostrakon, a testacean
shell.] The horny pen of a deca-
pod dibranchiate shell or Belemnite
(Pal.\

prootic (proot'ik) n. \Gk.pro, before ;
ous, ear.] The anterior bone of the
otic capsule in vertebrates (zoo/.).

propagative (prop'aga'tiv) a. [L.
propagare, to propagate.] Repro-
ductive ; appl. a cell, a phase, an
individual of a colony (biol.}.

propagulum (propag'ulum) n. [L.
propagare, to propagate.] A bud
or shoot capable of developing into
an adult (bot.}.

propatagium, — a prepatagium.

prophase (prS'faz) n. [Gk. pro,
before ; phasis, appearance.] The
preparatory changes, the first stage
in mitosis (cyt.}.

prophloem, — protophloem.

prophototropism (pro'fotot'ropizm) n.
[Gk. pro, for ; phos, light ; trope, a
turning.] Positive phototropism
(bot.\

prophyllum (profll'iim) n. [Gk. pro,
for ; phyllon, leaf.] A small bract
(dot.).

propleuron (proploor'on) n. [Gk. pro,
before ; pleura, side.] A lateral
plate of the prothorax of Insects
(zoo/.).

propodeon (propo'deon) n. [Gk. pro,
before ; pous, foot.] An abdominal
segment of Hymenoptera in front
of the petiole or podeon ; otherwise
the median segment, Latraille's
segment, etc. (goo/.).

propodeum, — propodeon.
propodlte (pro'podlt) n. [Gk. pro,
before ; pous, foot.] In Malacos-
traca, the segment of a foot sixth
from the body (zoo/.).
propodium (propo'dlum) n. [Gk. pro,
before ; pous, foot.] The small
anterior part of a Molluscan foot
(zoo/.).

propteryglum (pro'tSrij'ium, prop'-
tgrij'ium) n. [Gk. pro, before ;
pterygion, a little wing.] The fore-
most of three basals supporting the
pectoral finof Elasmobranchs (zoo/.).
propulsive pseudopodium, — in some
Neosporidia, a pseudopodium de-
veloped posteriorly which by its
elongation pushes the body forward
(zoo/.).

propupa (propu'pa) n. [L.pro, before ;
pupa, a puppet.] A stage in insect
metamorphosis preceding the pupa
stage (zoo/.).

propygidium (pro'prjld'ium) n. [Gk.
pro, before ; pyge, the rump.] The
dorsal plate anterior to the pygidium
in Coleoptera (zoo/.).
prorachls (prorak'Ts) n. [Gk. pro,
before ; rhachis, spine.] The face
of Pennatulacea which is sterile and
coincides with the asulcar aspect of
the terminal zooid (zoo/.).
proscapula (proskap'ula) n. [L. pro,
before ; scapula, shoulder - blade.]
The clavicle (zoo/.).
proscolex (prosko'le'ks) n. [Gk. pro,
before ; skolex, worm.] A rounded
cyst with fluid-filled cavity, a stage
in the development of the Tape-
worm (zoo/.).

prosecretin (pro'sekre'tTn) n. \L.pro,
before ; secretus, separated.] The
precursor of secretin (phys.\
prosencephalon (pr6s'6nkgf'alon, -sef-)
n. [Gk. pro, before ; engkephalon,
brain.] The telencephalon, or fore-
brain (anat.).

prosenchyma (prose'ng'kima) n. [Gk.
pros, near ; engchyma, infusion.]
Tissue of prosenchymatous cells,
prosenchymatous (pros'gngkim'atus)
a. [Gk. pros, near ; engchyma,
infusion.] Appl. elongated pointed
cells, with thin or thick cell-walls,
in plant tissue (bot.}.
prosethmoid (prosgth'moid) «. [Gk.
Pros, near ; ethinos, sieve.] An
K

PRO-

258

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anterior cranial bone of Teleosts
(zool.}.

prosiphon (prosi'fon) n. [Gk. pro,
for ; siphon, tube.] A spout-like
prolongation of the edges of the
mantle - flaps of certain Molluscs
(zool.}.

prosocoel (pros'osel) n. [Gk. pros,
near ; koilos, hollow.] A narrow
cavity in the epistome of Mollus-
coidea, the first main part of the
coelom (zool.}.

prosodetic (pros'odSt'Tk) a. [Gk.
prosodos, advance.] Anterior to
the beak ; appl. certain bivalve
ligaments (zool.}.

prosodus (pros'odus) n. [Gk. prosodos,
advance.] A delicate canalicule
between chamber and incurrent
canal in some Sponges (zool.}.

prosoma (proso'ma) n. [Gk. pro,
before ; soma, body.] The anterior
part of the body ; a cephalothorax
(zool.}.

prosopyle (pros'opil) n. [Gk. proso,
forward ; pyle, gate.] The aperture
of communication between adjacent
incurrent and flagellate canals in
some Sponges (zool.}.

prostalia (prosta'lia) n. plu. [L. pro,
forth ; stare, to stand.] Projecting
spicules of Hexactinellids (zool.}.

prostate (pros'tat) a. [L.pro, before ;
stare, to stand.] Appl, a gland
placed around the commencement
of the male urethra in the pelvic
cavity (anat.}.

prostatic (prostat'Ik) a. [L. pro,
before ; stare, to stand.] Pert, the
prostate gland ; appl. duct, nerve,
sinus, utricle (anat.}.

prostemmate (prdste'm'at) a. [Gk.
pro, before ; stemma, wreath.]
Appl. an ante-ocular structure or
organ of some Collembola, of
doubtful function (zool.}.

prostemmatic, — prostemmate.

prosternum (prosteYnum) n. [L.
pro, before ; sternum, breast-bone.]
The ventral part of the prothorax
of Insects (zool.}.

prosthion (pros'thion) n. [Gk. pros-
thios, foremost.] The alveolar
point ; the middle point of the
upper alveolar arch (anat.}.

prostomiate (prosto'miat) a. [Gk.
pro, before ; stonia, mouth.] Having

a portion of the head in front of the
mouth (zool.}.

prostomium (prosto'mium) n. [Gk.
pro, before ; stoma, mouth.] In
Worms and Molluscs, the part of the
head anterior to the mouth (zool.}.

prostrate (pros'trat) a. [L. prostratus,
thrown down.] Procumbent ; trail-
ing on the ground (hot.).

protandrism (protan'drizm) n. [Gk.
protos, first ; andros, male.] Pro-
tandry ; sometimes exclusively in
zoological application (biol.}.

protandrous (protan'drus) a. [Gk.
protos, first ; andros, male.] Ex-
hibiting protandry (biol.}.

protandry (protan'dri) n. [Gk. protos,
first ; andros, male.] Condition of
hermaphrodite plants and animals
where the male elements mature
and are shed before the female
elements mature (biol.}.

protegulum (proteg'ulum) n. [L. pro,
before ; tegulum, a covering.] The'
semicircular or semielliptical em-
bryonic shell of Brachiopods (zool.}.

proteid (pro'teid) n. [Gk. protos,
first ; eidos, resemblance.] The
nitrogenous material of plant cells ;
albuminous substance ; a term
subject to varying restrictions in
different authors (phys.}.

protein (pro'tein) n. [Gk. protos, first.]
Albuminous substance ; a nitro-
genous compound of cell proto-
plasm ; the sum-total of nitrogen
present in protoplasm ; a term of
variable application (phys.}.

proteolytic (pro'teollt'lk) a. [Gk.
protos, first ; lysis, a loosing.]
Appl. ferments which change pro-
teins into proteoses and peptones,
as pepsin, trypsin (pkys.}.

proteose (pro'teos) n. [Gk. protos,
first.] The first cleavage product
of the action of hydrolysis on a
protein molecule (phys.}.

proterandric (pro'teran'drik) a. [Gk.
proteros, earlier ; andros, male.]
Appl. hermaphroditism in which
ovaries and testes are functional
at different times (biol.}.

proterandrous, — protandrous.

proteranthous (pro'teran'thus) a.
\G\s..proteros,c.a.r\iei:; anthos, flower.]
Flowering before foliage leaves
appear (bot.}.

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259

PRO-

proteroglyph (pro'tgrogHf) a. [Gk.

proteros, earlier ; glyfihein, to carve.]

I Having the specialized fang teeth

permanently erect ; opp. soleno-

- glyph (zool.}.

proterogyny,— protogyny.

prothallium, — prothallus.

prothalloid (prothal'oid) a, [Gk. pro,
before ; thallos, young shoot ; eidos,
form.] Like a prothallium (hot.}.

prothallus (prothal'us) n. [Gk.pro,
before ; thallos, young shoot.] A
small, thin, fleshy mass developed
from spores of ferns, itself produc-
ing antheridia and archegonia (dot.}.

protheca (prothe'ka) n. [Gk. pro,
before ; theke, a box.] The rudi-
ment of coral formation ; the basal
part of the coral calicle (zool.}.

prothorax (protho'raks) n. [Gk. pro,
before ; thorax, breast.] The an-
terior thoracic segment of Arthro-
pods (zool.}.

prothrombin (prothrom'bln) n. [Gk.
pro, before ; thrombos, clot.] Throm-
bogen (phys.}.

prothyalosome (prothfalosom) n.
[Gk. pro, before ; hyalos, glass ;
soma, body.] The area surrounding
the germinal spot in the germinal
vesicle (emb.}.

protista (protts'ta) n. plu. [Gk. pro-
tistos, first of all.] The assemblage
of simple and primitive living beings
from which animals and plants
arise (owl.}.

protobasidium (pro'tobasid'Ium) n.
[Gk. protos, first ; basidion, a small
pedestal.] A basidium producing
a mycelium of four cells from each
of which a sporidium is developed
by abstriction (bot.}.

protoblast (pro'toblast) n. [Gk.protos,
first ; blastos, bud.] A naked cell,
devoid of membrane ; the first or
single-cell stage of an embryo ; the
internal-bud stage in the life-history
of Neosporidia (zool.}.

protocercal (pro'toseVkal) a. [Gk.
protos, first ; kerkos, tail.] Having
the caudal fin divided into two ecjual
lobes ; diphycercal, the primitive
form of caudal fin (zool.}.

protocerebrum (pro'toseVgbrum) «.
[Gk. protos, first ; L. cerebrum,
brain.] The anterior pair of gangli-
onic centres of Crustacea (xool.}.

protocnemes (pro'toknemz) n. plu.
[Gk. protos, first ; knetne, a wheel-
spoke.] The six primary pairs of

larval shell of Molluscs, indicated
by the cicatrix on the adult shell
(zool.}.

protocone (pro'tokon) n. [Gk. protos,
first ; konos, cone.] The inner cusp
of an upper jaw molar (anat.}.

protoconid (pro'toko'nld) n. [Gk.
protos, first ; konos, cone ; eidos,
form.] The external cusp of a
lower jaw molar (anat.}.

protoconule (prd'toko'nul) n. [Gk.
protos, first ; konos, cone.] An an-
terior intermediate cusp of an upper
jaw molar (anat.}.

protocranium (pro'tokra'nlum) n.
[Gk. protos, first ; kranion, skull.]
A name sometimes given to the
posterior part of the epicranium of
Insects (zool.}.

protoepiphyte (pro'togp'iflt) n. [Gk.
Protos, first ; epi, upon ; phyton,
plant.] A plant growing upon
another and getting all its nourish-
ment from that other (bot.}.

protogenic (pr6'tqjgn'ik)a. [Gk.. protos,
first ; genos, offspring.] Persistent
from the beginning of development
onwards (biol.}.

protoarynous (protSj'inus) a. [Gk.
protos, first ; gyne, woman.] Hav-
ing female elements mature before
male (biol.}.

protogyny (prot8j'mi) n. [Gk. protos,
first ; gyne, woman.] Condition of
hermaphrodite plants and animals
in which female elements mature
and are spent before maturation of
male elements (biol.}.

protokaryon (pro'tokar'lon) n. [Gk.
protos, first ; karyon, nut.] A simple
or primitive nucleus consisting of
a mass of chromatin suspended in
nuclear sap, as in small limax
Amoebae (cyt.}.

protoloph (pro'toldf) n. [Gk. protos
first ; lophos, crest.] The anterior
transverse crest of upper jaw molars
(anat.}.

protomala (pro'tb'ma'la) n. [Gk.
protos, first ; L. mala, cheek.] A
myriapod mandible (zool.}.

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260

PRO-

protomerite (pr6t6m'6rit) n. [Gk.
protos, first ; meros, part.] The an-
terior part of the medullary proto-
plasm of adult Gregarines ; cf.
deutomerite (zool.}.

protomonostelic (pro'to mon'ostel'ik)
a. \Gk. protos, first ; monos, alone ;
stele, column.] Appl. a stem or
root with a protostele or central
cylinder (bot.}.

protonema (pro'tone'ma) n. [Gk.
protos, first ; nema, thread.] The
germination structure of Mosses,
from which the moss plant buds
(hot.}.

protonematoid (pro'tonem atoid) a.
[Gk. protos, first ; nema, thread ;
eidos, form.] Like a protonema
(bot.}.

protonephridial (pro'tonefrid'ial) a.
[Gk. protos, first ; nephros, kidney.]
Appl. the excretory water-vascular
system of Flat-worms (zool.}.

protopepsia (pro'to pep'sia) n. [Gk.
protos, first ; pepsis, a digesting.]
Solution and alteration of food-
material accomplished in the di-
gestive tract (phys.}.

protophloem (pro'toflo'em) n. [Gk.
protos, first ; phloios, tree-bark.]
The first phloem elements of a
vascular bundle (dot.").

protophyte (pro'tofit) n. [Gk. protos,
first ; phyton, plant.] A unicellular
vegetable organism or primitive
plant (bot.}.

protoplasm (pro'toplazm) n. [Gk.
protos, first ; plasma, form.] Cell
substance ; cytoplasm and karyo-
plasm (cyt.}.

protoplasmic (pro'toplaz'mik) a. [Gk.
protos, first ; plasma, form.] Pert.
or consisting of protoplasm (biol.}.

protoplast (pro'toplast) n. \Gk.protos,
first ; plastos, formed.] An energid ;
a living uninucleate primitive pro-
toplasmic unit (biol.}.

protopodite (protop'odit) n. [Gk.
protos, first ; pous, foot.] The
basal segment of a typical crus-
tacean limb (zool.}.

protospore (pro'tospor) n. [Gk. protos,
first ; sporos, seed.] A spore of
the first generation ; a mycelium-
producing spore (hot.}.

protostele (pro'tostel) n. [Gk. protos,
first ; stele, column.] The concentric

bundle or central cylinder of vascu-
lar tissue of most roots and some
stems (hot.}.

prototheca (pro'tothe'ka) n. [Gk.
protos, first ; theke, box.] A skeletal
cup-shaped plate at the aboral end
of a coral embryo, the first skeletal
formation (zool.}.

prototroch (pro'totrok) n. [Gk. protos,
first ; trochos, wheel.] A pre-oral
circlet of cilia of a trochosphere or
trochelminth larva (zool.}.

prototrophic (pro'totrof'ik) a. [Gk.
protos, first ; trophe, nourishment.]
Nourished from one supply or in
one manner only : appl. bacteria
(biol.}.

prototype (pro'totip) n. [Gk. protos,
first ; typos, model] An original
type species or example ; an an-
cestral form (biol.}.

protovertebrae (pro'to veVtSbre) n. plu.
[Gk. protos, first ; L. vertebra, a
vertebra.] A series of primitive
segments in a vertebrate embryo,
once thought to be the beginnings
of vertebrae (emb.}.

protoxylem (pro'tb'zl'lem) n. [Gk.
protos, first ; xylon, wood.] Primary
xylem lying next the pith of stems
(bot.}.

protozoaea (pro'tozo'ea) n. [Gk. protos,
first ; zoon, animal.] A stage in
the life-history of certain Arthropods
succeeding the free -swimming
nauplius (zool.}.

protozoology (pro'tozool'ojl) n. [Gk.
protos, first ; zoon, animal ; logos,
discourse.] The department of
Zoology dealing with the simplest
animal organisms.

protozoon (pro'tozo'on) n. [Gk.protos,
first ; zoon, animal.] A unicellular
animal organism (zool.}.

protractor (protrak'tor) n. [L. pro,
forth ; tractus, drawn out.] A
muscle which draws out or extends
a part (anat.}.

protriaene (pro'trlen) n. [Gk. pro,
before ; triaina, trident.] A triaene
with anteriorly-directed branches
(zool.}.

proventriculus (pro'ventrik'ulus) n.
[L. pro, before ; ventriculus, a small
stomach.] In Insects, the digestive
chamber anterior to the stomach ;
in Worms, that anterior to the

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261

PSE-

gizzard ; in Birds, the glandular
stomach anterior to the gizzard
(zool.).

provinculum (proving'kulum) n. [L.
pro, before ; vinculum, a chain.]
A primitive hinge of young stages
of certain Lamellibranchia (zool.).

proximal (prok'simal) a. [L. proxi-
mus, next.] Nearest the body or
centre ; opp. distal (biol.).

pruinose (proo'inos) a. [L. pruina,
hoar-frost.] Covered with whitish
particles or globules ; covered by
bloom (bot.).

psalterium (solte'rium, sal-) n. [L.
psalterium, a psalter.] The third
stomach of Ruminants, the omasus,
or manyplies (zool.) ; the lyra, a
thin triangular lamina joining
lateral portions of the fornix
(anat.).

psammophilous (samof'ilus, psam-) a.
\G\a.psammos, sand \philos, loving.]
Thriving in sandy places (dot.).

psamxnophyte (sam'oflt, psam-) n.
{Gk.. psammos, sand ;phyton, plant.]
A plant growing in dry, sandy
ground (oof.").

pseudambulacrum (su'dambula'krum,
psu-) n. [Gk. pseudes, false ; L.
ambulare, to walk.] A term for
the lancet-plate, with adhering side-
plates and covering plates of Blast-
oidea (zool.).

pseudannual (sudan'ual, psu-) n. [Gk.
pseudes, false ; L. annus, year.] A
plant which completes its growth
in one year but provides a bulb or
other means of surviving winter
(bot.).

pseudaposematic (sudap'6s6mat'ik,
psu-) a. [Gk. pseudes, false ; apo,
from ; sema, sign.] Imitating the
warning coloration or other pro-
tective features of hurtful animals
(biol.).

pseudaxis (sudak'sis, psu-) n. [Gk.
pseudes, false ; axis, axle.] An
apparent main axis (bot.).

pseudhaemal (sudhe'mal, psu-) a.
[Gk. pseudes, false ; Jiaima, blood.]
Appl. the vascular system of cer-
tain Worms and Echinoderms
(zool.).

pseudholoptic (su'dholop'tik, psu-) a.
[Gk. pseudes, false ; holes, whole ;
optikos, relating to sight.] Inter-

mediate between holoptic and
dichoptic, conditions in the eyes
of Diptera (zool.).

pseudimago (su'dima'go, psu-) n. [Gk.
pseudes, false ; L. imago, image.]
A stage between pupa and imago
in the metamorphosis of certain
Insects (zool.).

pseudoalveolar (su'doalve'olar, psu-)
a. [Gk. pseudes, false ; L. al-vetts,
a hollow.] Appl. a structure of
cytoplasm containing starch grains
or deutoplasm spheres (cyt.).

pseudoaquatic (su'doakwat'lk, -kwot-,
psu-) a. [Gk. pseudes, false ; L.
aqua, water.] Thriving in moist
ground (bot.).

pseudobrachium (sii'dobra'kmm, psu-)
n. [Gk. pseudes, false ; brachion,
arm.] The kind of arm formed
from elongated pterygials of the
pectoral fin of Pediculates (zool.).

pseud obranchia (su'dobrang'kla, psu-)
n. [Gk. pseudes, false ; brangchia,
gills.] An accessory gill of some
Fishes, not respiratory in function
(zool.).

pseudobulb (su'dobulb, psu-) n. [Gk.
pseudes, false ; L. bulbus, bulb.] A
thickened internode of Orchids for
storage of water and reserves (bot.).

pseudobulbll (su'dobul'bil, psu-) n.
[Gk. pseudes, false ; L. bulbus, bulb.]
An outgrowth of some Ferns, a
substitute for sporangia (bot.).

pseudobulbous (su'dobul'biis, psu-) a.
[Gk. pseudes, false ; L. bulbus, bulb.]
Adapted to xerophytic conditions
through development of pseudo-
bulbs (bot.).

pseudocarp (su'dokarp, psu-) n. [Gk.
pseudes, false ; karpos, fruit.] A
false fruit, or one in which other
parts than the ovary assist in
formation (bot.).

pseudocentrous (su'dosfin'triis, psu-) a.
[Gk. pseudes, false ; L. centrum,
centre.] Appl. vertebrae composed
of two pairs of arcualia meeting and
forming a suture laterally (Pal.).

pseudochromatln, — prochromatin
(cyt.).

pseudoconch (su'd6k8ngk, psu-) n.
[Gk. pseudes, false ; kongche, shell.]
A structure developed above and
behind the true concha in Crocodiles
(zool.).

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262

PSE-

pseudocoue (su'dokon, psu-) n. [Gk.
pseudes, false ; konos, cone.] A
soft gelatinous cone occurring in
numbers in some insect eyes

pseudoconjugation (su'dokonj ooga'-
shun, psu-) n. [Gk. pseudes, false ;
L. cum, with ; jugum, yoke.] Con-
jugation of Sporozoa in which two
individuals, temporarily and without
true fusion, join end to end, proto-
merite to deutomerite, or side to
side (sool.).

pseudocostate (su'dokos'tat, psu-) a.
[Gk. pseudes, false ; L. costa, rib.]
False-veined ; having a marginal
vein uniting all others (bot.).

pseudocyst (su'dosist, psu-) n. [Gk.
pseudes, false ; kystis, bladder.] A
residual protoplasmic mass which
swells and ruptures, liberating spores
of Sporozoa (zool.).

pseudodeltidium (su'dodeltid'ium,
psu-) n. [Gk. pseudes, false ; delta,
D.] A plate partly or entirely
closing the deltidial fissure in the
ventral valve of certain Testi-
cardines (zool.).

pseudoderm (su'doderm, psu-) n. [Gk.
pseudes, false ; derma, skin.] A
kind of covering or skin of certain
compact sponges, formed also
towards the pseudogastric cavity
(zool.).

pseudodont (su'dodont, psu-) a. [Gk.
pseudes, false ; odous, tooth.] Hav-
ing false or horny teeth, as Mono-
tremes (zool.).

pseudofoliaceous (su'dofolla'shus,
psu-) a. [Gk. pseudes, false ; L.
folium, leaf.] With expansions
resembling leaves (bot.).

pseudogaster (su'dogas'tgr, psu-) n.
[Gk. pseudes, false ; gaster, stomach.]
An apparent gastral cavity of
certain Sponges, opening to the
exterior by a pseudoosculum and
having the true oscula opening into
itself (zool.).

pseudogastrula (su'dogas'troola, psu-)
n. [Gk. pseudes, false ; gaster,
stomach.] The stage of Sycon
development when the archaeocytes
become completely enclosed by the
flagellate cells (zool.).

pseudoheart, — the axial organ of
Echinoderms (zool.).

pseudomanubrium(su'd6manu'brium,
psu-) n. [Gk. pseudes, false ; L.
manubrium, handle.] The manu-
brium considered as a process of
the subumbrella where the former
contains the gastric cavity — in
certain Trachylinae (zool.).

pseudometamerism (su'dometam'-
erlzm, psu-) n. [Gk. pseudes, false ;
meta, between ; meros, part.] Ap-
parent serial segmentation ; an
approximation to metamerism, as in
certain Flat-worms (zool.).

pseudomonocotyledonous(su'd6mon'-
okotile'db'nus, psu-) a. [Gk. pseudes,
false ; monos, alone ; kotyledon, a
cup-like hollow.] With two coty-
ledons coalescing to appear as one
(bot.).

pseudomonocyclic (su'domon'b'sik'lik,
psu-) a. \Gk.pseudes, false ; monos,
alone ; kyklos, circle.] Appl. Crin-
oids with infrabasals absent in
adults but present in the young or
in near ancestors (zool.\

pseudonavicella (su'donavisel'a, psu-)
n. [Gk. pseudes, false : L. namcella,
small boat.] A small boat-shaped
spore containing sporozoites, in
Sporozoa (zool.).

pseudonuclein, — paranuclein (cyt.).

pseudonucleoli (su'donukle'olT, psu-)
n. plu. [Gk. pseudes, false ; L.
nucleus, kernel.] Knots or granules
in nuclear reticulum not true nucleoli
(cyt.).

pseudonychium (su'donik'ium, psu-)
n. [Gk. pseudes, false ; onyx, claw.]
A lobe or process between claws
of Insects (zool.).

pseudoosculum (su'doos'kulum, psu-)
n. [Gk. pseudes, false ; L. osculum,
small mouth.] The exterior opening
of a pseudogaster (zool.).

pseudoparenchyma (su'dopareng'-
kima, psu-) n. [Gk. pseudes, false ;
para, beside ; engchyma, infusion.]
A tissue-like collection of hyphae
resembling parenchyma (bot.).

pseudoperculum (su'doper'kulum,
psu-) n. [Gk. pseudes, false ; L. oper-
culum, lid.] A structure resembling
an operculum or closing membrane
(zool.).

pseudoperlanth (su'do'peVianth, psu-)
n. [Gk. pseudes, false ; peri, round ;
anthos, flower.] An archegonium-

PSE-

263

FFE-

investing envelope of certain Liver-
worts (bot.).

pseudoperidium (su'dope'rld'ium, psu-)
n. [Gk. pseudes, false ; peridion,
small wallet.] The aeciospore en-
velope of certain Fungi (hot.).

pseudoplasmodium (su'ddplazmo'-
dlum, psu-) n. [Gk. pseudes, false ;
plasma, form.] An aggregation of
amoebulae without fusion of their
protoplasmic bodies (zool}.

pseudopodiospore (sudopo'diospor,
psu-) n. [Gk. pseudes, false ; pous,
foot ; sporos, seed.] An amoebula
or amoeboid swarm-spore which
moves by means of pseudopodia
(zool.).

pseudopodium (su'dopS'dlum, psu-) n.
[Gk. pseudes, false ; pous, foot.] A
blunt protrusion of ectoplasm serv-
ing for locomotion and prehension
in Protozoa (zool.) ; in certain
Mosses, the sporogonium-supporting
pedicel (bot.).

pseudopore (su'dopor, psu-) n. [Gk.
pseudes, false ; poros, channel.] A
small orifice between outermost
tube and intercanal system of cer-
tain Sponges (zool.).

pseudopupa (su'dopu'pS, psu-) n. [Gk.
pseudes, false ; L. pupa, puppet.]
The semi-pupa or coarctate stage
of certain insect larvae (zool.).

pseudoramose (su'dora'mos, psu-) a.
[Gk. pseudes, false ; L. ramus,
branch.] Having false branches
(dot.}.

pseudoramulus (su'dor&m'ulus, psu-) n.
[Gk. pseudes, false ; L. ramulus,
small branch.] A spurious branch
of certain Algae (bot.}.

pseudo-reduction, — the preliminary
division of chromatin-rods preced-
ing the formation of tetrads and
the actual reduction in maturation
(cyt.).

pseudorhabdltes (su'dor&b'dlts, psu-)
n.plu. [Gk. pseudes, false ; rhabdos,
rod.] Granular masses of formed
secretion produced by gland-cells
of Rhabdocoelida (zool.).

pseudoscolex (su'dosk5'16ks, psu-) n.
[Gk. pseudss, false ; skolex, worm.]
Modified anterior proglottides of
certain Cestoids where the true
scolex is absent (zool.).
pseudoseptate (su'dosSp'tat, psu-) a.

S3k. pseudes, false ; L. septum,
ivision.] Apparently, but not
morphologically, septate (bot.).'

pseudosessile (su'dosSs'il, psu-) a.
[Gk. pseudes, false ; L. sedere, to sit.]
Appl. the abdomen of petiolate
Insects when the petiole is so short
that the abdomen is close to the
thorax ; cf. pedicellate (zool.).

pseudosperm (su'ddspgrm, psu-) n.
[Gk. pseudes, false ; sperma, seed.]
A false seed or carpel (bot.).

pseudospore (su'dospor, psu-) n. [Gk.
pseudes, false ; sporos, seed.] A
teliospore or winter-spore of certain
Rusts (bot.).

pseudostoma (su'dosto'ma, psu-) n.
[Gk. pseudes, false ; stoma, mouth.]
A temporary mouth ; a mouth-like
opening ; a pseudoosculum (zool.).

pseudovarium (su'dova'rlum, psu-) n.
[Gk. pseudes^ false ; L. ovarium,
ovary.] An ovary producing pseu-
dova (zool.).

pseudovitellus (su'ddvttgl'us, psu-) n.
[Gk. Pseudes) false ; L. -vitellus, egg-
yolk.] A cellular double-string
structure of Aphidae, a supposed
substitute for absent Malpighian
tubes (zool.).

pseudovum (sudo'vum, psu-) n. [Gk.
pseudes, false ; L. ovum, egg.] An
ovum that can develop without
fertilization ; a parthenogenetic
ovum ; the earlier condition of the
viviparously - produced Aphidae
(zool.).

pseudozoaea (su'dozo'eS, psu-) n. [Gk.
pseudes, false ; zoon, animal.] A
larval stage of Stomatopods, so-
called from its resemblance to the
zoaea stage of Decapods (zool.).

psoas (so'as, pso-) n. [Gk. psoa,
loins.] Name of two loin muscles
(anati).

psorosperms (so'rpspSrmz, pso-) n.
plu. \Gk.psora, itch ; sperma, seed.] ,
Sporozoa ; parasitic organisms
generally (biol.).

pteridology (teYldSl'bjf, pteY-) n. [Gk.
pteris, fern ; logos, discourse.] The
branch of Botany dealing with ferns.

pteridophyte (teYldoflt, pt6r-) n.
[Gk. pteris, fern ; phyton, plant.]
A plant of the fern group (bot.).

pterion (teVl6n, ptfir-) n. [Gk. pteron,
wing.] The point of junction of.

PTE-

264

parietal, frontal, and great wing of

sphenoid (anat.).
pterocarpous (ter'okar'pus, pter-) a.

[Gk. pteron, wing ; karpos, fruit.]

With winged fruit (bot.}.
pteroid (ter'oid, pter-) a. [Gk. pteris,

fern ; eidos, resemblance.] Like a

fern (bot.}.
pteropaedes (teYope'dez, pt6r-) n. plu.

[Gk. pteron, wing ; pats, child.]

Birds able to fly when newly

hatched (sool.).
pteropegum (teYope'gum, pter-) n.

[Gk. pteron, wing ; pegos, firm.]

An insect's wing socket (zool.).
pteropodium (teYopo'dium, pt6r-) n.

[Gk. pteron, wing ; pous, foot.] A

winged foot, as of certain bats (zool.).
pterospermous (ter'osper'mus, pter-)

a. [Gk. pteron, wing ; sperma,

seed.] With winged seeds (bot.}.
pterostigma (ter'ostig'ma, ptSr-) n.

[Gk. pteron, wing ; stigma, mark.]

An opaque cell on certain insect

wings (zool.).

pterotheca (teYothe'ka, pt6r-) n. [Gk.
pteron, wing ; theke, a case.] The

wing-case of pupae (zool.).
pterotic (tfirot'ik, pter-) n. \Gk.pteron,

wing ; ous, ear.] A cranial bone

overlying the horizontal semicircular

canal of the ear (zool.).
pterygial (terij'ial, pt6r-) a. [Gk.
pteryx, wing.] Pert, a wing or fin ;
appl. a bone supporting a fin-ray
(zool.}.
pterygiophore (tSrij'ipfor, ptSr-) n.

gik. pteryx, wing ; pherein, to bear.]
ne of a row of cartilaginous rays
forming the skeleton of median
fins (zool.}.

pterygium (terlj'ium, pt6r-) n. [Gk.
pteryx, wing.] A prothoracic pro-
cess of weevils ; a vertebrate limb
(zool}.

pterygobranchiate (teVigdbrang'kiat,
pter-) a. [Gk. pteryx, wing ;
brangchia, gills.] Having spread-
ing or feathery gills, as certain
Crustaceans (zool.).

pterygoda (teYfgp'da, ptfir-) n. plu.
[Gk. pteryx, wing ; eidos, resem-
blance.] The tegulae of an Insect
(zool}.

pterygoid (tgr'igoid, ptSr-) n. [Gk.
pteryx, wing ; eidos, form.] A
cranial bone (zool.) ; a. wing-like ;

appl. the wing-like processes of the
sphenoid, also canal, fissure, fossa,
plexus, muscles (anat.).

pterygomandibular (ter'igomandib'-
ular, pter-) a. [Gk. pteryx, wing ;
L. mandibulum, jaw.] Pert, ptery-
goid and mandible ; appl. a
tendinous band of the buccopharyn-
geal muscle (anat.).

pterygomaxillary (ter'igomaksirari,
pter-) a. [Gk. pteryx, wing ; L.
maxilla, jaw.] Appl. a fissure
formed by divergence of the maxilla
from the pterygoid process of the
sphenoid (anat.).

pterygopalatal, — pterygopalatine.

pterygopalatine (ter'igb'pal'atin, pter-)
a. [Gk. pteryx, wing ; L. palatus,
palate.] Pert, the region of ptery-
goid and palatal cranial bones ;
appl. canal, fossa, groove (anat.).

pterygoquadrate (ter'igokwod'rat,
ptgr-) a. [Gk. pteryx, wing ; L.
quadratus, squared.] Appl. a carti-
lage constituting the dorsal half of
the mandibular arch of certain
Fishes (zool.).

pterygospinous (tSr'igospl'nus, pter-)
a. [Gk. pteryx, wing ; L. spina,
spine.] Appl. a ligament stretching
from lateral pterygoid plate to
spinous process of sphenoid (anat.).

Pterylae (ter'ile, pter-) n. plu. [Gk.
pteron, feather ; yle, a wood.] The
feather tracts of a bird's body, or
the areas on which feathers spring,
as distinguished from the un-
feathered areas or apteria (zool.).

pterylosis (terilo'sis, ptgr-) n. [Gk.
pteron, feather ; yle, a wood.] Ar-
rangement of pterylae and apteria
in Birds (zool.).

ptilinum (tili'num,.ptil-)«. [Gk.ptilon,
feather.] A head- vesicle or bladder-
like expansion of the head of a
fly emerging from the pupa, useful
for rupturing the hard covering,
introverted when the insect is
mature ; found in about one-half of
the Diptera (zool.).

ptyalin (tl'alin, ptl-) n. [Gk. ptyalon,
saliva.] A digestive ferment of
saliva (phys.).

ptyxis (tik'sis, ptik-) n. [Gk. ptyxis,
a folding.] The form in which
young leaves are folded or rolled
on themselves in the bud (bot.).

PUB-

265

PUP-

puberty (pu'beYtif) n. [L. pubertas,
adult state.] Sexual maturity (phys.).

puberulent (puber'ul6nt) a. [L. pubes,
adult.] Covered with down or
fine hair (dot.).

pubes (pu'bez) n. [L. pubes, adult.]
The pubic region (anat.).

pubescence (pu'be's'e'ns) n. [L. pu-
bescere, to become mature.] Downy
or hairy covering on some plants
and certain insects (biol.).

pubescent (pube's'e'nt) a. [L. pubescere,
to become mature.] Covered with
soft hair or down (dot.').

pubic (pu'blk) a. [L. pubes, mature.]
In the region of the pubes ; appl.
arch, ligament, tubercle, vein
(a nat.).

pubis (pu'bls) n. [L. pubes, mature.]
The anterior part of the hip-bone,
consisting of body and ramus
(anat.) ; the antero-ventral portion
of the pelvic girdle (zool.).

pudendal (pudSn'dal) a. [L. pudere,
to be ashamed.] In the region of
the pudendum ; appl. artery, cleft,
nerve, veins (anat.).

pudendum (pudSn'dum) n. {L.pudere,
to be ashamed.] The vulva, or
externals of the female organs of
generation (anat.).

pudic, — pudendal.

pullulation (pul'ula'shun) n. [L.
pullulare, to sprout.] Gemmation ;
reproduction by vegetative budding,
as in yeast cells (oof.).

pulmobranchia (puTmobrang'kia) n.
[L. pulmo, lung ; Gk. brangchia,
gills.] A gill-like organ adapted to
air-breathing conditions ; a lung
book, as of Spiders (zool.}.

pulmogastric (pul'mogas'trik) a. [L.
pulmo, lung ; gaster, stomach.]
Pert, lungs and stomach (anat.}.

pulmonary (pul'monari) a. {L. pulmo,
lung.] Pert, lungs ; appl. artery,
ligament, valves, veins, pleura
(anat.}.

pulmonary cavity or sac, — the mantle-
cavity of Molluscs without ctenidia :
it functions as a lung (zool.}.

pulmones (pulmo'nez) n. plu. [L.
pulmo, lung.] Lungs (anat.}.

pulp (pulp) n. [L. pulpa, fruit-pulp.]
The dental papilla ; the soft mass
of splenic tissue (zool.} ; the soft,
fleshy part of a fruit (bot.}.

pulsating vacuole, — a contractile
vacuole.

pulse (puls) n. [L. pulsus, beaten.]
The beat or throb observable in the
arteries, due to the action of the
heart (phys.).

pulse wave, — a wave of increased
pressure over the arterial system,
started by the ventricular systole
(Phys.).

pulsellum (pulseTum) n. [L. pulsus,
beaten.] A flagellum situated at
the posterior end of a protozoan
body (zool.}.

pulvillar (pulvil'ar) a. [L. pulvillus,
a little cushion.] Pert, or at a
pulvillus of an Insect (zool.}.

pulvilliforni (pulvil'if&rm) a. [L.
pulvillus, a small cushion ; fortna,
shape.] Like a small cushion.

pulvillus (pulvil'us) n. [L. pulvillus,
small cushion.] A free pad or
membrane under each claw of
Diptera (zool.).

pulvinar (pulvr'nar) n. [L. pulyinus,
cushion.] An angular prominence
on the optic thalamus (anat.) ; a.
cushion-like ; pert, a pulvinus (bot.).

pulvinate (pul'vinat) a. [L. pulvinus,
cushion.] Cushion-like ; having a
pulvinus (biol.).

pulvinulus (pulvin'ulus) n. [L. pul-
vinus, cushion.] A pulvillus.

pulvinus (pulvr'nus) n. [L. pulvinus,
cushion.] A cellular swelling at
the junction of axis and leaf-stalk
(bot.).

pulviplume (pul'viploom) n. [L.
pulvis, powder ; pluma, feather.]
A powder-down feather (zool.).

punctate (pung'ktat) a. [L.punctum,
point] Dotted ; having the surface
covered with small holes or dots
(biol.).

punctulate (pung'ktulat) a. [L.
Punctum, point.] Covered with
very small dots or holes (biol.).

punctum (pung'ktum) n. [L. punctuw,
point.] A minute dot, point, or
orifice ; as puncta lacrimalia, puncta
vasculosa (anat.) ; the apex of a
growing point (bot.).

puncture (pungTctur) n. [L.functura,
prick.] A small round surface
depression (btol.).

pupa (pu'pa) n. [L. pupa, puppet.]
The third or chrysalis stage of

PUP-

266

PYR-

insect life ; the stage in insect
metamorphosis preceding the imago
or adult (zoal.).

pupal (pu'pal) a. [L. pupa, puppet.]
Pert, the pupa stage (zool.).

puparium (pupa'rium) n. [L. pupa,
puppet.] A coarctate pupa ; the
pupal instar, exemplified in the
blow-fly (zool.).

pupiform (pu'p!f6rm) a. [L. pupa,
puppet ; forma, shape.] Pupa-
shaped ; pupa-like.

pupigerous (pupij'firus) a. {L.. pupa,
puppet ; gerere, to bear?) Con-
taining a pupa (zool.).

pupil (pu'pil) n. [L. pupilla, the
pupil of the eye.] The aperture of
the iris through which rays pass to
the retina (anat.).

pupillary (pupil'ari, pu'pilar!) a. [L.
pupilla, pupil of the eye.] Pert.
the pupil of the eye ; appl. a mem-
brane (anat.).

pupiparous (pupip'arus) a. [L. pupa,
puppet ; parere, to beget.] Bring-
ing forth young already developed
to the pupa stage, as certain para-
sitic Insects (zool.).

Purkinje, cells of, — an incomplete
stratum of flask - shaped cells
between the two layers of the grey
matter of the cerebellum (anat.).

pustule (piis'tul) n. [L. pustula,
pimple.] A blister-like prominence
(bot.).

pusules (pus'ulz) n. plu. [L. pus,
matter.] Non-contractile vacuoles
consisting of two sacs containing
watery fluid, each emptying by its
own duct, found in many Dino-
flagellates_ (zool.).

putamen (puta'mfin) n. [L. putamen,
pod.] The hard endocarp or stone
of some fruits (bot.) ; the lateral
part of the lentiform nucleus of the
cerebrum (anat.) ; the shell mem-
brane of a bird's egg (zool.).

pycnidiophore (piknid'iofor) n. [Gk.
pyknos, dense ; pherein, to bear.]
A conidiophore producing pycnidia
(bot.).

pycnidiospore (plkmd'iospor) n. [Gk.
pyknos, dense ; sporos, seed.] The
spore produced by pycnidia (bot.).

pycnidium (plknid'ium) n. [Gk.
pyknos, dense.] A small flask-shaped
organ or spermogoniurn containing

slender filaments which form
pycnidiospores or spermatia by
abstriction, — a stage in the life-
history of wheat rust (bot.).

pycnium,— a pycnidium.

pycnoconidium, pycnogonidium,
pycnospore, — varieties of pycnidio-
spore (bot.).

pygal (pi'gal) a. \G\a.pyge, the rump.]
Situated at or pert, the posterior
end of the back ; appl. certain
plates of the chelonian carapace
(zool.).

pygidium (pljld'ium) n. [Gk. pyge,
rump.] A caudal shield covering
the abdomen of certain Arthropods ;
the terminal uncovered abdominal
segment of a beetle (zool.).

pygochord (pl'gokdrd) n. [Gk. pyge,
rump ; chorde, cord.] A ventral
median ridge-like outgrowth of the
intestinal epithelium in certain
Enteropneusta (zool.).

pygostyle (pl'gostll) n. [Gk. pyge,
rump ; stylos, column.] An up-
turned compressed bone at the end
of the vertebral column of Birds,
formed by fusion of the four or
more hindmost vertebrae (zool.).

pylocyte (pl'loslt) n. [Gk. pylon,
gateway ; kytos, hollow.] A pore-
cell at the inner end of a small
funnel-shaped depression, the poro-
cyte of certain Sponges (zool.).

pylome

'loma,

rlome (pllom') n. [Gk. pylc
gate.] In certain Sarcodina,
aperture for emission of pseudo-
podia and reception of food (zool.).

pyloric (pilorTk) a. [Gk. pyloros,
gate-keeper.] Pert, or in the region
of the pylorus ; appl. artery, antrum,
glands, orifice, valve, vein (anat.).

pylorus (pilo'rus) n. [Gk. pyloros,
gate-keeper.] The lower orifice of
the stomach, communicating with
the duodenum (anat.).

pyramid (pir'amid) n. [L. Pyramis,
a pyramid.] A conical structure,
protuberance, eminence ; a piece
of the dental apparatus of Echinoids
(zool.) ; appl. parts of brain, tem-
poral bone, vestibule (anat.).

pyramidal (piram'idal) a. {L.pyranris,
a pyramid.] Conical ; like a pyramid ;
appl. a carpal bone, brain cells,
lobes, processes, muscle (anat.).

pyrene (pfren, plren') n. [Gk. pyren^

PYR-

267

QUI-

a fruit-stone.] A fruit-stone or
kernel (dot.).

pyrenin (plre'nln) ;/. [Gk. pyren,
a. fruit-stone.] The substance of a
true nucleolus, paranuclein (cyt.).

pyrenocarp (plre'nokarp) ». [Gk.
pyren, a fruit-stone ; karpos, fruit.]
A form of ascocarp ; a fleshy fruit
with stone or hard kernel (hot.).

pyrenoid (pfrgnoid) n. [Gk. pyren,
a fruit-stone ; eidos, form.] A
colourless plastid of lower plants,
a centre of starch formation (hot.}.

pyriform (pfriform) a. [L. pyruin,
pear ; forma, shape.] Pear-shaped ;
appl. a muscle (anat.), an organ of
a larval Mollusc, and a vestigial
sac of a male Nautilus (zool.).

pyxidium (piksld'ium) n. [Gk. pyxis,
box.] A pyxis, or capsular fruit
which dehisces transversely (hot.}.

quadrate (kwod'rat) n. [L. quadratus,
squared.] The bone with which the
lower jaw articulates in Birds,
Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fishes ;
one of the lobes of the liver (anat.).

quadratojugal (kwSdra'tqjoo'gal) n.
[L. quadratus, squared ; jugum,
yoke.] Membranous bone con-
necting the quadrate and jugal
bones (anat.).

quadrato - mandibular (kwodra'to-
mandib'ular) a. [L. quadratus,
squared ; mandibulum, jaw.] Pert.
quadrate and mandibular.

quadratus (kwodra'tus) n. [L. quad-
ratus, squared.] The name of
several muscles, e.g. quadratus
femoris (anat.).

quadriceps (kwSd'rlse'ps) n. [L. quat-
tuor, four ; caput, head.] Muscle
in front of the thigh extending the
lower leg and divided up into four
portions at its upper end (anat.).

quadrifarlous (kwSdrlfa'rius) a. [L.
quadrifarius, fourfold.] In four
rows ; proceeding from all the sides
of a branch (bot.).

quadrlfld (kwfid'rlfld) a. [L. quattuor,
four ; findere, to cleave.] Deeply
cleft into four parts (bot.).

quadrifoliate (kwSd'rifo'llat) a. [L.
quattuor, four ; folium, leaf.] Appl.
compound palmate leaf, consisting
of four leaflets arising at a common
point (bot.').

quadrigeminal bodies (k\v6d'r!j6m'-
Tnal). See corpora quadrigemlna.

quadrljugate (kwfid'rljoo'gat) a. [L.
quattuor, four; jugum, yoke.] Appl.
pinnate leaf having four pairs of
leaflets (hot.).

quadrllocular (kw8d'rll8k'ular) a. [L.
quattuor, four ; loculus, small space.]
Having four loculi or chambers, as
the ovary of certain plants (bot.}.

quadrimaculate (kwSd'rlmak'ulat) a.
[L. quattuor, four ; macula, spot.]
Having four spots (zool.\

quadrinate (kwod'rinat) a. [L. quat-
tuor, four.] See quadrlfoliate.

quadripennate (kwod'ripe'n'at) a. |X.
quattuor, four \penna, wing.] With
four wings.

quadritubercular (kwSd'rltubgrTcular)
a. [L. quattuor, four ; fuberculum,
a small hump.] Appl. teeth with
four tubercles (anat.}.

quadrumanous (kwodroom'anus) a.
[L. quattuor, four ; manus, hand.]
Having hind-feet, as well as front
feet, constructed like hands, as
most Primates except man (anat.).

quadrupedal (kw6d'roope'dal, kw6d-
roop'edal) a. [L. quattuor, four ;
pes, foot.] Appl. the habitual atti-
tude of four-footed animals (anat.).

quaternary (kwSteYnarl) a. [L.
quatemi, four each.] Appl. flower
symmetry when there are four parts
in a whorl (dot.).

quaternate (kw5teVnat) a. [L.
quatemi, four each.] Appl. leaves
growing in fours from one point
(bot.).

queen, — the reproductive female in
colonies of social Hymenoptera.

quill (kwll) n. [M.E. quille, feather.]
The calamus of a feather (z/tol.).

quill feathers,— the feathers of the
wings (remiges) and tail (rectrices)
of a Bird.

quinary (kwl'narl) a. [L. quini, five
each.] Appl. flower symmetry when
there are five parts in a whorl (bot.).

quinate (kwl'nat) a. [L. quini, five
each.] Appl. five leaflets growing
from one point (bot.).

QUI-

268

RAD-

quincuncial (kwlnkun'shal) a. [L.
quinque, five ; uncia, twelfth part.]
Arranged in quincunx.

quincunx (kwin'kungks) n. [L. quin-
que, five ; uncia, twelfth part.]
Arrangement of five petals or
leaves, of which two are exterior,
two interior, and the fifth partly
exterior, partly interior (dot.).

quinquecostate (kwm'kwekos'tat) a.
[L. quinque, five ; cos fa, rib.] Having
five ribs on the leaf (oof.).

qulnquefarious (kwin'kwefa'rius) a.
[L. quinque, five.] In five directions
or parts (oof.).

quinquefid (kwm'kwe'fid) a. [L. quin-
que, five ; findere, to cleave.] Cut
into five parts as far as the middle
(oof.)

quinquefoliated (kwin'kwef 6'llated) a.
[L. quinque, five ; folium, leaf.]
With five leaves (oof.).

quinquepartite (kwin'kwgpar'tlt) a.
[L. quittque, five ; pars, part.]
Divided into five parts.

quinquetubercular (kwm'kwetuber'-
kular) a. [L. quinque, five ; tuber-
culum, a small hump.] Appl. molar
teeth with five tubercles (anat.).

R

race (ras) n. [F. race, race, family.]
A permanent variety (oof.) ; a par-
ticular breed (zool.\

racemation (ras'gma'shun) n. [L.
racemus, a bunch.] A cluster, as
of grapes (oof.).

raceme (rasem') n. [L. racemus, a
bunch.] An inflorescence having
a common axis and stalked flowers
in acropetal succession, as the
hyacinth (dot.).

racemed (rase'md) a. [L. racemus,
a bunch.] Growing in the form of
a raceme (dot.).

racemiferous (rasemif'e'rus) a. [L.
racemus, a bunch ; ferre, to carry.]
Bearing racemes (dot.).

racemiform (rase'mtform) a. [L.
racemus, a bunch ; forma, shape.]
In the form of a raceme (dot.).

racemose (ras'emos) a. [L. racemus,
a bunch.] Bearing flowers in

clusters (dot.) ; appl. glands with

many branches whose shape sug-

gests a raceme (anat.).
racemule (ras'&nul) n. [L. racem-

ulus, a small bunch.] A small

raceme (dot.).
racemulose (rasem'ulos) a. [L. racem-

ulus, a small bunch.] In small

clusters (dot.).
rachial (ra'kial) a. [Gk. rhachis, spine.]

Pert, a rachis.
rachidial (rakid'ial) a. [Gk. rhachis,

spine.] Pert, a r chis.
rachlf orm (ra'kifor n ) a. [Gk. rhachis,

spine ; L. forma, shape.] In the

form of a rachis.
rachilla (rakil'a) n. [Gk. rhachis,

spine.] A small rachis (dot.).

rachiodont (rak'iodont') a. [Gk.
rhachis, spine ; odous, tooth.] Appl.
egg-eating Snakes with much de-
veloped hypophyses of the anterior
thoracic vertebrae, which function
as teeth (zool.).

rachlostichous (ra'kios'tlkus) a. [Gk.
rhachis, spine ; stichos, row.] Hav-
ing a succession of somactids as
the axis of the fin skeleton, as in
Dipnoans (zool.).

rachis (ra'kis) n. [Gk. rhachis, spine.]
The spinal column (anat.) ; the stalk
or axis (bot.) ; the shaft of a feather
(zool.).

rachitomous (rakit'omus) a. [Gk.
rhachis, spine.] Temnospondylous,
which see.

radial (ra'dial) a. [L. radius, a ray.]
Pert, the radius ; pert, the ray of
an Echinoderm ; appl. the plates
supporting the oral disc of Crinoids
(zool.); appl. leaves or floweis
growing out like rays from a centre
(dot.). As noun, an endoskeletal
support of fins in Fishes.

radial symmetry* — arrangement of
similar parts round a median ver-
tical axis, as in Jellyfish (zool.).

radiale (ra'dia'le) n. [L. radius, a
ray.] A carpal bone in Mammals
(zool.).

radiate (ra'diat) a. [L. radius, a
ray.] Radially symmetrical.

radiate-veined, — veined in a palmate
manner (dot.).

radiatiform (ra'diat'iform) a. [L.
radius, ray ; forma, shape.] With
radiating marginal florets (bot.).

