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THE
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPOIVDEIVCE
AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
VOL. XI.
THE
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
OF THE
AMERICAN REVOLUTION;
' BEING
THE LETTERS OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, SILAS DEANE, JOHN
ADAMS, JOHN JAY, ARTHUR LEE, WILLIAM LEE, RALPH
IZARD, FRANCIS DANA, WILLIAM CARMICHAEL, HENRY
LAURENS, JOHN LAURENS, M. DE LAFAYETTE, M.
DUMAS, AND OTHERS, CONCERNING THE FOREIGN
RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DURING
THE WHOLE REVOLUTION;
TOQETHER WITH
THE LETTERS IN REPLY FROM THE SECRET COMMITTEE OF
CONGRESS, AND THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
THE ENTIRE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE FRENCH MINISTERS
GERARD AND LUZERNE, WITH CONGRESS.
Published undnr the Direct ion of the Prnsiilcnt of tlie United States, fro
the onginiil iManu«(:ri|ils in the Dopaitnienl uC Sl.ite, confiirmubly
to a Resolution ol" Congress, ol March SiTlh, 1816.
EDITED
BY JARED SPARKS.
VOL. XI.
BOSTON
NATHAN HALE AND GRAY & BOWEN ;
G. &; C. & fl. CAKVILL, NEW VOKK ; P. THOMPSON, WASHINGTON
1S30.
,M 11*'
Steam Power Press— W. L. Lewis' Print.
No. 6, Congress Street, Boston.
CONTENTS
OF THE
ELEVENTH VOLUME.
LUZERNE'S CORRESPONDENCE,
CONTINUED.
Page.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, Sep-
tember 10th, 1781, 3
Communicating the commission of M. Holker, as
Consul General of France.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, Sep-
tember 18th, 1781, 4
Desires the appointment of a committee, to whom he
may communicate his despatches.
Communications of the French Minister to Con-
gress. In Congress, September 21sf, 1781, - 4
Proposed mediation of the Imperial Courts. — The
French Court requires the establishing of some
preliminaries, as to the admission of an American
Minister to the proposed Congress, and the char-
acter in which England will treat the United
States. — The British Court requires the submission
of its revolted subjects in America. — Necessity of
■" vigorous operations in America. — Mr Dana's mis-
sion to St Petersburg. — The accession of Mary-
land to the confederacy should be followed by
vigorous measures. — Mr Adams in Holland. — Aids
to America. — No further pecuniary assistance can
be furnished by the French Court.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, Sep-
tember 24th, 1781, 17
Transmitting the memorial of a Spanish subject.
Page.
Memorial of Don Francisco Rendon to the Minister
of France, ------ 17
Requesting the release of certain prisoners taken at
PensacoTa by the Spanish forces, and afterwards
captured by an American vessel.
Congress to the Minister of France. Philadelphia,
September 25ih, 1781, " . " " - 19
Relative to the preceding memorial.
From Congress to the King of France, - - 20
Returning thanks for aid.
The King of France to Congress, - - - 21
Birth of the Dauphin.
Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Phila-
delphia, October 24th, 1781, - - - 21
Announces his appointment to the Department of
Foreign AfFai»s.
To Robert R. Livingston, Secretary of Foreign
Aflairs. Philadelphia, October 25th, 1781, - 22
Expressing his pleasure at Mr Livingston's appoint-
ment.
Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office
of Foreign Affairs, November 2d, 1781, - 23
Conirress request permission to present to the
Count de Grasse two pieces of ordnance taken at
York.
To George Washington. Philadelphia, November
4th, 1781, 24
Acknowledging the receipt of certain papers.
To the Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Philadelphia,
November 4th, 1781, . - . - 25
Erection of a triumphal column at Yorktown.— The
United States are named before the King in the
resolutions.
Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office
of Foreign Affairs, November 6th, 1781, - 26
The order in which the United States and France
were named, was accidental.
Robert R. Livingston to the President of Congress.
Office of Foreign Affairs, November 6th, 17S1, 28
Proposes the giving Fiance the precedence in any
subsequent acts, where the two countries are
named.
Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office
of Foreign Affairs, November 21st, 1781, - 29
Complains of the proceedings of the Court of Ad-
miralty in the French islands.
CONTENTS. Vll
Page.
Heads of a verbal Communication made to the
Secretary of Foreign Affairs by the Minister of
France. In Congress, November 23d, 1781, 30
Satisfaction of the King with the appointment of
Ministers for negotiating a peace. — Refusal to
accede to the mediation, unless the Ameiican
Ministers were acknowledged. — Necessity of ex-
ertion in America to compel Britain to a peace.
The Answer of his ftlost Christian Majesty to the Ar-
ticles proposed by the two Mediating Courts, 33
The Answer of the Court of London to the Prelitn-
inary Articles proposed by the Mediating Courts, 40
The verbal Answer of the King of Great Britain to
the verbal Observations made by the Count de
Belgiojoso, Austrian Ambassador in London, 43
Reply of the Mediators to the Belligerent Powers, 45
Answer of the Court of France to the Reply of the
Mediators, - 48
To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, Novem-
ber 23d, 1781, ------ 51
Congress to the King of France, - - - 51
Congratulations on the successes of the French
arms in America. — Services of de Grasse, de Ro-
chambeau, and de Lafayette.
To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, Decem-
ber Uth, 1781, 53
Enclosing papers.
To Count du Durat, Governor of Grenada. Phila-
delphia, December 11th, 1781, - - - 54
Relative to an English ship carried into Grenada by
American sailors.
Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office
of Foreign Affairs, December 21st, 1781, - 55
Relative to captures.
Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office
of Foreign Affairs, January 19th, 1782, - 55
Enclosing suspicious letters of Mr Deane.
To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, January
20th, 1782, 56
Complains of the process in Massachusetts in regard
to effects libelled.
Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office
of Foreign Affiiirs, January 24th, 1782, - 57
Communicating certain resolutions.
VUl CONTENTS.
Fage.
To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelpliia, January
25th, 1782, - 57
Thanking him for the preceding.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, Jan-
uary 28th, 1782, 58
Propriety of instructing Mr Franklin, in relation to
the acts necessary to bind the United States in
their engagements with France on account of the
loan raised in Holland.
The Secretary of Foreign Affairs to the President
of Congress. Philadelphia, January 29th, 1782, 59
Communicating extracts fram letters of Count de
Vergenne.s to the French Minister, expressing the
desire of France to procure the most advantageous
terms for America. — Indisposition of Great Britain
to a peace. — Neither Holland nor Russia are dis-
posed to an alliance witli the United States. —
France cannot furnish additional supplies.
Count de Vergennes lo Robert R. Livingston.
Versailles, January 31st, 1782, - - - 62
On his appointment to the Department of Foreign
Affairs.
To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, February
1st, 1782, C2
Instructions to Dr Franklin. In Congress, Febru-
ary 5ih, 1782, 63
Empowering him to enter into engagements on the
part of the United States to discharge the loan
raised in Holland.
Resolves of Congress respecting the Communica-
tions made by the Minister of France. In Con-
gress, February 8th, 1782, - - - - 64
Urging the necessity of further supplies from
France. — Empowering Dr Franklin to raise a loan
of twelve millions of livres.
To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, February
18th, 1782, 66
Requesting the revision of a sentence of condemna-
tion against certain prizes.
The Marquis de Bouille to M. de la Luzerne.
Widiout date, ------ 67
Relative to the recapture of neutral ships tiading to
Dominica by American privateers.
Memorial of the Council of Dominica, - - 69
Same subject.
CONTENTS. IX
Page.
Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office
of Foreign Affairs, February 20tli, 1782, - 71
Case of the capture of the neutral ships trading to
Dominica.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, March
8th, 1782, 73
M. de Marbois will remain as Chargi d'affaires
during his absence.
To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, April 7th,
1782, - 73
Requesting the settlement of the accounts of Baron
de Kalb and others.
To George Washington. Philadelphia, April 13th,
1782, 74
Warlike appearances in Europe. — Want of prepara-
tion in America. — Requests information of tiie
strength of his forces.
Count de Rochambeau to M. de la Luzerne. Wil-
liamsburgh, April 16th, 1782, - - - 77
Plans and operations of the enemy.
To George Washington. Philadelphia, April 18th,
1782, 78
Recommending Count Beniowsky.
George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. New-
burgh, April 28th, 1782, -. - - - 79
Statement of his forces. — Enemy's force.
Communication of the French Minister to the Sec-
retary of Foreign Affairs. In Congress, May
1st, 1782, ------ 84
Representing the necessity of vigorous exertion. —
The English intend to push operations with vigor.
Decree of the King's Council in France, - - 85
Relative to the exportation of merchandise taken
from prizes
To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, May 7th,
1782, _ - - - - - - - 87
Appointment of M. d'Annemours, as French Consul
for the five Southern Slates.
Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office
of Foreign Affairs, May 8th, 1782, - - 87
Accounts of Baron de Kalb and otliers.
To Robert R, Livingston. Philadelphia, May 9th,
1782, - - 88
Applications of bearers of loan certificates for the re-
payment of their capital, or the payment of the
interest.
VOL. XI. B
93
X CONTENTS.
Page.
Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office
of Foreign Affairs, May 9th, 1782, - - 89
Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office
of Foreign Affairs, May 12th, 1782, - - 89
The address of Congress is, Gentlemen of the Con-
gress.
To George Washington. Philadelphia, May 17th,
1782, - 90
Reported actions in the West Indies.
Congress to the King of France, - - - 90
Congratulations on the birth of the Dauphin.
To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, May 25th,
1782, - - 92
Requests the execution of certain resolutions of
Congress in relation to Baron de Hokendorft'.
Verbal Communication of the French Minister to
the Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Li Congress,
May 28th, 1782,
Attempts by the English to effect a partial peace with
America and with France.— The French Court re-
fuse to treat separately. — Vigorous preparations
necessary to secure a peace.
George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Head
Quarters, June 5th, 1782, _ - - - 9G
Enclosing the congratulations of the army, and
offering his own on the birth of the Dauphin.
Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office
of Foreign Affairs, June 7lh, 1782, - - 97
Accounts of Baron de Kalb, Baron de Holzendorff
and others.
Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office
of FoTeign Affairs, June 9th, 1782, - - 98
Answer to tlie applications of holders of the loan
office certificates.
To George Washington, Commander in Chief, and
other Officers of the American Army, on Hud-
son's River. Philadelphia, June 10th, 1782, 98
Birth of the Dauphin.
Congress to the King of France, - - - 99
Condolence on the death of the Princess Sophia of
France.
To Count de Rochambeau. Philadelphia, June
14th, 1782, __.--_ 100
Movements of the English forces. — Plan of counter
operations.
CONTENTS. XI
Page.
George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Head
Quarters, Newburgh, June 24th, 1782, - 102
Impracticability of the plan of operations abovemen-
tioned.
To George Washington. Philadelphia, July 3d,
1782, 103
Flans of Count de Rochambeau. — Disposition of
Holland to form an alliance with America.
To George Washington. Philadelphia, July 8th,
1782, --__-.. 104
Inviting him to attend tlie rejoicings on the birth of
the Dauphin.
Count de Vergeunes to George Washington. Ver-
sailles, July 29th, 1782, - - - - 105
Interceding in favor of Captain Asgill.
Lady Asgill to Count de Vergennes. London, July
18th, 1782, ...--- 107
Imploring his interference on behalf of her son.
To George Washington. Philadelphia, August 5th,
1782, - . - - - . - 108
Requesting him to communicate with M. de Vau-
dreuil.
To George Washington. Philadelphia, August
14th, 1782, _-.--- no
Liberation of American prisoners in England. — In-
disposition of England to peace.
To the President of Congress. Pliiladelphia, Sep-
tember 1st, 1782, - - - - - 111
Relative to the America, presented by Congress to
the King of France.
To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, Septem-
ber 5th, 1782, - - - - - - 112
Enclosing the preceding.
Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office
of Foreign Affairs, September 12th, 1782, - 112
The Marquis de Vaudreuil to M. de la Luzerne.
. Boston, September 20th, 1782, - - - 113
Expressing his gratification at the offer of the
America.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, Sep-
tember 23d, 1782, - - -. - - 114
Desires the appointment of a committee with whom
he may communicate.
George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Head
Quarters, September 24th, 1782, - - - 114
The British meditate an attack on the squadron of
XU CONTENTS.
Page.
M. de Vaudreuil. — Has taken measures to coun-
teract their schemes.
CommLinicatioii of the French Muiister to a Com-
mittee of Congress. In Congress, September
24th, 1782, 115
The British Court indulge the idea of separating
France and America. — Congress should take
measures to destroy any hopes of such a result.
— It is desirable that the negotiations sliould be
conducted in Europe. — State of the negotiation. —
The French cabinet refuse to treat except in con-
junction with their allies.
To Robert K. Livingston. Pliiladolphia, Septem-
ber 2Ttb, 1782, - - - - - 123
Communicating a decree of the French Council,
relative to the fraudulent importation of English
goods into America.
