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6 91 0 40 6 100 9 
0 ืคื˜ืืคื‘ ืคืกื ืคื—ืจื‘ 506 ื•ื•ื‘ื•ืŸ 9 


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ื—ื ืจ ืฉ} ืกืกื—ื–ืืคื”ื•ื›ื‘ืชื– 


ืคื˜ืกื•ืืคื” ื“ืกื ืกื 8456 ื•ืก 
ื“ืฒึทืืกืกืก ืคึผื•ื•ื–ื“ ื•ืืก 1195 ืืก ืคืกื”ืืก 


ืฆื”ืื”ืžื•) ืกื–ืืกื”ืกื“ ื–ืก ืฆื–ื•ืคื”ืฉืฆื•ืื˜ 


ืกื˜ื•ื—ืกื–2/ ื–ืกื—ื–ืก1ื—! ืกื—} ืขืก 60:ื•ืกื•ืก 
ื—ื•ืกื–ื– ืกืžื•ืกืžื˜ื– ื—ื–ื•ืฉ 2011 ื—ื• 
ืกื•ื—ืกื–ืกื“ 01 ืฆื•ื•ืคึผื–ืกึผืฆื•ืžื˜ 


0ืก00ืกื–ืกื—ื˜?ื–ื˜8ื•0ื•8/0ื•0/0618ื–ืก.ืกื˜ื•ื—ืกื– ืฉื˜ืฉื˜ื˜//: ืงื–ื•ื— 


ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืืจื™ืึธื˜ 


ืคื•ืŸ 


ื”ืœืœ ืจืึธื ืึธื 


ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขื”ืจื•ื ื ืก ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจืึธื ื˜ืึธ 


ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืจืึทืœืขืžืืจื™ืึทื˜ 


ื”ืœืœ ืจืึธื’ืึธืฃ 


ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขื ืขื‘ึผืขื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขื”ืจื•ื ื’ืก ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจืึทื ื˜ืึธ 


ึธึผื‚ : ื‘ืฆ ื™ืฉ ื• ื. 4 ื™ 
= ื™ื™ ื’ึฐ : ึธื’ .26 5 
: ืื™ = ื™ืข : : : ื• 
* ื™ืœ ื + ื˜ 
ืฉื™ ' 
2 , 
/ 6 : 
ึธ : 
ืŸ ื•ึธ : ' : 


ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืข ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืกื• ืงื™ื, ื‘ึผืขืคึผืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ 


ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืข" 


ื‘ึผื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ื– ืžื•ืก ื ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืจืข- 
ืœื™ื ื™ืึธืŸ, ืึท ื”ื™ืžืขืœ-ื–ืึทืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜'ื– ื–ื™ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื”ืึทื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืขืœ (,, ืจืึธืก 
ืงืึทืคื™ื˜ืึทืœ'" ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจืœ ืžืึทืจืงืก), ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืจื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืกืงื™ื (ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ึนื™ืกืข 
ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื™ืจ) ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื•ื”ืœืขืŸ (ืจื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื :ื ื’). ื“ืึทืžืึธืœืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜. ื ืึทื ืฅ ืจื•" 
ื”ื™ื’ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ,.ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื 'ื'', ืคื™ื™ืขืจืœื™ื“ืš ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืึทื– ืขืจ 


ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืจืขืคึผืึธืจืžื™ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืชื•ึนืจื”. 


ื™* *ื™**ืœืจ. **ืื โ€ 6ื : = ื”ื™ ื’ื™ ื™ื“ -= ื ื™ื ื“ื™ *ื ื™ื™ืจ ื™ืจืจื™ื™ืจ- 
ืคื•ืœืขืก. ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื›ืœืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื™ื. 
- ื™ ื™ ื™ = = ื . = 0 0 ื ึผ ' -ื– ื -ื™ = 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืข {ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธืœื˜ ืจืขืคืึธืจืžื™ืจืขืŸ ื™ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืชื•ืจื”, 


ื•ื•ืขืœืข ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขื ืคึผืกื•ืง, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืคืœืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื™ื’ ืื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืึทืกืข ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืก- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ ืึทืจื˜ืึทื“ืึทืงืกื™ืฉ, ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืžืึทืจืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ. 
ื“ืึทืžืึธืœืกื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื’ืขื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผื˜ 
ืคื•ึผืŸ ืึทืœืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ึดื™ืšึธ', 
ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ 


- + // ื™ื™ - 
ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงื™ื™ื˜ืข,". ื“ืึท 


ื˜ืึธ?ืก ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื’ืขื ืงื™ื‘ึผื˜, ืึทื– ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ืขื˜ ืžืฉื™ื— ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื“ืขืŸ ืึท , ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืขื•ื•ืึธ- 
ืงึผื•ืฆื™ืึธืŸ', ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื•ื•ืข ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขื”ื–, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ 
..ืึท ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึท ืืจื™ืื˜ื™". ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ,, ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืคืขืŸ ื“ืขื 


ื‘ึผื•ื“ื–ืฉื•ืึทื ืก ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜'" ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืŸ ืึท',, ื–ืึทืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคึผื˜". 

,ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืกืืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืกื•ืงื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืž:ืœืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืกืืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึทืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคึผื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผืขื–. ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ 
ื–ืฒึท ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ื– ืจื™ื™ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผืขืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื˜ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื›ืึทืฆื•ึธืึทืœื™ืกืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื–ืข ื’ืจื•ื ื“-ืคึผื“ื™ื ืฆื•ืคึผืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื’ื ื”ึผ-ืฆื™ืขืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื™ื’ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื”ึธืื˜. โ€ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืคื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึฟืึทืจ- 


4 ื”. ืจืึธื’ืึธืฃ 


ื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืœ ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜- 
ื–ืขื›ืœื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื ืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืคึผืคืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื• ืขืงืึทื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข 
ืจืขืคืึธืจืžืก. 

ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฐืึทืœื•ืฆื™ืึทื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜: ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืœื™ื’ื™ืืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ื–ืžื•ืก ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืœืขื‘ึผืขื ืก-ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื. โ€ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืžืึธืœ ืขืจืคืึทื”ืจืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ,, ืžืฉื™ื— ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ'' ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ื’ืข ,,ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื 'ืก'' ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืึทื ื•ื•ืขื - 
ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื 'ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’, ืึทื– ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืื ื™ ืžืืžึผื™ื 'ืก 
ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ, ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืœืขื‘ึผืขื• 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ. 

ืขืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื™ื’ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ืขืŸ. ืกืึทื ื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคืึทื“ ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜; ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ;: ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ื ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืืžืช'ืขื–. ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืึทึธืจืžื•ืœืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœืขื ืขื• 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื›ื•ื ื” ืฐื™ื“ืขืจื”ืึธืœืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ืืจื•ืžื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืึทืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืึธืจืžื™ืœืขืก ืื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืึทื ืฆื™ื”ืขื ื“, ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ. - 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืœื—ืžื— ื™ืึทื”ืจืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจื’ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืงื–ืึทืœ 
ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืžื•ืœืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ื”ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึทื ืึทืœืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื•ื“ืขืจืฉืึทืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื. ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืงืœืึทืก. ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ื’ืขืจ ืคึผืกื•ืง ,,ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืจ'' ืื™ื– 
ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื  ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ ื ืขืฐืึทืจืขืŸ. โ€ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืจืจืฉื 'ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืกื•ืงื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขื– 
ื›ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึทื ืึทืœืขืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฆื™ืึท- 
ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ืขื ื•ื ื’. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื“ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึท- 
ื˜ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื’ื•ื ; ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืฉืคึผืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืจืฉื 'ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืกื•ืงื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึทืœื•ืฆื™ืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ืึท ื ืขื”ื ื’ืขื˜ืึธื”ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืžื•ืœืข: ,, ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜". ื“ื™ ื‘ึนึผืึตืœ- 
ืฉืขื•ื•ื™ืงืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขื”ืจื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคึผืกื•ึนืง 
ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืžึทืขื”ืจ ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื• 
ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ. ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื’ืขื ืขืŸ - 


, 


ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ ื›ึผ 
ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืคึผื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื– ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืœืฉืขืฐื™- 
ืงืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื• ื˜ืึทื˜ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืŸ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืขื ืขืจ ืงืึทืžืคึผืฃ, ืึท ืžืœื—ืžื” 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ืงืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืจืขืŸ. 
ืื•ึผืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœึฐื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืžื•ืœืข ื ืขื”ื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ืจ ื ื•ืคื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ืฑื™ืกื’ืขืงืขืžืคึผืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฐืึทืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื“ ; ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื ืขื”ืžื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืึธืจืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืฒืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ืข 
ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืฒืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืข ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืคื™ื”ืจืขืจ 
ืื•ื– ื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. 