RAD-

RAM-

radlcal (rad'ikal) a. [L. radix, foot.]
Arising from the root close to the
ground, as basal leaves (bot.}.

radicant (rad'ikant) a. [L. radicari,
to take root.] With roots develop-
ing from the stem (bot.}.

radicel (rad'isgl) n. [L. radix, root.]
A small root (bot.}.

radiciflorous (radis'iflo'rus) a. [L.
radix, root ; flos, flower.] With
flowers arising at the extreme base
of the stem (hot.}.

radiciform (radis'iform) a. [L. radix,
root ; forma, shape.] Resembling
a root (dot.},

radicivorous (rad'isiv'drus) a, [L.
radix, root ; vorare, to devour.]
Root-eating (zool.}.

radicle (rad'lkl) n. [L. radix, root.]
A small root (bot.}.

radicolous (radlk'olus) a. [L. radix,
root ; colere, to inhabit.] Inhabit-
ing roots (biol.).

radicose (rad'ikos) a. [L. radix, root.]
With large root (bot.}.

radicular (radik'ular) a. [L. radix,
root.] Pert, a radicule or radicle
(bot.}.

radicule (rad'ikul) «. [L. radix, root.]
A rootlet.

radiculose (radlk'ulos) a. [L. radix,
root.] Having many rootlets (bot.}.

radiocarpal (ra'diokar'pal) a. [L.
radius, ray ; carpus, wrist.] Pert.
radius and wrist (zool.}.

radiosymmetrical (ra'diosTmeYrikal)
a. [L. radius, ray ; Gk. syn, with ;
inetron, measure.] Having similar
parts similarly arranged round a
central axis (biol.}.

radioulnar (ra'dioul'nar) a. [L. radius,
ray ; ulna, elbow.] Pert, radius and
ulna (zool.}.

radius (ra'dlus) n. [L. radius, ray.]
A bone of the arm or fore-limb
between humerus and carpals, often
fused with -the ulna ; one of the
plates of Aristotle's lantern ; an
insect wing-vein (zool.}.

radix (rad'iks, ra'dlks) n. [L. radix,
root.] A root (bot.}.

radula (rad'ula) n. [L. radere, to
scrape.] A short and broad strip
of membrane with longitudinal rows
of chitinous teeth found in the
mouth of most Gastropods (zool.}.

radulate (rad'ulat) a. [L. radere, to

scrape.] Having a radula or rasp-
ing organ (zool.}.

raduliferous (rad'ulif'e'rus) a. [L.
radere, to scrape ; ferre, to carry.]
Radulate (zool.}.

raduliform (radu'lif&rm) a. [L. radere,
to scrape ; fortna, shape.] Like a
radula or flexible file (zool.}.

Rainey's corpuscles,— the spores of
Sarcocystis, an elongated Sporo-
zoan found in voluntary muscle
fibres (phys.}.

Rainey's tubes, — a name given to
elongated sacs found in the sub-
stance of voluntary muscle, which
are adult stages of Dolichosporidia,
Sporozoa (phys.}.

raker, — see gill rakers.

ramal (ra'mal) a. [L. ramus, a
branch.] Belonging to branches ;
originating on a branch (bot.}.

ramate (ra'mat) a. [L. ramus, a
branch.] Branched (bot.}.

ramelose (ram'filos) a. [L. ramus,
a branch.] Having small branches
(bot.}.

ramentaceous (ram'gnta'shus) a. [L.
radere, to scrape.] Like a ramen-
tum ; covered by ramenta (bot.}.

ramentiferous (ram'Sntlf 6rus) a. [L.
radere, to scrape ; ferre, to carry.]
Bearing ramenta (bot.}.

ramentum (ramgn'tum) n. [L. radere,
to scrape.] One of the brown
scale-like structures found on fern
leaves (bot.) ; plu. ramenta, elong-
ated membranous hairs, epidermal
outgrowths (bot.}.

rameous (ra'meus) a. [L. ramus, a
branch.] Branched (bot.}.

ramicorn (ram'ikorn) a. [L. ramus,
branch ; cornu, horn.] Having
branched antennae, as some Insects
(zool.}.

ramif erous (ramlffirus) a. [L. ramus,
branch ; ferre, to bear.] Branched
(bot.}.

ramification (ram'iflka'shun) n. [L.
ramus, a branch ; facere, to make.]
Branching ; a branch of a tree,
nerve, artery, etc.

ramiflorous (ram'fflo'rus) a. [L. ramus,
branch ; flos, flower.] Having
flowers on the branches (bot.}.

ramif orm (r&m'Iform) a. [L. ramus,
branch ; forma, shape.] Branch-
like.

RAM-

270

REC-

ramigerous (ramfj'e'rus) a. [L. ramus,

branch ; gerere, to carry.] Bearing

branches (bot.}.
ramiparous (ramip'arus) a. [L. ramus,

branch ; parere, to beget.] Pro-
ducing branches (hot.).
ramose (ram'os) a. [L. ramus, branch.]

Much branched (dot.).
ramule (ram'ul) n. [L. ramulus,

small branch.] A small branch

(bot.}.
ramuliferous (ram'ulif'Srus) a. [L.

ramulus, small branch ; ferre, to

bear.] Bearing small branches

(A*).
ramulose (ram'ulos) a. [L. ramulus,

small branch.] With many small

branches (bot.}.
ramulous (ram'ulus) a. [L. ramulus,

small branch.] With small branches

(bot.).
ramulus (ram'ulus), ramuscule

(ramus'kul) n. [L. ramus, branch.]

A small branch (dot.}.
ramus (ra'mus) «., rami (ra'ml) plu.

[L. ramus, a branch.] Any branch-
like structure ; part of the chewing

apparatus of Rotifers ; the barbs of

feathers ; the lower jaw or mandible

of Vertebrates (zoo/.).
ranine (ra'nin) a. [L. rana, a frog.]

Pert, the under surface of the tongue

(anat.}.
ranivorous (raniv'orus) a. [L. rana,

frog ; -vorare, to devour.] Feeding

on frogs (zoo/.).
Ranvier's nodes, — constrictions or

interruptions of themedullary sheath

of a nerve fibre (phys.}.
raphe (ra'fe) n. [Gk. rhaphe, a seam.]

A seam-like suture, as the junction

line of some fruits (hot.'] ; the perineal

line (anat.).
raphides (raf Idez) n.plu. [Gk. rhaphis,

a needle.] Minute crystals found

in plant cells (bot.}.
raphidlferous (raf'idlf'grus) a. [Gk.

rhaphis, a needle ; L. ferre, to

carry.] Containing raphides (bot.}.
raptatory (rap'tatori) a. [L. raptere,

to rob.] Preying (zoo/.).
raptorial (rapto'rlal) a. [L. raptere,

to *rob.] Appl. birds of prey

(zool\
rasorial (razo'rial) a. [L. radere, to

scratch.] Adapted for scratching

or scraping, as fowls (zoo!.).

rastellus (ra.st61'us) n. [L. radere, to
rasp.] A group of teeth in arachnid
chelicera (zoo/.).

ratite (rat'it) a. [L. ratis, raft.]
Having an unkeeled sternum ; opp.
carinate (zoo/.).

rattle (rat'l) n. [M.E. ratelen, to
clatter.] The sound-producing series
of horny joints at the end of a
rattlesnake's tail (zoo/.).

ray (ra) n. [L. radius, a ray.] One
of the bony spines supporting fins ;
a division of a radiate animal, as
an arm of an Asteroid (zoo/.).

reaction time,— the time required be-
tween stimulus and response (phys.).

read (red), — the abomasum or fourth
stomach of ruminants (zoo/.).

reagent (rea'jent) n. [L. re, again ;
agere, to do.] One who acts in
response to a given stimulus (phys.}.

recapitulation theory, — the theory
that ontogeny tends to recapitulate
phylogeny, that the individual life-
history reproduces certain stages
in the life-history of the race ; bio-
genetic law ; von Baer's law (biol.\

receptacle (resep'takl) n. [L. reci-
pere, to receive.] An organ used
as a repository ; the peduncle of a
racemose inflorescence ; the torus
or thalamus of a flower ; the ter-
minal disc of Mosses (oof.).

receptacular (resgptak'ular) a. [L.
recipere, to receive.] Pert, a re-
ceptacle of any kind.

receptaculum (resSptak'ulum) n. [L.
recipere, to receive.] A receptacle
of any kind.

receptaculum chyli, — the cavity in
the lower part of the thoracic duct
(anat.}.

receptaculum ovorum,— an internal
sac in the earthworm in which ova
are collected (zoo/.).

receptaculum seminis, — a female
organ for the reception of sper-
matozoa (zoo/.).

receptive spot, — the point in an
oosphere at which the sperm enters
(emb.}.

receptor (resSp'tor) n. [L. recipere,
to receive.] The part of a cell
which combines with outside mole-
cules,— side chain theory (phys.}.

recess (reseV) n. [L. recessus, with-
drawn.] A niche, sinus, cleft, or

REC-

271

RED-

hollow space ; as omental, optic,
pineal recess (anat.}.
recessive (reseViv) a. [L. recessus,
withdrawn.] Appl. Mendelian char-
acters. See Mendellsm (biol.}.
reciprocal hybrids, — two hybrids, one
descended from the male of one
species and the female of another,
the other from a female of the first
and a male of the second (biol.}.

reclinate (rgk'linat) a. [L. reclinare,
to lean.] Curved downwards from
apex to base ; appl. an ovule sus-
pended from a funiculus (bat.).

reclining (reklfning) a. [L. reclinare,
to lean.] Leaning over ; not
perpendicular (hot'.}.

recrudescence (rekrood6s'6ns) n. [L.
re, again ; crudescere, to become
hard.] A state of breaking out
into renewed freshness or active
growth (bot.}.

rectal (reVtal) a. [L. rectus, straight.]
Pert, the rectum.

rectal gland, — a small vascular sac
of unknown significance near the
end of the gut in Fishes (zool.}.

rectigradations (rgk'tigrada'shunz) n.
plu. [L. rectus, straight ; gradus,
a step.] " The origin of new cusps
or cuspules which appear deter-
minately, definitely, orthogenetically
in both the upper and lower teeth,
quite independently in different
orders of mammals, and separated
perhaps by vast intervals of time "
(Osborn).

rectinerved (re'k'tine'rvd) a. [L. rectus,
straight ; nervus, a nerve.] With
veins or nerves straight (bot.}.

rectipetality (rek'tipetal'Itl) n. [L.
rectus, straight ; petere, to seek.]
Tendency to rectilinear growth
(bot.}.

rectirostral (rgk'tlros'tral) a. [L.
rectus, straight ; rostrum, a beak.]
Straight-beaked (zool.}.

rectiserial (reYtise'rial) a. [L. rectus,
straight ; series, row.] Arranged
in vertical rows (bot.}.

rectivenous (reVtive'rius) a. [L.
rectus, straight ; vena, a vein.]
With straight veins (bot.}.

rectogenital (rek'tojen'Itai) a. [L.
rectus, straight ; genitalia, genitals.]
Pert, rectum and genital organs

rectouterine (rek'tou'temi) a. [L.
rectus, straight ; uterus, womb.]
Appl. the posterior ligaments of the
uterus (anat.}.

rectovesical (reYtoves'lkal) a. [L.

rectus, straight ; vesica, bladder.]

Pert, rectum and bladder (anat.}.

rectricial (rektrlsh'al) a. [L. regere,

to rule.] Pert, the rectrices (zool.}.

rectrix (rek'triks) n., rectrloes

(reVtrlsez) plu. [L. regere, to rule.]

The stiff tail feathers of a bird,

used in steering (zool.}.

rectum (rfik'tum) n. [L. rectus,

straight.] The posterior terminal

part of the alimentary canal (zool.}.

rectus (rSk'tus) n. [L. rectus, straight.]

A name for a rectilinear muscle, as

rectus femoris, the thigh muscle

(anat.}.

recurrent (rekur'e'nt) a. [L. re, back ;
currere, to run.] Returning or re-
ascending towards the origin
(anat.}.

recurrent sensibility, — sensibility
shown by the motor roots of the
spinal cord due to sensory fibres of
the sensory roots (phys.}.
recurved (re'kurvd) a. [L. re, back ;
curvus, bent.] Bent backwards
(bot.}.

recurvirostral (rekurVirSs'tral) a. [L.
re, back ; curvus, curved ; rostrum,
beak.] With beak bent upwards
(zool.}.

red body, — see rete mirabile.
red corpuscle, — a coloured blood
corpuscle of vertebrates, containing
haemoglobin (phys.}.
red glands, — see rete mirabile.
red nucleus, — a collection of nerve
cells in the tegmentum of the mid-
brain (anat.}.

red spots, — see rete mirabile.
redia (re'dla) n. [It. scientist Redi.]
A larval stage in the development
of Distomum (zool.}.
reduction (reduk'shun) n. [L. re-
ductus, reduced.] The halving of
the number of chromosomes in
germ - nuclei during maturation ;
meiotic division (cyt.}.
reduplicate (redu'pllkat) a. [L. re,
again ; duplicare, to repeat.] Appl.
aestivation in which the margins
turn outwards at the points of
contact (bot.}.

RED-

272

REP-

reduviid (rgdu'vnd) a. [L. reduma,
a hang nail.] Appl. eggs of certain
Insects, protected by micropyle
apparatus with porches (zool.).

reflected (refleVtgd) a. [L. reflectere,
to turn back.] Turned or folded
back on itself (anat.}.

reflex (re'flgks) a. [L. reflectere, to
turn back.] Involuntary ; appl.
reaction to stimulus (phys.}.

reflex action, — the simplest expres-
sion of the principles according to
which the nervous system acts.
Elements that appreciate stimuli
and elements that react to stimuli
are switched on to one another,
without direct appeal to the brain,
by means of a subsidiary nerve
centre, the result being so-called
involuntary action (phys.}.

reflexed (re'fleksd) a. [L. reflectere,
to turn back.] Curved or turned
backwards.

refracted (refrak'ted) a. [L. re, back ;
frangere, to break.] Bent back-
wards at an acute angle.

regeneration (reje'n'era'shun) n. [L.
re, again ; generare, to beget.] The
renewal of a portion of the body
which has been lost (biol.}.

regma '(reg'ma) n. [Gk. regma, frac-
ture.] A seed-vessel the valves of
which open by an elastic move-
ment (dot.}.

Beissner's membrane, — the mem-
brana vestibularis, stretching from
the lamina spiralis ossea to the
outer cochlear wall of the ear
(anat.}.

rejuvenescence (re'joove'ne's'e'ns) n.
[L. re, again ; juvenescere, to grow
young.] A renewal of youth ; in
cells, renewed life and vigour
following on conjugation and inter-
change and fusion of nuclear and
protoplasmic material (cyt.}.

remiges (rfim'ijez) n. plu. [L. remex,
a rower.] The large feathers or
quills of a bird's wing, comprising
primaries and secondaries (zool.}.

remiped (rem'fpe'd) n. [L. remus,
oar ;pes, foot] Having feetadapted
for rowing motion (zool.}.

ren (ren) n., renes (ren'ez) plu. [L.
ren, kidney.] The kidneys.

renal (re'nal) a. [L. ren, kidney.]
Pert, kidneys.

renal portal, — appl. a system of cir-
culation in which some of the
returning blood passes through the
kidneys {zool.}.

renes, — see ren.

reniform (ren'iform) a. [L. ren,
kidney ; forma, shape.] Shaped
like a kidney (biol.}.

renopericardial (re'noper'ikar'dial) a.

gL. ren, kidney ; Gk. peri, round ;
ardia, heart.] Appl. a narrow
ciliated canal connecting kidney
and pericardium in higher Molluscs
(zool.}.

repand (repand') a. [L. repandus,
bent backwards.] Appl. a leaf with
undulated margin (bot.}.

repandodentate (repan'doden'tat) a.
[L. repandus, bent backwards ; dens,
a tooth.] Varying between undu-
lated and toothed (bot.}.

repent (re'pent) a. [L. repere, to
crawl.] Creeping along the ground ;
appl. ground creepers (bot.}.

replicate (rgp'likat) a. [L. re, back ;
plicare, to fold.] Doubled over on
itself (biol.}.

replicatile (repllk'atil) a. [L. re, back ;
plicare, to fold.] Appl. wings which
are folded back on themselves when
at rest (zool.}.

replum (rep'lum) n. [L. replum, a
bolt.] The longitudinal division
between the valves of some peri-
carps, as in some Legumes ; a
placental dissepiment (bot.}.

reproduction (re'produk'shun) n. [L.
re, again ; pro, forth ; ducere, to
lead.] The process by means of
which the race is continued, whether
sexual or through cell-rupture, cell-
division, budding, spore-formation,
conjugation, or parthenogenesis
(biol.}.

reproductive (re'produk'tlv) a. [L.
re, again ; pro, forth ; ducere, to
lead.] Appl. organs concerned in
reproduction (biol.}.

reptile (rep'til) n. [L. repere, to
crawl.] An animal that crawls
along the ground or close to the
ground, as serpents, lizards, etc.
(zool.}.

reptilian (reptll'ian) a. [L. repere, to
creep.] Pert, reptiles (zool.}.

reptiloid (rep'tiloid) a. [L. repere,
to crawl ; Gk. eidos, form.] With

RES-

273

RET-

the characteristics of a Reptile
(zool.).

reservoir (r6z'6rvw6r) n. [L. reservare,
to keep back.] A non-contractile
space discharging into the gullet of
Mastigophora (zool.).

resilium (rfisil'ium) n. [L. resiltre, to
leap back.] The horny flexible
hinge of a bivalve (zool.}.

respiration (reVpTra'shun) n. [L. re,
again ; spirare, to breathe.] The
process of interchange of oxygen
and carbonic acid taking place
between an organism and its sur-
rounding medium (phys.).

respiratory heart, — a name given to
the auricle and ventricle of the
right side of the heart where there
is no direct communication between
right and left sides ; opp. systemic
heart (zool.}.

restiform (res'tlform) a. [L. restis, a
rope ; forma, shape.] Having the
form or appearance of a rope ; appl.
two bodies of nerve fibres on the
medulla oblongata (anal.}.

resupinate (resu'plnat) a. [L. resu-
pinare, to bend back.] So twisted
that the various parts are upside
down (bot.}.

resupination (resu'plna'shun) n. [L.
resupinare, to bend back.] Inver-
sion (bot.}.

rete (re'te) n. [L. rete, a net.] A net
or network.

rete Malpighii, — the Malpighian
layer or deeper portion of the
epidermis, from the stratum granu-
losum inwards (anat.}.

rete mirabile,— a network of blood-
vessels, chiefly arterial, in the swim-
bladder of Fishes and in Mammals,
also called red body, red glands,
red spots.

rete mucosum, — the Malpighian
layer or rete Malpighii.

retecious (r6te'shus) a. [L. rete, a
net.] In the form of a network.

retial (re'tial, re'shlal) a. [L. rete,
net.] Pert, a rete (anat.}.

reticle (rSt'ikl) n. [L. reticulum, a
small net.] A reticulum.

reticular (rgtik'ular) a. [L. reticulum,
a small net.] Having interstices
like network ; pert, a reticulum ;
appl. tissue.

reticulate (rgtlk'ulat) a. [L. reticulum,

a small net.] Appl. network nerva-
tion of leaf or insect wing.

reticule (ret'ikul) n. Reticulum.

reticulose (rgtik'ulos) a. [L. ret-
iculum, a small net.] Of network
formation.

reticulum (rgtik'ulum) n. [L. ret-
iculum, a small net.] The honey-
comb bag or second stomach of a
Ruminant ; the delicate network of
cell protoplasm (zool.} ; the cross-
fibres about the base of the petioles
in palms (bot.}.

retiform (re'tiform) a. [L. rete, net ;
forma, shape.] In the form of a
network.

retina (reYina) n. [L. rete, net.] The
retiform membrane of the eye
which receives the impressions,
resulting in the sense of vision
(anat., zool.}.

retinaculum (rgt'mak'ulum) n. [L.
retinere, to retain.] A small gland-
ular mass to which an orchid
pollinium adheres at dehiscence
(bot.} ; a band which holds parts
closely together (anat.} ; a minute
hooked prominence holding the
egg-sac in position in Cirripedes ;
a structure linking together the
fore and hind wings of some Insects
along with the frenulum (zool.}.

retinal (rgt'fnai) a. [L. rete, a net.]
Pert, the retina (anat.}.

retinerved (reYinfirvd) a. [L. rete,
a net ; nervus, a sinew.] Having
reticulate veins or nerves (dot.).

retinophore (reYlnofor) n. [L. rete,
net ; Gk. pherein, to bear.] A
crystal cell in the ommatidium of
Arthropods (zool.).

retinula (rgttn'ula) n. [L. rete, net.]
A group of elongated cells, the
innermost element of an arthropod
ommatidium.

retractile (retrak'til) a. [L. retractus,
withdrawn.] Appl. a part or organ
that may be drawn inwards, as
feelers, claws, etc. (zool.).

retractor (retrak'tdr) n. [L. retrafure,
to draw back.] A muscle which
by contraction withdraws the part
attached to it, as retractor penis
(zool.).

retrobulbar (ret'robul'bar) a. [L.
retro, backwards ; bulbus, a ball.]
Posterior to the eyeball (anat.).
S

RET-

274

RHA-

retrocaecal (ret'rose'kal) a. [L. retro,
backwards ; caecus, blind.] Behind
the caecum ; appl. fossae additional
to the caecal fossa (anat.).

retrofract (ret'rofrakt) a. [L. retro,
backwards ;fractus, broken.] Bent
backwards at an angle (bot.).

retrogression (ret'rogre'sh'un) n. [L.
retro, backwards ; gradus, a step.]
A step from superior to inferior
type in the development of an
individual or race (biol.).

retrogressive (ret'rogrfis'iv) a. [L.
retro, backwards ; gradus, a step.]
Degenerating; assuming character-
istics of a lower type (biol.).

retrolingual (ret'roling'gwal) a. [L.
retro, backwards ; lingua, a tongue.]
Behind the tongue ; appl. a gland
(zool).

retromorphosis (ret'rom6r'fosis) n.
[L. retro, backwards ; Gk. morphe,
form.] Development with a de-
generating tendency (biol.).

retropharyngeal (ret'rofarin'jeal) a.
[L. retro, backwards ; Gk. pharyngx,
pharynx.] Behind the pharynx \
appl. a space, lymph gknds (anai$~

retropubic (ret'ropu'bik) a. {L.'^etro,
backwards ; pubes, of ripe agte.],
Appl. a pad or mass of fatty tissue
behind the pubic symphysis (anat).

retrorse (retrors') a. [L. retro, back-
wards ; vertere, to turn.] Turned
or directed backwards.

retroserrate (ret'roser'at) a. [L. retro,
backwards ; serra, a saw.] Toothed,
with teeth directed backwards.

retroserrulate (ret'roser'ulat) a. [L.
retro, backwards ; serra, a saw.]
With small retrorse teeth.

retrouterine (ret'rou'tgrln) a. [L.
retro, backwards ; uterus, womb.]
Behind the uterus (anat).

retroverse (ret'rovgrs') a. [L. retro,
backwards ; vertere, to turn.] Re-
trorse.

retroversion (ret'rdveVshun) n. [L.
retro, backwards ; vertere, to turn.]
State of being reversed or turned
backwards.

retuse (retus') a. [L. retusus, beaten
back.] Obtuse with a broad shallow
notch in the middle ; appl. leaves
(bot).

revehent (reve'hent, rgv'ehgnt) a. [L.
revehens, carrying back.] In the

renal portal system, appl. vessels
carrying blood back from the
excretory organs (zool.).

reversed (reveVsd) a. [L. re, back ;
vertere, to turn.] Inverted (bot.) ;
appl. a spiral shell whose turns are
directed sinistrally (zool.).

reversion (revfir'shun) n. [L. re,
back ; vertere, to turn.] Atavism ;
a return in a greater or less degree
to some ancestral type (biol.).

reversionary (revgr'shonari) a. [L.
re, back ; vertere, to turn.] Appl.
atavistic characteristics (biol.).

revert (revgrt') v. [L. re, back ;
vertere, to turn.] To exhibit an-
cestral features ; to hark back
(biol.}.

revolute (rev'olut) a. [L. revolvere, to
roll back.] Rolled backwards from
the margin upon the under surface,
as some leaves (bot.).

rhabdite (rab'dit) n. [Gk. rhabdos, a
rod.] One of the short rod-like
bodies in the epidermal cells in
Polycladida ; a gonapophysis (zool.}.

rhabdocrepid (rab'dokrep'id) a. [Gk.
rhabdos, a rod ; krepis, a founda-
tion.] Appl. a desma with uniaxial

» crepis, in sponge spicules (zool.}.

rhabdoid (rab'doid) a. and n. [Gk.
rhabdos, a rod ; eidos, resemblance.]
Rod-like ; any rod-shaped body.

rhabdolith (rab'dolTth) n. [Gk. rhab-
dos, rod ; lithos, stone.] A cal-
careous rod found in some Protozoa,
strengthening the walls (zool.}.

rhabdome (rab'dom) n. [Gk. rhabdos,
a rod.] A refractive rod composed
of rhabdomeres enclosed by the
retinula cells of an arthropod om-
matidium (zool.\

rhabdomere (rab'domer) n. [Gk.
rhabdos, a rod ; tneros, a part.] The
refracting element in the retinula
(zool.).

rhabdopod (rab'dopod) n. [Gk. rhab-
dos, rod ; pous, foot.] An element
of the clasper of some male Insects
(zool.}.

rhabdosphere (rab'dosfer) n. [Gk.
rhabdos, rod ; sphaira, a globe.]
Aggregated rhabdoliths found in
deep-sea calcareous oozes (zool.}.

rhabdus (rab'dus) n. [Gk. rhabdos,
a rod.] A rod-like spicule (zool.}.

rhachis,— see rachis.

RHA-

275

RHI-

rhachitomous, — see rachitomous.

rhagon (rag'on) n. [Gk. rhax, a
berry.] A bun-shaped type of
Sponge with apical osculum and
large gastral cavity (zool.).

rhamphoid (ram'foid) a. [Gk. rham-
phos, a beak ; eidos, resemblance.]
Beak-shaped.

rhamphotheca (ram'fothe'ka) n. [Gk.
rhamphos, a beak ; theke, a case.]
The horny sheath of a bird's beak
(zool.).

rheotaxis (re'otak'sis) n. [Gk. rhein,
to flow ; taxis, arrangement.] Re-
sponse to the stimulus of a water
current (dot.).

rheotropic (re'otrop'ik) a. [Gk. rhein,
to flow ; trope, a turning.] Respond-
ing to current stimulus (6ot.).

rheotropism (reot'roplzm) n. [Gk.
rhein, to flow ; trope, a turning.]
Mechanical response, positive or
negative, to the influence of a water
current (dot.).

rhinal (rfnal) a. [Gk. rhis, nose.]
Of or pert, the nose.

rhinencephalon (rfngnkeTalon, -se"f-^
n. [Gk. rhis, nose ; jngkephalon,
brain.] The olfacffiry lobe of the
brain (zool.).

rhinion (rin'Ton) n. [Gk. rhis,
The most prominent point at
the nasals touch (anat.).

rhinocoel (rfnosel) n. [Gk. rhis, nose ;
koilos, hollow.] A cavity in the
olfactory lobe of the brain (zool.).

rhinophore (rfnofor) n. [Gk. rhis,
nose ; pherein, to bear.] A process
on the aboral side of the eye of
certain Molluscs with a supposed
olfactory function (zool.).

rhinotheca (rl'nothe'ka) n. [Gk. rhis,
nose ; theke, a case.] The sheath
of the upper jaw of a Bird (zool.).

rhipidate (rip'idat) a. [Gk. rhipis, a
fan.] Fan-shaped.

rhipidlum (ripid'mm) n. [Gk. rhipis,
a fan.] A fan-shaped inflorescence
(dot.), or colony of zooids (zool.).

rhipidostichous (rip'Idos'tlkus) a.
[Gk. rhipis, a fan ; stichos, a row.]
Appl. fan-shaped fins (zool.).

rhizanthous (rizan'thus) a. [Gk. rhiza,
a root ; anthos, a flower.] Produc-
ing a root, and a flower apparently
straight from it (dot.).

rhizautoicous (rfzotoik'us) a. [Gk.

rhiza, root ; autos, self ; \oikos,
house.] With antheridial and
archegonial branches coherent
(dot.).

rhlzlne (rfzin) n. [Gk. rhiza, a root.]
A rhizoid (dot.).

rhizocarp (rfzokarp) «. [Gk. rhiza,
root ; karpos, fruit.] A perennial
herb (bot.).

rhizocarpous (rfzokar'pus) a. [Gk.
rhiza, root ; karpos, fruit.] Having
perennial roots and annual stems
(dot.).

rhizocaul (rfzokol) n. [Gk. rhiza,
root ; L. caulis, stem.] The root-
like horizontal portion of a Zoophyte
(zool.).

rhlzocorm (rl'zokorm) n. [Gk. rhiza,
root ; kormos, a log.] An under-
ground stem like a single-jointed
rhizome, popularly a bulb (bot.).

rhizogenic (rl'zqje'n'ik), rhizogenous
(rizfij'e'nus) a. Root -producing ;
arising from endodermic cells, not
develonadYrom the pericycle (bot.).
(rvzoid) «<- ^Gk. rhiza, root ;
reserr&T^nce.] A root-like
outsiWth^ofrnany Mosses and
ytes (dot.).

(rizSm'atus) a. [Gk.
rhizoma, a root.] Of the nature of
a rhizome (bot.).

rhizome (rfzom) n. [Gk. rhizoma, a
root.] A thick stem partly along
and partly under the ground, send-
ing out shoots above and roots
below (bot.).

rhizomorph (rfzomorf) n. [Gk. rhiza,
root ; morphe, form.] A root-like
hypha of certain Fungi (bot.).

rhizomorphous (ri'zom&r'fus) a. [Gk.
rhiza, root ; morphe, form.] In the
form of a- root ; root-like (bot.).

rhizophagous (rizofagus) a. [Gk.
rhiza, root ; phagein, to eat.] Living
on roots (zool.).

rhlzophore (rfzofor) n. [Gk. rhiza,
root ; pherein, to bear.] A naked
branch which grows down into the
soil and develops roots from its
apex (bot.).

rhizophorous (nzoforus) a. [Gk.
rhiza, root ; pherein, to bear.]
Root-bearing (bot.).
rhizoplast (rfzoplast) n. [Gk. rhiza,
root ; plastos, moulded.] One or
more root-like processes connecting

,.
C. Vt

***

RHI-

276

RIN-

the basal granule with the nucleus
in certain Protozoa (zool.).

rhizotaxis (n'zotak'sis) n. [Gk. rhiza,
root ; taxis, arrangement.] Root
arrangement (bot.).

rhodophane (ro'dofan) n. [Gk. rhodon,
rose ',phainein, to show.] Chromo-
phane ; the red oil globule found
in the retina of Marsupials, Birds,
Reptiles, Fishes (pftys.).

rhodophyll (ro'dofil) n. [Gk. rhodon,
rose ; phyllon, a leaf.] The red
colouring matter of red Algae (dot.).

rhodopsin (rodop'sin) n. [Gk. rhodon,
rose ; opsis, sight.] A temporary
reddish - purple pigment in the
retinal rods ; visual purple (phys.).

rhombencephalon (romb'enkef'alon,
-seT-) n. [Gk. rhombos, magic
wheel ; engkephalon, brain.] The
hind-brain.

rhombic (rom'bik) a. [Gk. rhombos,
magic wheel.] Appl. lip and
grooves of brain at the rhomboid
fossa (emb.).

rhombogen (rom'bojen) n. [Gk.
rhombos, magic wheel ; genos, off-
spring.] A phase of the parent
form in the life cycle of some
Mesozoa (zool.).

rhomboid (rom'boid) a. [Gk. rhom-
bos, magic wheel ; eidos, form.]
Rhombus-shaped ; appl. fossa, sinus,
ligament (anat.).

rhomboideus, major and minor, —
parallel muscles connecting the
scapula with the spinal column
(anat.).

rhomboid - ovate, — something be-
tween rhomboid and oval in shape.

rhopalium (ropa'lTum) «. [Gk.
rhopalon, a club.] A marginal
sense organ of Discomedusae
(zool.).

rhynchocoel (ring'kosel) «. [Gk.
rhyngchos, snout ; koilos, hollow.]
In Nemertines, the cavity whose
contracting muscular walls evert
the proboscis (zool.}.

rhy nchodaeum (ring'kode'um) n. [Gk.
rhyngchos, snout ; odaios, pert, a
way.] The precerebral region of a
Nemertine (zool.).

rhynchodont (ring'kodont) a. [Gk.
rhyngchos, snout ; odous, tooth.]
With a toothed beak (zool.).

rhynchophorous (ringkof'orus) a.

[Gk. rhyngchos, beak ; pherein, to
bear.] Beaked.

rhynchostome (ring'kostom) n. [Gk.
rhyngchos, snout ; stoma, mouth.]
The anterior terminal pore of
Nemertines through which the pro-
boscis is everted (zool.).

rhythm (rithm) n. [Gk. rhythmos,
measured motion.] Regularity of
movement, as seen in heart pulsa-
tion (phys.), or movement of tele-
graph plant leaves (bot.).

rib (rib) n. [A.S. ribb, a rib.] One
of the curved bones of the thorax
articulating with the spine and
either free at the other end or
connected with the sternum (anat.,
zool.) ; the central vein of a leaf
(hot.).

rictal (rik'tal) a. [L. rictus, mouth
aperture.] Pert, the mouth gape
of a Bird.

rigor (rtg'or) n. [L. rigor, stiffness.]
The rigid state of plants when they
are not sensitive to stimuli (bot.) ;
a state of rigidity.

rigor mortis, — the stiffening of the
body after death, due to myosin-
formation, and lasting till the
commencement of decomposition
(biol.).

rima (rl'ma) n. [L. rima, a cleft.]
A cleft or fissure (anat.}.

rimate (ri'mat) a. [L. rima, a cleft.]
Having fissures.

rimiform (rfmiform) a. [L. rima,
a cleft ; forma, shape.] In the
shape of a narrow fissure.

rimose (rfmos) a. [L. rima, a cleft.]
Having many clefts or fissures.

rimulose (rlm'ulos) a. [L. rimula,
a small cleft.] Having many small
clefts.

rind (rind) n. [A.S. rinde, bark of a
tree.] The outer skin or cortex
(bot.).

ring canal,— a circular canal running
close to and parallel with the
umbrella margin in Hydrozoa
(zool.).

ring cell, — a thick-walled cell of the
sporangium annulus of Ferns (bot.).

ring vessel, — a structure in the head
of Cestodes which unites the four
longitudinal excretory trunks (sool.).

ringed bark, — the bark of a tree
where the formations of phellogen

RIN-

277

ROS-

are cylindrical ; opp. scale bark
(bot.).

ringent (nn'jgnt) a. [L. ringi, to
open the mouth wide.] Having
the lips, as of a corolla, or valves,
separated by a distinct gap (bot.,

KfoL).

ringless, — appl. Ferns without an
annulus (dot.).

riparial (ripa'rial), riparian (ripa'rlan),
riparious (ripa'rius) a. [L. ripa, a
river bank.] Frequenting, growing
on, or living on the banks of
streams or rivers (dot., zool.).

ripe (rip) a. [A.S. ripe, fit for reap-
ing.] Having seeds mature and
ready for germination (dot.).

risorius (nso'rius) n. [L. risus,
laughter.] A cheek muscle stretch-
ing from over the masseter muscle
to the corner of the mouth (anat.).

rivose (ri'vos) a. [L. rivus, a stream.]
Marked with irregularly winding
furrows or channels.

rivulose (riv'ulos) a, [L. rivulus, a
rivulet.] Marked with sinuate
narrow lines or furrows (dot.).

rod epithelium, — epithelium con-
sisting of apparently striated cells
(Phys.).

rod fibre, — the fibre with which a rod
of the retina is connected internally
(anat.).

rod fructification, — fructification oc-
curring in basidiomycetous Fungi
by means of rod-like gonidia from
a hyphal branch (dot.}.

rod granule, — the nucleus of a rod
fibre (anaf.).

rodent (ro'dgnt) n. [L. rodere, to
gnaw.] An animal with a habit of
gnawing or nibbling, as a rabbit.

rods and cones, — the nerve-epithelium
layer of the retina (anaf.).

root (root) n. [A.S. wyrf, a root.]
The descending portion of a plant,
fixing the plant in the soil, and
absorbing, nourishment (dot.).

root absorption, — osmosis (dot.).

root borer, — a larval form or Insect
which bores into the roots of plants
(zool.).

root cap, — a protective cap of tissue
at the apex of a root (dot.).

root cell, — the clear colourless base
of one of the Algae attaching the
thallus to its substratum (hot.).

root climber, — a plant which climbs
by means of roots developed from
the stem (bot.).

root hairs, — unicellular epidermal
outgrowths from roots, of protective
and absorbent function (bot.).

root leaf,— a basal leaf (bot.).

root parasitism, — a condition ex-
hibited by semi-parasitic plants, the
roots of which penetrate the roots
of neighbouring plants and draw
from them elaborated food material
(bot.).

root pocket, — a sheath containing
a root, especially of aquatic plants
(bot.).

root pressure, — the force by which
water is made to rise in the axial
stele of a plant, a main factor in the
transport of water through the
plant (bot.).

root process, — a branched colourless
structure fixing an Alga thallus to
soil (bot.).

root sheath, — an orchid velamen
(bot.) ; that part of a hair follicle
continuous with the epidermis
(anat.).

root stalk, — a rhizome (bot.) ; the
root - like horizontal portion of
Hydrozoa (zool.).

root tubercle, — a small swelling on a
legume root, caused by Bacteria
(bot.).

rootlet, — an ultimate branch of a root
(bot.).

rosaceous (roza'shus) a. [L. rosa, a
rose.] With five petals arranged
in a circle ; formed like a rose (bot.).

rosellate (rozfil'at) a. [L. rosa, a rose.]
Arranged like rosettes.

Rosenmuller's (ro'zgnmiil'e'rz) organ,
— a uterine rudimentary organ
homologous with the epididymis
(anat.).

rosette (roze"t') n. [L. rosa, a rose.]
A cluster of leaves arising in close
circles from a central ax's (dot.) ;
a thin plate formed by the coales-
cence of the basal s of a larval
Crinoid ; a large ciliated funnel
leading out of the anterior sperm
reservoir of the Earthworm (zool.).

rosette organ, — in certain Ascidians,
the ventral complex stolon from
which buds are constricted off
(zool.).

ROS-

278

RUG-

rosette plate, — five interradial basal
plates united together in Crinoids
(zool.}.

rostel (ros'tei) n. [L. rostellum, dim.
of rostrum, a beak.] A rostellum.

rostellar (rostel'ar) a. [L. rostellum,
a small beak.] Pert, a rostellum.

rostellate (rostel'at) a. [L. rostellum,
a small beak.] Furnished with a
small beak.

rostelliform (rosteTiform) a. [L.

. rostellum, a small beak ; forma,
shape.] Shaped like a small beak.

rostellum (rosteTum) n. [L. rostellum,
a small beak.] A small rostrum ; a
projecting structure developed from
one of the stigmatic surfaces of the
orchid flower (bot.} ; a rounded
prominence, furnished with hooks,
on the head of a Tapeworm (zool.') ;
a beaked-shaped process (anat.}.

rostral (rSs'tral) a. [L. rostrum, a
beak.] Pert, a rostrum.

rostrate (ros'trat) a. [L. rostrum, a
beak.] Beaked.

rostriform (ros'trif6rm), rostroid
(rSs'troid) a. [L. rostrum, a beak ;
forma, shape ; Gk. eidos, resem-
blance.] Beak-shaped.

rostrulate (ros'troolat) a. [L. ros-
trulum, a small beak.] Like a
rostrulum.

rostrulum (ros'troolum) n. [L. ros-
trulum, a small beak.] A small
rostrum.

rostrum (ros'trum) n. [L. rostrum,
a beak.] A beak or beak-like
process ; the projecting process
between the eyes of a Crayfish ; a
median ventral plate at the base of
the capitulum of Cirripedes ; etc.
(zool.}.

rosular (roz'ular), rosulate (roz'ulat)
a. [L. rosa, a rose.] Arranged in
rosettes.

rot (rot) n. [A.S. rattan, to rot.]
Decay ; decomposition ; disease
caused by Fungi or Bacteria (bot.} ;
a parasitic disease causing emacia-
tion (zool.}.

rotate (rotat') a. [L. rota, a wheel.]
Shaped like a wheel ; with flat and
spreading parts (bot.}.

rotation (rota'shun) n. [L. rota, a
wheel.] Turning as on a pivot,
as limbs (phys.} ; circulation, as of
cell sap (bot.}.

rotator (rota'tor) n. [L. rota, a wheel.]
A muscle which allows of circular
motion (anat.}.

rotatores spinae, — paired muscles,
one on each side of the spine, each
arising from a transverse process
of a vertebra and inserted into the
vertebra next above (anat.}.

rotiform (ro'tiform) a. [L. rota, a
wheel ; forma, shape.] Wheel-
shaped ; circular.

rotula (rot'ula) n. [L. rotula, a small
wheel.] One of five radially-directed
bars bounding the circular aperture
of the oesophagus of a Sea-urchin
(zool.} ; the patella or kneecap
(anat,}.

rotular (rot'ular) a. [L. rotula, a small
wheel.] Pert, the rotula.

rotuliform (rotu'liform) a. [L. rotula,
a small wheel ; forma, shape.]
Shaped like a small wheel.

rotundifolious (rotun'difo'lius) a. [L.
rotundus, -round ; folium, a leaf.]
With rounded leaves (bot.}.

rouleaux (rool'6, rool'oz) n. plu. [F.
rouleau, a wheel.] Formations like
piles of coins into which red blood
corpuscles tend to aggregate when
blood is at rest (pkys.}.

rubiginose (roobij'mos), rubiginous
(roobij'inus) a. [L. rubigo,^ rust.]
Of a brownish-red tint ; with the
colour of rust ; affected by rust
parasites (bot.}.

ruderal (rood'gral) a. [L. rudus,
debris.] Growing among rubbish
or debris (bot.}.

rudimentary (rood'imgn'tari) a. [L.
rudimentum, a first attempt] In
an imperfectly developed condition ;
at an early stage of development ;
arrested at an early stage ; ves-
tigial, in certain authors (biol.}.

ruff (ruf) n. [A.S. reafan, to reave.]
A neck fringe of hair or feathers
(zool.}.

ruga (roog'a) n. [L. ruga, a wrinkle.]
A fold or wrinkle, as the folds of
the mucous membrane of certain
organs (anat.}.

rugate (roog'at), rugose (roog'os),
rugous (roog'us) a. [L. ruga, a
wrinkle.] Wrinkled ; with many
wrinkles on the surface.

rugulose (roog'ulos) a. [L. ruga, a
wrinkle.] Finely wrinkled.

RUM-

279

SAL-

rumen (room'e'n) n. [L. rumen, the
throat.] The paunch or first cavity
of a ruminant's stomach (zool.).

ruminant (roomlnSnt) n. [L. rumen,
throat] An animal which returns
and re-chews what has been
swallowed (zool.).

ruminate (roonVlnat) a. [L. rumen,
the throat.] Having a mottled
appearance through the infolding
of the tegmen ; having mottled
albumen ; appl. such seeds as the
betel-nut (bat.).

rumination (roonYmashun) n. [L.
rumen, the throat.] The act of
ruminant animals in returning the
food from the first stomach to the
mouth in small quantities for
thorough mastication and insaliva-
tion (phys.\

runcinate (run'smat) a. [L. runcina,
a plane.] Appl. a pinnate leaf when
the divisions point downwards, as
in the dandelion (dot.).

runner (run'er) n. [A.S. rinnan, to
run.] A slender prostrate stem
which roots at the nodes, as in the
strawberry (bat.).

rupestrine (roopfis'trm), rupicoline
(rooplk'olin), rupicolous (rooplk'-
plus) a. [L. rupes, rock ; colere, to
inhabit.] Growing or living on
rocks.

ruptile (rup'tll) a. [L. rumpere, to
break.] Bursting in an irregular
manner (bot.).

rust (rust) n. [A.S. rust, redness.]
A destructive parasite whose my-
celium lives in the intercellular
spaces of higher plants, as wheat
rust (hot.).

rut (rut) n. [M.E. rutien, to rut.l
The season when deers mate and
copulate.

sabuline (sab'ulln) a. [L. sabulum,

sand.] Sandy,
sabulose, — sabuline.
sac (sak) n. [L. saccus, a sack.] A

sack, bag, or pouch,
saccate (sak'at) a. [L. saccus, a sack.]

Pouched ; appl. a calyx of which

two lateral sepals are expanded

into little sacs or pouches ; gibbous

(bot.).
sacciferous (sakslf'grus) a. [L. saccus,

a sack ; ferre, to bear.] Furnished

with a sac.
sacciform (sak'slform) a. [L. saccus,

a sack ; forma, shape.] Like a sack

or pouch,
sacculate (sak'ulat) a. [L. sacculus, a

little bag.] Provided with little

sacs,
sacculus (saVulus) n. [L. sacculus,

a small sack.] A saccule or small

sac ; the lower part of the vestibule

of the ear (ana/.).
saccus (sak'us) n. [L. saccus, a sack.]

A sac-like structure, — as saccus

vasculosus, saccus endolymphaticus

of the brain (anat.).
sacral (sa'kril) a. [L. sacer, sacred.]

Pert, the sacrum,
sacrocaudal (sa'krok&d'al) a. [L.

sacer, sacred ; cauda, tail.] Pert.

sacrum and tail region (zool^.
sacrococcygeal (sa'krokSksIj'eal) a.

[L. sacer, sacred ; Gk. kokkyx,

cuckoo.] Pert, sacrum and coccyx,
sacrolumbar (sa'kr6lum'b5r) a. [L.

sacer, sacred ; lumbus, loin.] Pert.

sacral and lumbar regions,
sacrospinal (sa'krospl'nil) a. [L.

sacer, sacred ; spina, spine.] Pert.

sacral region and spine,
sacrovertebral (saTcr6vgr/t6brai) a.

[L. sacer, sacred ; vertebra, a joint]

Pert, sacrum and vertebrae,
sacrum (sa'krum) n. [L. sacer, sacred.]

The os sacrum or bone forming

the termination of the vertebral

column, usually consisting of several

fused vertebrae (anat.).
sagittal (sajlt'al, sai'Ital) a. [L.

sagitta, an arrow.] Appl. the

suture between the parietals (anat.).
sagittal section,— section or division

in the median longitudinal plane

(anat.).
sagittate (sajlt'at, sajltat) a. [L.

sagitta, arrow.] Shaped like the

head of an arrow, as a leaf (bot.).
sagittocyst (sajlt'oslst) n. [L. sagitta,

arrow ; Gk. kystis, bladder.] A

cyst or capsule in Turbellarians

containing a single spindle (zool.).
saliva (sali'va) n. [L. saliva, spittle.]

A fluid secreted by the mouth

glands, which aids mastication and

SAL-

280

SAR-

is the first digestive juice to attack
food (phys.).

salivary (sal'ivari) a. [L. saliva,
spittle.] Pert, saliva, or connected
with it in any way (phys.") ; appl.
glands which secrete saliva (anat.).

salivation (sal'Iva'shun) n. [L.
saliva, spittle.] The flow of saliva
into the mouth, especially an in-
creased flow (phys.}.

salpingian (salpm'jian) a. [Gk. sal-
pingx, a trumpet.] Pert, the
Eustachian or the Fallopian tube
(anat.}.

salpingopalatine, —pert. Eustachian
tubes and palate (anat.).

salpinx (sal'plngks) n. [Gk. salpingx,
a trumpet.] Eustachian or Fall-
opian tube (anat.}.

salsuginous (salsu'jinus) a. [L. sal-
sugo, saltness.] Growing in soil
impregnated with salts (bot.}.

saltatorial (saltato'rial) a. [L. saltare,
to leap.] Adapted for, or used in,
leaping or dancing ; appl. limbs of
jumping Insects.

saltatory, — saltatorial.

saltigrade (sal'tigrad) a. [L. saltare,
to leap ; gradus, a step.] Moving
by leaps, as some Insects.

samara (sama'ra) n. [L. samara, the
seed of the elm.] A winged in-
dehiscent fruit, as in elm and ash
(bot.}.

samaroid (sam'aroid) a. [L. samara,
seed of elm ; Gk. eidos, form.]
Samariform ; resembling a samara
(bot.}.

sanguicolous (sanggwik'olus) a. [L.
sanguis, blood ; colere, to inhabit.]
Living in the blood of animals
(zoo/.).

sangniferous (sanggwif'6rus) a. [L.
sanguis, blood ; ferre, to carry.]
Conveying blood, as arteries, veins
(phys.}.

sanguivorous (sanggwiv'orus) a. [L.
sanguis, blood ; vorare, to devour.]
Living on blood (zool.).

sanidaster (san'idas'ter) n. [Gk.
sanidion, a panel ; aster, star.] A
slender rod-like spicule with spines
at intervals (zool.}.

saphena (safe'na) n. [Gk. saphenes,
clear.] A conspicuous vein of the
leg, extending from the knee to
the foot (anat.).

saphenous (safe'nus) a. [Gk. saphenes,
clear.] Pert, the internal or ex-
ternal saphena (anat.).

sapropelic (sap'ropeTik) a. [Gk.
sapros, rotten ; pelos, mud.] Living
among the debris of bottom ooze.

saprophyte (sap'rofit) n. [Gk. sapros,
rotten ; phyton, plant.] An organ-
ism which lives on dead and
decaying organic matter ; a sapro-
phytic organism.

saprozoic (sap'rozo'ik) a. [Gk. sapros,
rotten ; zoon, animal.] Appl. an
animal organism which lives on dead
or decaying organic matter (zool.}

sarcenchyma (sarkgng'kima) n. [Gk.
sarx, flesh ; engchyma, infusion.]
Parenchyma in which the ground-
substance is granular and not
abundant (biol.).

sarcocarp (sar'kokarp) n. [Gk. sarx,
flesh ; karpos, fruit.] The fleshy or
pulpy part of a fruit (bot.}.

sarcocyte (sar'koslt) n. [Gk. sarx,
flesh ; kytos, hollow.] The middle
layer of Gregarine ectoplasm (zool.}.

sarcode (sar'kod) n. [Gk. sarx, flesh.]
The body protoplasm of a Protozoan
(cyt.).

sarcoderm (sar'kodgrm) n. [Gk.
sarx, flesh ; derma, skin.] The
fleshy layer between a seed and the
external covering (bot.).

sarcodic (sarkSd'ik) a. [Gk. sarx,
flesh.] Pert, or resembling proto-
plasm (biol.).

sarcodictyum (sar'kodik'tium) n.
[Gk. sarx, flesh ; diktyon, a net.]
The second or network protoplasmic
zone of Radiolarians (zool.).

sarcogenic (sar'k6je"n'ik) a. [Gk.
sarx, flesh ; genos, offspring.]
Flesh-producing (biol.).

sarcoid (sir'koid) a. [Gk. sarx, flesh ;
eidos, form.] Fleshy, as sponge
tissue (zool.).

sarcolemma (sar'kole'm'a) n. [Gk.
sarx, flesh ; lemma, skin.] The
tubular sheath of a muscle fibre
(anat.).

sarcoma (sarko'ma) n. [Gk. sarx,
flesh.] A fleshy excrescence (bot.).

sarcomatrix (sarkoma'triks) n. [Gk.
sarx, flesh ; L. matrix, womb.]
The fourth protoplasmic zone of a
Radiolarian, the seat of digestion
and assimilation (zool.).

