Google
This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project
to make the world's books discoverable online.
It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject
to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books
are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.
Marks, notations and other maiginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the
publisher to a library and finally to you.
Usage guidelines
Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing tliis resource, we liave taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.
We also ask that you:
+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.
+ Refrain fivm automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.
+ Maintain attributionTht GoogXt "watermark" you see on each file is essential for in forming people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.
+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of
any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liabili^ can be quite severe.
About Google Book Search
Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers
discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web
at |http: //books .google .com/I
DIOfePOLIS PARVA
TllE CEMETERIES OF AilVUIYEH AND im
1898-9
Br
W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE
iloN, D.CL., LiTT.D,, LL.D., Ph.D.,
KDW4KD8 FItOriMtUK or KGVFti
MMHBtlt or THK IMPKai*!. B
CuHSBttr'iNliJNG Mr.)tBHB 'it SUtlRTir C
With Chapters bij
A. C. MAGE
SPKCJAL EXTRA I'UKMCATION OF
THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND
TVnuSBSD BY OKDES OF TUK VUHUnTKE
LONDON
T,. OFKICKS OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION PUND. 37. G„„ E„»,«.. ,s,..„. W.C.
AXD 5P. Tebi-lb Stiuikt, Bostos, Mass.. a S.A.
«. K KEOAN PADL, TBEIiOH, TRDBNER * CO, P„„»ost.. Boo... C...u« U^ R„,„ W(
B. .JUAKITCH. 15. P,o«.,u.,. W., ASHER * Co.. Li, B.„„„ .s„„,, 0„.„ G..«»., W.C.
1901
ii
^
r
ilhr Jfjnjjldn* litoijr
pTMfnlni to tfaf
ItUmil SlOTliril 3mii0raBiliireilIi
lijlliiiujllig; Siqtktin
li:
it-
COMMONEST TYPES OF PREHISTORIC POTTERY.
BLACK-TOPPED
J INCrSED E
SEQUENCE DATE 81-B:
saa >s« Be»
POLISHED RED
FANCY FORMS
^F..,„W.-» "-'W,..^F w.,..^^'.
SB 78 ▼ >!
J^mzia
DECORATED
ROUGH-FACED
40.4* 40-83 \^Wta-7\ "^,.55 4.0. 8« ^^ ^^ J^ \_^4B.fl1 44-64 SB-BI
^^V S T47-7S ^^V ^V *^
^£" f W..,.W \f \ m ■■'Jo.-. ^■"
V
DIOSPOLIS PABVA
THE CEMETERIES OF ABADIYEH AND HU
1898-9
BY
W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE
Hon. D.C.L., Litt.D., LL.D., Ph.D.,
KDWARD8 PROFS880R OF B6YPT0L06T, UN1YBR8ITT COLLEGE, LONDON;
MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE;
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BERLIN;
MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTiqUARIES.
With Chapters by
A. C. MACE
SPECIAL EXTRA PUBLICATION OF
THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND
• I*
■* •■ ■ • •
«• « « » •
• • ••• • •
• • • • •
.-• •
PUBLISHED BY OBDEB OF THE COMMITTEE
em •
•-•
• • •
LONDON
SOLD AT
Thb offices of the EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, Gbbat Russbll Strbbt, W.C.
AND AT 59, TsMPLB Stbbbt, Bostok, MaS8., U.S.A.
AND BY KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Patbbmostbb Housb, CHABnre Cboos Road, W.C.
B. QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, W. ; ASHER & Co., 13, Bbdford Stebbt, Covbht Gardbh, W.C.
1901
VTsn
LONDOir t
PRTXTKn BT OM.nrvT \vn RTVTWaXOW, T.TI>.
HI. JOU.Nb I!»IT.K, CLERKEXWEi r..
.. v"
4 • ■• u «
' V w V
•- w «"
4 •> «i
V
---V*
V « «*
to
«•
'•
» . % « > «
« ^ * <« • "*
to w
W M % to ^
to to to ^
«
«• ••*
to to
W V
EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND.
SIE JOHN EVANS, K.O.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F.B.S.
Wcc^pxcBibcntB.
Sir E. Maundb Thompson, K.C.B., D.O.L.,
LL.D.
Lt. - General Sir Francis Grenfell,
G.C.M.G., G.O.B.
The Rev. Prop. A. H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D.
The Rev. W. C. Winslow, D.D., D.O.L.
(U.S.A.).
The Hon. Chas. L. Hutchinson (U.S.A.).
Prop. G. Maspero, D.C.L. (France).
Prop. Ad. Erman, Ph.D. (Germany).
JosiAH Mullens, Esq. (Australia).
M. Charles Hentsch (Switzerland).
fbon. JLtcnentcxe.
H. A. Grubber, Esq., F.S.A. F. 0. Foster, Esq. (Boston, U.S.A.).
J. S. Cotton, Esq., M.A.
fbon. Scctctatice.
The Rev. W. C. Winslow, D.D. (Boston, U.S.A.).
Aembets
T. H. Batlis, Esq., M.A., Q.C., V.D.
Miss M. Brodrick, Ph.D. (for Boston).
Arthur Gates, Esq., F.S.A.
SoMERS Clarke, Esq., F.S.A.
W. E. Crum, Esq., M.A.
Arthur John Evans, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
F. Ll. Grippith, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
Mrs. F. Ll. Grippith.
T. Farmer Hall, Esq.
F. G. Kenyon, Esq., M.A., Litt.D.
Mrs. McClure.
The Rev. W. MacGregor, M.A.
A. S. Murray, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A.
ot Committee.
The Marquis op Northampton.
Francis Wm. Percival, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
Prop. W. M. F. Petrie, D.C.L., LL.D.
F. G. Hilton Price, Esq., F.S.A.
Mrs. Cornelius Stevenson, Sc.D. (for
Pennsylvania).
Mrs. Tirard.
The Rev. H. G. Tomkins, M.A.
Emanuel M. Underdown, Esq., Q.C.
Sir Hermann Weber, Esq., M.D.
E. TowRY Whyte, Esq., F.S.A.
Major-General Sir Charles W. Wilson
K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S.
^ T ^ ?) ^
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.
MOT. PAOB
1. The work and site .... 1
2. Previous prehistoric discoveries . . 2
CHAPTER I.
The Sequence of Prehistobic Remains.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
The problem of sequences .
Sorting graves by degradation
Extending a series by proportions
Preliminary tabulation
Final tabulation
Ranges of Black-topped pottery
Polished red pottery
Fancy pottery .
Cross-lined pottery
Incised pottery .
Wavy-handled pottery
Decorated pottery
Rough-faced pottery
Late pottery
Examples of dating of graves
Results of sequence dating .
CHAPTER II.
The Pottery.
Black-topped pottery
Polished red pottery .
Cross-lined pottery .
Fancy and incised pottery
Wavy-handled pottery
Decorated pottery
Rough-faced pottery .
Late pottery
4
5
6
6
7
8
9
9
9
1
1
2
13
1.3
14
14
15
15
16
16
CHAPTER III.
The Stone Vases.
8E0T.
27. The forms ....
28. The materials
CHAPTER IV.
The Slate Palettes and Ivories.
29. The forms
30. The use of malachite .
3 1. Ivory combs and pins
32. „ tusks ....
33. Armlets and pendants
CHAPTER V.
Tools op Stone and Metal,
34. Flaking and grinding
35. Forms of flints .
36. Mace heads
37. Copper tools
38. „ ornaments
39. Silver, gold, lead, &c.
CHAPTER VI.
Amulets and Beads.
40. Human figures .
4 1. Bull's head amulets .
42. Animal and other amulets .
43. Beads ....
PAOB
18
19
20
20
21
21
21
23
23
24
24
25
25
26
26
26
27
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VIL
Outline of the Prehistoric Periods.
SECT.
44. Beginning of cultivation
45. The earliest civilization
46. The later prehistoric people
47. Richest age and decline
48. Connection with the historic
PAOE
28
28
29
30
30
CHAPTER VIII.
The Cemeteries.
49. The position of the cemeteries
50. The graves of cemetery B .
5 1. Cemetery C . . .
52. ,, H .
53. ,, R
54.
??
J>
U
31
32
34
35
35
35
CHAPTER IX.
Tombs of the VIth to XIth Dynasties.
55. Cemetery D . . .
56. „ N . . .
57. ., W and characteristics
58. „ Y (Mr. Mace) .
59. Steles " .
37
38
38
39
41
CHAPTER X.
Tombs of the XIIth Dynasty.
Cemeteries W and Y.
60. Characteristics of XIIth Dynasty
6 1. Direction of tombs ....
62. Pre-Usertesen tombs, W . . .
63. XIIth Dynasty tombs, W .
64. „ ,, Y (Mr. Mace)
42
42
43
43
44
CHAPTER XI.
The Pan Graves.
SBOT. PAGB
65. A new class of graves . . .45
66. The graves and bodies . . .45
67. The animal heads . . .46
68. Dress and ornaments . . . .46
69. Utensils, &c 47
70. XIIth Dynasty objects , .47
7 1. Pan-grave pottery . . . .47
72. Black incised pottery . . .48
73. Dogs' graves 48
74. Age and source of the people . . 48
CHAPTER XII.
Tombs of XIIIth — XVIIIth Dynasties.
Cemetery Y,
By Mr. Maee.
75.
The Cemetery
, 50
76.
Connections with XIIth Dynasty
50
77.
„ XVIIIth Dynasty .
. 51
78.
„ Pan-graves
, 51
79.
The graves
. 51
80.
The pottery ....
. 51
81.
The stone figures and vases
, 62
82.
The copper implements
, 52
83.
Other objects . , . . .
52
84.
Special graves . . . . ,
, 53
85.
XVIIIth Dynasty remains .
. 53
CHAPTER XIII.
The Ptolemaic and Roman Period.
86. Ptolemaic remains . . . .54
87. The temple enclosure . . .54
88. Account by Nestor L'Hote . . 55
89. Causeway, houses, &c. . . .55
90. Roman pottery and marks . .56
9 1. Asianic ostrakon . . . .56
92. Roman graffiti . . . . .57
93. Modelled head 57
INDEX
59
LIST OF PLATES
(WITH BBFEBEN0E3).
Plate
Fro7itispiece.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XL
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
xvm.
XIX.
XX.
XXI.
XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.
XXV.
PAGE
Classes of prehistoric pot-
tery . . 13-17
Map of cemeteries . . .31
Pottery of successive periods . 5
Sequence of stone vases, slate
palettes, and ivories 18-22
Sequence of flints, copper,
beads, ensigns, and amulets 23-27
Prehistoric groups 13, 32, 33, 36
21, 32-5
flints 22-4, 32-6
23, 32-6
Stone vases and ivories 1 8-21, 32-6
Ivories .... 21-4
Slate palettes . . 20, 32-6
„ ... 20, 32—6
9?
99
• s
Pottery, Classes B and P
„ ,, F, C, and N
97
>J
J>
JJ
JJ
99
99
99
99
99
13
14
15
15
16
16
17
29
29
29
29
Plan, cemet. D and Fort 37, 54-6
Objects of Vlth— Xlth
Dynasties 37, 41, 43, 52
WandD
D
R
L
L
Marks on pottery .
»
)>
5'
Plate
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.
XXXI.
A.A.A.il.
XXXIII.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
XXXVI.
XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
XXXIX.
XL.
XLI.
XLII.
XLIII.
XLIV.
XLV.
XLVI.
XLVII.
XLVIII.
PAGE
Figures of XITth Dynasty 43, 52, 53
Ornaments, &c., Xllth
Dynasty . . . 43, 53
Stone vases, Vlth — Xth
Dynasties. . 86,38-40
Xllth Dynasty 42-4
Kohl vases „ 44, 52
Copper mirrors 37-44, 52
„ weapons, &c. 41, 44, 52
Pottery, Vlth— Xllth
Dynasties 39, 43, 44
Xllth— XVIIIth
Dynasties . . 43
., of cemetery Y 51, 52
Marks on pottery, Y 51, 52
Pan grave, E 2 . . .45
Pan graves, Egyptian pot-
tery ... 46, 47
Pan graves, pottery . . 47
Scarabs, cartonnage, &c. 39, 41,
44,56
Figures, Ptolemaic and
Roman
Ptolemaic temple blocks
Roman drawings .
Marks on Roman pottery
'9
99
19
•1
99
S9
• 1
99
54-57
54
57
56
56
56
56
DIOSPOLIS PAEVA.
INTEODUCTION.
1. The present volume has been delayed
owing to the gi'eat importance of the subse-
quent work on the Royal Tombs of Abydos,
which made it desirable to issue the account of
the remains of the 1st Dynasty as soon as
possible. This volume, though delayed, is,
however, one of the most essential to our view
of the past, as the whole subject of the pre-
historic age of Egypt is for the first time
classified and reduced to order.
In dealing with the prehistoric age it has
been difficult to state enough of what is already
known without repeating too much. To place
any one in possession of the facts and materials
it would be needful to repeat nearly all of the
eighty-six plates of my volume on Naqada^
published in 1896 by Quaritch. Yet as the
time has not yet come for a final corpus of all
that is known completely systematized, it would
be undesirable to go to the expense of repeating
so much material at present. It is, therefore,
necessary to make many of the plates here
merely supplementary to the previous publica-
tion, and to refer readers to that earlier volume
for the larger mass of material, especially on
pottery. This is a disadvantage, the more so
as most of the supporters of the Exploration
Fund have not yet seen that earlier volume,
which was published separately. To those,
however, who wish to follow out the subject,
that account is essential ; and I must often
refer to it as a necessary basis. Some day a
great work embodying aU that is known of the
pre-dynastic ages, and placing aU the changes of
peoples and of fashions in their true order,
must be brought out ; but the present account
is only a first stage towards that final work,
giving for the first time the methods of
systematizing and of historical sequence in a
complete and easily worked form.
Beside the prehistoric subjects this year's
work has also included much on the dark ages
of the Vlth to the Xlth Dynasties, and the
Xlllth to the XVIIth Dynasties, through
which Ave can now see the continuity of the
styles of vases, both of stone and of pottery.
Much of the Xllth Dynasty, an entirely new
class of tombs of foreigners just after that, and
a few important pieces of Roman age, were
also brought to light.
The ground examined lay between Dendereh,
the site of the year before, and Abydos, the site
of the following year. At first our party was
settled at Abadiyeh, on the edge of the desert,
about a dozen miles west of Dendereh. From
that centre all the desert to about three miles
east was exhausted. AU the ground between
that and our next settlement at Hu was also
cleared ; and the desert for two miles west
of Hu. It is from this latter site that the
name of Diospolis Parva is adopted for this
volume.
B
o
DI08POLI8 PARVA.
Our working party consisted of Mr. Maclver
and Mr. Mace, as in the year before, who each
took a part of the excavations ; Miss Lawes
gave attention to drawing the pottery, &c. ;
and Miss Orme, with my wife, drew the marks
on pottery and the slates, and shared in the
heavy work of numbering skeletons and pottery
and the general orderliness of the ever-growing
collections. -
2. Before entering on the account of the
present work it may be useful to some readers
to have an outline of the discoveries of the early
times that have been made in the last few years.
In 1893-4 I went to Koptos, to search for
remains of the dynastic race, which presumably
had entered Egypt at that point from the Red
Sea. In the lowest part of the temple founda-
tions we found parts of three colossal figures of
the local god Min, each with surface carvings
of animals, &c. They obviously belonged to
a far earlier art than anything known in
Egypt, and all later discoveries confirm their
being placed as the earliest works of the
dynastic race from the Red Sea, long before
the establishment of the Dynasties. One figm'e
is at Cairo, and two are in the Ashmolean
Museum at Oxford. Beside these there were
found pieces of what we now know to be early
prehistoric pottery, showing that Koptos was
a site dating from the earliest continuous
civilization ; and also examples of early model-
ling in pottery. All of this was published in
Koptos.
In 1894-5 I went to a wide site opposite to
Koptos, between Naqada and Ballas. There
we opened nearly 3000 graves, which belonged
to a civilization different from that of the
historic Egyptians. Our party anxiously
debated day by day what might be their
period ; and the limitations of our knowledge
about the types of Old Kingdom vases led to
our placing some tombs at Ballas to the Old
Kingdom, which we now know to be earlier.
This led in turn to our dating the great mass of
new remains to the Vllth to Xth Dynasties.
This conclusion was the only legitimate one
from the facts as then known ; but it is not the
first time that caution has led to too late a
period being assigned to remains. I believe I
have never erred in over-estimating a date.
As we saw that these remains belonged to a
different race to the ordinary Egyptian, quite
new to us, we provisionally termed them the
New Race ; not as referring to their intrinsic
age, but much as New Holland was named,
although in itself a far older land than Holland.
The full account of all this civilization was
given in the volume Naqada and Ballas.
In 1895-6, M. de Morgan examined some
cemeteries of the same age, and published his
results in a volume in which he assigned them
all to the prehistoric time, together with much
material which is certainly of well-known
dynastic ages. The total absence of any
archaeological evidences or proofs of age in this
work, rendered it but a happy guess, without
any solid argument. The evidence still
remained against such an early dating.
In 1896-7, M. de Morgan found a very early
king s tomb, since identified as that of Mena ;
and the presence of objects of the latest " New
Race " style in it was the first real evidence
of their truly pre-dynastic date.
In 1897-8, the final proof that the "New
Race" remains were pre-dynastic was reached
at Dendereh, where I worked through a
cemetery ranging from the Vlth to the Xlth
dynasty, and so finally ejected the New Race
remains from the only dynastic period they
could have occupied, thus by exclusion proving
their prehistoric age.
Lastly, in 1898-9, we have found several
more cemeteries of this prehistoric age at
Abadiyeh and Hu. Already in Naqada we
had made a corpus of over 700 forms of
pottery of that age, and by using those plates
we were able to accurately record every piece
of pottery that we found; and the great mass
INTRODUCTION.
of precise information thus obtained, together
with the records of the Naqada tombs, has
made it possible to sort the various changes
into their original order, and so reconstruct a
consecutive account of the whole of the pre-
historic age.
In the preparation of this volume many
hands have helped. Mr. Mace has written the
account of the cemeteries which he worked.
Miss Orme and my wife have drawn nearly all
the pottery marks and arranged the plates,
besides continual work in registering and
attending to pottery. Miss Lawes drew most
of the p^tte-yo. J spot, and has since inked
in the plates ; besides also copying the
Ptolemaic inscriptions. The bulk of the plates
are my own drawings and photographs. The
long map of the desert was sketched in by
Mr. Maclver, Mr. Mace, and myself; and the
fort plan made by my wife and myself.
B 2
DIOSPOLIS PABVA.
CHAPTEE I
THE SEQUENCE OF PREHISTORIC PERIODS.
3. As it will be necessary in the account of
these cemeteries to continually refer to the
relative ages of the tombs, it will be better to
begin with a discussion of the method by which
the prehistoric age of Egy^^t has been subdivided
and reduced to a defined order.
Hitherto it has been taken for granted that
when no exact age could be stated for a par-
ticular civilization it must fall into a general
limbo of '^ prehistoric times " ; and the utmost
that could be done was to name some periods
irom the places where they were best represented
— such as Chellian, Mousterian, Hallstattian,
and to generally say that one such period was
before another. Such a system is cumbrous,
and gives no scope for exact definition.
But if we can use any definite scale of sequence,
where the scale of absolute time is unknown, we
can at once deal with a period as simply and
clearly as if the scale of years was provided.
Such a scale of sequence we have in the numbers
of the burials ; and if we can only succeed in
writing down the graves in their original order
of time, we can then be as definite in fixing their
contents in a scale of graves as we would in a
scale of years.
The problem then is, if we have the contents
of hundreds of graves accurately recorded, how
can we sort those out into their original order,
and so construct a scale ?
First, we need to be able to write out the
record of the contents of a grave in such a way
that it can be rapidly compared with every
other grave. To draw figures of all the objects
would be impossible, because they would need to
be large enough to show small variations, and it
would be impossible to compare hundreds of
such together and observe their differences. It is
necessary then to begin by forming a corpus of
all the forms, numbered in order, and then to
denote each form by its number.
To deal simultaneously with the records of
some hundreds of graves, it is needful to state
them as compactly as possible. This was done
by writing out the numbers, which express the
forms of pottery that were found, on a separate
slip of card for each tomb. The slips were
^ inch wide and 7 inches long. All the slips were
ruled in 9 columns, one for each kind of pottery.
Every form of pottery found in a given tomb
was then expressed by writing the number of
that form in the column of that kind of pottery.
Thus the whole of the pottery found in a given
tomb was shown by a row of numbers which
could be rapidly compared with the numbers of
any other tomb record. The means were thus
provided for exact definition and rapid
comparison.
Having the material in suitable form we can
proceed to arrange it. The general principles
of arrangement I have stated in a paper in the
Anthropological Journal (xxix. 295, 1900) ; here
it will be more to the point to state the actual
stages and details. The pottery alone is dealt
with for arranging the graves, as it is very
abundant and varied : and the other objects —
stone vases, slate palettes, flints, &c. — when
arranged according to the results of the study
of the pottery serve as checks on the correctness
of those results.
The general result of the classification of the
tombs and their contained pottery may be seen
THE SEQUENCE OF PBEHISTORIC rERIODS.
on pi. ii. ; and a brief view of this, to begin
with, will help in explaining the processes by
which such a result is reached. Here a series of
seven stages is chosen to show the manner in
which each period is linked to those which are
before and after it. Of course more or fewer
stages might have been illustrated here ; but
these suffice to show how any period is linked to
others, and to give a general idea of the varying
styles of the periods. It would be clearly im-
possible to transpose any two of these groups,
of the forms which are found together, without
disconnecting them with those before and after.
It is needful therefore to have a m>ich finer
gradation than seven stages to express the
relative ages of varieties ; and practically fifty
stages were adopted to cover all this period.
As some earlier periods may yet be found, the
scale begins at 3U ; and running to 80, it leaves
enough numbers before 100 to join up to the
historic times in future. Thus the actual
numbers assigned are pui'ely arbitrary ; but the
order of the stages they represent is certain, and
each number represents an equal quantity of
burials. Now we turn to the series of steps
whereby a card catalogue of grave contents was
arranged in nearly the original order or sequence
of the graves.
4, 1st step. The most clear series of derived
forms is that of the wavy handled vases, some of
which are given as the first figures in the five
lower stages of pi. ii. Beginning almost
globular, with pronounced ledge-handles, waved,
(as in stage 35 to 42), they next become more
upright, then narrowei- with degraded handles,
then the handle becomes a mere wavy line, and
lastly an upright cylinder with an arched
pattern or a mere cord line around it. Some oi'
the new varieties, which also show this, are
given on pi. xv. ; and the full series of changes in
Naqada xxxi., xxxii. The order of the changes
is also shown by the contents ; at first full of a
strongly aromatic ointment, later with a layer of
clay over it, next with mainly clay only scented 1
with ointment, lastly filled vnth merely solid
clay, as in the cylinder jars. The degi'adation of
contents to a worthless substitute proves from
which end of the scale the changes proceed.
Here we have then a good series with which to
begin a classification. To some small extent
these varieties were overlapping in time, as we
find cognate forms in one grave. How then are
the gi'oups which contain one type of wavy-
handle [W] to be subdivided ? Side by side
with this W pottery there is a class which since
1896 we have seen to be later than the rest, aa
it links on to the forms of historic age ; it is
lettered L, and new varieties are shown on pis,
xviii., xix. : for the series see Nnqada sxxix. to
xli, In any given group of W we can then sort
out the slips, placing firstly those which contain
L types that occur before, and lastly those with
fresh types of L pottery. Thus the large groups
are subdivided.
2nd step. Having the slips thus coarsely
sorted into a few groups, by W and L, we can
next sort each group by the types of Black-
topped pottery [B], Polished-red pottery [P],
and Rough-faced pottery [R] (see frontispiece
and pis. xiii., xvii.), according as the slips
contain types occurring before or not. This
rough placing can be further improved by bring-
ing together as close as may be the earliest and
latest examples of any type ; as it is clear that
any disturbance of the original order will tend
to scatter the types wider, therefore the shortest
range possible for each type is the most probable
truth.
3rd step. Having then all the slips which
contain W sorted into approximately theii'
original order, by the distribution of the other
kinds of pottery which occur with them, we see
that all the L pottery falls within the range of
W, It is practicable, therefore, to bring into the
series all the slips with L, though without W.
These are incorporated in the series by looking
for the first and last example of every type of
pottery occurring on a slip, and then placing it
DTOSPOLTS PARVA.
BO that it shall be after all the first examples and
before any of the last examples. If it is contra-
dictory, as the last example of some kind of
pottery was passed before the first example of
some other kind is reached, then either the order
previously arranged must be altered, or else we
must acknowledge that the new slip contains the
earliest or latest example of one of its types.
In this and all the later stages only graves with
at least five different types of pottery were
classified, as poorer instances do not give
enough ground for study.
5. 4th step. So far we have only arranged
the material which falls within the range of a
clear series of derivation in the W types : but
we now have a very different problem. How
can we project our stages backward beyond the
range of a connected series of forms ? There is
much material, hundreds of slips, which do not
fall into the period of W pottery, and we need to
classify and connect it to the beginning of the
W period. First we arrange the slips that are
without W, in the order of the number of types
of B, P, R, found with W. Thus we have graves
with
12 3 4 5 6 and more
types in common with those of the W period.
And we find that looking to the pottery mth
white cross lines (C) (see Front.) these succes-
sive classes of slips contain on the average
i h A
of the C pottery. Hence it is clear that the C
pottery is at the beginning, and separated by
some interval from the W period.
5th step. Make a list of all types of B, P, R
pottery found >vith C, as these will be the earliest
types.
6th step. Next we can try the above classes
of graves which contain different numbers of
types in common with W, and see how many
types they contain in common with C.
Graves with
1 2 3 4 5 and more
in common with W, have also on an average
2-0 1-2 -67 -25 -1 -1
in common with C.
This regular disappearance of types associated
with C, as types associated with W increase,
gives good ground for adopting these groups as
a true classification of the period before W.
7th step. Thus classifying the period before
W, we can classify the C end of this scale accord-
ing to the proportion of B, P, R types found with
C which they contain ; and the W end of the
inter\'al by the proportion of types found also
with the W period.
8th step. Finally arrange the C period by
grouping the instances of each type of C as
near together as may be ; and group similar
types together so far as allowed by other kinds
of pottery.
9th step. The decorated pottery [D] (see
pis. XV., xvi.,andA'(!5ad«pls. xxsiii. — xxsv.) has
so far received no attention ; but as the graves
containing it have at this stage been already
roughly sorted by the statistics of the other
pottery found with it, we can now use it as
a means of further sorting. It is valuable
material for this purpose, as the detail of the
decoration is more likely to vary than the mere
form which we have to judge by in other
classes. Each type of D was therefore
examined, and its occurrences concentrated
together, as far as was possible without up-
setting the W series, or spreading out the range
of other kinds of pottery.
6. lOth step. Having now about 700 slips
of graves sorted into their original order by
these various considerations, we now make a
first division into fifty equal stages, numbered
30 to 80, termed sequence dates or s.d., and
then make a list of all the types of pottery,
stating the sequence date of every example
that occurs in these graves.