To George Washington. Piiiladelphia, September
29th, 1782, 124
State of the negotiations for peace.
To George Washington. Philadelphia, October
1st, 1782, 124
Requesting him to facilitate the entrance of M.
Barbe into iNew York.
Report of a Committee of Congress on Communi-
cations made by the French Minister. In Con-
gress, October 3d, 1782, - - - - 125
Congress will listen to no propositions for a sepnrate
peace. — They rely on the support of France to their
demands in regard to boundaries, the fisheries, and
the navigation of the Mississippi. — Difficulties at-
tending any restitution of, or compensation for
confiscated property.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia,
October 16th, 1782, - - - - - 127
Desiring an interview with a committee of Con-
gress.
George Washington to the President of Congress.
Head Quarters, October 25th, 1782, - - 128
Receives the letters relative to Captain Asgill, and
transmits them to Congress.
To George Washington. Philadelphia, October
25th, 1782, ------ 128
Repayment of sums expended for French service.
George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Head
Quarters, October 25th, 1782, - - - 129
Case of Captain Asgill.
CONTENTS. XIU
Page.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, Oc-
tober 28th, 1782, - ~ - - - 130
Complains that the English fleet is supplied with
provisions by citizens of the United States.
Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office
of Foreign Affairs, October 30th, 1782, - 131
Case of the seizure of an American prize by the
French authorities at St Domingo.
To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, Novem-
ber 4th, 1782, - 133
Desires the passing of laws corresponding to the
thirteenth Article of the treaty of commerce.
To George Washington. Philadelphia, November
Gth, 1782, _--.-- 134
The enemy are supplied with provisions by Ameri-
cans.
To Count de Dillon, Governor of St Christopher's.
Philadelphia, November 8th, 1782, - - 135
Affair of the Ltetitia.
To Sir Guy Carleton. Philadelphia, November
9th, 1782, ---__- 135
Enclosing resolutions of Congress relative to Cap-
tain Asgill.
To Sir Guy Carleton. Philadelphia, November
9th, 1782, 137
Requesting him to permit the exchange of M. de la
Touche.
To George Washington. Piiiladelphia, November
12ih, 1782, 137
Apology for corresponding with General Carleton.
George Washington to Captain Asgill. Head
Quarters, November 13th, 1782, - - - 138
Enclosing the resolution of Congress relative to him.
George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Head
Quarters, November 13ih, 1782, - - - 139
Regrets that he is unable to prevent the supplying of
the enemy with provisions.
George Washington to Count de Vergenne.s. Head
Quarters, Newburgh, State of New York, No-
vember 21st, 1782, ----- 140
Affair of Captain Asgill.
Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office
of Foreign Affairs, November 26th, 1782, - 141
Mr Jefferson appointed Minister for negotiating
a peace.
XIV CONTENTS.
Page.
To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, Novem-
ber 29th, 1782, ------ 142
Expresses his satisfaction with Mr Jefferson's ap-
pointment.
To George Washington. Philadelphia, November
30th, 1782, - - - - - - 142
Relative to the supplj'ing the enemy with provision.
To Ro''3ert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, Decem-
ber 11th, 1782, - 143
To George Washington. Philadelphia, December
18th, 1782, _..--- 144
Enclosing a letter for his perusal.
To the Marquis de Vaudreuil. Philadelphia, De-
cember 18th, 1782, 144
The Danae aground in the Chesapeake.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, De-
cember 2Gth, 1782, - - . - . - - 145
Expressing his Majesty's gratification with the pro-
ceedings of Congress relative to the birth of the
Dauphin.
Substance of a verbal Communication from the
French Minister. Office of Foreign Affairs,
December 30th, 1782, - - - - 146
State of the neffotiations. — Lord Shelburne's policy
df'ceitful. — Proposed mediation.
To the President of Congress. December 31st,
1782, - 150
Satisfaction of the King with the conduct of Con-
gress, in regard to the overtures of the English in
Anierica, and the unanimity with which the States
determine not to treat separately.
Resolves of Congress on the Departure of the
French Army. In Congress, .January 1st, 1783, 152
Recommending the army to his Majesty's favoralile
notice. — Declaring their high sense of the merits
and services of the Count de Rochambeau.
To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, January
10th, 1783, ------ 154
The capitulations permitting exportations from the
islands captured by the French to British ports
will not be renewed.
To Robert Morris. Philadelnhia, March 15th,
1783, - - - - - - - 155
Loan of six millions procured by France for Amer-
ica.— Conditions of the loan. — It will be impossible
to furnish further supplies. — Necessity of establish-
ing a public revenue in the United States.
CONTENTS. XV
Page.
To George Washington. Philadelphia, March 15ih,
1783, - _ - - - - - - 158
Conclusion of preliminaries of peace. — Necessity of
continuing preparations with vigor to secure fa-
vorable terms definitively.
To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, March
18th, 1783, IGI
George Washington to.M. de la Luzerne. Head
Quarters, March 19th, 1783, - - - 161
Agrees that the articles of the treaty are so inconclu-
sive as 10 render a liostile attitude still necessary. —
Will endeavor to prevent the supplying of the
enemy with provisions.
Minutes of a verbal Communication from the Min-
ister of France. Office of Foreign Affairs,
March 22d, 1783, - - - - - 162
No essential difference exists between England and
France, but the latter will act only in conjunction
with her allies. — Jf military operations in America
should cease, and the war be continued elsewhere,
the United States may exclude the English from
intercourse with them.
George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Head
Quarters, March 29th, 1763, - - - 166
Congratulations on the peace.
To George Washington. Philadelphia, April 10th,
1783, - 167
The French troops in America will return immedi-
ately.
To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, April
29th, 1783, - - - - - - 167
Requests him to inform Congress of the intended
departure of the French forces.
George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Head
Quarters, May 13th, 1783, - - - - 168
Inviting him to be present at the rejoicings on ac-
count of peace.
To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, May
19th, 1783, ---_.. 1G9
Affair of Mr Durham. — Complaints against Commo-
dore Gillon.
Count de Vergennes to M. de Lafayette. Ver-
sailles, June 29th, 1783, - - - - 170
Definition of a Free Port.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, Sep-
tember 17th, 1783, - - - - - 170
Communicating the following letter, and requesting
XVI CONTENTS.
Page,
information as to the measures taken in regard to
the subject.
Count de Vergennes to M. de la Luzerne. Ver-
sailles, March 10th, 1783, - - - - 171
Circumstances under which the last loan was ob-
tained from France. — Contract made on the oc-
casion.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, No-
vember 2d, 1783, - - - _ _ 175
General peace. — Commercial arrangements.
To George Washington. Philadelphia, November
21st, 1783, - 176
His testimony in faror of the French officers.
— Conoratulations on the evacuation of New
York.
M. de Calonne to M. de Lafayette. Versailles,
January 9th, 1784, - - - - - 177
L'Orient, Bayonne, Dunkirk, and Marseilles, will be
declared free ports in favor of tlie Americans. —
The commercial intercourse of the two countries
will be favored by all possible facilities.
To the President of Congress. Annapolis, January
29th, 1784, 178
Requests to be informed what measures have been
taken by Congress relative to the contract for loans
made by Fiance.
To the President of Congress. Annapolis, January
30th, 1784, 179
Appointment of French Consuls in America.
To the President of Congress. Annapolis, Febru-
ary 18th, 1784, ISO
Accounts of M. de la Radicre.
To the President of Congress. Annapolis, April
6th, 1784, - - - - - - 180
Arrival of portraits of the King and Queen of France
for Congress.
To the President of Congress. Annapolis, April
9th, 1784, - 181
Requests to be informed what arrangements have
been made relative to the loans procured from
France.
Count de Vergennes to M. de la Luzerne. Ver-
sailles, December 24th, 1783, - - - 182
Free ports in France.
Congress to the King of France, - _ _ 183
Reception of the portraits of his Majesty and his
consort.
Page.
To the President of Congress. Office of Finance,
April 16th, 1784, 184
Enclosing letters of Lafayette on the commercial re-
lations of France and America. — Services of La-
fayette in that matter.
To the President of Congress. Annapohs, April
21st, 1784, 185
Intends to return to France. — Pleasure afforded by
his residence in the United States. — Leaves M. de
Marbois Charge cV Affaires.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, April
28th, 1784, 186
Claims of the heirs of Baron de Kalb. — Case of M.
de Fleury.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May
6th, 1784, ' - 189
Nomination of a Vice Consul at Charleston.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May
13th, 1784, . - - _ - _ 190
Expresses his regret on leaving America. — Case of
M. de Fleury and of the heirs of Baron de Kalb.
Congress to M. de la Luzerne. In Congress, May
17th, 1784, 191
Regretting his departure.
To John Jay, Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Paris,
(date uncertain) 1787 ? - - - - 193
Requesting him to present to Congress his letter of
recall from his intended mission to America.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON'S CORRESPONDENCE.
Organization of a Foreign Department. In Con-
gress, January 10th, 1781, - - - - 201
Appointment of a Secretary of Foreign Affairs. In
Congress, August 10th, 1781, - - - 203
Election of Mr Livingston.
To Major General Nathaniel Greene. Philadelphia,
October 20th, 1781, 203
Desires to open a correspondence with him. — Con-
gratulations on his successes.
To Governor George Clinton, of New York. Phil-
adelphia, October 22d, 1781, - _ _ 204
Congratulations on the capture of Cornwallis. — Re-
quests information.
VOL. XI. C
XVUl CONTENTS.
Page.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, Oc-
tober 29th, 1781, 205
Requests permission to examine the Secret Journals
and papers of Congress.
Circular to the Governors of the States. Philadel-
phia, November 12th, 1781, - - - 205
Requesting a return of the damage done by the Brit-
ish in the respective States.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, No-
vember 18th, 1781, '"- - - - - 207
Payment of the foreign Ministers. — Allowance for
different agents. — Atfair of Mr John Temple.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, No-
vember 25th, 1781, 209
Enclosing certain papers.
General Greene to Robert R. Livingston. Camp
Round O, South Carolina, December 13th,
1781, ..----- 210
State of aflFairs in the south.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, Janu-
ary 18th, 1782, 211
Mr Deane's letters.
To Governor Jonathan Trumbull of Connecticut.
Philadelphia, January 22d, 1782, - - - 212
Enclosing copies of Mr Ueane's letters, confirming
the charges against him. — Desires an account of
the damage done by tlie British in Connecticut.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, Janu-
ary 25th, 1782, - - - - - - 213
Proposing certain changes in the organization of his
department.
To Major General Greene. Office of Foreign
Affairs, Philadelphia, January 31st, 1782, - 217
Military operations in Europe. — State of the negoti-
ations.— important influence of success in America
on the same.
Circular X<etter to the Governors of the States.
Philadelphia, February 18th, 1782, - - 219
Transmitting resolutions of Congress, relative to
uniformity in the laws concerning foreigners, and to
boundaries of the respective States.
To Governor Rutlege of South Carolina. Office
of Foreign Affairs, Philadelphia, February 19th,
1782, 220
Desires to open a correspondence with him.
CONTENTS. XIX
Page.
Circular Letter to the Governors of the States.
Philadelphia, February 19th, 1782, - - 221
Results of the last campaign. — Present disposition
and means of England, Holland, Spain, and France.
— Necessity of exertion at home.^-Urges the
adoption of measures for raising regular supplies.
To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign
Affairs, February 21st,"l782, - - - 227
Recommends a rehearing of the cases of the Dutch
ship Resolution, and of the Flemish biigantine
Eeirsten, captured by American privateers, and
condemned by the American Courts.
Regulations for the Department of Foreign Affairs.
In Congress, February 22d, 1782, - - 230
To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign
Affairs, February 23d, 1782, - - - 234
Organization of his department.
To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign
Affairs, February 26th, 1782, - - - 235
Questions relative to the distribution of fhe prize
money from the prizes made by the Bon Homme
Richard.
To Robert Smhh, Commercial Agent at Havana.
Philadelphia, Febi-uary 26th, 1782, - - 237
Desires information relative to the Island of Cuba.
To Don Francisco Rendon. Philadelphia, Mai-ch
6th, 1782, ------ 238
Answer to questions relative to the military force ;
the resources of the United States ; the probable
extent of their commerce with Spain : means of
preventing an illicit commerce with the Spanish
Colonies ; Spain will be permitted to build and
arm ships in the United States.
To John Paul Jones. Philadelphia, April 17th,
1782, 241
Enclosing the protest of the commander of a Dutch
ship. — Requesting information as to the distribu-
tion of the prize money among the crew of his
squadron.
Thomas S. Lee to Robert R. Livingston. An-
napolis, in Council, April 19th, 1782, - - 242
Robert Morris to Robert R. Livingston. Office of
Finance, April 27th, 1782, - - - _ 243
Desires to be furnished with an account of the sala-
ries of the foreign Ministers.