SAR-

281

SCA-

sarcomere (sarTcomer) n. [Gk. sarx,
flesh ; meros, part.] A transverse line
subdividing the sarcostyle (phys.).

sarcophagous (sarkof'agus) a. [Gk.
sarx, flesh ; phagein, to eat.] Sub-
sisting on flesh (zool).

sarcoplasm (sar'koplazm) n. [Gk.
sarx, flesh ; plasma, something
moulded.] The longitudinal inter-
stitial reticulum of muscular tissue
(phys.).

sarcosoma (saYkoso'ma) n, [Gk.
sarx, flesh ; soma, body.] The
fleshy portion of the body as opp.
the skeletal (zool.).

sarcosperm (sar'kospe'rm) n. [Gk.
sarx, flesh ; sperma, seed.] Sarco-
derm (bot.).

sarcostyle (sar'kostll) n. [Gk. sarx,
flesh ; stylos, a pillar.] A fibril or
muscle column of muscular tissue
(Phys.) ; a dactylozooid column
(zool).

sarcotheca (sar'kothe'ka) n. [Gk.
sarx, flesh ; theke, a box.] The
sheath of a hydrozoan sarcostyle
(zool.).

sarcous (sa/kus) a. [Gk. sarx, flesh.]
Pert, flesh or muscle tissue (zool.).

sannentaceous (sirme'nta'shus) a.
[L. sarmentum, a twig.] Having
slender prostrate stems or runners
(hot.).

sarmentose, sarmentous, — sarmen-
taceous.

sarmentum (sarmSn'tum) n. [L.
sarmentum, a twig.] The slender
stem of a climber or runner (bot.).

sarothrum (saro'thrum) n. [Gk. saro-
tron, a broom.] An enlarged hairy
tarsal joint oif a bee, the pollen
brush (zool.).

sartorius (sarto'rlus) n. [L. sartor, a
tailor.] A thigh muscle which
enables the legs to be bent inwards
(anaf.).

satellite (sat'gllt) n. [L. satelles, an
attendant.] The second of any
pair of individuals of a catenoid
colony in pseudoconjugation of
Gregarinida ; cf. primlte (zool.).

saurian (sor'ian) a. [Gk. sauros, a
lizard.] Resembling a lizard (pal.).

saurognathous (s6r'6gna'thus) a. [Gk.
sauros, lizard ; gnathos, jaw.] With
a saurian arrangement of jaw-bones
(zool.).

saurold (sdroid) a. [Gk. sauros,
lizard ; eidos, form.] Resembling
a saurian (zool.).

saxicavous (sak'slka'vus) a. [L.
saxum, rock ; cavus, hollow.] Appl.
rock - borers, as some Molluscs
(zool).

saxicoline (saksik'olin) a. [L. saxum,
rock ; colere, to inhabit.] Living or
growing among rocks (bot., zool).

scaberulous (skabeVulus) a. [L.
scaber, rough.] Somewhat rough.

scabrate (skab'rat) a. [L. scaber,
rough.] Rough with a covering of
stiff hairs, scales, or points (bot.).

scabrous, — scabrate.

scala (ska'la) n. [L. scala, a ladder.]
Any of three ladder-like canals in
the cochlea of the ear (zool).

scalarlform (skalar'Iform) a. [L. scala,
ladder ; forma, shape.] Ladder-
shaped ; appl vessels or tissues
having bars like a ladder (bot.).

scale (skal) n. [A.S. sceala, a shell,
husk.] A flat, small, platelike
external structure, dermal or epi-
dermal ; a bony, horny, or chitinous
outgrowth (zool) ; the bract of a
catkin, being of a scaly nature ;
the ligule of certain flowers ; a
modification of a stellate hair on
certain leaves (bot.).

scale bark,— bark in irregular sheets
or patches, due to irregular or
dipping formation of phellogen
(bot).

scale leaf, — a bud-protecting cata-
phyllary leaf (bot).

scalene (skalen') a. [Gk. skalenos,
uneven.] Pert, any of the scalene
muscles (anal).

scalenus (skale'nus) n. [Gk. skalenos,
uneven.] One of three neck muscles
used in bending the head, — scalenus
posticus, medius, anticus (anat.).

scalp (skalp) n. [M.E. scalp.] The
skin and subcutaneous tissues of the
surface of the head where hair
grows (anat.).

scalpella (skalpgl'a) n. plu. [L. scal-
pellum, a scalpel.] Paired pointed
processes, parts of the maxillae of
Diptera (zool).

scalpriform (skSl'prIf6rm) a. [L.
scalfrum, a chisel ; forma, shape.]
Chisel-shaped, as certain teeth
(zool, anat.).

SCA-

282

SCH-

scandent (skan'dgnt) a. [L. scandere,
to climb.] Climbing by stem-roots
or tendrils (bot.}.

scansorial (skanso'rial) a. [L. scan-
dere, to climb.] Formed or adapted
for climbing (zool.}.

scape (skap) n. [Gk. skapos, stalk.]
A flower-stalk arising at or under
the ground ; a radical peduncle, as
hyacinth (bot.} ; a structure formed
by the two basal segments of the
antennae of Diptera (zoo!.).

scapha (ska'fa) n. [Gk. scaphe, a
boat.] The narrow curved depres-
sion between helix and antihelix of
the ear (anat.}.

scaphium (ska'fium) n. [Gk. scaphe,
boat.] A process of the ninth
(copulatory) segment of male Lepi-
doptera (zool.}.

scaphocerite (skafose'rit) n. [Gk.
skaphe, boat ; keras, horn.] The
scale-like exopodite of the second
antenna of Decapods (zool.}.

scaphognathite (skafognath'lt,
skafSg'nathlt) n. [Gk. skaphe,
boat ; gnathos, jaw.J The exo-
podite of the second maxilla of
Decapods, regulating the flow of
water through the respiratory
chamber (zool.}.

scaphoid (skaf'oid) a. [Gk. skaphe,
boat ; eidos, form.] Shaped like a
boat ; appl. a carpal and a tarsal
bone (anat.).

scapholunar (skafolu'nar) a. [Gk.
skaphe, boat ; L. luna, moon.] Pert.
scaphoid and lunar carpal bones,
or those bones fused (anat., zool.}.

scapiform (ska'pif6rm) a. [Gk.
skapos, stalk ; L. forma, shape.]
Scapoid ; resembling a scape (bot.).

scapose (ska'pos) a. [Gk. skapos,
stalk.] Consisting of or in the
form of a scape (hot.}.

scapula (skap'ula) n. [L. scapula,
shoulder-blade.] The shoulder-
blade ; name given to various
structures suggestive of a shoulder-
blade, as tegula, patagium, meso-
thoracic pleuron, fore-leg trochanter
of certain Insects ; in Crinoids, the
proximal plate of a ray that has an
articular facet for the arms (zool.}.

scapular (skap'ular) a. [L. scapula,
shoulder-blade.] Pert, the scapula.

scapulars, — scapular feathers of birds.

scapus (ska'pus) n. [L. scapus, stem,
stalk.] A scape (oof.} ; the stem of
a feather (zool.).

scarfskin (skarf skin) n. [A.S. sceorfa,
scurf.] The cuticle or epidermis
(anat.}.

scarious (ska'rius) a. [F. scarieux,
membranous.] Thin, dry, mem-
branous (hot.} ; scaly or scurfy
(zool.}.

schlndylesis (skin'dile'sls) n. [Gk.
schindylesis, a fissure.] Articula-
tion in which a thin plate of bone
fits into a cleft or fissure, as that
between vomer and palatines (anat.}.

schlzocarp (shiz'okarp, ski-) n. [Gk.
schizein, to cleave ; karpos, fruit.]
A dry seed-vessel which splits into
two or more one-seeded carpels
(bot.}.

schizochroal (shizokro'al, ski-) a. [Gk.
schizein, to cleave ; chros, body-
surface.] With lenses separate and
cornea not continuous ; appl. cer-
tain trilobite eyes (pal.}.

schlzocoel (shiz'osel, ski-) n. [Gk.
schizein, to cleave ; koilos, hollow.]
A body-cavity formed by splitting
of the mesoblast into layers (emb.}.

schizogamy (shizog'aml, ski-) n. [Gk.
schizein, to cleave ; gamos, marriage.]
Fission into a sexual and a non-
sexual zooid in some Polychaets
(zool.}.

schlzogenesis (sh!z'6j6n'6sis, ski-) n.
[Gk. schizein, to cleave ; genesis,
descent] Reproduction by means
of fission (biol.}.

schizogenetic (shiz'ojgngt'Ik, ski-) a.
[Gk. schizein, to cleave ; genesis,
descent.] Reproducing by means
of fission (biol.} ; appl. resin ducts
in young stems of ivy ; appl. spaces
formed by delamination of adjacent
cell walls (bot.}.

schizognathous (shtzog'nathus, ski-)
a. [Gk. schizein, to cleave ; gnathos,
jaw.J Appl. the arrangement of
jaws when the vomer is small and
pointed in front and maxillo-
palatines do not unite with each
other and the vomer, as in the
Pigeon (zool.}.

schizogony (shizog'oni, ski-) n. [Gk.
schizein, to cleave ; gonos, offspring.]
A kind of multiple fission in Proto-
zoa (zool.}.

SCH-

283

SCL-

schizokinete (shiz'oklnet', ski-) n.
[Gk. schizein, to cleave ; kinetos,
movable.] A motile vermicule stage
in the life - history of Haemo-
sporidiae (zoo/.).

schizont (shizSnf, ski-) n. [Gk.
schizein, to cleave; ons, being.]
A trophozoite stage of parasitic
Sporozoa, reproducing in the host
by multiple fission (zoo/.).

schizontocytes (shizon'toslts, ski-) n.
plu. [Gk. schizein, to cleave ; ons,
being ; kytos, hollow.] Cytomeres
into which a schizont divides, and
which themselves divide into
clusters of merozoites (zoo/.).

schizopelmous (shiz'opeTmus, ski-) a.
[Gk. schizein, to cleave ; pelma,
sole of the foot.] With two separate
flexor tendons connected with the
toes, as in some Birds (zoo/.).

schlzopod stage, — that stage in the
development of a Decapod larva
when it resembles an adult Mysis
in having exopodite and endopodite
to all the thoracic limbs (zoo/.).

schizorhinal (shiz'ori'nal, ski-) a.
[Gk. schizein, to cleave ; rhis, nose.]
Having the external narial opening
elongated, and the posterior border
angular or slit-like (zoo/.).

schizostele (shiz'ostel, ski-) «. [Gk.
schizein, to cleave ; stele, a post.]
One of a number of strands formed
by division of the plerome of a stem
(**).

schlzostely (shiz'oste'H, ski-) n. [Gk.
schizein, to cleave ; stele, a post.]
The condition of a stem in which
the plerome gives rise to a number
of strands, each composed of one
vascular bundle ; astely (oof.).

schlzothecal (shiz'othe'kal, ski-) a.
[Gk. schizein, to cleave ; theke, a
case.] Having scale - like horny
tarsal plates (zoo/.).

schizozoite (shiz'ozo'lt, ski-) n. [Gk.
schizein, to cleave ; zoon, animal.]
A merozoite formed from each seg-
ment of a dividing schizont (zoo/.).

Schwann's sheath, — a delicate but
tough membrane outside the medul-
lary sheath of a nerve fibre ; the
primitive sheath (J>kys.}.

sciatic (siat'Ik) a. [Gk. ischion, hip-
joint.] Pert, the hip region ; appl.
artery, nerve, etc. (anat.).

scion (st6n) n. [F. scion, shoot.] A
branch or shoot for grafting
purposes (oot.).

solera (skle'ri) n. [Gk. skleros, hard.]
A firm unyielding membrane form-
ing five-sixths of the fibrous tunic
of the eyeball, the cornea forming
the anterior sixth (anat.}.

scleratogenous layer,— a strand of
fused sclerotomes formed along the
neural tube, later surrounding the
notochord (emo.).

sclere (skier) n. [Gk. skleros, hard.]
A skeletal structure ; a sponge
spicule (zoo/.).

sclerenchyma (sklgreng'klma) n. [Gk.
skleros, hard ; engchyma, infusion.]
The hard tissue of coral (zoo/.) ;
tissue of thickened and of hard
cells of vessels (oot.).

sclerite (skle'rit) n. [Gk. skleros,
hard.] A calcareous plate or spic-
ule (zoo/.).

sclerobase (skle'robas) n. [Gk.
skleros, hard ; basis, base.] The
calcareous axis of Alcyonaria (zoo/.).

scleroblast (skle'roblast) n. [Gk.
skleros, hard ; blastos, a bud.J A
sponge cell from which a sclere
develops (zoo/.).

sclerocauly (skleVokoll) n. [Gk.
skleros, hard ; kaulos, stalk.] Con-
dition of excessive skeletal structure
in a stem (dot.}.

sclerocorneal (skleVok&r'neal) a. [Gk.
skleros, hard ; L. cornea, the cornea.]
Pert, cornea and sclerotic (anat.}.

scleroderm (skleVOdgrm) n. [Gk.
skleros, hard ; derma, skin.] An
indurating integument ; the skeletal
part of Corals (zoo/.).

sclerodermatous (skleVodeYmatus) a.
[Gk. skleros, hard ; derma, skin.]
Having an external skeletal struc-
ture (zoo/.).

sclerodermite (skleYodeYmlt) n.
[Gk. skleros, hard ; derma, skin.]
The hard outer covering of an
arthropod segment (zoo/.).

sclerogen (skler'qjgn) n. [Gk. skleros,
hard ; genos, offspring.] Woody
tissue in plant cells (oot.}.

sclerogenlc (skler'ojgnlfk), — sclero-
genous.

sclerogenous (sklgroj'gnus) a. [Gk.
skleros, hard ; genos, offspring.]
Secreting lignin (oot.}.

284

SCU-

scleroicl (skle'roid) a. [Gk. skleros,
hard ; eidos, resemblance.] Hard ;
skeletal (biol.).

sclerophylly (skle'rofil'f) n. [Gk.
skleros, hard ; phyllon, leaf.] Con-
dition of excessive skeletal structure
in leaves (dot.).

scleroseptum (skler'osep'tum) n. [Gk.
skleros, hard ; L. septum, a division.]
A radial vertical wall of carbonate
of lime in madrepore Corals.

sclerosis (sklgro'sis) n. [Gk. skleros,
hard.] Hardening by increase of
connective tissue or lignin (hot.').

sclerotal (sklgro'tal) a. [Gk. skleros,
hard.] Sclerotic ; indurated ; con-
taining lignin (hot.) ; pert, the
sclerotic of the eye (anat.).

sclerotic (skleYot'ik) n. [Gk. skleros,
hard.] The outer layer or protective
membrane of the eye (anat.).

sclerotic ossicles, — a ring of small
bones round the protruded sclerotic
of Birds (zool.).

sclerotioid (sklgrot'ioid) a. [Gk.
skleros, hard ; eidos, resemblance.]
Pert, a sclerotium (bot.).

sclerotium (sklero'tium, -shium) n.
[Gk. skleros, hard.] The resting,
dormant, or winter stage of some
Fungi when they become a mass of
hardened mycelium or waxy proto-
plasm (bot.).

sclerotome (skler'otom) n. [Gk.
skleros, hard ; tome, a cutting.] A
partition of connective tissue be-
tween two myotomes (zool.).

sclerous (skle'rus) a. [Gk. skleros,
hard.] Sclerotal.

scolecid (sko'lgsid) a. [Gk. skolex, a
worm.] Pert, a scolex.

scoleciform (skoles'iform) a. [Gk.
skolex, worm ; L. forma, shape.]
Like a scolex.

scolecite (skol'gslt) n. [Gk. skolex,
worm.] A vermiform body branch-
ing from the mycelium of Disco-
mycetes (bot.).

scolecoid (skol'gkoid) a. [Gk. skolex,
worm ; eidos, form.] Resembling
a scolex.

scolex (sko'lgks) n. [Gk. skolex,
worm.] The head or rounded ter-
minal knob of a Tape-worm (zool.).

scolite (sko'llt) n. [Gk. skolex, worm ;
lithos, stone.] A fossil worm burrow
(Pal).

scopa (sk5'pa) n. [L. scopa, brush.]
A pollen brush (soot.}.

scopate (sko'pat) a. [L. scopa, brush.]
Having a tuft of hairs like a brush
(zool.).

scopiferous, — scopate.

scopiform (sko'piform) a. [L. scopa,
brush ; forma, shape.] Brush-
like.

scopula (skop'ula) n. [L. scopttla, a
small brush.] A small tuft of
hairs ; a needle-like sponge spicule
with brush-like head ; in climbing
spiders, a tuft of club-like hairs on
each foot, replacing the third claw
(zoo!.).

scopulate (skop'ulat) a. [L. scopula,
a small brush.] Like a brush.

scopuliferous (skop'ulif'grus) a. [L.
scopula, a small brush ; ferre, to
carry.] Having a small brush-like
structure.

scopuliform (skop'uliform) a. [L.
scopula, a small brush ; forma,
shape.] Resembling a small brush.

scorpioid (skor'pioid) a. [Gk. skorpios,
scorpion ; eidos, form.] Cicinnal
(bot.) ; resembling a scorpion ; with
curved tail.

scorpioid cyme, — a uniparous cymose
inflorescence in which the daughter-
axes are developed right and left
alternately (bot.).

scrobicula (skroblk'ula) n. [L. scrobis,
a ditch.] The smooth area round
the boss of an echinoid test (zool.).

scrobicular (skrobik'ular) a. [L.
scrobis, ditch.] In the region of
the scrobicula.

scrobiculate (skrobik'ulat) a. [L.
scrobis, ditch.] Marked with little
pits or depressions (zool.).

scrobicule, — a scrobicula.

scrobiculus (skrobik'ulus) n. [L.
scrobis, ditch.] A pit or depression.

scrobiculus cordis, — the pit of the
stomach (anal.).

scrotal (skro'tal) a. [L. scrotum.]
Pert, or in the region of the scrotum
(anat.).

scrotum (skro'tum) n. [L. scrotum.]
The external sac containing the
testicles, in Mammals.

scurf (skiirf) n. [A.S. scurf.} Scaly
skin ; dried outer skin peeling off in
scales (anat.) ; the scaly epidermal
covering of some leaves (bot.).

SCU-

285

SEC-

scutal (sku'tal) a. [L. scutum, shield.]
Pert, a scutum.

scutate (sku'tat) a. [L. scutum,
shield.] Protected by large scales
or horny plates (zool}.

scute (skut) n. [L. scutum, shield.]
An external scale, as of Reptile,
Fish, or scaly Insect (zool.).

scutella (skuteTa) n. [L. scutellum,
a small shield.] A scutellum or
shield-like structure.

scutellar (skuteTar) a. [L. scutellum,
a small shield.] Pert, a scutellum.

scutellate (skuteTat) a. [L. scutellum,
a small shield.] Shaped like a
small shield.

scutellation (sku'tela'shun) n. [L.
scutellum, a small shield.] The
method of arrangement of scales,
as on tarsus of Bird (zool.}.

scutelliform, — scutellate.

scutelligerous (sku'telij'e'rus) a. [L.
scutellum, a small shield ; gerere, to
bear.] Furnished with scutella or
a scutellum.

scutelliplantar (skuteTiplan'tar) a.
[L. scutellum, a small shield ; planta,
sole of foot.] Having the tarsus
covered with small plates or scutella
(zool.).

scutellum (skuteTum) n. [L. scutel-
lum, a small shield.] A tarsal scale
of Birds ; the posterior part of the
mesothoracic segment of an Insect
(zool.) ; the single massive coty-
ledon lying next the starchy
endosperm in seed of Maize ; a
development of part of the coty-
ledon which separates the embryo
from the endosperm in the seed
of Grasses (tot.).

scutlferous, — scutigerous.

scutiform (sku'tiform) a. [L. scutum,
shield ; forma, shape.] Shaped
like a shield ; appl. the floating leaf
of Salvinia (hot}.

scutigerous (skutij'£rus)a. [L. scutum,
shield ; gerere, to bear.] Bearing a
shield-like structure (zool.}.

scutiped (sku'tip&i) a. [L. scutum,
shield ; pes, foot.] Having the
foot or part of it covered by scutella
(zool.).

scutum (sku'tum) «. [L. scutum,
shield.] A shield-like plate, horny,
bony, or chitinous, developed in
the integument ; the fornix or

modified spine overhanging the
aperture in some Cheilostomata
(zool.).

scyphlferous (skiflf'grus, si-) a. [Gk.
skyphos, cup ; L. ferre, to bear.]
Bearing scyphi, as some Lichens
(tot.).

scyphiform (skif'iform, si-) a. [Gk.
skyphos, cup ; L. forma, shape.]
Shaped like a cup (tot.).

scyphistoma (skifis'toma, si-) n. [Gk.
skyphos, cup ; stoma, mouth.] A
scyphula, the scyphozoon polyp
stage in the development of Aurelia
(zool.).

scyphose (skif'os, sl'fos) a. [Gk.
skyphos, cup.] Scyphiform.

scyphula (skifula, sif-) n. [Gk. sky-
phos, cup.] A scyphistoma.

scyphulus (skif'ulus, si-) n. [Gk.
skyphos, cup.] A small cup-shaped
structure (dot.).

scyphus (skif'us, si-) «. [Gk. skyphos,
cup.] The cup of a Narcissus ; a
funnel - shaped corolla ; the cup-
shaped expansion of the podetium
in some Lichens (tot.).

sebaceous (s£ba'shus) a. [L. sebum,
tallow.] Containing or secreting
fatty matter ; appl. glands (anat.).

sebiferous (sSbif'Srus) a. [L. sebum,
tallow ; ferre, to carry.] Conveying
fatty matter (phys}.

sebiparous (sfiblp'arus) a. [L. sebum,
tallow ; parere, to beget.] Secreting
fatty matter (phys.).

sebum (se'bum) n. [L. sebum, tallow.]
The secretion of sebaceous glands,
consisting of fatty matter and iso-
cholesterin (phys.).

secodont (s6k'6d6nt) a. [L. secare, to
cut ; Gk. odous, tooth.] Furnished
with teeth adapted for cutting
(zool.\

secondary (sgk'ondari) a. [L. se-
cundus, second.] Second in im-
portance or in position (zool.) ;
arising, not from the growing point,
but from other tissue (tot.) ; n. a
forearm quill - feather of a bird's
wing ; an insect hind- wing (zool.).

secondary bud, — an axillary bud,
accessory to the normal one (tot.).

secondary capitula, — six small cells
rising from each capitulum of
Chara (tot.).

secondary growth,— development of

SEC-

SEG-

secondary meristem or cambium
producing new tissue on both sides,
as in woody dicotyledons (dot.).

secondary meristem, — phellogen
(dot.).

secondary prothallium, — a tissue
produced in the megaspore of
Selaginella after the true pro-
thallium is formed (dot.).

secondary roots, — branches of the
primary root, arising within its
tissue, and in turn giving rise to
tertiary roots ; roots arising at
other than normal points of origin
(dot.).

secondary spore, — a small or ab-
jointed spore ; an ascospore (dot.).

secondary tissue, — tissue formed
through phellogen, externally cork,
and internally phelloderm (dot.).

secondary wood, — wood formed from
cambium (dot.).

secretin (sekre'tin) n. [L. secernere,
to separate.] A chemical substance
produced in the intestinal mucous
membrane whose action on the
pancreas causes a copious secretion
of pancreatic juice (phys.).

secretion (sekre'shun) n. [L. secemere,
to separate.] A substance or fluid
which is separated from the blood
or other cells ; the process of such
separation (phys.).

secretitious (sekretish'us) a. [L.
secernere, to separate.] Appl. a
substance or fluid secreted (phys.).

secretory (sekre'tori) a. [L. secernere,
to separate.] Performing the office
of secretion (phys.).

sectile (sgk'tll) a. [L. secare, to cut.]
Cut into small partitions, com-
partments (dot.).

sectorial (sgkto'rial) a. [L. secure,
to cut.] Formed or adapted for
cutting, as certain teeth.

secund (sgk'und) a. [L. secundus,
following.] Appl. flowers or leaves
arranged on one side of the stem
(dot.).

secundiflorous (sfikund'Iflo'rus) a. [L.
secundus, following ; ftos, flower.]
Having flowers on one side of the
stem only (dot.).

secundine (s6k'undin) n. [L. secundus,
following.] The second coat of
the ovule, lying within the primine
(dot.).

secundines, — the foetal membranes
collectively (anat.).

secondly (sek'undlT) adv. [L. se-
cundus, following.] On one side
of a stem or axis (dot.).

sedentary (sed'Sntari) a. [L. sedere,
to sit.] Not free-living ; appl.
animals attached by a base to
some substratum (zool.).

seed (sed) n. [A.S. saed, seed.] A
mature fruit containing an embryo
ready for germination under suit-
able conditions (hot.) ; semen
(anat.).

seed bud, — an ovule (dot.).

seed coat, — the testa, a thin mem-
brane investing the seed (hot.).

seed plant, — a seed-bearing plant
(dot.).

seed stalk, — the funicle (hot.}.

seed vessel, — a structure containing
seed, as a pod (dot.).

segment (seg'me'nt) n. [L. seg-
mentum, a piece cut off".] A divi-
sion formed by cleavage of an
ovum (emb.) ; a part of an animal
or of a jointed appendage (zool.) ;
a division of a leaf if cleft nearly to
the base (dot.).

segmental (sggmgn'tal) a. [L. seg-
mentum, a part.] Of the nature
of a segment ; pert, a segment.

segmental arteries, — diverticula
from the dorsal aortae arising in
the spaces between successive
somites (emb.).

segmental duct, — an embryonic duct
which gives rise to Wolffian or
Miillerian duct (emb.).

segmental organ, — an embryonic
excretory organ (emb.).

segmental papillae, — conspicuous
pigment spots by which true seg-
ments maybe recognised in Leeches
(zool.).

segmentation (s&g'mSnta'shun) n.
[L. segmentum, a segment.] The
division or splitting into segments
or portions (btol.) ; cleavage of an
ovum (emb.).

segmentation cavity, — the blastocoel
or central cavity formed at an early
stage of egg cleavage (emb.).

segmentation nucleus, — the body
formed by the union of male and
female pronuclei in the course of
fertilization of an ovum (emb.).

SEG-

287

SEM-

segregratlon (segrgga'shun) n. [L. se,
aside ; grex, flock.] In the Men-
delian sense, the dissociation of
characters from each other in the
course of the formation of germs,
the characters being called allelo-
morphic (Hoi.}.

sejugous (sgj'oogus) a. [L. sex, six ;
jugum, a yoke.] With six pairs of
leaflets (bot.}.

selenodont (sgle'nodont) a. [Gk.
selene, moon ; odous, tooth.] Appl.
molars when lengthened out an-
tero-posteriorly and curved (as in
sheep).

selenotropism (selenot'ropTzm) n.
[Gk. selene, moon ; trope, a turn-
ing.] Tendency to turn towards
the moon's rays (bot.}.

self -fertile, — fertile by means of
its own male elements, said of a
flower (bot.}.

self-fertilization, — autogamy.

self-mutilation, — autotomy.

self - pollination, — transference of
pollen - grains from anthers to
stigmas of the same flower.

self-sterile, — not capable of fertiliza-
tion by its own male elements ;
appl. flowers (bot.} ; appl. hermaph-
rodite animals (zool.}.

sella turcica (sel'5. tur'slka) n. [L.
sella, a seat ; turcicus, Turkish.]
A deep depression on the inner
surface of the sphenoid behind the
tuberculum sellae (anat.} ; a trans-
verse bar formed by union of
apodemes of posterior somites of
certain Decapods (zool.}.

somatic (sematik) a. [Gk. sema, a
sign.] Functioning as a danger
signal, as certain colours or odours
in animals.

semen (se'men) n. [L. semen,
seed.] The fluid secreted in the
testicles (zoo/.).

semiamplexicaul (sgm'iamplek'-
sikol) a. [L. semi, half; amplecli,
to embrace ; caulis, stem.] Parti-
ally surrounding the stem (bot.}.

semianatropous (sfim'Ianat'ropus) a.
[L. semi, half ; Gk. ana, up ; trope,
a turning.] With half- inverted
ovule (bot.}.

semicaudate (sem'iko'dat) a. [L.
semi, half; cauda, tail.] With the
tail rudimentary (zool.}.

semicircular (sgm'IseYkular) a. [L.
semi, half; circulus, a circle.]
Describing a half - circle ; appl.
the canals of the ear labyrinth
(anaf.}.

semicomplete (sem'Ikomplet') a. [L.
semi, half; completus, filled.] In-
complete ; appl. metamorphosis
(zool.}.

seminoret (sgm'Iflo'rgt) n. [L.
semi, half; flos, flower.] A semi-
floscule or ray of composite flowers
(bot.}.

semiflosculous (sgm'iflos'kulus) a.
[L. semi, half; flosculus, a small
flower.] Having ligulate florets
(bot.}.

semilocular (sem'ilSk'ular) a. [L.
semi, half; loculus, a small place.]
Appl. ovary with incomplete loculi
(bot.}.

semllunar (sgm'ilu'nar, -loo-) a. [L.
semi, half; luna, moon.] Half-
moon shaped ; appl. ganglia, fascia,
valves (anat.} ; n., a carpal bone
(zool,}.

semimembranosus (sfim'lmfim'brano'-
sus) n. [L. semi, half; membra-
nosus, membranous.] A thigh
muscle with a flat membrane-
like tendon at its upper extremity
(anat.}.

semimetamorphosis (s&n'Imfitamor'-
fosls) n. [L. semi, half; Gk. meta-
morphosis, transformation.] Partial,
incomplete, or semicomplete meta-
morphosis (zool.\

seminal (sem'inal) a. [L. semen,
seed.] Pert, semen ; appl. the fluid
of the testicles, the duct or the
vesicle (zool.} ; appl. cotyledons
(bot.}.

seminal receptacle, — the spermatheca
or sac in Worms or Snails which
stores male elements till required
(zool.}.

semination (sgm'fna'shun) «. [L.
semen, seed.] Dispersal of seeds
(bot.}.

seminiferous (sgmTnlf'erus) a. [L.
semen, seed ; ferre, to carry.] Se-
creting or conveying seed or seminal
fluid (zool.} ; bearing seed (bot.}.

seminude (sgm'Inud) a. [L. semi,
half; nudus, naked.] With ovules
or seeds exposed (bot.}.

seminymph (sgmlnlmf) n. [L. semi,

SEM-

288

SEP-

half; nympha, a nymph.] A con-
dition in development of certain
Insects approaching complete meta-
morphosis (zool.).

semiovate (sem'io'vat) a. [L. semi,
half; ovum, egg.] Half-oval ;
somewhat oval.

semioviparous (sem'itivlp'arus) a. [L.
semi, half; ovum, egg ; parere, to
beget] Between oviparous and
viviparous, as a Marsupial whose
young are very imperfectly de-
veloped when born (zool.}.

semlovoid (sem'io'void) a. [L. semi,
half ; ovum, egg ; Gk. eidos, form.]
Somewhat ovoid in shape.

semipalmate (seni'ipal'mat) a. [L.
semi, half; palma, palm of the
hand.] Having toes webbed half-
way down (zool.).

semiparaslte (sem'ipar'asit) n. [L.
semi, half; Gk. parasitos, eating
beside another.] A partial parasite,
as a plant which derives part only
of its nutriment from its host (biol.).

semipenniform (sem'ipe'n'iform) a.
[L. semi, half ; penna, feather ;
forma, shape.] Appl. certain
muscles bearing some resemblance
to the plume of a feather (anat.).

semipenneable (sem'iper'meabl) a.
[L. semi, half ; per, through ; meare,
to pass.] Appl. a membrane which
does not permit any dissolved sub-
stance to pass, although permeable
to water (phys.).

semiplume (sem'iploom) n. [L. semi,
half; pluma, feather.] A feather
with an ordinary shaft but a downy
web (zool.).

semlpupa (sem'ipu'pa) «. [L. semi,
half; pupa, a puppet.] A larval
stage in the development of certain
Insects (zool.).

semirecondite (sem'irek'ondit) •«. [L.
semi, half ; recondere, to conceal.]
Half-concealed, as an insect's head
may be by its thorax (zool.).

semisagittate (sgm'isaj'itat) a. [L.
semi, half; sagitta, an arrow.]
Shaped like a half arrow-head.

semisaprophyte (sem'isap'rofit) n.
[L. semi, half; Gk. sapros, rotten ;
phyton, plant.] A plant partially
saprophytic (hot.).

semispinalis (sgm'Ispina'lis) n. [L.
semi, half; spinalis, spinal.] A

muscle of the back on each side of
the spinal column, inserted into
transverse and spinous processes
continuously (anat.).

semitendinosus (sem'iten'dinosus) n.
[L. semi, half ; tendere, to stretch.]
A dorsal muscle of the thigh stretch-
ing from the tuber ischii to the tibia
(anat.).

semitendinous (sem'itfin'dinus) a. [L.
semi, half; tendere, to stretch.]
Half tendinous (anat.).

semituberous (sem'itu'berus) a. [L.
semi, half ; tuber, a hump.] Having
somewhat tuberous roots (hot.).

senescence (senes'ens) n. [L. senescere,
to grow old.] Advancing age ;
appl. condition of Protozoa after
many bipartitions, which condition
may be counteracted by conjugation
(biol.).

senility (senil'iti) n. [L. senilis, senile.]
Senile derangement ; the vital ex-
haustion of Protozoa (dial.).

sense organ, — an organ functional in
receiving external stimulation

sensiferous (sensif'erus) a. [L. sensus,
sense ; ferre, to carry.] Receiving
or conveying sense impressions ;
sensigerous (phys.).

sensile (sen'sll) a. [L. sensus, sense.]
Capable of affecting a sense
(Phys.).

sensitive (sen'sltiv) a. [L. sensus,
sense.] Capable of receiving im-
pressions from external objects
(Phys.).

sensitive plant, — a plant which
droops, recoils, or closes at a
touch, as Mimosa (hot.).

sensorial (sgnso'rial) a. [L. sensus,
sense.] Pert, the sensorium (phys.).

sensorium (senso'rium) n. [L. sensus,
sense.] The seat of sensation or
consciousness, supposed to be the
brain ; the entire nervous system
(Phys.).

sensory (sen'sorl) a. [L. sensus,
sense.] Having direct connection
with any part of the sensorium
(Phys.).

sentient (sen'shient) a. [L. senhre,
to feel.] Appl. cells which are
sensitive and can perceive (phys.).

sepal (se'pal) n. [Gk. sepalon, a sepal,
on analogy of petalon, a petal ; or

SEP-

SER-

L. sepes, a hedge.] A leaf-like
division of the calyx (dot.).

sepaled (se'pald) a. [Sepal.] Having
sepals (dot.}.

sepallne (sep'alin) a. [Sepal.] Like
a sepal (dot.).

sepalody (sepalodi) n. [Sepal ; Gk.
eidos, form ] Conversion of petals
or other parts of a flower into sepals
(dot.).

sepaloid (sep'aloid) a. [Sepal; Gk.
eidos, form.] Like a sepal (hot.).

sepalous (sep'alus) a. [Sepal.] Hav-
ing sepals (dot.).

separation layer, — see absciss layer.

sepicolous (sgpik'olus) a. [L. sepes,
hedge ; colere, to inhabit.] Living
in hedges.

septal (sSp'tal) a. [L. septum, a
partition.] Pert, a septum.

septal fossula, — a small primary
septum which appears to lie in a
pit in some fossil Corals (pa/.).

septal neck, — in Nautilus, a shelly
tube continuous for some distance
beyond each septum as a support
to the siphuncle (zoo!.).

septate (sfip'tat) a. [L. septum, a
partition.] Divided by partitions.

septempartite (se'p'tempar'tlt) a. [L.
septem, seven \pars, a part.] Appl.
a leaf with seven divisions extending
nearly to the base (dot.).

septenate (sep'tgnat) a. [L. septeni,
seven each.] With parts in sevens ;
appl. seven leaflets of a leaf (bot.).

septicidal (se"p'tisl'dal) a. [L. septum,
division ; caedere,\.o cut.] Dividing
through the middle of the ovary
septa (dot.).

septiferous (septif erus) a. [L. septum,
partition ; ferre, to bear.] Having
septa (hot.}.

septifolious (sep'tlfo'llus) a. [L.
septeni, seven ; folium, a leaf.]
With seven leaves or leaflets (dot.).

septiform (sgp'tiform) a. [L. septum,
partition ; forma, shape.] In the
form of a septum.

septifragal (septif ragal) a. [L. sep-
tum, partition ; frangere, to break.]
With slits as in locuhcidal or septi-
cidal dehiscence, but with the
septa broken and the placentas and
seeds left in the middle (dot.).

septomaxillary (sgp'tomaksirari) a.
[L. septum, partition ; maxilla, jaw.]

Pert, maxilla and nasal septum

(zool.).
septonasal (sgp'tona'zal) a. [L.

septum, partition ; nasus, nose.]

Pert, the internarial septum (ana/.).
septulate (sgp'tulat) a. [L. septulum,

a small septum.] Having spurious

septa (dot.).
septulum (sgp'tulum) n. [L. septulum,

a small septum.] A small or

secondary septum (dot.).
septum (sep'tum) n. [L. septum,

partition.] A partition separating

into two cavities, as in fruits,

chambered shells, corals (diol.).
septum narium, — the partition be-

tween the nostrils (anat.).
septum transversum, — the dia-

phragm (anat.).
sericate (sgrlkat), sericeous (sgrish'us)

a. [L. serious, silken.] Covered

with fine close-pressed silky hairs

(dot.).
serosa (sgro'sa) n. [L. serum, serum.]

A serous membrane (anat.) ; the

outer larval membrane of Insects

(zool.).
serosity (sgrSs'itl) n. [L. serum,

serum.] The watery part of animal

serotinous (sgrot'mus) a. [L. serus,
late.] Blooming later in the season
than customary for the species
(dot.).

serous (se'riis) a. [L. serum, serum.]
Watery ; pert, serum ; appl. fluid,
gland (phys.).

serous alveoli, — alveoli which secrete
a watery non-viscid saliva, opp.
mucous alveoli (phys.).

serous membrane, — a thin membrane
consisting of a single layer of
epithelial cells, lining some closed
cavity of the body, as the peri-
cardium, the peritoneum (anat.).

serpulite (seVpulIt) n. [L. serpula,
a small snake.] The fossil tube of
a Polychaet worm ; appl. chalk
containing fossil worm-tubes (Pal.).

serra (seVa) n. [L. serra, a saw.]
Any saw-like structure.

serrate (seVat) a. [L. serra, saw.]
Notched on the edge like a saw ;
appl. leaves and other structures
(diol.).

serrate-ciliate, — with hairs fringing
toothed edges (dot.).

T

SEU-

290

SEX-

serrate-dentate, — with serrate edges
themselves toothed (bot.).

serratiform (serat'iform) a. [L. serra,
saw ; forma, shape.] Like a saw.

serration (sera'shun) n. [L. serra,
saw.] Saw-like formation.

serratirostral (sgrat'iros'tral) a. [L.
serra, saw ; rostrum, beak.] Appl.
Birds with serrate bill.

serratodenticulate(serat'odentik'ulat)
a, [L. serra, saw ; dens, tooth.]
With many-toothed serrations (bot.).

serrature (seYatur) n. [L. serra,
saw.] A saw-like notch.

serratus magnus, — a muscle stretch-
ing from upper ribs to scapula
(anat.).

serrlferous (serlf'Srus) a. [L. serra,
saw ; ferre, to carry.] Furnished
with a saw-like organ or part.

serriform (seYiform) a. [L. serra,
saw ; forma, shape.] Like a saw.

serriped (seYiped) a. [L. serra, saw ;
pes, foot.] With notched feet.

serrula (ser'ula) n. [L. serrula, a
small saw.] A comb-like ridge
on the chelicerae of some Arachnids
(zool.).

serrulate (seYulat) a. [L. serrula,
a small saw.] Like a finely-notched
saw.

serrulation (ser'ula'shun) n. [L.
serrula, a small saw.] A small
notch.

Sertoli cells, — enlarged lining epi-
thelium-cells connected with groups
of developing spermatozoa in testes
(anat.}.

serum (se'rum) n. [L. serum, serum.]
The thin watery fluid which separ-
ates from the blood on coagulation,
— it contains proteins, extractives,
and salts (phys.).

serum albumin, serum globulin, —
two of the proteins of serum
(phys.).

sesamoid (ses'amoid) a. [Gk. sesa-
mon, sesame ; eidos, form.] Appl.
a bone developed within a tendon
and near a joint, as the patella,
the radial or ulnar sesamoid
(anat.).

sesamoidal (seVamoidal) a. [L.
sesamon, sesame ; eidos, form.]
Pert, a sesamoid bone.

sessile (seVll) a. [L. sedere, to sit.]
Sitting directly on the base with-

out support, stalk, or peduncle ;
stationary, as opp. free-living or
motile (zool.).

seta (se'ta) n. [L. seta, a bristle.]
Any bristle-like structure ; the
chaeta of Chaetopods (zool).

setaceous (sfita'shus) a. [L. seta,
a bristle.] Bristle-like ; set with
bristles.

setifprm (se'tifbrm) a. [L. seta, a
bristle ; forma, shape.] Bristle-
shaped ; appl. teeth when very fine
and closely set.

setigerous (setij'erus) a. [L. seta,
bristle ; gerere, to bear.] Setif-
erous ; setiparous ; bristle-bearing.

setigerous sac, — a sac, in which is
lodged a bundle of setae, formed
by an invagination of the epi-
dermis in the parapodium of
Chaetopods (zool.).

setirostral (se'tiros'tral) a. [L. seta,
bristle ; rostrum, beak.] Appl.
Birds with beak bristles.

setobranchia (se'tobrang'kia) n. [L.
seta, bristle ; Gk. brangchia, gills.]
A tuft of setae attached to the
gills of certain Decapods (zool.).

setose (se'tos) a. [L. seta, bristle.]
Set with bristles ; bristly.

setula (sgt'ula) n. {Dim. from L.
seta, bristle.] A setule ; a thread-
like or hair-like bristle.

setuliform (se"tu'lif6rm) a. [L. seta,
bristle ; forma, shape.] Thread-
like ; like a setula or fine bristle.

setulose (set'ulos) a. [L. seta, bristle.]
Set with small bristles.

sex (s£ks) n. [L. sexus, sex.] The
sum of characteristics, structures,
functions, by which an animal or
plant is classed as male or female.

sexdigitate (seksdij'itat) a. [L. sex,
six ; digitus, a finger.] With six
fingers or toes (zool).

sexfld (sgks'ffd) a. [L. st
findere, to cleave.] Cleft i
as a calyx (bot.).

sexfoil (sSks'foil) a. [L. sex, six ;
folium, leaf.] A group of six leaves
or leaflets round one axis (bot.).

sex limited inheritance, — inherit-
ance of characteristics limited by
the fact that some are predomin-
antlymale andothers predominantly
female (biol.).

sexual (sek'siial) a. [L. sexus, sex.]

sex, six ;
into six,

SEX-

291

SIM-

Pert, sex ; appl. reproduction, opp.
asexual (bio/.).

sexual cell, — an ovum or sperm,
sexual dimorphism, — strongly-
marked differences, in size, colour,
etc., between male and female of
one species (soot.}.
sexual generation, — a gamobium
or medusa. See alternation of
generations.

shaft (shaft) n. [A.S. sceaft, a spear-
shaft.] A rachis ; the distal part
of the stem of a feather; the straight
cylindrical part of a long bone
(zool.}.

sheath (sheth) n. [A.S. sceth, shell
or pod.] A protective covering ;
a theca ; an investing petiole (dot.} ;
an insect wing-cover (zool.}.
shell (shfil) n. [A.S. scell, shell.] The
hard outer covering of animal or
fruit (bio/.} ; a covering, calcareous,
siliceous, bony, horny, or chitinous
(zool.}.

shell gland, shell sac, — the organ
in whose walls material for forming
a shell is created.

shield (sheld) n. [A.S. scild, a
shield.] A protecting structure
such as a carapace or lorica
(zool.}.

shoulder blade, — the scapula.
shoulder girdle,— the pectoral girdle,
which consists of scapula, coracoid,
and clavicle (anat.}.
sialoid (si'aloid) a. [Gk. sialon,
saliva ; eidos, resemblance.] Like
saliva (phys.}.

sicula (sik'ula) n. [L. sicula, a small
dagger.] A small dagger-shaped
body at the end of a Graptolite,
supposed to be the skeleton of the
primary zooid of the colony (pal.}.
side-chain theory, — Ehrlich's theory
of the phenomena of immunity, viz.,
that toxins unite with living proto-
plasm by possessing the same
property as that by which nutritive
proteins are normally assimilated
(phys.}.
sieve cell,— the thin-walled elongated

cell of a sieve tube (bot.).
sieve disc or plate, — the end walls
of sieve cells thickened and modi-
fied to form sieve-plates (bot.}.
sieve pit or pore, — a perforation of a
sieve-plate (bot.}.

sieve tissue, — the /essential tissue of
the phloem of vascular bundles
(bot.}.

sieve tubes or vessels, — long slender
structures consisting of elongated
cells placed end to end, developed
in Angiosperms as lines of con-
duction of food (bot.}.

sight (sit) n. [A.S. siht, sight.] The
visual faculty ; impressions of out-
ward things conveyed to the brain
by means of retina and optic nerves

sigiUate (sij'ilat) a. [L. sigillum, a
seal.] Having seal-like markings,
as certain roots (bot.}.
sigma (slg'ma) n. [Gk. 2, sigma.]
A C-shaped sponge spicule (zool.}.
sigmaspire (sig'masplr) n. [Gk. 2,
sigma ; L. spira, a coil.] A sigma
with an additional twist (zool.}.
sigmoid (sig'moid) a. [Gk. 2, sigma ;
eidos, resemblance.] Curved like a
sigma ; curved in two directions ;
appl. arteries, cavities, valves
(anat.}.

sigmoid flexure, — an S-shaped double
curve as in a bird's neck ; the S-
shaped curve described by the
intestine (anat.}.

silicle (sll'ikl) n. [L. silicula, a little
pod.] A silicula, or very short flat
form of siliqua (bot.}.
silicular (silik'ular) a. [L. silicula, a
little pod.] Siliculose ; siliculous ;
like or pert, or having a silicle (bot.}.
siliqua (slllk'wa) n. [L. siliqua, a
pod.] A long cylindrical fruit
divided in two by a false septum,
characteristic of the Cruciferae
(bot.}.

silique (silek'),— a siliqua.
siliquiform (sTlik'wiform) a. [L.
siliqua, a pod ; forma, shape.]
Formed like a silique (bot.}.
siliquose (sil'ikwos) a. [L. siliqua,
pod.] Siliquous ; bearing siliques
(bot.}.

simian (slm'Ian) a. [L. simia, an
ape.] Possessing the characteris-
tics of or pert, the anthropoid apes
(zool.}.

simple eyes, — ocelli which occur with
or without compound eyes in the
adults of many Insects ; usually the
only eyes possessed by larvae ;
eyes with only one lens (zool.}.

SIM-

292

SIP-

simulation (sim'ula'shun) ». [L.
simulare, to simulate.] The as-
sumption by some animals of
features or structures intended to
deceive enemies and so protect
themselves, as the forms of leaf
and stick Insects, and all the
varieties of protective coloration
(zool.}.

sincipital (sinsip'ital) a. [L. semi,
half; caput, head.] Pert, the
sinciput (anat}.

sinciput (sin'siput) n. [L. semi, half ;
caput, head.] The upper or fore
part of the head (anat.}.

sinistral (sin'istral) a. [L. sinister,
left.] On the left ; appl. a shell
whose spiral turns in the opposite
direction to dextral (zool.}.

sinistrorse (sin'istrors) a. [L. sinister,
left ; vertere, to turn.] Appl. a
spiral twining towards the left ;
opp. dextrorse (dot.}.

sinuate' (sln'uat)'a. [L. sinus, curve.]
Winding ; tortuous ; having a wavy
indented margin, as leaves (bot.}.

sinuous, — sinuate.

sinupalliate (sin'upal'iat) a. [L. sinus,
curve ; pallium, mantle.] In Mol-
luscs, having a well - developed
siphon, and so an indented pallial
line ; opp. integripalliate (zool.}.

sinus (sl'nus) n. [L. sinus, curve.]
A cavity, depression, or dilation
(zool., anat.} ; a groove or indenta-
tion (bot.}.

sinus pocularis, — uterus masculinus.

sinus rhomboidalis, — in vertebrate
embryos, the posterior incompletely-
closed part of the medullary canal
(emb.} ; later, a dilation of the canal
in the sacral region, formed from
it (anat.}.

sinus venosus,— the posterior chamber
of the tubular heart of the embryo
(emb.} ; in lower vertebrates, a
corresponding structure receiving
venous blood and opening into the
auricle (zool.} ; the cavity of the
auricle (anat.).

sinusoid (sl'nusoid) n. [L. sinus,
curve ; Gk. eidos, resemblance.] A
minute blood space in organ tissue
formed from intercrescence of endo-
dermal cells and vascular endo-
thelium, especially in the liver,
where sinusoids give rise to

"capillaries" of the hepatic lobules
of the adult liver (c/nb.}.

siphon (si'fon) n. [Gk. siphon, a reed
or tube.] A prolongation of the
mantle in Lamellibranchs into a
longer and shorter tube through
which the water of respiration
enters and leaves the mantle cavity ;
a similar respiratory structure of
Gasteropods, found modified also
in Cephalopods ; a sucking pro-
boscis (zool.}.

siphonate (sl'fonat) a. [Gk. siphon,
tube.] Furnished with a siphon
or siphons (zool.}.

siphonet (sl'fonet) n. [Gk. siphon,
tube.] The honeydew tube of an
Aphid (zool.}.

siphonial (slfo'nial) a. [Gk. siphon,
tube.] Pert, a siphonium.

siphonium (slf o'nium) n. [Gk. siphon,
tube.] A membranous tube con-
necting the air - passages of the
quadrate with an air-space in the
mandible (Crocodile) (zool.}.

siphonogamous (sl'fonog'amus) a.
[Gk. siphon, tube ; gamos, marriage.]

. Securing fertilization by a pollen
tube (bot.}.

siphonogamy (sl'fonog'ami) n. [Gk.
siphon, tube.] Fertilization by
means of a pollen tube (bot.}.

siphonoglyph (sl'fonoglif) n. [Gk.
siphon, tube ; glyphein, to engrave.]
One of two longitudinal grooves
of the gullet of Sea-anemones
(zool.}.

siphonoplax (sl'fdnoplaks') n. [Gk.
siphon, tube ; plax, a tablet.] A
calcareous plate connected with
the siphon of certain Molluscs
(zool.}.

siphonostele (sffonostel') n. [Gk.
siphon, tube ; stele, a post.] The
hollow vascular cylinder of a stem,
containing pith (bot.}.

siphonostelic (sl'fonostel'ik) a. [Gk.
siphon, tube ; stele, a post.] Appl.
hollow cylindrical stems, chiefly
of Ferns (bot.}.

siphonostomatous (sl'fb'nostom'atus)
a. [Gk. siphon, tube ; stoma,
mouth.] With tubular mouth ;
having the front margin of the shell
notched for emission of the siphon
(zool.}.

siphonozooid (si'fonozo'oid) n. [Gk.

SIP-

293

SOM-

siphon, tube ; zoon, animal ; eidos,
resemblance.] A smaller indi-
vidual of certain Alcyonarian
colonies, without tentacles or
gonads (zool.}.

siphorhinal (sl'fori'nal) a. [Gk.
siphon, tube ; rhis, nose.] With
tubular nostrils (zool.}.

siphuncle (sifung'kl) n. [L. siphun-
culus, a small tube.] A siphonet ;
a median tube of skin, partly cal-
careous, connecting up all the
compartments of a Nautilus shell
(zool.}.

siphunculate (sifung'kulat) a. [L.
siphunculus, a small tube.] Having
a siphuncle.

sitotropism (sitot'ropizm) n. [Gk.
sttos, food ; trope, a turning.]
Tendency to turn in the direction
of food ; reaction towards the
stimulating influences of food
(dial.).

skeletal (skeletal) a. [Gk. skeletos,
dried.] Pert, the skeleton (bot.,
. zool.}.

skeletogenous (skeTgtoj'enus) a. [Gk.
skeletos, hard ; genos, offspring.]
Appl. embryonic structures or parts
which ultimately develop into parts
of the skeleton (biol.}.

skeleton (skeTgton) n. [Gk. skeletos,
dried, hard.] The hard or bony
framework, internal or external,
which supports and protects the
softer parts of the body of plant
or animal.

skin (skin) n. [Swed. skinn, skin.]
The external covering of an animal,
plant, fruit, or seed.

skin-gills, — transparent contractile
outgrowths from the skin of Aster-
oids, with respiratory function
(zool.}.

skin-rings,— annular markings on the
body of a Worm.

skull (skul) n. [M.E. skulle, the
cranium.] The cranium, or hard
and bony part of the head of a
vertebrate.

slough (sluf) n. [M.E. slouh, skin
of a snake.] The dead outer skin
cast off periodically by Snakes
(zool.}.

smell (sm61) n. [M.E. swel, odour.]
The impression produced on the
expanse of the olfactory nerve by

inhaled air charged with odorous
matter, and therefrom communi-
cated to the olfactory centre of the
brain (phys.}.

soboles (sbb'olez) n. [L. soboles, a
shoot.] A sucker or underground
creeping stem (bot.}.

soboliferous (sob'olif&rus) a. [L.
soboles, shoot ; ferre, to carry.]
Having shoots or running stems
(bot.}.

socket (sok'St) n. [L. soccus, a sock.]
A hollow into which something
fits, as that of humerus or femur
(anat.}.

soft-rayed, — having jointed fin-rays
(zool.}.

soft-shelled, — appl. mud Tortoises
with flat shell without horny
shields and covered with soft
leathery skin (zool.}.

solar (so'lar) a. [L. sol, the sun.]
Having branches or filaments like
the rays of the sun (anat.}.

solar plexus, — a network of nerves
with some ganglia, situated behind
the stomach and supplying all the
abdominal viscera (anat.}.

soleaform (sS'leaform) a. [L. solea,
sandal ; forma, shape.] Slipper-
shaped.

solenia (sole'nla) n. plu. [Gk. solen,
a channel.] Endoderm-lined canals,
diverticula from the coelentera of a
zooid colony (zool.}.

solenocytes (sole'nSsIts) n. plu. [Gk.
solen, channel ; kytos, hollow.]
Slender club-shaped tubular flagel-
lated cells connected with the
nephridia of some Polychaets,
Trochelminths, and of Amphioxus
(zool.}.

solenostele (sole'nostel) n. [Gk.
solen, channel; stele, a column.] A
stage after the siphonostele in fern-
stem development (hot.}.

soleus (so'leus) n. [L. solea, sole of
the foot.] A flat calf muscle below
the gastrocnemius (anat.}.

soliped (sol'ipgd) a. [L. solidus, solid ;
pes, foot.] Solid-hoofed, as a horse
or zebra (zool.}.

solitary glands or follicles, — lym-
phoid nodules occurring singly on
the intestines ; Peyer's patches
(anat.}.

soma (so'ma) n. [Gk. soma, body.]