ื“ื™ ื ืขื ื ืขื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜. 


ืื•ื ื“ืขื, ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ืขืจืงืœืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืฒื‘ึผืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทื“ื™ืึทื˜. โ€ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทื ืจืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขื“ ื’ืœืึทื˜ืขืจืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืฉื™ื˜'ืขืจืขืจ --- ืขืจ ืœืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืขืกืขืจ ืื•ื™ืค'ืŸ ืฉื›?ืœ. ื“ืึธืก ืื–ื™ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคืฆืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืข.-ื ืึทื ื’, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืึธื ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืงืœืื ื’ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ-ื’ืึทื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื’ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื•ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ืžื™ืจ ,,ื–ืึทืคึผืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ"" 
ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜. ืื•ื™ื‘ึผ ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืขืก 
ืฐืึธืก ืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืึทื“ื•ื ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ื ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืข:, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืกื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš ืึทืœืก ืึทื‘ึผืกื˜ืจืึทืง- 
ื˜ืขื“ ืื•ื– ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ืื™ื– ,, ื“ืขืžืึทืœืจืึทื˜ื™ืข!!, ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ 
,.ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜:ืจ'' ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืคึผื•ื“, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืขื“ ื’ืขื’ืขื ื–ืึทื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืึท- 
ื˜ื™ืข, ืื™ื– ืขืก ืื•ืžืจื™ื™ืŸ, ื˜ืžื. 

ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืขืŸ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ื–ืžื•ืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืงื ื“ื•ืจื“ ื“ืขืคึผืึทืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืข. - ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ื’ืข- 
ืฉืขื”ืŸ? ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืŸ ื’ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื•ื– ืžืขื”ืจ ืžืึธื ืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜. ื“ื™ ืฆืึธื”ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ ืฐืึทืงืกื˜. ืจื™ 
ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ื– ืคึผืจืึธืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื“ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื“ืึทื˜ื™ืข. ืžืขื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืงืจื™ื’ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืจืขื›ื˜. ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขื ื“ืœื™ื“ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฆื•ื™ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืึทืกืขืŸ ืึทืจ- 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืขื– ื“ื™ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืกื˜ืข ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืฒื™. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืข- 


- ืœืขื– ืึทืจื™ื™ื ืงืจื™ื’ืข! ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืขื ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขื™ืขืŸ 


6 ื”. ืจืึธื’ืึธืฃ 


ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’, ื”ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ืึทืฒื™ื ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึธ- 
ืฆื™ืึทืœื™ื–ื. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืขืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื›ืฉืจ'ื–, ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืœื™ื›ืขืŸ, ืคืจื™ืขืจ- 
ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ, ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืืคืŸ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืœื™ื“ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืฉื™ื”. ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืžืข ืกืึทืฆื™ืึท- 
ืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ: ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืึทื ื™ืคืขืกื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืš ื‘ึผืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืึทื– ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืคื™ื—ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ื–ืžื•ืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืขืจ- 
ืฉืขืŸ ืึท ื“ื™ืงื˜ืื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทื“ื™ืึทื˜? ื’ื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™- 
ืฉืข:. ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื. ืžืึทื ื›ืข ืขืจืงืœืขื”ืจืข!, ืึทื– ืงืึทืจ? 
ืžืึทืจืœืงืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคึฟืจืึทื–ืข ืึทืจืฒื™ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื ืจื™ื’, ื ื™ื 
ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฐื•ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืจ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ,. ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื ืึทื›ืคืึธืœื’ืขืจ ื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืคืจืึทื–ืข ืฆื• ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฐืขื›ืขืŸ ืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•, ื“ืขืžืึทืœื“ืึทื˜ื™ืข. + ืึทื ื™ืขืจืข 
ื•ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืงืœืขื”ืจืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืงืึทืจืœ ืžืึทืจืงืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืึทื™ื™ื ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึทื›ื“ืขื ืฐื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ :ื•ืขืœืขืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืžืึทื™ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืจืขื ืขืœืข ืฐื•ืึทื”?ืขืŸ ืงืจื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืข- 
ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืืฑืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ึผืขื ื“. + ื“ืืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ:. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ืึทื›ื“ืขื ืฐื™ 
ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืขืจื•ื•ืขื”ืœืข. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืื ื ื“ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืข- 


ื–ื™ืจืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืึธื ืคึฟืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืŸ ืกืึทืฆื™ื?ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื ืข- 


:ื™ื™ 4 ืจื“ื 55 = *ืืฅ ื 8ื : ืขื™ 

ื–ืขืฆืข, ืื•ื™ื‘ึผ ื“ืึทืŸ ื ื–ื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืข: ืขื ื˜ื–ืึท:ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืข 
ืฆื• ืคืึธืœื ืขืŸ, ืขื ื˜ื–ืึทื’ืขืŸ ืื™ึดื‘ึผืขืจ:ื•ื’ืขื‘ึผืข ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื ื“ื•ืก 
ื˜ืจื™ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึท ื™ืข ืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ืฑืฆืขื• ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึทื›ึผื˜, 


ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืึท ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ืึธืจ. โ€ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื•ืจื˜ื 
ื ื“ืึทืŸ ืžื‘ื˜? ืžืึทื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืข ืคื•ึนืŸ ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืงืึธื - 
ื’ืจืขืก, ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืข; ื“ืืก ื˜ื™ื ื ืึธืจื™ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื ืขื”ื• ืžื™ื : 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ : 


ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ืฉื•ื•ืึทื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ึน, 


ืฐื•ืึธืจื•ื ื ืึทื›ืขื“ื ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื™ืขืœืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืœื™ื“ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ืงืจื™ื ืข1 


ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืขื ืจ, ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขื– 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ืึธืจืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธื”ืŸ, ื•ื™ ื–ื•ื™ ื–ืืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึทื ืจืœืขืŸ, 


ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืข:. ื“ืืจ ื“ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื : ืคื•ื– ืคืืœืง, ื“ื™ , ื“ืข ื›ืžืฉืงืจืึทื˜ ื™ื“ 


ืžืึทื›ื˜". 


ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ ึฐ 
ื“ื™ ืื  ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืœืข- 
ื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ื™. 


ื“ื™ ืึทื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึฟืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ , ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืœืข- 
ื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜" ื ืœืฑื‘ึผืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืึดื”ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื•ื‘ึผื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ึนื™ืฃ 
ืึท ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื.. ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ื–ืขื›ืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข.. ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื–ื™ืค- 
ืคึผืึทืกื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,, ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜". 

1) ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืœืขืจืขื ื˜ ืื•ื ื–, ืึทื– ื“ื•ืจืš ืขืฐืึทืœื•ืฆื™ืึธืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืจ 
ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื›ืขืจึผ ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืึทืœึตื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธ? ืึท ื”ืขืจืฉืขื ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืœืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืึธืจืขื–. ื“ืจื™ ืคึผืขืึธึทื“ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืึทืงืจืื˜ื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืงืึทืจืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ 18-ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ึธืึธื”ืจ- 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขื“ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืŸ. โ€ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืคึทึผืึทื–ึดื™ืฆึดื™ืข ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึทื›ื˜, ืกื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึตืฒื™ื–ืขืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืŸ ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ,, ืคืจื™ืขื“ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืขืฐืึท- 
ืœื•ืฆื™ืึธืŸ''; ื–ื™ื™ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืจืขืฐืึทืœื•ืฆื™ืึธืŸ,, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 


1 
6 - 
8 
ื™ื™ 


2) ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืœ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ืกื™ื™ ื•ึดื•ึผื™ ืกื™ื™ ืึท ื“ื™ืง- 


ื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ. . ืขืก ืžืึทึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื•ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืืžื˜ืข ืฐืขืจืขืŸ ืขืจ- 
ื–ื•ืขื”ืœื˜, ืฐื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืขืจื•ื•ืขื”ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืœืง ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜. ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื—ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืฉืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืงืœืึทืก. โ€ ื›? ื–ืžืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉ:ืึทื–ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ- 


ืฉืขื ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื™ืข: 
ื–ื•ืขื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉืขื ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืึทืก, ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ื“ืขืš ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,, ื“ึดื™ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜'.. - 
3) ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ื–ืžื•ืก ื’ืœ 

ืื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืžืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืึทืก. ื›? ื–ืžืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืงืœืึทืกืขืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคึผื˜, ืงืœืึทืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื–ื™ื‘ึผืขืจืžืึทื›ื˜, ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขืจืฉืึทืคื˜, ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜. โ€ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึธื˜ ื›ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืฐืขืœ- 
ื›ึผืขืจ ืงืœืึทืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฉืึทืคึผื˜ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ. ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื ืขืœ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึทืกืขืŸ 


8 ื”. ืจืึทื ืึธืฃ 


ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉืึทืคื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ- 
ื‘ึผืึทืจืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืžืžื™ืœื ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– 
ืึท ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื–ื™ื™ืœื™ื’ืข. ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืึทื ื’ ืฐื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ- 
ื‘ึผื•ื™ืื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืกืึท- 
ืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ, ืื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื ื’, ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืจืขื•ื•ืึธ- 
ืœื•ืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจืข ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื. 

ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทื•ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืจืขื•ื•ื- 
ืœื•ืฆื™ืึธืŸ, ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ื’ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืขื ืงืœืึทืกืขืŸ-ืงืึทืžืคึผืฃ, ืฐื•ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฑื™ื”ื 
ื“ืขื ืงืœืึทืกืขืŸ-ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ื–ืฒืŸ, ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึทืœึถืข ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจื“ื ื•ื ื’. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืงืขื”ืจืขื ื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธึทืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืึธืŸ 
ืคื™ื”?ื˜ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฐืึทืœื•ืฆื™ืึธืŸ. 
ืคืึทืจืฆื•ืฉืจื™ื™ื›ื‘ึผืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธื”ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš. โ€ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ืึทื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื•ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ื‘ึผืึท- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื‘ึผืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืืฒืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขืŸ. ืงื•ื™ื ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืึธืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, 
ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ืข? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื›ืึท- 
- ืคึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’, ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜, ื“ื•ืจื“ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืข- 
ืœื™ื ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื”ืŸ, ืื•ื– ื“ืึทืŸ ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืึทื™ื™ื ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜. 

ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืืฐื™ืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื–ื•ืึทืœื“ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉืึทืคึผืข!: ื“ืขื ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ื–ืžื•ืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื“ ืึทืฐืขืงืฆื•- 
ื’ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜-ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ- 
ืฐืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืก ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื˜ื•ื. ื ืึทื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืึทืจ- 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื ื˜, ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื 
ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜, ืžืขื”ืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื”ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืกืึธ- 
ื–ื™ืขื˜ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืขืงืึทื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื“ื ื•ื ื’ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ 
ืกืึทืฐื•ืขื˜ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึดึผื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืึธืŸ, 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑืคึผื ืึทื›ึผืข, ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ืฆืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืฉืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืงืœืึทืก ื ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืข ืงืœืึทืกืขืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืจื™ืฐื•ืึทื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื - 
ื˜ื•ื ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉืึทืคื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืึทืก, ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื™ืข, -- ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ 


ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ 9 
ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืจืฉื˜, -- ืื™ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ, 
ื˜ืึธ ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜? ื ื™ื˜ืึท ืžืขื”ืจ ืึทืœื–ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜, ื ื™ื˜ืึท ืžืขื”ืจ ืงึผื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ืงืึธึท- 
ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึทืจื“ื ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืฐื•ืึทืœื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“, ื“ื•ืจืš 
ืคืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื. 


ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืขื™ --- ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ืจ- 
| ื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื™ืข. 


ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืกื˜ืข ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืจื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึท- 
ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื•ื ื’, ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืข, ื•ืืก ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืœ?ืœ ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ืข ื ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ; ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืึทื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ื–ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื“ื™ืง- 
ื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืฉืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืงืœืึทืก, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื™ืข. 
ืขืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึท- 
ื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ ืœื™ื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ึผืึทื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ื•ื ื’ ืึถืค. ื–ื™ 
ื’ื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ ืฆื•, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืึทืœืจืึทื˜ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืœืงืึธื, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืขืก ืขืงื–ื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ ื ืึธื“ ืึท ืกื“ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ื‘ึผื™ืจื’ืขืจื˜ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืจืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืข. ื–ื™ื™ 
ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ืึทื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืงืกืขื ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ื–ื, ืฐืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืข ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืึทืคื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืžืึทืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืข ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืึท ืคืึธืœ- 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข. ืึทืœืก ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื™ื– ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืจื˜ืฉืจื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืž- 
ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคึผืฆึทืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืœืฒื ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜. ื ืข- 
ื•ื•ืืจืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ื™ืึธื” 

ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืึธึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืฆื• ื–ืึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืขืจ, 
ื“ื™ ืืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืขื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึท- 
ืง-ืึทื˜ื™ืข? ' 

ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ,. ืื– ื“ืึธ ื”ืึทื ื“ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขื– ื—ืงื™ื“ื”'ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืคึผื•ืœ'ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืจ. ืื•ื™ืก'ืคึผืฉื˜'ืœืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืฅ. //ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทื“ืฃ ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืึทืงื˜ืขื–. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก. ืฐื•ืึธืก ืžื™- ื–ืขื”ืขื– ืกื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขื“ืข ื•ืข 

ืื•ื– ืฐื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืกื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ 

ืึทื– ื˜ืจืึทืฅ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืขืจ, ืึทืจื’ืึท- 
ื ื™ื–ื™-ืขื–. ื–ื™ืจ ืึทืœึฐืฅ ืžืขื”ื• ื ืžืขื”ืจ, ื˜ืจืึทืฅ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืก ื–ื™ื™ืขื“ ืฆืึธื”ืœ 
ืฐืึทืงืกื˜ ื'ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืœืข ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฐืขื“ื˜ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ, ืจืขื›ืข ื˜ื™ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฑืฃ ื ื”ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ. 


10 ื”. ืจืึธื’ืึธืฃ 


ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื˜ืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื•ื™ ื‘ึผืฉืขืช ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืœืขื˜ืึท- 
ืจื™ืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ืฉืฐืึทื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืขื ืขืจ. 

1) ืคืึทืจื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืก ืื–ื•ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜, ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’, 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืจื•ื•ืขื”ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•.ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ื’ืจืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืขืจื•ื•ืขื”ืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืึทืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื - 
ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขื–, ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก. ืขืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ 
ืึท ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจื, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืฒื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ืึทืžื™ื ื™ืจื 
ื“ืขื ืงืึทื ื“ื™ื“ืึทื˜, ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื ื“ื™ื“ืื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืึทื– 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฐืึธื•ื˜ืขืจืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืงืœืึทืกืขืŸ, ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ื“ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืงืœืึทืกืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืก 
ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื ื“ื™ื , ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜. 
ืขืจ ืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืงื˜ื™ื•ื•, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืงืœืึทืก, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐื™ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐื™ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื ืึทื ืฆืขืŸ ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฆื• ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืงืœืึทืก, ืคืึทืœื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืึทื™ื™ื ืคืœื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืงืœืึธืก, ื•ื™ื™? ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธื“ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืขื”ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืขืŸ. 

2) ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืึท ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืึธืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืึทืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ื˜ืขืจืก. 
ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื™ืข, ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ืงืœืึทืกืขืŸ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื™ืข ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืื‘ึผืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขื•. 
ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืŸ ืขืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืžืึทื“ืขืจื ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืจืึทื ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜, ื“ื™ -ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ - ืงืœืึทืกืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ื•ืžืขืœื˜.. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ืืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืงืึทื ืึธืžื™ืฉืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ. ืื˜ 
ื ืขื”ืžื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืงื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทืŸ ืคืขื“ืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืึดื–ื• ืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืึทืจ 
ืคึผื“ืขื“ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขื”ืจืข, ืึทื– ื–ึตื™ื™ ื˜ืืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื– 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืึทืœึฐืก ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื ึนืึถืจ ืึทืœืก ื‘ึผื™ืจื’ืขืจ. 
ืžื™ืœื™ืึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงื ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึฟ, 
ืื•ื• ืžืึทื ื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื”ืจืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ / 


7 , { 66 ื ื™ื™ ืจ .ืขืœ ื™ืข 


ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ 11 


ืื•ื™ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื . ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท;ืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ืคืจืึทื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืึทืœืก ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื ื™ื˜,. ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื•ื™ืค- 
ื’ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื›ื— ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ืึทื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื - 
ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืึทืœืข ืงืœืึทืกืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืจื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ืจื™ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืข ืื™ื ื˜ืข- 
ืจืขืกืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ืึทืจื•ื ื“ืึทืจืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ื‘ึผื™ืจื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ืึทื”ืœืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืขืจื•ื•ืขื”ืœืขืŸ ืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืขื”ื™ื’ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ. ืืžืช, ืขืก 
ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ืึทืžืึธืœ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืžื›ื— ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื‘ึผืฒ- 
ื˜ืขืจ-ืคืจืึทื’ืข, ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทื– ืึทืŸ ืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืขื”ื™ื’ืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข ืคืขืœืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,, ืคืขืขืจ''. ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜, ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืข? ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืฉื™ืงืขืŸ ืฉืชื“ืœื ื™ื ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ-ื•ื•ืื•ื˜ืก ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื ืขืงืกื˜ืข ื•ืฐืึทื”ืœืขืŸ. 

6) ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืึทืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜, ืื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืจื™. ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึท ืคืึธืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืจืขืžืึทึธืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜, 
--- ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืืฒื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื– 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืขื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ืฉื˜ืฑื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ืจ- 
ื–ืฉืึทื–ื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื™ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ื’ืจืึทื“ืข ื™ืขื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’, ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืึทืกืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื ื™ื’ ื“ืขื”. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก, ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื’ืขื‘ึผืขื ื“ืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ- 
ืฉืึทืคื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืข ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœ. ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคึผืึทืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืคืึธืœืง, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ืคืœื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืงืœืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืขื ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคืึทืœื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืขื”ืจ ืึทืจื™ื™} ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงื–ืขืงื•ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื•ืจื˜ืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื™ื™ื ืคืœื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืึทืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ื˜ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคึผืึทืจ ืฆืขื”ื ื“ืœื™ื’ ื™ืึธื”ืจ, 
ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก - ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืขื ื˜- 
ื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจืงืฆื™ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืคืจืึทื’ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื ื’ืจืขืก 
ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืื•ื ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜, ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ืจืข 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ื™. 


12 ื”. ืจืึธื’ืึธืฃ | 

4) ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขื ื“ืข ืฆืึธื”? ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืžืึทื›ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืข ื•ื•ืื•ื˜ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืฒ, ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื ืข- 
ื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ึผ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื ืึทื ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš, ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ึผ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืจ- 
ื–ืื›ืขืŸ. ืขืจืฉื˜ืขื ืก, ื‘ึผืื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืœืืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืฒืขืŸ ื‘ึผืขืกืขืจืข ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึทื ืึทื ื“ืื“ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ื‘ึผืขืกืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ, ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ, ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื• ืงื•ื™ืคืขืŸ. 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึทื ืึทื ื“ื ืื™ื– ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื–ืืžืขืจืข. ืื•ืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื™ืข ื“ื™ ืจืขื ื™ืจื•ื ื ืก-ืžืึทืฉื™ื ืขืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจืข ื”ืขื ื“, ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ ืจื•ื ื’ืก-ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ืึทื ืฉืจืขืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืึทืกืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืจืฑื‘ึผืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืื•ื•ื˜ืก. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืื•ืจื–ืึทื›ืขืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ืขื - 
ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ื 'ื ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ,, ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜!, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ื•ื ืขืจืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืึทืจื ืึทืŸ, ื“ื•ืจื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืœืง 
ื–ืึธืœ ืงืจื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืฉืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืงืœืึทืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื™ืข. โ€ ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ 

ืœืึทื ื’ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื™ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉืขื ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืึทืก, ืื™ืŸ 

ื“ืขืจ ื ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜. ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื ืข ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉืขื ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืึธืก, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื ืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืื˜ื•ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜. 


ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข 
ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืึธืŸ, 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ืื™ื• ืขืก ื’ืขืคืึทืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืึทื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืึทื ืคืึทื ื’ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ. โ€ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืึทืœึตื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ื“ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐืึทืฑื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง : ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ึฟ . 
ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืœื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืกื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
! ื‘ึผืึทืœืฉืขื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืึธืŸ,. ื ืึธืš ื‘ึผื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื , ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ. 
ืคื™ืขืœืข ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ, ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ืฅ, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืงืœืึทื”ืจืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฒื˜ืขื˜. ื–ืึธื ืึทืจ ืจื• - 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื˜ืึทืคึผืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ. 14 


ื“ืขืœ ืืข ื‘ื” ืจ ื™ื™ื˜ 


1" 
1 
ื™ืฅ.) 


68 


ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ 15 
ืžืขืŸ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ื˜ืขื ื”: 
ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืœืฉืขื•ื•ื™ืงืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ื ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก 
ืœืึทื ื“ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื™ืขื’ืก-ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ืึธืก ืœืึทื ื“ ืื™ื– 
ื‘ึผืึทืœืึทื ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืขืจืœื™ื›ืข 
ืฉื•ื ืื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืขื’, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืื™ื– ืึทืœืขืก ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜, 
ื–ืึธื ืึทืจ ืืฑืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื›ื˜-ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ืจื ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืขื ืงื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ืื•ืž- 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืžืœื—ืžื” - ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทื”ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืึท ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจ" 
ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืึทืœึฐื–ืึท ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื– ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ 
ื’ืจืึทื“. : 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืึทืœืฉืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืข- 
ื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึท ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ? ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ืงืึทื ื˜ืจ-ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื•ื ืื™ื. ืฐืขืŸ 
ื–ืึธื’ืึทืจ ื“ืึธืก ืœืึทื ื“ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืจืขืึทืงืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจืข ื’ืขืคืึทื”ืจืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉืึทืคื˜ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ ื•ืึธืœื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึทืจืคืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื™ืข. : 
ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– 
ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืขืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืึทื™ื™ื ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ืฐื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื‘ึผืœื™ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒืœื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืึทื”ืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฐื•ืขื˜ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, 
ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ืขื” 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜. ื“ื™ื™. ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืึท ืกืึธ- 
ืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข. ืืฒื™ื ืฐืึธื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืจื’ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืึทื›ืขืŸ 
ืคึผืจืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืขืŸ, - ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึทืœืก ืึท ืงืจืึทื ืงืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืขื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืžื•ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื‘ึผื™ืกืœืขื›- 
ืฐืฒึทื–. ืžืขื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื™ื ื”ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื ืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืœืก ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืจืฐืึทืœื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืœื™ ื‘ึผืชื™ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืึทืจื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉืึทื–ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืงืœืึทืก. 2ื›? ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื™ืข, ืึทื‘ึผืขืจ, ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื•ืึทื”ืœืขืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืคืึทื“ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึทื‘ึผื™ื–ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ. 


ื“ื™ื™ืจ ืืจ .ื–ื™ ื™ืฉื™ = ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ื = 


14 ื”. ืจืึธื’ืึธืฃ 


ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืืฑื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืœืข. โ€ ื“ื™ ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจื™ื, ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ื‘ึผืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืกืึธึทืฐืขื˜ืขืŸ 
ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ึผืึทืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“, 
ืฐื•ืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืึท ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืŸ? ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื - 
ืœื™ื›ืข ื–ืึทืš -- ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืง. 
ื“ื™ ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ืึทืœืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜-ืืฑืคื ืึทื‘ึผืข ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื™ืข 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืคืขืŸ. ื•ื™ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืฉืึทืคื˜ ืึท 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื™ืข ื’ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืึทืจืฒื ื ืขื”ืŸ? 

ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึท ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืึทื ื“ ืึทืจืฒื ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคึผืึทืจืœืึท- 
ืžืขื ื˜ ืึท ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ืึทืจื›ื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจืงืœืขื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืจ 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ืึธืคืขืŸ ืึทื– 
ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืœืึทืžืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ื”ื ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ? 
ืื•ื™ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ืึทื ืึทืจื›ื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื™ืœื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื“ ืึทืœึตื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ืึทื ืึทืจ 
ื‘ึผื™ืจื’ืขืจ ; ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืขื”ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืœืึทืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื ืขื– 
ืจืขืจื˜. ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืฃ 
ืึทื ืึทืจื›ื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ, ืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึธืœืฉืขื•ื•ื™ืงืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืคืขื ื”ืขืจืฆื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืึทืจืžืึทืกืงื™ืจืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื›ืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ื ืขื–ืขืฆืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’. ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขื ื“ื™ื  
ื“ื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื“, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื•ืจ- 
ื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžืงืึทืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ,,ืื•ื™ืคืคึผืึทืกืขืŸ'' ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืื”- 
ืœืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ืข ื•ื•ืึธื•ื˜ืก ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืกื™ื™ ืฐื•ื™ ืกื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ื–ืึทื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืึท- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืึท ืฆื• ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืงื˜. ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืœืฉืขื•ื•ื™ืงืขืก 
ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜. โ€ ืคืึทืจืงืขื”ืจื˜, 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึทืจื™ื™ืŸ ืขืก ืขืจืงืœืขื”ืจื˜ 
ืึทืœืก ืึท ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ื , 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืจืขื›ื˜, 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืœืฉืขืฐื•ื™ืงืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฆื•ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื ื–ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื™ืข. ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจืงืœืขื”ืจื˜, ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ, ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืข ืคึผืจืขืกืข ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื“ืขื˜ืขื– ืฐืขื˜ ืึธื ื”ืึทืœ- 


|===/=/=///////4 ืžึฒื•ึผ ืžื’ ื’ืข ื’ืข ื‘ืข ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ื˜ืข ื˜ืข ื˜ืข .222 2 


ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ ืค1 
ื˜ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืึทื ื’ ื•ื™ ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืคืจื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืขืกืข ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืœืฉืขื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉืึทืคื˜ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฉืึทื“ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขื•. 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื ืขืœ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืงืึทื“ืขื˜ืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขื– ื“ื•ืจื“ 
ืคืจื™ื™ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคึผื˜ืึธื”ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึธืœืฉืขืฐื™ืงืขืก, ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืึทืจืึธืคึผื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช, ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืขื ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžืฒื™ื ืข ืžืขื ืฉืœื™ื›ืข ืจืขื›ื˜ืข. 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื™ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืœืึทื’ืข, ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืœืฉืขืฐื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื ื•ืคื ืึดื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก-ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ. โ€ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืฆื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึท- 
ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืœืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืฐืึทืœื•ืฆื™ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจื˜ืขืŸ ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜., ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืข- 
ื ืขื ื™ืฅ. 


ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทื ืฉืึทืจืคืกื˜ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื“ืึทืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ืฅ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืก- 
ืœืึทื ื“; ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื•ึนืื• ื“ื™ ืคืจืื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืคื•ื™ืคื™ื’ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืข ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ. ื• 

ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื™ื’ ืื™ืœื•ื–ื™ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืข!', ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ,,ืคืจื™ื™ืข'"' ืœืขื -- 


ื“ืขื”. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึทื ืฆืขืŸ ืืžืช. ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื”- 


ืจืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืขื ืึทื ื˜ืข ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืžืขื”ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืค'ื– ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืขืจ ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ, 


ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขื– ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ื™ืจื•ื ื’, ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ื•ื™ 
ืœื™ื•ื›ื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื“ืขืคืึธืงืจื ื’ื™ ื˜ืข ืคึทืจ ื•ื ืฆ ื™ืคืขืŸ ืฆื• 6 ืึธืจืข ื˜ื•ื•ืขื›ืขืŸ: ื“ื™ 


ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื ื˜ืฉืขืก ืคื•ึนืŸ ืจืขื 
ืงืœืึทืกืขื–-ืงืึทืžืคึผืฃ, ืฐื™ื™ึทืกืขืŸ ื•ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจื™ื - 
ืฆื™ืคึผืขืŸ ืึทื ืฆึฐื•ืืฐื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ. โ€ ืžื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื ืขื– ื“ื™, ืจืขื ืงืขื ืจืข. 
ืฆื•ื™ืฉืข! ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืงื˜, ืึทืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ. ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงื, + ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ, ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืึทืกืขืŸ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื ื™ืœื˜ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ 


! ื“ืขืจืžึผื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืœื™ืš ืขืจืงืœืขื”ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื“ ืฐืึทืจื•ื ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืกืขืจืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ 


== 


16 ื”. ืจืึธื’ืึธืฃ 
ืžื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื•ืึทึธืจื•ื ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœึดื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืึทืฉื™ื ืขื• 
ืœื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจื•ืคึผื˜ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืึทื ืขืŸ, ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืง 
ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ื‘ึผื™ื–ื ืขืก, ืฐืึทืจื•ื ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขื ื™ื’ ื ืฉืžื”, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ื™ื’ ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœื™ื–ื ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื ืขื ืฅ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ ืงืœืึทืก ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ืึทื ืขืœืขืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ 

ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืืข ืงืึทืžืคึผืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึทืกืขืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ 

ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืœื™ ื‘ึผืชื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืข 
ืื•ื™ืค'ืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื•ืจื˜ืก. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืžืึทื›ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืคืขื ื˜ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืคืึทืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืคืขื ื˜ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืขื ืข 
ืžืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื”ืึธึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืืฑื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื ืขื”ืึทื“ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœ?ืขืงื˜ืฉื•ืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ืข ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจื–ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืขืŸ. 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ืขื ื“ ืึธืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื“ืš ื“ืขื ื ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผืขื• 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืขื”ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืข ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืื˜ื™ืข, 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ 
ื™ืขื ื™ื’ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ, 
ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ,, ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืข"" 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ืžื•ื“ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื“ื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ 
ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืขื”ืจืœื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜.. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ืึทื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืขื“ืึธื ืง, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืขืฆื ืคึผืึทืœืฉ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ืžืขื ืœื™ืš, ืึทื– 
ื“ืขืจ ,, ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜!! ืื•ืŸ ,, ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืข!' ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ืคืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื“. 

ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทื–ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข, ืคืืจื‘ึผื™ืกืขื ืข ื’ืขื ื ืขืจ- 
ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืฆื•ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืข- 
ืœื™ื ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืฒืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืึทื ืขืŸ 
ืึทืคืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ื–ื. ื–ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ืึธืคืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื•ื™ืข: ื–ืึทื’ืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–. ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึธืœืฉืขื•ื•ื™ืงืขืก ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ- 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืขื– ื“ืขื ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข; ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืขื˜ืึทื‘- 
ืœื™ืจืขืŸ ืึท ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืœืฉืขืฐื™ืงืขืก ื‘ึผืึทืงืขืžืคึผืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื ื™ื’ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืขืžืคึผืคื˜ ื“ืขื ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ 


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ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ 

ื ืึทืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืข. ,ืื•ื‘ ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ื–ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ื ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืึดื”ืŸ ืึท ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜, ื“ืึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื‘ึผืขืกืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ื–ื ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ'' ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™. 

ืขืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ื•ื ื’ 
ืงื•ืžื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ 
ืคืึทืจื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื›ื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื ืขื ืฅ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ืขื”ืจ ืขืจื ืกื˜. ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ืฅ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืžืคึผืคืขื - 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜.. ื–ืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขื ื™ื . ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืคืขืจ ืฆื• 
ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืจื˜ ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ืื™ื–' ื–ื™ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืจื•ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืคื•ื™ืœื”ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืœื™ืขื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืงืฐืขืžืœื™ื›ืงืฒื™ื˜. ืื•ื™ืกื ืึทื”ืžืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึท- 
ื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธื”? ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื ื•ื , ืึทื– 
ืžืขื– ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื“ ื“ืึทืจืคืขืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืขืŸ. 

ืฉืขื“ืœื™ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. 
ื•ืฐื•ืขื– ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึทื ืึทื ื“ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืึทืกืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืึธืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืึธืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืึทื‘ึผืกืึทืœื•ื˜ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืžืึทืกืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืœื™ืš ืคึผืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžืช ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžืช ื•ืฐืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ . ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ: ืคืึทืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ ืคืึทืš- 
ื ืึทืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืื•ื ืฉื•ืœืจื™ื’ืข ืœืขื‘ึฟืขื ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืข- 
ืึธืคึผืคืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืฒืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ื˜ืึธืจืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื ืึทื›ืœืขืกื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืงืœืึธื”ืจ 
ืžืึทื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื  ืฆื• ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืจืึทื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื  ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึทื ืึทื ื“ื™ืจืข; ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžืึทืกืขื–, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื“ ืฆื•ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ. 


ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜,. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึทืงื“ืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. 


ื“ื™ ืฐื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืงืœืึธื”ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื ืขืœ 


-*- 


ื–ื™ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœืฉืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืึทื ืง. ื“ืืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 


ืจ ื“ืขืžืึทืœืจืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืฆื•ื ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 


{ืงืž(ื˜' ื”ื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืกืคึผืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. ืจืขืจ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืœืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ,. ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืข 


, 


18 ื”. ืจืึทื ืึธืฃ : 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึท- 
ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืึธืŸ, ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ืขืจืœื™ื›ืขื– ืื•ืŸ ืึทื•ื™ืกืขืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื”ืึทื ื“ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. . ืขืก ืึดื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืึธืœื’ืขืžืฒื ืขื ืขื•ืœื ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขื– 
ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืžื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ืฐืึทื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื - 
ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืœืข ืึทื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– 
ื•ืืก ืžืขื”ืจ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ืึทืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื“'ืก ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข, 
ืึทืœึดื™ืฅ ืฉืฐื•ืึทื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœึดืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืื˜, 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืขื•ืช. ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผืขืŸ 


ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ' 


ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืื–ื™ืข, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื“ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื™ืข, ื“ืึทืŸ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืœืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืข ื“ืจื™ื ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืฐืึธืก 
ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืž, ืฐื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ืคืœื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื”, ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืœืึทืก ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื ื˜. ืื•ื™ื‘ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื™ืข, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธื“ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ืงืจื™ื ื˜ ืึท ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื“ืขื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืœื“, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึทืžืคึผืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผื“ืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขืงืขืžืคึผืคื˜. : 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ' ืžื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจืข- 
ื ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืงื, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืึทืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœ. ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทืœื™ืจื˜ ื“ืึทืจื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื– ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขื• 
ื’ืจืึทื“ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฅ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื”ื™ืขื–ืขืจ 
,,ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืก ืึทืจื™ื™ื ืžื™ืฉื•ื ื’!' ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืขืŸ. + ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืื™ื– 


= ืฉ ืขืฆ ืื™ 
ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื, -- ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืœืขื - 


ื“ืขืจ, ืžืขืจืงื˜ ืึทื™ื™ืš, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ื–ื ืื™ื•ึน ืึตื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ืขื ื˜- 
ืฐื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ื–ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืจ- 
ืฐืึทืจื‘ึผืขืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื•ืจื–ืึทื›ืข? ืื™ื– ื“ืืก ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื•ืืก ืื™ 
ื™ืขื ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ-ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืžืึทื›ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืฃ- 


ืžืขื• ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืจืขื ื™ืจื•ื ื’. ืžืขื”ืจ ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื—ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืข- 
ื“ืขืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ? 

ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื™. ืื•ืจื–ืึทื›ืข ืื™ื– ื•ืจืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืค:ืš ืจืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ื–ื 
ืึทืœื™ื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืฉืื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื™ื•ืขืจืขื– ื ื“ืขื—-ื–ืื’ืขืจ ืื˜ ืจื• ืื™ื - 


ื“ื™ืกื˜ื”ื™ืขืŸ, ื›ึฐื“ื™ ื“ืขืจ- ืฉื˜ืืื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึทืจื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื˜ืกืฉืจ. ืงืขื ืขืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื—ืงืขื– 
ื“ืขื ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ื–ื ืฆื• ื”ืคืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ืคืฉืžืคึฟืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืงื™ื™ื˜. - ืคื™ืจ 


.-.ืืืงืกืœื™ื™ืœ โ€ "ื™ื™ 


ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ 19 
ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”-ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ืืžืช ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืคื™ืจ ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœืึทื’ืขื ืจืขืŸ 
ืคืึทืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ืœืจืึธื•ื“ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงื 
ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืึทืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืง ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ื–, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทืœื™ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก. ืฉืคึผืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืก - ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืขื˜ืึทื‘ึผืœื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ื“ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขื• 
ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ืขืจืขื– 
ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื ืึทื ืฆืขื– ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื”ื ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืื•ื ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ -- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข -- 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ืขื ื™ื’ืกื˜ืขื ืก, ืื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ืขืŸ 
ืึท ืกื“, ืึท ืกื“ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืคืึธื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ืฆื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื”ื ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทื– ื’ืขืžืข- 
ื ืขื“ื–ืฉื˜ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื‘ึผืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืงืึทืžื™ื˜ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึทืœืขื– 
ื‘ึผืึทืจืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื—ืœืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืคื™ื˜ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืœืขื”ืจื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžืช'ื– 
ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜, ื›ื“ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืขื ืึทื ื˜ืข ืœื™ื‘ึผืขืจืึทืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืคืึธืจื-ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืฒืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื”ื ืฆื• ,,ื”ืขืœืคืขืŸ'' ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜. ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœืคืข ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืข? ื’ื•ื˜ืขืก 
ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืขืจืฐื•ืึทืจื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜. 


ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ื™, 


ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื ืข, ื•ื™ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื™ื - 
ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜, ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจืงืฆื™ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืึทืžืคึผืฃ ื ืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜, ืฐื™ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืง- 
ื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื™ืข, ื˜ืึท ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ 
ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืจ ืึทืจืฒื™ื ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืขืŸ ? ื•ื™ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึท- 
ืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ? -ืฐื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื”ืŸ ? 

ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืจืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•- 
ืœื™ืขื‘ึผ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืจื–ืึทื›ืขืŸ : ืขืจืฉื˜ืขื ืก, ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื ืขื”ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• 
ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืžืขืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก, 


20 ื”. ืจืึธื’ืึธืฃ 


ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ 
ืžืขื’ืœื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืข ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืกื˜ืข.. ื–ื™ืฆืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืจืœืึทืžืขื ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก, ื–ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ื ืกื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืก 
ื“ืึทื˜ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืึท ืžืขื’ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื“ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืขื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ื“ื™ื’ 
ื“ืึธืก, ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืขืกืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึทื’ืึทื ื“ื ืึธื ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. ืกืึธืฆื™ืึท- 
ืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸื– ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืขืจื•ื•ืขื”ืœื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ื–ืขื›ืœื™ืš 
ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ึผ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึทื’ืึทื ื“ื. 


ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืžืช, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ืขืจืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืืฑื‘ึผืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืคืึทืจ 
ื“ืขื ืขืจื•ื•ืขื”ืœื˜ืขืŸ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ืข ืึทื˜ืžืึท- 
ืกืคืขืจืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืจ ืึทื˜ืขืžื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ื‘ึผื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืคึผืึท- 
ืกื™ืจื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื’ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืขืŸ ืงืึธืž- 
ืคึผืจืืžื™ืกืขืŸ. ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข ื–ืึทื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ืคืึทืจืžื™ื™ื“ืœื™ืš. โ€ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืœืข- 
ื˜ืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึทืžืคึผืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืฉืจื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ืš ืœืึทื ื ื–ืึทื ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜- 
ื–ืขื›ืœื™ื“ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ื”ืจืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืžืึทืกืขื ืฐืฒื™ื– ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฐืขื’. ืื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ ืขื ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื“ืึทืŸ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”- 
ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืขืงืึทื ืึทืžื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืึทื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื ื•ื˜ ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข. ืขืก ืžื•ืŸ ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืœื˜ ื•ืฐื•ืข- 
ืจืขื– ื“ื™ ืคื™ื”ืจืขืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึทืจื•ืคึผืฆื™ืึทืŸ,. ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืคื™ื”ืจืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืกืึธึท- 
ืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืึท ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืžืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœื™ื–ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ึผ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึทืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ืกืึทืจื˜ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜. ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืข ืคืขืœืข 
ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ึผ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึทืœืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืจื–ืึทื›ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืงื˜ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืึทื–ืฉ ื‘ึผื™ื™ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ืข ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื‘ึผืœืึทื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืก-ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 


ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ืฐืึทื˜ ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ. โ€ 


ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืคืึทืจืื•ืจื–ืึทื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื -- 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผื™ืฒื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ 


ื ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ืคื™ืขืœ ื›ืึทืจืึทืง= . 


ื•ื™ ื™ื™ ื—ื™ 


ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ ื 4 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืจ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืฉืœืึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึทื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขื–. 


ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื”, 


ื“ื™ ืึทืœึถืข ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืข ืคึผืกื•ืงื™ื, ื•ื•ืขื’ืขื– ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื ื™ื’-ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืงื™ืžืขืจื˜ ื‘ึผืขืคืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืข ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึทืœึถืข ืฉืขื”ื ืข ืคึผืจืึทื–ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขื™ืงืจ, ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’. ืึทืžืึธื”? ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ื– ืึท ื ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ืขื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ื–ืึท- 
ื ืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืขื ืขืจ ืคื™ื”ืจืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคึผืกื•ืงื™ื. ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืื•ื - 
ืžืขื ืœื™ืš. 

ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ืงืœืึธื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืึทืกืขืŸ-ืงืึทืžืคึผืฃ, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜. ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ื–ื ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึท ืจืขืคืึธืจื-ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืฑ ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึท ืจืขืคืึธืจื-ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’. ! ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœื™ื–ื 
ืื™ื– ืึท ืจืขืฐืึทืœื•ืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจืข ืฐืขืœื˜ = ืึทื ืฉื•ื™ืื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืึท ืจืขืฐืึทืœื•ืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจืข ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’. 

ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืึท โ€ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜. ื”' ืึธืก ื”ืึธึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืืœืก 
ืึท ืจืขืคืึธืจื-ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื™ืœืึทื–ืึทืคื™ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึท- 
ื’ืจื™ืคืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื ื“ืœื™ืš, ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ. ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœึดื™ื- 
ื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึท ืึทื–ื ื–ืึทืš ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ 
ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึทื ืึทืœ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื ืขืœ ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ- 
ืงืœืขื”ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืฉื˜'ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ื™ื™ ืคืึธืš- 
ืžื•ืœืขืก ื•ื™ , ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืื˜!/, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื ืขืœ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืจื•- 
ืกื™ืฉืข ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืจื™ ื’ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืข- 
ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธื”ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืžื•ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ืื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ื“ืขืžืืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ื”ื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืึทืœืก ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืžืึธ- 
ืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืข. โ€ ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืžื•ืกืจ ื–ืึธื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ 


- ืึท ืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืจ. ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ืขื ื•ื ื’ 


+= 


ืขื˜ืืจ ืื˜ ื™ื™ ื™ืข 


22 ื”. ืจืึธื ืึธืฃ 

ืื™ื– ืึท ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื•ืขื•ื’ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ ืึทื“ืขืจืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืึทื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทื“ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ืึธื”ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื- 
ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. 


ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงื ืžื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื’ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข- 
ืื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืคื™ื ืฃ ื™ืึธื”ืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืึธื˜. 
ืืฑืกื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืจ; ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืขืœื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื–'ืŸ ืกืึทืžืข ืคื•ื ื“ืึทืžืขื ื˜. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื - 
ืฆื™ืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืœื™ืจ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืืฑืคื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ื”ืึทื ืจืœืขืŸ, ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•- 
ืงืจื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึทืง- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’, ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืคืขืœืข ืึท ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื ื’, ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืขื ืขื ืคืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืง. ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืคึผืจืึทื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจื•ื ืงืœืึธืจ, ืคืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืึทื–ืขืŸ, 
ืคืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทื–ื™ืึทื ืข ืคึผืกื•ืงื™ื. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื•ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ึผื˜; ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทื ืจืึทืžืขืŸ 
ืึธื˜ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. 


ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ-ืงื•ืœ, ื“ืขื 
ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผื ื’ืขืฉืขื”ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืฒ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืึทื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ื“ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึทื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื™ื. ืกื™ืจ 
ื“ืึท ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืกื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื‘ึผืึทื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืึทืžืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืจืขื ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืืžืช, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืกื™ืขืก ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ. 


ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึทืจื•ื ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ,, ื”ื•ื™ื– ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื’!!, ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’, ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ืจืœื™ืš ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ืžื•ื– 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึท ืึท ื’ืขืคืึทื”ืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืœื‘ึผืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืข? ืกืึทืฆื™ืึท- 
ืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ื“ ืึทืžืึธืœื™ื’ืข ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืฒ, ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ึผืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืœืข- 
ืฆืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขื”ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืžื•ื– ืคืึทืจืžื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. 


ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืื˜ ืขืง 


ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ? ื“ืึทืจื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื“ืึท ืืŸ ืขืฆื”. ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืช'ืข ืกืึท- 
ืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื•ืฐื•ืขืงืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืค'ื– ืฐืึทื“, ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ 
ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึทื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืฉืœืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืจืขืฐืึธืœืŸ- 
ืฆื™ืื ืขืจืข ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜. ื–ืึธึทืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืึทื›ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ึผื•ื›ืฉื˜ืึท- 
ื‘ึผืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืœืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืŸ 
ืื™ื ื ืึธืจื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขื–, ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืฐืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื‘ึผืข- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืขื– ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืื™; ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ 


ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืืฑื™ืคื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– 
ืฆื• ื›ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจืžืขืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืกื™ื’ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืขื ื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืึธืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืึทืจืžืขืข ืžื•ื– ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืฆื™ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ืขืŸ 
ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ื–ื™ ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืข.ื˜ืข 
ืึทืจืžืขืข, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืœื“ืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื•ื– ืึทืœื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืขื ื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกืึทืœื“ืึทื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืจืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ืข ืฉืขืคึผืกืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื”ืจืฉืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื ืข- 
ืจืึทืœ. ืึทื–ืึท ืึทืจืžืขืข ื˜ื•ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืงืึทืžืคึผืฃ ืคืึทืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ. 
ืคื•ื– ื“ืขืึทืงืฆื™ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืงืึทืžืคึผืฃ ืคืึทืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜. 


ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึทืจืžืขืข 
ืฆื• ืžื•ืฉื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ. ืึทืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืึธ- 
ืจื™ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื™ ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืขืก, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžื ื–ื˜ 
ืึทื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื ืก-ืงืจืึทืคื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 


ืœึถึผืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ื ื•ืคื, ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ .ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ื™ื ืข ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื ืจื•ื ื’ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ึผืขื”ืึทื˜. ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืึทื ื“ืขื“ืฉ. ืึดื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ื“ืขืจ 


ืงืงืืคึผืขืŸ-ืงืึทืžืคืฃ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทื ื™ืฅ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืึท; โ€ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืขืงื–ื™ืก- 
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ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื˜ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืจ ืค ื•ื• ืคึผืจืึทื™ ืœืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืจื™ืึทื˜ ืื™ | ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจ ื–ื™ืกืขืจ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ 


ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 
ื“ื™ ื›ืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื ื™ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืคืึทืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคืึทื–ืขืŸ 
ืงื•ืกืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื :ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืึธื ืคืึทื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 


ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“,. ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืึทืจืฆื•ื•ื™ ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ 
ืื™ ืึท ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ. -ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ื—ืœื•ื˜'ืข: ื•ื•ืขื ืข; -ืื™ื”ื“, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ. โ€ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทื˜ืขื“ื™ืงื, ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื“ ืึทืŸ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืžืขืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ 

ืœืึทื ื“, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ืึธืจ ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืจ- 
! ื˜ืฒึทื™ืœืข, ืคืืจ ื–ื™ึทืš. ืฆื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึทื™ ื“ืขื. ื“ื•ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ืฃ, ื“ื™ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข 


24 ื”. ืจืึทื ืึธืฃ 


ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœืขื– ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื•ืึธืก 
ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืกืึทืœืฑืึทื˜. 


ืข 


ืก-ืคืึทื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื 


ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ื– ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ 25 


ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื™ื•ื ื™ืึธืŸื™. 


ื“ื™ ื™ืขืฆื˜ื™ื ืข ืื™ื ื“ื•ืคื˜ืจื™ืขืœืข ื ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ืงืœืึทืกืขืŸ,. ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฐื•ืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคื˜ ืึทืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ืงืœืึทืกืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืึทืžื›ื‘ึผืฃ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจึฐืงื•ื™ืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื ืขื ื“ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ . ื•ื™ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ื˜ 
ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื“, ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืคืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืงื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ึผื™ืœื™ื’ ื•ื™ 
ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื“ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืข? ื•ื™ ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš. ื“ืึธืกื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืื™ื– 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืกื™ืงืจืึทืคื˜. โ€ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืึทืžืคึผืฃ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืกื™ืงืจืึทืคึผื˜, ื“ื™ 
ืงื•ื™ืคืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืœืขื ืึทื˜ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืขืจ ืื™ืžืขืฃ 
ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืงืืžืคึผื” ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจืขืจ ืื•ื ืคืึทืจ- 
ืžื™ื™ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืงืœืึทืกืขืŸื“ืงืึทืžืคึทึผืฃ, 


ื“ื™ ,,ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื™ื•ื ื™ืึธืŸ'', ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ึผืขืจ, ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืฆื• ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื– ืึทืจื‘ึธึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธื›'ืŸ ืคืึทืš, ื ืึทืจ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืœ, ืึทืœืก 6 
ืงืœืึทืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึทืก-ื‘ึผืึทื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ึผืขืจ. ืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœึทืข ืึทื“- 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื“ ืึธื”| ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทืฆื™ืข, ืจืึทืกืข, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืš, ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืึทืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื– 
ืžืขื ืœื™ื“ ืžืึทื›ืขืŸ, ืขืจืคืึทืœื ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื ืคึผื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืงืึทืžืคืฃ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื–ืฉืขืก, ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืก-ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ, ื. ื–. ื•ื•., ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืึทืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืคึผืจืึทืคื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื˜ืข) 
ื•ื•ืขืจืขื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื ืขื‘ึผืจื•ื™ืš, 


ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขื”ืจื•ื ื’ืก ืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ื•ื ื˜ืึธึฟ 
ืึทืฐืขื ื˜, 8 ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืึทืงืกื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธืœ, ืงืึธืจื ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื˜- 
ื”ื•ื™ืจืกื˜ ืกื˜ืชื™ื˜. ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืขืคืœื™ืš ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืึทื“ืขืŸ. 


ืคืึทืจ ืžืขืจ ืึทืฒื™ื ืฆืขืœื”ืฒื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื•ึน: ื“ื•ืฉ. ื ื™ื™ื˜ 
0 ื‘ึผืจืึธืึทื“ื•ื•ื™ื• ืขื•ื•ืขื ื™ื•, ื˜ืขืœืขืคึฟืึทืŸ ื“ื–ืฉื™ืจืึทืจื“ 8971, ื˜ืึธืจืึทื ื˜ืึท, ืื ื˜. 


-ื™. โ€ 2 2 7 6 .222 ......222.}2..,.,,,,,,,.,,,,-,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,ืฉ,ืขืขืขืขืขืขืขืฉืกืข,,,,,,, 


26 ื”. ืจืึธื’ืึธืฃ 


ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขื”ืจื•ื ื’ืก ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืึธืจืึธื ื˜ืึธ. 


ืึทืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืคืขืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 


ื˜ืึทืจืึทื ื˜ืึท ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ; 


ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื™ืึธืŸ, ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ - ืจื™ื ื’ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื’ืจืขืกื™ืฐื•ืขืจ 
ืึทืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืึทืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึธื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืขืœืขื’ืึทื˜ืขืŸ. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืึทื‘ึผืข ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืœืจื•ื ื’ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืึทืจ- 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทืกืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื“ืš, ืขืจืฉื˜ืขื ืก, ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืœืขืงื˜ืฉื•ืจืขืจืก ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™- 
ืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืขืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื. ื. ื•ื•. 
ื™ืขืจืขืจ. ืคึผืจืึทื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ืขืจืคึผืึธืœื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ื˜ืึธื”ืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ : ืขืจืฉื˜ืขื ืก, ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ื“ืขืœืขื’ืึทื˜ืขืŸ, ืฆื•ื ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขื”ืจื•ื ื ืก ืคืขืจืื™ื™ืŸ, ืึท ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื•ึน 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก, ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืึทื– ื“ื™- ืœืขืงื˜ืฉื•ืจืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืึทืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืึทืŸ ื–ืึทืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขื ืก, ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึท- 
ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขื”ืจื•ื ื’ืก. ืคืขืจืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื• 
ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉืคึผืจืฒื™ื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜-ืฉืงืœืึทืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืงืœืึทืก ืึทื– ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขื”- 
ืจื•ื ื’ืก-ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื•ื•ึนืขึถืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ืขืจ- 
ืคืึธืœื’. 


ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขื”ืจื•ื ื’ื ืคืขืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื–ื•ื ื˜ืึธื’ 
10 ืึท ื–ึตื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”, ืื™ืŸ 208 ืกืคึผืขื“ื™ื™ื ื ืขื•ื•ืขื ื™ื•. 


ืคืึทืจ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆืขืœื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื–ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืขืจืžืึทืŸ, 
ืคืขืงืจืขื˜ืขืจ, 20 ื’ืจืขื ื“ืฉ ืขื•ื•ืขื ื™ื•, ื˜ืึธืจืึทื ื˜ืึธ. 


/ืฉ: 


461 
ื 


ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ 24 


ืึทื ื˜ืขืจื™ืึธ ืœืฒื™ื‘ึผืึธืจ ืงืึทืœืขื“ื–ืฉ. 


ื“ื™ ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ - ืงืœืึทืก 


ืžืึธื–ืŸ ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขื”ืจื•ื ื’. 


ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืขืงืึทื ืึทืžื™ืงืก, ืื™ื ื“ื•- 


ืคื˜ืจื™ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืข. 


ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ื™ืคืขื ืฉืึทืคึผื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืจืขืจื™ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ึผืจื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 


ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืขื•. 


ืคืขืจ . ืžืขื”ืจ ืื™ึทื ืฆืขืœื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื• ; ืคืœืึธืจื™ื ืก 


ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทื ืก; ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืขืจ, 28 ื•ื•ืขืœื™ื ื’ื˜ืึธืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื™ืกื˜, ื˜ืึธืจืึทื ื˜ืึธ. 


5,242. 


28 ื”. ืจืึธื’ืึธืฃ 


ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ื˜ืึธืจืึธื ื˜ืึธ ืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืึธืจ ืœื™ื™ืกืขืื•ื 


ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื–ื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืจืึธื ื˜ืึธ ืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืึธืจ ืœื™ื™ืกืขืื•ื 


ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉืฐืึทืœื‘ึผืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ึผื•ื™ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ืข ื”ื™ื™ื ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทึธื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื•ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจืึทื ื˜ืึท , ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืึทื˜ืึธืจืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืึทืจ ืœื™ื™ืกืขืื•ื'' ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข 
ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ, ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืก. ืคึผ. ืึธืฃ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข. 


ื“ื™ ืงืœืึธื•ืง ืžื™ื™ืงืขืจืก ื™ื•ื ื™ืึธืŸ, ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืกื˜ืข ืื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืจึผื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืขื”ืžืขื•, ื“ืขื - 
ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ,. ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ 
ื˜ืจืึธื‘ึผืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ ,,ื˜ืึธืจืึทื ื˜ืึท ืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืึธืจ ืœื™ื™ืกืขืื•ื ืึทืกืกืึธืกื™- 
ืื™ื™ืฉืึธืŸ, ืœื™ืžื™ื˜ืขื“'' ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืขื”ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ. ื˜ืจื™ื™ื“ ื™ื•ื ื™ืึท- 
ื ื™ืกื˜ืขื– ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื ื’ ื˜ื”ื•ืขืจ, ื“ืขื 15-ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ, 1913, ืื™ื– 
ืจื™ ืึทืกืกืึธืกื™ืืฒื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืฉืึทืจื˜ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืจืขื ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ 920,000 ื“ืึธืœืึทืจ ืฉืขืจืก, ืฆื• ืคื™ื ืฃ 
ืจืึทืœืึทืจ ืึท ืฉืขืจ. 


ื“ื™ ืœึตื™ื™ื‘ึผืึทืจ ืœื™ื™ืกืขืื•ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ืคืฆืขื”ืŸ 
ืจื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจืขื–, ืขืจื•ื•ืขื”ืœื˜ ื™ืขื”ืจืœื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ ืฉืขื”-ื”ืึทืœื“ืขืจืก, ืื•ื ืฆื• 
ื–ื™ื™ื– ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืึทืจ ืœื™ื™ืกืขืื•ื, ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ึผืฒื™- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืขื ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ 
ืจืขืจ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขืจืก ืฆื• ืึทื™ื™ื ืฆืขืœื ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืึทื ืขืŸ, ื ืขืžืœื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ 
ื•ื™ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืฉืขืจืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ. ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึถืš- 
ื ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืขืก ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืฉืขืจืก, ื“ืึทืกื–ืขืœื‘ึผืข ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ื ืจ- 
ื›ึฟื™ื›ืข ืึทืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึธืึทืจื“ ืึตืฃ 


ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก. 


ืคืึทืจืฉื™ืขืจืขื ืข ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืขื–, ืฐื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข 
ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื– ืจื™ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื•ื ื™ืึธื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ ืึธืคื˜ืข ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืงืก, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ 


ืฉื™ืฉ 


ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื˜ 29 


ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืื•ืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื‘ึผืึทืจ ืœื™ื™ืกืขืื•ื. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืขื ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ 1919 ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื’ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืขืจ. 
ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืข ื”ื™ื™ื ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืึท- 
ื“ื™ืงืึทืœืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื”ืขื˜ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืึทืจื•ื ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืึทืจ ืœื™ื™ืกืขืื•ื ืึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืจืขื ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืข- 
ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ืขืข ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืคึผืึทืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. 
ืึท ื˜ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืึทืžืคึผื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืึทืคืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ื  
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืœืึทืจ. ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 80, 82, 84 
ื‘ึผืขื•ื•ืขืจืœื™ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ื ื•ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกื–ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืข- 
ืœืขืŸ ื‘ึผื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืœื™ื ื’. ื“ื™ ืขืจื•ื•ืขื”ืœื˜ืข ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
0 ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ืข ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืขืก, 
ืึทืœึถืข ืขืจืคืึทื”ืจืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืขื ืข ื˜ื”ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืก- 
ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื•ืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื”ื ืขืŸ, ืจืึธื 
ืื™ื– ืึท ื ืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืข ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืจ- 


ืคืึธืœื’. 4 


ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ.. ืกืึธ- 
ืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืฆื•ึผ 
ื”ืขืœืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื‘ึผืขืœืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืึท ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ืขื“ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืึทืจ ืœื™ื™ืกืขืื•ื ืึทืกืกืึธืกื™ืืฒื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืฉืขืจืก ! 
ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœืข ืฆืึธื”ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 9 ืฉืขืจืก! ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืจืข 
ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ืฆื• ืงื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื”ืจ 
ืฉืขืจืก. 


ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ! ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ! ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื’ืจืขืกื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ! 
ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื‘ึผื•ื™ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข, ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืฐืขืžืข ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ! 
,,ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ"". 


ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธืจืึธื ื˜ืึธ ืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืึธืจ ืœื™ื™ืกืขืื•ื ืึทืกืกืึธืกื™ืืฒืฉืึทืŸ 
ืœื™ืžื™ื˜ืขืจ. 


ื™ื™ 


: 


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2 , 1 
ืฒึน 


0 776367146646 
6 {0 ืฆ118848 


ืกื–ื“ืืก8ืกื– ืขืก ืฆื–ื–ืคืžืขืฆื–ืื˜ 


ื’ื–ืกื™ื“ 1 
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6 =ืžืก 
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