11th step. So far only graves containing
pottery of weU*mai-ked characters, as C, W, L,
&c., have been dealt with. Now on the basis
of the list made in the last step we incorporate
THE SEQUENCE UF PREHISTORIC PERIODS.
all the other graves which contain enough
pottery to define their position. So far as they
may modify our views of the s.d.'s of the
types, the list of s.d.'s is amended.
12th step. All of the material being now
built together, and in approximate order, the
further processes are for more exact arrange-
ment in detail. All the slips containing C
pottery were placed together at the beginning ;
but there is also a large number of slips which
come before D and W, but which do not
contain C pottery. Should these really be
interspersed among the graves which contain C,
and is it a mere accident that these do not
contain C ? The only test for this is the
frequency of new types of other classes of
pottery. If the post-C graves are really of the
period of C graves we should find iewer new
types beginning in post-C, as they would have
been already anticipated in C, Or if C and
post-C graves are already in their true order,
the frequency of new types should be the same
throughout. Taking the new forms we find
that on each slip on an average there are of
new types
D
R
in C period 1-3 -59 -07 -07 "U
in post-C -26 -19 -05 -03 -28
Hence many post-C slips should go into 0,
as the new types have already been largely
anticipated in C. There are some other con-
siderations, rather too complex and detailed to
state fully here, from the actual number of pots
of new types, the starting point of R pottery, &c.
Finally, instead of 44 graves being of C and 148
of post-C, 47 were transferred to the C period,
leaving 91 in C and 104 in post-C; some of
these were however retunied back again on
studying the range of each type. The motives
of arrangement have therefore come to- a
balance, and it is unlikely that there is any
serious error of sequence.
13th step. The previous aiTaugement is
confirmed ii' we ignore the C pottei-y entirely, ;
and date all its slips solely by the other pottery
which they contain.
7. 14th step. After this re-arrangement of
the whole period before W, the sequence dates
of the types of potteiy were all retabulated.
15th step. Having exhausted the statistical
methods of arrangement, and obtained all we
can from them, we now turn to the treatment
by the extent of range of each type of pottery.
As already mentioned, the shortest range of
any type is probably the nearest to the truth.
Hence we look over the list of s.d.'s of each
type, in the list of types ; and wherever the
first or last example is far out from the rest,
the slip containing it is examined to see
whether it can be brought closer to the others.
We may graphically imagine this sorting to be
represented by an elastic thread for each type,
attached to all the slips containing that type,
and then the residtant position of all the slips
under the tension of all the threads will be the
probable truth ; the weakness of each thread
being in proportiou to the true extent of
diffusion of its type. Every instance of wide
dispersion is also examined, and concentrated as
much as is possible without scattering another
type. Thus the position of many slips has to
be a compiomise between bringing one type
early or taking another late ; and the likelihood
of a type being extended is judged by the
range of the other types most alike it. Often
several types hang together, and must all be
transferred if one is moved, and then the ranges
of twenty or thirty types have all to be reviewed
at once. Most of these changes are however
but small, not extending beyond one or t^vo
stages of the whole range of tilty.
lijth step. The material thus mechanically
arranged in its main outUnes by various tests,
is then subject to an ai'tistic and subjective
review, as to credibility of style and develop-
ment, and similax'ity of forms in dilierent classes
of pottery ; any likely alterations which do not
violate the statistical probabilities are then
8
DIOSPOLIS PARVA.
made ; but this is only a finishing matter, and
is not allowed to weigh against the more solid
facts.
17th step. The whole series (900 slips) is
then re-divided into 50 equal groups ; and the
list of the s.D.'s of each type is re-formed
accordingly.
18th step. A list of all the graves that have
been entered on slips, and of all others not yet
examined, is then formed, with the sequence
date of each grave stated in accordance with
the ranges of its pottery types. This list serves
for the subsequent dating of all the other
objects found in the graves.
At the end of the period the question of
whether the cylinder jars of pottery were all
descended from the wavy-handled vases, or
were copied from the earlier stone vases, was
also tested statistically by the number of types
of other pottery ; but the results showed that
that they must be connected with the wavy-
handled pottery jars. A class of the rudest
shallow graves, with only black topped pots,
was classed as 30, as they were clearly before
the C pottery beginning at 31.
It should be observed that these various steps
of arrangement cannot be taken in a different
order; but that each has its proper place in
relation to other steps.
The resulting sequence dates for each class of
objects will be afterward discussed in dealing
with the stone vases, flints, metals, &c. Here
we give the sequence dates for all the varieties
of pottery known, both those in the corpus of
forms in Naqaduj and those new forms published
here in the plates xiii. — xix. These tables are
the essential basis for all farther study of the
prehistoric, and from them the relative age of
any newly-discovered tombs containing pottery
can be at once read off. Examples of this use
for dating are given at the end of the tables.
The range of each type is stated thus
37 — 45 ; if a stray example is far from the rest,
and may be accidental, it is separately stated as
37—45, 62; meaning that most instances lie
between 37 and 45, but one is found as late as
62, which should not be relied on : where only
commas appear between numbers, as 37, 45, 62,
it means that only those three instances are
known. If numbers are in loops as (37 — 45)
it means that only one instance is known, in a
grave with that uncertainty of age.
8. Black topped Pottery [B] pi. xiii. ;
Naqada xviii. — xxi.
Type.
S.D.
Type.
S.D.
Type.
S.D.
la
31—70
22h
31—48
40c
38
b
35—50
23a
31 38
41
40—45
c
32,58
b
34—46
42a
37, 57, 70
d
32,38
c
(60—61)
b
31—50, 63
e
35, 52, 70
21a
57,64
43
51,59
2
(38—61)
b
(44 50)
44a
37—46
3a
35,46
c
39
b
40—44
b
(31 55)
25a
31 55
45
(52—68)
4
(42 70)
b
30 38,59
46
41 51
5
48,62
c
31—41
47
32—80
6
34—46
d
34—50
49
36-55
8
56
e
31 55
50
48—66
10
37
f
30—50
51
36,47
Ua
35 51.61
g
31 56
53a
38—66
b
31 56
h
36—50
b
40—75
c
37^
26a
31—50, 69
d
62,65
d
31—44
b
31 51
54a
33 64
e
36—63
c
31 56
b
35,36
f
31—63
27a
32—48
55
36 39
12
57
b
33—43, 63
56
41,48
13a
60
c
33—45, 62
57a
31—62
b
59
d
31 55
b
31—61, 75
15
31—61
e
32—41
58a
35—68
17a
31 33
f
34—46
b
35—43
b
37
g
35,36
58c
35 55
18a
36—43
29a
30 34
61
34,54
b
33 62
b
34, 41, 58
62a
37 57
c
34—56
d
33 35
b
34—59
d
31 63
33
38
63a
36,48
e
76
35a
32—43
b
35 39
19a
30—47
b
38—46
64a
41—43
b
33—46
c
36—51, 70
b
37
21a
33—47, 69
d
34—43
c
36,38
b
30—47, 62
36
35—46
d
34,37
c
31—68
37a
36—51
65
72
d
35 37
b
63?
66a
34-63
22a
31—52
38a
43,66
b
36,44
b
30—37
b
33,34
67
42,53
c
32—44
c
31—74
68a
37—61
d
31 38
d
37
b
31—61
e
37,50
39a
44 61
69a
43,45
f
30—36
b
39,63
b
43,44
?
31-34
c
63,64
71b
38,43
THE SEQUENCE OF PBEHISTORIO PERIODS.
9
72a
31—46, 63
76b
b
35—51
77a
c
33-47
b
74a
31—61
78a
b
33 57, 76
b
c
33—55, 73
c
d
32
78a
75a
40 57
b
b
31 57
c
c
43
81a
d
43
82
76a
35—46
83a
43
34-41
34,36
34—51
33__47, 72
38,43
31—48
32—46
35
34,37
40
45
84 30
85 30
86a (32-48)
b (40-43)
87 36
92a 37
b 31,37
9Sa 47
b 44—63
94a 38
b 37
c 36
9. Polished red Pottery [P] pi. xiii. ;
Naqada xxii. — xxiv.
la 32—54,68
b 31,37,61
2a 31—52,63
b 32—41
4 34—38, 61
Sa 32,35
b 32
C 46
6 36
7 32,34
8b 37,43
9 40,42
Ua 31-63,80
b 35-71
C 35, 40, 63
d 31—65
13a 32,33
b 35
14 39—63
15a 32-47
b 32—39
16 33—58, 72
17 30-42
18 39—43
19a 38,46
21a 35,48
22 33—80
23a 38—73
b 41—72
C 35—68, 80
d 66
24a 32
b 32
25 33
26a 34
b 32—50
27 45
28a 35.39,72
b 43
29 (37-39)
30 (33—47)
31a 43,80
b 36
33 35
34a 50
b 41,46
C 40—58
d (33-80)
35 41
36a 42
b 42,68
C 38
37 36, 39
38 49-66
40a 39—70
b 34--70
C 40—65
d 57,64
e 42—70
41a 42,53
b 42,44
C 35,43
42 48—65
43 38—55
44 70
45a 42—59
b 43—56
C 38
46a 63—76
b 38, 72, 75
C 63—75
d 71
e 69, 75
f 76
47a 34--61
b 44^-63
51 47
53 35, 37
54 35—50
55 (38—43)
56a
b
57a
b
58a
b
50
60
Ola
62a
g
63
64
b
65
66
67
68a
b
69a
b
70
72a
b
73
74
75a
76
77
78a
c
81a
b
82a
b
c
84a
85a
b
I 86a
31—56
31—58
39—73
48—74
40—72
32—55
38—58
37—62
35
34
71
31—44
42
(59—66)
33—37
34,41
(58—65)
31,39
31,34
37
33,34
38—47
(52—68)
37
43,50
43—62
38—71
43,45
38, 75
68
68
57—69
41—72
43—57
58—79
43—59
50, 63, 72
53,59
46
63,71
86b 75
87a 4^.50
b 50
64. 71
69, 72
9Sa 48—68
b 37—67
88
91
93c
d
94a
b
c
95a
52—68
40—70
50,51
46
43,44
37—71
95b 46—72
96a (35-53)
b (31-46)
97 63,64
96a 50—65
b 57—64
10. Fancy forms [F] pi. xiv. ; Naqadob
XXV. — xxvii.
Ua
b
12
14
15
19a
b
24b
25
27
30
31a
b
c
d
34a
40
41
42b
31 54
43b
34
' 70a
36,37
36,38
44
50?
; 72a
36
36-44
51a
39,
47
b
34
35 53
b
38
c
37
34 56
52
38
' 80a
47—61
39
58a
40-
-50
b
37,53
35
b
43
c
(50 69)
45
e
61
81a
48
35
62a
36
: b
34
37, 38, 56
b
36
c
39
(36—63)
64
37
83
42
52
65
55
, 85a
31 73
53,57
66
34
b
45
40—61
67
61
91
(33-45)
45 56
68a
38
92
35
42,43
b
40
! 96a
38
51
c
33
• b
34
40
d
34,
58
96
51
50
68a
50
11. White cross-lined Pottery [C] pi.
xiv. ; Naqada xxviii., xxix.
1
2
6
7
8
11
12
13
14
16
18
21
22
26
27
28
30
31a
b
c
32
31
32
31
31
31
31
31
34
32.33
31
31,32
33
31
34
32
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
31
74
33
36
31
75a
32
38
31
b
31
40
32
76
31,32
42
32
77
32
43a
34 .
78
31
44
33
79a
32
46
31
80
32
48
32
81
33
52
32
84
33
54
32
85a
32
56
32
b
31
60
32
c
32
61
31
d
31
63
32
86
32
64
32
91
32
65
32,33
98a
32
67
33
b
34
68
33
95
32
69
33
96a
33
10
DI08POLI8 PARVA.
12. Black incised Potteby [N] pi. xiv. ;
Naqada
2
51
ao
38
1
30
54
6
42—47
22
42 63
1 31
54
10
57
24
46
32
47
19
38
26
46
55
33
15
35
28
50,52
67
68
13. Wavy-handled Pottery [W] pi. xv. ;
Saqada xxxi., xxxii.
1
40
25
58—62, 73
55a
72—78
2a
52, 62
31
65
b
72 78
b
61,62
37
64
60
70—72
3a
42,53
41
63,64
61
73 79
b
42,43
42
62 72
62a
75 79
4
46—61
43
59 66
b
77,78
6
46,53
47
66—71
71a
78—80
8
52,68
51a
71 75
80
79,80
14
46—68
b
71 75
85
78, 80
19
52—66
54
72
90
80
23
61 63
14. Decorated Pottery [D] pis. xv., xvi.;
Naqada xxxiii. — xxxvi.
1
63
19
2a
52
20a
3a
62
c
4a
49
21
b
49,50
24
c
52.53
b
e
52
25a
5a
42—63
26a
b
44,45
27
6
63
29a
7a
40.44
31a
b
33—63
b
c
61
32a
8a
44
b
b
31, 41. 61
35a
c
46—63
b
d
46-48
c
11
44
36a
12
49—63
b
14
48
c
15
31
d
16b
66
37
17a
40-60
40
b
46.47
41a
18a
44
b
c
66
42
60
62—71
75
75
61-63
72
69
74
69—75
37
47,48
40—45
55
63
40—52
46—52, 59
43
40,54
55
40
48
(>3
4<>. ()3
51—63
4<>
48
43
45
47
48
a
50
51a
52
53a
b
c
54
55
56a
b
57a
b
58
58a
b
c
d
60
61
62
63a
40—63
46
52, 53
45
63
46—53
48,49
42
42
60
63
60
46,61
47
46
46
47
62
56
46—60
46
46,47
49, 59
43—59
47—71
48—63
63b 43
C 36, 41
64 60
65 63
66 69, 75
67a 46,57
C AA^-U
68 39—61
71 46
72 32
74a 80
75a 65
b 48
76 34
78a 52
b &^
79 60
80 52
81
83
32—36
37
88a 41
b 37
C 34
91c 41
92 40,41
gSb (3&-43)
15. Rough-faced Pottery [R] pi. xvii. ;
Naqada xxxviii., xxxvii.
la 50,80
b 37—72
C 38—63
d 63
e 51—63
2 (37-74)
3a 33—64
b 41
C 42—63
4a 58
5c ^^
6 41,45
10a 40—52,80
b 39—60
11 45, 57
e 51, 63
12b 34,62
C 35
14 44
15 38—47
16a 51
b 54—78
17 43—70
18 73, 80
20 65
21a 70
b 34,65
d 36—58
22a 35—80
b 44—79
C 75
23a 39—73
b 37—75
C 36—80
24 42—80
26a 55—80
b 80
27 53, 72, 78
28 41, 66—80
C 59
30a (36-56)
32a
b
c
33
34a
b
c
36
38
39
406
41
42c
43
44
45a
46
47
50
51
53
55a
b
57a
b
c
d
58
59
Ola
b
c
62
63
65a
b
c
d
66
67
68a
57
54,62
54
43.66
44—79
43—64
43—73
53—77
37—75
36,39
63
38
53
52, 58
60
52—63
79
38
36—67
33,44
68—80
34—74
51—73
34—75
57—68
43—72
44
46
42
56
60,61
63
42—77
50—80
49—68
47—65
60—73
65—72
42—77
39—74
40—53
68b
69a
b
c
d
71a
72
c
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
81a
b
c
82a
b
c
83a
b
84
85
86
88
89
90
91a
b
c
92
gsa
b
94
95a
96
97
98
(44—57)
53—66
36—71
36—68
43, 44, 63
55,63
37
(36—63)
50—78
43—70
47—78
50,71
36—72
41—73
38—67
(59—66)
44,56
44
38,41
38—65
36—44
43—78
33
52—76
47,61
72, 7^
59,61
41,42
63, 1^
41—65
36—30
36, 39, 62
44—61
37—46
39
49,53
51
37, 72, 74
63
44
THE SEQUENCE OF PREHISTORIC PERIODS.
16. Late Pottery [L] pis. xviii., xix.
Naqada xxxix. — xli.
1
«8
25a
64—75
53b
55-
-74
2ii
73,76
b
70
c
54—80
b
73-78
26a
46— 7li
d
(55
-74), 78
c
69
b
59
e
70
3
78
28a
64. 73
f
73,
78
4
GO, 68
b
73
54a
72
fo
73
29a
73
b
80
b
60. 63. 80
30a
68-78
55b
48-
-74
c
77
b
58—76
S6a
73
7a
53—58. 78
31
72,74
b
71-
-72
b
39—76
33a
73-79
c
74
c
55—76
c
71.78
57a
80
d
60—69
34a
71—80
b
68
8
65—78
b
65—80
S8a
68-
-78
9!l
43. 70?
c
71
b
72
10
63. 69, 80
35a
79
59a
75,
78
12a
.50—73
36a
58—80
60
60-78
b
47-68
b
65—80
62
77
c
47-79
c
65-78
64
72
d
68-78
38a
70-80
66
72
14
54—76
b
74
67
68
16a
43—78
39
43
69
78
b
58-7S
40a
57—76
71
71
c
71-78
42a
58. 75
72
73
17a
.59—78
b
70—78
74
70
b
56—78
d
69
76
79
c
45—78
43
60.69
78a
73
d
67,68
44a
60—78
c
73
e
56—78
b
60-78
82
70
f
53.80
46
60,68
84b
72,
76
18
68—74
47a
76
85
71,
74
iga
70. 78
b
56
8ea
72,
76
b
.54—76
SOa
67—79
b
80
c
35—80
b
78
88
76
20
55—58
51
70, 73
94
70
21
56. 63
52
60, 72
cist
65
21
73
53a
48-74
Those readers who are actually working on
the subject are recommended to insert these
sequence dates on the plates of the pottery.
17. Now, to give some instances of the use
of such tables, we will take the fullest and most
varied groups found in tombs at Abydos, after
the tables were made ; and show how the date
of a tomb is quickly delimited from the sequence
dates of the various kinds of pottery found in
it, and how in some cases we obtain fresh infor-
mation about the range of types.
Tomb -^ 22.
S.D.
B 22b 30—37
B 25f 30—50
P 11a 31—63
P lib 35—71
Limits 35 — 37
P la
P 17
P68b
Here in the first tomb we see from the ranges
of types that it cannot be before 35, by P lib ;
nor after 37, by B 22b. The latest date of
beginning of a type, and the earliest date of
ending of a type, are the limits of uncertainty
a& to the age of the tomb. Similarly the second
tomb is between 32 and 34.
Tomb x 10.
W 51b 71—73
W 55 72— 7S
B 22a 35—80
E 65d 65 (—72)
L 30 68—78
P 57a 39—62 (-
W 55 72—78
W 61 73—79
B 23c
B 65c
L 30
60—72 (—73)
t>8— 78
Here in the first tomb there was a contradic-
tion, according to the ranges first used ; W 55
does not begin till 72, while the only examples
known of R 65d were at 65 ; hence it was
needful to suppose that R 65d continued in use
down to 72, and the range is corrected accord-
ingly. In the second tomb we find likewise
that P 57a, formerly credited as 39 — 62, must
extend to 73, which is very likely, as the
similar form P 57b goes on to 74 ; also R (iSc
must run to 73 instead of 72.
Other examples of tombs are, —
X
;o.
X
0.
w 55
72—78
B 38a
43—66
K 26
55—80
w 42
62—72
L 17e
51-78
E 23o
36-80
L 36a
58—80
R 65a
49-68
L 63a
48—74
R 80
41-72
L 53c
54—80
12
BIOBPOLIS PARVA.
X
59.
X
79.
D24
61 72
P23c
35 68
L 12d
68—78
S23c
36—80
L30
68—78
B60c
86—68
Lfi3o
64—80
L 12d
L 30
68—78
68—78
68—72
L43a
60—69
68
In the last we see how closely the age is fixed
by two types not beginning till 68, and two
disappearing in 68.
Of course, where only a few pots of wide-
spread types occur, it is naturally impossible on
any system to define the age closely; but
where there are several well-fixed types it is
generally possible to limit the age to three or
four grades, or within a twelfth or fifteenth of
the whole period, and often we find it limited
to a single grade.
1 8. Now, were these various sequence dates,
here assigned to the pottery types, a mere
fantasy (as doubtless many people will conclude
who do not take the trouble to understand
them), it is clear that we should find it impos-
sible to use the dates to closely fix the age of
fresh tombs, as there would be ceaseless contra-
dictions in any baseless system. Of course,
here and there it is only reasonable that we
should find that the full range of a type has not
been yet reached, especially that types ran on
in a few instances later than their general use ;
but such occasional extensions can generally be
justified by the range of a fellow-form already
determined.
When, moreover, we find that on dating the
tombs by this system we obtain a consistent and
regularly developing history of the stone vases,
slates, tools, &c., we have the strongest con-
firmation of the solidity of the general results.
I should be far from supposing that small
changes may not be needed, or small errors
detected by more study, but the main outlines
of the prehistoric age are now decisively fixed.
It would be useless to enter here on tracing
the details of the successive changes of the
various forms of the pottery, without having a
series of plates to show the transformations.
Some general remarks may however be made.
The date of the introduction of a form is far
more important than that of its last appearance,
as all forms went on being copied mechanically,
often long after the original taste for them was
past. Hence the date of first appearances show
the point of greatest activity in any style ; and
the date of the mid-most of the first appearances
in each class is the point of its greatest import-
ance. Tested thus the most flourishing period
of each of the classes is as follows : —
C 32 sequence date
B 84^5
P 39
R 43
D 46—7
N 46—7
L 68—9
It is found in several instances that the same
form is contemporary in diiFerent classes ; for
example P 38 begins at 49 and is commonest at
53, D 47 is of 52 and 53, and L 53a begins at
48 and is commonest at 58, the form thus
occurring together in three classes. The
presence of brims or lips is not common in
early forms, mostly occurring between 50 and
60. The taste for oval forms begins with the
open dishes, F 11 to 24, which all start in the
thirties, and none extend beyond 56 ; whereas
the oval vases, F 30, 31, do not begin at all till
40, and are commonest in the fifties. Thus the
pottery agrees with the stone-work, as the oval
stone vases, S 71 — 75, begin at 38 and are also
commonest from 50 to 60.
CHAPTEB II.
THE POTTERY.
19. Before reading this chapter it vrill be
be3t to turn to the coloured key (Frontispiece),
which shows the varioits classes of pottery and
the principal forms known of each. Further,
on pi. ii., is shown the manner in which certain
types belong to one period, and are connected
with both the previous and the following periods.
And on pis, xiii. — xix. are shown all the new
types found at Abadiyeh and Hu. Those who
want the full series of types already known
must refer to Naqnda, pis. xviii. — xli.
Black Topped Pottery. Class B.
The oldest pottery yet known is the red
burnished pottery with black tops, pis. front.,
ii. ; Naijada xviii. — xxi. This, like all the pre-
historic pottery, was entirely made by hand,
without the wheel. The material is a fine
grained sandy and micaceous clay, apparently
Nile mud tempered with as much of the Jiinterial
of a Nile sand-bank as it will carry. It is soft
and triable, but the outside is smoothed with a
coating of haematite (or burnt ochre), highly
burnished up and down. All these pots were
baked mouth down in a fire, the ashes of which
formed a bed a couple of inches deep, and so
deoxidized the haematite around the mouth of
the jar. In good examples the haematite has
not only been reduced to black magnetic oxide,
but the black has the highest polish, as seen on
fine Greek vases. This is probably due to the
formation of carbonyl gas in the smothered fire ;
this gas acts as a solvent of magnetic oxide,
and hence allows it to assume a new surface,
like the glassy surface of some marbles subjected
to solution in water.
The oldest tvpes of this pottery are appai'ently
the very simple cup forms (top line, pi. ii.)
which are found only one in a grave, of the
rudest and earliest age of the prehistoric.
These graves were in a small cemetery on a
little hill near Abadiyeh ; shallow saucer-shaped
pits, just large enough to hold a contracted
body, and about a foot or twenty inches deep.
The bodies were closely doubled up, generally
with head to the south, and lying indifferently
on either side (see pi. v., fig. 1.) They were
wrapped in goat skins, never in woven stuff;
but copper was known, as a pin was found.
Slate palettes rarely occur, and only rhombic
in form. Every detail points to these being the
earliest graves known ; and they resemble in
form and depth the later burials of Libyans
who came in after the Xllth Dynasty. They
are therefore probably of the Libyan type first
brought in. before the development of a fresh
civilization in the new and fertile land of the
Nile.
It seems probable that in these earliest types
we see the origin of every form adopted for this
black topped pottery ; these cylindrical and
open cup forms passed into the various dishes
and narrow-necked jare which appear through-
out the earlier half of the prehistoric ages.
20, PoLisHEo Red I'dttkuy. Class P.
Even in the earliest period, the graves of
which have l>een above described, the advance
had been made of supporting pottery above the
ashes of the fire, and so attaining a uniform
red all over. Probably the black top was felt
to be a defect, though certainly later on it was
TIIOSPOLIS PARVA.
treated as an ornament, just as many defects of
manufacture become so familiar that they are
afterwards deliberately imitated. The oldest
form of polished ,red is the small open pan,
P 17, at the end of the top row in pi. ii. (see
iVaqada xxn. — xxiv.). But the plain red quickly
came into use, a third of the known types being-
brought in between 32 and 36. The forms !
difi'er, however, from those of the black topped, |
The lip is genei-ally turned out by the black
topped, B, but turned in by the polished red,
P. The cylinder is a main stock of B types,
while the spheroidal jar with a brim is common
in P types. The narrow-necked bottle is rare
in B, but usual in P.
The red polished lasted on later than the
black topped class ; the majority of the B types
is over by 50, while the same majority of P
types is not over till 60. The finest examples
of this class are the noble spheroidal jars, P 40,
which often have a beautiful variety of tints,
varying from purple red to dai'k orange accord-
ing to the air in the furnace ; from these tints
they commonly have the name of " plum jars."
21. Cbosb Lined PoTTEBy. Class C.
Immediately after the start of the polished
red pottery we find that ware ornamented with
white cross lines in various patterns, see pis.
Front., siv. ; Naqada sxviii., xxix. This class
only lasted in Egypt for a short time, from 31
to 34 sequence date, or but an eighth of the
whole history of the polished red. It is, how-
ever, apparently connected with the Kabyle
hand-made pottery, of red with white lines,
which is of the same colours and similar in
patterns. It seems therefore as if this had been
brought in by the Libyan settlers, and then lost
to use in the new civilization which grew in
Egypt. The patterns are copied from basket
work ; the earlier are the bowls with centre
circles, and tall jars with chevron lines ; the
latest are the bowls with blank centres,
Animals are often represented, usually goats ;
but boats never appear. In one case a combat
between two men is shown, the oldest human
figures known (F. P. coll.).
22. Fancy furmr of Pottery. Class F.
Many strange forms occur of the black topped
or polished red ware, which cannot be classed as
ordinary pottery, see pis. Front., ii,, xiv, ; NaqmUt
XXV. — xxvii. The oval dishes, sometimes on feet,
the oval jars, double jars, spout jars, square
bottles, fishes, birds, imitations of stone vases,
&c., are found side by side with regular pottery
of the same colour ; mostly between 31 and 50,
only a third of the types running on later. They
belong therefore distinctly to the earlier age of
the prehistoric times.