CONTENTS.
Page.
Circular Letter to the Governors of the States.
Office of Foreign Affairs, Philadelphia, May 2d,
1782, 243
The British cabinet refuses to admit the interference
of the mediating powers between England and her
Colonies. — Attempts will be made to open negotia-
tions with the separate States. — Necessity of adopt-
ing decisive and vigorous measures to counteract
this policy. — Languidness on the part of the States.
To Robert Morris. Philadelphia, May 8th, 1782, 247
Salaries of Ministers.
To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign
Affairs, May 8th, 1782, - . - - - 247
Expenses of the foreign department. — Expenses of
the Ministers abroad. — Enclosing resolutions regu-
lating the allowance, &c. to the Ministers.
Charles Thomson to Robert R. Livingston. May
9th, 1782, - 252
Places assigned to the Heads of Departments in
Congress, on occasion of a public audience of the
French Minister.
To the Commander in Chief, and Major General
Greene. Philadelphia, May 13th, 1782, - 253
Intelligence of the birth of the Dauphin.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May
13th, 1782, 253
Proposing an expression of the inviolable attach-
ment of the United States to the alliance with
France.
Office of Foreign Affairs, May 13th, 1782, - 254
Resolution above referred to.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May
15th, 1782, 255
Proposing a resolution, granting Mr Jay permission
to leave Madrid for France or Holland, if he
thinks proper.
Office of Foreign Affairs, May 1 5th, 1782, - 255
Resolution above mentioned.
To Richard Harrison of Cadiz. Philadelphia,
May 2 1st, 1782, - - - - - 256
Professions of kindness from the British commander
treated with distrust in America.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May
2lst, 1782, 257
Enclosing drafts of letters to Mr Dana.
George Washington to Robert R. Livingston. Head
Quarters, May 22d, 1782, - - . - 257
Preparations to celebrate the birth of the Dauphin.
CONTENTS. XXi
Page.
Governor Trumbull to Robert R. Livingston. Hart-
ford, May 23d, 1782, 258
Enclosing copies of letters to Mr Deane.
To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign
Affairs, June 5th, 1782, - - - - 258
To Robert Morris. Office of Foreign Affairs, June
6th, 1782, - 259
Requesting information relative to interest due on
Loan Office certificates.
To Robert Morris. Office of Foj-eign Affairs, June
6th, 1782, --__.. 259
Robert Morris to Robert R. Livingston. Office of
Finance, June 7th, 1782, _ _ . . 260
Congress have applied to the States for a duty on
imports, to pay tlie debt.
To Governor Trumbull. Office of Foreign Affairs,
June 12th, 1782, - . _ - _ 260
Mr Deane.
Governor Greene to Robert R. Livingston. New-
port, June 15th, 1782, - - - - 261
Enclosing a letter of congratulation on the birth of
the Dauphin.
Robert Mori is to Robert R. Livingston. Office of
Finance, June 20th, 1782, - - _ _ 262
Requesting him to make estimates of the expense of
his department.
Robert Morris to Robert R. Livingston. Office of
Finance, June 20th, 1782, - - - _ 262
Persons having claims on the United States must
account with vouchers.
The Governor of North Carolina to Robert R. Liv-
ingston. North Carolina, June 24th, 1782, 263
Military preparations of the State.— The State
records being dispersed, is unable to furnish an
estimate of the damages done by the British. —
Transmits a map, showing the boundaries of the
State.
To the Minister of France. Philadelphia, July 3d,
1782, - - - - - - _ 264
Transmitting the letter of congratulation on the birth
of the Dauphin, from the authorities of Rhode
Island.
To William Lee, at Brussels. Philadelphia, July
ISth, 1782, .265
Dr Franklin is directed to discharge his demands.
XXU CONTENTS.
Page.
Governor Martin to Robert R. Livingston. North
Carolina, August 20th, 1782, - - - 265
Disposition of North Carolina towards the enemy. —
No overtures will be listened to by that State.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, Au-
gust 23d, 1782, - 267
Accounts of the Ministers.
To William Moore, President of the Council of
Pennsylvania. Office of Foreign Affairs, Sep-
tember 8th, 1782, - - - - - 268
Urging the passing of laws conformable to the treaty
of commerce and amity with France.
To Governor Weare, of New Hampshire. Office
of Foreign Affairs, September 9th, 1782, - 269
Case of Mr Mc Clintock.
To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign
Affairs, September 9th; 1782, - - - 270
Requests leave of absence.
To Governor Martin, of North Carolina. Office of
Foreign Affairs, September 9th, 1782, - - 270
Requests that further documents relative to the
boundaries of North Carolina may be transmitted.
To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign
Affairs, September 11th, 1782, - - - 271
M. Dumas. — Mr Adams's accounts. — Mr Deane's
accounts.
To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign
Affairs, September 12th, 1782, - - - 273
Enclosing papers.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, Sep-
tember 12th, 1782, 274
Services of M. Dumas.— Objections to appointing
him Charge. dJiffaires.
To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign
Affairs, September 12th, 1782, - - - 275
Resignation of Mr Laurens. — His salary continued. —
False account of his conduct in England.
Circular to the Governors of the States. Office of
Foreign Affairs, September 12th, 1782, - 276
Enclosing a resolution of Congress. — Complains that
former resolutions have not been complied with.
Circular to the Governors of the States. Office of
Foreign Affairs. September 15th, 1782, - 277
Reception of Mr Adams by the States-General.
CONTENTS. XXni
Page.
General Greene to Robert R. Livingston. Head
Quarters, October 2d, 1782, - - - 278
Celebration of the birth of the Dauphin.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, Oc-
tober 29th, 1782, 279
Recommending Mr Harrison to the notice of Con-
gress.
To Thomas Jefferson. Philadelphia, November
13th, 1782, 280
Transmitting his appointment as Minister Plenipo-
tentiary for negotiating a peace.
To Governor Matthews, of South Carolina. Phila-
delphia, November 20th, 1782, - - - 280
Requests information relative to debts contracted by
Mr Gillon on behalf of South Carolina.
To Thomas Barclay. Philadelphia, November
26th, 1782, - 281
Transmitting his appointment as Commissioner for
adjusting the accounts of Congress in Europe.
Thomas Jefferson to Robert R. Livingston. Ches-
terfield, November 26th, 1782, - - - 281
Accepting his appointment as Minister.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, De-
cember 2d, 1782, 282
Offers his resignation. — Inadequacy of the allowance.
To Richard Harrison. Philadelphia, December
5th, 1782, ------ 284
State of military affairs in America.
To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign
Affiiirs, December 9tb, 1782, - _ _ 285
The Count de Rochambeau orders liis troops to em-
bark for the West Indies. — Forces remaining.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, De-
cember 16th, 1782, - - - - - 286
Extracts from a letter of Mr Jay relative to the
Western boundary.
General Greene to Robert R. Livingston. Head
Quarters, South Carolina, December 19th, 1782, 287
Evacuation of Charleston.
To the Committee of Congress appointed to repair
to Rhode Island. Philadelphia, December 20th,
1782, ,---.-._ 287
Improbable that any further supplies will be furnished
by France. — Nothing is to be expected from Spain.
XXIV CONTENTS,
Page.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, De-
cember 22d, 1782, 288
Conclusion of the treaty of commerce with Holland.
Governor Martin to Robert R. Livingston. North
Carolina, December 23d, 1782, - - - 289
Is unable to transmit an account of the damages
done by the British, without an Act of the As-
sembly.
Circular to the Governors of the States. Philadel-
phia, December 23d, 1782, - - - 290
Enclosing a copy of Mr Oswald's commission to treat
with the United States.
To William Greene, Governor of Rhode Island.
Philadelphia, January 4th, 1783, - - - 291
Foreign loans and grants since 1779. — Spain. — Por-
tugal.— Holland. — France.
Thomas Jefferson to Robert R. Livingston. Bal-
timore, February 7th, 1783, - - - 297
Prevented from sailing by English cruisers.
Thomas Jefferson to M. de la Luzerne. Balti-
more, February 7th, 1783, - - - - 298
Is unwillino- to expose the French frigate offered to
convey him, on his account.
To General Greene. Philadelphia, February 14th,
1783, ..---.- 299
Importance of the evacuation of Charleston. — Pros-
pect of peace on favorable terms.
To Thomas Jefferson. Philadelphia, February
14th, 1783, - 300
Enclosing a resolution of Congress.
To Thomas Jefferson. Philadelphia, February
18th, 1783, - - - - - - 301
Congress will be unwilling to lose his services, if the
negotiations are not concluded.
To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign
Affairs, February 18th, 1783, - - - 302
Enclosing letters from Mr Jefferson and Mr Lee.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, Feb-
ruary 26th, 1783, 303
Inexpediency of keeping Mr Dana at St Petersburg.
To George Washington. Philadelphia, February
26th, 1783, - - - - - - 304
Great Britain appears disposed to peace. — State of
the negotiations.
To George Washington. Philadelphia, March
12th, 1783, 305
Signing of the Preliminary Articles. — Mr Oswald
CONTENTS. XXV
Page,
proposes that the British forces in America be per-
mitted to embark for West Florida without moles-
tation.
To General Greene, Philadelphia, March 12th,
1783, - - 307
Signing of the preliminaries. — Remaining obstacles
in the way of a definitive treaty.
To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign
Affairs, March 13th, 1783, - - - - 309
Probability of an expedition against West Florida.
To the Pi-e.sident of Congress. Office of Foreign
Affairs, March 18th, 1783, - - - - 309
Appearances of distrust of France in the signing of
the preliminaries, and the insertion of the Separate
Article. — Evils which may arise from these meas-
ures.— Proposes that Congress adopt resolutions,
directing the communication of the article to the
French Minister, and declaring the preliminaries
are not to take efl'ect until peace is signed between
France and Great Britain.
Circular to the Governors of the States. Philadel-
phia, March 18th, 1783, - - - _ 315
Forwarding a copy of the preliminary treaty. — The
conclusion of the definitive treaty is yet uncertain.
— Warlike preparations are continued by France
and England. — Desires that an account of the dam-
age done by the enemy may be transmitted to him.
To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign
Affairs, Philadelphia, March 21st, 1783, - 317
Enclosing a letter from Mr Barclay.
To George Washington. Pliiladelphia, March
24th, 1783, - 318
Intelligence of a general peace.
To Sir Guy Carleton. Philadelphia, March 24th,
1783, ---._.. 319
The French cruisers are recalled. — Expresses a wish
that measures may be taken by the English com-
manders to discontinue hostilities.
To Rear Admiral Digby. Office of Foreign
Affairs, Philadelphia, March 24th, 1783, - 320
Desiring that measures may be concerted for the
cessation of hostilities.
Sir Guy Carleton to Robert R. Livingston. New
York, March 26th, 1783, - - - - 321
Does not feel authorised to order a cessation of
hostilities without official communication. — Pre-
sumes that Congress will immediately release
prisoners of war.
VOL. XI. D
XXVI CONTENTS.
Page.
Admiral Digby to Robert R. Livingston. New
York, Marcb 27th, 1783, - - - - 322
Cannot withdraw his cruisers until the reception of
official accounts-
To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign
Affair.",, March 28th, 1783, - - - - 323
Moneys remaining in his hand.
To Thomas Jefferson. Philadelphia, April 4th, 1783, 324
His departure is rendered unnecessary by the peace.
William Paca to Robert R. Livingston. In Coun-
cil, Annapolis, April 4th, 1783, - - - 324
Measures taken to ascertain the damages done by
the British.
Sir Guy Carleton to Robert R. Livingston. New
York, April 6th, 1783, - - - - 325
Receives official information of the conclusion of
peace. — Liberation of prisoners. — Restitution of.
confiscated estates.
Admiral Dighy to Robert R. Livingston. Lion,
offNew York, April 6th, 1783, - - - 327
Recall of British cruisers.
To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign
Affairs, April 10th, 1783, - - - - 327
Communicating tlie preceding letters.— Doubts as to
the time of the cessation of hostilities.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, April
10th, 1783, ------ 328
Encloses a draft of a Proclamation for the suspension
of hostilities.
To Gen. Greene. Philadelphia, April 12th, 1783, 329
Communicating the Proclamation of the suspension
of hostilities.
To Sir Guy Carleton. Philadelphia, April 12th,
1783, -"•----- 330
Cessation of hostilities.
To Rear Admiral Digby. Philadelphia, April
]2th, 1783, ----- _ 332
Recall of American cruisers. — Captures made subse-
quent to the 3d of March on the American coast.
To George Washington. Philadelphia, April 12th,
1783, - ''- - - - - - 333
Congratulations on the peace. — No time fixed for the
evacuation of New York.
Circular to the Governors of the States. Philadel-
phia, April 12lh, 1783, - - . _ 334
Congratulations on the peace.
CONTENTS.
