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rHE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
EDITED BY
CAPPS, Ph.D., LL.D. T. E. PAGE, Litt.D. W. H. D. UOUSE, Litt.D.
^
DIGS ROMAN HISTORY
IV
m^
Jjion LASSiUS
DIO'S
ROMAN HISTORY
WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY
EARNEST GARY, Ph.D.
ON THK BASIS OF THE VERSION OF
HERBERT BALDWIN FOSTER, Ph.D.
IN NINE VOLUMES
IV
i^\
LONDON : WILLIAM HEINEMANN
NEW YORK : G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
MCMXVl
-PR
3^147
CONTENTS
PAOE
r.ooK XIJ 2
BOOK XLII 112
i;ooK XTJir 210
l;(H)K XLIV 308
l.OOK XLV 406
INDEX 497
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
VOL. IV.
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
BOOK XLI
TaSc tv€(TTiv eV t^ reTTapaKoartf -KpuTcp twv Aiwvos 'Pa/j.aiKwv
a. 'Us Ka7(rap 4s r^y 'iraAiaj/ ^\6e koI TIofiiT'lfios eKXiiritiP avTi]v
is MuKeSoplav SieirXevaev.
)8. 'ris Kalffap 'l^Srjptav irapeffT'ffffaTo.
y. 'ris Ka7crap is MaKeSoviav iirl Ho/xtt-Ijiov SieTrXevffev.
5. 'Hs Ka7ffap /col Tiofiir-ffios irepl Auppa-X^ou ivoXffiTjaav.
€. 'ris Kaicrap Hofiirijioy irepl '^dpcraXov ivLKTjaev.
Xp6vov irXTJdos err) 5vo, iv 61s ipxovres ol apidfiovfieuoi otSe
iyivoiTO
A. K.opv{]Xios n. vl. KivrovKos «
r. KXavSios M.^ Vl. Map/ceAAoj
r. 'lov\ios 2 r. vl. Kala-ap rb 0' „
n. SepoutAtos n. vl. ^laavpiKos
Tore fjbev Brj ravr eirpa^e, fjuera Be tovto ypd/x-
fiara irapa rov K.aLaapo<; vr/ao? Tr)j/ ^ovXrjv Xa/3oDV
rjXOe re e? Tr)v VcjUfjur^v iv avrrj rrj vovfir^via iv y 6
T€ AivTovXof; 6 K.opv')]Xio<; koX 6 KXauSto? o Vdio'^
TTjv dp')^7]v ivearrjaavTO, Koi ov irporepov tol<;
viraTOtf} avTOL aTreBco/ce irplv €9 to (TVveBpiov a^a<;
dcjytKecrdac, fir) koI e^co irov Xa^ovre^ avra diro-
2 Kpv^covraL. iirl iroXv fiev yap koX w? dve<j')(pv,
ovK iOeXovrh a^a<^ dvaXe^aaOar reXo? Be vtto
1 KXavhios M. Bs., following R. Steph,, /co/t' L.
^ 'Io6\tos R. Steph., 6v\ios L.
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
BOOK XLI
The following is contained in the Forty-first of Dio's
Rome : —
How Caesar came into Italy, and how Pompey, leaving it,
sailed across to Macedonia (chaps. 1-14).
How Caesar subjiigated Spain (chaps. 18-25).
How Caesar sailed across to Macedonia to encounter Pompey
(chaps. 39, 44-46).
How Caesar and Pompey fought around Dyrrachium (chaps.
47-51).
How Caesar conquered Pompey at Pharsalus (chaps. 52-63).
Duration of time, two years, in which there were the
magistrates (consuls) here enumerated : —
H.C.
49 L. Cornelius P. F. Lentulus, C. Claudius M. F. Marcellus.
48 C. lulius C. F. Caesar (II), P. Servilius P. F. Isauricus.
After taking this course at that time. Curio later b.c. 40
came to Rome on the very first day of the month on
which Cornelius Lentulus and Gains Claudius entered
upon office, bringing a letter from Caesar to the
senate ; and he did not give it to the consuls until
they reached the senate-house, for fear that if they
received it outside they might suppress it. Even as it
was, they waited a long time, in their unwilling-
ness to read it, but at last they were compelled
B 2
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
T€ K.vtvrov K.acraiov Aoyyivov koI vtto M.dpKov
AvTcoviov Br)/jLap')(ovvTcov yvay/cdaOrjaav avrd Brj-
3 fjLOcnevcrai. ^Avrcovw^ fxev ovv ev tovtw t6t€ rov
K.aL(Tapa evepyerrjcra'^ dvTiKrj-y^eaOai re iroXka
Kol eVfc jieyaXwv /cal avTO<; alwprjOrjaeadaL efieWev.
iv he TTJ iTTKTToXfj TCL T€ oXXa ocra irore Ka\(o<;
TO KOLvov o K.aLaap iTreTroiyKet iveyeypairro, koI
4 d7ro\oyi(Tfio<; virep a)v yTLa^ero. /caraXvcrecv re
ra arparoireBa koI t/}? dp)(rj<; eKcmjaeaOai,
v'Tn<j')(yeiTO, av kol 6 TLo/jLTr^iof} rd avrd ol
TTOi'qar)' eKeivov yap rd oirXa e^oi'TO? ovhe
eavTov BiKatov elvai dvayKaaOrjvai avrd d(^el-
vai eXeyev, iva prj kol Tol<i €'^Opol<; iKBoOfj.
2 Bcayln](f)[(Teco<s Be enl tovtol^ ov /car dvBpa, /jurj
Kol Bl alBo) Tj Koi <j)6^ov Tivd irapd rd BoKovvrd
(T(f)i(Tt,v aTTOi^rjvwvTai, oTOC ev rfj eirl rdBe koX eir
eKelva rov ^ovXevrTjplov pLeraaTacrei yevo/iieur)<i,
TOP piev JJopLinjiov ovBel<; diraXXayrjvai eic tcov
ottXcov €'\lrr)(f)Lo-aT0 (ev ydp tw Trpoaareiw Td<;
Bvvdp.ei<; eZ;)^e), top Be Br] ILaicrapa irdpTe'^ ttXtjp
M.dpKOv re tipo<; YiaiXiov ^ kol tov KovpLcopo<; rov
2 Ta ypapLpLUTa avTOv Kopi(yaPTO<;. irepl ydp tcov
Brjp,dp')(^(ov ovBev Xeyco, on pbrjBe^ ev dpdyKrj tivI
peTacFTrjvai eTTOC^aaPTO, are kol e^ovaiap e^ovTe^;
ecTe e^ovXovTo riva yvcopurjv crvp/SaXeaOaL etre koI
pLYj. eBo^e p,ev ovv TavTa, ov pirjv koI KvpwOrjvai
Ti avTCOP 0VT6 ev eKeivrj ttj rjpepa ovTe ev ttj
vGTepaia 6 re 'Avrcovio<f koi 6 Aoyylvo^; eire-
3 Tpeyjrav. dyavaKTrjadvTwv Be eirX tovtw tmv
dXXcov /cat '>^^Lcrapev(t>v ttjv eaOrJTa dXXd^a-
^ KaiXlov Fr. Fabricius {cf. Oros. 6, 15, 2), KaiKi\(ov L
(and so just below). '^ jurjSe Bk., fii}Te L.
BOOK XLI
by Quintus Cassius Longinus and Mark Antony, who b.c. 49
were tribunes, to make it public. Now Antony for
tlie service lie then rendered Caesar in this matter
was destined to be well repaid and to be raised him-
self to great honours. As to the letter, it contained
a list of all the benefits which Caesar had ever
conferred upon the state and a defence of the
charges which were brought against him. He
promised to disband his legions and give up his
office if Pompey would also do the same ; for while
the latter bore arms it was not right, he claimed,
that he should be compelled to give up his and so be
exposed to his enemies. The vote on this pro-
position was not taken individually, lest the senators
through some sense of shame or fear should vote
contrary to their true opinions ; but it was done
by their taking their stand on this or on that side
of tlie senate-chamber. No one voted that Pompey
should give up his arms, since he had his troops in
the suburbs ; but all, except one Marcus Caelius
and Curio, who had brought his letter, voted
that Caesar must do so. Of the tribunes I make
no mention, since they did not consider it at all
necessary to take part in the division ; for they had
the privilege of offering an opinion or not, as they
saw fit. This, then, was the decision reached ; but
Antony and Longinus did not allow any part of it to
be ratified either on that day or the next. The rest,
indignant at this, voted to change their apparel, but
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
(rdai, Kvpo^ fiev ovBe rovd^ viro tmv avrcov eXa^ev,
7] fjbevTOL yvoofjir] auv€ypd(f>7} koX to epyov to air
avTr]<^ eyeveTO' 7rdvT€<i yap 7rapa)(^pi}/j.a e^ekOovTe^
i/c Tov avveopiov koI ttjv (TToXrjv jxeTa^aXovTe^
earjXOov av6i<; /cal irepl TLp^copla^ avrcov i^ov-
2 XevovTo. lS6vT6^ Be tovt eKetvoc to, fiev irpooTa
dvT67rpaTTov, eirecTa Se (f)o^r]9€VT€<i, dX\co<; re koI
e7r€i.Br} 6 Ae^TOuXo? inre^eXOelv a(f)tcn irplv to.?
y^Tjc^ov^ hi€ve')(6rivai Traprjvecrev, evTrov re ttoWcl
/cat ipbapTVpavTOy kclk tovtov peTo, tov K.ovpL(i)VO<;
Kal fiSTa TOV K.aiXlov dirrjpav 7rpb<; tov Is^aidapa,
^pa')(v (^povTiaavTe^ OTt- ifc tov jSovXevTiKOV hi-
3 eypdcprjaav. tots p^ev ovv tovt eyvdxiOr], /cal tol<;
V7rdT0L<; Ta2<; re aWai'i dp')(al<s y <f)vXaKr) Trj<;
TToXecoff, axTirep ttov elcoOei ylyvecrdat,, eireTpdrrrj'
vcTTepov he e^co tov Troypbrjpiov tt/Oo? avTov tov
Tiop.TTrjLOv €X06vt€<; Tapa^7]v re elvat eyvcoaav,
4 Kal €K€Lva) p>€v Kal TO, ypr)pbaTa kcli GTpaTiiiiTa^
eScoKav, TOV Be Brj Kataapa tttjv re dp)(rjv tol^
BtaB6')(0L(; irapaBovvai Kal tcl aTpaTevp^aTa ivTo<s
p7]Tri<^ r)p,epa^ dcfyecvai,, rj TroXepaov oo? Kal TavavTia
TTJ TTaTpiBi iroiovvTa elvai i'yJnjcplcravTo.
4 Tlv06p.€vo<; ovv raOra iKecvo^ e? t€ ^Apipuvov
TjXOev, e^o) tt}? eavTOv dp')(rj<; to re irpSiTOV
7rpo')(^a)p7](ra<;, Kal avvayaymv Toy? (TTpaTi(ji>Ta<^
eKeXevcre tov t€ K^ovpicova Kal tovs dXXov<; Tovf;
pueT avTOV eX66vTa<i ac^iat ra 7rpa')(6evTa Biriyrj-
aaaOai, yevopuevov Be tovtov TrpoaTrapco^vvev
2 avTov<iy eTreiTTcov bora 6 Kacpb<; diryTeL. Kal pueTa
TovTO dpa<; eV avTrjv dvTiKpv<s ttjv 'Vcopujv rfXaaet
irdcra^ ra? ev irocrl iroXei'^ dpua^el TTpoaTiOepbevo^;,
TMV ^povpcbv TO)V pLev €KX€L7r6vT(ov avTa^} daQe-
6
BOOK XLI
this measure, also, through the opposition of the same b.c. 49
men, failed to be ratified. The senate's decision,
however, was recorded and put into effect ; for all
straightway left the senate-house, and changed
their dress, then came in again and proceeded to
deliberate about piinjshing i;he trih\iTiPs- The latter,
observing this, at first resisted, but later became
afraid, especially when Lentulus advised them to
get out of the way before the vote should be
taken. They offered many remarks and protesta-
tions and then set out with Curio and with Caelius
to go to Caesar, little concerned at being expelled
from the senate. This, then, was the decision
reached at that time ; and the care of the city
was committed to the consuls and to the other
magistrates, as was the custom. Afterward the
senators went outside the pomerium to Pompey
himself, declared that there was a state of disorder,
and delivered to him both the funds and the troops.
And they voted that Caesar should surrender his n
office to his successors and dismiss his legions
by a given day, or else be considered an enemy,
because acting contrary to the interests of the
country.
When Caesar was informed of this, he came to
Ariminum, then for the first time overstepping the
confines of his own province, and after assembling
his soldiers he ordered Curio and the others who
had come with him to relate to them what had
been done. After this was over he further aroused
them by adding such words as the occasion demanded.
Next he set out and marched straight upon Rome
itself, winning over all the cities on the way without
any conflict, since the garrisons either abandoned
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
veia, TO)v he ra i/ceivov dvdacpovfievcov. alaOo-
/jL€vo<i Be TOVTO Tlofi7r7)to<;, koI a/jba fcal rrjv
Sidvoiav avrov iraaav Tcapa rov Aa^Lrjvov /jiaOcov,
3 eheLcrev. ovto<; yap eyKaraXiTrcbv rbv K.aiaapa
e^rjvTOfjLokTjae koI iravra ol ra diropprjTa avrov
€^^]yyei\€. Bav/iidaeie jxev ovv civ rt? on e? ra
irpoira vtto rov J^aiaapo^; deu irore rcjuL7jd€[<^, coare
/cat Trdvrcov rcov virep ra? "AX7ret9 arparoTreScov,
OTTore ifcelvof; ev rfj ^IraXia etrj, dpyeiv, eiroirjcre
4 rovro'^ atnov he on avjo^; re koI irXovrov Kal
Bo^av '7r€pL^a\6/ji€Vo<; ^ oyKrjporepov rrj<; r)ye/jL0VLa<;
Bidyeiv ijp^aro, Kal 6 J^alaap Traptcrovfievov ol
avrov IBcbv ovKeO^ 6/ji0L0)<; rjyaTra. rijv re ovv
/jLera^o\7)v pur] (pepwv, Kal (po^TjOeU dfia fir) TrdOrj
n, pLerearrj.
5 'O ovv T\.opb7rrjio<; €k re rwv rrepl rov K.aicrapo<;
avrw \e')(^9evrwVy Kal on 1(T)(vv d^i6pia')(pv ovttco ^
TrapedKevaaro, Kal rov<; ev ry 7ro\ei, rov<; re dX-
Xof? Kal avrov9 pudXiara rov<; crraaidyra^, rov re
TToXepLov oKVovvra^ P'VVt^V tcov re rod Maplov Kal
rojv rov XvXXov epywv Kal dTraXXayrjvai, da(j)aXS}<;
2 avrov ^ovXopuevov^; elBe, puere^dXero,'^ Kal irpea^ei^
7r/309 rov K^aicrapa Aovklov re l^aiaapa avyyevrj
avrw ovra Kal Aovklov 'Pcoctkwv arparyyovvra
avreirayyeXrov^; direareiXev, el 7rco<; rrjv oppirjv
avrov €K<f)vyci)v eireir eirl pLerpioL<; rial avpipairj.
3 diTOKpivapLevov Be eKeivov rd re dXXa direp irre-
ardXKei, Kal on avrb<; rw TlopLTrrficp BcaXe'X^Orjvat
1 TOVTO Wagner, tovtov L.
^ irepi^aXS/xevos H, Stepll., TrepifiaWofievos L.
3 oijirct) Reim. , outw L.
^ fiCTefidXeTO Bk., /AereySoAAcTo L.
a
BOOK XLI
them, because they were powerless to resist, or pre-
ferred his cause. Pompey, perceiving this, became
afraid, especially when he learned all his rival's inten-
tions from Labienus ; for this officer hadLabanidojied
Caesar and deserted to the other side, and he
announced all Caesar's secrets to Pompey. One
might feel surprise, now, that after having always
been most highly honoured by Caesar to the extent
even of commanding all the legions beyond the
Alps whenever the proconsul was in Italy, he should
have done this. The reason was that when he had
acquired wealth and fame he began to conduct
himself more haughtily than his rank warranted,
and Caesar, seeing that he put himself on the same
level with his superior, ceased to be so fond of him.
And so, as Labienus, could not endure this change
and was at the same time afraid of coming to some
harm, he transferred his allegiance.
Pompey, because of what was told him about
Caesar and because he had not yet prepared a force
sufficient to cope with him, changed his plans ; for
he saw that the people in the city, in fact the very
members of his party, even more than the rest, shrank
from the war through remembrance of the deeds of
Marius and Sulla and wished to be delivered from it.
Therefore he sent to Caesar, as envoys, Lucius Caesar,
a relative of his, and Lucius Roscius, a praetor, both
of whom volunteered for the service, to see if he
could avoid his attack in some way and then reach
an agreement with him on reasonable terms. The
other replied to the same effect as in the letter
which he had sent, and said that he, too, wished to
have a conference with Pompey ; but jthe multitude
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
iOeXoL, TOVTO fiev ou% ?;Sea>9 ol iroWol rjKovaav,
4 heicravTe^ fir] koX Kara ar(f>ct)v tl avvdcovrar iirel
fxevTOL ol TTpeo-jBei'^ aWa re iroWa i7ratvovvT€<; rov
K.al(Tapa eXeyov, /cal TeXo9 ovre tl /ca/cbv vir avrov
irelaeaOai riva koX to, aTparev/nara avriKa a^eOr)-
aeaOat 7rpocrv7ro(T')(vovvTO, ijcrOrjcrav, KaX tt/do? re
eKelvov Tou? avrov^; avOi^ Trpecr^et^ eirefx^aVy koX
y^Lovv ein^oS)VT€^ ael KaX iTavTa')(pv koX dfupore-
pov^ afia avrov^; ra oirXa KaraOeaOai.
6 ^ojSrjOel^; ovv Boa ravO^ 6 JJofijr^io'i (kol yap ev
r}iri(TTaTO otl ttoKv rod Kai(7apo<;, av ye iirl t&
hrjjxw yevcovraL, eXaTrcodijaeraL) avro^i re e? KayLt-
2 iravlav irplv tou? Tr/oecrySet? iiraveXOelv, et)9 fcal
paov eK€L TToXefjL^acov, TrpoaTrfjpe, KaX rrjv ^ov-
Xrjv anracrav fierd rcov ra? a/3%«9 e')(^ovra)V dfcoXov-
Orjaai ol exeXevaev, aSeidv re a<^L(Ti Boypjart rrjff
eKBrjiiia^ Boix;, KaX irpoeiirwv on rov virop^eivavTa
ev re rw ictm KaX ev rw ofioiq) roL<; rd evavria
3 a<f>i(Ti TTpdrrovaiv e^oi. tt^oo? 3' ert KaX rd
'^pTjfiara rd Br)p,6aia rd re dvadijp.ara rd ev rfi
TToXei irdvra dvatpedrjvaL rrpoaera^ev avrol<; yfrr]-
(plaaadai, eXiTi^cov TrafiTrXrjOeL^; drr^ avro)V arpa-
ri(ora<^ dOpoiaeiv. roaavrrjv ydp evvoiav avrov
rrdaai o)? elrrelv al ev rrj ^IraXia rroXei^ el'xpv
b)Gre, eireiBr] rjKovaav avrov oXiyov e/jLirpoaSev
eiriKLvBvvw^s voaovvra, acorypia avrov Brjfiocria
4 Ovaeiv ev^acrOai. KaX on p,ev fieya KaX Xafjuirpov
rovr avru> eBoaav, ovB^ dv et? dvnXe^eiev ov
ydp eanv oro) ^ irore dXXco, e^co rcov /nerd ravra
ro irdv Kpdro^ Xa^ovrcov, rowvrov n iyjrrjcpiCTdr}'
^ oTcf R. Steph., oTi L.
lO
BOOK XLl
was not pleased _±aliear_ this, ^fearing that some b.c. 4y
measures might be concerted against them. When,
however, the envoys said many things in praise of
Caesar, and ended up by promising that no one
should suffer any harm at his hands and that the
legions should immediately be disbanded, they were
pleased and sent the same envoys to him again, and
they kept shouting out everywhere and always their
demand that both leaders should lay down their arms
at the same time.
Pompey was frightened at this, knowing well that ^ ^
he would be far inferior to Caesar if they should
both put themselves in the power of the people, and
accordingly set out for Campania before the envoys
returned, with the idea that he could more easily
carry on war there. He also commanded the whole
senate together with the magistrates to accompany
him, granting them permission for their absence by
a decree, and announcing to them that he would
regard anyone who remained behind in exactly the
same light as those who were working against him.
Furthermore he ordered them to decree that the
public moneys and the votive offerings in the city
should all be seized, hoping that by using them he
could get together a vast number of soldiers. For
practically all the cities of Italy felt such friendliness
for him that when, a short time before, they had
heard he was dangerously ill, they had vowed to
offer public sacrifices for his safety. That this was
a great and brilliant honour which they bestowed
upon him no one would deny, since there has been
no one else in whose behalf such a vote was ever
passed, except those who in after times received
II
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
ov fir)v Kol d/cpo^rj ttlo-tiv tov jxr) ovk iy/caraXei-
ylreiv avTov tt/oo? tov e/c rod KpeiTTOvo^ (f)o^ov irap-
el')(pv} iyvQiaOr) fjuev Sr) ravra ire pi re tmv XPV'
pbdrayv koX irepl rcov dvadfj/jidrcov, ovk eKivrjOr) he
ovBerepa'^ TrvdofievoL yap ev rovTOi tov re K.aiaapa
IxrjTe TL elprjvatov to?? Trpia^eaiv diroKeKpiaOai
KoX TrpoaeyKoXelv a(f)Lacv co? koI KaTa-ylrevaafievoif;
Tivd avTOv, Kol Tov<; aTpaTL(iiTa<; ttoXXou? re koI
6paa€t<; elvat koX irav otiovv, old ttov ^iXel^ irepl
Tcov TOLOvTcov iirl TO <f>o/3ep(OTepov dyyeWecrOaiy
KaKovpy7](T€LV, i(f)o^yO)]aav, kol arrovhfj ttjv efo-
hov, irplv dyjraaOai Ttvo<; avTCOv, eTTOirjaavTO.
Ktt/c TovTov KoX €9 TO, dWa 6fjbOi(o<; irdvTa
0opv/3co8T](i (7(pcov KoX Tttpax^^^^V^ V dvdaTacTi^
iyevsTo. ol re yap 6^i6vt€<; (rjaav 3e Traz^re? co?
eiTTelv ol TTpcoTOL Kal T?}? /3ov\rj<; Kal t?;? lirTrdho'^
Kal irpoaeTi Kal tov * o/ullXov) \6y(o fiev eVt
TToXeyu-ft) d(pcopfi(avTO, epyw he Ta tmv eaXcoKOTcov
eTTaaxpv tyjv re yap TvaTpiha Kal Td<^ ev avTrj
hiaTpi^d^ eKXiTTelv Kal Ta dXXoTpia TeL^n OLKeco-
Tcpa TCdv (Tcf)eTepcov vo/xi^ecv dvayKa^o/ievoi BeLvcj^;
eXvTTOvvTO. o'i re yap iravoiKriaia dvLdTdpLevoi Ta
lepd Kal TOV<i oiKov^i t6 T€ ehacpo^; to TraTpayov &)?
Kal TMV dvTtcrTaaicoTMV evOv^ ecrofieva aTreXenrov,^
Kal avTol ovTCO tyjv yvdofjLyv, dv ye Kal Trepicrcodco-
aiv, el^ov ct)9 Kav ^ ttj M-aKeSovla ttj re SpaKj}
KaTOLKijaovTefi' ttjv yap tov UofiTTTjiov Sidvoiav
OVK rjyvoovv. Kal ol KaTa p^w/jaz^ tov<^ re iralha^
Kal Td<i yvvatKa<; ra re dXXa Ta TLfiiooTaTa
1 irapuxov Kiibler, e'ixov L. ^ ovSerepa Bk., ovSe eVcpa L.
'^ (piKfl R. Steph,, (piKfiv L. â– * TOV Rk., t^ tov L.
^ air^KiiTTOV H. Steph., a.iri\nrov L. ^ kolv Reim., Koi L.
12
BOOK XLI
absolute power ; still they inspired him with no sure b.c. 49
confidence that they would not abandon him through
fear of one stronger. The recommendation about
the moneys and the votive offerings was granted, but
neither of them was touched ; for, having ascertained
meanwhile that Caesar's answer to the envoys had not
been at all conciliatory and that he had furthermore
reproached them with having made some false state-
ments about him, also that his soldiers were many and
bold and liable to do any kind of mischief, — ^just the
sort of reports, exaggerating the danger, as are usually
made about such matters, — the senators became
frightened and hastily took their departure before
they could lay hands on any of the treasures.
Accordingly their removal was equally tumultuous
and confused in all other respects. For the depart-
ing citizens, practically all of whom were the fore-
most men of the senate and of the knights, to say no-
thing of the populace, while nominally setting out
for war, were in reality undergoing the experiences of
captives. For they were compelled to abandon their
country and their pursuits there, and to consider
foreign walls more friendly than their own, and
consequently they were terribly distressed. Such
as were removing with their entire households said
farewell to the temples and to their homes and to
the soil of their ancestors, with the feeling that
these would straightway become the property of
their opponents ; and as for themselves, not being
ignorant of Pompey's purpose, they had the intention,
if they really survived, of establishing themselves
in Macedonia and Thrace. Those who were leaving
behind on the spot their children and wives and
13
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
KaraXeiiTovTe^ ^ €')(€Lv fiiv riva ekirlha tt}?
irarplho'^ iSoKOVv, ttoXv Be St) rcov erepcov, are
KoX diro TOiV (fytXTdrayv dTrapTcofievoi, Sirry
T€ Tv^rj KOi ivavTKDrdTrf TrapaffaWofjievot,,
5 ^aX€7rft)Te/?ft)9 aTrrfSXaaaov rd yap ol/ceioraTa
ToJ TroXe/jLLcoTdra) a(f)cbv e/tSoi^re? epieXkov
ide\.o/caKovvT€<; puev avTol fcivSvvevaeiv, irpoOvpLov-
fievoi he e/ceivwv areprjdyaeaOai, kclI irpoaerL
(f)L\ov pLev pbrjheTepov i)(Opov'^ Be dp,(f)OTepov<; e^etv,
J^aLcrapa puev on pirj /cat avrol Karepueivav,
TiopLirrjiov he on p^rj koX eKelva (TvveTrrjydyovro.
6 wf7T6 fcal €9 dpb(j>i^o\ov Kol ral^ yv(op,ai<i fcal rat?
6u;)^at9 Tat9 re ekiricn KaOtaTdpievoi T0fc9 t€
acapuacnv dpui diro rwv olKeLordrcov a(^lcnv
dTTeaTTcovTo Kol Ta9 '>\rv')(a(; St%a hLrjpovvro.
8 TaOra piev ovv ol i^oppLaypuevoi eiraG-ypv, ol 8*
vTroXeiTTopbevot, hLa<^6poi^ puev dvTLTrdXois Be nai
Kal avTol iraOjjpLaai avvec^epovTO. o'l re yap diro
rwv irpoarjKovTcov (T^lctlv diro^evyvvp^voi, ola
rS)V re Trpoararcjv arepiaKopbevoL /cat eirapivvat
2 avTol<; ^ rifCL<na BvvdpieuoL, tw t€ TToXepLO)
€KBiBopL€VOC Kal ev rfi e^ovaia rov Trj<i 7r6Xeco<;
KpaT7]aovTo<; ecr6p,evoi, avrol re viro rov (fjo^ov
Kal ro)v vfipecov Kal rcov acpayoov (09 Kal
yiyvopAvcov tjBtj eraXatircopovp, Kal ire pi eKeiv(ov
oi re opyrjv cr^iaiv on eyKareXeicfjOrjaav €')(ovre^
rd avra eirrjpoyvro Kal ol avyy vcopLTjv rfj<; dvdyKrj^;
3 TTOiovpuevoL rd avrd eBiBocrav.'^ Kal ro Xoirrov
rrXrjdo^ avpLTrav, el Kal rd pudXiara p^rjBepla
avrol<; avyyeveia 7r/)09 rom d<jjopp(op,evov<i rjv,
^ KaraAeinovTes Bk,, ifOToAj7r<{j/T€j L.
'^ avrois Xyl. , avrois L. ^ iZiZiffav Bs., ^SeSe^eaov L.
14
BOOK XLI
all their other dearest treasures gave the impres-
sion, indeed, of having some little hope of their
country, but in reality were in a much worse plight
than the others, since they were being separated
from all that was dearest to them and were exposing
themselves to a double and most contradictory fate.
For in delivering their nearest interests to the power
of their bitterest foes they were destined, in case
they played the coward, to be in danger themselves,
and in case they showed zeal, to be deprived of those
left behind ; moreover, they would find a friend in
neither rival, but an enemy in both — in Caesar
because they themselves had not remained behind,
and in Pompey because they had not taken every-
thing with them. Hence they were divided in their
minds, in their prayers, and in their hopes ; in
body they were being sundered from those nearest
to them, and their souls were cleft in twain.
These were the feelings of the departing throng.
The ones left behind were experiencing different,
but equally painful emotions. Those who were being .
sundered from their relatives, being thus deprived of
their guardians and quite unable to defend themselves,
exposed to the war and about to be in the power of
him who should make himself master of the city,
not only were distressed themselves by the fear of
outrages and of murders, as if these were already
taking place, but they also either invoked the same
fate against those departing, through anger at being
deserted, or, condoning their action because of their
necessity, feared that the same fate would befall
them. All the rest of the populace, even if they
did not have the least kinship with those departing.
15
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
oyLtft)? ekvTTOvvTo fxev Kol eir^ iK6ivoi<^, ol fiev
yeLrova<i ol 8e eraipov^ ttoXv re airb acftcov
a^rj^eiv kol ttoWo, koI aroira koX hpdaeiv kol
ireiaeadai iX7ri^0VT€<;, ttoWw Se Brj jxaXidTa
4 €avTov<; Q)\o(f)vpovTO' Ta? re yap ap')(^a<; koI TrjV
/SovXrjv Tov<; re dWov<; row? rL hwafievov;
7rdvra<; (ov yap ttov eo ye Ti? avrcov vrrokeKfiOYjae-
rai fjSecrav) t^? re TrarpiBo^; d/jua Kal acpcbu
e^icrrafjLevov; opcovre<;, Kal fiyr av €/c6Lvov<i, el fjurf
TTOLVV TToWa Kal Beiva avrfj einfjprr^roy (pvyelv
5 TTore iOeXrjaai Xoyi^ofievot, Kal avrol eprjfiot, fiev
dp')(pvr(tiv epijjjLOc Be crvfi/LLd^cov yiyvojxevoi, rrpo^
re ra dWa irdvra iraiai re rcaiv 6p(^avol<i Kal
yvvai^l ')(rjpai^ ecpKeaav, Kal ra? 6pyd<; rd'^ re
e7riOv/jLia<i rcbv eirLovrwv Kal rrpcoroi ^ . . . t% rwv
Trporepcov rraOrnxdrcdv /jlv^/jLtj^;, ol fxev avrol
ireipaOevre^i, ol Be Kal eKeivcov aKovovre^ ocra Kal
Ota re M.dpi,o<; Kal 6 XvXka^; e^eLpydcravro,
6 fxerpiov ovBev ovBe €9 rov J^alaapa virooTrrevov,
dWa Kal TToXv rrXeiw Kal Beivorepa, are Kal
/SapSapLKOv TO irXelarov rov err par ov avrov
ovro^, rreiaeaOaL TrpoaeBoKcov,
9 Ovr(o<; ovv Brj rrdvrwv avrcov BiaKeipievcdv, Kal
fi7}Bev6<;, e^co rcov irpoa^iXoiv irrj rw VLaiaapi
BoKOvvrcov elvai, ev eXa(f)pw ro irpdypba ttolov-
fievovy^ Kal eKeivcov Be 'irpo<; Ta? /mera^oXd^; rcov
rpoTTCov, a? ol irXeiov^; irpo^; ra rrapovra crcfiicri ^
Xa/JL/SdvovcTcv, ov c^epeyyvco iriarei Oapcjovvrcov,
ovS* * emvoTJaac paBiov ocrrj p,ev rapa^^rj oaov Be
^ Lacuna recognised by Xyl.
^ TTOlOVfXeUOV Xj'l., TTOlOVjiieVWV L.
^ (r<pi(ri Rk., acpwu L. ^ ovb' Pflugk, ovt L.
i6
BOOK XLI
\\ ere nevertheless grieved at their fate, some expect-
ing that their neighbours, and others that their
comrades, would go far away from them and
do and suffer many dreadful things. But most
of all they bewailed their own lot as they beheld
the magistrates and the senate and all the others
who had any power — they were not sure, indeed,
whether any of them would be left behind —
quitting their country and them. They reflected
how those men would never have wished to flee,
had not many altogether dreadful calamities fast-
ened themselves upon the state ; and as for them-
selves, being now bereft of rulers and bereft
of allies, they seemed in all respects like orphaned
children and widowed wives. [Expecting] to be
the first [to experience] the wrath and the lust
of the approaching foes, and remembering their
former sufferings, some by experience and others
by hearing from the victims all the outrages that
Marius and Sulla had committed, they did not
look for any moderate treatment from Caesar,
either. On the contrary, inasmuch as the .JarS?^
part of his army consisted of barbarians, they
expected That th"eir misfortunes would be far
greater in number and more terrible than the
former ones.
Since, then, all of them were in this state, and no
one except those who thought they were good friends
of Caesar made light of the situation, and even
they, in view of the change of character which most
men undergo according to their circumstances, had
not the courage of confident assurance, it is not easy
to conceive what confusion and what grief prevailed at
17
VOL. IV. C
B.C.
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
KoX 7revOo<; iv rfj rwv re VTrdrcov koI royv dXXcov
2 tS)v (Jvve^opixwfJLevaiv a^iaiv i^6h(p iyevero. rrjv
re yap vvktu irdcrav dvaa Kevat,6 fjuevoi ^ koI
TrepicpoLTcovre^ iOopv^ovv, /cal vtto ^ ttjv eco ttoXv^
jxev TTpo^i Tot9 lepol^i ^ oIkto^ (kul yap kKaaTayoQi
7repu6vre<; eu^a? iiroiovvTo) 7rdvTa<; avTOv<;
iXd/jL^ave' tov<; re yap 6€ov<; dveKdXovv Kal rd
BdTreSa Kare^iXovv, oadxt^ re * i^ olcov irepieye-
vovro dvrjpiOfiovi'ro, Kal ore rrjv rrarpiSa, b
fi7)7rco7rore ireroX/zijro (T^LdiVy e^eXeiirov,^ coSv-
povro' 7roXv<; Se /cat irepl ra? irvXa^ Oprjvo^ â– ^v
3 ol fiev yap dWrjXov; re dfxa Kal eKelvrjv ft)9 Kal
reXevratov opoivre^i rjcnrd^ovro, ol he eavrov^ re
eOprfvovv Kal rol<^ e^iovcTL avvrjv^ovro, Kal oi ye
irXeiov^ ft)? KoX irpohihoixevoi Kar-qpoivro' 7rdvre<i
yap Kal ol vTrofievovre^; Tra/jLTraiSl Kal rrayyvvaiici
4 iraprjaav. Kal /juerd rovro ol fxev e^cop/jLcovro, ol
Be TrpoeirefiiTov <T<^a^' dXXoi re evexpovt^ov Kal
7r/)09 rcdv yvcopi/jLoyv Karel'Xpvro, Kal rive<i
7repL^dX\ovre<^ dXXrfXov<^ eirl irXelarov (TVV7]p-
rcbvro. aKoXovOovvrh re roi^ e^op/jL(o/jLevot<i ol
v7ro/jLevovre<; cttI jxaKporarov eTre/SoMvro re d/ia
avrov<; Kal Kar(pKri^ov, dyeiv re cr0a9 rj Kal
5 eKelvovf; oIkol fxeveiv d^iovvre^i erreOela^ov. Kav
rovrcp oXoXvyrj e(f>^ eKdaroi avroiv ttoXXt] Kai
irapd rcov aXXcov Kal BaKpva drrXera eylyvero'
rr}v fjbev yap rov Kpelrrovo<^ iXirlSa ijKicrra, are iv
T0t9 rocovroi<i 6vre<;, rd Be Br) TrdOr) irporepov /jlcv
^ avaffKtva^oixivoi Naber, a.vayKa^6/j.evoi L.
2 inrh Reim., enl L.
^ irphs TOis tepois placed here by Bk., after koI yap in L.
^ re R. Steph., re Koi L.
* i^eKeiirov H. Steph., e^4\nrov L.
l8
BOOK XLI
the departure of the consuls and those who set out b.c. 49
with them. All night they made an uproar with
their packing and running to and fro, and toward
dawn great sadness came upon them all at the
various temples, as they went about offering prayer
on every side. They invoked the gods, kissed the
ground, and lamented as often as they enumerated
the perils which they had survived, and recalled that
they were leaving their country, a thing they had
never brought themselves to do before. Around the
gates, too, there was much lamenting. Some took
fond leave at once of each other and of the city,
as if they were beholding them for the last time ;
others bewailed their own lot and joined their
prayers to those of the departing, while the
majority uttered curses, on the ground that they
were being betrayed. For all who were to remain
behind were there, too, with all the women and
children. Then the one group set out on their
way and the other group escorted them. Some
interposed delays and were detained by their ac-
quaintances ; others embraced and clung to each
other for a long time. Those who were to remain
accompanied those who set out, calling after them
and expressing their sympathy, while with appeals to
Heaven they besought them to take them, too, or
to remain at home themselves. Meanwhile there
was much wailing over each one of the exiles, even
from outsiders, and tears without restraint. For
they were anything but hopeful, in such circum-
stances, of a change for the better ; it was rather
19
c 2
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
ol KaraXeiTTOfievoL eiretra Be /cal ol a(f)op/jL(o/jL€VOi
6 TTpo(T€he')(pvTO. eiKaae h^ civ tl<^ avTOv<^ IBcov 8vo
re hrjfxov<^ /cal 8vo TroXet? eK fjuia^ ^lyveaOai, fcal
rr}v fjuev avi(naadai re fcal (peuyeiv, rrjv Be iyKura-
XeiTreaOai re fcal aXlaKeadai.
7 no/xTTT/to? jxev ovv ovrco to aarv i^iXtirev,
(TV')(yov^ TMV fiovXevTMV iirayo/ievof; (v7r6\eL(pdr)-
aav yap tiv6<;, ol fxev ra tov Kalaapo^; (ppovovv-
re?, ol Be /cal e/c /jueaov Afi^oiv lardfievoi), koI
/caraXoyovi re e/c rwv iroXecov cnrovBrj eiroielTO
Kal ')(^pr)iJLara e^eXeye, (f)povpd<; re cw? e/caaTa^oG-e
10 eireiMTTe' K.aco-ap Be eireiBr) ravra efJuaOe, irpo^
jjuev rrjp 'Vwfirjv ovk ^Tret^^?; (adXov re yap
avrrjv rjBec rot? /cpar^aovcrt Trpo/cei/juevrjv, /cal
OVK eV eKeivrjv oo? Kal TroXefiiav ol ovaav,
aXV eirl tov<; dvTLGTaaicoTa^ virep avrrj<; BrjOev
2 eTnaTpareveLV eXeye), ypafxpLara Be e'9 Trdaav
rrjv ^IraXiav Tre/z-A^a?, Bl mv tov re Tiofjiirrjiov
€9 Blktjv Tiva TTpoeKaXetTO Kal rot? aXXoL<;
Oapaelv irapyvei, Kara ywpav Te avTol<; fxeveuv
eKeXeve} Kal viTia')(ye'iTo iroXXa aurot?. Kal
eirl Kopcpivtov, eTreiBij ol viro Aovklov AofjuiTiov
KaTe')(pfJLevov ov irpoae'xwpet, MpfMrjae, Kal TLva<i
diravTrjaavTa^ P'd^rj Kparrjaa^ 6? iroXLopKiav
3 Toi)^ XoLTTov^; KareKXeiaev. 6 ovv TLo/jLTrijiofi,
eTreiBrj ovtol re eiroXiopKovvTO Kal royv dXXwv
iroXXol irpo^ tov J^alaapa direKXtvov, Trjq fiev
IraAta? ovbefxiav er eXirioa e(T')(ev, e? oe or)
T7}v M.aKeBovLav ttjv Te 'EXXaSa koX Tr)V ^Aalav
Trepaccodrjvai eyvco' Ty re yap /jlviJ/jlj} o)V eKel
e'TTeiTpd')(eL, Kal Ty tcov BrjjjbODV rfj re tmv ^aacXecov
^ iK4\€u€ H. Steph., iK4\ev<r€ L.
20
BOOK XLI
suffering that was expected, first by those who were
left, and later by those who were departing. Any
one who saw them would have supposed that two
peoples and two cities were being made from one
and that the one group was being driven out and
was going into exile, while the other was being left
to its fate and taken captive.
Pompey thus left the city, taking many of the
senators with him, although some remained behind,
either being attached to Caesar's cause or maintaining
a neutral attitude toward the two. He hastily raised
levies from the cities, collected money, and sent
garrisons to each point. Caesar, when he learned of
these moves, did not hurry to Rome ; for the capital,
he knew, lay as a prize before the victors, and he
claimed to be marching, not_agairiat_tliat place as
hostile to him, but rather against his political
opponents and in its defe nce. And he sent letters
throughout all Italy in which he challenged Pompey
to some kind of trial^ and encouraged the others to
be of good cheer, bade them remain in their places,
and made them many promises. He set out next
against Corfinium, because this place, being occupied
by Lucius Domitius, would not join his cause, and
after conquering in battle a few who met him he
shut up the rest and besieged them. Now Pompey,
inasmuch as these followers were being besieged and
many of the others were falling away to Caesar, had
no further hope of Italy, and resolved to cross over
into Macedonia, Greece, and Asia. For he derived
much encouragement from the remembrance of
^hat he had achieved there and from the friendship
21
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
4 ^t\ia iroXv eOdpaei, rjv jxev 'yap kol rj ^l/Srjpla
avrS) iraaa ol/cela, ovk iSvvaro ^ Se e? avrrjv
acr^aXco?, are koX tov K^alcrapof; ra? TaXarua^
€'XpvTo<^, KO/jLtadrjvaL. tt/oo? S' ert koX eXojL^ero
OTi, av aTToifkevarj, ovre imSLCo^ei ri<; avrov
Std re Tr)v rayv ttXolcov diropiav koI Blcl tov
')(et/jL(j()va (i]B7j yap e/c fieroTToypov rjv), kclv tovtw
Kara <j')(p\'r)v iroKka fxev eK tov vtttjkoou TToWd
Be Kal ifc TOV crvfjifjia'X^iKov /cal ')(^p7]p,aTa fcal
11 (TTpaTevfJiaTa dOpolaei. avro'^ re ovv eTrl tov-
TOi^i 69 TO BpevTeaiov d(f)cop/ji7]0rj, Kal top Ao/jlltiov
eKXiirovTa to K.op(pLVi,ov d/coXovOecv ol e/ceXevae.
Kal 09, el Kal tcl fidXiaTa la^vv re Ttva et')(e
Kal eii avTTJ eirrjXTrt^e (Kal yap 701/9 cFTpaTiw-
Ta9 ra re dXXa eredepairevKei Kal '^dypa^ v7roa)(^e-
2 (Tei VTTTJKTO' TMV T€ yap %vXXei(ov iyeyovei Kal
TToXXyv €K TTj^ hvvaaTeia's eKeivr)<^ eKeKTijTo),
6fjLco<; eTrei6dp')(rj(7e, Kal 6 fiev irapecTKevd^eTO
oirax; Be da(j>aXeia^ tivo'^ eK')((opr)ari' jiaOovTe^
Be TovO" ol crvv6vT€<; ol, Kal KaTOKvijaavTe^ T'qv'^
a(f)oSov &)9 Kal <l)vyr)v ovaav, irpoaeOevTO t&
3 l^aiorapi, Kal ol fiev avvedT paTevovTo avTO),
AofiLTiof; Be Kal ol dXXoL ^ovXevTal rjTLaOrjaav
fxev vii avTov eirl tj} dvTLTd^ei, dTreXvO-qdav Be
Kal irpo's TOV Uo/jLTTtJiov dirrjXdov.
12 'O 8' ovv J^alaap o-irovBrjv p^ev el)(e (Tvp,pZ^ai
T€ avT& irplv eKirXevaai, Kav ttj 'IraXta BcaTTO-
Xep^rjaai, KaTaXajSetv re avTov ev rw ^pevTealo)
€T OVTW €7rei,Br} yap tcl irXola ovk e^rjpKeae
cr<f)Lai, irpoeirep/y^ev dXXov^ re Kal tov9 v7raT0U9,
fjbT) Kal veo^p^oiicrcoaL Tt Kara ')(^copav vTrofielvav-
^ iSvvaro St., TjSvvaro L. ''^ t)]v Reim., Is tV L-
22
BOOK XLI
of the [)eoples and the kings. Spam, to be sure, was b.c. 49
likewise wholly devoted to him, but he could not
reach it safely, since Caesar held both the Gauls.
Moreover he calculated that if he should sail away,
no one would pursue him on account of the lack of
ships and on account of the winter, as the autumn
was now far advanced ; and meanwhile he would be
amassing at leisure both money and troops, partly
from the Roman subjects and partly from their allies.
With this purpose, therefore, he himself set out for
Brundisium and bade Domitius abandon Corfinium
and accompany him. And Domitius, in spite of the
large force that he had and the hopes he reposed in
it, inasmuch as he had courted the favour of the
soldiers in every way and had won them over by
promises of land (as one of Sulla's veterans he had
acquired a large amount under that regime), never-
theless obeyed orders. He, accordingly, was making
preparations to evacuate the town with some degree
of safety ; but his associates, when they learned of
it, shrank from the journey abroad, because it
seemed to them a flight, and they attached themselves
to Caesar. So these joined the invader's army, but
Domitius and the other senators, after being censured
by Caesar for arraying themselves against him, were
allowed to go and came to Pompey.
Caesar, accordingly, was anxious to join issue with
Pompey before he could sail away and to fight out
the war in Italy, if he could but overtake his adver-
sary while he was still at Brundisium ; for since there
were not sufficient ships for all, Pompey had sent
ahead the consuls and others, fearing that they
might begin some rebellion if they remained there.
23
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
1
2 T69* IScbv Be TO SvcraXcoTov rov 'X^copiov TrpoeKoke-
aaro ^ avrbv e? GVv6rjKa<; dx; koI ttjv elpijvrjv
rrjv T€ cf)iXiav aiTo\r]y^6ixevov. aTroKpivafjuevov
T€ avTov ovoev oKko rj on rot? vTrarot^; a
\iyet KOivoaaerai, eTreiBr) eSeSoKTo a<j)i(Tt, firjSeva
TMv TToXcTcov TMV iv Tot? 67r\oi<; ovTcop 69 Xoyovf;
3 8e%6cr^<xi, irpoae^aXe rfj TTokei. koI avrov 6
llo/jL7r7]LO<; r)/jL€pa<; fiev nva^ rjixvvaro, fii'X^pi,^; ov
TO, irXola iiravrjXOe' BcocKoSo/JL'^cra^ Se iv tovt(o
Kol a7ro(ppd^a<i ra^; e? rov Xifxeva oBov^, /jlt]
KOi iTrlOrjrai rt? avT(p eKirXeovTi, eiretra vvkto<;
€^avrj')(jdr]. fcal o [xev a<T(f)aKM<; e? rijv yLafceSovlav
iirepaKiodri, to Be Sr) VtpevTeaiov Bvo t€ iv avTO)
irXola fjueara avBpMv eakco.
13 JJofjiTTtjio'; /lev ovv tyjv re iraTpiBa real ttjv
aXXrjv ^iTaXiav oi/roj? i^eXtire iravTa to, ivavTico-
TaTa T0fc9 irpoaOev, oTe e9 avTrjv iK t?79 'A(7/a9
KaTeirXevae, koI eXo/jbevo^; koL 7Tpd^a<^' d(f)^
Sivnep KOL TrjV tu')(7]v kol tyjv Bo^av dvTiiraXov
2 iKTTjaaTO. tol t€ 'yap aTpaToireBa irpoTepov
€vdv<; iv T(p ^p€VT€(TLq), Xva fjurj TC TOt'9 7roXiTa<;
XvTTrja-r}, 0.^6/9, eTepa Bi avTov t6t€ i/c ttj^^
'lTaXta9 67r' avTov<; i^'^yaje- koI tov<^ ttXovtov^
TMV jSap^dpcov 69 Tr}V ^Vcofirjv dyaycov, jrdvO^
3 ocra rjBvvrjOrj tots i^ avTri<; eTepcoae ^ i/cofioae' kol
TMV fxev oXkoi TrdvTcov aTreyvco, toI^ B^ dXXoTpioi<;
Kal Tol^ ye vcj)' eavTov vrore BovXajOelai arvfi-
/jLd')(OL<i KaTCL Trj<^ iraTpLBo^ y^prjaao-dai ivoei, Kal
iv avTot<i TToXv TrXeico iXiriBa /cal T979 (rcoTr)p[a<i
Kal T7)9 BvvaaTeua^ r} iv ^ Tot9 evepyeTr/delaiv
* irpoeKaXicraro Reim., irpoffeKaX^craTo L.
^ erepMo-e R. Steph. , krepocs L. ^ ^v added by Bk.
24
BOOK XLI
5 Caesar, seeing the difficulty of capturing the place, b.c 49
urged his opponent to come to some agreement,
assuring him that he should obtain both peace and
friendship again. When Pompey replied merely
that he would communicate to the consuls what
Caesar said, the latter, inasmuch as those officials
had decided to receive no citizen in arms for a con-
ference, assaulted the city. Pompey repelled him
tfor some days until the ships returned ; and having
meanwhile barricaded and obstructed the streets
leading to the harbour, so that no one should attack
'him as he was sailing forth, he then put out by
might. Thus he crossed over to Macedonia in safety,
and Brundisium was captured along with two ships
;full of men.
So Pompey in this way deserted his country and
the rest of Italy, choosing and carrying out quite
the opposite of his former course, when he had
sailed back to it from Asia ; hence he gained the
opposite fortune and reputation. For, whereas
formerly he had at once dismissed his_le^ions jit
Brundisium, so as not to cause the citizens any
anxiety, he was now leading away through that town
other forces gathered from Italy to fight against
them ; and whereas he had brought the wealth of
the barbarians to Rome, he now carried away from it
all that he could to other places. Of all the citizens
at home he despaired, but purposed to use against his
country foreigners and the allies once enslaved by '^-
him ; and he placed in them far more hope both of ^ -
safety and of power than in those whom he had ^., ,
25 ^U^^
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
^1
4 iirotetTO. koX Bia ravra dvrl jjuev t/}? Xa/nrpo- '
rr]TO<^ r)v iic joiv TToXkjJbwv eKelvcov Krr]ad/JL€V0<;
d(f)iK€ro, raTreivoTTjTa Trpo? rov irapd rov Kat-
crapo^; (f)6^ov dvTika^wv dirrjpevy dvri he t^9
evKkeia<^ tjv Ik tov ttjv irarpiha av^rjaat eay^eVy
SvaKX€e(TTaTO<i eirl rfj rore e/cXeti/ret avTrj<;
iyivero.
14 Kafc €vOv<; ye Karaipcov e? to Avppd^tov efxaOev
on 01) Ka\a)<; dTraXkd^er^ arparLoyraf; re yap
Kepavvol iv avTw rw irpocnfKM e(pOecpav, fcal
TCL (77]fjL6la rd (TrpaTLayTiKa dpd)(vat /carea'X^ov,
eK^dvTo<; re e/c t% veoo<i avrov 6<p€i<; rov gti^ov
2 iiriaTTOfievoL (7Vve')(eov, €Keivq> fxev Br) ravra
rd repara eyevero, (Tvve^e(3r)Kei he /cat rrdar}
ry iroXei rovrtp re r(p erec Kal oXiyov e/jLirpocrdev
erepa. 6vrco<; ydp irov d/jUcjiorepayOev ev ral<^
(TrdaeaL ro kolvov ^Xdirrerar Kal hid rovro
XvKOL re Kal ^vai rroXKol ev avr(p rw dareL
3 co^Orjcrav, Kal aeca/jiol (Tvve')(et<; /juerd /jbVKrjOfjicov
eyevovro, irvp re dirb SvcrfiMV tt/^o? dvaroXd<i
hirj^e, Kal erepov dXXa re Kal rov rov Kvpivov"^
vaov KarecfiXe^ev. 6 re rjXio^ (rvfjiira^ i^eXiTre,
Kal Kepavvol aKrjirrpov re Ato9 Kal dairiha
Kpdvo^ re ^Apeco<;, ev rS K.a7nrct)XiM dvaKei-
fieva, Kal irpoaen Kal rd<^ ar^Xa<; rd<; rov<;
4 v6fiov<; e')(pvaa<; eXvjjbrjvavro. ^wd re rrroXXd
e^co rr)(; eavrcov ^ucreft)? eyevvrjae riva, Kal
Xoyid nva a)<; Kal rrj<^ ^L^vXXri<^ ovra yhero,
Karo'Xpl re rive^ yiyvop,evoi av^^yd eOeia^ov.
Kal TToXtapxo^ ovSel<; e? ra? aj/o%a9, Morirep
^ oiroA\c£|ei Rk. , airaWd^ci^v L.
^ Kvplyov Bk., KviplvQV L,
26
BOOK XLI
benefited. Instead of the brilliance, therefore, ac- b.c. 49
quired in those wars, which had marked his arrival,
he departed with humiliation as his portion because
of his fear of Caesar ; and instead of the fame which
he had gained for exalting his country, he became
most infamous for his desertion of her.
Now at the very moment of coming to land at
Dyrrachium he learned that he should not obtain
a prosperous outcome. For thunderbolts destroyed
some soldiers even as the ships were approaching ;
spiders occupied the army standards ; and after he
had left the vessel serpents followed and obliterated
ihis footprints. These were the portents which
came to him personally, but for the whole capital
others had occurred both that year and a short time
previously ; for there^js no doubt that in civil wars
the state is injured by both parties. Hence many
wolves and owls were seen in the city itself and
continual earthquakes with bellowings took place,
fire darted across from the west to the east, and
another fire consumed the temple of Quirinus as
well as other buildings. The sun, too, suffered a
total eclipse, and thunderbolts damaged a sceptre of
Jupiter and a shield and a helmet of Mars that
were votive offerings on the Capitol, and likewise
the tables which contained the laws. Many animals
brought forth creatures outside of their own species,
some oracles purporting to be those of the Sibyl
were made known, and some men became inspired
and uttered numerous divinations. No prefect of
the city was chosen for the Feriae, as had been the
27
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
eWioTTO, rjpeOr), aXX^ ol arpaTrjyol iravra ra
ein^aXkovra avro), w? ye TLai SoKel, BiwKrjaav
erepoL yap ev rep varepm erei (f)acrlv avTOV<i
5 TOVTO TTOLTJaaC. Kol €K€tVO fl6V Kul avOi^ €y€V6T0y
TOTE ^ Se Kot 6 Tiepirepva'^ 6 fiera rod ^lXlttttoV
TTore TL/jLr]T€vaa^ aireOavev, w? e^rjv, TeXeurato?
irdvTwv T(ov iv rfj ri/jLijTeia avrov ^ovXevadv-
6 TO)!/, Kol ehoKei fcal tovto ti v60')(^/jL(oa€iv. irapdr-
TOVTO fiev ovv iirl to?? repaaiv wairep glko^
r}v, oLOfMevot Se Br] Kal eXiri^ovre^ eKdrepot e? tou?
dvri,aTaaid)Ta<; a<pcbv irdvTa avra diroGKrj-y^eiV
ovBev e^eOvaavro.
15 'O ovv K^alaap e? /jl€v ttjv M-aKeSoviav ovBe
eTreipacre rore irXevaai (irXoiwv re yap rjiropei
apxL Kai irepi rfj iraXia^ eoebiei, fit] avrrjv eK
rrj<; ^I^rjpiaf; ol rov Tlo/jLTrrjlov VTroaTpdrijyoi
i7reX66vr€<; Karda^foac), ro Be Br) Bpevrecriov
Bia (f)vXaKrj(;, rov jxr) rtva tmv aTrrjpfcorcov
2 dvaTrXevcrai, 7roi,7](TdfjLevo<; 7rp6<; re rrjv 'Vcofirjv
rfkOet f^cd tt}? yepov(Tia<; ol e^co rov Trcop^rjpiov
VTTO re rov ^Avrcoviov Kal vtto rov Aoyyivov
irapa(TKeva<Tdei(Tr]<^ {eKTreaovre^ yap ef avrrjf; rore
avrrjv rjdpotaav) iBijfiijyoprjae iroXXa Kal eTneLKr),
OTTOx; 7r/309 re to irapov evvoiav avrov Kal tt/jo?
3 rb fieXXov ekiriBa '^p7jo-rr]v Xd^coacv. iirecBr} yap
rol<; re yiyvopbevoL<i d')(6opAvov<; kol e? to arpancd-
^ tJtC Bs. , TOVTO L.
^ TTji 'iTaXia. Reim., ttj^ iTaKiav L.
BOOK XLI
( ustom, but the praetors, at least according to some b.c. 49
accounts, performed all his duties ; others, however, ^„
say tiiey did this in the following year. That, to be
sure, was an occurrence that happened again ; but
at this time Perperna, who had once been censor
with Philippus, died, being the last, as I have
stated,^ of all the senators who had been alive in
his censorship. 2 This event, too, seemed to portend
some political change. Now the people were natur-
ally disturbed at the portents, but as both sides
thought and hoped that the calamities would all
light on their opponents, they offered no expiatory
sacrifices.
Caesar did not even attempt to sail to Macedonia
at this time, because he was short of ships and was
anxious about Italy, fearing that the lieutenants of
Pompey might assail it from Spain and occupy it ;
but putting Brundisium under guard, so that no one
of those who had departed should sail back again,
he then proceeded to Rome. There the senate had
been assembled for him outside the pomerium by
Antony and Longinus ; for though they had once
been expelled from that body they now convened it.
He accordingly delivered a speech of some length
and of a temperate character, so that they might feel
good-will toward him for the time being and also
excellent hope for the future. For as soon as he
saw that they were displeased at what was going on
^ In a book now lost.
â– ^ Valerius Maxiinus (viii. 13, 4) and Pliny {N.H. vii. 48)
are probably more accurate when they state that he outlived
all those who were senators in the year of his consulship
(B.C. 92) and all but seven of those whom he appointed to
that body during his censorship (b.c. 86). He died at the
age of 98.
29
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
^1
TLKov ttXtjOo^ v7ro7rT€vovTa<; avTov<; ecopa, irapa-
fivOi^aaadai koX TiOaaevaai cr^a9 rpoirou rtva
TjOeXrjcrev, iva rd ye ifceivcov, 6&)9 ai^ 8ca7ro\6f^.7]crr},
4 iv ri(jv')(ia /lelvr). /col Slcl tovt ovt yridcraTo
Tcva out' rjireikriae Tivi ovBev, dWa koX Kara-
Bpo/jL7]v Kara tmv TTokejielv iroXiraif; iOeXovrcov
ovK civev dpcov iiroirjaaTo, teal to TeXevTolov
TTpeapei^ virep re Trj<; elprjvr)({ fcal virep ^ rrjf;
6fiovoLa<; acpcov 7rapa')(^pr]/uLa 7Tp6<; re tou? UTrarou?
/cat TTyoo? rov Yiofxirrjiov 7re/jL(f>drjvai iarjyTJa-aro.
16 ra 8' avrd ravra kol 7rpo9 tov hrjfjbov, /cal avrov
e^o) TOV TTco/jbijpiov (TvveXdovTa, elircov, ctltov re
eK Twv VYjawv //.ereTre/Ai/raro kol irevTs koX €^Bofj,rj-
KOVTa hpa')(^ixd^ 6KdaT(p Bcocreiv v7ria')(^eT0. koI
6 [xev TOVTOL^ avTov<; BeXedcretv i^XTri^ep, ol 5'
avdpCOTTOl XoyL^6/JL6POL OTL 0VT6 (ppOVOVaiV OVT€
TrpdTTOVcn tcl avTo, o% t€ i(f)Le/jLevol tlvcov kol ol
2 TV')(^6vTe^, dXX! iv fiev tol^ dp'x^al'; tcov epycov
irdvTa TO. rjhLCTTa irpo^dXXovaL rot? avTiirpd^ai
TL SvvafjLCvoL'i, eireuhdv Be KaTopOcoaaxrcv ocra
/BovXavTai, ovTe tlvos: avTcov fivrjfiovevovai, kol
eiT avTov^ €KeLVOv<; Tal^; Swd/xecriv a? Trap*
avTMV eXa^ov 'x^pcovTai, /jie/jivrj/jiei'oi, Be koX tov
3 ^idpiov TOV re XvXXav, 609 TroXXd koI <^iXdv-
Opcoira 7ToXXaKL<^ ac^iaiv eLTrovTe^ ola dv6* oXwv
eBpaaav, Kal TrpocreTi koX ttjv tov Kauorapo^
')(^peiav alaOofievoL, ra re oirXa avTOv TroXXd kol
'jTavTa')(pv T7]<; 7roXea)9 opwvTe^ ovTa, ovt€
TTiaTeveiv Tot9 Xeyofievoi,^ ovt€ Oappelv eBvvavTO,
,»Q ^ vvep Ek. , nepi L.
BOOK XLI
and suspicious of the multitude of soldiers, he b.c. 49
wished to encourage and tame them, so to speak, in
order that quiet might prevail at least in their
quarter until he should bring the war to an end.
He therefore censured no one and made no threat
against anyone, but delivered an attack, not without
imprecations, upon those who chose to war upon
citizens, and at last proposed that envoys be sent
immediately to the consuls and to Pompey to treat
for peace and harmony. He made these same state-
ments also to the populace, when that body had
likewise assembled outside the pomerium ; and he
sent for grain from the islands, and promised to
give each citizen three hundred sesterces.^ He
hoped to tempt them with this bait ; but the men
reflected that those who are pursuing certain ends
and those who have attained them do not think or
act alike, but at the beginning of their undertakings
they offer every conceivable gratification to such as
are in a position to work against them in any way,
whereas, when they succeed in what they wish, they
remember none of their promises and use against
those very persons the power which they have re-
ceived from them. Recalling also the behaviour of
Marius and Sulla, — how many benevolent phrases
they had often addressed to them and then what
treatment they had accorded them in return for
their services, — and furthermore perceiving Caesar's
need and seeing that his armed forces were many
and were everywhere in the city, they were unable
either to trust his words or to be cheered by them.
^ Literally, seventy-five drachmae or denarii. Dio ex-
presses all sums in this unit, but in the translation the
Roman practice will be followed.
31
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
n
4 aXV evavkov tov i/c rod irplv (po^ov e^oz^Te? Ka 1
€K6ivov inreroTTOVv, kol fioXiaO^ on ol irpecr^eL'^ o {
Ta? KaraWaya^; hrjBev TrpVTavevorovre^ ^ ypeOrjaai '
fjLev, ovK e^rfkOov Se, dXk' on kol efivrjcrOr] iron
irepl avTCOv 6 Tlicrayv 6 irevdepo^i avrov alrlav €o-')(e
17 ToaovTOV re iSirjcrav ra 'X^p't^fMna a virea'X^en
G(l>LaL Tore ye Xa^elv, Mcrre /cal rdWa ol ttclvO
oaa iv to) hrjixoaicp rjv 7rpb<; rrjv tcov CTpanatTOiV
ov<; i^o0ovvTO, rpo^rjv eBocrav. koI eirl Tracni
T0VT0L<; ft)? KoX ayadoi<; ovai rrjv iaOrjTa rrji
elprjviKTjv fxeTtj/jLTTLa'X^ovTO' ovheiray yap avrrji
2 /jLeT€i\/](f)€crav, avTelire fiev ovv Trpo<^ rrjv irepi
TOdv y^prjixoLTWv ecrrjyrjatv Aovki6<; ^ rt? MeTeXXo«;
hrjixap')(0<^y kol eTreiBr] /jbrjBev eTrepave, tt/jo? t€ tov<;
67}aavpov<; rjXde /cat ra? Ovpa<; avrcov iv rtjpTjo-ei
eiroLTjaaro' crpLiKpov Be orj koX tt}? (f)v\aK7)<;
avTOv, wcrirep ttov koX t^9 7rappr}(Tia<i, ol
arpanojrai, (^povTiaavre<^ rrjv re PaXavdypav
Biefcoyjrav (rrjv yap /cXelv ol virarov eV)(OV, oiairep
OVK e^ov ncn ireXeKecriv dvr avT7]<; ')(^pr)aaadaL)
3 KoX Trdvra to, ^/3?;yu,aTa e^ec^oprjaav. Kal fievroi
/cal TO, aXXa tov avrbv rpoirov, w? /jlol iroWa'X^oO i
etpr}Tai, ovofxaTU fiev Icrovo/jLia'i (^Kal yap Bed tov
^AvTcovLOv Ta irXeict) avTwv iaecfiepeTo) epyw Be
BvvaaTeia^ Kal e-y^r^t^i^eTO Kal eirpdTTeTO. TOv<i
re yap dvTL(7Tacnd^0VTd<; (T(f)Lcri iroXepLiov;
CKdTepoi Trj<i iraTpiBo^ 6vo/jid^ovTe<;, Kal eavTov^;
virep TMV Kocvcov iroXefxelv XeyovTe^, Td re IBta
fiova Tjv^ov, KaKelva ofioico^; diK^oTepoi e^deipov.
18 'O B^ ovv Kalaap TavTd re outo)? eiroirjae, Kal
^ irpvrav€V(rovT€5 Reim., TrpvTavevovres L.
2 A0VK165 Bs., \evKi6s L (here only).
32
BOOK XLl
On the contrary, as they had fresh in their memory b.c. 4p
the fear caused by former events, they suspected
him also, particularly since the envoys who were to
affect the ^^reconciliation," as he termed it, did not
oCt out after being chosen ; indeed, Piso, his father-
in-law, was once called to account for so much as
referring to them. And far from receiving at that
!;ime the money which he had promised them, the
oeople had to give him all the rest that remained
n the treasury for the support of his soldiers, whom
:hey feared. In honour of all these things, as if
;hey were propitious events, the citizens changed
jack to the garb of peace, which up to this time
:hey had not resumed. Now Lucius Metellus, a
tribune, opposed the proposition about the money,
md when his efforts proved unavailing, he went to
;he treasury and kept guard at the doors. But the
â– loldiers, paying little heed to the guard he kept or, I
imagine, to his outspokenness either, cut the bolt in
:wo (for the consuls had the key, just as if it were
lot possible for persons to use axes in place of
t !) and carried off all the money. In the case of
Claesar's other projects also, as I have often stated,
lie both brought them to vote and carried them out
ill the same fashion, under the name of democracy,
inasmuch as the majority of them were introduced
jy Antony, but with the substance of despotism.
Both Caesar and Pompey called their opponents
snemies of their country and declared that they
themselves were fighting for the public interests,
whereas each alike was really ruining those interests
^nd advancing merely his own private ends.
After taking these steps Caesar occupied Sardinia
vol.. IV. D
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
T^z^ XapBo) rrjv re XtKcXtav afjiax^t' icarea)(e. \
€K)(^coprjadvT(ov t(»3v t6t€ ev avral^ apyovTO). '
TQV T€ ^ KpicTTO^ovKov oc/caBe 69 rrjv UaXaLarLvrji
2 oirax; r(p Tiofiirqiw rt dvTLTrpd^rj, eareiXe' kc%
T0i9 iraicn rcov vtto tov XvWov eTnKr]pv')(6evr(c ]
dpxa<; alreiv i(j)r]K€, rd re dXXa irdvTa, /cal t
ev Ty iTokei koI to, ev Tjj Xoitttj 'IraXta, Trpc
TO eTTiTi^BeLOTarov eavrw co? eK rcov Trapovrco
3 Kariarijae. koI i/celva {xev rcG ^Avtwvlw eV
erpe^jrev, avTO^ he e? ttjv ^l^TjpLav} rd re to
JJofjLTrrjLOV Icrxvpco^ alpovfjL€vr)v koX 69 5eo9 avTOi
fjLT) /cal Ta9 Ta\aTLa<; irpoaaTroGTrjar}^ KaOiaTdv
4 Ta9, cop/jL^]ae. Kav tovtu) dWoL re ^ovkevTa
Kol 6 J^iKepcov, firjSe 69 oyjnv tw ItLaiaapt eX6d>i
Trpo^; TOV YiojnrrjLov a><; ye Td t€ BcKaioTepi
TrpdTTOVTa koX tw iroXe/iKp KpaTtjaovTa dire'^oi)
5 prjcrev. ol Te yap viraTOL, irplv eKirXelv, Ka
eKetvo<i, are dvTl virdTov dpx^ov, 7rdvTa<{ avTOw
eKeXevcrav 69 ©eaaaXoviKijv d/coXovOrjaai, ft)9 toi
fiev d(7Teo)<; 77/509 TroXefxicov tlvcov i'^pfievov, avTo
Se aTe ^ yepovala 6Vt69 Kal to t»)9 7roXiT6ta<
6 7r/3ocr^77yLta, oirov ttot av Sxjlv, €^ovt€<;. Kai
(T(f)L(TL 8id TavTa Tcov Te ^ovXevTcov /cal twz
iTTTrecov ol irXeiov^, oi fiev evOv<; tot6 ol Se /ca<
vcTTepov, /cal al iroXei^; irdaai, oaai firj vtto tmi
TOV Kaiaapof; ottXcov KaTelpyovTO, tt poae^x^oo-
prjcrav.
19 Ol fxevTOi IsJiaaaaXiSiTai [movol tcov ev tj
VaXaTia oI/covvtcov ovTe <Tvvr]pavT0 tw K.aLcrap
ovTe 69 Tr]V TToXiv ioreSe^avTO, dXXd /cal dTTOKpiuLi
2 avT(h d^io/jLvr]fi6vevTOV eBoaav Ta> Te yap Brjfiq
^ 'l^-npiav Xyl. , IraXiav L. - are Oddey, ^ re L.
BOOK XLI
and Sicily without a contest^ as the governors who i!.c.4.i
were there at the time withdrew. Aristobulus he
sent home to Palestine to accomplish something ^
against Pompey. He also allowed the sons of those '
who had been proscribed by Sulla to canvass for]
office, and arranged everything else both in the city
and in the rest of Italy to his own best advantage,
so far as circumstances permitted. Affairs at home
he now committed to Antony's care, while he himself
set out for Spain, which was strongly favouring the
side of Pompey and causing Caesar some fear that it ^
might induce the Gauls also to revolt. Meanwhile
Cicero and other senators, without even appearing
ibefore Caesar, retired to join Pompey, since they
ibelieved he had more justice on his side and would
conquer in the war. For not only the consuls, before
they had set sail, but Pompey also, under the
authority he had as proconsul, had ordered them all
to accompany him to Thessalonica, on the ground
that the capital was held by enemies and that they
themselves were the senate and would maintain the
form of the government wherever they should be.
For this reason most of the senators and the knights
joined them, some of them at once, and others later,
and likewise all the cities that were not coerced by
Caesar's armed forces.
Now the Massaliots, alone of the peoples living in
'Gaul, did not cooperate with Caesar, and did not re-
iceive him into their city, but gave him a noteworthy
answer. They said that they were allies of the
35
D 2
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
rS)v ^V(Dfxai(cv (Tv/ji/jbaxelv kuI €K€ivoi<; iinTTjBeLayf;
dfi<l>OTepoi<; e'X^ecv, koX jjbrjre TToKvirpa^fMOvetv ri
fXTjd LKavol hiaKplvai 7roT6/009 avjMv aSi/cel elvai
€<pacrav, ware el fjuev r^.? &)? <^tXo9 iOiXoi, tt/jos
a<pd<i iXOelv, kclv ^ dfjL(f)OTepov<; avTOv<; dvev to)v
ottXcov Be^aaOai eXeyov, eVl TroXe/xw Be ovSirepov.
3 KaTaaTavre^ re- e? iroXLopKiav avrov re eKelvov
direKpovcyavTO, kol tw Tpe^covlw jw re ^povrw
TOO AeKLfiM ^ fiera tovto TrpoaeBpeixracrl o-cpicrcv
iirl TrXetarov dvTe(T')(pv. 6 yap Kalcrap ')(^p6vov
jjLev TLva, ft)9 Kal paBico<; avTOv<; alprjacov,
TrpoaefcapTeprjae (kuI yap avTa> Beivov eBoKet
elvav oTi /cat r^? 'Pooyu-?;? dfJLa')(el /cparrjcraf; vtto
4 MaaaaXicoTMV ov/c e^e^ero), eireir eireiBr] dvrrjp-
Kovv, iKeLVOv<; [xev erepoi^ Trpoaera^ev, avTb<; Be 69
Tr)v ^l^rjpiav yTrelx^V-
20 ^EiireirofKpei fiev yap 69 avrrjv Tdcoi> ^dffiov,
Beicra<i Be fiy KaO eavTOv dycovtad/jievof; TTTalarj,
Kal aL'T09 earpdrevaev. el')(^ov Be Tore rd
Trpdy/iara rd irepl top ' IjStjpa 6 re Acf)pdvio<; Kal
6 Herpeio^;, Kal cpvXaKrjv fxev Kal t^9 virep/SoXTJi;
rS)v opoiv erreTroirjvro, ro 8' oXov 69 ^iXepBav * rd^
BwdfieL^; dOpoidavre^ evravda rov<; einovra^
2 virepevov. Kal rw jjcev ^a^i(p rrjv re eirl rov
llvprjiaiov ^povpdv jSiacrafjieva) ^ Kal rov Trorafiov
rov ^LKOpLV BiapaivovrL irpoaireaovre^ e^ai(j>v7](;
7roXXov<i drreKreivav d'TroXr)(j)6evra<^' 97 ydp
y€(f)vpa Trplv BieXOelv avrov<i Karappayecaa
^ khv Kiibler, koI L. - KaraaToivTes re Bk., Karaardvrf L.
^ AcKlfiCf) R. Steph. , deKLWL L (and so frequently).
^ 'l\4 dav Gros, \4pdav L.
^ ^laffafxivw Pflngk, iroiTiaafievcf L.
36
BOOK XLI
Roman people and felt friendly towards both sides, b.c. 49
and that they were neither intermeddling at all nor
in a position to decide which of the two was in the
wrong ; consequently, in case they were approached
iin a friendly manner, they would receive them both,
they said, without their arms, but if it were a question
of making M'ar, neither of them. On being subjected
to a siege they not only repulsed Caesar himself but
'held out for a very long time against Trebonius
(-and Decimus Brutus, who besieged them later. For
'Caesar had persisted in his attempt for some time,
thinking to capture them easily, and regarding it as
ibsurd that after vanquishing Rome without a battle
'he was not received by the Massaliots ; but when
they continued to hold out, he left them to the care
Df others and himself hastened into Spain.
He had sent Gains Fabius thither, but fearing the
ather would fail while contending by himself, he, too,
iraade a campaign, Afranius and Petreius at this
time had charge of affairs in the vicinity of the
Iberus and had even posted a guard over the pass in
the mountains, but in the main they had gathered
their forces at llerda and there awaited the invaders.
Fabius overcame the garrison upon the Pyrenees,
but as he was crossing the river Sicoris the enemy
fell upon him suddenly and killed many of his men
who were cut off ; for the bridge collapsed before all
had crossed and thus proved of the greatest
37
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
1
3 irXelcFTov d^icn crvvrjpaTO' rw 8e hr) Kalaapi
iireXOovTi, re ov 7roX\a> varepov koX top Trora/Jibv
KaO^ eripav^ ye^vpap Sia/Bdvrc, irpoKoKovpievw
T€ avTOV<^ e? /jLd')(r]v ovk irok/jirjaav iirl irdvv
iToWa<i r)/jL6pa<; avfi^aXelv, aXX' civTidTpaTo-
4 irehevo'dfievoL avrw rjav'X^a^ov. 6apar}(Ta<; ovv eK
TovTov KaraXaffecv to ')(copLOv to ^ fxera^v rov
re Ta(f>pevfJbar6<; a^cov koL Tr)<; TroXetoq Kaprepov
OP eiTe')(^eip'qaep, otxi koX tcjp reL'X^MP avrov^
diroKXeicFWP. alaOofievoL Se tovto ol irepl top
5 ^A^pdpLOP TrpoKarear'^op avTo, /cal tou9 t6 irpocr-
^dXXoprd^; a(f)Lcnp direooaaPTo, kol <j>6vyovo-tp
avT0L<; e7rt(T7r6fM6P0L rov^; dvreTTe^eXOoPTa^ e'/c toO
ipvfxaT0<; vTreaTrjaap, epBopre^; re i^€7riT7)Be<i
vTr^yayop acpw^ e? 'X^oipla €avTo2<; iTriTTjBeia,
KapravOa iroXXo) irXeiov^; i^opevaap. Ka/c tovtcop
iircOapaijaapTef; TOt? Te Trpopo/nevovaip avTCOP
iireTiOePTO koI tov? diroa Kehappv jxepov^ iXvirovp'
6 /caC TTore Sia^dpTcop tlpmp e? ra iireKetpa rov
TTora/jLov, Kap rovrw ')(€1/jL(Jovo<; re ttoXXov
yepofxevov koI rrj<; ye(f>vpa<; fj i/ci'^pTjpro
hLa^Oapeiarj^, eTrcBii/Syjaap Kara rrjp erepap
yicpvpap ri]p 7rpo<; rfj rroXei ovaap Kal irdpra^;
avroi)^ dpdXcoaap, /jL7}Bep6<i a(f>Lcnp eTra/mvpai
Bvpr]depro^.
21 *0 ovp K.alaap, ot)? ravr eyiypero Kal ovre
rSiP av/jLfjid)(cop ri^ iTreKOvpei ol (eKBexofjiepoc
yap avrov<i ol ipaprloL, o)? €Kdarov<; aladotpro
Trpoatopra^i, . . .^) rd r "^ iinr^jBeia, are^ ep re
^ kripav R. Sleph. , kKarepav L. - to R. Steph., rov L.
' Lacuna recognized by Xyl. ^ t added by Xyl.
'-' Sre Rk., Tf L.
38
BOOK XLI
ssistaiice to the foe. When Caesar came up, not b.c. 49
ong afterward, he crossed the river by another
•ridge and challenged them to battle ; but for a
reat many days they did not dare to try conclusions
nth him, but remained quietly encamped opposite
im. Encouraged thereby, he undertook to seize
he ground between their entrenchments and the
ity, as it was a strong position, with the
atention of shutting them off from the walls,
kfranius and his followers, on perceiving this,
ccupied the place first, repulsed their assailants,
nd pursued them when they fled. Then, when
•thers came out against them from the camp, they
it first withstood them, then yielded purposely, and
lured them into positions which were favourable
themselves, where they slew many more of them,
rn consequence of this they took courage, attacked
heir opponents' foraging parties and harassed those
rho were scattered. And on one occasion when
ome soldiers had crossed to the other side of the
liver and meanwhile a great storm had come up and
estroyed the bridge which they had used, they
rossed over after them by the other bridge, which
i'as near the city, and destroyed them all, since no
ne was able to come to their assistance.
Caesar, when things were taking this course, fell
iito desperate straits ; for none of his allies rendered
lim assistance, since his opponents met [and annihi-
•ited] the separate forces as often as they heard that
ny were approaching, and it was with difficulty that
le managed to obtain provisions, inasmuch as he was
39
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
aWoTpia cov koI Trraicov, ^aXeTTw? eVoptfeTO, j
2 iv Travrl iyevero. irvvdavofievoL Be ravO' oi
iv oiKOj) ^VcofialoL eKeivov re co? ovKeri irXeico
')(^p6vov irepL0i(T0VT0<; ^ aireyvcoaav koX Trpofj rbv
Uo/jltttJcov aireKktvov /cat rive^ kol t6t€ irpb^
3 avTov aXXoL re kol /SovXevral dirrjpav. /cat elye
fjLT) 01 M.aa(Ta\L(orai. iv tovtw vavp,a')(^ia 7rp6<;
Tov BpovTov T(p re pbeyeOei rciyv vewv avrov /cal ttj
poofiT} T(ji)v eTTL^aTwv, Kaiirep koI tQ> Ao/jLctlw
cruyLtyLta^o) 'X^pcopevoi. Kal rfj ip^Treipla tmv vavri-
Kojv 7r/3oe^oi^T€?, r^TTTjOt^crav KCLK TovTov iravTe-
Xci)9 aTre/cXeio-dTjaav, ovSev av i/cooXvcre iravra
4 ra irpdyp.aTa avrov (pOaprjvai. vvv he eirl ro
pel^ov eK 7rapa<T/c€V7]<; rot^; "l^rjpcnv dyyeXOevra
ravra ovrco^ rjXkoiwae rLva<; avrcov ware koI
rd rov l^alcrapo'^ (ppovrjaai. Kal avroi)^ irapa-
Xa^oov rrj<i re rpo(j)i]<; Tjviroprjae Kal ye^vpa<;
KarecTKevaae, rov<i re evavroov^ eXviret, Kal irore
(Tvxi'ov^ avrcov al<f>viSL0v iv rfj X^P^ irXavw-
p^evovs drroXa^wv drrciiXeaev.