Black incised Pottery. Class N.
This ware differs entirely from any other
known in Egypt ; and is only found singly and
in rare instances in prehistoric times, see pis.
Front,, ii., xiv ; Noqada xxx. It is akin to other
such ware found in the 1st Dynasty (Abydos), in
the Ilird Dynasty (Dahshur and Dendereh), in
the Xllth Dynasty (Kahun and Khataneh), in
the "pan graves" of Libyans in the Xlllth
Dynasty (Hu), and on to the XVIIth or XVIIIth.
It is closely hke in material and pattern to
pottery found at Ciempozuelos near Madrid, at
Butmir in Bosnia, and in the lower levels of
Hissarlik, As in no period is there any Egyptian
pottery which is connected with such a style, we
must look therefore to some foreign source for it,
such as Libya, Sicily or Italy. The material is
always a soft, fat clay, not much baked, thick in
early times, thin in the Xllth Dynasty. The
pattern always imitates basket work, and is
pricked on the pottery ; in later times with a
toothed comb. The incision is always filled in
with a white clay. The forms of the prehistoric
time are almost always deep bowls ; and some-
times imitations of baskets with lids, as 07, 68,
on pi. xiv. In the Xllth Dynasty, elegant
narrow necked jugs were made, with loop
THE POTTERY.
handles, distinctly Italian in style. The source
of this pottery would be a matter of great
interest to discover, as being a centre of the
early Mediterranean trade and influence.
23. Wavy handlkd PorrKBY. Class W,
This is one of the most variable classes of
pottery ; and by its manifest course of degrada-
tion it serves as the best clue to the order of the
successive periods, see pis. Front., ii., xv.; Ntiqada
xxxi., xxxii. The main changes are shown on
the left hand side of pi. ii. Beginning in the third
row as globular vases, with ledge handles of wavy
form, it passes through continuous degradation,
until it is assimilated to the cylindrical atone jare
with cord line around the neck. The material
is hard light drab pottery, well baked, a fat clay
without much sand. No paintings are known on
this pottery except cordage pattern at about
Ih. The latest of these cylinder forms appears
in the tomb of Mena, and they then dwindle
during the 1st Dynasty until they become merely
the roughest little tubes. The wavy handle, as
on the earlier types, is a characteristic of early
Palestine pottery ; and a connection can be more
readily granted as the mode of surface scraping
with a comb is found in both the 1st Dynasty and
also on the wavy-handled jars in Judaea. The
constant use for these jars was to contain oint-
ment, apparently palm oil ; and in later times
mud was added, until at last only mud was used.
24. Decorated Pottery. Class D.
The material of this is like the wavy-handled
and some of the late pottery, but its distinction
is in the painting of designs and figures on it in
dull red colour. See pis. Front., ii., xv. ; Naqada
xxxiii. — xxxvi. None of the patterns are derived
from basket work ; but some come from cordage
and rush covering (like modem oil flasks) and
some patterns from marbling. There is not a
single point in common between these patterns
and those of the cross-lined pottery, C.
Two types, 8b, 15, begin very early, in
s.n. 31 ; and the model boats, 81, begin in
s.D. ;^2 ; then follow the squat vases, 7b, in
H.n. 33 ; the earliest imitation marble, 63c, in
H.D. 36 ; a chequer pattern, 20, in s.d. 37 ; and
squat vases, 68, with cordage pattern in s.d. 39.
All of these are, however, \-ery scarce in the
thirties, and need not be more than importations,
like the black incised potteiy ; they are not a
twelfth of all the types, and are themselves much
commoner later on. The main appearance of
this decorated pottery is in the forties, when 48
new types come in, followed by 33 in the fifties
and sixties, and only four in the seventies. This
pottery essentially belongs then to the middle of
the prehistoric time. The principal types and
their ranges are as follo-\vs : —
Cordage pattern . . . .3 1 — 63
Marbling 36—63
Spirals, on upright pots . . 40 — 52
Spirals, on squat pots . . . 39 — 64
Aloes (?) 40—54
Boats 40—63
Three handled, with boats . . 46
Three handled, with ostriches . 46 — 53
Hills 46—56
Splashed 47—71
"Wavy parallel lines in short groups 61—75
The boat or ship pattern is the most important,
both for its variety and for the light it throws
on the commerce of the time, When these
drawings were first described and figured (see
Naqada xxxiv., 40^-i7, Ixvi., Ixvii.) there were
objections raised to identifying them as boats.
But the discovery of much larger and more
elaborate paintings on the walls of a tomb at
Hierakonpolis (see the Egyptian Kesearch
Account volume, Hieralconpolis, part ii.), have
abundantly proved that we have here the earliest
shipping yet known. The number of oars is
sometimes as many as sixty ; and mthout sup-
posing this to be an exact drawing, yet it
shows that galleys with several dozen rowers were
then well known. The prow of the galley has a
branch of a tree upright on it, to serve as a
DI0SP0LI8 PARVA.
shade for the look-out maa ; belowa hangs the
tying-up rope ; the stem has sometimes the
great steering oars (Xaij. Lsvii. 14, and Hiera-
konpolis tomb). In the mid-ships are always
two cabins, and in the Hierakonpolis drawings
a quantity of material is shown stowed on the
roofs of them. The hinder cabin always has the
ensign of the boat on a tall pole behind it. These
ensigns are shown classed according to sequence
dates on pi. iv. The earliest are here put to
S.D. 36 ; but the jar which shows both of these
ia only dated by one other jar, B 21d, which
might very possibly be as late as the forties, like
the other B 21 types, These seem to be possibly
garland ensigns. The hill ensigns, with from
two to five hills belong to the forties ; and also
the hawk on a crescent, which lasted through the
1st on to the Vlth Dynasty. The Z sign is
unexplained ; it occurs among pottery marks,
and on a slate palette. The elephant was
probably a small one stuffed, like the stuffed
crocodiles hung over shop doors in Cairo, The
cross lines seem as if they were the arrows of
the goddess Neit, as in the 1st Dynasty, The
two pairs of horns and other objects are not yet
explained. The group nf hills, two to iive,
show that these ensigns were the mark of the
port fmrn which the boat came, rather than the
emblems of owners. That Mediterranean ships
had ensigns in late times is shown by the tale of
an ensign of Gades found in the Red Sea, and
set up in Alexandria in order to be identified.
The other figures on these decorated jars are
difficult to understand. One of the most usual
is a tree {Naq. xxsiv. 30, 37), which has been
termed an aloe by Schweinfurth ; it is more
like that than like any other plant, and as it is
always represented in a tub or pot it seems con-
nected with the present taste for aloes growing
in pots, which are common in the cemeteries of
Egypt and Noi-th Africa. Bushes seem also to
be shown, as suggesting a landscape. The
frequent figures of men, animals, and trees, above
the boats, merely point to the boats being seen
in a creek or harbour with the shore behind
them.
The more specialized patterns seem to have
only been made during a brief time. The
common types of the spiral, the aloe, and the ■
boat, lasted about twenty stages, from 40 to 60 ;
but the large three-handled jars with boats, the
large lipped jars, and the long rows of ostriches,
eacii belong to a narrow period. Very probably
some types were only made during a year or
two, or even for only one single furnace load.
25. Rough-paced Pottery. Class R.
This class is not very definite, yet it is quite
distinct from any of the other classes, and so
forms a group by itself. The most usual types
are given in Frontispiece ; and all the forms in
pis. xviii. and Natjada xxxvii., xxx\-iii. The
principal use of it was for the great jars of ashes
buried in the graves. Sometimes as many as
fifty, or even eighty jars, weighing twenty or
thirty pounds each, full of ashes or burnt earth,
are found in a single grave. These ash jars
begin with a narrow neck, R 7!), at s.D. 36 ; but
very soon, at S.D. 38, the wide-mouthed conical
ash-jar, R 81, came in, and then both forms con-
tinue in use till about 70, yet they are seldom if
ever found mixed together in one gi-ave. At '68
the ash jars become much narrower with long
solid bottoms, L 30, but these are classed in the
late pottery, next described. Another frequent
type of rough pottery is a small conical jar,
beginning with a contracted mouth, R 75 in
s.D. 43, widening in R 76 at s.D. 47, and becom-
ing a simple cone R 77 at 8,D. 66. These jars
are only found one in a grave ; they never con-
tain ashes, and are always at one end of the grave.
Two other types are common, the little pointed
vases. R 65 to 69, which run from .s.d, 36 to 74 ;
and the narrow-necked bottles, R 91. 93, which
run from s.D. 36 to 65.
26. Late Pottery, Class L.
This class is somewhat mixed in materials,
THE POTTERY.
17
but was set apaxt when classifying the pottery, as
being introduced distinctly later than all the
other classes, having ugly and degraded forms,
and being linked on to the historical pottery.
The general types are in Frontispiece, the fresh
forms in pis. xviii., xix., and the main body in
Naqada xxxix. — xli. The material is generally
hard, and in the larger jars pinky on the surface ;
the smaller cups and bowls are often salmon
coloured or light orange-red, thin, and coarsely
burnished in parallel lines. The ash-jars, L 30
— 36, are mostly of soft rough brown pottery.
The rise of this class is much later than any
other. Only a tenth of the types are known
before s.d. 50, and those are almost all open
bowls : the main production is at s.d. 70, when
the other classes have almost died out. The
late examples of decorated and wavy handled
pottery are practically the same material as the
usual late pottery. The close of the late pottery
joins into the early historic ; the pottery of the
Mena tomb being all akin to late types, but yet
later in each case than what is here put to
S.D. 80. This period between the s.d. 80 and the
series well fixed now in the 1st Dynasty tombs
of Abydos, is not yet cleared up. Many types
lead on from one age to the other, and we may
hope that farther excavation will thoroughly
connect the close of the series of sequence dates
with the beginning of the historical time.
18
PlOSPOIilS PABVA.
CHAPTER III.
THE STONE VASES.
27. Throughout the whole prehistoric age,
from immediately after the rude savage burials
of s.D. 30, down to the end, stone vases are
abundant. Moreover the taste for hard stone
was kept up in the historic times ; hundreds of
stone bowls were buried with each king of the
1st Dynasty, and many are found in tombs of
the Ilird and IVth Dynasties. But in the
Xllth Dynasty the softer serpentine and
alabaster supplanted the fine diorites and por-
phyries, and in the XVIIIth Dynasty the art
of working hard stones was forgotten for any-
thing but statuary. From the point of view
of magnificence and skill in using hard and
beautiful stones we must say that the Egyptians
gradually rose to their highest level in the later
prehistoric and early dynastic times, and that the
Vlth, Xllth or XVIIIth Dynasties cannot for
a momeint compare with the archaic grandeurs.
The various types of stone vases are divided
in two classes, the hanging vases with ears, and
the standing vases ; there are no forms that
require a ring stand, as in the pottery. Indeed
nearly all the hanging types will also stand
upright. The types known before are given in
Naqada, pis. viii. to xvi., where the last four
plates are of the later prehistoric and early
historic : and the new types of this year are
given on pL ix. The history of the intro-
duction and changes of types is given on
pi. iii. Each principal form is drawn with its
top at the date where it was first used and a
line continues its course down to the date where j
it disappears. Where the range of a vase is i
very short it is marked by a line at the side
of the figure. Of course many stone vases
are found in graves which are not closely
dated by pottery, and so are not entered in this
table, as only the weU fixed examples can be
marked. Indeed it appears as if the pottery
vases were looked on as a substitute for stone
vases, as often a grave with some good stone
vases will have little or no pottery with them.
Possibly this points to there being a difference
of origin between the families who buried stone
and those who buried pottery; or it may be
merely that where stone vases were buried it
was thought superfluous to add pottery.
The earlier types from 31 to 39 are essentially
cylindrical, and these continue down to about
60 or 70. The later types are barrel-shaped,
beginning about 43 and continuing to the end.
In short the cylindrical types come in and go
out with the black topped and polished red
potteiy; the barrel types go with the decorated
and late pottery. But during the time when
all the forms were in common use, from 45 to
60, there is no preference for either class of
stone vases to accompany either class of
pottery. There was no trace of separation
between the users of the earlier and later
styles.
A distinct conical foot is generally added to
the cylindrical hanging vases ; whereas the
barrel vases only have a slight ring or beading
around the base.
The stone bowls do not show distinct
changes ; on the whole the earlier forms are
THE STONE VASES.
19
shallower, and were probably used more as
dishes. The later deep forms are much corroded
inside by being used as drinking bowls.
28. The materials are of all kinds. At the
beginning the soft limestone and alabaster were
used, and also the hard basalt, syenite and
porphyry. About s.D. 40 slate, grey lime-
stone, and breccia came into use. Black lime-
stone appears at 51, serpentine at 61, and
diorite was not used till 73, but continued to
be the favourite stone in the pyramid times.
All of these stone vases were shaped by hand
without any lathe or turning instrument, the
lines of scraping and polishing running
diagonally ; the insides were ground out by
blocks of sandstone or emery.
p?
20
DIOSPOLIS PAEVA.
CHAPTER IV.
THE SLATE PALETTES AND IVORIES.
29. One of the most usual objects in the
graves is a small slab of slate. When in a
fresh condition these slates have generally some
green paint on one side, and others have a
hollow worn where paint has been groimd.
Bags of the green malachite used for grinding
are found near the slate ; and a brown pebble
from the desert generally lies by the slate,
sometimes with green paint also upon it,
showing that it was used for crushing and
grinding the malachite upon the slate. Thus
there is every link of the process, — the colour
in lump, with the palette, and the crusher, both
coated with the colour. From lack of first-
hand acquaintance with these slates some
writers have named them amulets, &c. ; but the
facts of their condition, and the objects found
with them, leave no possible doubt as to their
use.
The surface is sometimes engraved with
figures of animals ; and in later times, at the
beginning of the dynastic race, the slates were
made of the same form, but larger, and covered
with groups of animals and historical scenes.
In all of these, however, the circular hollow for
grinding the paint was carefully kept, and was
the centre of the decoration.
Various forms of these slates are shown in
pis. xi., xii., and the bulk of the forms is in
Naqada xlvii. to 1. ; the sequence of the various
forms is here given in pi. iii. The rhomb is the
earliest form of all ; two such are found in the
earliest cemetery of s.d. 30, with bodies in
goat-skins and single cups of black topped
pottery. This form was probably suggested by
some natural cross cleavages of the slate rock.
Immediately after that, there came in some
elaborate animal forms, the stags in s.d. 31,
the hippopotamus in s.d. 34, the bird in
S.D. 35, the turtle or tortoise in s.d. 36, and
the double bird about s.d. 40. All of these
forms underwent degradation, slight at first,
but becoming so great that the original form was
entirely lost. The quadrupeds became irregular
lumps with traces of projecting limbs, the
turtles became notched discs, the fish became
notched ovals, and the birds became rude lumps
with a head. The square form came in at
s.d. 37 ; by s.d. 53 lines were scratched along
the sides ; notches appear at 67, and zigzag
borders at 72. Some of the latest have an
Oxford-frame border (at 74), with rope pattern,
and slight feet below. Thus rhombs and good
animal figures belong to the thirties and early
forties; squares and poor figures belong to
forties to sixties; and notched and shapeless
outlines are of the seventies.
30. The green paint, which is thus seen
to be a standard toilet article, was used for
surrounding the eye. On the earliest sculptures
the face around the eye and below it is green,
as on the figures of Sokhar-kha-bau (Cairo) and
Abu-en-suten (B.M.). The purpose of using
malachite was probably originally medicinal.
Livingstone mentions that when in Central
Africa he found that obstinate sores were best
treated with powdered malachite, which the
natives provided for him. A further use of
coating the skin round the eye would be to
stop out the glare of the desert, as the Eskimo
blackens the skin to save the eye from the glare
of snow. In the 1st Dynasty malachite-powder
THE SLATE PALETTES ANT) IVOaiBS.
is found as an eye paint, in a duck-shapctl dish
from Abydos {tomb M. 1) ; in thellird Dynasty
it is named at Medum ; and it is found in the
Xllth and XlXth Dynasties in tubes for eye
paint. This custom of painting must have
belonged to tlie earliest people that we know
of in Egypt, as 8hown by their use of
palettes.
The Ivory Carvings.
31 . One of the pilncipal uses of ivory and
bone was for the combs and hair-pins. The
forms lately found are sho^vn in pis, is., x., and
the ivories known before are in Naqada lix.,
Ixi.— Ixiv. Tlie history of the various forms is
given in the diagram pi. iii.
The earliest combs are fairly carved with
deer (Naq. 59—63) or birds {N<nj. 6i, &c.) ;
but they deteriorate, like the slate figures,
though as they do not continue so late as slates
they never become so corrupt. Plain combs
without figures were also made in the thirties.
Human heads arc brought in at the forties.
All of these combs have long teeth to retain
a coil of hair in place, and the animals to
fierve as personal ornaments. They begin at
s.D, 32 and continue common till s.D. 44 ; after
that only two or three are known, and those
very rudely carved.
The later combs were nut for securing the
hair, but merely to scratch the head ; they have |
very short teeth, or a mere notching of the edge j
{Naij. 51 — 54). The same form is also foimd ,
in limestone and transparent serpentine. These
begin at s.D. 40, and are commonest at s.n. |
57 — 60, after which they cease.
A combined comb and hair-pin (Naq. 53)
came into use from s.n. 39 to 60 ; the short
scratching comb standing out from the head as
an ornament when the pin was in use. In one
very well-preserved burial, this comb-pin, two
bird pins, and a spoon were all stuck into the
hair, see pi. vi., tomb B 378.
Other forms of hair pins have a small bird
carved on the top {Naq. 47 — 50, 75 — 84) ; and
this was so usual in all periods, from s.D. 31 to
80, and on into the 1st Dynasty, that it is
omitted in the historical diagram. There are
also the flat pins, with or without a bird, which
are early, from s.D. 34 to about 40. The round
I pin with a double bird head is later, about
s.D. 70, It is strange how the retaining comb,
I to hold the back hair, disappears only a third of
the way through the prehistoric ; vas long hair
not worn later ? Also how the scratching
combs disappear two-thirds through, and
nothing seems to take their pliur.e. The later
prehistoric folk seem to have neglected their
hair, and to have been on a lower level in
peraonal matters as well as in artistic .sense.
32. Another frequent use of ivory is for
carved horns and tusks. Many pegs of ivory
and bone are found, ornamented with spirals or
zigzags (see pi. iii,; Naq. 1, 28, 29, 32, 39,
44^46, 95 — 97). These have always a groove
around the thick end ; and on some of these,
and some similar pegs of limestone, portions of
leather tying remain around them, and through
the perforated holes. These were certainly
ornamental, and attached to some leather work.
It seems most likely that they were used for
securing the leg holes and other openings in
water-skins. These belong to the first period,
beginning at s.D. 31, and coming doivn as late
as s.D. 55.
Other carved tusks, about six or seven inches
long, have a human face marked at the end, or
a head carved in the solid (Naq. 35, 81).
These tusks are found in pairs, one solid, the
other hollowed. It seems not improbable that
they belong to some magic operation, such as
the catching of a man's spirit in a tusk, as
negroes now do. These also are of the first
period, ranging in date from s.D. 33 to 44.
33. Armlets and bracelets of ivory and
bone are common in most periods, but they are
thicker at the beginning, and become thinner in
the later times (see pi. x.). Finger rings occur
22
DIOSPOLIS PARVA.
eai'Iy, at s.d. 34, 35. One ring has two lions
attached to it {Naq. Ixiv. 78), found in a grave
of between s.d. 33 and 55. A larger ring has
four hawks on it, see pi. ix. 23, and is later, of
S.D. 71.
A very curious carving is that of a pair of
sandals, painted in red, see pi. x. 19 ; these are
as early as s.d. 32, and show how remote is the
use of sandals.
Harpoons of bone and ivory are frequent.
The earlier have two teeth and are well worked,
in the thirties ; later on only one tooth appears,
at about the fifties, and the work is coarser
{Naq. Ixi. 12—16).
Spoons entirely belong to the later age. One
curious spoon with a slate bowl, and a copper
wire stem on which stone beads are threaded,
occurs at s.d. 42 {Naq. Ixi. 6). But the earliest
ivory spoon yet known is in the forties or
perhaps s.d. 50, delicately carved with thin
bowl, and stem like a straw, widened for a small
hole at the end {Naq. Ixi. 8, and in diagram
pi. iii.). The later examples are coarser and
thicker, down to s.d. 74. Some elaborate
spoons have animals in relief upon the handle ;
one is but vaguely dated to between s.d. 31
and 63, the other not dated at all.
Of personal ornaments there are model tusks
(pi. X. 27—29 ; Naq. 91—3), which begin at
S.D. 38 and go on to about 70. Face pendants
are usually of shell, but sometimes of limestone or
copper (see end of diagram, pi. iii.) ; the earliest
dated is of s.d. 50, and the latest is at s.d. 61.
There are, however, some more elaborate ones
carved in patterns or as female figures ; but as
they have only been obtained through dealers
their age is unknown. That these oval plates
are intended as forehead pendants is sho\vn by
their curve well fitting the forehead, and one
being found in place on the forehead of a skull.
The hook at the lower end of some appears as
if intended to hold up a face veil. If so it
would be the prototype of the modem gold
ornament for the forehead, through which the
face veil is held up. Though the usage of a
face veil has not been continuous in Egypt, it
may have been brought in from the Arabian
side twice over in history.
CHAPTER V.
TOOLS OF STONE AND METAL.
34, The earliest examples of finely 6aked
flints arc those in graves at s.u, 32 ; as, how-
ever, only about one grave in tiventy contains
woi-ked flints, the absence of any in the dozen
graves of s.D. 30, and about twenty of 8.1). 31,
hardly implies that they were not then in use.
Those found at s.D. 32 are splendid examples,
the largest of the double-edged knives, about
fifteen inches long, and the forked lances with a
shallow space between the prongs (see the types
at the top of the diagram of flints, pi, iv. ;
2<a(jiida Ixxii. 52, 66), Following on these is
the knife with rounded butt and curved blade,
beginning about s.d. 33. The flaking in the
earlier examples is quite irregular ; and though
they are worked down very thin, still the power
of regulating the chips seems not to have yet
been acquired. Even at s.n, 38 there is only
the beginning of serial flaking along the edges
of the forked lances. And the same is on the
edges of the pointed lances at s.D. 40 (see pi.
vii., fig. U 259). At s.D. 45 there is more
regularity in the position of the surface flakes
of the long scimetar knives {Nai/, Ixxiv. 84) ;
but still each flake is quite ragged at its edges.
The tiiic serial flaking, in which each flake has
smooth edges and a regular width, ivas first
developed on the triangular knives. Tliese
knives are rough, and with but little detailed
work, in the thirties (see top of disigram, pi. iv. ;
.Wfj. 6-1); but in the forties they were worked
up with flaking across mowt of the wide face,
and completely regular all along the back.
This serial flaking -was almost perfected at
about s.D. 56 (see the knife B 1 !U of that age
no pi. vii.) ; and the finest specimens belong to
s,D. 58 to 66 (see B 217 of s.D. 66, pi, vii. ; and
Naq. 82, 86 of s.D. 58). After s.u. 66 no such
tine work is found ; in the seventies it becomes
coarser, and the body of the flint is thicker. In
the Ist Dynasty the regularity of flaking has
entirely disappeared, and was never recovered.
We see in this history of flaking how consistent
the course of it is, as traced out by the sequence
dates.
Tlie method of grinding the surface before
the final flaking seems to have been necessary
for the best serial flaking ; and the long regular
flakes could only be stnick on the flat surface
of either a large natural flat fracture or an
artificially prepared ground surface.
35. The forms of the flints show a regular
order. The bilateral types are the earlier (see
diagram, pi iv.). The long double-edged knives
have been first found at s.n. 32, of a large size ;
the smaller sizes continue to about s.D. 46.
The pointed dagger with rough tang occurs
from s.u. 40 to 52 ; with a round butt at s.D.
.56. The forked lance is wide and shallow in
the fork at s.u. 32 to about s.D. 43 ; the saw
edge begins at s.n. 32, but the knife edge form
at s.D, 35. The fork becomes deeper at s.D. 38,
and continues thus to late times. The separate
outline of the tang is a late form of about
s.D. 70.
The earliest unilateral knife is of the roimded
butt " comma " type, beginning probably by
s.D. 33, and continuing certainly till s.D. 39,
and probably later: small examples are found
at s.D. 56. Tt seems to be succeeded by the
scimetar knife, which lasted from s.d. 45 — 65.
Tlie triangular flake knife began in the thirties,
DI0SP0LI8 PARVA.
developed to a larger size by about s.d. 40, and
continued to s.d. G1, or in a slighter, narrower
form to the end of the prehistoric. Probably
from this type the fine serial-flaked knife was
developed ; this is first found at s.d. .57, and on
to 8.D. 66 ; while the same outline with coarser
work lasts on to the age of Mena.
The circular scraper (Na//. 32) is found at
about s.n. 40, and probably continued later, but
is not dated. The square-ended flake is fir&t
found (Naq. 99) at s.d. 63, rather irregular ; at
B.D, 70 it is finely parallel in its planes {Naq.
97), and continued thus until the 1st Dynasty,
■when the ends were more usually curved,
36. Lastly, in the same diagram, pi. iv., are
shown the mace-heads. These are made of
various stones; syenite, porphyry, and rarely
alabaster, for the disc form ; basalt, haematite,
breccia, alabaster, but mostly hard white lime-
stone, for the pear form. On looking to the
dates the disc form is clearly the earlier ; it
begins at s.d. 31, and is rarely found after
S.D. 40, ending at s.d. 53. The pear form, on
the other hand, is not found before 42, is moat
frequent in the fifties, and continued on to the
1st Dynasty, or even to the IV th Dynasty in
actual examples. The general use of white
stone tor the peai" mace-head gave rise to its
being figured for the idea of " white " or
" bright" in the hieroglyph hez.
The actual examples of the disc mace-heads,
with handles complete, are shown in pi. v.,
grave B 86, which is between s.d. 36 and 40,
One handle is of ivory, the other of horn ; they
were found in a rich grave, containing also the
seven forked lances and two other flints shown
in pi. vii.
Metal Tools.
37. We tuni now to the metal tools.
These appear to be of copper, so far as tlie con-
dition of the metal shows ; it has very httle
oxidation or change, and is still quite flexible.
For the forms and their dates see the diagram
on pi. iv. I
The earliest use of metal in Egypt seems to
have been for pins to fasten the goat-skins round
the body ; one such was found in the oldest
group of graves (s.d. 30), the shallow circular
pits with one or two black topped pots in each,
and the bodies wrapped in skins. Nest after
that, harpoons were made of metal ; a small one
occurring at s.d. 34 — 38, and larger ones at s.d.
54 and (Jl. The forms of these were copied
from bone harpoons. The third use of metals
was for small chisels for wood-working, which
appear at S.D, 38 and onward ; the large chisel
has not been found before the close of the pre-
historic at S.D. 78. After these uses there
comes the first needle at s.n. 48, or perhaps
even at s.d. 43 ; and the broad curved flaying
knife at s.d. 49, All of these tools are on a small
scale, showing that copper was yet valuable.