Sir Guy Carleton to Robert "R. Livingston. New
York, April 14th, 1783, - - - - 335
Requests the appointment of an agent of Congress to
superintend the embarkations on the evacuation of
New York.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, April
21st, 1783, - - - - - - 335
Inexpediency of advancing the sums required by Mr
Dana, in case of a treaty with Russia.
George Washington to Robert R. Livin2;ston. Head
Quarters, April 22d, 1783, - ^ - - 336
Liberation of prisoners.
George Washington to Robert R. Livingston. Head
Quarters, May 13th, 1783, - - - - 337
Indecisive interview witli Sir Guy Carleton. — Dis-
inclined to give up Long Island.
To the Chairman of a Committee of Congress.
Philadelphia, May 19th, 1783, - - - 338
Desires to retire from his ofRce. — His expenses have
exceeded the salary.
To Joseph Nourse. Philadelphia, May 26th, 1783, 340
Account of the moneys received from Holland,
France, and Spain.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, June
2d, 1783, ------- 342
Transmitting a letter from M. Dumas.
ROBERT MORRIS'S CORRESPONDENCE.
Organization of the Finance Department. In Con-
gress, February 7tb, 1781, - - - - 347
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia,
March 13th, 1781, - - - - - .348
Objections to accepting tlie office of Superintendent
of Finance. — Conditions on which he will enter
the post.
Proceedings in Congress, _ _ _ _ 352
Resolutions empowering Mr Morris to appoint his
own assistants.
To a Committee of Congress. Date uncertain, 353
Powers necessary for conducting the affairs of his
department. — Officers that must be subject to his
control.
Proceedings in Congress, - _ _ _ 355
Relative to the appointment and removal of officers
by the Superintendent of Finance.
Page.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May
14th, 1781, ..---- 360
Causes which will delay his entering on the duties
of his office. — Requests that all past transactions
may be adjusted, and that all debts remaining due
may be funded.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May
17th, 1781, - - - - - - 364
Enclosing a plan for a National Bank.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May
23d, 1781, - - - - - - 3C4
Requests to be autiiorised to import specie at the risk
of Congress.
To Alexander Hamilton. Philadelphia, May 26ih,
1781, - 365
Reasons for the small capital of the bank.
To Major General Philip Schuyler. Philadelphia,
May 29th, 1781, 367
Requesting him to purchase flour. — Pledges himself
in his public and private capacity to advance the
money for the same.
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, June
4th, 1781, 370
The money granted by France has not been placed
to his order.
To B. Franklin. Philadelphia, June 8th, 1781, 370
The grant of France having been committed to his
disposition, he has made Le Couteulx & Co. his
bankers.
To Messrs Le Couteulx &. Co., Bankers in Paris.
Philadelphia, June 8th, 1781, - - - 372
Appointing them bankers for the United States.
To M. de la Luzeine, Minister of France. Phila-
delphia, June 8th, 1781, - - - - 373
Requesting him to order five hundred thousand
livres to be deposited with Le Couteulx & Co.
Circular respecting the National Bank. Philadel-
phia, June 1 Ith,^ 1781, - - - - .374
To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, June
21st, 1781, - - - - - - 376
Desires to be intrusted with th^ disposition of bills
deposited by Congress with the Pennsylvania bank.
To B. Franklin. Philadelphia, July 13th, 1781, 377
Efforts to restore the credit of the United States. —
Necessity of foreign aid. — Applications are di-
rected to be made to Spain. — Desires a loan of
fifteen millions from France to pay off the Loan
Office Certificates.
CONTENTS. XXIX
Page.
ToB. Franklin. Philadelphia, July 14th, 1781, 383
Requests him to converse with the Paris bankers on
tlie plan of the National Bank. — The bank will
deal profitably in bills of exchange. — Intended in-
crease of the capital.
To the Governor of Havana. Philadelphia, July
17th, 1781, -...-- 384
State of the finances. — Plan of the National Bank. —
Solicits deposits from Spain. — Sends bills for this
purpose. — Sends a frigate to receive the sum
drawn for in specie.
To Robert Smith. Philadelphia, July 17th, 1781, 390
Directing him to use his efforts in favor of the bank. —
Sends a cargo of flour to be returned in specie. —
Bill of exchange on Messrs Le Couteulx & Co.
to be presented to the Governor of Havana.
To B. Franklin. Philadelphia, July 19th, 1781, 395
Supplies obtained by Colonel Laurens. — The pro-
posed new loan may be retained in France.
To B. Franklin. Philadelphia, July 21st, 1781, 396
Banking operations in regard to the Pennsylvania
emission of bills of credit. — Has been unable to
fulfil Dt Franklin's contract relative to supplies.
Circular to the Governors of the States. Philadel-
phia, July 25th, 1781, - - - - 400
The accounts of the United States with the States
will be liquidated as soon as possible. — Desires to
be informed of the revenue and financial operations
of the State.
B. Franklin to Robert Morris. Passy, July 26th,
1781, - - - - - - - 405
Expressing his satisfaction with Mr Morris's appoint-
ment.— Difficulties in the situation of a public officer.
B. Franklin to Robert Morris. Passy, July 26th,
1781, - - - - "- - - 406
Disposition of the moneys raised in France.
To the Governors of several States. Philadelphia,
July 27th, 1781, - - - - - 408
Importance of a compliance with the recommendation
of Congress for laying an impost on imports. —
Answer to the objection, that commerce will not
bear the duty. — Error of the notion that the dut\'
should be carried to the account of the State where
levied. — The debt cannot be apportioned to the
States. — Hopes of the enemy from disunion.
To John Jay. Philadelphia, July 29th, 1781, 414
Enclosing the above letters to the Governor of
Havana and Mr Smith.
To the President of the Council of Pennsylvania.
Philadelphia, July 30th, 1781, - - - 415
XXX CONTENTS.
Page.
Financial operations of Pennsylvania. — Accounts
with the United States. — Mr Searle's mission to
Holland.
George Washington to Robert Morris. Head Quar-
ters, Dobbs's Ferry, August 2cl, 1781, - - 417
Plan of striking a blow in Virginia. — Wishes informa-
tion as to the probability of obtaining vessels and
provisions in the Chesapeake.
ToM.de la Luzerne. Pliiladelphia, Aug. 2d, 1781, 419
Fluctuations in the exchange between the United
States and France. — Efforts to raise and settle the
value of the bills. — The bills issued by the French
have disturbed his operations. — Offers to negotiate
their bills, or supply tlie French forces.
ToM.de la Luzerne. Philadelphia, Aug. 4th, 1781, 423
Rate of exchange. — Sum necessary to supply the
French army.
To tlie Governor of Massachusetts, Office of Fi-
nance, August 4th, 1781, _ . - _ 424
Desiring him to equip the America, and to fit the
Deane and Alliance for sea.
To the Governors of Delaware, Maryland, and
New Jersey. Philadelphia, August 4th, 1781, 425
Requesting them to comply with the demands of Mr
Gouverneur Morris during his absence.
To George Washington. Camp, Aug. 13th, 1781, 426
Impolicy of making large demands on the Stales. —
Proposing reforms in tlie army. — Proposing queries
on this subject.
George Washington to Robert Morris. Head Quar-
ters, Dobbs's" Ferry, August 17th, 1781, - 430
Provisions required for the expedition to Virginia. —
Necessary to give the troops one month's pay. —
Requires five hundred guineas for secret services.
To George Washington. Office of Finance, Au-
gust 22d, 1781, ------ 431
Difficulty of raising specie.
To the Governors of New Jersey and Delaware.
Office of Finance, August 22d, 1781, - - 432
Urging the furnishing of supplies.
To the Governor of Virginia. Office of Finance,
August 23d, 1781, -.-..." : "434
Preparations necessary in Virginia. — Desires in-
formation as to the amount of supplies which can
be furnished.
To Messrs Le Couteulx h Co. Office of Finance,
Philadelphia, August 26th, 1781, - - - 435
Bills drawn on them. — Funds deposited to meet the
drafts.
Page.
George Washington to Robert Morris. Cliatham,
August 27tii, 1781, - - - - - 436
Preparations for the expedition into Virginia. — De-
sires pay for the troops.
To Donaldson Yeates, Office of Finance, August
.2Sth, 1781, ..__-- 438
Directing him to engage vessels for the transporta-
tion of the expedition into Virginia.
To B. Franklin. Philadelphia, August 28th, 1781, 439
Drafts on Le Couteulx «fc Co. — Resignation of M.
Necker. — Arrival of Colonel Laurens. — Expe-
dition to Virginia.
To the President of Congress. August 28th, 178J, 442
Urges the settlement of the accounts of the States. —
A certain quota of the past expenses, except the
public debt, should be established for each State. —
Amount of the requisitions to March 1st, 1780. —
Manner of apportioning the sums. — Accounts since
March 18th, 1780. — Reasons for excepting the
public debt trom this apportionment. — Suggests
appropriations for the payment of the debt. — Man-
ner of liquidating accounts of holders of certifi-
cates, for articles taken in the public service.
To the Governor of Maryland. OlRce of Finance,
Philadelphia, August 28th, 1781, - - - 459
Urges supplies for the operations in Virginia.
Circular to the Governors of the States. Office of
Finance, September 4th, 1781, _ _ _ 462
Desiring the adoption of measures facilitating the
operations of the bank.
To the Count de Rochambeau. Office of Finance,
September 6th, 1781,- - - - - 464
Requesting the payment of money promised, to the
bearer.
To George Washington. Chester, Sept. 6th, 1781, 466
Promising a month's pay to General Lincoln's troops.
George Washington to Robert Morris. Head of
the Elk, September 6th, 1781,- - - - 467
Urging a supply of money for the troops.
George Washington to Robert Morris. Head of
the Elk, September 7th, 1781, - - - 467
The sum promised by Rochambeau insufficient.
To George Washington. Office of Finance, Sep-
tember 10th, 1781, - - - - - 468
Difficulty of advancing an additional sum of money.
B. Franklin to Robert Morris. Passy, September
12th, 1781, -.-... 4G9
Obtains the sum necessary to meet the payments
in Holland. — Cannot meet the new drafts.
XXXll CONTENTS.
Page.
To M. de ]a Luzerne. Office of Finance, Sep-
tember 20th, 1781, - - - - - 471
Wishes to be allowed further time for repaying the
sum advanced by the Count de Rochambeau.
To the Piesident of the Council of Pennsylvania.
Office of Finance, September 20th, 1781, - 472
Unable to promise any assistance.
To M. de la Luzerne. Office of Finance, Septem-
ber 25th, 1781, - - - - - - 473
Amount of bills drawn on Messrs Le Cbuteulx & Co.
— Rates of sale. — Necessities of the United States.
To the Speaker of the Assembly of Pennsylvania.
Office of Finance, September 28th, 1781, - 478
Accounts between Pennsylvania and the U. States.
To the Count de Rochambeau. Office of Finance,
October 1st, 1781, - - - - - 484
Reasons for not repaying the sum advanced by him.
To Major General Greene. Office of Finance,
October 3d, 1781, - - - - - 484
Inefficiency of the confederacy. — Funds in his hands.
To the Commissary General of Purchases. Office
of Finance, October 4th, 1781, - - - 48G
Virginia, Delaware, and Maryland, must furnish sup-
plies.
To Messrs Le Couteulx & Co. Office of Finance,
October 12th, 1781, - - - - - 487
Depositing money subject to his drafts.
To the Loan Officers of the States. Office of Fi-
nance, October 13th, 1781, - - - - 488
Requiring- preparations for settling their accounts
with the United States.
To the Governor of Virginia. Philadelphia, Octo-
ber 16th, 1781, - 489
Inadequacy of paper emissions and specific supplies.
— Necessity of a revenue in hard money.
To the President ot Congress. Office of Finance,
October ISth, 1781, - - - - - 490
Impolicy of settling private demands on Congress. —
Estimate of sums required for immediate service
Circular to the Governors of the several States.
Office of Finance, October 19th, 1781, - - 494
Too much reliance has been placed on foreign aid.
— Aid furnished by France. — Annual expense of
the war. — Necessity of a solid revenue. — Urges a
compliance with the requisitions of Congress.
To Major General Greene. Office of Finance,
November 2d, 1781, 502
Difficulty of procuring pecuniarv supplies.
THE
CORRESPONDENCE
OF
C. A. DE LA i;UZEK,NE ;
MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY FROM FRANCE
TO THE UNITED STATES.
CORRESPONDENCE
C. A. DE LA LUZERNE.
CORRESPONDENCE CONTINUED.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Translation.
Philadelphia, September 10th, 1781.
Sir,
The undersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of France,
has the honor of communicating to Congress the com-
mission of M. Holker, as Consul General of France, in
the States of Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and
Delaware. He requests Congress to pass an act, or four
different acts, in order to procure for this Consul the
exequatur in each of the States, to which his functions are
to extend.
LUZERNE.
4 LUZERNE.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Translation.
Philadelphia, September 18tb, 1781.