22 'O ovv ^A<ppdvio<; dOvp^yaa^^ iirl rovrot<;, Kal
rd iv ^ JXepBa ovre dcrcfiaXrj ovre imrrjBeia
7r/oo9 ^j^yooi^ioz^ Biarpi^rjv IBcov ovra, dvaxoyprjaai
7r/309 re rov "l/Srjpa Kal 7ryoo9 rd<; iKel iroXei^;
eyvco, Kal vvKr6<i, ft)9 Xi^croiv rj (f)6da(ov tou9
2 ivavriov^i, dpa<; eTropevero. Kal ovk eXaOe puev
dvLardpevo<;, ov puevrot, Kal ev6v<i iTreSicoxOrj'
6 yap Kataap ov^ 'y]y'r](Taro d(j<^dKe^ eivai iv ^
(TKortd iroXepLiOL<i ip,7r€ipot<; rrj<i p^aj/3a9 pierd
direipcov iiraKoXovOrjcrai. eb9 pbivroi rj rjpepa
^ irepioitrouTos R. Steph., -rrepiolo-ouTo L.
-^ iv added by R. Steph. =^ iv added by 8t.
40
BOOK XLI
in a hostile territory and unsuccessful in his opera-
tions. The Romans at home, when they learned of
this, renounced all hope of him, believing that he
could hold out but a short time longer, and began jto
fall a}v:ay taPompey ; and some few senators and others
set out to join the latter even then. But just at this
time the Massaliots were defeated in a naval battle
by Brutus owing to the size of his ships and the
strength of his marines, although they had Domitius
as an ally and surpassed in their experience of
naval affairs ; and after this they were shut off
completely. But for this nothing would have pre-
vented Caesar's projects from being ruined. As
it was, however, the victory was announced to the
Spaniards with so much intentional exaggeration
that it led some of them to change and take the
side of Caesar. When he had obtained these
adherents, he secured plenty of food, constructed
bridges, harassed his opj)onents, and on one occasion
intercepted suddenly a large number of them who
were wandering about the country and destroyed
them.
Afranius was disheartened at these reverses, and
seeing that affairs in Ilerda were not safe or
satisfactory for a prolonged stay, he determined to
retire to the Iberus and to the cities there. He set
out on the journey by night, intending to elude the
enemy's notice or at least get the start of them.
And though his departure did not remain undis-
covered, yet he was not immediately pursued, for
Caesar did not think it safe in the darkness and
with men ignorant of the country to follow up an
enemy that was well acquainted Mith it. Wlien day
41
^
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
BieXafiyjrev, rjireixOrj, /cat avTov^ ev fiear) rfj
o8ft) KarakajSoDu 7ravTa)(^6d€V i^airiVTjf; iroppcodev
Trepieo-roi^iaaTO' rw re yap TrXijOet ttoXv irepirjv,
Kol TO '^(opiov KolXov ov (TVfjLfia^ovv ecry^ev.
3 6fi6(T€ yap ovK rjOeXrjae a<^L(Ti ')(a)prjcraiy to fjuev
TL (j)ol3rj6€l<i /jLT) fcal e? airovoiav KaTacrTdvT€<;
i^epydacovTai tl Secvov, to Se Kal aXXcof; cl/covitl
acpa^i TTapadTrjaeo-OaL ^ ikirlaa'^. 6 Kal iyeveTO'
o)^ yap TToXKaxv ireLpdaavTe^ ovBafifj hiaiTeaelv
rjhvvrjdrjaavy Kal €rc re tovtov Kal €k Trj<; dypv-
7rvLa<; t^9 re Tropeia<^ eK€KfirjKeaav, Kal irpoaeTC
4 ovT€ Tpo^r)v el^ov (avdrj/nepov yap top (TTadfjiov
hiaTeXecetv tt poahoKr}aavT€<^ ovSev eirr^veyKavTo)
ovO^ vBaT0<; eviropovv (tcl yap ')(^copia eKelva
Betva^^ icTTCv dvvhpa), TrapeBocrdv a<l)a<;, €^* w
jjbrjTe TL heivov Trddoacn ixrjTe iirl tov Uo/jltttjiov
^3 dvayKaadcoaiv ol crvcTTpaTeva-at. Kal avTol^
aKpL^cof; eKdTepov 6 Kacaap i(f>v\a^€v' ovTe
yap direKTeive to irapdirav tcov ev tovto) to)
TToXifjuo) oKovToav ovBeva, KaiToi eKelvcov iroTe ev
dvoxf) '^LVL d(j)vXdKT(0(: TLvd^ TMV eavTov e^ovTa^;
(j)0eLpdvTO)v, ovT€ T(p Tlo/j,7rr]Lq) dvTiTroXe/JLrjaaL
i^e/BLaaaTO, dXXa roi"? fiev XoyifKOTdTovi tj^Ul^
T0t9 S' dXXoi<^ e6eXovTah'avfjbiJbd')(oi,^ Bid re to, KepBr]
2 Kal Bid ra? Tf/xa.9 €)(pfJT0. Kal ovk iXd^iaTd
ye €K TOVTcov ovTe 69 Tr)v Bo^av ovt€ e<; Ta
irpdy/jiaTa dTTcovrjTO'" Td<; t€ yap 7roXet9 Ta9
ev TTj ^l^rjpia 'irdaa<i Kal 701/9 (TTpaTLcoTa<; tov<;
eKCL TrdvTa^; (jjaav Be akXoL re ev Ty ^aiTiKy
^ irapaaT-fiffecrdai Reim., TrapaffrriaaffSat L.
'^ airwyrfTo Naber, airdyaTo L.
42
BOOK XLl
dawned, however, he hastened forward, and, over- b.c. 49
taking them in the middle of their journey, he
suddenly surrounded them on all sides at a
distance ; for he was nmch superior in numbers and
found the bowl-shaped character of the region a
help. For he did not wish to come to close quarters
with the enemy, partly because he was afraid that
they might become desperate and carry out some
rash undertaking, and partly because he hoped to win
them over anyway without a conflict. This actually
happened. They first tried to break through at man}^
points, but were unable to do so anywhere, and be-
came exhausted from this attempt as well as from
loss of sleep and from their march ; furthermore,
they had no food, since, expecting to finish their
journey the same day, they had brought none
•along, and they were also without sufficient water,
inasmuch as that region is terribly dry. They ac-
cordingly surrendered, on condition that they should
not be harshly treated nor compelled to join his
expedition against Pompey. Caesar kept each of
his promises to them scrupulously. He did not put
f to death a single man captured in this war, in
spite of the fact that his foes had once, during a
truce, destroyed some of his own men who were
3aught off* their guard ; and he did not force them
to fight against Pompey, but released the most
prominent and employed the rest as allies who were
willing to serve for the gains and honours in prospect.
By this course both his reputation and his cause
, profited not a little ; for he won over all the cities
iin Spain and all the soldiers there, a considerable
43
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
Kal fxerh MdpKOV Tepevrlov Ovdppcdvo^ ^ virocnpa-
Trjyov (TV')(voi) TTpoaeiroirjcraTO.
24 YlapaXafJb^dvwv re ovv dfia avTOV<; Kal KaOtard-
fxevo^ SieBpajjue /J'^xpi^ TaSeipcov. Kal iXvTrrja-e
jjuev ovSeva ouSev 7r\r)V y^p'qixdrcov eVXc^r}? (ravra ^
jdp 7ra/j,7r\rj6rj eaeirpa^ev), irifjurjae he^ Kal Ihia
Kal KOLvfi TToWoix;' Kal Tot9 76 TaBetpevao
TToXireiav diraaiv eScoKev, fjv Kal 6 Bijfiof; cr(f)taiv
2 vGjepov iireKvpcoae. tovto Be iiro'iTjaev dfJLeL^o-
/jLev6<; (T^a<i ttj^ rod oveipov 6'\lr€co<;, Bi^ rj<; ivravOa,
ore ira/jiUvo-e, avyyeyovevai rj) fjLrjrpl eBo^e, Kal
dir* * avTOv Kal rrjv iXircBa ttJ? fJiovap')(^ia<; , o^airep
eliTOV, eXaffev. irpd^a^ Be ravra ro /juev eOvo^ eKelvo
Tft) AoyyLvo) ra> Kaa-aua) rrpoaera^ev, eTreiBr)
avvyjOrjf; avroi^ ck rij^i rajjueia^ rjv vrro rm
3 Tio 1X177)1(0 irerafjLievKei rjv ^ avrb<; Be P'^XP^ Tap-
pdK(ovo<;^ 7r\oLOL<; eKOfil(T07}. evrevOev Be Bia
rov TLvprjvaiOV 7rpo)(cop(i)v rporraiov jiev ovBev
err avrov earrjaev, ort firjBe^ rov Uo/jlttiJiov
Ka\6t)<; aKovaavra eirl rovrat fjaOero, jSayfiov Be Brj
eK ^ \i6(ov ^ecrrcov (TVvqyKoBofirj/jLevov fxeyav ov
TTOppcd rcov eKelvov rpoiraiwv IBpvaaro.
25 'Ez^ at Be ravr iyCyvero, ol M.aaaa\Lcorac veoiv
(TCJyLCTC irapd rov Tlofimjiov avOig 7r€fi(f)0eia(ii)v
dvsKtvBvpevcrav. Kal i^rrrjOrjaav p,ev Kal rore,
BieKaprepovv Be, Kairot Kal rrjv ^l/Srjplav rjBrj
2 rov Kalaapa e^pvra rrvvOavop.evoi, Kal rd<; re
^ Ovdppu)pos R. Steph., ^pwpos L.
•^ ravra Reim. , iravra L. ' Se Pflugk, re L.
â– * dir' H, Steph., eV L. " ^v supplied by Reim. and Dind.
" TappaKOiVos Bs., TappaKcl)vris L.
fitjde Rk., fx-fire L, ^ iK added by Reim.
44
BOOK XLI
number of whom were with Marcus Terentius Varro,
the lieutenant, besides others in Baetica.
So, taking charge of these and arranging their
affairs, he advanced as ffu- as.Gades, injuring no one
at all except in so far as the exacting of money was
concerned ; for of this he levied very large sums.
Many of the natives he honoured both privately and
publicly, and to all the people of Gades he granted
citizenship, which the people of Rome later confirmed
to them. This kindness he did them in return for
the dream he had seen at the time he was quaestor
there, wherein he had seemed to have intercourse
with his mother ; it was this dream that had given him
the hope of sole rulership, as I have stated.^ Having
done this, he assigned that nation to Cassius Longinus,
because the latter w^as familiar with the inhabitants
from his quaestorship which he had served under
Pompey ; and he himself proceeded by ship to
Tarraco. Thence he advanced across the Pyrenees,
but did not set up any trophy on their summits,
because he understood that Pompey had gained
no good name for so doing ; but he erected a great
altar constructed of polished stones not far from his
rival's trophies.
While this was going on, the Massaliots hazarded
another conflict after ships had again been sent
them by Pompey. They were defeated on this
occasion also, and yet held out, even though they
learned that Caesar was already master of Spain.
They not only vigorously repulsed all attacks but
' See xxxvii, 52, 2.
45
*/
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
IT poa ^oka<; lG)(ypo)<i aireKpovovTO, koI Bcokco'X^tjv ^
Tiva CO? Kol Tft) K.aiaapt, eTreiBav eXdy, Trpoa'X^cop^-
aovT6<; 7roL7-jad/jL€VOL,'" rov re Ao/xltiov vire^i-
ireiJ/^av, koI tou9 crrparicoTa^; eirtOejievov'^ acpiaiv
iv rat? cTTTOvhal'^ vvkto<; ovtco hiWeaav oiare
3 firjSev €TL ToXfjLrjaaL. rut fxevroi ILaiaapi uvtm
ekOovTL ^ a)fjLoX6yr)(Tav' kol 09 eKeivwv tots /juev
rd re oirXa /cat to.? vav<; rd re ^yOT^/xara
d(f)€LX6T0, varepov he kol rd Xoiird irdvTa 7r\r]V
Tov rrj^i eXevOepla^i ovojiaTo^. dvd' mv 77 ^(OKata *
T) ^ /Jir)TpOTTO\L<i <7^(DV iXevOepa VTTO tov UofjLTTTJLOV
dcpeiOr].
26 Kat arpariiOTMV tlvwv ev JlXafcepria aracna-
(jdvTODv Koi /jLTjfcer aKoXovdrjaai ol iOeXovrcov,
7rp6(paaiv fxev 009 TeraXaiTrayprj/jLevcov, to 5*
d\r)0€<; OTL jJLrjTe rrjv '^copav Biapird^eov firJTe
rdWa oaa eiredvixovv iroielv avTol<; eTreTpeire
{/cat yap yfKin^ov ovBevo<; orov ^ ov rev^eaOat
Trap' avTov are Kal ev XP^^^ roaavrrj acpcov
2 6W09), ov% vwel^ev, dWd avyfcaXe(Ta<^ Kal eKei-
vov<i Kal TOi'9 aXXov^, rrjq re irap" avrcov
da<^a\eia<; eveKa, Kal tva tmv re \eyofievcdv
aKOvcravTe'^ Kal rov^ KoXa^o/jLevov<; ISovre^; jiirjSev
e^Q) TMV KaOrjKovTfov eOeXrjcraycn '^ irpd^ai, eXe^e
rdSe.
27 "'£70), 0) dvSpe^i (TTpaTicoTai, ffovXo/jLat fiev
(piXeladac v<j)^ vficov, ov [xevroi Kal crvve^afiap-
^ 5ioKCDX'hv Dind. , BiaKcoxTT^ L,
'^ nroirjcrd/j.evoi. H. Steph. , Troirjo'S/j.evoi L.
3 i\06pTi Rk. , ieeKovrl L.
* ^wKaia R. Steph., (puKea L. '" r] added by Bk,
* '6rov Bk. , oTov ovv L.
"• ide\-fi(roi)(Ti R. Steph., ideX-ncrovai L.
46
BOOK XLI
.ilso, after arranging a kind of armistice, on the plea
that they were going over to Caesar, when he should
come, sent Domitius out of the harbour secretly and
caused such injuries to the soldiers who had attacked
them by night in the midst of the truce, that
tliese ventured to make no further attempts. ^ With
Caesar himself, however, they made terms upon his
arrival ; and he at that time deprived them of their
arms, ships and money, and later of everything else
except the name of freedom. To offset this mis-
fortune Phoeaea, their mother city, was made free
by Pompey.
At Placentia some soldiers mutinied and refused
to accompany Caesar longer, on the pretext that
they were exhausted, but really because he did not
allow them to plunder the country nor to do all the
other things on which their minds were set; for
their hope was to obtain from him anything and
everything, inasmuch as he stood in so great need
of them. Yet he did not yield, but, with a view to
being safe from them and in order that after
listening to his words and seeing the guilty pun-
ished they should feel no desire to transgress the
established rules, he called together both the
mutinous men and the others, and spoke as
follows :
" Soldiers, I desire to have your affection, and still
I should not choose on that account to share in your
^ Caesar [B.C. ii. 14) attributes the breaking of the truce
to the Massaliots.
47
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
rdveiv civ v/jlIv Bia tovO^ eXoi/JLrjv ay air (o re
yap vfia^, KaX idekoifx dv, w? Trarrjp 7ral8a<i,
2 Kal (Tco^eaOat Kal evOevelv ^ /cal evho^elv. /jLT]
yap rot vo/jLLO-rjre (jyiXovvTO^ epyov elvat to
(jvyyta peiv tktlv a /jltj irpoarjKei Trpdrrecv, e^ Oiv
fcal Kiv8vvov<; Kal dSo^la^i dvdyKTj irdaa avTol<;
av/jL^aiV€iv, dWd to re rd dfieivo) avrov'^ Si8d-
cTKCiv Kal TO TO)v yjE.ip6v(xiV direipyeLV Kal vov-
3 BeTovvTa Kal acocfipovL^ovTa. yvcocreade Be otl
Td\r)6rj Xeyco, dv /jliJtg irpb^ to avTiKa rjBv to
avji^epov Kpiv7]T6 /idWov rj 7rpb<; to del a)<f)e-
Xi/JLOV, fjLTjTe TO Ta9 eTTLOv/LLiaf; eKTri/uLTrXdvai yev-
valov /jbdXkov 7) TO KpaTelv avTcov vo/jbiarjTe elvac.
ala'^pov fxev yap 7rapa')(prj/jLd tc r]a6evTa<; vaTepov
/jueTayvMvaL, Becvbv Be to tcov TroXefiicov KpaTOvvTa^
rjBovMV Tivcov rjTTaaOai.
28 ** 11/009 ovv TL TavTa Xeyco; otl ra i7nT7]Beia
d(j)06vo}<; €XOVTe<; (Xefo) yap fieTa irapprjaia'^,
jxrjBev uirocTTeiXd/jLevo'^' tyjv re yap fjnaOo^opdv
ivTeXrj Kal KaTa Kaipbv Xafx^dveTe, Kal Trj<; Tpo-
(j)7]<^ del Kal TravTa'xov TroWi]^; e/jLTrLfiTrXaade) Kal
fjbrjTe TTovov Tivd ciBo^ov /lyTe klvBvvov dpco(f)eX7J
v7rofMevovTe<;, Kal irpoaeTt 7779 jJ^ev dvBpayadia^;
TToXXd Kal jjbeydXa yepa KapTTovfievoc, tcov 8'
dfiapTTj/jLaTcov ajXLKpbv rj ovBev ^ eTTiTifico/jievoi,
2 ovK d^iovTe TovTOi'^ dpKelaOaL. Xeyco Be TavTa
ov iTpb<i TrdvTa<i v/jLd<; (ovBe yap tolovtoL ecTTe),
dXXd 7r/oo9 eKeivov^ fjLovov^ otTcve^; ttj eavTcov
irXeove^ia Kal tou9 dXXov<; BiajSaXXovcriv. vfjL€L<;
fiev yap ol iroXXol Kal irdvv dKpi^a}<; Kal KaXay?
^ evdeve7v Dind. , eu6r}ue7v Rk,, evOvveiu L.
^ fj ovScv Rk., ovSe L.
48
BOOK XLI
errors. I am fond of you and could wish, as b.c. 49
a father might for his children, that you may
be safe, be prosperous, and have a good reputa-
tion. For do not suppose it is the duty of one
who loves to acquiesce in things which ought not
to be done and for which it is quite inevitable
that dangers and ill-repute should fall to the
lot of those who do them, but rather to teach
them the better way and keep them from the
worse, both by admonishing and by correcting
them. You will recognize that I speak the truth,
if you will not estimate advantage with reference
to the pleasure of the moment but rather with
reference to what is permanently beneficial, and if
you will avoid thinking that gratifying your desires
is more noble than restraining them. For it is dis-
graceful to take a momentary gratification of which
you must later repent, and it is absurd after
conquering the enemy to be overcome yourselves
iby pleasures.
" Why now do I say this ? Because although you
ihave provisions in abundance, — I am going to speak
'frankly and without disguise : you get your pay
I in full and in season and you are always and
• everywhere supplied with food in plenty, — and
although you endure no inglorious toil nor useless
danger, and furthermore reap many great rewards
[for your bravery and are rebuked little, if at all,
Tor your errors, yet you do not see fit to be satisfied
with these things. I say this, now, not to all of
>^ou, for you are not all like this, but only to those
svho by their own greed are casting reproach on the
r-est. Most of you obey my orders very scrupulously
49
vol,. IV, E
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
Tot9 T6 irapayyekfxacn toI<; i/jLOL<^ TreiSeade /cat
T0t9 7]0e(Ti TOt? iraTpioL'i ^ ififiivere, fcal Btct tovtc
Kol 'Xjcopav ToaavTrjv Koi irXovrov koI ho^av
eKTrjaaaOe' oXtyoL Se Bt] ri,V€<; iroWrjv alaxvvrji
3 Kal dho^lav airaaLv tj/jllv tt poar pi^ovraL. Kaurot
eycoye irporepov cFa^oi<^ i7riardjji€vo<; tolovtovs
avTov<; ovra^ {ovSev yap /jlol tmv vfjuerepwv d/jueXe'^
icTTLv) ov 7rpo(T€7roiov/ji7)v elSevai, vofML^cov dp,ei-
vov^ <T<pd<; €K rod \adelv dv Bo/celv ^ djjLapTOVTa<i
TLvd yevrjaeadaiy tov /jltj ifKeovdaavrd^ ttotc tea]
4 6^' oh (Tvveyvcoadijaav KoXaaOrjvar eVel jxevToi
avTOL re co? fcal ^ i^ov a(l)ccn irdvd^ oaa ^ovXovrai
Trpdrreiv, on firj /card Tryocora? €vOv<; 6SiKaia)6r]-
cav, vTrepO paavvovrai, koX tov<; dX\ov<i rovf,
firjBev TrXrjfjL/jbeXovvTa^; TrpoaaTaaid^eiv ein')(€ipov-
aiv, dvayKoiov icrri fioi Oepaireiav re nva kui
^9 iTTLaTpocprjv avTMv TroLTjcracrOaL. ovre yap dXXc
Ti (Tvo'TrjjuLa dvOpwiTwv (7VfjL/jL€tvaL fcal awdrjvai
hvvarai, dv firj to KaKov pyovv crccxPpovi^rjTar re
yap roc voarjaav dv fir) rrjv irpoarjKOvaav cacru
Xd^rj, crvyfcdfiv€Lv ^ /cat to Xolitov irdv Mairep ei
2 T0?9 acofjLaaL iroier iv Be Brj rai? crTparLah ij/cio-ja
Biort avTOi T€ la')(yv e^oi'Te? ToXfiTjporepoc yiyvov-
rac, Kal rov^ dyadov^^ TrpoaBia^Oelpovatv, dOv-
/jborepov; 7roLovvTe<; co? ovBev 6(f)eXo<; ek roi
BiKaioirpayelv e^ovra^. irap oh yap dv tc
6paavv6/jL6vov TrXeovsKTrj, irapd tovtol<; dvdyKt) tc
iineLKe^ iXarTovadac teal iv oh dv ^ dBi/cia dri-
fjL0i)prjT0<; y, /cat to (Ta>(f)povovv dyepacTTOV yiyverai
^ irarptois Bs., Trarpctjiois L. - 5oK€7t^ Rk., BoKe7 L.
•' us Koi Rk., Koi &s L. '^ avyKa/uLveiv Reim., arvyKafivei L.
^ tiv added bv St.
50
BOOK XLI
and satisfactorily and abide by your ancestral customs, b.c. 49
and in that way have acquired so much land as well as
wealth and glory ; but some few are bringing much
disgrace and dishonour upon all of us. And yet, though
I understood clearly before this that they were that
sort of persons, — for there is none of your concerns
that I fail to notice, — still I pretended not to know
it, thinking that they would reform if they believed
they would not be observed in some of their evil
deeds, through the fear that if ever they presumed
too far they might be punished also for the deeds
which had been pardoned them. Since, however,
they themselves, assuming that they may do whatever
they wish because they were not brought to book at
the very outset, wax overbold, and are tiying to make
the rest of you, who are guilty of no . irregularity,
(mutinous likewise, it becomes necessary for me to
devote some care to them and to give them my
attention. For no society of men whatever can pre-
bserve its unity and continue to exist, if the criminal
element is not punished, since, if the diseased mem-
ber does not receive proper treatment, it causes all
!the rest, even as in our physical bodies, to share in
ts affliction. And least of all in arniies can discipline
Ije relaxed, because when the wrong-doers have
(lower they become more daring, and corrupt the.
excellent also by causing them to grow dejected and
' :o believe that they will obtain no benefit from right
i jehaviour. For wherever the insolent element has the
id vantage, there inevitably the decent element has
he worst of it ; and wherever wrong-doing is un-
jounished, there self-restraint also goes unrewarded.
51
E 2
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
3 Tt fiev yap av vjii€t<i dyadov iroieXv (p^craire,^ el
fiTjBev ovrot ku/cov Spcoacv; ttw? 8' av el/corco^i
rijidaOai iOekijcracTe,'^ av firj rrjv BiKalav ovtol
TipLcopiav iiTToa'x^coo-cv; rj ayvoelre tovO\ on av to
fiev TOiv ^o^cov T7J<; hiKr)<; iXevOepcoOfj, ro Be tt}?
eXTTtBo? Tw^* dOXcov areprjOfj, dyaOov fiev ovSev
4 KaKa Be fxvpia aTrepyd^erai; war etirep dperrjv
oVto)? da/celre, fxiarjaaTe fiev rovrov^i ct)9 7roXe/jiLOV<;
(ov yap TTov^ (f^vaet rivl to (plXiov dirb tov e')(dpov
SiaKeKpiTtti, dXXd toI<^ Te TpoTTOL^; /cal Tal<;
irpd^ecn Biopi^eTai, wv dyaOtav p^ev ovtcov irdv /cal
TO dXXoTpiov OLKeiOVTat, Trovtjpayv Be irdv /cal to
30 (Tvyyev€<; aXXoTpiovTac), diroXoyqaaGQe "* ^e vTzep
vpiSiv avTMV. dvdy/CT) yap Kal r]p.d<; Bi avTov^
7rdvTa<i KaK(o<; dKoveiv, fcal el p,7]Bev dBiKovp^ev^
7ra<» yap Tt9 irvvOavop^evo^ to tg TrXrjOo^f.rjp^cov Kal
TTjv oppLTjv, e? TrdvTa^ rjpds; Kal Ta rot? oXiyoL<i
TrXrjp.p.eXovp^eva dvacj^epec, Kal ovtco tmv TrXeove^icov
ov cTfyLtyLtere^oz^re? auT0t9 tmv eyKXr)p,dTO)v to icrov
2 (pepop^eda. tU yap dv ovk dyavaKTiqaeiev dKOvcov
ovofjua p,ev r)p,d<i ^Vcop^aicov e^oi^ra?, epya Be K.€X-
Tftjj' Bpo)VTa^; t/? 3' OVK dv opcov oBvpacTO ^ ti]V
^iTaXiav op^oio)^ tj} BpeTTavca 7rop6ovp,evr]v; ttw?
3' ov Becvov TO, p^ev tmv VaXaToyv tmv KaTarroXe-
pb7)devTCjL)v p,7]Ke6^ r]p,d<; Xvirelv, Ta Be evTo<; tmv
"AXireMV co9 TLva^ 'HTret/ocora? rj J^ap^TjBovLOVi rj
3 lLip>Ppov<; TTopOetv; ttw? 8' ovk ala')(^pov aep^vvve-
aOai p^ev r)p,d<; Kal Xeyecv otl rjp^et^ irpcoTOL 'Pft>-
^ <p-f)aaire Pflugk, (prjffere L.
'â– ^ ideX-fjaaire Bk., iOeK-l^ariTe L. ^ ttou Pflugk, mto h.
^ airo\o'y'f}(raa6e R. Steph. , airoKoyiicraffdai L.
^ aSiKovfiev Pflugk, aSiKW/xev L.
" oi'LipaiTO H. Steph. , udvpero L.
52
BOOK XLI
What mei'it, indeed, could you claim, if these men b.c. 49
are doing no wrong ? And how could you reason-
ably desire to be honoured, if these men do not
meet with their just punishment? Or are you not
aware that if the one class is freed from the fear of
retribution and the other is deprived of the hope of
reward, no good is accomplished, but only countless
ills ? Hence, if you really are cultivating excellence,
you should detest these men as enemies. For it is not
by any characteristic of birth that what is friendly is
distinguished from what is hostile, but it is deter-
mined by men's habits and actions, which, if they
are good, can make that which is alien like unto
itself, but if bad, can alienate everything, even that
which is akin. And you should speak in your own
defence, because by the behaviour of these few we
imust all gain a bad name, even if we have done no
wrong. For every one who learns of our numbers
and impetuosity refers the errors of the few to us
all ; and thus, though we do not share in their gains,
^we bear an equal share of the reproach. Who would
not be indignant at hearing that while we have the
name of Romans we do the deeds of Germans P^
Who would not lament the sight of Italy ravaged like
Britain ? Is it not outrageous that we are no longer
harrying the possessions of the Gauls whom we have
subdued, but are devastating the lands south of the
Alps, as if we were hordes of Epirots or Cartha-
^o^inians or Cimbri ? Is it not disgraceful for us to
2:ive ourselves airs and say that we were the first
' See note on xxxviii. 34.
53
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
fialayv koI tov ^Vtjvov hie^rj^ev koI tov ooKeavov
i7r\€V(Ta/ji€v, rrjv Se olKeiav aiTaOr) KaKoyv airo roiv
TToXefiicov ovcrav SiapTrdaai, fcal avri /jlcv iiraivov
/le/jbyjnv, avrl Be rLfirjf; aTLjiiav, dvrl Se KepScov
^rj/nia^, dvrl Be dOXcov Tificopia^ Xa^elv;
31 *' M^ ydp TOL vo/jLtarjTe iJir)6\ on arpareveaOe,
Kp€LTT0V<s Trapa TOVTO TO)V oXkoi iToXiTtjiiv eivai'
rcofialov ydp ecre d/jucporepoi, koX 6[xoi(d^ v/jllv Kal
eKelvoL Kol ear parevaavTO fcal arparevaovrar
ixrj6\ on oTrXa e^ere, e^elvat vfuv KaKoupyelv oi
re ydp vofiot KvpLmrepoi v/imp elaiv, Kal iravTw^
2 irore kol ravra /caraOtjaeaOe. jjut] fievroc /jurjBe t&
ifKiqQei Oapaelre' ttoXv ydp TrXetof? vp^oiv ol
dBLKOVjjbevoi, dv ye Kal o-V(TTpa<p(0(7ip, elai. cru-
(TTpafpTjaovraL Be, dv^ roiavra TroLrjre.^ /jltjB on
Tou? ^ap/3dpov(; eviKijaare, Kal tovtcov Karacppo-
velre o)v ovBev ovre Kara yevo^ ovre^ Kara iraLBeiav,
ovK eK T?;9 rpocfyrj^;, ovk €K tmv eTnrijBev/jidTcov,
3 Bia^epere' a\X' wcnrep irov Kal 7rpoaf]KOv Kal
avjjb^epov eanv vfjuv, //-jyre ^ui^ecrde nva avrcov
//,7)t aoLKene, aXXa ra re eTrcrrjoeLa Trap
eKovaloyv (T<f)a)v Xa/ju/Sdvere Kal rd yepa irap
€k6vt(ov irpoaBe'x^eaOe,
3^ ** IIpo? ydp Br) roL<; elpr]/jL€voi({, Toh re d\XoL<;
ocra dv rt? /jlijkvvcov irepl rcov rowvrcov Bie^-
ekOoiy Kal eKelvo Bel v/uudf; it poaXoyi^ecrOai,^
on vvv r)/jLel<i evravO' rjKOfiev tm rfj 7e TraTpiBi
dBtKOVfievrj ^orjOTjaco/jiev Kal toi'9 KaKOvpyovvras
^ iiv R. Steph., ^av L. - TroiTjre R. Steph., iroi^ln L.
^ of/T6 KOTO yhos otjTe Bs. , Karh y4vos oUre L.
■* iiSiK€7T€ R. Steph., aSi/cfjre L. * re Bk.. /t€V L.
'' TrpoffXoyiCecrdai R. Steph., irpoKoylCecrOai L.
54
HOOK XLI
of the Romans to cross the Rhine and to sail the b.c. 49
ocean, and then to plunder our native land, which is
safe from harm at the hands of our foes, and to
receive blame instead of praise, dishonour in place
of honour, loss instead of gain, punishment instead
of prizes ?
" Do not think, now, that, because you are soldiers,
that makes you better than the citizens at home ;
for you and they alike are Romans, and they, as well
as you, both have been and will be soldiers. Nor
think, again, that because you have arms, it is per-
mitted you to injure others ; for the laws have more
authority than you, and some day you will certainly
lay down these weapons. Do not rely on your num-
bers, either ; for the injured are, if they but unite,
ifar more numerous than you. And they will unite,
if you go on doing such deeds. Do not, because you
have conquered the barbarians, despise the citizens
also, over whom you have not the slightest superiority
f either in birth or in education, in training or in
customs. Instead, as is proper and advantageous for
you, do no violence or wrong to any of them, but
receive your provisions from them of their own free
will and accept your rewards from their willing
hands.
" In addition to what I have just said and other
considerations that might be mentioned if one chose
to enlarge upon such matters, you must also bear
in mind the fact that we have now come here
to assist our outraged country and to defend her
55
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
avrrjv afivvoo/Jieda, eVet etye iv firfBevl heivw tjv,
2 ovT av 69 Tr]V ^IraXiav /juera t(ov oitXcov 7]K6o/jl€V
(ov yap €^€(7Tiv ^) OVT av rd re rcov KeXrwi^
Kal ra tmv ^perravMv drekeffTa KareXiirofjiev,
hwqdevre^ av Kal i/cetva Trpocr/carepydcraaOai.^
3 ovKovv TTw? fxev ovK droTTov eVl rfj rcjv d8i-
Kovvrcov TLficopLa irapovra's rifjbd<; i^r^hev rjTrov
€/c€iV(ov 7r\€ov€KrovvTa<; (j>avrjvaL; ttw? 5' ov
a')(eT\Lov irpo^i einKovpiav t?}? TrarpiBo^ d<f>L-
y/jLevov(; av/jifid^^^cov avrrjv erepayv dvayKaaai KaO^
4 r)/j,cbv Serjdrjvai; KaiTOi eycoye toctovtov Trepielvai
Tot? SLKaicapacri. rov Uo/jltttjiov vofMi^o) ware Kal
e? SiK7]v TToXXaKLf; avrov TrpoKoXiaacrdaL, Kal
eireiBr) ye /jlt) rjOeKrfaev elprjvLKco^ vtto tov crvveihoTO^i
SiaKpiOrjvac, irdvra fjuev tov BrjfjLOv Trai/xa? Be tou?
(TViJbp.d')(pv<i iXTTiaai Bid tovto rrpoaOrjaeaOaL.
5 dWd vvv, av ye Kal TOiavTa 7roL(o/jLev, ovt avTO's
eTTLTTjBeLov Ti €^w 'npotGyeadai ovTe e.Keivoi'^
dve7n,eiKe<; ^ eyKaXecrai. Bet Be Brj Kal tov BuKaiov
irdaav rjfjid'i irpovoiav iroielaOai' pueTa pbev yap
TovTov Kal 7] Trapd t(ov ottXcov l(7')(v<; eveXTTi^i
eaTLVy dvev S* eKeivov /BeffaLov ovBev, Kav irapavTiKa
Tt9 KaTOpOdxTY) Tl, €')(eL,
i33 " Kat OTL TavO" ovtoo irecfyvKe, Kal vpuMv ol
frXeiov; eTTLcrTavTac irdvTa yovv Ta TrpoarjKOVTa
diTapdKXr)TOL '* TrpdTreTe. 66ev ttov Kal 670)
crvveKaXeaa vp,d^, Xva Kal p,dpTvpa<; Kal eTroTrrav
T(ov Te Xeyop^evcov Kal tmv ^ TrpaTTOfxevcov 7roLrjcro3-
^ ^ea-Tiv Xyl. , €t' llariu L,
^ 'Trpoa-icarepydcraadat R. Steph., -rrpoffKaTepydafffdai L,
■^ &,U€ineiK€s Rk., av eTrtei/cey L.
â– * inrapdK\r]Toi TJ. Steph., aTrapdfikrjTOi L..
â– '' ruv supplied by Bk,
56
BOOK XLI
against her oppressors. For, of course, if she were b.c. 49
in no danger, we should neither have come into Italy
under arms, since this is unlawful, nor should we
have left unfinished our business with the Germans
and the Britons, when we might have subjugated
those regions also. Would it not be absurd, then, if
we who are here for vengeance upon the wrong-doers
should show ourselves no less greedy of gain than
they ? Would it not be outrageous if we who have
arrived to aid our country should force her to require
other allies against us ? And yet I think my claims
so much better justified than Pompey's that I have
aften challenged him to a judicial trial ; and since
ihe by reason of his guilty conscience has refused
to have the matter decided peaceably, I hope by
this act of his to attach the whole people and all
the allies to my cause. But now, if we are going to
iict in this manner, I shall not have any decent
sxcuse to offer nor be able to charge my opponents
with any unbecoming conduct. We must also pay
ill heed to the justice of our cause ; for with this
'.he strength afforded by arms is full of hope, but
without it that strength, even though for the
noment it wins a success, has nothing enduring
ibout it.
'' That this is true in the nature of things most of
you understand ; at any rate you fulfil all your duties
^without urging. That is precisely why I have called
rou together, to make you witnesses as well as
57
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
2 jjbai. aXX' v/jL6l<; jJbev ^ ov tolovtol iare, /cat Sia
ravTa koI eTTaivela-Oe' oXiyoi Se Srj Tt,v€<; Spare
07761)9, 7r/0O9 Tw TToXkci /ceKaKovpjTjKevaL fcal /jirjSe-
fjLLav avTcov hiKi'jv SeScoKevai, kol TrpocreTraTrei-
XovcTLV rj/jLLP. ov jjLevTOi /cat iyo) ovr aXXax;
fcaXbv elvac vofju^co ap')(ovTd nva TOiv ap')(p fjbivwv
3 rjTTaaOai, ovr av acor^jpcov tl yeveaOai, Trore,
el TO Tayddev vTrrjperelv rivi KpwreXv avrov
eTTL'xeLprjGeLev, (JKe-^lraade he, ttolo^; fiev av ^ KocTjjLOf;
olKia^; yevoLTo, av oi ev rfj rjKLKia ovre^; rwv irpe-
(T^vrepcov KaTa<f>povrjawai, 7roLO<; Se StSaaKaXelwv,
av at <f)0tT(0VT€<; rcov TraiSevroov afjueXTjacoai;
Tt9 vyleia voaovaiv, av fir) iravTa rot? larpol^^
ol KCLfjbvovTef; Treidapxtoat, rL<; Be dacfxiXeia vavriX-
XofievoLfiy av ol vavjac rcov Kv^epvrjjMv dvrjKov-
4 (TTciycn; cpvcrei re yap dvayKaia rivl kol crcoTrjpia ^
TO fiev dp)(eLv ev toI<; dvdp(07rot<; to Be dpX€cr6ai
TeTaKTUi, Kal dhvvaTov eariv dvev uvtmv koI
otlovv Kal e<l> oiroaovovv BiayeveaOai. TrpoarjKeL
Te 7w fiev eTTLO-TaTOVVTi TLVO<i eKcfipovTi^eiv re
Ta BeovTa /cat eTTLTdTTeiv, rq> Be vTroTerayfjievcp
iTeL6ap')(^eLv Te d7rpocf>a(7i(7TO)^ Kal eKirovecv to
5 KeXevofievov e^ ov Kal fidXicrTa to Te e/jLcfypov tov
d(f)povo<; Kal to eTrio-rrjfiov tov dve7no-T7]/iiovo<; ev
iravTl 7rpoT€Ti/ir)Tat.
S4f " OvTco Brj ovv TovTwv ey^ovTCdV ovK av iroTe
ovTe crvyx^copTJaaL/iiL tl tovtol's TOt? dopv^ijaaaiv
2 dvayKaaOeU ovt dv eirLTpeyjrat/JLt ^iaaOei^;. rj
Tl fiev dird re tov hlvelov Kal drro tov ^lovXov
'^ jjikv supplied by Bk.
- Uv supplied hy Bk.
â– ^ ova^Koiot Ti.v\ KoX o-wTTjpta Rk., avayKoid riva /cot ffur-rjpia L.
5?
BOOK XLI
spectators of my words and deeds. But you are not b.c. 49
the sort of men I have been mentioning, and it is
for this very reason that you receive praise ; yet you
observe how some few of you, in addition to having
worked many injuries without suffering any penalty
at all for them, are also threatening us. Now I do
not believe it a good thing in any case for a ruler to
be overridden by his subjects, nor do I believe there
could ever be any safety if those appointed to
obey a person attempted to get the better of him.
Consider what sort of order would exist in a house-
hold if the young should despise their elders, or
what order in schools if the scholars should pay no
heed to their instructors ! What health would there
he for the sick if the afflicted should not obey their
•physicians in all points, or what safety for voyagers
if the sailors should turn a deaf ear to their captains .''
Indeed, it is in accordance with a natural law, both
necessary and salutary, that the principles of ruling
and of being ruled have been placed among men,
and without them it is impossible for anything at all
to continue to exist for even the shortest time. Now
it is the duty of the one stationed over another both
to discover and to command what is requisite, and it
is the duty of the one subject to authority to obey
without questioning and to carry out his orders. It
is for this reason in particular that prudence is every-
where honoured above folly and understanding above
ignorance.
" Since these things are so, I will never yield
aught to these brawlers under compulsion nor give
them a free rein perforce. Why am I sprung from
Aeneas and lulus, why have I been praetor, why
59
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
^i^ovat TL Be icTTpanjyrjaa, ri vTrdrevcra, cttI ri
Se vfidf; T0U9 /jiev ocKodev i^TJyayov tou? 5' vcrrepov
TTpoaKareXe^a, iirl rl roaovrov rjhrj ')(^p6vov rr^v
3 i^ovaiav ttjv avOviraTOv €')(w XafBcov, av ye
SovXevaco rcvl Vfioiv koX vifcrjOco tlvo^ vjjlmv
evravua ev ry iTaXia, irpo^; rrjv roo/iirjv, oi
ov ^ Koi VaXdra^; i'^eLpaxraaSe /cat ^peTTavcov
4 eKparrjaaTe; tl Seiaa<; Kal ri ^ofir^Bei^; puf) /xe
Tf9 v/jLcov diroKTeivr); dXk el fxev iravref; ravr^
icppoveire, e/coov av diroOavelv elXo/jLrjv y to re
d^Lco/jLa TYj'^ 7]yeiJLovia<; KaTcCkvaai Kal to (fypovrj/xa
5 TO T7J 7rpO(TTaT€ia TrpoarjKOV diroXecyat' ttoXv yap
TTOv TrXetco iroXet KLvhvveveTai tov eva dvhpa dhiKw^
(iTToOaveLv, av iOccrOcoaiv ol aTpuTccoTaL rot? Te
(TTpaTrjyoL^ (Tcfxov tt poaTCLTTeiv tlvcl Kal to, SiKaia
35 Ta tS)v vo/jlo)v ev rat? X^P^^^ TroielcrOai. dXXd
TOVTO fxev ovBe eirrjTreiXrjKe tc<; avTOiv (^Kal yap
dv Kal irapa^^prjfjLa ev otS' oti tt^o? vfiwv tcov
dXXayv direa^aKTo), ttjv Se Brj GTpaTeiav to?
KeKyi/r\KOTe'^ e^lcTTavTac Kal Ta oirXa co? Kal
7re7rov7}/jLevoi KaTaTidevTai, Kal 7rdvTco<;, dv ye
/JLT) Trap eKOVTQf; /jlov tovtov tv)(^coo-l, Kal ttjv
Td^LV €KXeLyjrov(Ti, ^ Kal 7ry0O9 tov HofXTrrjiov
fj,€TaaT7]aovTar direp irov Kal ^ nrapaBifKovai
2 TtV69. Kal TLg fjuev ovK dv edeXrjaeie tolovtcov
dvOpdnTcov CTeprjOrjvaL, t/9 S' ovk dv ev^acTo
TOLovTov<i €Kelva> cTTpaTicoTa^ vTrdp^at, 0iTi.ve<;
fjbrJTe T0t9 Bc8o/jLevoL<; dpKOvvTai fxrjTe T0Z9 irpoa-
TaTTop^evoi^ TrelQovTai, dX>C ev rfkLKia yrjpa^i
^ oS " N "Mn Reimar's ed., wu L.
- iKKtl\l/ov(Ti R. Steph., iKXflipwai L,
^ Kal added by R. Steph.
60
BOOK XLI
consul, for what end have I brought some of you out b.c. 49
from home and levied others of you later, for what
end have I received and held the proconsular power
now for so long a time, if I am to be a slave to some
one of you and to be worsted by some one of you
here in Italy, close to Rome, I, to whom you owe
your subjugation of the Gauls and your conquest of
Britain ? In fear or dread of what should I do so ?
That some one of you will kill me ? Nay, but if you
all were of this mind, I would voluntarily choose to
die rather than destroy the dignity of my position
as commander oY lose the self-respect befitting my
leadership. For a far greater danger than the unjust
death of one man confronts the city, if the soldiers
are to become accustomed to issue orders to their
generals and to take the prerogatives of the law into
their own hands. No one of them, however, has so
much as made this threat ; if any had, I am sure he
would have been slain forthwith by the rest of you.
But they are for withdrawing from the campaign on
the pretence of being wearied, and are for laying
down their arms on the pretence of being worn out ;
and certainly, if they do not obtain my consent to
this wish of theirs, they will leave the ranks and go
over to Pompey, a fact which some of them make
perfectly evident. And yet who would not be glad
to be rid of such men, and who would not pray
that such soldiers might belong to Pompey, seeing
that they are not content with what is given
them and are not obedient to orders, but simulating
old age in the midst of youth and in strength
6i
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
^1
Kal ev tV^i/t da6ev€tav irpo^aXKofievoL hecnro^^eiv
re Twz^ dp')(^6vTcov Kal rvpavvelv tmv rjyovfjiivccfv
3 (T<^(av d^iovaiv; iyo) yap fMvpcdKi<; dv Kal 7rp6<;
TOP HofiTTtjLov oircoahrjTTOTe KaraWayrjvai Kal
aXKo OTiovv TraOelv eXolfxrjv rj tl dvd^iov tgv
re TrarpLov <ppov7jfiaTO<; Kal t?}? efiavrov irpoaipe-
4 0-60)9 irpd^ai. rj ^ dyvoelre on ovre Swaareiaf;
ovre 7r\€ov6^la<; e7n6v/jLCt), ovSe /not irpoKeirat
7rdvT(0(; re Kal 6k Trai^ro? rpoirov KaTairpd^ai,
ware n eirl TovT(p kol "^^revcraa-daL Kal dwirevaai
Kal Ko\aK€vaal TLva<;; iravaaaOe fiev Brj Bid
Tavra t^9 crT/jareta?, w tl dv *ud<; ovofMaaaifn;
ov pbivTOt CO? Kal avTol Kal ^ohXeaOe Kal (pare,
dX)C «W9 Tw KOivw Kal ijiiol (TV/jL<f>€pet.^^
5 TaOr' elirwv eKXrjpaxjev avTOv<; iirl davdrcp,
Kal Tov<; fiev dpacrvrdrovf; {ovtol yap e/c irapa-
aK€vrj^ ekay^ov) iBiKaicoae,^ tol'9 S' dWov<; 009 ovBev
a(f)Q)V B€6jjL€vo<; BirjKe.
K.al eKeivoL fiev /jL€Tavo7](TavTe<; €(^' 0^9 eirpa^av
DO avaaTpaTeveauai efxeWov ev oo(p be er ovto^
avTOV M.dpKo<; Al/jLlXlo^; AeinBof;, ovro<; 6 Kal
ev rfi Tpiap'xjia^ vcrrepov yevofievo^;, rco re Brjp^w
avve^ovXevae arparrjycov BiKraropa rov J^ataapa
7rpo)(eLpi<Tacr6aL Kal evOv^ elrrev avrbv irapd rd
2 irdrpia. Kal 09 vTrearrj fiev rr)V dp'^rjv, eireiBr)
Trpwrov €9 rrjv rrokiv eaifXOev, ov fievrot Kal
(f)o8epov ovBev ev avrfj eirpa^ev, dWd roi^; re
eKireirrcoKoac KdOoBov irddi ttXtjv rod M.iX(ovo<;
eBcoKe, Kal Ta9* eV vecora dp^d<; direBei^ev (e9
yap ro irapov rore ovBeva dvrl rcov dirovrcav
^ fl added by Odde3\ '^ iSiKalwcre Reim., iSico^f L,
^ Tpiapxia Xiph., Tpirjpapxia^ T->. " rhs Leunel., to L.
62
BOOK XLI
simulating weakness^ tliey claim the right to lord b.c, 49
it over their rulers and to tyrannize over their
leaders ? VVhv, I had a thousand times rather be
reconciled with Pompey on any terms whatever or
suffer any other conceivable fate than do anything
unworthy of the proud traditions of my fathers,, or of
my own principles. Or are you not aware that it is
not sovereignty or gain that I desire, and that I am
not so bent upon accomplishing any thing by every
means at whatever cost and that I would lie and flatter
and fawn upon people to this end? Give up your
service, therefore, you — O what can I call you ?
Yet still it shall be, not as you yourselves desire
and say, but as is profitable for the republic and
for myself." t
After this speech he distributed lots among them
for the infliction of the death penalty, and executed
the most audacious ; for these, as he had arranged
should be the case, drew the lots. The rest he
dismissed, saying he had no further need of
them.
So they repented of what they had done and
were ready to renew the campaign. While he was
still on the way Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, the man
who later became a member of the triumvirate,
advised the people in his capacity of praetor to elect
Caesar dictator, and immediately named him, contrary
to ancestral custom. The latter accepted the office
as soon as he entered the city, but committed no act
of terror while holding it. On the contrary, he
granted a return to all the exiles except Milo, and
filled the offices for the ensuing year ; for up to that
time they had chosen no one temporarily in place of
63
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
3 avOeiXovTO' kultol fjLijBevo^ ayopavofiov iinhr)-
jJiOVVTO^ ol hrifjLap')(pL Trdvra ra eiTL^dWovTa
avTol^ 8L')]yayov)y lepea<^ re dvrl twv diroXoiXoTaiV
dvTiKariaTrjcrev, ov iravra rd /car avToi)^ iv
tS> TOtovTO) vevofjLLafJLeva rr^prjaaf;, koI toI<; Va\d-
rat? Tot9 ivTo<; to)v "AXirecov virep rov ^HpiSavbv
olfcovai Tr)v TroXtrelav, are koX dp^a<; avrcov,
4 direScoKe. iroirjGa^ Be ravTa kuI to ovofia tt}?
BtKTaropla^ dTrecTre' rrjv yap Brj Bvva/jiLv to
T€ epyov avTTJf; real nrdw del Btd ')(eipo(; ea^e.
rfj re yap irapd tcov ottXcov Ict'X^vl i'X^pfjro, kul
Trpocrerc Kal e^ovalav evvofiov Bi] xLva irapd t^9
eKel ^ov\rj<; TTpoaeXa/Se' Trdvra yap /nerd dBeLa<;
oaa dv ^ovXrjOfj irpdrreiv ol eireTpdrrr],
37 Tv')((bv Be rovrov fxeya €vOv<; Kal dvayKalov
irpdypba BLcopOcoaev. eTreLBr] yap oi re BeBav€LK6re<i
rial 7riKpordra<i to.? iarrpd^eL^;, are /cat ttoWcov
ypr)/jbdra>v Bid re rd<; ardcrei<s /cal Bed rov^
TToXe/xoL'? nr poo-Beo/jievoi, eiroiovvro, Kal roiv
6(f)eL\6pr(ov av^vol ovBe e6eKovre<i diroBovvai
2 ri viTo ro)v avrcov eBvvavro (ovre yap diroBo-
aOai rt ovre emBaueiaaadai pdBiov avrol^
eyiyvero), kuk rovrov iroWd fjuev diricrra TroWd
Be Kal BoXepd tt/jo? dWijXov^ err parr ov, Kal
Beo^ rjv purj Kal e<? dvTjKearov n KaKov irpox^^PV'
(Tooacv, ep^erptdaOr) p,ev Kal irpo rovrov tt/OO?
3 B'r]p.dp')((t)v nvodv rd Kara rov<; roKov^, errel 8'
ovB^ ft)9 direBiBovro, aW' ol p,ev rwv eve')(yp(i)v
e^iaravro ol Be Kal to dp')(alov ev dpyvplw
dirrjrovv, d/ji^orepoi<; rore 6 Ka?o-ap co? olov re
r)v eireKovprjae' rd re yap eve')(ypa Trpo? rr)v d^iav
64
BOOK XLI
the absentees, and since there was no aedile in the b.c 49
city, the tribunes were performing all the duties de-
volving upon those officials. Moreover he appointed
priests in })lace of those who had perished, though
he did not observe all the ceremonies that were
customary in their case at such a juncture ; and to
the Gauls living south of the Alps and beyond the
Po he gave citizenship because he had once governed
them. After accomplishing these things he resigned
the title of dictator, since he had quite all the
authority and functions of the position constantly in
his grasp. For he exercised the powxr afforded by
arms, and also received in addition a quasi-legal
authority from the senate that was on the spot, in
that he was granted permission to do with impunity
whatever he might wish.
rt - Having obtained this, he at once instituted an
rimportant and necessary reform. Those who had lent
noney, it seems, being now in need of large sums
jecause of the civil strife and the wars, were coUect-
ng their loans most relentlessly, and many of the
lebtors for the same reasons were unable to pay
)ack anything, even if they wished to do so, since
hey did not find it easy to sell anything or to borrow
nore. Hence their dealings with each other were
narked by much deceit and fraud, and there was fear
hat they might go to the point of accomplishing
iome fatal mischief. To be sure, the rate of in-
t;erest had been lowered even before this time by
ome of the tribunes ; but since payment was not
ecured even thus, but instead the one class was ready
lO forfeit its securities, while the other demanded
oack its principal in cash, Caesar now came to the
nid of both so far as he could. He ordered that
65
VOL. IV. F
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
evaTTOTi/jLrjOrjvaL eKeXevae, ical SiKaaraf; avrrf^
rol<; afi^Lcy^rjTOvai rt aTTOK\i]pov(j6ai irpoae-
38 ra^ev. iireihrj re (TV)(yo\ ttoWol re ')(p7]fiaTa^
e')(€iv KOI TTOLvra avra aTroKpinrreLV eXeyovTo,
dirtjyopevae fii^heva irXelov TrevraKia^iXicov koX
fivpicdv hpa')(^iJbMV iv dpyvpiw rj koI y^pvaiw
KCKTrjaOai, ou^ co? Kal avro^ rov vofxov rovrov
2 Tt^a9, dX)C ft)? Koi irporepov irore iaevexOevja
dvaveoviJLevo<;, elr ovv iW T0i9 t€ SaveLaralf;
ol o^etXoi'Te? tc i/CTLVcocTL Kal toI<^ 8€o/iievoL<;
ol aXkoi 8av€L^o)cnv, etre koX ottco^ oi re
€V7ropovvT6(} €k87]Xol y€V(i)VTai fcal YpyfjLara
/jLr}h6l<; avTMV dOpoa exV* f^V '^^^ clttovto^ tl
3 vecorepcady. €7rapdevT0<; he eirl tovtm tov
7T\i]dov<;, Kal d^iovvTO<; Kal toI^ oiKeracfi fjLrjvvrpa
eir avrq> Kara tcop heairoTOiv it pored rjvat^^ ovre
TTpocreypayj/ev avro rw voijlw, Kal irpoaen Kal
e^coXecav eavrw 7rpO(7€7n]pd(Taro, dv irore rt
SovXw Kara rod hearrorov elrrovn Trtarevcrr}.
39 Kalaap fiev Srj ravrd re irpd^a^ Kal rd
dvaOrjfiara, rd re dXXa Kal rd €k rov KaTrt-
rcoXiOv rrdvra, dveXojJbevo^ e? ro Bpevriacov eV
e^oBw rov erof?, fcal rrplv e? rr)v virareiav e?
2 Tjv eKe\eLpor6vr)ro eaeXOelv, e^cop/jirjcre. Kal avrov
rd T7;9 eKarpaT€La<; iroiovpro^ iKrivo^; ev rfj
dyopa kXwvLov hd^vr)^; evl roiv avpLTrapovrcDV
ol iTreppiyjre' Kal fierd rovro rfj Ti/^t; dvovro<;
6 ravpof; eK(f)vyd>v rrplv rirpcoaKeaOai, e^co re
rrjf; TroXeo)? i^e)(^d>p7](je Kal 7rpo<; Xifxin-fv nvd
3 eXBoov Bievt]^aro avrrjv. KaK rovrcov errl 'itX^ov
^ re ;^p'^/iaTa Rk,, XPVI^C'TO'- ^e L.
2 irpoTcOrjuai H. Steph., vporeOelvai L.
66
BOOK XLI
securities should have a fixed vahiation according to r.c. 49
their wortli, and he provided that arbiters for this
purpose should be allotted to persons involved in
such a dispute. Since also many were said to possess
timuch wealth but to be concealing it all^ he forbade
any one to possess more than sixty thousand sesterces
in silver or gold ; and he claimed he was not enacting
this law himself, but was simply renewing a measure
introduced on some previous occasion. His object
was either that those who were owing money should
pay back a part of their debt to the lenders and
the latter should lend to such as needed, or else
that the well-to-do might become known and none
of them should keep his wealth all together, for
fear some rebellion might be set afoot during his
absence. When the populace, elated at this, de-
manded also that rewards should be offered to
daves for information against their masters, he re-
fused to add such a clause to the law, and further-
more invoked dire destruction upon himself if he
should ever trust a slave when speaking against his
master.
After accomplishing this and removing all the
offerings in the Capitol, as well as the others, Caesar
lastened to Brundisium toward the close of the
/ear, before entering upon the consulship to which
le had been elected. And as he was attending to
he details of his departure, a kite in the Forum let
all a sprig of laurel upon one of his companions,
^ater, while he was sacrificing to Fortune, the bull
scaped before being wounded, rushed out of the city,
md coming to a certain lake, swam across it. Con-
equently he took greater courage and hastened his
67
F 2
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
Oapcrrjaa^ r)7r€i')(6ri, koX /JLoXiaO^ on ol /jidvT€i,<i
fievovTC fxev avrw oXkol okedpov, TrepaiwOevri
he T7}p OaXaaaav /cal acoTrjpcav koI viKijv eaecrOac
4 €(f)aaav. a(f)opfn]0€VTO<; Se avrov ol TraZSe? ol
ev rfj iroXei oVre? hiXV '^^ eveixrjOiia-av avTOKe-
'kevaroi, koX ol puev Ilofi7rr}L6iov<i ^ a(f)d<i ol Be
K.ai.aap€iov<; " 6vo/idaavTe<; ifia'^eo-avro rpoirov
TLva dvev ottXcov aXX?^Xo£9, /cat eTreKparrjaav ol^
rfj rov Kaicrapo^ Trpoacovv/jiia ')(^p(i>ixevoi.
^\) hiv (p be ravT ev re rfj rcop^r) Kai ev tt) iprjpia
eyiyvero, Ma/^/to? p,€v 'O/fraof^o? kuI AovKio<;
^Kpi/3(t)vio<; Ai^cov â– * UovirXtov K.opv^Xiov AoXo-
/SeXXav, rd re rod K.aLaapo<; Trpdrrovra Kal ev
rfj AeX/maTLa ^ ovra, e^rjXaaav e^ avrrjf; tw tov
2 Ilop.7rr]Lov vavTLKW 'y^pcop.evot. /cal iierd tovto
Tdiov ^AvTcoviov eTra/jLVvat ol iOeXycravra 69 re ^
vrjaihiov re /carefcXeiaav, KavravOa irpo^ re to)V
eTTi'X^copicov iy/caraXeKpOevra Kal Xt/io) TrtecrOevTa
TracravSl ttXtjv oXlycov elXov 69 re yap ttjv
TjTreLpov ecpOijadv rive^ avrcov hta<f>vy6vTe<;, Kal
erepoc ev o-')(ehiai<^ St,a7rXeovT€<^ Kal dXiaKofxevoi.
a(f)d<; avTov<; d'Tre')(^prj(javTO.
41 Kovplcov 8e %iKeXiav puev "' dpLa')(ei irapearrjaaTO
(6 yap J^drcov dp')((ov avT7]<;, ct)9 ovre a^toyLta^o9
ol rjv ovre Ta9 7r6XeL<^ 69 klvSvvov fidrriv ep,^aXelv
7)6eXriae, 7rpoe^€xd>pV^^^ 7rpo<; tov Uop^Trrjcov), e<i
2 Se Br) TTjv K^pLKTjv irepaicoOel'^ dircoXeTO. 6 fiev
^ Ylo/xiTTjielovs Xyl., irofxTTTjiovs L (and SO regularly).
2 Kaiaapeiovs H. Steph., Kaicraplovs L (regularly).
3 ol Bk., '6<roi L. ^ Ai&uv R. Steph., Xafiihv L.
^ AeKfjLarla St., SaAfiariai L.
^ es T6 Rk., es ye L. '' fiev added by Bk.
^ 7rpo6|6X(«'/'7?(rc Leunel, , npoe^ext^pvo'^ Mf »' L-
68
BOOK XLI
preparations, especially as the soothsayers declared b.c. 49
that destruction should be his portion if he remained
at home, but safety and victory if he crossed the sea.
After his departure the boys in the city divided of
their own accord into two groups, one side calling
themselves Pompeians and the other Caesarians,
and, fighting with each other in some fashion or
other without arms, those conquered who used
Caesar's name.
While these events were occurring in Rome and
in Spain, Marcus Octavius and Lucius Scribonius
Libo, with the aid of Pompey's fleet drove out of
Dalmatia Publius Cornelius Dolabella, who was there
attending to Caesar's interests. After this they shut
up Gaius Antonius, who had been desirous of aiding
him, on a small island, and there, after he had been
abandoned by the natives and was oppressed by
hunger, they captured him with all his troops save
a few ; for some had escaped in season to the
mainland, and others, who were sailing across on
rafts and w^ere overtaken, made away with them-
selves.
Curio had meanwhile reduced Sicily without a
battle, since Cato, the governor of the island, being
no matcli for him and not wishing to expose the cities
to danger needlessly, had already withdrawn to join
Pompey ; later, how ever, he crossed over to Africa
and there perished. Upon Curio's approach Lucius
69
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
fyap J^ataap 6 Aovkio^ rfjv ^KaTriha rrju iroXtv,
iv jj Kara rv^V^ dWa)<; rjv, tt/oo? tov eTTLTrXovv
avTov e'^eXtTre, /cat Tlov7r\Lo<; "Att^09 Ovdpo<; 6
Ta^ eKCL Trpdy/jbara Tore e'X^cov koI arpartcoTaf;
avxyoi)^ koX irXola av^va ^ r)TTr}6e\<; vtt avrov
3 aTTe^dXev 6 he Br) 'loySa? ^I€p,^frov re Trat?
a)v /cat Twz/ No/^-aSo)!^ jBaaCkevwv, rd re tov
TIo/ii7rrjLov ft)9 zeal ra tov B^/jlov t?}? T€ ^ovXrj<;
nrpoTifXMV, Kol tov K.ovpLa)va Bid re tovto, koI otl
Ti]V re ^acTLKeiav avTov Br]fiap')(^ci)p dcfyekeadat
Kal Tr)v^ ')((i)pav Br}p,ocna)aaL eTTe^dsiprjae, fiiaa)v,
4 la'xypcd'^ avTcp irpoo-eiroXep.rjaev. oi/caBe fxev jap
69 TTjv ^ovpLiBiav ovK dvifi6LV€v avTov ea/3aX€LV,
iroXiopKOvvTi Be ol OvTCKrjv iravTv fjuev dpua Ta>
CTTpaTw ov Trpoae/jLi^e, <^o^'q6e\<; fxr] Kal irpo-
7rv06fievo<; e^ava'^^Oeirj (ov ydp irov ^ dircoaaaOai
avTOV /jbdXXov tl rj Ti/jbcopijcracrOat eTredvpet),
5 6Xtyov<; Be Tiva'^ TrpOTrep.yjra^;, Kal 7rpO(f)7jp.Laa<;
ft)9 avTO<s aXXoae ttol Kal Troppco ye direXTjXvOcbi;
ett], icpeaTreTo re (T(f)iai, Kal ov Bnjp^apTev o)v
42 rfXinaev. 6 yap l^ovplcov irpoTepov p.ev, &)9 /cal
avTOV eKeivov irpodLovTO^, e9 re to aTpaToireBov
TO 7r/309 Tj} OaXdaar} ov p,€TeaTrj, Kal yv(op,7]v
iiroceLTO tmv re vecov, av ^id^rjTai, eTn/Brjvav Kal
2 TTjv ^A<ppi,Kr)V TravTeXw^ eKXiTrelv eirel Be oXiyov^
Te Tiva<; Kal tovtov<; avev tov ^Jo/Sov dcpcKvecadai
iiTvOeTO, eOdparjGe, Kal evOix; t?}9 vvkto<; q)<; Kal
t'^' GTOLpbov VLKTjv, p^Tj Kal Bia(f)vyco(Tiv avTov, dpa<i
erropeveTo, Kai Ttva^ tmv 7rpoBp6p,o)v KaOevBovTa^
1 & ra Leunc]., 'An L.
^ irKola crvxva Jacoby, Tr6\€is Kal L.
' TT}v Rk., T-^v re L. ^ irov Bk. , vco L.
70
BOOK XLI
Caesar abandoned the city of Aspis ^ where he hap- b.c. 49
pened to be by mere chance, and Publius Attius
Varus, then in charge of the affairs of that region,
was defeated by him and lost many troops and
many ships. Juba, however, the son of Hiempsal
and king of the Numidians, preferred the cause of
Pompey as that of the people and the senate, and
hated Curio both on this account and because the
latter when tribune had attempted to take away his
kingdom from him and to confiscate the land ; accor-
dingly he carried on a vigorous war against him. For
he did not wait for him to invade his home country
of Numidia, but went to meet him while he was be-
sieging Utica. He did not attack him, however, with
his whole army, since he feared that Curio might put
to sea if he learned in advance of his approach ;
for he was evidently not so eager to repulse him as
to take vengeance on him. Instead, he sent forward
a few men and spread the report that he himself
had gone far away in another direction ; then
he followed after this force and did not fail of the
results he had hoped for. For, though Curio, under
the impression that his enemy w^as approaching, had
previously transferred his men to the camp near the
sea and had formed the plan, in case he were hard
pressed, of embarking on the ships and leaving Africa
altogether, he now, when he ascertained that only
a few men were coming, and these without Juba,
took courage and set out oti the march that very night
as if to a victor}^ iyhig ready to hand, fearing that
they might otherwise escape him ; and after destroy-
ing some of the enemy's vanguard who were sleeping
* The Roman Clupea, situated on the coast east of v^
Carthage.
71
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
iv rfi oSft) (f)Oelpa<; iroXv irpodvixorepo'^ iyevero.
3 KCL/C TOVTOV T0t9 XoiTTOfc? VTTO TTJV 6(0 TTpOKe^^Oyprj-
KocTiv eK rov aTparoTreBov evTV')(aiv ovhepbiav ava-
^o\r)v iiTOirjaaTO, aWa Kairoo tmv arpartcorcov
KoX VTTO Trj<; 7ropeLa<; Koi vtto 7779 aypvirvla'^
T€T a\ac7TO)pr)/jL€vcov €9 ')(€lpd<^ a^LCTL TrapaxpV/^^
4 rfkOe. Kcuv TOVT(p eardoTcov re avrcov koX avrippo-
7r&)9 dycovL^ofievcov, 6 'Ioy5a9 al(j)vihi(o<; ol eVt-
<f)avel<; rw re dhoKrjTW dpia avrov koi tw irXijOei
KaT€LpydcraTO, koI eKelvov puev koX tcov dWcov
TOi'9 7rX€tcrTOU9 avTov ravrr) ^ direKreivev, tou9
he ^ XoLTTOv^ H'^XP'' '^^ '^V'^ Ta(j)p€ia<; eVeS/wfe Kal
5 /jberd TovTO €9 Ta9 vav<i /caOelp^e, kclv ^ tco Tapd')(^(p
TOVT(p TToXXcov pL€v '^prfp^drcov eKpdrrjcre 7ro\Xov<;
Be dvBpa<; €(f)0€ipe. (TV')(yo\ Be Brj koX Bia<j>vy6vTe<i
avTOiv dirdikovTo, ol puev ev rfj €9 rd ifkola
ia^dcrei vtto tou coOiapov a<^akevTe^, ol Be koX
ev avro2<; toI<; aKd<^ecnv vtto tov ^dpov<; avTOiV
6 l3a7rTiadevre<;. ytyvo/jiipcov Be rovrcov, ^opifOevre^
TLve^ pLT} ra avrd avT0i<; Tradcoai, Trpoaexdyp^cav
jxev T^ Ovdpw ft)9 KoX acoOrjaopievoi, evpovro 8'
ovBev eTTieLKe<i' 6 yap 'Io/3a9 'iTpola')(^6pievo<i on
avTo^i a<\)a^ evevLKrjKet, koi efceivov; TrXrjv oKiycov
i<f)6i>€vaev. }Lovpi(ov puev Brj TrXetcTTd re rw
J^alcrapt, cruvapdp.evo<; koI irdpLiroWa avrbv^
7 iireXTTLdas ovTco<i dTrcoXero' 'I6^a<; Be 7rp6<; pbev
rod TiopbTrrjiov tmv re dXXcov rcov ev rfj WLaKeBovia
^ovXevrcov ripid^ re evpero koI pa(nXev<; Trpoo-?;-
yopevOrj, 7rp6<; Be Br] rod Kafc(ja/?09 tmv t€ iv rfj
^ avTov ravT-p R. Steph., avrrji ravrrji L.
'^ 5e Pflugk, TeL. ^ kclv Reim., koI L.
^ avrhv Bk., in aurhv L.
72
BOOK XU
on the road he became much more emboldened, b.c. 49
Then, about dawn, he encountered the rest who had
gone on ahead from the camp ; and without any
delay, in spite of the fact that his soldiers were ex-
hausted both by the march and by want of sleep, he
at once joined battle with them. Thereupon, when
the others stood their ground and were holding
their own, Juba suddenly appeared and by the un-
expectedness of his arrival as well as by his numbers
overwhelmed him. Curio and most of the others he
killed on the spot, and the rest he pursued up to their
entrenchments, later confining them to the ships ;
and in the midst of this rout he got possession of
large amounts of treasure and destroyed many men.
Indeed, many of them perished after escaping his
grasp, some losing their footing while boarding the
ships because of the crowding, and others going down
with the vessels themselves when these became over-
loaded. While this was occurring still others, out
of fear that they might suffer the same fate, went
over to Varus, expecting that their lives would be
spared ; but they received no considerate treatment.
For Juba asserted that it was he who had conquered
them, and so slew nearly all of these, too. Thus
Curio died after rendering most valuable assistance
to Caesar and inspiring in him many hopes. And
Juba received honours at the hands of Pompey and
the senators who were in Macedonia, and was saluted
as king ; but by Caesar and those in the city he
73
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
1i
TToXeL alriav el%6 Koi TroA-e/xto? direBel'X^dr}, 6 re
Bo/c^o? Kol 6 Boyova<i ^aaCkr)^} on i)(^Opol
avTw - rjcrav, wvofxaaOrjaav.^
43 T&) he i'xpfjbevcp ereu hnroi re toI<; 'Pco/xatoi?
ap')(pVTe<^ irapa rb KaOecTTr^Ko^ e<yevovTO koI fJ'd)(^r]
/jLeyLarr} Brj crvvr]V6^07]. ol jjuev yap ev rw aarei
KoX uTTarou? Tov T€ Kalaapa /cal HovirXtov
XepoviXiov Kol (TTpaTr)yov<; rd re dWa reXrj^ rd
€K Twv vofxwv rjprjVTO, ol he ev ry SeaaaXoviKr}
2 TOiovTO puev ovhev TTpoirapeaKevdaavTO, KalroL
T^? re aXX?/9 /SofX?}? €9 BcaKocrLov;, w? <f>aal Tive^,
Kol TOU? UTrttTOU? 6^^01^X69, /CUi Tt KOl ')(^COplOV 69
rd oicoviafMara, rod hrj kol ev vojiw hrj rivt avrd
hoKelv yiyveaOai, Sr)/jLoaL(ocravT€<i, Mare kol tov
hrjfjbov Si avTMv tt^v re ttoXlv drraaav evravda
3 elvai vofMi^eaOac {alnov he on rov v6/jlov ol
viraroL rov (fyparptanKov '^ ov/c eaevrjvox^dav^
T0t9 he hr) avroL<; eKeivoL^ olairep^ /cat irpoaOev
i^pijaavTO, rd^; e7r(ovv/jiLa<; a(j)c!)V [xova^ fiera-
^a\6vTe<; koX rov<^ fMev dvOvirdrov^ rov<; he
dvnarparrjyov^ rov<; he dvnrafiia'^ 6vofjid(Tavre<^.
4 irdvv ydp irov r&v irarpiwv avrol<; efieXe rd re
oirXa dvratpojjL€VOt.<; kol rrjv rrarpiha eK\e\oL7roaiv,
Mare /jL7] rrdvra rd dvayKola irpo^ rrjv rcov
irapovrtov aTTairrjcnv kol irapd rr)v rcov rera-
5 yfievcov dKpijBeiav rrroielv. ov /jbrjv dWd r& jiev
ovofian ovroi o'cpiaiv efcarepoi*; rjpypv, epycp he o
110^1777] to<i /cat 6 Kalaap, rrj<i fxev <^7]jjb7]<i eveKa ra^;
^ fiaffiXris Bs, , ^aai\e7s L. - avrq} Pflugk, avrSov L.
â– ^ -flffav wvo/^idaOrjaau Xyl., aPcofidaOrjcrau L.
* re\r] supplied by Bs. ^ (pparpiariKhv Reim., (pparpiKhv L.
^ olavep Reim., raiicnrep L.
74
BOOK XLI
was called to account and declared an enemy, while
Bocchus and Bogud were named kings, because they
were hostile to him.
The ensuing year the Romans had two sets of
magistrates, contrary to custom, and a mighty battle
was fought. The people of the city had chosen as
consuls Caesar and Publius Servilius, along with
praetors and all the other officers required by law.
Those in Thessalonica had made no such appoint-
ments, although they had by some accounts about two
hundred of the senate and also the consuls with them
and had appropriated a small piece of land for the
auguries, in order that these might seem to take
place under some form of law, so that they regarded
the people and the whole city as present there. They
had not appointed new magistrates for the reason that
the consuls had not proposed the lex curiaia ^ ; but
instead they employed the same officials as before,
merely changing their names and calling some pro-
consuls, others propraetors, and others proquaestors.
For they were very careful about precedents, even
though they had taken up arms against their country
and abandoned it, and they were anxious that the
acts rendered necessary by the exigencies of the
situation should not all be in violation of the strict
requirement of the ordinances. Nevertheless, these
men mentioned were the magistrates of the two
parties in name only, while in reality it was Pompey
and Caesar who were supreme ; for the sake of good
repute they bore the legal titles of proconsul and
^ The lex curiata de imperio, passed hy the comitia curiata,
fonnally conferred upon a consul or praetor his authority.
Though largely a matter of form at tiiis time, the magistrate
was nevertheless not felt to be fully in possession of the
privileges of his office until this vote had been passed.
75
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
ivvofjLovfi eTTiKkrjaeL^^} 6 jxev ttjv tov VTrdrov 6 Be
Trfv TOV avOuTrdrov, e')(^ovTe^, irpdrTOvre^ he ovk
' oaa eKelvai eTreTpeirov d\X' oaa avrol rjOeXov.
44 ToiovTwv he Brj TOVTcov ovTcov /cat 3t^<x r^?
^PXV^ yLt6yL^e/^ic^yLte^'ry?, UofiTT'^Loq jxev Brj ev re rf)
@€(Tcra\oviKrj e'^etyu-a^e Kal (pvXa/crjv ovk aKpi^rj
TOiv irapadaXaaaiwv eTTOielro (ovre yap e? rrjv
'IraXtai^ tjBt} top "Kaiaapa eK Trj<; ^l^r)pla<;
d(f)i^6ai evo/jLL^e, el re koI irapeir], dX)C ev ye tm
'XeipoyvL ov')(^ vircairrevaev avrov To\fJir)aeiv tov
2 ^loviov Bia^dkelv), Kaiaap Be rjv /juev ev ^pevTealo)
TO cap dva/juevcov, TrvOopuevo^ Be eKelvov re iroppo) ^
ovTa Kol Tr)v KUTavTirrepa^ rjireipov dfieXciX}
TTjpovfjievrjv, to t6 Kaivov tov iroXefiov rjpiraae
Kal Tw dveifjuevw^ avTov eireOeTO. /j,eaovvTo<i
yovv TOV ')(eLfi(ovo<; fiepei tov cTTpaTOV dirrjpev (ou
yap rjaav iKaval vrje^ wcrre irdvTa^ d/jua avTov<i
3 Trepdcrai), Kal XaOwv tov WifSovXov tov M.dpKOVy
w r/ OdXaacra cfypovpeladai. irpoaeTeTaKTO, eVe-
paLQ)0rj irpof; tcl ciKpa to, Kepavvia wvofiaafieva'
eaTi Be ea'^aTa t^9 'HTret/oof, tt/do? tm aro/jbaTi
TOV ^lovlov koXttov. Kal eXdcov evTavda irplv
€K7rv(TT0<; OTi Kal irXevaeLTai yeveaOai, ra? vav^
4 €9 TO ^pevTecnov eirl tou? Xolttov^; eaTecXe' Kal
avTa<^ 6 BtySoL'Xo? dvaKO/jii^o/jLeva<; eKaKcoae, Kai
TLva^ Kal dveBrjaaTo, wcrre tov K-aio-apa epyco
/ladetv OTC evTV)(€(TT€pov TOV ttXovv r) ev^ovXoTepov
eireiroiriTO.
^ Tcts eupofiovs iiriKXrjaeis Rk., tt)s ivv6^iov koX (irii(\7](r€is L
^ re TToppcii) Pflugk, re iroppw re L.
â– * aviifxtvcf Rk., avefMooi L.
76
BOOK XLI
consul respectively, yet their acts were not those b.c. 48
which these offices permitted, but whatever they
themselves pleased.
Under these conditions, with the government
divided in twain, Pompey was wintering in Thessa-
lonica and not keeping a very careful watch upon the
coast ; for he did not suppose that Caesar had yet
arrived in Italy from Spain, and even if he were
there, he did not suspect that he would venture to
cross the Ionian Gulf in the winter, at any rate. But
Caesar was in Brundisium, waiting for spring, and
when he ascertained that Pompey was some distance
off and that the mainland opposite was rather care-
lessly guarded, he seized upon the " chance of war^"
and attacked him while his attention was relaxed.
At any rate, when the winter was about half gone,
he set out with a portion of his army, as there were
not enough ships to carry them all across at once,
and eluding Marcus Bibulus, to whom the guarding
of the sea had been committed, he crossed to the
Ceraunian Headlands, as they are called, the outer-
most point of Epirus, near the mouth of the Ionian
Gulf. Arriving there before it became noised abroad
that he would sail at all, he sent the ships to Brun-
disium for the others ; but Bibulus damaged them on
the return voyage and actually took some in tow, so
that Caesar learned by experience that the voyage
he had made was more fortunate than prudent.
^ The expression rh Kaivhv rov rroXefxov appears first in *^
Thucydides (iii. 30), and soon became proverbial ; of.
Polj^bius xxix. 6, Diodorus xx. 30, 67, Cic. ad Alt. v. 20, 3.
Dio uses it again in xlix. 5, 1. It seems to be used generally
in the favourable sense of " the (lucky) chance of war." The
proverb ran iroWa to Kaiva rod irohi^ov ("many are the
surprises of war ").
77
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
45 'Ej* 8' GUI' ry htarpL^f) ravrrj to re ^flpiKOV^^
Kol rrjv ^ ATToWcoviav aWa re tmv eKeivr} 'ywplwv
6K\ei(f)0€VTa VTTO TCOP TOV JloflTTTJiOV (ppOVpWV
irapearrjO'aTo. rj Se ^ATToWcovla avrr] rj ^ Ko-
pivOia ev koKm /jl€v rrjf; 7779 ev koXw he Koi tt;?
2 OdXdaa7](; irorajjioyv re apiara Kclrai. o re
fjuaXicTTa Sia ttcivtcov eOavfjuacra, irvp ttoXv 7rpo<;
TO) 'Acoft)^ TTOTapiS) avaBiSorac, Koi ovre iirl
irXelov T?79 irepi^ 77)9 eire^ep'^^erai, ovr avrrjv
eKeivi^v ev fj evBianaTaL eKirvpol 7) koX Kpavporepav
irrj TTOtei, aXXa koX 7roa9 koI BevSpa koX ttclvv
7r\r)Gia OdXKovra e'X^er Trpo^ re Ta<; eiri'xyaeL^
3 TMv ofi/Bpcov eirav^ei, kol 69 v'^o^ e^aiperai. /cal
Bid TOVTO avTo re ^vpi^alov ovo/jbd^erat /cat Brj
Kol fxavTelov TotovBe re Trapey^erai. Xc^avcorov
Brj XajBdiv, kol Trpoaev^d/juevo^ o ri Trore Kot
4 fiovXet, piTTTei^i avrov rrjv €v')(r)v ^epovra. Kav
rovT(p TO TTVp, av jiev n e7rire\e<; fj ^ ea6p,evov,
Be^erac avTov eroifioraTa, Kav dpa kol e^co ttov
nrpoirear),^ irpoaBpapiov ripirao'e koX /caravdXwaev'
dv Be dreXecTTOv y, ovr dWw^ avrw irpocTepyeraL,
Kav 69 avrr)v rr)v (f)\6ya (peprjrat, e^ava')(wpel re
5 KoX €K(f)€vy€i. Kal rav6^ ovrw^ eKdrepa irepl
irdvrcov o//-ota)9, ttXt^v Oavdrov re Kal ydjioVy
TToiet' irepl yap rovrcov ovBe e^eari nvi dp')(rjv
avrov TTvdeaOat ri.