The first large tool found is the adze for wood-
working, beginning at s.d. 56 : it became
thicker and with a rounded top at s.d, 78 ; and
had the same rounded top at the close of the
Illrd Dynasty. The very well-formed dagger
appears in a grave which must be dated some-
where between s.d. 42 and tiS, and probably
between 55 and 60. Fortunately it was found
with the best authentication ; I was clearing
the grave with my own hands, and there was a
green stain on the thigh bone where the copper
had rested ; the objects in the grave were
clearly of a good prehistoric age, and there was
no trace of disturbance. The rarity of such
weapons is fully accounted for by nearly all the
graves having been plundered for metal at an
early time : this grave was one of the very few
intact ones that we found. The curious double-
ended blade, at the base of pi, s., is very
late, being of s.lt. 80, or perhaps therefore m
Dynasty 0, The form, sharp at both ends, is
unique ; and it looks as if it must have been
mounted across a handle, T-shapc, so as to cut
both ways ; see the double axe in " Royal
Tombs," vii. 12. A bodkin of thin sheet copper
was found with some very slender needles at
TOOLS OF STONE AND METAL.
25
s.D. 71. And a grave of s.d. 78 yielded a fine
set of an adze, chisel, and axe-blade, all of
which are now in the Cairo Museum, and are
shown in the last group on pi. vii.
38. A copper-foil face-pendant is found at
s.D. 61. Strips of copper sheet were used for
bracelets at s.d. 34 and 42 ; and copper wire
for bracelets later on, at s.d. 52 and 57. Copper
wire was used for lashing woodwork at s.d. 62,
and this use continued on to the 1st Dynasty,
when much copper wire lashing and binding is
found. This wire was not drawn, but cut and
hammered ; just as in Exodus xxxix. 3, " they
did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it
into wires, to work it in the blue." There is no
example of drawn wire in ancient Egypt so far
as I have seen, but it is always facetted with a
hammer.
39. Of other metals there are but few
examples. Silver beads are found at s.d. 42, a
silver spoon between s.d. 57 and 64, and a thin
silver ring at s.d. 61. Gold is found in a sheet
pendant {Nag. Ixv. 16) at s.d. 44 ; a gold wire
ring between s.d. 40 and 52 ; and small gold
beads between s.d. 49 and 53. Thin foil of base
gold was also worked over beads of limestone.
Of course the minute quantity of gold and silver
that we find is but a small fraction left behind
after very active plundering in the past. An
armlet of a hard white metal was found, of between
s.d. 32 and 48 ; it is not yet analyzed, but may
be a silver-copper alloy. Lead we know to
have been used early, as a prehistoric statuette
shows us ; and a piece of a sheet lead hawk
dates between s.d. 44 and 64. As galena is
often found in the graves, placed with malachite
as an eye paint, it is natural that metallic lead
should also have been known.
2«
DIOSPOLIS PAEVA.
CHAPTEE VI.
AMULETS AND BEADS.
40. Aniulets ill general are not found till
well into the second prehistoric age, at about
s.D. 50. But perhaps the rudely formed human
figures and animals, of slate, ivory, and ala-
baster, found at about s.i). 40, may be included
as amulets. The figures are of two classes,
rounded and flat. The rounded are of ivory
(with a pot on the head) at s.i). 38; of
vegetable paste moulded on a stick and painted
red and black at the same age ; and of ivory
and alabaster, of uncertain age (see Nat], lix.
7, 11, 3). The flat forms are of slate at s.D. 38
and 41, and of bone at s.D. 42 (see Nnq. lix. 2,
4, 8 — 10). But possibly the rounded figures
may represent buried slaves, as a row of four
figures was found {Nnq. p. 21) ; and the
smaller flat figures may be objects for exorcism
or magic; at least none of these were worn
about the body.
41 . The oldest form of amulet found is the
bull's head, the first in the diagram pi. iv.
The origin of this form was a puzzle until
an example was found at Abydos, on which the
flat front and muzzle form of the lower end left
no doubt that it must be copied from a bull.
It begins at s.D. 46 or earlier, and continues in
use till s.D. 67, when it is very degraded. A
form apparently continued from this is found in
blue marble with beads of the Xllth Djmasty,
so it may even have lasted on as late. But the
connection with the bull's head had disappeared
early, while the idea of such an amulet seems to
have continued, iis we find well-made bull's
head amulets of carnelian at about the close of
the prehistoric (base of diagram), and such
continued to be used in the Vth and Vlth
Dynasties, gradually dwindling in size. We
can hardly avoid connecting these with the
large numbers of painted skulls of oxen and
sheep which were prepared to hang up on a
wall, and then buried with barbaric Libyan (?)
invaders after the Xllth Dynasty, as described
under the Pan Graves, later on in this volimie.
Looking to the west we find bronze bull's head
amulets in Spain, and large bronze bull's heads
to hang up on buildings in Majorca {Rev.
Archeoloijique^ 1897, 138) ; gold bull's head
amulets are found in Cyprus and Mykenae ;
and at present cows' skulls are hung on houses
in Malta, and on finiit trees in Sicily and
Algiers, to avert the evil eye. The whole
subject of bucrania is opened by these pre-
historic bull's head amulets.
42. A favourite amulet was the fly. It
begins about s.D. 48, is found at s.D. 60 and 67,
and reappears in historic times on necklaces
of the Xllth and XVIIIth Dynasties, and on a
large scale in gold as a token of royal favoui* in
the XVIIIth. The prehistoric materials are
slate, lazuli, and serpentine.
The hawk is found as a flat figure in serpen-
tine, at s.D. 56 and (57. But rounded figures
on a larger scale were made in glazed quartz,
limestone and bone (see Naq. Ix. 14, 15,
18 — 20). It continued to be a favourite
amulet in the Xllth Dynasty and later.
Other animals found are the crocodile, in
serpentine, at s.D. 52 ; and the frog, in lime-
stone, at s.D. 65.
An unexplained form is a sort of trident, in
serpentine, at s.D. 52. It seems like the
hieroglyph -'^Tp* in its earlier form, as in Medum
AMULETS AND BEADS.
27
xxi. A ball-shaped amulet might possibly be
intended as a vase ; much such a form occurs
in polished red pottery, mainly about s.d. 50
to 70, and this amulet is always in red carne-
lian beginning at s.d. 68 and going on to 80.
A vase amulet continued to be used in the VI th
to Xllth Dynasties. The claw amulet is in
serpentine and red porphyry ; it occurs at s.d, 60,
along with the spear-head in serpentine. A late
amulet is the scorpion made of camelian ; begin-
ning at about s.d. 70, it continues tiU 80, is after
that abundant in the stone and glazed figures of
Narmer (probably before Mena), and continued
in use in the Vlth and Xllth Dynasties.
We are at last in a position to attempt a
history of amulets in Egypt. Till a few years
ago none were known except a few of the
Xllth Dynasty and the usual mummy amulets
of late times. Now we have the prehistoric
amulets discriminated in period, and those of
the Vth, Vlth, Vllth, IXth, Xllth, XVIIIth
and later Dynasties, all well known.
Beads.
43. The beads, which are found abundantly
in the prehistoric graves, have been very com-
pletely catalogued and classified. But it does not
appear that any of the forms are characteristic
of any one period. Small ring and tube beads
of glazed pottery appear in all ages from s.d. 31
to 80. Disc and cylinder beads of stone are
similarly of all ages. The only types which
may be delimited are perhaps the disc beads
facetted with an edge round the middle — the
frustra of two pyramids joined, and the tube
beads of drop form thickening at one end, both of
these seem to belong to the sixties and seventies.
The case is different, however, when we
examine the materials. Some run through the
whole time, such as quartz, agate, camelian,
brown and white quartz pebbles, steatite, calcite,
and glazed pottery. These are therefore not
placed in the diagram on pi. iv. But other
materials have a definite range ; and some are
only known in a brief period, such as green
glazed stone s.d. 52 — 57, blue glazed stone
52 — 73, turquoise 55 — 63, amethyst 55 and 70.
Broadly, the materials used before s.d. 40 last
on through all the time ; while one group
(lazuli, serpentine, haematite, and silver) came
in at S.D. 40, and disappear about 60 ; and
another group (turquoise, amethyst, obsidian,
porphyry, and gold) belong to the fifties. This
implies a growth in resources up to about
S.D. 60, and then a rapid decline ; exactly what
is seen in the styles of the pottery.
Some other materials may very likely have
longer ranges than have yet been found, such
as shell, beginning in s^d. 53, coral tubes in
S.D. 36, 38, and limestone in s.d. 48, 52.
i2K
DIOSPOLIS PABVA-
CHAPTEE VII.
OUTLINE OF THE PREHISTORIC PERIODS.
44. Having described the various classes
of objects I'oiind with the prehistoric burials,
we may now sum up the results that we
gather us to the changes during the whole
j)eriod.
The earliest graves of all, in cemetery C, are
here termed s.d. 30. They are all shallow
circular hollows in the marly rock ; the bodies
are all contracted, and have usually one black
topped cup, and no other furniture. In one
case a copper pin was found, showing that
metal was ah*eady known. According to one
school this debars us from calling this age neo-
lithic ; but a more reasonable school agrees in
including the age when stone was still the main
material, as being neolithic. On this termino-
logy the prehistoric age, certainly down to
s.D. (50, should be called neolithic, if not even
down to dynastic times. Where, then, are we
to look for the people ignorant of metal, if the
earliest graves known contain copper? Was
there ever an entirely neolithic people in Egypt ?
There are palaeolithic implements abundantly,
both in the high Nile gravels, on the top
plateau, and on the surface down to the present
Nile level. Palaeolithic man continued in the
land until its present climate was reached. A
fixed population, such as we find among
neolithic people elsewhere, was, however, an
impossibility without cultivable land. And no
land can be cultivated in Egypt except the Nile
mud. How old, then, is the deposit of Nile
mud ? Several borings have shown that there
is a depth of about eight metres of deposit ;
and as various data agree on a metre being
deposited in 1000 yours (or even 800 years),
the age of the deposit, if uniform, is about 8000
yeai-s. As our dating reaches back over nearly
half of the period, it is a good scale to trust ;
but as the deposit may naturally have at first
increased gradually, perhaps 9000 years would
be the most reasonable age for cultivated land in
Egypt, or beginning at about 7000 B.C. It is
improbable that any but nomadic hunters lived
in the land before that time.
45. Now historically we must place the
djmasty of kings before Mena as beginning
about 5000 B.C. And for the length of the
prehistoric age there is no direct evidence ; but
looking to the number of graves as compared
with historic times, and to the changes of styles
and of people, it would seem that 1000 years
would be decidedly too short a time to allow,
and that 2000 years would be more likely.
Thus we are led to place the earliest graves to
about 7000 B.C., which is as soon as there seems
to have been any opening for a settled popula-
tion. It is, then, useless to look for the earlier
stages, before the use of metal, in Egypt itself ;
rather should we suppose that a Libyan
people passed through the neolithic stages,
and acquired copper, while Egypt was yet the
haunt of palaeolithic wandering hunters ; then,
a.s soon as rich and fertile soil began to accumu-
late in the valley, the copper-users pushed in
and occupied the land. So fine a land, with
the stimulus of the mixture of two races, gave
that start which enabled the rude people
Avrapped in goatskins to rapidly develop within
two or three centuries the skilful prehistoric
civilization which we find at about s.D. 35 — 40.
The conclusion, then, is that the palaeolithic
nDTLINE OF THE PREHISTORIC PERIODS.
hunters occupied Egypt until the beginning of '
the Nile deposits, about 7000 B.C. Then came
in a Libyan race, already pastoral and probably
agricultural, making pottery, and knowing the
use of copper. These people in a century or
two developed a profusion of fine hand-made
pottery, black topped, red polished, and orna-
mented with white cross lines ; also stone vases
of limestone, alabaster, basalt, &c. ; carved slate
palettes, carved ivory, splendid flint work, and
the art of weaving. A free use of personal
signs for marking property is also found. This
irivilization shows no signs of weakness or decay
for some centuries, but seems to have settled
into a permanent condition from about s.n. 32
till near s.i). 40.
46. But wide-spread alteration begins to
show itself about s.d. 38 ; we can roughly
estimate its place by tabulating how many
classes or styles begin or end in each unit
of S.D,
S.D. 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 4? 48
End ... 1 1 2 - 2 4 3 - 1 - 1
Begm .. 3 3 4 1 4 -' - - 2 - -
Thus new classes were beginning actively in
S.D, 38 — 40, and freely on to s.d, 43. While
old classes were vanishing mainly at about
S.D. 40 — 44. This probably marks the inilux
of a rather different people at s.d. 38 — 40, and
their styles driving out those of the older
people from 40 — 44. Roughly, the influjc
covered two or three generations, and the
subsequent changes took effect in four or five
generations. We will now note these changes
in each class.
In the pottery ; the starting of new types ol'
black topped slacked greatly at s.d. 39, and
scarcely any new ones begin after 43 ; the red
polished pottery has very few new types aftei'
S.D. 43 ; the cross lined was e.\tinct in 35 ;
new types of fancy pottery cease to arise after
S.D, 40 ; the decorated pottery types are very
few, perhaps only imported, until 4iJ. when they
suddenly spring forward ; the late pottery
begins practically in 43.
In the stone vases ; the tubular forms with
handles cease at s.d. 40 ; and the ban-el forms
l)egin at s.d. 39 and are in full career by 42,
In the flint working; the forked lances begin
the deep V notch at s.d, 38 ; the round butt
kuife ceases at 39 ; the pointed lance begins at
40 ; the finely-flaked triangular blade begins at
41 ; the long bilateral knife disappears after 43.
and the sickle knife begins at s.d, 45, The
mace-heads show a sharp change ; the disc mace
is almost extinct in s.d. 40 ; and the pear mace
is not found till s.d. 4.2.
Ill the slate palettes ; the rhombs almost cease
at S.D. 42 ; the animal forms greatly degrade
after 40 ; the squares begin at 37 ; and the
double birds begin at 40.
In the ivories : the long-toothed combs almost
disappear after s.d, 44 ; while the notched combs
begin at 40 ; the flat hair-pins cease at 40 ; ol'
spoons the earliest is at 42, and they ai'e not
usual till 50 ; the model tusks, perhaps amulets,
begin s.d. 38.
In the beads, silver begins at s.d, 38, lazuli at
3!1, serpentine and haematite at 40, after which
there is no new material till the fifties.
In the amulets, &c., human figures range from
S.D. 34 — 44, after which they are very rare ;
the steatopygous statuettes belong solely to the
early times, 35 — 38, and may represent survivals
of palaeolithic race. Animal figure amulets
begin at about a.D. 45.
The animal signs on pottery cease after
s,D. 46 ; and signs in general are commonest
from s.n. 30 — 48, greatly checked from 48 — fi4,
and almost extinct from 64 to the end. The
boat ensigns are first seen at s.d. 35 ; they become
common at 44 — 55, and finally cease at G3.
The multiple burials are common before 40
and last to 43. Single burials belong to the
later age.
We now see how almost every kind of product
ivas cliafiged at about s.d. 40 ; and that we must
30
DIOSPOLIS PARVA.
look probably to some new influx of people to
account for such a wide-spread difference. Many
of the things are similar in character but different
in form, and therefore the earlier and later
people were probably of the same stock but
diverse in the development of their civilization.
The earlier people seem to be connected most
with the west ; their most characteristic pottery,
with white lines, is closely like that of the modem
Kabyles, and their disregard of amulets is like
the same people. But the second people show
more an eastern affinity: they used amulets
largely, and also the face pendant, implying a
face veil, both of which are Arabic customs;
their characteristic pottery was the wavy handled,
like the early pottery of Palestine ; and they
brought in silver, lazuli, and haematite, all
Syrian products. We are led, then, to regard
the earlier race as Libyan, and the later as
Syrian, probably of the Amorite stock, which
was one in origin with the Libyan.
47. After the fine early time of the thirties,
which was the best artistically, the age from
s.D. 50 — 60 is the acme of the prehistoric
civilization. We see then the most elaborate
flint working, with perfect serial flaking ; the
best metal work, with the beautiful copper
dagger ; the more valuable beads of gold,
turquoise, and amethyst ; the greatest profusion
of hard stone vases ; and the greatest amount of
decorated pottery (perhaps rather from 45 — 55).
We may suspect some fresh influx in this age,
as at about s.D. 60 is a time of change, the
close of some classes, as the decorated pottery.
the combs, the carved tusks, the boat signs ;
and the beginning of standing stone vases of
barrel form, deep stone bowls, and coarser flint
work. Such may, however, only have been
natural changes in the people ; and there is no
such break as took place at s.D. 40.
After s.D. 60 there is only a steady degrada-
tion in every respect. The finer kinds of pottery
disappear ; the decorated becomes quite rude,
with only rough parallel lines ; there is hardly
any but the rough and late kinds, and they are
coarse and poor in form. The stone vases are
clumsy and scarce, the flint working becomes
coarse, the finer stones for beads disappear, the
amulets are reduced to only two or three forms,
the slate palettes have lost nearly all trace of
their original types, and ivory working is rare.
The poverty of material, of taste, and of ability is
painfully clear in all of the graves of this
decadent age.
48. There is apparently some interval
between s.d. 80 and the first Dynasty ; as the
pottery of Narmer is later than anything that is
classed as prehistoric, though it still shows a
very degraded form of the black topped pottery.
Under Mena the types are all clearly later than
those forms found at s.D. 80 ; and in the 1st
Dynasty tombs we see a steady drift onward
into still more divergent forms. It seems then
that provisionally we should put the time of
s.D. 80, or the close of our present scale of the
prehistoric, to the beginning of the Dynasty
of Thinis, 350 years before Menes, the first
domination of the dynastic race.
CHAPTEE VIIT.
THE CEMETERIES.
49. The map of about ten miles of the
desert edge between How and Seraaineh is given
on pi. i. : it is divided in four pieces of two and
a half miles each, to fit the page. It was
planned by using the telegraph poles, which are
marked hero by spots, and each tenth pole here
numbered, The deflections of the line of poles
were noted approximately ; and the various
valleys were sketched in with paced distances.
Such a plan is sufficient for showing any
topogi'aphical points that need reference ; and
the exact relation of it to a general map of the
country can alwavs be fixed by the dyke to
How, and the village of Shekh Ali. It is
approximately north upward.
Beginning at the top we see fii-st the XVIIIth
Dynasty cemetery, which had been thoroughly
plundered by dealers recently. Behind it is the
Coptic cemetery attached to the Deir, which is
used by all the Copts of this district. Our relations
with the priests were very friendly, and they
allowed Mr. Mace to work close up to their
present cemetery. Next is the cemetery Y ; of
the Vlth to the Xllth Djniasty, and the shallow
surface graves of the Xllth to XVIIlth Dynasty
marked YS. In the sides of the valley are long
shallow graves of the VI — Vllth Dynasty. On
the tongue of land in the valley is cemetery X
of the Pan graves, the burials of foreign in-
vaders just after the Xllth DjTiasty. Cemetery
W is of Xllth Dynasty, with reburials of
XVIIIth Dynasty, and a great <|uantity of
late Ptolemaic and Konian burials near the
Fort.
The Fort (see pi. xxiv.) was originally the
temenos of a late Ptolemaic temple, to whicli
were added round bastions in Roman times,
probably of the Ilnd century, when the garrison
of Diospolis Parva lived here. Our huts were
built against the north end of the east side,
overlooking the valley. The west side of the
valley is covered with llonian potsherds. The
tongue of land in the valley and the east side
are pierced with dozens of old rock tombs ; but
so many burials have been made here in recent
times (particularly from the fatal accident at the
Farshut bridge, the many deaths from which
were largely concealed) that the natives will not
allow the graves to be examined. From the
square Shekh 's tomb at the corner for half a
mile inwai'd are many modem tombs, up to the
I great modem cemetery, at which it is said that
seventy towns and villages now bury. As there
is no other dyke up to the desieil; for many miles.
this is the only outlet for the burials of a large
population.
The cemetery U at post 180, is entirely of the
prehistonc. beginning at the earliest age. It
was cleared by Mr. Maclver, About 140 to 150
ai-e little patches of cultivation in the mouths of
the valleys. At post 12(> is the cemetery R.
whicli is also prehistoric, cleared by Mr. Maclver,
Behind 120 is a mound with Roman pottery,
iiack in the desert, which would seem to have
been an outpost fort, abnut four miles from the
large fort at Diospolis. After passing low
broken gi-ound, much used ior ;\.rab encamp-
ments, we roach the village of Shekh Ali. .fust
east of that i.'* the cemetery N, the only impor-
tant tomb in which is of the Vlth Dyna.stv. (Jn
the next hill east is a cemetery nf the IVth —
VTth Dynasties, entirely destroyed by dealers ;
DIOSPOLIS PARVA.
and beyond that the site of a prehistoric village,
also entirely ]jUindered,
The cemetery A is also of the Old Kingdom,
with XVIIIth Dynasty reburials, but entirely
plundered, as well as the mastaba. Our huts
were built hfire for our work of the earlier half
of the season, before we moved to tlie fort of
Diospoli^. This region belongs to the village of
Abadiyeh.
The line cemetery li proWded a large
quantity of good prehistoric things ; and the
isolated hill C, with shallow circular gi-aves,
seems to be the oldest cemetery that has yet
been found. D is a group of mastabas and
tombs of the A'^Ith Dynasty, shown in detail on
pi. xxiv. At L, M, E are a few tombs of the
Xllth Xllltli Dyna^fties. At F are prehistoric
settlements.
H is a prehistoric cemetery of the later period ;
and the great cemetery J is of the early XVIIIth
Dynasty, but utterly plundered of late years
by dealers, being the source of all the objects
described as from Semalneh. K is a Roman
cemetery. Beyond that is the large modem
cemetery, in which a great festival is held at
Beiram, attended by thousands of persons.
50, Having now described the general
position of the various cemeteries, the peculiar
and important graves in each cemetery will be
noted here, first taking the cemeteries of pre-
historic age, A, B, C, H, R, U ; and then those
of historic periods, D, E, N, W, X, Y.
Cemetery A. This was nearly alt of historic
age. In one place was a curious burial of very
large black topped jars (B ii2a) ; five lying side
by side, flat in the ground : the longest was 26
inches high.
A 13 was a very late prehistoric tomb of
brick, with top roofed by bricks on end leaning
together ; the burial of a child was full length, in
a wooden coffin, with pottery, F 2.'>m (pi. xiv.),
R26, L I7g.
Cemetery B was one of the largest and best,
and was oarefully recorded by myself, B 17
(s.D. 30 — 50} was the intact grave of an
elderly man, contracted, head S. ; only 14 lower
vertebrae were in line, the skull placed with its
!)ase against the upper vertebra, facing back-
wards, the jaw detached, in front of the face ;
one scapula and arm united, the other scattered.
A jar by the head contained 3(i scarab beetles,
two-thirds full grown, a third small.
B 18 (s.D. 57} liad 10 jars and bowls in place ;
on the top of the ashes in a jar was a film of
brown matter, apparently dried dregs of hazeh
beer.
B 24 (s.D. 41 — 65}. the trunk was dried in
one piece with the skin on, the skull before the
chest, and a piece of skin with hair laid over
the severed end of the spine ; one humerus in
place, but all other long bones scattered.
B 37 (s.n. 31) two bodies supei'posed ; the
lower buried without flesh, a goat skin being
wrapped close against the bare sacrum and
lumbar vertebrae on the inner side ; the upper
bodv entirely dissevered, only -1 vertebrae
together, no ribs attached, the long bones com-
pletely separated, and stacked in handsful
together, scapula between jaws, left condyle
broken. Over both bodies was a covering of
goat skins.
B 51 (s.D. about 40). Body destroyed, but
iibjects apparently placed in front near the
hands : see photograph of group pi. vi., slate,
pi. sii.
B 56 (s.D. 34), parts of two bodies left. Pottery
and stone vases at north end, with clay balls ;
see group pi. v., and stone vases on pi. ix.
B 57 (s.D. 47 — 62), see group pi. vi. ; the
copper bangles were on the arm, the stone vases
in front of the elbow. ■
B GO (s.D. 62 — 64), a curious small square
pit, 35 X 20 inches, with four jai-s, but no body.
B H3 (s.D. 33— 4K), see group, pi. vi. The
grave was broken up, and the clay toys scat-
tered in the filling ; the most remarkable is
the model of the town wall, witli men looking
over it.
THE CEMETERIES.
B 8G (s.n. 35—40) was one of the finest
graves, having two bodies, contracted, one before
the other, and a tliird body further along in
the grave. Of the fii-st two bodies, one had no
head, and of the other only the pelvis, one
thigh, and the shins were there ; the third
body was quite complete. The grave appeared
to be quite undisturbed, and had behind the
imperfect bodies two maces with an ivory and
a horn handle complete (see pi. v.), the only
handles yet found (Ashmolean Museum). Be-
hind the perfect body were the nine flint lances,
&c. (see pi. vii.), and another disc mace head.
It would seem that the perfect body was the
main interment, and the others were portions
of relatives who were re-interred here.
B 101 (s.D, 34) was the largest and fullest
gi-ave that I found, although the body had been
plundered out. The top was roofed over with
sticks 1|- to 2 inches thick, placed about 8
inches apart, and covered with matting: such
covering to graves is therefore quite early in
date, although it was the prototype of the
roofing of the royal tombs of the 1st Dynasty.
At the north end of the grave was a great
mass of fine pottery of nineteen varieties (see
groups on pi. v.), hippopotamus and rhombic
slates (see pis, xi., xii.), six whitened clay
models of ostrich eggs, one very large one
with black zigzag lines imitating cordage
around it, paste figures, stone hippopotami,
stone cones with leather, ivory combs, clay
beads, &c. One arm of a girl remained with
carnelian bead bracelet.
B 102 (s.D. 33 — 41) was another important
tomb (see groups on pi. v.), with five bodies.
One man was on his back, but with sacrum,
shin, and arm bones stacked together at the
middle of the body ; a second man had no
head, and the long bones were stacked together ;
the third was only a cluster of leg bones ; the
fourth was a man's head with bones entirely
confused ; the fifth ivas a child in the comer ;
beside these, two skulls of women lay uncon-
' nected in the grave (see 3 vases and 2 combs
in pi. ix.).
B 103 (s.n. 3.5) was another joint grave, the
bodies were all contracted as usual ; at the
back a man ; close before him, with pelvis in
contact, was a woman ; on her thigh another
woman, and on her thigh a third woman.
B 107 (s.D. 33?) another grave with three
bodies, but disturbed.
B 109 (s.D. 44) a fine burial of a woman,
with many small objects placed in front of the
body (see pi. vi, ; slates, pis. xi., xii.).
B 119 was all disturbed; it contained a
dog's skull, an ox bone, a mace head, and clay
figures of a man, a chisel, and a hoe (see pi. vi.).
B 125 was a family grave ; at the back a
fine man, a young woman close befoi-e him. an
old woman before her, and another old woman
beneath the latter.
B 140, a joint grave ; a man at the Iiack and
a woman before him.
B 190 (s.D. 65) contained a large square cist
of pottery (see pi. vi.), Avith three rough jars
outside of it, and two small vases and four
saucers, all rough, inside it.