Sir,
The undersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of France,
has the honor of informing Congress, that he has received
despatches from his Court, containing important details
relative to the communications, which have taken place
between the belligerent and mediating powers. He
wishes that Congress woi>ld be pleased to appoint a com-
mittee, to whom he shall communicate them, and with
whom he shall confer upon the present state of affairs.
He has also received orders frotn his Court, relative
to the advances made on account of the Tliirteen States,
and concerning their finances ; he will have the honor
of communicating them to Congress through a com-
mittee.
LUZERNE.
COMMUNICATIONS OF THE FRENCH MINISTER TO
CONGRESS.
In Congress, September 21st, 1781.
The committee, to whom was referred the Memorial of
the Minister Plenipotentiary of France, dated th6 18th
instant, requesting a conference, report,
That they have this day held a conference with the
said Minister Plenipotentiary, and received the following
communications contained in sundry despatches from
Count de Vergennes, Minister for Foreign Affairs to his
Most Christian Majesty, viz.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 5
From a letter of the I9th of April. — That Count de
Vergennes had transmitted to the Minister the details
respecting the proposed mediation ef the Courts of Vi-
enna and Petersburg. The Minister observed, tliat this
had already been communicated to Congress through a
committee. He repealed, for our recollection, that the
acceptance on the part of France of the proposed me-
diation depended entirely, at that lime, on the concurrence
of the United States ; and that with respect to Spain, its
conduct would be determined by the dissolution of the
negotiation with Mr Cumberland. That the Court of
Spain had informed the Court of London, on the first
proposal of the mediation of the Imperial Courts, ihat as
a direct negotiation with the King of Great Britain
was opened through Mr Cumberland, a mediation was
unnecessary.
That affairs since that time had taken a different turn.
Mr Cumberland has been recalled ; and the Catholic
King, being now entirely at liberty, has accepted the me-
diation of the two Imperial Courts. That the King, our
ally, had done the same ; but that both Kings had de-
clared at the same time to the two mediators, that the
mediation could not possibly have any activity, without
previously establishing some fundamental preliminaries.
Of this observation the two mediating Cou);3" had already
felt the propriety. That France was then (viz. the 19th
of April) expecting the effect, which this communication
would produce on the Court of London. That the first
question proposed by France, related to the admission
of an American Plenipotentiary; and that the object of
the second was to know, upon what footing the King of
England intended to treat with the United States, The
5 LUZERNE.
Court of France, not knowing that the United States had
agreed to accept the mediation, again invite us to it.
The Minister here observed, that Congress would judge
by the questions proposed to the mediating powers, by the
King his master, of the principles, by which his Majesty
was actuated with respect to the United States. He as-
sured us, that his Majesty is invariably resolved to abide
by those principles, and will enter into no negotiation what-
ever before he shall receive a satisfactory solution of those
two questions. He added, that the French Ministry
trusted, that this conduct would more and more convince
the United States, and would cause them lo imitate the
example of the King, and to feel that their honor and their
interest call for their constant attachment, their friendship,
and unreserved confidence towards him.
The Count de Vergennes observes, that it is plain from
these circumstances, that the negotiation for peace will be
full of difficulties, and that it will probably be necessary,
in pretensions as well as proceedings, to be very cautious,
and to act so as to remove those difficulties, and every-
thing, which might increase the acrimony, to which the
English Plenipotentiaries may be naturally inclined.
From another letter of the same date. — That when
this letter was written, the Court had received informa-
tion of the sentiments of the Court of London with re-
spect to the United States. The Count de Vergennes
mentions, that in the act, by which the Court of London
accepts the mediation of Russia, and requests the me-
diation of the Emperor, she declares, that she is ready
to make peace, as soon as the league between France
and her revolted subjects shall be dissolved. That this
pretension had met from the Court of France the con-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCf). 7
tempt which it deserved. She on her part has declared,
that if this proposition contained the last determination of
England, it would be in vain to think of peace ; and she
has desired the English Ministry to give a positive answer
on the two questions above mentioned. That this declara-
tion had been exactly transmitted by the Court of Vienna
to that of London ; and the result of the answer made by
that Court to the Imperial Majesty is, ^Hhat in all points
to he agitated in a future Congress, England will behave
vnth great equity and condescension ; but the dependence
of her rebel subjects in America must be pre-established,
and that this matter must be left entirely to the care of
Great Britain.'^ That it is easily to be perceived, that
while things remain in this situation there can be no possi-
bility of a mediation or peace.
The Count de Vergenr.es remarks, that Congress will
be finally convinced, that it is only by arms and the most
vigorous exertions, that our independence can be extorted
from the Court of London, and not at all by negotiation
or persuasion. That the Court of France will transmit to
the Court of Vienna the sentiments of the King on the
British answer. That if these sentiments should be for-
warded to the Court of London without any commen-
tary, it is probable they would make but a slight impres-
sion ; but it may be hoped from the justice of his Impe-
rial Majesty, that they will be so supported by such reflec-
tions as to make a greater impression on the British Court;
altliough it is not to be expected, that the Austrian Court
will fully enter into the views of his Most Christian Maj-
esty, until the matter shall be more perfectly explained.
The Count, nevertheless, urges the necessity of sending
forward proper instructions and powers for the mediation-
g LUZERNE.
From a letter of the llth of May. — That the affair
of the mediatioH has made no progress; and that it is
very probable, that the mediators will not be soon ena-
bled to begin the negotiation. That the admission of an
American Plenipotentiary presents the greatest difficulties.
That the Count, however, will take every measure in his
power to have this admission decided in favor of the United
States, before the regulai; opening of the mediation. The
Count urges the Chevalier de la Luzerne to observe to
Congress, that the best manner of removing these obsta-
cles would be a decisive victory, gained by the United
States in the present campaign.
From a letter of the 27th of July. — Count de Vergennes
observes on an opinion, which prevailed in America, re-
specting the friendly disposition of the powers of Europe
towards the United Stales, that as yet, not one Court had
taken the least step, which manifests their disposition to-
wards the United States. Tiiat the Courts of Vienna
and Petersburg, having assumed the character of medi-
ators, cannot be too reserved. For by a different conduct
they would become obnoxious to one o:' other of the bel-
ligerent powers, and lose the important and glorious part,
with which they are intrusted. That it results from these
observations, that the United States ought to look upon
themselves as being still separated from all other powers;
and that they have but one professed friend, which is
France ; and that the United States ought to rely princi-
pally upon their own resources.
The Count de Vergennes observes, that he has talked
circumstantially with Mr Adams on these subjects, who
appeared to be satisfied with what had been done in favor
of his country. That he had communicated to Mr Adams
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. Q
the preliminary overtures made by the two Imperial
Courts, as well as the intended answer of his Most Chris-
tian Majesty. That the great or only difficulty concerns
America. That France will do all in her power to re-
move that obstacle, upon which depends the activity of
the mediation. That as soon as it shall be removed, or
proved to be insurmountable, proper instructions will be
forwarded to the Chevalier de la Luzerne, concerning the
conduct, which the state of "affairs will require from Con-
gress. That the Court of France had received, with
great satisfaction, information, that Congress were disposed
to trust their interest to the two mediating powers. The
Chevalier de la Luzerne is directed to inform Congress,
that no use shall be made of this disposition, in the present
state of affairs ; and that it shall be communicated only
when it can be done consistently with the dignity of the
United States.
From a letter of the I9th of April. — That Mr Dana
has communicated to Count de Vergennes his appointment,
and requested his advice concerning the conduct, which
circumstances demanded on his part. That it gave the
Count great pleasure to observe this proof of the confi-
dence, which Congress and their Ministers reposed in the
friendship and advice of his Court. That the Count in-
formed Mr Dana, that he would run the risk of exposing
his person, and the dignity of the United States, if he as-
sumed any character whatsoever in Russia, while the Em-
press had not acknowledged the independence of the
United States, and expected to act the part of a mediatrix,
which demanded the most perfect impartiality. That
Mr Dana felt the propriety of the observation ; and pro-
posed to the Count, that he should appear in Russia in
VOL. XI. 2
«b
10
LUZERNE.
the character of a common traveller, keep his commission
a secret, and avoid with the greatest care to speak of bus-
iness, unless requested so to do by the Russian Ministry.
That the Count fully approved of this prudent scheme ;
and apprized Mr Dana of all the difficulties he would
meet with. He had him recommended to the Marquis de
Verac, Envoy Extraordinary at the Court of Petersburg ;
and the Chevalier de la Luzerne is directed to assure
Congress, that the Marquis de Verac would do all in his
power for Mr Dana's best reception, and with pleasure
assist him with his counsels, as often as he should have
recourse to them. That the Marquis de Verac had com-
municated to the Russian Ministry the resoli-.iion of Con-
gress, concerning the principle of the declaration made
by the Empress of Russia to the belligerent powers.
That this Envoy informs the Count de Vergennes, that
the contents of this resolution had afforded great satis-
faction to Count Panin, Minister of Foreign Affairs, who
intended to submit it without delay to the perusal of the
Empress. That the Marquis de Verac did not doubt,
but that she would be pleased with the readiness of Con-
gress to adopt that principle ; and that correspondent
resolutions will have been taken respecting the navigation
of the neutrals.
From a letter of the 29ih of June. — That the acces-
sion of the Slate of Maryland to the general confederation,
in the opinion of the Court of France, presents very great
advantages ; among which is this, that Congress having
at last acquired that power, which the act of confederation
has assigned them, it is to be expected, that their orders
win be fully and exactly executed, and that thpy will take
advantage of the resources of their country, to give to
^
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. ] 1
American patriotism new energy. The Minister is directed
to inform Congress of the satisfaction the King has re-
ceived on that account, and to tell them at the same time,
that there is the most pressing necessity to take more ef-
fectual measures than heretofore to drive the British out
of this continent. It is thought needless to enter into de-
tails about the circumstances, which render this measure
necessary. The King entreats the United States, as his
friends, not to lose a .Tioraent in acting as vigorously as
possible against the common enemy. That Congress can-
not be particularly acquainted with the different burdens,
which France has upon her hands. She wishes to be in
a situation to continue as effectual assistance to tl e United
States as at this moment ; but future events may happen
in a manner different from what we may expect, though
nothing can change her unalterable resolution to support
the independence of her ally. Tiie Count de Vergennes
observes, that he shall not speak any more of the non
arrival of the second division, having reason to believe
from orders given to Count de Grasse, that the delay will
be judged of greater utility to the United Stales, than if
the annoimced reinforcement bad been sent in the time
expected. He -adds, that the Chevalier de la Luzerne
had been already informed of the causes, which had pre-
vented a compliance with the expectation, which he had
been authorised to give.
From a letter of the Wth of May. — That the Count
de Vergeimes had been informed by the Due de la
Vauguyori, Ambassador to the United Provinces, of the
intention of Mr Adams to display his character as a Min-
ister of the United States in Holland. That the Duke
gave him no assistance on that occasion, knowing the ap-
12
LUZERNE.
plication would have no favorable issue. The Chevalier
de la Luzerne is directed to inform confidentially a com-
mittee, or Congress themselves, of these circumstances,
in order, that they may transmit to their said Minister
Plenipotentiary such instructions as they may think proper.
France is too much interested in the fate of the United
States not to give them such counsels as would have for a
principal object their advantage and their dignity.
At a second conference, on the 24th of September, the
following additional communications were made by the
French Minister to the committee.
From a letter of the I9th of April, 1781.— That Count
de Vergennes remarks, that on the application of Chev-
alier de la Luzerne, and his representation of the distresses
of the United States, measures had been taken for our
aid when Colonel Laurens arrived. That it being impos-
sible for the King to comply with all Colonel Laurens's
demands, he took the resolution to offer his guarantee for
ten millions of livres tournois, to be borrowed in Holland,
for account of the United States. That the King was
sensible of the wants and distresses of Congress, and
wished to relieve them ; but that it ought to be considered;
that the French squadron and troops are in America for
our immediate assistance. That Count de Grasse's ex-
pedition to America will occasion great expense; and that
all those things collected together, would go far beyond
even the expectation of Congress. That the most essen-
tial manner of showing the gratitude of the United States
would be, by making all the exertions in their power, to
co-operate in a gl rious and effectual mainer with the
King's forces for their own speedy deliverance.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 13
The Count de Vergennes observes, that a part of the
six millions of livres would be employed in purchasing
the different articles, contained in a list delivered by Mr
Laurens. That three millions would be given by instal-
ments to Dr Franklin, for the payment of bills of exchange
drawn by Congress. That a fourth million would be re-
served for unforeseen emergencies, and particularly to pay
for the supplies embarked in the ship Lafayette. That
Count de Vergennes had been Dr Franklin's security for
a part of those supplies, amounting to four hundred and
seventeen thousand livres. That he is unacquainted with
the measures, which had been taken to effectuate the loan
of ten millions in Holland, that affair being in the province
of M. Necker, who probably would settle that matter with
Mr Laurens, or with Mr Adams, who at that time was
still in Holland to fill up a loan of a million florins, which
he had opened several months before.