SOM-

294

SPA-

The animal body as a whole with
the exception of the germinal or
reproductive cells (&'<?/.).

somacule (so'makul) n. [Gk. soma,
body.] A unit of protoplasm ; a
biophore. See hypothetical units.

somatic (somat'ik) a. [Gk. soma,
body.] Pert, the purely bodily part
of an animal as distinct from the
germinal or reproductive cells
(biol.}.

somatoblast (som'atoblast) n. [Gk.
soma, body ; blastos, bud.] A cell
which gives rise to somatic cells ;
a specialized micromere in oosperm
division of Annulates (emb.).

somatocyst (som'atosist) n. [Gk.
soma, body ; kystis, a bladder.] An
air cavity in the pneumatophore of
Siphonophores (zool.).

somatogenic (som'atqjen'ik) a. [Gk.
soma, body ; genos, offspring.] De-
veloping from somatic cells (emb.).

somatome (som'atom) n. [Gk. soma,
body ; tome, a cutting.] A somite
or body segment (zool.).

somatophyte (som'atofit) n. [Gk.
soma, body ; phyton, plant.] A
plant whose cells develop mainly
into adult body tissue (bot.).

somatoplasm (som'atoplazm) n. [Gk.
soma, body ; plasma, something
moulded.] The substance of a
somatic cell (biol.).

somatopleural (som'atoploor'al) a.
[Gk. soma, body ; pleura, side.]
Pert, the somatopleure.

somatopleure (som'atoploor) n. [Gk.
soma, body ; pleura, side.] The
body-wall formed by the somatic
layer of the mesoblast becoming
closely connected with the surface
epiblast (emb.).

somite (so'mlt) n. [Gk. soma, body.]
A mesoblastic segment or compart-
ment (emb.) ; a body segment of
an articulate animal (zool.).

soredial (sore'dlal) a. [Gk. soros, a
pile.] .Pert, or resemblinga soredium
(bot.).

sorediate (sore'diat) a. [Gk. soros, a
pile.] Bearing soredia (bot.).

soredium (sore'dium) n. [Gk. soros,
a pile.] A scale-like or globular
body consisting of mycelium with
some algae cells, on the thallus of
some Lichens (bot,).

soriferous (sorlf'erus) a. [Gk. soros,
a pile ; L.ferre, to carry.] Bearing
sori (bot.).

sorosis (soro'sis) n. [Gk. soros, a
pile.] A composite fruit formed by
fusion of fleshy axis and flowers, as
in Pine-apple (bot.).

sorus (so'rus) n. [Gk. soros, a pile.]
A collection of small stalked spor-
angia on the under surface of a
fern pinnule (bot.) ; clusters of
spores in some Sarcodina (zool.).

spadiceous (spadish'us) a. [L. spadix,
a palm-branch.] Arranged like a
spadix (bot.).

spadicifloral, — spadi ceous.

spadicifonn (spadis'iform) a. [L.
spadix:, a palm-branch ; forma,
shape.] Resembling a spadix (bot.).

spadicose (spa'dikos) a. [L. spadix,
a palm-branch.] Like a spadix
(bot.).

spadix (spa'diks) n. [L. spadix, a
palm-branch broken off with its
fruit ; a nut-brown colour.] A
racemose inflorescence with elon-*
gated axis, sessile flowers, and an
enveloping spathe (bot.).

spasmoneme (spaz'monem) n. [Gk.
spasma, a spasm ; nema, a thread.]
In certain Infusorians, a stalk-
muscle formed by union of longi-
tudinal myonemes (zool.).

spathaceous (spatha'shus) a. [Gk.
spathe, a broad blade.] Resembling
or bearing a spathe (bot.).

spathal, — spathaceous.

spathe (spath) n. [Gk. spathe, a broad
blade.] A large enveloping leaf,
green or petaloid, protecting a
spadix (bot.).

spathed (spathd) a. [Gk. spathe, a
broad blade.] Furnished with a
spathe (bot.).

spathella (spathel'a) n. [Gk. spathe,
a broad blade.] A small spathe
surrounding a division of a palm
spadix (hot.).

spathose (spa'thos) a. [Gk. spathe, a
broad blade.] With or like a spathe
(bot.).

spathous,— spathose.

spathulate, — see spatulate.

spatula (spat'ula) n. [L. spatula, a
spoon.] A breast-bone or anchor
process of certain dipterous larvae
(zool.).

SPA-

295

SPE-

spatulate (spat'ulat) a. [L. spatula,
spoon.] Spoon-shaped ; appl. a
leaf with broad, rounded apex,
thence tapering to the base (bot.).

spawn (spon) n. [M.E. spaivnen, to
spawn.] The collection of eggs de-
posited by Fishes, Frogs, etc. (zoo/.);
mycelium of certain Fungi (bot.).

species (spe'shigz) n. [L. species, a
particular kind.] A term used in
the natural sciences to denote a
group of closely-allied individuals :
the division is purely artificial (biol.).

specific (spgstflk) a. [L. species, a
particular kind ; facere, to make.]
The second name in binomial
nomenclature, which see ; appl.
characteristics distinguishing a
species (biol.).

speleology (spe'leSl'qji) n. [Gk.
spelaion, cave ; logos, discourse.]
The study of cave life.

sperm (spgrm) n. [Gk. sperma, seed.]
The male fertilizing element ; a
spermatozoon (biol.).

sperm aster, — the rayed structure
surrounding the centrosome (emb.).

sperm cell, — a male reproductive cell
or spermatozoon.

sperm centrosome, — the end-knob of
the axial filament of a spermatozoon,
situated on the middle piece just
at the base of the head ; according
to some writers, the small body at
the apex of the head (cyt.).

sperm nucleus,— the nucleus of the
spermatozoon ; the male pro-nucleus
(cyt.).

spermaduct (speVmadukt) n. [Gk.
sperma, seed ; L. ducere, to lead.]
A duct for conveyance of spermato-
zoa (zool.).

spermarium,— a spermary.

spermary (speYmari) n. [Gk. sperma,
seed.] An organ in which sper-
matozoa or antheridia are pro-
duced (biol.).

spermatangium (speYmatan'jIum) n.
[Gk. spertna, seed ; anggeion, a
vessel.] The antheridium of certain
Algae (hot.}.

spermatheca (speYmathe"ka) n. [Gk.
sperma, seed ; theke, a case.} A
receptaculum seminis ; a sac in the
female of many invertebrates in
which spermatozoa are stored till
required (zool.).

spermatic (spgrmat'lk) a. [Gk.
sperma, seed.] Pert, spermatozoa
or testis (zool.).

spermatid (speVmatld) n. [Gk.
sperma, seed.] A cell arising by
division of the secondary spermato-
cytes and becoming a spermatozoon

spermatlferous (spSrmatlf'e'rus) a.
[Gk. sperma, seed ; L. ferre, to
carry.] Bearing spermatia (tot.).

spermatiophore (speYmat'iofor) n.
[Gk. sperma, seed ;pherein, to bear.]
A spermatia-producing sporophore
(hot.).

spennatium (spfirma'shlum) n. [Gk.
sperma, seed.] A non-motile sperm
of red Algae ; a small cell formed
by abstrictions of filaments of
spermogonia of wheat Rust (tot.).

spermatize (speVmatlz) v. [Gk.
sperma, seed.] To impregnate
(biol.).

spermatoblast (speYmatoblast) n.
[Gk. spertna, seed ; blastos, bud.]
A spermatid ; a Sertoli cell (cyt.).

spermatoblastic (speYmatoblas'tlk) a.
[Gk. sperma, seed ; blastos, bud.]
Sperm-producing.

spermatocyst (speYmatosIst) n. [Gk.
sperma, seed ; kystis, a bladder.]
A seminal sac.

spermatocyte (speVmatosit) n. [Gk.
sperma, seed ; kytos, hollow.] A
cell arising by growth from a
spermatogonium ; a primary sper-
matocyte divides to form two
secondary spermatocytes, each of
hich gives rise to two spermatids

..

spermatogenesis (sp6r/mat6j6n/6sls)
n. [Gk. sperma, seed ; genesis,
origin.] The process of sperm-
formation (biol.).

spermatogenetic (s pg r'matbj 6 n e" t'lk)
a. [Gk. spertna, seed ; genesis,
descent.] Pert, sperm-formation ;
sperm-producing.

spermatogenic, sperma togenous, —
spermatogenetic.

spermatogonial (spgr'matogo'nlal) a.
[Gk, sperma, seed ; gonos, offspring.]
Pert, a spermatogonium.

spermatogonium (speVmatogo'nlum)
n. [Gk. sperma, seed ; gonos, off-
spring.] A primordial male gerra-
cell (cyt.).

SPE-

296

SPH-

spermatoid (sper'matoid) a. [Gk.
sperma, seed ; eidos, resemblance.]
Like a sperm (biol.}.
spermatomerites (speVmatome'rlts)
n. plu. [Gk. sperma, seed ; meros,
part.] Chromatin granules formed
from the sperm-nucleus (cyt.).
spermatophore (spgr'matofor) n.
[Gk. sperma, seed ; pherein, to bear.]
A capsule of albuminous matter
containing a number of sperms
(zool.).

spermatoplasm (speVmatoplazm) n.
[Gk. sperma, seed ; plasma, some-
thing moulded.] The protoplasm
of sperm cells (cyt.).
spermatoplast (sper'matoplast) n.
[Gk. s^erma, seed ; plastos, moulded.]
A male sexual cell (bot.).
spermatosome (speVmatosom) n.
[Gk. sperma, seed ; soma, body.]
A spermatozoon,
spermatotheca, — a spermatheca.
spermatozeugma (sper'matozu'gma)
n. [Gk. sperma, seed ; zeugma,
union.] The union by conjugation
of two or more spermatozoa occur-
ring in the vas deferens of some
Insects (zool.).

spermatozoan (speVmatozo'an) a.
[Gk. sperma, seed ; zoon, animal.]
Pert, spermatozoa.
spermatozoid (speYmatozo'id) n. [Gk.
sperma, seed ; zoon, animal ; eidos,
resemblance.] An antherozoid ; a
free-swimming male gamete (bot.).
spermatozooid, — a spermatozoid.
spermatozoon (sper'mato'zo'on) n. [Gk.
sperma, seed ; zoon, animal.] A
male reproductive cell, consisting
of head, middle part, and flagellum
(zoo I.}.

spermiducal glands, — glandular
structures into or near which sperm-
ducts open, in many vertebrates
(zool.).

spermiduct (speYmidukt) n. [Gk.
sperma, seed ; L. ducere, to lead.]
A duct for the transmission of
spermatozoa (zool.).
spermocarp (speVmokarp) n. [Gk.
sperma, seed ; karpos, fruit.] An
oogonium after fertilization (bot.}.
spermocentre (spgr'mosSn'ter) n.
[Gk. sperma, seed ; L. centrum, a
centre.] The male centrosome
during fertilization (tyt.).

spermoderm (spgr'modSrm) n. [Gk.
sperma, seed ; derma, skin.] The
outer covering of a seed (bot.).

spermoduct, — same as spermaduct,
spermiduct.

spermogoniferous (spgr'mogonif'6rus)
a. [Gk. sperma, seed ; %onos, off-
spring ; ~L..ferre, to carry.] Having
spermogonia (bot.).

spermogonium (speVmogo'nium) n.
[Gk. sperma, seed ; gonos, offspring.]
A capsule containing spermatia,
found on certain Fungi and Lichens

spermogonous (spSrmog'oniis) a. [Gk.
sperma, seed ; gonos, offspring.]
Like or pert, a spermogonium (bot.}.

spermology (spgrmol'ojl) n. [Gk.
sperma, seed ; logos, discourse.]
A branch of Botany treating of
seeds.

spermotheca (spgr'mothe'ka) n. [Gk.
sperma, seed ; theke, a case.] A
chamber for storing sperms received
in copulation ; spermatheca (zool.).

sphacelated (sfas'61at6d) a. [Gk.
sphakelos, gangrene.] Dead ; de-
cayed ; withered (bot.).

sphacelia (sfase'lia) n. [Gk. spha-
kelos, gangrene.] The gonidial
stage in the development of the
Fungus, producing ergot (bot.).

sphaeraphides (sferafidez) n. plu.
[Gk. sphaira, a globe ; rhaphis, a
needle.] Conglomerate raphides ;
globular clusters of minute crystals
in vegetable cells (bot.).

sphaerenchyma (sfereng'kima) n.
[Gk. sphaira, a globe ; engchyma,
juice.] Tissue composed of spherical
cells (btol.).

sphaeridia (sferid'ia) n. plu. [Gk.
sphaira, globe.] Small rounded
bodies, probably organs of special
sense, found on Echinoderms (zool.).

sphaeroid (sfe'roid) a. [Gk. sphaira,
globe; eidos, resemblance.] Globu-
lar, ellipsoidal, or cylindrical ; appl.
a colony or aggregate of individual
Protozoa (zoolJ).

sphagnicolous (sfagnik'olus) a. [Gk.
sphagnos, moss ; L. colere, to in-
habit.] Inhabiting peat mosses
(bot.).

sphagnous (sfag'nus) a. [Gk. sphag-

nos, moss.J Pert, peat moss (bot.).
sphenethmoid (sfgnSth'moid) n. [Gk.

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297

SPI-

sphen, a wedge ; ethntos, sieve ;
eidos, resemblance.] The single
"girdle" bone replacing the two
orbitosphenoids in the Anura (zoo/.).

sphenoethmoidal (sfe'nogthmoid'al)
a. [Gk. sphen, wedge ; ethmos,
sieve ; eidos, like.] Pert, or in the
region of sphenoid and ethmoid
(anat.}.

sphenofrontal (sfe'nofrun'tal) a. [Gk.
sphen, wedge ; L. /rons, forehead.]
Pert, sphenoid and frontal bones ;
appl. a suture (anat.}.

sphenoid (sfe'noid) n. [Gk. sphen,
wedge ; eidos, resemblance.] A
basal cranial compound bone of
some vertebrates (zool.}.

sphenoidal (sfenoid'al) a. [Gk.
sphen, wedge : eidos, resemblance.]
Wedge-shaped ; pert, or in the
region of the sphenoid ; appl.
fissure, process, sinus (anat.}.

sphenomandibular (sfe'nomandlb'-
ular) a. [Gk. sphen, wedge; L.
mandibulum, jawT] Pert, sphenoid
and mandibular (zool.}.

sphenomaxillary (sfe'nomaksil'Srl) a.
[Gk. sphen, wedge ; maxilla, jaw.]
Pert, sphenoid and maxilla ; appl.
fissure and fossa (anat.}.

sphenopalatine (sf e'nopal'atin) a. [Gk.
sphen, wedge ; L. palatus, palate.]
Pert, sphenoid and palatine ; appl.
foramen, ganglion (anat.}.

sphenoparietal (sfe'noparl'e'tal) a.
[Gk. sphen, wedge ; L. paries, a
wall.] Pert, sphenoid and parietal ;
appl. a cranial suture (anat.}.

sphenosquamosal (sfe'noskwamo'sal)
a. [Gk. sphen, wedge ; L. squama,
a scale.] Appl. the cranial suture
between sphenoid and squamosal
(anat.}.

sphenotic (sfgnSt'ik) n. [Gk. sphen,
wedge ; ous, ear.] The post-frontal
cranial bone of many Fishes (zool.}.

sphenoturblnal (sfe'notiir'binal) n.
[Gk. sphen, wedge ; L. turbo, a
whirl.] A laminar process of the
sphenoid (anat.}.

sphenozygomatic (sfe'nozrgomatik) a.
[Gk. sphen, wedge ; zygoma, a bar.]
Appl. the cranial suture between
sphenoid and zygomatic (anat.}.

spheraster (sferas'ter) n. [Gk.
sphaira, globe ; aster, star.] A
many-rayed globular spicule (zool.}.

spheroidal (sferoid'al) a. [Gk.
sphaira, globe ; eidos, resemblance.]
Globular but not perfectly spherical ;
appl. glandular epithelium (anat.}.
spheromere (sfe'romer) n. [Gk.
sphaira, globe ; meros, part] A
symmetrical segment of a radiate
animal (zool.}.

spheroplasts (sfe'roplasts) n. plu.
[Gk. sphaira, globe ; plastos, formed.]
Chondriosomes ; bioblasts ; bodies
found among granulations of proto-
plasm (biol.}.

spherula (sfgr'ula) n. [Gk. sphaira,
a globe.] A spherule or small
sphere ; a small spherical spicule
(zool.}.

spherulate (sfeYulat) a. [Gk.
sphaira, globe.] Covered with
small spheres.

sphincter (sfing'kter) n. [Gk.
sphinggein, to bind tightly.] A
muscle which contracts or closes
an orifice, as that of bladder, anus,
mouth (anat.}.

sphygmic (sfig'mik) a. [Gk. sphyg-
mos, pulse.] Pert, the pulse
(Phys.}.

sphygmoid (sfig'moid) a. [Gk.
sphygmos, pulse ; eidos, resem-
blance.] Pulsating ; like a pulse
(Phys.}.

sphygmus (sflg'mus) n. [Gk. sphyg-
mos, pulse.] The pulse (phys.).
spicate (spfkat) a. [L. spica, a
spike.] Spiked ; arranged in
spikes, as an inflorescence ; bear-
ing spikes (oot.) ; with spur-like
prominence (zool.}.
spiciferous, —spicate.
spiciform (spl'slform) a. [L. spica,
a spike ; forma, shape.] Spike-
shaped.

spicigerous, — spicate.
spicose (spfkos) a. [L. spica, a
spike.] With spikes or ears, as
corn (bot.}.

spicula (spik'ula) n. [L. spicula, a
small spike.] A small spike ; a
needle-like body.

spicular (splk'ular) a. [L. spicula,
a small spike.] Pert, or like a
spicule.

spiculate (splk'ulat) a. [L. spicula,
a small spike.] Set with spicules
(zool.} ; divided into small spikes

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298

SPI-

spicule (spik'ul) n. [L. spicula, a
small spike.] A minute needle-
like body, siliceous or calcareous,
found extensively in Alcyonaria
and other invertebrates (zool.) ; a
minute-pointed process (tot.).

spiculiferous (spikullf'erus) a. [L.
spicula, a small spike ; ferre, to
carry.] Furnished with or pro-
tected by spicules (zool.).

spiculiform (spik'uliform) a. [L.
spicula, a small spike ; forma,
shape.] Spicule-shaped.

spiculigenous, spiculigerous, spicu-
lose, — spiculiferous.

spiculum (spik'ulum) n. [L. spicula,
a small spike.] A spicular structure ;
the dart of a Snail (zoo/.).

spike (splk) n. [L. spica, a spike.]
An inflorescence with sessile
flowers along the axis, as in
Plantago (tot.).

spikelet (splk'lgt) n. [L. spica, a
spike.] A secondary spike of
Grasses, bearing few flowers (tot.).

spinal (spi'nal) a. [L. spina, the
spine.] Pert, the backbone or
vertebral column ; appl. foramen,
ganglion, nerves (anat.).

spinal canal, — the canal containing
the spinal cord, formed by the
neural arches (anat.).

spinal cord, — the nervous tissue con-
tained in the spinal or vertebral
canal (anat.).

spinalis (spina'lis) n. [L. spina,
spine.] Name given to muscles,
as spinalis dorsi and spinalis cer-
vicis, muscles connecting up the
vertebrae (anat.).

spinate (spi'nat) a. [L. spina, a
thorn.] Spine-shaped; spine-bear-
ing.

spindle (spin'dl) n. [A.S. spinnan,
to spin.] A structure resembling
a spinning-machine spindle ; an
elongated peduncle bearing sessile
flowers (tot.) ; a spindle-shaped
structure formed of achromatin
fibres during mitosis (tiol.).

spine (spin) n. [L. spina, the spine.]
The backbone ; the vertebral
column ; a sharp-pointed process
or outgrowth as found on leaves,
Echinoids, Porcupines ; the pointed
process of a vertebra ; the scapular
ridge ; a fin -ray.

spinescent (splnes'ent) a. [L. spi-
nescere, to become spiny.] Taper-
ing ; tending to become spiny.

spiniferous (spl'nif'erus) a. [L.
spina, a spine ; ferre, to carry.]
Furnished with spines.

spiniform (spi'mform) a. [L. spina,
spine ; forma, shape.] Spine-
shaped.

spinigerous (splnlj'erus) a. [L. spina,
spine ; gerere, to carry.] Spine-
bearing.

spinneret (spin'ergt) n. [A.S. spinnan,
to spin.] In Spiders, one of the
movable organs perforated by tubes
connected with glands secreting
liquid silk,— they arise from modi-
fications of abdominal appendages,
and lie slightly anterior to the anus
(zool.).

spinnerule (spm'erul) n. [A.S. spin-
nan, to spin.] One of the tubes
for discharging the silk solution of
Spiders (zool.).

spinning glands, — glands which
secrete material for webs in Spiders,
and for cocoons in caterpillars.

spinose (spl'nos) a. [L. spina, a
spine.] Bearing many spines.

spinpus (spl'nus) a. [L. spina, a
spine.] Spiny ; spine-like.

spinous process, — the median dorsal
spinelike process of each vertebra ;
a process of the sphenoid ; a pro-
cess between the articular surfaces
of the proximal end of the tibia
(anat.).

spinulate (spln'ulat) a. [L. spinula,
a small spine.] Covered with small
spines.

spinulation (spinula'shun) n. [L.
spinula, a small spine.] A de-
fensive spiny covering ; state of
being spinulate.

spinule (spin'ul) n. [L. spinula, a
small spine.] A small spine.

spinulescent (spmulgs'Snt) a. [L.
spinula, a small spine.] Tending
to be spiny.

spinuliferous (spmulif'e'rus) a. [L.
spinula, a small spine ; ferre, to
bear.] Bearing small spines.

spinulose, spinulous, — spinuliferous.

spiny-finned, — bearing fins with spiny
rays for support.

spiny-rayed, — appl. fins supported by
spiny rays.

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299

SPL-

spiracle (spl'rakl) n. [L. spiraculum,
an air-hole.] The first pharyngeal
aperture or visceral cleft (emb.) ; the
branchial passage between man-
dibular and hyoid arches in Fishes ;
a lateral branchial opening in tad-
poles ; a nasal aperture of a
Cetacean ; a respiratory aperture
behind the eye of Skates and Rays ;
a breathing aperture of Insects
(zool.).

spiracular (spirak'ular) a. [L. spir-
aculum, an air-hole.] Pert, a
spiracle (zool.).

spiraculate (sptrak'ulat) a. [L.
spiraculum, an air-hole.] Having
spiracles (zool.).

splraculiferous, — spiraculate.

spiraculiform (splrak'ulifdrm) a.
[L. spiraculum, an air-hole ; forma,
shape.] Spiracle-shaped.

spiraculum (spirak'ulum) n. [L. spir-
aculum, an air-hole.] A spiracle.

spiral (spfral) a. [L. spira, a coil.]
Winding, like a screw ; appl. leaves
alternately placed ; appl. flower
with spirally inserted parts (dot.').

spiral, oblique, or alternating: cleav-
age,— cleavage into unequal parts,
arranged in mosaic fashion and
interlocking, the upper cells being
rotated to the right to alternate
with the lower (cyt.).

spiral valve, — in all Fishes except
Teleosts, a spiral infolding of the
intestine wall, increasing the ab-
sorptive surface (zoo!.).

spiral vessels, — the first xylem
elements of a stele, spiral fibres
coiled up inside tubes and so
adapted for rapid elongation (dot.).

spiranthy (splran'thi) n. [L. spira,
coil ; Gk. anthos, flower.] Dis-
placement of flower parts through
twisting (bol.).

spiraster (splras'ter) n. [L. spira,
coil ; aster, star.] A spiral and
rayed sponge spicule (zool.).

spire (splr) n. [L. spira, coil.] The
totality of the whorls of a spiral
shell (zool.).

splreme (spfrem) n. [Gk. speirema,
a coil.] That stage in mitosis
when the nucleus chromatin appears
in the form of a thread, continuous
or segmented (cyt.).

spiricles (spfriklz) n. flu. [L. spira,

coil.] Thin, coiled, thread-like
outgrowths of some seed - coats
(bot.).

splriferous (splrif'e'rus) a. [L. spira,
a coil ; /erre, to bear.] Having a
spiral structure.

spirillar (splril'ar) a. [L. spirillum,
a small coil.] Pert, a spirillum.

spirillum (splril'um) n. [L. spirillum,
a small coil.] A thread - like
Bacterium ; a motile filament in .1
cryptogam antheridium (hot.).

spiriyalve (spfrivalv) n. [L. spira,
coil ; valvae, folding doors.] A
Gastropod with spiral shell (zool.).

spiroid (spl'roid) a. [L. spira, coil ;
Gk. eidos, resemblance.] Spirally
formed.

spironeme (spfronem) n. [L. spira^
coil ; Gk. nema, thread.] The
coiling or twisting thread in an
Infusorian stalk (zool.).

spirulate (splr'ulat) a. [L. spira,
coil.] Appl. any spiral structure or
coiled arrangement.

splanchnic (splangk'nik) a. [Gk.
splangchnon, an entrail.] Pert.
the viscera ; appl. nerves (anat.).

splanchnocoel (splangk'nosel) n. [Gk.
splangchnon, an entrail ; koilos,
hollow.] The cavity of the lateral
plates of the embryo, persisting as
the visceral cavity of the adult
(emb.).

splanchnology (splangknfil'bjl) n.
[Gk. splangchnon, an entrail ; logos,
discourse. J The branch of Anatomy
dealing with the viscera.

splanchnopleure (splangk'noploor) n.
[Gk. splangchnon, an entrail ; pleura,
side.] The alimentary canal wall,
formed from the splanchnic layer
of the mesoblast and the hypoblast
(emb.).

spleen (splen) n. [Gk. splen, the
spleen.] A vascular ductless organ
situate beneath the diaphragm to
the left of the stomach (anat.).

splenetic (splgngt'lk) a. [Gk. splen,
spleen.] Pert, the spleen.

splenial (sple'nlal) a. [L. splenium,
a patch.] Pert, the splenius muscle
(anat.), or splenial bone (zool.).

splenial bone,— a membrane bone in
the lower jaw of Reptiles.

splenic (splgn'lk) a. [Gk. splen, the
spleen.] Pert, the spleen.

SPL-

300

SPO-

splenium (sple'nium) n. [L. splenium,
a patch.] The posterior border of
the corpus callosum (anat.).
splenius (sple'nius) n. [L. splenium,
a patch.] A muscle of the upper
dorsal region and back of the neck,
in two parts the splenius capitis and
splenius colli (ana?.).

splenophrenic (sple'nofren'ik) a. [Gk.
splen, spleen ; phren, midriff.]
Pert, spleen and diaphragm (anat.).

spondyl (spon'dll) n. [Gk. sphondylos,
a vertebra.] A vertebra.

spondylous (spon'dllus) a. [Gk.
sphondylos, a vertebra.] Vertebral.

spondylus (spon'dllus) n. [Gk. sphon-
dylos, a vertebra.] A spondyl or
vertebra.

spongicolous (spunjlk'olus) a. [L.
spongia, a sponge ; colere, to in-
habit.] Living in Sponges (zool.).

spongin (spun'jm) n. [L. spongia, a
sponge.] The material of which
the skeletal fibres of a Sponge
consist (zool.).

sponginblast (spun'jfnblast) n. [L.
spongia, a sponge ; Gk. blastos, a
bud.] A spongin-producing cell
(zool.).

spongioblasts (spun'jioblasts) n. plu.
[L. spongia, a sponge ; Gk. blastos,
a bud.] Columnar epithelial cells
which give rise to the skeletal
framework of the spinal cord
(emb.).

spongioplasm (spun'jloplazm) n. [L.
spongia, a sponge ; Gk. plasma,
something moulded.] The cyto-
plasmic threadwork of a cell ; the
cytoreticulum (cyt.).

spongiose (spiin'jios) a. [L. spongia,
a sponge.] Of a spongy texture ;
spongoid ; full of small cavities.

spongoblast (spun'joblast) n. [L.
spongia, a sponge ; Gk. blastos, a
bud.] A sponginblast.

spongophare (spun'jofar) n. [L.
spongia, a sponge ; Gk. pherein, to
bear.] The upper chamber-bearing
part of a Sponge ; cf. hypophare.

spongy parenchyma, — loosely
arranged tissue with abundant in-
tercellular spaces on the lower side
of a leaf (tot.).

spontaneous generation, — see
ablogenesis.

sporadic (sporad'ik) a. [Gk. spor-

adikos, scattered.] AppJ. plants
confined to limited localities.
sporange (sporanj') n. [Gk. sporos,
seed ; anggeion, a vessel.] A sac
containing spores (biol.).
sporangial (sporan'jial) a. [Gk. sporos,
seed ; anggeion, a vessel.] Pert, a
sporangium (dot.).

sporangiferous (sporanjlf'grus) a.
[Gk. sporos, seed ; anggeion, a
vessel; ~L.ferre, to bear.] Sporangia-
bearing (&>/.).

sporangiform (spdran'jiform) a. [Gk.
sporos, seed ; anggeion, vessel ; L.
forma, shape.] Sporangioid ; like
a sporangium.

sporangiole (sporan'jiol) n. [Gk.
sporos, seed ; anggeion, vessel.] A
secondary or small few-spored
sporangium (bot.).

sporanglophore (sporan'jiofor) n.
[Gk. sporos, seed ; anggeion, vessel ;
pherein, to bear.] A stalk-like
structure bearing sporangia (bot.).
sporangiospore (sporan'jiospor) n.
[Gk. sporos, seed ; anggeion, vessel ;
sporos.] A sporangium spore (bot.).
sporangium (sporan'jium) n. [Gk.
sporos, seed ; anggeion, vessel.] A
tiny slender-stalked capsule in
which spores are produced (bot.).
sporation, — see sporulation.
spore (spor) n. [Gk. sporos, seed.]
A highly specialized reproductive
cell of plants (bot.) ; a falciform cell
of Sporozoa which bores into a
mother sperm cell and emerges as
an adult (zool.).

spore case, — an elliptical chitinoid

case containing usually eight spores

lying round a residual core, a stage

in the life-history of Monocystis

(zool.) ; a sporangium (bot.).

spore formation, — reproduction by

encystation of germ-cells followed

by division and free-cell liberation ;

endogenous multiplication ; sporo-

gony ; sporogenesis (biol.).

spore mother cells, — sixteen cells

produced by repeated division of an

archesporium, each in turn dividing

into four spores (bot.).

spore sac,— a case containing spores;

a sporangium (bot.).
sporetia (spdre'tia) n. plu. [Gk.
sporos, seed.] Idiochromidia ;
chromidia of generative chromatin.

SPO-

301

SPU-

sporidiferous (sporidif'e'rus) a. [Gk.
sporos, seed ; L. ferre, to bear.]
Sporidia-bearing (hot.},

sporidiole (sporid'iol) n. [Gk. sporos,
seed.] A protobasidium ; a spori-
dium arising from rust promycelium
(hot.}.

sporidium (sporid'ium) n. [Gk.
sporos, seed.] A gonidium de-
veloped by abstriction from a
gonidiophore in Fungi ; spore of
an ascus (dot.).

sporlferous (sporlf'erus) a. [Gk.
sporos, seed ; L. ferre, to bear.]
Spore-bearing.

specification (spo'rifika'shun) n. [Gk.
sporos, seed ; L. facere, to make.]
Formation of spores.

sporiparity (spo'ripar'iti) n. [Gk.
sporos, seed ; L. parere, to beget.]
Reproduction by spore formation.

sporiparous (sporip'arus) a. [Gk.
sporos, seed ; L. parere, to beget.]
Reproducing by spore formation.

sporoblast (spo'roblast) n, [Gk.
sporos, seed ; blastos, bud.] An
archespore ; a stage in spore forma-
tion, a sporoblast giving rise to
spores, and these to sporozoites.

sporocarp (spo'rokarp) n. [Gk. sporos,
seed ; karpos, fruit.] An ascocarp ;
a structure formed from archicarp
and investing hyphae, enclosing
spored asci (bot.}.

sporocyst (spo'roslst) n. [Gk. sporos,
seed ; kystis, bladder.] A stage in
spore formation preceding the
liberation of spores in many Pro-
tozoa ; the encysted embryo stage
of a Trematode after degeneration
following on entry into intermedi-
ate host (zool.}.

sporocyte (spo'roslt) n. [Gk. sporos,
seed ; kytos, hollow.] A spore
mother cell.

sporoduct (spo'rodukt) n. [Gk. sporos,
seed ; L. ducere, to lead.] A special
apparatus for the dissemination of
spores of Sporozoa (zool.}.

sporogenesis,— spore formation.

sporogenous (sporoj'gnus) a. £Gk.
sporos, seed ; genos, offspring.]
Spore-producing ; sporiparous.

sporogonial (sporogo'nlal) a. [Gk.
sporos, seed ; gonos, offspring.]
Pert, a sporogonium (bot.}.

sporogonium (sporogo'nium) //. [Gk.

sporos, seed ; gonos, offspring.] A
structure developed from a fertilized
oosphere of an archegonium, giving
rise to asexual spores, in Mosses
(bot.}.

sporogony, — spore formation, follow-
ing schizogony or the asexual
process of reproduction (zool.}.

sporoid (spo'roid) a. [Gk. sporos,
seed ; eidos, like.] Like a spore.

sporont (sporont') n. [Gk. sporos,
seed ; 0ns, being.] The gameto-
cyte stage in the life-history of
Sporozoa (zool.}.

sporophore (spo'rofor) n. [Gk. sporos,
seed ; pherein, to bear.] A vertical
branch which gives rise to spores
by abstriction or otherwise, in Fungi
(**}

sporophydium (sporofid'lum) n. [Gk.
sporos, seed ; phyas, a shoot.] The
sporangium of certain Thallophytes
(bot.\

sporophyll (spo'rofll) n. [Gk. sporos,
seed ; phyllon, a leaf.] A spor-
angium-bearing leaf of Ptendo-
phytes (bot.}.

sporophyte (spo'roflt) n. [Gk. sporos,
seed ; phyton, plant.] A stem
covered with sporophylls or leaves,
each bearing a sporangium, in
Pteridophytes ; the asexual genera-
tion of Ferns ; cf. gametophyte
(bot.}.

sporoplasm (spo'roplazm) n. [Gk.
sporos, seed ; plasma, something
moulded.] The sporozoite, bi-
nucleate amoebula, or central part
of a spore.

sporosac (spo'rdsak) n. [Gk. sporos,
seed ; L. saccus, a sack.] An ovoid
pouch-like body, consisting of a
gonad, a degraded reproductive
zooid of a medusoid colony (zool.}.

sporozoite (spo'rozo'lt) n. [Gk. sporos,
seed ; zoon, animal.] A germ
liberated through the dissolving
of the spore-membrane of sporo-
cysts ; a phase in the life-history of
Sporozoa.

sporulation (spor'ulashun) «. [L.
sporula, a small seed.] Brood-
formation by multiple cell-fission.

spur (spur) «. [A.S. spora, a spur.]
A calcar (zool.} ; a process of the
anterior petal of violets functioning
as a nectar receptacle (bot.}.

SPU-

302

STA-

spuriae (spu'rle) n. plu. [L. spurius>
false.] The feathers of the alula or
bastard wing (zool.).

spurious (spu'rius) a. [L. spurius,
false.] Seemingly true but mor-
phologically false ; appl. dissepi-
ment, fruit (bot.), vein, wing (zoo/.).

squama (skwa'ma) n. [L. squama,
a scale.] A squame or scale ; a
part arranged like a scale (bot.) ;
the antitegula of Diptera, or lobe
at the base of the wing ; a scale-
like body attached to the second
podomere of the antenna of some
Crustaceans (zoo/.).

squamate (skwa'mat) a. [L. squama,
scale.] Scaly.

squamation (skwama'shun) n. [L.
squama, scale.] Scale arrange-
ment.

squamella (skwamel'a) ». [L. squama,
scale.] A small scale or bract ;
a palea (bot.}.

squamellate (skwameTat) a. [L.
squama, a scale.] Having small
scales or bracts ; squamelliferous
(bot.).

squamelliform (skwameTiform) a.
[L. squama, scale ; forma, shape.]
Resembling a squamella.

squamiferous (skwamif'e'rus) a. [L.
squama, scale ; ferre, to bear.]
Bearing scales.

squamiform (skwa'miform) a. [L.
squama, scale ; forma, shape.]
Scale-like.

squamigerous, — squamiferous.

squamosal (skwamo'sal) n. [L.
squama, scale.] A membrane bone
of the vertebrate skull forming part
of the posterior side wall (zool.).

squamose (skwa'mos) a. [L. squama,
a scale.] Covered with scales.

squamous (skwa'mus) a. [L. squama,
scale.] Scaly ; squamate ; squa-
mose.

squamous epithelium, — pavement
epithelium.

squamula (skwam'ula) n. [L. squama,
scale.] A squamule or small scale ;
a minute membranous scale found
in Grasses (bot.) ; the tegula of some
Insects (zool.).

squamulate (skwam'ulat) a. [L.
squama, scale.] Having minute
scales (bot.).

squamulose, — squamulate.

squarrose (skwor'os) a. [L.L. squar-
rosus, scurfy.] Rough with pro-
jecting scales or jags.

squarrulose (skwo/ulos) a. [L.L.
squarrosus, scurfy.] Tending to
become squarrose (bot.).

stadium (sta'dium) n. [L. stare, to
stand.] A stage in development or
life-history of plant or animal.

stage (staj) n. [L. stare, to stand.]
A period in the life-history of meta-
morphous animals.

staghorned (stag'hornd) a. [Icel.
stiga, to mount ; A.S. horn.~\
Having large branched mandibles,
as a stag-beetle.

stagnicolous (stagnik'olus) a. [L.
stagnum, standing water ; colere,
to inhabit] Living in stagnant
water.

stalk (stok) n. [A.S. stel, stem.] The
stem or axis supporting outgrowths
(bot.) ; a stem-like structure in
animals, as in some Alcyonaria
(zool.).

stalk-cell, — the barren cell of two
into which the antheridial cell of
the pine divides, — the other, the
generative (bot.).

stalk-eyed, — having the eyes at the
end of a short stalk, as in some
Crustaceans,—^/, sessile-eyed.

stamen (sta'men) n. [L. stare, to
stand.] The male organ of a
flower, consisting of stalk or fila-
ment with anther containing pollen
(bot.).

staminal (stam'inal) a. [L. stare,
to stand.] Pert, a stamen.

staminate (stam'mat) a. [L. stare,
to stand.] Producing or consisting
of stamens.

staminiferous (staminif'erus) a. [L.
stare, to stand ; ferre, to bear.]
Staminigerous ; stamen-bearing.

staminode (stam'inod) n. [L. stare,
to stand ; Gk. eidos, resemblance.]
Also staminodium, a foliaceous
scale-like body in some flowers,
derived from a metamorphosed
stamen ; a rudimentary stamen
(bot.).

staminody (stam'modl) n. [L. stare,
to stand ; Gk. eidos, resemblance.]
The metamorphosis of flower
organs into stamens (bot.).

stapes (sta'pez) n. [L.L. stapes,

STA-

303

STE-

a stirrup.] The stirrup - shaped
innermost bone of the middle ear
(anat.) ; the operculum or in-
ternal end of the columella auris,
fitting into and filling the fenestra
ovalis in Amphibians (zool.).
stasimorphy (stas'imor'fi) n. [Gk.
stasis, standing ; morphe, form.] A
deviation in form due to arrested
development (biol.).

statoblast (stat'oblast) n. [Gk. states,
stationary ; blastos, bud.] A special-
ized bud or " winter-egg " of some
Polyzoa, developed on the funiculus
and set free on the death of the
parent organism (zoo/.).

statocone (stat'dkon) n. [Gk. states,
stationary ; konos, a cone.] One
of the minute structures contained
in a statocyst (zool.).

statocyst (stat'oslst) n. [Gk. states,
stationary ; kystis, a bladder.] A
vesicle or organ found in Molluscs,
Medusae, Crustacea, Worms, with
the function of perception of the
position of the body in space
(zool.}.

statolith (stat'ollth) «. [Gk. states,
stationary ; lithos, stone!] A struc-
ture of carbonate of lime, sand
grain, or secreted substance, con-
tained in a statocyst (zoo/.).

statorhab (stat'orab) n. [Gk. states,
stationary ; rhabdos, a rod.] In
Trachomedusae, a short tentacular
process carrying the statolith
(zool.).

steapsin (steap'sfn) n. [Gk. stear,
tallow ; pepsis, digestion.] A diges-
tive ferment secreted by the pan-
creas (phys.).

stearin (ste'arin) n. [Gk. stear, tallow.]
The solid part of a fat ; a chief
component of many fats, animal
and vegetable (phys.).

stegocarpous (steg'okar'pus) a. [Gk.
stegetn, to cover ; karpos, fruit.]
Having a capsule with operculum
and peristome (bot.).

stelar system,— of plants, the vascu-
lar and associated conjunctive
tissue (fief.).

stele (stel) n. [Gk. stele, a pillar.]
A bulky strand or cylinder of vascu-
lar tissue contained in the stem and
root of plants, developed from the
plerome (bet.).

stellar, — stellate.

stellate (steTat) a. [L. stella, a star.]
Astral ; radiating ; star-shaped ;
appl. leaf.

stellif orm, — stellate,
stem (st6m) n. [A.S. stemn, a tree-
stem.] The trunk of a tree ; the
main axis of a plant,
stem-cell, — in mitosis, a cell in which
all the chromatin is preserved, and
from which arise the germ cells ;
opp. somatic cell (cyt.).
stemless, — without a stalk ; acaules-

cent (bet.).

stemma (st6m'a) n. [Gk. stemma, a
garland.] A simple eye or ocellus
of Arthropods ; one of the ocelli
of an ommatidium (zool.).
stenohaline (stgn'ohalln) a. [Gk.
stenos, narrow ; halinos, marine.]
Appl. marine animals adaptable
only to a narrow range of salinity ;
cf. euryhaline (zool.).
stenopetalous (stgn'opfit'alus) a. [Gk.
stenos, narrow ; petalon, a leaf.]
With narrow petals,
stenophyllous (sten'ofll'us) a. [Gk.
stenos, narrow ; phyllon, leaf.]
Narrow-leaved.

stenosepalous (stgn'osep'alus) a.
[Gk. stenos, narrow ; sepalon, a
sepal.] With narrow sepals,
stenostomatous (st£n'b'st6m'atus) a.
[Gk. stenos, narrow ; sterna, mouth.]
Narrow-mouthed.

stephanion (stSfan'Ion) n. [Gk. Steph-
anos, crown.] The point where
the superior temporal ridge is
crossed by the coronal suture
(anal.).

stercomarium (ste'rkoma'rium) n. [L.
stercus, dung.] The system of
stercome - containing tubes of
certain Sarcodina (zool.).
stercome (st6r'kom) n. [L. stercus,
dung.] Faecal matter of Sarcodina
protoplasm, in masses of brown
granules (zool.).
stereld bundles, — bands or bundles

of sclerenchymatous fibres (oof.).
stereome (steVeom) n. [Gk. stereos,
solid.] Sclerenchymatous and col-
lenchymatous masses along with
hardened parts of vascular bundles
forming supporting tissue in plants
(**}
stereoplasm (steVeoplazm) //. [Gk.

STE-

304

STI-

stereos, solid ; plasma, something
moulded.] The more solid part of
protoplasm (cf. hygroplasm) ; a
vesicular substance filling inter-
septal spaces of certain Corals
(zool.}.

stereospondylous (ster'eospon'dllus)
a. [Gk. stereos, solid ; sphondylos,
a vertebra.] Having the vertebrae
each fused into one piece; cf. temno-
spondylous (zool.}.

stereotaxy (steVeotak'si) n. [Gk.
stereos, solid ; taxis, arrangement.]
The mechanical reaction to con-
tinuous contact with a solid
(Phys.}.

stereotropism (stereot ropizm) n.
[Gk. stereos, solid ; trope, a turning.]
Tendency of minute organisms to
attach themselves to solid objects ;
thigmotaxis (phys.}.

sterigma (sterlg'ma) n. [Gk. sterigina,
a support.] A slender filament
arising from the basidium, and
giving rise to spores by abstriction
(bot.}.

sterile (steYil) a. [L. sterilis, barren.]
Incapable of propagation ; appl. a
plant unable to bear fruit, a neutral
flower, a seed unable to germinate
(hot.}.

sterilize (ster'illz) v. [L. sterilis,
barren.] To render incapable of
conveying infection, or of repro-
ducing the species (pkys.}.

sternal (steYnal) a. [Gk. sternon, the
breast] Pert the sternum, or a
sternite ; appL ribs united to the
sternum (zool.}.

sternebrae (ster'nebre) n. plu. [Gk.
sternon, the breast ; ebra, on analogy
of verte&ra.'] Divisions of a seg-
mented sternum or breastbone
(zool.}.

sternite (steVnIt) n. [Gk. sternon, the
breast.] A ventral plate of an
Arthropod segment, carrying legs
and tracheal openings (zool.}.

sternoclavicular (ster'noklavik'ular)
a. [Gk. sternon, breast ; L. clavicu-
lum, a small key.] AppL the
articulation between sternum and
clavicle (anat.}.

sternocostal (ster'nokos'tal) a. [Gk.
sternon, breast ; L. costa, a rib.]
Pert, sternum and ribs ; appL liga-
ment, surface of heart (anat.}.

sternokleidomastoid (ster'nokli'do-
mas'toid) a. [Gk. sternon, breast ;
kleis, key ; niastos, breast ; eidos,
resemblance.] AppL an oblique
neckmusclestretchingfrom sternum
to mastoid process, also an artery in
the same region (anat}.

sternoscapular (bter'nb'skap'ular) a.
[Gk. sternon, breast ; L. scapula,
shoulder-blade.] AppL a muscle
connecting sternum and scapula
(anat.}.

sternotribe (steVnotrlb) a. [Gk.
sternon, breast ; tribein, to rub.]
AppL flowers with fertilizing ele-
ments so placed as to be brushed
by the breasts of visiting Insects
(A*),

sternum (ster'num) .«. [L. sternum,
the breast-bone.] The breast-bone
of vertebrates, specialized in Birds
with a carina for wing-muscle
attachment ; the ventral plate of a
typical Arthropod segment (zool.}.

sterraster (steras'ter) n. [Gk. sterros,
solid ; aster, star.] An aster with
numerous actines soldered together
by silica (zool.}.

sterrula (ster'ula) n. [Gk. sterros,
solid.] The solid free-swimming
larva of Alcyonaria, the stage
preceding the planula (zool.}.

stichidium (stikid'mm) n. [Gk.
stichos, a row.] A tetraspore re-
ceptacle of some Algae (bot.}.

stigma (stig'ma) n., stigmata (stig'-
mata) plu. [Gk. stigma, a pricked
mark.] The portion of the pistil
on which the pollen falls (bot.} •
spots of brilliant colour with lens-
like body, the eye-spots, of some
Protozoa ; an Arthropod spiracle ;
apertures connected with the
tracheae of Insects ; a coloured
wing spot of certain butterflies and
other insects ; a gill-slit of Tunicates
(zool.}.

stigmatic (stigmat'ik) a. [Gk. stigma,
a pricked mark.] AppL a lid cell
of an archegonium (bot.}.

stigmatiferous (stigmatlf'erus) a.
[Gk. stigma, a pricked mark ; L.
ferre, to carry.] Stigma-bearing.

stigmatiform (stlgmat'fform) a. [Gk.
stigma, a pricked mark ; L. forma,
shape.] Resembling a stigma ;
stigmatoid.

STI-

305

STO-

stimulant (stlm'ulant) n. [L. stimu-
lare, to incite.] A stimulus-pro-
ducing agent (phys.}.

stimulation (stlm'ula'shun) n. £L.
stimulare, to incite.] Excitation
or irritation of an organism or part
by external influence, mechanical,
chemical, etc. (phys.}.

stimulose (stlm'ulos) a. [L. stimu-
lare, to incite.] Furnished with
stinging hairs or cells (biol.}.

stimulus (stim'ulus) n. [L. stimulare,
to incite.] An agent which causes
a body or some part of it to react
when affected by it (phys.}.

sting (sting) n. [A.S. stingan, to
sting.] A stinging hair or cell
(biol.} ; the spine of a sting-ray ;
an offensive and defensive organ
for piercing, and usually also for
inoculating with poison, as in the
wasp (zool.}.

stinging capsule, — a nematocyst.

stipe (stip) n. [L. stipes, stock, stalk.]
The stem bearing the pileus in
Agarics ; the stem of palms and
tree ferns ; the stem of fern fronds
(bot.} ; a stipes (zool.}.

stipel (stf pel) n. [L. stipes, a stalk.]
An outgrowth of leaflets resembling
the stipule of a leaf-base (bot.}.

stipellate (stl'pglat) a. [L. stipes,
stalk.] Bearing stipels (bot.}.

stipes (stfpez) n. [L. stipes, stalk.]
The distal part of the protopodite
of the first maxilla of Insects ; the
peduncle of a stalked eye (zool.}.

stipiform (sti'piform) a. [L. stipes, a
stalk ; forma, shape.] Resembling
a stalk or stem.

stipitate (stlp'itat) a. [L. stipes, a
stalk.] Stalked ; supported on a
stalk.

stipular (stip'ular) a. [L. stipula,
a stem.] Like, pert, or growing in
place of stipules (bot.}.

stipulate (stlp'ulat) a. [L. stipula,
a stem.] Furnished with stipules
(bot.}.

stipule (stlp'ul) n. [L. stipula, a
stem.] One of two foliaceous or
membranaceous processes devel-
oped at the base of a leaf petiole,
sometimes in tendril or spine form
(bot.}.

stipuliferous, — stipulate.

stipuliform (stip'uliform) a. [L.

stipula, stem ; forma, shape.] In
the form of a stipule (bot.}.

stirp (sterp), stirps (sterps) n. [L.
stirps, root-stock.] The sum-total
of germs or gemmules to be found
in a newly fertilized ovum.

stock (st6k) n. [A.S. stocc, a post.]
An asexual zooid which produces
sexual zooids of one sex by gemma-
tion, as in Polychaets (zool.}.

stolon (sto'lon) ». [L. stolo, a shoot.]
A creeping stem or runner capable
of developing rootlets and stem,
and ultimately forming a new
individual (6ot.} ; a cylindrical stem
of some Polyzoa from which indi-
viduals grow out at intervals ; a
horizontal tubular branch of some
Coelenterates from which new
zooids arise by budding ; the cado-
phore of Tunicates (zool.}.

stolonate (sto'lonat) «. [L. stolo, a
shoot.] Having stolons ; resem-
bling a stolon ; developing from a
stolon ; appl. plants and animals
which develop by means of stolons
(biol.\

stoloniferous (sto'lonlf'e'rus) a. [L.
stolo, a shoot ; ferre, to carry.]
Bearing stolons (biol.}.

stoma (sto'ma) »., stomata (stom'ata)
plu. [Gk. stoma, mouth.] A small
mouth-like orifice ; minute openings
in the epidermis of plants, especially
on the under surface of leaves
(biol.}.

stomach (stum'ak) n. [Gk. stomachos,
th roat, gullet.] The sac-like portion
of the food canal beyond the gullet,
in vertebrates ; a corresponding
part, or the entire digestive cavity,
of invertebrates (zool.}.

stomachic (stomak'ik) a. [Gk. stom-
achos, gullet.] Pert, the stomach.

stomatal (stom'atal) a. [Gk. stoma,
mouth.] Pert, or like a stoma ;
stomatic.

stomate (sto'mat) a. [Gk. stoma,
mouth.] Bearing stomata or a
stoma.

stomatiferous (stomatlf'eYus) a. [Gk.
stoma, mouth ; L. ferre, to carry.]
Bearing stomata.

stomatogastric (stom'atogas'trfk) a.