46 Tovro pev rotovrov eariv, 6 Be Brj l^acaap
PpaBvvovro^ rod ^Avrcoviov, c5 rov<; virop^eivavra^
ev rS) ^pevreaLw Kop^iaai eirereraKro, Kal ovBe
^ 'aipiKhv R. Steph. , vcapLKhv L. '^ 7} added by Bk.
^ 'Ad!>cp Palmerius, following Casaubon, &va L.
^ ^ Pflugk, el'77 L. ^ TTpoTreffT} Rk., Tcpoairiff'/]!. L.
78
BOOK XLI
During this delay, then, he won over Oricum
and Apollonia and other points there wliich liad
been abandoned by Pompey's garrisons. This
Corinthian Apollonia ^ is well situated as regards the
land and as regards the sea, and most excellently in
respect to rivers. What I have marvelled at,
however, above all else, is that a huge fire issues
from the ground near the Aoiis river and neither
spreads to any extent over the surrounding land nor
sets on fire even the place where it abides nor makes
it at all dry, but has grass and trees flourishing very
near it. In pouring rains it increases and towers aloft.
For this reason it is called Nymphaeum,^ and in fact
it furnishes an oracle, of this kind. You take incense
and after making whatever prayer you wish cast it in
the fire as the vehicle of the prayer. At this the fire,
if your wish is to be fulfilled, receives it very readily,
and even if the incense falls somewhere outside,
darts forward, snatches it up, and consumes it. But
if the wish is not to be fulfilled, the fire not only
does not go to it, but, even if it falls into the very
flames, recedes and flees before it. It acts in these
two ways in all matters save those of death and
marriage ; for concerning these two one may not
make any inquiry of it at all. Such is the nature
of this marvel.
Now as Antony, to whom had been assigned the
duty of conveying across those who remained at
Brundisium, continued to tarry, and no message even
1 Cf. Frag. 42.
2 I.e. "Temple of the Nymphs."
79
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
a'y<ye\ia<; tlvo^ irepl avrcov Bed re tov ')(^€L/JLcova
KoX Sea TOV ^i(3ov\ov (poLTcoar)'^, vTrcoTT revere
(T^a^ fieaeveiv re koI et^eBpeveiv roc^ TrpdyfiaaLV,
2 old TTOv ev Tat9 crrdaeai (f)iX€i yiyvecrOai. Kal
Sta rovro ySouX^^el? avro<; /cal [xovo^ ye €<> ryv
^IrdXiav TrXevaaL, eire^rj puev d/carlov rivo^ w? t^9
dWo<;, \eywv vrro rod KaLorapo<; 7T€7refjL(f)0aL, /cal
TOP Kv^epvrjrrjv avrov /caiirep irvevpiara ovro^
3 e^e^idaaro dva)(6rjvai' oo? fxevroi diTo Trj<; yrj<;
eyevovro fcal 6 re dvefio'i tcr^f/oo)? Kareairep'^e /cal
6 KXvBoyv BeLvco^i a(j)a<; e^erdparrev, ware rov
/cv^epv7]r7]v pb'qK dvay/ca^ofievov en roXfirjaaL
TTcpairepo) ifkevaaiy dWa Kal aKOvro<; avrov
erravLevaL eTTi')(eipriaaL} e^e<^7]vev eavrov /caOdrrep
i/c rovrov teal rov ')(^ei/jLcova Travcrcov, /cal e(f)7]
4 ** Odpaet' Kaio-apa yap dyei^.^^ roiovrov puev
Br} (f)p6v7jfjLa /cal rotavrrjv eXTrlBa i^roL ryv aXXo)?
?; /cal e/c fiavreia^i nvo^ elx'^v ware /cal irapd rd
(fyaivo/Jieva rrlarLV rrjf; aayrrjpia^i ex^JJ^ov iroiel-
adar ov fievroi, /cal eirepaiooOrjy dXX! ^ eVt rroXv
p,drr)v Trov7](Ta<i dverrXevaev.
47 Kat jxerd rovro rw Uop^TTTjiq) irepl rov ' Ayjrov
dvrearparoTveBevaaro. e/ceLVo<; yap eTreiBr) rrpwrov
rr]<; a</)t^6ft)9 avrov fjaOero, ov/c dvel3dXero,^ dXXd
iXrrLaaff paBlccx; avrov, irplv Kal rov^ dXXov<} toj)?
fjberd rov ^Avrcoviov ovra<; TTpoaXa^elv, Karepyd-
aeaOai,'^ arrovBrj irpo^i rrjv ^AiroXXcoviav Bwd/juei
2 rivl rjXaaev. 6 ovv Kalaap P'^XP^ /^^^ '^^^
TTora/jLOV drrrjvrrjaev ol, vop.Lo-a<; d^iop.axo'^ fcal
^ eTTtxeipTjcoi Xiph., ivex^ipv^^^^ ^'
2 aX?C Rk. , aW cbs L.
^ avefidAero R. Steph., ave^dWero L.
* Kurepydaecrdai Rk., KarepydfTacBai L.
8o
BOOK XLI
came about them because of the winter and because b.c. 48
of Bibulus, Caesar suspected that they had adopted a
neutral attitude and were watching the course of
events, as often happens in civil strife. Wishing,
therefore, to sail to Italy in person and unattended,
he embarked on a small boat in disguise, saying that
he had been sent by Caesar ; and he forced the cap-
tain to set sail, although there was a wind. When,
however, they had got away from land, and the gale
swept violently down upon them and" the waves
buffeted them terribly, so that the captain did not
longer dare even under compulsion to sail farther,
but undertook to return even without his passenger's
1 consent, then Caesar revealed himself, as if by this
I act he could stop the storm, and said, '^ Be of good
cheer : you carry Caesar." Such spirit and such hope
?had he, either naturally or as the result of some
oracle, that he felt firm confidence in his safety even
contrary to the appearance of things. Nevertheless,
he did not get across, but after struggling for a long
time in vain sailed back.
After this he encamped opposite Pompey, near
Apsus. For Pompey, as soon as he had learned of
his arrival, had made no delay, but hoping to crush
him easily before he should receive the others who
were with Antony, hastily marched with a con-
siderable force toward Apollonia. Caesar advanced
' to meet him as far as the river, thinking that even
as he was he would prove a match for the troops
ai
VOL. IV. G
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
ft)? T0fc9 Tore irpoaiovat yevtjaecrOar eTrel Se
efJLaOev on iroXv tm TfXrjOeL ^Xarrovro, rjavxcccre.
KOl OTTO) 9 76 [JLl]0' VTTO SeOf? TOVTO TTOielv /jL7]r€
e^dp')(€Lv Tov TToXefjiov vajjuadeir), \6yov<; re TLva<^
(TV/JL^aT7]pL0V<i a(f)L(7L KuOUl ^ fCol KUTU TOVTO
3 Birjye. fyvov<; he TavO^ 6 TiofjiTrrjLO^ avfi/Sakelv
fxev avTcp d><; on Ta^iaTa rjdeXrjo-e, koI Blo, tovto
Kol TOV TTOTafjbov eTTiBia^TJvaL eire-x^eip-qaev d}<;
Be 7] ye(pvpa ^dpo^; \a/3ov(Ta BieXvOrj Kai TLve<;
T(bv TrpoBtaffeffrjKOTQyv [iova>6evTe<; olttcoXovto,
e'7rea)(^ev d6vp,'^aa<; otl irpcoTov tmv tov 7roXep,ov
epycov aTTTOfievo^; eiTTaiiceL.
Kai/ TOVTW KcCi TOV ^ AvTcoviov €7reX06vTo<;
48 (pojSrjOeh direX'^pV^^ 7rpo<; to Avppd')(cov, reo)?
fiev yap 6 Bt/SouXo? e^rj, ovB' aTrdpat eKe2vo<^ i/c
tov ^pevTeaiov eToX/jurjaev TocravTrj irov ^vXatcr)
avTOv eyiyvero' eTrel Be avT6<; re eKKapucov viro ri}?
TaXaiTTcopia^ ereXevTTjcre Kal Trjv vavap')(iav 6
Al^wv BieBi^aTo, KUTecj^povijcrev avTov Kal
dvTjydyeTO co? fcal ^Laaofxevo^ tov eKirXovv.
2 KaTapa')(6ei'^ re e? Tr)v yrjv rjpbvvaTO t€ avTov
la-')(vpo)^ irpoa^aXovra ol, Kal jj^erd tovto
eireK^yivai ttol ^ovXirjOevTa ovBafiy Trj<; TavTjj
3 rjireipov Trpocrop/jLiaOrjvaL ecaaev. diTopr)(7a<^ ovv
6 Ai^cov Kal op/jLOV Kal vBaT0<; {to yap vrjaiBiOv
TO 7r^09 TOV Xi.fjievo<; ov, e? oirep fxovov irpoGeyeiv
eBvvaTOy Kal dvvBpov Kal aKijxevov edTLv)
direirXevae Troppoa ttoi, ottov d/ji(f)OTepcov eviroprj-
4 oreiv efieXXe. Kal ovt(o<; 6 ^Avt(ov(o<; e^avax^eU
vaTepov 7rpb<; pLev eKeivov, KaiTrep p,eTcdopot<i
aipiacv eTrfX^eoprjaai, edeXrjcravTO^, ovBev eirade'
^ KaQUi Dind., KaOeir) L.
82
BOOK XLI
then approaching ; but when he learned that he was b.c. 48
far inferior in numbers, he halted. And in order
that it might not be tliought either that he was
halting through fear or that he was making the first
move in the war, he submitted some conciliatory
proposals to the other side and delayed on this
pretext. Pompey, perceiving his motive, wished to
try conclusions with him as soon as possible and for
this reason undertook to cross the river. But the
bridge broke down under the weight and some of
the advance guard, thus isolated, perished. Then he
desisted, discouraged because he had failed in the
first action of the war.
Meanwhile Antony also had arrived, and Pompey
in fear retired to Dyrrachium. As long as Bibulus
was alive, Antony had not dared even to set out
from Brundisium, so close guard did the other keep
over it ; but when Bibulus, succumbing to the /
hardships, died, and Libo succeeded him as admiral^
Antony scorned him and set sail with the intention
of forcing the passage. When driven back to land,
he repelled the other's vigorous attack upon him
and later, when Libo was anxious to disembark
somewhere, he allowed him to find anchorage
nowhere along that part of the mainland. So the
idmiral, being in need of anchorage and water, since
:he little island in front of the harbour, which was
:he only place he could approach, is destitute of
water and harbour alike, sailed off to some distant
loint where he was likely to find both in abundance.
In this way Antony was enabled to set sail, but
ater, although he met with no harm at Libo's hands,
3ven when the other attempted to attack them on
83
G 2
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
'^ecfioDv yap cr<^o8/oo? iTnyevo/Jievof; iKcoXvcre ttjv
iiTiOeaiV' irpo'^ he St) avrov tovtov aix(^6Tepoi
iKa/coTrdOijaav.
49 AiacrcoOevTcov 3' ovv twv arpaTiwrodv 6 re
lilofi7n]co<; 69 TO Avppd-^LOv, wairep elirov, dve^co-
pr}(T6y Kol 6 J^accrap eTn^KoXovOrjaev avrw Oapcnj-
cra9, on ro) irXrjOeL tmv Tore avvovTcov ol irepirjv
2 ifc TCJV 7T poayeyevrj jjLevdiv . to he Avppd)(^iov ev rfj
yV '^V TTporepov p.ev ^YXXvpuoyv rcov TLapOivcov, vvv
he Kol Tore <ye yhrj ^ MaKchovla^ ^ vevop^tapLevr)
Kelrai, /cat ecrriv iiriKaiporarov, etr ovv r]
^F^TrihafMVOf; r) ^ tmv KepKypatcov etVe /cal erepa Ti?
ovaa. Kol 01 p^ev tovto ypd'^ravTe'^; ttjv re
KTiaiV avTTjf; koX to 6vop,a e? Avppd'^LOv 7]pcoa
3 dva(f)epovcnv' ol 8' erepoc Avppd^iov dvrovop^a-
(rOrjvaL to ')(a)piov viro TOiv ^Vcopualcov irpo^ rrji^ rrjf;
pa')(ia<; hva'^epeiav e^aaav, on rj rrj^; ^Knrihdpvov
TTpoapriaL^ ^rjp^icoBT] hriXwcnv ev rfj rwv Aarlvcov
yXcoaay e'^ovaa hvaoiMvicTTo^; crcpiatv 69 to
irepaiovadai eV avrrjv eho^ev elvai.
50 np09 ovv TOVTO TO Avppd'X,iOV 6 Yiop^TTrjiO^
fcaTUcpvycov aTpUTOTrehov re e^co T7}9 iroXeco';
eTroirjaaTO, koI rd^pov^ (SaOeia^; aTavpcop^aTd Te
lcr')(ypd irepLe^dXeTO.^ kol avTw 6 Kalaap eiri-
(7T paTOiTehevaa<^ TrpoaepbL^e p,ev q)<; /cal hi oXiyov
TO ')(apdK(opLa tm irX'^Oei tmv (TTpaTtcjTcov alprj-
(Tcov, eirel he direKpovaOr], eTre')(eipr}aev avTo diro-
2 Tei')(L(TaL, fcal eicelv6<; Te dp.a tovt elpyd^ero, Kal
1 ^5r? Leuncl. , tjSc L.
^ Mo/fcSov/os Oddey, fxaKi^ovia L.
^ ^ Reim., koX t] L.
^ ir€piffid\€TO Xiph., irepieffdWero L.
84
BOOK XLl
the high seas (for a violent storm came up which b.c. 48
prevented the attack), both he and Libo suffered
injuries from the storm itself.
When the soldiers liad got safely across, Pompey,
as I have said, retired to Dyrrachium, and Caesar
followed him, encouraged by the fact that, with the
reinforcements that had arrived, he was superior to his
adversary in the number of troops then at his disposal.
Dyrrachium is situated in the land formerly regarded
as belonging to the tribe of Illyrians called Parthini,
but now and even at that time regarded as a part of
Macedonia ; and it is very favourably placed, whether
it be the Epidamnus of the Corcyraeans or another
city. Those who record this fact refer both its
founding and its name to a hero Dyrrachius ; but
the otlier authorities have declared that the place
was renamed by the Romans with reference to the
difficulties of the rocky shore,^ because the term
Epidamnus has in the Latin tongue the meaning of
" loss," 2 and so seemed to be of ill-omen for their
voyages thither.
Pompey after taking refuge in this town of Dyr-
rachium built a camp outside the city and surrounded
it with deep moats and a stout palisade, Caesar en-
camped over against him and made assaults, in the
hope of quickly capturing the palisades by the superior
number of his troops ; and when he was repulsed,
he attempted to wall it in. While he was engaged in
* I.e., the name was a compound of Suo-- ("unlucky ") and
^ox'o ("breakers" or "rocky sliore "). From Dyrrachium
comes its modern name Durazzo.
'^ Epidamnus is of course a Greek name, but the Romans
were not slow to connect tlie second element of the word
with their own damnum. Compare the jest in Plautus,
Menaechmi, 263 f.
8s
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
Ilo/jb7r7]io<i TO, fxev Scearavpov ra Be vTreretxi'^^
Koi hieTCL^peve, 7rvpyov<; re irrl rcov /jLerecopcov kol
(f)v\aKa<; iTTiKadiaTrj, q)<; Trjv re Treplooov rod
7r€pLT€i'XL(Tfjiaro<; airepavTOv Koi Tr]v ecfyoSov kol
KpaTOvai Tol<^ evavTLOL<i airopov irotriaai. ivoWaX
fiev ovv /cat iv rovrw /xd'^^^aL avrcov, /3pa')(e2aL 3'
3 ovv ^ iyijvovTO' koI iv TavTaL<; rore /juev ovtol
Tore 8e eKelvoL kol ivLKcov kol eviKcovro, coare koI
OvijaKSLV TLva<; ajj,(j)OTepo)v o/xotce)?. avrov Be Br) rov
Avppaxi'OV 6 l^ataap /xera^v ro)V re eXcov Kal Trj<;
6a\daar](; vvkto^, o)? koi TrpoBodrjo-Ofievov vtto^
Tcov ^ d/JLUvofjL€va>v, Treipdaa^ etcro) fiev tmv arevcov
4 TTaprfkde, irpoaTrecrovTwv Be ol evravOa irdXkwv
fjL€v Kara irpoawirov ttoWcov Be kol Karoinv, ol
iT\oiOL<i irapaKo/jLLadevre^; e^atipvij^i avrw eireOeviOy
KOL (JV')(yov<; dire^aXe kol oXljov kol avTO<s ecjiddpTj.
yevo/juevov Be tovtov 6 Ho/JLTnjt.o'; eiri6apa'i]aa<^
eTrejSovXevcre vvkto^ tS) 7repi,Tei')(i(T/jiaTC, Kal e/cetvov
re TL dTTpoaBoKrjTO^ irpoaTrecrciiv elXe, /cat (f)6vov
TCOV avki^o jievoDv TTyoo? avTw TToXvv elpyddaro.
51 'O ovv K.alaap, &>? ravrd re avv€0e^rJK€L Kal 6
aLTO<; avTOV eTreXeXoiTrec (^ re yap OdXaaaa Kal r)
yrj iraaa rj TrXr^aia aXXorpia avrw rjVy Kal riv€<;
Blol ravra Kal d7r7]vrofioXyKecrav), BeLaa<; fzrj rjTOi *
TrpoaeBpevcov KaTairoXe/uirjOfj ?) Kal virb r<7)v aXXcov
eyKaraXei^Ofi, irdvra pev rd MKoBop,r)p,eva Kare-
aTpeyjre, rrdvra Be rd Trapa^e^Xijfieva TrpoaBie-
<f)0eip€, Kal p,erd rovro e^ai(j)V7]<; dpa<^ e? %eaaaXiav
2 wp/JLTjaev. iv yap tw avro) tovtcd ^(^povw S^ to
^ ovv Leuncl., olv avTwv L. ^ virh supplied by Rk.
'^ rUV Rk., TUV T6 L. '^ ^TOl Bk. , toi L.
^ ^ supplied by Leuncl.
86
BOOK XLI
this task, Pompey was constructing palisades, cross- b.c. 48
walls and ditches, and placing towers on the eleva-
f tions and guards in them, so as to make the circuit of
f the encompassing wall complete and to make an attack
impracticable for the foe, even if they conquered.
There were meanwhile many, though slight, en-
counters between them, in which now one party, now
the other, was victorious or beaten, so that a few were
killed on both sides alike. Upon Dyrrachium itself
Caesar made an attempt by night, between the
marshes and the sea, in the expectation that it
would be betrayed by its defenders. He got inside
the narrows, but at that point was attacked both in
front and in the rear by large forces which had been
conveyed along the shore in boats and suddenly fell
upon him ; thus he lost many men and very nearly
perished himself. After this occurrence Pompey
took courage and planned a night assault upon the
enclosing wall ; and attacking it unexpectedly, he
captured a portion of it by storm and caused great
slaughter among the men encamped near it.
Caesar, in view of this occurrence and because
his grain had failed, inasmuch as the whole sea
and land in the vicinity were hostile, and because
for this reason some had actually deserted, feared
that he might either be defeated while watching his
adversary or be abandoned by his other followers.
Therefore he levelled all the works that had been
constructed, destroyed also all the parallel walls,
and thereupon set out suddenly and hastened into
Thessaly. During this same time, it seems, while
87
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
Avppd')(iov eTroXiopKelro, Aov/ci6<; re Kd(Taio<; Aoy-
ylvo<i Kol Tvalo<; Ao/jLLTLO^ K.a\oviPO<; e9 re rrjv
M.a/c€BovLav fcal €9 t7}v ^eaa-akiav vir* avrov
irefK^OevTe'i, Aoyylvo<i /jlcv evravOa viro re rod
%/CL7rL(ovo<; kol vtto XaSdXov @pa/c6^ tcr^i'pco?
3 icrcf)dX7j, KdXovlvo<; Be t^9 /nev M.aKeSovia(; viro
rov ^avarov dTredxidrj, AoKpcov Be Br) koI AItcoXwv
7rpoa)(^o)p7]advT(ov ol e? re Tr)v SeaaaXtav /xer*
avTcov eae^ake, /cat rov ^KCTrlayva iJbd')(ai<^, ttj jxev
Xoxicrdel^; rfj 8' dvTeveBpei)Ga<i, ei'iK-qae} koI dir
4 avTOV Kol 7roXe^9 Tiva^ TrpoaeTroLyaaro. evravd^
ovv 6 K.aL(7ap, &)9 Kal paov avv eKeivoL<i rrj<^ re
Tpo(f)r]<; evTTopijacov Kal rov iroXefjuov Bioiawv,
r)'irei')(67]. kol eTieiBr] ovBel<i avrov are KaKO)<^
ireirpayora eBe')(ero, rcov fiev dXXcov Kal cikcov
diretx^TO, T6/jL(J)01(; Be By 'TToXi')(yr] nvl SeaaaXiKrj
irpocnreaotiv Kal Kparrjcra'^ ttoXXov^; re eKreive Kal
5 irdvra ^ Bct^pTraaev, oirctx; Kal rov^; dXXov<; €K rov-
rov Kara^o^rjar). avriKa yovv M.r)rp67roXt(;, erepov
ri TToXia/jLa, ovBe €9 %efc/9a9 avrw yXOev, aX,V
ayua^el (hfioXoyrjae' Kai (j(f)a<; kukov ovBev Bpdcra<;
paov Kal dXXov^ nvd^ dcf) eKarepov TrpocreTrotij-
(raro.
52 Kal 6 fiev laxvpo'; avdi<; eyiy vera, Yiop,iTrjLO<; Be
ovK eTreBico^e p,ev avrov {vvKro^ re yap e^air Lvai(o<;
diravearriy Kal rov TTora/jibv rov Tevovuov airovBfj
Bie^T]), ovrco fxevroi rrjv yvcofirjv el')(ev ct)9 Kal
Bia7re7roXep,7}Kco^. KaK rovrov rb fiev rov av-
roKpdropo(} ovop^a eXa(3ev, ov pAvroi Kal ifjueya-
Xijyopet ri rj kol Bdcpvrjv nvd ral^ pd^Boi<;
Trepirj'^ev, Bva')(epaivwv eirl TroXirai^ rocovro ri
^ iyiKTfcre Leuncl., eveSpevtre L. ^ TTcffTW Xj''!., irdvTas L.
88
BOOK XLI
Dyrrachium was being besieged, Lucius Cassius b.c. 48
Longinus and Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus had
been sent by him into Macedonia and Thessaly.
Longinus had been disastrously defeated in Thessaly
by Scipio and by Sadalus, a Thracian ; and Calvinus
had been repulsed from Macedonia by Faustus, but on
receiving accessions from the l-rocrians and Aetolians
had invaded Thessaly with these troops, and after
being ambushed had afterwards set ambuscades
himself and conquered Scipio in battle, thereby
winning over a few cities. Thither, accordingly,
Caesar hastened, thinking that by uniting with these
officers he could more easily secure an abundance of
provisions and thus continue the war. When no
one would receive him, because of his reverses, he
reluctantly held aloof from the larger settlements,
but assaulted Gomphi, a little town in Thessaly ; and
upon taking it he put many to death and plundered
everything, in order that by this act he might inspire
the rest with terror. Metropolis, another town, for
example, did not even contend with him but forth-
with capitulated without a struggle ; and as he did
no harm to its citizens he more easily won over
some other places by his course in these two
instances.
. So he was once more becoming powerful. Pom-
pey did not pursue him, for he had withdrawn
suddenly by night and had hastily crossed the
Genusus river ; however, he was of the opinion that
he had brought the war to an end. Consequently
he assumed the title of imperator, though he uttered
no boastful words about it and did not even wind
laurel about his fasces, disliking to show such exul-
89
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
2 TTOtrjaac, i/c Be Brj tt}? avTrj<i TavTrj<; BiavoLa<;
ovoe 69 TTjV VraKiav ovr avro^ eirKevaev ovr
aXkov^ Tiva<; eTre/jLyjre, Kairoi paBlco^ av iraaav
avT7)v KaTa(T')((ov' tm re yap vavriKU) ttoXv
eKpoLTei, are TrevraKoaia^; vav<^ Ta)(^€ia<; ^X^^> coare
Travra'X^oae dfia Karapai, KaX ra iicei ovr dWax;
avT& r)')(6eT0, ovre, el /cal ra^ fidXtara rjWo-
3 rpLcoTO, d^i6p,a')(^d ye dvTLTroXe/JL^craL rjv. iroppco
T6 ^ yap Tov irepl avrrj^; Bo^at 'jToXe/juetv d^earr]-
Kevai i^ovXero, /cal (po^ov ovBeva TOt<; ev rfj
'Pco/jbr) Tore oven 7rapa(T')(^ecv rj^iov. T7]<s fiev ovv
'IraXta? Bid ravr ovk eTreipaaev, ov /jLtjv ovBe
€7re(TT€i\e tm kolvw irepl tmv TTpa^Oevrcov ovBev
eTTi oe orj tov Kauaapa fiera rovu op/jurjcra^; e?
rrjv (deaaaXiav d<pLKeTO.
53 ^ AvTLKadrifjbevwv Be avTwv dXXrjXoi^ tj fiev
6y\n^ rwv arparoTreBcov iroXefiov rtvd el/cova
ecpepev, rj Be Brj %/oeta tc!)v ottXodv w? Kal ev
elprjvr] riav)(a^e. to re yap fxeyeOo'^ tov klvBvvov
Biao-K07TovvT€<^, Kal TO dBifXov TO re ddTdO/jLrjTov
TMV Trpay/idTcov TrpoopcojjLevoc, Kai Tiva Kal alBco
TOV T€ ojuLO^vXov Kal T^9 avyyeveia^i €Tt ttolov-
2 fxevoL Bie/jieXXov, Kav tovto) Kal Xoyov^; irepl
(f)iXLa<; acjiiaiv dvTeTre/MTTOv, Kai Tiai Kal avvaX-
XayrjaeaOat Bid Kevrj<; eBo^av. aiTiov Be otl tov
T€ iravTO^ KpaTov^ dficjiOTepoL ecpLe/juevoL, Kal
TToXXfj fjuev (ptXoTi/jiia epc^vTW iroXXfj Be Kal
3 (j)iXoveiKia eirtKTiJTa) ')(^p(o/jLevoL (tt/oo? T€ ydp tmv
i<TOi)v Kal 7r/909 TMV OLKeioTaTCOv rjKKTTa Tive<;
eXaTTOv/jLevoi (f)epovo-iv) ovTe ti avy')((Jdpri(Tai
^ ra added by R. Steph. (and so V).
* irSppco T6 Bk., TToppwrepui L.
90
BOOK XLI
tation over the downfall of citizens. From this same b.c. 48
motive he neither sailed to Italy himself nor sent
any others there, though he might easily have taken
possession of it all. For with his fleet he was far
iperior, as he had five hundred swift ships and
could land at all points at the same time ; moreover,
the sentiment of that country was not opposed to
him in any c^se, and, even if it had been ever so
hostile, the people were no match for him in war.
But he wished to be far from giving the impression
that Italy was the stake for which he was fighting,
and did not think he ought to cause any fear to the
people who were then in Rome. Hence he made
no attempt on Italy, nor even sent to the govern-
ment any despatch about his successes ; but after this
he set out against Caesar and came into Thessaly,
As they lay opposite each other the appearance of
the camps bore, indeed, some semblance of war, but
their arms were idle as in time of peace. As they
considered the greatness of the danger and foresaw
the obscurity and uncertainty of the issue, and still
felt some regard for their common ancestry and their
kinship, they continued to delay. Meanwhile they
exchanged propositions looking toward friendship and
appeared to some likely even to effect an empty
reconciliation. The reason was that they were both
reaching out after the supreme power and were in-
fluenced greatly by native ambition and greatly
also by acquired rivalry, — since men can least en-
dure to be outdone by their equals and intimates ;
hence they were not willing to make any concessions
91
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
1
dWj]\oL^ r)6e\ov, oiairep d/jb^orepoL Kparrjo-a
Bvvd/JL€VOL, 0VT6 TTLCTTevCTaL, KCiV avfjiffaOf} ^ Tl \
iSvvavTO fir) ov rod ifkeiovo^ re del a<^a<^ opLyvrj- \
aeaOat koI virep rov iravro^ avOi<; crracridcrecv \
54 yvcofiT] /xev yap roaovrov dWijXcov Siecf)epov ocroi
UofJLTTTJio's fiev ovSevb^i dvOpcoTTCov Sevrepo^;, K^alaap
Be KOI TT/owTO? TrdvTcov elvai eTreOvfiei, koI 6 fxev
Trap* eKovrcov re rip^dcrOai kol iOeKovTwv irpoara-
relv ^iXelaOai re ecnrovha^e, tc5 he ovhev efieXev
el fcal dKovTcov (ip'^oi /cat /jLtaovaiv eTnrdaaoL,
2 Ta9 T€ Tfc/^a? at'To? eavrw hLhoit], rd pAvroL epya,
hi o)V t^Xttl^ov irdvO' oaa i/SovXovTo KaraTrpd^ecv,
dpL^orepOL op'Oico'^ /cat dvdy/cr) eiroiovv dhvvarov
yap Tjv avTOiv /caraTu^eti^ rivi prj ov tol<; re
olKeioi<; iroKep^ovvTL koI tov^ oOvelov^ iirl tov<;
6p,o<^v\ov<; dyovTL, Kal iroWd p^ev ')(^pripaTa
dBl/ccof; avKoiVTL, ttoXXou? he koI tmv (PLkTaTCOv
3 dv6p.(o<; KTeivovTLr' ware el Kal rat? iinOvpiiai^
hiTjWaTTOv , dWd ral^ ye irpd^eai, hi a>v diro-
irXrjpcoaeiv avrd^; '^Xttl^ov, (hpoiovvro. Kal hid
TOVT 01)9^^ vcfiievTo Tivo^ dXXrjXoL<;, Kaiirep
7roWa9 BiKai(ocreL<; irpoTeivap^evoi, Kal e? x^lpa'i
TeXevTcovre^; rjX6ov.
55 'Eyei^eTO he 6 dyoov pLeya<; Kal olo^ ou^ erepo^;.
avTOL re ydp apicrroi 7r/?09 iravra rd iroXep.ia Kal
evhoKip^doraroL hia(f)ava)<; ou^ on tmv ^Vcopbaiwv
dXXd Kal TMV dXXwv tcov rore ^ dvSpwirwv r/^i-
ovvTO eivar ola ^ yap eK iraihcdv re ev avTol<^ ,
'^aK7)p,€voi Kal hid Travrof; avToi<; aypiXrjKore^, epya
^ (rvfxfiaO^ St., (TviJ.^ai>drji L. - kt^ivovti Bk., Kreipavri L.
'^ toCt' 0^6' Rk., TovO" L. ^ T6Te H. Steph., re L.
^ ola Bk., 01 L.
92
BOOK XLl
i to each other, since each felt that he might- Avin, nor b.c. 48
^'ould they feel confident, if they did reach some
ujreement, that they would not be always striving to
gain the uj)per hand and would not fall to quarrel-
ling again over the supreme issue. In temper they
differed from each other to this extent, that PompTey
desired to be second to no man and Caesar to be
first of all, and the former was anxious to be .
honoured by a willing people and to preside over >
and be loved by men who fully consent, whereas I
the latter cared not at all if he ruled over even \
an unwilling people, issued orders to men who J
hated him, and bestowed the honours with his own
hand upon himself. The deeds, however, through
which they hoped to accomplish all that they wished,
were perforce common to both alike. For it was
impossible for any one successfully to gain these ends
without fighting against his countrymen, leading
foreigners against kindred, obtaining vast sums by
unjust pillage, and killing unlawfully many of his
dearest associates. Hence, even though they differed
in their desires, yet in their acts, by which they
hoped to realise those desires, they were alike.
Consequently they would not yield to each other on
any point, in spite of the many claims they put
forward, and finally came to blows.
The struggle proved a mighty one and un-
paralleled by any other. In the first place, the
leaders themselves had the name of being the
most skilled in all matters of warfare and clearly
the most distinguished not only of the Romans but
also of all other men then living. They had been
trained in arms from boyhood, had constantly been
93
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
re d^LoXoya diroheheL'yixevoi, kol iroWfj fiev dpeTfj
TToWy Se KoX TVXV fcexprjfievoi, koX d^ioaTparr}-
2 yriTOTaroL ^ koI d^iovcKoraroL rjaav koI Svvd/x€L<i
K.alcrap jxev rod re itoXltlkov to TrXetcrrov koI
/caOapcorarov, /cat ck Trj<; dX\7}<; ^iTaXtwi t^9 re
^\^r]pia<; kol rP]<; TdKaria<; 7rda7]<; rcov re vrjacov
a)v eKpdrei rov<^ fMa^i/jLcordrovf; el^e, TLo/jLTT'^lo'; Se
av)(vov(; /xev fcal e/c rr}? ^ovXrj<i rrj<; re tTTTraSo?
Kdx rcjv KaraXoycov errrj/cro, 7raiJL7rXr)6el<^ he rrapd
re rcov Xoittmv virrfKowv kol rrapa rcov evairovhwv
3 Kol hrjfjLwv KOL ^aacXecov rjOpoifcet. avev yap Br)
rov re ^apvaKov kol rod ^OpcoSov {kol yap
rovrov, Kairoi iroXepLLov dcf)* ov roij^; K.pdcraov^
direKretvev ovra, rrpoaeraLpiaaaOai eTTe')(^eipr)ae)
rrdvre^ ol dXXoi, ol /cal e<p oaovovv olKeL(i)6evre<^
TTore avrw, Kal ')(^pr}iiard ol eSco/cav, Kal /3o7)0€La<;
^01 fiev eTTefiyjrav ol Be ijyayov. 6 Be S?) TldpOo<;
virea^ero fiev avrw, dv rrjv Xvplav Xd/Sy,
(TV/jLp,a')(^7](Tei,v, fJiri rv^cbv Be avrr}^ ovk eiTrjpLVve.
rrpovypvro^^ 8' ovv ttoXv rov HofiTrrjlov rw TrXijdec,
e^Laovvro a(f)taiv ol rov ILaiaapo^ rfj pco/jur)' /cal
oi/TO)? dir^ dvrnrdXov irXeove^ia^; Kal laoppoiroi,
dXXrjXoL^i fcal laoKLvBvvoi eyiyvovro.
bO^ "Ea: re ovv rovrwv Kal e^ avrrj^; rrj<^ alrlaf; rrj<;
re v7ro6ecreco<i rov TroXe/jLOV d^ioXoyciorarog dyoav
(Tvvr)ve')(67]. 7] re yap TroXi? 97 rwv ^FcofiaLcov Kal
V ^PXV CLvr7]<; diraaa, Kal ttoXXt} Kal p,eydXrj
rjBr) ova a, dOXov cr<^iaL rrpovKeiro' evBifkov ydp
TTov Trdcfiv rjv on rS> rore Kparrfaavri BovXwdrj-
2 (Terat. rovro re ovv €KXoyi,^6/xevot, Kal rrpoden
Kal rcov TTporepcov epycov, Tlofi7r7]to<; jxev rrj<; re
^ a^ioaTparrjyr^TOTaToi Bk., a^ioaTpaTTjyrjKSTaroi L.
94
BOOK XLl
occupied with them^ had performed deeds worthy
of note, had been conspicuous for great valour
and also for great good fortune, and were there-
fore most worthy of commanding and most worthy
of victory. As to their forces, Caesar had the
largest and the most genuinely Roman portion of
the state legions and the most warlike men from
the rest of Italy, from Spain, and the whole of Gaul
and the islands that he had conquered ; Pompey had
brought along many from the senatorial and the
equestrian order and from the regularly enrolled
troops, and had gathered vast numbers from the
subject and allied peoples and kings. With the
exception of Pharnaces and Orodes (for he tried to
win over even the latter, although an enemy since
the time he had killed the Crassi), all the rest who
•had ever been befriended at all by Pompey gave
him money and either sent or brought auxiliaries.
Indeed, the Parthian had promised to be his ally
if he should receive Syria ; but as he did not get
it, he lent him no help. While Pompey, then,
greatly excelled in numbers, Caesar's followers were
their equals in strength ; and so, the advantages
being even, they were an equal match for each
other and the risks they incurred were equal.
As a result of these circumstances and of the very
cause and purpose of the war a most notable struggle
took place. For the city of Rome and its entire
empire, even then great and mighty, lay before them
as the prize, since it was clear to all that it would
be the slave of him who then conquered. When
they reflected on this fact and furthermore thought
of their former deeds, — Pompey of Africa, Sertorius,
95
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
^
'A<j)piKi)(i Kol Tov ^epTcopuov Tov T€ Mi,dpi,Bdrov
Kol TOV Tiypdvov Kol Tt}? 6a\d(T(Tr}<;, Kataap
Be Tr}? T€ TaXaTia<i koI Trj<; ^l^rjpia^ tov re
3 Fi]vov Kol ri]<i l^perravlaf;, dvafMLfivrjcrKo/jLevot,
KaX KivBvveveiv re /cat irepl iKeivoi<; r)<yov[jLevoi koI
irpoaKTrjaaaOaL ttjv dWi^ktov So^av cnTovhrjV
TTOiovjiievoc, Mpycov. rd re f^dp dWa tmv rjTTrjjjLe-
vcov Tol<i Kparovcrc irpoayiyverai /cal rj ev/cXeia on
p.d\L(7Ta' oacp yap dv pei^w kol Bwarcorepov
Ti? dvraywvLCTT'qv KaOeXrj, roaw teal avTO<; eirl
57 p-el^ov aiperac. koI hid tovto /cal Tol<i arpart-
coTttt? TToXXd pblv irapairXrjaia 3' ovv dWifkoL<^
iraprjveaav, elirovre^; irdvO^ oaa iv tm tolovtco
irpo^ T€ TO avTiKa tov klvSvvov Kal Trpo? to
eirecTa TTpeivei XeyeaOau. €k t6 yap Tr]<; avTfj<i
7ro\iT€La^ opp.(op.evoL Kal virep tmv avTOJV \6yov<;
2 TTOLOvp^evoi, Kal dW^\ov<; re Tvpdvvov^ Kal av-
Tov<i eXevOepcoTa^; avTcov Qvop,d^ovT€<;, ovhev acfiiai
Sidipopov elirelv €(T')(pv, aX\' otl toI^ p^ev diro-
Oavelv Tot9 Be acoOrjvai, Kal T0i9 p^ev al'X^paXcoTovf;
TOt? Be ev BecTTroTOV p,oipa irdvTa tg e')(eiv rj
TrdvTcop aTepTjOijvai Kal iraOelv rj iroirjcrai Beivo-
3 Tctra virdp^eL. rotaura? ovv Brj Tiva<; 7rapaLvecr€i<;
Tols '7To\iTai,<; TTOLrjadp^evoL, Kal irpoaeTL Kal ra
TMV vTrrjKocov TOiv T€ avpupid^wv irpo^ tg Td<;
eXTTtSa? TMV Kpeicraovcov Kal tt/oo? T0v<i <f)6^ov(;
Tcov ^eipovcov TrpoayayovTe^i avvej^aXov dWrj\oL<^
Tou? op,0(f)v\ov<^, Tou? avaKr)Vov<^, tou? avaaiTOV^,
4 Tov<i 6pbO(T7r6vBov<;. Kal tl dv rt? ra tcov dWcov
oBvpacTO, oTTOTe Kal avTol eKelvoi irdvTa t€ TavTa
aXX7]\ot(; 6Vt69, Kal irpoaeTi ttoWcov pev Xoycov
aTTOpp'^Tcov TToWcov Be Kal epycov opLoicov KeKOLVco-
96
BOOK XLI
Mithridates, Tigranes^ and the sea^ and Caesar of bc 48
Gaul, Spain, the Rhine, and Britain, — they were
wrought up to the highest pitch of excitement, be-
heving that those conquests, too, were at stake, and
each being eager to acquire the other's glory. For the
renown of the vanquished, far more than his other pos-
sessions, becomes the property of the victor, since,
the greater and more powerful the antagonist that
a man overthrows, the greater is the height to which
he himself is raised. Therefore they delivered to
their soldiers also many exhortations, but very much
alike on both sides, saying all that is fitting to be
said on such an occasion with reference both to the
immediate results of the struggle and to the sub-
sequent results. As they both came from the same
state and were talking about the same matters and
calling each other tyrants and themselves liberators
from tyranny of the men they addressed, they had
nothing different to say on either side, but stated
that it would be the lot of the one side to die, of the
other to be saved, of the one side to be captives, of the
other to enjoy the master's lot, to possess everything
or to be deprived of everything, to suffer or to inflict a
most terrible fate. After addressing some such
exhortations to the citizens and furthermore trying
to inspire the subject and allied contingents with
hopes of a better lot and fears of a worse, they hurled
at each other kinsmen, sharers of the same tent, of
the same table, of the same libations. Yet why should
any one, then, lament the fate of the others in-
volved, when those very leaders, who were all these
things to each other, and had, moreover, shared
many secret plans and many exploits of like character,
97
VOL. IV. H
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
vrjicore^, fcr]S6<; re Trore crvvayfrd/jLevoi koX to avTo
iraLhiov, 6 fiev 009 Trarrjp 6 Se co? Trdinros, d'ya-
iTrj<javT6<;, 6fMco<; e[id')(pvTo; oaa fyap rj <pvat<i to
alfjua avTcop fii^acra avveSrjae, tots TavTU tj}
dirXrjaTM ti)<; SvvacTTela'; iiriOvfJiia hueKvov /cat
BieaTrcov Koi Stepp'^yvvaav. /cat Be eKelvov^ ^
Kol T) 'T(t)/jL7} irepi T€ eavTjj kol Trpo? eavTrjv
ajjLa KLvBvveveiv iqvayfcd^eTO, wcrre kol viKrjaacra
r)TT7)07]VaC.
58 TocovTM fMev dyoyvL (Tvvr)V6'^6r)aav' ov ixevTOi
KOL €vOv<; avve/jLL^av, dX)C ola e/c re t^9 avTrj^
7raTpiBo<; kol ck tt}? avTrj^i eVrta? opfico/jLevoi, Kal
Ta T€ OTvXa TrapairXTjaia kol ra? ra^ei? 0fi0La<;
e^0VT€<;, M/cvovv fiev dp^ai Trj<; /jLd')(7)^, mkvovv Be
2 Kal <f)ov€V(TaL Tiva<; eKdTepot. cnyr) t€ ovv
dficpoTepcov Kal KaTrj^eia ttoWt) ^v, kol ovt€
TL^ avTOiV 69 Ta irp6(T(o Trpcpei '" ovd^ 0X0)9
eKLveiTOy aXX* i<yKV'^\ravT€<s ^Tpe/JLL^ov wcnrep
dyjrvypL. (f)0^7]d€VT6(i OVV 6 T€ K.at(Tap Kal
no/i,7r?;t09 pir) Kal eVt irkelov r)av')(^daavT€<i
dpL^\vT€poi 7rct)9 yivcovTac rj Kal auvaWaywac,
irpoaeTa^av airovBrj Tol<i ts (raXiTLKTal^ ar]pbrjvaL
3 Kal €K€LV0i<; avpL^orjaai to iroXepuiKov.^ Kal
i'TTpd')(67] pi6v €KdT€pov, ToaovTOv Be eBerjcrav
iTnppcoadrjvat wdTe Kal eirl puaXkov eK t€ t?}9 twv
aaXiTLKTOdv ^%'^9 6p,o(f)(i)vovcn]<; Kal eK t^9 eavTcov
j3orj<s 6p.oyXa)(Taov(Tr)<; to t€ 6pi6<j}v\6v a<f>cov
€^e(f)r]vav Kal to 6/jLoyeve<; e^rjKey^av, KaK tov-
Tov Kal 69 BdKpva Kal Bprjvov eireaov. oyjre S*
ovv TTOTe T(bv avpLpiaxi-Kcov TrpoKaTap^dvTcov Kal
^ iKctpovs Bk. , CKelvou L, ^ irpotjei R. Stepll. , vpoa-liiei L.
•^ TroKifxiK6v St., TroXefiiov L.
98
BOOK XLI
who had once been joined by domestic ties and had
loved the same child, one as a father, the other as
grandfather, nevertheless fought ? All the ties with
which nature, by mingling their blood, had bound them
together, they now, led by their insatiable lust of
power, hastened to break, tear, and rend asunder.
Because of them Rome was being compelled to fight
both in her own defence and against herself, so that
even if victorious she would be vanquished.
Such was the struggle in which they joined ; yet
they did not immediately come to close quarters.
Sprung from the same country and from the same
hearth, with almost identical weapons and similar
formation, each side shrank from beginning the
battle, and shrank from slaying any one. So there
was great silence and dejection on both sides ; no
one went forward or moved at all, but with heads
bowed they stood motionless, as if devoid of life.
Caesar and Pompey, therefore, fearing that if they
remained quiet any longer their animosity might be
lessened or they might even become reconciled,
hurriedly commanded the trumpeters to give the
signal and the men to raise the war cry in unison.
Both orders were obeyed, but the combatants were
so far from being imbued with courage, that at the
sound of the trumpeters' call, uttering the same notes,
and at their own shout, raised in the same language,
they showed their sense of relationship and betrayed
their kinship more than ever, and so fell to weeping
and lamenting. But after a long time, when the allied
troops began the battle, the rest also joined in, fairly
99
H 2
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
eKelvoi (TVve/jiL^av, €K(j)pov6<i iir avTOL<; yevo-
59 fJLevoi. KoX TOfc? yu-ei' aXXoi^, ol^ iroppwOev ?;
oKkt] rjv, rjTTOv to Beivov avve^aivev, ovSe
yap €t8oT€9 ou? e^aWov, iro^evov t^kovti^ov
2 ia(f)evB6v(ov' ol he St) oTrXlrac oL re liTTrrj^
'^(^aXeTrcoTaTa airrjXXaaaov, are yap ^ eyyi)^
dW'^Xcov 6Vt69 Kal Ti Kal XaXelv a^tai Svvd/jLevot
eyvcopi^ov re dfxa tov<; avrLTrapareray/jLevoVi Kal
eTLTpaxTKov, dveKokovv Kal e(f)6vevov, rcov ira-
3 rpiBcov i/jLefiv7]VTo Kal ecTKvXevov. ravra fxev oi
T€ ^VcofialoL Kal ol dWoi ol €k rfj<; 'IraXta?
crvarparevo/jievoi acpicnv, ottov irore irpoaTV'x^otev
dWr]Xoi,<;, Kal eirparTOv Kal e7raa')(pv' Kal
TToWol TToWa Kal oiKaSe Be avrcov rcov a^ayewv
4 eveTeXkovTO. to ^e virrjKoov Kal TrpoOv/jLco^; Kal
a<^€tSw9 eyLta^ero, ttoWtjv airovBrjV, coairep Trore
virep " T»79 (r^€Tepa<i eXevOepla^;, ovtco t6t€ Kara
rrjf; rcov ^Pcofialcov BovXelaf; iroLovp^evoi, e7n6v/jLia,
are ev irdaiv avT(ov eXaTTOvjuuevoi, ofioBovXov<;
(7(f)d<; e'x^etv.
60 M.€yL(TTT} T€ ovv r) pidyr] Kal TroXvTpoTrcordTTj
Bid T€ ravra Kal Bid rb ttXtjOo'^ to re iroXvecBe^
Trj<; TrapaaKevrjf; eyevero. rrdpLiroXXoL puev yap
orrXtrai irdpbTToXXot Be Kal iTTTrrj^, ro^orai re
erepoL Kal acpevBovijrat dXXoc 6vre<;, to re ireBiov
rrdv KareXa/3oVy Kal crKeBaaOevres 7roXXa')(7J p.ev
dXX'^Xot'^ ola op^ocTKevot, 7roXXa')(^fj Be Kal erepoi<;
2 dvapl^ epid')(pvro. irpoel'xpv Be ol Tlop,7rr)L€LOL rfj
re Imreia Kal rfj ro^eia, Kal Bid rovro rroppwOev
re eyKVKXovpbevoi rcva<; 7rpoa^oXaL<; al^vtBioc^
^ yap Bs., Kol L.
- vnep R. Stepll. , virh L,
lOO
BOOK XLI
beside themselves at what they were doing. Those
who fought at long range were less sensible of the
horror, as they shot their arrows, hurled their javelins,
and discharged their slings without knowing whom
they hit ; but the heavy-armed troops and the cavalry
had a very hard time of it, as they were close to each
other and could even talk a little back and forth ; at
one and the same moment they would recognize those
who confronted them and would wound them, would
call them by name and would slaughter them, would
recall the towns they had come from and would
despoil them. Such were the deeds both done and
suffered by the Romans and by the others from Italy
who were with them on the campaign, wherever they
met each other. Many sent messages home through
their very slayers. But the subject force fought
both zealously and relentlessly, showing great zeal,
as once to win their own freedom, so now to secure
the slavery of the Romans ; they wanted, since they
were reduced to inferiority to them in all things, to
have them as fellow-slaves.
Thus it was a very great battle and full of diverse
incidents, partly for the reasons mentioned and
partly on account of the numbers and the variety of
the armaments. There were vast bodies of heavy-
armed soldiers, vast bodies of cavalry, in another
group archers and still others that were slingers, so
that they occupied the whole plain, and scattered
over it, they fought often with each other, since they
belonged to the same arms, but often also with men
of the other arms indiscriminately. The Pompeians
surpassed in cavalry and archers ; hence they would
surround troops at a distance, employ sudden assaults.
lOI
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
i)(^p(bvTO, KoX avvTapd^avTe<i avTOv^ e^ave^oopovv,
sir avdi<^ Koi fxciTC avOi^; eTreridevTo crcfytai, rore
3 fiev ivravOa rore Se eKelae /jLeOiard/jievoL. ol ovv
^aiadpeLOL ravrd re i<j>v\daaovTO, koX rd^;
Ttt^et? cr(f)(i)v e^eXiaaovre'^ avTiirpoawTroi re del
rot? Trpoa^dWovaiv ^ iylyvovTO koI ofiocre avTo2<;
')((£> povvTe'^ Tcov re dvSpcov kol tmv lttttcov^
dvreXa/jL^dvovTo, 7rpodv/jLa)<; ay ojvt ^6 /Jiev or kol
yap ire^ol rot? linTevaLv avrwv kov^ol eir avro
4 TOVTo cruz/ereTa^aTO. fcal ravra ov KaO^ ev,^
coGirep eliToVy dWd iroWaxfi d/jua crTTopdSrjv
iylyvero, wcrre tmv fiev iroppcoBev /j.a)(Ofjbevcov rcov
' Se avcrraSov dywvL^op,ev(ov, KaX tmv /jl6v iraiovrcov
rLvd<i T(ov Se 'Traraaaojiievcov, ^evyovrcov irepayv,
hicoKovrcov dWcov,^ TroXXa? fiev Tre^o/xa^ta?
5 TToWa? Se Kal iTTTro/xa^ta? opdaOai, Kav rovrw
Kal irapd So^av ^ av^pd avve^aive. Kal yap
Tpey\ra<; Tt? nva erpeTrero, Kal dWo<; eKK\iva<;
Tiva avTeTrerWeTO avrw' TrXrj^a^i n^ erepov
auTo? eTLTpdxJKero, Kal ireTTTCOKoxf aXXo? rov
earrjKora direKTivvve. Kal ttoWoI fxev Kal
drpwTOL eOvrjaKov, ttoWoI Be Kal rjixiOvrfre'^
6 e<p6vevov. Kal ol fiev e^aipov Kal iiraLcovi^ov, ol
Be iXvTTOVVTO Kal oyXocfyvpofro, coare ^orj<i Kal
arevayfiMv Trdvra TrXrjpayOrjvat, Kal rot? /jLev
irXeioai Kal ck tovtov Tapa')(rjV eyyevkaOai {rd
yap Xeyo/jueva dar^p^d acfyiai Sid re to dWoe6ve<i
Kal 8id TO dXkoOpoov ovra heivoif; avrov^
^ TTpoff^aKXovaiP Xiph., trpoffBaXoviTLV L.
^ 'linroju Xiph., 'nnrewv L. ^ Ka6' '4v Rk., ;ca6' era L.
^ &\Xo}v Xiph., kr^pwv L.
•'' Traph. ^6^o.v Xiph., irapaho^avri L.
102-
BOOK XLl
and retire after throwing their opponents into con- b.c. 48
fusion ; then they would attack them again and again,
turning now to this side and now to that. The
Caesarians, therefore, were on their guard against
this, and by wheehng round always managed to face
their assailants, and when they came to close quarters
with them, would seize hold of both men and horses
in the eagerness of the struggle ; for light-armed
infantry had been drawn up with their cavalry for
this very purpose. And all this took place, as I said,
not in one spot, but in many places at once, scattered
all about, so that with some contending at a dis-
tance and others fighting at close quarters, this body
smiting its opponents and that group being struck,
one detachment fleeing and a second pursuing, many
infantry battles and many cavalry battles as well
were to be seen. Meanwhile many incredible things
were taking place. One man after routing another
would himself be turned to flight, and another who
had avoided an opponent would in turn attack him.
One soldier who had struck another would be wounded
himself, and a second, who had fallen, would kill the
enemy who stood over him. Many died without being
wounded, and many when half dead kept on slaying.
Some were glad and sang paeans, while the others
were distressed and uttered lamentations, so that all
places were filled with shouts and groans. The
majority were thrown into confusion by this fact, for
what was said was unintelligible to them, because of
the confusion of nations and languages, and alarmed
them greatly, and those who could understand one
103
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
i^eirX/qacre), rol'^ 8e hr] avvietcTLv dW'^Xcov ttoX-
Xaifkdcnov to KaKOV avfi^Pjvat' 7rpo<; yap roL<;
ISlol<; a(f)a)v iraBrjfjbaaL koI tcl to)V ireXa'^ koI
eoipcov d/jia koI rjKOvov.
61 TeXo? he, laopp6iT(o<^ avroiv iirl /laKporarov
dyfovLaa/jievcov, koX ttoWmv d/jLcf^orepcoOev o/xoiox;
Kal TreaovTCOv koI rpcoOevrayv, o TlofJb7rr)t.o<; are fcal
^Aaiavov Kal dyv/juvacrrov to ifKelov rov arparov
e'X(ov 7)TT7]0r), Mcnrep irov Kal irpb rod epyov at
2 iSehijXcoro' Kspavvoi re yap e? to crrparoTreSov
avTOV eaeireaov, Kal irvp depiov virep t^? toO
J^aicrapo'i Ta<ppeia<i (pavev e? tt)?^ eKsivov Kare-
aKijyJre, rd re arjfiela avrov rd crrpaTLcoTiKa
jxekiaaai Trepiea'^ov, Kal iroWd tmv lepeloiv
avTol<^ rjhr) to?? ^(OfioLf; irpoaayopLeva i^iSpa.
3 Kal ovTO) ye Kal 7rp6<^ tou? dWov<s dvdp(i)7Tov<; 6
dywv eKelvo^ ereivev ware 'iTo'\Xa')(o6i ev ^ avrrj rfj
Trj<; fid')(T]^ rifjbepa Kal arparoTreScov (tvv6Sov<;
Kal ottXcov KTV7rov<; av/jb^7]vat, ev re Tlepydfim
rv/jLTrdvcov re nva Kal KvjJL^dXcov 'yfrocfyov €k rov
Alovvg-lov dpOevra hid 7rda7)<; rrj<; TroXeo)?
4 ')((opriaaL, Kal ev TpdXXecrc (boivLKa re ev ro) rrj<;
^i,K7j<; vacp dva^vvac Kal rrjv Oeov avrrjv tt/oo?
CLKova rov }^aLaapo<i ev TrXayitp ttov Keifievtjv
fieraarpa^rjvac, Tot? re Xvpoi^; Svo rivd<; veavi-
aKOV^ TO TeXo? rrj<; fid')(r}<; dyyeiXavTa<^ d(f)av€L<;
yeveaOac, Kal ev TlaraovL(p rrj<; vvv ^ira\ia<i rore
he en TaXarLa<^ 6pvi6d<; rtva^; ou^ on hiayyetXcn
5 avrrfv dXXd Kal hel^ai rporcov nvd' Vdio^ yap
Ti9 ^^opviffKio^ irdvra rd yevofxeva dKpi^S><; re e^
avrcov ereKfjbrjparo Kal rol^ irapovaiv e^rjyijaaro.
^ iroKXax^Oi iv Rlc, iroWaxoQ^v L.
104
BOOK XLI
another suffered a calamity many times worse ; for b.c. 48
in addition to their own misfortunes they could hear
and at the same time see those of their neighbours.
At last, after they had carried on an evenly-
balanced struggle for a very long time and many on
both sides alike had fallen or been wounded, Pompey,
since the larger part of his army was Asiatic and
untrained, was defeated, even as had been made
clear to him before the action. For thunderbolts
had fallen upon his camp, a fire had appeared in the
air over Caesar's camp and had then fallen upon his
own, bees had swarmed about his military standards,
and many of the victims after being led up close to
the very altar had run away. And so far did the
effects of that contest extend to the rest of mankind
that on the very day of the battle collisions of
armies and the clash of arms occurred in many places.
In Pergamum a noise of drums and cymbals rose
from the temple of Dionysus and spread throughout
the city ; in Tralles a palm tree grew up in the
temple of Victory and the goddess herself turned
about toward an image of Caesar that stood beside
her ; in Syria two young men announced the result
of the battle and vanished ; and in Patavium, which
now belongs to Italy but was then still a part of
Gaul, some birds not only brought news of it but
even acted it out to some extent, for one Gains
Cornelius drew from their actions accurate informa-
tion of all that had taken place, and narrated it to
105
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
ravra jnev iv avrf} iKeivrj rfj i)/JL6pa 009 efcaara ^
avvr]ve')(6r], koI 'jrapa'^prj/xa jxev rjiriCTTelTO, oiairep
eiKO^; r]V, dyyeXdevrcov Be rcov irpa'^OevTcov
iOav/jbd^ero.
62 Tcov Be Brj T[o/jL7r7]i,€L(ov rcov fjurj ^ iv %€/9(Tt
(f)OapevTcov 01 jjuev €(f)vyov oirrj ttotc rjBvv^Orjaav,
ol Be Kol fxera tovto • ^ kol avrwv 6
J^alcrap tou? /mcv iv rw Terayfjievw (tt parevoixevov^^
69 ra eauTOv arparoireBa iaeypa^^e, fjur/Bev (T<piai
2 fivr]criKaK7]cra(;, rwv Be Brj ^ovXevrcov rcov re
iTTTrecov ocTov^i fjiev koI irpoTepov irore r}prjKco<;
r]\€rjKet, direKreive, irXrjv et * Tiva<; ol (jyiXot avrov
i^rjrrjdavTO (tovtoi^ yap eva eKaarq) Tore croyaai
3 auve^coprjae), tou? Be \oL7rov<; tou9 rore irptarov
avrnroXe/jiijcravTaf; avrw dcf)rJK€v, eIttwv otl " ovBev
fie^ rjBiKrjKao-LV dl ra TOvUo/jbTrrjlov (f)L\ov <j(f)iaiv
6Vto9 iaiTovBacrav, firjBe/jLiav evepyeaiav Trap
4 ifJU)V 6^0^X69." TO S' aVTO TOVTO Kal 7ry0O9 T0V9
Bvvd(TTa<^ T0U9 re BrjfMOV^ tou9 o-vvapa/jLevov<; ol
iTTOiriae' irdat yap avTol^ avveyvo), ivvowv otl
aiJTo<; fjuev rj Tiva rj ovBeva ^ avTMV ^Trtcrraro, Trap'
ixeivov Be Brj iroWd Kal dyaOa TrpoeTreTrovdecrav.
5 Kal TToXv ye Tourou9 [xdWov iirriveL twv
evepyecriav fxev Tiva irapd tov Tlo/jLTrrjiov Trpo-
Xa/SovTfjov, iv Be Brj T0t9 klvBvvol^ avTov iyKaTaXi-
6 TTovTcov TOL'9 fJiev ydp Kal eavTa> Bo^ evvoia<;
eaeauat 'tjXTn^e, tou9 oe, ev Kai Ta /xaXiaTa eoo^av
TL ol Kal ^(apiaaadaL, dXXd rrpoB6Ta<^ ye tov vvv
^ €Ka<TTa Oddey, tikkxtu L. '^ fi^ Reim., ^fv L.
3 Lacuna recognized by Xyl.
â– * el H. Steph., -^ L. ^ fie H. Steph., fj.ev L.
'' ij Tiva fi ouSeVa Cobet, ^ ohZiva ¥i Tiva L.
106
BOOK XLI
the bystanders. These several things happened b.c. 48
on that very same day and though they were_,
not unnaturally, distrusted at the time_, yet when
news of the actual facts was brought, they were
marvelled at.
Of Pompey's followers who were not destroyed
on the spot some fled whithersoever they could,
and others [were captured ^J later on. Those of
them who were soldiers of the line Caesar enrolled
in his own legions, exhibiting no resentment. Of
the senators and knights, however, he put to death
all whom he had previously captured and spared,
except some whom his friends begged off; for he
allowed each friend on this occasion to save one
man. The rest who had then for the first time
fought against him he released, remarking : " Those
have not wronged me who supported the cause of
Pompey, their friend, without having received any
benefit from me." This same attitude he adopted
toward the princes and the peoples who had as-
sisted Pompey. He pardoned them all, bearing in
mind that he himself was acquainted with none or
almost none of them, whereas from his rival they
had previously obtained many favours. Indeed, he
praised these far more than he did those who, after
receiving favours from Pompey, had deserted him in
the midst of dangers ; the former he could reasonably
expect would be favourably disposed to him also, but
as to the latter, no matter how anxious they seemed
to be to please him in anything, he believed that,
inasmuch as they had betrayed their friend in this
^ This is the idea to be supplied if we follow Plutarch
{Gaes. 46, 2) ; but Caesar's own account (B.C. iii. 98 f.) would
suggest rather "surrendered."
107
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
(f)i\ov y€vo/jievov<^ ovBe iavrov irore (peitrecrdat ^
63 ivOfJLL^e. T6fCfJL7]piOV ^6 OTL %aBdX0V fJUeV TOV
SpaKo<; KoX Arjiordpov rov TaXdrov, KaiTOC koI
iv rfi fid')(^rj yevojuLevcov, TapKovBifiorov ^ re ev
fiepet fiiv TLVL t^9 KtXt/cta? hvvaxTTevovro^i,
Trkelarov Se avro) tt/do? to, vavriKO, ^07]6r)G-avTO^,
2 i^eicraTO. ri >yap Bet tou? dWov<; tol'9 ra? crv/Jb-
/jLttX^CL'^ Tri/jLylravraf; KardXeyecv, 0I9 fcal avrol^
(rvyyvcofjLrjv evei/xe, ')(^p^fiaTa fjuovov Trap' avrcov'^
Kapoov; aWo yap ovoev oure eopacre a(pa<; out
d^eiKero,^ Kaiirep iroWcov iroWa koI fieydXa, ra
/lev irdXai ra oe koI rore, irapd rou Uofiirrjiov
3 elXTj(f)6T0)V. fJiepo^ fiev ydp rt t^9 'Apyu,ei^ta9 t?}9
rov Arjiordpov yevo/jb€V7]<; ^ Apiol3ap^dv€L rw rrjc;
K.a7r7raBoKLa<i ^acnXet eBwKev, ov fxevroi /cal rov
Arjtorapov ev rovrw tl e^Xa'^Jrev, dXXa koI irpoG-
evripyeTTjaev ^ ov yap eKeivov Triv ')((i)pav direre-
fMero, aXX' vtto rov ^apvd/cov irdcrav rrjv^ Kpfieviav
KaraXrj^Oelaav KaraXa^oDV rb fiiv re avrrjf; rw
^Apio^ap^dveL rb Be Brj rw Arjiordpw e')(apia-aro.
4 Ka\ rovroi<; fJuev ovrco^; e^pT^craro* rw Be Br] ^apvdxj)
TTpo^aXXofievcp on /jlt) irpoaajjuvvai rep TIop^Trrjiay,
Kcifc rovrov avyyvcofiTjf; e(f)^ oh €7re7roL7]/cei rv)(elv
d^LOVvri, oure eveipiev emeLKe^^ ovBev, kol irpoaeri
Kal avrb rovr eireKaXeaev, on Kal irovypb'; /cat
5 dvoaio^ irepl rbv evepyerrjv eyevero. roaavrt) jxev
Kal (piXavOpcoTTLa Kal dperfj 7rpo9 drravraf; rov<;
dvri7roXe/jL^aavra<; avrro eTriirav ^ i^p^TO' dfieXei
^ (pfiaeaOai H. Steph., (pelaaaQai L.
" TapKouSiiJ.6TOv R. Steph., rapKOV^oixoTOv L.
^ avTcov R. Steph., avTov L. ^ acpeiXero St., a(pel\aTO L.
^ trpocrevripyeTrjaev St., â– npoa^v^pyirricnv L.
" iirlvav Kiliper, tf-jnjrau L.
108
BOOK XLI
crisis they would, on occasion, not spare him either.
A proof of his feeling is that he spared Sadalus the
Thracian and Deiotarus the Galatian, who had been in
the battle, and Tarcondimotus, who was ruler of a por-
tion of Cilicia and had been of the greatest assistance
to Pompey in the matter of ships. But what need is
there to enumerate the rest who had sent auxili-
aries, to whom also he granted pardon, merely exact-
ing money from them ? He did nothing else to them
and took from them nothing else, though many had
received numerous large gifts from Pompey, some
long ago and some just at that time. He did give
a certain portion of Armenia that had belonged to
Deiotarus, to Ariobarzanes, king of Cappadocia, yet
in this he did not injure Deiotarus at all, but rather
conferred an additional favour upon him. For he
did not curtail his territory, but after occupying all
of Armenia previously occupied by Pharnaces, he
bestowed one part of it upon Ariobarzanes and an-
other part upon Deiotarus. These men, then, he
treated in this wise. Pharnaces, on his side, made a
plea that he had not assisted Pompey and therefore,
in view of his behaviour, deserved to obtain pardon ;
but Caesar showed him no consideration, and
furthermore reproached him for this very thing,
that he had proved himself base and impious toward
his benefactor. Such humanity and uprightness did
he show throughout to all those who had fought
against him. At any rate, all the letters that were
109
^
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
Kol ra ypd/jL/jLara ra ^ airodera to, ev toi<; tov
TlofJLTrrjtov Ki^coTLOi<; eupeOevra, oaa tivmv Tr)V re
7r/309 i/celvov evvotav kol Trfv 7rpo<^ eavrov Svcrvoiav
7]X€<y')(^ev, ovT ave'yv(o ovr' i^eypd-ylraro dX)C
6 ev6v<i KaTe(pX€^€V, otto)? jjLi^Sev air avrmv heivov
dvayKaadfi Spdaat, coare rcvd koI Boa ravra tou9
iTTc/SovXevaavraf; avTw jiiarjaai. tovto Be ovk
dXk(i)<; elirov, aXA,' on kol 6 J^aLTricov '^ o B/joOto?
o yiapKo^y 6 fiera tovto avTov diroKTeiva^, kol
eaX(o VTT* avTov koI iacodi].
^ ra added by Rk. ^ Kaiiticcv Leuncl., Kaniuv L.
no
BOOK XLI
found filed away in Pompey's chests which convicted b.c. 48
any persons of good-will toward the latter or ill-will
toward himself he neither read nor had copied, but
burned them immediately, in order not to be forced
by what was in them to take severe measures ; and
for this reason, if no other, one ought to hate the
men who plotted against him. I make this state-
ment with a particular purpose, since Marcus Brutus
Caepio, who afterwards killed him, was not only
captured by him but also spared.
Ill
BOOK XLII
TciSe fPiffriv iv TcfJ TcrrapaKoaT^ Sei/rep^ rwv Aiwpos
'?u)fjia'iKvv
a. 'Cis nofXTT-fjios TjTTriOels iu ©eccaAto €(pvyev els ktyvinov koX
airedavev.
B. 'n,s Kaiffap nofiTrijiov iTriSicoKwv fls AlyvirTOV ^\dey.
y. 'lis yiyyiKQti to. Kara Kaiaapa Kal TiofX'n'fjiov els 'Pdofirji' Ka) &'
4\f/7](pi(TavTo TCf Kaicrapi.
5. 'ris iaTaaiaaap ol iu 'Pdjur] irapa rr]v tov Kalffapos awoSTj/xiav.
€. 'n,s Kaiaap Alymrriois Tro\e/jL-f)(ras KarearperpaTO avrovs Kal rp
KXeoirdrpa ^X'^P**'^'*''"*'-
^. 'ris Ka7<Tap ^apvaKtjv iv'iKrjcrev.
T]. 'Hs Ka7aap es 'P(t)jbLr)v iiravriXde koI ret iv outt) Koreo'T^ffOTO.
0. 'ns Ka7(Tap is ^AtppiK^v iffrpdrevaev.
Xp6vov irXrjOos ra \onrci, rrjs F.^ 'lov\lov Kalaapos rh fi' Kal
TlovirXtov ^epovi\lov 'IcravpiKov virarelas Kal &Wo eros eV, iv
(f) &pxovTes ol apidfxovixevoi o'lSe iyevovro
r. 'louAiOS r. vl. Kalixap ZiKrdrwp rh )8' '^
M. 'KvTwvios M. vl. 'lirirapxos
uTTaToj 5e
K, ^ov<pio5 K. vl. KoAtJvos
n. Ovarivios'^ IT. vl.
'H fjuev ovv /jid'xrj roiavrr) Sjj tl^ iyevero, Kal
aii avTrj<; 6 Uo/jLTnjtof; iravrcov tmv iavrov
TTpay/JLarcov irapa'X^prjixa aireyva), Kal ovKer ovre^
T-^? tSta? ap6Tr]<; oure tov tmv Xolttcov aTpaTicoTcov
^ $L supplied by Xj'l. (in transl.).
- rrjs r. Bs., TTJs Reim., err) y L.
3 L has vtt' after &' ; Xyl. deleted.
112
BOOK XLII
The following is contained in the Forty-second of Dio's
Iio7ne : —
How Pompey, defeated in Thessaly, fled to Egypt and
perished (chaps. 1-5).
How Caesar, pursuing Pompey, came into Egypt (chaps, 6-9).
How the news about Caesar and Pompey was announced at
Rome, and what decrees were passed in honour of Caesar
(chaps. 17-20).
How the people in Rome fell into strife during Caesar's
absence (chaps. 21-33).
How Caesar fought and subdued the Egyptians and made a
present of them to Cleopatra (chaps. 34-44).
How Caesar conquered Pharnaces (chaps. 45-48).
How Caesar returned to Rome and settled matters there
(chaps. 49-55).
How Caesar led an expedition into Africa (chaps. 56-58),
Duration of time, the remainder of the consulship of
C. Julius Caesar (II) and Publius Servilius Isauricus, together
with one additional year, in which there were the magistrates
here enumerated : —
B.C,
47 C, lulius C, F, Caesar, dictator (II), M, Antonius AT. F.,
master of horse, and the two consuls Q, Fufius Q, F.
Calenus and P, Vatinius P. F.
Such was the general character of the battle. As b.c. 4S
a result of it Pompey straightway despaired of all
his projects and no longer took any account of his
own valour or of the multitude of troops remaining
* Ovarivios R, Steph,, ovaurivos L.
^ otjre Pilugk, ovSe L.
I I,
VOL. IV. I
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
ttXtjOov^ ovd^ OTL TToWaKC^; Tj TV')(7] hi i\a')([aTov
Tov<i irralaavra'i avaXafi^dvet Xoyia/jLov riva
iTTOLTjGaTo, KaiTTep ev rw ivpoadev "X^povw irXel-
arov jjuev to evdvfjbov ttX^cttov Be to eveXiri
irapa Trdvra oaa ia(f)d\r] del ttotc a'^dtv.
2 dtnov he otl ev fxev eKeivoL^ avTiirako's w?
TTXrjOei T0t9 ivavTiOLf; oiv ov TrpoeXdfi^ave rfj
yvdyjirj t^z^ viKrjv, aXX' evr' dfx^oTepa ttjv eK^aaiv
T(ov Trpay/ndrcov, ev re tm Oapaovvri koX irplv e?
KaTdirX/q^iv riva dcpiKeaOai, TrpoaKOTrcov ov/c
rj/jLeXec ttj^ tov ')(eipovo<^ Oepaireia^i, koI hid tovt
01)6* VTveLKeiv ral<; (TV/jL(f)opaL<; 'i^vay/cd^ero koX
dvapbd')(e<j6aL paBiw^ eBvvaro, rore Se TroXXo) tov
Kauaapof; TTepia')(rjaeiv eXTriaa^ ovSev TrpoelSeTO.
3 ovKovv ^ ovhe to aTpaToweSov ev eTriT7]hei(p
eTTOLTjaaTO, ou8' dvad>vyr]v ovSe/ibav rjTT7]0€VTC ol
irapeaKevaae' Tpl'^ai Te BvvrjOel^ av tcl irpdyfMaTa,
KaK TovTov d/iayel KpaTrjaai {aTpaTO^; re yap
KaO* efcdaTTjv rj/iiepav avTW TrpoaeyiyveTO, /cat tcl
eTTLTTJBeia d(j)6ova uTe ev Te (f)iXia ttj TrXeicrry
X^P^ ^^ '^^^ vavKpaTcov elx^v), ofjbWf;, etre
e6eXovTr]<; &)? koI TravTCCx; viKTjacov, etre fcal vtto
4 TMV avvovTwv eK^LaaOeL<;, (TvvejSaXe, koX Bid
TavT, eTreLBf) Ta^icrra €vtKi]Or), B€ivct)<; e^eirXdyrj
Kol ovTe TL ^ ^ovXevfjua Kaipiov ovt eXiriBa
jSe^aiav €? to dvaKivBuvevcrat ecr^GV. OTav ydp
TL d'irpoaBoKr)T(o<^ Te tlvl koX fieTa irXeiaTOv
irapaXoyov TrpoaTrecrj), to Te (ppovrj/jia avTOv
TaTreivoL koX to XoyL^ofievov eKirXrjaaei, wctt
avTOV /cdKKTTOv Te KoX daOeveaTaTOV tcov
5 TTpUKTeoyv KpiTrjv yeveaduL' ov ydp eOeXovaiv ol
^ OVKOVV Bk., OVKOVV L. '^ OVTC Tl Xlph., OVTl (Tl L.
114
BOOK XLII
to him or of the fact that Fortune often restores
the fallen in a moment of time ; yet previously
he had always possessed the greatest cheerfulness
and the greatest hopefulness on all occasions of
failure. The reason for this was that on those oc-
casions he had usually been evenly matched with
his foe and hence had not taken his victory for
granted ; but by reflecting beforehand on the two
possible issues of events while he was still cool-
headed and was not yet involved in any alarm he
had not neglected to prepare for the worst. In this
way he had not been compelled to yield to disasters
and had always been able easily to renew the conflict ;
but this time, as he had expected to prove greatly
superior to Caesar, he had taken no precautions.
For instance, he had not placed his camp in a
suitable position, nor had he provided a refuge for
himself in case of defeat. And whereas he might
have delayed action and so have prevailed without a
battle, — since his army kept increasing every day
and he had abundant provisions, being in a country
for the most part friendly and being also master of
the sea, — nevertheless, whether of his own accord,
because he expected to conquer in any event, or
because his hand was forced by his associates, he joined
issue. Consequently, as soon as he was defeated, he
became greatly terrified and had no opportune
plan or sure hope to enable him to face the danger
anew. Thus it is that whenever an event befalls a
man unexpectedly and contrary to all calculation, it
humbles his spirit and strikes his reason with panic,
so that he becomes the poorest and weakest judge
of what must be done. For reason cannot dwell
115
I 2
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
n
\o>yi(T/jLol Tot? <f)6^0L(; (Tvvelvaiy aXka civ fiev
TTpoKaraa ')((£> a i Tiva, koX fxaXa yevvaloyf; avTovs
CLTrcoOovvTai,, av K varepijacoacv, rjTTMPrai.
2 Aia [lev 6r) ravra kol 6 TioixTrrjio^i co? ovBev
avTO)v TrpoevoTjcre, kol yvfjivo^ /cat a(ppaKTO<; ev-
peOrj, Ttt^' av /jltj ^aXeTTW?, ecTrep rt irpoeciyparo}
Trdvra Bia ra^eoyv dva/cT7]crdp,6VO(;. to)V re yap
/jL€/jLaxVf^^^^^ (^vxyol irepieyeyoveaav, kuI irepa^;
Svvd/jL€L<i ov (jjJiiKpd^ €^X^' '^^ "^^ /liyLarov Kal
')(pt]fiaTa iroWd i/cefCTrjro Kal t^9 da\daar]<i
d7rd(T7]<; iKpdret, a!i re ttoXbl^ /cat at avrov
Kal at iv TTJ 'Acrta Kal Svarvxv^^vra avrov
2 rjydTTwv. vvv S' iireihrjirep e(j> w /jidXicrra
iOdpaei KaKco<; dirrjWa^ev, ovSe eKSivcov ovSevl
VTTO rrj^i avTLKa rod <p6/3ov 7rpoa^6\,rj<; iy^prjaaro,
dWa TO T€ epvfia ev6v<^ i^eknre Kal TTyoo? Adpia-
3 aav /jLer oXlycov e^vye. Kal e? fiev ttjv itoKlv ovk
earfkOe Kairoi tmv Aapiaaaicov iaKaXovvrcov,
^ojBrfdel^ IMYf Tiva alrlav ck tovtov ocpXcocnv aXX'
iK€Lvov<; fjLev t& Kparovvn Trpocrxfopr^a-ac €K€-
Xevaev, avTo^ Se rd re iTnrySeta Xaffcov Kal eirl
Tr)v OdXaaaav Kara^d^; 69 Aia^ov oXKdSi ^ 7rp6<;
T€ TTJV yvvaLKa Tr]v K.opvr]\lav Kal 7rp6<; top vlbv
4 Tov 'Ee^Tov ^ e7r\ev(T€. Kal avT0v<; irapaXa^oiv
Kal /jLTjSe 69 TTJV M.VT i\rjvr)v * iaeXOoyv i<; At-
yvTTTOV dirrjpe, avfjifxax^av irapd tov TlToXefiaLov
TOV l3aaiX€vovTO<; avTrj<; cr^T^cre^z^ iXTriaa'^' tov
T€ yap UroXe/jLaiov tov Btd tov Fa^iviov t^^*
^ irpoewparo Bk., irpoewpaTO L.
'^ 6\KdSi R. Steph. , 6\Kd5a L.
^ Here and in the majority of instances elsewhere the Mss.
read ai^arov, but Xiph. and Zon. usually have ae^rov.
* MvtiXt^utjv Dind. , fxnvXi]V7)v L.
ii6
BOOK XLll
with fear ; if it occupies the ground firsts it boldly b.c. 48
thrusts the other out,, but if it be last on the field,
it gets the worst of the encounter.
Hence Pompey, also, having considered none of
the chances beforehand, was found naked and de-
fenceless, whereas, if he had taken any precautions,
he might, perhaps, without trouble have quickly
recovered everything. For large numbers of the
combatants on his side had survived and he had
other forces of no small importance. Above all, he
possessed large sums of money and was master of
the whole sea, and the. cities both there and in Asia ^
were devoted to him even in his misfortune. But, as
it was, since he had fared ill where he felt most con-
fident, through the fear that seized him at the
moment he made no use of any one of these re-
sources, but left the camp at once and fled with a
few companions toward Larissa. He did not enter
the city, although the inhabitants invited him to do
so, because he feared that they might incur some
blame in consequence ; but bidding them go over
to the victor, he himself took provisions, went down
to the sea, and sailed away on a merchantman to
Lesbos, to his wife Cornelia and his son Sextus. ^
After taking them on board, he did not enter Mity-
lene either, but dej^arted for Egypt, hoping to
secure an auxiliary force from Ptolemy, the king of
that country. This was the son of that Ptolemy
who had received back the kingdom at his hands.