From a letter of the Wth of May. — That Count de
Vergennes informs the Chevalier de la Luzerne, that or-
ders had been given by the King to have the loan of
ten millions, on account of the United States, negotiated ;
that the Due de la Vauguyon had received orders to
propose it to the States of Holland, but met with insu-
perable ditficulties, not only because the United States
had no credit in Holland, but also because that Province
was afraid of exposing itself; and that indeed granting
a loan to the United States would be the same thing as
countenancing their independence, which would be con-
trary to the obligations entered into by the republic with
the neutral powers ; that in order to remove this difficulty,
the King had presented himself as a principal borrower,
and as being alone accountable for the sums, which were
to be furnished.
14 LUZERNE.
The Count adds, that he thinks these proceedings need
no comnnentary ; and that a mere exposition of them will
be sufficient to excite the gratitude of the United States,
and to engage them at last to make ail the exertions ia
their power. The Count flatters himself, that the meas-
ures, which have been taken by his Court, will enable
Congress to put their finances in the best order. That the
Chevalier de la Luzerne had often written to him, that
the most certain way to effectuate so happy an event
would be, to put Congress for a while out of their dis-
tressing situation, and to enable them, by an external re-
lief, to take internal measures without precipitation, and
wit!) solidity. That these considerations determined the
King ; and that from affection he has done more for his
ally than mere prudence would, perhaps, have suggested
to him. That the Council of the King have no doubt
but this resolution will be productive of the good effects,
which the Chevalier de la Luzerne had announced. The
Count exhorts Congress to take hold of the present cir-
cumstances for the common advantage. He thinks it his
duty freely and openly to declare, that the moment is
come not to spend the time in expectation, deliberation,
and useless exhortations ; that though he would wish to
avoid every disagreeable intimation, friendship and com-
mon interest oblige France to speak without reserve, and
with perfect sincerity. That the King has done on (his
occasion what he can do no more ; that Congress, if well
informed of the situation of his Majesty's affairs, would
be sensible that an exertion like the present caimot be
repeated ; and that the Court would feel the deepest con-
cern, if it was under the disagreeable but indispensable
necessity of refusing the demands of an ally, whose cause
is now become its own.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 15
From a letter of the I4th of May. — That Count de
Vergennes observes, that Colonel Laurens had taken leave
of the King, and that he ought to be satisfied with the suc-
cess of l)is nnission, although he had not obtained all that
he demanded. That the Court of France hopes these
denriands will not be renewed ; for how disagreeable soever
to refuse allies whom the King sincerely loves, necessity
would oblige him to reject pecuniary detnands of any kind
whatsoever.
From a letter of the 27th of July. — That the Cheva-
lier de la Luzerne observed, that in March last he inform-
ed Congress, that the Court no longer pay the bills drawn
upon France ; upon which declaration he believes Con--
gress stopped all drafts on Dr Franklin. That he informed
the Court of that resolution of Congress. The Court in
the meantime had resolved to grant a subsidy of six mil-
lions, to be employed in purchasing arms, ammunition, and
clothing, to be sent from France to the United States ; and
the remainder of the sum to be employed in paying the
drafts of Congress, or of any person they might appoint.
Mr Morris being appointed Superintendent, the Minister
according to his instructions authorised him to draw for half
a million of livres, and informed M. Necker of this meas-
ure ; accordingly funds were prepared for a regular pay-
ment. The Chevalier de la Luzerne had agreed with the
Superintendent, that he might draw in the whole for a
million and a half, including the half million above men-
tioned ; of all which he had informed Count de Vergennes.
Colonel Laurens being in the meanwhile arrived in
France, it was found from iiis representation, that the
mode of drawing was prejudicial to Congress, and that
if the specie was imported, there would be no loss; and
16 LUZERNE.
it was agreed, that he should bring over two millions and
a half, out of the six millions, in specie. In consequence
of this measure, Count de Vergennes acquaints the Chev-
alier de la Luzerne, that he hopes the Superintendent will
not have drawn more than the before mentioned half mil-
lion of livres. He wishes it the more earnestly, as bills
for a greater sum would embarrass the finances of France
in a great degree, the goods delivered to Colonel Laurens
exceeding already the sum remaining out of the six mil-
lions, and the goods taken on board the Marquis de La-
fayette being not yet replaced.
For a fuller explanation, the Chevalier de la Luzerne
communicated to the Committee an account of the sums
already furnished, and to be furnished from this time to
the end of the present year for the service of the United
States. That he had orders to take hold of this oppor-
tunity to repeat to Congress, that the King for the next
year cannot continue any supplies to the United States,
even of a much less nature. That it is time for them to
relieve his Majesty from the heavy burdens in a war, which
he had undertaken and carries on for their sakes. That
the Count de Vergennes expects, that Congress will not
have drawn more bills of any kind after the 1st day of
April last ; that firmly relying on this, he had engaged the
King to procure the necessary sums to answer the bills
drawn before that period, and desired Dr Franklin to ac-
cept no more, if he had no other means of paying them j
that this resolution could not be altered by any circum-
stances whatever.
The Count de Vergennes proceeds to state, how far
the abuse of the King's benevolence had been carried, he
supposes against the will and instructions and without the
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. [-^
knowledge of Congress. That the bills drawn upon Mr
Jay, Mr Adams, and Mr Laurens, had been sent back to
Dr Franklin, that is, in effect to the Court of France.
That the Republic of Holland had been unwilling to hear
of any loan, even under the guarantee of the King, when
it was known that the money was intended for the use of
the United States ; and that to remove this obstacle, as he
had before observed, the King was induced to present
himself as the principal borrower. The Court was still
unacquainted widi the effect of that proposition.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Translation.
Philadelphia, September 24th, 1781.
Sir,
The undersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of France,
has the honor of communicating to Congress a Memorial,
which has been sent to him by Don Francisco Rendon.
He entreats Congress to take it into consideration, and he
has no doubt that the resolution, which that body shall
pass upon the subject, will be as advantageous to the sub-
jects of his Catholic Majesty as justice will allow.
LUZERNE.
MEMORIAL OF DON FRANCISCO RENDON TO THE MIN-
ISTER OF FRANCE.
Translation.
May it please your Excellency,
Don Francisco Rendon, resident in this city, Encargado
de JVegocios for the Couit of Spain, with all due respect,
VOL. XI. 3
Ig LUZERNE.
informs your Excellency, that in consequence of the arti-
cles of capitulation granted to the troops and inhabitants
of his Britannic Majesty at the reduction of Pensacola, by
Don Bernardo de Galvez, commander in chief of the
forces of his Catholic iVlajesty, permission was granted
by the Governor of the place to Captain Jahleel Smith,
with his vessel called the Sally, her crew and passengers
contained in the passport, to go to New York, six of the
passengers being prisoners on parole, to be exchanged for
an equal number of Spanish prisoners ; that in his pas-
sage the said flag was captured by an American vessel,
called the Betsy, Captain Enos, belonging to tlie Slate of
Pennsylvania ; that in consequence thereof, the said J.
Smith has presented to me a petition and an account,
which I herewith enclose, praying me to obtain for him
an indemnification and payment for the dafnages he has
sustained, and that liberty may be granted him by the
supreme authority to pass freely to the place of his des-
tination, agreeable to the permission of the Generals of the
King, my master.
I therefore entreat, that your Excellency would be
pleased to present this Memorial, with the documents ac-
companying it, to the Honorable Congress, and pray them
to order paytnent to be made to the Captain of the flag,
for the delay and damages occasioned by this capture,
and gra t the said prisoners of his Catholic Majesty men-
tioned in the passport, free permission to go to New York,
in order to discharge their parole and obtain their ex-
change. I am induced by your Excellency's goodness to
hope for this favor, and am, he.
FRANCISCO RENDON.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. JQ
CONGRESS TO THE MINISTER OF FRANCE.
Philadelphia, September 25th, 1781.
Sir,
The United States in Congress assembled, ever desir-
ous to observe good faith and maintain the rights of neu-
trality, and sincerely disposed to cultivate the friendship
of his Catholic ]\Iajesty, liave referred the Memorial pre-
sented by your Excellency, in lavor of Jahleel Smith,
master of the schooner Sally, to a committee of Congress,
who now have it under consideration.
To form a right judgment of the transaction it is con-
ceived necessary, that an authentic copy of the capitula-
tion granted by his Catholic Majesty's General to the
British officer lately commanding at Pensacola, and re-
ferred to in the Memorial of Don Francisco Rendon,
residing in this city, Encargado de JVegocios for the
Court of Spain, should be communicated to the United
States. In the meantime it requires no deliberation to
assure your Excellency, that the laws of the land are com-
petent for redressing every injury perpetrated by vessels
of war commissioned by the United States, or under
their authority, although tiie security for the good beha-
viour of the officers and crews may not be adequate to
the damages claimed.
THOMAS M'KEAN, President.
20 LUZERNE.
FROM CONGRESS TO THE KING OP FRANCE.
The United States in Congress assembled, to their
Great, Faithful and Beloved Friend and Ally, Louis
the Sixteenth, King of France and Navarre.
Great, Faithful and Beloved Friend and Ally,
We feel an additional obligation to your Majesty, for
your friendly reception of our late special Minister Lieu-
tenant Colonel John Laurens. By him we received your
Majesty's letter, containing new assurances of what the
United States have been long convinced, your Majesty's
affectionate patronage of American independence. His
report, while it proves that our attachment has not been
misplaced, will increase our gratitude. We have charged
our Minister Plenipotentiary at your Court to render to
your Majesty more particular acknowledgments for your
zeal for the re-establishment of peace, upon principles co-
inciding with the liberty and sovereignty of the United
States, and for the important succors lately administered
to our necessities. We shall also instruct liim to inform
your Majesty of the arrangements, which have taken place
for calling forth the resources of the United States with
decision and effect against the common enemy.
We pray God, that he will keep your Majesty, our
Great, Faithful and Beloved Friend and Ally, in his holy
protection.
Done at Philadelphia, the eighteenth of October, in the
year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-
one, and in the sixth year of our independence. By the
United States in Congress assembled.
Your faithful friends and allies.
THOMAS M'KEAN, President.
Attest, Charles Thomson, Secretary.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 21
THE KING OF FRANCE TO CONGRESS.
Translation.
Very Dear and Faithful Allies,
Satisfied of the interest you take in every event which
affects us, we are anxious to inform you of the precious
mark, which Divine Providence has just given us of his
goodness, and of the protection he has granted to our king-
dom. We do not doubt that you will partake in the joy
we feel on the birth of our son, the Dauphin, of whom
the Queen, our most dear spouse, is just now happily
delivered.
You will easily be convinced of the pleasure, with which
we shall receive every proof that you may give of your
sensibility upon this occasion. We cannot renew at a
period more afiecting to us, the assurance of our affection
and of our constant friendship for you. Upon which we
pray God, that he would have yeu, very Dear, Great
Friends and Allies, in his holy keeping.
Written at Versailles, the 22d of October, 1781.
Your Good Friend and Ally,
LOUIS.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Philadelphia, October 24th, 1781.
Sir,
I do myself the honor to transmit you a copy of the
resolution, by which Congress have been pleased to
appoint me their Secretary of Foreign Affairs. They
have annexed to this department the agreeable duty of
receiving and making those communications, which
the reciprocal interest of the allied nations may render
necessary.
22 LUZERNE.
I need not tell you, Sir, with what pleasure I enter
upon that task, when (by the direction of Congress) I
enclose an account of the signal success obtained by
the united arms of America and France. The cement
it so happily affords to their connexion may justly be
numbered among the important advantages, that will
result from it to both countries.
I have the honor to be. Sir, with the highest respect
and esteem, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON, SECRETARY OF FOREIGN
AFFAIRS.
Translation.
Philadelphia, October 25th, 1781.
Sir,
I have received the letter, with which you honored
me on the 24th instant, and it is with the most sincere
satisfaction, that I see in it your determination to
accept the office, to which Congress have appointed you.
It will give me great pleasure to address myself to
you, in sending to Congress those communications,
which I shall have it in my power to make ; and I
shall be no less flattered to receive through you every
communication, which that body shall think proper to
make to me. I can assure you, Sir, that the choice
now made by Congress will give great satisfaction in
Europe, where your patriotism, your past services,
and your wisdom have long been known.
I have the honor to be, &c.
LUZERNE.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 23
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Office of Foreign Affaiis, November 2d, 1781.