[Gk. stoma, mouth \gaster, stomach.]

Pert, mouth and stomach ; appl.

the visceral system of nerves

U

STO-

306

STR-

supplying the anterior part of the
alimentary canal in Annulates
(zool.).

stomatose, stomatous, — stomatif-
erous.

stomidium (stomid'ium) n. [Gk.
stoma, mouth.] An aperture rep-
resenting the terminal pore of
degenerated tentacles of many
Actiniaria (zool.).

stomions (sto'mionz) n. plu. [Gk.
stoma, mouth.] The dermal pores
or ostia perforating the dermal
membrane of a developing Sponge
(zool.).

Btomium (sto'mmm) n. [Gk. stoma,
mouth.] A group of thin-walled
cells in a fern sporangium where
cleavage of the capsule takes place
(bot.).

stomodaeal canal, — in Ctenophores,
a canal given off by each per-radial
canal, and situate parallel to the
stomodaeum (zool.).

stomodaeum (stom'ode'um) n. [Gk.
stoma, mouth ; odaios, pert, a way.]
The anterior perforated depression
communicating with the enteric
cavity of many Coelenterates, ecto-
derm-lined since formed by in-
vagination (zool.) ; the anterior
pitted-in portion of the embryonic
gut (emb.).

stone canal, — the madreporic canal,
an S-shaped cylinder extending
from the madrepprite to near the
mouth border in Echinoderms
(zool.).

stone cells, — sclerotic cells or rounded
parenchymatous elements, as found
in the pear (dot.).

strangulated, — constricted in places ;
contracted and expanded irregu-
larly (dot.).

strata, — plu. of stratum.

stratification (strat'ifika'shun) n. [L.
stratum, layer ; facere, to make.]
Arrangement in layers ; the super-
imposition of layers of epithelium
cells (pftys.).

stratified epithelium, — epithelium
cells arranged in many super-
imposed layers (phys.).

stratiform (strat'iform) a. [L. stratum,
layer ; forma, shape.] Appl. a
fibrocartilage which forms a thin
coating to osseous grooves, or is

developed in small masses in some
tendons (anat.).

stratose (strat'os) a. [L. stratum,
layer.] Arranged in layers (bot.).

stratum (stra'tum) n. [L. stratum,
a layer.] A layer of cells, tissue,
etc.

stratum compactum, — the surface
layer of the decidua vera, con-
stituting about one-fourth of the
entire thickness (emb.).

stratum corneum, — the horny ex-
ternal layer of the epidermis
(anat.).

stratum granulosum, — the super-
ficial layer of the rete mucosum, con-
sisting of flattened cells filled with
granules of eleidin (anat.).

stratum lucidum, — the layer of cells
of indistinct outline between the
stratum corneum and the stratum
granulosum (anat.).

stratum spongiosum, — the deeper
three-fourths of the thickness of
the decidua vera (emb.).

stratum zonale, cinereum, opticum,
lemnisci, — strata of the anterior
corpora quadrigemina, from the
surface inwards (anat.).

streptostylic (strep'tostil'ik) a. [Gk.
streptos, pliant ; stylos, a column.]
Having the quadrate in movat
articulation with the squamosal
cf. monimostylic (zool.).

stria (strl'a) n., striae (strife) pi*
[L. stria, funnel, channel.]
narrow line, streak, groove,
channel.

striated (strta'ted) a. [L. stria,
channel.] Marked by narrow line
or grooves, usually parallel.

striated muscle, — bundles of fibr
enclosed in a sheath continuot
with the tendons ; voluntai
muscle, the fibres of which preset
transverse striations (anat.).

stridulate (strid'ulat) v. [L. stridere,
to creak.] To make a strident
sound like the characteristic son£
of cicadas.

stridulating organs, — a special ap-
paratus on the metathoracic and
anterior abdominal segments for
producing the song of cicadas ;
grasshoppers, spiders, and deca-
pod Crustacea also possess stridulat-
ing organs (zool.).

STR-

307

STU-

Btriga (stn'ga) n. [L. striga, a ridge,
furrow.] An upright, stiff, pointed
hair or bristle (hot.}.

strigate (strfgat) a. [L. striga,- a
ridge.] Bearing strigae (bot.).

strigills (strlj'Ilis) n, [L. stringere,
to scrape.] A mechanism for
cleaning the antennae, at the
junction of tibia and first tarsal
joint on the first leg of bees (zool.).

strigillose (strij'ilos) a. [L. strigilla,
a small ridge.] Minutely strigose.

strigose (strTg'os) a, [L. striga, a
ridge.] Covered with stiff hairs
(hot.) ; marked by small grooves
or furrows (zoo!.).

striola (strio'la) n. [L. striola, a small
channel.] A fine narrow line or
streak.

striolate (strl'olat) a. [L. striola,
a small channel.] Finely striate.

strobila (strob'ila) n. [Gk. strobiles,
a fir cone.] A stage in the develop-
ment of some Scyphozoa, where
from a succession of annular discs
the embryos take the form of a
pile of discs which are separated
off in turn ; the jointed body of
a Tape-worm (zool.).

strobilaceous (strob'ilashus) a. [Gk.
strobiles, a fir cone.] Cone-
shaped ; pert, or having strobiles
(dot.).

strobilation (strob'ilashun) n. [Gk.
strobiles, a fir cone.] Reproduc-
tion by body - segmentation into
zooids, as in Coelenterates, or into
proglottides, as in Worms, which
develop into adult forms (zool.).

strobile (strob'il) n. [Gk. strobiles, a
fir cone.] A strobila (zoo/.) ; a
spike formed of persistent mem-
branous bracts, each having a pistil-
late flower ; a cone ; an assem-
blage of sporophylls (dot.).

strobiliferous (strobilifgrus) a. [Gk.
strobiles, a fir cone ; L. ferre, to
carry.] Having or producing stro-
biles (dot.).

strobiloid (strob'Iloid) a. [Gk. stro-
biles, a fir cone ; eidos, resemblance.]
Strobiliform ; resembling or shaped
like a strobilus or cone (dot.).

strobilus (strSb'flus) n. [Gk. strobiles,
a fir cone.] A strobile ; a cone (dot.).

stroma (stro'ma) n. [Gk. stroma,
something spread out for lying on.]

The transparent filmy framework
of red blood corpuscles (phys.) ;
connective tissue binding and sup-
porting an organ ; in the ovary,
a soft, vascular, reticular framework
in the meshes of which the ovarian
follicles are imbedded (anat.) ; in
plu. stromata, short protrusions
from a sclerotium, each composed
of hyphae, in which perithecia are
developed, in some Thallophytes
(bet.).

stromatic (stromat'ik) a. [Gk. stroma,
something spread out for lying on.]
Pert., like, in the form or nature
of, a stroma ; stromatiform ; stroma-
tous.

strombuliferous (strombulif'Srus) a.
[L. strombus, a spiral snail ; ferre,
to carry.] Having spirally-coiled
organs or structures (dot.).

strombulifonn (strombu'llform) «.
[L. strombus, a spiral snail ; forma,
shape.] Spirally coiled.

strongyle (stron'jil), strongylon
(strSn'jUSn) n. [Gk. stronggylos,
globular.] A two-rayed rod sponge
spicule (zool.).

strophiolate (strof'Tolat) a. [L. stro-
phiolum, a small garland.] Having
excrescences round the hilum (dot.).

strophioles (strof'iolz) n. plu. [L.
strophiolum, a small garland.]
Small excrescences arising from
various parts of a seed testa, never
developed before fertilization (dot.).

structural (structural) a. [L. struere,
to build.] Pert, the structure or
build of an organism as distinct
from its function (biol.).

struma (stroom'a) n. [L. strunia, a
scrofulous tumour.] A swelling
on a plant organ (bet.).

strumiferous (stroomife'rus) a. [L.
struma, a scrofulous tumour ; ferre,
to carry.] Having a struma or
strumae (dot.).

strumiform (stroom'iform) a. [L.
struma, a scrofulous tumour ; forma,
shape.] Cushion-like.

strumose (stroom'os), strumulose
(stroom'ulos) a. [L. struma, a
tumour.] Having small cushion-
like swellings (dot.).

stupeous (stu'peus), stupose (stu'pos)
a. [L. stupa, tow.] Tow-like ;
having a tuft of matted filaments.

sTtr-

308

SUB-

stupulose (stu'pulos)a. [L. stupa, tow.]

Covered with short filaments,
stylar (stflar) a. [L. stilus, a

pricker.] Pert, a style,
stylate (stl'lat) a. [L. stilus, a pricker.]

Having a style or styles.
style (stil) n. [L. stilus, a pricker.]'
The slender upper part of an ovary ,
supporting the stigma (dot.) ; a
calcareous projection from the pore
tabula in some Millepora ; an ab-
dominal bristle-like process on the
male of many Insects (zool.).
stylet (stfle't) n. [L. stilus, a pricker.]
A small, pointed bristle-like append-
age (zool.).

styliferous (stllif'erus) a. [L. stilus,
a pricker ; ferre, to carry.] Having
bristly appendages,
styliform (stl'liform) a. [L. stilus, a
pricker ; forma, shape.] Bristle-
shaped.

styloglossal (stl'loglos'al) a. [Gk.
stylos, pillar ; glossa, tongue.] Perl.
the styloglossus muscle connecting
styloid process and tongue (anat.).
stylogonidium, — see conidium.
stylohyal (stl'lohi'al) n. [Gk. stylos,
pillar ; hyoeides, Y-shaped.] The
distal part of the styloid process of
the temporal bone (anat.).
stylohyoid (stl'lohl'oid) a. [Gk. stylos,
pillar ; hyoeides, Y-shaped.] Appl.
a ligament attached to the styloid
process and the lesser cornu of
the hyoid (anat.).

styloid (stl'loid) a. [Gk. stylos, pillar ;
eidos, resemblance.] Appl. pro-
cesses of the temporal bone, the
fibula, the radius, the ulna (anat.).
stylomandibular (striomandib'ular)
a. [Gk. stylos, pillar ; L. man-
dibulum, jaw.] Appl. a strong
ligament extending from the styloid
process to the cervical muscle under
the parotid gland (anat).
stylomastpid (sti'lomas'toid) a. [Gk.
stylos, pillar ; mastos, breast ; eidos,
like.] Appl. a foramen between
styloid and mastoid processes, also
an artery entering that foramen
(anat).

Btylomaxillary (sti'lomaksil'ari) a.
[Gk. stylos, pillar ; L. maxilla, jaw.]
Stylomandibular.

stylopharyngeus (sti'lofarin'jeus) n.
[Gk. stylos, pillar ; pltaryngx,

pharynx.] A muscle extending
from the base of the styloid process
downwards along the side of the
pharynx (anat.).

stylopodium (stllb'po'dium) n. [Gk.
stylos, pillar ; pous, foot.] A conical
swelling surrounding the bases of
the divaricating styles of Umbel-
liferae (bot.).

stylospore, — see conidium.
stylosporous (stllos'porus) a. [Gk.
stylos, pillar ; sporos, seed.] Pert.
a stylospore or conidium.
stylostegium (stl'loste'jium) n. [Gk.
stylos, pillar ; stege, roof.] The
inner corona of some milk-weed
plants (dot).

stylus (stl'lus) n. [L. stilus, a pricker.]
A style ; a stylet ; a simple pointed
spicule ; a molar cusp (biol.).
subabdominal (sub'abdom'inal) a.
[L. sub, under ; abdomen, belly.]
Nearly in the abdominal region,
subacuminate (sub'aku'mlnat) a. [L.
sub, under ; acumen, point.] Some-
what tapering (dot.).
subaduncate (sub'adung'kat) a. [L.
sub, under ; aduncus, hooked.]
Somewhat crooked,
subaerial (sub'ae'rial) a. [L. sub,
under ; aer, air.] Growing just
above the surface of the ground
(bot.).

subalpine (subal'pm) a. [L. sub,
under ; alpinus, alpine.] Appl. the
zone below the timber line, or to
plants or animals growing or living
in that zone.

subalternate (sub'alteYnat) a. [L.
sub, under ; altemus, one after
another.] Tending to change from
alternate to opposite (dot.).
subanconeus (sub'angkone'us) n. [L.
sud, under ; aticon, elbow.] A small
muscle extending from the triceps
to the elbow joint (anat.).
subapical (subap'ikal) a. [L. sub,
under ; apex, extremity.] Nearly
at the apex.

subarachnoid (subarak'noid) a. [L.
sub, under ; Gk. arachne, spider's
web ; eidos, resemblance.] Appl.
a cavity filled with cerebrospinal
fluid between the arachnoid and the
pia mater ; appl. cisternae of the
brain, and a longitudinal septum in
the same region (anat.).

SUB-

309

SUB-

subarborescent (siib'irbore's'e'nt) a.
[L. sub, under ; arborescens, growing
into a tree.] Somewhat like a tree.

subarcuate (subir'kuat) a. [L. sub,
under ; arcus, a bow.] Appl. a
large blind fossa in the infant skull
which extends backwards under the
superior semicircular canal (anat.).

subaurlcular (sub'orik'ular) a. [L.
subt under ; auricula, the ear-tip.]
Below the ear (anat.~).

subaxillary (sub'aksll'ari) a. [L. sub,
under ; axilla, the arm-pit.] Appl.
outgrowths just beneath the axil

subbasal (subba'sal) a. [L. sub,
under ; Gk. basis, foundation.]
Situated near the base (zool.}.

subbranchial (subbrangTcial) a. [L.
sub, under ; Gk. brangchia, gills.]
Under the gills.

subbronchial (subbrong'kial) a. [L.
sub, under ; Gk. brongchos, wind-
pipe.] Below the bronchials.

subcalcareous (sub'kalka'rlus) a. [L.
sub, under ; calx, lime.] Somewhat
limy.

subcalcarine (subkal'karm) a. [L.
sub, under ; calcar, spur.] Under
the calcarine fissure ; appl. the
lingual gyrus of the brain (anat.}.

subcallosal (subTcalo'sal) a. [L. sub,
under ; callus, hard skin.] Appl. a
gyrus below the corpus callosum
(anat.\

subcampanulate (sub'kampan'ulat) a.
[L. sub, under ; campanula, a little
bell] Somewhat bell-shaped (dot.).

subcapsular (subkap'sular) a. [L.
sub, under ; capsula, a little chest.]
Inside a capsule.

subcardinal (subkir'dinal) a. [L. sub,
under ; cardo, hinge.] Appl. a pair
of veins which develop between the
mesonephroi (emb.\

subcarinate (subkar'inat) a. [L. sub,
under ; carina, keel.] Somewhat
keel-shaped.

subcartilaginous (sub'kirtllaj'inus) a.
[L. sub, under ; cartilage, gristle.]
Not entirely cartilaginous.

subcaudal (subkod'al) a. [L. sub,
under ; cauda, tail.] Situate under
the tail, as a shield or plate (zool.\

subcaudate (subkod'at) a. [L. sub,
under ; cauda, tail.] Having a
tail-like process (zoo/.).

subcaulescent (sub'kole's'e'nt) a. [L.

sub, under ; caulis, stalk.] Borne

on a very short stem (bot.\
subcentral (subsen'tral) a. [L. sub,

under ; centrum, a centre.] Nearly

central,
subchela (subke'la) «. [L. sub, under ;

Gk. chele, claw.] A prehensile claw

of which the last joint folds back

on the preceding, as in Squilla

(zool.\
subchelate (subke'lat) a. [L. sub,

under ; Gk. chele, claw.] Having

prehensile claws of which the last

joint folds back on the preceding ;

having imperfect chelae (zool.\
subchordal (subkor'dal) a. [L. sub,

under ; chorda, a cord.] Under

the notochord (zool.).
subcingulum (subsing'gulum) n. [L.

sub, under ; cingulum, a girdle.]

The lower lip part of a cingulum or

girdle of Rotifers (zool.).
subclavate (subklaVat) a. [L. sub,

under ; clavus, club.] Somewhat

club-shaped,
subclavlan (subkla'vian) a. [L. sub,

under ; da-vis, key.] Appl. artery,

vein, nerve, muscle, below the

clavicle (anat.}.
subcoracoid (subkor'akoid) a. [L.

sub, under ; Gk. korax, crow ;

eidos, like.] Below the coracoid.
subcordate (subk6r'dat) a. [L. sub,

under ; cor, heart] Tending to be

heart-shaped,
subcorneous (subkor'neus) a. [L. sub,

under; cornu, horn.] Under a

horny layer ; slightly horny (zool.\
subcortical (subkor'tikal) a. [L. sub,

under ; corf ex, bark.] Under the

cortex, or cortical layer (bot.} ; appl.

cavities under the dermal cortex of

Sponges (zooL).
subcosta (subk6s'ta) n. [L. sub,

under ; costa, rib.] The subcostal

nervure of an. insect wing,
subcostal (subk6s'tal) a. [L. sub,

under ; costa, rib.] Below the ribs ;

appl. zone, muscles, arteries (anat.).
subcrenate (subkre'nat) a. [L. sub,

under ; L.L. crena, a notch.]

Tending to have rounded scallops,

as a leaf margin (pot.).
subcrureal (subkroor'eal) a. [L. sub,

under ; crus, leg.] Appl. the sub-

crureus or articularis genu muscle,

SUB-

310

SUB-

extending from the lower femur to
the knee-joint (anat.).

subcutaneous (sub'kuta'neus) a. [L.
sub, under ; cutis, skin.] Under
the cutis or skin ; appl. parasites
living just under the skin ; appl.
the external abdominal ring (anat.).

subcuticular (sub'kutik'ular) a. [L.
sub, under ; cuticula, the cuticle.]
Under the epidermis or outer skin.

subcutis (siibku'tf s) n. [L. sub, under ;
cutis, skin.] A loose layer of con-
nective tissue between the corium
and the deeper tissues of the skin
(anat.).

subdentate (sflbdeVtat) a. [L. sub,
under ; dens, a tooth.] Slightly
toothed or notched (bot.).

subdermal (subdeVmal) a. [L. sub,
under ; Gk. derma, skin.] Beneath
the skin.

subdorsal (subd6r'sal) a. [L. sub,
under ; dorsum, the back.] Situ-
ated dorsally or almost on the
dorsal surface.

subdural (subdu'ral) a. [L. sub,
under ; durus, hard.] Appl. a
potential cavity separating the
spinal dura mater from the arach-
noid (anat.).

subepiglottlc (sub'gpiglot'lk) a. [L.
sub, under ; Gk. epi, upon ; glottis,
mouth of the windpipe.] Beneath
the epiglottis (anat.).

subepithelial (sub'gpithe'lial) a. [L.
sub, under ; Gk. epi, upon ; thallein,
to grow.] Appl. a plexus of the
cornea (anat?).

suber (su'ber) n. [L. suber, cork
tree.] Cork tissue (bot.).

subereous (sube'reus) a. [L. suber,
cork tree.] Of corky texture (bot.).

suberlferous (subgrif'e'rus) a. [L.
suber, cork tree ; ferre, to bear.]
Cork-producing (bot.).

suberiflcation (su'bSrifTka'shun) n.
[L. suber, cork tree ; facere, to
make.] Conversion into cork tissue
(bot.).

suberin (su'bSrin) n. [L. suber, cork
tree.] The waxy substance de-
veloped in a thickened cell-wall,
making it almost waterproof (bot.).

suberization (su'berlza'shun) n. [L.
suber, cork tree.] The modification
of cell walls due to the formation
of suberin (bot.).

suberose (su'bfiros) a. [L. suber, cork
tree.] Having a corky, waterproof
texture (bot.).

subgalea (subgal'ea) n. [L. sub, under;
galea, a helmet.] Part of the
maxilla of Insects (zool.).

subgeniculate (sub'jgnik'ulat) a. [L.
sub, under ; genu, knee.] Some-
what bent.

subgenital (subjen'ital) a. [L. sub,
under ; genitalis, genital.] Below
the reproductive organs ; appl, a
shallow pit or pouch beneath the
gonad in Aurelia ; appl. a portico
formed by the fusion of the sub-
genital pouches of Discomedusae
(zool.).

subglenoid (subgle'noid) a. [L. sub,
under ; Gk. glene, socket ; eidos,
form.] Beneath the glenoid cavity
(anat.).

subglossal (subg!5s'al) a. [L. sub,
under ; Gk. glossa, tongue.] Be-
neath the tongue.

subhyaloid (subhl'aloid) a. [L. sub,
under ; Gk. hyalos, glass ; eidos,
like.] Beneath the hyaloid mem-
brane or fossa of the eye (anat.).

subhymenial, — pert. the sub-
hymenium.

subhymemum (sub'hlme'nium) n.
[L. sub, under ; Gk. hymen, a
membrane.] A layer of small cells
between trama and hymen ium in
the gill of Agarics (bot.),

subhyoid (siibhl'oid) a. [L. sub,
under ; Gk. hyoeides, Y-shaped.]
Below the hyoid bone at the base
of the tongue (anat.).

subiculum (subik'ulum) n. [L. sub-
iculum, an under layer.] The fila-
mentous mycelium of certain Fungi
(bot.).

sublmago (sub'ima'go) n. [L. sub,
under ; imago, an imitation.] A
stage between pupa and imago in
the life-history of some Insects.

subinguinal (subin'gwmal, sub'mgwl'-
nal) a. [L. sub, under ; inguen,
groin.] Situated below a horizontal
line at the level of the great
saphenous vein termination ; appl.
glands (anat.).

subjugal (subjoog'al) a. [L. sub,
under ; jugum, yoke.] Below the
jugal or cheek bone (zool.),

subjugular (subjoog'ular) a. [L. sub,

SUB-

311

SUB-

under ; jugulum, collar - bone.]
Appl. a ventral fish-fin nearly far
enough forward to be jugular (zool.}.

sublanceolate (sublan'seolat) a. [L.
sub, under ; lanceolatus, speared.]
Tending to be narrow and to taper
towards both ends (A?/.).

sublaryngeal (sublarin'jeal) a. [L.
sub, under ; Gk. laryngx, larynx.]
Situate below the larynx (zool.}.

sublenticular (sub'16ntlk'ular) a. [L.
sub, under ; lenticula, a small lentil.]
Somewhat lens-shaped.

sublingua (subling'gwa) n. [L. sub,
under ; lingua, tongue.] A single
or double projection beneath the
tongue, most developed in Insecti-
vores (zool.}.

sublingual (subling'gvval) a. [L. sub,
under ; lingua, tongue.] Beneath
the tongue ; appl. gland, artery,
fossa (anat.}.

sublobular (siiblob'ular) a. [L. sub,
under ; Gk. lobos, a lobe.J Appl.
veins at the base of the lobules of
the liver (anat.}.

sublocular (sublok'ular) a. [L. sub,
under ; loculus, a little place.]
Somewhat locular or cellular.

Bubmalleate (submal'eat) a. [L. sub,
under ; malleus, a hammer.] Some-
what hammer-shaped ; appl. the
trophi of a rotifer mastax (zool.}.

subinarginal (submar'jinal) a. [L.
sub, under ; margo, margin.] Placed
nearly at the margin.

submarginate (submar'jma.t) a. [L.
sub, under ; margo, margin.] Appl.
a bordering structure near a margin.

submaxllla (sub'maksil'a) n. [L. sub,
under; maxilla, jaw.] The mandible
or lower jaw.

submaxillary (sub'maksil'ari) a. [L.
sub, under ; maxilla, jaw.] Appl.
duct, ganglion, gland, triangle,
beneath the lower jaw (anat.}.

submedian (subme'dian) a. [L. 'sub,
under ; medius, the middle.] Appl.
the tooth or vein next the median
(zool.}.

submental (subme'n'tal) a. [L. sub,
under ; mentum, chin.] Beneath
the chin ; appl. artery, glands,
triangle (anat. ) ; pert, the submentum
(zool.}.

submentum (subrnfin'tum) n. [L. sub,
under ; mentum, chin.] The basal

part of the labium or fused second
maxillae of Insects (zool.}.

submerged, — submersed.

submersed (subme'rsd') a. [L. sub-
mergere, to submerge.] Appl. plants
growing entirely under water (bot.}.

submicron (submik'rSn) n. [L. sub,
under ; Gk. mikros, small.] An
element seen as a separate disc
with the aid of an ultramicroscope,
although invisible with an ordinary
microscope ; cf. amlcron (phys.}.

submucosa (sub'muko'sa) n. [L. sub,
under ; mucosus, mucous.] The
layer of tissue under a mucous
membrane (anat.}.

subnasal (subna'zal) a. [L. sub,
under ; nasus, nose.] Beneath the
nose (anat.}.

subneural (siibnu'ral) a. [L. sub,
under ; Gk. neuron, nerve.] Appl.
gland and ganglion of nervous
system of Tunicates (zool.}.

suboccipital (sub'6ksTp'ital) a. [L.
sub, under ; occiput, the back part
of the head.] Appl. muscles, nerve,
triangle, under the occipitals of
the skull (anat.}.

subocular shelf, — an ingrowth from
the suborbitals supporting the eye-
ball of Fishes.

suboesophageal (subesSf'aje'al) a.
[L. sub, under ; Gk. oisophagos,
gullet.] Below the gullet (zooL).

subopercular (sub'opeVkular) a. [L.
sub, under ; operculum, a lid or
cover.] Under the operculum or
gill-cover of Fishes, or the shell-lid
of Molluscs (zool.}.

suboperculum (sub'opeVkulum) n.
[L. sub, under ; operculum, a cover.]
The subopercle, one of the mem-
brane bones of the operculum of
Fishes (zool.}.

suboptic (subSp'tlk) a. [L. sub,
under ; Gk. optikos, relating to
sight.] Below the eye.

suboral (subo'ral) a. [L. sub, under ;
os, mouth.] Below the month ;
near the mouth.

suborbital (subor'bltal) a. [L. sub,
under ; orbis, a circle.] Appl.
structures below the orbit of the
eye.

subovate (subo'vat) a. [L. sub, under ;
ovum, egg.] Suboval ; subovoid ;
somewhat oval or egg-shaped.

SUB-

312

SUB-

subpalmate (subpal'mat) a. [L. sub,
under ; palrna, palm of the hand.]
Tending to become palmate ; appl.
leaves (dot.}.

subparietal (sub'pan'gtal) a. [L. sub,
under ; paries, a wall.] Beneath
the parietals ; appl. a sulcus which
is the lower boundary of the parietal
lobe (anat.}.

subpectinate (subpgk'tinat) a. [L.
sub, under ;pecten, a comb.] Tend-
ing to be comb-like in structure.

subpedunculate (sub'pgdung'kulat) a.
[L. sub, under ; pedunculus, a little
foot] Resting on a very short
base-stalk.

subpericardial (sub'pgrlkar'dlal) a.
[L. sub, under ; Gk. peri, round ;
kardia, heart.] Under the peri-
cardium, or membranous sac en-
closing the heart (anat.}.

subperitoneal (sub'pgritone'&l) a. [L.
sub, under ; Gk. peritonaion, some-
thing stretched round.] Appl.
connective tissue under the peri-
toneum (anat.}.

subpetiolar (subpgt'iolar) a. [L. sub,
under ; petiolus, a little foot.]
Within the petiole or leaf-stalk (bot.}.

subpetiolate (subpeYiolat) a. [L. sub,
under ; petiolus, a small foot.]
Almost sessile (hot.).

subpharyngeal (sub'farln'jeal) a. [L.
sub, under ; Gk.pharyngx, pharynx.]
Below the gullet.

subphrenic (subfrgn'ik) a. [L. sub,
under; G\a. phren, midriff.] Below
the diaphragm (anat.}.

subpial (subpi'al) a. [L. sub, under ;
pia, kind.] Under the pia mater
(anat.}.

subpleural (subploor'al) a. [L. sub,
under ; Gk. pleura, side.] Beneath
the inner lining of the chest wall
(anat.}.

subpubic (subpu'bik) a. [L. sub,
under ; pubes, adult.] Below the
pubic region (anat.}.

subpulmonary (subpul'monarl) a. [L.
sub, under ; pulmo, lung.] Beneath
the lungs (anat.}.

subradius (subra'dlus) n. [L. sub,
under ; radius, a ray.] In radiate
animals, a radius of the fourth
order, that between adradius and
perradius, or between adradius and
mterradius (zool.}.

subramose (subra'mos) a. [L. sub,
under ; ramus, a branch.] Branch-
ing somewhat (bot.}.

subreniform (subreVlform) a. [L.
sub, under ; renes, kidneys ; forma,
shape.] Slightly kidney - shaped
(bot.}.

subretinal (siibreYlnal) a. [L. sub,
under ; rete, net.] Beneath the
retina (anat.}.

subrostral (subros'tral) a. [L. sub,
under ; rostrum, a beak.] Below
the beak (zool.}.

subsacral (subsa'kral) a. [L. sub,
under ; sacrum, sacred.] Below
the sacrum (zool.}.

subsartorial (sub'sarto'rial) a. [L.
sub, under ; sartor, a tailor.] Appl.
a plexus under the sartorius muscle
of the thigh (anat.}.

subscapular (subskap'ular) a. [L.
sub, under ; scapula, shoulder-blade.]
Beneath the scapula ; appl. artery,
muscles, nerves, etc. (anat.}.

subsclerotic (sub'sklgrot'ik) a. [L.
sub, under ; Gk. skleros, hard.]
Beneath the sclerotic layer of the
eye ; between sclerotic and choroid
(anat.}.

subserous (subse'rus) a. [L. sub,
under ; serum, whey.] Beneath a
serous membrane ; appl. areolar
tissue (anat.}.

subserrate (subser'at) a. [L. sub,
under ; serra, saw.] Somewhat
notched or saw-toothed (bot.}.

subsessile (subsfis'il) a. [L. sub,
under ; sedere, to sit.] Nearly
sessile ; with almost no stalk (bot.}.

subsidiary cells,— additional modified
epidermal cells lying outside
guard-cells (bot.}.

subspatulate (subspat'ulat) a. [L.
sub, under ; spatula, spoon.] Some-
what spoon-shaped (bot.}.

subspinous (subspfnus) a. [L. sub,
under ; spina, spine.] Tending to
become spiny.

substantia (substan'shla) n. [L. sub-
stantia, substance.] Substance or
matter (anat.}.

substantia adamantina, eburnea,
ossea, — respectively enamel, den-
tine, and cement or crusta petrosa
of teeth (anat.}.

substantia gelatinosa, — the grey
matter of the spinal cord (anat.}.

SUB-

313

sue-

substantia nigra, — a semilunar layer
of grey cells of the mid-brain
(anat.}.

substantive variation,— changes in
the actual constitution or substance
of the parts ; cf. meristic variation
(biol.).

substernal (substeYnal) a. [L. sub,
under ; sternum, breastbone.] Below
the sternum (zool.~).

substratose (substra'tos) a. [L. sub,
under ; stratum, a layer.] Slightly
or indistinctly stratified.

substratum (substra'tum) n. [L. sub,
under ; stratum, a layer.] The
base to which a stationary animal
or a plant is fixed (biol.\

subtectal (subtotal) a. [L. sub,
under ; tectum, roof.] Pert, the
alisphenoid of a fish skull (zool.).

subtegminal (subtgg'mlnal) a. [L.
sub, under ; tegmen, a covering.]
Under the tegmen or inner coat
of a seed (&?/.).

subtentacular canals, — two prolonga-
tions of the echinoderm coelom
(zool\

subthoracic (sub'thoras'Ik) a. [L.
sub, under ; Gk. thorax, breast.]
Not so far forward as to be called
thoracic ; appl. certain fish - fins
(zool.).

subtrapezoidal (sub'trapezoid'al) a.
[L. sub, under ; Gk. frapezion, a
small table ; eidos, resemblance.]
Somewhat trapezoid-shaped.

subtruncate (subtrung'kat) a. [L.
sub, under ; truncatus, maimed.]
Terminating rather abruptly, as if
cut off (biol.\

subtypical (subtip'Ikal) a. [L. sub,
under ; typus, image.] Deviating
slightly from type.

subulate (su'bulat) a. [L. subula, an
awl.] Awl-shaped ; appl. leaves,
very narrow and tapering from the
base to a fine point (bot.).

subumbellate (subum'bglat) a. [L.
sub, under ; umbella, a small shade.]
Tending to an umbellate arrange-
ment, with peduncles arising from
a common centre (bot.}.

subumbonal (sub'umbo'nal) a. [L.
sub, under ; umbo, boss.] Beneath
or anterior to the umbo of a bivalve
shell (zool\

subumbrella (sub'umbreTa) ». [L.

sub, under ; umbra, shade.] The
concave inner surface of the medu-
soid bell (zool.\

subuncinate (subun'sinat) a. [L. sub,
under ; uncus, hook.] Having a
somewhat hooked process ; some-
what hook-shaped.

subungual (subung'gwai) a. [L. sub,
under ; unguis, a nail.] Under a
nail, claw, or hoof (zool.).

subunguis (subung'gwis) n. [L sub,
under ; unguis, a nail.] The ventral
scale of a claw.

subvaginal (subvaj'Inal) a. [L. sub,
under ; vagina, a sheath.] Within
or under a sheath.

subvertebral (subveYtebral) a. [L.
sub, under ; vertebra, a joint.]
Under the spinal column.

subzonal (subzo'nal) a. [L. sub,
under ; zona, a belt.] Appl. a
layer of cells immediately internal
to the zona radiata (emb.}.

subzygomatic (subzl'gomat'Ik) a. [L.
sub, under ; Gk. zygon, a yoke.]
Under the cheek-bone.

succiferous (sukslf'grus) a. [L. succus,
sap \ferre, to carry.] Sap-conveying
(bot.).

succise (suksls') a. [L. succisus,
lopped off.] Abrupt ; appearing
as if a part were cut off (bot.\

succubous (suk'ubus) a. [L. sub,
under ; cubare, to lie down.] With
each leaf covering part of that
under it (hot.}.

succulent (suk'ulgnt) a. [L. succus,
sap.] With tissues full of juice or
sap (bot.).

succus (suk'us) n. [L. succus, juice,
sap.] The juice of a plant ; fluid
secreted by certain glands (biol.).

sucker (suk'er) n. [A.S. sucan, to
suck.] A stem-branch, first sub-
terranean and then aerial, which
may ultimately form an independent
plant (bot.} ; an organ adapted for
creating a vacuum, in some animals
for purposes of ingestion, in others
to assist in locomotion (zool.).

sucking - disc, — a disc assisting in
attachment, at the end of an
echinoderm tube-foot (zool.\

suctorial (sukto'rfal) a. [L. sugere,
to suck.] Adapted for sucking ;
furnished with suckers ; appl. a pad
of fat in relation with the buccin-

SUD-

314

SUP-

ator, supposed to assist in sucking

(zool., anat.).
sudor (su'dor) n. [L. sudor, sweat.]

Perspiration (phys.).
sudoriferous (su'dorif'erus) a. [L.

sudor, sweat ; ferre, to carry.]

Conveying, producing, or secreting

sweat, appl. glands and their ducts

(anat.).
suffrutex (suf'rootSks) n. [L. • sub,

under ; frutex, shrub.] An under-

shrub (hot.}.
suffrutieose (sufroot'ikos) a. [L. sub,

under ; frutex, shrub.] Somewhat

shrubby (bot.).
sugent (su'je'nt), sugescent'(sujes'e'nt)

a. [L. sugere, to suck.] Suctorial,
sulcate (sul'kat) a. [L. sulcus, furrow.]

Furrowed ; grooved,
sulcus (sullcus) n, [L. sulcus, furrow.]

A groove ; appL the cerebral

grooves ; those of heart, tongue,

cornea, bones, etc. (anat.) ; a

stomodaeal groove -of Anthozoa ;

a longitudinal flagellum groove of

Dinoflagellata (zool.).
summer eggs, — the thin-shelled,

quickly developing eggs of some

fresh- water forms laid in spring or

summer ; cf. winter eggs (zool.).
supercarpal (supe'rkar'pal, soo-) a.

[L. super, over ; carpus, wrist.]

Upper carpal or above the carpus

(anat.).
supercilia (supersil'ia, soo-) n. plu.

[L. super, over ; cilia, eyelids.] The

eyebrows,
superciliary (supersil'iari, soo-) a.

[L. super, over ; cilia, eyelids.] Pert.

the eyebrows ; above the orbit

(anat.).

superciliary arches, — two arched ele-
vations below the frontal eminences

(anat.).
superficial (supgrfish'al, soo-) a. [L.

super, over ; fades, face.] On the

surface ; appl. arteries, veins, etc.

(anat.).
superglottal (supgrglot'al, soo-) a.

[L. super, over ; Gk. glottis, end of

windpipe.] Above the glottis

(anat.).
superior (supe'rior, soo-) a. [L.

superior, upper.] Upper ; higher

(anat.) ; growing or arising above

another organ (bot.).
superparasite, — see hyperparasite.

supersacral (supSrsa'kral, soo-) a.
[L. super, over ; sacrum, sacred.]
Above the sacrum (anat.).

supersphenoidal (su'persfenoid'al,
soo-) a. [L. super, over ; Gk.
sphen, wedge.] Above the sphenoid
bone.

supervolute (supervolut/, soo-) a.
[L. super, over ; volvere, to roll.]
Having a plaited androlled arrange-
ment in the bud (bot.).

supinate (su'pinat) a. [L. supinus,
bent backwards.] Inclining or
leaning backwards (bot.).

supination (su'pmashun) n. [L.
supinus, bent backward.] Move-
ment of the arm by which the palm
of the hand is turned upwards ; cf.
pronation (phys.).

supinator brevis and longus, — two
arm muscles used in supination
(anat.).

suppression (suprSsh'un) n. [L. sub,
under ; pressus, pressed.] The
non-development of an organ or
part (bot.).

supraacromial (su'praakro'mial, soo-)
a. [L. supra, above ; Gk. akros,
summit ; omos, shoulder.] Above
the acromion of the shoulder-blade
(anat.).

supraanal (su'praa'nal, soo-) a. [L.
supra, above ; anus, anus.] Sur-
anal ; above the anus or anal
region.

supraangular, — see surangular.

supraaurlcular (su'praorlk'ular, soo-)
a. [L. supra, above ; auris, ear.]
Above the auricle ; appl. feathers
(zool.).

suprabranchial (su'prabrang'kial,
soo-) a. [L. supra, above ; Gk.
brangchia, gills.] Above the gills
(zool.).

suprabuccal (su'prabuk'al, soo-) a.
[L. supra, above ; bucca, cheek.]
Above the cheek and mouth (zool.).

supracallosal (su'prakalo'sal, soo-) a.
[L. supra, above ; callosus, hard.]
Appl. a gyrus on the upper surface
of the corpus callosum of the brain
(anat.).

supracaudal (su'prakod'al, soo-) a.

[L. supra, above ; cauda, tail.]

Above the tail or caudal region.

suprachoroid (su'prako'roid, soo-) a.

[L. supra, above ; Gk. chorion, skin.]

SUP-

315

SUP-

Over the choroid ; between choroid
and sclerotic (ana/.}.

supraclavlcle (su'praklav'Ikl, soo-) n.
[L. supra, above ; clavicula, a small
key.] The supracleithmm ; a bone
of the shoulder girdle of Fishes
(zool.}.

supraclavicular (su'praklavik'ular,
soo-) a. [L. supra, above ; clavicula,
a small key.] Above or over the
clavicle ; appl. nerves (anat.}.

supracleithrum (su'prakll'thrum,
soo-) n. [L. supra, above ; Gk.
kleithron, key.] Supraclavicle.

supracondylar (su'prakSn'dllar, soo-)
a. [L. supra, above ; Gk. kondylos,
knob.] Above a condyle ; appl.
ridge and process (anat.\

supracostal (su'prakSs'tal, soo-) a.
[L. supra, above ; cosfa, a rib.]
Over or externally to the ribs.

supracranial (su'prakra'nlal, soo-) a.
[L. supra, above ; Gk. kranion,
skull] Over or above the skull.

supradorsal (su'prador'sal, soo-) a.
[L. supra, above ; dorsum, back.]
On or over the back ; appl. small
cartilaginous elements in connection
with the primitive vertebral column
(zool.}.

supraglenoid (su'pragle'noid, soo-) a.
[L. supra, above ; G\s..glene, socket.]
Above the glenoid cavity.

supraglenoid tuberosity,— a slight
elevation at the apex of the glenoid
cavity (anat.}.

suprahyoid (sa'prahfoid, soo-) a. [L.
supra, above ; Gk. hyoeides, Y-
shaped.] Over the hyoid bone ;
appl. aponeurosis, glands, muscles
(anat.}.

supralabial (su'prala'bial, soo-) a.
[L. supra, above ; labium, lip.] On
the lip ; appl. scutes or scales
(zool. ).

supraloral (su'pralo'ral, soo-) a. [L.
supra, above ; lorum, thong.] Above
the loral region ; appl. birds, snakes
(zool.}.

supramastoid crest, — the ridge at the
upper boundary of the mastoid
region of the temporal bone (anat.}.

supramaxillary (su'pramaksll'arl,
soo-)a. [L. supra, above ; maxilla,
jaw.] Pert, the upper jaw ; appl.
nerves (anat.}.

suprameatal (su'pramea'tal, soo-) a.

[L. supra, above ; meatus,*. passage.]
Appl. triangle and spine over the
external acoustic meatus (anat.}.

supranasal (su'prana'zal, soo-) a. [L.
supra, above ; nasus, nose.] Over
the nasal bone or nose (zool.}.

supraoccipital (su'prafikslp'ital, soo-)
n. [L. supra, above ; occiput, back
part of the head.] A large median
bone of the upper occipital region
(zool.}.

supraocular (su'praok'ular, soo-) a.

g,. supra, above ; oculus, eye.]
ver or above the eye ; appl. scales
(zool.}.

supraoesophageal (su'praes6f 'aj e'al,
soo-) a. [L. supra, above ; Gk.
oisophagos, gullet.] Above or
over the gullet (zool.}.

supraorbltal (su'pra6r'blt51, soo-) a.
[L. supra, above ; orbis, a circle.]
Above the orbital cavities ; appl.
artery, foramen, nerve, vein, etc.
(anat.}.

suprapharyngeal (su'prafarin'jeal,
soo-) a. [L. supra, above; Gk.
pharyngx, pharynx.] Above or over
the pharynx.

suprapubic (su'prapu'bik, soo-) a.
[L. supra, above ; pubes, adult.]
Above the pubic bone.

suprapygal (su'prapl'gal, soo-) a. [L.
supra^ above ; Gk. Pyge, the rump.]
Above the pygal bone (zool.}.

suprarenal (su'prare'nal, soo-) a.
[L. supra, above ; renes, kidneys.]
Situated above the kidneys ; appl.
arteries, glands, veins, plexus
(anat.}.

suprarenal bodies, — adrenal bodies.

suprascapula (su'praskap'ula, soo-) n.
[L. supra, above ; scapula, shoulder-
blade.] An incompletely ossified
extension of the scapula of Amphi-
bians and Ophidians (zool.}.

suprascapular (su'praskap'ular, soo-) a.
[L. supra, above ; scapula, shoulder-
blade.] Above the shoulder-blade ;
appl. artery, ligament, nerve (anat.}.

suprasphenoidal (su'prasfenoid'al,
soo-) a. [L. supra, above ; Gk.
sphen, wedge.] Above the sphenoid
bone of the skull.

supraspinal (sa'praspfnal, soo-) a.
[L. supra, above ; spina, a spine.]
Above or over the spinal column ;
appl. a ligament (anat.}.

SUP-

316

SWA-

supraspinatous (su'prasplna'tus, soo-)
a. [L. supra, above ; spinet, a
spine.] Appl. the scapular fossa
and fascia for the origin of the
supraspinatus, a muscle extending
from scapula to humerus head
(anaf.).

suprastapedial (su'prastape'dial, soo-)
n. [L. supra, above ; stapes, a
stirrup.] The part of the col-
umella of the ear above the stapes,
homologous with the mammalian
incus (zool.\

suprasternal (su'prasteVnal, soo-) a.
[L. supra, above ; sternum, breast-
bone.] Over or above the breast-
bone ; appl. a slit-like space in
the cervical muscle (anaf.).

suprastigmal (su'prastig'mal, soo-) a.
[L. supra, above ; Gk. stigma, a
pricked mark.] Above a stigma
or breathing-pore of Insects.

supratemporal (su'pratem'poral, soo-)
a. [L. supra, above ; temporalis,
temporary.] Pert, the upper tem-
poral region of the skull ; appl,
arch, bone, fossa (anaf.).

suprathoracic (su'prathoras'ik, soo-)
a. [L. supra, above ; Gk. thorax,
breast.] Over or above the thoracic
region.

supratonsillar (su'praton'silar, soo-) a.
[L. supra, above ; tonsilis, clipped.]
Appl. a small depression in the
lymphoid mass of a tonsil (anaf.).

supratrochlear (su'pratrok'lear, soo-)
a. [L. supra, above ; Gk. frochlea,
a pulley.] Over or above the
trochlear surface ; appl. nerve and
foramen (anaf.).

supratympanlc (su'pratimpan'ik, soo-)
a. [L. supra, above ; Gk. tympanon,
a drum.] Above the ear-drum.

sural (sQ'ral) a. [L. sura, calf of the
leg.] Pert, the calf of the leg ;
appl. arteries and nerves (anaf.).

suranal,— see supraanal.

surangular (surang'gular) n. [L.
supra, above ; angulus, an. angle.]
The supraangular ; a bone of
the lower jaw of Reptiles and
Birds (zool.}.

surculose (siir'kulos) a. [L. surcuhis,
a twig.] Surculous ; surculigerous ;
appl. plants producing suckers first
underground, thence aerial and
forming independent plants ; bear-

ing suckers (bot.} ; stoloniferous
(zool.\

surculus (siir'kulus) n. [L. surculus,
a twig.] An underground shoot,
ultimately aerial and independent
(hot.} ; a sucker (zooL).

suspensor (siispen'sor) n. [L. sus-
pendere, to hang down.] A chain
of cells developed from the hypo-
basal segment of an angiosperm
zygote, attaching the embryo to
the embryo sac ; occurring in a
modified form in the development
of other plants (hot.).

suspensoriuin (suspSnso'rium) n. [L.
suspendere, to hang down.] The
upper part of the hyoid arch from
which the lower jaw is suspended
(zool.}.

suspensory (suspgn'sori) a. [L. sus-
pendere, to hang down.] Pert, a
suspensorium ; serving for sus-
pension ; appl. various ligaments
(anaf.).

sustentacular (sustgntak'ular) a. [L.
sustentaculum, a prop, support.]
Supporting ; appl. connective tissue
acting as a supporting framework
for an organ (anaf.).

sustentaculum lieni, tali, — support
of the spleen, of the ankle-bone
(anaf.).

sustentator (sustenta'tor) n. [L.
sustinere, to sustain.] The susten-
tor or hooked cremaster of Lepi-
doptera (zool.}.

sutural (su'tural, soo-) a. [L. sutura,
a seam.] Pert, a suture ; appl.
dehiscence taking place at a suture
(biol.\

sutural bones, — Wormian bones ;
irregular isolated bones occurring
in the course of sutures, especially
in the lambdoidal suture and
posterior fontanelle (anaf.).

suture (su'tur, soo-) n. [L. sutura,
a seam.] The line of junction of
two parts immovably connected ;
an immovable articulation of bone
as in the skull (anaf.) ; the de-
hiscence line (dot.).

swarm (sworm) n. [A.S. swearm,
swarm.] A large number of minute
motile organisms viewed collec-
tively ; departure of a number of
bees from one hive to form another
(zool.).

SWI-

317

SYN-

swiminerets, — paired appendages
posterior to the walking-legs of
Crustaceans, functional partly for
swimming (zool.}.

swimming bells, — nectocalyces :
medusoid bell - like structures of
Siphonophores with velum and
radiating canals, serving to propel
the colony (zool.}.

swimming or swim bladder, — the
air bladder of Fishes, developed as
a diverticulum of the alimentary
canal, — function not precisely
determined (zool.}.

swimming funnel, — the tube of Di-
branchiates through which water is
expelled from the mantle cavity,
expulsion providing the means of
propulsion (zool.}.

swimming ovaries, — groups of ripe
ova of Acanthocephala detached
and floating freely in the body
cavity (zool.}.

swimming plates,— in Ctenophores,
eight equidistant bands of ciliated
comb - like plates or comb - ribs,
propellers of the organism (zool.}.

syconium (slko'nmm) n. [Gk. sykon,
fig.] A cyconus ; a multiple, suc-
culent, receptacular fruit (bot.}.

symbiont (sim'biont) n. [Gk. syn,
with ; bioun, to live.] One of the
partners in symbiosis (biol.}.

symbiosis (simblo'sis) n. [Gk. sym-
bioun, to live together.] A condition
in which two animals, two plants,
or plant and animal, live in mutually
beneficial partnership (biol.}.

symbiote, — symbiont.

symbiotic (simblot'ik) a. [Gk. sym-
bioun, to live together.] Living in
beneficial partnership, as Clione,
Dromia (biol.}.

symmetrical (slmet'rlkal) a. [Gk.
syn, with ; metron, measure.]
Regularly shaped ; divisible into
exactly similar halves (biol.}.
symmetry (slm'gtri) n. [Gk. syn,
with ; metron, measure.] State of
divisibility into similar halves ;
regularity of form ; similarity of
structure on each side of an axis,
central, dorsoventral, or antero-
posterior. See bilateral and radial
symmetry (biol.}.

sympathetic (simpatheYlk) a. [Gk.
syn, with ; pathos, feeling.] Appl.

the system of nerves supplying the
viscera and blood - vessels, and
intimately connected with the
spinal and some cerebral nerves
(anat.} ; appl. coloration in imita-
tion of surroundings (biol.}.
sympetalous (slmpeYalus) a. [Gk.
syn, with ; petalon, leaf.] Having
a tubular corolla formed by union
of petals (bot.}.

symphily (sim'fill) n. [Gk. syn, with ;
philein, to love.] Commensalism
with mutual liking (zool.}.
symphyantherous, — synantherous.
symphyllous, — gamophyllous.
symphyogenesis (sim'fioje'n'e'sTs) n.
[Gk. symphyesthain, to grow to-
gether ; genesis, descent.] De-
velopment of an organ from the
union of two others,
symphysial (simffz'ial) a. [Gk. sym-
physis, a growing together.] Sym-
physeal ; symphysian ; pert, a
symphysis.

symphysis (slm'flsls) n. [Gk. sym-
physis, a growing together.] The
line of junction of two pieces of
bone separate in early life, as the
pubic symphysis ; a slightly movable
articulation with the bony surfaces
connected by fibrocartilage ; cf.
syndesmosis (anat.}.
symplectic (slmpleVtik) n. [Gk. syn,
with ; plektos, plaited.] A bone
of the fish skull between quadrate
and hyomandibular (zool.}.
sympodial (simpo'dial) a. [Gk. syn,
with ; POUS, foot.] Pert, or re-
sembling a sympodium in principle
(bot.}.

sympodite (sim'podit) n. [Gk. syn,
with ; pous, foot.] The protopodite
of Crustacea (zool.}.
sympodium (simpo'dium) n. _ [Gk.
syn, with ; pous, foot] A primary
axis consisting of a line connecting
the bases of consecutive branchings
(bot.}.

synacme (stnak'me) n. [Gk. syn, with ;
akme, prime.] Condition when
stamens and pistils mature simul-
taneously ; synanthesis (bot.}.
synangium (slnan'jium) n. [Gk. syn,
with ; anggeion, a vessel.] A com-
pound sporangium in which the
sporangia are coherent, as in some
Ferns (bot.}.