117
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
^1
^aaiXeiav Trap avrov aiToka^ovTO^ vio<; rjv, Koi
Sta rovTo Kol to vavTLKov 6? eTTtKOvpiav ol iire-
5 TTofx^ei. TjKovaa fiev yap on, Kal e? UdpOov<;
(jivyelv i^ovXevcraro, ov jxevTOL Kal Tnarevetv
€')(w. €K€ivoi re yap tov<; re 'Vcofxaiov; iravra^,
a(f)^ ov a<picnv 6 K.pd(T(To<; eireaTpdrevae, Kal
Tov TlofjLTnjiov fiaXiaTa are Kal irpoaijKovra avrw,
ouTft)9 ifiicTovv ware Kal rov nrpecr^evrriv avrov
7rpo<; Trjv atrrjaiv r-^? jSorjOeiaf; eXOovra Srjcrac
6 Kaiirep ^ovXevrrjv ovra' Kal 6 IIofiTnjiOf; ovk dv
iTore TOV TroXefitcoTaTov, ov ye ^ ev TrpdTTWv ovk
iTeTvy^TjKec, iK€Tr)<; virefieive Bv(TTV'^ijaa<; yeveaOat.
3 'AXV €9 TTiv AiyvTTTOv Si* direp elirov 0}piJL7]ae,
Kal Tvapd Tr)v ijireipov fJi^Xpi l^CkLKia^ KOfJiicrOel^
eKeWev irpo^ to TiifkovaLov i'lrepaicoOr}, ottov 6
IlTo\e/xato9 KXeoTTar/ja ttj ^ dSeX^rj iroXejiMv
2 idTparoTreSeveTO. Td<; re vav<; dvoKwyev(Ta<^ ^
€7r€/jiyjre Tiva^, t?}9 tg 7raTpa>a<=^ avTov evepy€(7ia<;
dva/jbL/jLVrj(TKO)v Kal B€6/ji€vo<; iirl pr]Tol<; re Tiai
Kal ^e^aioL^ KaTa'xOrjvar iK^rjvat, yap irplv
3 d(j4>dXeLdv Tiva Xa/Secv ovk iOdparjae. Kal avTO)
6 fiev JlToX€fiaLO<; ovhiv (7rat9 yap ctl KOfitSfj r]v)
aTreKpivaro, tmv Se 3r/ AlyvTTTicov Tive<; Kal Aov-
Kto(; ^eTTTLfjito^ dvrjp V (d fxalof; , avv€crTpaTevKco<^ p,ev
iTore T(p Hofjb7rr)i(p, avyyeyovay^ he t5> Va^ivUp
Kal 7rpo9 eKeivov tw YlToXefxaicp //-era crTpaTCCOTwv
4 €9 ^vXaKY)v avTOv KaTaXeXeip,p.evo<^, rjXOov puev
fo)9 ^iXoi, eire^ovXevaav he dvoo-ia><;, Kal ck tovtov
irpoarpoTratov Kal eavTol<i Kal rfj AlyvTrrq) irdar)
TTpoaeOevro' avToi re yap ovk i<; p,aKpdv dirwXovTo,
^ ov y€ Rk. , oijre L. ^ rfj supplied by R. Steph.
u8
BOOK XLII
through the agency of Gabinius, and in return for b.c. 48
that service he had sent a fleet to Pompey's assis-
tance. I have heard, indeed, that Pompey even
thought of fleeing to the Parthians, but I cannot
credit the report. For that race so hated the Romans
as a people ever since Crassus had made his expe-
dition against them, and Pompey especially, because
he was related to Crassus, that they had even im-
prisoned his envoy who came with a request for aid,
though he was a senator. And Pompey would never
have endured in his misfortune to become a suppliant
of his bitterest foe for what he had failed to obtain
while enjoying success.
He set out, then, for Egypt, for the reasons
mentioned, and after coasting along the shore as
far as Cilicia crossed from there to Pelusium, where
Ptolemy was encamped while making war upon his /^
sister Cleopatra. Bringing the ships to anchor, he
sent some men to remind the prince of the favour
shown his father and to ask that he be permitted
to land under certain definite guarantees ; for he
did not venture to disembark before obtaining some
guarantee of safety. Ptolemy gave him no answer,
for he was still a mere boy, but some of the Egyp-
tians and Lucius Septimius, a Roman who had
once served with Pompey and after becoming asso-
ciated with Gabinius had been left behind by him
with some troops to guard Ptolemy, came in the
guise of friends ; but they impiously plotted against
him and by their act brought a curse upon themselves
and all Egypt. For not only did they themselves
119
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
KOI ol AlyuTTTiOL TO fjL€V TTpcoTOV Tjj KXeoTTarpa
BovXeveLV, oirep iJKLara ijSovXovTO,^ irapehodrjaav,
eireiTa he koI i<; rb rcov 'Vcofiaicov vTrrjKOov ior-
4 6ypd(p7]aav. ev 8' ovv tw t6t€ SeTTTt/x^o? /cal
'Ap(;tXXa9 6 arpaTiap^of;, dWoi re yiter' avrwv
6vT6<i, eroi/jicof; ecpacrav ecrhe^eadai '^ tov Ylofx-
irrjiov, oTTft)? CO? paara ci7raT7]6e\<; aXoLtj' ^ koI
Tov<i re e\66vTa<i irap avrov TrpoeTre/jL-yjrav, 6ap-
aelv a<^a<; evtoi Kekevaavre^y koX avrol jxeTa
TOVTO afcaricov iTTL^dvTe<^ TrpoaeTrXevaav avro),
2 Kol Tci re a\Xa e(pL\o(f)pov7jaavro avrov koL
rj^iioaav 7rp6<; eavTOv<; /jLereK^i^vai, Xiyovre^i fJLTjTe
Tiva vavv ^ SvvaaOai vtto tov p^yedov^ Bid rd
^pd^V TT/oo? rrjv yrjv TTpoaG')(^elv,^ koI tov IlToXe-
ixalov ev TroWfj eTriOvfiia ecvai Odaaov avTov
3 ihelv. KOL 6 fxev ovtco, KaiTOi irdvrwv ol twv
crv/JL7r\(Dv array opevovTwVy mcFTevcra^ avTol<; . . .^
ToaovTOV fjLovov elircov,
'' 6<TTL^ yap Qx; rvpavvov ifJuiropeveTai,
Keivov *(ttI Bov\o<;, kclv eXevdepo^; //.oXt?*"
4 ol Be eTreiBrj e77u<> t?79 7^9 eyevovTo, (po^rjOevref;
fir) Ka\ evTV^MV TM UroXejbLaiw crcodfj ecre vtt
avrov e/celvov rj Kal vtto rcov 'Pco/jLaicov ro)v
avvovrcov avrw i) /cal vtto rcov Alyvrrrlcov (jcal
yap evvoiav avrov ' fieydXTjv el')(ov), drreKreivav
avrov TTplv Karairkevcrai, firjBev ixrjr elrrovra jxi^t
^ i0ov\ovTo R. Steph., r]&uv\ovTO L.
- fVSe'letr^ot Dind. , iaSe^acrdai L. '' oAotTj Dind., a.\ct)r)i L.
^ vavp supplied by Jacoby. ^ irpoaax^^^ Bk., irpoax^^^ L.
^ At least one word is wanting here, though no lacuna is
indicated in L. The scribe of L' conjectured i^riXde.
' avTov supplied by Reim.
120
BOOK XLII
perish not long afterward, but the Egyptians for b.c. 48
their part were first delivered to be slaves of Cleo-
patra, which they particularly disliked, and later
were enrolled among the subjects of Rome. At this
time, then, Septimius and Achillas, the commander-
in-chief, and others who were with them declared
they would readily receive Pompey, their purpose
being that he might be the more easily deceived
and ensnared. So they sent his messengers on
ahead, after some had bidden them be of good
cheer, and afterwards the conspirators themselves
embarked on some small boats and sailed out to
him. After many friendly greetings they begged
him to come over to their boats, declaring that by
1 reason of its size and the shallow water a ship could
not come close to land and that Ptolemy was very
eager to see him promptly. Accordingly, though all
his fellow-voyagers urged him not to do so, [he
changed boats], trusting in his hosts and saying
> merely :
" Whoever to a tyrant wends his way.
His slave is he, e'en though his steps be free."
Now when they drew near the land, fearing that
if he met Ptolemy he might be saved, either by
the king himself or by the Romans who were with
liim or by the Egyptians, who regarded him with
very kindly feelings, they killed him before sailing
into the harbour. He uttered not a word and made
121
. DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
5 oSvpdfievov. co? yap rd^ia-ra tt)? Te eVt^ouX^?
yaOero, Koi eyvco ort ovr dfJbvvaaOai (T(pa<; ovre
Sta(f)vyelv hwrjaerai, avvefcaXv^jraTO'
5 ToLovTov fxev to reko^ tw Tio 11177)1(0 eKeivco rw
fieyaXcp iyevero, coare kolI Blcl tovtov ttjv re
dadevetav koi ryv aTOTrlav rod dv6 pwireiov^ yevov<;
2 iXeyx^OrlvaL. irpoiirjOeia^ re yap ovSev iWeiiTcoVy
dWa 7rpo9 to /caKOvpyrjaal re hvvdfjievov dcrc^aXe-
crraTO?^ del ttotc yevofievo^; rjiraTr^Orj, Kal vuKa^
TToXXa? pLev ^ iv Trj ^AcppcKrj TroXXa? Se Kal iv
TTj * 'Acrta Ty re YivpdyTrr) TrapaSo^ov^; fcal
KttTa yrjv Kal KaTa OdXaaaav eK p^etpaKuov
dveKofjbevof; tjtttjOt] irapdXoyw^ oktco re Kal
3 rr€VTrjK0VT0VTr]<^ wv, ttjv T€ OdXaaaav ttjv tcov
'Fcofiaicov Trdaav rjp,epQ)aa<i iv avTJj iKeuvrj Bl(oX€to,
Kal '^iXicov TTore vewv, &><? X0709 ^'^ei, dp^a<; iv
irXoLapiw tlvl, irpo^; re Ty AlyvirTO) Kal 7rpo<; tov
TiToXe/jbaLov Tpoirov Tiva ov ttotc tov iraTepa e?
T6 iK€ivy]v d/jia Kal 69 t^z^ ^aaiXeiav KaTrjyayey
4 Bie^Odprj' ov ydp rot koI t6t€ eTi aTpaTiSiTai
'lP(op,aloL Sid TTJV TOV YlopbTTrjiov X^P^^ ^'^^ '^^^
Ta/Scviov, Bid TO TCOV AlyuTTTicov €9 TOV iraTepa
avTOv pZao^y KaTaXeK^OevTe^; i<j)povpovv, ovto<;
avTOV Bi^ avTcov iKelvcov eKaTepcov direKTovevai
5 eBo^e, Y\.oiM7rr}io^ puev Brj KpdTiaTO's irpoTepov
'PoyfiaLcov vopuia6ei<^y waT6 Kal ^ Ayap.ep.vova avTov
iiriKaXelaOai, totg KaOdirep Tt9 Kal avTOiv twv
^ avQpcoireiov R. Steph., audpooTciov L.
- a(r<t>a\earTaT05 Dind., acr<pa\e(rTaTa L.
•* VLKUS TtoWas [jXv R. Steph., yiK-fjaas ixku TroXfficcv iroX-
Aoj L.
* TJj supplied by R. Steph.
122
BOOK XLII
no complaint, but as soon as he perceived their plot b.c. 48
and recognized that he would not be able to ward
them off or escape, he veiled his face.
Such was the end of Pompey the Great, whereby
was proved once more the weakness and the strange
fortune of the human race. For, although he was
not at all deficient in foresight, but had always been
absolutely secure against any force able to do him
harm, yet he was deceived ; and although he had won
many unexpected victories in Africa, and many, too,
in Asia and Europe, both by land and by sea, ever
since boyhood, yet now in his fifty-eighth year he
was defeated without apparent reason. Although he
had subdued the entire Roman sea, he perished on
it ; and although he had once been, as the saying is,
"master of a thousand ships," ^ he was destroyed in
a tiny boat near Egypt and in a sense by Ptolemy,
whose father he had once restored from exile to that
land and to his kingdom. The man whom Roman
soldiers were then still guarding, — soldiers left be-
hind by Gabinius as a favour from Pompey and on
account of the hatred felt by the Egyptians for the ^
young prince's father, — this very man seemed to have
put him to death by the hands of both Egyptians
and Romans. Thus Pompey, who previously had
been considered the most powerful of the Romans,
so that he even received the nickname of Agamem-
non,2 was now butchered like one of the lowest of
^ A reference to the Trojan expedition. The actual
number of ships under Pompey's command was 270 at the
outset of the war with the pirates.
- Plutarch (Pomp. 67, 3; Caes. 41, 1) says that Domitius
Ahenobarbus styled him Agamemnon and King of Kings in
order to bring him into disfavour.
123
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
^1
AlyvTTTLcov ea^aro^, irpo^ re rat K.aaL(p ^ Spec kcu
iv TTJ r}/jL€pa iv fj ttotg rd re rov yiid pihdrov koa
ra TOiv KarairovTicFTOiv iiriVLKia r)jayev, eacpdyrj,
6 ware fitjBev fiTjSe iv tovtw ofioXojijdrjvar ev re
yap rfj rjfjbepa ifceLvrj ra XafiirpoTara irplv irpd^a^
t6t€ rd dXyecvorara eiraOe, koX 6? 7rdvTa<; TOV<i
TToXtra? Toi/? K.aaalov^ 6k 'X^pijafiov rivo^ vtto-
7rT€V0)v TTpo'; fxev dvhpo^ ^ J^aaaiov ovBevo';
eirepovXevur}, irapa be brj T(p opei to) rrjv eiri-
K\r)Gi,v ravrrjv e^ovrt koI direOave koX erd(f)7).
7 rcov Be Br) crv/jLTrXeovrcov avro) ol fiev avrl/ca
edXcocrav ol Be koX ecpvyov, dXXoi re /cat 6 iral'^
rj T€ yvvrj avrov. koI rj fjuev koX e? Tr)v ^Voo/nrjv
fierd ravra dBeia<i TV)(pvcra dveacodrj, o Be Brj
Xe^TO<; €9 TTjv ^A(f)pLKr)v 7r/oo9 tov dBeX<j)bv rov
Vvalov eKOjJbiaOr)' rovroi<; yap Brj rot? ovo/xaac
Bia/ceKpiBarai, eneiBr} rrjv rod Uo/jlttijlov rrpoa-
prjaiv d/jL(f)6repoL el'^pv.
6 Kalaap Be &)? rore fxerd rrjv /Jid')(7]v rd Kar-
eireiyovra Bt(pKrjaaro, rrjv fiev '^XXdBa rd re Xoiird
rd ravrrj dXXoL^; rial /cal rrpoaTTOieiaOac Kal
KaOiaraadai irpocrera^ev, avrb<i Be rov TIo/jLtt^lov
eTreBico^e. fcal fie'^pt [lev tt}? 'Acrta? Kard irvanv
avrov TTpoicbv^ rjTrei'xOri, evravda Be, eireiBrj yUTyoef?
2 OTTj} TreTrXevKQ}^ rjv yTTiararo, evBierpi^^ev. ovrco
8' ovv ev rv-)(r) irdvra avra> ir poe')((opeL coare Kal
rov 'lEjXXijairovrov ev rropOfielw rivl Trepaiovjuevo^;
everu')(e jjuev rw rov Yiofirrrjiov vavriKw fxerd rov
J^acraiov rov Aovklov TrXeovrt, ov fiovov Be ovBev
Beivov v'K avrSiv eiradev, dXXd Kal irpoaKara-
^ KacTiff V. Herw., Kaaffiwi L. ^ av8phs Xiph., avSpuv L.
•* irpo'i(f)v Leuncl. , vpotriiitv L.
124
BOOK XLII
the Egyptians themselves, not only near Mount B.r . 4S
Casius but on the anniversary of the day on which he
had once celebrated a triumph over Mithridates and
the pirates. So even in this respect the two
parts of his career were utterly contradictory : on
that day of yore he had gained the most brilliant
success, whereas he now suffered the most grievous
fate ; again, following a certain oracle, he had been
suspicious of all the citizens named Cassius, but
instead of being the object of a plot by any man
called Cassius he died and was buried beside the
mountain that had this name. Of his fellow-voyagers
some were captured at once, while others escaped^
among them his wife and son. His wife later ob-
tained pardon and came back safely to Rome, while
Sextus proceeded to Africa to his brother Gnaeus ;
these are the names by which they were distinguished,
since they both bore the name of Pompey.
Caesar, when he had attended to pressing demands
after the battle and had assigned Greece and the
rest of that region to certain others to win over and
reduce, set out himself in pursuit of Pompey. He
hurried forward as far as Asia following information
received about him, and there waited for a time,
since no one knew which way he had sailed. Every-
thing turned out favourably for him ; for instance,
while crossing the Hellespont in a kind of feny-boat,
he met Pompey's fleet sailing with Lucius Cassius in
(Command, but so far from suffering any harm at their
! hands, he terrified them and won them over to his
125
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
3 TrX^^a? (T(f)d(i irpoaeTroirjaaTO. kolk rovrov koI
ra dWa ra eKeivy, fjb7)B6vo<; eV avraipovTO^y
TrapeXdfi^ave koI Bioo/ceL, ')(pyfidr(ov /jlcv 6K\oyijv,
Mairep elirov, Trocovfievos, dWo Be firjSev p,7]Seva
XvTTCJV, dWd Kol 6V6py€T(ov 7rdvTa<; oaa ez^e^e^ero.
Tou? yovv reXcova^ iriKpoTard a<^iai ')(^pcojJievov<;
diTcOCkd^a^y e? <^6pov avvTekeiav to (jvpi^alvov
i/c TMV reXcop KareaTijaaro.
7 Kaz^ TOVTW 7rvOo/jL€VO<; rov Tiofxirrjiov 7rpb(; rrjp
AiyvTTTOv irXeovra, koI helaa'^ fMr) irpoKaTaa^oov
2 avTTjv avOc<i la')(ycrr), d^wpfxrjdr] Kara Td')(o<^. kol
ifcelvov /jl€v ovKen Trepiovra KareXa^e, rfj S'
^AXe^avSpeLCL avrfj //-er' oXljcov ttoXv irpo tmv
dXXcov, irplv TOP UroXep^alov ifc rov TlrjXovaLou
iXOelv, irpoairXevaa'^, koX rom ^ KXe^avhp6a<=;
dopv^ovjjL6vov(; iirl Ta> tov TlofiTrrjlov Oavdrcp
€vpd)V, ovfc iOdpaTjcrev evOv<; 69 ttjv jtjp eK^rjvai,
dXX^ dvopfjLLcrdfievof; dveiye P'^XP^^ ^^ '^V^ "^^
Ke(f>aXr)p Koi top SuktiiXiop avTov irep.cpOePTa
3 ol VTTO TOV UToXcfiaLov elSep. ovtco Bt) ^ e? p,ep ttjp
TfTTetpop OapaovPTO)<; Trpoaecrx^p, dyapaKTrjaew'^ he
eirl To2<; paj3hov')(oi'^ avTov irapd tov 7rX7]dov<i
yepop.6PTj<; auT09 p^ep dyaTrrjTcof; €9 tcl fiaalXeta
7rpoKaT€(f)V'ye, twp he hrj aTpaTicoTMP TLPe<^ Ta
oirXa dipypeOijaap, kol hid tovO^ ol XolttoI dpwp-
p,laaPTO avOi^y ea)9 irdaai al prje^; eTn/caT^x^yaap.
8 ^' ovp Kalaap ttjp tov Uop^TrijLov Kecf)aXr)P Ihoyp
KUTehdfcpvae koi KaTcoXocpvpaTO, ttoXIttjp tc av-
Top Kot yap^^pop opop^d^cop, kol irdpO^ oaa ttotc
dXX^Xoi<^ dpOvTTovpyrjKeaap dpapiO piOvp,epo^. T0t9
re diroiCTeipaaip avTOP ov^ ottw^ evepyeaiap Tipa
1 b^ R. Stepli., 5^L.
126
BOOK XLII
side. Thereupon, meeting with no furtlier resist- b.c. 48
ance, he proceeded to take possession of the rest
of that region and to regulate its affairs, levying a
money contribution, as I have said, but otherwise
doing no one any harm and even conferring benefits
on all, so far as was possible. In any case he did away -^ x-
with the tax-gatherers, who had been abusing the /
people most cruelly, and he converted the amount \^
accruing from the taxes into a joint payment of
tribute.
Meanwhile he learned that Pompey was sailing to
Egypt, and fearing that the other by occupying that
country first might again become strong, he set out
with all speed. And finding him no longer alive,
with a few followers he sailed far in advance of the
others to Alexandria itself before Ptolemy came from
Pelusium. On discovering that the people of the
city were in a tumult over Pompey's death he did
not at once venture to go ashore, but put out to sea
•and waited till he saw the head and finger-ring of
the murdered man, sent him by Ptolemy. Thereupon
he confidently put in to land ; the multitude, how-
ever, showed irritation at the sight of his lictors and
'he was glad to make his escape into the palace. Some
of his soldiers had their weapons taken from them,
and the rest accordingly put to sea again until all the
ships had reached port. Now Caesar at the sight
iof Pompey's head wept and lamented bitterly, call-
ing him countryman and son-in-law, and enumerating
all the kindnesses they had shown each other. As
for the murderers, far from admitting that he owed
127
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
I
o(f)6L\eiv €(f)r], aWa koI eTreKoXei, Koi eKeivrfv
fcoa/jurjaai re Kol evOertjaai koX Odyfrac Tialv
2 eKeXevae. koX eVl fxev tovto) eiraivov ea'^eu, eVl
Be Bt) rfi Trpoawoi^aei yeXwra axpXiaKave' t?}?
yap hvvaajeia^ heivta^i dir dp')(^fj<; i(f)ie/ji€vo<;, fcal
e/cetvov koX co? dvTaycoviarrjv koI to? dvriirakov
aei TTore /jLL(77j(Ta<;, kol tci re dWa in avTw
3 iravra 7rpd^a<; kol tov iroXefiov rovSe ovk eir
dXko TL Tvapacr Kevdaa^ rj tva diroXo/jiivov avrov
irpwrevar}, tots t6 e? rrjv Ktyvrrrov ov Bi dWo re
67r6t%^et9 17 iva avrov, el TTepieii], irpocrKaTepyd-
aaiTO, iToOelv re avrov iifXdrrero /cal dyavaxrecv
rw oXedprp avrov eaKrfirrero.
9 Kal 6 fjiev firjBev en rroXe/jLtov vTre^rjprj/juevov ol
eKeivov KaraXeiireaOai^ vo/jLl^cov, ev rfj Alyvirrw
ivexpovLaev dpyvpoXoycov Kal rd rod ^ IlToXe-
fialov Kal rd tt}? K.Xeo7rdrpa<; BLd<f)opa BiaKpivwv'
rroXe/jLOL Be ev rovrw erepoi avrw irapeaKevd-
2 adrjaav. rj re ydp Atyv7rro<; eveo^ixodae, Kal 6
^apvdKr]<; rjp^aro fiev ev6v<;, eireiBr] rrpcorov rov
re Ho/jltttjlov Kal rov Katcrapa eKTreTToXe/nooadai
efiaOe, rrjs^ rrarpwa^ dp-)(rj^ avrciroielaOac (xP^'
vielv re ydp avrov<; ev rfj crrdaet Kal rd<; Bvvdp.ei<;
Tftii^ 'VwjJLaifov avrd<; ire pi avral<^ dvaXcocreiv
3 rjXiTLaev), ei^^'^o Be Kal rore rwv TTpOKei/jievcoVy
on re dira^ eKeKivrjro Kal on iroppw rov J^aiaapa
ovra iirvOero, Kal iroXXd ye ^copta rrpoKareXa^e.
Kav rovrcp Kal 6 K.dr(OV Kal 6 ^Kirricov, ol re
dXXoi ol rrjv avrrjv a(j)icri yvcofiijv e^ovre^, Kal
^ KaTaXelireadai St., KaraXnreffOai L.
^ KOL TO. TOV R. Steph., Kal KaTO, TOV L.
â– * T7JS Rk., TTJs re L.
128
BOOK XLII
them any reward, he actually heaped reproaches r.c 4S
upon them ; and he commanded that the head should
be adorned, properly prepared, and buried. For
this he received praise, but for his hypocrisy he
incurred ridicule. He had, of course, from the
outset been very eager for dominion ; he had always
hated Pompey as his antagonist and rival, and be-
sides all his other measures against him he had
brought on this war wdth no other purpose than
to secure this rival's ruin and his ow^n supremacy ;
he had but now been hurrying to Egypt with no
other end in view than to overthrow him completely
if he should still be alive ; yet he feigned to mourn
his loss and made a show of vexation over his
murder.
In the belief that now that Pompey was out of his
way there was no longer any hostility left against
him, he spent some time in Egypt levying money
and deciding the differences between Ptolemy and
'Cleopatra. Meanwhile other wars were being pre-
pared against him. Egypt revolted, and Pharnaces,
just as soon as he had learned that Pompey and
Caesar were at variance, had begun to lay claim to
his ancestral domain, since he hoped that they w^ould
waste a lot of time in their quarrel and use up the
Roman forces upon each other ; and he now still
went ahead with his plans, partly because he had
once made a beginning and partly because he learned
that Caesar was far away, and he actually seized many
points before the other's arrival. Meanwhile Cato
and Scipio and the others who were of the same
129
VOL. IV. K
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
i/jL(f)v\cov Kol oOveZov ev rfj *Acf)pLKfj iroXefjiov
rj<yeipav.
10 "E<7p(^e yap ovTco^;. 6 K^droyv ev rw Avppa')(^L(
7r/?09 Tov UofjLinjLOV rd t€ Sk tt}? 'IraXtas
€7rtT7)p6iv, dv Tt9 Bia/SaiVTj, /cat tou? TlapOivov
Karelpyeiv, dv tl irapaKLvwai, KaToKei^Oel^ ti
2 ^Iv Trpcorov ifC€ivot,<; eVoXe/xe^, t^ttyjO evTO'^ he
TOV Uofiirrjlov rrjv fiev "UTreipov e^eXiTrev, e? Be
K^ep/cvpav fierd tmv ofjLoyvcofiovovvTwv ol /cofioa-
Oel<i evravda rov^ re etc t-j}? yLta^?;? Bia<j)vy6vTa<i
/cat Toi'9 dWovi; toi'9 Ta avrd <j)povovvTa^ eSe^ero.
K.LKepo)v fiev yap Kal dWoi TLve^; rcov ^ovXevrcov
3 e? TTjv ^Poy/jLrjv 7rapa')(^pi]/jia dirripav' ol he hrj
7r\eiov<; fierd re tov Aa^iyvov kuI //.era tov
^A(f)pavLov, uTe fiTjSe/JLiav ev tm Kaiaapi, eXTrlBa,
6 fiev OTL TjvTOfioXiJKei, 6 Be otl aco0el<; vir' avTOV
avdi^ ol eireTToXefirjKei, e'XpvTwv, irpo'^ tg tov
YLdTwva rj\6ov Kal eKelvov TrpoaTrjadfievoi eiroXe-
11 fxovv. Kal pueTa tovto Kal 6 ^OKTdovLo^ (T^ktl
7rpoaeyev€TO. co? yap rore tov ^loviov eaeirXevae
Kal TOV ^AvToovtov TOV Tdiov avveXa^ev, dWcov
fiev Tivoav 'X^copicov eKpdTrjae, Tr)V Be Br) XdXcova,
Kaiirep eirl TrXetaTOV avTr)v iroXiopKriaa^;, ov^
2 elXe. Td re yap dXXa la')(vpa)<; avTov direKpov-
ovTOy ^07]6ovvTd a^cat tov Ta/3iviov e)(^ovTe<;, Kal
reXo? /neTCL tmv yvvaiKcov eTreKBpapLovTef; p^eya
epyov elpydaavTO' eKelvai t€ yap ra? Te Kopua^;
Kadelaai Kal aToXd<; pieXaiva^ evBvadfxevai XapL-
irdBa^ Te XajBovaai, Kal to crvpiTrav iTpo<; to
3 (j>o^ep(OTaTov a-')(iipLaTLadpLevaL, tw Te (TTpaTOTreBw
Tft) TToXtopKOvvTi a(^a^ vvKTO<; pLeo-7)<; irpoaepLL^av,
Kal TOI'9 TrpocpvXaKa^i 009 Kal BaipLove^ Tive<; €k-
130
BOOK XLII
mind with them set on foot in Africa a struggle
that was at once a civil and a foreign war.
It came about in this way. Cato had been left
behind at Dyrrachium by Pompey to keep an eye
out for any forces from Italy which might try to
cross over_, and to repress the Parthini^ in case they
should begin any disturbance. At first he carried on
war with the latter, but after Pompey' s defeat he
abandoned Epirus, and proceeding to Corcyra with
those of the same mind as himself, he there received
the men who had escaped from the battle and the
rest who had the same sympathies. Cicero and a
few other senators had set out for Rome at once,
but the majority, including Labienus and Afra-
nius, who had no hope in Caesar, — the one be-
cause he had deserted him, and the other because
after having been pardoned by him he had again
made war on him, — went to Cato, put him at their
head, and continued the war. Later Octavius also
joined them. After sailing into the Ionian Sea and
arresting Gains Antonius, he had conquered several
places, but could not take Salonae, though he be-
sieged it a very long time. For the inhabitants,
having Gabinius to assist them, vigorously repulsed
him and finally along with the women made a
sortie and performed a remarkable deed. The women
let down their hair and robed themselves in black
garments, then taking torches and otherwise making
their appearance as terrifying as possible, they as-
saulted the camp of the besiegers at midnight.
They threw the outposts, who thought they were
K 2
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
ifkrj^aaab to irvp 69 to ')(^apd/ca)/jLa a7ravTa')(^odev
cifxa eve^akov, fcal avrol iino-Troixevoi acjyccri
7roWov<; fiev raparro/juevov^i ttoXXou? 8e /cal
Ka6€vSovTa<; i(f)6vevcrav, koL eKelvo re evOi)^ Kare-
(Typv, icai TO vavorraOfLov ev w 6 'O/craou^o?
4 7}v\i^€T0 avTO^oel elXov. ov fxevTot, koI iv paa-
TOivr} Tivl eyevovTO' SLa<pvycbv yap tto)? avTov^;
Svpa/JLLV T€ avOif; rjOpoicre, koX P'Ou^r) VLKrjaa^
TTpoarjhpeve a(f)iai. Kav tovtco tov Va^tvlov voaco
TeXevT7]cravT0<; t^9 t€ OaXdaarji; Tf]<; eKel irday'^
5 eicpdrrjae, koI e? Trjv jrjv eK/Salvcov ttoWo, atrr}?
i/caKovpyei, pA')(^pi<; ov tj re irpo^; ^ ^apadXo) //-«%'>;
iyevero, /cat ol arparccoraL avrov iTTLirXevcrdvrwv
TLvSyv eK TOV l^pevrealov acptcrc fieTearrjaav, prjSe
69 x^Lpa<; avTOL<; iXOovre^. tots yap ipTjficodel^
TMV (TviJiiJid')(cov 69 TTiv l^epKvpav aTre^wpi^ore.
12 Kat o Tlo/JiiTrjLO'^ he 6 Vvalo^ irpoTepov fxev
TO) T03V KlyviTTLWv vavTLKw TTepLTrXewv Trjv re
' H.7recpov KaXovfxivrjv KaT6Tpe')(e /cat D^piKov "
oXiyov eVke, MdpKOv ^AkiXlov^ avro fcarixov-
T09, fcal TOV T€ * eairXovv tov 69 tov Xtfieva
7r\oLOL<; Xidcov ye/iiovcn, ')((£>(javT0<^,^ Kal irepl to
(TTopLa avTov TTvpyov^ eKUTepcodev eiri re t7}9
2 rjTreipov Kal 6*0' oXxdhcov iyeipavTO^. tov<; T€
yap \Wov<; Tov<i iv T0i9 CKd^ecnv iy/ceifievov;
Ko\v/jL^r)Tac<i v(f)v8poi<;^ hiacTKehdaa'^, Kal avTa
€Kelva Kov(f)ia0€VTa iXKvaa^;, tov t6 ecnrXovv
r/XevOepcoae, Kal fieTa tovto oirXiTa^ i(f) eKdTepa
^ irphs Bind., irphs r^ L,
^ 'ripiKhu XyL, vupiKhv 'Li. (so just below).
^ *KKi\iov Xyl., aKviXiov L. ^ top re R. Steph., rJre L.
^ X<»>crci,vTos Xyl., x'<^<^«''Tes L.
** {)(j)vSpois Xyl., i((>vBpois L.
132
BOOK XLII
spirits, into a panic, and then from all sides at once b.c. 48
hurled the fire within the palisade, and the men,
following them, slew many while they were in con-
fusion and many who were still asleep, promptly
gained possession of the camp, and captured with-
out a blow the harbour in which Octavius was lying.
They were not, however, left in peace. For he
escaped them somehow, gathered a force again, and
after defeating them in battle besieged them. Mean-
while, as Gabinius had died of some disease, he ^
gained control of the whole sea in that vicinity, and
by making descents upon the land ravaged many
districts. This lasted until the battle at Pharsalus,
after which his soldiers, as soon as a force sailed
against them from Brundisium, changed sides with-
out even coming to blows with them. Then,
destitute of allies, Octavius retired to Corcyra.
Gnaeus Pompey first sailed about with the Egyptian
ifleet and overran the district called Epirus, almost
capturing Oricum. The commander of the place,
Marcus Acilius,^ had blocked up the entrance to the
iharbour by means of boats loaded with stones and
about the mouth of it had raised towers on either
side, both on the land and on freight- ships. Pompey,
however, had divers scatter the stones that were in
the vessels, and when the latter had been lightened,
he dragged them out of the way, freed the passage,
and then, after putting heavy-armed troops ashore
^ M. Acilius Caninus.
133
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
T7J<i x^A"^? ifcpi^daa^ eireaeirXevcre} koI tcl
T6 irXola irdvra koI tt}? ttoXgo)? to ttoXv
3 Karefcavcrev. elXe 3 av /cal rrjv Xoiirrjv, el
fjii] rpcoOelf; Seo? rot? Alyv7rTL0i<; fir) kol aTroOavr)
irapia'xe. OepaTrevOel^ 3' ovv ^D^piKw puev ovKeri
irpoo-i/SaXe, ra 8' dXXa 7repi(f)0LT0)v eiropOeii
Kai iTore kol avrou rov Bpevreaiov /jbdTrjv,
4 wcTTTep TTOV KOL dXXoL rLve<;, eireipaae. reo)?
fxev St} TavT eTTOier iirel Be 6 re irarrjp avrov
rjTT^Orj Kol ol AlyVTTTlOL TTvOo/jLevoL rovTo OLKaSe
aTreTrXevaav, ovrco Br) tt/oo? tov K.dTcova d(f)LK€TO.
13 Kal avTov K.dcrcno<i 6 TdLO<; e/unfi'^craTo, TrXelara
jxev /cal T?79 Xif<€Xia<; kol rrj^; ^IraXlas Xvir^aa^i,
TToXXai^; Be fjbd')(^cit<i ev re rfj OaXdacry fcal ev rfj
i)iTeip(p av^vov<; vi/€i)aa<;.
2 Upov^ovTa fxev Br) - tov K-drcova dperfj crcficov
iB6vT€<; TToXXol 7rpo9 avTov (TvyKaT6(f)vyov, fcal
avTo2<i eKelvof; avvaycoviaTal^ kol avfij^ovXoi^;
irpbf; Trdvra ^pcoyu-ei^o? ig lleXo'TTovvr)(Tov, &)? koX
KaraXTj^^ofjievog avTi)v, eirXevaev ou ydp ttco
3 TOV Tlofji7n]LOV TeOveMTa riKr)K.6ei. kol Tlar/oa? p^ev
KaTe(T')(pv, KavTavOa dXXov<^ re rroXXovg /cal tov
TieTphov TOV T€ YlopLTrrjiov yap^jSpov tov ^avaTov ^
TTpoa-eXa/Sov Kvlvtov Be Br) ^ov<f)iov }^aXr)V0v
/xem TOVTO iTricTTpaTevcravTOf; a(f)Laiv e^avrj-
')(6r)o-av, Kal €9 Kvpijvr)v eXOovTe^i Kal eKel tov
TOV Uop,7n)Lov OdvaTOV p,ad6vTe<^ ovKeTi avve^po-
4 vr)(Tav, dXX^ o p,ev K.aTcov Bl d^6r)Bova t%
TOV K.aL(Tapo<i BwacTTela'^, Kal dXXoL Tive<; Bl
^ iireadTrhivffe Xyl., CTreicre wXeveai L. ^ Srj Bk., rol L.
^ r6v re ITo/iTrrjiou yafx^phv rhv ^avarov Leuncl., Uoixirrjiov
rhv ^avffTov L.
BOOK XLII
on each half of the breakwater, he sailed in. He b.c. 48
burned all the boats and most of the city, and
would have captured the rest of it, had he not been
wounded and caused the Egyptians to fear that he
might die. When, now, his wound had been cured,
he did not continue to assail Oricum, but journeyed
about pillaging various places and once vainly made
an attempt upon Brundisium itself, as did some
others. He was thus occupied for a time ; but
when his father had been defeated and the Egyptians
on receipt of the news sailed home, he betook him-
self to Cato. And his example was followed by
Gains Cassius, who had done very great mischief
both in Italy and in Sicily and had overcome a
number of opponents in many battles both on sea
and on land.
Many, indeed, fled to Cato for refuge, since they
•saw that he excelled them in uprightness ; and he,
using them as helpers and counsellors in all matters,
sailed to the Peloponnesus with the intention of
occupying it, for he had not yet heard that Pompey
was dead. They seized Patrae and there received
among other accessions Petreius and Pompey's
son-in-law, Faustus. Subsequently Quintus Fufius
Calenus marched against them, whereupon they
set sail, and coming to Cyrene, learned there of
the death of Pompey. Their views were now no
longer harmonious : Cato, through hatred of Caesar's
135
DIGS ROMAN HISTORY
airD'yvaxTLV r?}? irap avrov cr vyyv do firjf;, e? re
rr}V ^A(f)pLKr}v /nera rov arparov eifkevaav Koi
Tov XfCtTTCcova TTpoaXa^ovre^ irdvTa iirl rw
5 l^aiaapi eirparTOV, ol he Br) TrXe/ou? ecTKeBd-
crdrjaav, koI avrcov ol fMev aXXot d7ro')(^coprj-
aavre^ dirrjWa^av (W9 irov /cat crvverv^e a<pLacv,
ol Be fcal 7rpo9 tov Kaiaapa irapa^prj/ia
e\06vTe<;, dWot re koX VdLo<i Y^daaio^, dBeia<i
eTV')(ov.
14 'O Se Br) }^a\r)vo<; eirefx^dr) re 69 Tr)v 'EXXa^a
iTpo T7J9 P'd')(r)<; viro tov Kalaapo^;, koi elXev
aXXa Te koI tov UeipaLa are koX aTei'X^LaTOv
ovra. Ta9 jap ^A6rjva<;, Kaiirep irXelcrTa Tr)v
'y^copav avTOiv KaKcoaa^, ov/c r)Bvv^6r) irpo Trj<; rov
2 TIo/Ji7rr)Lov ^tt7;9 Xa^elv t6t€ yap iOeXovTal
avTw 7rpoae)(^ct)pr)crav, Kal avTov<} 6 l^alaap firjBev
fjLvr)ai,KaK7Jaa(; dOa>ov(; d(f)rjfce, ToaovTOv jjlovov
ecTTOOv, OTC TToXXa d/jLapTdvovT6<i VTTO Tcov vetcpoyv
arco^oiVTO. to Be Br) eiro^ tovto eB^Xov on acpcov
Btd re TOV<; TTpoy6vov<; Kal Bid Tr)v Bo^av Trjv re
3 dpeTr)v avTcov e<^eiaaTO. ^AOrjvai fiev ovv Kal rd
dXXa ra TrXeico t^9 'EXXaSo9 €v6v<i Tore d)fMoX6-
yr)crav avrfo, lAeyapel<^ Be Kal 0)9 dvTea')(ov'
TToXXw re^ vaTepov y^povM Ta p,€V /Sla rd Be Kal
TTpoBoaia ifXcoaav. oOevirep <^6vo<^ re avTO)v
4 7roXv9 eyeveTO Kal ol XgittoI eirpdOrjaav. 6 fievToc
K.aXrjvo^ TOVTO fiev, 'iva Br) Kal Kar d^lav avTov<;
T€Ti-/jL(oprja6ai Bo^y, e7roir)ae' <j)0^r)6€l^ Be p^r) Kal
7ravTeX(o<; r) 7r6Xt9 aTroXrjraL, irpoiTa p,ev tol<;
i7riTr)BeL0L^ o-^d<;, eireiTa Be Kal eXa^tcTTOU dire-
BoTO, fV eX€vOep(oO(Ji)(Tc.
^ T€ Dind., 76 L.
136
BOOK XLII
domination, and some otliers in despair of receiving b.c. 48
pardon from him, sailed to Africa with the amiy,
added Scipio to their number, and were as active as
possible against Caesar; but the majority scattered,
some of them retiring and escaping wherever they
could, while the rest, among them Gains Cassius,
went to Caesar at once and received pardon.
Calenus had been sent by Caesar into Greece
before the battle, and he captured among other
places the Piraeus, owing to its being unwalled.
Athens he had been unable to take, in spite of a
great deal of damage he did to its territory, until
the defeat of Pompey. The inhabitants then came
over to him voluntarily, and Caesar, cherishing no
resentment, let them go unharmed, merely re-
marking that in spite of their many offences they
were saved by the dead. This remark signified
that it was on account of their ancestors and on ac-
count of their glory and excellence that he spared
them. Accordingly Athens and most of the rest
of Greece then at once made terms with him ; but
the Megarians in spite of this resisted and were
captured only at a considerably later date, partly
b}'^ force and partly by treachery. Therefore many
of the inhabitants were slain and the survivors sold.
Calenus took this course so that men might think
that he had punished them according to their
deserts ; but since he feared that the city might -^
perish utterly, he sold the captives in the first place
to their relatives, and in the second place for a very
small sum, so that they might regain their freedom.
137
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
5 Kat fiev ravra Trpafa? eV^ re Ta? IIdrpa<;
eirearpdrevae, koI dyiay^ei aura?, tov t€ K.drcova
Kol TOV<; jjber avrov TTpoeK(f)OJ3r)aa'i} KaTkcyjcV
\h Iv c5 he ravra "^ &)? eKaara eirpdrrero, KaX r}
^I^r]pia icaiirep elprjvevaaaa eKcvrjOr). eVetS^ yap
6 Aoyylvo<i 6 K.vivro<i iroWa Kal rore avrov<;
ekvixaivero, ro fiev irpwrov oXlyoL rLve<; avveart]-
2 aav ci)9 Kal diroKTevovvre^ avrov iireX he hrj
rpcL>Oe\<i hLe(f)vy6 kuk rovrov iroWw fiei^co acpa^;
rjhiKei, (TV')(yo\ fxev K.opBov^7]cnoL crv')(yol Be Kal
arparLOirai, are Kal rod Uo/jltttjIov yeyov6re<;,
3 eTTavearrjcrav avrw, M.dpKOV M.dpKeWov Alaep-
vlvov rov ra/uav irpocrrrjad/jLevoi. ov fJLrjv Kal
oXr) rfj yvcofjur) avrov<; rrpoaehe^aro, dWd ro re
dardd/jbr)rov rcov rrpaypbdrwv opoov Kal rr)v eK^acrlv
a(f)cop e'^' CKdrepa it poaBe')(^ofjLevo^ eTTTjfKfyorepi^e
Kal Blol fjbecrov rrdvra Kal eXeye Kal eirparrev,
ware, dv re 6 Vialaap dv re Kal 6 Tiofxm]LO^
Kparrjarfy dfji(j)orepoc<; a^Lai (TvvqyayvlaOai Bo^ai.
4 TiofiTTTjiM /lev ydp, on rov^ re /jLeraardvra<^
Trpo? avrov eBe^aro Kal rw Koyyivco rd rov
KaLo-apo<; rrpdrreiv Xeyovrc avreiroXepb^^cTev, e')(a-
plcraro, l^aiaapi Be on Kal rov<i arpancoraf;, &)«?
Kal rov Aoyyivov vecorepi^ovro^; n, irapaXa^aiv
rovrovf; re avrco erijprjae Kal eKelvov ovk elace
5 iToXep>wdr\vai. Kal ro ye ovofia rb rov UofiTrrjiov
r(ov arpancorodv rat? daTriaiv eTrcypayjrdvrcov
dTTrjXev^ev , otto)? Kal €K rov roLOvrov rw fxev rd
epya rcov orrXcov rw Be rr)v BoKTjaiv Trpo^dXXcov,
Kal rcjv jxev virep rov Kparr](Tavro<; yeyovorwv
^ TrpoeK(t>o^r}(ras Leuncl. , irpoaentpo^-fia'as L.
^ ravra Rk., ravrd re L.
138
BOOK XLII
After these achievements he marched upon Patrae b.c. 48
and occupied it easily, as he had already frightened
Cato and his followers away. Now while these
\ arious operations were being carried on, there was
an uprising in Spain, although the country had been
at peace. For the Spaniards were at the time being
subjected to many abuses by Quintus Longinus, and "^
at first some few banded together to kill him ; he
was wounded but escaped, and after that proceeded
to injure them a great deal more. Then a number of
Cordubans and a number of soldiers who had formerly
belonged to the Pompeian party rose against him,
putting at their head Marcus Marcellus Aeserninus,
the quaestor. The latter, however, did not accept
their appointment with his whole heart, but seeing
the uncertainty of events and looking for them to
turn out either way, he played a double game, taking
a neutral attitude in all that he said and did, so
that whether Caesar or Pompey should prevail he
might seem to have fought for the victor in either
case. He favoured Pompey, on the one hand, by
receiving those who had transferred their allegiance
to him and by fighting against I-onginus, who de-
clared he was on Caesar's side ; on the other hand,
he did a kindness to Caesar in taking charge of the
soldiers w4ien, as he would say, Longinus was be-
ginning a rebellion, and in keeping these men for
him and not allowing their commander to become
hostile. And when the soldiers inscribed the name
of Pompey on their shields, he erased it, so that
he might thereby plead with the one man the
deeds done by the arms and with the other their
apparent ownership, and by laying claim to the deeds
139
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
7rpocr7TOLO-u/i6PO<;, ra Se evavria e? re rr]v avdyKriv
KOI €9 aXkov^ Tim? avacpepcov, aacjiaXr]^ elrj'
16 Koi Bca TOVTO, KairoL '7Tapa(j')(pv avrw TravTeXw^
rod Aoyylvov rw ifKrjdei Kparrjaai,, ovfc rjOeXr^crev,
aXX' €9 T€ evSet^LV kol e? Trapaa/cevrjv mv e/SovXero
irpodycov rd Trpdy/jLara, iir dXXoi^ rial rd dp.<pi-
Xoya avrMV iiroiTJaaro, ware koI iv ol<; rfXarrdtOii
KoX iv 069 iTrXeove/crrjae n, virep rod avrov o/jlol-
6)9 rd fiev ft)9 avro<s fcal iiroiyae fcal ovk iiroLrjae,
2 rd Be 009 erepoi, irporeivaaOai SwrjOfjvat. koI
6 fiev ovrco Scayaycov /jLe)(pc<i ov koI 6 J^alaap
ivoKrjae, 7rapa')(^p7j/jLa fiev 69 opyrjv avrw ^ rjXOe koX
VTTepaypiadtjy eTreira he KarrjXOe koX irL/jL7]dr]'
Aoyylvov he, fcara^o7)advrcov avrov Bid Trpea^eia';
roiv ^l^TJpcov, rr}<; re dp')(fi<^ e^eTreae, /cat OiKaBe
dvaKOfit^ofjievof; e(f)0dp7j 7rpo9 Tat9 rov ^'1^7]po^
eK^oXal^.
iavra fxev e^co eyiyvero' 01 be ev rf) rcofir},
Teft)9 P'CV ev re d/j,(f)t-X6y(p ^ fcal ev /nerecopcp rd re
rod l^aiaapo^ koI rd rov Uo/jLTrrjiOV irpdypbara
rjv, eic fiev rov 7rpo(j}avov<=; 7rdvre<; rd rov KaLaapo<;
VTTO re T779 BvvdfJie(i)<s avrov rrj<i avvovarj^; a^iat
Kol VTTO rov ^epoviXiov rov avvdp')(pvro^ earrov-
2 Ba^ov, fcal etre irov Kparrfcra^ rjyyeXOq, e^ai^pov,
eire Kal rrraiaa^y eXvirovvro, ol fiev dXrjOS)^ ol
Be irXaarM^; e/cdrepov Kal ydp KardaKoiroi acf)cov
Kal KarrjKOOi, rrdvO^ oaa err avroL<; Kal eXeyero
Kal eyiyvero Traparr^povvre^, ttoXXoI Tre ptevoarovv
3 IBla Be rd evavrtciorara rcov (f^avepcov ol rw re
l^aiaapi dyOop.evoi Kal rd rov Jlofjurrjiov irpo-
^ auT(p Xyl. , auTcDv L.
^ re afi(piA6'Y^ Bk., twi afKpiXSywi L.
140
BOOK XLII
that turned out to be in behalf of the victor and by b.c. 48
laying upon necessity or upon other persons the
blame for the contrary events he might be on the
safe side. Consequently, although he had the oppor-
tunity of utterly defeating Longinus by his superior
numbers, he refused, but by managing his affairs
so as to create appearances and to carry out his
designs, he put the responsibility for his questionable
acts upon others. Thus both in his reverses and in
his successes he could make the plea that he was
acting equally in behalf of the same person : in the
one case he would urge that he had, or had not, done
the thing himself, and in the other case that others
had or had not been responsible. He went on in
this way until Caesar actually conquered, and though
at the moment he incurred his anger and was
banished, yet later he was restored and honoured. *
Longinus, however, being denounced by the Spaniards
through an embassy, was deprived of his office, and
while on his way home perished near the mouths of
the Iberus.
These events were occurring abroad. In Rome,
as long as the issue between Caesar and Pompey was
doubtful and unsettled, the people all ostensibly
favoured Caesar, because of his troops that were in
their midst and because of his colleague Servilius.
Whenever a victory of his was reported, they re-
joiced, and whenever a reverse, they grieved, some
sincerely and some feignedly in each case ; for
there were many spies and eavesdroppers prowling
about, observing all that was said and done on such
occasions. But privately the talk and actions of
those who detested Caesar and preferred Pompey's
141
DIG'S ROMAN HISTORY
aipov jjbevoi Kai kXeyov /cal eTroiovv, kclk, tovtov ra
T€ dyyeWofieva ^ fcara to Trpoccpopov cr(f)caiv
a/jL(pOT6poi \a/jL^dvovT€<i T0fc9 fiev ^e8^0Ta)9 rot? Be
4 OapaovvTcof; i^pSivro, koI ola iroWwv koi ttoi-
KiXcov ev T€ rfi avrfj rjfiepa koX ev rfj avrfj a>pa
TToXkcLKL'^ XoyoTTOiovfievcov ^aXeTTcorara Bierl-
OevTO' /cat yap t^Sovto Ka\ iXvirovvro Kal iOdp-
18 crow fcal ecfio^ovvro Sid ^pa')(VTdTOV. dyyeX-
Oeiar)^ he rrjf; ^apad\LKr]<; fid')(ri^ eirl ttoXv fxev
rjiricTTOVv' ovre yap 6 K.aLaap rw kolvw tl eire-
(TTeCkeVy OKVYjaa^ Brj^ioala ')(aipoL>v eirl Totavrrj
viKT] (fiavrjvai, (BcoTrep ovBe eTTiviKca avrrj^ eVe/XA^e),
Kal 6 nrapdXoyo^ irpo^ re rrjv irapaaKevrjv avToyv
2 Kal TT/oo? ra eXiTi^o/jLeva ttoXu? e^aiveTO. co? 3'
ovv eTrlarevadv ttotc, ra? fiev elKova^ rov re
Ilo/jL7rr)LOV Kal tov ^vWov rd<; eirl rw ^rj/xart,
€aT(0(Ta<; dveVXov, dWo Be ovBev Tore eirpa^av
av^vol (lev yap ovBe tovto ^ovXofievoi 7roif](Tat,
(Tvxvol Be Kal tov Uo/mtttJiov, fiT] tto)? dva[Jba')(e-
arjrai, (f)o^ovpLevoL, tm re K^alcrapL Kal eKelvo ^
3 iKavci)<; e^^cv evo/iiL^ov, Kal rov Tioixirrjiov evirapal-
TTjTov^ iir avTw yevrjcreaOai crcptac TrpoaeBoKcov.
eirel fjuevroi Kal direOavev, oyjre fxev Kal tovto, koi
ov TTporepov irplv tov BaKTvXtov avTov 7rejjL(f)0evTa
IBelv, eiTKJTevaav {eveyeyXvKTO Be ev auTw Tpo-
19 Traia Tpua, wairep Kal ev tw tov %vXXov), 6i<; S*
ovv eTeOvrjKei, (pavepco^ re rjBrj rov puev eiryvovv
TOV Be eXoiBopovv, Kal irdv 6 tl irore e^evpelv
eBvi>avTO eaTjyovvro BoOrjvai rw J^alaapi. Kal ev
^ ayyeWS/jLeva Xyl. , airoWSfxeva L.
^ iKe7po Xyl., iKeivcoi L.
-..^ ^ iVTrapair7]T0V Bs., aiTapair7\Tov L.
142
BOOK XLIl
Jjf'
side were the very opposite of their public expressions, b.c. 48
Hence, as both sides received the various re})orts in
the Hght of their own advantage, they were inspired
sometimes with fear and sometimes with boldness,
and inasmuch as many diverse rumours would often
be going about on the same day and at the same
hour, their position was a most trying one ; for they
were pleased and distressed, bold and fearful, all
within the briefest space of time. When the battle
of Pharsalus was announced, they were long incredu-
lous. For Caesar sent no despatch to the government,
hesitating to appear to rejoice publicly over such a
victory, for which reason also he celebrated no
triumph ; and furthermore the event was clearly
very improbable in view of the relative equipment of
the two forces and the hopes entertained. But when , ^^
at last they gave the story credence, they remov ed'j; L ^
the iman-ps of Pompey and of Sii^l^ thp^" g^^^^^d npr!"^"*
th e rost m , but riifi>ji othing further at the time. Many,
indeed, did not wish to do even this, and many also,
fearing that Pompey might renew the strife, regarded
this as quite enough for Caesar and expected that
it would be a fairly simple matter to placate Pompey
on account of it. Even when he had died, they did
not believe it for a long time, not, in fact, until they
saw his seal-ring that had been sent ; it had three
trophies carved on it, as had that of Sulla. So when
he was really dead, at last they openly praised t
v ictor and abused the v angm'shpH, a nd proposed tha t
everythmg in the world which they could devise
should be given to Caesar. 1
this
143
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
T€ TOVT(p TToWrj Tjv ^ TTapa TTcivTcov ft)? elirelv rwv
TrpcoToyv a/jLcWa, vTrep/SdWeiv (T(f)Ct)v dW7]\ov<i
TTJ KoXaKeta airovha^ovTcov, /cat iv rfj eiTL')(eipo-
2 Tovia avTMV rot? re yap i'm^orip.aaL ^ koI rot?
o-^Cij/jiaaL 7rdvT6<^, 0)9 ical irapovro^ koX 6pS)VT0^
Tov K.aL(Tapo<;, ttoXv TrXelaTTjv aTrovSrjv eve-
BeiKvvvTO, Koi ivo/LLi^ov €vOv<; dvT avTOiv, waTvep
Tt avT(p '^apL^opevoi aXV ovk e^ dvdyK7]<; avro
7roiovvr€<;, 6 jiev dp')(r)v 6 he lepcoorvvr^v 6 he /cat
3 ^(^pij/jLaTa dvTiXijylreo-daL. eycb ovv rd p^ev dWa,
oaa riTOi Kal eTepoL<; tktI irporepov eylr^<pLaTai,,
elKova<^ T€ Ka\ (ne(^dvov<; Kal Trpoehpia^ rd re
rotovTorpoTra, rj Kaivd '^ p,ev Kal Tore ea'eve')(devTa
TrpcoTov Tjv, ov p^evToc Kal vtto tov K.aiaapo<i
e^e^aLcodrj, TrapaXelylrco, p^rj Kal Sl O'^Xov yevcop^ai
4 el irdvra avTa eTre^iotp^r to S* avTO tovto kol ev
.T0£9 eirecTa, Kal p^dWov ye oaw Kal irXeiw Kal
aTOTTcoTepa del eai^yeTO, Tronjaay' pova he hy oaa
thiov re tl Kal i^alpCTOv e^ovra eKvpovTO Kara-
Xefft).
20 Toy? T6 yap Ta tov TlopnTriiov <^povrjaavTa<;
iTriTpeyjrav avT& ttclv 6 tl * ttot dv edeXrjcrrj
hpdaai, ou^ oti Kal avTO<i irap eavrov ov
TOUT Tjhr) Xa/Soiv el^ev, dW^ 'iva Kal ev vbpuw
hr) ^ Tivi avTo TToielv ho^rj' Kal 7ro\e/io)v Kal
elpr)V7)<; KvpLov, Trpocjydaec tmv ev Trj ^A(f>pLKy
crvvi(TTap,eva)v, tt/oo? TrdvTa^; dv6pd)7rov<; dire-
heL^av avTov, Kav p/r}hev prjTe tw hrjpLCp p^ijre
2 Ty 0ov\f} irepl avrcov KOivdxiTjTaL. Kal rjv p,ev
^ ?iv supplied by Bk. ^ ^in^o-iiixaffi Dind., iin&oijaaai L.
^ Kaiva R. Steph. , Kcva L. ^ nav o ri Bk,, TravS' qti L.
^ Z-i] Reim., ^5rj L.
144
BOOK XLII
respect was there great rivalry among practically b.c. 48
all the foremost men, who were eager to outdo one
another in fawning upon him, but also in voting ^^a
such measures. By their shouts and by their gestures ^^^jt^^
they all, as if Caesar were present and looking on, ^/\/c
showed the very greatest zeal and thought that in ^ '
return for it they would get immediately — as if they
were doing it to please him at all and not from ^^ri
necessity— one an office , another a priesthood, a nd ^ -^ /-
a third some^p^C' UhiaryTeward . I shall omit those ^ •
honoui's which had either been voted to some others
previously — imag es,, crowns, front seats, and thing s-/- z/^*^^
of that kind — or which, whil e novel and pi-opnse d
now for the tirst^.lmFr-^vere jiQt confirmed by Caes ar,
"become wearisome, were I to
This same plan I shall follow
%
for fear that 1 mig
•enumerate them all.
in my subsequent account, adhering the more strictly
to it, as the honours proposed continually grew more
numerous and more absurd. Only such as had some
special and extraordinary importance and were con-
firmed will be related. .
Ttl^ g^'^nt^lJJlirPj t^^PHj pf^vmigginn +n rlf^ -yi/^hatevi^ r j ^ ,
he pvishedt o those ^^Iv^Jbi^d fny^ure^ P^^^p ey's caus e, \ Y
not that tie had^liot a lre ady received this riffh t \^ .
f rom himself, but in o r^ ^r th?^- ^^ m^glit i^m >>. ^^tm '
nHingjivif ji i^nif; fi hnw '^^ lafTol flpflm rify They
appointed him arbiter of war and peace with all man-
kind — using the conspirators in Africa as a pretext —
withou t the obligation even of making sr\ y r'nmTY)]]pi,
cation"onthe subject to the pqnplf f^r ^he ^^^nf^j^p. This,
f-wrs
U^
l)vl
I
^
145
VOL. IV.
pi'
DIG'S ROMAN HISTORY
TTOV KOl TOVTO KOi TTplv eV* iK€iV(p are KOi
Svva/jiLV TrfKiKavTTjv exovri' tol*? 'yovv TroXe/xou? ov<;
iTroXe/bLTjcre 7rdvTa<^ oXljov Ka6^ eavrov aveiXeTO'
o/xo)? 8' ovv avTw (iroKlrai re 'yap Koi avroreXevf}
ere hoKelv eivai rjOeXov) ravrd re ovrox; eyjrTjcfiLaavTO
Kal raWa irdvra a ^ Kal clkovtcov avrcov e^etv
3 iSvvaro, viraro'i re <yap err) irevre e'^ef?}?
fyeveaOaL Kal SiKTarcop ovk 69 6K/jLr]vov aXX'
e? iviavTOv ciXov \e)(6r)vaL eXa/Bev, ttjv re
e^ovaiav tmv hrj jjLdp')((ov hid ^lov 009 elirelv
Trpoaedero' avy/cade^eaOab re yap iirl tmv
avrcov jBdOptov Kal 69 rdWa (fvve^erdt,ea9ai
4 aipiaiv, o firjSevl i^rjp, evpero.^ aX re ^ dpyai-
peaiaL rrdaai, TrXrjv rwv rod irXijOov^;, eri
avra> iyevovro, Kal Bid rovro 69 rr]V rrapovaiav
avrov dva^Xrj6^l(7aL iir e'foSo) rov erov^; ereXe-
aOrjaav. rd<; re rjyefxovia^; rd^ ev rw vTrrjKoq)
T0Z9 fJiev v7rdroi<i avrol Brjdev eKXrjpoaaav, rol<;
Be Br) arparriyol<; rov K.aiaapa dKXrjpwrl Bovvat
e'\lrrj(f)L(Tavro' 69 re yap roijg v7rdrov<; Kal e'9
Tot'9 crrparrjyovf; avdi^ rrapd rd BeBoy/jiiva
5 (T(f)Laiv eTravTjXBov. Kal erepov Be ri, elOtafievov
fiev yCyveaOai, ev Be Br) rfj rod Kaipov Bia^Oopa^
Kal eiricpOovov Kal vepecr)rov 6v, eyvwaav rod
yap TToXe/jiOV rov 7rp6<; re rov ^lo/Sav Kal 7r/909
T0U9 'Vco/iaiov^ Tot'9 fier avrov TroXe/jLTJcravrafi,
ov 6 K.alaap ovBeTrco rore ovB^ on yevrjcrocro
yTriararo, rrefjuylrai rivd avrw VLKrjrijpia a)9
KeKparrjKorc irpoaera^av.
^ & added by Xyl. ^ evpiro R. Steph., evp-qro L.
^ re Bk., re yap L.
146
BOOK XLII vf^ 'L/^
r
of C Qiirsp, ;^|s;(^ ^t^ v in his pft wer before, i nasmuch as he b.c. 48-
had so l arge an armed forc ed at any fate^ the wars he ^*^^ ^
had fouglit he had undertaken on his own authority '^ v^
ill nearly every case. Nevertheless, because they
wished still to appe ar to he ^ree- ^nc\ independ ent
citiz ens, they voted him these rights and everythm ^
el se which it was in his po wder to have even against
their will, llius lie received tne privilege ot being t ^ r
consul for five consecutive years and of being chosen
dictator, not for six months, but for an entire year,
and he assumed the tribunician authority p ractically
for lif^ ; for he secured the right of sitting w jth
th e tribungg^upon t he same bench es and of be ing f^/i
rec koned with them tor othev puiT)oses — a privilege \ IT^
which _was permitted to no^o ne! All t.li p plectfam g
e xcept those of the plebsnow^ passed into his han ds
and tor this reason they were delayed till after his
arrival and were held toward the close of the year.^
In the case of the governorships in subject territory
the citizens ^^v^t^y^df d tO ^^^^^ thf msplv^i'^ tho se which ')
fei lto the consuls, but voted that Caesar should giv e \ /"^-^
the. ^thers to the p rae tors without the casting; ^f \
lo ts ; for they had go ne back to consuls and praetors Jry^
ag ain contrar y to their decree. And tliey also gl*anfed
another privilege, vvhldi was customary, to be sure,
but in the corruption of the times might cause
hatred and resentment : they decreed that Caesar
should hold a triumph for the war against Juba
and the Romans who fought with him, just as if he
had been the victor, although, as a matter of fact,
he had not then so much as heard that there was
to be such a war.
^ The 3^ear 47, in which Caesar came to Rome, is here
meant, or else Dio has made an error.
'hql
147
L 2
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
21 TavT ovv ovTco fcal e'\lr7](f)La67) kol eKvpcodr); :
/cal 6 re ILalaap tyjv SiKraropiav 7ra.pa%p?7yu,a,
KaiTTCp e^co T?)? 'IraXta? cov, vTrearr}, /cal rov
^AvTcovcov p,r]Be iaTparrjyTjKora 'iTTTTapypv irpoe- ^
\6fi6vo<;, fcal elire kol tovtov 6 i/Traro?, /cairoL
TOiv oloiViCTTMv (TcfyoSpoTara avretirovToyv fjuySevl
e^elvai irXeico rod e^afJLTjvov 'X^povov iTTTrap-^rjaaL.
2 a)OC eKelvoL jxev yeXcora eirl tovtw ttoXvv axpXb-
* (jKavov, avrov fxev rov SL/crdropa e? eviavrov
irapa iravTa ra irdrpia \e')(drjvaL yvovre^;^ irepl
22 he 8r) Tov lirTrdp'yov d/cpL^oXoyov/jLevor 6 Be St)
KatXi09 ^ IS/ldpKo^i Kal dTrcoXero To\/x7Jo-a<; rd irepl
TOiV Sav€i(T/j.dT(ov VTTO TOV Katcra/909 opiaOevTa,
KaOdirep 7)777) (jbevov re avrov /cal e(^dap[xevov,
Xvcrat, /cal Bid tovto /cal r7]v 'Voj/jLtjv Kal ttjv
2 K-a/jLTravlav e/crapd^a<;. oSto? yap errpa^e jxev ^
dvd 7rpd)Tov<; rd rov Kalaapa, Bib^ /cal arparrj-
709 d7reBei')(67]' opyiaOel^ Be on re fiTj Tjarvvo-
/jLTjaev /cal on /cal 6 Tpe/Soovw^; 6 awdp^^v
avrov ov /cXTjpcoro^;, (oairep eWtaro, dXX^ aipero<;
VTTO rov }^aL(7apo9 €9 rTjv darvvo/xiav irpoeKpiOT],
3 7)vavnovro rrpo^ irdvra ra> crwdp^ovn /cal ovr
dXXo n rchv eiTi^aXXovrcov 01 rroLe'laOat iire-
rpeirev, ovre rd<; BiKa*; /card roij^; rov Yiaiaapo<;
vo/jLov<; reXelcrOai crvv€')(dipei, Kal irpoaen rol^
6<^eiXov(7i n ^orjdijaeiv eirl rov<; BeBaveuKora^
Kal rol<; iv dXXorpicov oIkovcfl to evoiKLOV dcf)^'
4 aeiv eiT7]yyeXXero, rrpoadefievo^ Be eK rovrov
^ KaiKios Xyl. , KaiKiXios L.
2 ti\v added by Bk. following Rk. '^ Zih Bk., ^ih L.
148
BOOK XLII
In this way these measures were voted and b.c. 4s
ratified. Caf^sar entered upon the dictatorship af . K^(jJi*^
once, altliough he was outside of Italy, and chose ^
Antony, although he hud iiuL }^ez been praetor, as
his master of horse ; and the consul proposed the
latter's name also, although the augurs very strongly
opposed him, declaring that no one might be master
of the horse for more than six months. But for
this course they brought upon themselves a great
deal of ridicule, because, after having decided that
the dictator himself should be chosen for a year,
contrary to all precedent, they were now splitting r
hairs about the master of the horse. Marcus Caeliu s^ ^
actually lost his hfe bec ^nf^e hp Harpfl t p set asid e,
the laws estal ^h'^^hpr] hy C^a esar re a^^^'^jpp; '^fi^'^ii
hairs about the master of the horse. Marcus Caeliu s ^ ^ » j
actually l ost his life because hp Har pd to set asid d y/r i
the laws estab h'^jhpr] hy C^a esar re a ^ ^^'^jpp; '^fj^*^,/ V , /^
assuming that their author had been defeated and v-
had perished, and because as a result he stirred up
Rome and Campania. He had been among the fore-
most in carrying out Caesar's wishes, for which reason
he had been appointed praetor ; but he became angry
because he had not been made praetor urbanus,
and because his colleague Trebonius had been
preferred before him for this office, not by lot, as
had been the custom, but by Caesar's choice.
Hence he opposed his colleague in everything and
would not let him perform any of the duties devolving
upon him. He not only would not consent to his
pronouncing judgments according to Caesar's laws,
but he also gave notice to such as owed anything that
he would assist them against their creditors, and to
all who dwelt in other people's houses that he would
release them from payment of the rent. Having by
this course gained a considerable following, he set
^ M. Caelius Rufus.
149
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
(TV)(^i'Ov<!i eirrjXBe //.er' avroov t& Tpe^coviO), Kav
aireKTeivev avrbv el fir) ttjv re iadijra rjWd^aro
Kol Bt6(f)vye (7^ a? iv t& o-^w. Siafiaprcov Se
rovTov vojxov Ihia i^edrj/ce, Trpot/cd re iracnv olKelv
Bi^ov(; fcal rd %/3ea ^ aTroKOTTTcov.
23 'O ovv XepoviXio^ crTpaTicora<; ri ri,va<; e?
TaXarlav Kara rv)(rjv irapiovra^ fiereTrefMylraro,
Kol TTJV ^ovXrjv rfi Trap' avrcov (jypovpa avva'ya'y(£>v
TrpoeOrjKe yvco/jirjv nrepl roiv Trapovrcov, koX Kvpco-
6evT0<; fjuev /ii7]Sevb<; (Srjfiap'X^ot yap i/ccoXvaav)
(Tvyypa(f)evTo<; .Se rov 86^avTO<; eKekevae to2<;
2 v7r7]p6TaL<; KaOeXelv rd TrcvdKia. eTrecSi] re 6
KatXto? eKeivov; re dirrjXacre fcal avrov top
virarov e? 66pv/3ov KaTeorrrjcre, avvrjXOov avOc<;
(f)pa^d/ji€V0L TOt? arpaTLcoTaL^, kol rrjv <pvXaKr}v
T/}9 7roA,€ft)9 TO) XepoviXiM, coairep- dvco /jlol ttoX-
3 XdKL^ Trepl avT7]<; etpyrai, irape^oaav. Kal 6 fiev
ovBev CK TOVTOV T(p J^aiXicp ct)9 f<al aTpaTrjyovvrt
irpd^ai €<firjKev, dXXd rd re irpoarjKovra rfj dp)(r}
avrov dXXfp rw rcov crrparrjycov rrpoaera^e, Kal
avrov €/c€LVov rov re avvehpiov elp^e Kal drro rov
^rjixaro<; Kara^ooivrd n Karearraae, rov re
24 hi(^pov avrov avverpi-^ev 6 Be opyrjv jxev ttoXXtjv'^
KaO^ eKaarov avrSiV eiroielro, SeStot}<^ Be /jlt) Kal
KoXaadf} (SvvafMLV yap d^cofia'X^ov ev rfj rroXei
€t%6i^) €9 J^a/jLTravlav 7r/309 M-iXcova vecorepl^ovrd
2 n dirdpai eyvco, eKelvo'^ yap eireiBrj fxovo^ roiV
(pevyovrayv ov Karr)')(^d7] 7rpb<i rov Kaiaapo<;, 69 re
rrjv ^IraXiav d^iKero, Kal itoXXov<; dvOpdOTrov^,
TOi'9 fiev ^lov heofxevov^i rov<; he Kal rifJLwpiav
nvd Be8i,6ra(;, (7vXXe^a<; rrjv re yciipav eKaKovpyei
^ Xpia. Xyl., xpiaa. L. ^ iroW^u R, Steph., ttoAi/ L.
BOOK XLII
upon Trebonius with their aid and would have slain b.c. 48
him, had the other not managed to change his dress
and escape in the crowd. After this failure Caelius
privately issued a law in which he granted everybody
the use of houses free of rent and annulled all debts.
Servilius consequently sent for some soldiers who
chanced to be going by on the w ay to Gaul, and after
convening the senate under their protection he
proposed a measure in regard to the situation. No
action was taken, since the tribunes prevented it,
but the sense of the meeting was recorded and
Servilius then ordered the court officers to take down
the offending tablets. When Caelius drove these men
away and even involved the consul himself in a tumult,
they convened again, still protected by the soldiers,
and entrusted to Servilius the guarding of the city,
a procedure concerning which I have often spoken
before. After this he would not permit Caelius to
do anything in his capacity as praetor, but assigned
the duties pertaining to his office to another praetor,
debarred him from the senate, dragged him from the
rostra while he was delivering some tirade or other,
and broke his chair in pieces. Caelius was very
angry with him for each of these acts, but since
Servilius had a body of troops in town that matched
his own, he was afraid that he might be punished, and
so decided to set out for Campania to join Milo, who /
was beginning a rebellion. For Milo, when he
alone of the exiles was not restored by Caesar, had
come to Italy, where he gathered a large crowd of men,
some in want of a livelihood and others who feared
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
KOI Ta2<; irokecTL rat? "re dWao^ /cat rfj J^airvrj \
3 wpocre^aWe. irpo^ ovv tovtov 6 KatXto? d(j)op-
fiijaai iOeXrjaa^; co? ^ fjuer avrov irav 6 tl Svvacro
TOP K.a[(Tapa Xuttt/ctt;, eVefcr' iTreiSr) /jL7]T6 i/c tov
7rpo(pavov<; i/cBrj/jirjaai, iBvvaro {iraperirjpelTO yap)
fxrjT av i/cBpaT^at eToXfxa hid re rdWa kol otl
TToWo) TrXelo) ev re tw a')(^7]fiari, /cat iv tm ovo/jbart
TO) T^9 (TTpaT7)y[a<; cov Karairpd^eLV TjXirc^e, Ta>
T€ vTrdrw irpoarjXOe ical Trapyretro avrov, Xeycov
Kal irpo^ TOV K.aicrapa direkdelv ^ovXeadat,
4 v7T0T0irrjcra<i ovv eKelvo'i rrjv hidvoiav avrov
iirerpe'^e jiiev ol rovro Trocrjaat., dX\co<; re /cal
OTi TToXu? iveK€LTo TO Te TOV Katcra/909 OVOjJia
eiTLKa'kovpb€VO<^ Kal irpo'^ ttjv diroXoyiav Brj
eTreiyeaOai a/crjiTTO/jievo^, avveTTejX'^e he avTa>
hr)fjLapxov Tiva, iv el' tl veo^pcoaac ToX/iijcreLe
25 KooXvOelr]. &>? 8e iv Trj K.afjL7ravLa iyevovTO, Kal 6
re M.i\(ov Trraiaa^; 7r/)o? Tjj K.aTrvr) iq tcl
Ticj^aTLva ^ oprj KaTeTrecpevyet Kal 6 KatXto? ovketi
TrepatTepco 7rpov')(^(op€c, Seicra'^ 6 Brjfiapyo'; ocKaSe
2 iiravayayetv avTov r)de\rjae. TrpoTrvOofievof; ovv
Tav6* 6 ^epovi\Lo<^ tm /lev yilXcovi TroXe/juov iv tj}
fiovX-p iirrjyyeLXe, tov 8e Br] KaiXiov virofMelvat
fiev iv T(p irpoaaTeicp, /jlt) Kal Tapd^rj ti, iKe-
XevaeVy ov fievToi hta <^vXaKr]<; dKpL^ov<; are Kal
GTpaTrjyovvTa iTTOirjaaTO. direSpa re ovv Kal
3 7rpb<; TOV MiXcova rjTreiyeTo. kclv eirpa^e ti
Tapa'X^Sihe^, el ^covTa avTov evprJKet,. vvv Se iK
t:^9 K.afi7ravia<; iK7rea6vTO<; avTOv Kal iv KirovXia
(f)0apevTO<;, e? re ttjv l^peTTiav ^ rfXOev 009 ivTavdd
^ ODS Dind., Sxrre L. ^ TKparlva Dind., TKparvivii. L.
^ Bperrtav Xyl., ^perTayiav L.
BOOK XLII
some punishment, and proceeded to ravage the b.c. 48
country, assailing Capua and other cities. To him,
then, Caelius wished to betake himself, in order that
with his aid he might do Caesar all possible harm.
He was watched, however, and could not leave the
city openly; and he did not venture to escape secretly
because, among other reasons, he expected to accom-
plish a great deal more by using the dress and the
title of his praetorship. At last, therefore, he ap-
proached the consul and asked him for leave of absence,
even saying that he wished to proceed to Caesar. The
other, though he suspected his intention, still allowed
him to do this, particularly because he was very
insistent, invoking Caesar's name and pretending
that he was eager to submit his defence ; but he
sent a tribune with him, so that if he should attempt
any rebellious act he might be held in check. When
they reached Campania, and found that Milo, after a
defeat near Capua, had taken refuge on Mount Tifata,
and Caelius gave up his plan of going farther, the
tribune was alarmed and wished to bring him back
home. Servilius, learning of this in time, declared
war upon Milo in the senate and gave orders that
Caelius should remain in the suburbs, so that he might
not stir up any trouble ; nevertheless, he did not
keep him under strict surveillance, because the
man was a praetor. Thus Caelius made his escape
and hastened to Milo, and he would certainly have
created some disturbance had he found him alive ;
but as it was, Milo had been driven from Campania
and had perished in Apulia. Caelius, therefore,
went to Bruttium, hoping to form some league in
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
ye TL avcTTrjdcov, /cal eKel irpiv TroLrjaal ri Xoyov
a^Lov aTTcoXero' avaTpa^evTe<^ yap ol ra rod
Katcra/309 7rpdrT0VT€<; aireKTetvav avrov.
26 Kal ol fxev ovtco<; aireOavov, ov fievrot koll
r}(jv')(ia irapd rovro ev rrj ^Vdofij) iyevero, aWa
TToWa Kol Beiva avvr]V€')(dr], wcnrep ttov koI ra
repara irpoehrjXcjdcrev. eKeivq) re yap to) erec
reXevTOiVTi aXka re riva avpe^ij, /cal fxeXiaaai ev
Tw J^aTTiTcoXbcp irapa rov 'UpafcXea IBpvOrjaav.
2 Kal ^ ieTvyyave yap lepa "laihi evravda rore
ytyvo/iieva) eSo^e yvco/jbrj tmv fiavrecov Trdura
av6i<; TO, re eK€Lvr]<; Kal ra rov %apdiTLho<^ re-
/jbeviafiara KaraaKay^ai' yevofxevov he tovtov
Kal ^Eivvelov tl " XaOov ij<^a<^ irpoaKadr}pe6ri, Kal
ev avTM KepdjJLia dvOpwireiwv aapKMV fiecrrd
3 evpeOr). rw re e)(^ofjLeva) aeKT/juo^; re la^vpb<;
eyevero Kal ^va^ m^Otj, KepavvoL re 69 re ro
K.a7Ti,T(oXi,ov Kal e? rov rrj^ Tv^V^ t% hrjixoaia'^
KaXovfjLevrj<; vaov €<; re tov<s rod l^aiaapo^ kyjitov^
KarecTKT^y^av, KavravOa iVrTro? Tt9 tmv ovk rjfieXr]-
4 fievcov diredavev vtt^ avrcov, Kal to Tv^atov
avTopuTOV dve(p')(dr]. irpo'^ he tovtol^ at/jud re e^
epyacTTrjpiov aiToiroLOv 7rpo')(^vOev d(j)iKeTO 7rpo9
veoov erepov Tv')(r)(;, fjv eK rov irdvra rd re ev T0t9
6<p6aX/uiOL(; Kal ra Karoiriv Kal e(f)opdv Kal
eKXoyi^ea-dai 'y^prjval riva, fjbrjhe eiriXavOdveaOai
e^ oi(£)V olos eyevero, Kal IhpvcravTo Kal eire-
KdXeaav rpoirov rivd ovk eva(pyyr)Tov "RXX7]ao'
5 Kal I3pe(f>7] Tivd rd^ dptarepas eirl T779 Kecf)aX7]<;
')(elpa^ e')(^ovra eyevvrjOr], coare eK re tmv dXXcov
^ Koi supplied by Reim.
^ 'Evve'iov ri R. Steph., ivviovri L.
154
BOOK XLII
that district at any rate^ and there he perished befo
accomplishing anything of importance ; for those
who favoured Caesar banded together and killed
him.
So these men died, but that did not bring quiet to
Rome. On the contrary, many dreadful events
took place, as, indeed, omens had indicated before-
hand. Among other things that happened toward
the end of that year bees settled on the Capitol
beside the statue of Hercules. Sacrifices to Isis
chanced to be going on there at the time, and the
soothsayers gave their opinion to the effect that all
precincts of that goddess and of Serapis should be
razed to the ground once more. In the course of
their demolition a shrine of Bellona was unwittingly
destroyed and in it were found jars full of human flesh.
The following year a violent earthquake occurred, an
ow4 was seen, thunderbolts descended upon the
Capitol and upon the temple of the Public Fortune, as
it was called, and into the gardens of Caesar, where
a horse of no small value. was destroyed by them,
and the temple of Fortune opened of its own accord.