Sir,
It is with peculiar pleasure that I obey the direc-
tions of Congress in making communications, which
show their sense of the exertions of their ally, and of
the merit of the officers he employs. The confidence
inspired by the first, and the esteem excited by the
last, form new bands of union between nations, whom
reciprocal interests had before connected. In this
view I flatter myself the enclosed acts of Congress will
be agreeable to you, and that you will with pleasure
communicate to his Most Christian Majesty their
desire, with his permission, to present to the Count
de Grasse tvvo pieces of field ordnance, taken from the
enemy at York, with inscriptions calculated to show
that Congress were induced to present them from con-
siderations of the illustrious part, which he bore in
effectuating the surrender.*
I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect
and esteem, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
* In Congress, October 28th, 1781. " Resolved, That the thanks of
the United States in Congress assembled be presented to his Excel-
lency the Count de Rochambeau, for the cordiality, zeal, judgment,
and fortitude, with which he seconded and advanced the progress of
the allied army against the British garrison in "York.
" That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled be
presented to his Excellency the Count de Grasse, for his display of
skill and bravery in attacking and defeating the British fleet off the
Bay of Chesapeake, and for his zeal and alacrity in rendering, with
the fleet under his command, the most efi"ectual and distinguished
aid and support to the operations of the allied army in Virginia.
24 LUZERNE.
TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, November 4th, 1781.
Sir,
I have received the letter, which you did me the
honor to write on the 29th ultimo, and the papers
from Count de Grasse, which you had the goodness to
send to me, and for which I beg you will accept my
thanks.
" That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled be
presented to the conrmanding and other officers of the corps of
artillery and engineers of the allied army, who sustained extraordi-
nary fatigue and danger in their animated and gallant approaches to
the lines of the enemy.
" Resolved, That the United States in Congress assembled will
cause to be erected at York, in Virginia, a marble column, adorned
with emblems of the alliance between the United States and his
Most Christian Majesty, and inscribed with a succinct narrative of
the surrender of Earl Cornwallis to his Excellency General Wash-
ington, Commander in Chief of the combined forces of America and
France, to his Excellency the Count de Rochambeau, commanding
the auxiliary troops of his Most Christian Majesty in America, and
his Excellency Count de Grasse, commanding in chief the naval
army of France in the Chesapeake.
" Resolved, That two pieces of the field ordnance, taken from the
British army under the capitulation of York, be presented by the
Commander in Chief of the American army to Count de Rocham-
beau, and that there be engraved thereon a short memorandum, that
Congress were induced to present them from considerations of the
illustrious part, which he bore in eft'ectuating the surrender.
" Resolved, That the Secretary of Foreign Affairs be directed to
request the Minister Plenipotentiary of his Most Christian Majesty
to inform his Majesty, that it is the wish of Congress, that the Count
de Grasse may be permitted to accept a testimony of their appro-
bation, similar to that to be presented to the Count de Rochambeau."
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 25
We are encouraged to hope for your arrival here,
I shall be extremely happy to be able to testify to you
in person the joy, which I have received from your
success. That joy is universal, and it can but increase
the attachment and esteem of all orders of citizens,
and of my own countrymen, to your Excellenc}'.
I have the honor to be, &c.
LUZERNE.
TO THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
Translation.
Philadelphia, November 4th, 1781.
Sir,
I have received the letter, with which you honored
me on the 2d instant, with the resolutions of Congress
of the 28th of October, which accompanied it. I have
no doubt that they will be most agreeable to his
Majesty, and that he will learn with great pleasure,
that the remembrance of the success obtained by the
allied arms is to be preserved by a column, on which
a relation of this event will be inscribed, and mention
made of the alliance.
I shall be glad, before any farther resolutions are
taken on this subject, to communicate to you some
ideas relative to this monument. It is so honorable to
the two nations, and so well adapted to perpetuate the
remembrance of their union, that we ought to be
mutually desirous of giving it all the solidity and dura-
bility of which the works of man are susceptible.
Besides, Sir, I observe that the United States are
named before the King in these resolutions. This is
VOL. XI. 4
26 LUZERNE.
the second time within my knowledge, that this form
has been adopted. I remarked on it the first time,
and was then positively assured, that it was an error,
which should be corrected on the journals. I entreat
you to be pleased to let me know distinctly what
usage Congress intends to adopt on this subject, in
order that I may make it known to my Court.
I have the honor to be, &-c.
LUZERNE.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Office of Foreign Affairs, November 6th, 1781.
Sir,
Having been honored with your letter of the 4th
instant, I remark with pleasure, that the mode in which
Congress propose to perpetuate the success obtained
by the allied armies at York, is such as will in your
opinion be agreeable to his Most Christian Majesty.
As Congress must concur with you in wishing to ren-
der this monument of the alliance, and of the military
virtues of the combined forces as lasting, if possible, as
the advantages they may reasonably hope to reap from
both, they will, without doubt, pay all due deference
to any ideas you may think proper to suggest relative
to the manner of carrying the resolutions of the 23lh
of October into effect. I shall receive. Sir, with
pleasure, and submit to Congress any communications,
that you will do me the honor to make on this subject.
I am sorry to find, that you consider the order, in
which the allied nations or their Sovereigns are placed
in the resolutions, as anywise exceptionable. This
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 27
mode of expression might perhaps be justified by the
absolute equality established between sovereign pow-
ers, and the common practice of independent nations
to recognise no superior in acts to be executed by
themselves, within their own limits. But, Sir, I am
so well satisfied that Congress wish to avoid discus-
sions, which must be treated with great delicacy by
nations situated as ours are, where every demand on
the one part, not strictly authorised by the law of
nations, might derogate from the generous protection,
which we make it our boast to have received, and the
denial of just rights on the other subject us to the
imputation of ingratitude, that I think you may safely
rely upon their practice, when some future occasion
shall present, to evince that the order in which the
allied nations are mentioned did not originate in
any settled rule, and above all, that no want of respect
for his Most Christian Majesty dictated the resolution
to which you object. Be persuaded. Sir, that regard-
less as the United States are of form and ceremony, in
matters that relate to themselves alone, they will think
their endeavor to support France in the high rank
which her extent, wealth, and power have given her,
a small return for the wise and generous use she
makes of these advantages.
I have the honor to be, with sentiments of the
greatest respect and esteem, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
2S LUZERNE.
ROBERT K. LIVINGSTON TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Office of Foreign Affairs, November 6th, 1781.
Sir,
I do myself the honor to submit to Congress a
letter to the Minister of France, which covered
their resolutions of the 2Sth of October, his answer
thereto, and the draft of a letter in reply to his.
As the last implies a promise on the part of
Congress, I did not think myself authorised to send it
without their approbation.
Congress will observe, that I endeavor to wave a
question, which perhaps it might have been imprudent
to answer by a direct avowal of the propriety of the
resolution, or in the present circumstances to yield in
express terms. By seeming to slight matters of mere
ceremony, we may avoid troublesome di.scussions in
future, and leach the old world by the example of the
new to get rid of a clog, which too often fetters the
most important transactions. I take the liberty to
submit to Congress the propriety of directing in the
next vote, which they shall have occasion to pass, in
which France and America, or their Sovereigns, are
mentioned, the preference to be given to the first, and
so that we may seem to have established no rule on a
subject of so little moment as rank or precedence.
I bs^ye the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 29
ROBERT K. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Office of Foreign Affairs, November 21st, 1781.
Sir,
Finding by frequent applications from the French
Islands, that their Courts of Admiralty are not fully
acquainted with the resolutions of Congress, passed the
14th of October, 1777, which vest in the captors the
property of such of the enemy's vessels as are taken
by their mariners ; and being called by the letter, a
copy of which I do myself the honor to enclose, to
attend particularly to the case of Captain Jones and his
crew, I must beg. Sir, that you will do me the favor
to recommend it to the notice of the General and
Commander in Chief of the French Leeward Islands,
for whose use I enclose a certified copy of the above
mentioned resolutions of Congress, presuming that the
Court of Admiralty will pay some respect to them in
their decisions, though they may not be strictly agree-
able to the rules they have adopted, since it would be
highly disadvantageous to both nations to have that
considered as lawful prize in one port, which is not so
in another. But should the Court think they are not
warranted in condemning the vessel, slie should at
least be restored to Captain Jones or his agent, that
she might, by being brought to a port of the United
States, become lawful prize.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
30 LUZERNE.
HEADS OF A VERBAL COMMUNICATION MADE TO THE
SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS BY THE MINISTER
OF FRANCE.
In Congress, November 23d, 1781.
The Secretary of Foreign Affairs laid before Congress
the following heads of a verbal cooinfiunication made to
him by the Minister of France.
Tiie Minister of France informed the Secretary of
Foreign Affairs, that the Count de Vergennes, in a letter
to him of the 7th of September, 1781, assured him that
the King of France had received with great pleasure, an
account of Mr Adams, Mr Franklin, and Mr Jay's ap-
pointment to the place of Ministers for the negotiation of
peace ; and after expressing favorable sentiments of them
and of Mr Jefferson, from his general reputation, adds, that
they iiave little reason to hojie for the assistance of Mr Lau-
rens, since the enemy will probably continue his captivity
during the war. That the King accepted \vi;h pleasure
the proofs, which Congress have given him of their con-
fidence, when they intrusted to his care the interests of
the United States. That he would use his influence and
credit for the advantage of his allies, whenever a nego-
tiation should render their interests a subject of discussion.
That if he did not obtain for every State all they wished,
they must attribute the sacrifice he might be compelled to
make of his inclinations, to the tyrannic rule of necessity.
That, however, he had no reason to believe, that the events
of the campaign would make an unfavorable change in
the situation of affairs ; and that from the present view of
them, he had no cause to dread a disadvantageous peace.
The Count adds, that he presumes Mr Adams has com-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 31
rnunicated to Congress his Majesty's refusal to accede to
the terms of the mediation of the Imperial Courts, until
they should agree to acknowledge the American Plenipo-
tentiaries in the manner most conformable to the dignity
of the United States ; and observes thereon, that if the
King was so attentive to a matter of form, though it might
indeed in our present situation be considered as important,
he would not be less tenacious of our more essential in-
terests, which he will be zealous to promote, as far as cir-
cumstances will allow. But that if notwithstanding this,
Congress, or even a considerable part of its members,
should regret the confidence they had placed in his Maj-
esty, or wish to free their Ministers from this restraint, his
Majesty would not disapprove the measure j provided they
made their Ministers answerable, as in justice they should
be, in proportion to the powers, with which they invested
them. He expresses his satisfaction at the extensive
powers, with which the Ministers are invested as to the
matter of boundary, and the truce, which he says, the
interests of France as well as of us, require to be as long
as possible.
With respect to the statu quo, he says, that though from
the number of their conquests it would be beneficial both
to France and Spain, yet it has not entered into their sys-
tem so far as it regards America, and that his Majesty
accordingly refused to accede to the plan of negotiation
proposed by the mediating powers, which held up that
idea. He exhorts the Minister to recommend to Con-
gress the most vigorous exertions, and to assure them, that
the expulsion of the enemy from this continent depends
in a great measure on the exertion of the United States ;
that France would be able to afford us very little assist-
3a LUZERNE.
atice ; and that Britain, so far from discovering any in-
clination to peace upon reasonable terms, absolutely re-
fused the plan of negotiation proposed by the mediating
powers; so that arms alone could compel her to it.
He mentions, that the King being apprehensive, that
the capture of the Marquis de Lafayette might reduce
us to some difficulties, had ordered her cargo to be re-
placed immediately ; and that in consequence of applica-
tions from the States of Virginia and Maryland, he had
ordered a number of arms and military stores to be ship-
ped to them, subject however to the order of Congress.
That this and the cargo designed to replace that of the
Marquis de Lafayette, were to be paid for out of the loan
negotiated in Holland, which he had occasion to think
would be completed. He expresses a desire, that the
plan for the appointment of Consuls should be digested
and adopted, as the Court of France wished to make it
the basis of some commercial arrangements between
France and the United States.
The Secretary for Foreign Affairs further informed
Congress, that the Minister of France had communicated
to him the following extract of a letter from the Count de
Vergennes, which he had transmitted to the Superinten-
dent of Finance.
Extract of a letter from the Count de Vergennes, Sep-
tember 7th, 1781.
"We think that since the arrival of Colonel Laurens,
you have stopped the hills of Mr Morris on Messrs
Le Couteulx. If the Superintendent has not followed
your advice, he will cause us some embarrassment, as we
have not destinated any fund for that article. We have
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDEiNCE. 33
peremptorily declared to Dr Franklin, that we will not in
future discharge any bills, that had not been drawn with
your consent. As to you, Sir, we cannot but repeat our
former instructions on this subject ; and we direct you to
authorise no draft even for a small sum."
No. 1.
The Answer of his Most Christian Majesty to the Arti-
cles proposed by the two Mediating Courts.*
Translation.