B 21 7 (s.D. 6G) was one of the largest graves,
80 X 220 inches. The body and all the middle
was plundered out, but in the filling were the
pieces of a large flint knife (pi. vii.), now at
New York. The north end still contained 24
jars of R 80 type, and G pans ; the east side 40
pots, mostly small. In the north-east comer
stood a lai'ge jai- (L 40 type) full of thousands
of small beetles and dozens of the larger desert
beetle, but no true scarabaeus beetles; in another
jar were two large and many small scarab
beetles. These jars, and the jars of beetles in
B 17, B 234, B 328, show that the scarab was
already notable in the prehistoric time (though
not necessarily before s.D. 50), and prepares
us to find it used as an amulet in the Old
Kingdom. For the stone jar see pi, ix.
B 234 (.s.D. 66) a long grave, 35 x 75 ; the
body conti'actcd at the south end, and at the
D
DIOSPOLIS PARVA.
north end foor jars and a boll's head and horns
complete. The spine was completely anchjlosed
from the top to the sacmm : but the head was
off^ and turned base to the wall, with unbroken
pottery placed over it. A pointed jar (type
B 53b) was before the head* with scarabaeus
beetles in it.
B. 236 (s.D. 43 — 48) contained four bodies
of men, with flint lances and stone vases, see
pL tL
B 323 (s.D. fiO} contained many pots, but no
bones ; also a lazuli fly pendant with gold head,
and a forehead shell pendant fpl. vii.).
B 328 Ts.D. 53) had many jars, two stone
vases (H 9, H 43 types), and two jars with
beetles in them.
B 378 (s.D. 52) was an oval pit with a recess
at the side for the body of a woman, qoite com-
plete, with three hair-pins and a spoon stuck
in the hair. The head, intact, is photographed,
also the group of objects, and the hand with a
copper bangle on it, pL vi.
B. 379 (s.D. 66), a very perfect burial of a
man is photographed intact to show the
character of these burials, pi. v. It is not
usual, however, for the face to be turned up-
ward in this manner. A fine late decorated
jar is in the comer. D 78b on pL xvi.
This cemetery B went up to 570 graves, but
there was nothing new or important in the
others. The position of the bodies, on left
side, head south, is fully described in Xaqada.
51 . Cemetery C was on the top of a low,
isolated hill of the desert edge. The graves
were not long, oval, or straight-sided square^
as in the cemeterv B, but were all circular,
generally about forty inches across and 10 to
20 inches deep, in soft marly rock. The bodies
were all contracted, except one on its back with
knees bent. A regular example Ls shown at
the beginning of pi. v. The bodies of which the
sex is recorded are five men, three women. The
pottery is almost all black topped, generally a
single cup of elementary form ; the types are
B IDa, 21b, 22b, 22f, '25b, 25t 29a,' 84, 85,
P 17. The slates are only two rhombic (pL
3di. 47), one with a brown jasper grinder pebble
under it. In one grave was a string of brown
steatite beads, small discs, with a brown and
white quartz pebble pendant, around the neck.
In another grave was a small copper pin. This
was the sole furniture in sixteen such graves
that we found. The bodies were wrapped in
goat skins, and a lump of skins thrown in oxer
them in some
From the very early style of the ponery, the
single jars placed with the bodies, the absence of
woven cloth, and wrapping in goat skins, and the
different type of the grave (like that of the Li-
byans of the Xnith Dynasty), it seems that we
must see in these the earliest stage yet known of
the continuous Egyptian race, the first successors
of palaeolithic man, that have yet come to light.
This group is therefore dated as s.D. 30.
By the side of C, at the mouth of the valley
of B cemetery, some pits were sunk to see
what the vallev bed consisted of, and if there
were graves under the blown sand. The results
were : —
Near cultiration. 3«) feet south. dO feet fartlier.
Blown sand 90 inches 80 inches 40 inches
Under the blown sand and pebbles was a
sloping bed of clean water-laid sand, into which
we sank 90 inches more, interstratified with layers
of marly mud two or three inches thick. This
must be the Nile deposit of the ages before the
present low Xile; the blown sand over it
proves that it is not of recent times, and in
the prehistoric days the Xile was some 20 feet
lower than at present, having raised its bed by
deposits since. So we see that the desert valleys
were eroded, and then filled with Xile wash
before the low Nile age, and that about seven or
eicrht feet of blown sand has since accumulated
in the valley mouths. Further west, in the
vaUey mouth west of cemetery A, we found a
i wide-spread burnt stratum about eight feet down,
THE CEMETERIKR.
the result of gi-eat tires, as the sand was
reddened for nearly a foot deep. It seems not
impossible that this was one of the burning
places for the prehistoric offerings, of which
such great quantities of the ashes were buried
in jars in the graves.
52. Cemetery H was ivorked by Mr. Mace
and Mr. lies, and the following results are from
their notes. All the burials are late prehistoric.
H 14 (s.n. 58 — 75), a contracted burial, with
bones approximately in place ; but the. leg and
arm bones wrapped up, fibula and tibia each
wrapped and then joined, knee-caps in place.
Skull on knees, no jaw-bone.
H 16 (s.D. fiS)), balls of both thighs turned
away from their sockets ; bones wrapped in
bark, tibia and fibula together ; lower ver-
tebrae wrapped round. Upper part of body
plundered ,
H 17, IS (s.D. 60), 27 (s.D. 72), 30 (k.d. 77),
31 (s.D. 73 — 79), 36 (s.d. 78), bones wrapped
in cloth separately.
H 36 (s.n. 78), not only were the bones each
^vrapped separately in bark fibre and rejoined,
but the skull was wrapped up with a camelian
bead in each eye.
H 39 (s.D. 72), only two vertebrae remained
with the head ; all tlie other bones were piled
in a square heap.
H 56 (s.D. 72) had a square wooden coffin:
body perfect, contracted. Remains of a wooden
figure by it, eaten by white ants.
H GO (s.D. 80), a similar burial.
H 76 (s.D. 68—78), lower bones, pelvis, most
of vertebrae, and one humerus in place : other
bones neatly piled over pelvis.
II 86 (s.P, 74), complete skeleton, contracted ;
string of blue glazed beads around head.
H 90 (s.D. 80), complete skeleton, contracted,
in wooden coffin ; necklace and right armlet of
camelian ; behind head a basket of ashes.
The whole of this cemetery is of small oval
graves ; there was not one laj'ge square grave,
nor any but single burials. Though cemetery
B comes do^vn largely to the fifties and sixties,
yet no multiple burials are found in it later
than one at 43, and sis other such are all before
40. They seem, therefore, to belong to the
earlier prehistoric people. AVhereas cemetery
U, which is entirely after 60, and nearly all
after 70, has not one multiple burial.
53. Cemetery 11 was partly worked by Mi-.
Maclver, partly by Mr. Mace. It has a few
burials of the earlier age, but is mostly of the
later prehistoric, 50 to 80 s.D.
R 4 (s.D. 58—76). bones all sorted, and laid
out side by side in a row; arm bones, leg
bones, pelvis, ribs, and head,
R 5 (s.D. 70). scarabaeus beetles in a wavy-
handled jar.
R 18 (s.D. 76), two scarabaeua beetles in ajar.
K 111 (s.n. 72) upper bones all packed into
a square foot, the humeri sticking straight into
the ground, head in centre, one ilium on top of
it, ribs jammed around ; all flanked by the
pots which hold the pile together.
R 112 (s.D. 70), leg and arm bones packed
together parallel, scapulae, pelvis, &c,, missing.
R 121 (s.D. 56), a double string of small
carnelian and blue glaze beads around head,
just above eyes.
R 134 s.n. 41), body contracted in middle of
larger square tomb : pottery and turtle slate
nine inches over it in sand ; large pottery
hippopotamus at west end (pi. vi. bottom), and
two quadruple pots, type D 91c, pi. x\i.
54, Cemetery U was a large and important
one of all prehistoric periods, worked by Mr,
Maclver ; it contains about twice as many
graves of the thirties as of any other decade,
but is otbenvise nearly uniform down to
s.D. 80.
D 3
^>*
DIOSPOLIS PARVA.
The graves were entirely recorded by Mr.
Maclver, from whose account the following are
the more noticeable examples.
U 12 (s.D. 74), contained a pottery cist ;
bones of a man, camelian beads, and double
bird slate, inside it ; pottery at south end
outside.
The depth of some of these tombs is very
unusual ; U 36 (s.d. 55 — 68) is 10 feet deep ;
U 39 (s.d. 60) is 11 feet deep; U 44
(s.d. 41—68) is 10 feet.
U 67 (s.d. 65 — 75), an infant. Beads, long
and disc blue glazed, in a string over head and
round neck ; and a bracelet of blue glazed
coarse cruciform and star beads with shells.
U 74 (s.D. 78) was a plundered grave ;
but contained about the middle, on the floor,
the copper axe, chisel and adze (see base of
pi. vii.) which are the most important examples
of the beginning of such tools (Cairo Museum) ;
the half of a flint knife was loose in the filling.
U 96 (s.D. 36) contained all the bones
stacked together as a tight oblong mass,
wrapped in a reed mat as usual ; the legs
above the arms, no skull, scapulae, fingers, or
toes. Two clay figures of men, coloured red,
were in the filling (see pis. x., and base v.).
U 151 (s.D. 35 — 55), body closely contracted,
lying on a basket-work tray of twigs ^-inch
thick ; short blocks of wood at top of head and
back of sacrum. Disc mace head of diorite,
therefore probably s.d. 35 — 40.
U 261 (s.d. 55 — 74), long bones dismem-
bered and stacked parallel.
U 349 (s.D. 71) string of green glazed
disc beads round the head.
U 354 (s.D. 70—80) had six flint bracelets
on the left arm ; necklace of tubular black
steatite and ivory; many minute black beads
all up the legs.
U 364 (s.D. 65—76), string of small black
beads about hips ; by head, a string of small
green glazed and small white beads. Ivory
cylinder inscribed (sec pi. x., base), by right
shoulder.
We have now summarized the methods that
have been developed for working out the
sequence of prehistoric Egypt, and the results
of this systematic treatment of the remains.
We have for the first time seen the whole
prehistoric times of a country arranged in an
exactly graded order and development. To
have given more minute detail of the thousands
of graves recorded would have overwhelmed the
view without adding to its value. Every useful
detail has been tabulated, and has thus helped to
produce the general systematized view here
given; probably furtlier questions will arise,
and further results be Avorked out from the note-
books of records. But for the present here is a
connected view of each kind of remains, and of
the whole historical result; and every con-
clusion is stated with such detail that all
succeeding exploration of this period can be
joined on to the present results, and be used to
correct and supplement them. In future ex-
ploration every grave can be dated as it is
opened, and the importance of any new results
can be at once seen, and corresponding care
taken to certify whatever facts Avill further ex-
tend our present knowledge.
CHAPTER IX.
TOMBS OF THE VIth TO Xth DYNASTIES.
55. In foui- cemeteries, D, N, W, and Y,
tombs were found which may be safely dated
before the Xllth Dynasty. The cemeteries D
and W wore worked by myself; N consisted of
very few tombs, worked by Mr. Maclver ; Y
was a large cemetery worked by Mr. MacSj who
will describe it himself in chapter xii.
Broadly we are dealing here with all the graves
which, though not assignable to the IVth oi'
Vth Dynasties, yet belong distinctively to an
earlier date thaa the well-known ege of the
Xllth Dynasty, with its many distinctive
manufactures. In cemetery W there are 66
tombs belonging clearly to the Xllth Dynasty,
and 40 of an earlier age, extending back to pro-
bably the VIth ; a proportion which la not
astonishing when we consider the relative
wealth of the periods.
The plan of cemetery D is given on pi. xxiv.,
it is probably of the VIth Dynasty, and was all
worked by myself. D 4 is a shallow pit, pro-
baljly a plundered prehistoric grave. D 5 is a
large mastaba ; see separate plan below general
plan. A rare form of cornice had crowned the
doorway, representing rooting with round poles
(see top pi. xxv) ; now in British Museum. With
it were fragments of two inscriptions, of the
style of the VIth Dynasty, so well fixed at
Dendereh ; one in relief, the other incised,
naming the amakha kher Asar Ady. The tomb
front had six false doors on either side of the
entrance ; the whole floor of the entrance was a
single block of limestone 10.3 X 46 x G inches;
and traces on it showed that the passage was
lined with blocks lOJ- {or ^ cubit) thick, leaving
a clear entrance of 27 inches. The central pit
at 10 feet down was filled with bones, mostly
human, with some of ox, and an ass's skull.
These continued from 10 to 20 feet down, to the
level of the chamber top. The date of their
burial was shown by a small plaque and a blue
glass ear-ring of the XVIIIth Dynasty and
pottery of the XVIIIth— XlXth Dynasty. All
of the bones were separate, and only one spine
was in line with the skull ; yet between the
bones was much brown earth from decomposed
flesh, and the bones were by no means clean
when buried. The skulls were equally male and
female. Why dozens of human bodies should
thus be cut up, and buried pell mell with those
of animals, in an old tomb pit in the XVIIIth
Dynasty, is quite inexplicable.
D was a simple pit 10 feet deep, without a
chamber ; it contained at the bottom 1 1 gazelle
heads without bodies, at 5 feet up a man's
skeleton, and a foot higher a ^voman'8 skeleton.
D 7 had remains of a burial ; model dishes in
copper and two curious open work fans (?) of
copper sheet and wire (see top pi. xxv., Phila-
delphia) ; evidently the same furniture as in
the tomb of Meru (see Dendereh, xxii.).
D 8 had the doorway leading southward to
the chamber blocked with four rows of big
stones, without mud. The body was laid full
length, head N., face E. ; on the neck, wrists,
and ankles were five wires of copper with a
few beads on them, and two copper armlets on
the arms. Upon the jaws rested a pottery pan ;
and in front of the head was the large copper
mirror shown in pi. xxxi. A jar was in the
N.W. comer of the chamber.
D 9 had been opened, and only contained
38
DIOSPOLIS PARVA.
some small blue beads on the neck, and one jar
in N.E. comer.
D 10 contained three pots along with the
skeleton in the chamber.
D 12 was apparently a later (? Roman)
burial of a dried body, in a shallow grave with
side recess.
D 13 was 18 feet deep ; chamber to S.
closed with stones ; body of man full length,
head N., face E. One copper needle lay by the
collar bone. A jar in N.E. corner.
D 14, similar tomb and position, a woman of
about 23 years. A large mirror before the
head (see top pi. xxxi.) ; four small stone vases
in front of the body (see pi. xxviii.), one pointed
vase of limestone, a dish of diorite, and two vases
of alabaster (compare Dendereh xxi., mid top).
About the neck, beads of green glaze and cor-
nelian ; note on the bottom striog the two leg
amulets and hand, of camelian ; and next above
that the very degraded form of the prehistoric
bull's head amulet, along with the later forms of
dynastic bulls' heads.
D 15 had a walled-up recess on the west,
with body, head N., and some camelian and
small green beads on neck (Liverpool).
DIG was opened anciently and broken up ;
one pot left.
D 21, pit about 13 feet deep, no chamber;
at 12 feet down an ox body and head, at 8 feet
down two dog and six gazelle heads, at 7 feet
down a female burial with a scarab of Ram-
essu I.
D 24 had a disturbed burial, with beads of
XVIIIth Dynasty, halfway down.
D 25, a large mastaba, much ruined ; about
it were found a drum lintel with name heq hat
Uha, a scrap of another lintel Avith Beba, and a
piece of good relief inscription, all evidently of
Vlth Dynasty. In the filling of the chamber
were four skulls (one male, three female) high up,
mixed with Old Kingdom pottery, but no other
bones. We can sum up this cemetery as clearly
of Vlth Dynasty, by the inscriptions of the two
large mastabas, by the copper models and by the
: stone vases already shown to be Vlth at Den-
: dereh. We have thus a good fixed point for the
I beads and amulets in D 14. At the N.W. of
each mastaba isapit(D 7, D21) with heads of
gazelles, &c., evidently a part of the funeral
sacrifices. At Medum are small oflfering pits,
but in the body of the mastaba, and S. W. of the
tomb {Medum, p. 20, 21) ; at Dendereh the well
for oflferings of prince Mena is to the W. of the
tomb pit. The human burials higher up in pit
6 are probably secondar}^ as that in pit 21 is
certainly of XlXth Dynasty. Examples of all
of the animal bones were sent to the Natural
History Museum, South Kensington.
56. In cemetery N the only tomb which
need be noted here is N 19, recorded by
Mr. Maclvcr, a well with chamber to the S.,
containing the body of a young girl, head
N., face E. ; the legs bent square at hips and
knees. Before the hands was the copper mirror
on pi. xxxi., with inscription of the royal
noble, priestess of Hathor, Bebt-tua : and
before that were four small pointed vases of
alabaster, see top of pi. xxviii. Around the
head was a necklace of several strinsfs of lime-
stone beads, covered with gold foil, camelian
amulets, eye, and jackal's head, Horus of
green felspar and blue glazed beads ; tortoise-
shell bracelets on arms. Traces of a stuccoed
wood coffin around the body (Philadelphia).
This buiial, from the forms of the vases, is
clearly of the Vlth Dyniisty.
57. The cemetery W is the large and
important cemetery of Hu at the end of the
dyke, worked by myself, and Y is another por-
tion of the same further north, worked by Mr.
Mace. We here select those graves of W which
are earlier than the Xllth Dynasty.
After seeing above the characteristic fonns of
the stone vases of the Vlth Dynasty, small,
pointed, with a concave collar neck (see pi.
xxxviii., N 19 and D 14), the similar and rather
clumsier forms in other graves may be assigned
TOMBS OF THE Vim TO Xtu DYNASTIES,
to the Vlth and Vllth Dyuaritiuri, Such are ou
pi. xxviii,, tht! wroup W 83 (twice in plate,
Aberdeen), the giwip W lUO, and the vase W
177: Jill of these are so closely of the Vlth
Dynasty Ibrras that they must be almost of that
age. Now with these forms were the pottery W
S3, pi. XXV., which is also clearly of this age, by
comparison with the Dendci'eh pottery ; the
button, W 90, pi. XXV,, agreeing with the Vlth
Dynasty date o1' a button at Dendereh ; the
mirror {pi. xxxi.), button, and beads, "W 100
(pi. xxviii,), placed with a long burial in a box
coffin with a sti'ing of small gold beads roimd
neck, a string of white shell beads down the
front, and a mass of blue and black glazed disc
beads at the waist (at Manchester), and this
dates these long lines of such beads in other
graves; and in \V 177 (at Melbourne) was a
string of black disc beads, and a scarab with a
rabbit (see pi. xxviii.). Tiiese beads then take
W 163 {at Aberdeen) to the same date, a full
length Ijody in a coffin, buried only two feet
down. And like this is also W 165 with the
pyramidal geometi'ic figure seal (pi. xxv.).
Associated with 177, in the same small group
of similar graves, were W 173, 174, shallow
brick graves, two feet deep, and W 175
(Chicago), 17(i, with hemi-cylindrical seals,
shown in pis. xxv. and xli. 1, 2, 3. These
seals beloag to the same class as the geometrical
patterns of buttons of this age, which are derived
from figures of men and animals.
Hence we find iis characteristic of the VI —
Vlllth Dynasties, pointed alabasters of good
forms, growing clumsy in the later cases,
buttons and hemi- cylinders with geometrical
patterns, long strings of black and blue glazed
disc beads, canielian amulets of bull's head,
hand, and leg.
Judging by the forms of the alabaster vases,
the group W 157 {pi. xxix.) must be rather
later than those we have noted, and so about
the Xth Dynasty ; with these were beads of
carnelian, black and blue glaze. The clumsy
forms of the tivo kohl pots, W 98, pi. xxviii.,
seems to point to their being also about the Xth
Dynasty. Next to these are the vases X 59
(from close to W cemetery) which are clearly of
the same age, or perhaps as early as the Vllth —
VIITtli Dynasties ; \vith them were minute gold
Ijcads aud peudauts, disc shell beads, small blue
glazed beads, a long string of black glaze and
shell beads all up the body, and some canielian
beads and amulets : the kohl pot next to the
shell (xxviii. left side, third line) is of dark blue
glaze (University College, London).
58. The burials of the same period in
cemetery Y are described by Mr. Mace, as
follows : —
•* In cemetery Y we have a series of tombs
running right through from the Vlth to the
XVII Ith Dynasty. These may be divided
into four classes —
"'I. Shallow graves, Vlth — Vllth Dynasty.
"/j. Pi1>tombs, Vlth— Xlth Dynasty.
" c. ■' " , Xlth— Xllth Dynasty.
"f/. YS shallow graves, Xllth— XVIIIth
Dynasty.
"The graves of the class ('() were situated on
the edge of the valley which separates the W
and Y cemeteries (see plan). The graves were
small, but two to three feet deep, and, in the
majority of cases, they faced north. The bodies,
which had originally been enclosed in coffins of
plain wood, or wood stuccoed, lay for the most
part with head north, facing east, legs slightly
bent, left arm by side, right laid across body.
In some cases, however, the hands met before
the face, while the legs were bent back from the
knee so sharijly that the feet rested against the
pelvis. A few instances seem to point to a partial
cutting up of the body before burial, e.g.: — ■
"110. Two skeletons: upper part of both
undistui'bed, leg bones more or less scattered,
but with two of the femora laid approximately
in position with the ilia, the ball of one being
turned directly away from the socket.
•■ IJ7. Burial beneath au inverted pottery
40
DIOSPOLIS I'ARVA.
cofTin : upper part of body inUxct^ but head !
turned the wrong way : lower bones out of
position.
^* 1 34. Two skeletons : (a) skull turned round
so that the vault rested against the upper
vertebra?, both scapuhc lying close together near
the pelvis : other bones in position, (fi) Arm
bones disarranged, pelvis in position, leg bones
lying all together, ribs piled neatly in a heap
unbroken, skull, with lower jaw attached, rest-
ing on pelvis.
" These must have been the gi'aves of the ver}'
poorest of the people, none of them containing
more than a pot or two, and a few beads and
amulets. The pottery consisted of flat dishes of
the well-known Vlth Dynasty form, and vases
of the type xxxiii. 6. Among the beads were
small blue and black glazed disc, shell disc, blue
glazed cylinder, flattened crumb, and i large
barrel-shaped camelian. Grave 103 had a
necklace of glazed amulets, including hawk and
bulls' heads, frogs, and fishes; 104 contained
glazed teeth amulets and an ivory drop pendant ;
110, an ivory button (pi. xxv.).
(6) Among the pit-tombs there are several
which may be put down pretty definitely as
pre-XIth Dynasty. Tombs 6, 8, and 9 are the
earliest, probably Vlth — Vllth : all three face
north, and have their chambers opening from
the side of the pit and not from the end ;
6 contained a small alabaster (Boston) ; 8,
a bronze mirror, an ivory spoon, and three
alabasters (Melbourne) ; 9, a small diorite
vase (Boston). For this last, and the alabasters,
see plate xxviii. The alabaster, 16, from the
same group in plate xxviii., belongs, from its
shape, to this period, but the tomb contained
also a headless stone statuette giving the name
Iteu'Senh^ which could hardly occur so early.
The tomb was plundered, so the alabaster
may belong to an earlier burial.
" Several of the pits seem to have been used as
regular family vaults. For example, 73 ran
east and west, and had a chamber opening from
each end : in the west chamber were eiorht
burials, three men, three women, a baby, and a
young child, all in normal position ; in the cast,
three buiials, (a) a man in normal position, {fi)
a woman in contracted position with a tiny
baby by her side, (y) a man, contracted. The
skuUsof the two last (/8 and y) show a. decided
tendency to prognathism ; this, taken in con-
junction with the position of the body, suggests
that they belong to the old pre-dynastic race,
which had not yet become entirely merged into
the dynastic. We have another example of
this in 63 : the west chamber contained one
skeleton in normal position; the east, which
was carefully bricked up, contained one skeleton
in normal position, and beneath it two others
sharply contracted, possibly servants sacrificed
at the funeral. In the fiUing of pit 56 (E. — W.)
there were four skeletons, and several pots of
Vlth — Xlth Dynasty tjrpe ; both chambers at
the bottom were bricked up ; the west contained
the skeleton of a man, the east those of two
women, one with a necklace of small glazed
beads; all three skeletons were originally
enclosed in stuccoed wooden coffins.
" Among other tombs of this period we may
note the following: — 35 (E. — W.), skeleton of
a Avoman ; by the head a small gold hawk
with double crown (xxv.) ; round the neck
several strings of small camelian beads, one
having a centre of four large camelians and a
glazed scarab ; roimd the body strings of small
camelian beads, and small glazed beads with
occasional large camelians ; lower down a string
of large green glazed beads ; on the left arm were
two bracelets, one of tiny camelians, the other
of small gold beads and glazed amulets ; in front
of the face was a small alabaster (xxix.), and on
the north side of the chamber was a large shell
containing kohl, and a pot of the type xxxiii.
U (Chicago). Pit 90 (E.— W.), bricked up
chamber to W. ; skeleton of a woman, position
normal, head W. ; behind the head a fine pointed
alabaster vase (xx\iii.) ; by the neck two long
TOMBS OF THE VIth TO Xth DYNASTIES.
41
glazed cylinder beads ; round the waist a girdle
of beadwork some ten inches broad, consisting
of rows of blue and black glaze and shell strung
together irregularly, with an outer fringe of
common shells (Boston). These rows of beads
hiid been sewn on to some material, possibly
leather, but this had been completely rotted
away by the damp. 92 (E. — W.), chamber to W.;
skeleton of a woman, head W., position normal,
but head disturbed by plunderers ; seven of
the vertebra) joined in one place ; two neck-
laces, one of small gold beads Avith a gold frog
amulet, the other of tiny blue glaze ; behind the
head a limestone jar (xxviii.), and a bronze
mirror (xxxi.) ; before the face a pot of type
xxxiii. 14 (Manchester).
" To this period also must be assigned the
camelian and gold Hathor amulet (61) on plate
XXV. (British Museum) ; the hemi-cylinder (78)
on plate xli. (Philadelphia) ; the bronze axe with
handle (162) on plate xxxii. (Philadelphia) ; the
alabasters and granite mortar (182) on plate
xxviii. ; and the alabaster vases of 250 on plate
xxviii. (Ashmolean)."
59. Apparently to the earlier part of the
Xlth Dynasty must be ascribed the only two
steles found in the whole cemetery (pi. xxv.),
those of Nekhtyk, and of Hotep-aqera with his
two wives, Khut and Apu. The title mcuit-
kheru on both steles points to their not being
before the Xlth Dynasty {Denderehj p. 51.), and
the style and names prevent our dating them in
the Xllth or any later age. Nothing noticeable
was found with either of them.
DIOSPOLIS I'ARVA.
CHAFTEK X.
TOMBS OF THE XIItm DYNASTY.
60. It will be best in dealing with this
period to state first what wc have found to be
characteristic of this time.