In addition to this, blood issued from a bake-shop and
flowed to another temple of Fortune — that Fortune
whose statue, on account of the fact that a man
must needs observe and consider everything that lies
before his eyes as w ell as behind him and must not
forget from what beginnings he has become what he
is, they had set up and named in a way not easy to
describe to Greeks.^ Also some infants were born
holding their left hands to their heads, so that while ^
^ The reference is to Fortuna Respici^ns. For her many
different attributes see Roscher, Lex. der griech. tind rom.
Mythologie, i. p. 1513. Plutarch called her Tvxn iiriffTpecpoixivr],
a name apparently unknown to Dio.
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
/juriBev vyL€<; vTroTrreveaOai, koI etc tovtcov fiakiaTa
T'qv TMV VTToSeecrrepwv Kara twv it porer ifj/r) fxevcov
eiravdaTaaiv rou? t€ jxavTei^ irpoeiTrelv Kal top
Btj/jlov irpoahe'xecrdai.
27 TaOra fjuev ovrca vtto tov haifjioviov TrpoSei,-
')(Pevra irdparTev avrov^' avveireXd^ero Se acfiLcri
TOV <pol3ov Kal rj oyjrLf; avrrj Trj<; ttoXgo)? Kal Seivr]
Kal dtjOr](; ev re rfj vov/jbrjvia Kal eireiTa iwl ttoXv
2 yevo/jL€V7]. {/Traro? /jlcv yap ovSel^; ovBe aTpaTr}yo<;
ovSeTTCo TjVy 6 he Bij Avt(ovio<; t?}?^ fiev ia6rJT0<;
evBKa (jfi yap 'jTepnTop(f)vpw expV'^o) Kal pa/3Bov-
X^^ (tou? yap e^ fiovov^ €^%^) '^^^ '^^ '^W ^ovXrjV
dOpoi^etv etKOva nva rr}? BrffjuoK parlay Trapeix^ro,
TO) oe 07] ^i(p€L o -^ TTape^coaro Kai to) irXrjtfei rcov
(TVvovTcov ol GTpaTLWTwv TOfc? T€ 6pyoL(; avTol<^ on
3 fidXiaia rrjv fXOvapXi'Civ iveBeuKwro' Kal yap
dpirayal Kal v^pei^ Kal crcfiayal iroWal eyiyvovro,
Kal rjv ov TO irapov [xovov rot? 'Vco/jLaLoi<i x^Xeirco-
rarov, aXX' on Kal €9 tov K-ataapa ttoXv TrXe/o)
Kal BeivoTepa virwiTTeveTO' ottov yap o 'iTTTrapxp^
ovBe ev rat? 7ravr)yvpeaL to ^t^o? KaTeTiOeTO (jd^^
yap irXeiov^; Tal<; tov l^aiaapo^ TTapaaKeval<;
4 eireTeXeaev 6\iya<^ ydp Tiva^ Kal ol Byfiap^oi
eTTolrjo-av), tl<; ovk dv avTov tov BiKTdTopa
VTreTOTTTjaev; el ydp tl<; Kal ttjv p^y97;crTOT»?T(Z
avTOv, vcf) rj<^ ttoWcov Kal dvTtTroXe/uLija-dvTcov ol
e7re(^€iO'TO, evevoeu, dW ovtoi kol iirl tmv o/jlolcov
T0U9 re €(f>tep,evov<; dp^V^ ical tov<; KaTairpd^av-
' Ta<; avTr}V /jLevovTa<; lB6vTe<; Kal eKelvov dWoLco-
28 6r)(Tea6ai TrpoaeBoKcov. ekvirovvTO re ovv, Kal
^ TTJs Turn., ouSeTrco L. ^ % Reim., £t L.
156
BOOK XLII
no good was looked for from the other sigiis^ from this b.c. 48
especially an uprising of inferiors against superiors
was both foretold by the soothsayers and expected
by the people.
These portents, thus revealed by Heaven, disturbed
them ; and their fear was augmented by the very
appearance of the city, which had become strange
and unffimiliar at the beginning of the year and con
tinned so for a lonsr time
consul or
coynilUe
uimiar hl uie uegiiuiiiig oi tne year ana con-
for a long time. For t here was as yet n o ^^j^ f4
L' pra etor, and while Aniony, in so far as h is ' ' ^ ]
went^ which was the pnrplf^-hnrrl^rpH tpga,
ann Fns lictors^ oT wh om he had only th e usual six ,
a nd his convenin g of the sen ate^ furnished some sem -
bl ance^ t' th e '•^^iTTrlil iL, rtrc th e sword with which T ie
wa^ mr^]^(^l^ ^inrl thethvQng ot soMicrs that acc'om -
ipa^ed him^ and his very action.^ jrt parti cular inST -
ca ted the t; ^xistence of a monarchy. In fact many
robberies, outrages, and murders took place. And
inot only was the existing situation most distressing
ito the Romans, but they suspected Caesar of intending
far more and greater deeds of violence. J^or whe n
tthe nias tev of the horse never laid aside his swo rd
evejj aF^the festivals, who would not have been
su spicioil^ of the d iL'lalormmself ? Most of these
ffestivals, by the way, AlitOfiy gUS/e at Caesar's ex-
pense, although the tribunes also gaV^ a few. Even
:f any one stopped to think of Caesar's goodness,
which had led him to spare many enemies, even such
IS had opposed him in battle, nevertheless, seeing
:hat men who have gained an office do not stick to
:he principles that guided them when striving for it,
:hey expected that he, too, would change his course.
They were distressed, therefore, and discussed the
Y^O
57
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
I
TToWa 7r/909 a\X^\ov<;, 0I9 ye koI aa^aXeid r^'
Tjv, SieXdXovv. ov yap irov kol iraaiv aheo)^
avyyiyveaOai ehvvavro' /cal yap ol ttolvv (f)i\oi
hoKovvrh ^ Tivcov elvaiy avyyeve7,<^ re erepoi, Si-
e^aWov '" acpa^;, ra fxev 7raparpe7rovT6<i ra Be /cal
2 TravraTracn KaTa-\\revhoixevoL. oOev ol XoittoI Kal
Kara tovto ovx rjictara eKaKoirdOovVy ore fxrjTe
TTpoao\o<j)vpaadaL fjurjr eTTLKOivoiaai €)(OVTe<^ ovS* ^
drraXkayrjvaL irore avrov iSvvavro. r) [xev yap
irpo'; TOv<; ojxoTraOel^; (Tvvovaia e^epe rtva avTo2<;
3 Kov^iGiv, Kai Ti<? da(f)a\co<i e/cXaX^^cra? re rt Kal
dvraKovaa^; ola eiraaypv pacov eyiyveTO' rj he Brj
Trpo^i Tou? ov^ ofiorjOei'i diTLaria KaOeipyvv re ev
Tat9 'x/rL'^afc9 avTcov Tr}v dviav Kal iirl irXelov
avrd^ e^eKae, /nrjr diro^vyi^v^ firjT dvdiravaiv riva
4 \a/jL/3avovcra<;. 7rpo<; yap tm Kare'X^op^va evhov
ra iraOrjfiard crcpa^ Trjpelv, Kal evXoyelv avrd Kal
dav/jid^etv, eoprd^eiv re Kal ^ovOvretv evOvpLelaSal
T€ e7r' avrol<; rjvayKd^ovTO.
29 Ovrw "fxev ol 'Pcofiaioc ol ev rfj iroXei rore
ovre^; hLeriOevTO' oyairep he ovk diroy^ptav aurot?
viTo Tov ^AvTcovLov KaKovaOat, AovKLo^i re
ri^ Tpe/SeXXto^; Kal IIoi/TrXio? K.opvr]\to(; AoXo-
/3eXXa9 hrjixapxpi ecrraaiaaav. ovro<; fiev yap
rol<^ o^eiXovaLV, e^ oiv Kal avro<i rjv, hio ^ Kal eK
TO)V evrrarpihcdv €9 to irXrjOo'^ iirl rfi hij/jLapx^^a
2 fiereanii avv7]ycovi^ero' eKelvo<^ he eXeye fxev row
dfieLvovcov Trpotaraordac,^ eK he hr) rod op^oiov
^ Koi yh.p ol travv <pl\oi SoKovvres Bs. , KtiV yap rrdvv (plAoi
4S6kovv L. '•^ 5ie0a.xx6v K. Steph., Si€0ax6u L.
^ ov5' Pflugk, ovT L.
'^ lxr]T aTTO(j>vyi]v Gary, ^irtrairopa'qv L. '^ 5<b Rk., koL Zio L
^ '7rpoi(TTa(Tdat H. Steph., irpoalffraadai L.
â– 58
BOOK XLII
matter with one another at length, at least those b.c. 48
who were safe in so doing, for they could not be
intimate with any and every one with impunity. For
those who seemed to be one's very good friends and
others who were relatives would slander one, per-
\ crting some statements and telling downright lies
on other points. And so it was that the rest found
herein the chief cause of their distress, that, since
they were unable either to lament or to share their
views with others, they could not so much as give fr,
their feelings vent. For, while it is true that inter- )^ ^'^
course with those similarly afflicted lightened their 7^
burden somewhat, and the man who could safely
utter and hear in return something of what the
citizens were undergoing felt easier, y et tlieir d istrust
of such as were not of like habits with theniS^tTes
vexation witliin their owii hearts
fi nd iiifi i UHirl thnr>T rim imnrn ^ fls tJicv could obtain
neither fsr^pe nor relief. Indeerj^ in addit.ioii, to
havin g to keep their .c;i] fff^iMr.gg QJ^ni- np within th eir
nwn tArni-ffPi tiTp^y xyf^ ve Compelled to praise an d
ad mire their treatment, as also to celebrate festi-
v als, perform sacririces, ana appear happy urer
it all.
This was the condition of the Romans in the city
at that time. And, as if it were not sufficient for
them to be abused by Antony, one Lucius Trebellius
and Publius Cornelius Dolabella, tribunes, fell to
quarrelling. The latter championed the cause of
the debtors, to which class he belonged, and had
therefore changed from the ranks of the patricians
to the plebs, in order to secure the tribuneship. The
former claimed to represent the nobles, but issued
159
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
avT(p /cat ypd/jL/nara e^eridei koX a(f)ayat<; i'X^prjTo,
Tapa^f] T6 ovv Kol etc tovtwv ttoWtj i'yi'yveTO, kcli
oirXa TToXka koX 7ravTa')(ov ecopdro, KaiTOi tmv re
^ovXevTMV aTrayopevcrdvTcov p^rjSev irpo rr}<; rod
Kaccrapo<; d(j)L^6co<; Kaivorofjbrjdrjvai,, koX tov 'Az/-
rcovLOV jjurfheva ev rw dcrrei IBicorrjv OTrXocpopetv.
3 Kol ou yap io-rjKovov, dWa iravra Sr) 7rdvTC0<; kol
evr' dW7]Xot<; koI eir eKelvoL^ eTTOiovv, rpirrj crTd(n<;
rod re ^Avrcoviov /cat tt}? yepovaia^ eyevero' Iva
yap Kal Trap avrr}<; rd re oirXa Kal rrjv i^ovaiav
rr)v dir'^ avrodv, y (fyOdcra^; e')(^pi)ro, irpoaredelcrOai
vo/JLiaOei')], arparici)ra<; re 6vro<; rod rei')(ov^ rpe-
<^eiv Kal rrjv rroXiv Sid (f)v\a/c7]<s fierd rSiv dWcov
4 hrifidp')((i)v TTOielorOai eXa^e. /cdK rovrov ^Avrco-
VL0<^ fiev ev vojxw hrj rivi rrdvO^ oaa eireOvfjuec eSpa,
AoXoySeXXa? Se Kal Tpe^eXXio^i ovajxa fxev ^taiov
irpd^eo)'; el'xpv, dvrrjycovL^ovro he viro re rrj<;
Opadvrrjrof; Kal vtto rrj<; 7rapa(TKevrj<; Kal dXX^XoL<;
Kal eKelvcp, coarrep nvd Kal avrol rjyefMOviav Trapd
rrj<; /SovXrjf; etXt^^ore?.
30 K.dv rovrw KvroyvLO^; rrvdofievo^ rd arparo-
TreSa, a p^erd rrjv p.d')(7]v 6 Yialaap 69 Tr)v IraXiav
ft)9 Kal i(f)eylr6fiev6<; acjycac rrpoerrepj'^e^ firjBev
vyiet; Spdv, Kal (^o^iiOel^ pur) ri vecorepiaaycn,, ro
piev darv ru> K.aicrapL rw Aovklo) eVeTyoe-v^e, ttoXl-
ap^ov avrov diToheL^a<=;, o p^rjircoTTore 7rpb<; lir-
7rdp')(ov eyeyovei, avrb<; Be 7rpb<; tov9 crrpari(i)ra<;
2 e^copp^rjaev. ol ovv Brjp^ap^i ol avriaraadl^ovrh
(T^iai rod re Aovklov Bid ro yrjpa'; Karecppovrjcravj
Kal iToXXd Kal BeLvd, //,6%/jt9 ov rov J^ataapa rd
^ iXPVTo R. Steph., ixp"-'''^ L- ' «"■' Rk., in' L.
^ irpoeTre/xrpe R. Steph., irpoffiireinxl/e L.
i6o
BOOK XLII
edicts and had recourse to murders no less than the
other. This, too, naturally resulted in great turmoil
and many weapons were everywhere to be seen,
although the senators had commanded that no
changes should be made before Caesar's arrival, and
Antony that no private individual in the city should
carry arms. As the tribunes, however, paid no
attention to these orders, but resorted to absolutely
every sort of measure against each other and against
the men just mentioned, a third party arose, con-
sisting of Antony and the senate. For in order to
let it be thought that his weapons and the authority
that resulted from their possession, an authority
which he had already usurped, had been granted by
that body, he got the privilege of keeping soldiers
within the walls and of helping the other tribunes
to guard the city. After this Antony did whatever
he desired m ith a kind of legal right, while Dolabella
and Trebellius were nominally guilty of violence ;
but their effrontery and resources led them to resist
both each other and him, as if they too had received
some position of command from the senate.
Meanwhile Antony learned that the legions which
Caesar after the battle had sent ahead into Italy,
with the intention of following them later, were en-
gaged in questionable proceedings ; and fearing that
they might begin some rebellion, he turned over the
charge of the city to Lucius Caesar, appointing him
city prefect, an office never before conferred by a
master of the horse, and then set out himself to join
the soldiers. The tribunes who were at variance with
teach other despised Lucius because of his advanced
;age and inflicted many outrages upon one another
i6i
VOL. IV. M
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
re iv Trj AlyvTrro) BKpKrjKora koX e? T7]v 'Pcofii^v
wpjiriKora eirvOovTO, koI iavrov^; koX tou9 aWov^
3 i^eipydcravTO. oj? yap ovKer avrov iiravrj^ovTO^,
aX}C eKel ttov TTyoo? tmv AlyvTrricov, wairep irov
rJKOvov, diToXovp^evoVy hie(^epovTo. rore he ')(^p6vov
fiev TLva i/jL€rp[aaav, iirel Be eVt rbv ^apvdKrjv
eKslvo^ TTporepov eireaT par evaev, earaaiaa-av av-
31 ^i?. ovv ^AvTa)VLO<; p.rjTe eTTia')(elv avTov<i
Svvdfi6vo(;, Kal rw irXrjOeL Sia rr]v tt/oo? tov
AoXo/SeWav ivavTicocnv TrpoaKpovcov, ra p.ev
TTpcora TovTw irpoaedero, Kal rbv Tpe^eWiov
dWa T€ irrrfTLdro Kal on tou? (npaTi(OTa<^ a(f)e-
2 repi^oLTO' eTreira Se alcrOo/jievof; tov o/jliXov eavrov
fxev /JLTjSev Trpori/ubcovTa rw Be AoXo/9eWa /jlovo)
7rpo(TK€Lp£vov, '^'^deaOi] Kal fxere^dXero,^ aXXo)?
T€ Kal OTL T^9 fJiev irapd tov 7r\i]6ov<; ^a/otro?
ovK ^ eKOLvdivei ol, tt}? Be irapd tmv ^ovXevrcov
3 alTia^ to TrXeto-TOv fieTeXdfjipave. Kal t& fxev
\6y(p ev fxeaw dfi(f>olv ear?], T(p Be epyqy tov
Tpe/SeWtov Kpv(f)a dvdeiXeTO, Kal ra re dWa
avTO) avvrjycovi^eTO Kal crrpaTtwra? Xa^elv iirerpe-
-^ev. Kal 6 fiev Oearr)^ eK tovtov Kal dy(Dvo6eTrj<;
avToiv eyiyveTOy eKelvoi Be epudyovTOy Kal t^9
re TToXect)? ra eiTLKaipoTaTa dvTLKareXdp^^avov
Kal (f>6vov<i Te Kal ep.irprjo-et'^ ^ eTToiovv, wcrre
KoX TO. lepd TTGTe eK tov 'Eo-Tialov vtto tmv
32 deiTTapOevcov eKKOfjLcaOrjvai,. av6i<^ Te ovv (fiv-
XaKTjv ol jSovXevral rrj^i TroXeo)? aKpi^eaTepav
^ /^eTe/SoAeTo Bk., /xere^dWeTO L.
^ ovx supplied by Keim.
^ 4uTrpr]aeis R. 8teph., €/j.Trpr}(reis re L
162
BOOK XLII
and upon the rest, until they learned that Caesar
having settled affairs in Egypt, had set out for Rome.
For they were carrying on their quarrel upon the
assumption that he would never return again but
would of course perish there at the hands of the
Egyptians, as, indeed, they kept hearing was the
case. When, however, his coming was reported, they
moderated their conduct for a time ; but as soon as
he set out against Pharnaces first, they fell to quar-
relling once more. Accordingly Antony, seeing that
he was unable to restrain them and that his opposition
to Dolabella Mas obnoxious to the populace, at first
joined himself to that tribune and brought various
charges against Trebellius, among them one to the
effect that he was appropriating the soldiers to his own
use. Later, when he perceived that he himself was
not held in any esteem by the multitude, which w^as
attached only to Dolabella, he became vexed and
changed sides, the more so because, while not sharing
with the plebeian leader the favour of the people, he
nevertheless received the greatest share of blame
from the senators. So nominally he adopted a neutral
attitude toward the two, but in fact secretly preferred
the cause of Trebellius, and cooperated with him in
various ways, particularly by allowing him to obtain
soldiers. Thenceforward he became merely a spec-
tator and director of their contest, while they
fought, seized in turn the most advantageous points
in the city, and entered upon a career of murder
and arson, to such an extent that on one occasion
the holy vessels were carried by the virgins out of
the temple of Vesta. So the senators once more
voted that the master of the horse should keep the
163
M 2
DIG'S ROMAN HISTORY
^
Tft) iiT7rdp')(cp i'y^rfc^ia avT o , koX arpaTicorcov airaaa
2 ft)? elirelv i) 7r6XL<; iTrXrjpcoOTj. ov fievroL koX
TTavXd Ti9 ijevero. 6 yap AoXo^eXka^; diroyvov^
av'y<yv(ji)fjirj<; tlvo<^ irapd tov K.aiaapo^ rev^eaOai,^
jjbeya tl kukov eiredvpLei Spdaa^ diroXeaOai co? kol
ovopa Ik rovrov e? del ^^(rjcraiv' rjhr) ydp rive<;
KUL T03V KaKiarcov epycov ipaaral iirl rfj (f^tjfjLrj
yiyvovTao. v(f)* ovirep /cal eKelvo^; rd re aXXa
irdparre, koX tov<; vofiov^, tov re irepl rcov ')(^peo)v
KOL TOV Trepl TOiV ivoiKLcov, iv pyTTJ TLVi rjfxepa
3 dijaeiv vTrea^eTO. ft)9 ovv tovto re irpoeirrjy-
yeKTO ^ KoX 6 6')(\o<^ ra re irepl tyjv dyopdv
d7ro<ppd^a<; koX irvpyovf; eaTiv fj ^vXivov^ eiri-
KaTaaT7](Ta^^ eTOLpLOff ttuvtI tw evavTtciyOrjaopbeva)
ar<f)Lcnv eiTL'^eiprjaaL eyeveTO, evTavO 6 ^ApTcovio<i
GTpaTidctTa^ dp,a TJj r]pbepa itoXXov<; Sk tov Ka-
TTiTcoXiov KUTuyayoov ra? t€ aaviha^ twv vopLcov
KUTefcoylre, /cat Tiva<^ kol pueTa tovto Tapa')(^coBei,<i
diT * avTov TOV K.a7nT(oXiov KaTeKprjpbVKjev,
33 Gl* pievTOi KoX iiravaavTo Scd tovto ^ aTacnd-
^ovTe<i, dXX^ 6a w irXeiov^^ avTcov dirwXXvvTOy Toacp
pbdXXov ol TrepLXtirec^; eOopv^ovv, vopbi^ovTe^ tov
J^alaapa peyuaTO) re kol Svcr^epecTTdTw TToXepLO)
(TvpbTreTrXe'XJdaL. ovSe eTrecr^oj^ irplv avTov eKelvov
2 e^aTTLvaicof; a(^lcriv o^OrjvaL. ovtco Be kol ciKovTe^;
r)av')(aaav. kqI ol puev irav 6 tl ttotc eVe^e^ero
ireicrecrdaL TrpoaeBofccov, X6yo<; t€ eV avTol<; fcuTa
irdaav 6p,OL(o<; tyjv ttoXlv r/v,^ tmv puev ra, tmv Be to.
^ rev^eaOai Reini. , rev^aaOai L.
^ irpoiTr-qyye^TO Bk., TrpoeTrrjyyeWero L.
•^ itriKaraarrtaas Rk., avoKUTaar^aas L.
^ dir* Rk., eV L. ° TOVTO R. Steph., rc^Tov L.
*• 9iv supplied by Xyl,
164
BOOK XLII
city under stricter guards and practically the whole b.c. 48
city was filled with soldiers. Yet there was no re-
spite. For Dolabella, in despair of obtaining any
pardon from Caesar, desired to accomplish some
terrible deed before perishing, hoping thus to gain
lasting renown ; thus there are actually some men
who become infatuated with the basest deeds
for the sake of fame ! F'rom this motive he, too,
caused confusion generally, even promising that on
a certain specified day he would enact his laws in
regard to debts and house-rents. On receipt of
these announcements the crowd erected barricades
round the Forum, setting up wooden towers at some
points, and put itself in readiness to cope with any
force that might o])pose it. At that, Antony led
down from the Capitol at dawn a large body of
soldiers, cut down the tablets containing Dolabella's
laws and afterwards hurled some of the disturbers
from the very cliffs of the Capitoline.
However, even this did not stop their quarrelling.
Instead, the greater the number of those who
perished, the greater disturbance did the survivors
make, thinking that Caesar had become involved in
a very great and difficult war. And they did not
cease until he himself suddenly appeared before
them ; then they reluctantly quieted down. They
were expecting to suffer every conceivable ill fate,
and there was talk about them all through the city,
some judging one way and others another ; but
i6S
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
^1
BLfcaiovvTcov 6 8e Brj K.aLaap rw avvi]6eL ol
rpoTTW Kol t6t€ i'^pijaaro. rfj re yap irapovarf
avTOJV KaTaardaei rjpKeaOr), kol ovBev tS)v irpo-
yevofievcov iTroXvirpay/juovycrev, dWa irdvTwv re
i(f)€i(TaTO KUL Tcva<; avrwv fcal erifjiriaev, dWov^
3 T€ Kol Tov AoXo^eXXav. evepyeaiav ydp nva avrw
6(f)ei\a>p ovK ri^Luxrev avTrj^ eKkaOecrOai' ov ydp
on rjSt/cTjOr), 3m tovto kol eKeiv)]^ wXcycoprjaev,
dX)C i^ oiv ev eireirovOei, koX eirl rovrcp ol avveyvw,
Kol rd T€ dWa avrov ev ti/jLt} ijyayev, kol vwarov
ov TToWu) varepov firiSe crrpar^jyijcravTa direhei^e.
34 TaOra pAv ev rfj Vco/uirj irapd rrjv rod Kat'-
(Tapo<; dirovaiav iyevero' ')(^p6vL0^ he evr' avTrjv,
KOL OVK evdv^ eirl tw tov Tiop^Trrjiov Oavdrw,
rjXde Sid rdSe. ol AlyvirrLOi Tal<i twv ')^prjpLdT(Dv
idirpd^ecn ^apwofxevoi, koX heivo)^ (pepovr€<; on
2 fjb7]he Tcov lepoov n<i drrei'xeTO (dpTjaKevovai re ydp
TToXXd TrepiaaoTara dvOpcoircov, /cat iroXepiov^
virep avTcov koI 77/309 aXX-^Xovf;, are /jlt) Kaff' ev
oKxd Kal €K TOV evavTicordrov /cal avTot^; ^ tl-
fjL(0VTe<; Tiva, dvaipovvTat), TOVTOC<i tc ovv dya-
vaKTr)(javTe^, kcli irpoaeTi ^o/BrjOevre^ p.r) ttj
K-XeoTrdrpa are fieya irapd tw Kalaapc Svvapevr)
3 TrapaSoOwaiv, eTapd^Orjcrav, eKeivrj re ydp Teco<;
fxev Si eTepcov irap* avTco Sid tov dSeX(f)ov
iSiKa^eTO, eirecTa Se ft)9 Td')(^i(TTa ttjv ^vaiv avrov
fcare/uLaOev (^v ydp epa)rcK(oraro<;, Kal TrXeiarai^;
Kal dXXai^, oaai<; irov rrepirvyoii avveyiyvero),
^ avTol'i R. Steph., abrols L.
166
BOOK XLIl
Caesar even at this juncture followed his usual b.c. 48
practice. Accepting their attitude of the moment
as satisfactory and not concerning himself with their
past conduct^ he spared them all, and even honoured
some of them, including Dolabella. For he owed the
latter some kindness, which he did not see fit to ^
forget ; in other words, in place of overlooking that
favour because he had been wronged, he pardoned
him in consideration of the benefit he had received,
and besides honouring him in other ways he not long
afterward appointed him consul, though he had not
even served as praetor.
These were the events which occurred in Rome
during Caesar's absence. Now the reasons why he
was so long in coming there and did not arrive
immediately after Pompey's death were as follows.
The Egyptians were discontented at the levies of
money and indignant because not even their temples ^\\
were left untouched. For they are the most re- X^
ligious people on earth in many respects and wage
wars even against one another on account of their
beliefs, since they are not all agreed in their wor-
ship, but are diametrically opposed to each other in
some matters. As a result, then, of their vexation
at this and, further, of their fear that they might be
surrendered to Cleopatra, v/ho had great influence
with Caesar, they began a disturbance. Cleopatra,
it seems, had at first urffed with Caes
e
iver so many^ther women— with al l,
doubtless, who chanced to come in his way) she sent
167
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
I
TrifiTret 7rpo<; avrov ^ irpohLhoaOai re viro tmv
^IXojv Xiyovaa koI d^covaa avrrj 8l iavrrjf;
4 aycovL(Taa6aL. aXXo)? re yap TreptKaWeaTdrrj
yvvacKMV iyevero, /cal rore rfj t^9 a>pa<; ^Kp^fj
TToXv SieirpeTre, to re (^Oeyp^a daretoTarov el'ye,
6 KoX 7rpo(Top>tXrjaac iravri, rw hia ')(apiTcc>v 'qiri-
(Traro, coare \ap,7rpd re Ihelv kol d/covadrjvai
ovaa, /cdK rovrov irdvTa tlvcl /cat Svaepcora koX
d<f)r}\tKeaT€pov e^epydaaaOai Bvvap,evr}, tt/oo? rpo-
TTOV re evopaae to) JLaLcrapt ivTev^ecrdat, kol
6 Trdvra ev rw fcdWei rd BiKatcop^ara eOero. yrrj-
aaTO T€ ovv e? 6-\^t,v avrov iXOeiv, Kal rv^ovaa
KureKoa pbrjae re eavryv Kal i^rja Krjo-ev ware
GepLVOirpeTTedrdrr] Kal olKrpordrrj avra> ocpOrjvac.
Kal Tj fiev ravra p,r}'^av7]aap.ev7] €9 re rrjv ttoXlv
dp,a {e^co yap Kal eK€[vr)<; rjv) Kal 69 rd ^aaiXeia
35 XdOpa rov Tlro\€p,aiov vvKro<} iaTjXOev o Be Brj
K.ac(Tap IScov re avrrjv Kal n (f)6ey^ap.ev7]<; dKov-
0"a9 ovrw<; evdv^ iSovXcoOT) oiare avriKa vtto re
rrjv eft) rov re TlroXep^atov pierarrepL'^acrdai Kal
crvvaXXd^aL a(f)d<i e7n')(^eLpr}aaf ^9 ydp BiKacrrrj^i
TTporepov rj^iovro elvai, rore ravrrj crvveBiKei.
2 6 ovv 7rafc9, Blu re rovro Kal ore rrjv dBeX<pr]v
al(j)Vi,Bicof; elBev evBov ovaav, 6pyrj<; re eirXr^pwOrj,
Kal eK7r7jB^cra<; 69 to ttXtjOo'^ ej3oa Xeywv irpoBi-
^BoaOai, Kal reXo^ rb BidBrjpba drro rrj<i Ke^aXrj^i
Trepio-Trdcra^ eppiyjre. Oopv^ov Be eirl rovrw
peydXov avp>^dvro<^ eKelvov p^ev ol ILaccrdpeLOi
arpanoiraL crvvijpTraaav, ro Be Brj AtyvirrLOV
3 erapdrrero' kcLv avroj3oel rd ^aatXeca Kal eK
^ avTOv Leuncl,, ainhu kol L.
168
BOOK XLII
word to him that she was being betrayed by her b.c. 48
fr iends and asked that she be allowed to p]p^^ ht^M \<(^
case in person, l^or she was a woman of surpassing/ \^^
beaulVjiiiid aL Limt time, when she was in the prime of \^-^^
her youth, she was most striking ; she also possessed
a most charming voice and a knowledge of how to
make herself agreeable to every one. Being bril-
liant to look upon and to listen to, with the power
to subjugate every one, even a love-sated man
already past his prime, she thought that it would be
in keeping with her role to meet Caesar, and she
reposed in her beauty all her claims to the throne.
She asked th p^^^'^re^f^^^^^^^^gg^'^^ to his presence,*^ ,
and on obtaining permission adorned and bbauLili edf
h^rjeir isO as lu appeal before hiiii in the nLo stV
ma jestic and at the same time pity-inspiring guis e. )
When she had perfected her schemes she entered:''^
the city (for she had been living outside of it), and
by night without Ptolemy's knowledge went into
the palace. Caesar, upon seeing her and hearing f .
hec^^speak a few words was fort hwith so completely j. ^
captivated that he at once, betore dawn, ^eivL— Bar
Pt olemy and tried to reconcile tb am. thiia noting a s C o
a dvocate for th e very woman whose judge he had ^j.^ L
previously assumed to be! For this reason, and '
because the sight ot his sister within the palace was
so unexpected, the boy was filled with wrath and
rushed out among the people crying out that he §^1 jfM
was being betrayed, and at last he tore the diadem ,
from his head and cast it away. I n the grea t /'
tumult which thereupon arose Caesa r s troops sejz erf ^
Tl^e^p CTgnirTTf~-4be-t^fince a nd the Egyptian j)opaIace ^ i^^j^
lyTTTirivP d to be in aii upr_Q af^ They assaulted V
â– J
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
Trj<; yrj<; /cat €k rrjf; 6a\daar}<; ajxa Trpoaffa\6vTe<; '
^elXov (toZ? yap Vmjmiiol^ ovhev a^LOfxa'^ov, are
KUL (f)L\(ov acpcov BoKovvTcov elvai, Traprjv), el /jlt]
^o^r}6el<; 6 K.alcrap irpoifkOe re e? avrov^, kol iv
Tft) d(7(f)a\eL aTa<; irdvra acpiaLv, oora av e6e\rj-
4 crcoai, irpd^eiv viTea')(ero. kol /xerd rovro e?
eKfcXrjaLav eaeXOoov rov re TlroXefialov kol rrjv
KXeorrdrpav Trapearrjcraro, /cat ra? htadrjKa^ rov
irarpo^; avroiv dveyvw, iv al<; i/ceivov^ fxev avpoi-
KTjaai re dW7]\oi<; Kara ra roiv AlyuirrLcov
irarpia Kai pacnXeveLv apba," rov be orj riov rco-
/xaLcov hrjjjbov rrjv eTrLrpoireiav acpcov e^eiv iye-
5 ypairro. 7rpd^a<; Be rovro, Kal eireiirctyv on
eavro), BiKrdropi ovri Kal rrdv to rov S^fitv
Kpdro<; exovri, rrjV re eTTifiiXetav roov TraiScov
TToielcrOaL Kal ra So^avra rw rrarpl avroov eiri-
reXelv TTpoai]KeL, eKeivoig re rr]v (BacnXeiav d/jL(f)o-
repoL^ ehwKe, Kal rfj ^ Apcnvor) ra) re UroXefjualo)
ra) veayrepo), Tot9 dSeXcf^ol^; a(f)(ov, K.v7rpov ey^api-
6 aaro. rocrovrov ydp rrov Seo? avrbv ea')(ev ware
fit] fiovov pLTjSev ro)v rrj<; Alyvrrrov irpoaXa^elv,
dXXd Kal ra)V olKeia)v rt avrol<; rrpoaSovvai.
36 Tore fiev ovrwf^ eiravcravroj avdi^; Be ov
TToXXo) varepov eKivrjdrjaav (oare Kal TroXefirj-
aai. 6 ydp UoOecvo^; 6 rrjv Scolk7}(tlv ra)v rov
, TiroXefjbaiov ')(^pr]p,dra)v 7rpoarerayfM€VO<; {evvovx^^
Be rjv Kal rov<; Alyv7rrL0v<; iv rol<i pudXiara
2 (Jvvererapd')(eL)f Beiaa^i jxr] Kal Blktjv irore inl
rovro) Bd), TrefJbirei Kpvcfia tt/jo? rov ^Ky^iXXdv
rrepl ro YlifXovaLov en Kal rore ovra, Kal avrbv
^ TTpo(T^aK6vTiS cod. Peir., irpoafidWovTes L.
^ a/JLa Rk., oAAa L.
170
BOOK XLJl
the palace by land and sea at the same time and b.c. 48
might have taken it without a blow, since the
Romans had no adequate force present, owing to the
apparent friendship of the natives ; but Caesar in
alarm came out before them, and standing in a safe
place, promised to do for them w hatever they wished.
Afterward he entered an assembly of theirs, and
producing Ptolemy and Cleopatra, read their father's
will, in which it was directed that they should live V \P^
together according to the custom of the Egyptians j /?l
and rule in common, and that the Roman people
should exercise a p;uardianship over them. When her ^
c
had don e this and had addtjd that it. nelon ^ored t.n \ /^
hn n as dictator^ Jiolding all the power of the pe ople, \ Cp/^
t o have an oversight of the children and to fulfi l
their father's wishes, he bestowed the kingdom upon
them both and granted Cy prus to Arsino e and
Ptol em y the Youn j ^er, 4sisFer and a brother ^ of
tlieirs. For so great fear possessed him, it would
seem, that he not only laid hold on none of the
Egyptian domain, but actually gave them some of /
his own besides. ^
By this action they were temporarily calmed, but
not long afterward were roused even to the point of
making war. For Pothinus, a eunuch who was
charged with the management of Ptolemy's funds
and who had taken a leading part in stirring up the
Egyptians, became afraid that he might some time
have to pay the penalty for his conduct, and he ac-
cordingly sent secretly to Achillas, who was still at
this time near Pelusium, and by frightening him and
171
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
iK^o^rjcra<; re afxa /cat eVeXTrtcra? TrpoarjTatpi
aaro, koI jxera rovro koI tou? aWov^ tov<
3 ra OTrXa e')(ovra'^ oiKeicoaaro. Traai re yaf.
ofjLOLOx; Seivbv iSoKei elvai virb yvvaifcb^; dp')(€adaL.
VTTO'^ia Tov Tov "Kalaapa rore [xlv irrl rf,
/caTaardaet (T(p(ov apLi^orepoL^ hrjdev avTol^ rrjv
^aaiXeiav BeSco/cevaL, irpolovTO'^ Be Brj rod ')(^p6vov
4 P'Ovr) rfj KXeoTrdrpa avrrjv irpoaOrjaetv' /cal
dvTLTrdXoL TO) T0T6 iTapovTi avTOv arpuTM
evopbi^ov elvai. Kal ol puev eirl Tr]v ^AXe^dv-
37 Spetav euOm dpavTe<; ijXaaav ^ 7rvd6pL6vo<s Be
TOVTo Kataap, Kal KaraBeiaa^; to re ttXtjOo^
avT03V Kal ra? ToKpia^, eTrepuylre zLva<; 7rpo<; tov
A^iXXai^, ovTL ye tw avTOv dWd tw tov
UToXepaiov ovopiaTi, KeXevovTO^ avTw ttjv rjav-
%iaz^ aysLv. Kal 09 avviel<; otl ov tov iraiBb^
dXhJ eKCivov 7) 7rp6aTa^i<; rjv, ov^ ottco^ ovk
2 eirrjKovaev avTov, dWa Kal irpoaKaTa^povrjaa^;
ft)9 Kal cf)o^ovpLevov tov^ Te CTpaTLoiTa^ avvr]yayey
Kal TToWd pLev virep tov TiToXepbaiov ttoXXcl Be
Kal KaTCL TOV }^aiaapo<; T/79 re K.Xeo7rdTpa<i
eiTTcov, reXo? Kal eirl tov^ irepb^OevTa^ KaiTrep
AlyvirTLOv<^ oWa? irapco^vvev avTOv^y, otto)? tov
T€ ipovov (T(f>(ov dvairXTjaOoyai, Kal 69 dvdyKTjv
3 aGTreiaTOV rroXepiov KaTaaTMat,. piadcbv ovv
TavTa 6 Y^alaap toi'9 t€ e/c T779 Xvpia<; a-TpaTico-
Ta9 ixeTeirepby^raTO, Kal tcl ^aaiXeia ra re dXXa
Ta TrXrjaiov avTwv oiKoBopLrjpLaTa BieTdc^pevcre
38 Kal d'iT€Tei')(^Lae p^^XP^ '^V'^ 6aXdaari<;. Kav tovtw
Ka\ Oii^Axi'XXd<; pueTd Te tcov ^Vcopbaicov Kal pieTa
TMV idXXwV TOiV VTTO TOV Va/3lVL0V (TVV T(p
' ^ ^Kaffav Wakefield, ^fxvvov L.
172
BOOK XLII
at the same time ins})iring him with hopes he made B,r. 48
him his associate, and next won over also all the rest
who bore arms. To all of them alike it seemed a
shame to be ruled by a woman — for they suspected
that Caesar on the occasion mentioned had given the
kingdom ostensibly to both the children merely to
quiet the people, and that in the course of time he
would offer it to Cleopatra alone — and they thought
themselves a match for the army he then had present.
So they set out at once and proceeded toward
Alexandria. Caesar, learning of this and feeling
afraid of their numbers and daring, sent some men
to Achillas, not in his own, but in Ptolemy's name,
bidding him keep the peace. Achillas, however,
realizing that this was not the boy's command, but
Caesar's, so far from giving it any attention, was
filled with contempt for the sender^ believing him
afraid. So he called his soldiers together and by
haranguing them at length in favour of Ptolemy and
against Caesar and Cleopatra he finally roused their
anger against the messengers, though these were
Egyptians, so that they should defile themselves with
their murder and thus]be forced into a relentless war.
Caesar, apprised of this, summoned his soldiers from
Syria and fortified the palace and the other build-
ings near it by a moat and wall reaching to the sea.
Meanwhile Achillas arrived with the Romans and
the others who had been left behind with Septimius
173
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
^i
SeTTTiyLttft) 7r/)09 TTjv Tov UroXe/iiaLOU (ppovpav
KaraXeLcjiOevrcov eireXOoiv (i/c yap Srj t?}? i/cel
hLarpL^Tj^ fcal tov<; rpo7rov<i e? ro iirL'x^copiov
fjL€T€^6^\7]K€crav) TO)v T6 AXc^avSpicov TO TrXec-
arov €v6v<i TrpocreTroujaaro kuI ra iTn/cacpoTara
2 i/cparvvaro. kclk tovtov iroWal jjlIv /jid^ai
/cal fxeO^ rjfiipav fcal vvKrcop av7ol<i iyiyvovro,
TToWa Be Kot KareTTifjiTrpaTo,^ afare dWa re
Kol TO veoopiov Td<i TG diro6r)Ka'^ koX tov ctltov
Koi tS)V l3i^\(0V, 7r\€i(TT0)V St) KoX dpLCTTCOV, w?
(jiaat, yevofiivcov, KavOrjvac. i/cpaTet Be r?}? /uuev
â– qirelpov 6 'A^i^tXXa?, %6)/3t9 o)v 6 K^acaap eVere-
T€L)(^LaTO, T/}? Se 8r] OaXdaarj^ i/c€LVo<^, dvev
3 TOV XL/jbivo^i. Koi vavfjuax^'^ T€ ivlfcrjae, xal
iireiBr) Sid tovto (f)ol3rj6evT€<i ol KlyvfTTioi yJt]
69 TOV Xifxeva (T(f)0)v iirecrirXevar], to aTOfia
avTOv 7rXr}v ^pa')(^eo^ excoaav, /cal i/cetvo irpoa-
aire^pa^ev, oX/cdSa^ XiOwv TrXrjpet^ KaTairov-
T(oaa<;,^ oxtt^ avTov<; jjcrjh^ el irdvv tl ^ovXolvto
4 eKirXevaai, hvvr]dr)vai ttol dirdpai,. iroirjaa^ he
TOVTO paov Td iiTLTr^heia ra re dXXa /cat vScop
i'7ri]yeT0' ttjv ydp avToOev vSpelav o 'A^£.XXa9
(T(pa<; d(f)ypr]TO,^ toi'9 o^eTov*; SiaKo'^a'^.
39 TovTWv 8e ovTco irpaTTOfxevcov TavvfjL7]Sr}<; Ti9
evvov')(o^ Tr]V ^Apaivo^jv ov irdvv <\) pov pov fjievrjv
69 TOI'9 Alyv7rTiov<; vire^rjyaye' kuI TavTrjv eKelvot,
^ao-tXlSa dirohei^avTe^i irpoOvpiOTepov tov iroXe-
fjLOV, a)9 fcal TrpoaTUTLP Ttvd eK tov t6)v 11 roXe-
2 jiaiwv yepov<i e)(^ovTe<i, dvTeXdjSovTO. 6 ovv
^ Kareirlfiirparo St., KaTcni ju.it pauro L.
^ KaTttTrovTwcras Bk., irpoaKaTairovruxras L.
^ acprjpriTO R. Steph., acprflpero L.
174
BOOK XLII
by Gabiiiius to keep guard over Ptolemy ; for these b.c. 48
troops as a result of their stay there had changed
their habits and had adopted those of the natives.^
And he immediately won over the larger part of the
Alexandrines and made himself master of the most
advantageous positions. After this many battles
occurred between the two forces both by day and by
night, and many places were set on fire, with the
result that the docks and the storehouses of grain
among other buildings were burned, and also the ^4^—
library, whose volumes, it is said, were of the greatest (^
number and excellence. Achillas was in possession
of the mainland, with the exception of what Caesar
had walled off, and the latter of the sea except the
harbour. Caesar, indeed, was victorious in a sea-fight,
and when the Egyptians, consequently, fearing that
he would sail into their harbour, had blocked up the
entrance with the exception of a narrow passage, he
cut off that outlet also by sinking freight ships
loaded with stones ; so they were unable to stir, no
matter how much they might desire to sail out.
After this achievement provisions, and water in
particular, were brought in more easily ; for Achillas
had deprived them of the local water-supply by
cutting the pipes.
While these events were taking place, one
Ganymedes, a eunuch, secretly brought Arsinoe to
the Egyptians, as she was not very w^ell guarded.
They declared her queen and proceeded to prosecute
the war more vigorously, inasmuch as they now had
as leader a representative of the family of the
175
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
J^alaap ^o/S^^^et? firj kol 6 Hod€Lvb<s top ITto-
Xe/jLaiov eKKke-^rj, rov juLev aTreKreive, rov he
ovfcir eTTLKpvTTToiJLevo^ a/cpL^o)^ i(f)povpeL. irap-
o^vvOevTcov 5e fcal iirl tovtoi<; tmv Alyvmicov,
KOL ifceLV0L<; fiev ifKeLovcov ael Trpoo-ycyvo/iieucov,
T0t9 ^e St) V(op,aioi<; /jbrjSeTra) tmv (rrpartcoTcov
CK T979 XvpLa<; irapovrcov, e? ^iKiav avTOV<^
3 vTrayayecrOaL '^OeXTjcre, koI tov UiToXefiacov
ava^ipdaa^ ttov, 69ev e^aKovaOrjcrecrdaL efJueWev,
eLTrelv cr^LaLV eKeXevaev on ovre ri kukov 'ej(pL
oure iroXe/jLelv Seotro' 7rp6<; re ra? cnrovha^
avTov<; irapeKoXei, koI irpoav7rLcr')(yeiTO hiairpd-
4 ^eiv avrd^;. koX elye krcayv ravra ovtco BtelXeKTo,
€7rei(T6v dv crcba^ KaTaXvaaaOar vvv S' vitoto-
7rrjaavT€(; avra virb rov K.aLaapo<^ KarecTKevdcrOai,
ovfc ivehoaav.
40 Y[pol6vro<; he tov ypovov ardai^; tol<; irepl
T^v ^Apcrivorjv ovaiv eVeTrecre, /cat avrhv 6 Favv-
/jLijBt]^ €7reL(T€ TOV ^A'X^iXXdv 0)9 zeal to VaVTLKOV
TTpoBcoaovTa ^ diroKTelvat. yevofjuevov Be tovtov
Ti^v Te rjyejLioviav tmv (JTpaTtwTMv irapeXa/Se, koI
TO, irXola oaa ev tw iroTafio) kol ev ttj Xl/jlvtj
2 Tjv avvrjyayeVy dXXa Te irpocncaTeaKevacje, koX
TrdvTa avTCL €9 Tr]V OdXaaaav Bid tcov Bicopv-^oiv
KO/jLtaaf; T0Z9 re ^VwfJLaioi^; fir) 'TrpoaBe')(piJ,evoi^
Trpocre^aXe, koI Ta9 p^ev KaTeirprjcre tmv oXKdBwv
avTcov Ta9 Be dveBrjaaTO, kol peTa tovto tov
T€ earrXovv tov X(,p>€VO<; e^e/cdOrjpe, KavTavOa
3 vavXo)(S}V ^ TToXXd a(f)a<s eXvirei. ttj pijaaf; ovv
TTOTe avT0v<; 6 K.ato-ap ayu.eXft>9 vtto tov KpaTelv
I ^ irpodiixrovra Reim. , irpoSovo'av L.
\^ vavXoxiHv Xyl., vavXoixax(>>v L.
176
BOOK XLII
Ptolemies. Caesar, therefore, in fear that Pothinus b.
might kidnap Ptolemy^ put the former to death and
' guarded the latter strictly without any further
dissimulation. This served still more to incense the
Egyptians, to whose party numbers were being added
continually, whereas the Roman soldiers from Syria
were not yet present. Caesar was therefore anxious
to win the people's friendship, and so he led Ptolemy
up to a place from which they could hear his voice,
and then bade him say to them that he was un-
harmed and did not desire war ; and he urged them
toward peace, and moreover promised to arrange it
for them. Now if he had talked to them thus of his
own accord, he might have persuaded them to be-
come reconciled ; but as it was, they suspected that
it was all prearranged by Caesar, and so did not yield.
As time went on a dispute arose among the
followers of Arsinoe, and Ganymedes prevailed upon
I her to put Achillas to death, on the ground that he
was going to betray the fleet. When this had been
done, he assumed command of the soldiers and
gathered all the boats that were in the river and the
i lake, besides constructing others ; and he conveyed
them all through the canals to the sea, where he
attacked the Romans while off their guard, burned
some of their freight ships to the water's edge and
towed others away. Then he cleared out the
entrance to the harbour and by lying in wait for
vessels there he caused the Romans great annoyance.
So Caesar, having waited for a time when they were
acting carelessly by reason of their success, suddenly
177
VOL. IV. N
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
€')(pvra(i €? re rov \ifieva al^vihio)^ eTrecreTrXevae.
KoX av)(ya ifkola Kavaa^ e? re rr)v ^dpov airk^r,
kclI T0U9 evoiKovvra^i ev avrfj e^ovevaev. lh6vTe%
he TOVTO ol ev rfj rjTreipfp Xlyvimoi Kara re
Ta9 ye(pvpa<i eTre^o^Orjcrav avro2<^, koI av')(yov^
T(ov Vwpbaiwv avTairoKTelvavTe^ tov<; Xolttov^;
4 €9 Ta9 vav(; earjpa^av. kcll avrcov oirovhrjirore
Kol a6p6co<; eafita^ofjLevcov 69 avTa<; aXXoi, re
TToXXol 69 Trjv OdXacTdav e^eTreaov kol 6 K.al(Tap.
fcav BiecpOapro KaKco^;, vtto re rwv ipLarioyv
^apvvop^evo^ Koi viro rcov AlyvTrrlcov ^aXXofievo^;
(dXovpycov yap avTOiV ovrcov ecrro'^d^ovTo), el
fjuTj fcal eKelva direppic^et kol /lerd tovto Siavev-
5 <ra9 ttt; 69 aKariov eae^e^rjKeL. koI 6 fiev
ovT(o<; iaci)6'tj, /lySev tcov ypap,fidT(ov ^pe^a<s a
TToXXa ev rfj dptcTTepd %€//9t dve^cov ivrj^aro' ttjv
he Bt) eaOrjTa avrov ol AlyvTrrioc Xa^ovTe<; 7rpo<^ ro
TpoiraLOVy ecrrrjcrav t^9 rpoTrrj'^ ravrij^;, dve/cpe-
/juaaav q)<; kol avrov eKelvov ypTjKore^;. kcli '^hrj
yap Kal rd arparevpLara d dirb 77)9 XvpLa<; pLejeire-
irepLTrro ^ eTrXTjaiacre, Ta9 re Kardpo-et^ erypovv
6 Kal TToXXd avTov^ efS^Xamov. toI<=; p,ev yap '^
7ry0O9 Tr)v Ai^vrjv crcf^MV it poairiiTTOvcr tv o K.alaap
rpoTTOv TLvd rjp^vve' (7V')(yov<; he hrj irepl Ta9 rov
NetXeu €K^oXd(; iTvp(Tol<; &)9 ical 'Pco/xaZot opt€<;
rjiraTOiv re Kal avveXdp,l3ai'OV, ware rov'i
XoiTTOvf; pLTjKert roXpdv rrapaKopbil^eaOai, p,€')(^pL<;
01) Ti^epLOf; KXavhio^; ^epcov e<; avrov rore rov
TTorapov dvairXevaa'^ eKeivov^; re P'd^r) eKpdrrjae
Kal roL<; a(j)erepOL<; dheeorrepov rov TrpoairXovv
eTTOirjae.
^ fjLsreireire/xTrTO Dind, , /xeT67re,u.7reTo L. ^ yap supplied by Rk.
178
BOOK XLII
sailed into the harbour, burned a large number of b.c. 48
vessels, and disembarking on Pharos, slew the inhabi-
tants of the island. When the Egyptians on the main-
land saw this, they rushed over the bridges to the aid
of their friends, and after killing many of the Romans
in turn drove the remainder back to the ships. While
the fugitives were forcing their way into these in
crowds anywhere they could, Caesar and many others
fell into the sea. He would have perished miserably,
being weighted down by his robes and pelted by the
Egyptians (for his garments, being of purple, offered
a good mark), had he not thrown off his clothing and
then succeeded in swimming out to where a skiff lay,
which he boarded. In this way he was saved, and
that, too, without wetting one of the documents of
which he held up a large number in his left hand as
he swam. The Egyptians took his clothing and hung
it upon the trophy which they set up to commemo-
'rate this rout, just as if they had captured him
himself. They also kept a close watch upon the
landings, since the legions which had been sent for
from Syria were already drawing near, and were doing
the Romans much injury. For while Caesar could
defend in a fashion those of them who came ashore on
the Libyan side, yet near the mouth of the Nile the
Egyptians deceived many of his men by means of
signal fires, as if they too were Romans, and thus cap-
tured them, so that the rest no longer ventured to come
to land, until Tiberius Claudius Nero at this time
sailed up the river itself, conquered the foe in battle,
and made it safer for his followers to come to land.
179
N 2
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
41 K.av Tovro) M.lO ptBdT7]<; 6 Tl€pyafir)vo<; eiri-
K\r)6el<; eTre'xeip'^iae fiev e? to arofia rod NetXou
TO Kara TlrjXovaiov Tat? vavalv ava^rjvat, airo-
(f>pa^dvT(ov Be rcov AlyvTrrlcov to?? TrXoto^? rbv
eairXovv 7rpoa€/co/j,iaOrj vvkto<; eirX rrjv Si,(opv)(^a,
2 Kal vavf; e? avrrjv vTrepeveyKcov (ov yap e^irjaiv e?
ri)v Oakaaaav) ovrco Sea ravri]^ €9 toz^ NeiXoz^
dvcTrXevae, koI fxera tovto alcpvuSLOV eK re t>}9
daXdacrrji; Kal Sk tou TrorapLOu dp,a tol<; (ppovpovat
to aropia avrov 7rpo(TpLL^a<; ttjv re diroKkeLaiv ^
3 a(pcov €\v(T€, Kal to UtjXovo-cov rw re ire^S) dpia
Kal rw vavTLKw Trpocr^aXcbv etXe. 7rpo')(^copa)v re
€7rl TTJV ^ AXe^dvSpeiav, Kal irvdopuevo'^ Acoo-Kovpu-
Brjjf Tivd diravTrjaeiv acplcnv, ivrjhpevae t€ avrov
Kal Kareipydoraro.
42 AlorOopbevoi he ravO^ ol AlyvTrrLot rov puev^
TToXepLov ovS* 0)9 KareX-ucravro, dyOeaOevre^^ Se
rrj rod evvov')(pv Kal rrj^; yvvaiKo<; dp^fj, Kal
vopLLaavre^, dv rov TlroXep^alov rrpocrrrjacovrat,
2 KadvireprepoL rwv 'PcopLaucov ecrea-QaL, erretr
eTretSr} ovBeva rporrov i^apirdaac avrov rj8vv7]-
Orjaav (Beivco^ yap icpvXdcrcrero), iirXdcravro raL<;
T€ crvpL(popac'^ TreirovrjaOat Kal rrj<; €lp7]vrj<; ein-
dvpLelv, Kal errepby^av 7rpb<; rbv Kalaapa iinKijpv-
KevopLevoi re Kal rbv TlroXep^acov alrovvr€<;, orrws
Br) (Tvv avrS> irepl rcov (jttovBwv, i(pi* oh yevrjaoLvro,
3 jSovXevcrcDvrai. 6 ovv J^alaap evopuae pev Kal
ft)9 dX7}6(o<; avrov<; pera^e^XrjaOai, (dXXax; re yap
Kal BeiXovf; Kal o^vppoTvov; ovra^ r^Kove, Kal rore
^ aTr6K\€i(riu R. Steph., airSKXiaiv L.
^ fikv supplied by Bk.
â– ^ ox^eo'^eVTes R. Steph., ax^^vrss L.
i8o
BOOK XLII
Thereupon Mithridates^ called the Pergamenian, b.c. 47
undertook to go up with his ships into the mouth of
the Nile opposite Pelusium ; but when the Egyptians
barred his entrance with their vessels, he betook
himself by night to the canal, hauled the ships over
into it, since it does not empty into the sea, and
through it sailed up into the Nile. After that he
suddenly attacked, from both sea and river at once,
those who were guarding the mouth of the river,
and thus breaking up their blockade, he assaulted
Pelusium with his infantry and his fleet simultaneously
and captured it. Advancing then toward Alexandria,
and learning that a certain Dioscorides was coming
to confront them, he ambushed and destroyed
him.
But the Egyptians on receiving the news would
not end the war even then ; yet they were irritated
at the rule of the eunuch and of the woman and
thought that if they could put Ptolemy at their head
they would be superior to the Romans. So then,
finding themselves unable to seize him in any way,
inasmuch as he was skilfully guarded, they pretended
that they were worn out by their disasters and
desired peace ; and they sent to Caesar, making
overtures and asking for Ptolemy, in order, as they
claimed, that they might consult with him about the
terms on which a truce could be effected. Now
Caesar believed that they had in very truth changed
their mind, since he heard that they were cowardly
and fickle in general and perceived that at this
181
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
TTyoo? ra iTTaia [lara /caTa7re7r\r)y/jLevov(; rjcrOero)
eu 06 07] Kai T6'^VaL,0iVT0 TL, aW OTTCO? fir] oia
tout' ifjLiroSi^cop rrjv €lpi]vi]v voiiiaOfi, avveiraLvelv
re a^LCLV e<p7] koI tov TLroXejiialov eirefji'^ev.
4 ovTS ^ yap ev 6Keiva> tl Icr'^vpbv e/c re t?}? 7]XLKLa<;
Kol ifc T?}? airaiSevaia^; ivecopa 6v, koI tov<;
Aiyv7mov<; tjtol cvvaWayijaeaOaL ol e<^' ol<;
ijSovXeTO Tj SiKaLorepov koI /cara7ro\€/j.7]6r]a€a0aL
Kol Karaar pa<^riae<j6 ai rjKTna-ev, Mare air evXoyov
By Tivo<s irpo^do-ecofi rfj YiXeoirdrpa TrapahoOrjvar
5 ou yap ttov kuI '^rTr]97](Teadai ttotc utt' avrcov,
dXXcof; re Kal tt}? Bvvd/j,€(t)<; ol iTpoayeyev7]iJLev7]<^,
43 TrpoaeSoKrjae. irapaXa^ovre'^ he rb TraihapLov ol
AlyvTTTLOL TMV fxev aiTovhSiv ovhev e^povTiaaVy
eiTi Se TOV ^iLOpiSaTrjv irapa'^pr]p,a Mp/jLr]crav &>?
Bt] Kal fjueya ^ ri ev re rw ovop^an Kal ev tm yevet
Tw TOV YlToXepiaiov KaropdcocrovTe^' Kal avTov
7r/509 TTj Xip>vrj ev pecrqy tov t€ iroTap.ov Kal tcov
2 eXcov d7roXa/36vTe<; e0opv/3ovv. 6 ovv K.ataap
eKeivov^ p^ev ovk eireSlco^ev, BeBicbi; pur] Xo^i^aOeu]'
dva'x6el<; Be vvkto<; co? vryoo? €K^oX7]v TLva tov
Ne/Xoi; €7reLy6pLevo<;, Kal </)c59, otto)? iirl irXelaTov
TavTT) Trpolevai vopLtaOfj, TrdpLiroXv KaO^ eKdcTTrjv
vavv dvd-\jra<;, to puev TrpwTov iinirXelv coppbYjTO,
3 eirena Be diroa^eaa^ avTO dveKopLiadr], Kal irapa-
TrXeucra? Trjv ttoXlv tt/jo? t6 ttjv yeppovrjcrov ttjv
7r/309 TTJ Ac^vp ovaav KaTrjpe, KuvTavOa tou?
aTpaTi(OTa<; eKf^ifBdaa'^ TrepcifXOe Te ttjv Xipbvr]v,
Kal Tol<; AtyuTTTtot? dTrpoaBoKyTO^i vtto ^ t^i' eco
Trpou'irecroov eiiOv^ Te avTov<i KaTeirX^j^ev MCTTe
^ oijTf Bk., ovSc L. ^ 5)/ Kal fxeya Bk., /coi Si) /xeya L.
' virh Reim., 4ir\ L.
BOOK XLII
time they were terrified in the face of their defeats ;
but even in case they should be planning some
trick, in order that he might not be regarded as
hindering peace^ he said that he approved their
request, and sent them Ptolemy. For he saw no
source of strength in the lad, in view of his youth
and lack of education, and hoped that the Egyptians
would either become reconciled with him on the
terms he wished or else would more justly deserve
to be warred upon and subjugated, so that there
might be some reasonable excuse for delivering
them over to Cleopatra ; for of course he had no
idea that he would be defeated by them, particularly
now that his troops had joined him. But the Egyp-
tians, when they secured the lad, took not a thought
for peace, but straightway set out against Mith-
ridates, as if they were sure to accomplish some
great achievement by the name and by the family
of Ptolemy ; and they surrounded Mithridates near
the lake, between the river and the marshes, and
routed his forces. Now Caesar did not pursue them,
through fear of being ambushed, but at night he
set sail as if he were hurrying to some outlet
of the Nile, and kindled an enormous fire on each
vessel, so that it might be widely believed that he
was going thither. He started at first, then, to sail
away, but afterwards extinguished the fires, returned,
and passed alongside the city to the peninsula on the
Libyan side, where he came to land ; and there he
disembarked the soldiers, went around the lake, and
fell upon the Egyptians unexpectedly about dawn.
They were immediately so dismayed that they made
overtures for peace, but since he would not listen to
183
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
4 Kol iTTiKrjpvKevcraaOaL, koI fiera tovto (rr^v yap
iKerelav avrwv ovk iSe^aro) l^(J'XV '^^ o^eia Kare-
Kpdrrjae koI 7ra/jb7r\r]06L<; €(f)6vevcre' Kai TiV€<; koI
iv Tft) TTorajjiw fiera rod UroXe/JLaiov, aTrovBfj Sc
avTov (f)vy6vT€<;, icpOdprjaav.
44 OvTM fiev T7]v AiyvTrrov 6 J^ataap i'^eipoaaaTo,
ov fxevTOi Kol v'7T7]Koov auTrjv rcov ^Vcofialcop
iiroLrjaarOy dXka rfj KXeoTrdrpa, rjairep evsKa kol
2 i7re7ro\e/jL7]K€i, i')(^apiaaTO, (po^rjOel^i jxevTOt /mr}
ol AlyvTTTLOL vewrepiaoicnv avOi<^ yvvaiKl dp^ecv
7rapaSoOâ‚ ¬vre<;, kol ol VwjJLaloi hid re tovto kol
OTL Koi avvTjv avTW ')(^aX€7njvcocn, tw t6 €T€pa>
dSeXcpo) avvoLKYjaai Srjdev avTrjv eKekevae, kol
TTjv $acn\€iav d/jLcfiOTepocf; a^idLv, co<; ye koX \6ya)
3 eiirelv, eBcoKC. tw yap epyq) rj KXeoirdTpa fiovrj
irdv TO KpaTO^ (7')(rjaeiv hfieWev 6 re yap dvrjp
aVTTj^ TTatBiOV €TC YjV, Kul €/C€iV7J TT/JO? TTJV TTUpd
Tov KaLorapo^; evvoiav ovSev 6 tl ovk ehvvaTO,
4 (oaT€ 7rp6a')(7)/jLa jnev co? kuI tw dBeXcfia) avvoi/covcra
Kal TTjv dp)(^r]v eiriKOivov avTw e'X^ovaa eKeKTrjTO,
TO 8' d\r]6e^ fJLovrj re i^aaiXeve Kal tw Kalaapc
avvhirjTdTO.
45 Kal avTov iirl ^ irXelov dv iv ttj AlyvirTw
KaTea^ev, rj Kal 69 ttjv 'Vco/jurjv 6vOv<; avTw
avvaTTTJpev, el pLrjirep 6 ^apvdKr)<i Kal eKelOev irdvv
aKOVTa TOV J^aiaapa e^rjyaye Kal 69 Tr]v 'IraXtay
2 cTrei'X^Orjvac eKcoXvaev. outo9 yap 7ral<; fiev ^ tov
IS/lLOpcSdTov rjv Kal tov Bocjtto/qol' tov KL/jb/xepiov
'^PX^^* ^CT'^^p etprjTat,, i7nOv/jL7](Ta<^ Be irdaav ttjv
iraTpwav ^acnXeiav dvaKTrjaaaOai iTraveaTrj KaT
avTTjv TYiv re tov K.ai(rapo<; Kal T7)v tov UofiTrrjiov
^ iirl Rk., €Ti L, ^ yap irais fity Bk., fxev yap Trats L.
184
BOOK XLII
I heir entreaty, a fierce battle later took place in b.c. 47
which he was victorious and slew great numbers of
the enemy. Ptolemy and some others tried in
their haste to escape across the river, and perished
in it.
In this way Caesar overr fiiTIP l^GT^' ^^ ^^^ ^^^
however, make it subject to the H t^^mans^ l^nt K/^^c^fpw/^^rl
i t upon (Jleopatra, for -vvhncie. sa]^e he had waged th e
c onflic t. \ er. being al'raid that the Egyptians might
rebel again, because they were delivered over to a J
woman to rule, and that the Romans might be
angry, both on this account and because he was
living with the woman, he commanded her to
'^ marry " her other brother, and gave the 'kingdom
to bot nof th em, at least nominally. For m reality
Cleopatra was lo huld all — the "power alone, since
her husband was still a boy, and in view of Caesar's
favour there was nothing that she could not do.
Hence her living with her brother and sharing the
rule with him was a mere pretence which she
accepted, whereas in truth she ruled alone and spent
her time in Caesar's company.
She would have detained him even longer in
Egypt or else would have set out with him at once
for Rome, had not Pharnaces not only drawn Caesar
away from Egypt, very much, against his will, but
also hindered him from hurrying to Italy. This
king was a son of Mithridates and ruled the
Cimmerian Bosporus, as has been stated ^ ; he con-
ceived the desire to win back again the entire
kingdom of his ancestors, and so he revolted just
at the time of the quarrel between Caesar and
^ xxxvii. 12-14, xlii. 9.
185
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
ardaiv, Kal ola tmv ^Vcofialcov Tore fiev 7rpo<;
aX\7]\ov^ aa')(^6\cov yevofiivcov, avOi<; Se iv rfj
3 AlyvTTTO) Karaa)(e6evT(ov, rijv re KoXp^tSa clkovctI
TrpocTTjyd'yeTo Kal rrjv Kpfxeviav dirovro'; rov A^yto-
rdpov irdaav, t?}? re KaTTTraSo/cta? ^ kol tcov rov
Tlovrov TToXecov Ti,va<;, at rw t^? J^l6vvLa<; vofio)
46 Trpocrererd'^aTO, KarearpeyjraTo. irpdaaovro^; he
avTov Tavra 6 J^atcrap avro^; fjuev ovk eKiv^Or)
(ovT€ yap 7) AcyvTTTO'; ttco Ka06cari]K€t,~ Kal
i\7riSo<; Tc^ ^^%€ 3^' erepwv avrbv ')(eLpco<jea6aL)y
Vvalov he Ao/jlltiov J^aXovlvov eirefiy^re, rrjv re
^Aalav ol Kal '^ arparoTreha Trpocrrd^af;.
2 Kal 0? rov ArjioTapov' Kal rov ^Apw^ap^dvrjv
7rpoa\a/3(ov rfKaaev ev6v<^ eirl rov ^apvdKrjv iv rfj
Ni/coTToXet opra (Kal yap ravrrjv it poKaTeikrjf^ei),
Kal KaTa(ppovi]aa<^, eTreLhrj iK6LP0<; rrjv irapovaiav
avTOV ^o/3r]6el<; dvo')(riv eirl irpea^evaei eTOLp,(o<;
ecr^e iroLrjaaaOai,^ ovre eorTreiaaro avro) Kal
3 av/ji^aXoDv rjrrrjOr]. Kal 6 fxev eK rovrov €9 t^z^
^ Aaiav, iireihr} p^rfje d^t6/j,a')(^6<; ol rjv Kal 6 ')(^6t/Jb(ov
irpocrrjei,, dve)(d>pr)aev' ^apvdK7)<^ he jxeydXa hrj
^povo)V rd re aXXa rd ev t& Ylovrtp TrpocrKar-
eKT7]aaT0,^ Kal ^Afiicrov Kaiirep eirl irXelov
dvTLa^ovaav elXe re Kal hiijpTraae, rov<; re
rj^covra^ ev avrfj 7rdvra<^ aTreKreive, Kal 69 rr)V
^iOvviav rrjv re 'Acrlav eirl ral<; avral^ rw rrarpl
4 eXrriaLv 7)iTeiyero. Kav rovrw pbaOoov rov
"Aaavhpov, ov eTrlrpOTrov rov ^oajropov KareXe-
^ Some word like fxipos or rii irXiiffrov seems to have fallen
out here. - Ka6€irTT'r)Kei R. Steph, , KadeiarrT]Kr] L.
* ri Dind., re h. "* Lacuna recognized by Dind.
^ iTOL-i](Ta<TQai v. Herw. , Troiriaeadai L.
® TrpoffKareKTrfffaTo Pflugk, irpoa Kareo'T-fia'aTO L,
i86
BOOK XLII
Pompey, and, as the Romans were at that time b.c. 47
occupied with one another and afterward were
detained in Egypt, he got possession of Colchis with-
out any difficulty, and in the absence of Deiotarus
subjugated all Armenia, and [part ?] of Cappadocia,
and some cities of Pontus that had been assigned
to the district of Bithynia. While he was thus
engaged, Caesar himself did not stir, inasmuch as
Egypt was not yet in a settled state and he had
some hope of overcoming Pharnaces through others ;
but he sent Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus, assigning
him charge of Asia and of . . . legions. This
officer added to his forces Deiotarus and Ariobarzanes
and marched straight against Pharnaces, who was
at Nicopolis, which he had already seized ; and
feeling contempt for his enemy, because the latter
in dread of his arriv^al was ready through an embassy
to agree to an armistice, he did not conclude a
truce with him, but attacked him and was de-
feated. After that he retired to Asia, since he was
no match for his conqueror and winter was ap-
proaching. Pharnaces was greatly elated, and after
acquiring all the rest of Pontus, captured Amisus
also, though it long held out against him ; and he
plundered the city and put to the sword all the
men of military age there. He then hastened into
Bithynia and Asia with the same hopes as his father
had cherished. Meanwhile, learning that Asander,
whom he had left as governor of Bosporus, had
187
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
XoiTrei, veveo^^^ficoKora, ov/cerc TrepaiTipco ^ irpoe-
'X^coprjcrev eKeivo<^ 1^9^ eireihr) TayjiGra iroppw re
6 ^apvaKTjf; air avrov irpolcov '^yyeXOrj, koX
ihoKBLy el Kol ra /xaXtcrra ev ye tw nrapovri avOot,^
cOOC ovTi ye kol eireira KaK6)<; aTraWd^eiv,
eTravecrrr] avTw 0)9 koX toI^ 'Pa)fialoi<i re X^P^'
ovfxevo<i TTjv re hwaarelav rod J^oajropov Trap*
avTMV \r)ylr6/JL€vo<;.
47 TovT ovv 6 ^apvcLKrj^ aKovaa<; copfju^aev eii
avrov /jLcirrjv' rov yap K^aiaapa ev rfj ohS) elvac
Kal €9 rr)v ^Apfieviav eTreiyeddai irvdo/jLevofi
dvearpe'yjre, /cdvravOa avra> irepl TiiXav avvervxev.
6 yap K.aLaap rod re UroXe/jLaiov re\evr7]aavro<;
Kal rov Ao/jLtriov vcKr}Oevro<; ovre evirpeTTr] ovre
\vcnre\.rj ol rrjv ev rfj Klyvirrw Siarpo^rjv
evo/jiicrev elvao, dWd dcpcopfirjOrj, Kal rd^ec ttoWw
2 %/}77crayLte^'09 69 rr)v ^Ap/ieviav d(f)iKero. eK7T\ayel<;
ovv 6 ^dp/Sapo^, Kal ttoXv puaWov rrjv opfirjv rj
rov arparov avrov KaraheLcra'^, TrpoaeirefJi'^ev
avra> rrplv TrXrjatdaaL rroWdKL<^ TrpoKrjpvKevo-
/jLevo<;, et 7rft)9 to rrapov e<p^ orcpSr] (Tvv6efievo<;
3 €K(f)vyoi. irpotorxero he dWa re Kal ev rol^
fidXiara on ov avvrjparo rw Tlo/nTrrjicp' Kal
rfkiri^ev vird^eaOai re avrov 69 airovSa'; are Kal
€9 rrjv ^IraXtav rrjv re ^A(f)ptKr]v eTrecyo/xevoVy Kal
direXdovro'; avrov pa8L(o<i av0L<; TroXefjurja-eiv.
4 vTroTrrevaa^i ovv rovro 6 Kalaap rov<; fjuev irpd)-
rov<; KOL rev's Sevrepov<; irpecr^ei'^ ec^iXo^povrjcraro,
07ra)9 on fjudXiara dirpoahoKy^rw ol rfj rfj<i elpr]vr]<;
eXirihi irpoarrearj, rwv he rpircov eXOovrcov rd re
^ irepairipui R. Steph. , ireperalpwi L.
2 avdo7 Bk., i.v \deoi L.
188
BOOK XLII
revolted, he gave up advancing any fartlier. For
Asander, as soon as word was brought that Phar-
naces was moving far away from him, and it seemed
Hkely that however prosperous he might be tem-
i porarily, he would not fare well later on, rose
against him, thinking thus to do a favour to the
Romans and to receive the sovereignty of Bosporus
from them.
It was at the news of this that Pharnaces set out
against him, but all in vain ; for on ascertaining that
Caesar was on the way and was hurrying into
Armenia, he turned back and met him there near
Zela. For now that Ptolemy was dead and Domitius
vanquished, Caesar had decided that his delay in
Egypt was neither creditable nor profitable to him,
and had set out from there and had come with great
speed into Armenia. And so the barbarian, alarmed
and fearing Caesar's rapidity much more than his
army, sent messengers to him before he drew near,
making frequent proposals to see if he might on
some terms or other escape the present danger.
One of the principal pleas that he presented was that
he had not cooperated with Pompey, and he hoped to
induce Caesar to grant a truce, particularly since the
latter was anxious to hasten to Italy and Africa; and
once Caesar was gone, he hoped to wage war again at
his ease. Caesar suspected this, and so treated the
first and second embassies with great kindness, in
order that he might fall upon his foe as unexpectedly
as possible because of his hopes of peace ; but when
the third deputation came, he uttered various re-
189
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
aWa iireKoKeaev avrw /cal on rov UofJLTr^Lov tov
5 evepyirriv iyKareXiTrev. koI ovk ave^dXero,^
dXX' €v6v<; av6r)/jL€p6v, wairep 6l')(ev ire t?}? ohoVy
avvifii^e, Kai riva 'X^povov viro re t/^? Xttttov koI
ifiro rS)v hpeTravrj^opwv iKTapaj(^de\<; eirecTa Tot9
07r\iTai^ eKparrjcre. koI i/celvov p,ev eKcf^vyovra
iirl T}]v OaXaaaav, kol e? " tov IBocrTropov fieTa
TOVTO iafita^ofxevoVy 6 "AaavSpo<i elp^e re kuI
48 direKTeive' J^alaap Be iirl rfj vlkt], Kaiirep ov
Trdvv BcairpeTrel yevofievrj, ttoXv koI oaov eV
ovSefiia dWy i<pp6v7]a€v, on ev re rfj avrfj rj/mepa
KOL ev TT) avrfj o)pa koI rjXOe tt/oo? tov TroXefiiov
2 KOL ecBev avrov KaX evL/crjae. kol rd re \d(f)vpa
irdvra, KairoL rfkelara yevoixevay rot? orrparLco-
Tat9 iBcop7]craro, kuI rpoiraiov, eTreiBrjirep o M«-
Opihdrrj^ drro rod Tpiaplov evravOd ttov eyrjyepKet',
dvravearrjae' KaOeXelv fiev yap ro rod ^ap^dpov
OVK eroX/jLtjaev 009 /cal rot<; e/jurroXefiioa Oeol^
lepcofievov, rfj Be Sy rov lBlov irapaardaei Kal
eKelvo (TvveaKiaae Kal rpoirov rtvd Kal Kare-
3 arpeyjre. Kal fierd rovro rr)v ')(^copav oarjv rwv re
'PcofjLaiCDV Kal rcov ivopKcov a(^iaiv dTrorer/jLtj/uLevof;
^apvdK7]<^ rjv eKO/jnaaro, Kai avrijv irdaav 0)9
eKdaroL^ rol^ diroXeaaaLv eBcoKe, irXrjV /lepov;
rivo^; T% ^Ap/iei4a<i, r& ^Apw^ap^dvec e'xapi-
4 aaro. rov^ re ^AfiKjrjvovf;^ eXevOepia rjiievy^arOy
Kal rM M^LdpcBdrrj rw lIepya/jL7]vu) rerpap')(iav re
ev TaXaria Kal ^acnXeia'^ ovojia eBcoKe, rrpo<^ re
rov ^'AaavBpov TroXefi^crai eirerpe-^ev, 07rct)9 Kal
^ av€0d\eTO H. Steph., ave^SaAAero L.
^ €S Bk., 67rl L.
* 'AfiKXTfvovs R. Steph., a/xKriyovs L.
190
BOOK XLII
proaclies against him, one being that he had deserted
Ponipey, his benefactor. Then he no longer delayed,
but immediately, that very day and just as he came
from the march, joined battle. For a little while
some confusion was caused him by the enemy's cavalry
and sc3-the-bearing chariots, but after that he con-
quered with his heavy-armed troops. Pharnaces
escaped to the sea and later tried to force his way
into Bosporus, but Asander repulsed and killed him.
Caesar took great pride in this victory, — more, in fact,
than in any other, even though it had not been very
brilliant, — because on the same day and in the same
hour he had come to the enemy, had seen him, and
had conquered him.^ All the spoils, though of great
magnitude, he bestowed upon the soldiers, and he
set up a trophy to offset one which Mithridates had
raised somewhere in that region to commemorate
the defeat of Triarius.^ He did not dare to take
down that of the barbarians, because it had been
dedicated to the gods of war, but by the erection of
his own near it he overshadowed and in a sense over-
threw the other. Next he recovered all the territory
belonging to the Romans and those under treaty
with them which Pharnaces had taken, and restored
it all to the persons who had been dispossessed,
except a portion of Armenia, which he granted to
Ariobarzanes. The people of Amisus he rewarded
with freedom, and to Mithridates the Pergamenian
he gave a tetrarchy in Galatia and the title of king
and allowed him to wage war against Asander, so
that by conquering him, he might get Bosporus
^ A translation of the words Veiii vidi vici, carried in the
triumphal procession.
'^ Compare xxxvi. 12-13.
191
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
rbv IBocrTTopop KpaTyaa<i avrov Xd^rj, otl iTOvi]po<;
€9 Tov (f)L\ov iyevero.
49 Il/ott^a? Be ravra, kol tcl Xocira Ta> AofiLTiO)
. KaraarrjaaaO ai KeXevaa^;, e? rrjv UtOvviav rjXOe,
KCLvrevOev e? re rrjv EWaSa icaX e? Tr]i' ^IraXiav
eirXevae, iroWa kol iirl irdcrrj TrpocpdcreL '^prjp.ara
2 irapa TrdvTcov, axTTrep /cat irpiv, eKkeycov. tovto
/JL6V yap, baa rtre? rw Jlo/jL7rr)L(p 7rpo{)iTea')(7]VTo,
iirpd^aro, tovto Be /cal dWa ^ e^wOev, irpoaeTTi-
KaXcov Tiva, yTei. Ta re dvadrip^aTa tov ev ttj
Tvpa) UpaxXeovf; irdvTa dveiXeTO, otl Tr]v t€
yvvaiKa /cal tov TralBa tov JJop^irrjiov virehe^avTO
3 ore €<pvyov. /cat crT€(f)dvov<; iirl Tal<i viKau^ av-
')(yov^ /cal irapd tcov hvvaaTcbv tcov t6 ^aaiXecov
y^pvaov^ eXa^e. raOra 8e ov)(^ viro KaKia^ iiroiei,
cOOC oTi /cal iSaTTava Trap^TrXyOrj, /cal dvdXcoacv
TToXv TrXeico e? t€ to, aTpaToireSa /cal i<; tcl eVt-
VLKia, Ta T€ dXXa ocra iXapiTpvveTo, TToirjaeiv
4 epeXXe. to t€ avpTrav elirelv, 'X^prjpaTOTToio^;
dvr)p eyeveTO, Svo re elvai Xeycov Ta Td<i 8v-
vacTTeia^ irapao'/cevd^ovTa /cal cjyvXdacrovTa /cal
iirav^ovTa, aTpaTt,(OTa<^ /cal '^p'^paTa, /cal TavTa
5 8l* dXXrjXwv avveaT7]/c€var ttj re yap Tpo(f>7} Ta
aTpaTevpaTa avve')(ea6ai, /cal e/ceivrjv i/c tcov
ottXcov avXXeyecrOar kclv ddTepov oiroTepovovv ^
avTOiv ivBee^i y, /cal to eTepov avy/caTaXvdrjcreaO at.