SYN-

318

SYN-

synantherous (sman'the'rus) a. [Gk.
syn, with ; antheros, flowery.]
Having anthers united to form a
tube (bot.}.

synanthesis, — synacme.

synanthous (sinan'thus) a. [Gk. syn,
with ; anthos, flower.] Having
flowers and leaves appearing simul-
taneously ; having flowers united
together (bot.}.

synanthy (sman'thi) n. [Gk. syn,
with ; anthos, flower.] The adhesion
of flowers usually separate (bot.}.

synaposematic (sinap'osemat'ik) a.
[Gk. syn, with ; apo, from ; sema,
sign.] Appl. mimicry of a more
powerful species as a means of
defence (biol.}.

synapse (sinaps') n. [Gk. synopsis,
union.] The connection of one
nerve cell and another through the
medium of the terminal branchings
of the dendrons or axons (phys.}.

synapsis (sinap'sis) n. [Gk. synapsis,
union.] A contraction of the chro-
matin linin filament which usually
includes the nucleolus in the
chromatin mass, a stage in the
reduction-division of cells (cyt.}.

synaptlc membrane, — a membrane
intervening between the nerve-end-
ing and the muscle fibre supplied
by it, also between one neurone and
the fibre connecting it with another
(Phys.}.

synapticula (sinaptik'ula) n. [Gk.
synaptos, united.] One of small
calcareous rods connecting the
septa of the mushroom-coral (zool.}.

synarthrosis (sin'arthro'sis) n. [Gk.
syn, with ; arthron, joint.] An
articulation in which bone surfaces
are in almost direct contact, fastened
together by connective tissue or
hyaline cartilage, with no appreci-
able motion (anat.}.

syncarp (sin'karp) n. [Gk. syn, with ;
karpos, fruit] A syncarpium ; an
aggregate fruit with united carpels
(bot.}.

syncarpous (stnkar'pus) a. [Gk. syn,
with ; karpos, fruit.] Bearing a
collective fruit (bot.}.

syncarpy (sinkar'pT) n. [Gk. syn,
with ; karpos, fruit.J Condition of
having carpels united to form a
compound ovary (hot.}.

syncerebrum (sinsSr'Sbrum) n. [Gk.
syn, with ; L. cerebrum, brain.] A
secondary brain formed by union
with the brain of one or more of
the ventral cord ganglia in some
Arthropods (zool.}.

synchondrosis (sm'kondro'sTs) n,
[Gk. syn, with ; chondros, cartilage.]
A synarthrosis in which the con-
necting medium is cartilage (anat.}.

syncraniate (sinkra'niat) a. [Gk. syn,
with ; kranion, skull.] Having
certain vertebral elements fused
with the skull (zool.}.

syncranterian (sinkrante'rian) a. [Gk.
syn, with ; kranleres, wisdom teeth.]
With teeth in a continuous row
(zool.}.

syncryptic (sinkrip'tik) a. [Gk. syn,
with ; kryptos, hidden.] Appl.
animals alike though unrelated,
through common protective re-
semblance to their surroundings
(biol.}.

syncytiotrophoblast, — seesyncytium
(emb.}.

syncytium (sinsit'ium) n. [Gk. syn,
with ; kytos, hollow.] A multi-
nucleated mass of protoplasm with-
out differentiation into cells (biol.} ;
the outer stratum of the tropho-
blast of the mammalian ovum, the
syncytiotrophoblast (emb.).

syndactyl (sindak'til) a. [Gk. syn,
with ; dakfylos, digit] With fused
digits, as in many Birds.

syndactylism (slndak'tilizm) n. [Gk.
syn, with ; daktylos, digit.] Whole
or part fusion of two or more digits
(zool.}.

syndesmology (sin'desmoToji) n. [Gk.
syndesmos, a band ; logos, discourse.]
The branch of anatomy dealing
with ligaments and articulations.

syndesmosis (sin'de'smo'sis) n. [Gk.
syndesmos, a ligament] A slightly
movable articulation, with the bony
surfaces connected by an inter-
osseous ligament ; cf. symphysis
(anat.}.

synecthry (sinek'thri) n. [Gk. syn,
with ; echthros, hatred.] Commen-
salism with mutual dislike (biol.}.

synema (sTne'ma) n. [Gk. syn, with ;
nema, thread.] The united stamen
filaments of a monadelphous flower
(bot.}.

SYN-

319

SYS-

synergetic (singrjeYlk), synergic
(smSr'jik) a. [Gk. synergos, a co-
operator.] Operating together ;
appl. muscles which combine with
"prime movers" and "fixation
muscles " in movement (anat.).

synergid (smeYjid) n., sinergidae
(sineYjide) plu. [Gk. synergos, co-
operating.] Two help-cells lying
beside the ovum at the micropylar
end of the embryo sac of an ovule
(dot.).

syngamy (sTn'gami) n. [Gk. syn,
with ; gainos, marriage.] Compre-
hensively, sexual union.

syngenesious (sm'jgne'sius) a. [Gk.
syn, with ; genesis, descent.] Hav-
ing the stamens united in a cylin-
drical form by the anthers (dot.}.

syngenesis (slnjgn'e'sis) n. [Gk. syn,
with ; genesis, descent.] Sexual
reproduction ; the theory that the
germs of all human beings, past,
present, and future, were created
simultaneously, and that there are
germs within germs ad infinitum
(biol.\

syngenetic (sin'jgnet'ik) a. [Gk. syn,
with ; genesis, descent.] Sexually
reproduced (biol.).

syngnaths (sm'gnaths) n. plu. [Gk.
syn, with ; gnathos, jaw.] Paired
jaws or mouth-plates of Stelleroids
(zool.).

synkaryon (sinkar'Ion) n. [Gk. syn,
with ; karyon, a nut.] The nucleus
resulting from fusion of pronuclei
in the zygote.

synochreate,— see synocreate.

synocreate (sinok'reat) a. [Gk. syn,
with ; L. ocrea, legging.] With
stipules united, enclosing the stem
in a sheath (bot.).

synoecious (stne'shus), synoicous
(sinoik'iis) a. [Gk. syn, with ; oikos,
house.] Having antheridia and
archegonia on the same receptacle,
or stamens and pistils on the same
flov/er (dot.).

synosteosis or synostosis, — anchy-
losis.

synotic tec turn, — a cartilaginous arch
between the otic capsules repre-
senting the cartilaginous roof of
higher vertebrates (emb.).

synovia (stno'vla) n. [Gk. syn, with ;
L. ovum, egg.] The thick, viscid,

glairy secretion of the synovial
membrane (anat.).

synovial membrane, — the inner
stratum of the articular capsule, a
delicate connective tissue secreting
a fluid for keeping joints moist
(anat.).

synoviparous (sin'dvip'arus) a. [Gk.
syn, with ; L. ovum, egg ; parere,
to beget.] Secreting synovia
(phys.).

synpelmous (sfnpeTmus) a. [Gk. syn,
with ; pelma, sole.] Having the
two tendons to the toes united
before they divide up to go to the
separate digits (zool.).

synsacrum (smsa'krum) n. [Gk. syn,
with ; L. sacrum, sacred.] A mass
of fused vertebrae supporting the
pelvic girdle of Birds (zoo!.).

synsepalous (sinsep'alus) a. [Gk. syn,
with ; sepalon, a sepal.] With calyx
composed of fused or united sepals

(*4

synspennous (sinspeVmus) a. [Gk.
syn, with ; sperma, seed.] Having
several seeds united (oot.).

synsporous (sinspo'rus) a. [Gk. syn,
with ; sporos, seed.] Propagating
by cell conjugation, as in Algae
(dot.).

syntechnlc (smteVnik) n. [Gk. syn,
with ; techne, skill.] Resemblance
in unrelated animals, due to en-
vironment.

syntenosis (sTntfino'sis) n. [Gk. syn,
with ; tenon, sinew.] Tendinous
articulation.

syrlngeal (sMn'jeal) a. [Gk. syringx,
a pipe.] Pert, the syrinx (zool.).

syringium (slrln'jTum) n. [Gk.
syringx, a pipe.] A syringe-like
organ of some Insects for the ejec-
tion of a disagreeable fluid (zool.).

syrinx (str'ingks) n. [Gk. syringx, a
pipe.] The vocal organ of Birds at
the base of the trachea (zool.).

systemic heart,— the heart of in-
vertebrates, and the auricle and
ventricle of the left side of the
heart of higher vertebrates ; opp.
respiratory heart.

systilius (slstll'fus) n. [Gk. syn,
with ; stylos, a column.] The
columella-lid of some Mosses (dot.).

systole (sls'tole) n. [Gk. systole, a
drawing together.] The contraction

SYS-

320

TAR-

of the heart causing the circulation
of the blood ; contraction of any
contractile cavity (phys.}.

systylous (sis'tiliis) a. [Gk. syn,
with ; stylos, a column.] With co-
herent syles ; with fixed columella-
lid (bot.}.

syzygy (siz'ijT) n. [Gk. syn, with ;
zygon, yoke.] A close suture of two
adjacent arms, found in Crinoids ;
a number of individuals, two to five,
adhering to one another in strings
in the association of Gregarines
(zool.}.

tabula (tab'ula) n., tabulae (tab'ule)
plu. [L. tabula, a table.] Hori-
zontal partitions traversing the
vertical canals of Hydrocorallina
and of tabulate corals (zool.}.

tabulare (tab'ula're, tab'ula'ra) n. [L.
tabula, a table.] A bone above
each otic capsule in higher verte-
brates (zool.}.

tachy genesis (tak'ijen'esis) n. [Gk.
tachys, quick ; genesis, descent.]
Development with omission of
certain embryonic stages, as in
some Crustaceans (zool.}.

tactile (tak'til) a. [L. tangere, to
touch.] Appl, capsular corpuscles
or cones constituting special sense
end-organs (anat., zool.}.

tactual (tak'tual) a. [L. tangere, to
touch.] Pert, the sense of touch
(Phys.}.

taenia (te'nla) n. [L. taenia, a ribbon.]
A Tape-worm ; appl, a band or line
of nerve and muscle (anat.}.

taeniate (te'niat) a. [L. taenia, a
ribbon.] Ribbon - like ; striped
(zool.}.

taenidium (tenid'ium) n., taenidia
plu. [L. taenia, a ribbon.] Spiral
threads strengthening the chitinous
layer of insect tracheae (zool.}.

taenioid (te'moid) a. [Gk. tainia, a
ribbon ; eidos, form.] Ribbon-
shaped ; like a Tape-worm (zool.}.

taenioles (te'molz) n.plu. [L. taeniola,
a small ribbon.] Four longitudinal,
inter-radial, gastric ridges of a
scyphula (zool.}.

tagmata (tag'mata) n. plu. [Gk.
tagma, a corps.] Units ; parts ;
segments (biol.\

talocalcaneal (tal'okal'kane'al) •a. [L.
talus, ankle-bone ; calcaneum, heel.]
Pert, talus or astragalus and cal-
caneus, or ankle-bone and heel.

talon (tal'on) n. [L. talus, ankle.]
Claw of bird of prey ; the posterior
heel of a molar tooth (zool.}.

taloscaphoid (tal'oskaf'oid) a. [L.
talus, heel ; Gk. skaphe, a boat ;
eidos, resemblance.] Pert, astra-
galus and scaphoid bone (anat.).

talus (ta'lus) n. [L. talus, ankle.]
The ankle - bone or astragalus
(anat.}.

tapetal (tape'tal) a. [L. tapetum, a
carpet.] Pert, a tapetum ; appl.
cells (bot.}.

tapetum (tape'tvim) n. [L. tapetum,
a carpet.] The outer and posterior
part of the choroid ; the main
body of fibres of the corpus callosum
(anat.} ; a special nutritive layer
investing the sporogenous tissue of
a sporangium (bot.}.

taproot (tap'root) n. [M.E. tappe, a
short pipe ; A.S. wyrt, a root.] An
elongated parent root with second-
ary roots in acropetal succession
(bot.}.

tarsal (tar'sal) a. [Gk. tarsos, sole of
the foot.] Pert, the tarsus (zool.} ;
appl. arteries, bones, glands (anat.}.

tarsale (tarsa'le, tarsala) n., tarsalia
(tarsa'lla) plu. [Gk. tarsos, sole of
the foot.] Ankle-bones.

tarsi (tar's!) n. plu. [Gk. tarsos, sole
of the foot.] Two thin elongated
plates of dense connective tissue
helping to form and support the
eyelid (anat.}.

tarsometatarsal (tar'somet'atar'sal)
a. [Gk. tarsos, sole of the foot ;
meta, beyond.] Pert, an articula-
tion of tarsus with metatarsus (anat.,
zool.}.

tarsometatarsus (tar'somgt'atar'sus) n.
[Gk. tarsos, sole of the foot ; meta,
beyond.] A short straight bone
of a bird's leg formed by fusion
of the distal row of tarsals with
the second to fifth metatarsals
(zool.}.

tarsophalangeal (tar'sofalan'jeal) a.
[Gk. tarsos, sole of the foot ; phal-

TAH-

321

TEL

angx, line of battle.] Pert, tarsus
and phalanges (zool.}.

tarsus (tar'sus) n. [Gk. tarsos, sole
of the foot] The ankle - bones,
usually consisting of two rows
(zool.} ; a cartilage plate of the
eyelid. See tarsi (anat.).

tartareous (tartar'eus) a. [L.L.
tartarum, an acid salt.] Having
a rough and crumbling surface
(bot.}.

taste bud, — an end-organ of taste,
consisting of a flask-shaped group
of modified epithelial cells found
on the tongue and adjacent parts ;
a gustatory calyculus (anat.).

taxis (tak'sls) n. [Gk. taxis, arrange-
ment.] A tendency of an organism
towards (positive) or away from
(negative) a source of stimulus
(biol.}.

taxonomy (takson'omi) n. [Gk. taxis,
arrangement ; names, law.] The
laws of classification as applied to
Natural History.

tectology (tektol'oji) n. [Gk. tekton,
a carpenter ; logos, discourse.]
Morphology in which an organism
is considered as a group of morpho-
logical as distinct from physiologi-
cal units or individuals (biol.}.

tectorial (tekto'rial) a. [L. tectus,
covered.] Covering ; appl. a mem-
brane covering the spiral organ of
Corti (anat.}.

tectospondylic (tek'tospondll'lk) a.
[L. tectus, covered ; Gk. sphondylos,
a vertebra.] Having vertebrae with
several concentric rings of calcifica-
tion, as in some Elasmobranchs
(zool.}.

tectrices (tek'trisez) n. plu. [L.
tectus, covered.] Wing-coverts ;
small feathers covering the bases
of the remiges and filling gaps
between them (zool.}.

teeth (teth) n. plu. [A.S. toth, a
tooth.] Hard bony growths on
maxillae, premaxillae, and man-
dibles of Mammals ; growths of
similar, of chitinous, or of horny
formation borne on jaws or tongue
(zool.}.

tegmen (tgg'me'n) n. [L. tegmen, a
covering.] The integument, endo-
pleura, or inner seed-coat (bot.} ;
the calyx cover of Crinoids ; an

anterior wing of Orthoptera (zool.} ;
a thin plate of bone over the
tympanic antrum (anat.}.

tegmentum (tfigmfen'tum) n. [L.
teginen, a covering.] A protective
bud-scale (bot.} ; a tract of the mid-
brain (anat.}.

tegula (teg'ula) n. [L. tegula, a tile.]
A small flap on the mesothorax
overhanging the articulation of
the wings in Lepidoptera ; a small
lobe at the wing-base of Diptera
(zool.}.

tegular (tegular) a. [L. tegula, a
tile.] Pert, a tegula ; consisting
of a tile-like structure.

tela (te'la) n. [L. tela, a web.] A
web-like tissue ; appl. the choroid
membrane (anat.}.

telarian (tgla'rlan) a. [L. tela, a web.]
Web-spinning.

telegony (teleg'onl) n. [Gk. tele,
far; gonos, offspring.] The sup-
posed influence of a male parent
on offspring subsequent to his own,
of the same female parent (biol.}.

teleianthous (teTlan'thus) a. [Gk.
teleios, complete ; anthos, flower.]
Appl. a flower having both gynoe-
cium and androecium (bot.}.

telencephalon (teTenkei'alon, -s6f-) n.
[Gk. tele, far ; engkephalon, brain.]
The anterior part of the fore-brain
(emb.}.

teleodont (teTeodfint) a. [Gk. tele,
far ; odous, a tooth.] Appl. forms
of Stag-beetles with largest man-
dible development (zool.}.

teleophore (teTeofor) n. [Gk. teleos,
complete ; pherein, to bear.] A
gonotheca, or transparent case
enclosing medusae of Hydrozoa
(zool.}.

teleorganic (teTWrgan'lk) a. [Gk.
teleos, complete ; organon, instru-
ment.] Appl. functions vital to
an organism (phys.}.

telescoplform (t616sko'plf6rm) a.
[Gk. tele, far ; skopein, to view ; L.
forma, shape.] Having joints that
telescope successively into each
other.

teleutogonidium (teiu'togSnld'lum),
teleutospore (tglu'tospor) /;. [Gk.
teleute, completion ; gonos, off-
ring ; sporos, seed.] In the
redineae, a winter-spore formed
X

tin

TEL-

322

TEN-

in autumn, germinating in the
following spring (bot.).

teleutosporiferous (tglu'tosporiferus)
a, [Gk. teleute, completion ; sporos,
seed ; L. ferre, to carry.] Appl.
Rusts bearing teleutospores (bot.).

teliospore, — teleutogonidium.

teliosporlferous, — teleutosporiferous.

teliostage (tel'iostaj) n. [Gk. telos,
end ; L. stare, to stand.] The last
summer-stage of certain Fungi in
which telia are produced ; the
teleutoform stage (bot.).

telium (te'lium) n., telia (te'lia) plu.
[Gk. telos, end.] The teleutosorus,
or sorus produced in the last
summer stage of certain rust Fungi
(hot.).

teloblast (tei'oblast) n. [Gk. telos,
end ; blastos, bud.] A large cell
which buds forth rows of smaller
cells, as in annelid embryos (emb.).

telekinesis (tel'okine'sis) n. [Gk. telos,
end ; kinesis, movement.] The last
stage of mitosis when daughter-
nuclei are re-formed (cyt.).

telolecithal (tel'oles'Ithal) a. [Gk.
telos, end ; lekithos, yolk.] Having
the yolk accumulated mainly in one
hemisphere (emb.'].

telolemma (teTblem'a) n. [Gk. telos,
end ; lemma, skin.] A capsule
containing a nerve-fibre termina-
tion, in neuromiiscular spindles
(anat.).

telophase (teTofaz) n. [Gk. telos,
end ; phasis, aspect.] Telekinesis,
which see.

telotrocha (teTotro'ka, telot'roka) n.
[Gk. telos, end ; trochos, wheel.]
Trochosphere, which see.

telson (tel'son) «. [Gk. telson, ex-
tremity.] The unpaired terminal
abdominal segment of Crustaceans
(zool.).

telum (te'lum) n. [Gk. telos, end.]
The last segment of insect ab-
domen.

temnospondylous (tem'nospon'dilus)
a. [Gk. temnein, to cut ; sphondylos,
a vertebra.] With vertebrae not
fused but in articulated pieces ; cf.
stereospondylous (zool.}.

temperature (tem'peratur) n. [L.
temperatura, proportion.] Body-
heat ; most Mammals have approxi-
mately the same temperature as Man,

Birds a higher ; cf. homoiothermal
and poikilothermal (pkys.).

temporal (tem'poral) a. [L. tempor-
alts, temporary.] Pert., or in the
region of, the temples (anat.).

temporalis muscle, — abroad radiating
muscle arising from the whole of
the temporal fossa and extending
to the coronoid process of the
mandible (anat.).

temporomalar (tem'poroma'lar) a.
[L. temporalis, temporary ; mala,
cheek.] Appl. a nerve supplying
temple and cheek, the zygomatic
nerve (anat.}.

temporomandibular articulation, —
the hinge of the jaws (anat.).

temporomaxillary (tem'poromaksil'-
ari) a. [L. temporalis, temporary ;
maxilla, jaw.] Pert, temporal and
maxillary region ; appl. the pos-
terior facial vein (anat.}.

tenaculum (tenak'ulum) n. [L. tenax,
holding.] In Teleosts, a fibrous
band extending from eyeball to
skull (zool.).

tendinous (ten'dmus) a. [L. tendere,
to stretch.] Of the nature of a
tendon ; having tendons.

tendo calcaneus, tendo Achillis,—
the tendon of the heel (anat.).

tendon (ten'don) n. [L. tendere, to
stretch.] A white glistening fibrous
cord connecting a muscle with a
movable structure (anat.).

tendon reflex, — contraction of muscles
in a state of slight tension by a tap
on their tendons (phys.).

tendril (ten'dril) n. [O.F. tendrillon,
a tender sprig.] A specialized
twining stem or leaf by which
creepers support themselves (bot.\

tendrillar (ten'drilar) a. [O.F. ten-
drillon, a tender sprig.] Acting as
a tendril ; twining (bot.).

tensor (ten'sor) a. [L. tendere, to
stretch.] Appl. muscles which
stretch parts of the body (anat.).

tentacles (ten'taklz) n. plu. [L.L.
tentaculum, a feeler.] Slender
flexible organs on the head of many
small animals, used for feeling,
exploration, prehension, or attach-
ment, as in Snails, Insects, Crabs
(zool).

tentacular (tentak'ular) a. [L.L.
tentaculum, a feeler.] Pert, tentacles ;

TEN-

323

TES-

appl. a canal branching from per-
radial canal to tentacle base in
Ctenophores (zool.}.

tentacullferous (tentak'ullfgrus) a.
[L.L. tentaculum, a feeler ; ~L.ferre,
to carry.] Bearing tentacles (zool.}.

tentaculiform (tentak'uliform) a.
[L.L. tentaculum, a feeler ; L.
forma, shape.] Like a tentacle in
shape or structure (zool.}.

tentaculocyst (tentak'uloslst) n. [L. L.
tentaculum, a feeler ; Gk. kystis, a
bladder.] A sense organ of Trachy-
linae, a club-shaped body on the
umbrella margin, containing one or
more lithites (zool.}.

tentaculozooids (tSntak'ulozo'oidz) n.
plu. [L.L. tentaculum, a feeler ;
Gk. soon, animal ; eidos, form.]
Long slender tentacular individuals
at the outskirts of a hydrozoan
colony (zool.}.

tentaculum (tSntak'ulum) n. [L.L.
tentaculum, a feeler.] A tentacle
or feeler.

tentilla (tentil'a), tentillum (tgntH'um)
n. [L. tenta, a tent.] A tentacle
branch.

tentorium (tento'rium) n. [L. ten-
torium, a tent.] A chitinous frame-
work supporting the brain of Insects
(zool.} ; an arched lamina covering
the superior surface of the cere-
bellum and supporting the occipital
lobes of the brain (anat.}.

teratology (ter'atol'oji) ». [Gk. teras,
a monster ; logos, discourse.] The
science treating of malformations
and monstrosities, especially of
Man.

tercine (teYsin) n. [L. tertius,
third.] The third coat of an ovule
or a layer of the second (hot.}.

terebra (ter'gbra) n. [L. terebra, a
borer.] An ovipositor which bores
into wood, as in Thalessa of the
Hymenoptera (zool.}.

terebrate (teYfibrat) a. [L. terebra, a
borer.] Furnished with a boring
organ (zool.}.

teres (te'rez) n. [L. teres, round and
smooth.] The name given to two
muscles, teres major and minor,
extending from scapula to humerus
(anat.}.

terete (teref), teretlal (tgre'shlal) a.
[L. teres, rounded off.] Nearly

cylindrical in transverse section, as
stems (bot.}.

tergal (teVgal) a. [L. tergum, the
back.] Situated at the back ; pert.
the tergum (zool.}. ,

tergeminate (t6rj6m'Inat) a. [L. ter,
thrice ; gemini, twins.] Thrice
forked with twin leaflets (bot.}.

tergite (teVglt, teYjIt) n. [L. tergum,
back.] The dorsal chitinous plate
of each segment of most Arthro-
pods (zool.}.

tergum (tg/gum) n. [L. tergum,
back.] The dorsal portion of an
arthropod somite ; the tergite ; the
back generally ; a dorsal plate of
Barnacles (zool.}.

terminal (ter'mlnal) a. [L. terminus,
an end.] Pert., or situated at,
the end, as a terminal bud at the
end of a twig (dial.}.

ternary (teVnari) a. Ternate.

ternate (teVnat) a. [L. terni, three
each.] Arranged in threes ; having
three leaflets to a leaf (bot.}.

ternatoplnnate (tgrna'topln'at) a. [L.
terni, three each ; pinna, a feather.]
Having three pinnate leaflets to
each compound leaf (bot.}.

terraneous (teYa'neus) a. [L. terra,
earth.] Appl. land vegetation
(bot.}.

terrestrial (t6res'trial) a. [L. terra,
earth.] Appl. animals living on
the surface of the ground, as opp.
aerial, aquatic.

tertial (teVshial), tertiary (ter'shlari)
a. [L. tertius, third.] Appl. the
wing feathers of the humerus,
otherwise scapulars (zool.}.

test (t6st) n. [L. testa, a shell.] The
shell or hardened outer covering
of Crustaceans and other inverte-
brates (zool.}.

testa (teVta) n. [L. testa, a shell.]
A test ; the hard outer covering
of a seed (bot.}.

testaceous (tfista'shus) a. [L. iestay
a shell.] Protected by a shell-like
outer covering (zool.}.

testicle (teVtlkl) n. [L. tesfis, a
testicle.] One of the paired male
genital glands (anat., sool.}.

testicular (testlk'ular) a. [L. testis, a
testicle.] Having two oblong
tubercles, as in some Orchids ;
testicle-shaped (bot.\

TES-

324

TET-

testiculate (tgstik'ulat) a. Testicular.

testis (tes'tis) #., testes (teVtez) plu,
[L. testis, a testicle.] Paired male
reproductive glands producing
spermatozoa (anat., zool.).

testudinate (testu'dinat) a. [L. testudo,
a tortoise.] Having a hard pro-
tective shell, as in the Tortoise.

tetanlform (teYamform) a. [Gk.
tetanos, stretched ; L. forma,
shape.] Like tetanus ; tetanoid
(Phys.).

tetanlze (tet'aniz) v. [Gk. tetanos,
stretched.] To cause a muscle to
contract by a series of induction
shocks (phys.).

tetanus (tgt'anus) n. [Gk. tetanos,
stretched.] State of a muscle under-
going a continuous fused series of
contractions due to faradization
(phys.) ; a rigid state of plant tissue
caused by continued stimulus (bot.).

tetrabranchiate (tet'rabrang'kiat) a.
[Gk. tetras, four ; brangchia, gills.]
Having four gills (zool.}.

tetracarpellary (tet'rakarpeTari) a.
[Gk. tetras, four ; karpos, fruit.]
Having four carpels (bot.).

tetracerous (tet'rase'rus, te'tras'e'rus)
a. [Gk. tetras, four ; keras, horn.]
Four-horned (zool.).

tetrachotomous tet'rakot'omus) a.
[Gk. tetracha, fourfold ; tome, a
cutting.] Divided up into fours
(biol).

tetracoccus (tet'rakok'us) n. [Gk.
tetras, four ; kokkos, a kernel.]
Minute organisms found in groups
of four (bact.).

tetracrepid (tet'rakrep'id) a. [Gk.
tetras, four ; krepis, foundation.]
Appl. a minute calthrops or four-
rayed spicule (zool.).

tetract (tSt'rakt) n. [Gk. tetras, four ;
aktis, ray.] A four-rayed spicule
(zool).

tetractine (tgtrak'tin) n. [Gk. tetras,
four ; aktis, ray.] A spicule of
four equal and similar rays meeting
at equal angles ; a tetraxon (zool.).

tetracyclic (tet'rasfklik) a. [Gk. tetras,
four ; kyklos, a circle.] With four
whorls (bot.).

tetrad (tgt'rad) n. [Gk. tetras, four.]
A group of four ; appl. the four-
cell stage in the development of
Bryophytes and Pteridophytes (bot.);

a quadruple group of chromatin
of the germinal vesicle in matura-
tion ; a quadrangular mass or loop
of chromosomes in a stage of
mitosis (cyt.).

tetradactyl (tet'radak'til) a. [Gk.
tetras, four ; daktylos, finger.]
Having four digits (zool.).

tetradynamous (tgt'radin'amus) a.
[Gk. tetras, four ; dynamis, power.]
Having four long stamens and two
short (bot.).

tetragonal (tetrag'dnal) a. [Gk.
tetras, four ; gonia, an angle.]
Quaternary (bot.).

tetragynous (tetraj'mus) a. [Gk.
tetras, four ; gyne, a female.] With
four carpels to a gynoecium (bot.).

tetralophodont (tet'ralof'odont) a.
[Gk. tetras, four ; lophos, crest ;
odous, tooth.] Appl. molar teeth
with four ridges (zool.).

tetralophous (tet'ralof'us) a. [Gk.
tetras, four ; lophos, crest.] Appl.
a spicule with four rays branched
or crested (zool.).

tetramerous (te'tram'e'rus) a. [Gk.
tetras, four ; meros, part.] Com-
posed of four parts ; in multiples
of four (bot.).

tetrandrous (tetran'drus) a. [Gk.
tetras, four ; aner, man.] Having
four stamens (bot.).

tetrapetalous (tet'rapgt'alus) a. [Gk.
tetras, four ; pe talon, a leaf.] H avi ng
four petals (bot.).

tetrapneumonous (tet'rapnu'monus) a.
[Gk. tetras, four ; pneumon, lung.]
Having four lungs, as certain
Spiders (zool.).

tetrapod (teYrapod) n. [Gk. tetras,
four ; pous, foot.] A four-footed
animal.

tetrapterous (tetrap'tgrus) a. [Gk.
tetras, four ; pteron, wing.] Having
four wings (zool.).

tetrapyrenous (tet'raplre'nus) a. [Gk.
tetras, four ; pyren, a fruit-stone.]
Having a four-stoned fruit (bot.).

tetraquetrous (te'trak'we'trus) a. [Gk.
tetraSyiour ; L. quadratus, squared.]
Having four angles, as some stems
(bot.).

tetrarch (tet'rark) a. [Gk. tetras,
four ; archos, a ruler.] With four
protoxylems in the vascular bundle
(bot.).

TET-

325

THE-

tetraselenodont (te't'rase'le'nodSnt) a.
[Gk. tetras, four ; selene, moon ;
odous, tooth.] Having four cres-
centic ridges on the molar teeth
(zool.).

tetrasepalous (tet'rasgp'alus) a. [Gk.
tetras, four ; Gk. sepalon, a sepal.]
Having four sepals (bot.).

tetraspennous (tet'raspeYmus) a.
[Gk. tetras, four ; sperma, seed.]
Having four seeds (dot.}.

tetrasporangium (te"t'rasp6ran'jTum)
n. [Gk. tetras, four ; sporos, seed ;
anggeion, vessel.] A sporangium
producing tetraspores, as in Red
Algae (bot.).

tetraspore (tSt'raspor) n. [Gk. tetras,
four ; sporos, seed.] One of four
non-motile spores produced by the
sporangium of Red Algae (bot.).

tetrastichous (tetrjis'tlkus) a. [Gk.
tetras, four ; stichos, row.] Ar-
ranged in four rows (hot.}.

tetrathecal (tgt'rathe'kal) a. [Gk.
tetras, four ; theke, a case.] Having
four loculi (dot.).

tetraxon (tgtrak'son) n. [Gk. tetras,
four ; axon, axis.] A tetractine.

tetrazoic (tgt'razo'Ik) a. [Gk. tetras,
four ; zoon, animal.] Having four
sporozoites ; appl. gregarine spores
(zool.).

tetrazoold (tgt'razo'oid) n. [Gk. tetras,
four ; zoon, animal ; eidos, form.]
The zooid developed from each of
four parts constricted from the
stolon process of an embryonic
Ascidian (zool.).

thalamencephalon (thal'ame'nke'f'-
alon, -s6f-) n. [Gk. thalamos, a
receptacle ; engkephalon, the brain.]
The part of the brain comprising
the thalamus, the corpora genicu-
lata, and the epithalamus (anat.).

thalamus (thal'amus) n. [Gk. thala-
mos, a receptacle.] The receptacle
or torus of a flower (hot.) ; part of
the brain (anat.). See optic thalaml.

thalline (thal'ln) a. [Gk. thallos, a
young shoot.] Resembling a thallus
(dot.).

thalloid (thal'oid) a. [Gk. thallos, a
young shoot ; eidos, form.] Like a
thallus (bot.).

thallome (thal'om) n. A thallus.

thallus (thal'us) n. [Gk. thallos, a
young shoot.] A combination of

cells presenting no differentiation
of leaf and stem, as in Thallophytes
(bot.).

thanatoid (than'atoid) a. [Gk. thana-
tos, death ; eidos, form.] Deadly;
appl. poisonous snakes.

thanatology (than'at61'6ji) «. [Gk.
thanatos, death ; logos, discourse.]
Theories of death.

theca (the'ka) n. [Gk. theke, a case.]
A spore or pollen case ; a spor-
angium (bot.) ; a structure serving as
a protective covering for an organ
or organism, as of spinal cord, pupa,
proboscis, tube-animal (zool.).

thecaphore (the'kafor) n. [Gk. theke,
a case' ; pherein, to bear.] A struc-
ture on which a theca is borne
(bot.).

thecasporous (thekas'pb'rus) a. [Gk.
theke, a case ; sporos, a seed.]
Having the spores enclosed in
cases or thecae (bot.).

thecate (the'kat) a. [Gk. theke, a
case.] Covered or protected by a
theca (biol.).

theciferous (thesif'grus), thesigerous
(thesTj'grus) a. Thecate.

thecium (the'shmm) n. [Gk. theke, a
case.] That part of a Fungus or
Lichen containing the sporules (&>/.).

thecodont (the'kodont) a. [Gk. theke,
case ; odous, tooth.] Having teeth
in sockets (zool.).

thelyblast (the'liblast) n. [Gk. thelys,
female ; blastos, a bud.] A matured
female germ cell (biol.).

thelyotoky (the'H6t'6kT) n. [Gk.
thelys, female ; tokos, offspring.]
Parthenogenesis in the case where
females only are produced (biol.).

thelyplasm (thellplazm) n. [Gk.
thelys, female ; plasma, something
moulded.] Female plasm ; cf.
arrhenoplasm (biol.).

thenal (the'nal) a. [Gk. thenar,
palm of the hand.] Pert, or in the
region of the palm of the hand
(anat.).

thenar (the'nar) n. [Gk. thenar,
palm of the hand.] The muscular
mass forming the ball of the thumb
(anat.).

thermogenesis (theVmojgn'e'sis) «.
[Gk. thernte, heat ; genesis, pro-
duction.] Body-heat production
by oxidation (phys.).

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326

THY-

thermolysis (thermol'isis) n. [Gk.
therme, heat ; lysis, a loosing.] Loss
of body heat (phys.).

thermoscopic (ther'moskop'ik) a.
[Gk. therme, heat ; skopein, to view.]
Adapted for recognizing changes of
temperature, as special sense-organs
or eyes of certain Cephalopods

(*«4

thermotaxis (theYmdtak'sts) n. [Gk.
therme, heat ; taxis, arrangement.]
Reaction to stimulus of heat or cold
(Phys.).

thermotropism (thgrmot'ropizm) n.
[Gk. therme, heat ; trope, a turning.]
Tendency to turn towards heat,
shown by curvature in plants (hot.).

thesocytes (the'soslts) n. plu. [Gk.
thesis, a deposit ; kytos, hollow.]
Sponge-cells storing reserve material
(zool.}.

thigmotaxis (thig'motak'sis) n. [Gk.
thigma, touch ; taxis, arrangement.]
The tendency of minute organisms
to attach themselves to objects on
contact (biol).

thigmotropism (thigmot'ropizm) n.
[Gk. thigma, touch ; trope, a turn-
ing.] The tendency to respond to
mechanical contact by clinging and
curving, as in tendrils (bot.).

thoracic (thoras'ik) a. [Gk. thorax,
the breast.] Pert, or in the region
of the thorax.

thorax (tho'raks) n. [Gk. thorax, the
breast.] In higher vertebrates, that
part of the body between neck and
abdomen containing heart, lungs,
etc. ; the body region behind the
head of many Arthropods and of
other smaller animals (zool.).

thread cells, — intheskinof Myxinoids,
cells whose long threads form a
network in which the mucous
secretion of the ordinary gland
cells is entangled (zool.).

three-nerved leaf, — a leaf with three
distinct primary veins (bot.).

thremmatology (thrgra'atol'djl) n.
[Gk. thremma, a nursling ; logos,
discourse.] The science of breed-
ing animals and plants under
domestic conditions (biol.).

thrombocytes (thrSm'bosits) n. plu.
[Gk. thrombos, a clot ; kytos, hollow.]
The elementary particles, platelets,
or small discs of blood not drawn :

they clump together in drawn blood
(anat.).

thromboplastin (throm'bdplas'tin) ;/.
[Gk. thrombos, a clot ; plastos,
moulded.] A substance in drawn
blood set free from granular masses
of disintegrated thrombocytes
(Phys.).

thyloses (thllo'sez) n. phi. [Gk.
thylax, a sack.] Masses of paren-
chyma formed inside wood vessels
through pressure in secondary wood
(bot.).

thymus (thi'mus) n. [Gk. thyinos,
thymus.] An irregular pinkish
mass of glandular tissue in the
lower anterior part of the neck
(anat.).

thyreohyoid, thyreoid, etc., — see
thyrohyoid, thyroid, etc.

thyroarytaenoid (thl'roar'ite'noid) n.
[Gk. thyra, a door ; arytaina, a
pitcher ; eidos, form.] A muscle of
the larynx (anat.).

thyroepiglottic (thl'roep'iglot'ik) a.
[Gk. thyra, door ; epi, upon ; glottis,
mouth of windpipe.] Appl. a liga-
ment connecting the epiglottis stem
and the angle of the thyroid cartil-
age (anat.).

thyroglossal (thi'roglos'al) a. [Gk.
thyra, door ; glossa, tongue.] Pert.
thyroid and tongue ; appl. an em-
bryonic duct (emb.).

tbyrohyals (thi'rdhl'alz) n. plu. [Gk.
thyra, door ; hyoeides, Y-shaped.]
The greater cornua of the hyoid
bone (anat.).

thyrohyoid (thl'rohi'oid) a. [Gk.
thyra, door ; hyoeides, Y-shaped.]
Appl. a muscle extending from
thyroid cartilage to hyoid cornu
(anat.).

thyroid (thl'roid) a. [Gk. thyra, door ;
eidos, form.] Appl. a ductless
highly-vascular gland at the front
and sides of the neck ; also to
arteries, cartilage, and veins in its
region (anat.).

thyrsoid (theYsoid) a. [Gk. thyrsus,
a wand ; eidos, form.] Resembling
a thyrsus in shape (bot.).

thyrsus (ther'sus) n. [Gk. thyrsus, a
wand.] A mixed inflorescence with
main axis racemose, later axes
cymose, with cluster almost double-
cone shaped (bot.).

TIB-

327

TOT-

tibia (tib'ia) n. [L. tibia, a pipe,
flute.] The inner and larger of the
leg-bones between knee and ankle ;
the joint of an insect leg between
femur and tarsus (zoo/.).

tibial (tib'fal) a. [L. tibia, pipe.]
Pert, or in the region of the tibia
(ana/., zoo/.).

tibioflbula (tlb'ioflb'ula) n. [L. tibia,
flute ; fibula, a buckle.] The bone
formed when tibia and fibula are
fused, as in the Frog (zool.).

tibioflbular (tlb'ioflb'ular) a. [L.
tibia, flute ; fibula, buckle.] Pert.
tibia and fibula ; appl. articulation,
syndesmosis (anat.).

tibiotarsal (tib'Iotar'sal) a. [L. tibia,
a flute ; Gk. tarsos, sole of foot.]
Pert, tibia and tarsus ; pert, or in
the region of the tibiotarsus (zoo/.).

tibiotarsus (tib'Iotar'sus) n. [L. tibia,
flute ; Gk. tarsos, sole of foot.] The
tibial bone of Birds to which the
proximal tarsals are fused (zoo/.).

Tiedemann's (te'd£manz) vesicles, —
small rounded glandular chambered
bodies at the neck of the Polian
vesicles ; the racemose vesicles of
Asteroidea (zoo/.).

tigellum (tijeTum) n. [F. tige, a
stem.] The central embryonic axis,
consisting of radicle and plumule
(bot.).

tissue (tls'ii, tish'u) n. [F. tissu,
woven.] The fundamental structure
of which animal and plant organs
are composed. See adipose, areo-
lar, collenchyma, connective, cork,
elastic, fibrous, lymphoid, mucous,
muscular, nervous, parenchyma,
reticular, sclerenchyma, sieve,
tracheal, vascular (biol.).

tokocytes (to'kosits) n. plu. [Gk.
tokos, production ; kytos, hollow.]
Reproductive cells of Sponges
(zoo/.).

tomentose (tomgn'tos) a. [L. tomen-
tum, stuffing.] Covered closely
with matted hairs, as a leaf (dot.).

tomentum (tomfin'tum) n. [L. tomen-
tum, stuffing.] The closely matted
hair on leaves or stems (bot.).

tongue (tung) n. [A.S. tunge, tongue.]
An organ on the floor of the mouth,
usually movable and protrusible ;
any tongue-like structure, as a
radula, a ligula (biol.).

tonoplast (tonoplast) n. [Gk. tones,
tension ; plastos, modelled.] A
plastid with distinct vacuole walls
(biol.).

tonsil (ton'sil) n. [L. tonsilla, a tonsil.]
One of paired aggregations of
lymphoid tissue near the tongue
base (anat.).

tonus (to'nus) n. [Gk. tonos, tension.]
Tonicity, or condition of being
slightly stretched, as of muscles
(Phys.).

tooth,— see teeth.

topotype (top'otlp) n. [Gk. topos,
place ; typos, a figure.] A specimen
from the locality of the original
type (biol.).

tornaria (torna'ria) n. [L. tornare,
to turn.] The free larval stage in
the development of Balanoglossida
(zoo/.).

tornote (tor'not) a. [L. tornare, to
turn.] With blunt extremities, as
a spicule (zoo/.).

torose (to'ros) a. [L. torus, a swelling.]
Having fleshy swellings ; knobbed
(bot.).

torques (tor'kwez) n. [L. torquere,
to twist.] A necklace-like arrange-
ment of fur, feathers, or the like
(zool.\

torsion (tor'shun) «. [L. torquere, to
twist.] The twisting round of a
gastropod body as it develops
(zool.).

torticone (tor'tikon) n. [L. torquere,
to twist ; conus, a cone.] A turreted,
spirally-twisted shell (zool.).

torula condition, — the yeast-like
isolated cells resulting from growth
of blue mould conidia in saccharine
solution (bot.).

torulose (tor'ulos) a. [L. torus, a
swelling.] Having small swellings
(bot.).

torulus (t&r'ulus) n. [L. torulus, a
small swelling.] The insect antenna
insertion socket (zool.).

torus (to'riis) n. [L. torus, a swelling.]
The axis bearing the floral leaves ;
the thickened side of a bordered
pit (bot.) ; a firm prominence or a
marginal fold or ridge (anat.) ; a
ridge bearing uncini in Polychaeta
(zool.).

totipalmate (to'tTpal'mat) a. [L. totus,
all : palma, palm of the hand.]

TOT-

328

TRA

Having the feet completely webbed
(zool.}.

totipotent (totip'otent) a. [L. totus,
all ; potens, powerful.] Appl. blasto-
meres which can develop into
complete embryos when cut off
from the aggregate of blastomeres
(emb.}.

toxaspire (tok'sasplr) n. [Gk. foxon,
a bow ; L. spira, a coil.] A spiral
spicule of rather more than one
revolution (zool.}.

toxicology (tok'sikol'oji) n. [Gk.
toxikon, poison ; logos, discourse.]
The science treating of poisons in
all aspects.

toxiferous (toksiferus) a. [Gk. toxi-
kon, poison ; L. ferre^ to carry.]
Holding or carrying poison.

toxin (tok'sin) n. [Gk. toxikon,
poison.] A poison (phys.}.

toxon (tok'son) n. [Gk. toxon, a bow.]
A toxa or bow-shaped spicule (zool.}.

toxophores (tok'soforz) n. plu. [Gk.
toxikon, poison ; pherein, to carry.]
The poisoning qualities of toxin
molecules ; cf. haptophores (phys.}.

trabeculae (trabek'ule) n. plu. [L.
trabecula, a little beam.] Plates of
sterile cells extending across the
sporangium of Pteridophytes ; a
row of cells bridging a cavity (dot.} ;
two curved bars of cartilage em-
bracing the hypophysis cerebri of the
embryo (emb.} ; small fibrous bands
forming imperfect septa or frame-
work of organs (anat., zool.}.

trabecular (trabeVular) a. [L. tra-
becula, a little beam.] Pert, or of
the nature of a trabecula ; having
a cross-barred framework.

trabeculate, — trabecular.

trabs cerebri, — the corpus callosum.

trachea (trake'a, tra'kea) n. [L.
trachia, windpipe.] The windpipe ;
a respiratory tubule of Insects and
other Arthropods (zool.} ; the spiral
or annular vascular tissue of plants
(bot.}.

trachea! (trake'al) a. [L. trachia,
windpipe.] Pert., resembling, or
having tracheae ; appl. tissue.

tracheal gills, — small wing-like re-
spiratory outgrowths from the
abdomen of water larvae of Insects
(zool.}.'

tracheate, — tracheal,

tracheid (trak'eid) n. [L. trachia,
windpipe.] An individual thick-
ened cell of a tracheal column,
where end-walls persist (bot.}.

tracheidal cells,— in transfusion tis-
sue, cells resembling tracheids (bot.}.

trachelate (trak'glat) a. [Gk. tra-
chelos, neck.] Narrowed ; as in
neck-formation (zool.}.

trachelomastoid (trak'glomas'toid) a.
[Gk. trachelos, neck ; mastos, breast ;
eidos, form.] Pert, tracheal region
and mastoid process : appl. a
muscle (anat.}.

trachenchyma (trakeng'kima) n.
[Gk. trachelos, neck ; engchyma,
infusion.] Tracheal vascular tissue
(bot.}.

tracheobronchial (trak'eobrong'kial)
a. [Gk. trachelos, neck ; brongchos,
a bronchial tube.] Appl. glands
(anat.} ; appl. a syrinx formed of
the lower end of the trachea and
the upper bronchi (zool.}.

trachyglossate.(trak'iglos'at) a. [Gk.
trachys, rough ; glossa, tongue.]
Having a rasping or toothed
tongue (zool.}.

tract (trakt) n. [L. trahere, to draw.]
A region or area or system con-
sidered as a whole, as the aliment-
ary tract (anat.}.

tractellum (trakteTum) n. [L. tra-
here, to draw.] A flagellum of the
forward end of Mastigophora, with
circumduction motion (zool.}.

tragus (tra'gus) n. [Gk. ' tragos, a
goat.] A small pointed eminence
in front of the concha of the ear
(anat.}.

trama (tra'ma) n. [L. trama, the
woof.] A central core of interwoven
hyphae of a fungus conidiophore
(bot.}.

transformation (tranz'forma'shun) n.
[L. trans, across ; formare, to
form.] Change of form, as in
metamorphosis (zool.} ; metabolism
(Phys.}.

transfusion tissue,— the tissue of
gymnosperm leaves, consisting of
parenchymatous and tracheidal
cells (bot.}.

transilient (transll'ignt) a. [L.
transilire, to leap over.] Appl.
nerve fibres connecting brain con-
volutions not adjacent (anat.}.

TRA-

329

TRI-

transitlonal (tranzTsh'onal) a. [L.
transire, to go across.] Appl. epi-
thelium occurring in ureters and
urinary bladder, renewing itself by
mitotic division of the third and
innermost layer of cells (phys.}.

translocation (tranz'loka'shun) n.
[L. trans, across ; locus, place.]
Diffusion, as of food material
(Phys.).

transmedian (tranzme'dlan) a. [L.
trans, across ; medhis, middle.]
Pert., or crossing the middle plane ;
appl. muscles (anat.).

transmutation theory, — the theory
that one species can evolve from
another (biol.).

transpalatine (tranz'pal'atin) n. [L.
trans, across ; palatus, the palate.]
A cranial bone of Crocodiles, con-
necting pterygoid with jugal and
maxilla (zoo/.).

transpiration (transplra'shun) n. [L.
trans, across ; spirare, to breathe.]
Exhalation of vapour through pores
(phys.}, or stomata (pot.).

transpyloric plane, — the upper of the
imaginary horizontal planes divid-
ing the abdomen into artificial
regions (anat.).

transversal (tranzveYsal) a. [L.
trans, across ; vertere, to turn.]
Lying across or between, as a trans-
versal wall (oot.).

transverse (tranz'vSrs) a. [L. trans,
across ; vertere, to turn.] Lying
across or between, as artery, colon,
ligament, process (anat.).

transversum (tranzveYsum) n. [L.
trans, across ; vertere, to turn.] In
most Reptiles, a cranial bone ex-
tending from pterygoid to maxilla
(zoo/.).

trapeziform (trape'ztform) a. [Gk.
trapezion, a small table ; L. forma,
shape.] Trapezium-shaped (zoo/.).

trapezium (trape'zium) n. [Gk. tra-
pezion, a small table.] The first
carpal bone, at the base of the first
metacarpal (zoo/.) ; the greater
multangular bone ; a portion of the
pons Varolii (anat.).

trapezius (trape'zlus) n. [Gk. tra-
pezion, a small table.] A broad,
flat, triangular muscle of the neck
and shoulders (anat.).

trapezold (trape'zoid, trap'ezoid) a.

[Gk. trapezion, a small table ; eidos,
form.] Trapezium-shaped ; appl.
ligament, nucleus, ridge (anat.).

traumatropism (tromat'roplzm) n.
[Gk. trauma, a wound ; trope, a
turning.] Sensitiveness to wounds
(oot.).

trefoil (tre'foil) n. [L. trifolius, three-
leaved.] A flower or leaf with three
lobes (dot.).

tremelloid (tr&n'e'loid) a. [L. tre-
mere, to tremble.] Gelatinous in
substance or appearance (6ot.).

triactinal (trlak'tlnal) a. [Gk. tria,
three ; aktis, ray.] Three-rayed.

triadelphous (tri'adeTfus) a. [Gk.
tria, three ; adelphos, brother.]
Having stamens united into three
bundles by their filaments (oot.).

triaene (trfen) n. [Gk. triaina, a
trident] A somewhat trident-
shaped spicule (zoo/.).

triandrous (trlan'drus) a. [Gk. tria,
three ; aner, man.] Having three
stamens (oot.).

triangle (triang'gl) n. [L. triangu-
laris, three-sided.] A three-sided
structure or area ; appl. various
structures (anat.).

trianthous (trlan'thus) a. [Gk. tria,
three ; anthos, flower.] Having
three flowers (dot.).

triarch (trfark) n. [Gk. tria, three ;
arche, beginning.] Having three
xylem bundles uniting to form the
woody tissue plate of root (pot.).

triarticulate (trfartik'ulat) a. [L. tres,
three ; articulus, a joint.] Three-
jointed (zoo/.).

Triassic (tnas'ik) a. [Gk. tria, three.]
A geological period of the second-
ary or Mesozoic group ; the seventh
of the thirteen rock - systems
(Pal.).

triaster (trias'ter) n. [Gk. tria, three ;
aster, star.] Three chromatin
masses resulting from tripolar
mitosis, as in cancer cells (cyt.).

triaxon (triak's6n) n. [Gk. tria, three ;
axis, axle.] A sponge spicule with
three axes (zoo/.).

tribracteate (tribrak'teat) a. [L. tres,
three ; bractea, a thin plate of
metal.] With three bracts (dot.).

trica (trfka) n. [F. tricoter, to knit.]
A lichen apothecium with ridged
spherical surface (6ot.).