1. I'ale hive marble of tine grain, veiy com-
monly used for kohl pots ; in no case has this
yet been found fixed to any period cither before
or after the Xllth Dynasty. At Dendereh
nearly all of the tombs were before the Xllth
Dynasty, and not a single piece oi" blue marble
was found in any such ; one or two tombs wei'e
fixed to Xllth Dynasty by scarabs and dift'or-
ent style of ol)jects, and only in these was blue
marble found. Not a single piece occui*s in W
or Y cemeteries with objects before the Xllth
Dynasty. The earliest dated example is of
Usertesen 1. (Brit. Mus.). Nor has this marble
ever been found with objects later than Xllth,
except in a few cases of mixed tombs, with
Xllth and XVIIIth objects together.
2. Amethyst, bends were in no case associated
in W or Y with objects that could be dated
either before or after the Xllth Dynasty. A
few are known in prehistoric times, and occasion-
ally an amidet, a .scarab, or a bead may be of
the Old Kingdom or XVHIth Dynasties ; but
no string of amethyst beads is known outside
of the Xllth Dynasty, until the very different
style of the Roman times.
3. Hall tieadu of glaze, amethyst, camelian,
&c., are peculiar to the Xllth when of large
size ; and even small sizes are but seldom
found of the regularity and polish of those of
the Xllth Dynasty, and then only of camelian.
The large brilliantly glazed balls and amethysts,
up to hidf-inch diameter, are absolutely charai'-
teristic. Sometimes they have gold or silver
caps at the ends, or tubes through them.
Rhombic flat centre beads of camelian arc all of
Xllth Dynasty, so far as known.
4. In ahibasfer. round-bottomed viises and
shori cups with straight conical sides are in
every dateable case entirely of the Xllth
Dynasty.
5. In cojjper irorlc, axes very shallow,
symmetrical, to fix in a stick with but slight
projection, are of Vth Dynasty ; I'ather deeper in
Vlllth ; full semi-circle or rather more in Xlth,
but flat on sides ; with fat convex sides and
incui-ved edges in Xllth ; thin, long, but sym-
metrical, in XlVth (Suazenra) ; uusymmetrical,
back sloped, in XV— XVIIIth Dynasty.
Daggers arc ([uadrangular with curved sides
in prehistoric times ; have fluted ribs down
the middle in the Xlth Dynasty, and in Xllth (?) ;
no fluting, only a broad slight band on middle
in XlVth and on to XVIIIth.
61 . We now descriije such of the tombs of
the Xllth Dynasty as are notable for complete-
ness of information. These tombs usually com-
prise an oblong pit about 8 ft. X 3 ft.,
descending 10 to 120 ft. ; with a chamber open-
ing out of one end, or sometimes one at each
end, or even two or three superposed at one or
at both ends.
The direction of the tombs is first to be
noticed. At Dendereh the tombs
Of YIth and Vf 1th Dynasty, are N.— S. ;
Of IXth— Xltli Dynasty, are E.— W.
On tabulating the present tombs, we find that
those with the hemi-cyUnders of geometrical
patterns, which wc attributed
To about Vlltli Dynasty, are N.— S.
TOMBS OF THE Xlliu DYNASTY,
r
iter tombs with blauk and blue disc beads,
pointed alabastei's, and potteiy, assigned to the
Xth Dynasty, attributed so far to the
Vlth— Xth Dynaaty, are E.— W. ,
Further, another large cln9a with pottery
attributed to tlie Xlth and Xllth Dynasties,
amal] dark bine ring beads, black beads, car-
nelian rhomb, a scarab, and an engraved shell,
both of Uaertesen I., and in oiir case small ball
beads of cameliau and amethyst of Xllth
Dynasty style, in short,
Xlth Dynasty to Userteseu I., are K. — W.
But all tombs with ball beads of blue glaze and
amethyst, serpentine figures, blue marble, and
globular vases, in short.
Usual Xllth Dynasty, are N.— S.
The summaiy therefore is that the direction of i
the tomb was in '
Vlth to Vllth Dynasty, .V.~S. : I
Vlllth— Xlth and to Userteseu T., E.— W. |
(and perhaps earlier). [
Userteseu I. aud Xllth, N.—ti, \
Of beads the black and blue disc are Vllth —
Xth ; the small blue rings probably Xlth (as at '
Dendereh) ; and the ball beads of glaze, and '
amethyst, and the blue marble — the (.:haracteris- '
tics of Xllth Dynasty — begin about Usertesen I.
62. Of the pre-Usertesen tombs lying E. — W.
may be noted, —
W 65, containing the ribbed copper dagger,
pi, xxxii. 4 ; with some jars of globular form,
pi. xxxiii. I() (Chicago).
"W 70, with the curious tray of offerings, or
" soul house," in pottery, pi, xxv. base. The
tank by the side of the hut, with holes for
sticks to support an awning is uew to us
(Pitt Rivei-8 Mus., Oxford).
W 84 had copper models of chisel, adze, saw
and axe (pi. xxxii. 5 to 8) lying on the floor
uf the pit, with one jar, pi, xxxiii. 15 (N'cw
York).
63. Of the Xllth Dynasty tombs lying N.—S.
may be noted,
W 'iy, in the corner of the north chamber
wjis a group of two statuettes in black serpen-
tine, ou a limestone base ■with steps (see pi.
XXV!., top). Ai-ound the base is initten in
ilii at ht Amr Sent (Cairo
iuk, ifuleii livteji
Museum).
\V 32 was a tine uutouched tomb of a
lying full lengtli, head to north. The ^mall
objects are shown in pi. xxvii., top : the mirror
in pi. xxxi., the alabastei-s in pi. xxix. Imme-
diately inside the blocking of the door were
four pottery pans, one still containing dates,
and on the esist side of the coffin were fifteen
more pans aud jars of the type xxxiii. 22 : in
some of these pans were dates, birds' bones, and
lea\es. Also the bladc-bono and hoof of an
ox. In the wooden coffin was the alabaster
kohl pot and lid above the head; two fishes,
one gold, one silver, on the crown of the head ;
the copper mirror was in front of the body.
The globular vase of blue marble lay on the
middle of the shins. The tubular carnelian
beads were at long intervals between the ame-
thyst balls ; the ball camelians had the silver
hawk pendant as a middle; piece. On the
right wrist were three tine amethyst scarabs.
The whole burial is now arranged complete in
Philadelphia, as there is no museum in England
that can take in such entire tombs.
W 38 was a rich tomb, though entirely
turned over by plunderers. The small objects
are shown in pi. xxvil. ; in the middle of the
top line a tish of green felspar with electrum
fins, an ivory kohl stick, and a wire with
beads of coloured stones (imitation amulet case)
on either side : below, one of the spout dishes of
alabaster, like two others in pi. xxx., top ; such
seem to belong to the Xlltb Dynasty. A dark
brown serpentine usbabti, i»I. xNvi. (at Cam-
bridge), some big jars, sbghtly longer than
xxxiii. 22, and blue ball beads, were in other
chambei's ol' this tomb.
W 72 was probably the richest tomb of all,
for the number ol burials. It had been com-
DIOSPOLIS PART A,
pletely turned over by ijlundercrs, and tilled
with earth Wiished in ; so tliat it occupied about
two weeks to entirely clear it. In it was the
ivory doll with silver wire earrings, pottery doll,
pottery ass with packs, and a great quantity of
beads, of which a sample is shown with the
figures in pL xxvi. Four alabasters and a
pottery bowl from this are shown in pi, xxix.
Beside these there were haematite beads, many
strings of large and small ball beads aud fluted
ball beads (Cambridge).
W 161 was an unusual burial of objetts in an
open pit, without any chamber, see base of pi.
xxix. At the top is a fish vase of alabaster ;
a blue glazed hedgehog ; and a copper vrive
ring. Below, a lipless vase of alabaster, a kohl
pot, and parts of a dish (Philadelphia).
64. Mr, Mace will next deal with the tombs
of the Xllth Dynasty fouud in cemetery Y : —
" As regards direction of pits cemetery Y
supports very fairly the conclusions which have
been drawn from \V, i.e. —
"VI.— VIL,N.— S.;
"VII.— XL, E.— W.;
"XII., N.— S.
There are, however, a lew instances which show
that the eastward direction was not entirely
unknown in the Xllth, perhaps later than
Usertesen I,, to which it is a.ssigned above, For
example, pits 15, 34, and 96 contained glazed
ball beads ; 5 1 contained amethyst beads and a
specimen of blue marble ; 66 a bine mai'ble
kohl pot : all these ran east and west. In
almost every instance the burials of this period
had been plundered ; ^ve note two or three of
the more important. 15 lay E, — W, with a
chamber at each end ; the west chamber had
been completely plundex-ed out ; the east, which
was bricked up, contained an untouched burial.
The skeleton had originally been enclosed in a
painted and stuccoed wooden coffin, and from
the remains of the top band of inscription one
could just distinguish the name of ' the priest
jVbmu ': roimd the neck there were two strings
of beads, one of alternate large glazed ball and
small glazed cylinder, the other of small glazed
ball (British Museum). Scattered in the pit
of 51 (E. — W.) were found the group of
vases on pi. xxix. (top right), consisting of
four alabaster kohl pots, one blue marble kohl
pot, a slender alabaster vase, a small limestone
jar and a broken alabaster saucer; also a bronze
mirror, an amethyst scarab, a green jasper
scarab, two gold fly amulets, and some fine
carnelian and amethyst beads (Pittsburgh).
91 (N. — S.) had been a rich tomb, but had not
escaped the plunderer : it contained an alabaster
vase and two bronze mirrors (xxix.), a quantity
of very tine amethyst, carnelian and garnet
beads, two amethyst scarabs, two glazed scarabs,
three small bird amulets in serpentine, and a
large hawk amulet in silver-plated pottery
(Manchester). No. 6 (E. — AV.) of cemetery G
(further north) was an open grave, about four
feet deep, containing the skeleton of a young
girl (head west) : the skull and upper part of
the body were disturbed, but the arms and lower
part were in position ; on the right wrist there
were two bead bracelets, one of tiny green glaze,
the other of carnelian, haematite and white fel-
spar; round the elbow a string of haematite
beads, with two amethysts and one carnelian ;
on the left arm a bracelet of carnelian, haema-
tite and white felspar, and round the body a
string of the same three stones (New York).
Other objects from the pit tombs of this period
noted in the plates are — the scarab of Dad-uah-
an-neferka (66), in pi. xxv. and xli. ; the alabas-
ters of 152 and 189, in pi. xxix.; the bronze
tweezers and knife (176), in pi. xxix. and xxx.,
and the blue marble of 66 and the alabasters of
4, 5, 34 and 75, in pi. xxx."
CHAPTER XI.
THE PAN GRAVES.
65. While -working at Abadiyeh Mr. Mace
found a grave (E 2) which puzzled ub greatly ;
the known pottery of it was clearly of the
Xllth— Xlllth Dynasty style, but with that
were several cups of black topped red pottery :
the fabric of these latter being like the pre-
historic, while the forms were new to us. The
whole of the contents are shown by photo-
graphs in pi. xxxviii.
Again in the top edge of cemetery B, I found
several shallow little graves, all plundered ; but
containing scraps of black topped pottery, and
many slips of shell, which we afterwards knew
to belong to bracelets. But we could not find
any evidence of the age of these pits.
During my work at Hu I found a small
cemetery (X) with a similar mixture of pottery,
and I cleared over fifty deposits of this age ;
but by no means all graves, as twenty-two
deposits were placed apart from any bones.
Briefly the characteristics of this class are : —
shallow pan-shaped graves, bracelets of shell
strips threaded together, gi'oups of animal iieads
prepared to hang on a wall, and a mixture of
black topped pottery with late pottery and
worn-out stone vases of the Middle Kingdom,
The period must evidently be after the Xllth
Dynasty. We now describe the details of these
deposits : —
66. The. Graren. — Thcae are usually circular
or oval, about 30 to 40 inches across, and sunk
about 10 to 15 inches in the hard marl, above
which lay about 10 inches of loose dust. The
positions of the gi-aves, and of the separate
deposits in the dust, are quite iiTcgular, and it
is needful to turn over every inch of the soil of
such a cemetery in order to avoid missing any
deposits.
The BoiJies. — In only nine cases was the posi-
tion of the body ascertained (12, 16, 17, 27, 38,
39, 03, fiG, 74). as the others had been cut up or
plundered ; all of these lay on the right side,
head or top of body to W. ; face or front of body
to S. The hips slightly bent, or at riglit angles ;
the knees sharply bent, with feet below or
behind the body. This direction differs from
that of all other periods kno^vn to us.
But there are several evidences that the body
was often more or less cut up, though many
graves have been disturbed by plunderers. In
X 17 the bones were wrapped in cloth and
sheepskin, and the sacrum had been pai-ted
from the iliac boneB. In X 38 the head of the
child was missing, the spine was complete, and
the top vertebra was close against the side of
the grave, without any room for the skull. In
39 the head of the old woman was removed,
and lay on the chest, with the top vertebrffi
attached ; only 1 8 vertebra; of the spine re-
mained. In 24 were strings of beads wound
round the clavicle, and on the ui)])er ends of the
humerus and femur ; and the bones were all
dissevered and mixed up completely witli bones
of an ox and sheep. In 32 was a string of
beads around the humerus, but the grave had
been plundered. In 26 the ribs were together,
under and through the loose jaw ; the long
bones and vertebrte scattered. In 25 the bones
iQ
DIOSPOLIS PARVA.
were loosely piled together, a foot high. Though
some of these conditions might be due to
plundering, yet the top of the spine against the
wall, and the beads wound round the bones,
could not be supposed to be other than original
arrangements.
In one case woolly l^rown hair was scattered
in the grave.
67. The Animal TTeads. — In one case a
grave, and in ten cases separate pits, containing
animal skulls were found. All of those skulls
were cut away at the back, so as to only leave
the frontal bones and enough to hold the horns
in place, see pi. xxxix. All, or nearly all, were
painted with spots or stripes, of red ochre and
black soot, laid on with the finger. They were
clearly intended to hang up on a wall. Only
once was an ox head found entire, with the
jaws. The largest deposit was in X 57, con-
taining 138 goat heads, 5 of oxen, 5 of calves,
and 1 sheep's head ; these were all stacked in
rows, leaning one on the other, noses to W.,
horns to B., in an area about 70 inches E. — W.,
40 inches N. — S. A pair of copper tweezers
was with them.
In 61 WB^ a row of goats' heads stacked
against each other, leaning against a jar and
cup, facing eastwards. In 62 a similar row
leaning against a jar, facing S.E. : one head
had blue beads with it. In 72 a similar row of
goat heads facing S.W., a bowl inverted over
them.
Smaller groups were in X 23, 5 goat and
2 ox heads ; in 47, 3 goat and 3 sheep heads,
heaped on E. and S. of a jar ; in 49, head of
a young calf, 2 gazelles, 5 goats, a kid, and
2 sheep, with a cup and a grinding stone ; in
65 were heads of an ox, 8 goats, and 2 sheep,
with alabaster jar, 2 rubber stones, basket,
beads, &c. ; in 67, heads of an ox, a calf,
9 goats, and a sheep, with a worn kohl pot,
rubber, and bowl ; in 71 were 2 ox heads, a
calf, a sheep, and some goat heads, with a jar.
The numbers of heads in these deposits, there-
fore, varies much ; but there are always half-
a-dozen or more, and usually one or two
ox heads with those of lesser animals. These
regular stacks of heads never occur in a grave,
but always as a separate deposit.
68. Of Dress there are sometimes goat-
skins ; in X 68, some coarse linen cloth, and
also matting below the body ; in 29, a leather
sandal.
Orruiments of shell and beads are abimdant.
The characteristic decoration is the wearing of
three shell bracelets on each forearm. These
bracelets are made of slips of shell (see base of
pi. xl.), threaded together through each end ;
two threads of sinew were passed through each
hole, crossing, and one passing along each side ;
this is an efficient way of making a flexible
band for a bracelet, as seen in the strips photo-
graphed, which are re-threaded in the ancient
manner. The slips are usually each about
•8 to '9 inches long ; the number in a bracelet
is 18 and 21 in the photograph (X 29), and in
other cases lengths of 12, 16, 17, 18, 21, 24, 35,
and 38 slips have been found. Large numbers
of these slips were found a few years ago by
natives, and sold in long strings by the Luxor
dealers, with beads between them; but the
original disposition of the slips was always edge
to edge, with a double thread crossing in the
holes, in every case that I found.
The beads that may be attributed to these
people are of white shell, and small rings of
black or blue glaze ; but with them are stray
beads of the usual Xllth Dynasty style, in
garnet, gold, and blue glazed balls. Beads are
usually in long strings, sometimes all of one
colour, black, blue, or white; sometimes in
short lengths, 7 white and 7 black alternate ;
usually 1 white alternating with 2 or 3 blue or
black. One body that had 3 slip bracelets
on each arm, had also on each ankle 3 strings
of black and white beads alternate.
Other bead work is found, both on interwoven
threads and also stitched on to a basis of leather,
THE TAN GRAVER.
In 68 were shell beads threaded in four
parallel lines. In (15 was a band of parallel
columns of shell-beads, each 7 beads long, like
a usual Egyptian bead anklet. In 31 were
lines of shell-beads edge to edge, sewn on
leather, the lines "8 inch apart. In 29 were
lines of 4 shell-beads each in parallel columns,
sewn diagonally on a leather band ; and also of
the same pattern without a backing, but with a
twisted sinew edging. \a 50 was leather sewn
together, with shell-beads put into the seam as
a piping.
69. Of Utensih there was very little in
copper, only a knife with wooden handle in E 2
(pi, xxxviii., top), and simple tweezers in X 57
and 71, evidently old Xllth Dynasty articles
descended. Baskets were found in 58. 65, and
74, the latter about 8 by 6 inches. Grinder
stones of sandstone, of small size, are found in
five graves ; in two cases a pair together. No
mace-heads or worked flints were ibund, not
even any flakes.
Of minor things may be noted a mud brick
in grave 25, which might, however, have been
taken from a Xllth Dynasty tomb, as a ring-
stand of that age was with it. Some malachite
in a cloth was in grave 24, showing that it was
used as by the prehistoric people ; and in a
jar of Egyptian form in grave 21 (see base of
pi. xxxix.) were about fifty of the common black
desert beetle, like the burials of beetles in jars
in the prehistoric tombs.
70. Thr Xllth Dynasty Objects are the
materials for dating these graves. The kolil
vases, &c., were nearly all broken, damaged, or
worn, showing that they were old ones re-nsed ;
the pottery was never of the thin, drab, globular
type which led from the Xlth into the Xllth
Dynasty, but mostly of the late XlUh Dynasty
forms, leading on to the early XVlIIth Dynasty.
The Xllth Dynasty Egyptian objects figured
here are in pi. xl. ; in group 3G, on the left
two broken kohl pots of black and white lime-
stone and brown limestone, on the right a blue
marble pot ; these were found with the two
black and red bowls, a large black bowl (top
mid. of plate) full of ointment, and a sandstone
rubber, all in a small group together. In 78, a
broken kohl pot. In •IG, a broken kohl pot of
alabaster, and a blue glazed i-ing-stand (below
it in plate). In :^3. broken alabaster vase. In
6.J, a globular alabaster vase, broken. In 13, a
broken and a perfect alabaster kohl pot and the
bottom of a large vase of brown serpentine. In
70, a small black basalt vase. In 74, a small
perfect kohl pot and lid.
Of the pottery a selection is here photo-
graphed, omitting duplicate examples or small
variations. Several of the forms on pi. xxxviii.
and all the jars on plate xxxix. are clearly of
Egyptian make, and intennediatc between the
Xllth and XVIIIth Djmasty styles; on the
whole nearer those of the latter than of the
former date. The small ring-stands on pi. xl.,
groups 7, 8, 2"i, 46, ai-e also clearly Egyptian.
71. The Paii-(jrave I'otlory. — But besides the
Egyptian pottery there is also a class of bowls
which is entirely diff^erent. These are mainly
shown on pi. si. The largest are always thick
and black, patterned with a band of diagonal
lines round the upper part, and sometimes (as
in X 25) a square of incised pattern on the
bottom, showing that they were inverted when
empt)'. These large bowls, as well as the
Egyptian jars in these deposits, were usually
filled with ointment, or aromatic fat, so usual
in the prehistoric time, and found also in the
XVIIIth Dynasty. Smaller bowls were usually
thinner, and with a narrow brim of ornament,
as in graves 17, 16 ; the finest and most
decorated of this form has basket pattern
incised all over the outside (see group 36).
Moat of the rest of the pottery is of simpler or
rougher woi-k on these forms. But in E 2
(pi. xxxviii.) there is a finer class, red with
black top, as the prehistoric pottery, but of
hard ware and very thin and light (see top
group) ; and the form gi-acefully turned out
DIORPOLIS PAEVA.
at the lip. The coarse black pottery with
diagonal incised lines had heen found l)efore at
Kahun, at Ballas, and at Nubt, in each case
assignable to the Xllth Dynasty, and therefore
it does not belong to any merely local class, but
was general at its o^vn period.
72. The lihK-h Indued Po/foi/.— Beside the
barbaric pottery proper to these pan graves,
there are also some pieces of a refined and
beautiful class which descends from the incised
pottery of the prehistoric times. This black
pottery, with pricked patterns filled in with
white, begins as early as s.n. 33, and is found
down to s.D, G8 ; it appears to be a foreign
importation. Following that is the incised
bowl of about the 1st Dynasty, found at
Abydos; the incised bowls of the Ilird
Dynasty (Dendereh, xxi. ; and from Dahshur.
De Morgan, liecherches, i., pi. xi.) ; and then
the narrow -necked vases found at Kahun
(Kahim, sxvii. 199—202; lUahuii, i. 17, 20,
21), at Khataaneh, and at Tell el Yehudiyeh,
all attributed to the Xllth or Xlllth
Dynasties. In pi. si. is seen a perfect vase of
this type, grave 41, but of red pottery and not
incised ; and below that, group 43, are pieces
of vases of the same form, but of black ware,
and with the typical vandyke patterns filled in
with pricked spots. This whole class is
entirely un-Egyptian, and due to foreign im-
portation.
73. The Dogs' Graves found here are also
un-Egyptian ; two instances were found of
circular graves filled solely ivith dogs' bodies ;
in another, an existing Vlth — Xllth Dynasty
full-length bricked grave, about 6 feet deep,
hod been enijitied, and a layer of dogs' skulls
and bones were put in the bottom foot depth.
This is like the grave with about twenty dogs'
bodies found in cemetery T at Naqada(iV(((/fl(/n,
2ti, sec No. 286).
74. The Age and Source of the pan-gi-avc
people is now tolerably clear. The abundance
of worn-out objects of the Xllth Dynasty, and
the pottery intermediate between the Xllth
and XVIIlth Dynasties, shows that these people
must have come into Egypt after the fall of the
Middle Kingdom. The presence of their
pottery at Kahun and Nubt, already dated to
about the Xllth Dynasty, shows the same age,
and proves that they were spread over the
western edge of the desert for some 250 miles.
They were a barbaric people, not working
either stone or metal, and dependent on the
Egyptians for everything except pottery. They
were closely akin, however, to the prehistoric
Egyptians, as is shown by —
1. The pan-graves, like the earliest pre-
historic ;
2. Red and black pottery, as early pre-
historic ; .
3. The burial of malachite ;
4. Beetles buried in jars ;
5. Bucrania on buildings ;
6. Burial of dogs in cemeteries ;
7. Burial of jars of ointment ;
and in all of these points, except the last, there
is no connection with the later Egyptians of
historic times. We therefore conclude that
these people were a later branch of that same
Libyan race which had formed the prehistoric
population of Egypt.
The bucrania, or skulls of oxen, goats, &c.,
prepared and painted to hang on the walls, are
decidedly western. In the age of Narraer, just
before Mena, they ai'e shown on an ivory
carving as being actually hung over the doors
of a building (see llieral-onpulis, i., pi, xiv.) ;
and in chapter vi. of this volume are mentioned
the various instances of the use of the buU's
head, which belongs particularly to Libya and
southern Europe.
The museums where this class of pan-grave
remains can be seen are here stated, with the
reference numbei*s of the deposits presented to
each, all from cemetery X, uuless otherwise
stated.
British Museum . . 17, 41.
THE PAN GRAVES.
49
Ashmolean, Oxford
Cambridge, Ethnological
Univ. Coll., London
Owen's Coll., Manchester
Liverpool
Bolton ....
Edinburgh
E2; X 11, 16, 24,
25, 26, 36, 41, 43,
46,47,69; WlO,
58, 80, 102.
1, 2, 9, 21, 67, 68,
70.
8, 25.
7, 22, 28, 67.
38, 65, 74.
50, 65, 11, 80.
10, 23, 58, 64.
Brussels
Melbourne
Sydney
Philadelphia .
Chicago
Connecticut .
11, 48, 63.
32, 58, 61, 78, 79 ;
Y417.
11, 13, 58, 73.
2, 21, 30, 57, 58;
W 101, 164; Y
300.
29, 33, 42, 49, 51, 70,
76 ; Y 490.
1, 52, 58, 62, 63.
50
DIOSPOLIS PABVA.
CHAPTER XII.
THE TOMBS OF THE XIIIth TO XVIIIth DYNASTIES.
By a. C. Mace.
75. The YS (shallow) cemetery, worked by-
Mr. Randall-Maclver and myself, lay imme-
diately south of the Y pits, and extended right
up to the modem Coptic cemetery (see plan).
The first few graves cleared were poor and
badly plundered, and seemed to contain merely
a mixture of Xllth and XVIIIth Dynasties
pottery. As we went on, however, we were
forced to the conclusion that the contents of
each tomb must belong to a single burial ; and
therefore, that the cemetery, containing as it
did remains which presented characteristics of
both Xllth and XVIIIth Dynasties, must be
put down as intermediate between those two
Dynasties. We noted the contents of some
three hundred graves, and in none of these, if
we except a few Roman skeletons, buried a foot
or two below the surface, was there any later
re-burial. Where there were two skeletons in
one grave, which occurred only three or four
times, both were clearly of the same age. The
majority of the graves were plundered, and as
the surface of the desert was absolutely level,
and gave no indication of burials beneath, this
plimdering must have taken place anciently.
In two or three cases we found plunderers'
scrapers, made from XVIIIth Dynasty painted
pottery, and therefore it was in this Dynasty
in all probability that the plundering took
place ; plundering due in part, it may be, to
racial hatred, since the occupants of the YS
cemetery were closely connected with the
foreign " Pan-grave " people.
In the following three sections we give the
chief characteristics in each case, which show
the connection between the objects found in
these tombs and the well-knoAvn types of Xllth
and XVIIIth Dynasties, and " Pan-graves " re-
spectively.
76. Connections with Xllth. — Of scarabs with
Xllth Dynasty names we found four — one very
fine gold-plated one in amethyst of Usertesen I.
(xli. 7, Philadelphia), one in glaze of the same
king (xli. 8, Chicago), and two in glaze of
Amenemhat III. (xli. 9 and 10, Cambridge).
This proves that the graves containing these
scarabs are not pre- Xllth Dynasty, but does
not necessarily imply that they are definitely
Xllth Dynasty ; scarabs, especially fine ones,
would be very likely to be handed down for
two or three generations.