50 Tlepl pev ovv tovtwv ovtco /cal i^povei del /cal
eXeyev 69 oe orj Tr}v iTaXiav, aXX ov/c e9 ttjv
W.cjypLKTjv Kaiirep ireiroXepcopivTjv oi, 'r)'nei')(d'Y) oti
TapaTTopeva to, iv tw dcTei irvOopevo^ e<^o^rj6rj
^ &\\a R. Steph., ^Was L.
^ dirorepovovv Reim. , dirorepov o5v L.
192
BOOK XLII
also, since Asaiider had proved base toward his b.c 47
friend.
After accomplishing this and ordering Domitius
to arrange other matters he came to Bithynia and p-«fv(j/^,
from there to Greece, whence he sailed for Italy, v-^^ ')i
collecting along the way great sums of money from
everybody, and upon every pretext, just as before.
In the first phice, he exacted all that any had
previously promised to Pompey, and again, he asked f^
for still more from other sources, bringing various ^
accusations to justify his action. He removed all C\
the votive offerings of Heracles at Tyre, because the
inhabitants had received the wife and son of Pompey
when they fled. He also got many golden crowns
from potentates and kings in honour of his victories.
x\ll this he did, not out of malice, but because his
expenditures were on a vast scale and because he
was intending to lay out still more upon his legions,
his triumph, and everything else that gratified his
pride. In short, he showed himself a money-getter,
declaring that there were two things which created,
protected, and increased sovereignties, — soldiers and
money, — and that these two were dependent upon
each other. For it was by proper maintenance, he
said, that armies were kept together, and this main
tenance was secured by arms ; and in case either
one of them were lacking, the other also would be
overthrown at the same time.
About these matters lie ever thought and spoke
thus. Now it Avas to Italy that he hurried and not
to Africa, although the latter region had become
ihostile to him, because he learned of the disturbances
in the capital and feared that they might be carried
193
vol.. IV. o
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
2 fir) Kot €? av/jKecTOv irpoxcopijar). ov fJuivTOL KaX
KaKov ovSeva ovhev, wairep etirov, elpydaaro,
ttXtjv on KavravOa iroWa r/pyvpoXoyrjae, ra fxev
rcva €v Bcopedi; fjuepec, <TT€<^dvov<^ koI dyaXfxarcu
KaX oaa aXka roiavia, \a/ii^dvo)v, ra Be koX
Bav€L^6/JL€vo<i hrjOev, ov')( on irapa rcov IBtcorcov
3 dWa KoX Trapd TOiv iroXecov. tovto yap to ovofia
Tal^ eKXoyal^ tmv ')(^pr)ixdTwv, i(f)^ al<; firjEefiia
dWr] 7rp6<f)acn(; €v\oyo<; rjif, erWeTO, evrel Trjv ye
dWa><; Kal /3iata)?, ovSev rirrov tcov ocpeiXo/Mevcov,
KOI i/cecva iTrpdrrero, Kal e/xeWe fir^heirore
aTToBoOrjaeaOaL. eXeye fiev yap virep^ rov 87]-
pLoaiov rd OLKeta SeSairavrjKevai, Kal Bid tovto
4 Kal Savel^eaOaL' oOevirep Kal ')(pecov diroKOTrd';
d^LOvvTO<i Tov TrXyOov; yeveaOav ovk eiroi7]aev,
eiiToiv OTL Kai auTO? iroXXa ocpeiXw evbrjXo^; oe
eyiyveTo Kal ra dXXoTpca ttj BvvaaTeia TrapaaTrd)-
5 jievo^. oi Te ovv dXXoi Bed tovto rj')(6ovTo avTCfi
Kal ol eTatpoi'^ tcov ydp BeB7]/jLev/ievcov av')(vd, Kal
virep Tr)v d^iav ye ecTTiv d, eXiriBt tov TrpoiKa
avTd e^eiv dyopdaavTe^^y Trdaav tyjv tljjltjv diro-
TLveiv r}vayKdt^ovTO.
5tl *KXXd T0VT0V9 fjbkv ev^ ovBevl Xoyw eiroieiTO.
KaiTOL Kal eKeivov^ Tpoirov Tivd q)(; €KdcrTov<;
iOepdirevae. toI^ Te ydp iroXXol^ i^apiaaTo top
Te TOKOV TOV i7ro(f)eiX6fiev6v a^Lcnv e^ ov 7rpo<i
TOV TiofXTrrjiov e^eTToXe/jicodr} irdvTa, Kal to evoiKLOv
oaov 69 7revTaKoala<i Bpa)(/Jid(; rjv iviavTov evb^
2 d(f)€i<=;, Kal TrpoaeTi Kal ra? TLfiyaeif; tcov KTTjfxd-
Tcov, ev oI? TTjv diToBocnv tcov BavecafidTcov KaTa
^ vircp R, Steph., vvh Li. 2 eralpot R. Steph., erepoi L.
^ iv supplied by Leuncl.
194
BOOK XLII
to dangerous lengths. Nevertheless, as I have said^i b.o. 47
he did no harm to any one, except that there,
too, he collected large amounts, partly in the shape
of crowns and statues and the like which he
received as gifts, and partly by " borrowing." as h e
styled it, not only fr0F> indivjrliiai rMtiyi^ng but also
fro m cities . This term " borrowing ' lie applied to
those levies of money for which there was no other
reasonable excuse ; fo r he exacted th ese siims ;^1sn
in a high-ha nded way a nd no less by force than he
collect ed money actuaTTv due him, UJld 11 VVks"tl is
intention never to repay them. He claimed, indeed,
that he had ypeill illy private possessions for the
public good and that indeed it was for that reason he
was borrowing. Accordingly, when the multitude
demanded an annulment of debts, he would not
grant this, saying: '^\, too, owe large amounts."
It was easy to see that he was wresting away others'
property alsoJxyJi is position of suprema cy, and for this
his associates as well as others disliked him. For
these men ^ wji o had bought a g reat deal of the con,-
fiscatedrj ptupeily r-At Lsome cases tor more than its'rea l
val up , in tbp hope of retaining it without paying for |t ,j;
nowjioiutd theig ^lves compelled to pay the full price
But to such persons he paid no attention. Never-
theless, to a certain extent he did court them, too,
as individuals. For he made a present to the mul-
titude of all the interest they were owing from the
time he had gone to war with Pompey, and he
.•^UQOf^^^fh^pr. fr^rr^ a1] rf^nf f^]- ^^^p y^'^^j "P ^{) fh*"
sunT' W^o tho us and sesterces ; furthermore I>e
raised the valu ation on the goods, in terms of which
it w{^5 required by law tor loans to be paid to thei£
195
O 2
DIGS ROMAN HISTORY
Tov^ v6fjLOv<i ylyvecrOac eSei, 7rp6<^ Tr)v eV t^ ^(^pova)
a^lav iiravaywyoiiv, iTretSt} ^ rw ifKr]6ei tG)v Be-
3 Brj/jLoaicofievcov iroXv iravra eirevwvLa-ro, rovTov<;
re o^v ravra irpd^a^ avi-jprrjo-aTO, Kal tmv
TrpoaeracpiarMV rcov re arvvaycovLcrTWV tol'9 fj^ev
/3ovX€VTa<; iepo)avuai<; re Kal (ip')(ai<; ral^i re €<?
rov XoLTTov Tov erov<; eKeivov xpovov kol ral'^ 69
vecdTa ^ {'Iva yap TrXetov? avrcop dfjLeL-\jr7]Tai,
arpaTtjyovf! re SeKa e? to irmov ero^i aTriSei^e''
4 Kal Upea^ virep to vevo/jLiafxevov roi? re yap
'7rovTl(f)L^t Kal Tol<i ,OL(oi>i,araL<;, a>v Kal avTO^ yv,
Tot? re TrevTeKaiBcKa KaXov/Mevoi<i eva eKuaroi^
TTpoa-evei/ie, Kaiirep avTo<^ /SovXrfOeU irdaa^ ra^
a UpuKTvva^ Xa/Selv Mcrirep e-^rji^iaTo), rou? Se
/TTTrea? tov Tekov^ toils' re eKarovTap^ov^i Kal
TOV? vTTOfjbeiova'i aWoi^ Te tkji Kal tw Kal e? to
avviBpLov TLva<; dir^ avTMV uvtI tmv airoXwXoTCdv
KaTaXe^ai.
52' Ta Be Bt) o-TpaToireBa ovx V^^XV ^^"^^p eTapa^e'
'TToXXd yap X'^yfreaOai iX'7TLaavTe<;, Kal evpofxevoi
Tpj<i ixev d^ia<; ovk iXaTTco t% Be TrpoaBoKia^;
K^TaBeeGTepa, eOopv^tjaav. iv Ka/jLiravla Be ol
>. TrXeiov^i avTclyv, m<; Kal e? Tr)v 'A(f)piKr)v irpoirXev-
•2 (TOfxevoLy rjcrav. ovtol ovv tov Te^ ^aXovcTTiov
irap' oXiyov direKTeivav {(tt paT7)yo<^ yap eirl tw
Tr)v ^ovXeiav ^ dvaXaffelv direBeBeLKTo), Kal eTTeiBi)
Kal eKelvo<^ Bca(f>vyci)v avTOvq e? ttjv Pco/itjv rrpo^
TOV KaCaapa wp/iTjae, ra yiyvofievd oi BjjXcoacov,
ecfjiaTTOVTo re avTw (TV')(yol /jbr)B€VG<; (fieiBofievoi ,
^ iirfiSi] Bk., CTTt Se L. " vewra R. Stepll., veuTara 1..
" oTreSei^e R. Steph., anoSeT^ai L.
^ oIp r6v T6 Bk., T€ oOv Tttv L. ■' jSouAfioJ' Bs., ^ovK^v L.
196
BOOK XLII
\\ orth at the time the loan had been made, in b.c. 47
view of the fact that everything -harl heromp mnply )^^
c heaper n^ n t^jmU ^^ ^hf great amount of confisca ted< ,fV^
property. Bv these acts lie attached the people to ) W^
h imsel f: and he attached the memoers ot his party
md those wlio had fought for him in the following
manner. TTpr ^n tlip <;enators he bestowed priest-
hoods and offices, some o f them tor the rest ot tnat
\" ? ; tl ' niid ^oiiie lo r tne next. Indeed, ifP TJidur to
reward a larger number^ he appointed ten praetors
for the next year and more "an the customa ry
1 1 imiBel' of Ijriests ; for he added one member eac h
to the pontKk'es mnttoTne augurs, of whom he y as
rrnp nifi mIm^ to thf Q uindecimviri.^ as they were
called^ although he had desired to take all the
priesthoods himself, as had been decreed^ The
knights in the army and the centurions and sub-
ordinate officers he conciliated in various ways,
especially by appointing some of them to the
senate to fill the places of those who had perislied.
The legions^ however, caused him no slight trouble;
for they had expected to receive a great deal, and
when they found their rewards inferior to their expec-
tations, though not less, to be sure, than their deserts,
they made a disturbance. The most of them were in
Campania, being destined to sail on ahead to Africa.
These nearly killed Sallust, who had been appointed
praetor in order to recover his senatorial rank; and
when, after escaping them, he set out for Rome to in-
form Caesar of what was going on, many followed
197
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
KOl dW0V<; T6 T(hv ivTV')(pVT(t)V (T<^i(JL Kol ^OV-
Si^Xeura? Svo ea(f)a^/iv. o ovv Kalaap 0)9 rd'^tara
•T179 TrpocroSov avrodv rjaOero, i^OeX^jae fiev to
hopv^opiKov €7r avTov<^ avTiirefi-y^aiy (l)0^r]6el<; he
"fjLT) Kol eKelvoL (TvaracndcraxTL a<f)iaiv r)(TV)(^acr€,
p6)(^pL<; ov €9 TO irpodareLov d^LKovro. ivravOa Se
Bt) ovaiv avTol<^ Trpoa-eTrefJiy^e, kuI iirvOeTO rl
4 ^ovXofxevoL Kol tLvo^ ')(pr]^ovTe<; rjKoiev. diro-
Kpivafievwv re acfxov on avrw eKeivw epovaiv,
iireTpe^lre fiev avTol<^ 69 Tr]v ttoXlv dvev twv
ottXcov, TrXrjv TMV^^L(f)cov, icrekdelv ravra yap
Kol aXXa)9 Kal ev tw dorTei, (popetv elcodeaav, Kal
53 T0T6 ovK dv vTrefieLvav KaraOecrOar elTrovrcov
he avTMv TToWd puev irepl a)V kol eirovrjaav kol
eKLvhvvevaav, iroWa he /cat irepl mv rjXinaav
a^tou9 re (T(pa<i tvxjsIv e<^a(TKov elvai, koX iierd
TOVTO d^eOrjvai re rrjf; arpareua^; d^iovvrcov kol
2 S€Lvco<; Bid tout' avrw eyKeifxevcdv, ov^ otl kol
ihicorevaai e^ovXovro (r}Kicna yap, are Kal avvrj-
6eL<^ Tal<; 7r\eove^iaL<; e/c ttoWov y6yov6Te<;, rovr
Y}6e\ov) aXX' OTt KaTaTrXrj^eiv re e^ avrov rov
Â¥iaL(Tapa Kal irdv oriovv KaraTrpd^etv, are Kal
VTToyvov ^ 01 T»}9 69 Tr]v *A(f)pcKr)v (TTpareia^; ^
3 ovarii, evofxi^ov, Trepl jxev tmv dXkcov ovSev (T^iai
06
TO irapairav aireKpivaro, avra oe ravra eiiTcov
fjLOva " aXX' opOS)^ ye, w K.vi,p2rai,,^ Xeyerc' Kal
yap KCKfiTjKare Kal Kararerpcoade irdvra^; av-
rob<i Trapa'X^prj/jia ox; p^r^hev Brjdev avrcov Seop^evo^
hirJKe, Kal rot<; rov rerayp,evov ')(^p6vov iarparev-
[98
^ viroyiov R. Steph., vvoyvlov L.
^ ffrparelas H. Steph., arparias L.
•^ Kvipirai R. Steph., Koviplrai L.
BOOK XLII
him, sparing no one on their way, but killing, among
others whom they met, two senators. Caesar, as soon
as he heard of their approach, wished to send his
body-guard against them, but fearing that it, too,
might join in the mutiny, he remained quiet until
they reached the suburbs. While they waited there
he sent to them and inquired what wish or what need
had brought them. Upon their replying that they
would tell him personally he allowed them to enter
the city unarmed, except for their swords ; for they
were regularly accustomed to wear these in the city,
and they would not have submitted to laying them
aside at that time. They had much to say about the
toils and dangers they had undergone and much
about what they had hoped for and what they de-
clared they deserved to obtain. Next they asked to
be released from service and were very insistent with
him upon this point, not that they wished to return to
private life, — indeed they were far from anxious for
this, since they had long been accustomed to the
gains of war, — but because they thought they would
scare Caesar in this way and accomplish anything they
pleased, since his projected invasion of Africa was
close at hand. He, however, made no reply at all to
their first statements, but said merely : " Why, of
course, Quirites,^ what you say is right ; you are
naturally weary and worn out with wounds," and then
at once disbanded them all as if he had no further need
of them, promising that he would give the rewards in
I.e., Citizens,'
199
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
^
fjL€voc<; KoX ret, yipa ipreXr} Bcoorecv VTriaxero.
4 XexOevTcov Se tovtwv KareTrXd'yrjo-av €K re tt}?
dWrj^ avTOV hiavoia^y koI jidXtaTa otl Kfiyotra?
dXhJ ov aTpaTiQ)Ta<; a^dfi covofxaae, koX TaTreivw-
devre^ ^o^7jOevr€<i re fir) TrdOcoal ri heivov fiere-
^dXovTo,^ KoX TToXXd jjLev lK€revovT€<; avrov elirov,
TToXXd Se KoX eTrayyeXXofievoi /cat avcrrparevcreiv ^
oi iOeXovTol koI top iroXefJuov jxovoi BiaTroXefjurjaeiv
5 virea'XpvTO, w? ovv ivravOa rjaav, kul t49 fcal
Tcov cyTparLap')(MV iv TO(TovT(p, rj koX a<^* eavrov
yv(t)/jLr)<; 7) ^ ^api^ofievo^; tw Kalcrapi, SieXeY^r} re
Tcva virep avTMV kul eoeTjtfrj, ' a<pn]/jbc fxev etpr)
** Kal vfid<; Tou? irapovja^i koI tov<^ d,XXov<;
t) irdvTa^, 6aoL<; rd rr)? crTparela^; err] e^ijfcer ovBe
ydp ovBe hio/juai ri v/jlcov rd fxevrot ykpa Kal
ft)9 v/JLLV dirohdiaw, iva /xr;7roT€ Tt9 etTrj] on iycD
^pTjad/juevo^i vfilv iv rot'^ KtvSvvoi<i eireiTa d)(^dpt(j-
To? iy€v6fi7]v, el /cal rd fidXiara Kal roi<; crcofMaaiv
ippcofJLevoi Kal irdvra Kal rd Xonra TrpoaStaTro-
Xe/JLTJaai Bvvdfjbevoi ovk rjOeKrjcrare /jlol avarparev-
5i aai,^^ Kal 6 fiev ravrd re ao(f)c^6/JLevo<; elire (jravv
yap avrcov expy?^) '<^cu X^P^^ ^'^ ''"^ '^^'^ Srj/jLO<Tia<s
Kol eK Tr)9 eavrov St] rrdai a<^icnv eveifjiev, dXXov^
dXXr)y Kal irdvv rroppco dir ciXkrjXcj^v^ drraprr)Ga<^,
odcrre pbrjre Tot? 6fio)(d>poi<; a(f)d^ cfyo/Sepovf; /lli]t
av TTyOo? vecorepio'/jLov eroijJLOv^, KaB* ev rrov
2 avvoiKOVvra<i, yeveqdai. rojv re e7TO(f)etXofievcov
acpuai ^p7;/i'aTft)i/, d TroXXa Kal Ka0* eKaarrjp w?
elrrelv irpd^iv uTretr^T^To Scoaetv, rd fiev evOvs
' /xer(0d\ovro Bk., fifTefidWouTO L.
- (TuffTparfvaeiv Xiph.. (vvrrrpar^vfiv L.
â– ' 7* supplied by Reiin.
200
BOOK XLIl
full to such as had served the appointed time. At
these words they were struck with alarm both at his
intention in general and particularly because he had
called them Quirites instead of soldiers ; and so,
humiliated and fearing they should meet with some
severe penalty, they changed front and addressed him
with many entreaties and offers, promising that they
would join his expedition as volunteers and would
carry the war through for him by themselves. When
they had reached this stage and one of their leaders
also, either on his own impulse or as a favour to
Caesar, had said a few words and presented a few
petitions in their behalf, he replied : '' I discharge
both you who are present here and all the rest whose
years of service have expired ; for I really have no
further need of you. Yet even so I will pay you the
rewards, that no one may say that after using you
in dangers 1 later showed myself ungrateful, even
though you were unwilling to join my campaign
while perfectly strong in body and able to carry
through all the wars that remain." This he said for
effect, for they were quite indispensable to him. He
then assigned them all land from the public holdings
and from his own, settling them in different places,
and separating them far from one another, so that
they should not, by living somewhere together, either
be a source of terror to their neighbours or, again,
' be ready for rebellion. As to the money that he
owed them, — and on the eve of practically every
action he had promised to give them large amounts,
— he offered to pay part immediately and to settle
20I
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
airaXXd^eiv, ra Be ovk €<? [xaKpav koI avv rofco)
y€ ^ BiaXvcretv iTrrjyyeiXaro. elirchv Be ravra, koI
Bov\(oad/jL€i^o<; avTOV<; ware ixrjre tl dpaavvecrdai
Kol TrpoaeTi Koi %apti^ eihevat, TrpooreTretTrev
3 ** CLTre^ere fiev Trap ifiov irdvTa, /cat ovSeva eO^
vfMOJv dvay/cdaco arparevaaaOar el fievroi ri?
eKovacof; eOeKoL koI rd XoLird fjLoi avyKarepyd-
aaaOai, rjBecof; avrov Be^ofiai,.'' uKovaavre^; Be
TovTo eKelvoi VTrepijaOrjaav kol Trdvre^ 6fjbot,(o<;
55 dvacTrparevaaadat i^OeXrjcrav. 6 ovv Kalaap
TOt'9 Tapa')(^ctiB6t-<; avTO)v, ov rrdvTa^; aXX' oaoi
/jL€Tpi(o<; 7r&)9 (TVv6vT€<; " yecopyuacf; ^rjv iBvvavTO,
aTToXe^a? T0t9 \oL7ro2<; e^pv^^^TO. kol tovto kol
2 eTTL TOiv dWcov arpaTKOTMV iirotrjaev' TOt'9 yap
irdvv re 6paael<; koi lfcavov<i fieya ri KaKov Bpdaai
€K /lev T779 'lTaXta9 e^ijyayev, 0770)9 fiTjBev e/cel
u:aTa\€i(j)devTe<i veo')(^fjLcoa(ocnv, ev Be Brj rfj
^A(f>piK7J Koi fjbdXa r)Beo)<;, dXXov<; /car dXXrjv
7rp6(j)a(rLV, dvdXcoae' rov<; re yap €vavTcov<; dfia
Bl avTcov /caretpyd^ero Kal eKelvwv dTrrjXXdTTero.
3 ^iXavOpcoiToraTo^ re^ yap dvBpwv a>v, Kal TroXXd
K€')(^api(T/jL€va Tol<; re dXXoL<; Kal Tot9 arpanooTaif;
fidXiaja iroiSyv, Beii>(0<; rov<; aTaaid^ovTd<i cr<pcov
e/jLiaei Kal layvporara avrov^ CKoXa^e.
4 Tavrd re* ev eKeivw rw erei, ev oS BLKrdrayp
fiev 6vT(o<; auT09 ro Bevrepov yp^ev, vTraroL Be
iir i^6B(p avTov d'TToB6i')(6evTe<; 6 re KaX?}i^09
56 Kal 6 OvarivLO'^ ^ iXeyovro elvai, eiroiT/cTe, Kal
69 T^i' ^AcppiKTjv KaiTOL Tov ')(ei/jLCovo<; iveaTij-
^ 76 Bk., T6 L. ^ awSi/res Rk., oures L.
^ T€ supplied by R. Steph.
* re supplied by Bk. ^ Ovarivios R. Staph., ov\tIpios h.
202
BOOK XLII
for the remainder with interest in the near future, b.c. 47
When he had said this and had so enthralled them
that they showed no sign of boldness but even
went so far as to express their gratitude, he added :
'^ You have all that is due to you from me, and I will
compel no one of you to make campaigns any
longer. If, however, any one wishes of his own
accord to help me accomplish what remains, I will
gladly receive him." Hearing this, they were over-
joyed, and all alike volunteered to serve again.
Caesar put aside the turbulent spirits among them, —
not all to be sure, but as many as were moderately
well acquainted with farming and so could make a
living, — and the others he used. He did the same
also in the case of the rest of his soldiers : those
who were overbold and able to cause serious trouble
he took away from Italy, in order that they might *
not be left behind there and begin an insurrection ;
and he took great satisfaction in using them up in
Africa on various pretexts, since at the same time
he was destroying his foes through their efforts he
was also ridding himself of them. For although he
was the kindliest of men and showed many favours not
only to the citizens in general but particularly to his
soldiers, he bitterly hated those of them who were
mutinous and punished them with extreme severity. X J
These were the things he did in that yearin whicli)^*^^ a^
he really ruled alone as dictator f or the second time<. ,
thou p^h Calenus and Vntinius^ npp^intprl r^f^^ir:^i,J ^
close of the year, were said to be the consuls. He\ ^l 1
also crossed over to Africa, aithougH wmter nad set ) ^
203
DIGS ROMAX HISTORY
/<;oT09 eTrepaioidi], kcCl oxjk oKiya he e'/c tovtov,
ave\7naT0<i toi<; evavrloi^i TrpoaTrecrcov, Karciop-
d(0(T€' TrXelarov yap irapa iravra Kal tm
TCL'xeL Kal ratf; €k ^ rod cnrpoa-BoKijrov (TTpaTeiai^ -
KareTrpaTTeu, c6<tt ef ti^ eKkoyi^oiJO ^ orw
TOdovTov TCdv KaO^ kavTov ev Tot<; 'iTo\eixioL<;
vireprjveyKev, ovSev av * aWo tovtov fJuaXXov ov
2 e/jLTTpoade TrapaffaXobv *" evpoi. i) he hrj ^A<f)pi/cr]
rjv fiev ovhk ev tm irpoaOev ')(p6v(p (plXTj tco
Kaicrapi, fxeTa he hrj top tov K.ovpicovo(; ddvaTov
Kal irdvv e^dpa eyeveTO. 6 re yap Ovapo^ Kal
6 ^\6^a<; TO, TTpdy/jLaTU elxov, Kal irpoaeTi Kal
6 KaTfoz^ Kal 6 Xkittlcov oi re aXkoi ol [xeT
avTOiv 6Vt€9 eKelae, oyairep elrrov, avyKaTe<pvyov,
3 KOLK TOVTOV KOLVcoad/jiepoL TOP TToXe/jLOV Ta T€ ev
Tfj r]ireip(p e^rjpTvaaPTO Kal Trj re ^tKeXla Kal
r^ Saphoi €7r LirXovi eiroiOVPTo, Kal ra? re
TToXet? eXvTTovv Kal Ta irXola KaTrjyov, Kal avr'
avTO)p Kal oirXa top Te aih'rjpop top aXXov, ovnep
4 TTOV Kal fjLovov e^plJ^ov, eiTopi^ov,^ TeXevTMVTe^
re e9 tovto Kal tt}? 7rapa(TKev7]<; Kal tt}? hia-
poia<;, ola /jli]T€ aTpaTov a<f>icnp epaPTLovfievov
Kal TOV Kalaapo^; ev Te Trj AlyvirrTW Kal ep tw
d(TTeL '^popiaavTO'^, dcpiKOPTO coaTe Kal e? t^z^
^l^rjpiav TOV JlofjLTnjiov diTocrTeiXai. (TTaaui^eiv
Te yap avTrjv Trvvdavofievoi, Kal eKeipop eTOifKo^
are tov YlopnTriiov tov ^Idypov iralha opTa
^ e'/c supplied by Keini.
- crrpoTeiatj H. Steph. , arpaTLais L.
•' iKhoyi^oiro R. Steph. , (KAoyiaoiro L.
' Uv supplied b}' Bk.
' irapa^aXwu R. Stepli., irapa^dWicv \j.
" inSpiCou siippliVrl bv Rs.
204
HOOK \I.II
ill. And he met witli no little success from this b.c. 47
very circiinistance, by attacking his opponents un-
expectedly. On all occasions, indeed,, he accomplished
a great deal by his rapidity and by the unexpectedness
of his movements^ so that if any one should try to
Hnd out what it was that made him so superior in the
art of war to his contemporaries, he would find by
(ireful comparison that there was nothing more
striking than this very characteristic. Now Africa
had not been friendly to Caesar in the first place, and
after Curio's death it became thoroughly hostile.
For Varus and Juba were in charge of affairs, and
furthermore Cato, Scipio and their followers had all
taken refuge there, as I have .stated.^ After this
they made common cause in the war, carried on their
preparations by land, and also made descents by sea
upon Sicily and Sardinia, harrying their cities and
taking back their ships, from which they obtained a
j)lentiful supply of arms and of iron' in other forms,
which alone they lacked. Finally they reached such
.1 state of pre})aredness and courage that, when no
army opposed them and Caesar delayed in Egypt and
the capital, they sent Pompey to Spain. For on learn-
ing that that country was in revolt they thought
tliat the people would readily receive him as the son
1 Cli. 13, 4.
20s
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
Si^ecrOaL ^ voiiiaavTe^, Trapeo-Kcvd^ovro 6 fiev cb?
rrjv T€^ ^I^Tjpiav Bca ^pa')(ea)V KaTacr')(^7](Tcov kcu
7rpo(} TO d(TTV ixeWev 6pfiijaa)v, ol he 6)<i top ttXovp
57 dfjba TOP €? rr)v ^Irakiav iroirjaoiJLevoL. Kar dp^d's
fiev yap SiarpL^rj ti<; avroU iyevero, rov re Ovdpov
T(p ^ X/ciTTLCovi tt)? r)ye/jL0VLa<i dfx<^LapiirrjaavTO^,
eTTeihr) avTO<i ifc TrXeiovo^; ev to'1<; ravry ')(^a>pLOL<;
rjp'xe, Kol rov ^lo^ov rrj vlkt) eTraLpo/juevov koI
2 rd TTpcora 8c avrrjv d^iovvrof; (pepeorOar avfi-
(t>povrj(TavT€<; Be^ 6 re Xklttlcdv /cal 6 Kdrcov, ola
6 fiev rfj d^LQxrei 6 Be rfj avvecrei ttoXv irdvTCDv
(T^fov 7rpoi]KovTe<;, rov^ re dWov^; irpoaeiroir)-
aavTO Kol eK€LP0V<; eirecaap rca ^kittlcopl irdpra
iiTLTpe-y^aL. 6 ydp Y^drcop Svpr}Oel<; dp i^ taov
3 avTO) Tj /cal ii6po<^ dp^ac ovk ^OeXijae, to fiep
on ^Xa/Sepcorarop tol<; tocovtol<; rjyelro elvai,
TO Be OTL Tft) TToXircKw d^KOfiart, rfXarrovTO
avTov' TToXv ydp dXXco<; re Kal ep to?? arparico-
TCKo2<i edapa Bvpdfiepop to toi^ dp'^opra Kal po/mo)
Brj TiPL r(OP dXXeop TTpoKeKpiaOai, Kal Bid tovto
rrj<; re dp')(rj<i eKcop avTa> Trape^coprjcre, Kal irpoaeTL
4 Kal rd arparev/JLara d eTnjydyero TrapeBcoKe. Kal 6
fiep €K TovTov TTjP T6 OvTiKrjp, vTroTTTevOelcrap rd
Tov }^aLcrapo<; (ppopeip Kal oXiyov Kal dpdararop
viro rcop dXXcop eirl rovrw yepo/juevrjp, e^acTTja-d-
fiepofi 69 <t)vXaKr}p vireBe^aro, Kal rrjp ^copap
Trjp re OdXacraap ttjp ravrrj irdcrap <ppovpelv
eTrerpaTrrj' tcop Be dXXcop 6 Xklttlcdp avroKpdrcop
5 ^/3%6. Kal avTOv Kal to opopua iroXv TrdpTa^
^ Se^eadai Reim., Sc^aadai L.
^ as T-f]v T€ Rk., Sxm t))v L. ^ rcf Leuncl., ry re L.
'^ 5e Reim., yap L.
2o6
BOOK XLII
of Pompey the Great ; and while he was making pre- b.c. 4T
parations to occupy Spain in a short time and to set
out from there to the capital, the others were getting
ready to make the voyage to Italy. At first they
experienced a slight delay, due to a dispute between
Varus and Scipio about the leadership, inasmuch as
the former had held sway for a longer time in these
regions, and Juba also, elated by his victory,
demanded that he should have first place because of
it. But Scipio and Cato, who far excelled them all in
rank and in shrewdness respectively, reached an
agreement and won the rest over to it, persuading
them to entrust everything to Scipio. For Cato, who
might have commanded on equal terms with him, or
even alone, refused, first, because he thought it a most
injurious course in such circumstances, and second,
because he was inferior to the other in official rank.
He saw that in military matters even more than
elsewhere it was very important that the com-
mander should have some legal precedence over
'the others, and therefore he willingly yielded him
the command and furthermore delivered to him the
armies that he had brought there. After this Cato
interceded on behalf of Utica, which was suspected
of favouring Caesar's cause and had come near being
destroyed by the others on this account, and thus
he received it to guard, and the whole country and
sea in that vicinity were entrusted to his protection.
The other districts were governed by Scipio as
commander-in-chief. His very name was a source
207
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
i
Toy? ofjLoyvoj/iovovvrd^ ol iTreppcovpve, pofMl^ovrwi
ovK oW OTTO)? aXoyo) tlvI Trlarei' firjBeva cLv
SKLTTiwva ev rfj ^Acf>pLKfj Kaxoj'i irpa^ai.
58 ^iadodv ovv tovto 6 Kataap, fcal ISodv ort
Kol ol fieS^ eavTOv arpaTevofievoi 7re7r6i(r/jL€voi
re avTo ol/tw? e')(€Lv elal Kol (^o^ovvrai, irpoa-
TTapeKa^e riva €k re rod y€vov<i rov rcav Xkittico-
I'cov ovra kol rr)v rrpoariyopiav ravrijv ^epovra
2 (iireKaXelro Be ^akovritov ^), koI ovrco rov re
irXovv 7r/309 W.Bpvfir)rov eTTOLTjcraro (ra yap ev
rfj OvrtKff la^vpo)^ €(f)povpeLro), koI eXaOev
avrov<; dve\7naro<i vrrb rov yeifjLcavo'i rrepaKoSei^,
eK^dvri Be avrw rfj<; z^ew? cvvrvxici roidBe
eyevero, v<fi' -iy? el Kal ri (fyo^epov vtto rov
BaifJLovlov cr<f)laiv €(T7]fMalvero, dWd teal avro
'^ ye eKelvo e? dyaOov erpeyjrev eireiBtj yelp dfia
r(p rrj<; yrj<; eTriffrjvai Trpoaeirraiae, Kal avrbv
rreaovra errl arofia ol a-rpariojrat IBovre^; 7]0v/xt}-
aav Kal Bv(ravaa-)(^er7](Tavre<; eOopvjSTjcrav, ov
Bcr)7rop?)67}, aXX' eKrelva^ ro) ')(e2pe" ri]v re
yrjv, CO? Kal ckcov By ireawv, irepieka^e Kal
Kare<j>LX7](7e, Kal dva/3oy(7a<; elirev *' e'%6) <T€,
4 ^A(f)pLKi].^^ eK Be rovrov rrpoae^aXe /lev r(p
'ABpvfi7)r(p, diTOKpovaOel^i Be Kal irpoaeri Kal
eK rov arparoireBov /3iaico<; eK0\7]6eU fierea-ri]
TT/oo? ttoXlv erepav 'Fovcnnva, Kal BexOeh vtt'
avrCov ^eifidBiov re ev avrfj Karea-Kevdcraro, Kal
eK€i6ev opficofxevo^; eTToXefiei.
' 2o\ouTt«v Fabr. , aaXdrruv L.
'^ rw x*M'f V Horw.. Tr}u x^'P" ^^ Xiph. liekk. Anecd.
2o8
BOOK XLII
of Jstrengtli to all those who sided with him, since b v. Vt
by some strange, unreasonable hope they believed
that no Seipio could meet with misfortune in Africa.
When Caesar learned of this and saw that his own
soldiers also were persuaded that it was so and were
consequently afraid, he added to his retinue a man
of the family of the Scipios who bore that name
(he was otherwise known as Salutio ^), and then
made the voyage to Hadrumetum, since the neigh-
bourhood of Utica was strictly guarded ; and since
his crossing in the winter was unexpected, he
escaped the enemy's notice. When he had left his
ship, an accident happened to him which, even if
some disaster was portended to his expedition by
Heaven, he nevertheless turned to a good omen.
Just as he was setting foot on land he slipped, and
the soldiers, seeing him fall on his face, were dis-
heartened and in their chagrin raised an outcry ;
Caesar, how^ever, did not lose his presence of mind,
but stretching out his hands as if he had fallen on
purpose, he embraced and kissed the ground, crying-
out : " I have thee, Africa ! " Thereupon he made
an assaidt upon Hadrumetum, but was repulsed and
actually driven out of his camp by main force. Then
he transferred his position to another city called
Ruspina, and being received by the inhabitants,
established his winter quarters there and proceeded
to carry on the war from that base.
' Or Salvito ; cf. Plutarch, Caes. 52, and Suetonius, lul. 59.
209
VOL. IV. P
BOOK XLIII
ToSe eveariv iv t^ rtTTapaKoarT^ rplToi rwp Aicovos 'PufiaiKwu
a. 'fly Katcap liKiirlcova Koi 'I<J)8o>' ivlK7]ff€V.
&. 'ris "NovfiiSiav ot 'Poj/jLoioi eo'XO''.
y. 'Hs Kdruv eavrhv air^Kmvev.
5. 'tis Katcrap is 'Pco/xrjy iirav'qABe Koi to. (iriviKia €ir6yui//e Koi
rdiWa KaTe(TTi)<Taro.
€. 'Xis ^ re ayopa Kaiaapos Koi 6 vaos 6 rris 'A(j)po5iT7js
KadiepooQt].
(. 'Cls Ka7(rap rhv iuiavrhv is rhy vvv tpSttou /coreo'TTja'oTO.
7j. 'ns Kaiffap Tvalov TloixTr-}}iov rhv rov nofj.irr]lov vlhv iv ^lfir}pla
ivUrjaey.
0. 'fls irpa>Tov viraroi is ovx '6\ov rh eros aTreSei'x^rjo'OJ'.
/. 'flj Kapxv^iiif Koi K6pii>dos cnrcpKladrj.
la. 'Hs oi KepedXioi ayopavSfioi Kareffrddrjffav.
XpSvov irKriQos err] Tpia, iv ails &pxovre5 oi apiQixovfifvoi o'idc
iy^vovro
r. 'louAtoj r. vl. Kaiaap SiKTarup rh y' ^
/xera A-l/xiXlov AeiriSov lirirdpxov
Koi viraros rh y' /jLeTo. AlfiiAlou ActtISov -
r."* 'lovAios Kdiaap SiKrdrccp rh S'
/jLera AIiull\(ov Aevidov^ lirirdpxov
Koi vnaros rh 8' /j.6vos
r.^ 'lovXios Kdiffap SiKrdrwp rh e'
fiera Alfj.i\lov Ae-rridov linrdpxov
Kol Viraros rh e' ^uera M.^ 'Avtwv'iov.
lore aev ravr eirpa^e, tw be eypybevw erei, kul
iBi/craropevaep afia /cal {jirdrevae, rpiTov eKa-
T€pov, Tov AeiTiBov ol ap.<f)OTepco6t, "^ crvvdp^avTO^;.
^ rh y' St., rov L.
" L. adds vTT. after Ai-nihov and 'Avr uiviov. Deleted by Bs.
^ r. Bs., ydios L. * AevlZov supplied by Bs.
2IO
BOOK XLIII
The following is contained in the Forty-third of Dio's
Home : —
How Caesar conquered Scipio and Juba (chaps. 1-8).
How the Romans got possession of Numidia (chap. 9).
How Cato slew himself (chaps. 10-13).
How Caesar returned to Rome and celebrated his triumph
and settled other matters (chaps. 14-21).
How the Forum of Caesar and the Temple of Venus were
consecrated (chaps. 22-24).
How Caesar arranged the year in its present fashion
(chap. 26).
How Caesar conquered Gnaeus Pompey, the son of Pompey,
in Spain (chaps. 28-41).
How for the first time consuls were appointed for less than
an entire year (chap. 46).
How Carthage and Corinth received colonies (chap. 50).
How the [Aediles] Cfreahs were appointed (chap. 51).
Duration of time, three years, in which there were the
magistrates here enumerated : —
B.C.
46 C. lulius C. F. Caesar, dictator (III), with Aemilius
Lepidus, master of horse, and consul (III) with
Aemilius Lepidus.
45 C. lulius Caesar, dictator (IV), with Aemilius Lepidus,
master of horse, and consul (IV) alone.
44 C. lulius Caesar, dictator (V), with Aemilius Lepidus,
master of horse, and consul (V) with M. Antonius.
Such were Caesar's experiences at that time. Tlie
following year he became both dictator and consul
at once^ holding each of the offices for the third
time, and with Lepidus as his colleague in both
^ r. supplied by Bs. ^ M. supplied by Bs.
' a.fji.<poT4p(t}Qi V. Herw., afx<por4pois L.
211
p 2
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
iireibr) yap SiKTaTcop vn avjov to irpojToi^
i\4x^V) irapaxp^P'CL re avrov pera rrjv arpaTrj-
yiav i<i Tr}v ^Ifftjpiav tt)v TrXrjo-Laijepap eareiXe,
•1 Kal eiravekOovTa i7nviKL0L<;, p^t^re nva^ viKijaavra
pbi]T ap'^r)v pia-)(€(Tdp,€v6v riaiv, iriprjae, 7rp6(j)a(7n>
on roL'? VTTO re rov Aoyylvov koI vtto tov
3 ^lapKeWov irpa^OeLai irapeyevero. ovkovv ovhe
eirepLy^e. tl eV a\7]0€[a<;, irXrjv tmv "^pijpaTOiv a
rov<i avp,p,d^ov(; eaeavXijfCEL. tovtol<^ re ovv
avTov YjyifKe} /cal puera tovto Kal avvdp')(oina
€Karep(o6i TrpoaeiXero.
^l Kal avTMV dp-^ovrcov ?;3r; o'i re ev Trj 'Voipt]
erapdyOrjaav vtto (Ti^peiwv \vfco<; re yap ev avrfj
Mcfidt], Kal ')(plpo<^ iXiipavri ttXijv t&v TTohwi'
opoLO<; eyevvi)6rj' kuv rr} ^A(f)piKf] 6 re Tlerpeto^
Kal 6 Aa^ii]vo(i TiiptjcravTe^ rov Kaiaapa rrpbi;
2 K(i)pia<; €7rl alrov e^eXrfkvdoTa, njv t€ ittttop
avrov pi7}S€TTa) AcaXw? ek rfj'^ da\da(T7j<; eppwphn^v
€9 rov<i 7r€^ov<i rot? ISiop^dai Karrjpa^av,- Kal
fTVprapax0€icr7]^ tt/jo? rovro r^9 dairiho^ ttoWov^
pL€V avroiv ev ^epalv direKreivav, irdvra^ B* civ
Kal rov'^ XotTTov^i dvetXydevra^ eirl perecopov
8 ri e^eKoylrav, el prj lcr')(ypo}'s erpd)0}]crav. iirl
irXeiov 5' ovv Kal w?, rovrov avp^efi^^Koro^, rov
Kaiaapa KareirXy^av, Xoyi^opevo^; pev yap ws"
VTTO oXiycov eirratGe, TTpoah6)(^up,ei'0<; Se Kal rov
'EKiTTicova rov re ^Voffav irdaac'^, axrirep rfyyeX-
XovrOy rat'i Swdpeaiv evdv<; d(f)i^eadai, 8t,7)7r6pei
4 Kal ovK ei)(ev 6 rt Trpd^y rov re yap iroXepov
p,')jherT(ti KaXco^ SceveyKelv 8vvdpevo<^, Kai rhv ev
^ â– ^7ijA6 Xyl. , ^yynKi L.
- KOTifpn^ay Tui'iieb,, Karrjp^ay L.
212
BOOK XLlll
instances. For when he had been named dictator by
Lepidiis the first time, he had sent him immediately
.ifter his praetorsln'p into Hither Spain ; and upon
his return he had honoured him with a triumph,
although Le])idus had conquered no foes nor so much
as fought with any, the pretext being that he had
l>een present at tlie exploits of Longinus and of
\farcellus. Accordingly, he sent home nothing, as a
matter of fact, except the money he had plundered
iVom the allies. Caesar besides exalting Lepidus
with these honours chose him later as his colleague
in both the positions mentioned.
When now they were in office, the people of
Kome were disturbed by prodigies ; for a wolf was
seen in the city, and a pig was born resembling an
elephant save for its feet. In Africa, Petreius and
Labienus, after waiting until Caesar had gone out to
villages after grain, drove his cavalry, which had not
yet thoroughly recovered its strength after the sea-
\ oyage, back upon the infantry with the aid of the
Xumidians ; and while the latter as a result was in
ii;reat confusion, they killed many of the soldiers in
hand-to-hand fighting. Indeed, they would also have
cut down all the others, who had crowded together
on some high ground, had they not received grievous
wounds themselves. Even so, they alarmed Caesar
not a little by this deed. For considering how he
had been checked by a few, and expecting, too,
tiiat Scipio and Juba would arrive directly with all
their forces, as it was reported they would, he was
greatly embarrassed and did not know what course to
adopt. For he was not yet able to carry through the
war to a satisfactoiT conclusion ; and he saw that to
213
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
ravTU) /jLovtjv ')(a\eTTr)v, /cav ol TroXe/JbcoL (T<pcov
aire'XwvTaL, hca Trjv rrjf; rpo(f)rj<; airopiav, rrjv re
dvdaraaiv dhvvarov tS)V TroXefiicov kol ck rrj(;
rjireipov koI 6k rrjf; 6a\dao-r)<^ €7n/C€i/jL€vcov ol opcjv
ovaav, 7]0vpbei.
3 'Ei^raO^' ovv avr^ ovri HovttXlo^ tl^ Strrio?,
eXye i/celvov dWd pur) to haupiovLov hel XeyeLV, rrjv
re aooTTjpiav dp,a koL ttjv eTnKpdrrjaiv ehcoKsv.
0UT09 yap i^eireae pev eK rrjf; 'IraXta?, irapa-
Xa^obv Be avp,(f)vydSa<; Tiva<; koX 7repaia)6el<i e?
2 MavpLraviav %et/oa re rjOpotae,^ /cal irapd rw
Bo^i^ft) aTpaTrjyrjaa'^ eTre^eiprjae tw KalaapLy
pbi]T€ Tivd evepyeaiav avrov 7rpo€)(^cov p,7]T dWo)^
iv yvwaei ol mv, tov re TroXepov avvaeipaadat /cal
3 rd irapovra (TvyKarepydaaadaL. KdK tovtov
avTw pikv eKeivip ovk eirr^pwe' Troppco re yap
avrov rjKovev ovra, Kal ^payy n vcf) eavrov
(ov ydp TTft) pLeydXrjv la')(vv el'X^ev) dxpeXijcrecrOao
evopbi^e' rov he Srj ^lo^av e/carparevaavra rrj-
4 prjaa^; €9 re rrjv ^ovpahiav eve^aXe, Kal ravrrfv
T€^ Kal rr)v VairovXiav p.€po<i ri)^ ^PXV'^ avrov
ovaav iXvpLi]varo, Mcrre rov ^acriXea rcov re ev
')(epalv d^eadai Kal eK p,ea7j<; rrj<; oSov puerdrov
7r\eiovo<; arparov dvaarpe^jrar eart ydp 6 ri^Kal
5 TO) ^KLTrioiVL dir avrov avveTrepbyjrev. e^ ovirep
Kal rd paXiara Bi-ecpdvr) on el Kal eKe2vo<;
eXrjXvOec, ovk dv irore avroL<; 6 K.aLcrap dvre(J')(ev.
ovKOVV ov8e p6v(p rep ^kittlcovo avpu^aXelv^ evOv<;
iroX/jLTjae' rd re ydp dXXa Kal tou9 eXe^avra<;,
ro pL€v n Kal em, rfj pud'^^^r], ro Be Br) irXelov ore ro
^ ^Qpoiffe Bk., Tjtrrjae L. - re Bk,, ye L.
^ <rviJ.$a\e7v Bk., ffufifidWeiv L.
214
BOOK XLIII
stay in the same place was difficult because of the b.c. 4ti
lack of subsistence, even if the foe should leave his
troops alone, and that to retire was impossible, with
the enemy pressing upon him both by land and by
sea. Consequently he was dispirited.
He was still in this position when one Publius
Sittius (if, indeed, we ought to say it was he, and
not rather Providence) brought to him at one stroke
salvation and victory. This man had been exiled
from Italy, and taking with him some fellow-exiles
and crossing over into Mauretania, he had collected
a force and served as general under Bocchus ; and
although he had previously received no benefit from
Caesar, and was not known to him at all, in fact, he
undertook to assist him in the war and help him
overcome his present difficulties. In pursuance of
this plan he did not go to the aid of Caesar himself,
for he heard that he was at a distance and thought
that his own assistance would prove of small value
to him, since he had as yet no large body of troops,
but waited, instead, until Juba set out on his ex-
pedition, and then he invaded Numidia, harrying it
and Gaetulia (a part of Juba's dominion) so com-
pletely that the king gave up the matter in hand
and turned back in the midst of his march with most
of his army ; for he also sent a part of it to Scipio
at the same time. This fact made it very clear
that if Juba had also come up, Caesar could never
have withstood the two. Indeed, he did not so
much as venture to join issue with Scipio alone
at first, because he stood in great dread of the
elephants, among other things, partly on account of
their fighting abilities, but still more because they
215
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
m
4 iTTTTLKOv avTOV irdpacTcroVf B€ivci)<; iEeSlet. ev
^vXaKT} ovv TO arparoTreBov e? oaov iSvvaro
iTOLMv 6 VLalaap arparidoTa^ re ck t?)? 'IraXta?
Koi eKe^avra'^ /jLereTre/bLTrero, ou^ co? Kal a^io-
pba')(ov TL hi avTMV hpdcFwv (ovSe yap ttoWoI
r}(Tav), a}OC iva ol Ittttol Trpo? re rrjv o-^jnv fcal
7r/J09 TTjv (f)a)vr}v avTcov eKfieXeTijo-dyacv ovBev ere
Tou? Tcoi^ TroXe/jLLcop (^o^eladaL.
2 Kai' TOVTW oi re VaiTOvKoi 7rpoae')((i)p7j(Tav
avT(p Koi erepoi rive<; roov 7r\ria-L0')(ci)pwVy rd fiev
Bv iK€ivov<i, eTreiBr] a(pa<; fMeyd\co<i Tifir^divra^
r^KOvaav, rd Be koi rfj rov Mapiov fjuvrjpir), ort
3 TT pocrrjKcov avrov rjv. ct)? Be ravrd re eyevero,
fcal ol i/c rij<; 'IraXta? ^paBe(o<; fjuev koX iiri-
KLvBvvax; vtto re rod ')(ei/uL(iovo<; teal viro rwv
7ro\e/jLi(t)v 7repai(o6evre(iy o/jlo)^ 3' ovv rj\66v rrore,
ovKed^ ridvyaaev, aXKa fcal rovvavriov rj7rei')(0r]
7rpo<i rr)v fid')(7)v, otto)? irplv rov ^\6^av eireXOetv
4 (j)6day rov l-KLirioyva irpOKarepyaadfjuevo'^. Kal
iTpo')(wpr)Ga<; eir avrov Trpo^ rroXiv Ov^^irra eirl
Xo^ov rivo^, vrrep re eKeivr)<; Kal virep rov arrparo-
rreBov dfia avrMV ovro<;, IBpvOrj, irpoeKKpovaa^ ^
rov<; Kare')(ovra<; avrov, Kal fierd rovro rrpoa-
rreaovra ol rov XKirrlcova drro re rov /juerecopov
direBlco^e Kal rol<i Lmrevatv eTriKaraBpa/jLcov
.') eKaKWore. rovro re ovv ro yoipiov Karecr'^e Kal
everei')(i€FarOy Kal erepov eirl ddrepa ri)^ TroXeo)?,
rov Aa^LYjVov iir avroir Kparr](Ta<^, eXa/Se* KaK
rovrov Kal rrdaav avrrjv direrei'x^iaev. 6 yap
^KiTTicov Belcraf; jirj rrpoavaXoddfi, e? /jid')(i]v fxev
' TTpueKKpovaas K. Steph., TrpofffKKpoixras L.
- €7r' OL»ToD Rcim., ott' aVTOV L,
2l6
BOOK XLIll
kept throwing his cavahy into confusion. There-
fore, while keeping as strict guard over the camp
as he could, he sent to Italy for soldiers and ele-
phants. He did not count on the latter, to be sure,
for any considerable military achievement, since
there were not many of them, but desired that the
horses, by becoming accustomed to the sight and
sound of them, should learn to have no further fear
of those belonging to the enemy.
Meanwhile the (jaetulians came over to his side,
and also some of their neighbours, partly on account
of the Gaetulians, since they heard these had been
highly honoured, and partly through remembrance
of Marius, since Caesar was a relative of his. When
this had occurred, and his reinforcements from Italy,
in spite of delay and danger due to the winter
and the eneni)^, had at length crossed over, he
no longer remained quiet, but, on the contrary,
hastened forward to battle, in order to overpower
Scipio before Juba's arrival. He moved forward
against him in the direction of a city called Uzitta,
where he took up his quarters on a crest overlooking
both the city and the enemy's camp, having first
dislodged those who were holding it. Later, when
Scipio attacked him, he drove him away also from
the higher ground, and by charging down after
him Avith his cavalry did him some injury. So he
held this position and fortified it ; and he also took
another hill on the other side of the city by defeat-
ing Labienus on it, after which he walled off the
entire place. For Scipio, fearing his own power
might be spent too soon, would no longer risk a
217
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
6 ovKer avro) rjei, top Be ^loffav //-ereTreyu-Trero,
Kol avTW, eTreiSr} /jLT) vTrrjKOvev ol, iravra ra iv rfj
*A(f>pt,Kfj TOt? *VwfJbaioL^ ovra 'X^aplaaaOai vTrecr-
%eTO. Kol 6 fxev eK tovtov ra> fxev XcTTLq) a\Xov<i
avrera^ev, avTO<; Be eTrl rov Kaicrapa avOi<; Mp-
firjcrev.
5 Etv at Be ravr eyiyvero, 6 K.aLaap eireipaae
fiev Trdvra rpoirov e? ')(^elpa<; rov ^KLiricova
vTcayayeadai, jxr] Bvvr]6el<; Be \6yov<; re (faXiov^
69 Tou? (TTpartcoTa^; avrov KadrjKe /cal ^i^Xla
2 ffpa^^^ea Bceppi^jrev, v7rio-'^vov/jL€vo<; Bo avrcov rw
fiev eiri')((opi(p rd re oiKela d/cepaia rrjp^aecv
Kol avrov<; i\ev6epov<; d(f)ijcr€iv, tm Be ^Vcofiaiw
rrjv re dBeiav kol rd yepa d koX tol<; avvovaiv
ol a>(j)ei\€ Baycreiv /cal (TV')(yov<; ye ifc tovtov
3 irpocTeTroirjaaTO. ^kitt'kdv Be iire'^^eLprjcre fiev /cal
avTo^ /cal ^ijSXia /cal \6yov<; e? tov^; evavTiov<;
ea^aXelv co? koI (K^eTeptaopievo^ Ttva<;, ov puevTOL
/cal pbeTaaTTJaac avTOix; r)Bvvi]Or], ou^ otl ovk
dv /cal rd eneivov Tive^ dvOelXovTo,^ etirep
4 Ti TO)v o/jLol(ov eTTTjyyeWeTO, dW* otl dOXov pbiv
af^taiv ovBev V7rLa')(velT0, tov Be Br) Brjpuov top
tS)V ^VcopLaioov TTiv T€ yepovcTiav aX-Xo)? eXevOepoi-
crai avTov<; TrapeKdXei. /cal ovt(o<;, iv o5 Br)
rd evirpeirecTTepa rw \6yw pidXkov r) ra ')(^pr)ai-
fiooTepa T0i9 irapovcTLV ypecTO, ovBeva avTCJV
(p/cec(O(TaT0.
6 M.€^pi pL€V OVV pbOVO^ 6 ^/CCTTIWV iv TW CTTpaTO-
Treoft) Y)Vt Tavu ovr(o<; eyiyveTO, eirei be Kai o
^lo^a^ eTTTJXdev, '^XXoicoOt). eKelvoL fiev ydp /cal
irpoeKaXovvTO tou? ivavTLOv^ €9 fid'X^ijv, /cal pur)
^ avSeikovro Melber, avtlXovro L.
2l8
BOOK XLIII
battle with Caesar, but kept sending for Juba ; and b.c
when the latter would not obey his summons, Scipio
promised to make him a present of all the territory
that the Romans had in Africa. Juba then ap-
pointed others to take charge of the operations
against Sittius and in person once more set out
against Caesar.
While this was going on Caesar tried in every way
to draw Scipio into conflict. Baffled in this, he made
friendly overtures to the latter's soldiers, and
distributed among them pamphlets, in which he
promised to the native that he would preserve his
possessions unharmed and leave the people themselves
free, and to the Roman that he would grant him
pardon and the same prizes he had offered to his
followers. In this way he gained over a goodly
number. Scipio in like manner undertook to circu-
late both pamphlets and verbal offers among his
opponents, with a view to winning some to himself ;
but he was unable to induce them to change sides.
This was not because some of them would not have
chosen his cause by preference, if any offers similar
to Caesar's had been made ; it was due rather to the
fact that he did not promise them any prize, but
merely urged them to liberate the Roman people
and the senate. And so, inasmuch as he chose the cv
course that was more becoming to acknowledge
rather than the one that was more expedient for the
situation in which he found himself, he failed to l
gain over any of them. ^
So long, then, as Scipio alone was in the camp,
matters went on thus, but when Juba also came up,
the situation was changed. For they both tried to
provoke their opponents to battle and harassed them
219
DIGS ROMAN HISTORY
n
2 ^ov\o/ji€vov<; av/ji^a\elv ekvirovv, tm re Ittttck^
Toif<? airoaKehavvvfxevov^ a^cov /cr^f/oco? e/BXair-
Tov 6 Se Br) K^ataap ovre ^ e? ')(^6lpa^ avTOi<;
€KQ)v fjei, KoX rr)v Treptret^fcr/^' iiricr'^e, Kal rrju
Tpo(l)r}v dyairrjTco^ r)p7ra^e, Kal hwdfieis dX\,a<i
3 oXkoBsv 7rpO(Tfi€T67r€/i7r€ro. fcal oyjre fxev Kal
')(a\e'JTw^ ekOovaas avTd<; (ovre yap ddpoat
rjcrav dWa Kara ^pa^v auveXeyovTO, Kal TrXoicov
maff' dfjia TTepaiwdrjvai rjiropovv) — eXdovaa^ S^ ovv
iTore 7rpo(T\al3a)v dveOdpcnjaev avOi<;, Kal eire^a-
4 yaycbv Traperd^aro irpo tt}? Ta(f)peLa<;. ISovre'^
Se TOVTO 01 evavTLOt dvTLTraperd^avTo p,ev, ov
fii]V Kal (TVve^aXov ^ cr<pLcrtv. Kal tovto iirl
TrXeiouf; 'r)/jbepa<; iyeveio' irXyjv yap ort. rol^
iTrirevcriv iirl ffpa^^ avp^p^iyvvvTe^; dve')(^copovv,
ovBev ovBirepoi pueya irape^dkov.
7 'O ovv K^ataap evvo7]aa<i ort ovk dv Bvpatro
aKOPTa^i avTov<; viro tojv ^(^copLcov €<; ')(elpa<i eXOelv
dvayKdcrai, irpo^ ^dyjrov Mpfirjaev, Tv r) nrpocr^ori-
OijadvTMV avTMV ry TroXei (Tvp^jSdXr) '^ acf)iaii>,
2 Tj irepuBoPTcov eKelvrjv ye eXrj. rj Be Brj ^d-yjro^;
Kelrai p,ev ev ')^eppovr)a(p rpoirov Tivd, evOev
fiev T>}? 6aXdaar]<i evOev Be XljJLvr)'; iTapY]K0var]^,
crrevov oe orj rov Laufiov Kai eXcooT) Oia p-ecrov
ouTft)9 e)(eL (oare ocxj] P^^v ol eXax^f^^ov be e<p
eKdrepa rov eXov<; Trap' avTr)v ttjv pa^iciv *
3 dp^^oTepcoOev irapievaL. tt/jo? ravT7)v ovv ttjv ttoXlv
6 Kataap etcrco ro)v arevcov XJ^PV'^^^ erdi^peve
^ oijre Pfiugk, ovSe L..
*' crvvi^aKov U. Steph., avvi^aWop J^.
'^ (Tv/xfidAr] R. Steph., ffv/j-fiaXXyji L.
* paxidf' R. Steph., ftaxw L.
220
BOOK XLlll
u lien they were unwilling to contend ; moreover
with their cavalry they inflicted serious injuries upon
any of them who were scattered to a distance. But
(^lesar was not disposed to come to close quarters
w ith them if he could help it. He prevented their
\\ ailing him in^ secured a bare subsistence for his
troops, and kept sending for other forces from home.
These reached him only after much delay and
difficulty:, for they had not all been together^ but were
collected gradually and lacked boats in which to
cross in a body. When at length they did reach him
and he had added them to his army, he took courage
( >nce more and leading out his forces against the foe,
arrayed them in front of the intrenchments. Seeing
this, his opponents marshalled themselves in turn,
but did not join issue with tliem. This continued
for several days. For apart from brief cavalry
skirmishes, after which they would retire, neither
side risked any movement worth speaking of.
Accordingly, when Caesar perceived that because
oi' the nature of the land he could not force them
to engage in conflict unless they chose, he set out
for Thapsus, in order that he might either engage
them, if they came to the help of the city, or
might at least capture the place, if they left it to
its fate. Now Thapsus is situated on a kind of
peninsula, with the sea stretching along on one
side and a lake on the other ; the isthmus between
them is so narrow and marshy that one reaches
the town by two roads, only a little way apart,
running along either side of the marsh close to the
shore. On his way toward this city Caesar, when he
liad got inside the narrowest j^oint, proceeded to dig
221
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
KoX iaravpov. koI CKetvoi ^ev ovhev TTpayiia
avr(p 'Trapel')(pv (ov yap rjaav a^i6fjLa)(^0L), 6 Be
Brj ^KLTTicov Kol 6 ^lo/Bw; iireyeipi^aav to (rropba
Tov laOfxov, KaO^ o vrpo? Tr]v rjiretpov reXevra,
aravpcofiacn kuI racfypevfjuaai, 3^%^ BiaXaffovre^
8 avTa'TTOTei')(i(Tat,. ev epyw Se avTCJv ovrcov koX
TToXv Ka6' 6Kd(TTr)V r}/jL6pav dvvovrcov (o7rft)9 yap
TOL Odaaov BiaTei'Xi'O-dCKTiy rov<; re iXec^avra^ Kaff'
fjLTjSeTra) SiererdippevTO ^ aXV €V€<j)oS6v re tol<;
TToXeyLttOi? '^v Trpocrira^av, fcal rd Xoiird 7rdvr€<;
2 elpyd^ouTo) eTreOero o Y^alaap al(f)vlBcov tol<^
erepoL^ toI<; ^ irepl tov ^KLTrtcova, koI tou?
i\,€^avTa<; TroppwBev (TcfievBovai^ Kal ro^ev/jia-
(Tiv eKTapd^af} i<f)6(T7r€r6 re avTOt<; dva'^cop^craai,
xal irapd ho^av roi^ €pya^o/jL6VOL<; it poa [il^a^
Kol iiceivovf; irpeyjraro, Kai (t<^L(tl (fyvyovaiv 6*9
3 TO epvfjba avvecnreaoov avro^oel avrb elXev. IScov
Be ravra 6 'Io/8<Z9 ovro)<; i^eirXdyrj teal eBeiaev
&)9 fxrjTe 69 yelpd'i tlvl VTrofxelvai eXOelv fJirjTe
4 TO (TTpaTOTreBov Bid (^vKaKTjf; TTOirjaao-Oat. eKCcvof;
fjLev ovv (fivyoiv Kal ocKaBe e7ret;^^6t9, eTre^T* eTretBr)
/iir]B€l<; avTov, dWo)<; t6 Kal tov ^lttlov toi'9
dvT LKaTaaTdvTa<; ol irpoveviKriKOTO^, iBe^aTO^
diviyvw T€ TTjv (JCOTrjplav, Kal T<p YieTpetcp [xrjBe-
fjLLav pLTjB^ avTW eKiTiBa dBeua^; e%orTt efiovofid-
9 %'^;cre Kal avvaireOave. Kalaap Be to t€ GTav-
poyfia evdi)^ fieTa Tr)v (f)vy7]v avTOV eXa/Se, Kal
(jiovov irXelaTOV tmv irpoorTV^ovTOiV dirdvTcov
a<^iatv eiroir^aev ovBe ydp tmv fieTacTTdvTcop
e^eiaaTO. KdK tovtov Ta9 Te dWafj 7roXet9
^ 5i€reTd<j)p€vro Reim., Si€Td<ppevTo L.
* Tots supplied by Reim.
222
BOOK XLIII
a ditch and to erect a palisade. The townspeople b.c. 4«
caused him no trouble, as they were no match
for him ; but Scipio and Juba undertook in their
turn to wall off the neck of the isthmus, where it
comes to an end at the mainland, by running
palisades and ditches across from both sides. They
were engaged in this work and were making great
progress every day (for in order that they might
build the walls across more quickly they had sta-
tioned the elephants along the portion not yet
protected by a ditch and hence easy for the enemy
to attack, while on the remaining portions all
were working), when Caesar suddenly attacked the
men who were with Scipio, and by using slings
and arrows from a distance threw the elephants
into great confusion. Then as they retreated he
not only followed them up, but fell upon the
workers unexpectedly and routed them, too ; and
when they fled into their camp, he dashed in with
them and captured it without a blow. Juba,
upon seeing this, was so startled and terrified
that he ventured neither to come to close quarters
with any one nor even to keep the camp under
guard ; so he fled and hastened homeward. And
then, when no one received him, especially since
Sittius had already overpowered all opposition,
Juba, despairing of safety, fought in single com-
bat with Petreius, who likewise had no hope ot
pardon, and together they died. Caesar, imme-
diately after Juba's flight, captured the palisade
and caused great slaughter among all who came in
the way of his troops, sparing not even those who »/
came over to his side. Next he brought the rest of
223
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
2 fxtjoevos avOcara/jteuov Trapeo-rijaaTo, xal rov^i
No/iaSa? Xa^obv e9 re to VTrrfKoov iTrrjyaye fcal
T^ %a\ovaTL(p Xoya) jxev dp^ei-v epyo) Bk dyeiv
re Kol (jyepeiv iirerpey^rev. cifjuekei Koi eBcopoSo-
KTjare irdXKa ical ijpTracrev, oWre Kal KanjyoptjdTJ-
8 vac Kal ^ ala')(yvr}v ala-xicTTrjv ocfyXelv,- on roiavra
(Tvyypd/jL/jLara avyypdyjraf; koX iroWd koI iriKpa
irepl TO)v ifCKapTTOvfiivoov TLvd<; elirwv ovk ifii/iiT]-
(TttTO T(p ^py(p rov^ X070U9. oOev el Kal rd
fidXicTTa d(f)€idr} vtto tov KaLaapo<i, dXX* avro^ ye
eavrbv Kal ttuvv ttj avyypa<f>fj io-rrjXoKOTrrjcre,
4 TovTO T€ ovv ovT(o<; eyeverOf Kal rd eOvrj rd iv
rfj Ai^vij ravra to fiev irepl ttjv Kap^rjSopa, o Br)
Kal *A(f)piKi}v KaXov/iev, iraXaiov, on €k ttoXXov
Kareipyaaro, to Be Bt) rtav ^ofidBcov veov, on
'» petocn etXrjTTTo, eirwvopidadri. '^kittlcop Be eK fiev
T^9 /ia^7;9 e(f}vy€, Kal irXoiov e7nTV')(^cbv €? jyv
'Iffrjplav 7rp6<i re top UopLTT'^iop dirrjpep, eKTreo-cop
Be 69 TTjP yiavpcraptav Kal top %lttlop ^o^7]6el<;
eavTOP Bi,e')(^p^]aaTO.
10 ''O T€ KaToyp TO fiep rrpcoTOP (TvyKaTa<^vy6pT(op
7rp6<; avTOP ttoXXcop TrapeaKevd^eTo tmp Te
Trpay/jLaTcop dpTtXa^eaOat Kal top Is^auaapa t/oo-
TTOV TLpd d/JLVPaaOar ^ 0)9 Be oi Te Ovt LKijaioi,
2 aT€ fii]Be ep tw it pip eydpwBC)^ tm Is^aiaapi
e')(ppTe^ Kal tot€ pepiKi^Koia avrop opcopTe<;, ovk
eireidopTO avT(p, Kal ol €k ttj^ yepovaia^ tmp Te
iTTTTeoyp 7rap6pT€<; e^o^'^drjaap /jlt) (TvXXrjcfidSycrip
VTT avTMP Kal Bpaa/jbop e/SovXevaaPTo, avTO^ fiep
ovT aPTiTToXe/JLrjo-ai {ovoe^ yap 0^09 Te rfp) ovt
^ Koi supplied by Xyl, - o0A67»' Bs., 6<p\r}<Tai L.
â– ^ u.uvi'a(T0ai Pflugk, aij.vi'fadai L. â– * ouSe Bk. , ofne L.
2 24
BOOK XLIII
the cities to terms, meeting with no opposition ; and b.c. 40
taking over the Numidians, he reduced them to the
status of subjects, and delivered them to Sallust, -x ^^
nominally to rule, but really to harry and plunder.
At all events this officer took many bribes and con-
fiscated much property, so that he w^as not only
accused but incurred the deepest disgrace, inasmuch
as after writing such treatises as he had, and making
many bitter remarks about those who fleeced others,
he did not practice what he preached. Therefore,
even if he was completely exonerated by Caesar, yet
in his history, as upon a tablet, the man himself -
had chiselled his own condemnation all too well.
This affair, then, turned out thus. As for
these districts in Libya, the region surrounding
Carthage, which we also call Africa, was called
the old province, because it had long ago been
subjugated, whereas the region of the Numidians
was called the new province, because it had been
newly captured, Scipio, who had fled from the
battle, chanced upon a ship and set sail for Spain
to go to Pompey. But he was cast ashore in
Mauretania, and through fear of Sittius made away
with himself.
Cato, since many had sought refuge with him,
was at first preparing to take a hand in affairs and to
resist Caesar as best he might. But the people of
Utica had not been hostile to Caesar in the first
place, and now, seeing him victorious, would not i^
listen to Cato ; and the members of the senate and
the knights who were present were afraid of being
arrested by them, and so meditated flight. Cato him-
self, therefore, decided neither to war against Caesar,
225
VOL. IV. O
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
3 av 7rpoa)(^a>pr}(Tai ^ rw J^aiaapi eyvco, ov^ ore tl
iSeSUi {koI yap ev ^Trto-raro Kal irdw av
airovhciaavra avrov eavrov, rrj<; eVl (^LkavOpwrria
h6^rj<; evcKa, (fyeLaaaOai), aX)C on Trj<; re
ekevdepia^ la^vpo)<; 'r]pa, Kal yrrdcrOai ovBevo^; e?
ovS6i> ^ i^ovXero, tov re Oavdrov ttoXv tov irapa
rov Ys.aiaapo<; eXeov 'X^aXeTrcorepov rjyelro elvat.
4 avyKaXeaa^ Be rou? Trapovra'^ tcov ttoXltmv, Kal
hiepcdTrjaa^ ottol e/cacrT09 avrcov SpfjLTjraL, eKeivov<^
fxev fier ec^oBiMv e^eirep^y^e, rw he vlel 7rpo<; rov
Kalaapa eXOelv eKeXevcre. TTvOofievov re rov
veaviaKov "Bid ri ovv ov')(l Kal av rovro rroLel'=;;
f) drreKpivaro avrw on " e7ft) /lev ev re eXevOepia
Kal ev Trapprjala rpacjiei'^ ov Bvvajmat rr/v BovXeuav
€K /jierafioXrjf; eVt y^pcof; jierafxaOelv' aol 8* ev
roiavrrj Karaardcret Kal yevvijOevn Kal rpa^evn
rov Baifiova rov Xayovra ae Oepaireveiv rrpoa-
rjKet.
1 1 Tavr ovv irpd^a^, Kal rot? OvnK7j(TLot<; rijv re
8i0LK7]aiv diroXoyLcrdpevo'; ^ Kal rd Xonrd ')(^pr)iiara
rd re dXXa oaa avrcov el^ev d'iTohov<;, rrpoairaX-
Xayrjvai rrpo rrj<^ rov l^aiaapo^ d(f)i^e(o<; rjOeXr^ae.
2 Koi fJLeO^ rjjuLepav jxev ovk eire'xeipTjae rovro
rroirjaar 6 re yap vLo<i Kal ol dXXoi oi rrepl
avrov 6vre<^ ^vXaKrjv avrov el')(ov' eirel Be eairepa
eyevero, ^l^lBlov re n Kpixpa vrro ro rrpoa-
K€(f)dXaLov v7reO')]Ke, Kal to rov TlXdrcovof; ^i/SXlov
ro rrepl rij^ yfrv')(^fj(; avru) yeypapfievov yrrjae,
3 etr^ ovv Troppco rij'i vTroyfrla'; rod n roiovro
^ovXevaaaOaL rov<; rrapovra^ dirayayelv a'lrovBd-
^ 7rpo<rx«pT?a'ai H. Steph., 'irpQX(*>pyi<Tai L.
'^ ovZivhs is ovdey R. Steph., is ovSevhs ovShv L.
^ aTToAoyiadaevos Bk. , cnroKo'yrjffa./j.fyos L.
226
BOOK XLIII
being unable to do so anyhow^ nor yet to go over b.c. 46
to his side. This was not because of any fear,
since he understood well enough that Caesar would
be very eager to s})are him for the sake of his
reputation for humanity ; but it was because he
passionately loved freedom, and would not brook
any defeat at the hands of anybody, and regarded
Caesar's pity as far more hateful than death. So
he called together the citizens who were present,
enquired where each one of them was intending to
go, sent them forth with supplies for their journey,
and bade his son go to Caesar. To the youth's
inquiry, "Why, then, do you also not do so .f* " he
replied : " I, who have been brought up in freedom,
with the right of free speech, cannot in my old age
change and learn slavery instead ; but for you, who
were both born and brought up amid such a condi-
tion, it is proper to serve the divinity that presides
over your fortunes."
When he had done this and had given to the
people of Utica an account of his administration
and returned to them the surplus funds, as well as
whatever else of theirs he had, he wished to be rid
of life before Caesar's arrival. He did not undertake
to do thi^yby day, inasmuch as his son and others
surrounding him kept him under surveillance ; but
v/hen evening was come, he secretly slipped a dagger
under his pillow, and asked for Plato's book On the
Soul.^ This was either in the endeavour to divert
those present from the suspicion that he had any
1 The Phaedo.
227
Q 2
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
(Ta<i, OTTft)? fo)9 TJKlCTTa TTapaTTJpTjOf}, €LT6 KOl
Trapa/nvOtov rt 7r/?o? rov Odvarov i/c rrj^; dpayvco-
aecoi; avrov Xa^elv eiriOviJLi^aa^;. ft)9 3e €Ketv6 re
4 dveXe^aro /cal rj vv^ ifieaoVy^ to re iy')(€LpiSLov
v(f)eL\Kva6,'^ Kal eavrov iirl ttjv yaarepa iralcra'^
€vOv<; dv ireXevrrjcrev e^aifio'^ yevofjuevo^;, el firj
KaraTreacov i/c rod (t/cl/httoBlov '^^oc^ov t€ iiTOLrjae
Kal T0U9 irpOKOLTOVVTa^ ^ i^7Jy€Lp6. Kal OVTCO^ 6
re vlo<; Kal dWoi Tive<; eaireaovTe^ rd re evrepa
avrov 69 rijv yaarepa avOi^ Kariaa^av * Kal
5 depaireiav avrw irpoai^yayov. Kal ol fxev ro re
^L(j)ihiov rjpav Kal rd^ dvpa^; eKXeiaav, oirayfi vttvov
Xd)(r) (ov yap Sr) Kal dWca 7ra)9 diroOavelv
avrov TrpoaeSoKrjaav)' eKelvo^ he €9 re ro rpav/xa
Ta9 'xelpa^ eve/3a\e Kal Ta9 pa(j)d<; avrov Btap-
pij^a<; dTreyjrv^ev.
6 'O fjiev ovv Kdreov Kal BTjfiorLKcoraro^; Kal
IcT'X^vpoyvco/jLoveararof; ^ Trdvrayv twz^ Kad^ eavrov
dvd pdiTrwv yevofievo'^ p^eydXrjv Bo^av Kal drr avrov
rod Oavdrov eXajBev, ware Kal €7ro)VVfi[av OvriKy-
aio<?, on re ev rfj OvriKrj ovrw^; ereXevrrjae Kal
12 on hrjixocTia vir avrcov erd<p7), KrrjcraaOaL' 6 he Sr)
Kacaap eKeivco fiev opyi^eaOai ecprj on ol rf}<; iirl
nh a^rrjpla avrov evKXeia^ e^Oovrjae, rov he vlov
Kal vo)// uW/Co)v '\ov(;''Tr\dov^ dc^iJKev, waTrep
eWiaro' ol jxev yap ev0v<^ ol he KulvJ-epov^oTrw^
dfipXvrepUi avrw vtto rov xpovov yevofxevw irpoa-
^ ififffov Bk., e/xforovro L.
2 v(p€l\Kv(re Dind., icpflXKvcre L.
2 TTfi'jKOLTovvTas R. StepH. , irpOffKOlTOVVTaS L.
^ KaTeaa^av Naber, Karfra^av L.
^ Kol iax^poyvu^ioviffTaros Rk., Koi tVxyfx^TaTOS Koi iffx^po-
yvwfiovdffTaTos L.
228
BOOK XLIII
such purpose in mind^ in order to be observed as
little as possible, or else in the desire to obtain
some consolation in respect to death from the reading
of it. When he had read the work through and it
was now near midnight, he drew forth the dagger,
and smote himself upon the belly. He would have
died immediately from loss of blood, had he not in
falling from the low couch made a noise and roused
those who were keeping guard before his door.
Thereupon his son and some others who rushed in
put his bowels back into his belly again, and brought
medical attendance for him. Then they took away
the dagger and locked the doors, that he might
obtain sleep ; for they had no idea of his perishing
in any other way. But he thrust his hands into
the wound and broke the stitches of it, and so
expired.
Thus Cato, who had proved himself at once the
most democratic and the strongest-minded of all
the men of his time, acquired great glory even from
his very death and obtained the title of Uticensis,
both because he had died in Utica, as described, and
because he was publicly buried by the inhabitants.
Caesar declared that he was angry with him,
because Cato had begrudged him the distinction of
saving such a man, and he released his son and most
of the others, as was his custom ; for they came over
to him of their own accord, some at once, and others
later, so as to approach him after time should have
229
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
2 eXOcoatv, iOekovToX irpoae'X^Cfip'ricrav. Koi ol /juev
iacoOrjcrav, ^A(f)pdvw<; Be /cat ^aOcrro? eKovre^; fiev
ovK rjXOov irpo^ avrov (/cal yap ev jjBeaav airoXov-
fievoi), ^vy6vT€<; 3e e? Is/iavpiraviav avv€X7]<^6r}aav
virb Tov ^iTTiov. Koi efC€ivov<i fxev dfcpiTOVf; 6
3 J^accrap ax; koI al^/jbaXcorov^ d7r€a<pa^ev' rov he
Sr) Kaiaapa tov Kovkiov, Kairrep ev yevei ol ovra
Kal eOeXovaLov iKerevo-avra, o/icof; eTretSr] Sid
Traz^TO? auTM Trpoo-eTreTroXefiTjfcei,, to fiev irpoiTov
d7roSiK7J(Tac eKeXevaev wcrre ev Slkt) tivI KaTe-yjrr]-
(j)iaOac avTOV So^ai, eTTSiTa he 0K.vr](ja^ avTov
TT) eavTov (f>covfj OavaTcocrai totc fxev dve^dXeTo,^
13 vcFTepov he koi Kpv(f)a direKTeive, koi yap twv
(TvvovToyv ol Tou? OVK eiTiT7]heiov<^ Toi)? fxev 7rpo<i
tS)v ivavTicov ovk aKovcria}^ dire^aXXe,^ rot'? he
Kal hi avTMv twv acpeTepcov e'f einffovXrjf; ev
2 avTaL<; Tat? fjLd')(ai^ diToXXvadai eTTolei. ov yap toi
Kal cf)avep(b<^ irdaL tol<; XvTTTjcraa-i tc avTov, coairep
elwov, iire^yei, aXV ocrov^; firjhevl d^io'X^pew ey-
KXyj/jLaTi fiCTeXOelv ehvvaTO, ev Tpoirw hrj tivl
d^avel VTre^ypet, KaiToi tot€ ra ypd/jUfiaTa, ocra
ev TOfc? diropprjTOLf; tov ^klttlwvo'^ kl/3(otIol^
3 evpeOrj, jrdvTa Kavaa^ irplv dvayvMvat, Kal tmv
dvTiTToXefjLTjadvTcov ol 7roXXov<i fiev hi avTov<;
eK€iVOV<; TToXXov^ he Kal hid tov^; (piXov<; a(0(Ta<i'
TCt)v Te ydp avvaycovicrTcov Kal tcov eTaipcov ^
^ avefidkeTo R. Steph., are/SaAAero L.
^ CLTTf^aWe Cobet, ctTreiSaAAeTO L.
'* eraipajv R. Steph., kripoov L.