TRI-

330

TRI

tricarpellary (tri'karpeT&ri) a. [Gk.
Ma, three ; karpos, fruit.] With
three carpels (dot.}.

triceps (trfse'ps) n. [L. tres, three ;
caput, head.] Appl. a muscle with
three heads or insertions (anat.).

trichites (trik'its) n. plu. [Gk. thrix,
hair.] Fine rod-like structures
found in the tongue of Didinium,
an Infusorian (zoo/.).

trichocarpous (trlk'dkar'pus) a. [Gk.
thrix, hair ; karpos, fruit.] With
hairy fruits (dot,).

trichocyst (trik'dsist) n. [Gk. thrix,
hair ; kystis, a bladder.] An oval
or spindle-shaped protrusible body
found in Infusorians (zoo/.).

trichodragmata (trik'ddrag'mata) n.
plu. [Gk. thrix, hair ; dragma, a
sheaf.J Straight, fine hair-like
spicules in bundles (zoo/.).

trichogyne (trik'qjm) n. [Gk. thrix,
hair ; gyne, woman.] An elongated
hair-like receptive cell at the end
of the carpogonium of Thallophytes
(dot.}.

trichome (trik'om) n. [Gk. trichoma,
a growth of hair.] A hairy epi-
dermal structure (bot.).

trichophore (trik'ofor) n. [Gk. thrix,
hair ; pherein, to bear.] A group
of cells bearing the trichogyne
(hot.} ; a chaetigerous sac of
Annelids (zoo/.).

trichotomous (trikot'omus) a. [Gk.
tricha, threefold ; tome, a cutting.]
Divided into three branches (bot.).

tricipital (trlsip'ital) a. [L. tres,
three ; caput, head.] Having three
heads or insertions, as the triceps
(anat.).

tricoccous (trlkok'us) a. [Gk. tria,
three ; kokkos, a kernel.] Appl. a
three-carpel fruit (hot.).

trlconodont (triko'nodont) a. [Gk.
tria, three ; konos, cone ; odous,
tooth.] Appl. a tooth with three
crown prominences in a line parallel
to the jaw axis (zoo/.).

trlcostate (trikos'tat) a. [L. tres.
three ; costa, rib.] Having three
ribs (bot.).

tricotyledonous (trl'kotlle'donus) a.
[Gk. tria, three ; kotyledon, a cup-
like hollow.] With three cotyledons
(bot.).

trtcrotic (tnkrot'ik) a. [Gk. tria,

three ; krotein, to beat.] Having a
triple beat in the arterial pulse
(Phys.).

tricrural (trikroor'al) a. [L. tres,
three ; crus, leg.] With three
branches.

tricuspid (trikus'pid) a. [L. tres,
three ; cuspis, a point.] Three-
pointed ; appl. a triangular valve
of the heart (anat.}.

tricuspidate (trlkus'pldat) a. [L. tres,
three ; cuspis, a point.] Appl. a
three-pointed leaf (bot.).

tridactyl (trldak'tll) a. [Gk. tria,
three ; daktylos, finger.] Having
three digits (zoo/.).

tridentate (triden'tat) a. [L. tres,
three ; dens, tooth.] Having three
tooth-like divisions (bot.}.

tridynamous (tridin'amus) a. [Gk.
tria, three ; dynamis, power.] With
three long and three short stamens
(bot.).

trifacial (trifa'shial) a. [L. tres, three ;
fades, face.] Appl. the fifth cranial
nerve, the trigeminal (anat.).

trifarious (trlfa'rius) a. [L. trifarius,
of three sorts.] In groups of three ;
of three kinds ; in three rows ;
having three surfaces (bot.).

trifid (tri'fld) a. [L. tres, three ;
Jindere, to cleave.] Cleft to form
three lobes.

triflagellate (trlflaj'glat) a. [L. tres,
three ; flagellum, a whip.] Having
three flagella (zoo/.).

trifoliate (trifo'liat) a. [L. tres, three ;
folium, a leaf.] Having three leaves
growing from the same point (bol.).

trifoliolate (trlfo'llolat) a. [L. tres,
three ; foliola, a small leaf/] Hav-
ing three leaflets growing from the
same point (bot.).

trifurcate (trifur'kat) a. [L. tres,
three ; furca, a fork.] With three
forks or branches.

trigamous (trig'amus) a. [Gk. tria,
three ; gamos, marriage.] Appl.
a flower-head with staminate, pistil-
late, and hermaphrodite flowers
(bot.).

trigeminal nerve,— the largest cere-
bral nerve, the great sensory nerve
of head and face, and motor nerve
of mastication muscles (anat.).

trigon (tri'gon) n. [Gk. tria, three ;
gonia, angle.] The triangle of

TRI-

331

TRI-

cusps of upper jaw molar teeth
(zool\

trigonal (trig'dn&l) a. [Gk. Ma,
three ; gonia, angle.] Ternary or
triangular when appl. symmetry
with three parts to a whorl ; appl.
three-sided stems (hot.}.

trigone (trl'gon) n. [Gk. Ma, three ;
gonia, angle.] Also trigonum,— a
small triangular space, as the ol-
factory trigone, the trigonum vesicae
(anat.).

trigonid (trig'onfd) n. [Gk. Ma,
three ; gonia, an angle.] The
triangle of cusps of lower jaw molar
teeth (sool.).

trigynous (trij'inus) a. [Gk. tria,
three ; gyne, woman.] Having
three styles (bot.).

trijugate (trljoog'at) a. [L. tres,
three ; jugum, a yoke.] Having
three pairs of leaflets (hot.),

trilabiate (trila'blat) a. [L. tres,
three ; labium, lip.] Having three
lips (dot.').

trilobate (trilo'bat) a. [Gk. Ma,
three ; lobos, a lobe.] Three-lobed.

trilocular (trllok'ular) a. [L. tres,
three ; loculus, a little place.]
Having three cells or loculi.

trilophodont (trllof'odont) a. [Gk.
Ma, three ; lophos, a crest ; odous,
tooth.] Having three-crested teeth

(wrt).

trilophous (trilofus) a. [Gk. Ma,
three ; lophos, crest.] Appl. a rayed
spicule with three rays . branched
or ridged (zool.).

trimerous (trim'e'rus) a. [Gk. Ma,
three ; ineros, part.] Composed of
multiples of three, as the parts of a
flower (bot.).

trimorphism (trlmor'ftzm) n. [Gk.
tria, three ; morphe, form.] Oc-
currence of three distinct forms or
forms of organs in one species
(biol).

trimorphous (trimor'fus) a. [Gk. Ma,
three ; morphe, form.] With three
distinct forms or forms of organs
occurring in the same species (biol.).

trinervate (trineVvat) a. [L. tres,
three ; nervus, a sinew.] Having
three veins or ribs running from
base to margin of leaf (bot.).

trinomial (trmo'mTal) a. [L. tres,
three ; nomen, name.] Appl. names

consisting of three terms ; cf.
binomial (biol.).

trioecious (trie'shCis) a. [Gk. tria,
three ; oikos, house.] Producing
male, female, and hermaphrodite
flowers on different plants (bot.).

triovulate (triov'ulat) a. [L. tres,
three ; ovum, egg.] Having three
ovules (bot.}.

tripartite (tripar'tlt, trip'artlt) a. [L.
tres, three ; fiartitus, separated.]
Divided into three lobes, as a leaf
(bot.\

tripetalous (trtpgt'alus) a. [Gk. triay
three ; petalon, a leaf.] Having
three petals (bot.).

tripinnate (trlpin'at) a. [L. tres,
three ; pinna, feather.] Thrice
pinnate ; divided pinnately three
times (bot.).

tripinnatifld (tripinat'IfTd) a. -[L.
tres, three ; pinna, feather ; findere,
to cleave.] Divided three times in
a pinnatifid manner (bot.).

tripinnatisect (trlpTnat'isgkt) a. [L.
tres, three ; pinna, feather ; secarc,
to cut] Thrice pinnatisect ; three
times lobed with divisions nearly to
midrib (bot.).

triple-nerved,— appl. a leaf with three
prominent veins (bot.).

triplicostate (trip'likos'tat) a. [L.
triplex, triple ; costa, a rib.] Having
three ribs (bot.).

triploblastic (trip'loblas'tik) a. [Gk.
triplax, triple ; blastos, a bud.]
Having three primary germinal
layers, epiblast, mesoblast, and
hypoblast (etnb.).

tripod (trl'pod) n. [Gk. tria, three ;
pous, foot.] A tripod-shaped or
three-legged spicule (zool.).

tripolar (tnpo'lar.) a. [Gk. Ma, three ;
polos, an axis.] Appl. the division
of the chromatin to three poles in
diseased cells instead of the normal
two poles, in mitosis (cyt.).

triquetrous (trikweVriis) a. [L. tri-
quetrus, three-cornered.] Appl. a
stem with three angles and three
concave faces (bot.) ; appl. a three-
cornered or wedge - shaped bone
(anat.).

triquetrum (trlkwgt'rum) n. [L. M-
quetrus, three - cornered.] The
cuneiform carpal bone (zool.)', a
Wormian bone (anat.).

TRI-

332

TRO-

trlqulnate (trikwi'nat) a. [L. tres,
three ; quint, five each.] Divided
into three, with each lobe again
divided into five (bot.).

triradial (trira'dial) a. [L. tres, three ;
radius, a ray.] Having three
branches as radii from one centre ;
appl. the orbital sulcus (anat).

trisepalous (trisep'alus) a. [Gk. tria,
three ; Gk. sepalon, a sepal.] H aving
three sepals (bot.).

triseptate (trisgp'tat) a. [L. trest
three ; septum, a partition.] Having
three partitions or septa, as a fruit
(bot.).

triserlal (trlse'rial) a. [L. tres, three ;
series, a row.] Arranged in three
rows ; having three whorls (hot.).

trisporous (trispo'rus) a. [Gk. tria,
three ; sporos, seed.] Also tri-
sporic, — having three spores (hot.}.

tristachyous (trlsta'kius) a. [Gk. tria,
three ; stachys, an ear of corn.]
With three spikes (bot.).

tristichous (tris'tikus) a. [Gk. tria,
three ; stichos, row.] Arranged in
three rows (dot.),

triternate (triteYnat) a. [L. tres,
three ; terni, three each.] Thrice
ternately divided (bot.).

tritoblasts (tri'toblasts) n. plu. [Gk.
tritos, third ; blastos, bud.] A
generation of Neosporidia produced
by deutoblasts and in turn giving
rise to teloblasts (zool.).

tritocerebron (tri'toser'e'bron) n. [Gk.
tritos, third ; kerebron, brain. J A
third lobe of an insect brain indi-
cated during development (emb.).

trltocerebrum (tri'toseVebrum) n.
[Gk. tritos, third ; L. cerebrum,
brain.] Part of the brain of higher
Crustacea, consisting of antennal
nerve centres (zool.).

tritocone (trl'tokon) n. [Gk. tritos,
third ; konos, cone.] A cusp of a
premolar tooth (zool.).

tritozooid (tri'tozo'oid) n. [Gk. tritos,
third ; zoon, animal ; eidos, form.]
A zooid of the third generation
(zool).

trltubercular (trltubeVkular) a. [L.
treS) three ; tuberculum, a small
hump.] Appl. molar teeth with
three cusps ; tricuspid.

trituberculy (trltubeYkuli) n. [L.
(res, three ; tuberculum. a small

hump.] A theory of molar tooth
development.

triungulin (trlung'gulm) n. [L. tres,
three ; ungula, a claw.] Also
triungulus, — the small, six-legged
larva of Strepsiptera and Canthar-
idae (zool.).

trivium (triv'ium) n. [L. trivium, a
cross-road.] The three rays of a
starfish farthest from the madre-
porite ; cf, bivium (zooL).

trizoic (trlzo'ik) a, [Gk. tria, three ;
zoon, animal.] Appl, a protozoan
spore containing three sporozoites
(zool),

trochal (trS'kal) a. [Gk. trocko^
wheel.] Wheel-shaped; appl. the
anterior disc of Rotifers (zool.).

trochanter (trokan'ter) n. [Gk. tro-
chanter, a runner.] Appl. processes
or prominences at the upper end
of the thigh-bone — a greater, lesser,
and sometimes a third (anat.) ; the
small segment of an insect leg
between coxa and femur (zool.).

trochanteric fossa, — a deep de-
pression on the medial surface of
the neck of the femur (anat.).

trochantin (trdkan'tin) n. [Gk. tro-
chanter, a runner.] A short joint
which may follow the trochanter
of an insect leg (zooL).

trochate (tro'kat) a. [Gk. trochos, a
wheel.] Having a wheel-like struc-
ture ; wheel-shaped (zool.).

trochif erous, — trochate.

trochiform, — trochate.

trochlea (trok'lea) n. [Gk. trochilia,
a pulley.] A pulley-like structure
through which a tendon passes ;
appl. such a surface of humerus,
femur, orbit (anat.).

trochlear (trok'lear) a. [Gk. trochilia,
a pulley.] Shaped like a pulley ;
pert, a trochlea (anat.).

trochoid (tro'koid) a. [Gk. trochos,
wheel ; eidos, form.] Wheel-shaped ;
capable of rotating motion, as a
pivot-joint (anat.).

trochophore (trok'ofor) n. [Gk.
trochos, wheel ; pherein, to bear.]
A trochosphere.

trochosphere (trok'osfer) n. [Gk.
trochos, wheel ; sphaira, globe.]
The free - swimming pelagic larva
stage of many Worms and some
Molluscs (zool.).

TRO-

333

TRU-

trochus (tro'kus) «. [Gk. trochos,
wheel.] The inner, anterior, coarser
ciliary zone of a rotifer disc ; cf.
cingulum (zool.).

tropeic (trope'Ik) a. [Gk. tropis, a
keel.] Keel-shaped (zool.).

trophi (tro'fi) n. plu. [Gk. trophe,
nourishment.] The hard chitinous
chewing organs of Rotifers ; the
mouth-parts of an Insect ; the
mandibles and first and second
maxillae collectively (zool.).

trophic (trof'ik) a. [Gk. trophe,
nourishment.] Connected with
nutrition ; appl, nerves (anat.).

trophoblast (trof'oblast) n. [Gk.
trophe, nourishment ; blastos, bud.]
The outer layer of cells of a morula
(emb.).

trophochromatin (trof'okro'matin) n.
[Gk. trophe, nourishment ; chroma,
colour.] Vegetative chromatin, or
that which regulates metabolism
and functions ; cf. idiochromatin
(biol.).

trophochromidia (trof'okromid'Ia) n.
plu. [Gk. trophe, nourishment ;
chroma, colour.] Vegetative chro-
midia ; cf. idiochromidia (biol.).

trophodisc (trofodlsk) n. [Gk. trophe,
nourishment ; diskos, a plate.]
The female gonophore of certain
Hydrozoa (zool.).

trophology (trofol'qjl) n. [Gk. trophe,
nourishment ; logos, discourse.]
The science of nutrition (phys.).

trophonemata (trof'onSm'ata) n. plu.
[Gk. trophe, nourishment ; nema,
thread.] Uterine villi or hair-like
projections of Elasmobranchs,
which transfer nourishment to the
embryo through the spiracles
(zool.}.

trophonucleus (trof'onu'kleus) n. [Gk.
trophe, nourishment; L.. nucleus, a
kernel.] The principal nucleus of
binuclear Protozoa, regulating meta-
bolism and growth ; cf. kineto-
nucleus (cyt.).

trophophore (tr6f'6for) n. [Gk.
trophe, nourishment ; pherein, to
bear.] In Sponges, an internal
bud or group of cells destined to
become a gemmule (zool.).

trophoplasm (trof'oplazm) n. [Gk.
trophe, nourishment ; plasma, some-
thing moulded.] The vegetative or

nutritive part of a cell ; cf. idio-
plasm (cyt.).

trophoplast (trof'oplast) n. [Gk.
trophe, nourishment ; plastos,
moulded.] A cell, nucleated or
not ; a plastid (biol.).

trophosome(trof'6s6m)#. [Gk. trophe,
nourishment ; soma, body.] The
nutritive polypoid persons of a
hydroid colony (zool.).

trophospongia (trof'ospun'jla) n.
[Gk. trophe, nourishment ; sponggia,
a sponge.] A spongy vascular
layer of mucous membrane between
uterine wall and trophoblast (emb.).

trophospongium (trof'ospSn'jium) n.
[Gk. trophe, nourishment ; sponggia,
sponge.] Canalization of nerv^
cells, the canaliculi being occupied
by branching processes of neuroglia
cells (phys.).

trophotaxis (trof'btak'sls) n. [Gk.
trophe, nourishment ; taxis, arrange-
ment.] Stimulation by an agent
which may serve as food (phys.).

trophotropism (trofot'roplzm) n.
[Gk. trophe, nourishment ; trope,
a turning.] Tendency of an or-
ganism towards a food supply
(biol.).

trophozoite (trof'ozo'lt) n. [Gk. trophe,
nourishment ; zoon, animal.] The
adult stage of a Sporozoan (zool.).

trophozooid (trof'ozo'oid) n. [Gk.
trophe, nourishment ; zoon, animal ;
eidos, form.] A nutritive zooid of
free-swimming tunicate colonies
(zool.).

tropic movement, — reactionary
movement to certain stimulation

tropism (tro'pizm) n. [Gk. trope, a
turning.] The tendency of an
organism to react in a certain way
to a certain kind of stimulus ; a
tendency to move towards (positive)
or away from (negative) a source of
stimulus (phys.) ; cf. chemo-, geo-,
photo-, tropho-tropism.

tropophyte (tro'poflt) n. [Gk. trope,
a turning ; phyton, a plant.] A
changing plant, or one which is
more or less hygrophilous in summer
and xerophilous in winter (bot.).

true ribs, — ribs which are directly
connected with the sternum, as
opp. floating ribs.

TRU-

334

TUB-

truncate (trung'kat) a. [L. tnuicare,
to cut off.] Terminating abruptly,
as if the tapering end were cut off
(biol.).

truncus arteriosus, — the most an-
terior region of the amphibian
heart, through which the blood is
driven from the ventricle (zool.).

trunk (trungk') n. [L. truncare, to
cut off.] The main stem of a tree
(bot.) \ the proboscis of an elephant
(zool.}.

trunk legs,— pereiopods of Decapods,
thoracic locomotory legs (zool.).

tryma (tri'ma) n. [Gk. fry ma, a hole.]
A one-celled, one-seeded, inde-
hiscent fruit with separable rind
and two-valved endocarp with
spurious dissepiments, as Walnut
(hot.}.

trypanomonad. (trip'anomo'nad) a.
[Gk. trypanon, an auger ; monas,
a unit.] Appl. a phase in the de-
velopment of a Trypanosome while
in its invertebrate host ; crithidial
(zool.).

trypanorhynchus (trip'anoring'kus) n.
[Gk. trypanon, an auger ; rhyngchos,
snout.] A spiniferous protrusible
proboscis accompanying each phyll-
idium in certain Cestoidea (zool.).

trypsin (trip'sin) n. [Gk. tryein, to
rub down ; pepsis, a digesting.]
An enzyme of pancreatic juice ; a
similar enzyme of various plants
and animals (phys.).

tubar (tu'bar) a. [L. tuba, a pipe.]
Consisting of an arrangement of
tubes, or forming a tube, as appl.
system and skeleton in Sponges
(zool.).

tubate (tu'bat) a. [L. tuba, a pipe.]
Tube-shaped.

tube (tub) n. [L. tuba, a pipe.] Any
tubular structure (anat.) ; a cylin-
drical structure, as the protective
enveloping case of many animals ;
a mollusc siphon (zool.).

tuber (tu'ber) n. [L. tuber, a knob.]
A thickened fleshy underground
stem (bot.) ; a rounded protuber-
ance (anat.).

tubercle (tu'berkl) n. [L. tuberculum,
a small hump.] A small rounded
protuberance(a#a/.);aroot-swelling
or nodule (bot.) ; a tuberculum or
rib-knob (zool.).

tuberculate (tuber'kulat) a. [L.
tuberculum, a small hump.] Pert.,
resembling, or having tubercles.

tuberculose (tubeVkulos) a. [L.
tuberculum, a small hump.] Having
many tubercles.

tuberiferous (tu'berif'erus) a. [L.
tuber, hump ; ferre, to bear.] Bear-
ing or producing tubers (bot.).

tuberiform (tu'beriform) a. [L. tuber,
hump ; forma, shape.] Resembling
or shaped like a tuber.

tuberoia,— tuberiform.

tuberosity (tu'beros'itl) n. [L. tuber,
a protuberance.] A rounded
eminence on a bone, usually for
muscle attachment (anat.).

tuberous (tu'berus) a. [L. tuber, a
hump.] Covered with or having
many tubers.

tubicolous (tubik'olus) a. [L. tubus,
a tube ; colere, to inhabit.] In-
habiting a tube (zool.).

tubicorn (tu'bikorn) a. [L. tubus,
tube ; cornu, horn.] With hollow
horns (zool.).

tubifacient (tu'blfa'shient, tu'bifas'ient)
a. [L. tubus, tube ; faciens, making.]
Tube - making — as some Worms
(zool.).

tubilingual (tu'billng'gwal) a. [L.
tubus, a tube ; lingua, a tongue.]
Having a tubular tongue, adapted
for sucking (zool.).

tubiparous (tubip'arus) a. [L. tubus,
a tube ; parere, to beget.] Appl.
glands secreting tube - forming
material (zool.).

tubulate (tu'bulat) a. [L. tubulus, a
small tube.] Tubiform ; tubu-
liferous.

tubule (tu'bul) n. [L. tubulus, a
small tube.] Any small hollow,
cylindrical structure.

tubuliferous (tu'bullf'grus) a. [L.
tubulus, a small tube ; ferre, to
carry.] Having a tubule.

tubuliflorous (tu'buliflo'riis) a. [L.
tubulus, a small tube ; flos, flower.]
Having florets with tubular corolla
(bot.).

tubuliform (tu'buliform) a. [L.
tubulus, a small tube ; forma,
shape.] Tube-shaped ; appl. cer-
tain spinning glands (zool.).

tubulose (tu'bulos) a. [L. tubulus, a
small tube.] Having, or com-

TUB-

335

ULN-

posed of, tubular structures, as an
aster head (bot.), a tubipore Coral
(zool.} ; hollow and cylindrical.

tubulus (tu'bulus) n. [L. tubulus, a
small tube.] A hymeneal pore
(bot,} ; a cylindrical ovipositor
(zool.} ; any small tubular structures,
as tubuli lactiferi, recti, seminiferi
(ana/.).

tunic (tu'nik), tunica (tu'nlka) n. [L.
tunica, a coating.] An investing
membrane or tissue, as that of
kidney, ovary, testis, those of
arteries (anat.}.

tunicate (tu'nikat) a. [L. tunica, a
coating.] Appl. bulbs with numer-
ous concentric layers (bot.) ; en-
veloped in a leathery test or.
mantle (zool.).

tunicle (tu'nikl) n. [L. tunica, a
coating.] A natural covering ; an
integument.

tunnel of Corti, — a triangular tunnel
enclosed by the two rows of pillars
of Corti and the basilar membrane
(anat.).

turbinal (tiir'blnal) a. [L. turbo, a
whirl.] Spirally rolled or coiled,
as bone or cartilage (anat., zool.).

turbinate (tur'binat) a. [L. turbo, a
whirl.] Top-shaped (bot.) ; appl.
certain shells (zool.) ; appl. certain
nasal and olfactory bones (anat.).

turgescence (turj6s'6ns) n. [L. tur-
gere, to swell.] Tension or pres-
sure in living cell tissue due to
transpiration (bot.).

turgidity,— turgescence.

turgor,— turgescence.

turio (tu'rio), turion (tu'rion) n. [L.
turio, a shoot.] A young scaly
shoot budded off from an under-
ground stem (bot.).

tylhexactine (til'heksak'tfn) n. [Gk.
tylos, knob ; hex, six ; aktis, a ray.]
A hexactine spicule with rays
ending in knobs (zool.).

tylosis (tilo'sls) n. [Gk. tylos, a knob.]
Development of irregular cells in
a cell cavity (bot.).

tylostyle (tl'lostll) n. [Gk. tylos, a
knob ; stylos, a pillar.] A spicule
pointed at one end, knobbed at
the other (zool.).

tylotate (tflotat) a. [Gk. tylos,
knob.] Having a knob at each
end (zool.).

tylote (tfl6t) n. [Gk. tylos, knob.]
A slender dumbbell-shaped spicule
(zool.).

tylotic (tllot'ik) a. [Gk. tylos, knob.]
Affected by tylosis (bot.).

tylotoxea (tl'ldtok'sea) n. [Gk. tylos,
knob ; oxys, sharp.] A tylote with
one sharp end, directed towards the
surface of the Sponge (zool.).

tympanic (tlmpan'ik) a. [Gk. tym-
panon, a drum.] Pert, the tym-
panum.

tympanohyal (tim'panohi'al) n. [Gk.
tympanon, a drum ; hyoeides, Y-
shaped.] Pert, tympanum and
hyoid (anat.) ; part of the hyoid
arch embedded in the petro-mastoid
(emb.).

tympanum (ttm'panum) n. [Gk. tym-
panon, a drum.] The drum-like
cavity constituting the middle ear ;
the drum of the ear ; the membrane
of the auditory organ on tibia or
abdomen of Insect ; an inflatable
air-sac on the neck of some Tetra-
oninae (anat., zool.).

type (tip) n. [L. typus, an image.]
The sum of the characteristics
common to a large number of
individuals, serving as a ground
for classification ; a primary model
(biol.).

typhlosole (tlf'losol) n. [Gk. typhlos,
blind ; solen, channel.] A median
dorsal longitudinal fold of the
intestine projecting into the lumen
of Annulates ; a longitudinal ridge
in rectum and intestine of Anodon
(zool. ).

typical (ttp'ikal) a. [L. typus, an
image.] Appl. a specimen con-
forming to type or primary ex-
ample ; exhibiting in a marked
degree the essential characteristics
of genus or species (biol.).

Tyson's glands, — glands round the
corona of the glans penis (anat.).

U

ulna (ul'na) n. [L. ulna, elbow.] A
long bone on the medial side of the
fore-arm parallel with the radius
t.t sool.).

ULN-

336

UNC-

ulnar (ul'nar) a. [L. ulna, elbow.]
Pert, ulna ; appl. artery, nerve,
vein, bone (anat.}.

ulnar neryure,— a radiating or cross
nervure in the wing of Insects (zool.).

ulnare (ulna're, ulna'ra) n. [L. ulna,
elbow.] The bone in the proximal
row of carpals lying at the distal
end of the ulna (anat.}.

ulnocarpal (ulnokar'pal) a. [L.
ulna, elbow ; carpus, wrist.] Pert.
the ulna and carpus (anat.).

ulnoradial (ulnora'dial) a. [L. ulna,
elbow ; radius, radius.] Pert, the
ulna and radius (anat.).

ulotrlchous (ulot'rikus) a. [Gk. oulos,
woolly ; thrix, hair.] Having
woolly or curly hair.

ultimobranchial bodies, — a pair of
gland rudiments derived from the
fifth pharyngeal pouches, which
later degenerate and leave no
vestiges (emb.).

umbel (um'beT; n. [L. umbella, dim.
of umbra, shade.] An arrangement
of flowers or of polyps springing
from a common centre and forming
a flat or rounded cluster (zool., dot.).

umbellate (um'bglat) a. [L. umbella,
shade.] Arranged in umbels (dot.,
zool.).

umbelliferous (um'belif'erus) a. [L.
umbella, shade ; ferre, to carry.]
Producing umbels (dot.).

umbelliform (umbeTlform) a. [L.
umbella, shade ; forma, shape.]
Shaped like an umbel (hot., zool.).

umbelliferous (um'belij'e'rus) a. [L.
umbella, shade ; gerere, to carry.]
Bearing flowers or polyps in um-
bellate clusters (hot., zool.).

umbellula (umbgl'ula) n. [L. um-
bellula, dim. of umbella, shade.]
The name given to a large cluster
of polyps at the tip of an elongated
stalk or rachis (zool.).

umbellulate (umbeTulat) a. [L. um-
bellula, umbel.] Arranged in
umbels and umbellules (zool., dot.).

umbellule (umbeTul) n. [L. um-
bellula, umbel.] A small or second-
ary umbel (zool., bot.).

umbilical (um'bilr'kal, umbil'ikal) a.
[L. umbilicus, navel.] Pert, the
navel, or umbilical cord ; appl.
arteries, veins, tissues, vesicle
(emb.).

umbilical cord,— the navel cord con-
necting embryo with placenta
(anat.) ; the prolongation by which
the ovule is attached to the placenta
(bot.).

umbilicate (umbil'ikat) a. [L. um-
bilicus, navel.] Having a central
depression ; navel-like.

umbilicus (um'bill'kus, umbil'ikus) n.
[L. umbilicus, navel.] The navel ;
the central abdominal depression at
the place of attachment of umbilical
cord (anat.) ; the hilum (bot.) ; a
basal depression of certain spiral
shells ; either of the two openings
near the base of a feather (zool.).

umbo (um'bo) n. [L. umbo, a shield-
boss.] A protuberance like the
boss of a shield (bot.) ; the beak
or older part of a bivalve shell
(zool.).

umbonate (um'bb'nat) a. [L. umbo,
a shield-boss.] Having a conical
or rounded protuberance.

umbraculiferous (umbrak'ulif'eriis) a.
[L. umbraculum, dim. of timbra,
shade.] Bearing an umbrella-like
organ or structure (bot.).

umbraculiform (umbrak'uliform) a.
[L. umbraculum, umbrella ; forma,
shape.] Shaped like an expanded
umbrella (bot.).

umbraculum (umbrak'ulum) n. [L.
umbraculum, umbrella.] Any um-
brella-like structure (bot.).

umbrella (umbreTa) n. [L. umbella,
dim. of umbra, shade.] The con-
tractile disc of a Jelly-fish (zool.).

unciferous (unsif'erus) a. [L. uncus,
hook ; ferre, to carry.] Bearing
hooks or hook- like processes (zool.).

unciform (un'siform) a. [L. uncus,
hook ; forma, shape.] Shaped like
a hook or barb (zool., bot.) ; appl.
process of the .ethmoid bone (anat.).

unciform, ;/. The unciform or hama-
tum of the wrist (anat.).

uncinate (un'sinat) a. [L. uncimis,
hook.] Unciform.

uncinate process, — a backwardly
directed process occurring on the
ribs of Birds ; also a downwardly
directed process of the ethmoid
(anat., zool.).

uncinus (un'sinus) n. [L. uncinus,
hook.] Small hooked, or hook-
like, structure ; one of the small

UNC-

337

UNI-

hooks found on the segments of
many Worms ; a hook-like structure
found in certain Infusorians ; one
of the marginal teeth of Gastropods
(zool.}.

uncus (ting'kus) n. [L. uncus, hook.]
The hook-shaped anterior extremity
of the hippocampal gyrus (anat.) ;
the hooked head of the mastax of
Rotifers ; the hook-like process on
the dorsal portion of the ninth, or
copulatory, abdominal segment of
male Lepidoptera (zool.}.

under-wing,— one of the posterior
wings of any Insect (zool.}.

undose (un'dos) a. [L. undosus,
billowy.] Having undulating and
nearly parallel depressions which
run into one another and resemble
the ripple-marks on the seashore
(zool.}.

unequally pinnate, — odd pinnate, pin-
nate with single terminal leaflet (bot.}.

ungual (ung'gwal) a. [L. unguis, a
nail.] Pert, or having a nail or
claw ; appl. phalanges bearing claws
or nails (zool.}.

unguiculate (unggwik'ulat) a. [L.
unguiculus, a nail.] Clawed ; appl.
petals with narrowed stalk-like
portion below (bot.}.

unguis (ung'gwls) n. [L. unguis,
claw.] A nail or claw ; the narrow
stalk-like portion of some petals
(bot.} ; the lacrymal bone (anat.} ;
one of the chitinous hooks on the
foot of an Insect (zool.}.

ungula (iing'gula) n. [L. ungula,
hoof.] Hoof.

ungulate (iing'gulat) a. [L. ungula,
hoof.] Hoofed.

unguligrade (unggu'llgrad) a. [L.
ungula, hoof; gradus, step.] Walk-
ing upon hoofs (zool.}.

uniaxial (u'niak'sTal) a. [L. units,
one ; axis, axis.] With only one
axis (biol.}.

unibranchiate (u'mbrang'kiat) a. [L.
unus, one ; Gk. brangchia, gills.]
Having one gill (zool.}.

unlcapsular (u'nikap'sular) a. [L.
unus, one ; capsula, case.] Having
only one seed-case (bot.}.

unicellular (G'nTseTular) a. [L. unus,
one ; cellula, cell.] Having only
one cell, or consisting of only one
cell (biol.}.

unicorn (u'nlkorn) a. [L. unus, one ;

cornu, horn.] Having a single

horn-like spine ; appl. various shells,

etc. (zool.}.
unicostate (u'mkos'tat) a. [L. unus,

one ; costa, rib.] Having a single

prominent mid-rib, as certain leaves

(bot.}.
unicotyledonous (u'nikotile'donus) a.

[L. unus, one ; Gk. kotyle, leaf.]

Having a single cotyledon (bot.}.
unicuspid (u'mkus'pid) a. [L. unus,

one ; cuspis, point of a spear.]

Having one tapering point, as a

tooth (zool.}.
unidactyl (u'nidak'til) a. [L. unus,

one ; Gk. daktylos, finger.] Having

one digit only (zool.}.
uniembryonate (u'nigm'brionat) a.

[L. unus, one ; Gk. embryon, a

foetus.] Having one embryo only

(bot.}.
unifacial (u'mfa'shal) a. [L. unus,

one ; fades, the face.] Having one

face or chief surface (zool.}.
uniflagellate (u'niflaj'elat) a. [L.

unus, one ; flagellum, whip.] Hav-
ing only one flagellum (zool.}.
uninorous (u'nlflo'rus) a. [L. unus,

one ; ftos, flower.] Bearing only

one flower (bot.}.
unifoliate (u'nlfo'llat) a. [L. unus,

one ; folium^ leaf.] With only one

leaf (bot.}.
unifoliolate (u'nifo'llolat) a. [L. unus,

one ; foliolum, dim. of folium, leaf.]

Having one leaflet only (bot.}
unijugate (Q'nTjoog'at) a. [L. unus,

one ; jugum^ yoke.] Appl. pinnate

leaf having one pair of leaflets

(bot.}.
unilabiate (u'nila'biat) a. [L. unus,

one ; labium, lip.] With one lip

only (bot., zool.}.
unilamlnate (u'nllam'inat) a. [L.

unus, one ; lamina, layer.] Having

one layer only ; appl. tissues (bot.,

zool.}.
unilateral (u'nilat'eral) a. [L. unus,

one ; latus, side.] Arranged on

one side only (bot., zool.}.
unilocular (Q'nilok'ular) a. [L. unus,

one ; loculus, dim. of locus, place.]

One-celled ; having one division

only ; appl. ovaries (bot.}.
unimucronate (u'nimu'kronat) a. [L.

unus, one ; mucro, sharp point.]
Y

UNI-

338

URI-

Having a single sharp point or tip ;
appl. leaves, etc. (bot.}.
unlnucleate (u'ninu'kleat) a. [L. unus,
one ; nucleus, nucleus.] Having
one nucleus (biol.}.

uniparous (unrp'arus) a. [L. unus,
one ; parere, to beget.] Producing
one at a birth (zool.} ; having a
cymose inflorescence with one axis
at each branching (bot.}.
unipetalous (u'mpe't'alus) a. [L. unus,
one ; Gk. petalon, leaf.] Having
one petal (bot.}.

unipolar (u'mpo'lar) a. [L. unus, one ;
polus, pole.] Having one pole only ;
appl. some nerve-cells (anat.}.
uniseptate (u'nisSp'tat) a. [L. unus,
one ; septum, a hedge.] Having
one septum or dividing partition
(biol.}.

uniserial (u'mse'rial) a. [L. unus,
one ; series, rank.] Appl. fins with
radials on one side of the basalia
(zool.}.

uniserrate (u'niseYat) a. [L. unus,
one ; serra, saw.] Having only one
row of serrations on the edge (bot.}.
uniserrulate (u'nlsgr'ulat) a. [L. unus,
one ; serrula, dim. of serra, saw.]
Having one row of small serrations
on the edge (bot.}.

unisetose (Q'nTse'tos) a. [L. unus,
one ; seta, bristle.] Bearing one
bristle (zool.}.

unisexual (Q'nisSk'sual) a. [L. unus,
one ; sexus, sex.] Of one or other
sex ; distinctly male or female
(biol.}.

unispiral (u'ni spiral) a. [L. unus,
one ; spira, coil.] Having one
spiral only (bot.}.

units of Spencer, — the physiological
units which determined the form of
each living creature. These units
were regarded as intermediate be-
tween chemical molecules and cells,
and consequently must correspond
to groups of molecules. They are
quite useless as an interpretation
of heredity, but have this advantage
that they forced a more and more
searchinganalysis into the "bearers"
of heredity.

univalve (u'nivalv') n. [L. unus, one ;
•valvae, folding doors.] A shell
consisting of one piece or valve,
as a gastropod shell (zool.}.

unpaired (un'pard) a. [L. un, not ;

par, equal.] Situated in the median

line of the body, and consequently

single (zool.}.

unpaired fins, — the median dorsal and

ventral fins (zool.}.

urachus (u'rakus) n. [Gk. ouron,
urine ; echein, to hold.] The median
umbilical ligament (emb.} ; the
fibrous cord extending from bladder
to umbilicus (anat.}.
urceolate (ur'seb'lat) a. [L. urceolus,
small pitcher.] Pitcher-shaped ;
appl. calyx or corolla (bot.} ; shells
of various Protozoa (zool.}.
urceolus (ur'seolus) n. [L. urceolus,
small pitcher.] The external tube
of certain Rotifers (zool.} ; any urn-
shaped structure (bot.}.
urea (ure'a) n. [Gk. ouron, urine.]
A nitrogenous excretory substance,
the chief constituent of urine
(phys.}.

uredinium (u'redln'ium) n. [L. uredo,
blight.] In Rusts, the mycelium-
bearing uredospores (bot.}.
uredo (ure'do) n. [L. uredo, blight.]
The summer stage of many rust
Fungi (bot.}.

uredospores (ure'dosporz) n. plu. [L.
uredo, blight ; Gk. sporos, seed.]
Reddish summer spores borne on
each sporophore of Rusts, which fall
and spread the disease (bot.}.
ureter (ure'ter) n. [Gk. oureter,
ureter.] The duct conveying urine
from kidney to bladder or cloaca
(anat.}.

urethra (ure'thra) n. [Gk. ourethra,
from ouron, urine.] The duct
leading off the urine from the
bladder, and in the male conveying
the semen in addition (anat.).
urinary (u'rlnari) a. [Gk. ouron,
urine.] Pert, urine ; appl. bladder,
organ, papillae, kidney tubules, etc.
(anat.}.

urine (u'rin) n. [Gk. ouron, urine.]
A fluid excretion from the kidneys
in Mammals, a solid or semisolid
excretion in Birds and Reptiles
(phys.}.

uriniparous (u'rinip'arus) a. [Gk.
ouron, urine ; parere, to beget.]
Urine - producing ; appl. to the
kidney tubules in the cortical
portion of the kidney (anat.}.

URI-

339

URO-

urinogenital (u'rinojgn'ital) a. [Gk.
ouron, urine ; gignesthai, to pro-
duce.] Connected with urinary
and genital systems (anat.}.

urinogenital ridge, — one of a pair
of ridges from which the urinary
and genital systems are developed
(embJ).

urinogenital sinus, — a bladder or
pouch in connection with the
urinary and genital systems in
many animals (zool.}.

urite (u'rlt) n. [Gk. aura, tail.] An
abdominal segment in Arthropods
(zool.}.

urn (urn) n. [L. urna, a pitcher.]
The theca of Mosses (dot.}.

urns (urnz) n. plu. [L. urna, a
pitcher.] Ciliate bodies floating
in coeloinic fluid of Annulates
(zool.).

urobilin (u'robflm) n. [Gk. ouron,
urine ; L. bilis, bile.] A yellow
pigment in urine (phys.}.

urocardiac ossicle, — a short stout bar
forming part of the gastric mill
in Crayfish (zool.}.

urochord (u'rokord) n. [Gk. aura,
tail ; chorde, cord.] The notochord
when confined to the caudal region,
as in certain Tunicates (zool.}.

urochrome (u'rokrom) n. [Gk. ouron,
urine ; chroma, colour.] A yellowish
pigment to which the ordinary
colour of urine is due (phys.}.

urocoel (u'rosel) n. [Gk. ouron,
urine ; koilos, hollow.] An excre-
tory organ in the Mollusca, of
doubtful morphological nature
(zool.}.

urocyst (u'rosist) n. [Gk. ouron,
urine ; kystis, hollow.] The
urinary bladder (zool.}.

urodaeum (u'rode'um) «. [Gk. ouron,
urine ; odaios, way.] The part or
chamber of the cloaca into which
the ureters and genital ducts open
(zool.}.

urodelous (u'rode'lus) a. [Gk. oura,
tail ; delos, visible.] With per-
sistent tails ; appl. a certain division
of the Amphibians (zool.}.

urogastric (u'rcigas'trik) a. [Gk. oura,
tail ; gaster, stomach.] The tail
or posterior portion of the gastric
region in certain Crustaceans
(zool.}.

urogenital (u'rqje'n'ital),— see urino-
genital.

urohyal (u'rohlal) n. [Gk. oura, tail ;
hyoeides, Y-shaped.J A median
bony element in the hyoid arch
below the hypohyals (zool.}.

uromere (u'romer) n. [Gk. oura, tail ;
meros, part.] An abdominal seg-
ment in Arthropods (zool.}.

uroneme (u'ronem) n. [Gk. oura,
tail ; netna, thread.] One of tail-
like structures seen in some ciliate
Protozoa (zool.}.

uropatagium (u'ropata'jium) n. [Gk.
oura, tail ; L. patagium, border.]
The membrane stretching from one
femur to the other in Bats ; one
of the plates at the side of the
anus in Insects (zool.}.

uropod (u'ropod) n. [Gk. oura, tail ;
pous, foot.] Any of the abdominal
appendages in the Crayfish and
similar Crustaceans (zool.}.

uropygial (u'ropij'lal) a. [Gk. orros,
end of os sacrum ; pyge, rump.]
Pert, the uropygium ; appl. oil
gland (zool.}.

uropygium (u'ropij'ium) n. [Gk.
orros, end of os sacrum ; pyge,
rump.] The hump at the end of
a bird s trunk, containing the caudal
vertebrae, and supporting the tail
feathers (zool.}.

uropyloric (u'ropilor'ik) a. [Gk.
oura, tail ; pyle, gate.] Pert.
posterior portion of crustacean
stomach (zool.}.

urorectal (u'rorek'tal) a. [Gk. ouron,
urine ; rectus, straight.] Appl. em-
bryonic septum, which ultimately
divides the intestine into anal and
urogenital parts (emb.}.

urorubin (u'roroob'Tn) n. [Gk. ouron,
urine; L. ruber, red.] The red
pigment of urine (phys.}.

urosacral (u'rosa'kral) a. [Gk. oura,
tail ; sacrum, sacred.] Pert, caudal
and sacral regions of the vertebral
column (zool.}.

urosome (u'rosom) n. [Gk. oura,
tail ; soma, body.] Tail region of
Fish ; the abdomen of an Arthro-
pod (zool.}.

urostege (u'rostej) n. [Gk. oura,
tail ; stege, roof.] A ventral tail-
plate of a Serpent (zool.} • also
urostegite.

Y2

URO-

340

VAG-

urosteon (uros'teon) n. [Gk. oura,
tail ; osteon, bone.] A median
ossification on the back portion
of the keel-bearing part of the
sternum in Birds (zool.}.

urosternite (u'roster'nlt) n. [Gk.
oura, tail ; sternon, breast.] A
ventral plate of an arthropodan
abdominal segment (zool.}.

urosthenic (u'rosthen'ik) a. [Gk.
oura, tail ; sthenos, strength.]
Having the tail strongly developed
for propulsion (zool.}.

urostyle (u'rostll) n. [Gk. oura, tail ;
stylos, pillar.] An unsegmented
bone, the posterior part of the
vertebral column of anurous Amphi-
bians ; the hypural bone in Fishes
(zool.}.

Urthiere (oor'tere) n. plu. [Ger.
Urtkiere, protozoa.] A name given
by Oken to the Infusoria (biol.}.

urticant (ur'tikant) a. [L. urtica,
nettle.] Appl. thread-cells with
power of stinging.

use inheritance, — the transmission of
acquired characteristics (biol.}.

uterine (u'tSnn) a. [L. uterus, womb.]
Pert, uterus ; appl. artery, vein,
plexus of Mammals (anat., zool.}.

uterine bell, — a muscular bell-like
structure in the female of certain
thread-worms, communicating with
coelom and uterus (zool.}.

uteroabdominal (u'teroabdom'inal) a.
[L. uterus, womb ; abdomen,
stomach.] Pert, uterus and ab-
dominal region (ariat.}.

uterosacral (u'tSrosa'kral) a. [L.
uterus, womb ; sacrum, sacred.]
Appl. two ligaments of the sacro-
genital folds attached to the sacrum
(anat.}.

uterovaginal (Q't6r6vaj'inal) a. [L.
uterus, womb ; vagina, vagina.]
Pert, uterus and vagina (anat.}.

uterovesical (u'teroves'ikal) a. [L.
uterus, womb ; vesicula, vesicle.]
Pert, uterus and bladder (anat.}.

uterus (u'te'rus) n. [L. uterus, womb.]
The organ in female Mammals in
which the embryo develops and is
nourished before birth ; any en-
larged portion of the oviduct
modified to serve as a place for
development of young or of eggs in
lower vertebrates (anat.}.

uterus masculinus, — a large median
sac attached to the dorsal surface
of the urino-genital canal of the
male (zool.} ; the utriculus pros-
taticus (anat.}.

utricle (u'trikl) n. [L. utrzculus,a.small
bag or bottle.] An air-bladder ;
a membranous indehiscent one-
celled fruit (bot.} ; a membranous
sac of the ear-labyrinth ; the uterus
masculinus (zool.}.

utricular (utrik'ular) a. [L. utriculus,
small bag.] Containing vessels
like small bags ; appl. modification
of laticiferous tissue (bot.}.

utriculus (utrik'ulus) n. [L. utriculus,
small bag.] The utricle of the ear
(anat.} ; the air-bladder of aquatic
plants (bot.}.

uva (u'va) n. [L. uva, grape.] A
pulpy indehiscent fruit with central
placenta, like the grape (bot.}.

uvea (u'vea) n. [L. uva, grape.] The
pigmented epithelium covering the
posterior surface of the iris (anat.}.

uvula (u'vula) n. [L. uva, grape.]
A lobe of the cerebellum ; a conical
pendulous process from the soft
palate (anat.}.

.V

vacuolar (vaku'olar) a. [L. vacuus,
empty.] Pert, or like a vacuole.

vacuolated (vak'uola'ted) a. [L. vacu-
us, empty.] Containing vacuoles.

vacuole (vak'uol) n. [L. vacuus,
empty.] One of the spaces found
in cell protoplasm containing air,
sap, or partially digested food
material (cyt.}.

vagal (va'gal) a. [L. vagus, wander-
ing.] Pert, the vagus (anat.}.

vagina (vaji'na) n. [L. vagina, a
sheath.] A sheath or sheath-like
tube ; a canal leading from the
uterus to the external opening of
the genital canal (anat.} ; the ex-
panded sheath-like portion of a
leaf base (bot.}.

vaginal (vajl'nal, vaj'inal) a. [L.
vagina, sheath.] Pert, or supplying
the vagina ; appl. arteries, nerves,
etc. (anat.}.

VAG-

341

VAS-

vaginal process, — a projecting lamina
on the inferior surface of the petrous
portion of the temporal ; either of
a pair of laminae on the sphenoid
(anat.).

vaginate (vaj'inat) a. [L. vagina,
sheath.] Invested as with a sheath
(anat.).

vaginervose (vaj'iner'vos) a. [L.
vagus, wandering ; nervus, sinew.]
With irregularly-arranged veins
(dot.).

vaginicolous (vaj'imk'dlus) a, [L.
vagina, sheath ; colere, to inhabit.]
Appl. certain Infusorians which
build and inhabit sheaths or cases
(nooL\

vaginiferous (vaj'imf'erus) a. [L.
vagina, sheath ; ferre, to carry.]
Vaginate.

vaginipennate (vaj'inipen'at). a. [L.
vagina, sheath ; penna, feather.]
Having wings protected by a sheath
(zool.).

vaglnula (vajm'ula) n. [L. vaginula,
dim. of vagina, sheath.] A small
sheath (zool.} ; a sheath surrounding
the basal portion of the sporophyte
in Mosses (dot.).

vagus (va'gus) n. [L. vagus, wander-
ing.] The pneumogastric or tenth
cranial nerve (anat.).

vaUecula (valek'ula) n. [L. vallis,
valley.] A depression (anat.) ; a
groove or depression (dot.).

vallecular (valelc'ular) a. [L. vallis,
valley.] Pert, groove or depres-
sion.

vallecular canal, — one of the canals
in the cortical tissue of the stem of
the Horse-tails (hot.).

valleculate (valeVulat) a. [L. vallis,
valley.] Grooved.

valval (val'val) a. [L. -vulva, leaf,
fold.] Appl. view of a Diatom when
one whole valve is next the observer
(dot.).

valvar (val'var), — see valval.

valvate (val'vat) a. [L. valva, fold.]
Hinged at the margin only ; meet-
ing at the edges ; opening by so-
called valves (dot.) ; furnished with
valves (zool.).

valve (valv) n. [L. valva, fold.]
Any of the various structures which
permit flow in one direction, but
are capable of closing the tube or

vessel and preventing the backward
flow (anat.) ; any of the pieces
formed by a capsule on dehiscence ;
the lid-like structure of certain
anthers ; one of the pieces forming
the shell of a Diatom (dot.) ; any
of the pieces which form the shell
in certain Molluscs, Barnacles, etc. ;
one of the pieces forming the sheath
of the ovipositor in certain Insects
(zool.).

valve of Vleussens (vyii'song),— a thin
layer of white matter extending
between the superior peduncles of
the cerebellum (anat.).

valvelet (valv'lgt) n. [L. valva, fold.]
A valvula.

valvula (val'vula) «. [L. valvula,
dim. of valva, fold.] A small fold
or valve (anat.).

valvulae conniventes, — folds of mem-
brane found in the alimentary canal
from duodenum to ileum, affording
an increased area for secretion and
absorption (anat.).

vane (van) n. [A.S. fana, a small
flag.] The vexillum or web of a
feather, consisting of barbs, etc.
(zool.).

variant (va'riant) n. [L. varians,
changing.] An individual or
species deviating in some char-
acter or characters from the type
(dial.).

variation (va'rlashun) n. [L. variare,
to change.] Divergence from type
in certain characteristics (dial.).

varicellate (vartseTat) a. [L. varix,
ridge.J Apfil. shells with small or
indistinct ridges (zool.).

variola (va'riol) n. [L. varius,
various.] A small pit-like marking
found on various parts in Insects
(goal.).

varix (va'riks) n., varices (var'isez)
plu. [L. varix, dilatation.] One
of the prominent ridges across the
whorls of various univalve shells
showing the previous position of
the outer lip (zool.).

vas (vas) «., vasa (va'za) plu. [L.
vas, vessel.] A small vessel, duct,
blind tube, or canal (anat.).

vasa deferentia, — the ducts leading
from the testes to the penis (anat.),
or to the exterior, the urogenital
canal, or cloaca (sool.).