The pottery connections are striking ; of the
Vlth — Xlth Dynasties style, which we know so
well from Dendereh, there was but one example
(150) in the whole cemetery. Real Xllth
Dynasty types, however, are common ; many of
the dishes on pi. xxxv., notably 92, 104, 109,
119, 123, and of the vases in pi. xxxvi., e.g.
140, 142, 153, 166, and 169 are of well-known
Xllth Dynasty shape. No, 169, which is one
of the commonest of Xllth Dynasty pots, had,
in two examples, the characteristic XVIIIth
D3masty whitening of the rim. Twelfth Dynasty
" wavy " and " scrabble " patterns we find in
103, 112, 118, 119, 142, 153, and 179. The
ring-stands show a tendency to lose their Xllth
Dynasty symmetry, and adopt the XVIIIth
thickening of the base. Two or three examples
of soul-houses occur.
Another connecting link with the Xllth
TUMnS OF THE XUItii TO XVIIItu DYNASTIES,
Si
Dynasty is found in tlie presence of blue marble
and amethyst : these occur but rarely, aiitl
were evidently going out of use. The blue
marble kohl pots were generally old and
chipped, and in two or three cases they had
had alabaster lids fitted to them : the amethyst
beads were of the ordinary small globular type.
77. Coiiiieclioiif! with XVIIIth Dijiiastij. —
That the cemetery must be assigned to a period
not very long before the XVIIIth Dynasty is
evident from the shape of the bronze axe-heads
and ivory wands (see pi, xxvii, and xxxii,).
Both are of well-kno^vn XVIIIth Dynasty style
(e,g. the wand of Aahmes, and the axe-heads of
Karnes and Aah-hetep in the Cairo Museum),
and need not be dwelt on further here.
The pottery is almost as conclusive: 110,
12o, 130, 136, 17:i, and 175 on pi, xxxv. and
xxsvi. are regular XVIIIth Dynasty shapes.
Several, moreover, were smeared with white
paint on the rim and inside, a practice which
was common enough in XVIIIth, but, so far
as we know, unknown in XUth Dynasty.
78. Gnnnections with " Pan - graves." —
Though the graves of this cemetery are
Egyptian, both by their shape and the mode
of burial, yet they are closely connected with
the " Pan-graves." Many of the graves con-
tained specimens of the incised and black
topped pottery common in the X cemetery,
and also of the fine, thin, polished variety
which was found in grave E 2 (see pi,
xxxviii, — xl., and also xxxvi. ISo). Animal
hones, generally those of gazelles, were common,
and there were several instances of bucrania,
both plain and painted. Sheep or goat skins,
leather work, and twisted fibre are very
common, as they were in X : many of the
pots were filled with aromatic fat : one grave
contained the fragments of an ostrich egg.
All these things occur frequently enough in the
" Pan-graves," but are, if not unknoivn in all
cases, at any rate uncommon, in the ordinary
tombs of the period. Shell and blue glaze disc
beadi^ of the " Pan-grave " type also occur in
great number.
79. The Graves, which in almost every case
faced north, were open oblong pits, 4 to 10 feet
deep, 5 to 8 feet long. 2^ to 4 feet wide.
The bodies were originally enclosed in stuccoed
and painted wooden coffins, but these had in
every case been destroyed by white ants, and
only stray fragments of the inscriptions could
be recovered : these were of the ordinary Xllth
Dynasty style (hieroglyphs of birds without len;s,
kc). In two cases pottery coffins were used.
The few skeletons found in situ were in normal
position, head usually south, facing east or west.
The body, which was only slightly, if at all,
mummified, was first wrapped round with
cloth ; then a lajer of stucco was superposed ;
a mask, painted, and partially covered mth
gold foil, was moulded over the face, and some-
times the whole was enveloped in a second
wrapping of cloth. The hair of the men was
short and dark, that of the women was tied up
in innumerable plaits, and fashioned into a
cumbrous wig on the top of the head, a pig-
tail being sometimes left to hang down behind
(see two examples in pi. xxv.). The daggera
and axes were naturally found with the male
skeletons : the scarabs, as usually in Egyptian
graves, with the female,
80. The Pottery. — (Plates xxxv. and xxxvi.)
Thinking it advisable to get as far as possible a
complete set of the pottery of this period, we
had all the types drawn, even when the example
was incomplete.
The boivls, which were of great variety, were
for the most part rough, and of a dull red
colour ; a few, such as 94 and 96, were pebble-
burnished, and a few — e.g., 97, which was
decorated on the inside with a scrabble pattern
— were light drab. Potsof shapes 130 and 173,
as commonly in XVIIIth Dynasty, presented
a brilliant red polished surface : some of the
smaller types, such as 152, 154, and 161, were
Hkewise polished, but in a very pale salmon
£ 2
DIOSPOLIS PAEVA.
tint, in some cases almost white. This latter
burnish also occurs in the " Pan-grave " pottery,
and seems to be peculiar to the period. Types
155 and 160 were sometimes black all over,
and unpolished ; 145, 146, and 168 were usually
drab ; 156 and 157 usually contained aromatic
fat. Many of the smaller pots were fitted with
lids, which appear to have been ground down
from any fragment of pottery that lay handy.
Beside the " Pan-grave '* pottery, we foimd
three or four specimens of the black incised
Italiot ware (xxxvi. 186, 187, 188), found by M.
Naville at Khataanah, and assigned by him to
the Xlllth Dynasty. No. 184 (see also photo-
graph on plate xxv.) is a curious piece ; the ring
(broken in this example) is hollow, and connects
with the lower pipe, which is open at the end :
obviously it was used for some kind of liquid,
which was poured in at the cup, ran round the
circle, and out from the pipe ; but what kind of
liquid it was, and why it was passed through in
this way, we are at present quite unable to say.
The two flat-bottomed pots, with moveable
doors, on plate xxv., are also a puzzle : many
suggestions have been made as to their use,
model corn-bins being perhaps the most likely.
For the pot marks, of which there were a
great number, see plate xxxvii.
81. Stone. — Of stone statuettes there were
three, all in limestone (plate xxvi.). No. 247,
at the top left-hand comer, represents a woman,
apparently plaiting the hair of a little girl, who
is sitting on her knee (Cairo). 471, just below,
is the figure of a boy, who from his side-lock
was a prince ; at the back there is a band of
inscription, giving the seten ta hetep formula,
which unfortimately breaks off just before the
name. 524, in the middle of the plate, has a
line of inscription down the back which gives
the name Ta-sekt (Boston). The base of a
fourth statuette, found in grave 208, gives the
names of IJOt:^? Ws father ^ °, and his
mother w <=> ( .
Two fragments of rough stelae in limestone
give the names of fl U
_ 1 I /NA/VSAA I I 11 •
:$=, and of the
The stone vases, which were of alabaster, blue
marble, and serpentine, were small and poor.
The kohl pots, of alabaster and blue marble,
were of the ordinary Xllth Djmasty shape, and
had for the most part seen a good deal of service :
one in alabaster had been broken anciently, and
refitted with a limestone rim. Alabaster was
also found in drop- shaped vases, such as 461 in
plate XXX., and in small dishes, such as 448.
Blue marble occurs also in 461 and 502:
serpentine only occurs in shapes such as
245 — 502 on plate xxix.
82. Copper. — ^The most important object
foimd in this cemetery was the dagger of King
Suazenra of the XlVth Dynasty (237, plate
xxxii. 17) : the crescent handle is of ivory, and
the nail holes on the shaft are covered with
silver rosettes (Cairo). With it was the axe-
head, No. 22 on the same plate. No. 16 is
another dagger of the same type, but of inferior
workmanship (New York). Nos. 4, 18, 26, and
27 also belong to this cemetery, and with 18
was foimd the axe-head No. 15. With the
exception of 1 and 20 all the axes on this plate
(xxxii.) were found in YS, and show well the
development from the thick, stumpy axe of the
Xllth (3) into the long thin type of the XVIIIth
Dynasty (25) ; 13 and 21 have remains of the
wooden handles, and 21 shows the method of
fastening, by a cap of copper which fitted over
the end of the handle, and the comer of the axe.
Nos. 2, 9, and 10 are thin, almost flexible, sheets
of copper, of which we do not know the use ; 1 1
and 12 are tweezers of the ordinary type, but
11 was fitted with a block of wood, evidently
for safety in carrying. The razors, 33, 34, fish-
hooks, 29, 30, and snake, 19, also belong to this
cemetery.
Mirrors were found in graves 236, 238, 258,
285, 336, 365, 436, and 445 (plate xxxi.)
83. Of the other objects found in this
cemetery we will first note the scarabs. Two
THE TOMBS OF THE XIITth TO XVIIIth DYNASTIES.
53
other names occur, besides those already
mentioned, namely, Shesha (Chicago) and
Ya qebher (Cairo). These were found in graves,
plundered indeed, but showing no signs of re-
burial, with pottery of the regular intermediate
type ; and we have no hesitation in putting
them down to the same date as the rest of the
cemetery. If, however, we allow that these two
kings are intermediate, we must also be pre-
pared to admit that the whole Khyan group of
kings, whose scarabs are identical in style,
belongs to this period also. The other scarabs
found in this cemetery (xli. 13, 14, 15, 16),
which are certainly intermediate, point to the
same conclusion ; the characters on 1 6 are so
exactly similar in style to those of the Lanzone
cylinder of Khyan, that there can be very
little doubt that the age of both is identical.
Many of the smaller scarabs were inscribed
with the formula O <=> a—a (see photograph on
plate xxvii.). In ivory we have a pair of wands,
inscribed with the name of ^* the servant of
the Heqt, Sit-hathor" (plate xxvii., British
Museum and Chicago), and on the right hand
top corner of plate xxvi. a very finely carved
hair-pin, representing a lion standing erect, and
holding a man between its paws (British
Museum). Pottery dolls, of the large- wigged
type, were found in 216 and 320 (plate xxvi.,
Cambridge) : at the bottom of plate xxvi. there
is the horn of an animal, which had apparently
been used as a musical instrument, the scale of
millimetres shews the distances of the holes.
The commonest forms of beads were the blue
glaze and shell disc, which we have mentioned
in the " Pan-grave " connection ; other varieties
were small carnelian and amethyst, glazed
quartz, tiny gold and crumb beads.
84. Of special graves we may note the
following : — 196. The tomb of "the servant of
the Heqt, Sit-hathor": 8 ft. deep, 7 long, 4
wide : remains of a stuccoed wooden coffin,
painted on the outside Avith alternate vertical
lines of white, blue, and red, and horizontal
lines of white and red ; body straight out,
turned over on to the chest, arms meeting
together at the back ; bones covered by a layer
of painted stucco between two wrappings of
cloth ; mask over face, covered with gold foil ;
hair in tiny plaits ; one small glaze bead by the
feet, another near the pelvis ; by the left hand
a twist of fibre ; at the south-east end a few
gazelle bones ; behind the head one of the ivory
wands : the other ivory wand, with a few of the
ordinary pots, was found in the filling of the
grave.
448 was a plundered grave, but a recess cut
half way down, at the north end, had escaped
notice.; in it there were the remains of two
wooden boxes, one inlaid with ivory, containing
a copper needle, the other, which was stuccoed
and painted with chess board pattern, contain-
ing a small blue marble kohl pot, a shell used for
kohl, and a string of shell and glaze beads ;
also, loose, the group of alabasters at the top
left comer of plate xxx., and two large carnelian
beads (Edinburgh).
505. Remains of wooden coffin ; skeleton of
a man in usual position ; bones wrapped in
leather ; stucco mask over face ; on the skull a
quantity of short, dark, curly hair; by the
right hand a copper axe-head ; in the filling of
the grave several broken pots of the usual type.
85. Of real XVIIIth Dynasty reinains we
found a few shallow graves scattered among the
pit tombs: from these come the later scarabs
on plate xli.
54
DIOSl'OLIS PABVA.
CHAPTEE XIII.
THE PTOLEMAIC AND ROMAN PERIOD.
86. Of the late remains at Hu there is not
much to be said, although we found hundreds
of mummies of Roman age ; nearly all were of a
uniform poorness, with no objects or decoration
of any kind.
In one of the pit tombs of older date were
found the two open-work glazed beads, shoAvn
at the top of pi. xlii. These are probably about
the XXIst — XXIInd Djmasty.
A fine gilt cartonnage of Ptolemaic times was
found, of which the bust and foot case are in
pi. xlii. The name is on a fillet round the
head, Pedu-nefer-hotep, son of Hor-uza. This,
together with the gilded body covering, is
now at Philadelphia.
While digging about the Roman cemetery,
south of the fort at Hu, we found a small white
marble head of a young king (see pi. xlii.) ;
and though we thoroughly searched the whole
top dust in which it lay, and all the graves
within ten yards of it, not a chip more was to
be found of the statue. From the work, and
the quality of the stone, it seems to be early
Ptolemaic ; but if a Ptolemy, it cannot be earlier
thdn Ptolemy v., 204 — 181, B.C., by the por-
traiture (Boston).
87. The great temple enclosure at Hu (see
pi. xxiv.) which was later made into a Roman
fort, is so much like the brick enclosures of
temples of the XVIIIth Dynasty, at Gurob and
Nubt, that I supposed at first that remains of
that time would be found. I therefore sank
pits, and afterwards trenched, in much of the
area, particularly about the temple sites in the
enclosure ; but no trace could be found of build-
ings, pottery, or other remains, older than the
Ptolemies. Moreover, the wall was seen to be
built over some tomb-pits, containing burials of
Ptolemaic age. It seems therefore that we can-
not place any building here to an earlier date
than Ptolemy VIL,Philometor (181— 14G B.C.),
whose name is on a block of sandstone archi-
trave. Professor Sayce informs me of a block
of Ptolemy X. seen here.
The plan of the enclosure, with its two temple
sites, is confused. The small middle site is
apparently that of Philometor, while the only
name in the site toward the S.W. corner is that
of Nerva. The causeway leading in from the
N. gate across the site is paved, and has small
portions of a raised .edging with rounded top ;
it runs toward the temple of Nerva. Thus
there are two systems of construction, askew to
each other. Firstly, there is the main outline
of the enclosure, with the Ptolemaic temple in
its axis. Secondly, there is the Roman temple
built on a new site, necessarily out of the axis,
then the road up to it is therefore askew, the
temple sides are adjusted to this road, the
clearest line of street and the large brick build-
ing on the east conform also to this road, and
the older wall was breached on the E. side, and
rebuilt conformably to the road upon loose
rubbish. After that date probably the rounded
ba.stions were added, as one of them is attached
to the skew wall.
The enclosure wall is built in short separate
lengths, in the usual Egyptian manner; each
cross joint of it is left white in the plan. The
two southern comers are square, but the sides
are all more or less bent. The later alterations
of it were the overthrow of the middle of the
THE PTOLEMAIC AND ROMAN PERIOD.
E. side, and its rebuilding for at least half its
length in the middle, where it rests on loose
rubbish 1 3 ft. deep ; also the thickening of the
N. or front wall, and building on it the houses
of the chief officers of the garrison. Along the
inside of the W. wall a lining was added after a
great tire ; and the owners of houses along this
side cut out recesses, cellars, and hiding-places
in this wall, as also was done on the inside of
the front wall. All of these were cleared out,
and also the recesses of the earlier time, which
were covered by the lining wall ; but no jmpyrus
or anything of importance was found.
The Ptolemaic temple had the traditional
deep foundation of sand to it, for ivhich a
great hollow was cut in the native marl over 10
feet deep. The plan of it is curiously divided ;
but no foundations even remained to show its
detail, and only a few blocks were discovered
loose in the rubbish.
The Roman temple site was not so deeply
hollowed ; we traced it along the whole S. side
and parts of the other sides, but only a few
fragments of sculpture remained, one with the
name of Nei-va. Professor Sayce also informs me
of a block of Hadrian seen here. The building
has been caiTied away for stone within this cen-
tury, as it is described by Nestor L'Hute, who,
however, seems to have seen a Ptolemaic name
on it ; he may have been misled by the Ptolemaic
inscription of the other temple, of which he did
not suspect the existence. As his letters are
not well known generally, I transcribe the
essential part of his account: —
88. •' On trouve de ce cutd a I'entree du
desert, une enceinte carrtc en briques crues
renfermant des restes de construction, des osse-
raents et autrea d<;bris de momies, et des frag-
ments d'architecture dgyptienne. Vers Tangle
sud-est (an error for S.W.), a I'inttirieur de cette
enceinte, il y a un petit edifice en gres, espece
de chapelle a. une seule chambre, construite et
sculptee sous le regne des Lagides ; le plafond
est dctruit ainsi que la partie superieure du
monument, a la hauteur des frises; I'edifice a
et6 constniit dans une intention fun^i'aire et au
nom d'un pr6tre, scribe royal, attach^ au service
d'un Ptoltim^e. On ne trouve de ce prince que
le cartouche nom propre, et parmi les inscrip-
tions, que cet autre cartouche renfermant le
titre tjrande deineure. . . . Au milieu de la
parol du fond de cette chapelle est une niche
carree dans laquelle on a sculpti5 et peint le
dieu Sokar-Osiris tenant le flc;au et le crochet ;
il est accompagne Ji droit et a gauche de la
dcesse Tm^ avec ses attributs ordinaires . . .
(after describing scenes of judgment and Duaf)
Je pcnse que ces figures reprcsentent les heures
du jour et de la nuit, sujet observe par Cham-
pollion dans les tombes royales de Biban-el-
Molouk et ailleurs. J'ai copi(!J dans ce monu-
ment le parol du fond enti&re et quetques
des autrea," — " Lettresd'Egypte," Nestor L'Hote,
pp. 109—111.
89. The causeway leading up to the Roman
temple must be as late as that, as it points to it,
and is askew to the enclosure. It was paved
with blocks of stone, laid in between raised
edgings 14 to Ifi inches thick, with a half-round
top. Portions of this edging were foun,d by
trenching, and are here inserted as the evidence
for the position of the road. The breadth of the
road in its best preserved part was 210^ inches
between the edgings. This seems rather too
much for 10 cubits, as even in Roman time that
would not exceed 208 inches; but it might
be 18 Roman feet, as that would amount to
209'5. or, in the usual longer foot of Africa,
210-2 inches.
The brick buildings are mostly very ruined
houses, destroyed by sebal-h diggers; but one
on the cast side is noticeable for the size of the
plan, and the beauty of the brickwork. The
mud bricks are of unusual flatness and evenness,
and laid with very close joints ; they measure
with the joints 14^x7|xo|^ inches, the thickest
bricks of that length I have seen. The building
seems therefore to have been for some pulilic
BI0SP0LI8 PARVA.
purpose ; and I carefully cleared out all the cham-
bers, but without finding anything. What re-
mains of it IB only the substructure, sunk through
7 or 8 feet of town rubbish to a rock basis ;
without any doorways between the chambers,
which were merely cellar pits under the apparent
floor level. The four main dimensions of this
building seem to be laid out by the Greek foot.
suggesting an Attic architect.
Length . . . 550-^45=12-22 inches
Breadth. . . 539-^44=12-25 „
Longest chamber . 305 -j- 25 = 12-20 „
Next chamber . 183-5^15=12-23
Mean
12-22 inches
Around this were found scattered near by four
blocks of stone, evidently used for station marks
in a survey or plan. The sides were approxi-
mately squared, slightly sloping inward ; on the
top a slight circular hollow 5-40 inches in
diameter, coloured red, and across it two faint
lines scratched on the diagonals of the block,
and a minute hole at their crossing. It would
be impossible to have a better station mark,
very visible white stone, with a bright red disc,
and delicate lines crossing in the middle of it.
Such stones may perhaps have been used in
setting out the fine buildings around which they
were found,
The houses were irregular in most of the area,
but one long street could be traced, belonging
to the later orientation of the plan. On the
front ^vall were arched cellars o!" houses remain-
ing ; and in the west half a deeji well went down
through the wall, and the hill below, to water
level. This was cleared as far as we could ; the
iron sword was found in it (ba.se of pi. xlii.),
and the bronze busts and other small objects
were found in the well or the chamber above it
(now at Sydney). lu the lowest level of the
chamber were coins, mostly of Nero, and some
of Hadrian and Antonhaus ; while on a higher
level were other coins down to Gallienus. So the
occupation of these houses was from about 60 to
270 A.D. No coins of the Constantine family
were found, either in the chamber or the town ;
so the fort was abandoned probably at the defeat
of jEmiiian, or that of Domitius.
90. A new class of pottery here belongs
apparently to Roman age. Enormous niunbers
of stands are found (see pi. xlii.), with a
conical base, and a saucer-shaped top ; but as
they are all pierced through they can only have
been for supporting a dish or tray. These
lie in thousands of fragments on the rubbish
mounds, thrown out of the E. gate of the town
into a small ravine at the side : and they are
also in the rubbish beneath the rebuilt E.
wall. From their numbers they belong to
a large popidation here, and therefore to the
Roman gan'ison, which seems to have begun in
the middle of the 1st centuiy ; and they were
thrown away earlier than the wall, which was
built between the time of Nerva and perhaps
Aurelius, or Gallienus at latest. So they must
belong pretty closely to the end of the 1st and
beginning of the 2nd century a.d.
Upon them are scratched a great variety of
marks, the same mark being, however, often
repeated, probably as a personal sign. These
marks are all copied and published here in pis.
x!v. — xlviii. Such a large system of marks,
which are quite apart from the known alphabets,
raises a serious question as to their origin.
And we need not suppose that they belong to
Egypt, an there was a Roman garrison, drawn
from some other parts of the empire, stationed
here.
91 . Another trace of such foreigners is found
on a sherd of pottery of Roman age, with part
of six lines of inscription scratched upon it (see
pi. xli). This ostrakon is a token of some
troops from the south of Asia Minor ; and it is
known that in the 1st century there was a large
number of Galatians among the troops as far up
as Thebes. It seems not unlikely that these
numerous marks on the pottery, as well as the
THE PTOLEMAIC AND ROMAN PERIOD.
67
ostrakon inscription, are due to southern Gala-
tian soldiers.
Of the ostrakon, Prof. Sayce writes : —
"(1) The alphabet is not Karian, though
closely allied to the latter. It may perhaps be
Eaunian.
" (2) The Avi'iting is partly boustrophedon, as
is shown by the position of the B.
" (3) The left hand sign in the 4:th line, which
is not found in the Karian alphabet, is the
Kypriote to.
" I read therefore
(1) e-a
l(?)
(2) r-a B-a-iU
son of Baul
(3) l-e (?) a-h'ti
(4) . . . . w-a-b-i'l O'Ue-to
(5) e-a A'b'tO'h-e d . . . .
I (?) the Abydian
(G) . . rf (?)-i;-u-A-e d(?)-a-e r(?)-(i gi^ya-u
son of (?) Kau (nos) ? "
This ostrakon is in the Ashmolean Museum;
and though when found I at once showed it to
all the workmen, and encouraged them to look
for such inscriptions, and also searched himdreds
of similar sherds myself, we did not find another
fragment.
92. The graffiti of Roman age that we found
(pi. xliv.) were on the inner side of the west
wall of the town, from opposite the middle of
the temple of Nerva northward to the first
cross wall. This wall was probably therefore a
part of the barracks. There had been a first
coat of plaster, of which some part showed re-
mains of figures painted in fresco, of apparently
the 1st or 2nd century a.d. Over that had
been spread a later coat of plaster, which was
nearly covered with grey scrawling, done with a
charred stick. Much of it was quite senseless,
and much had decayed, so far as to be illegible ;
but I copied many names and sketches, all of
which were verified by my fellow-workers.
The names of Aurelios Germanos (2), Aure-
lius, son of Diogenes (1), Theodosios, the philo-
sopher (6), Tiaos (4), and others can be traced.
From the frequent occurrence of Aurelios these
are clearly of the 3rd century ; but the name
Theodosios cannot warrant bringing this group
to the 5th century, in view of the general uni-
formity of it, and the absence of any signs of
occupation later than Gallienus. Some drawings
are, however, of purely Egyptian source, as the
hawk (5) which intei'sects the Theodosios in-
scription at *; and the Coptic letters (10).
93. The only Roman object from the tombs
is the finely modelled head in coloured plaster,
on pi. xlii. It is shown first in three-
quarter view alone ; and then in front view and
profile, along with the skull of the man. I
took photographs of the skull with the space
between the eyes and lips as in the photographs
of the head, and then adjusted the two photo-
gi'aphs together, and printed the composite.
In the profile it is surprising how exactly true
the face modelling proves to be ; the excess of
the plaster beyond the skull outline is exactly
what would be accounted for by the living flesh.
We have for the first time an evidence of the
skill of the Roman modeller, and an example of
the appearance of the living person to compare
with the aspect of the skull alone.
59
I N D E X
Abadiyeh ....
• • •
. 1,2,13
Beadwork
. 46
Ady, tomb of .
• • •
. 37
Beba, tomb of
. 38
Adze, copper .
■ • •
. 24, 36
Bebt-tha, tomb of . . ,
. 38
Agate ....
• • •
. 27
Beer, dregs of
. 32
Alabaster vases dated, Vlth-
-Vllth Dynast;
Y . 38,40
Beetles in jar
. 32-4,47
,, Xth Dynasty .
. 39
Bird offered in tomb
. 43
Xllth
Dynasty
. 42, 53
Black incised pottery
. 10,14,48,52
Amenemat III., scarab of
. 50
Black polish of vases
. 13
Amethyst
. 27
Black pottery, coarse
47-8
,, of XII th Dynasty
. 42-4,53
Black-topped pottery
. 13,45,47,51
Amorite connection .
. 32
„ sequence dates of
. 8
Amulets, prehistoric
. 26, 30
Blue marble
. 42-4, 47, 51-3
Vlth Dynasty .
. 38-9,40
Bodkin, copper ....
. 24
„ Xllth Dynasty .
43-4
Bones wrapped separately
. 35
Anchylosis of spine .
. 34
,, of XVIIIth Dynasty buried loose
. 37
Animal head buried .
. 46
Bracelets of beads ....
. 33
Animal bones alone .
37-8
,, of copper ....
. 37
Animals on combs .
. 21
,, of flint ....
. 36
Armlets, ivory .
. 21
,, of ivory ....
. 21
Asianic ostrakon
. 56
„ of shell strips .
45-6
Aurelios Germanos .
. 57
,, three on fore-arm
. 46
Aurelios son of Diogenes .
. 57
Brick building,, fine ....
. 65
Axe, copper
25, 36, 51-2
Bucrania
. 26,46,48,61
,, double
. 24
Bull's head buried ....
. 34
„ of different periods .
. 42, 52
Bull's head amulets
Burials, contracted historic
. 26, 3&-40
. 38, 40
Ball amulet
. 27
„ position of bodies
. 32, 34, 37-8
Ballas ....
. 2
,, of mutilated bodies . . 32
-3, 35-6, 39, 45
Bangles of copper
Basket-work patterns
Baskets ....
32, 34, 37
. 14
. 47
,, of two or more bodies
Burnt stratum in valley . . . ,
Butmir, pottery from . . . .
. 32-3,35
. 34
. 14
Beads ....
. 27
Buttons, dated
39-40
,, around skull .
. 35, 38
,, in eyes of skull
. 35
Calcite
. 27
„ on bones
. 45
Carbonyl gas
. 13
,, cruciform and star
. 36
Card catalogue of graves . . . .