230
BOOK XLIII
blunted his anger. So these were spared ; but
Afranius and Faustus would not come to him of
their own free will, feeling sure of being put to
death, but fled to Mauretania, where they were
captured by Sittius. Caesar put them to death,
as captives,^ without a trial ; but in the case of
Lucius Caesar, though the man was related to him
and came as a voluntary suppliant, nevertheless,
since he had fought against him throughout, he at
first bade him stand trial, so that he might seem to
have condemned him with some show of legality,
and then, as he shrank from putting him to death
by his own vote, he postponed the trial for the time
being, but afterward killed him secretly. Indeed,
even in the case of those of his own followers who
did not suit him he willingly lost some at the hands
of the enemy and deliberately caused others to
perish in the midst of the fighting at the hands
of their own comradfes. For, as I have said, he did
not attack openly all who had injured him, but any
whom he could not prosecute on a plausible charge
he quietly put out of the way in some obscure
fashion. And yet on this occasion he burned un-
read all the papers that were found in the private
chests of Scipio, while of the men who had fought
against him he spared many for their own sake,
and many also for the sake of their friends. For, as
I have stated, he always allowed each of his soldiers
1 It was Caesar's regular custom to spare those who were
taken captive for the tirst time, but to put them to death if
they were captured again (cf. xli. 62, xliii. 17, xliv. 45 f. ;
Suet. lul. 75). Hence some would read here "as captives
for the second time " (cbs koX irpiv, or us dis, alx/^aXuTovs).
But, as Boissevain points out, the contrast here is merely
between captives and a voluntary suppliant.
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
1
€/cd(JT(p eva e^aiTelaOai, coairep eLprjrai, eireTpeire.
4 Kol St) ^ KoX Tov K.drcova eacoaev dv ovrco <ydp
avTov iredavp^aKeL ^ ware tov K.tK6p(ovo<; iyKco-
p^LOv p£Ta ravra avrov ypd'^jravroi; dyava/CTrjaac
p^ev p,r]Sev, Kaiirep Koi eKelvov ol irpoairoXe-
pLTjaavTo^, /Sl/SXlov Si rt ypdylrat b Avri/cdrcova
ETreKaXeae.
14 K.aLaap p,ev ravrd re irpd^a^, Koi rov<;
d(f)7]Xi,Kearipov<; rcov arparicoTcov irapa'X^prjpa
Kol TTplv 69 rrjv ^IraXlav irepatcoOrjvaL, p.r) koI
CTTaauicrcoaiv avOt^, aTraXXd^a^;, rd re dXXa
2 rd iv rfj ^A^piKr) hid j3pa')(^eo<;, co? evrfv p^dXiara,
KaraaTrjcra^, p^^XP'' /^^^ '^^** ^apSov<; iravTi tw
vavTLKcp eirXevaeVy ivrevOev he eKeivov^ puev 69
re Ttjv ^l^rjpiav fcal eVt rbv Tiopbiripov p^erd
Tatov AiSiov eTrep^^^rev, avTo<^ he 69 Tr]V '^(op.7jv
eKopiiadriy ro p^ev irXelarov Jirl ^ rfj rSiv epycov
Xap^irpoTTjTL, Tjhr] he koL eirl T0fc9 rfj jSovXy
3 ho^aai peyaXo(f)povovp€vo<;. reaaapdKovrd re
yap 'i)pbepa^ eirl rfj vlkt) avrov Oveiv eyvcocrav,
Kal rd emviKia ra Trpoeylrrjcpio-p.iva eiri re XevKOiv
LTTTToyv Kal puerd pa^hov^f^v ro3v re ^ rore avr<p
(Tvvovroiv Kal erepcov oaoL^ iv rrj Trpcorrj hiKra-
ropia eKe^PV^o, dXXcov re av ocrov^ iv rfj
4 hevrepa ia^V'^^i'* TrepLyjraL ol ehoaav. rcov re
rpoTTcov rSiv eKdcrrov iTnardrrjv (ovrco ydp 770)9 ^
wvopbdaOr] coarrep ov/c d^ia^i avrov rrj^ rod rLp,7}rov
7rpoap^(Te(o<^ ovar]<;) 69 rpca avrov err] Kal hiK-
5 rdropa 69 heKa 6'<^ 6^779 eiXovro. Kal rrpoaert
^ S)j Bk., roL L. ^ ireOavfidKei Bk., avaredavfjidKet L.
•'' inl supplied by Bk. * re supplied by Rk.
^ irws R. Staph., â– B-o) L,
232
BOOK XLIII
and companions to ask the life of one man. In fact
he would have spared Cato^ too ; for he had con-
ceived such an admiration for him that when Cicero
subsequently wrote an encomium of Cato he was not
at all vexed, although Cicero had likewise warred
against him, but merely wrote a short treatise which
he entitled "Anticato."
Immediately after these events and before he
crossed into Italy Caesar got rid of the older men
among his soldiers for fear they might mutiny again.
He arranged other matters in Africa just as rapidly
as was feasible and sailed as far as Sardinia with his
whole fleet. From that point he sent the dismissed
troops along with Gaius Didius into Spain against
Pompey, and he himself returned to Rome, prid-
ing himself particularly upon the brilliance of his
achievements, but also upon the decrees of the
senate as well. For they had voted that sacrifices
should be offered for his victory during forty days,
and had granted him permission to ride, in the
triumph already voted him, in a chariot drawn by
white ho rses and to be accompanied by all the
hhpTi wjth him
lictors
others as he had employed in his first dictatorship,
to other witji ~as many more as he had had in h is
â– s eco^id. Furthei'mor e, tliey elected him ov erseer^o f
every man's conduct^ (for some such name was giv
I'vuri^ ns 'itL_yi£|^lle u£ cen sor were nor, vynrr.hy nt
for three years, and dictator for ten in succession.
B.C. 46
^ Praefecttis moribus (Cic, ad Fam. ix. 15, 5).
233
}no
K
DIG'S ROMAN HISTORY
eTTt re apyuKov hi(^pov fiera tmv ael vTrdrcov
iv TW avveopla) Kadi^eiv fcal yvcofirjv del irpayrov
d7ro(paiV€aOai, ev re rat? lirirohpoiMiaL'^ diTd(Tai<^
diToarjiJLaiveiv, kol ra? dp^a<; rd re dWa oaa
r TLalv 6 Br]fjLo<i irporepov ^ evefxev ^ dTToheiKvvvai
6 e'ylr7)(f)L(ravT0. dppua re tl avrov ev rw KaTrt-
Tco\(,(p avmrpoacoiTov ra> Atl IhpvOrjvai, kol iirl
elfcova avrov r?}? oIkov ixevri<^ ')(a\Kovv em^i-
jSaaOijvat, ypa(f)r]v e-^ovra on yp^uOeo^; ean, ro
re ovofjia avrov eirl ro K.a7ri,rcokLov dvrl rov
KarouXou, w? ^ /cal rov vecov, e</>' ov rfj e/CTroLrjaet
evOvveiv eKelvov eTre'^^eipTjaev, eKreXeaavro^;, dvrey-
7 ypacfirjvac eKeXevaav. ravra Be jiova KareXe^a
ov^ on Kal jxova ey^rjc^iadrj (irap^iTXriOrj re 'yap
eae<pepero /cal 8i]Xov on fcal e/cvpovro) dXX^
on rd fjuev dXXa rraprjKaro, ravra he ivpoae-
Be^aro.
15 AeSoy/ji€VO)v Be rjBr] avrcov ijXOe re e? rrjv
*V(op,7]v, /cal IBcbv TOL'9 dv6pco7TOV(; rrjv re Bvvap.iv
avrov (f)0^ovp.evov<i /cal rb ^povrfpua vrroroiTOV-
p.evov^, KaK rovrov iroXXd /cal Beivd, old rrov
Kal TTplv eyeyovet,, ireiaeadai 7rpoaBofCMvra<s, /cal
hia rovro /cat virepoyKov^; ol npLd<; /coXa/ceia
2 dXX^ ov/c evvoia ey\nri<^Lapevov<^, TrapepLvdrjcraro
re avrov<; /cal em^XTriaev eliroov ev rfj /3ovXy
rocdBe'
" M»;Set9 vpLMVy oi Trare/oe?, rrpocrBoKijcrr) pLrjre
epetv pe ')(aXeTT0V purjBev pijre Trpd^eiv, on /cal
vevL/c7]Ka /cal BvvapLai irdv pilv 6 n dv edeX-rjaco
^ TTpSrepov Bk., irpwrov L.
^ epefjiev R. Steph. , ivf/jLeivev L.
** 0)5 Xyl., ypacpTjyai ws L.
234
BOOK XLIII
C^'
They moreover voted that he should sit in the senate
upon the ciirule fliair with the successive consuls,
and should always state his opinion first, that he
should give the signal at all the games in the Circus,
and that he should have t he appointment of th<
magistrates and what ever honours the people were'
pirviiJimli riiA^iisLuirr^frto assig-n. ^ And fhey decreed V
thut 'A chariot ot_ |]i,'=: s'^'^m''^^ n^p^pj-^c^ '^^ J:^"*^ i
.of^JLupiignthat hi s stat ue!
in bronze p;hpu1d !ift mounted upon a nkeness[ofl
th e inhabited world, with an inscription to the effe ct
t hat he was a demigod, and that h is name s hould~ be
ins cribed upon the Q ipitnl in }\i ace iyt'th irr tpf Latui us
omplete^ this teniple.
on the ground t hat he h
tcing to call Catulus to accoul
building of it.^ These are the only measures I have
recorded, not because they were the only ones voted,
— for a great many measures were proposed and of
course passed, — but because he declined the rest,
whereas he accepted these.
When these decrees had now been passed, he
entered Rome, and perceiving that the people were
afraid of his power and suspicious of his proud
bearing and consequently expected to suffer many
terrible evils such as had taken place before, and
realizing that it was on this account that they had
voted him extravagant honours, through flattery and
not through good-will, he endeavoured to encourage
them and to inspire them with hope by the following
speech delivered in the senate :
" Let none of you. Conscript Fathers, suppose that
I shall make any harsh proclamation or do any cruel
deed merely because I have conquered and am able
^ bee xxxvii. 44, 1.
235
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
avevdvvo^ elirelv, irav B* o ri av ffov\r]66) jjiST
3 e^ovaia<; Bpdaat. /jltj fjuevrot /^»;S' on koI M.dpio^
Kol K.LVva<; kol XuXXa?, oT re aXkot iravTe^ ox?
elirelv oaot TrcoTrore tou9 avTiaraaLdaavrd^; acfyccnv
"^eKparrjaaVf ev fxev Tai<; e7n')(eipr)a€(7L t(ov irpa-
y/jbdrayv ttoWcl fcal (^CkdvOpwira kol euirov fcal
4 eirpa^av, i^ cov ou^ rjKKTTa Trpoaayayo/jLevoi^
Tiva<; p,d\L(7ra /lev (TvpLfid')(pL<; avTOL<;, el Be jiii],
ovK dvTaycoviaTai<; ye e')(^prjaavTO, viKijaavre^;
Be Kol ey/cpaTet<; ojv erred vixovv yevofxevot ttoXv
rdvavrla eKeivcov kol Xoycp Kal epyw eirpa^av,
Kol efjue Ti? viroXd^T) to avro tovto Trocrjaecv.
5 ovre yap aXXoj? tto)? jrecfyvKcb'^ eireira top fiev
efiTTpoade 'X^povov 7rpo(T7roi7jT(0(; vfilv eVct)/itX?;cra,
vvv Be, on e^eanv, acr^aXco? dpaavvojiat' ovr
av VTTO T?)? TToXX?}? evTTpayia^ e^rjy/jLat Kal
TeTV(pa)/J.aL ware Kal rvpavvrjaai vfiMV iiriOviirj-
auL (ravra yap epioiye dpiipoTepa fj to ye erepov
6 avTcbv eKelvoi iraOelv BoKovaiv)' aXX' elfMi t€
TTj (pvaec TOLOVTO^ OTTOLOV p.ov del ireireipaaOe
(ri yap Bel fie Ka0* eKaarov eTre^iovra eTra^Orlf
01)9 Kal ejjLavTOv eTratvovvra, yeveaOai;) Kal Tr)V
TV')(7jv OVK av TrpoTrTJXaKiaaLfjiL, dW ocrot) fiaXXov
dyadrjf; avTr)<^ ireirelpafxaL, Toaw fiaXXov 7rpb<i
7 irdvTa fieTpLco^; ^ avT-fj ')(^prjaop.ai. ovBe yap ovB^
67r' dWo TL ToaovTo T '^ Icr^vcraL Kal TfjXiKovrov
av^rjdrjvai eairovBaaa wcrre irdvTa^; fxev rou?
dvTt,iTo\e/jL7]aavTa<s KoXdaacrOaL '7rdvTa<^ Be rou?
dvTi(rTa(TLdaavTa<; vovOerrjcrai., rj iva Kal dvBpa-
yaOi^eaOat da<pa\(io<; Kal evrv^elv evK\e(o<; Bwco-
^ â– irpocrayay6fiePoi Bk., irpoaaySfievoi L.
^ jx^r picas Bs., KpeirTW L. ^ t' Rk., ri L.
236
BOOK XLIIl
to say whatever I please without being called to
account, and to do with full liberty whatever I
choose. It is true that Marius and Cinna and Sulla
and practically all the others who ever triumphed
over the factions opposed to them said and did many
benevolent things in the beginning of their under-
takings, largely as the result of which they attracted
men to their side, thus securing, if not their active
support, at least their abstention from opposition ;
and then, after conquering and becoming masters of
the ends they sought, adopted a course diametrically
opposed to their former stand both in word and in
deed. Let no one, however, assume that I shall act
in this same way. For I have not associated with
you in former time under a disguise, while possessing
in reality some different nature, only to become
emboldened in security now that that is possible ;
nor have I become so elated or puffed up by my
great good fortune as to desire also to play the
tyrant over you — both of which experiences, or at
least one of them, seem to me to have come to
those men whom I mentioned. No, I am in nature
the same sort of man as you have always found me
— but why go into details and become offensive as
praising myself ? — and I would not think of insulting
Fortune, but the more I have enjoyed her favours, the
more moderately will I use her in every way. For I
have had no other motive in striving to secure so
great power and to rise to such a height that I
might punish all active foes and admonish all those of
the other faction, than that I might be able to play a
man's part without danger and to obtain prosperity
237
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
16 ^ai} ovre yap aXXo)? koKov tj Blfcatov, oaa
Ti9 TOfc? Bi^^^oyvco/jLOjnjaaaiv iTreicaXeae, ravra
avrov TTOiovvTa i^eXey^drjvar ovr av eycoye
d^icoaaL/jLi irore, rfj tmv epycov ^yXcocrec ofjbOicoOelf;
avrol^, fiovrj rfj t?}9 iravTekoif^ vlkt]^ 4'VI^V
2 BiaWd^at. Tt9 /-tey yap TrXelo) Kal /xel^co Tivd<;
ev TTOLetv 6(f>€LXei rod fjudXiara Bwajjievov; Tt9
Be TjTTOv e^a/jbaprdveLP tov irXelcTTOv la')(yovro<^;
Tt9 ev^ovXorepov TO69 e/c tov BaLfjioviov BoOelai
'^prjadai tov tcl p^kyiGTa irap avTov Xa/3oi^T09;
Tt9 opdoTepov TCL TrapovTa dyadd /jueTa'X^eipi^eadaL
TOV TrXelard re €')(ovto<; Kal /idXiara rrepl
3 avTMv p^T) Kal diroXrjTat (pofiovp^evov; rj p,ev
yap evirpayia acocf^poavvrjv Xa^ovcra Bcapevei,
Kal r) e^ovaia /leTpidaaaa' irdvTa Ta KTTjOevTa
Tr)pel' TO T€ pLeyiarov, Kal oirep rJKtaTa Tot9
€v ^ %0)/)t9 dperrjf; fpepop^evoi^ virdp^^i., Kal ^coaiv
dB6X(o<i <j)LXela6aL Kal TeXevrijaaaLV dXy-)Oo)^
4 iiraivelaOai BiBoaaLv. 6 Be dveBrjv ^ e9 irdvTa
a7rX(W9 Trj Bvvdp,ei KaTa)(pcop,€vo<; ovTe evvoiav
dXr}6rj ovT dcr^dXeiav dKpijS'tj evpiaKeTai, dXX!
ev p^ev Tft> (^avepw TrXaarcof; KoXaKeverac . . .• ^
TOV yap T^9 eavTOi) e^ovaia<; dKpdropa ^ oX Te
dXXoL TvdvTe^ kgX ol p,dXi(TTa avTM '^^^pcop.evoL Kal
vTTOTTTevovcn Kal (f)o^ovvTat.
17 '* TavTa Be ovk dXXco(; e(f>iXo(T6(f)rjaa, aXX' Xva
€i0r)T€ OTl OVK €9 €7rL0€l^lV, OVO aiT avTop,aTOv
^ Svvcoiiiai H. Steph., JSuva/nai L.
^ ey Bk., ov L.
^ aveSrfv Rk., avaiSriv L.
^ Lacuna recognized by Reim.
^ OLKparopa Bk. , avTOKpdropa L.
BOOK XLIII
with honour. For in general it is neither noble nor r.'. 4r>
just for a man to be convicted of doing the things
which he has rebuked in those who have differed from
him in opinion ; nor will I ever think it proper to be
likened to such men through my imitation of their
deeds^ and to differ merely by the reputation of my
complete victory. For who ought to confer more
and greater benefits upon people than he who has
the greatest power ? Who ought to err less than he
who is the strongest ? Who should use the gifts of
Heaven more sensibly than he who has received the
greatest ones from that source ? Who ought to use
present blessings more uprightly than he who has
the most of them and is most afraid of losing them ?
For good fortune^ if joined to self-control, is en-
during, and authority, if it maintains moderation,
preserves all that has been acquired ; and, greatest
of all, and also rarest with those who gain success
without virtue, these things make it possible for their
possessors to be loved unfeignedly while living and
to receive genuine praise when dead. But the man
who recklessly abuses his power on absolutely all
occasions finds for himself neither genuine good-will
nor certain safety, but, though accorded a false
flattery in public, [is secretly plotted against (?)].
For the whole world, including his nearest associates,
both suspects and fears a ruler who is not master of
his own power.
" These statements that I have made are no mere
sophistries, but are intended to convince you that
what I think and say is not for effect nor yet
239
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
1
vvv TrpoairecrovTa avrci, aWa air ap^r]<i koX
irpkireiv fioL koI av/jLcpepeiv Kpiva^ koI (fypovco \
KoX Xeyw, oyaO^ vp.a<; pur] 7rpo<^ to irapov piovov \
Oapaelv aXXa koI 7r/)09 to pueWov eveXiTLSa^; •
etvau, ivOvpovpievov^ on, ecTrep re avrcop eirkar- \
TopLTjv, ovK av ave^dXoprjV aXX' I'^hrj /cal Tt'ipuepov
2 i^6cf)7jva. aXX' ovre Trporepov a\X(o<i tto)? e(j)p6-
vrjaa, ^airep ttov /cal avra ra epya refcpirjpLot,
vvv T€ TToXif puaWov TTpoOvpurjaopLai puera iracjrjf^
€7ri€iK€La<; ov pbo, AC ov SeaTTO^eiv vpL(bv aXXa
irpoaTaretv, ovSe rvpavvevecv aX\' rjyepLOveveiv,
7r/909 pLev raWa irdvd ocra virep vpLCov Set
irpdrreLV /cal viraTO^ kcu Bi/crdrayp, Trpog Se Br) to
3 fcaKCt)^ iTourjaai riva IBioott]^ mv. tovto yap puovov
ovSe ^ p'qOrjvai KaXov eJvai vopt^co. ttco? pev yap
av ^ aTTOKTeivaLpii riva vpuMv rcov pLi-jBev pie ySiKt]-
KOTWV pLYjBeva piev tcoi' p^rj avTira^apLevcov^
pLOt (f}66ipa<;, el Kal ra p,dXiaTa 7rpo6vp.(o<; raXXd
TiCTL Kar epLov avvrjpavro,'^ Trdvra^ he Kal
TOV(; aira^ ^ dvTLKaTaaTdvTa<; pboc eXerjaa^ Kal
TToXXou? Kal Tcoy Sevrepov dvTipia'xecrapLevwv
4 acocra^; ttw? S* av pLVijcnKaKijcraipLb ^ tlctlv o
Kal ra ypdpbpLara, oaa Kal irapa tw TlopLirrjicp
Kal irapcL rw ^klttiwvi diropprjTa evpeOrj, pLrjr
dvayvov<i pLTjr eKypayjrdpLevo'i '' aXX' ev6v<; Kara-
Kavaa^;; ware Oapaovvrcog, Si irareps's, oLKetcoOo)-
pL€V, €KXa66pievoL piev Trdvrcov rcov avp^^e^rjKorcov
1 ouSe Rk., oi, L. 2 ^j, added by Bk.
^ fi^ avTiTa^aiULfvccv Bk., avTiTrpala/.teVwr L.
^ avv7]pavT0 Rk. , irpoa"i]pavTO L.
^ aTra| Xjd., airav L.
^ Uv fiv7)(TiKaK-i](Tai^i R. Steph. , avafjLV7}(TiKaK-i]<Tai^i L.
"* ^KYpoi^a/icj/os Reim., ^yypay^dfjievos \j.
240
HOOK XLIII
thoughts that have just chanced to occur to me on
the spur of the moment, but rather are convictions
regarding what at the outset I decided was both suit-
able and advantageous for me. Consequently you may
not only be of good courage with reference to the
present, but also hopeful as regards the future, when
you reflect that, if I had really been using any pre-
tence, I should not now be deferring my projects, but
would have made them known this very day. How-
ever, I was never otherwise minded in times past, as,
indeed, my acts themselves prove, and now I shall be
far more eager than ever with all reasonableness to
be, not your master, — Jupiter forbid ! — but your
champion, not your tyrant, but your leader. When
it comes to accomplishing everything else that must
be done on your behalf, I will be both consul and
dictator, but when it comes to injuring any one of
you, a private citizen. That, in fact, is the one thing
which I think should not even be mentioned. For
why should I put any one of you to death, who
have done me no harm, when I have destroyed
none of those who were not arrayed against me, no
matter how zealously in general they had joined with
some of my enemies against me, and when I have
taken pity on all those who withstood me but once
and in many cases have spared even those who
fought against me a second time ? Why should I bear
malice toward any, seeing that I immediately burned
all the documents that were found among the private
papers both in Pompey's and in Scipio's tents, and
that without reading or copying them? Let us,
therefore. Conscript Fathers, confidently unite our
interests, forgetting all past events as if they had
241
VOL. IV. R
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
5 ft)9 Kol avdyKTj tlvX Bacfiovla yeyovorayv, ap^d-
fievoi he ai^fTroTTTa)? dX\,7]Xov<; KaOdirep rtvd^
Katvoifi TToXiraf} (^iKetv, 'iv vp^ei^ re ft)9 7r/309
TTarepa pie 7rpocrcf)eprjad€, rrjv pev Tvpovoiav ttjv
re KYjhepboviav ttjv Trap epLOV Kapirovp^evoL, tmv
8e Bva)(epe(Trepo)v purjSev (f)OJ3ovpevoi, kol eyo) &)9
6 TralScov vp>0)v empbeXoiypLai} irdvra piev rd kuX-
Xtara del yiyveaOat v(f)^ vpLwv ev')(ppLevo<^, (pepcop
Se dvayKaiws rd dvdpcoTnva, /cal rov<; piev dyaOov'i
ral<; 7rpoar]KOuaai,<; TLpLai<^ dydXXcov, tov<; Se
Xoi7rov<i eiravopOSyv KaO^ oaov ivhe')(eTaL.
18 " M^ pievTOL pbrjBe rom arparicoraf; Beio-rjre, pLrjS^
dXXo Ti avTOV<; rj (j)vXaKa<; t^9 t€ €pL7]<; dp-)(ri<i
/cal rrjf; vpierepa^ dpua vop,ia7)Te elvar rpecpeaOai
piev ydp acf^a^; dvdyKrj ttoXXcov eveKa, Tpa(f)')]aovTai,
oe ovK €(p vpLa<; aXX virep vpuoyv, toc^ re owo-
pLevoLf; dpfcovpuevoi, Kal tol'9 SiS6vTa<; avrd dya-
2 irodVTe^;. Bod ydp tovto /cal rd ^^T/yLtara eirl
nrXelov rov avvrjOov<; eicrTreTrpaKTai, Lva to re
crraaidaav dpua acocppoviadfj Kal ro KeKpar7]K0<;
avrdpKr) Tpo(j)r)v Xa0ov p,r) aTaaidaj). ov ydp
TTOV ^ /cal Ihla Ti avTcov diroKeKephay/ca, 09 ye
Trdvra piev rd v'irdp')(ovTd poi, nroXXa Be Kal
3 BeBaveLCFpLevo<^ TrpoaavdXcoKa vpuv aX,X' opdre
OTi rd puev riva avrcov 69 Tol'9 iroXepiov^^ BeBa-
irdvfjTai, rd Be Kal vpilv reTfjprjraL, d(f) 6)v rj re
iroXc^ Koapir)6rj(je7aL ^ Kal rd Xoiird BiocKTjOyaerai.
ioare ro p,ev eiri^Oovov rrj<; ecnrpd^ea)^ avrb<;
dveBe^dpLTjv, rr)<i 8' w(peXia^^ Koivfj irdvre<^ drro-
^ iirifxeXoofiai R. Steph., 4irt/j.f\ov,uai L.
^ TTOV Pflugk, TTco L. ^ iro\€fjLovs St., TToXefxiovs L.
■* KoffixrjOriaeTai Wesseling, Koixiadr]a€Tai L.
^ u}<p€\ia5 Bs., w(pe\e{as L.
242
BOOK XLIII
been brought to pass by some supernatural force, and
beginning to love each other without suspicion as if
we were in some sort new citizens. In this way you
will conduct yourselves toward me as toward a father,
enjoying the forethought and solicitude which I
shall give you and fearing nothing unpleasant, and I
will take thought for you as for my children, praying
that only the noblest deeds may ever be accomplished
by your exertions, and yet enduring perforce the
limitations of human nature, exalting the good
citizens by fitting honours and correcting the rest so
far as that is possible.
" And do not fear the soldiers, either, or regard
them in any other light than as guardians of my
empire, which is at the same time yours. That they
should be supported is necessary, for many reasons,
but they will be supported for your benefit, not
against you ; and they will be content with what is
given them and will think well of the givers. This is
the reason why the taxes now levied are higher than
usual, in order that the seditious element may be
made submissive and the victorious element, by receiv-
ing sufficient support, may not become seditious. Of
course I have received no private gain from these
funds, seeing that I have expended for you all that I
possessed, and also much that was borrowed. No, you
can see that a part of the taxes has been expended
on the wars and that the rest has been kept safe for
you ; it will serve to adorn the city and carry on the
government in general. I have, then, taken upon
my own shoulders the odium of the levy, whereas you
will all enjoy its advantages in common, in the
I
243
u 2
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
4 Xaucrere, ra re dWa fcal iv rat? arpareiatf;' tmv
T6 yap ottKwv aei rjfiLv oet, eireior] firj oiov re
icTTLV dvev avrwv ttoXlv re rrfkiKavTr^v olKovvTa<^
Kol cip^rjv Toaav77)v e^^o^Ta? a(7<pa\(io<; ^rjaat, koI
r) irepiovcria rcov 'X^prnidrcdv koI i/cetva l(T')(ypw<^
5 oct^ekel. /jlt) fievroi kol viroTTTevar) ti,<; v/jlcov oti
Tj TMV TrXovaicov nva Xviri^aw rj ^ kol teXt] nva
Katva KaTacTTTjaw rot? re yap irapova-iv apKea-
OrjaofiaL, /cal rrrpoOv/ji'^cTop^aL avvevTvoprjaai ri
fjLoXXov iifuv rj Sia ^/OT/yLtara ri-va aSt/cijaaL.
6 ToLavra 6 K^aiaap ev re rw crvveSplo) /cal fiera
TOVTO Kal iv T(p ^r)fx(p eliTWV i7r€Kov(f>ia-€ fxev ttoj?
avrov^ Tov Seov<;, ov [xevToi real rjBvv^Orj irelaai
rravTObTracri Oapaelv, irplv Kal tol<; epyoL'^i Ta9
eiTayye\ia<; ^e^aiooaaaOai.
19 Mera he 8r) rovro to, t€ aWa Xa/jLTrpa)^;, Mairep
cIko'^ iirl T6 Toaavrai^ Kal T7]\LKavraL<; afia
VLKaL<} rjv, iiTOLeLy Kal ra iinviKia tmv t€ TaXarMv
Kal Ti]<^ AlyvTTTov TOV re ^apvaKOV Kal rod
'loySof TeTpa')(rj %ft)/9t9 Tecrcrapcriv r)iJLepaL<; eirefi'^e.
2 Kal ra jxev aXXa ijv^pave irov tou? opcovra^, r) S*
^KpaivoT] rj Klyvirria {Kal yap eKeivqv ev T0i9
al')(/jLaXcoTOi(; Trap^yaye) to t€ 7rXrj6o<; tcov pa^-
hovywv Kal ra cltto tcov ttoXltcov t(3v ev ttj
^A(ppLK7] oLTroXcoXoTcov TTOfiTTela 8et,vo}<; avTOv^
3 eXv7r)](T6v. 6 t€ yap dpi,0/iib<; 6 tq)v pal3Sov')(cov
eTraxOeaTaTov acfytaiv o^Xov, are fxrjTTco irpoTepov
ToaovTov<^ d/jLa kopaKocn, 7rape(T')(e' Kal rj Ap-
(TivoTj yvvt] re ovaa Kal ^aacXl^; nroTe ^ vojiicrdelaa
ev T€ Becr/jLOL^;,^ o fjurjironiTOTe ev ye rrj 'l^cofirj eye-
^ ^ supplied by Reim. ^ ttotc Xyl. , Tore L.
^ Seo-jUoTs Turneb., S-fj/uLois L.
244
BOOK XLIII
campaigns as well as elsewhere. For we are always b.c 4e
in need of arms, since without them it is impossible
for us, who live in so great a city and hold so
extensive an empire, to live in safety ; and an
abundance of money is a great help in this matter as
well as elsewhere. However, let none of you
suspect that I shall harass any man who is rich or
establish any new taxes ; I shall be satisfied with the
present revenues and shall be more anxious to help
make some contribution to your prosperity than to
wrong any one for his money."
By such statements in the senate and afterward
before the people Caesar relieved them to some
extent of their fears, but was not able to persuade
them altogether to be of good courage until he con-
firmed his promises by his deeds.
After this he conducted the whole festival in a
brilliant manner, as was fitting in honour of victories . .
so many and so decisive. He celebrated triumphs ^
for the Gauls, for Egypt, for Pharnaces, and for W"^,
.Tuba, in ff ^iir sectio ns, mi four .cipipnrflte d ays. M ost
of it, of course, oeligHted the spectators, but the
sight of Arsinoe of Egypt, whom he led among the j j -
captives, and the host of lictors and the symbols of
triumph taken from the citizens who had fallen in
Africa displeased them exceedingly. The lictors, on
account, cf t^^^ir niiiT'^^^^rs «pp^^rpfl ^"^ ^ leiii a !Tm?r "
offensive multitude, since never before had they
beheld so many at one time ; and the sight of
Arsinoe, a woman and once considered a queen, in
chains, — a spectacle which had never yet been seen,
245
DIG'S ROMAN HISTORY
4 fyovei, 6<^6ei(ja ird/jLTroXvv olktov eve^dke, kolk
TOVTOV cttI Ty irpo^daei ravrr) Kal ra otKela 7rd6r)
irapcohvpavTO. ov fjuijv aXV iKelvr) jxev Sta tou?
dSeX^ov^; dcfielOi], dWoi Se koI 6 OvepKiyyeropt^
iOavarwdrjaav.
20 Ava^€pco<; fiev ovv Sid ravd^ direp elirov Stere-
dr]aav, e\d')(^i<jTa 8' ovv ^ avrd tt/oo? y€ to irXrj^o^
Twv eaXcoKOTcov kclI irpo^ to jxeyeOo'^ twp KUTetp-
yaafjuevcov evopn^ov elvai. tovtcov t€ ^ ovv evsKa
Kal virepeOavfia^ov avTov, koI otl koX ttjv irap-
p7j<Tiav Tov aTpaTOV irpaoTaTa rjvejKe. tou? re
yap €9 TO (TvveSpcov a(f)cov vtt avTOV /caTaXe'X^-
2 divTa^; eTcoOacrav, Kal Td re dWa oaa ttot
€VT€\l^€T0,^ Kal iv * TOfc? fidXtaTa tov re T.79
KXeo7rttTyoa9 avTOv epcoTa Kal ttjv irapd tw
^iK0/jL7]SeL TU> tt)? ^iOvvia^ ^acnXevcravTL Sta-
Tpi^Tjv, OTL fietpdKiov TTOTG Trap' avTW eyeyovei,
BteKepTOfJirjcTav, mcttc Kal elirelv otl K.a2aap /lev
TaXdTai^ ehovXdxraTO, Kaiaapa Se ^tK0/i7]8rj<;.
3 TeXo'^ Be e^' drraaiv avTol^ dOpooi dva^07]cravT€<;
eiTTOv OTLy dv jjLev KaX(Ji)<i Troir)(Tr)<^, KoXaaOrjay, dv
Be KaKw^, ^aaiXev(T€i^.^ tovto Be avTot<; iSov-
XeTO BrjXovv otl, dv fxev diroBSi ^ tu> Bijfio) ttjv
avTovojJLLav, oirep irov BiKaiov ivo/juL^ov elvai, Kal
KpLdiqaeTaL €<p^ oh e^co tmv vo/jucov elpydaaTO Kal
^ S' oiv Pflugk, yovv L. 2 Tf I^k,j -ye L.
3 evreXiCero Jacoby, ivriC^To L. â– * eV supplied by Val.
^ fiaffiXevacis Xiph. , fiaaiXevarjs L. ^ airodt^ St., airoSwr] L.
246
BOOK XLIII
at least in Rome, — aroused very great pity, and with b.c. 46
this as an excuse they lamented their private mis-
fortunes. She, to be sure, was released out of con-
sideration for her brothers ; but others, including
Vercingetorix, were put to death.
The people, accordingly, were disagreeably affect-
ed by these sights that I have mentioned, and
yet they considered them of very slight importance
in view of the multitude of captives and the
magnitude of Caesar's accomplishments. This led
them to admire him extremely, as did likewise the
good nature with which he bore the army's out-
spoken comments. For the soldiers jeered at those
of their own number who had been appointed by him
to the senate and at all the other failings of which he
was accused, and in particular jested about his love for
Cleopatra and his sojourn at the court of Nicomedes,
the ruler of Bithynia, inasmuch as he had once been
at his court when a lad ; indeed, they even declared
that the Gauls had been enslaved by Caesar, but
Caesar by Nicomedes.^ Finally, on top of all this, they fp 1^
all shouted out together that if you do right, you will. ^^S
be punished , but if wrong, you will be king.^ Th is A ^ff
wasnieant by them to si^nifv that if Caesar shoul d < .
restore selt-government to the people, which they of \ —^
course regarded as just, he would have to stand trial \
for the deeds he had committed in violation of the^
^ For the obscene Jesc ct. yuetonius, lul. 49.
2 This remark is evidently a perversion of an old nursery
jingle {nenia) :—
Si male /axis vapulahis, si bene /axis rex eris.
Another form of it is found in Horace, Ep. i. 1, 59-60 : —
at pueri ludentes "rea; eris" aiunt
"si recte/acies."
247
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
BiK7]v vi^e^ei} av he rfj hvvaarTeia ififjuelvr), oirep
4 TTOV d8lK0VVT0<s CpjOV TjV, IUbOVap')(^7]a€l^ 01) fJLeVTOL
KoX 6K€ivo(; rj')(6€T0 ravra avrwv Xeyovrcov, aWa
Kol irdvv e')(aLpev on roo-avrjj 7rpo<; avrov irap-
prjala, TricrreL rod fit) av opytaOrjvai irore iir
avrrj, e^/owz^ro, ttXtjv KaO^ ocrov rrjv avvovaiav
rrjv 7r/)09 tov ISicKOfiTjSr) Sie^aWov iirl yap
TOVTO) irdvv re iSvaKoXatve zeal €v87]\o(; r)V
\v7rov/jL6Vo<;, aTroXoyelaOac re eTrexeipei Kal fcar-
oo/jLVV6, KaK TOVTOV Kal yeXcora TrpoaeTroxpXla-
Kavev.
9.\ 'Ez^ S' ovv rf) TTpwry rcov viKrjTrjplayv repa^i ovk
dyaOov avro) iyevero' 6 yap d^cov tov dpfiaro^;
TOV TTO/JLTTLKOV TTap aVTW TW Tf^atOf) T(p VTTO TOV
AovfcovWov OLKoBofirjdevTi, avveTpi^r], waTC icf)
2 6T€pov avTOV Ta XoLird iirtTeXeaaL. Kal tots fiev
Kal Toi)^ dva^acrfiov<; tov<; iv tm J^aTriTcoXia) toZ?
yovaaiv dveppL'xrjcraTO /jurjSev fJur^Te to ^ dpfia to
7rpo9 TOV Aia dviSpvdev avTw /j,7]T6 ttjv SLKova
T^9 olKOVp.6V7]<; TrjV VTTO T0fc9 TTOalv aVTOV K€t,JJi6V7)V
p.r)T6 TO eTTiypajjipa avTr}<; v7roXoyicrd/bievo(;, vorTe-
pov he TO TOV rjfitOeov ovofia dir* avTOV dTTTjXei'^ev.
3 OvTco jxev Brj Ta eTTiVLKia eirefju^ey Kal eir
avTot<; TOV re BrnjLov Xafiirpw'^ elaTiaae Kal acTOV
e^a> TOV TeTayfievov Kal eXaiov irpoaeScoKev avTw.
Kal Ta> fiev (t ltoBotov fievw o')(X(p Td<; re e^Bofiij-
KOVTa Kal 7revT€ Spa')(/Jid'^ a<; Trpoi/Trecrp^Tyro ^ Kal
eTepa^ TrevTe Kal elKoai, T0t9 he Sr) aTpaTLcoTai<^
4 irevTaKLa')(^LXia'^ oXa'^ eveifxev. ov fievToi Kal
a7rXco9 ifjieyaXocppoveiTO, dXXd Td ts dXXa Sltj-
^ v<l)4^ei, luLoi^apxvcrei Xiph., v(p6^r)i, ^ovapxh^^'H'- L-
" rh Rk., is rh L. "^ 7rpo'y7r6a'X7?TO Bk., TrpouTreVxero L.
248
BOOK XLIII
laws and would suffer punishment ; wh^pi-f as^ i^ hi^ b.c. 46
shoujii-haldon to his power, which was naturally ' uh L
th ^ course oi an unjust person, he would continue to v. |^ y<
be sole ruler. As for him, however, he was not dis- / /
pleased at their saying this, but was quite delighted ^^ ^ ^
that by such frankness toward him they showed ^^^h ^
their confidence that he would never be angry at
it — except in so far as their abuse concerned his
intercourse with Nicomedes. At this he was greatly
vexed and manifestly pained ; he attempted to
defend himself, denying the affair upon oath, where-
upon he incurred all the more ridicule.
Now on the first day of the triumph a portent far
from good fell to his lot : the axle of the triumphal car
broke down directly opposite the temple of Fortune
built by Lucullus, so that he had to complete the
rest of the course in another. On this occasion, too,
he climbed up the stairs of the Capitol on his knees,
without noticing at all either the chariot which had
been dedicated to Jupiter in his honour, or the
image of the inhabited world lying beneath his feet,
or the inscription upon it ; but later he erased from
the inscription the term '^^ demigod."
After the triumph he entertained the populace
splendidly, giving them grain beyond the regular
amount and olive oil. Also to the multitude which
received doles of corn he assigned the three hundred
sesterces which he had already promised and a
hundred more, but to the soldiers twenty thousand
in one sum. Yet he was not uniformly munificent, but
in most respects was very strict ; for instance, since
249
J
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
/cpL^ovTO, KoX Tov 7rKr]6ov<; rod top ctctov (pepov-
T09 iirl fjuaKporarov, ov Kara Slktjv aXX! w? ttov
iv raU crrdcr€(TLV etcode yLyveaOai,, eirav^rjOevTO'^
i^eraacv €7roi7)craTO, koI T0f9 76 r)ixiaet<; ofiov ri>
avTcov irpoaTrrjXei'^e.
22 Ta9 jiev Brj ovv dWa<; roiv vcKrjrrjplcov rj/iiepa^
0)9 TTOV ivevofiiaro ScTjyaye' rfj Be TeXevraia
iTrecBf] i/c rod Beiirvov eyevovro, €9 re rrjv eavrov
ayopav earjXBe jSXavra^ v7roSeSep>evo<i ^ Kal avdeai
7ravroBa7roi<; eare<j>avw iJLevo<^ , Kal eKeWev otKaSe
iTavro<^ fiev 009 elrrelv rov Sy/jiov Trapairefxirovro';
avrov, TToXXcov Be eXecpdvrwv Xap,7rdBa<; (f)ep6vrcov
2 iKO/jLia07]. rrjv yap ayopav rrjv dir^'^ avrov
KeKXrjfievrjv KareaKevaaro' ^ Kal eari, fiev irepi-
KaXXearepa rrj^ Po)jiiaLa<;, to Be d^iwjjba ro
eKeiv7]<; eTnjv^rjcrev, Mare Kal /neydXijv avrrjv ovo-
/jud^eaOac. ravrrjv re ovv Kal rov veoov rov rrj<;
^K^poBirri<^, ci)9 Kal dp-^rjyercBo'^ rod yevov<; avrov
3 ovo-rj<;, iroLrjcraf; KaOiepwaev evOv^ rore' Kal
TToXXov^ ye eV* avrol<i Kal 7ravroBa7rov<^ dyo)va^
edrjKe, Oearpov n KVvrjyeriKOV LKpiaicra^, Kal
djJL^LOearpov €K rov rrepi^ 7ravra')(p6ev eBpa^ dvev
crKrjvrj<; e')(eLV irpoaepprjOr}.^ Kal eirl rovrco ^ Kal
iirl rfj Ovyarpl Kal Orjpicov cr(f)aya<; Kal dvBpcov
4 oTrXo/jLa^iafy eiroirjaev, wv edv n^ rov dptdfiov
ypd'yjrat eOeXrjarj, o^Xov av rfj <jvyypa<^fj ovB^
dXrjOrj Lcr(o<; 7rapda')(^or rrdvra yap ra rotavra
eirl ro fiel^ov del Kofjurovrai. rovro fxev ovv Kal
1 uTToSeSeyiteVos R. Steph., inro^eSrjfifVos L, Xiph.
'^ air' R. Steph. , utt' L.
^ KareaKevaCTO Melber, KarecTKcvdaaTO L.
â– ^ irpo(rcpp-i}dir] Xiph., TtpoceppiQt] L.
^ TQVTf R, Steph., rovro L.
250
BOOK XLIII
the multitude receiving doles of corn had increased b.c. 46
rnormously, not by lawful methods but in such ways
as are common in times of strife, he caused the
matter to be investigated and struck out half of
their names at one time before the distribution.
The first days of the triumph he passed as was
customary, j)u t^ on the last day, after they h ad^^ ^ "
finished dinr^r, he e ntered his own fo rum wearing . c^ ^
slipx^^xs j^ahd'' garlanded with all kinds of flowers ; o{ ^
thence he proceeded liuiileward with practically the
entire populace escorting him, while many elephants
carried torches. For he had himself constructed the
forum called after him, and it is distinctly more beauti-
ful than the Roman Forum ; yet it had increased the
reputation of the other so that that was called the
Great Forum. S o^ aft er completing this new forum
and the temple to Venus, as the founder of his family,
he dedicated them at this very time, and in their
honour instituted many contests of all kinds. He
built a kind of hunting-theatre of wood, which was
called an amphitheatre from the fact that it had
seats all around without any stage. In honour
of this and of his daughter he exhibited combats
of wild beasts and gladiators ; but anyone who
cared to record their number would find his task
a burden without being able, in all probability,
to present the truth ; for all such matters are
regularly exaggerated in a spirit of boastfulness. I ^ — "
shall accordingly pass over this and other like events
251
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
iwl TOiv dWcov TMV ofxoiwv TOiv eireiTa 'yevofxevcov
ed(T(t}, 7rXr)v el jjurj tl irdw fiot ho^eiev dva^Kolov
23 elirelv eivai' irepl Be Brj rij^; KafjirfkoiTaphd\Lho<^
(i)vo/jLao-/jiev}](; epci), on rore irpcoTov e? re rrjv
T^cajjLTjv viT avTov ecn])(07] /cau iracnv iiTehei')(6r]?-
TO yap ^(pov TOVTO rd jjuev dXka Kap/rfko^; ecni,
TrXrjv KaO^ oaov ovk etc rov 'iaov rcov kcoXcov e')(eL.
Trd fiev yap oiriaOLa avrov ')(0afJbaXdn6pd ecrrcv
dp'^ofievov Be dirb rwv yXovTOiv h'^ovrai Kara
^pa^^v war dva^aivovri iroi eoiKevai, koX fjuere-
(opiaOev iirl TrXelarov to /juev dXXo (Tcb/jba eVt tmv
efJuirpoaOiwv aKeXoiv epeiBei^^ top B aif^^eva e?
V'\lro<; av iBiov dvaTeivei. Trjv Be Brj ')(^poav Kare-
(TTLKTai CdCF'TTep TTapBaXi^, /cat Bid tovto Kal to
3 ovofjia eiriKOLVov dficboTepcov (pepei. tovto /jlcv Btj
ToiovTov eaTr toj)? 8' dvBpa^ avve/3aXXe fiev
Kal €va evl ev Tjj dyopa, wcnrep eWicrro, crvve-
^aXXe Be Kal ev tw iTTTroBpo/jio) TrXetou?, Kal
tTTTrea? iTTTrevac Kal Tre^oi)? Tre^o??, dXXov<; re
dvapX^ dXXrjXoi^; taov^. Kai Tcve<; Kal air eXe-
4 (f)dvTcoi> TeaaapdKovTa e/Jia^eaavTO. Kal reXo?
vavp.a')(iav ovk ev tj} OaXdaaj) ovBe ev Xl/ivtj tlvI
dX)C ev TTj rjTreipcp eTTOiijcre' '^(^copiov ydp tl ev tw
^ApeLM ireBiw KOiXdva^; ^ vBcop re e? avTo iarJKe
Kal vav<; eayyayev. e/xd^ovTO Be ev Trdcn rot?
dywaiv oi re al'^^jxaXwToi Kal ol OdvaTOv axfyXr}-
5 KOTe^' Kal Tive^ Kal tcov Imrecov, ov^ otl t(ov
aXXcov dXXd Kal eaTpaTr]yrjK6T0<^ Tcvb<; dvBp6<;
vi6<;, €/jiovo/jid)(^r]o-av. Kal fiovXevTrj'^ Be rt?
3
'^ ipelSei supplied by Bk.
KoiKavas Xiph., KoiXrjvas L.
BOOK XLIII
that took place later^ except, of course, where it may bo. 46
seem to me quite essential to mention some particular
point, but I will give an account of the so-called
camelopard, because it was then introduced into
Rome by Caesar for the first time and exhibited to
all. This animal is like a camel in all respects
except that its legs are not all of the same length,
the hind legs being the shorter. Beginning from the
rump it grows gradually higher, which gives it the
appearance of mounting some elevation ; and towering "*
high aloft, it supports the rest of its body on its
front legs and lifts its neck in turn to an unusual
height. Its skin is spotted like a leopard, and for
this reason it bears the joint name of both animals.
Such is the appearance of this beast. As for the
men, he not only pitted them one against another
singly in the Forum, as was customary, but he also
made them fight together in companies in the Circus,
horsemen against horsemen, men on foot against
others on foot, and sometimes both kinds together in
equal numbers. There was even a fight between
men seated on elephants, forty in number. Finally
he produced a naval battle, not on the sea nor
on a lake, but on land ; for he hollowed out a
certain tract on the Campus Martius and after
flooding it introduced ships into it. In all the
contests the captives and those condemned to death
took part ; yet some even of the knights, a^d, not to
mention others, the son of one who had been praetor
fought in single combat. Indeed a senator named
253
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
^6Xovio<; ^€7rLvo<; ^ rjdeXrjae jjuev oirKojuLa^^rjaai,
ckcoXvOt] Si' eKslvo fjuev yap aTrrjv^aro 6 K.at(Tap
/jCTjiTOre avfi^rjvuL, tol*? S* / TTTrea? irepietSe p^axo-
6 yu-eVof 9. ryv re LTTiraa-iav ryv Tpotav KaXovp^evrjv
ol 7ralh6<^ ol evTrarpiSaL Kara to ap^cdov iiroLrj-
aavTO' Kol €(f) dpp^drcov ol veaviaKOi, ol opboripiOL
avTOL<; rjpbCKXrjaavTO.
24 "Ecr^i^e p.ev ovv kol iirX to3 TTXrjOei roiiv <^ovevo-
pLev(DV aiTLav, on p,^T auro? SLaKopr)<; a(f)ayct)v'^
eyeyovet kol tc3 Bijjjlo) ra? tcov oIkclcov KaKcov
elKova^ eireheiKVve, iroXv he Brj p,€i^(o on dp,vOr}Ta
XPVf^cLTa 69 iravra i/cetva dvdXcocrev, 0)9 fcal Ka9^
eKarepov i'mPodddai,^ kol on dSiKco^ avrSyv ra
TrXeico avveXe^aro, kol on 69 rd Tocavra avroU
2 Karexp^^CLTO. €v ydp n t^9 TroXvTeXeia^; t>79
Tore yevopievr]<; ixo/jL€Vov elircov /cal rdXXa Bl*
avTov iravra ar]p.av(o. iva ydp /xT/SeVa tmv
Oecofievwv 6 rfXio^; XvirTjarj, irapaireTaapLaTa virep
avTCJV arjpLKa, ft)9 ye nve^ (jyaaiv, vTrepeTreracrev.
Tovro Be TO vcpaap^a x^i'B}]<i fiap/Sdpov epyov eaTi,
KoX Trap eKeivcDV kuI 7r/?09 'r}p^d<; 69 Tpvcf)7]v tcov
3 Trdvv yvvaiKMV TrepiTTi-jV ea7recj)0LTi]/cev. eir ovv
T0VT0L<; ol p,ev dXXoi /cal dvdyKr} Trjv ?;cri;^taz/
rjyoVy ol Be Brj aTpaTicoTat, iOopv^rjaav, ov^ otl
efieXe (k^lotl tcov el/cfj BairavuypLevwv, d'KX otl ov
* Both names are probably corrupt ; Dio regularly has
^ovXovios for Fulvius. '^ crcpaywv Oddey, ff<j)cliv L.
^ iirifioaadai Xiph., iireK^oaadai L.
BOOK XLIIl
Fulvius Sepiniis^ desired to contend in full armour,
but was prevented ; for Caesar deprecated that
spectacle at any time, though he did permit the
knights to contend. The patrician boys went
through the equestrian exercise called "Troy"^
according to ancient custom, and the young men of
the same rank contended in chariots.
He was blamed, indeed, for the great number of
those slain, on the ground that he himself had not
become sated with bloodshed and was further
exhibiting to the populace symbols of their own
miseries ; but much more fault was found because he
had expended countless sums on all that array. In
consequence a clamour was raised against him for
two reasons — first, that he had collected most of the
funds unjustly, and, again, that he had squandered
them for such purposes. If I mention one feature of
his extravagance at that time, I shall thereby give an
idea of all the rest. In order that the sun might not
annoy any of the spectators, he had curtains stretched
over them made of silk, according to some accounts.
Now this fabric is a device of barbarian luxury, and
has come down from them even to us to gratify the
fastidious taste of fine ladies. The citizens perforce
held their peace at such acts, but the soldiers raised
a disturbance, not because they cared about the reck-
less squandering of the money, but because they
^ This is possibly a corruption for the Furius Leptinus
mentioned by Suetonius, hil. 39.
^ This ludus Troiae, or simply Troia^ is first mentioned in
the time of Sulla, and then on the present occasion ; later
we hear of it often (cf. xlix. 43, 3, li. 22, 4, liii. 1, 4,
liv. 26, 1, etc.). Virgil's account {Aen. v. 553-603) of the
boys' contest at the funeral games in honour of Anchises may
be regarded as a correct description in the main of what he
saw at the contest in honour of Actium.
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
/cat aurol teal ra e/ceuvcov eka^ov. fcal ov irporepov
ye iiravaavTO rapaTTOfievoi irplv rbv K.aiaapa
d<pv(o T€ avTol<^ iireXOelv koI /cparjjaavrd rtva
4 avTO')(eLpLa irpo's Tif.Lwpiav 'jrapaSovvaL. ovto^
/jL€V ovv Sid ravra ihiKaiooOrj, dWoL Be Svo dvhpe<i
iv TpoTTO) TLvl i6povpyia<; ia(f)dyr]aav. koI to fiev
atTLov ovK e%&) elnrelv {ovre yap rj Si^vWa
6)(^p7)a€v, ovt' dWo TL TOiovro \6yLov eyevero), ev
8' ovv TW ^Apeiq) irehiw Trpo^ re roiiv ttovti^ikcdv
KoX TTycio? Tov lepew^ rod "Apeco'^ ervOrjaav, /cat ai
ye ^ Ke(f>a\al avrcov 7rpo<; ro ^aaikeLov dvereOijaav.
25 Tavrd re dfia eirpdrrero, kol evofioOerelro
TToWd, odv iyco ra /juev dWa 7ra/3aXen/r&), tmv Be
Bt) \6yov fxaXiara d^icov fivrjaOyjaofjuai. rd re
yap BiKaarypLa roL(; re fiovXevral^ /cat rot^
iTTirevaL /jb6vot<^ eirerpey^ev, oiray^ ro Kadapwrarov
2 on fidXiara del BiKd^or rrporepov yap /cat eK
rod o/jiiXou rLve<; (TvvBieyiyvwaKov avrol^' Kal rd
dva\(o/jLara rwv n eyovrttiv ern irXelarov vii
dawria^; e^rjyjuieva ovk ev vofxco jjlovov efierpiaaev,
dWd Kal rw epyw l(j')(ypo)<^ ev (f)v\a/cfj eiroirjaaro.
eTTeiBrj re Beivr) oKiyavO pwiria Bid ro rwv drroXco-
Xorcov 'jr\rj6o<;, &)? e/c re rcov d7roypa(f)cbv (fcal yap
€Keiva<; rd re dWa wcnrep ri<i rifjL7]rr}<i eTroirjcre)
Kal €K T^9 o-\lreco<; avrrj<; rfKey)(ero, rjv,^ ttoXv-
3 TTaiBia^ dOXa eTreOrjKev. on re auro? iroXXol'^
rcov TaXarcov ecf)e^ri<; ereaiv dp^a<^ e? re rrjv
eTTiOvfjiiav d'TT avrov t/}? Bvva(TreLa<i fiaXXov
7rpo^')^6rj Kal e? rrjv rrapaaKevrjv tt}? la')(yo<s
eirr)v^r)Orj, KareKXeiae vofxcp rov^i fxev earparrjyrj-
^ at ye v. Herw., 76 at L. ' ^v Xyl., V L.
256
BOOK XLIII
themselves did not receive the citizens' wealth too. b.c. 46
In fact they did not cease their rioting until Caesar
suddenly came upon them, and seizing one man v^^ith
his own hands, delivered him up to punishment. So
this man was executed for the reason given, and two
others were slain as a sort of ritual observance. The
true cause I am unable to state, inasmuch as the
Sibyl made no utterance and there was no other
similar oracle, but at any rate they were sacrificed in
the Campus Martius by the pontifices and the priest
of Mars, and their heads were set up near the Regia.
While Caesar was thus engaged he was also en-
acting many laws, most of which I shall omit, men-
tioning only those most worthy of record. The
courts he entrusted to the senators and the knights
alone, in order that the purest element of the popula-
tion, so far as was possible, might always preside ;
for formerly some of the common people ^ had also
joined with them in rendering decisions. The expendi- X
tures, moreover, of men of means, which had grown
to an enormous extent by reason of their prodigality,
he not only regulated by law but also practically
checked by stern measures. Moreover, since, on -^
account of the multitude of those w^o had perished
there was a serious falling off in population, as was
shown both by the censuses (which he attended to,
among other things, as if he were censor) and, indeed,
by mere observation, he offered prizes for large
families of children. Again, since it was by ruling v
the Gauls for many years in succession that he himself
had conceived a greater desire for dominion and had
increased the equipment of his force, he limited by
law the term of propraetors to one year, and that of
^ The trihuni aerarii.
257
VOL. IV. S
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
KOTa^ €7r ivtavTov rou? Se vTrarev/coTa^; iirl hvo
eri] Kara to e^rj^; dp'x^eiv, /cal fj/qhevi ro irapdirav
iirl irXelov rjyefiovLav riva 6')(ei,v i^etvai.
26 Tavrd re ivofjboOerrjae, /cal ra^i rj/jLepa<i tmv
ircjv oxj TrdvTT) ofjio\oyovaa<; a<pLac (TTyoo? yap rd^;
T% (Te\rjvr)<i irepuohov^ en â– *â– Ka\ tots tou? /Jbrjva<;
Tjyov) KarecTTrjaaro 69 tov vvv rpoirov, eirrd Kal
€^7]Kovra r}/jL€pa<; ifji^aXcov, ocratTrep e? rrjv dirap-
2 TiKoylav iTape<j)epov. i]8r} fiev yap rLve<; /cal
7r\etou9 €(j)a(7av efxfi\rj6rjvat, to 5' dXrjde^i ovt(o<;
e^ei. TOVTO Be i/c ttJ? iv ^AXe^avSpeia BiaTpLJSrjf;
eXa^e, ttXtjv Ka6* oaov i/celvoL /lev Tpca/covOrj-
/j,epov<; Tov<; firfva^ Xoyi^ovTai, eireLTa eirl iravTl
TO) eT€t TO.? TTevTe 7]fjL6pa<; eTrdyovaLV, 6 Be By
Kalaap e? /jurjvaf; eirTa ^ raura? Te /cal ra? €Tepa<;
3 Svo, a? evb<; /JLi]vo<i dcftetXev, evrjppioae. ttjv fievToc
juav TTJV eK TOiv TeT a pTrjpLopioav avjuTrXrjpov/jLevrju
Bid Tre/jLTTTCov /cal avTO^ eTwv earjyayev cutrre
jXTjBev eTi Ta9 wyoa? avTMV TrXrjv eXa^laTov
TrapaXXdTTeiv iv yovv %iX,tot9 Kal TeTpa/coaioi^
Kal e^rjKovTa Kal evl ^ eTec fjnd^ dXXr)<; rj/jiepa^;
ifji/SoXifiov BeovTai.
27 Kal TavTa puevToi, Td re dXXa oaa virep tov
KOLvov e/3ovX€V6TO, ovT lBtoyva)jJbOV(i)v^ ovT lBlo-
jSovXayp eirpaTTev, dXXd irdvTa Brj TrdvTO)^ T0t9
7r/3ft)TOf9 T7](; ffovXrj<;, ecTTt 8* ore Kal irdcrr) avTrj,
^ ^Ti Xiph., iTt] L. ^ k-mh. Bk., re L.
3 kA R. Steph., eV kv\ L.
* iSioyvcDfiovwp Reim., iStoyvw/jLwv L.
258
BOOK XLIII
proconsuls to two consecutive years, and enacted b.c. 4f
that no one whatever should be allowed to hold any
command for a longer time.
After the passage of these laws he also established
in their present fashion the days of the year, which
had got somewhat out of order, since they still at
that time measured their months by the moon's
revolutions ; he did this by adding sixty-seven days,
the number necessary to bring the year out even.
Some, indeed, have declared that even more were
intercalated, but the truth is as I have stated it. He
got this improvement from his stay in Alexandria,
save in so far as the people there reckon their months
as of thirty days each, and afterwards add the five days
to the year as a whole, whereas Caesar distributed
among seven months these five along with two other
days that he took away from one month.^ The one
day, however, which results from the fourths he
introduced into every fourth year, so as to make the
annual seasons no longer differ at all except in the
slightest degree ; at any rate in fourteen hundred and
sixty-one years there is need of only one additional
intercalary day.-
AU these and the other undertakings which he was l^iC,
planning for the common weal he accomplished not ^^^,^^
on his own authority nor by his own counsel, but ^jj-.
communicated everything in every instance to the ^y
leaders of the senate, and sometimes even to that j
1 /.«. February. r^
^ As a matter of fact, the average length of the Julian
year is too great by about eleven minutes, amounting to one a.
day in 128 years. Thus the Julian calendar, still employed
in Russia and Greece, is now (since 1900) thirteen days behind
the Gregorian, the Council of Nice (325 a. D.) being the
point of departure.
259
s 2
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
eireKoivov} koX irapa tovto ov% ^KLcrra, Katroi
Tpa')(yT€p6v TLva vo/JLo06rr}cra<;, ojjlq}<; rjpecre crcfyiai.
2 Koi iirl fxev tovtol^ koI eiraivov i\d/ii^av€V, ore Se
Brj T(jdV (j>€vy6vra)v ifc SiKaarrjpiOv 7roWov<; Boa
hrjiidp^wv Brj tlvcdv Karrfyaye, koI otl rot?
Be/cacTfiov ^ eir (ipxV'^ aTroBeL^ei oKovctlv ev rfj
'IraXla BiairdaOai iirerpeyfrev, en re €9 rrjv
ffovXrjv avOi^ ovk d^iov<^ nva^ avrijfi iyKareXe^e,
3 TToWa Koi TravToBaira iOpvXelro, TrXeiarrjv 8'
ovv o/xcof; acTLav iirl rw t^9 KXeoTrar/oa? epwn,
ov TW iv rfi Alyvirrcp en (eKelvo^ yap rjKovero)
aXXa Tft) ev avrfj rfj Vcofirj, irapa 7rdvT(ov ea')(ev.
rfkOe re yap €9 to darv /Jberct rod dvBp6<^, Ka\ 69
avTov rov 'K.aicrapof; eawKKrOr], Mare Kal eKelvov ^
eiT dp,(f>or€poi<: acpicn KaK(o<; ciKOvaai. ov fjir)v Kal
efiekev ol ovBev, dWa Kal €9 tol'9 (f)i\ov<; cr^a^
rov^ re av/xp^d'X^ovf; rov<; rMV ^Vwpiaiwv eaeypayfre.
28 K.dv rovro) ^ ifidvOave p^ev rrdvra Ka0* eKaarov
oiv Yiop^iTrjLo^ ev rfj l/3r]p[a eTTOiei, ov ^ p^evroi
Kal BvavLKTjrov^ avrbv elvai, vojjll^cov irporepov
p,ev TO vavriKov eK t?}9 ^apBov<; 67r' avrbv drre-
(jreikev, varepov Be Kal rd arparev/juara rd ^ eK
KaraXoyov eirejM'^^ev ft)9 Kal Bi erepcov BLaTToXefirj-
2 (T(ov. iirel Be ijaOero eKelvov re eirl jxeya rrpo-
')(^copovvra Kal tol'9 7rep^(f)0evra<i ov^ lKavov<;
avriTToXep^lv avrw 6vra<i, ovro) Br) Kal avr6<;
i^ecrrpdrevaev, rrjv ttoXiv tw re AemBo) Kal
* iir€Kolvov R. Steph. , iireKelvov L.
^ dsKafffxov Palm. , Se/cotr/uots L.
' eKelvov cod. Peir. , ctt' eKelvov L.
^ K&V TOVTif Bk., KCtK TOVTOV L.
^ OV Bk., Koi L. ^ SvffviKriTov Xyl., SvffKivTjrov L.
â– ^ Tci supplied by Rk.
260
BOOK XLIII . t^t^
entire body. And to this practice most of all was due b.c. 4
the fact that, even after he passed some rather harsh
measures, he still succeeded in pleasing them. For
these acts, then, he received praise ; but when he
induced some of the tribunes to restore many of
those who had been exiled after due trial, and
allowed those who had been convicted of bribery in
canvassing for office to live in Italy, and furthermore
enrolled once more in the senate some who were un-
worthy of it, many murmurings of all sorts arose
against him. But he incurred the greatest censure /T ^
from all because of his passion for Cleopatra — '
not n ow thejassion h<" V>ar1 rlicplajf^rl in Ti^gyp^- "^
(for that was a matter of he arsay), b ut that ^-^^
wTiTctnyas dis playe d in Kom e— itralf K^^ shf hnd
come to the city with her husband and settled in
Cae^ar'ij own Iiuu&l, su that he t66 derived an ill
repute on account of both of them! fie was iiuLTtt
all c()licerhed, however, about this, but actually
enrolled them among the friends and allies of the
Roman people. .^
Meanwhile he was learning in detail all that
Pompey was doing in Spain ; but thinking him easy
to vanquish, he at first despatched the fleet from
Sardinia against him, and later sent on also the
armies that had been enrolled, intending to conduct
the whole war through others. But when he ascer-
tained that Pompey was gaining great headway and
that the men he had sent were not sufficient to fight
against him, he finally set out himself to join the
expedition, after entrusting the city to Lepidus and a
261
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
TTokLavofJiOi^i ^ Tialv OKTW, <M9 Ti(n, BoKcl, rj 2 ef , ax;
fjudWov TreTTLGrrevTai, i7rLTpiyjra<;.
29 ^FiTreL^T) yap eiri re tov Aoyyivov koX eirl rod
yiapKeXkov TO, arparoTreBa ra iv rfj ^Jfirjpia
eiCLvrjdri Kai tlv€<; koI tmv iroXecov ivecoreptcrav,
rj/jiepa^ fxev Tiva<; rod t€ Aoyyivov a7raWayevT0<i
Kol rod Tpe^coviov ttjv BLaSo)(r)v avrov \a/36v~
2 T09, r](7v^aaav, eireiTa heei tt)? eV rod J^aiaapo^;
ri/jLcopLa(i eTrpea/Bevaavro Kpv<f>a 7rpo<; rov Xkl-
TTLcova, fieraarrjvai ^ovKojievoi' kol 09 aXkov<; re
(K^LGL Kal rov JIofJL7n]iov rov Tvalov aTreareiXe.
'npoGe')((ov he ifcelvo^; ral^i TvfjLvr}aiaL<i '^ vrjaoi^ ra^
fiev aXka^ aiia'xei, rr)v Se "E^eaov crvv ttovw
Trapearrjaaro, KavravOa vocrrjcra'^ fiera rSiV
3 arparicorcov SierpLyjre. 'X^povi^ovrof; ovv avrov,
TTvOo/iievoL ol arpartcbrai ol iv rfj 'l^rjpCa rov re
XKCTTicova a7ro\co\6ra /cal rov AlSlov eimrXeovrd
cr(f)iaL, Kal (f)ol37]6evre<; fxr] Stacf)6ap(ocn irplv rov
YiofxmfjLov ekdeZv, ovk efxeivav avrov, aWa Turov
re K.uivrLov^ S/caTrovXav Kal K^vivrov ^Attcoviov
avSpa<; lirrrea^ rrpoarrjadfjievoc rov re Tpe^coviov
e^6J3a\ov Kal ro eOvo'^ ro ^aircKov irav avv-
aireo-rrjo-av.
30 Upa^dvrcov Se ravra avrcov TIo/jL7rrji,o<; pataa^;
€9 r7]v i]7reipov rrjv Kar dvriiTepa<^ hieirXevae, Kal
dX\.a<; fiev riva^ iroXei^ ev6v<; eKovaia<^ irpoa-
eiroLTjaaro (ral^ re yap eirird^eat rcov icj^earrjKO-
rcov a(f)icrtv d')(66ixevoty Kal €9 eKelvov ovk okiya eK
rr}<^ rov Trarpb^; avrov fivrjpL7](; eTreXiri^ovre^
^ TToXiavo/xois R. Steph., TraXiau6/j.0Ls L. ^ ^ Xyl., /xi] L.
^ rvfxvrjtriais Reitn. , yvfivacrias L.
* Kvivriov Reim., kvivtov L.
262
BOOK XLIII
number of prefects — eight as some think, or six as b.c. 4
is more commonly believed.
The legions in Spain under Longinus and Marcellus
had rebelled and some of the cities had revolted. When
Longinus had been removed and Trebonius had
become his successor, they kept quiet for a few days ;
then, through fear of vengeance on Caesar's part, they
secretly sent ambassadors to Scipio, expressing a
desire to transfer their allegiance, and he sent to
them Gnaeus Pompey among others. Pompey put
in at the Balearic Isles and took these islands with-
out a battle, except Ebusus, which he gained with
difficulty ; then, falling sick, he tarried there with
his troops. As a result of his delay, the soldiers in
Spain, who had learned that Scipio was dead and
that Didius was setting sail against them, feared that
they would be annihilated before Pompey could arrive,
and so failed to wait for him ; but putting at their
head Titus Quintius Scapula and Quintus Aponius,
both knights, they drove out Trebonius and led the
whole Baetic nation to revolt at the same time.
They had gone thus far when Pompey, recovering
from his illness, sailed across to the mainland oppo-
site. He immediately won over several cities without
resistance, for, being vexed at the commands of their
rulers and also reposing no little hope in him because
of the memory of his father, they readily received
263
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
^
6Tol/jL(o<; avTov iSi^avTo), Kap')(7}86va Se ovk
2 edekrjaacrav ofioXoyrjaaL iiroXLopKei. fxaOovre^;
ovv TOVTO ol irepl rbv ^KairovKav ^ rfkOov re ev-
ravOa, koI crrpaTrjyov avroKpdropa avrbv eXo-
fjL€Vot TTpoael'Xpv re avrw ra /jLaXiaTa fcal nrpoeOv-
fiovvTO l(T')(yp6Tara, ra KepSr] ra eKeivov tSia kol
ra? crv/i(j)opa<; olKeia^ iTOiovpevoi, war a^
eKarepov, ra fxev ottw^ Xd^coai, Ta9 ^ 3' otto)? p^rj
3 TrdOcoaLV, eppcbaOai. kol yap 6 ITo/^Trj^to?, ola iv
TOLavTaL<; Tapa')(al^^ /cal KaTacrrdaecn, irdvTe<^
elcodacTi TTOielv, Kal pLokiar eTreiSy TLve<; tojv
^AXXo^poycov, ov^ ol 6 * 'loySa? i/c tov 7r/)09 rbv
K.ovpLcova TToXep^ov ^coyp7]aa<; iSeScoKei, rjvro-
p,6Xr)aap, ovBev 6 ri ov)(l /cal Xoyw /cal epyw to2<;
4 XoLTTOL^i ixapi^ero. ovrot re ovv avro) Kal Bid
ravra ttoXv TrpoOvporepoc iyevovro, Kal tmv
ivavTiCDV av')(yoL, Kal fidXco-O^ oaoL avv rw
^A(f)pavi(p TTore iarpdrevvTo,^ irpoaex^PV^^^' '^^^
re eK t?}? ^ A(f)pLK'fj<; dXXoi re Kal 6 dSeXcpb^; ^6^ro<i
6 re Ovdpo<; Kal 6 Aa^trjvo^ avv ra) vavrtKw
5 7r/309 avrbv rjXOov. KaK rovrov r(p re irXrjdei rov
arparoirehov Kal ry irpodvp^ia dpdel^ r^v re
'^(opav a8ea)9 Steiropevero, Kal TToXei^; Ta9 ytteiv
eKOvaa<; rd^ Be aKovaa*; irpoaeridero, Kal eBoKei
SI Kal vTrep rbv irarepa l(T')(yeLV. '^aav p,ev yap iv
rfj ^I/Srjpia Kal rov Katcra/?09 arparrjyol Kmvr6<i
re ^d^LO^ M.d^ip,o<; Kal K.vlvro<i JIeBi,o<;, ov pbevroi
Kal d^L6pLa')(pi ol vop,i^ovre<; elvat avroL re 7]GV'ya-
^ov Kal eKeivov cnrovBf} pLererrep^irovro,
^ ^KairovXav R. Steph., (TKLitiuiva L,
'^ ras Bk., TO L. -^ Tupaxo'is Rk., apxats L.
^ ol 6 Bs., 01 Rk., 6 L.
^ iffTpdrevvro Bk., iarparevovTO L.
264
BOOK XLIIl
him ; and Carthage,^ which was unwilling to come to b.c. 4g
terms, he besieged. The followers of Scapula, on
learning of this, went there and chose him general
with full powers, after which they were most devoted
to him and showed the greatest zeal, regarding his
successes as the successes of each one of them and his
disasters as their own. Consequently their resolution
was confirmed by their double purpose of obtaining
the successes and avoiding the disasters. For
Pompey, too, did what all are accustomed to do in the
midst of such turbulent conditions, especially after
the desertion of some of the Allobroges whom Juba
had taken alive in the war against Curio and had given
to him : that is, he granted to the rest every possible
favour both in word and in deed. Not only these
men, therefore, became more zeaious in his behalf,
but a number of the opposing side, also, particularly
all who had once served under Afranius, came over
to him. Then there were those who came to him
from Africa, among others his brother Sextus, and
Varus, and Labienus with his fleet. Elated, there-
fore, by the multitude of his army and by its zeal, he
proceeded fearlessly through the country, gaining
some cities of their own accord, and others against
their will, and seemed to surpass even his father in
power. For though Caesar also had generals in
Spain, namely Quintus Fabius Maximus and Quintus
Pedius, yet they did not regard themselves as a
match for Pompey, but remained quiet themselves
and kept sending urgently for Caesar.
^ New Carthage.
265
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
2 iea)9 lJi€.v 07} ravr eyLjvero' eirei be t(ov t€
'Trpo7refjL(f)d€VTCov tiv6<; €k rrj^ ^Vcofirj^; a^iKovro Ka
irpoaehoKTjOr} fcal o K.aiaap rj^eiv, <^o^rjOe\^ 6
HofiTT'^to'^, Kal voixLaa^ ov'^ lKavo<;^ elvat iraaav
TTjv ^l^Yjpiav KaTa(T')(elVi ovk avefjueive Trratcra? 76^
/jLerayvcovai, a\X evdv^;, irplv Treipadrjvai rcov
3 ivavTicov, €9 rrjv ^ai,rL/cr)v av6')(a)prjae. /cat avrOt
rj ixev OaXaaaa TrapavruKa rjWorpKtiOr], Ovap6<;
T€ ^ VTTO Tov AiSiov TTepl KapTTjuav ^ €VaVKpaT7j6r},
Kol etye firj 7rpoKaTa(f>vya)v e? t^i/ yrjv ay/cvpa<i e?
TO aro/jLa tov \tfievos dWa<i tt/oo? aX\ai<i^ eve-
^€^\t]K€L ^ KoX TTepl aVTa<^ ol irpOiTOi Tcbv BlCOKOV-
TODV a(j>d<^ coairep irepl epfia eirTaiKeaav, irav av to
4 vavTLKOV dircoXcoXe/cei. rj Be Brj r^ireLpof; rj exel
TTaaa ttXtjv OuXta? iroXeco^ (7vveiid')(ei' TavTrjv
yap fjLTf iOeXrjaaadv ol irpoa'XwprjaaL ^ eiro-
XLOp/cei,
32 Kai^ TOVTO) Kal 6 K.aLcrap jieT oXiycov i^aL(f)V7](;
dBoK^TOi^; ou% OTL Tot9 irepl tov Ilo/jL7n]iov dWd
fcal rot? eavTov <jTpaTi,(OTai<; eTrrfkOe' ToaovTUi
yap T^ T^9 TTopeiaf; ra^et i'^prjo-aTO cocrre Kal
T0t9 olfC€Loc<; dfia Kal tol^ evavTioi^ 6(f)drjvai irplv
Kal OTL oXft)9 ev ttj ^l/Brjpla yeyovev aKOvaOrjvaL.
2 Kal 6 fiev Kal dir* avTov tovtov, tTj^ t€ irapovcria'^
Tr]<; avTov /jLovtj^, Kal €9 to, dXXa KaTairXrj^ecp tov
Uo/jLTTTjiov Kal aTTo Tr)<; TToXiopKia^; diraWd^eiv
rfkinae' to yap ifkelov crTpaTevfia KaTct, ttjv oBbv
^ iKavhs R. Steph., iKavhv L. ^ 76 H. Steph. , re L.
3 T€ Bk. , Se L.
'^ KapTT}iav Bk., Kpavrlau L. {Kcipria in ch. 40).
â– '' &Wais H. Steph,, SaAos L.
*^ ive^efi\^K€i Bk., irpo(r€vefi€0A'fiK€i L.
" Trpoo'xa'P^o'at R. Steph., irpoxopritTai L.
266
BOOK XLIII
For a time matters went on thus ; but when a few b.c. 46
of the men sent in advance from Rome had reached
there, and Caesar's arrival Avas also expected, Pompey
became frightened ; and thinking that he was not
strong enough to gain the mastery of all Spain, he
did not wait for a reverse before changing his mind,
but immediately, before making trial of his adver-
saries, retired into Baetica. The sea, moreover,
straightway became hostile to him, and Varus was
defeated in a naval battle near Carteia by Didius ;
indeed, had he not escaped to the land and sunk a row
of anchors side by side at the mouth of the harbour,
upon which the foremost pursuers were wrecked as
upon a reef, he would have lost his whole fleet.
All that region of the mainland except the city of
Ulia was in alliance with Pompey ; and this town,
which had refused to submit to him, he proceeded
to besiege.
Meanwhile Caesar, too, with a few men suddenly
came up unexpectedly, not only to Pompey's followers,
but even to his own soldiers. For he had employed
such speed in crossing over that he appeared to both
his adherents and his opponents before they had
even heard that he was in Spain at all. He hoped
by this very circumstance and by his mere presence to
alarm Pompey and in particular to lure him from
the siege ; for most of his army had been left
behind on the road. But Pompey, thinking that one
267
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
vireKekeLTTTO' ifcecvof; Se eva re dvSpa €vo<; ov ^
TToXv SiacpepeLV vo/xl^cov, koI rfj la'^vi eavroi
irdvv OapawVy ohic e^eTrXdyr) 7ry0O9 Tr]p d(f)i^ii
avTov, dWd /cal irpoarjhpeve ry iroXei /cal ras,
3 Trpoa/SoXd^; 6/jlolco<; coairep /cat irplv iTrotelro. 6
ovv K.aLcrap ixel /nev 6\iyov<^ <TTpaTi(jOTa<; i/c rwv
Trpoacfycy/Jbivcov KaTekiirev, avro^ he iirl K.6pBovl3av
a>pfirja€, to fiev ri koI alprjaeiv avrrjv i/c Trpoho-
cria.9 eXTTtVa?, to he Brj irXelarrov dird^eLV dirb t?}?
OuXta? rbv UofiTryLOV tw irepl avTr}<i ^6(3w
4 7rpoaSoK7]aa<;. Kal ea'^ev ovt(o<;' to fxev yap
TTp&Tov jiepo^ Ti Tov GTpaTOV KUTcu ')(^(t)pav ed<ja<i
€9 T€ T7}V K.opBov^av rjXde, Kal /cpaTVvdfjLevo<;
avT'^v, ou% VTTop.eivavTO'^ crc^a? tov Kalaapo^;, tw
6 dhe\<^(p T(p Se^Tft) TrpoaeTa^ev erreiTa he co? ovTe
TL Trpo^ T7J OvXca eirepaLvev, dWd fcal irvpyov
Tivo^y /cal TOVTOV ou^ VTTo a(f)cov KaTaaeLdOevTO^
dX}C viro TOV irXridov^ tmv eir avTOV dfivvofiepcov
KUTappayevTO^, earjXOov fiev riz^e?, ov /jltjv Kal
6 KaX(o<; aTrrjXXa^av, Kal o K.aLaap irX'qatdaa^i
(T^iaiv €KeLVOi<; re jSorjOecav vvkto<; Xadcbv
eaeTrepr^e Kal avTo<; tt/jo? t€ t^i^ "Kophov^av avdi<;
idTpdTevae Kal e? iroXtopKLav avTrjv dvTLKaTe-
(TTTjaeVy ovTco hr) t% t€ OvXiw^ 7ravTeX(b<;
diravecTTT) Kal eKelae iravTl tw aTpaTW ov fidTrjv
'r]iTei')(67]. 7rpoiTv06/JLevo<i yap tovto 6 Kalaap
7 direxdiprjae' voacov yap eTvy')(ave. jxeTa he TavTa
avTo^i Te dvappwcrOeU Kal to, (TTpaTevfiaTa eira-
KoXovOrjuavTd ol TrpocrXa^cov rjvayKdaOrj Kal iv
Tw ')(^eifjiMVL iroXe/jLTja-ar ev re yap aKrjvihioL'^ (j)av-
Xot9 avXi^ofievot eKaKoirdOovv KolTrjg t po^r)<^ eveXei-
^ ov supplied by Leuncl.
268
BOOK XLIII
man was not much superior to another and feeling b.c. 46
full confidence in his own strength, was not seriously
alarmed at the other's arrival, but continued to
besiege the city and kept making assaults upon it just
as before. Hence Caesar left there a few troops from
among those who had arrived first and set out himself
for Corduba, partly, to be sure, in the hope of taking it
by betrayal, but chiefly in the expectation of drawing
Pompey away from Ulia through fear for this place.