VA.S-

342

VEL-

vasa efferentia,— the tubes which
lead from the testis to the vas
deferens (anat.).

vasal (va'sal) a. [L. vas, vessel.]
Pert, or connected with a vessel.

vascular (vas'kular) a. [L. vascuhim,
small vessel.] Peri., consisting of,
or containing vessels adapted for
the transmission or circulation of
fluid (anat ).

vascular areas, — several scattered
areas developed between endoderm
and mesoderm of yolk-sac, the
beginnings of primitive blood-
vessels (emb.).

vascular bundle, — a group of special
cells consisting of two parts, the
xylem or wood portion and the
phloem or bast portion ; many of
the vascular bundles have in addi-
tion a thin strip of cambium
separating the two parts (hot.}.

vascular tissue, — specially modified
plant-cells, usually consisting of
either tracheal or sieve cells, for
the circulation of sap (bot.).

vasculum (vas'kulum) n. [L. vas-
culum, small vessel.] A pitcher-
shaped leaf or ascidium (pot.}.

vasifactlve (vas'ifak'tiv) a. [L. vas,
vessel ; facere, to make.] Produc-
ing new blood-vessels (emb.}.

vasiform (vas'iform) a. [L. vas,
vessel ; forma, shape.] Functioning
as or resembling a duct ; vascular
(biol.}.

vasoconstrictor (vas'okonstrik'tor) a.
[L. vas, vessel ; constringere, to
draw tight.] Causing constriction
(Phys.}.

vasodentine (vas'oden'tin) n. [L.
vas, vessel ; dens, tooth.] A variety
of dentine permeated by blood-
vessels (anat.}.

vasodilator (vas'odila'tor) a. [L. vas,
vessel ; dilatus, separated.] Relax-
ing or enlarging the vessels (phys.}.

vasoformative (vas'6f6r'mativ)) — see
vasifactive.

vasohypertonic (vas'ohi'pe'rtonTk), —
see vasoconstrictor.

vasohypotonic (vas'dhl'potonlk),— see
vasodilator.

vasoinhibitory (vas'6'inhib'itorl), — see
vasodilator.

vasomotion (vas'omo'shun) n. [L.
vas, vessel ; movers, to move.]

Any change in the calibre of a
blood-vessel (phys.}.

vasomotor (vas'omo'tor) a. [L. vas,
vessel ; movere, to move.] Appl.
nerves supplying the muscles in
the wall of blood - vessels and
regulating the calibre of the blood-
vessels, through containing both
vasoconstrictor and vasodilator
fibres (phys.}.

vastus (vas'tus) n. [L. vastus,
immense.] Name given to various
divisions or parts of the quadriceps
muscle of the thigh (anat.).

vegetal pole,— that side of a blastula
at which the megameres collect ;
opp. animal pole (emb.}.

vegetation (vej'eta'shun) n. [L.
vegetare, to enliven.] Plants con-
sidered collectively.

vegetative (vej'eta'tiv) a. [L. vegetare,
to enliven.] Appl. to stage of pure
growth in plants as opp. repro-
ductive ; appl. foliage shoots as
opp. flower or reproductive shoots
(hot.}.

vegetative cone, — the apical point
(hot.}.

vegetative pole, — see vegetal pole
(emb.}.

vegetative reproduction, — among
animals, a kind of asexual repro-
duction which consists in the
formation of buds (zool.).

veil (val) n. [L. velum, a sail.] The
velum ; the calyptra (bot.) ; the
velum (zool.}.

veins (vanz) n. plu. [L. vena, vein.]
The branched vessels which convey
blood to the heart (anat.} ; the
ribs or nervures of an insect wing
(zool.) ; the branching ribs or
nerves of a leaf (bot.).

velamen (vela'men) n. [L. velum,
a sail.] A membrane (anat.) ; a
sheath of tracheides at the apex of
the aerial roots of Orchids (bot.).

velar (ve'lar) a. [L. velum, a sail.]
Pert, situated near, or belonging to
the velum.

velarium (vela'rium) n. [L. velum,
covering.] The velum of certain
of the Cubomedusae, which differs
from a true velum in containing
endodermic canals (zool).

velate (ve'lat) a. [L. velum, cover-
ing.] Veiled ; covered by a velum.

VEL-

343

VER-

veliger (vel'ijer) n. [L. velum,
velum ; gerere, to carry.] The
second stage in the larval life of
certain Molluscs when the head
bears the velum (zool.).

vellus (veTus) n. [L. vellus, fleece.]
The stipe of a Fungus (hot.}.

velum (ve'lum) n. [L. velum, cover-
ing.] Any membrane or structure
likened to a veil (anat.) ; in Hydro-
medusae and certain Jelly-fish the
annular membrane projecting in-
wards from the margin of the bell ;
a membrane in connection with
the buccal cavity in the Lancelet ; a
membrane-like structure bordering
the oral cavity of certain Ciliates ;
the larval swimming organ of the
veliger larva (zool.) ; a mass of
tissue stretching from the stipe to
the pileus in certain Thallophytes
(hot.}.

velutinous (v&lu'tinus) a. [It. velluto,
velvet] Covered with very fine,
dense, short upright hairs (zool.).

velvet (veTvet) n. [M.E. veluet,
velvet.] The soft and vascular
skin which covers the antlers of
Deer during growth, but is later
rubbed off by the animal (zool.).

vena (ve'na) »., venae (ve'ne) plu.
[L. vena, vein.] Any of the vessels
by which the blood is carried from
the body to the heart (anat.).

venation (vena'shun) n. [L. vena,
vein.] Nervation ; the system or
disposition of veins or nervures
(bot., zool.).

venin (vSn'In) n. [L. venenum,
poison.] Any of the toxic sub-
stances in snake poison (phys.).

venomosalivary (vgn'omosal'ivari) a.
[L. venenum, poison ; salivare, to
salivate.] Pert, or designating
salivary glands of which the se-
cretion is poisonous (zool.).

venomous (vSn'omus) a. [L. ven-
enum, poison.] Having poison-
glands ; able to inflict a poison-
ous wound (zool.).

venose (ve'nos) a. [L. vena, vein.]
With many and prominent veins
(bot.).

venous (ve'nus) a. [L. vena, vein.]
Pert, vein ; applied to blood return-
ing to the heart after circulation
in the body (phys.).

vent (v6nt) n. [L. finders, to cleave.]
The anus ; the cloacal or anal
aperture in the lower vertebrates
(zool.).

vent feather, — an under tail covert
feather (zool.).

venter (veVtgr) n. [L. venter,
belly.] The abdomen ; lower ab-
dominal surface ; a protuberance,
as of a muscle ; a smooth concave
surface (anat.) ; the swollen basal
portion of an archegonium (bot.).

ventral (v&n'tral) a. [L. venter,
belly.] Pert, or situated on the
lower or abdominal surface (zool.) ;
pert, or designating that surface
of a petal, etc., that faces the centre
or axis of the flower ; appl. lower
surface of flattened ribbon -like
thalli (bot.).

ventricle (vfin'trikl) n. [L. ventri-
culus, dim. of venter, belly.] A
cavity or chamber, as in heart or
brain ; appl. fusiform fossa of
larynx (anat.) ; the gizzard of
Birds ; the mid-gut or chylific
ventricle of Insects (zool.).

ventricose (vgn'trikos) a. [L. venter,
belly.] Swelling out in the middle,
or unequally ; appl. shells (zool.).

ventricular (vgntrik'ular) a. [L.
ventriculus, belly.] Pert, a ven-
tricle ; appl. ligaments and folds
of the larynx ; appl. septum or
valves in heart (anat.).

ventriculus (vfintrTk'ulus), — see
ventricle.

ventrodorsal (v6n'trod6r'sal) a. [L.
venter, belly ; dorsum, back.] Ex-
tending from ventral to dorsal
surface (zool.).

ventrolateral (vgn'trolat'e'ral) a. [L.
venter, belly ; latus, side.] At the
side of the ventral region ; appl.
different structures in various
groups (zool.).

venule (vgn'ul) n. [L. venula, dim.
of vena, vein.] A small vein of an
insect's wing (zool.).

vermian (veYmian) a. [L. vennis,
worm.] Worm-like.

vermicular (vgrmlk'ular) a. [L.
vermis, worm.] Resembling a
worm in appearance or movement
(zool.).

vermiculate (vgrmik'ulat) a. [L.
vermis, worm.] Marked with

VER-

344

VES-

numerous fine lines or bands of
colour (zool.) ; marked by numerous
irregular depressed lines (hot.}.

vermiform (veYmif6rm) a. [L. vermis,
worm ; forma, shape.] Shaped
like a worm ; appl. numerous struc-
tures, but especially to the ap-
pendix.

vermis (veYmis) n. [L. vermis,
worm.] The annulated median
portion of the cerebellum (anat.) ;
the central portion of the cerebellum
in Birds and Reptiles (zool.).

vernation (vfirna'shun) n. [L. verna-
tion, sloughing.] The arrangement
of leaves within a bud (dot.).

verruca (vgrook'a) n. [L. verruca,
wart.] Any wart-like projection ;
one of the small wart-like pro-
jections surrounding the base of
the polyps in many of the Alcyo-
naria (zoo/.).

verruciform (veroos'if6rm) a. [L.
verruca, wart ; forma, shape.]
Wart-shaped.

verrucose (vgrook'os) a. [L. verruca,
wart.] Covered with wart-like pro-
jections (zool., bot.).

versatile (veYsatil) a. [L. versare, to
turn around.] Swinging freely ;
appl. anthers (bot.) ; capable of
turning backwards and forwards ;
appl. bird's toe (zool.).

versicoloured (veYsikulerd) a. [L.
versare, to change ; color, colour.]
Variegated in colour (bot.) ; capable
of changing colour (zool.).

vertebra (vgr'tebra) n. [L. vertebra,
joint.] Any of the bony or cartila-
ginous segments that make up
the backbone (anat., zool.) ; one of
the ossicles in an ophiuroid arm
(zool.).

vertebra prominens (prom'ingnz), —
the seventh cervical vertebra (anat.).

vertebral (vgr'tebral) a. [L. vertebra,
joint.] Pert, spinal column (anat.) ;
appl. various structures situated
near or connected with the spinal
column, or with any structure
likened to the spinal column (zool.).

vertebrarterial canal, — term applied
to the canal formed by the foramina
in the transverse processes of the
cervical vertebrae or between cervi-
cal rib and vertebra (zool.).

vertebrate (veVtSbrat) a. [L. vertebra,

joint.] Having a backbone or
spinal column (zool.).

vertebration (ver'tebra'shun) n. [L.
vertebra, joint.] Dividing up into
segments or divisions resembling
vertebrae (emb.).

vertex (ver'teks) n. [L. vertex, top.]
The top of the head ; the highest
point of the skull (anat.).

vertical (veYtlkal) a. [L. vertex, top.]
Standing upright ; lengthwise, in
direction of axis (bot.) ; pert, vertex
of head (zool.).

vertical margin, — the limit between
the frons and the occiput in Diptera
(zool.).

verticil (veYtisil) n. [L. verticillus,
dim. of vertex, whirl.] An arrange-
ment of flowers, structures or in-
florescences about the same point
on the axis (bot.).

verticillaster (veYtisilas'ter) n. [L.
verticillus, small whorl ; aster, star.]
A much condensed cyme with the
appearance of a whorl, but in reality
arising in the axils of opposite
leaves (bot.).

verticillate (vertis'ilat) a. [L. verti-
cillus, small whorl.] Appl. antennae
the joints of which are surrounded,
at equal distances, with stiff hairs
(zool.) ; disposed in verticils (bot.).

verumontanum (ver'oomonta'num) n.
[L. veru, spit ; montanum, moun-
tainous.] A small elevation on the
floor of the urethra where the
seminal ducts enter (anat.).

vesica (veYika) n. [L. vesica, bladder.]
The bladder.

vesical (veVikal) a. [L. vesica, blad-
der.] Pert, or in relation with the
bladder ; appl. arteries, etc. (anat.).

vesicle (ve"s'ikl) n. [L. vesicula, dim.
of vesica, bladder.] A small
globular or bladder-like air space
in the tissues (bol.) ; a small cavity
or sac usually containing fluid
(zool.) ; a hollow prominence on a
shell or coral (zool.) ; one of the
three primary cavities of the brain
(anat.).

vesicula (vgsik'ula) n. [L. vesicula,
small bladder.] A small bladder-
like cyst or sac (anat.).

vesicula seminalis, — a sac in which
spermatozoa complete their de-
velopment and are stored (zool.).

VES-

345

VIC-

vesicular (vgsik'ular) a. [L. vesicula,
small bladder.] Composed of or
marked by the presence of vesicle-
like cavities (bot., zool.}.
vesicular gland, — a gland in the
tissue underlying the epidermis in
plants and containing essential
oils (tot.).

vesiculase (vgslk'ulas) n. [L. vesicula,
small bladder.] An enzyme from
the secretion of the prostate gland,
which is capable of coagulating
the contents of the seminal vesicles
(phys.}.

vespertine (vgs'pSrtin) a. [L. vesper,
evening star.] Blossoming in the
evening (bot.} ; crepuscular (zool.}.

vespold (vfis'poid) a. [L. vespa,
wasp ; Gk. eidos, like.] Wasp-like
(zool.}.

vessel (v6s'6l) n. [L. vescellum, dim.
ofvasculum, vessel.] Any tube or
canal with properly defined walls
in which fluids, such as blood,
lymph, etc., circulate (anat.} ; a
continuous tube formed by the
superposition of numerous cells
(bot.}.

vestibular (vgstib'ular) a. [L. ves-
tibulum, a passage.] Pert, a
vestibule ; appl. artery, bulb, fissure,
gland, etc. (anat.}.

vestibulate (vfistlb'ulat) a. [L.- ves-
tibulum, a passage.] In the form
of a passage between two channels
(biol.} ; resembling a vestibule.

vestibule (vgs'tibul) n. [L. vestibulum,
passage.] A cavity leading into
another cavity or passage, as the
cavity of the ear-labyrinth ; the
space between the labia minora
containing the opening of the
urethra ; the portion of the ventricle
directly below the opening of the
aortic arch ; the cavity leading to
the larynx ; the nasal cavity (anat.} ;
the posterior chamber of a bird's
cloaca ; a small tubular or grooved
depression leading to the mouth in
most Infusorians ; the space within -
the circle of tentacles in endo-
proctan Polyzoans (zool.}.

vestibulum,— see vestibule.

vestige (vgs'tij) n. [L. vestigium, a
trace.] A small degenerate or
imperfectly developed organ or
part which may have been complete

and functional in some ancestor
(biol.}.

vestigial (vgstlj'ial) a. [L. vestigium,
trace.] Small and imperfectly
developed (biol.}.

vestiture (vgs'titur) n. [L. vestis,
garment.] A body covering, as of
scales, feathers, etc. (zool.}.
veterinary (vgt'grinari) a. [L.
veterinarius, pert, beast of burden.]
Pert, art of treating the diseases of
animals (zoo/.).

vexillary (vgk'sTlari, vgksil'arl) a. [L.
vexillum, standard.] Pert, a vexil-
lum ; appl. a type of aestivation in
which the upper petal is folded
over the others (bot.\
vexillate (vgk'silat) a. [L. vexillum,

standard.] Bearing a vexillum.

vexillum (vgk'sllum, vgksil'um) n.

[L. vexillum, standard.] The upper

petal in a papilionaceous flower

(bot.} ; the vane of a feather (zool.).

via (vfa, ve'a) n. [L. via, way.] A

way or passage (anat.}.
vibracula (vibrak'ula) n. plu. [L.
vibraculum, whip.] The movable
whip-like organs, supposed to be
modified zooids for defensive pur-
poses, found on the Polyzoa (zool.}.
vibracularium (vibrak'ula'rlum), — the

vibracula.

vibratile (vlb'r&til) a. [L. vibrare,
to quiver.] Oscillating ; appl.
antennae of Insects (zool.}.
vibratile corpuscles, — corpuscles
closely resembling sperms found
in the coelomic fluid of Star-fish
(zool.}.

vibrioid (vlb'rfoid) a. [L. vibrare,
to quiver ; eidos, like!] Like a
vibno, a bacterium with thread-like
appendages and a vibratory motion
(bot.}.

vibrioid body, — a slender cylindrical
body found in the superficial layer
of many Algae and Fungi (bot.}.
vibrissa (vlbris'a) n., vlbrissae
(vibrIs'e)//«. [L. vibrissa, a nostril
hair.] A hair growing on the
nostril or face of animals, the
whiskers of the cat, etc., acting
often as organs of touch (zool.}.
vicinism (vis'Inlzm) n. [L. vicinus,
neighbour.] The tendency to
variation due to the proximity of
related forms (biol.}.

VIL-

346

VIT-

villiform (vil'iform) a. [L. villus,
shaggy hair ; forma, shape.] Hav-
ing the form or appearance of
velvet ; appl. dentition (zool.).

villous (vil'us) a. [L. villus, shaggy
hair.] Pubescent (hot.) ; having
villi or covered with villi (zool.).

vlllus (vil'us) n., villi (vil'l) plu. [L.
villus, shaggy hair.] Trophonemata
or minute vascular processes on the
intestine lining ; processes on the
chorion through which nourishment
passes to the embryo (anat.) ; fine
straight processes on the epidermis
of plants (hot.},

vimen (vl'me'n) n., vimina (vim'ina)
plu. [L. vimen, twig.] A long
slender shoot or branch (hot.).

vinculum (ving'kulum) n., vincula
(ving'kula) plu. [L. vinculumt
chain.] Slender tendinous bands ;
accessory connecting bands of fibres,
as vincula brevia (anat.) ; a band
uniting the two main tendons of
the foot in Birds (zool.).

virescence (virfis'fins) n. [L. virescere,

to grow green.] The production of

. green colouring matter in petals

instead of the usual colouring

matter (hot.).

virgate (veYgat) a. [L. virga, twig.]
Rod-shaped.

virginal (ver'jTnSl) a. [L. virgo,
virgin.] Appl. female which repro-
duces parthenogenetically (zool.}.

virgula (ver'gulS) n. [L. virga, rod.]
A small rod, the axis of a Grapto-
lite.

viscera (vis'erii) n. plu. [L. viscera^
bowels.] The internal organs con-
tained in the various cavities of the
body (anat.).

visceral (vis'eral) a. [L. viscera,
bowels.] Pert, the viscera ; appl. to
numerous structures and organs
(anat.).

visceral arches, — a series of arches
developed in connection with the
mouth and pharynx (zool.).

visceral clefts,— a series of furrows
or clefts on the neck region be-
tween successive visceral arches,
which may or may not place the
pharynx in direct communication
with the exterior (anat.).

visceromotor (vls'erom6't6r) a. [L.
viscera, bowels ; movere, to move.]

Carrying motor impulses to the
viscera (phys.).

viscosity (viskos'itl) n. [L. viscosus,
viscous.] The internal friction in
liquids due to the adherence of
particles to one another (phys.).

visitant (viz'Itant) «. [L. visere, to
go to see.] Term appl. a bird
which is not an inhabitant of a
certain region, but appears at stated
periods in that region (zool.).

visual purple, — seerhodopsin (phys.).

vital force, — the peculiar form of
energy manifested in living phe-
nomena when considered distinct
from chemical, physical, and
mechanical forces (biol.).

vital functions, — the functions of the
body on which life depends (phys.).

vitalism (vl'talizm) n. [L. vita, life.]
The belief that the various phe-
nomena exhibited in living organ-
isms are due to a special force
quite distinct from physical forces
(biol.\

vitamines (vl'taminz) n. plu. [L.
vita, life ; ammoniacum, resinous
gum.] Active substances whose
absence in diet causes disease, —
as in beri-beri ; basic nitrogenous
substances occurring in varying
amounts in different foods (phys.).

vitellarium (vit'ela'rium) a. [L.
vitellus, yolk.] A special organ in
Flatworms and many Rotifers which
produces yolk-laden cells (zool.).

vitelligenous (vit'glij'eniis) a. [L.
vitellus, yolk ; gignere, to beget.]
Producing yolk ; appl. cells in the
ovary of many Insects (zool.).

vitellin (vitgl'Tn) n. [L. vitellus,
yolk.] The phospho-protein of egg-
yolk (phys.) ; a similar or related
substance in seeds (hot.).

vitelline (viteTin) a. [L. vitellus,
yolk.] Pert, the yolk, or yolk-
producing organ ; appl. artery,
vein, duct (zool., emb.).

vitellophags (vitgl'ofagz) n. plu. [L.
vitellus, yolk ; Gk. phagein, to eat.]
Isolated cells forming the hypoblast
of Crustacean egg (zool.).

vitellose (viteTos) n. [L. vitellus,
yolk.] A substance formed in the
digestion of yolk (phys.).

vitellus (vlteTus) n. [L vitellus,
yolk.] The yolk of an egg (emb.).

VIT-

347

WAN-

vitrella (vitrgl'a) n. [L. vitrum, glass.]
A crystalline cone cell of an in-
vertebrate eye (zool.).

vitreodentine (vit'reodgn'tin) n. [L.
vitreus, glassy ; dens, tooth.] A
very hard variety of dentine (zool.}.

vitreous (vit'reus) a. [L. vitreus,
glassy.] Transparent ; appl. a clear
jelly-like substance in the inner
chamber of the eye (anat.).

vitta (vlt'a) »., vittae (vlt'e) plu. [L.
vitta, band or fillet.] One of the
oil receptacles in an umbellifer fruit
(bot.) ; a band of colour (zool.).

viviflcation (viv'ifika'shun) n. [L.
vivus, living ; facere, to make.]
One of the series of changes in
assimilation by which the proteid
material which has been taken up
by the cell is able to exhibit the
phenomena of living protoplasm
(phys.).

vlviparity (viv'ipar'itT) n. [L. vivus,
alive ; parere, to beget.] The con-
dition of bringing the young forth
alive (zool.) ; or of multiplying by
means of shoots or bulbils (bot.).

viviparous (vivip'ariis) a. [L. vivus,
living ; parere, to beget.] Bringing
forth the young alive ; cf. oviparous
(zool.) ; germinating while still
attached to the parent (hot.).

vocal (vo'kal) a. [L. -vox, voice.]
Pert, voice or utterance of sounds.

vocal cords, — folds of mucous mem-
brane projecting into the larynx.

volar (vo'lar) a. [L. vola, the palm of
the hand.] Pert, palm of the hand
or to the sole of the foot (anat.).

Volkmann's canals (folk'm&nz), —
simple canals piercing the circum-
ferential or periosteal lamellae of
bone for the passage of blood-
vessels (phys.).

voluble (vol'ubl) a. [L. volvere, to
twist.] Twining spirally (bot.).

voluntary (vol'untari) a. [ L. voluntas,
will.] Subject to or regulated by
the will ; appl. action of muscles
(phys.}.

volute (volut') a. [L. volvere, to
twist.] Spirally twisted (zool.).

volutin grains, — grains formed in
cytoplasm and representing a food-
material which is absorbed by the
nucleus in growth and formation of
chromatin (cyt.).

volution (vSlu'shun) n. [L. volvere.

to twist.] The spiral twists of a

shell (zool.).
volva (vbl'va) n. [L. volva, wrapper.]

The sac-like structure enveloping

the stipes of an Agaric (bot.).
volvate (vol'vat) a. [L. volva>

wrapper.] Provided with a volva

(bot.).

vomer (vo'mer) n. [L. vonier, plough-
share.] A bone in the nasal region

of the skull (anat.).
vomerine (vo'mgrin) a. [L. vomer,

ploughshare.] Pert, the vomer ;

appl. teeth (zool.).
vomeronasal (vo'me'rona'zal) a. '[L.

vomer, ploughshare ; nasus, nose.]

Appl. cartilage and organ in region

of vomer and nasal cavity (anat.).
von Baer's law, — see recapitulation

theory,
vortex (vof'tfiks) n. [L. vortex;

vortex.] The spiral arrangement

of the muscle fibres at the apex of

the heart (anat.).
vulva (vul'va) ». [L. vulva, vulva.)

The external parts of the female

genital organs (anat.).
vulviform (vul'vlform) a. [L. vulva,

vulva ; forma, shape.] Like a cleft

with projecting lips (bot.) ; shaped

like a vulva (zool.).
vulvouterine (vul'vou'tgrin) a. [L

vulva, vulva ; uterus, womb.] Pert.

vulva and the uterus (anat.).
vulvovaginal (vul'vovaj'mal) a. [L

vulva, vulva; vagina, sheath.] Per*.

the vulva and the vagina (anat.).

w

Wallace's Line, — an imaginary line
separating the Australian and
Oriental regions : it ran between
Bali and Lombok, between Celebes
and Borneo, and then to the east-
ward of the Philippines (zool.).

Wallerian degeneration, — the de-
generation of nerve fibres following
section, — this proceeds from the
seat of the injury along the axon
away from the neuron (phys.).

wandering cells,— amoeboid cells of
mesogloea ; migratory leucocytes of
areolar tissue (zool.).

WAR-

348

WIN-

warm-blooded,— a term appl. animals
which have a fairly high and
constant temperature which is
above that of the surrounding
medium.

warning colours, — conspicuous
colours assumed by many animals
to warn off enemies (biol.}.

wart (w6rt) n. [A.S. wearte, wart.]
A dry excrescence formed on the
skin (zool.} • a firm glandular pro-
tuberance (dot.}.

•water-cells, — specialized cells in the
stomach of the camel for storage
of fluid (zool.}.

water culture, — the experimental
growing of plants in water to see
the effect of different salts on them
(bot.}.

water - gland, — a structure in the
mesophyll of leaves regulating
water excretion through stomata
(bot.}.

water - pore, — the minute ciliated
opening through the actinal wall
of the disc of Antedon (zool.} ; an
opening at the apex of a leaf-vein
for the excretion of water (bot.}.

water stomata, — pores on the sur-
faces of leaves for the excretion of
water (hot.}.

water - tube, — a ciliated branched
tube connected with the ring-vessel
and coelom (zool.}.

water vascular system, — a system of
canals circulating a watery fluid
throughout the body of Echino-
derms ; also applied to the ex-
cretory system of Platyhelminths
(zool.}.

wattle (wot'l) n. [A.S. -watel, bag.]
The fleshy process, usually red,
under the throat of a cock or
turkey (zool.}.

wax (waks) n. [A.S. iveax^ wax.] A
substance produced by bees and
used in forming the honeycomb
(zool.}.

wax pocket, — a wax-secreting cavity
on the abdomen of the bee (zool.}.

web (w6b) n. [A.S. -webbe, web.]
The membrane stretching from toe
to toe in swimming Birds; vexillum ;
the fine network of threads spun by
Spiders (zool.}.

webbed (w6bd) a. [A.S. webbe, web.]
Appl. feet of swimming Birds owing

to the toes being connected by a
membrane (zool.}.

Weberian apparatus, — an apparatus
found in Cypriniformes connecting
the ear with the air-bladder, first
described by Weber (zool.}.

Weberian ossicles, — a chain of four
small bones stretching on each side
from a membranous fenestra of the
atrium to the air-bladder in Cyprini-
formes (zool.}.

wedge bones, — small infravertebral
ossifications at the junction of two
vertebrae, often present in Lizards
(zool.}.

Weismannism (wis'mamzm) n.
[ Weismann, German biologist.]
The teaching of Weismann in con-
nection with evolution and heredity,
chiefly dealing with the continuity
of the germ-plasm, and the non-
transmissibility of acquired char-
acteristics.

wheal (hwel) n. [A.S. hwelian, to
inflame.] A long-continued shorten-
ing and thickening of a muscle
fibre on stimulation (phys.}.

wheel organ, — the locomotory ciliated
ring of Rotifers ; the specialized
ciliated epithelial structure in the
buccal cavity of the Cephalochorda
(zool.}.

white body, — the so-called optic
gland of Molluscs, a large soft body
of unknown function (zool.}.

white corpuscle, — a leucocyte.

white matter,— tracts of medullated
fibres in brain and spinal cord (anat.}.

white yolk spheres,— minute vesicles
forming a flask-shaped plug in the
centre of the egg-yolk, and a layer
investing it (cyt.}.

whorl (hworl) n. [A.S. hiueorfa, a
wheel.] The spiral turn of a uni-
valve shell (zool.} ; a circle of
flowers or parts of a flower arising
from one point (bot.}.

wind-fertilization,— the fertilization
of plants by pollen carried by the
wind (bot.}.

wing (wing) n. [M.E. ivinge^ wing.]
One of two lateral petals in a
papilionaceous flower ; the lateral
expansion on many seeds (bot.} ;
any broad membranous expansion ;
the fore-limb of Birds ; the flight
organ of Insects (zool.}.

WIN-

349

XEN-

•wing coverts, — see tectrices.

wing pad, — the undeveloped wing of

insect pupae (zool.).
wing petal, — the lateral petal in

papilionaceous plants (dot.).
winter egg,— the egg of many fresh-
water forms provided with a thick
shell which preserves it as it lies
quiescent during the winter ; cf.
summer eggs (zoo I.).
wisdom teeth, — the four molar teeth
which complete the permanent set
in man, erupting much later than
the others (anat,).

wolf tooth,— a small premolar tooth
at the front' of the premolar series,
occasionally present in Horses
(zool.).

Wolfflan (wool'flan) a. \_Wolff, em-
bryologist.] Afipl. certain structures
first discovered by Wolff.
Wolfflan body, — the embryonic meso-
nephros which arises bythedevelop-
ment of a series of mesonephnc
tubules (anat.).

Wolffian duct,— the duct of the
mesonephros : this may arise either
by a splitting of the pronephric
duct, or it may be the whole of the
pronephric duct (anat.).
Wolfflan ridges, — ridges which appear
on either side of the middle line of
the early embryo, and upon which
the limb-buds are formed (emb.).
wood (wood) n. [A.S. wudu, wood.]
The hard substance of a tree stem,
the xylem of the vascular bundles
(hot.}.

wood cell, — one of the special cells
in the xylem of a vascular bundle
(hot.}.
wood fibres, — sclerenchymatous

fibres (bot.).
wood parenchyma, — lignified paren-

chymatous cells (bot.).
wood vessel, — an element of tracheal
tissue, a long tubular structure
formed by cell-fusion (bot.).
Woolner's tubercle, — see Darwinian

tubercle (zool.).
worker, — a non-fertile female in a

colony of social Insects (zool.).
worm (wurm) n. [A.S. ivyrm, worm.]
A general name of no scientific
value, used to designate any of
the Flatworms, Roundworms, Poly-
chaetes or Oligochaetes (zool.).

Wormian bones (wor'mlan), — see

sutural bones,
wrist bones,— the name applied to

the bones that go to make up the

carpus (zool.).

xanthin (zan'thln) n. [Gk. xanthos>
yellow.] Yellow colouring matter
in flowers (bot.).

xanthine (zan'thm, zan'then) n. [Gk.
xanthos, yellow.] Dioxy-purine,
found in muscle, liver, pancreas,
and in urine ; also in certain plants

xanthocarpous (zan'thokar'pus) a.
[Gk. vanities, yellow ; karpos^ fruit.]
Having yellow fruits (bot.).

xanthodont (zan'thodSnt) a. [Gk.
xantfwS) yellow ; odous, tooth.]
Having yellow-coloured incisors ;
appl. certain Rodents (zool.).

xanthophane (zan'thofan) n. [Gk.
xanthos, yellow ; phainein, to
appear.] Chromophane.

xanthophyll (zan'thofil) n. [Gk.
xanthos, yellow ; phyllon, leaf.] A
yellow colouring matter found in
autumn leaves, probably a con-
stituent of chlorophyll (bot.).

xanthopous (zan'thopiis) a. [Gk.
xanthos, yellow ; pous, foot.] Hav-
ing a yellow stem (bot.).

xanthospermous (zan'thospeVmus) a.
[Gk. xanthos, yellow ; sperma, seed.]
Having yellow seeds (bot.).

xenarthral (ze'nar'thral) a. [Gk. xenos,
strange ; arthron, joint.] Having
additional articular facets on the
dorso-lumbar vertebrae (zool.).

xenia (ze'nta) n. [Gk. xenios, hospit-
able.] Appearances in the seed
of characters, after cross-fertiliza-
tion, belonging to foreign pollen
parent (bot.).

xenogamy (ze'nSg'aml) n. [Gk. xenos,
strange ; gamos, marriage.] Cross-
fertilization (bot.).

xenogenesis (zgn'6j6n'6sls) n. [Gk.
xenos, strange ; gigneslhai, to pro-
duce.] Heterogenesis (biol.).

xenomorphosis (ze'n'om&r'fosTs) n.
[Gk. xenos, strange ; morphe^ shape.]
Heteromorphosis.

XEN-

350

YOL-

xenophya (zeVoffa) n.plu. [Gk. xenos,
strange ; phyein, to grow.] Foreign
bodies deposited in interspaces of
certain Sarcodina, or used in forma-
tion of shells of certain Protozoa
(zool.}.

xerophilous (zerof ilus) a. [Gk. xeros,
dry ; philein, to love.] Able to
withstand drought ; appl. plants
adapted for a limited water supply
(hot.}.

xerophyte (ze'rofit) n. [Gk. xeros,
dry ; phyton,- plant.] A xerophilous
plant ; a plant growing in desert
or alkaline soil (dot.).

xiphihumeralis (zifihume'ra'lis) n.
[Gk. xiphos, sword ; L. humerus,
shoulder.] A muscle extending
from xiphoid cartilage to humerus
(anat.).

xiphiplastron (zif'Tplas'tron) n. [Gk.
xiphos, sword ; F. plastron, shield.]
The fourth lateral plate in the
plastron of Chelonia (zool}.

xiphisternum (zifisteVnum) n. [Gk.
xiphos, sword ; L. sternum, breast-
bone.] The posterior segment or
ensiform process of the sternum
(anat.').

xiphoid (ztf'oid) a. [Gk. xiphos,
sword ; eidos, shape.] Sword-
shaped ; ensiform (anat.}.

xiphoid process, — the last segment of
the sternum (anat.} ; the tail or
telson of Limulus (zool.}.

xiphophyllous (zif'ofil'us, zlfof'ilus) a.
[Gk. xiphos, sword ; phyllon, leaf.]
Having sword-shaped leaves' (hot.}.

xylem (zl'lfim) «. [Gk. xylon, wood.]
The lignified portion of a vascular
bundle (bot.}.

xylocarp (zi'lokarp) n. [Gk. xylon,
wood ; karpos, fruit.] A hard
woody fruit (bot.}.

xylogen (zl'lojgn) n. [Gk. xylon,
wood; gignesthai, to produce.] The
forming wood in a bundle (bot.}.

xyloid (zfloid) a. [Gk. xylon, wood ;
eidos, shape.] Woody, or re-
sembling wood in structure (dot.}.

xyloma (zilo'ma) n. [Gk. xylon,
wood.] A hardened mass of
mycelium which gives rise to spore-
bearing structures in certain Fungi
(bot.}.

xylophagous (zllof'agus) a. [Gk.
xylon, wood ; phagein, to eat.]

Wood-eating ; appl. certain Mol-
luscs and Insects (zool.}.

xylostroma (zHostro'ina) n. [Gk.
xylon, wood ; stroma, couch.] The
felt-like mycelium of certain wood-
destroying Fungi (bot.}.

xylotomous (zllot'omus) a. [Gk. xylon,
wood ; temnein, to cut.] Able to
bore or cut wood (zool.}.

yellow cartilage, — a cartilage in
which the matrix is everywhere
pervaded by yellow connective
tissue fibres (anat.}.

yellow cells, — cells surrounding the
gut of an earthworm, probably ex-
cretory in function ; cells occurring
in the intestine of Turbellarians ; in
Radiolarians, symbiotic algae or
zoochlorellae (zool.}.

yellow fibres, — see elastic fibres.

yellow spot, — the macula lutea of the
retina (anat.}.

yolk (yok) n. [A.S. geoloca, the
yellow part] The inert, or non-
formative, nutrient material in the
ovum (emb.}.

yolk-duct, — the vitelline duct (zool.}.

yolk - epithelium, — the epithelium
surrounding the yolk-sac (emb.}.

yolk-gland, — a gland in connection
with the reproductive system in
certain worms by which the egg is
furnished with a supply of food-
material ; the oviducal gland in
certain vertebrates (zool}.

yolk-nucleus, — a cytoplasmic body
appearing in the ovarian egg (cyt.}.

yolk-plates, — parallel lamellae into
which the deutoplasm may be split
up in egg-yolk of Amphibia and
many Fishes.

yolk -plug, — the mass of yolk-cells
filling up the blastopore, as in the
Frog (cyt}.

yolk-pyramids,— certain of the cells
formed in the segmenting egg of
the Crayfish (zool.}.

yolk-sac, — a membranous sac at-
tached to the embryo and contain-
ing yolk, which passes to the
intestine through the vitelline duct,
and acts as food for the developing
embryo (emb.}.

YOL-

361

ZON-

yolk - spherules, — the remains of
neighbouring cells or of pseudo-
cells found in the ovum (smb.}.

yolk-stalk, — a short stalk or strand
containing ducts and connecting
the yolk-sac and the embryo (emb.).

ypsilifonn (ipsil'iform) a. [Gk. T,
upsilon; L. forma, shape.] T-
shaped ; appl. the germinal spot
at a certain stage in its development
(emb.\

ypsilold (ip'siloid) a. [Gk. T, upsilon ;
eidos, resemblance.] Ypsiliform.

ypsiloid cartilage,— attached to the
pubes in Salamanders with func-
tional lungs (zoo/.).

zalambdodont (zalam'dodont) a. [Gk.
za, very ; lambda, A ; odous, tooth.]
Appl. insectivores with narrow
molar teeth with V-shaped trans-
verse ridges (zoo/.).

zero (ze'ro) n. [Ar. $ifrun, cipher.]
The origin of graduation.

zero, physiological, — the point of
adaptation to temperature.

Zinn, zonule of, — see zonula ciliaris
(anat.).

zoaea (zoe'a) n. [Gk. zoe, life.] A
zoea.

zoarium (zoa'rium) n. [Gk. zoon,
animal.] The whole of the indi-
viduals of a polyzoan colony ; a
polypary (zoo!.).

zodiophilous (zo'diof'ilus) a. [Gk.
zoon, animal ; philein, to love.]
Zoophilous.

zoea (zoe'a) n. [Gk. zoe, life.] An
early larval form of certain decapod
Crustaceans (zoo/.).

zoeaform (zoe'aform) a. [Gk. zoe,
life ; L. forma, shape.] Shaped
like a zoea (zoo/.).

zoecial (zoe'shial) a. [Gk. zoon,
animal ; oikos, house.] Pert, or
resembling a zooecium (zoo/.).

zoecium (zoe'shtum) n. [Gk. zoon,
animal ; oikos, house.] See zooe-
cium.

zoetic (zoet'ik) a. [Gk. zoe, life.] Of
or pert, life (biol.).

zoic (zo'lk) a. [Gk. zoikos, peri, life.]
Pert, animals or animal life (zoo/.).

zoid (zoid) a. [Gk. zoon, animal ;
eidos, resemblance.] A sporozoite
formed by division of sporoblasts
of Haemosporidia (zoo/.).

zoidophore (zo'Idofor) n. [Gk. zoon,
animal ; eidos, shape ; pherein, to
bear.] A spore mother cell or
sporoblast formed by the segmenta-
tion of the oocyte in Haemosporidia
(zoo/.).

zona (zo'na) n. [Gk. zone, girdle.]
A zone, band, or area.

zona arcuata, — the inner part of the
basilar membrane supporting the
organ of Corti (anat.).

zona fasciculata,— radially arranged
columnar cells in the suprarenal
gland below the outer layer (anat.).

zona pectinata, — the outer division of
the basilar membrane (anat.).

zona pellucida,— the thick transparent
membrane surrounding the mam-
malian ovum (smb.).

zona reticularis, — the inner cortical
layer of the suprarenal gland
(anat.).

zonal (zo'nal) a. [L. zonalis, pert.
zone.] Of m pert, a zone.

zonal symmetry, — see metamerism
(zoo/.).

zonal view, — the view of a Diatom in
which the girdle is seen (bot.).

zonary (zo'nari) a. [Gk. zonarion,
dim. of zone, girdle.] Pert, the
Zonaria, a division of deciduate
Mammals in Huxley's classification
(zoo/.).

zonary placenta, — see placenta.

zonate (zo'nat) a. [Gk. zone, girdle.]
Zoned or marked with rings ; ar-
ranged in a single row, as various
tetraspores (bot.}.

zone (zon) n. [Gk. zone, girdle.]
An area Characterized by a similar
fauna or^flora (biol.) ; a stratum or
set of beds characterized by a
typical fossil or set of fossils (pal.).

zonociliate (zo'nosU'fat) a. [Gk. zone,
girdle; L. ciliunt, eyelash.] Banded
with cilia, as certain annelid larvae
(zoo/.).

zonoid (zo'noid) a. [Gk. zone, girdle ;
eidos, resemblance.] Like a zone.

zonolimnetic (zo'nolimnet'ik) a. [Gk.
zone, girdle ; limne, pool.] Of or
pert, a certain zone in depth ; appl.
plankton (biol.).

ZON-

352

ZOO-

zonoplacental (zo'noplase'n'tal) a, [L.
zona, girdle ; placenta, cake.]
Having a zonary placenta (zool.}.

zonula ciliaris (zo'nula silla'ris) n.
[L. zonula, dim. of zona, girdle ;
cilium, eyelash.] The hyaloid
membrane forming the suspensory
ligament of the lens of the eye
(anat.}.

zonule (zo'nul) n. [L. zonula, dim. of
zona, girdle.] A little zone, belt,
or girdle ; a zonula (anat.}.

zooblast (zo'oblast) n. [Gk. zoon,
animal ; blastos, bud.] An animal
cell.

zoocaulon (zo'okol'on) n. [Gk. zoon,
animal ; kaulos, stalk.] See zoo-
cleiiclrium.

zoochlorellae (zo'okloreTe) n. plu.
[Gk. zoon, animal ; chloros, green.]
Symbiotic green Algae (Proto-
coccaceae) living in various groups
of the Protozoa, e.g. Sarcodina,
Radiolaria (biol.}.

zoocoenocyte (zo'ose'noslt) n. [Gk.
zoon, animal ; koinos, common ;
kytos, hollow vessel.] A coenocyte
bearing cilia in certain Algae such
as Vaucheria (bot.}.

zoocyst (zo'oslst) n. [Gk. zoon, animal ;
kystis, hollow sac.] A sporocyst
(zool.}.

zoocytium (zo'osit'Ium) n. [Gk. zoon,
animal ; kytos, hollow sac.] In
certain Infusoria, the common
gelatinous and often branched
matrix (zool.}.

zoodendrium (zo'oden'drium) n. [Gk.
zoon, animal ; dendron, tree.] The
tree-like branched stalk of certain
colonial Infusorians (zoo/.).'

zoodynamics (zS'odlnam'iks) n. [Gk.
zoon, animal ; dynamis, power.]
The physiology of animals (phys.}.

zooecium (zoe'sium, zoe'shtum) n.
[Gk. zoon, animal ; oikos, house.]
A chamber or cell enclosing a
polyzoan nutritive zooid (zool.}.

zooerythrin (zo'ogrith'rin) n. [Gk.
zoon, animal ; erythros, red.] A
red pigment found in the plumage
of various Birds (zool.}.

zoofulvin (zo'oful'vin) n. [Gk. zoon,
animal ; L. fulvus, yellow.] A
yellow ipigment found in the
plumage of various Birds (zool.}.
(zo'ogamct') //. [Gk. soon,

animal; gamos, marriage.] A motile
gamete or planogamete (bot.}.

zoogamy (zSog'ami) n. [Gk. zoon,
animal ; gamos, marriage.] Sexual
reproduction in animals (zool.}.

zoogenesis (zo'ojgn'esis) n. [Gk. zoon,
animal ; gignesthai, to produce.]
The origin of animals (biol.}.

zoogeography (zo'ojeog'rafi) n. [Gk.
zoon, animal ; ge, earth ; graphein,
to write.] The science of the dis-
tribution of animals on earth (biol.}.

zoogloea (zo'ogle'a) ». [Gk. zoon,
animal ; gloia, glue.] A mass of
bacteria embedded in a muci-
laginous matrix, frequently forming
an iridescent film (zool.}.

zoogonidium (zo'ogonid'ium) n. [Gk.
zoon, animal ; gonos, offspring.]
One of the motile spores formed
in the gonidangium of Algae (bot.}.

zoogonous (zoog'onus) a. [Gk. zoon,
animal ; gonos, offspring.] Vivi-
parous (zool.}.

zooid (zo'oid) n. [Gk. zoon, animal ;
eidos, like.] A member of a com-
pound animal organism ; an indi-
vidual or person in a coelenterate
or polyzoan colony ; the posterior
genital and non-sexual region
formed in many Polychaetes (zool.}.

zoolith (zo'olith) n. [Gk. zoon,
animal ; lithos, stone.] A fossil
animal.

zoology (zool'djl) n. [Gk. zoon,
animal ; logos, discourse.] The
branch of science dealing with the
structure, functions, history, and
distribution of animals.

zoon (zo'on) n. [Gk. zoon, animal.]
An individual developed from an
egg (zool.}.

zoonerythrin (zS'ongrith'rin) n. [Gk.
zoon, animal ; erythros, red.] A
red colouring matter found in
various animals (zool.}.

zoonite (zo'onit) n. [Gk. zoon, animal.]
A body segment of an articulated
animal (zool.}.

zoonomy (zoon'b'ml) n. [Gk. zoon,
animal ; nomos, law.] The laws
dealing with animal life (biol.}.

zoophilous (zoof'ilus) a. [Gk. zoon,
animal ; philein, to love.] Appl.
plants which are adapted for
pollination by animals other than
Insects (bot.}.

ZOO-

353

ZYG-

zoophyte (z5'6flt) n, [Gk. ZOOM,
animal ;phyton, plant.] Any animal
resembling a plant in appearance
or growth.

zooplankton (zo'oplang'kton) n. [Gk.
zoon, animal; plangktos, wander-
ing.] That part of the plankton
consisting of animals (biol.}.

zooplasm (zo'dplazm) n. [Gk. zoon, an i-
mal ; plasma, something moulded.]
Living substance which depends on
the products of other living organ-
isms for nutritive material.

zoosperm (zS'ospSrm) n. [Gk. zoon,
animal ; sperma, seed.] A sperma-
tozoon (zoo!.) ; a zoospore (dot.}.

zoosporangium (zo'osporan'jium) n.
[Gk. zoon, animal ; sporos, seed ;
anggeion, vessel.] A sporangium
in which zoospores develop (hot.}.

zoospore (zo'ospor) n. [Gk. zoon,
animal ; sporos, seed.] A swarm-
cell, flagellate or amoeboid, in
many Protozoa (zoo/.) ; a motile
protoplast in certain Algae (dot.}.

zoothecium (zo'othe'sium, zo'pthe'-
shium) n. [Gk. zoon, animal ;
thekion, dim. of theke, case.] A
zoocytium.

zoothome (zo'othom) n. [Gk. zoon,
animal ; thomos, heap.] Any group
of individuals in a living Coral
(zoo!.).

zootomy (zoot'om!) n. [Gk. zoon,
animal ; temnein, to cut.] The
anatomy of animals other than
man (zoo I.).

zooxanthellae (zo'ozantheTe) n. plu.
[Gk. zoon, animal ; xanthos, yellow.]
Yellow cells or symbiotic unicellular
Algae living in various Protozoa
(biol.).

zooxanthin (zo'ozan'thin) n. [Gk.
zoon, animal ; xanthos, yellow.]
A yellow pigment found in the
plumage j>f certain Birds (zoo!.).

zwischenkorper (tsvish'e'nkerpe'r) n.
[Ger. zwischen, between ; kbrper,
body.] A body or group of gran-
ules, probably comparable with the
cell-plate in plants, formed in the
equatorial region of the spindle
during the anaphases of mitosis
(cyt.).

zygantrum (zlgan'trum) n. [Gk.
zygon, yoke ; antron, cave.] A
fossa on the posterior surface of

the neural arch of the vertebrae of
Snakes and certain Lizards (zoo!.).

zygapophysis (zl'gapof'TsIs) n. [Gk.
zygon, yoke ; apophysis, process of
a bone.] One of the processes of
a vertebra by which it articulates
with adjacent vertebrae (anat.}.

zygobranchiate (zl'gobrang'kiat) a.
[Gk. zygon, yoke ; brangchia, gills.]
Having the gills symmetrically
placed and renal organs paired ;
appl. a group of Gastropods (zoo!.).

zygocardiac (zl'gokar'diak) ossicles, —
paired lateral ossicles in the gastric
mill of the Crayfish (zoo!.).

zygodactyl (zl'godak'til) a. [Gk.
zygon, yoke ; daktylos, digit.]
Having two toes pointing forward,
two backward, as in parrots (zoo!.).

zygodont (zfgodont) a. [Gk. zygon,
yoke ; odous, tooth.] Having molar
teeth in which the four tubercles
are united in pairs (zoo!.).

zygoma (zlgo'ma) n. [Gk. zygoma,
yoke.] The bony arch of the cheek.

zygomatic (zi'gomat'ik) a. [Gk.
zygoma, yoke.] Of or pert, the
zygoma (anat.).

zygomaticofacial (zl'gomat'Tkofa'sIal)
a. [Gk. zygoma^ yoke ; L. fades,
face.] Appl. foramen on the malar
surface of zygomatic for passage of
nerve and vessels (anat.}.

zygomaticotemporal (zl'gomat'lko-
tgm'poral) a. [Gk. zygoma, yoke ;
L. temporalis, temporary.] Appl.
suture, foramen, nerve, etc., at
temporal surface of zygomatic
(anat.).

zygomorphic (zl'gomor'flk), zygomor-
phous (zl'gom&r'fus) a. [Gk. zygon,
yoke ; morphe, shape.] Bilaterally
symmetrical ; appl. irregular petal
arrangement (biol.).

zygoneury (zl'gonu'ri) n. [Gk. zygon,
yoke ; neuron, nerve.] In certain
Gastropods, having a connective
between the pleural ganglion and
the ganglion on the visceral branch
of the opposite side (zoo!.).

zygophore (zl'gofor) n. [Gk. zygon,
yoke ; pherein, to bear.] A conju-
gating hypha in certain Fungi (hot.}.

zygophyte (zl'goflt) n. [Gk. zygon,
yoke ; phyton, plant.] A plant with
two similar reproductive cells which
unite in fertilization (bot.\

ZYG-

354

ZYM-

zygopleural (zl'goploor'al) a. [Gk.
zygon, yoke ; pleuron, side.] Bi-
laterally symmetrical.

zygosis (zigo'sis) n. [Gk. zygosis,
balancing.] Conjugation.

zygosperm (zi'gosperm) n. [Gk.
zygon, yoke ; sperma, seed.] A
zygospore.

zygosphene (zl'gosf en) n. [Gk. zygon,
yoke ; sphen, wedge.] An articular
process on the anterior surface of
the neural arch of vertebrae of
Snakes and certain Lizards, which
fits into the zygantrum (anat.).

zygosporangium (zi'gosporan'jium) n.
[Gk. zygon, yoke ; sporos, seed ;
anggeion, vessel.] A sporangium
in which zygospores are formed
(bot.\

zygospore (zi'gospor) n. [Gk. zygon,
yoke ; sporos, seed.] A zygote ; a
cell formed by the conjugation of
similar cells (&?/.).

zygosporophore (zfgospo'rofor) n.
[Gk. zygon, yoke ; sporos, seed ;
p herein, to carry.] Zygophore.

zygotaxis (zi'gotak'sis) n. [Gk. zygon,
yoke ; taxis, arrangement.] The
tendency towards conjugation be-
tween two specialized hyphae in
certain Fungi (bot,\

zygote (zi'got) n. [Gk. zygotes, yoked.]

Any cell formed by the union of
two gametes or reproductive cells
(biol.).

zygotoblast (zl'gotoblast') n. [Gk.
zygotes, yoked ; blastos, bud.] A
sporozoite produced by segmenta-
tion of the zygotomere in Haema-
moebae (zool.).

zygotomere (zl'gotomer') n. [Gk.
zygotes, yoked ; meros, part.J ' A
cell formed by segmentation of the
zygote in Haemamoebae (zool.). .

zygotonucleus (zl'gotb'nu'kleus) n.
[Gk. zygotes, yoked ; L. nucleus,
kernel.] A nucleus formed by the
fusion of two gametonuclei (zool.).

zygozoospore (zi'gozo'ospor) n. [Gk.
zygon, yoke ; zoon, animal ; sporos,
seed.] A motile cell formed by the
union of two similar cells (zool.).

zymase (zl'mas) n. [Gk. zyme, leaven.]
An enzyme found in yeast cells
(aot.).

zymogen (zi'mojen) n. [Gk. zyme,
leaven.] A substance capable of
being transformed into a ferment
(Phys.).

zymosis (zimo'sis) n. [Gk. zyme,
leaven.] Fermentation.

zymotic (zfmot'ik) a. [Gk. zymotikos,
causing fermentation.] Pert, or
caused by fermentation.

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