. 5
„ Vlth-VIIth Dynasty
39, 40
Carnelian
*
26-7
„ Xllth Dynasty
42, 44
Cartonnage gilt
. 54
„ of Pan -graves
. 46
Cemeteries excavated . . . .
31-2
„ Xlllth XVIIth Dynasty .
. 53
Cemetery A
. 32
„ XXIInd Dynasty .
• • t
. 54
„ B
. 32
DIOSPOLIS PARVA.
X
24,:
33,^
YS.
ChiseU, copper
„ model
Ciempoznelos, pottery from
Cist of pottery
GlaBsificatioQ of periods .
Claw amulet .
Coffin of wood .
Combs, ivory
Copper axes of different periods ....
bangles 32, 34,
..foil
„ models of vases, ko 37,
„ needle 24, 38,
„ pin, earliest 13, 24, 28,
„ tools 24, 36,
35, 38-9, 43-4, 51, 53
Coral tubes
Corn-bin models
Cornice of poles
Crocodile amulets
Cross-lined pottery . . . . ^ . 6,
,, sequence dates of . . .
Cruciform beads
Cut up bodies 32-3,
Cylinder, ivory, inscribed
,, of copper
Dagger, flint 23
,, forms of 42
„ of Suazenra 52
Dates offered in tomb 43
Decorated pottery 6, 15
,, sequence dates of ... 10
,, age of designs . .15
Degradation of pottery forms . 5, 15
of slates 20
Dendereh 2
Deposit of mud, rate of . . . . .28
Diorite vases 40
Direction of tombs 42
j Dogs, buried
Doll, ivory
., pottery .
Egga, models of
Ensigns of ships
Eye-paint, green
Face pendants 22, 25
Face-veil 22
Fancy forms of pottery 14
,, sequence dates of . . 9
Fat in jars 15, 47, 61
Felspar, green 38, 43
Figures of men 26, 36
Finger rings, ivory 21
Fish amulets 40, 43
Fish hooks 52
Fish vase 44
Flaying knife, copper 24
Flint bracelets 36
Flint forms, history of 23
Flint working, history of 23-4
Fly amulet 26, 34, 44
Forehead pendants 22, 34
Forked lance of flint 23
Foundation of sand 65
Frog amulets 26, 40
Galatians . 66
Galeno 25
Galleys, as figured on pottory 15
Garnet beads 44
Glazed pottery beads 27
,. quartz 26
Goat heads, bung up 46
Goat skins 13, 32, 34, 36
Gold foil over limestone 26, 38
Gold objects ... 25, 27, 39, 40-1, 43-4, 53
Graffiti, Bomau 67
Graves, direction of 42-3, 51
,, earliest known 13
,, sequence dates of, worked out . . 11, 12
,, shallow pan-shaped ... 13, 28. 46
Green eye-paint 20, 47
Griudcr stones 47
27, 44
Hair-pins, ivory 21
Hand amulet 39
Eland-working of atone 19
INDEX.
61
Harpoons 22
Hathor amulet 41
Hawk amulets 26, 40, 44
Hawks on ring *. 22
Hedgehog, blue glazed 44
Hez hieroglyph, origin 24
Hippopotami, figures of 33, 35
Hissarlix, pottery from 14
Hoe model 33
Horn, musical 53
HOTEP-AQERA, stelo 41
Hu temple enclosure 54
Human figures
Incised black pottery, sequence dates of . . .10
Intermediate pottery, Xlllth — XVIIth Dynasties . 50
Italiot pottery 52
Ivory carvings 21
„ cylinder inscribed 36
„ doll 44
Eabyle pottery
Earian alphabet
Eaunian alphabet
Ehyan scarabs
Knives of flint .
Eoptos, work at
14,30
57
57
53
23
2
Lances of flint 23, 33
Late pottery 5, 16
„ sequence dates of 11
Lawes, Miss 2, 3
Lazuli . . 26-7
Lead objects 25
Leather work 47, 51
Leg amulets 38-9
Libyans 13, 29
Linen cloth 46
Lions on ring 22
Lion and man, on pin 53
Livingstone's use of malachite 20
Mace-heads
Maces with handles .
Mace, Mr.
Mac-Iver, Mr. .
Majorca, bronze bulls' heads
Malachite eye-paint .
Marble head of king
Marble, pale blue
Marks on pottery
. 24
24,33
.2,3
.2,3
. 26
20,47
. 54
42-4, 47, 51-3
29, 52, 56
51,53
55-6
2,15
2
Masks on heads
Measures
Mena, tomb of
Min, statues of
Mirrors 38-9,43,52
Modelled head in stucco 57
Morgan, M. do 2
Mutilated burials ... .... 32
Naqada 2
Needles of copper 24, 38, 53
Nbkhtyk stele 41
Neolithic age 28
Nestor L'H6te quoted 55
Nile depoMts 28
Obsidian 27
Offering pits 37-8
Offerings, tray of .43
Ointment in jars 15, 47, 51
Orme, Miss 2, 3
Ox heads hung on buildings 26
Paint on animal skulls ....
Palaeolithic age
Palestine pottery
Pan graves
Pebble grinders
Pedunefer hotep, cartonnage of .
Pegs of ivory
Pendants for forehead ....
Pins of copper
Pits, for offerings
Polished red pottery ....
„ sequence dates of
Porphyry, red, amulet ....
Pottery used for arranging sequence
sequence dates of . . .
descriptions of .
material of
buried alone
large amount in grave .
of Pan-graves ....
of Xllth Dynasty . ...
between Xlllth— XVIIth Dynasties
Prehistoric age : —
Past work on .
Sequence of periods
Pottery
Earliest stage .
Early age
Decadence of .
46,51
. 28
15,30
45-9
20,34
. 54
. 21
. 22
. 24
. 37
. 13
9
. 27
. 4-7
8-11
13-17
, 13
32,45
. 33
. 47
. 50
50-1
.2,3
4-8 28-30
8-11
28, 34
. 29
. 30
62
DIOSPOLIS PARVA.
Late age
. 30
Sites excavated
•
■
. 1
Length of
. 28
SiTHATHOR, wands of
» •
. 53
Changes in style i
J9, 30
Slate palettes .
>
i
13, 20, 34
Very late tomb
. 32
„ use of .
•
•
. 20
Ptolemaic temple
. 64
Slave figures buried .
•
•
. 26
Slip catalogue of graves .
•
•
4
Quartz
,, glazed S
. 27
56,27
Soul-house
Spear-head amulet .
Spoons, ivory .
•
•
. 43
. 27
. 21-2,34
Bansenb, statuette of
Bazors
Bhombic beads
Bing-jar
Bings with animal figures ....
Boofing of tomb
„ with round poles ....
Bough-faced pottery
,, sequence dates of
. 40
. 52
. 42
. 52
. 22
. 33
. 37
. 16
. 10
Star beads . . . ,
Station-marks of surveyor
Statistical sorting of types
Statuettes ....
Steatite beads .
Stone vases ....
„ types of
,, materials of .
Stucco mask on heads
,, modelled head
•
•
•
•
1 t
» ■
•
B
. 36
. 56
6
40, 43-4, 52, 54
27, 34, 36
. 18
. 18
. 19
51, 53
. 57
Sand blown in valleys
SandalSi ivory model of
. 34
. 22
Suazenra, dagger of .
Sword, iron ....
•
•
. 52
. 56
„ leather
. 46
Saucer-shaped graves
. 13
Ta-bekt statuette 62
Scarab beetles in jar
32-5
Theodosios the philosopher
1
. 67
Scarabs 4
2,52
Tiaos
. 57
*
,, found with women ....
. 51
Tombs, direction of
«
. 42
Scorpion amulet
. 27
„ sequence dates of, worked out
•
11,12
Scraper of flint
. 24
Tools of copper .....
«
. 24
Scratch combs
. 21
Tray of offerings
•
. 43
Seal of Vlth Dynasty
. 39
Turquoise
•
. 27
Sebekhotbp, statuette of ....
. 52
Tusks of ivory
» 1
. 21
Sent, statuette of
. 43
Tweezers on block
•
. 52
Sequence of prehistoric ages
4
Uha, tomb of
•
. 38
„ dates
4
Usertesen I., scarab of .
•
. 50
„ „ scale of
5
Ushabti of Xllth Dynasty
■
. 43
,, „ mode of arranging
6-8
Vase amulet
•
. 27
„ „ list of types
8-11
Wall model, with men ....
•
. 32
„ „ of tombs worked out . 1
1-12
Wavy-handled jars
•
5,15
Serpentine; transparent 2
1,26
„ sequence dates of
•
. 10
Servants, burials of
40
White paint on pottery ....
•
. 51
Sewn leather
47
Wire
•
. 25
Shesha, scarabs of
52
Woman plaiting child's hair, statuette
•
. 62
Ships figured on pottery
15
Wooden coffins
•
. 35
Signs, use of
29
Yaqebher, scarab of
•
. 63
Silver objects 2
6,27
Yi, statuette of . . .
•
•
•
. 62
LONDON :
6ILBBBT AND BIVINGTON, LIMITED,
LITTLX SUTTON 8TBBBT, CLXBKBNWELL, B.C.
CEMETERIES OF ABADIYEH AND HOW.
HOW
■Ucr*'^^;/]
S E M A I N E H
POTTERY OF SUCCESSIVE PREHISTORIC PERIODS.
1:6 SEQUENCE OF STONE VASES, SLATE PALETTES AND IVORIES.
n
Stone Vases.
-0-
D
oQo
H
"O
o:
o
\JP-
c
u
oO
i<C?'
^/^ Slate Palettes
-cz;^
o
O
<::^
o
o^
Ivories
Pll'Wil^
□
^
TO'
^
DIAGRAMS OF SEQUENCE DATES OF PREHISTORIC TOOLS, tie.
1
1
-0
M
4
FLINT IMPLEMENTS COPPER IMPLEMENTS
MATERIALS OF BEADS STANDARDS OF SHIPS AMULETS
D 2 t '
N jl h ■
< 2 5 :
6 > "
Y
^
(§)
/i
<»
^^
c^
-3^
ABADIYEH. PREHISTORIC.
^^i
ABADIYEH. PREHISTORIC FLINTS.
\l/:.
iij ii| !\ //I w: ■
iU, g,. y fri ^ i; g \u,
rr
Vu
"^'«
,y
■5
uS6r .».*.V l/ui>*
ABADIYEH. STONE VASES AND IVORIES.
ABADIYEH. CEMETERY U. IVORY, &0., PREHISTORIC.
--M4S SOir-7i ly.myu.^r
1:4
DIOSPOLIS. PREHISTORIC SLATE PALETTES.
XI.
U89
B447
Bl50
656S
Ul9l
H23
R 4-0
UlTS
30
R123
Tap, rtfinnet number; iate, tomb number; middle, t/pe number.
1:4
DIOSPOLIS. PREHISTORIC SLATE PALETTES.
XII.
35
r
1
i
34
>
no
74 A
--- U
RI09
51
U59
36
\ 63A y
Bsi
Bl07
\65A/
Bl09
49
95 a
52
Ull4
39 40
BI06
41
BIOS
42
'i
B4M B4I4
U232
BlOl
_ 54
/^
\O0h
55
lOOA
56
102 A
--'Ul3i
H90
Ul30
H54
^
114
59
\j \p
U8I
1:6
BLACK-TOPPED POTTERY, B 6-99.
Xill.
Si
6i
if
IIK.
I8e
ys^c
76*
76 c
81 »
98
83 c
94. c
95'
V
lb
\ih
\9i
POLISHED RED POTTERY, P 1-90.
i9c
ZICL
lib
IZb
23 c
23cL
Z2.C
71 1
46cl
4-6 e
23e
7i*
rott^A
7 5-c
ft^f
FANCY FORMS OF POTTERY, F.
WHITE CROSS-LINED POTTERY. C.
BLACK INCISED, N.
WAVY-HANDLED POTTERY, W 3-63.
DECORATED POTTERY. D 2-29.
3i 4f 4-3
(II III
DECORATED POTTERY, D 39-03.
1:6
ROUGH-FACED POTTERY. R4-99.
XVII.
2.5 <Z
2.6i
33
39
40
43.S
4-2. c
A-Sh
' 80
ail
QIC
82. d
83 &
1 :6
LATER POTTERY, L2-43.
XVIII.
9»
I6i
ilA
l?c
IZi
30b
16c
32.01
34 c
3Sb
17 t vat
3Zb
36c
IJt
nf
38&
2.6
33 c
41 1
43 ^
1:6
LATER POTTERY, L 44-87.
XIX.
SOc
5ro&
53 c
53 <I
Sie,
sr6i
68
ni
I
S6i
s-9
HV
5r9n
86^
RI3I
DIOSPOLIS. PREHISTORIC DRAWINGS AND MARKS.
as V' si
A
^-i^^
1:4
DIOSPOLIS. PREHISTORIC MARKS.
XXII.
125
126
RiS
U.R
127
k
Uipy
128
N
198 I U
188
184
430
180
T^
181
1^.
262
199
A
188
B432
187
140
346
141
\
148
>
ft.M»^
430
189
145
Uaoa
B
144
ra5e
6129
148 1^7 148
X X n
149
160 101
182
190 151 «a ^** ^^
159
p^y^
X
154
155
U195
i 3-14
1^
158
157
U
ash ash
V' T
X >^-n
256
178
171
188
U
^,
«M ' f 106
W
/
X
180
187
188
189
170
VVV\ M/\
^**' Insirferwn Inside rim *^^
^n^J
90
f
172
133
174
'J
u
175 U38
t
178
177
394
178
179
H
566
180
181
rf
182
3^4
T^
188
194
ITu. ^
184
tf
186
187
40S . 188
191
180
«I95
lit
189
190
338
J
192
198
194
40V
195
21S
196
197
V
J»a
Ul9f
198
199
200
ras«
379
U
46h
201
in
208
208
209
210
207
\J
U
218
214
iSi
211
U
«5sh
or^
215
217
218
U
218
6643
U
U9»
219
C.f50 220
"^ ^ /iS
1:6
LATER POTTERY, L2-43.
XVIIi.
9i
I6i
nJi-
l>c
I2.cl
30&
16c
34c
3£a
iSb
17 c v»r
3Z6
36 c
' ■ •>
N
ijt
\if
2.6
33 c
41*
4a ^
1:6
LATER POTTERY, L 44-87.
XIX.
5-0 &
SOc
Sic
Sii
55 &
sra
68
m
V
S&i
r?m.
5'9n
86^
R'131
DIOSPOLIS. PREHISTORIC DRAWINGS AND MARKS.
"^1
A
^-^
A
1:4
DIOSPOLIS. PREHISTORIC MARKS.
XXI.
1:4
DIOSPOLIS. PREHISTORIC MARKS.
125
126
XXIi.
Rl5
Ur
127
k
^I9S
128
\
-1
\
i*a ( U
ISO
T^
191
f"
261
Its
/
199
A
1S4
430
196
B 432 W
430
ISO
^^ 141
r142 -«
X >
146
Uaoa
B
144
&
6129
ra^e
146
147 148
X X n
148
160 151 162
X
166
164
U195
168
-T^
I 344
r
1
166
160
160 161 ^W
167
361
U
/-
ash
ash
X >^-n
256
178
171
.V,
166
/
W
X
\nK
167
168
web
VVV\ " M/\
Insirfe rim Inside
rim wft
"• .70
172
133
174
U
176 U36
176
t
177
394
178
170
H
566
180
181
rf
182
3^4
T^
188
r| w
r94
184
ff
186
186
187
40S
188
«»95
JS
104
101
180
100
3S8
J
102
108
40V
106
21 S
106
107
V
J»a
1/191
108
100
200
rase
^&
379
U
46h
201
206
208
200
210
207
u
U
218
214
or^
216
217
218
151
211
U
dsh
U
216
65i3
d3h
n"
U9«
210
Ci50 820
^ /-t
221
^-\
1:4
DIOSPOLIS. PREHISTORIC MARKS.
xxm.
222
22S
224
228
229
a9»
226
-1
T
O.
227
/ll
232
h
299 294
1" 1^
S9» 239
298
297
y|
>
2.3
299
(
291
BH«
240
241
24a
223
^1
260
,^!^U34i
267
UI97
2.01
261
246
Ull6
asc
262
b
249
4
247
248
n ^
269
^
Kl77
240
266 f,
264 D
0244
266
6r9o
268
4.1
260
260
U20b -
269
!/
1/
261 "* n
ait6 ^
^
V
UiOO
294
U
266
266
1)227
278
u
ash
280
267
216
^■4
i>
268
/(
276
274
325
J>.
260
270
Ikuc
suU
o
^
271
/
U237
272
281
280
277
217
279
278
Di
270
U2a
!««*«
U
282
B
dbh -10
287
288
/H.. /■-
283
/
2i6
284
\\
20O
U
201
B32
boftc
202 208
93
286 a^3
286
/
206
206 ^ ^3
204 U ifS
39*
O
^
207
535
1 : 1000 ABADIYEH. CEMETERY D.
1 : 1000 FORT OF DIOSPOLIS. XXIV.
I
L-
r
1:3
COPPER MIRRORS, VI-XV DYN.
XXXI.
HU. COPPER WEAPONS AND TOOLS, V,-XV,n DYN.
n- mm' #1
1:6
HU, POTTERY, VI-XII DYNASTY. CEMETERY W.
XXXIIL
8
J 9
10
11
SO
29
1:6
HU. POTTERY. XII-XVIII DYNASTY, CEMETERY W.
XXXIV.
LwJ
1:6
HU. POTTERY, XVIII DYNASTY. CEMETERY W.
XXXV.
\ r ••
HU. POTTERY. XII-XVIII DYNASTY. CEMETERY Y S
X
90
•. Q7
7
08
100
105
\
101
102 V
103
104
106
108
1O0
114
110
HO
117
118
122
124
126
120
J
127
HU. POTTERY. XII-XVIII DYNASTY. CEMETERY Y S.
/ \ 171 m I7» 17* 17B I
IBB I9S
MARKS ON POTTERY, CEMETERY Y.
J|.-:
^"-fc"
^
194 ^H
y
HU. SCARABS, OSTRAKON, STELE. CARTONNAGE.
ItanaC
Q/ll 1^^
§i
m^ f ^
nw
dP^l^jS^iMSME
/ LSI-
^ip ^n^
gy^^^TT^^ rt:c' t^.^Dfli^^iy
:s1V{H^=| £|
A5IANIC OSTRAKON.
PAINTED WOODEN STELE
CARTONNAGE OF HANEFERt
I
HU. TEMPLE INSCRIPTIONS.
D O 11
^-^^^-QlAI^
HU. ROMAN DRAWINGS IN FORT.
,8 HU. MARKS ON ROMAN POTS (P) AND RINQ STANDS (R). XLV.
^^
A'
^
<r
\ /i ^;T
HU. MARKS ON ROMAN POTS (P) AND RING STANDS (R).
10!
. 19T tas
L " urn 14* / **• Ma »« «• '*• 1BO
HU. MARKS ON ROMAN POTS (P) AND RING STANDS (R).
I
n
Kh^ 7\'" ••.' A;
/
^
StM SOB SO« J07
s)os 900
> ^
^ , R
"niiii-
qai7
nP
vj
k.
:|OJ ^
^ ^5' 1' -<;
1i4
HU. MARKS ON ROMAN POTS (P) AND RING STANDS (R)
2x9 9>0 9" 9;
398 299 9>0
<3
XLVIII.
919 999 999
a
«» ^. >.„ 941 944 948 340 ^ 941
. R ^ j /^ P P R P P
s T"
. B 989 900 I 981 »> 9BS ... 98.
aar 9aa j^ *" 970 271
978 // 978 977 , V 1 R R
R " / - R \ \ / , I t
9.9 -T. 7 ^^ _^ ■? I C B .>i^ R R
fy
J
100 , ••"
^
J-
,09 SO" 90I 'OS
■" '- 919 /A //
90. „o
51
PUBLICATIONS OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND.
, Moir lor 1»S3.84. Ily
ir.
III.-
IV.-
V.
VI.
vn.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
-TlIK STURR CITY OF PITlUlM AND THE liCiUTK OF ■IHF,
Ewiuni. N»TH.L«. 13Pl»le«, Mnpaadl'lan. F...ini. «i..l HctU.i.I K.lil.m.
-TANIS I'mll. M.mi.irfoil«.S4-8.5. By W. .\l FuBDt-Es Pethik. 16 1
-NAUKUATIS. Parti. Mtmoir (or I«8.>Sli. By W. M. Klkw;«» Pctfmk
-OOsIIkJ^- aTo'thS m^ iTHArPtZ HKnSkH. ' «™^r ^islMI. B, E^^^n N.v.M...
TA-llT'XrT]" S"C '■ -r.FENNEIl (lI,o BilW " T»hp«nl,M ") m.\ TKLL NEBESUBH.
-lA.MS. im il, UI.-1 .„„, f. ,.u.a«irr.r„.»oJA.S.Mli«i.*t. r.lI'l-U..«i,dPl.«.. M..
ii,-!«-8a. By En.iiBT A. Oaiiunkii nud F. Li.. HniiTlTn. '.'l PbUu anil
SecoudE*IitiiJO. Srw.
1 Ui.apters Ity Cwit Smith,
Memoir for 1S87J<>*. Bv
-NAHKRATIS. Part II.
-in'rcnT OK ONUS and the motod op the jkw.
-mi
■T\V
.'l,„ l'..I..,«/.r ISHSJfJ. B, Sl.l.iui.1. SCiTllli: tod T. Ll. U.l.rrrii. !0 Pl.l.. wd PI..1 25..
IIASTI.S M«ni.)ir lor I«l<9«30. By EwiDiliu S«V1LLK. 54 Plnt«» and Plam. i^'
•O 'lIlKkoULTPIIIC PAPYRI KltOM TANIS. By P. Ll.. Omppini and VT. M.
The AnliiMiWea of Tijll-ol-y«li(idiyeli.
.^;. .-(tM r.fi
Pric* 5
XII
XIII
_,i;iH EriiASr''/;r.Srr. .M™,oir for I89W3. li, E,»«*ui. I..V.L. Jf'''^' 7l,|'f-„^»'-
-DEIR EL BAIIARI. Part I. M«uiOir for 1893-9*. By EuuBAur. N.itll.w. Pluto l.-XXIV. (3 .floored),
XV.
XVI
.XVII,
Nvni
XIX
FLiNOfiim Pbtrik.
TIIF. FLSTl'vAI.'iiALL OF OSOKKOX II. (BUIU.STIS). Manoir tor 1890-91. Ry Koodaud N.tili.k.
-AHXAS ErMEWNEH. Memoir (or 1891-52. By E,.nu«HD NAr„...n , «"'' 3™ TOMB OF PAIIERI AT
..LK,SB- »j.l.J.Tti.oa.»dl' U. UlUF.iTD. With 27 Platei. Shs. Ala.. ..|»r.Udy. Til* TOMB OF I-AUMltl. By
Tvt.oR. Edition dff Ivae, iSi ii.
Ill - - ----- -
1)1
DEIB 'e "BAHARr'Sirkemoir (or 1894-96. B, Ei,oo.».. Nat..... Plal^i XXV-LV. (S oolonred).
IlEsili'sriSi:"- M.ro'ir'<'orI8t-.96. Hy W. M. FuK,.«« P«r,«K. Pliotogmvurc al.d 37 '^Y^^^^^^'
DEIll EI. IIAHAKI. Part UI. Memoir (or 1890.97. By BnouABli NaviunE. Plates LVI.-LXXXVI
.c„,oa,«,. -:,.; d„c,i„U„. ^ ,U.r.Uo,,„^^».. ^ ^^_^^^^ ^^^^^^ _^^^|_ ,^ ^^^ ^^^^ g^^.^^ j,^,„„„^
'"'""oMBSoV'TriB FiilST DYKASTY AT ABYDOS. Memoir fot 1898-99. By W. M. I-MNimi-
r. ini... Willi fW I'lutuit. Z.'w. „ ,, „ ,• \
—DEIK KI, BAIIAKI. Part IV. Memoir for 1 899.1'JOO. (/» /"ir/iiriWiiiii.)
—MENDEIIKH. Moio.i
.— KiiYAli
PUBLICATIONS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT.
I.^UENI IIAS.VX. Part I
Tomb* by 0. W. S'BAsER
II.— BENI HASAN. Purl 1
by O. W. FicARIK. 37 11
III.— EL BEItSUBH. PaH 1
I'rice 2r.,.
[V.— EL BEIISIIEH. Part II.
Edited by F
Ul. GRIFFITH.
With
By l"mior K. NBiiunBnv. With Plan* and MMsoremonU of tho
"™I!y iSiot'k NBWUBnm;. With Aiipoodix, Pl»m and Weasnremeul.
ij F.*ll GrawiTB and A.cv K. Numiiumt. Sl Plate. (2 ooloiirod;.
For 1893-94. .iy F. Ll.. Gmmiii and I'lmot^E. Nmraiiuti. 'WllU Appondlx ky
V BeViiSaS 1''rr1"lP1""t'9l.9?.°'BvI.-.LuG,nr.i™. 10 CoLu-d Platei. Pri« 26..
VI-mUtiiGtvPHS FROM THE CilLLtAwNS OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND. For 1896-96.
By F. Lt, GiiiFHTii. U OoloaroiJ I'lHtea. I'ricn 25i«. . „,-,„. v.,i i . iv or,,
w[-raE MaI-^BA C^^ PrAHHElS' AXI? AKlIKTOLriEP AT SAQQAKHH. Pnit 1. Fox 1897-98.
,:,.^l,^li;:^^J^;ro/\?^:^i'^."^:^"^i^r^ 1¥sAQQAREH. ..« H. For .898-9?.
By N. DE G. D^rii.'. (/-i PiiT(M(ihV/H. )
PUBLICATIONS OF THE GRAEOO-ROMAN BRANCH,
I.-TIIE OXVKIIYKCHUS PAPYRI. Parti. ForI89T9b. By Bebsaei. P. OBUKrBU. and Akthub S. Hrnn.
U.-TIIEOXYKIIYNGHUS PAPYRI. I'art II. For 18M-99. By Hi.ny*B0 P. GnKKmL and Aanwi. a HiraT.
1M.-FAY0m''toWNs"aND their Papyri. For ISDO-IUOO. By B. p. Gbekfelu a. S. Hukt, and D. o.
HooABTH. With IJ* Platfl", 25s.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORTS.
(YeMlv Snmmario. by K. G. KmrOB, W. E. CnuM, and tlie Ollicor. ol tlie Society.) Edited by F. LI. Grimm.
"■ ' F.«in 1892-93 to 1899-1900. 2«. 6,(.
VI'LAS of ancient EGYPT. With LcttnrprMu and Indox. Second Edition. 3«. 6*
tUTIDK TO TEMPLE OF DEIR EL HAIIARI. With Plan. C.(. .,, c,„.i
AOriA UISOYi SayingBofourLonl. B, B. P. Ubenfh.1. and A. S. Hii»T. 2.. (^lU Collotype.), and 6.f. net.
OrFiow or TiiK l-jm-r Bxi-lobation Fund;
.17, Gaot Riiswil Street, London, W.C.J
and 59, Temp'o Street, Boston. Mas*., 1T.S.A.
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11