And so it turned out in the end. At first Pompey
left a part of his army in position, and going to
Corduba, strengthened it, and then, as Caesar did
not resist his troops, put his brother Sextus in charge
there. After this he failed to accomplish anything
at Ulia. On the contrary, when a certain tower had
fallen, and that not shaken down by his own men
either, but broken down by the crowd that was
making a defence from it, a few who rushed in fared
badly ; and Caesar, approaching, lent assistance
secretly by night to the citizens, and marched against
Corduba again himself, putting it under siege in turn.
Then at last Pompey withdrew entirely from Ulia and
hastened to the other town with his entire army,
accomplishing the desired result. For Caesar, learn-
ing of it in time, retired, as he happened to be ill.
Afterwards, when he had recovered and had taken
charge of the additional troops who had followed on
after him, he was compelled to carry on warfare even
in the winter ; for, being housed in miserable little
huts, they were suffering distress and running
269
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
33 TTovTo} iSiKraropeve Be Brj Tore, kuV^ viraro^ oyfre
irore koX eir i^oBo) tov erov^ aireBeiX^Vi ''"^^
AeiTiBov ev rfj l'iT'7rap')([a rov Brj/iov e? tovto cvva-
yay6vro<;' iTTTrdp^rjae yap KaX Tore, avTo<; eavrov
iv rf) vTrarela eireLTTUiV T7r'iTap')(pv irapa ra Trdrpia.
2 ^ AvayKaa6el<i ovv 6 K.alaap, Mcnrep elirov, koI
ev TO) x^LficovL TToXefMrjaaL, rfj fxev K^opBov^y ov
TTpoae/SaXev (la')(vpcd<; yap e<j)vXdrT€To), ttvOo-
fievo^ Be ev ^Arreyova iroXet alrov iroXvv elvai
7rpo<; eKeivrjv Kairoi /caprepav ovaav erpaTrero,
eXiriaa^ tm re irXrjOei tov (rrparov Kal rfj irap
eavrov al(f>vi,Bi(p i/CTrXy^ei Kara^o^rjcra^ a(pd<;
alprjcreiv koI avrrjv Bid ^pa')(eo<; Kal dire-
3 aravpodae Kal irepterdchpeva-ev. 6 yap TiopLTTrjLO^
TTJ (f>v(r€L TOV 'Xjoopiov dapaoiv, Kal tov Kaccrapa
ovK eirl iroXv Bid tov ^(^eipLMva irpoaeBpevaeiv
avTw vofii^cov, Tov^ T€ kavTov (TTpaTi(OTa<; /nr)
^ovXrjOel^ ev tm piyei KaKMaai, irepielBe^ Kal ovk
4 eTTjjfivvev avT0L<; ttjv ye 7rpctiT7)v' vaTepov ydp,
ft)9 TO re TToXia/Mi d7reTeT€L)(^i(TT0 Kal 6 Kalaap
avTO) TrpoaeKdOrjTO, Bei(ra<; eTre^orjOrjae acpiai, Kal
vvKTo<i €^ai(f)V7)(} 6fii)(X(oBov<; T0t9 7rpo<pvXa^L
7rpo<T/jLi^a<; (tv')(vov<; e^Beipev. eireiBr] t€ daTpa-
T7]yr)T0i ol evBov rjcrav, M.ovvdTiov avTol'^ ^XdKKOV
34 eaeTrep/^ev. i^BvvrjOrj ydp eKelvo^ oyBe ecaco
irapeXOelv. vvKTwp tmv cpvXdKcov Tivd'^ fJLovo^;, ft)?
Kal viro TOV J^alaapo^; €9 ecfyoBelav d7reaTaXfievo<; ,
dvTjpeTO TO crvvdrj/iia, Kal jjiaOcov (ovTe ydp eyiyvcoo--
KeTOy Kal KaTd juLovaf; ovk dv ttots VTrcoTTTevdrj
^ iveXeivorro H. 8teph. , iveXiirouro L.
2 Ka\ R. Steph., yap L. ^ irepieiSe Rk., TrpoetSe L.
270
BOOK XLIII
short of food. Caesar was at that time dictator, b.c. 46
and at length, near the close of the year, he was
appointed consul, after Lepidus, who was master of
the horse, had convoked the people for this purpose ;
for Lepidus had become master of the horse at that
time also, having given himself, while still in the
consulship, that additional title contrary to precedent.
Caesar, accordingly, being compelled, as I have said, b.c. 45
to carry on warfare even in the winter, did not attack
Corduba, which was strongly guarded, but turned his
attention to Ategua, a city in which he had learned
there was an abundance of grain. Although it was a
strong place, he hoped by the size of his army and the
sudden terror of his appearance to alarm the inhabi-
tants and capture it. And in a short time he had
cut it off by a palisade and surrounded it by a ditch.
For Pompey, encouraged by the nature of the place
and thinking that Caesar because of the winter
would not besiege it very long, paid no heed and did
not try at first to repel the assailants, since he was
unwilling to distress his own soldiers by the cold.
Later, to be sure, when the town had been walled oft
and Caesar was encamped before it, he grew afraid
and came with assistance. Falling in with the
pickets suddenly on a misty night, he killed a number
of them ; and since the inhabitants were without a
general, he sent in to them Munatius Flaccus. For ^ —
this man contrived in the following way to get inside.
He went alone by night to some of the guards, as if
appointed by Caesar to visit the sentries, and asked
and learned the watchword ; for he was not known,
and inasmuch as he was alone, would never have been
suspected of being anything but a friend when he
271
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
fjuT) <^i\i6<i <T<piaiv o)V rovTO Troirjo-ai) ifC€ivov<; jxev
2 etacrev, iK7r€pLe\6cov Be iripcoore rov Treptreix^crfjba-
T09 dWoL^i rial (pvXa^cv eVeru^e, kol to re
(Tvv6r)fxa avTOL^ elirwv, kol eTrl irpoBooria '57)9
TToXeft)? irapelvaL^ 7rXa(jdijL€vo<;, St* e/covrcov re avrcdv
^ Kol TrapairefjLTrovTcov ye iarjXOev. ov fievrot, kol
TrepteTTOLTjcraTO avrijv. rd re <yap aXXa iroXkd,
Kai TTore rrvp 69 re Ta9 /jLijyava^; koX 69 ra
aravpcofiara to, tmv ^Vcofxaicov ep,^a\6vTe<; ^
eKeivov^ fiev ovBev 6 n koI d^ioXoyov e/SXayjrav,
avTol Be dve/uLov a<piacv e^ evavTia<^ ev tovtw
4 a<f)o8pov irpoaTreaovTo^ KaK(o<; dirrjXXa^av' rd re
fydp OLKoBo/jLrjfjLara e7r€(f)Xe)(^0r], kol avOpcorroi
av)(yol TOL^ T6 Xl6oi<^ /cat Tot9 ^eXecn, fjUijBe ^
irpoiBeadai ti vtto tov Kairvov BvvrjOevre^, e^co-
Xovro. <»9 ovv TovTo re avrois avve^e^^Kei /cat
T) yrj eTTopdecTo rod re T6t^oL'9 riva * e^ vttovo/jLcov
5 eTTCTTTev, icTTaatacrav, fcal Trporepo^; fiev 6 ^XdKKo^
eir dBeia ^ eavrov ^ re kol tmv avvovrcov ol irpo^
TOV Kaiaapa Bi€Kr)pvKev(TaTO, eireira Be ovto<; puev
(pv yap rjOeXrjae rd oirXa irapaBovvai) Biij/jbaprep
avrrj^, ol Be dXXoL ol e7n')(^copLoi puerd tovto kol
err peer ^evcravTO /cat avveffyaav e<f ol<; i/ceXevovro.
35 ^EiK€Lvri<; Be Brj t7]<; 7r6Xe(o<; dXovcrr]<; ov/cer
ovBe^ ol dXXoL rjrpep^i^ov, dXXa^ iroXXol pLev
avTol 7r/0O9 rov K.aLaapa irpea^evadpuevoL p,e6ior-
ravrOy iroXkol Be fcal einovra avrov tou9 re
^ Trapuvai Reim., elvai L.
2 €/x0a\6vT€s R. Steph., i/xfidWovres L.
•^/i^75e Bk., ^i^re L.
* riva Dind., tivos L. ^ dSeia R. Steph., aSeias L.
•* eauTov Bs., avTov Bk,, avrov L.
'^ ou5€ St., ot-Ser L. 8 ^j^^^ Bk., aWhi L.
272
BOOK XLIII
acted in this manner. Then he left these men and b.c. 4J
went around to the other side of the circumvallation
where he met some other guards and gave them the
watchword ; after this he pretended that he was
there to betray the city, and so went inside through
the midst of the soldiers with their consent and
actually under their escort. He could not, however,
save the place. In addition to other setbacks there
was one occasion when the citizens hurled fire upon
the engines and ramparts of the Romans, although
without doing them any damage worth mentioning,
while they themselves fared ill by reason of a violent
wind which just then began to blow toward them
from the opposite direction ; for their houses were
set on fire and many persons perished from the
stones and missiles, not being able to see any distance
ahead of them for the smoke. After this disaster,
as their land was being ravaged, and portions of
their wall were collapsing as the result of mines,
they began to riot. Flaccus first made overtures to
Caesar on the basis of pardon for himself and his
followers ; but afterwards, when he failed of this
owing to his refusal to surrender his arms, the
natives sent envoys and submitted to the terms
imposed upon them.
Upon the capture of this city the other tribes also
no longer held back, but many of their own accord
sent envoys and espoused Caesar's cause, and many
received him or his lieutenants on their approach.
273
VOL. IV. T
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
^
2 vTToar paTTj'yov'^ avrov eSe^oz/ro, wcrre tov Tlofx-
TTrjLOv airoprjaavra o ti ')(p7] irpa^aiy to jjuev
TTpcjTov dWore aXXrj t^9 %ft>yoa9 jxeO lgt dp,evov
irXavdadai, eTreira he (po^rjOivra firj kqX i^
avrov TOVTOV koI ol \olttoI avrov iy/caraXi-
TTcoai, hiaKLvhvvevaat eBeXrjcrat, Kairoi rod hai-
jjboviov rrjv r^rrav ivapyearara avrw TrpoarjjjLrj-
3 vavro<^, ol fiev yap IBpcore^ royv ayaXixdrwv
Kol at ^%at rcjv arparoirehcdv, rd re f&Ja a ^
TToWa Trapa rrjv kavrSiV (pvaiv eyevvrjOrj, /cal
ai 3a8e9 al tt/jo? ra? Bvo-/jbd<; €k rcov dvaroXcov
arrovaat (ravra yap iv ry ^Iffrjpia rore djxa
TTavra o-vv7)ve)(0rj) cra(^e9 ovBiv, oirorepoi'^ acpcov
4 7rpo(f)aivoiro, BieS^Xov ol Be Brj derol rcov
arparoireBcov avrov rd<; re rrrepvya<; aeiaavre^
Kol Tou? Kepavvoix;, ov<; ev roL<; Troai rip€<; avrcdv
')(pvo-ov<; e(f)€pov, eKJBaXovre^ i/cetvq) re to kukov
dvrLKpv<i evecTK'qirrov Kal avrol tt/so? rov K.aicrapa
direTTerovro, aX.V ^76 yap '^ ro BaipLovtov, ev re
oXiycopla avrb erroirjaarOy Kal €9 iroXiv M.ovvBav^
7rpb<; fid'^TjV Br) Karearrj.
36 EZ%oi^ fiev Bf) 77/309 Tot9 aXA,oi9 to?9 re ttoXi-
rifcol's Kal T0t9 ^evLKol<^ arparevp-aai iroXXov^ fiev
rwv eTTL^copLcov 7roXXov<i Be Kal M.avpcov d/x^6-
repoL' Bo/c;^09 fJbev yap rom vlel^ rw JJo/jLTrrjiM
eirepb^^re, ^oyova<^ Be avro<; ra> Katcrapi avvearpd-
revcrev 6 Be dya>v 01;% ft)9 rcov dXXcov dXX* (W9 av-
2 rcov r(bv ^Vcajxaiaiv eyevero. ol re yap KaiadpeioL
arparicbrai rw re irXrjOeL Kal r^ ep^ireipia Kal rrapa
^ 6. supplied b}^ Xyl.
^ &\\' "^ye yap Kuiper, &\\r] re yap L.
' '7r6\iv Movpdav Bs., iroKe^ov L.
274
BOOK XLIII
Pompey, in consequence, being at a loss what to b.c. 45
do, at first moved about and wandered from
place to place through the country ; later on he
became afraid that as a result of this very course the
rest of his adherents would also leave him in the
lurch, and he chose to risk a decisive battle, although
Heaven had beforehand indicated his defeat very
clearly. To be sure, the drops of sweat that fell
from the sacred statues, and the rumbling noises of
legions, and the many creatures that were born
outside their own species, and the torches darting
from the east to the west, all of which signs occurred
in Spain at that one time, did not make it clear to
which of the two leaders they were revealing the
future. But the eagles of Pompey's legions shook
their wings and let fall the thunderbolts which
they held in their talons, in some cases of gold ;
thus they seemed to be hurling the threatened
disaster directly at Pompey and to be flying off of
their own accord to Caesar. But he made light of
it, for Destiny was leading him on ; thus he estab-
lished himself in the city of Munda in order to give
battle.
Both leaders had in addition to their citizen and
mercenary troops many of the natives and many
Moors. For Bocchus had sent his sons to Pompey and
Bogud in person made the campaign with Caesar.
Still, the contest turned out to be like one between
the Romans themselves, not between them and other
nations. Caesar's soldiers derived courage from their
numbers and experience and above all from their
275
T 2
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
iravra rfj avrov eKeivov irapovaia OapaovvT€<;
dTrdWayrjvai Trore rod re TroXefiov koX rcov ev avra>
KUKCov icTTTovSa^ov, fcal ol Ho/JLTTTjiecoi rovroi9 fxev
iXarrovfievoL, rfj 8* arroyvwaei rrj<; aa)r7]pLa<;,
3 av fJLT) Kparrjaayaiv, ippco/jiivot irpoeOvfiovvro' ola
yap fxerd re rod ^ A.(f>paviov koX /juerd rod Ovdp-
pwvo<^ ol TrXetof? avroiv KaX d\6vr€<; koI ao)6ev-
re9, Kol fxerd rovro rep re Koyyivco dnrohodevre^i
KOi diT avrov diroaravre^i, ovre rivd iXiriha
avyyv(i)p,7]<; r]rr7]devre<i ^^X^^* '^^^ rovrov 7rpb<;
dirovoiaVf cw? koI fcparrjaai ^ rore ^ rj rravrox; ye
4 diroXecrOai heojievoi, 'Trporj')(67]aav. crv/n/jLi^avref;
ovv e/jbd'^ovro' ov8e yap ovSe alBco riva dXkrfKodv
el^ov en, roaavrdKL^^ avrnreTroXep^yj/coref;, Kal
37 Sia rovro p,r]Be rrapaive(Teai<^ nvo^ heop-evoL, Kav
rovrw rd p^ev avpbp.a'X^LKd ra')(eco<i eKarepwOev
irpdirrj koI ec^vyev, avrol Be eicelvoL avaraSov
dvaKOTTrovre^i ^ dWrjXov^i eirl irXelarov yycovi-
cravro. ovSe yap ^ eveSco/cev avrcov ovSeL<;, aXX'
ev X^P9 P'evovre^ ea^afyv eOvrjaKov, 009 /cal
auTO? e/cacTTO? rj rrjf; vik7]<; rj t?}? rjrrr}<i Kal
2 TOi<? aXkoL<i dirao-iv atrcoff eVo/zei/o?. nal Bid
rovro ovBe epueXev avrol<; opdv orro)^ 01 avp,p,a')(^oi
(T(f)(DV efjLd)(^ovro, dXX^ 009 Kal p,6voL KivBvvevovre<i
rrpoeOvpiovvro.^ Kal ovre eTratcovt^e^ ri<; avrcov
ovre earevevy dXXd roaovro ^ piovov CKdrepoi
^ Kparrjaai Wagner, daparjaai L. ^ rore Bk., irSre L.
** ert Tocravrdifis Xyl., iviroaavroLKis L.
^ auaK6iTrovr€5 Naber, avTiKStrTovTcs L,
^ ov5\ yap R. Steph., otre L.
^ irpoeOvfJ-ovvro Bk., virepedv/xovuTO L.
' inatwvi^e Bs. , after Bk., ivaioovl^ero L.
^ TOffovro R. Steph., roaovrwi L, to(tovtov ?
276
BOOK XLIII
leader's presence, and so were anxious to be done b.c. 45
with the war and its attendant miseries. Pompey's
men were inferior in these respects, but, becoming
strong through their despair of safety, should they
fail to conquer, they were full of eagerness. For
inasmuch as the majority of them had been captured
with Afranius and Varro, had been spared, and
afterwards delivered to Longinus, and had revolted
from him, they had no hope of safety if they were
beaten, and hence were reduced to desperation, feel-
ing that they must now win or else perish utterly.' So
the armies came together and began the battle ; for
they no longer felt any compunction at killing each
other, since they had been so many times opposed in
arms, and hence required no urging. Thereupon the
allies on both sides were quickly routed and fled ; but
the legions themselves struggled in close combat to
the utmost in their resistance of each other. Not a
man of them would yield ; they remained in their
places slaying and perishing, as if each individual
were to be responsible to all the rest as well for the
issue of victory or defeat. Consequently they were
not concerned to see how their allies were battling,
but fought as eagerly as if they alone were struggling.
Neither sound of paean nor groan was to be heard
from any one of them, but both sides merely shouted
' Cf. note on p. 231.
277
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
^OMVT€<;, " iratarov, airoKTeLvovT ttoXv T(p epyq)
3 Ta9 yX>(0(Taa<; acficov 6(f)0avov. opcovre^; ovv ravra
dlTO T€ iTTTTCOV KOL CLTTO /jL€T€a)pCOV TiVOiV ')(^00piwV
6 re J^alaap koI o Ylo/JL7rr]io<; ov/c el')(pv ovO^
07rft)9 ikiTicrcocnv^ ovO" 6it(x)<; a'jro'yvSiaLV, (iKhJ
d/jL(f)L^o\oL Tafc9 yvcofiac<i yiyvo/ievoi Sl taov koI
4 Tw heei Kot T(p Odpcrei eKaKoirdOovv. dvriTrdXov
<ydp T?)? yLta%779 ovarjf; ral<i re o-^ecn B€LV(o<;
CKajbivov, eiTLdviJLovvTe<s Ti IBelv irXeoveKTrijxa koX
oKvovvre^; tl ISelv iXdrrcofia, Kal Tat9 'x|ru;)^at9,
ev'XpixevoL re n dfia koI dTTev')(p[jLevoL koX pa>v-
vvfxevoi KoX ^opovfievoi. ovkovv ovB^ '^BvvrjOrja-av
cttI ttoXv Kapreprjaat, dWd KaraTrrjBrjaavTe^;
5 diro TOiv Lirircov (7V/jLfi€T€a)(^ov avrrj^;, ovro)
TTOV Ta> Tov acojjLaro'i /cat ttovw koI klvBvvw
fidWov fj rfj T?}9 "V^i^X*}? (Twrdcrei o-vvelvaL^
eikovTo, poirriv riva T0t9 eavrov crrpaTicoTai,<i
cKdrepo^; rfj rr}^ /jLd')(^r]<; KOLvwvia irape^eiv iXirl-
<ravT€<;* rj e'lye eicelvrj^ dfidproiev, avvTeXevrrjcral
ye avrot'^ rjdekrjaav.
38 Kal ol fiev Kal avrol c/jbd'^^^ovro' tol<; Be By
(TTparoiTeBoL^ irXeove^ia jxev ovBejxia ovBerepoi^
ifc TovTov eyevero, juaKpS) Be Br) TrXeicov,^ <j09
eKeLvov<; avyKLvBvvevovTd<; a<f>i,aiv elBov, rod re
acperepov Oavdrov Kara(j)p6vr}ai,<; koX rod roiv
ivavricov oXeOpov e(f)€(Tt,<; dfJu^orepoLf; ojnoico^; eve-
2 irecre. Kal Bid rovro ovre e<^vyov rore ye ov-
Berepoi, dXX! l(707raXel<^ ral^ yvaifjiai^; ovre^
iaoKparel^ Kal rol<; crcofiacnv eyiyvovro' kclv
^ o^jO' 2ira)j iKtriawaiv supplied by " N " in Reimar's ed.
" avvilvai Leuncl. , owiivai L.
^ trKfluv R. Steph. , TrKeiu L.
278
BOOK XLIII
• Strike I Kill!", while their deeds easily outran
their words. Caesar and Pompey, who witnessed
these struggles from horseback from certain elevated
positions, had no ground for either hope or despair,
but, with their minds torn by doubts, were equally
distressed by confidence and by fear. The battle was
so evenly balanced that they suffered tortures at the
sight as they strained to spy out some advantage,
and shrank from discovering some setback. In
mind, too, they suffered tortures, as they prayed for
success and against misfortune, alternating between
strength and fear. Therefore they were unable to
endure it long, but leaped from their horses and
joined in the conflict. Thus they preferred to share
in it by personal exertion and danger rather than by
tension of spirit, and each hoped by his participation
in the fight to turn the scale somehow in favour of
his own troops ; or, failing that, they wished to die
with them.
The leaders, then, took part in the battle them-
selves ; yet no advantage came of this to either army.
On the contrary, when the men saw their chiefs
sharing their danger, a far greater disregard for
their own death and eagerness for the destruction of
their opponents seized both alike. Accordingly
neither side for the moment turned to flight, but,
matched in determination, they proved also to be
matched in physical strength. All would have
279
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
iravre^ airiOavov r) koI vtto t?}? vvkto^ ay^co/jLaXoL
Si6Kpi6r)aav, el fir) 6 re ^ Boyoua? e^coOe irov to)V
(TVvecTTrjKOTCOv cbv iirl to tov YiofJLTTr]iov arparo-
TTehov Mpfirjae, koI o AajScrjvo'; co? tovto elSe,
TTjv T6 rd^cv i^eXnre koX irpo^ cKelvov erpaTrero.
3 (f)€vy€iv yap avrov ol UofiTrrjUioL vofJiiaavT€<;
rjOvfirjaav. koX e/iaOov fiev ttov to a\r]6e<;
vaTepov, ov fJbevTOi /cal avaXa^elv iavTovf; eV
yjBvv^Oijaav, aX)C at fiev e? ttjp ttoXlv ol he e? to
Tcicppev/jLa airo^vyovTe^ ovtol re Tot'9 irpoapbi^-
avTd<; cr(f)icri,v /(T^f^co? aTreyLta^eVai^ro, Kal ov
TTpoTepov ye eireaov Trplv d/jLcpi/SoXoi yeveadai,
4 Aral eKelvot, to reZ^o? eirX ttoXv Bieo'coaav, wcrre
/jLT) irpoTepov avTO dXcovat irplv irdvTa^ a(f)d<; ev
Tat9 e/cBpo/jLac^ dTToXeadat. toctovtov 8* ovv to
avvoXov T(ov *P(ofiat(ov irdOo^ e/caTepcoOev eyeveTO
waT dTToprjcravTa^ 07ra)9 ttjv ttoXiv, [jlt) /cal vvkto^
CKBpcoaL TLve^y d7roTei')(^i(Tcoat,v, avTa Tct aoojiaTa
Tcov veKpwv avTrj Tre ptvrjaai.'^
39 KpaTrj(Ta<; Be ovtq)<; 6 K.aiaap Kal ttjv K.6pBov-
ffav evdv^ eXa^ev 6 t€ yap Ze^T0<; ol irpoe^e-
^ft)p?7<7€,^ Kal ol eTTcx^copLoc, KaiTOi TCJv BovXcou
dvOiaTa/jLevcov cr^laiv eireiBriTrep rjXevOepcovTO,
2 Trpoae^coprjaav avTw. Kal 09 tov'^ fiev ev toI<;
ottXol'^ 6vTa<i dTrea^a^e, tov<; Be XoL'7rov<; i^rjpyvpi-
craTO. TO B^ avTO tovto Kal tov^ ttjv "IcTTraXiv
€')(pvTa^ eBpaaev, ot* to /xev irpcoTov co9 Kal
eKovaioL (j)povpdv Trap* avrov eaeBe^avTo, eireiTa
Be Bva^deipavTe'!; T0v<i eX06vTa<; eiroXefir^crav,
3 eTrecTTpdTevae re ovv eir avTOv<;, Kal dfxeXea-Tepov
^ re Bk., on ye L, '-^ irepivrj<rat Madvig, ipivrjffai L.
^ irpoe^exiopVO'^ Xyl. , irpo<xe^ex<ii>pVO'^ L*
â– * etpaaev ot Bk., (Space Kal L.
280
BOOK XLIII
perished or at nightfall they would have parted with b.c. 45
honours even, had not Bogud, who was somewhere
outside the conflict, set out for Pompey's camp,
whereupon Labienus, observing this, left his station
and proceeded against him. Pompey's men, then,
supposing him to be in flight, lost heart; and though
later, of course, they learned the truth, they could
no longer recover themselves. Some fled to the city,
some to the rampart. The latter body vigorously
fought off their assailants and fell only when attacked
from all sides, while the former long held the wall
safe, so that it was not captured till all had
perished in sallies. So great was the total loss of
Romans on both sides that the victors, at a loss how
to wall in the city to prevent any from running away
in the night, actually heaped up the bodies of the
dead around it.
Caesar, having thus conquered, straightway took
Corduba also. For Sextus had retired out of his way
and the natives came over to his side, although their
slaves, since they had been made free, resisted them, ^
He slew the slaves under arms and sold the rest.
And he adopted the same course also with those who
held Hispalis ; for they had at first pretended to
accept a garrison from him willingly, but afterwards
destroyed the soldiers who came there, and entered
upon war. So he made a campaign against them.
281
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
BrjOev irpoaehpevwv eKirlha^ crcpia-LV o)? /cal Bca-
(^vyelv 8uv7]aofi6VoL<; irapea'X^e. kclk tovtov irepi-
opSiv Srj Tov<; 6k rov refc^^ou? i^i6vTa<; i/ceivov;
re iXoxi'^G koI uTrcoWve, koI rrjv itoXlv ovrw^;
4 avSpoov Kara ^pa')(y iprjjjLoyOeLaav elXe. koI [lera
rovro Kol rrjv ^lovvSav kol ra dWa, ra fiev
aKovcria avv iroWw <p6v(p, ra Be /cat edeXovata
TrapeXa/Se koX i^pyvpoXoyrjaev, coare /jurjBe tmv rov
*HpaKXeov<; avaOrj/judrcov rcov ev rol<; VaBeipoif;
avaKeLjMevwv ^eiaaaOai, ')(^ci)pa<; re nvwv airere-
fiero, /cal erepoi^ rov <f)6pov irpoaeTrrjv^rjae.
5 ravra jjuev tou? avrnroXefJir)aavrd<; ol eBpaae, roL<;^
Be evvoidv riva avrov o-)(ovaLv eBcoKe fiev kclI
'^copla /cat dreXeiav, rroXireiav re rccn, /cal dXXoi,<^
aTroiKOL^ rcbv ^Pcofiaicou vofiL^ecrdaL, ov /jLtjv /cal
irpoLKa avra eyapiaaro.
40 K.ai(Tap jiev Brj ravr errparre, TIofiTrrjcof; Be
BLa(f)vy(t)V TTft)? ev rfj rpoirfj rjXde fiev errl rrjv
OdXaacrav ax; kol rSt vavriKfo r& ev rfj ^aprrjia
opfjiovvrc ')(^prj(T6fievo^, evpcov Be avrov<; Trpo? rov
Kparovvra d7ro/ceKXL/c6ra(i irre^rj jjuev irXoiov rivo<i,
2 iTpoaBoKrjaa<i err avrov BtaBpdcrecrOai,^ '7TX7)yel<;
Be ev rovro) Kal dOvjJirjcra^ rfj re yfj avOo<^ irpoa-
ecrye, /cdvravOa avveXdovra^; rivd<; irapaXa/Sobv
7rp6<; rrjv /jueaoyetav copfirjae. /cal avr6<^ re
}LaLaevvL(p AevrcovL TrepiTredcbv r]rri^6r], Kal €9
vX7)V riva /cara^vycbv ii^Odpr}' Kal 6 AiBLo<;
dyvocov re rovro, Kal 7rXav(o/jLevo<; &)? Kal av/m-
/jLi^cov TTOV avrwy avvervyev erepoi^ rial Kal
diTcoXero,
282
^ Tois R. Steph, , Tovs L.
^ StdSpdff€<rdai ^k.. , Siadpd(raar9aiJj.
BOOK XLIII
and by appearing to conduct the siege in a rather b.c. 45
careless fashion he gave them some hope of being
able to escape. After this he would allow them to
come outside the wall, where he would ambush and
destroy them ; in this way he captured the town,
which had been gradually stripped of its men. Later
he acquired Munda and the other places, some against
their will and with great slaughter and others of their
own accord. He levied tribute so rigorously that
he did not even spare the offerings consecrated to ^
Hercules in Gades ; and he also took land from some
cities and laid an added tribute upon others. This
was his course toward those who had opposed him ;
but to those who had displayed any good-will toward
him he granted lands and exemption from taxation,
to some also citizenship, and to others the status of
Roman colonists ; he did not, however, grant these
favours for nothing.
While Caesar was thus occupied, Pompey, who had
escaped in the rout, reached the sea, intending to
use the fleet that lay at anchor at Carteia, but found
that the men had gone over to the victor's side.
He then embarked on a vessel, expecting to escape
in this manner ; but being wounded in the course
of the attempt, he lost heart and put back to land,
and then, taking with him some men who had as-
sembled, set out for the interior. He met Caesen-
nius Lento and was defeated ; and taking refuge in
a wood, perished there. Didius, ignorant of his fate,
while wandering about in the hope of meeting him
somewhere, met some other troops and perished.
283
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
^
41 EtXero S' av /cat 6 J^alarap 6Ket irov irpo^; re twz.
en dvdeo-rrjKOTCov koI ev rfi rod iroXefiov So^tj
ireTTTOoKevai jadWov rj oirep ovk e? fiaKpav eiradev^
€V T€ rfi TrarpiBi koI ev tw avveSpia) TTyoo? twJ'
2 (fyLXrarcov (Tcf)ay7jvai. tovtov yap top iroXep.ov
TeXevralov KarcopOcoo-e koI ravrrjv ttjv vIktjv
ea)(^dT7]v dveiXero, Kaiirep ovSev 6 tl ou')(l kol tcov
aXkeov TCOV fMeylcrrcov KaraTTpd^etv e\iTiaa<^ Bed
T€ ToXKa, Kal oup^ rjKLara on fiXaaTO^ tl^ eK
<poLviKO<; ev tg> tt}? ixd')(r)<; '^(^copifp 6Vto9 €vOv<; iirl
3 rfj vL/cy €^e(f)v. koI ov Xeyco jxev on ovk e^epe^
TTOi^ Tovro, dXTC ovk eKeivcp ye en, dXXa Ta> Trj<;
dB€X<prj<i avTOv eyyovw rw ^OKraoviw' avve-
arparevero re yap avro), Kal eK tmv ttovcov tojv
re KivBvvwv avrov eKXdp.yjreiv e/JieXXev. dyvooyv
8' ovv TOVTO, Kal €(/)' iavTM en iroXXd Kal fieydXa
eKiTL^coVy ovBev fierpiov eTrparrev, dXX^ cw? Kal
42 dddvaro^; mv virepe^povrjae. rd re yap einvLKia,
KalroL fjL7]Bevo<^ dXXorpiov Kparrjaa^ aXXa Kal
ToaovTO TrXrjdo^; ttoXltcov diroXeaa';, ov jjlovov
auTO? eTTep^yfre, irdvra rov BP]/jlov ev avTol^ co? Kal
eirl KotvoL<; nacv dyaOol<; av6t<^ eandaa^i, dXXa
Kal TO) ^aSico rco K.vtvT(o rco re KfiVrci) HeBlo),^
I'll L I I L '
Kairoi viroarpaTTjyrjcraaLV avro) Kal /jLt]Bev IBia
2 KaropOcoaaai, BLeoprdcrai eirerpe'^e. Kal rjv jnev
TTOv fyeXco? eTrl re rovro), Kal on Kal ^vXivai<;
dX}C OVK eXe(f)avTLvaL<; epycov re nvcov elKoaiv
dXXoi<; re roiovroL<; irop^rreioi^; e^prjcravro' ov
jjbrjv dXX^ ep^^avearara rpirrd re viKrjrrjpLa Kal
^ OVK €<p€p4 Casaub. , auvecpepe L. '^ ttoi Bk., tttj* L.
3 T(^ ^a^icf} T^ KviiTcp T^ T6 KvivTcp U€5l(f Mommsen, t^J
^afiiep T(p re Kvivrcp L.
284
BOOK XLIII
Caesar, too, would doubtless have chosen to fall b.c 45
tliere, at the hands of those who were still resisting
and amid the glory of war, in preference to the fate
he met not long afterward of being murdered in his
own land and in the senate at the hands of his dearest
friends. For this was the last war that he carried
through successfully, and this the last victory that
he won, in spite of the fact that there was no other
project so great that he did not hope to accomplish
it. In this hope he was confirmed especially by
the circumstance that from a palm that stood on the
site of the battle a shoot grew out immediately after
the victory. Now I do not assert that this had no
bearing in some direction, yet it was no longer for
him, but for his sister's grandson, Octavius ; for the '^
latter was making the campaign with him, and was (^
destined to gain great lustre from his toils and
dangers. As Caesar did not know this, and hoped ^.
that many great successes would still fall to his own
lot, he showed no moderation, but w^as filled with
arrogance, as if immortal. For, although he had
conquered no foreign nation, but had destroyed a
vast number of citizens, he not only celebrated the
triumph himself, incidentally feasting the entire
populace once more, as if in honour of some common
blessing, but also allowed Quintus Fabius and Quintus
Pedius to hold a celebration, although they had
merely been his lieutenants and had achieved no
individual success. Naturally this occasioned ridicule,
as did also the fact that they used wooden instead
of ivory representations of certain achievements
together with other similar triumphal apparatus.
Nevertheless, most brilliant triple triumphs and
285
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
J
TpiTToX TTO/jLTTal TMV VcOfjLaiCOV 67r' aVTCOV CKeLVCOV
iiroLrjOr^aav, /cat irpoaeTC koI lepo/jbrjviaL iirl irev-
3 TrjKOvra r)fiepa<i r}')(6r)aav. rd re^ HaptXta lir-
TToBpopua dOavdrw, ovtl ye /cat Bia rrjv ttoXlv,
on ev avTol^ 6ktl<tto, dWa hid rrjv rov Katcra/309
VLKTjv, OTL 7) dyycXia avTrj<; rfj irpoTepaia tt^oo?
eairepav d^iKero, eTiprjOr}.
43 TovTO /juev Brj rfj 'Vcoprj eScoKev, avTo<; Be rrjv re
aToKrjV rrjv einviKLov iv 7rdaat<; rat? TravTjjvpecrL
/card Boy pa eveBvero, koI ra> aTe<f>dv(p rw Bu^vlvm
del fcal iravra'xpv opolco^; iKoapeiTO. Kal irpo-
(j>aaLv pev eTrocelro rovrov ^ otl dvacpaXavria^; riv,
7rapel)(e Be KaX dir avTOV eKeivov Xoyov rcvd, xal
OTL^ Tore en, Kairrep '7rapi]^r)K0i)<;, e? KdXko<^ r}(j Ker
2 Trj re yap iaOijn ')(avvoTepa ev irdcnv evq^pvvero,
Kal Trj viToBeaei Kal . perd ravra eviore Kal
vyIrrjXfj Kal epvO po')(p6(p Kard to 1)9 /BaaiXea^; tov<;
ev rfj "AX/Srj TTore yevopevov^, 0)9 Kal TrpoarJKCov
3 acj)L(7i Bid rov ^'lovXov,'^ e'^p^ro. to re oXov rfj
T6 ^A(f)poBLTy 7ra9 dveKecro,^ Kal ireiOeiv 7rdvra<;
ijaeXev^ on, Kai avuo<^ n o)pa<; air avTrj<; e')(pL'
Kal Bid TOVTO Kal yXvppa avrrj^; evoirXov e(f)6peL,
Kal (Tvvdrfpa avryv ev T0t9 TrXelaroLf; Kal peyiaroL'^
4 KtvBvvoif; eTTOLelro. to B^ ovv x^vvov rov ^(oparo<i^
avrov 6 pev ^vXXa<; vireroirrjaev, Sare Kal
diTOicTelvaL avrov eOeXrjaai, rol<; re e^acrt]crap,evot,g
eLTreiv ^ on " eyoD p,ev '^(^apiovp^ac rovrov vplv,
vp£i<i p>evroL Kal rrdvv rovrov rov KaK(o<i ^covvv-
^ re Rk., T€ yap L. ^ rovrov Rk., rovro L.
2 '6ri supplied by Levinel. â– * "lovAov Xyl., lovXiov L.
° av(KeiTO Xyl., aveKive'iTO L.
^ iravras ijdehev R. Steph, , irdvres ^Oe\ov L.
'^ ^(i/iiaroi Xyl., ado/xaros L Xiph. ^ ('nreiv Xiph., cIttcv L.
286
BOOK XLIII
triple processions of the Romans were held in
honour of those very events, and furtheraiore a
thanksgiving of fifty days was observed. The
Parilia was honoured by permanent annual games in
the Circus, yet not at all because the city had been
founded on that day, but because the news of Caesar's
victory had arrived the day before, toward evening.
Such was his gift to Rome. For himself, he wore
the triumphal garb, by decree, at all the games, and
was adorned with the laurel crown always and every-
where alike. The excuse that he gave for it was
that his forehead was bald ; yet he gave occasion
for talk by this very circumstance that at that time,
though well past youth, he still bestowed attentio;
upon his appearance. He used to show among all
men his pride in rather loose clothing, and the
footwear which he used later on w as soTnetimes) %if
high a nd ot a reddish colour, after the jtyle of t he ( fpA^tA
kings who had once reia^ned in Al ba, for he claime d/ ^^^ \^tM
that lie was related to theni thrr^^^g h Tnhis. 1^
general he was absolutely devoted to Venus, and
was anxious to persuade everybody that he had
received from her a kind of bloom of youth. Ac-
cordingly he used also to wear a carven image of
her in full armour on his ring and he made her
name his watchword in almost all the greatest
dangers. Sulla had looked askance at the loose-
ness of his girdle,! so much so that he had wished to
kill him, and declared to those who begged him off:
" Well, I will grant him to you ; but be thoroughly
^ Implying licentiousness and general laxity of morals.
287
DIGS ROMAN HISTORY
J
fjbevov (f)v\drT€aO€' " o Se Br) K.if€epa)v ov crvvevoTj-
5 crev, aXXa fcal <7^a\et9 e(f>T) otl " ovk av ttots
TrpocreSoKrjcra rov kukm^ ovrco ^(ovvvfievov Tiofju-
TTTjiov KpaTTjcreLvr
ToOto fxev ovv ev eK^oXfj rod \6yov, coare
/jLr]Seva /jirjSev tS)V irepl rov JLaicrapo^i Xeyo/juevcov
44 ayvoTjaai, eypw^a'^ iirl Be Br) rf) vi/cr) eKeivd re
6(Ta elirov r) yepovala eyvco, /cal Trpoaen avrov
re ^Â¥iKev6ep(Drr)v fcal eKoXovv koX e? to, ypa/jLjuarela
dveypa<j)ov, koI veoov 'EXef^e/ota? Br)iioaia i-\lrr)<pi-
2 oravro. to Te rov avro/cpdropa ovop^a ov Kara
rb dp^alov ert p^ovov, ojanep dXkoL re /cat eKecvo^;
7roXXa/c£9 ^ eK rcov TroXep.cov e7refc\rj07)aav, ovS* d><;
oi riva avroreXrj r)yepoviav rj Kal dX\r)v riva
e^ovcrlav \a^6vre<; ci)Vop,d^ovro, dXka KaOdira^
rovro Br) to Kal vvv TOt? to Kpdro<; del e')(ovai
BiBopbevov €Keiv(p rore Tzpcorcp re Kal irpoirov,
3 wdTTep n Kvpiov, rrpocreOeaav. Kal roaavry ye ^
virep^oXfj KoXaKeua^; e')(^prjaavro ware Kal rov<;
7ralBa<; rov<; re eyyovov^ avrov ovrco KoXeladai
'^7)(f)i(Taa6ai, pbrjre reKvov ri avrov e')(pvro'^ Kal
yepovro^; r)Br) 6vro<;. oOevirep Kal errl irdvra^ tou?
puerd ravra avroKpdropa<; r) e7riK\7)aL<; avrrj,^
Mairep ri^; IBia rrj<; dp)(^r)<; avrwv ovaa Kaddirep
4 Kal r) rov K.aLaapo<i, dcpLKero. ov puevroi Kai to
dpyalov eK, rovrov KareKvSr), aXX eanv eKarepov
Kal Bid rovro Kal Bevrepov eir avrcjv eirdyerai,
orav VLKr)v riva roLavrr)v dveXcovrai. ol puev yap
avrb rovro avroKpdrope^; dira^ rfj 'Trpocrr)yopia
^ €ypa\j/a Rk., 5i€ypa\pa L.
^ iroWaKis Rk., us iroWaKis L. ^ 76 H. Steph., re L.
* Tj 4iriK\r]ais airrj LeuncL, riji 4iriK\'{}<r€i outtjj L.
288
BOOK XLIII
on your guard against this ill-girt fellow." And b.c. 45
Cicero could not comprehend it^ but even in the
moment of defeat said : " I should never have ex-
pected one so ill-girt to conquer Pompey."
This I have written by way of digression from
my history, so that no one might be ignorant of any
of the stories told about Caesar. In honour of his v <
victor y the senate passed all t h o'^p. decrees that I \^ \3
have mentioned, and further calle d him " Liberator^"
entering it also in the rppords. and voted foy a pnlilio
tem ple of Libe rty. Moreover, they now applied to
him first and for the first time, as a kind of proper y
name, t.Kp fjtle ofi?np{ 'rr/fnr^ pn longer merely fol-
lowing the ancient custom by which others as well
as Caesar had often been saluted as a result of their
wars, nor even as those who received some inde-
pendent command or other authority were called by Vj>
this name, b u t giving him on ce for all the same tit le J ^
that is now granted to feiiosej wITohold successivel y \ ^^
tlTS" bufrr^me power. And such excessiv e flattery
di^ rhey employ as eve n to vote that his son s
and grandsons should be given the same title,
tl ^ii^h he had ho child and was already an old
man^ Vrom tiun llusliLlu hay C'Oliie down to all
subsequent emperors, as one peculiar to their office,
just like the title ^'^ Caesar." The ancient custom
has not, however, been thereby overthrown, but both
usages exist side by side. Consequently the emperors
are invested with it a second time when they gain
some such victory as has been mentioned. For
those who are imperatores in the special sense use
289
^
VOL. IV.
U
DIGS ROMAN HISTORY
5 ')(pci)VTaL' oV^ S' av Kal Bia TroXefxwv d^iov tl
avTTJf; Karopd(0(T(oat, koI eKeivriv rrjv airo rov
ap')(jaiov TTpoaXa/ii^dvovcn, kcik. tovtov koX hev-
repov Ti9 ical Tpirov irXeovciKif; re, 6adKL<i av
Trapdaxv ol, avfoKpdrcop eTTOVop^d^erat.
6 TaOra t€ ovv Tore tw ^aiaapi, Kal oIkIuv
MCTTe iv To3 Br]p,oaiw oLKelv, lepopbrjviav re
e^aiperov oadxcf; av viKif re rt? avp,^fj /cal OvcnaL
iir avrfj ylyvcovrai, kclv p^rjre crvo-TpaTevcrrjTac
p^TjO^ oXo)? eTTLKOivoivriar] ^ roiv KaraTrpax^ePTcov,
45 ehoaav. ov p.r)v aXX* eKelva p.ev el Kal virepoyKa
e^co T€ rov KaOeari^Korofi rialv * eSoKei elvai, ovri
ye Kal dBrjpLOKpdrTjTa rjv erepa Se Brj rotdSe
iyjrrjcpLaavTO Si a)V Kal p.6vap-)(OV avrbv dvTLKpv^
aTreSei^av. ra? re yap dp'^a<; avrw Kal rd^i rod
7rX?;^ou9 dvedeaav, Kal vTrarov avrbv iirl SeKa
9 err), a>are Kal ScKrdropa irporepov, irpoe'X^eipL-
2 aavro' arparict)ra<i re pLovov e')(eLV Karra S7)p,oaia
'Xprjpara pLOvov BioiKetv eKeXevaav, Mare pLrjSevl
dWtp pLTjSerepw avrcov, orw puf] ^ €Ketvo<; eiri-
rpeyfreiev, e^elvai 'X^pi)aBaL. Kal rore puev dv-
Bpidvra avrov eXe^dvrivov, vorrepov he Kal appua
oiXov iv rat? ImrohpopLiai,^ pLerd rSyv Oeicov
3 dyaXpidrcov irep^irecrdat eyvwaav. dXXrjv re riva
eUova 69 rov rov Kvpivov^ vaov Sea) dviKy^rw
emypd'y^avre'i, Kal aXX^iv 69 to J^aTTircoXiov
TTapd rov<; ^aaiXtvcravrdf; it ore iv rfj 'Vdypbrj
^ uxnrep Bk., Siavep iu L. ^ o2 Dind., oTs L.
^ Ktiv fiiiTe <Tv(TTpaT€v(r7irai fiijO' oAws iirtKOivuiviiffp Naber,
Kal fjLTjTe avcrrparevarji ris iultjO' oKus iniKOiVwv^cxai L.
* Tialv Naber, acpiaiu L. ^ jxi] Bk., ^urjSe L.
, * Kvpivov R. Steph. , Kvipivov L.
290
BOOK XLIIl
this title once, as they do the other titles;, and place b.c. 45
it before the others; but those of them who also
accomplish in war some deed worthy of it acquire
also the title handed down by ancient custom, so
that a man is termed imperaior a second or a third
time, or as many more times as the occasion may
These privileges they granted then to Caesar, as'^f^
well as a house, so that he might live in state v^'^
j)roperty, and a special thanksgiving whenever any ^^i(
victory should occur and sacrifices should be offered 1 l, \
for it, even if he had not been on the campaign V\
or had any hand at all in the achievements. Never-
theless, these measures, even though they seemed to ViO^ i^
some immoderate and contraryjbo precedent, were VA'''
not thus far undemocratic. [ But jthe senate passed q, j^
the following decrees besides, by which theydeclared ^ ^^
^liin a monarch out and out. | For they ottered him the \jjO-^/
magistracies, even those belonging to the plebs, and >. >*
elected him consul tW ten years, as they previously ?V«» .
had made him dictator. They ordered that he alone
should have soldiers, and alone administer the public j)k^
funds, so that n o one else should be allowed to ^^
e mploy ^either of them^ save whom hp pprmittfrl
And tliey decreed at this time that an ivory statue ^ yj
of him, and later that a whole chariot, should I^
appea r in the proce^s sjon^ at the games in the Circus, y <
tog ether with the statues of the gods. Ano ther
likeness they set up in the temple of Qui rinus '^-^
Wit h^tlie mSCriptm n /^ 'I'o thp Tnvinr^ihlp Hnrl " a nA <^^
""'^^hfir O" ^^^*" TiipHril T^nnrln tlin fn iii^i m- lir^rvc^ > i>^<
291 n
u 2 ^^^^^
DIGS ROMAN HISTORY
4 aveOeaav. kul jxol OavfidaaL T7]<^ crvvTV^la<s
67rep^€Tar oktq) yap afia avroiv {eirra fiev
€Ketvoi<;, 6yB6r]<; ^ Se rw ye ^ B/oouto) toG tou?
TapKvvLov(i '^ KaraXvaavTi) ovawv irapa ravrrjv
Tore TTjv Tov K.ai(Tapo^ ecTTTjaav, koX Srjra kol
€K Toviov OTL fjLoXiorTa B^oOto? Ma/3/C09
KLvr]6el<; eTre^ovXevaev avro).
46 TavT iirl rrj ^ vLkt) (Xeyco ^ Se ov iravra, dX)C
oaa d^ioXoya elvai /jloc eho^ev) ovk iv yua ye
rj/juepa, aXX' (W9 'ttov /cat eTV')(ev, dXXo dXXr)
ifcvpcodr}' Kai a(f)cov 6 J^alaap rot? fiev ')(p'P]aOat
rjp^aTO Tot9 8e e/xeXXev, el koI rd fiaXLard riva
2 avTWV iraprjKaTO. ttjv 3' ovv dp')(r]v rrjv virarov^'
7rapa)(prjp.a fjuev, kol irplv e? ttjv ttoXlv eaeXdelv,
dveXa^ev, ov fievroi koI Sid reXovi ea')(ev, aXX'
ev rfj ^Poo/jLyj yevofxevo^ direlTre re avT'qv koX tm
^a^Lw Tft) KutWft) T&) re TpejScovio) tm Tata)
eve\elpL(Te. Kal eireihrj ye 6 ^d/Sco^ rfj reXevrala
Trj<s VTrareiaf; rj/juepa direOavev, evOv^ avr avrov
erepov tt/oo? ra? irepiXoi'Trov^ (opa<; Vdiov
3 J^avLVLOv ^ ^Vrj^iXov ^ avdeiXero. Trpcorov fiev Brj
Tore rovTO irapa to Ka6eaTr)fco<^ iyevero, to fir^re
irrjaiav juLrjre e? irdvTa tov Xoittov ')(p6vov tov
erof? Tr)v dp')(r)v eKeivrjv tov avTov e'X^eiv, dXXd
^MVTd Twa avT7J(; Ka\ /ir) dvayKaaOevTa firJTe Ik
Tcbv iraTpiwv ^ fJLrjTe ef i7rr)yopLa<; ti,v6<; eKaTrjvat,
^ oy^6r)s Bk., oyh6(»}i L. ^ 7e H. Steph., re L.
^ TapKvviovs R. Steph., rapKviplovs L.
â– * TT? supplied by Pflugk. ^ \4yco R. Steph., \eywu L.
^ vnarov R. Steph. , viravrov L.
'^ Kavlviov R Steph., KavvLov L (and so just below).
^ 'Vt]^i\ov Wagner, p-q^iov L.
^ rSiV irarpiwv Rk., TtaTpdciwv L.
292
BOOK XLIII
of Rome. Now it occurs to me to marvel at the b.c 45
coincidence : there were eight such statues, — seven
to the kings, and an eighth to the Brutus who
overthrew the Tarquins, — and they set up the statue
of Caesar beside the last of these ; and it was frorn '^^ i^/C i
thj£_cau*^-ehig^^ ^iat the other Brutus, Marcu s, was^ '%^,c, \
roused to plot against him. ^(Jji^
These were the measures that were passed in
honour of his victory (I do not mention all, but
as many as have seemed to me notable), not in
one day, to be sure, but just as it happened, at
different times. Caesar began to avail himself of
some, and was intending to use others in the future,
however emphatically he declined some of them.
Thus he took the office of consul immediately,
even before entering the city, but did not hold it
through the whole year; instead, when he got to
Rome he renounced it, turning it over to Quintus
Fabius and Gains Trebonius. When Fabius died
on the last day of his consulship, he straightway
named another man, Gains Caninius Rebilus, in his
place for the remaining hours. This was the first
violation of precedent at this time, that one and the
same man did not hold that office for a year or even
for all the rest of the same year, but while living
withdrew from it without compulsion from either
ancestral custom or any accusation, and another took
293
DIGS ROMAN HISTORY
4 Kol erepov avr avrov avriKaraa-TrjvaL, Bevrepov
Se on 6 Kaz^mo? a'TTehti')(0'r) re a/xa v7raro<i fcal
vTrdreva-e koX eiravaaro' oirep koI 6 Kifcipoyv
hia<TK(i)irT(cv Toaavrr] e^r) rov vTrarov koi avBpeia
Koi (ppovTiBi iv TJj 0Lp-)(y KexprjaOat (oare //.>?3e to
T) l3pa')(VTaTov iv avrrj KeKOtfifjaOac. eV 8' ovv tov
')(p6vov 6Keivov ovKeri, ol avrol Sia iravTO'^ tov
€TOU<;, 7r\r]v oXCycov irakav ye, vTrdreuaav, a)OC w?
TTov Kol eTV')(pv, ol fi6v cttI TrXetou? 01 Be eV iXdr-
T0U9, ol fiev firfvaf; ol he rjfiepaf;, eVel vuv ye ovBel<i
ovre^ en eviavrov ovre e? TrXeico Btfi^vov )(^p6vov
6 ot)9 TT\7]dei crvv erepw tlv\ dp')(eL. koI ra fxev
aXKa ovBev hia(f)epo/jL€v dXX7]\a)v, rrjv Be
e^apiO^rjcnv tmv erodv ol Kara Trpcoraf; avTcov
virarevovTe^ Kapirovvrai. /cat eyw ovv ra)v fiev
dW(ov Tou? TOL^i TrpdyfiacTLV dvayKalov<; ovo/jbdcrco,
7r/309 Be Br) ttjv tcov del Trparrofievcov Brj\(0(7i.v
Tov<; 7rp(OTOv<; dp^avra';/' kclv fiijBev epyov e? avrd
7rapd(T-)(wvTai.
47 TiepX fiev ovv tov<; virdrov'^ ravB* ovtco^; eyevero'
ol Be Btj dWoL dp')(pvT€^ X6y(p fiev viro re rov
ifKrjOov'; koX vtto tov Btjixov kuto, to, irdTpta
(jrjv yap diroBei^LV avTOJV 6 Kataap ov/c eSefaro),
epyft) Be vir* eKeivov KaTeaTrjcrav, Kal e? ye to,
2 eOvT] dfcXrjpcoTt e^e'7re/jL(f)0i]aav. dpiOfibv Be ol
fjLev dXXoi oaoiirep Kal irpoTepov, aTpaTrjyol Be
TeaarapeaKalBeKa Ta/ilai re TeaaapdKOVTa dire-
BeixOrjtrav. 7roXXoc<; yap Brj ttoXXo, vTTe(T)(r]fjLevo<^
^ oijre Bk., ouSe L. - Ap^avras Xyl.. irpd^ai'Tas L,
294
BOOK XLIII
his place. Again, there was the fact that Caninius b.c 4,
was appointed consul, served, and ceased to serve
all at the same time. Hence Cicero jestingly re-
marked that the consul had displayed such great
bravery and prudence in office as never to fall asleep
in it for the briefest moment. So after that period
the same persons no longer (except a few in the
beginning) acted as consuls through the whole year,
but according to circumstances, some for a longer
time, some for a shorter, some for months, others
for days ; indeed, at the present time no one serves ^!^ —
with any one else, as a rule, for a whole year or
for a longer period than two months. In general
we consuls to-day do not differ from one another,
but the naming of the years is the privilege of
those who are consuls at the beginning. Accord-
ingly, in the case of the other consuls I shall name
only those who were closely connected with the
events mentioned, but in order to secure perfect
clearness with regard to the succession of events, I
shall mention also those who first held office in each
year, even if they make no contribution to its
events.
While the consuls were appointed iiL j:hifi mnnn^r, z' ^X'
thc premainrng magisirares were nominally electe d ^f ^
by the plebs and by th e w^hole people, m accordance ;
^vitll aiicestral custom, si nce Caesar would not accept i^^
tHe appointment of tHem ; y et really they we re % *
appointed by him^ and were sent out to the pro- V^
vmces without casting lots. As "!oT llieii number, ^y-J-
all wei'e the siliiie as before, except that fourteen " i
praetors and forty quaestors were appointed. For, *" u
since he had made many promises to many people.
295
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
ovK el')(ev oirco^; <r^a? aXXo)? afxei-^rirat, /cal
3 Sia rovTO ravr eiroieL. koI irpoakri iraybirXriB&l^
yikv 69 ^ Triv 'yepovcnav, firj^ev SiaKpivcov fxrjT^
el Ti9 (Trparifjorrji; jjltJt et ri? cnrekevdepov
iral^ TjVy icreypaylrep, ware koI evaKoalov^ '^ to
K€(j)d\aLov avTcov yeveaOai, ito\\ov<; Be kol e?
T0j)9 evTrarplSafi tou9 re v7raT€VK6Ta<; rj koI
4 aW7]v^ dp^rjv riva dp^avra<; iyKareXe^ev. evOv-
vo/jLevov<; re eVt Bcopoc; TLva<^ kol i^€\€y')(o/ii€Vov<;
ye cLTreXvaev, cjare kol alrlav hwpohoKiaf; e^^iv.
TrpoaavveXd/Sero yap rod \oyov rovrov on /cat
T0V9 %ce>/90L'9 TOL'9 Srj/iioaiOV<;, ov)( on tol'9 ^€/3rj-
\ov<i dWa KOL T0U9 iepov<;, iravra'^ re e^eOrjKev
69 TO* TTpaTTjpiov, KOI aTTefcijpv^e TOL'9 irXeiova^^.
5 (rv)(yd S' ovv o^a)9 fcal ev dpyvplw tjj re irpdaet
rwv 'y^wpiwv eanv ol<; evecfxe' Koi Aovklw tlvl
^a(TL\(p ^ rjyefjLOViav fxev eOvov^ ovSe/iLav Kalroi
ar parity ovvn CTrerpeylre, y^pi'ifxara he dvr* avrrjf;
7rd/jLTToX\a e')(apiaaT0y toare kol €7n/36r)T0v avrov
ev re ^ rovrw yeveaOai, koX on TrpoTrrjXa/CKrOel^
ev rfj crTparrjyia vtt avrov avTeKapreprjaeJ
6 ravra Br) irdvra toI<; fiev Xapi^dvovcrl n rj /cal
TTpocrBoKwaLXrjy^eadai dpeard eyiyvero, firjBev rod
Koivov TTpOTtficocTL 7ryoo9 TO dsL Bi avTCJV av^eaOat'
ol Be Bt) dWoi irdvre^ BeLvCo^ €(f)epov, Kal iroXKei
ye eXoyoTTOiovv Trp6<^ re dWyjXov^;, fcal oaoi^
ye Kal dacfidXeid tl<^ rjv, Trappijcria^ojjLevoi,, Kal
^L^Xia Be ^ dvcovufia eKn6evTe<;.
^ is Bs., iiv) L. ^ ivaKoaiovs Bk., ivuaKoaiovs L.
'â– ^ &\\r]v su])plied by Nipperdey.
^ «|e0i7«€i/ is rh supplied by R. Steph.
•^ Ba<rl\Cf} Bs., $a(rl\\coi L. ^ re Bk., ye L.
" avreKapTfprjffe Bs. , &TreKapT4pi^<T€ L. ^ Se St., re L.
296
BOOK XLIII
he had no other way to reward them^ and hence b.c. 45
, took this method. Furthermore, he g u rolled a v ast , ^
nnml^pr in t^f senntPj maki'n^ no distinction whetK er^^/V,
a man was a soldier or the son of a freedman^ so '
that the sum of them grew to nine hundred ; and ^
lie enrolled many also among the patricians and
among the ex-consuls and such as had held some
other office. He released some who were on trial
for bribery and were being proved guilty, so that he
was charged with bribe-taking himself. This report
was strengthened by the fact that he also put up
at auction all the public lands, not only the pro- *
fane, but also the consecrated lots, and sold most
of them. Nevertheless, he granted ample gifts to
some persons in the form of money or the sale of
lands ; and in the case of a certain Lucius Basilus,
who was praetor, instead of assigning him a province
he bestowed a large amount of money upon him, so
that Basilus became notorious both on this account
as well as because, when insulted during his praetor-
ship by Caesar, he had held out against him. All
this suited those citizens who were receiving or even
expecting to receive something, since they had no
regard for the public weal in comparison with the
chance of the moment for their own advancement
by such means. But all the rest took it greatly to
heart and had much to say about it to each other
and also — as many as felt safe in so doing — in
outspoken utterances and the publication of anony-
mous pamphlets.
297
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
4io hi^ o oi;i/ Tft) €T€t €K€ivrp eKCLva T6 eirpa^UTj,
KoX eVt T% BioiKija6(o<; Svo rcov TroXiavofJiovvTwv,
iireihr) rafiia^ ouSet? TrpoeKex^eiporovrfTO, iyevovro.
coairep yap irore irpojepov, koX tote ev ry
d7roSr}/xia rfj rov Yiaiaapo^ ol iroXiavoiJLOi irdvra
ra ev tc5 acrret Trpdyfiara /LLerd rov AeirlSov
2 LTnrapxovvTOS ea'x^ov koI alriaOevre^ ye on
Kol pa^hov')(pi^ Kol rfj eadr^TL tw re hi^pw toI^
dp'^iKOL<;, Mairep koI 6 XiTiTap-)(p<^^ eKey^privTo}
d(p€i67]aav, vofiov rivd Trpo^aWo/jievoL Sc ov
irdai ToZ<; irapd Bi,/CTdTopo<; dpyijv riva Xa^ovcri
3 'X^prjaOuL auTOt? eSiSoro. to o ovv Kara rtjv
Bioi/c7](nv, ef eiceivov hi direp elirou ira par pair ev,
oviceTi T0t<; Tap,iai's del eTrerpaTTTj, dWd to reXev-
ratov Tot9 iarpaTTjytjfcoaL Trpoaerdx'^V' tov<^ re
ovv Orjaavpov^; rouv Brifioaiov^ hvo tot€ twv
TToXiavo/jiovvTcov 8t,ooK7j(Tav, KoX rd ^AiroXXcovta
6 erepo^ avrcov rrj rov l^aiaapo^ TrapaaKevfj
4 eTrereXeae. koI ol dyopavbpioi ol eK rov ttXtjOov^;
rd MeyaXrjaLa Kard hoyfia eTrolrjaav. iroXi-
apxo^ re ri? iv rat^ dvo')(cu<i Karaard<; erepov
avTo^ rrj<^ varepaia<^ dvOeiXero, koX eKelvo^ dXXov
fjLTjre irporepov p,r]Q^ varepov irore eyevero.
49 Tavra jjuev rore e7rpd')(6iy rw Be i'^o^evo) erei,
ev S 6 Kataap iBi/craropevae re dfia rb irefiirrov,
Xinrap'^ov rov Aeiri^ov rrpoaXa^ayv, koI virdrevae
TO Tre/JLTTTOV, avvdp')(0VTa rov ^Avrcoviov irpoaeXo-
fxevof;, arparrjyoi re eKfcalBefca rjp^av (real rovro
Kol errl iroXXd errj . . .2), /cal ro ^rj/ia ev fjAcrrp
TTov irporepov rr}^ dyopdf; ov 69 rov vvv roirov
^ eKeXP^^â– To R. Steph. , iKeXRV^o L-
' Some word likeN7(7J'eTo, iyevero, or <Tvve$jj has fallen out.
298
BOOK XLIII
In addition to these measures carried out that b.c. 4o
year, two of the city prefects took charge of the
finances, since no quaestor had been elected. For
just as on former occasions, so now in the absence
of Caesar, the prefects managed all the affairs of
the city, in conjunction with Lepidus as master of
the horse. And although they were censured for
employing lictors and the magisterial garb and chair
precisely like the master of the horse, they got off
by citing a certain law which allowed all those
receiving any office from a dictator to make use of
such trappings. The administration of the finances, '
after being diverted at this time for the reasons I have
mentioned, was no longer invariably assigned to the '
quaestors, but was finally assigned to ex-praetors.
Two of the city prefects then managed the public
treasuries, and one of them celebrated the Ludi
Apollinares at Caesar's cost. The plebeian aediles
conducted the Ludi Megalenses in accordance with
a decree. A certain prefect, appointed during the
Feriae, himself chose a successor on the following
day, and the latter a third ; this had never hap-
pened before, nor did it happen again.
These were the events at this time. The next b.c. 44
year, durin g whirh Caefm r wa s at once dictator"lor \ /^i\^,
the fi fth time, with Lepidus as master of the hor se. \( ^
and consul for the fifth time, choosing Antony
as his colleague, sixteen praetors were in power,
— a custom, indeed, that was continued for many *^
years, — and the rostra, which was formerly in the
centre of the Forum, was moved back to its present
299
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
I
ave')((i)pi(T9ri, koI avrw rj- rod ^vWov rov re
2 Uo/Jb7r7]LQLlJ €iKOi)V CiTTehoOr). KObi eTTi T€ ^ TOVTO)
evfcXeiav 6 Kalaap eo-)(ev, koI on tS> ^KvtcovUo
KoX Trj<; 86^7)<; rov epyov koI rrj<; ett avrw Ittl-
ypa<f)rj<; 7Tap6)(^coprja€. dearpov re n Kara rov
TlojuTriJLov olKoBofirjaai €$€\7]aa<i Trpo/care^dXero ^
fiiv, ouK e^ereXecre ^e. dWa rovro /lev 6
Avyov(7TO(; puera ravra €f€7roi7]aa<; dirb M.dpKOV
3 M.apfceWov rov dS6\(f)cSov ^ eirwvopbaae' rd^ Se
OLKia^ Tov<; re vaov<i rov<; ev tw 'X^copUp eKeiim
ovra^ 6 J^accrap KadeXcav alriav eXa/Sev, on
re rd dydXpLaray ^vXiva ttXtjv oXljcov ovra, /care-
/cavcre, kuI Orjcravpov^; ^prjpLdrcov av)(Vov<; evpoov
7rdvra<; avTov^ iaiperepiaaro.
50 Tavrd re iTrouet fcal v6/jLov<^ €cr6<f>€pe to t€
TTOdfjL'qptQV iirl irXelov iire^TJyaye. Kal ev fxev tov-
Toi^ dXXoL'^ T6 naiv ojxoia rat ^vXXa Trpd^ao
eho^ev i/c Be rov T0t9 re 7reptXet(f)0eicrc rMV
avn7roXe/ji7](Tdvra)v ol rd<^ re abna<^ dcpetvai Kal
2 dSeiav eiTi re rfj larj Kal i'jrl rjj ofioia Sovvat,, Kal
eKeivwv re rd<^ dp')(d^ irpoayayelv Kal rat? yvvai^l
rcov aTToXcoXorcov rd<; irpolKa^ drrohovvai, rol<i re
Traialv avrcov fiepr} rcov ovaicov ')(apiaaa6ai, rrjv
re rov %vXXov fxiaicfyoviav fxeydXco^; ijXey^e, Kal
avro<; ovk eir dvBpeia pLOVOV dXXd Kal iirl %/o^cr-
rorrfn lcr')^vpw<^ evhoKipbr^aev, Kauroi â– ^aXeTrov ov
009 irXrjOeL rov avrbv Kal ev 7roXe/j,(p Kal ev elptjvr]
3 Stair pe^|ral.. rovroL^ re ovv eaep,vvvero, Kal on
Kal rr]v ^^ap'X^rjBova ri'-jv re KopivOov dveo-rrjaev.
^ re supplied by Bk.
' irpoKaTel3d\€To Leuncl. , irpoKarcKd^ero L.
^ a5eA(f)i5ov R. Steph., aScXtpidohs L.
300
BOOK XLIII
position ; also the statues of Sulla and of Poinpey bc 44
were restored to it. For this Caesar received
praise, and also because he yielded to Antony
both the glory of the work and the inscription on
it. Being anxious to build a theatre, as Pompey
had done, he laid the foundations, but did not finish
it ; it was Augustus who later completed it and
named it for his nephew, Marcus Marcellus. But
Caesar was blamed for tearing down the dwellings
and temples on the site, and likewise because he
burned up the statues, which were almost all of
wood, and because on finding large hoards of money
he appropriated them all.
Besides this, he introduced laws and extended
the pomerium ; in these and other matters his course
was thought to resemble that of Sulla. Caesar,
however, remoTed the ban from the survivors of
those who had warred against him, granting them
immunity on fair and uniform terms ; he promoted
them to office ; to the wives of the slain he restored
their dowries, and to their children he granted a
share of the property, thus putting Sulla's cruelty
mightily to shame and gaining for himself a great
reputation not alone for bravery but also for good-
ness, although it is generally a difficult thing for the
same man to excel both in war and in peace. This
was a source of pride to him, as was also the fact
that he had restored again Carthage and Corinth.
301
DIGS ROMAN HISTORY
TToXXaii fiev yap /cat dWafi ep rfj 'IraAta kuI
6^(o TToXei? Ta^; fxev dvcpKoBofirjae, ra? Bk Kal
4 ifc Kaivrj'^ /carearrjcraTO' aWa rovro [xev koI
dWoi^ tktIv €7r€7rpaKT0, rrjv 3e St) KopivOov
TTjv re KapxvSova, TroXei? ap^aia^i Xafnrpa<i iirt-
a7]fiov<; airoXcoXvia^;, y ^ jiev airoiKla^ 'Vcofiaicov
€v6/jLi(T€V, aTTCpKiaev, y^ Be rot? a/)^atOi9 ovofiacnv
5 eTL/jL7](T€V, aireBwKev rfj /jLvrj/j-rj rSiV ivoLKTjadvTcov
TTore avTd<;, jj/rjBev hid rrjv eiceivayv €')(6pav rot?
')(<t)pLoi<^ rol^i /jLTjBiv crcpa^; dSiK^ja-aon /jLvr]<TCKaKt')-
Kal al fM€V, coairep djia irporepov KaOojpeOrfaav,
ovTO) fcal Tore ajxa dve^tcoaKovro koX efxeXXov koi
1 av6i<i avdrjaeiV' irpdrTOvro^ Be avrov ravra eiri-
Ovfua re TTdai roL<; 'Vwiiaioif; u/jLOL(o<i earjXOe
TL/JLcopyjaai rw re J^pdaaay /cat tol<; (Tvv avrm
(fyOapecai, fcal eXirh rore, etirep rrore, tou? Tldp-
6ov^ Karaar pey^eadai? rov re odv iroXe/jLov rca
KalaapL o/jLoOv/jiaBov i'^Tjcptaavro, /cal rrjv irapa-
2 aKevrjv^ avrov iroXXrjv eTToiovvro. rd re <ydp
dXXa, Kol OTTO)? eKetv6<; re TrXeloaiv virrjperaL^
'^(^prjdOaL exiJi ^al rj ^ ttoX^? /a^t' dvev dp')(pvr(t)v ev
rfj dirovaia avrov yevrjrai p.rjr av Kad^ eavrrjv
aipov/xevr] -' rivd<; Graatdar), Bievoovvro fxev fcal 6?
rpia eri] avrov^ TrpOKaracrrrjaac (roaovrov yap
j^povou 7r/909 rrjv ar parelav XPV^^^^ eBoKovv) ov
3 fievroL Kal irdvra^ TrpoaTreBet^av. ypetro Be rw
fxev X6y(p ^ rov<; rj/jilaei*; 6 Katcra/?, ev v6fi(p tlvI
^ f] R. Steph., 7/ L.
^ Karaffrpii^^aQai Bs,, KaTaarpex^aaOai L.
•^ irapaaKCv^v Rk., KaTa<TK(v^v L. "* ^ Rk., ^ T€ L.
^ alpovfXfVT) R. Steph., alpovfiivTjs L.
" Se T^ fj.€V \6y(f} Bs. , fiep rwi \6ywi L.
302
HOOK XLIIl
To be sure, there were many otlier cities in and
outside of Italy which he had either rebuilt or
founded anew ; still, other men had done as much.
But in the case of Corinth and Carthage, those
ancient, brilliant, and distinguished cities which had
been laid in ruins, he not only colonized them, in
that he regarded them as colonies of the Romans,
but also restored them in memory of their former
inhabitants, in that he honoured them with their
ancient names ; for he bore no grudge, on account
of the hostility of those peoples, towards places that
had never harmed the Romans.
So these cities, even as they had once been de-
molished together, now began to revive together
and bade fair to flourish once more. But while
Caesar was thus engaged, a longing came over all
the Romans alike to avenge Crassus and those who
had perished with him, and they felt some hope
of subjugating the Parthians then, if ever. They
unanimously voted the command of the war to Caesar,
and made ample provision for it. Among other de-
tails, they decided that he should have a generous
number of assistants, and also, in order that the city
should neither be without officials in his absence nor,
again, by attempting to choose some on its own re-
sponsibility, fall into strife, that the magistrates should
be appointed in advance for three years, this being
the length of time they thought necessary for the
campaign. Nevertheless, they did not designate them
all beforehand. Nominally Caesar chose half of them,
having a certain legal right to do this, but in reality
303
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
TovTO 7roL7)(Tdfjievo<;, epycp Be 7rdvra<;. Kal e? fiev
TO TTpCorov ero? rafxiaL recro-apd/covTa ir poe')(eipl-
aOrjcrav wairep koX irporepov, /cat dyopavofjuoi Tore
TTpcoTov Svo fxev Kal i^ evTrarpiScov, reacrape^; Se
€K Tov 7r\i]0ov<;, a)v ol hvo rr)v dirb t^9 di.r} fxrfT po<i
eTTifcXriorLV (f>epouacv, oirep irov koI e? roSe e^ eKei-
vov KaTahei')(6ev ip./jL€/ii€vr}K€. arparrjyol Be dire-
BeL)(^Or]aav fxev eKKaiBeKa' dX)C ov tovto ypdcpco
(Kal yap irpoadev eyeyoveaav) dXX' otl ^ Kal 6
IIovTrXio? o OvevTiBLo<i ^ ev avTol<^ 'ppe6r). outo?
yap TO fiev dp-^atov eK tov Ulk^vov, ayairep etpr]-
ral fjioi, r)V, dvTCTroXefirjaa^ Be rot? ^Pcofiaioi'^ oTe
ol <TV/jL/jLa^0L a(f)iaiv eTToXe/jLcodrjcrav, rjXco re viro
TOV UopLTTIJiOV TOV %Tpd^(OV0^ KOL iv TOL<i VIKTJ-
Tr)pioL<; avTov SeSe/^ez/o? eTTo/jLTrevcre, Kal yuera
TOVTO d^eOel^ €9 re to avveBpiov 'ypovw vaTepov
iveypd^y] Kal aTpaTr}yo<; totg vtto *^ tov K.aL(Tapo<;
d'n'eBei')(6'r), Kal e? ToaovTov ye Trpolcdv eTrrjv^ijOrj
ft)0"T€ Kal TOV? JJdpdov^; VLKrjcrai Kal einvLKia avTCOv
Tre/jL-^at. ol puev ovv t& 7rp(OTa> pueT eKelvo eTei dp^-
ovTe<^ 7rdvTe<^ irpoKaTeaTTjcrav, e? Be Br) to BevTepov
oi Te vTTaToi Kal ol Br)iiap')(pi jjlovol' toctovtov
eBerjcre Kal e? to TpiTov Tivd diToB€i)(Oy]vai. Kal
efieWe Kal auTO? BiKTdTcop ev djbL(f)OTepoL<^ avTol<;
dp^eiv, Tou? Te iTnrapxv^ovTa^i * dWov Te Ttva
Kal Tov^OKTdovLov, Kaiirep pLeipdKiov eTi Kal totg
ovTa, 7rpoe')(€LpLaaTO. e? Te to irapov, ev m TavT
eyiyveTo, viraTov Te dv& eavTov tov AoXo^eWav
dvTLKaTeaTrjcre,^ KaiTOi tov ^Avtcovlov irdvTa tov
^ aW on Bk. , ccAA' on &Woi re Rk., &w6i re L.
2 Ov^vtIBios R. Steph., ovevriALos L. ^ virh Rk., inl L.
"^ Tois Te I'rrnapxVfToi'Tas Leuncl., rod re lirirapxvo'O'i^TOS L.
^ aVTiKaTearrrjae R. Steph. , avTevareo'TTjcre L.
BOOK XLIII
he chose the whole number. For the first year, as b.c. 44
previously, forty quaestors were elected, and now
for the first time two patrician aediles as well as *^
four from the plebs. Of the latter two have their
title from Ceres,^ a custom which, then introduced,
has remained to the present day. And praetors
were appointed to the number of sixteen ; it is not
of this, however, that I would write, since there had
formerly been just as many, but of the fact that
among those chosen was Publius Ventidius. He
was originally from Picenum, as has been remarked,
and fought against Rome when her allies were at
war with her. He was captured by Pompeius Strabo,^
and marched in chains in that general's triumph.
Later he was released and subsequently was enrolled
in the senate, and now was appointed praetor by
Caesar ; and he went on advancing until he finally
conquered the Parthians and held a triumph over
them. All were thus appointed in advance who
were to hold office the first year after that, but
for the second year only the consuls and tribunes ;
so far were they from appointing anybody for the
third year. Caesar himself intended to be dic-
tator both years, and designated as masters of horse
another man and Octavius, though the latter was
at that time a mere lad. For the time being, while
this was going on, Caesar appointed Dolabella consul
in his own stead, leaving Antony to finish out his
^ The Aediles Cereales,
2 The father of Pompey the Great.
VOL. IV. X
DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
eviavTov ixeWovro<; ap^eiv Koi 7& Aeirihtp rijp re
TaXaTLav rrjv irepl ^dp^cova Kal Tr)v 'l^i^piav
Tr)v irXijaiox^^pov Tr/oocrra^a?, 8vo dvr avrov ^
€T€pov<;, Ihia ye eKarepov, iTrTTapxv^ctL iiroir)ae.
9 7roXXoi9 ycLp evepyeala^ "" 6(f)€L\(ov Sid re rcov
TOtovTcov aura? Kai Sid twv lepcoavvMV direSiSov,
€9 T€ Tou? irevreKaiSeKa eva koX e? tov<; iirrd av
KaXov jxevovi T/oet? 6Tepov<; Trpoo-airoSei^a^.
^ avrov St., avTwv L. '^ fvepyforlas Leuncl., evepyealay L.
306
HOOK XLIII
vear in ottice. To Lepidus he assigned Gallia Nar- b.c. 44
bonensis and Hither Spain, and appointed two men
masters of horse in his place, each to act separately.
For owing favours, as he did, to many persons, he
repaid them by such appointments as these and by
priesthoods, adding one man to the Quindecimviri,
and three others to the Septemviri, as they were
called.
307
X 2
BOOK XLIV
TaSe €ve(TTiv 4v t^ TCTTapaKoCTw Terapry ra>i' Aiwvos
'Poo/JLaiKOOV
a. Hepl rwv to5 KotVopt \pri(pi(rdeurct)V.
)8. Uepl TTJs iTTi^ovKijs rfjs 4v' avrhv avffTdarjs.
y. 'ris KaTaap i<T<pa.yr\.
S. 'Cis 56y/j.a eyev^ro fii) fivrj<TiKaKe7v auTovs a\A7)A.ots.
€. TIcpl Tj^s rod Kaiaapos racprjs Kal rov Kexd^vros iir' avrtf
\oyov.
XpSyov Tr\ri6os fiepos ti^ t^j 'lovXiov Kaiaapos SiKraropias ro e'
fxeTCL AlfxiAlov AeirlSov tmrdpxov Kol vnarcias rh e' juLera MoipKov
'Avrcovlov.
U fjuev ovv j\.aLaap rava ovrco^; C09 /cat evrt rou?
T[dp6ov<; (TTparevacov eirpa^ev, otaTpo<i Se Tiaiv
d\iri]pi(oB7]<i (f)06v(p re rov irpoy^KOVTo^;'^ koX /luaeL
Tov 7rpoT€Tt-fjb7]fievov (TcjiMv IT poaiT6(i(i)v €/cetv6v
T€ dv6/JL(o<; cLTTeKTeLve, Kaivov dvoaiov B6^7]<; ovofia
TTpoaXajSoov, fcal rd 'yjrrjcptaOivTa Siea/ciSacre,
2 crracrei? re avOc<; i^ ofjbovoia^; koI iroXefiov^
€jjL(f>vXiov(; Tot? 'T*co/jLaiOL(; Trapea/cevaaev eXeyov
fiev yap KaOaLpirai re rov J^alcrapo^ koX eXev-
Oepcoral rov hyjfxov yeyovevai, ro he dXr)0€<; ifceivo)
re d(je^o)<i erre^ovXevaav koX rrjv ttoXlv 6pOa)<;
^ fx^pos ri Bs., /xexpi L.
'^ irpoifKOVTOs Leuncl., irpoffiiKovTos L.
308
BOOK XLIV
The following is contained in the Forty-fourth of Dio's
Rome : —
About the decrees passed in honour of Caesar (chaps. 1-11).
About the conspiracy formed against him (chaps. 12-18).
How Caesar was murdered (chaps. 19-22).
How a decree was passed that the people should not bear
malice against one another (chaps. 23-34).
About the burial of Caesar and the oration delivered over
him (chaps. 35-53).
B.C.
44 Duration of time, a part of the fifth dictatorship of
Julius Caesar, held in company with Aemilius
Lepidus as master of the horse, and of his fifth
consulship, held with Mark Antony.
All this Caesar did as a preliminary step to his b.c. 44
campaign against the Parthians ; but a baleful frenigz-l^
which fell upon certain men through iealousy ^^of ] U ^^
hi s advancement and hatred of his preferment Xd )
t hemselves caused his death unlawfully, while it
added a new name to the annals of infamy ; it
scattered the decrees to the winds and brought
upon the Romans seditions and civil wars once more
after a state of harmony. His slayers, to be sure,
declared that they had s 