The mediators are too well satisfied of the moderation
of the King, and his constant wish for the re-establishment
of peace, not to be previously assured, that his JMajesty
will receive with as much gratitude as warmth the Pre-
liminary Articles they have communicated. The King,
the more fully to convince the two high mediators of his
frankness and of the purity of his intentions, as well as of
the unreserved confidence, that he places in the justice and
impartiality of their High Imperial Majesties, believes he
ought to make some confidential observations upon these
Preliminary Articles. His Mrjesty flatters himself, that
th is will be more acceptable to them as its sole objects are
* Austria and Russia proposed to act as mediators for a general
peace about the beginning of the year 1781. Some particulars on
this subject will be found in John Adams's Correspondence, Vol. VI.
p. 98 ; — also in Flassan's Diplomatic Frangaise, Vol. VII. p. 300. —
The papers here inserted are imperfect, but they are all that could
be found in the Department of State. They will serve to illustrate
that part of the preceding communication of M. de la Luzerne,
which relates to the proposed mediation.
VOL. XI. 5
34 LUZERNE.
to prevent discussions, which are equally mischievous and
complicated, and to facilitate the much wished for success
of their generous interposition.
"Article i. There shall be a negotiation at Vienna^
by the united care of the two Imperial Courts, embracing
all the objects for the re-establishment of peace, which the
belligerent parties, who intrust them with the mediation,
shall judge proper to be there proposed. A negotiation
shall in the meantime be entered into between Great
Britain and her Colonies for the re-establishment of peace
in America, but without the intervention of either of the
other belligerent parties, or even of the two Imperial
Courts, unless their mediation shall be formally demanded
and accorded for this object."
According to the verbal observations, the expressions in
the first part of this Article have been used merely to
place the King of Spain in a situation to propose the ces-
sion of Gibraltar, and this turn has been judged necessary
because the Court of London had previously declared, that
it ought to be made without reference to this cession, while
the Catholic King demands it as a preliminary ; as this
part of the Article immediately affects the Court of Mad-
rid, the King cannot but refer himself to it for the answer
that shall be made thereto. His Majesty is content to
observe, that having united himself in the same cause with
the King, his uncle, he neither can nor will separate his
interests from those of that Prince, and that he regards the
satisfaction he claims as a condition, without which he
cannot personally treat of those matters.
As to the second part of the Article, the two Imperial
Courts cannot flatter themselves with the hopes of bring-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 35
ing ibeir mediation to a happy issue, if they do not pre-
vent the subterfuges, die subtellies and false inteipretationsj
which either of the belligerent powers may avail themselves
of to explain according to their views the preliminary
propositions, which will certainly liappen if they do not
previously ascertain the sense of the expressions, which
relate to America.
The Court of London will elude as much and as long
as she possibly can, the direct or indirect acknowledge-
ment of the independence of the United States, and will
avail herself of the terms, that are used in speaking of
then), to maintain, that she is not obliged to treat with her
ancient Colonies as with a free and independent nation.
That she is consequently not reduced to admit a Plenipo-
tentiary on their part, and that she is at liberty to view the
American representative as a deputy from a part of her
subjects who demand a favor. From whence it will fol-
low, that when the mediation is in force, and they shall
be about to enter upon the negotiation, that they will dis-
pute the character, in which the American Plenipotentiary
shall be received. The King of England will consider
him as his subject, while Congress will demand, that he
shall be received as the representative of a free people,
by means whereof the mediation will be stopped at the first
outset.
To prevent this inconvenience it should seem, that pre-
vious to any other measure, the character of the American
agent ought to be determined in the most precise and pos-
itive manner, and Congress should be invited to confide its
interests to the mediation. This invitation is so much the
more interesting, as the negotiation relative to America
should go hand in hand with that of the Courts of Madrid
36 LUZERNE.
and Versailles, and by consequence, the negotiations al-
though separate should cominence at the same time.
But who will invite the Congress to treat with England ?
The King cannot, since the First Article excludes him
from the negotiation. This task then can only be executed
by the mediators themselves ; all that the King can do,
and that he will do with zeal and fidelity, is to invite the
Americans to the peace, ami to facilitate it by every means
that they believe compatible with their essential interests.
But that the King may take this step with safety, and the
hopes of success, and with the certainly of not rendering
himself suspected by the Americans, it is necessary that
he should first know the determination of the mediators
upon the observations now made to them, and that this
determination should be such as to secure to the Ameri-
can States their political existence.
The two high mediators and their Ministers are too en-
lightened not to perceive, that without this preliminary
measure the Congress will send no person to Vienna, and
that the King can make no attempts to engage them there-
to, without incurring the danger of involving himself, by
means whereof, and for the reasons already urged, the
mediation will be stopped at its first outset. These reflec-
tions appear to merit the most serious attention of the two
mediating Courts.
"Article u. This separate peace cannot, hoivever, be
signed, except conjointly, and at the same time with that
of the powers whose interests shall be treated by the medi-
ating Courts. Although neither peace, notwithstanding
thy are treated separately, shall be concluded without the
other, yet care shall be taken to inform the mediators con-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 37
stantly of the progress of that, which regards Great Brit-
ain and the Colonies, to the end, that (he mediation may
be able to regulate the measures intrusted to it according
to the state of the negotiation relating to the Colonies, and
both of the pacifications, which shall have been separately
concluded at the same time, shall be solemnly guarantied
by the mediating Courts, and by every other neutral
power, whose guarantee the helligerent powers may think \'
proper to claim."
When the United States shall have been duly called to
the Congress at Vienna, and shall have commenced their
separate negotiation with England, this Article will make
no dinicLilty with his Majesty.
"Article hi. To render the negotiations of peace in-
dependent of events of war, always uncertain, which may
arrest, or at least retard their progress, there shall be a
general armistice between the tivo parties, during the term
of one year, reckoning from of the month of
of the present year, or reckoning from the month of
of the year 1782. Should it happen, that a general
peace should not be re-established during the first term, or
whilst the duration of either of these terms continues,
everything shall remain in the same state, in which it
shall be found at the signing of these preliminaries."
Tills Article includes two objects equally important ;
an armistice and a statu quo. The mediators have
already acknowledged, that without this preliminary basis,
they cannot enter upon a serious negotiation for a peace ;
and, for still stronger reason, these preliminaries should be
established before a truce can be spoken of.
38 ^ LUZERNE.
The two mediating Courts are themselves ot this
opinion, since they do not propose the armistice, but in
consequence of the acceptation of the first and second
Preliminary Articles. The King thinks, that before they
can agree to an armistice, it is necessary that the belliger-
ent parties should have established preliminaries ; and it
cannot be denied, that the basis, which the high mediators
have proposed, may lead to a delay of those preliminaries,
which should serve as the pledge and security for the
re-establishment of peace, when, in fact, they really afford
none.
But when these preliminaries shall be invariably estab-
lished, it may be of consequence to determine what dura-
tion should be given to the suspension of arms. The plan
of the mediators proposes one year ; but this term appears
too short not to be illusory. In fact, it should be observed,
that the fire of war being kindled in the four quarters of the
world, one part of the year will h^ve revolved before the
orders can be received by the respective commanders ;
so that tranquillity will be established in Europe, while
hostilities continue in America and in the Indies. Be-
sides, all the powers remaining armed, the slightest cir-
cumstance may occasion a violation of the truce.
In fine, it is in vain to flatter ourselves with the hope of
concluding a definitive peace in the short space of one
year; as, exclusive of the variety of subjects, that must
necessarily be discussed, the two mediating Courts are at
a great distance from each other; nor is there less bcHvveen
the belligerent powers ; and we should deceive ourselves,
if we supposed, that all the propositions, which will be
made on the one part, and on the other, will not give
room for much debate and altercation ; or, that they will
not, consequently, consume much time.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 39
To these considerations we ought to add, that an armis-
tice for one year would be very burdensome, because the
powers at war will be obliged to remain in arms, to their
manifest loss, as it will be impracticable to disarm, as well
from the dispersion of the troops, as froin the enormous
expense, if, (which is highly probable) it should become
necessary to renew hostilities. If, then, the mediators
wish sincerely to establish the peace they propose, they
should prefer a truce of many years to a simple armistice
for one year. This expedient is better adapted to con-
solidate their work, than a suspension of arms for a short
time. But a truce will have the same inconveniences,
and be equally dangerous with an armistice, if the bellig-
erent powers remain under arms. Thus it seems neces-
sary to agree at the same time reciprocally to disarm.
But supposing these two points settled, there remains
another equally important, that is the statu quo. Neither
France nor Spain have any reason to reject it, so far as
they are individually concerned. This is not the case
with the Americans. To be satisfied of this, we need
only cast our eyes upon the points, that the British troops
actually occupy upon the continent of North America.
The question, then, will be to obtain the consent of the
United States, and this consent can only be demanded by
the two Courts that offer their mediation, for the reasons
that have already been urged.
"Article iv. This plan of negotiation being adopted
by all the parties, the belligerent powers shall request the
mediators to open the conferences of the Congress, and
shall without delay give their respective plenipotentiaries
such full powers and instructions, as they shall judge
necessary for the success of the negotiation.^^
40 LUZERNE.
The King will conform himself, with as much pleasure
as earnestness, to this Article, as soou as the preliminary
basis shall be irrevocably established, agreeably to the
observation above mentioned. And the King will then
authorise his plenipotentiaries to treat immediately of the
Preliminary Articles, which should lead to a cessation of
hostilities ; and, as soon as these Articles shall have been
agreed to, to labor with zeal and assiduity for the early
conclusion of a definitive treaty. The high mediators
may be assured, that his Majesty will facilitate this double
task by every means, which he shall deem compatible with
his dignity, with his interest, and with those of his allies ;
and that as far as depends upon him, they will acquire the
glory of having established, upon a solid and unalterable
basis, the peace and tranquillity of every part of the world.
No. 2.
The Answer of the Court of London to the Preliminary
Articles proposed by the Mediating Courts.
I am authorised to return an answer to the paper,
which, by order of your Court, you delivered me, and of
which 1 have given an account to his Majesty.
The answers marked A and B,* which I have the
honor to submit to you, explain the unalterable sentiments
of the King, upon points essential to his dignity, and
demonstrate the reasons, that obliged his Majesty to de-
cline the plan proposed, so far as it relates to his rebel-
lious subjects. The King knows the justice and the im-
pnrtiality of the mediating Courts, and he considers the
* These papers are missing.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 41
plan with that spirit of conciliation which they give birth
to. But liis jMajesty cannot but see it in a very different
point of view, from that in whicli it appeared to the august
mediators when they supposed it admissible in all points.
The King persuades himself, that after having consid-
ered it again, they will not entertain the same judgment
relative thereto as heretofore ; and that they will even
cease to wish that it should be admitted, since, from their
intention, as well as from the principles, which they have
laid down with so much wisdom, and which the King adopts
altogether, it necessarily results, tl)at ever) thing inconsistent
with the dignity of his Majesty, the essential interests of
his nation, and the rights of his crown, is inadmissible.
A just and honorable peace with the belligerent powers,
under the mediation of the two Imperial Courts, is the
first object of his Majesty's wishes. The King knows,
that the two august mediators will pursue the great work,
that they have undertaken, with the same sentiments,
which induced them to engage therein, the desire of
being useful to the belligerent powers ; and his Majesty
hopes, that their generous care will be crowned with
success, and that they will serve to reconcile all the
sovereigns at war, by a safe and honorable peace, which
it shall be the interest of all parties to accept, and which
shall not wound the dignity of either of them.
The sincere desire of peace, the gratitude due to the
august sovereigns, who have been willing to charge them-
selves with the mediation of it, and the sentiments with
which the King will always receive whatever shall be
proposed to him by them, would dispose his Majesty to
accept the proposed Articles, if that acceptation could be
42 LUZERNE.
recontiled to his disunity, tlie interests of the empire, and
the rights of his crown.
1st. On every occasion, in which there has been a
question of negotiation, since the commencement of the
war with France, the King has constantly declared, that
he could never admit in any manner whatsoever, nor
under any form, that there should be any interference
between foreign powers and his rebellious subjects.
2dly. The resolution of his Majesty upon this im-
portant object is founded upon what the King owes to
his own dignity, upon the essential interests of his
people, and upon the incontestible right, which every
Sovereign has to determine at his pleasure, that which
is clearly within his jurisdiction. This resolution is
as immutable, as the foundation upon which it rests.
From the application of this principle to the different
points of the first, second, and third articles, results
the melancholy, but indispensable necessity of declin-
ing all that is proposed in these different articles rela-
tive to the rebellious subjects of his Majesty.
The King invariably entertains the desire, which he
has so often manifested, of terminating the war in
which he is engaged with the belligerent powers, by a
just and honorable peace, under the mediation of the
Imperial Courts, and for this purpose his Ministers
shall be furnished with instructions and full powers,
necessary to treat of all objects directly relative to the
said powers. They shall be ordered to pursue the
negotiation conformably to the principles explained
therein, with all possible zeal, and to contribute on
their part every suitable means to conduct it to a
happy end.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 43
No. 3.
The verbal Answer of the King of Great Britain to the
to the verbal Observations made by the Count de Bel-
giojoso, Austrian Ambassador in London.
Since the King finds himself under the necessity of
declining a plan proposed by the two mediating
Courts, he should think himself wanting in that respect,
which is due to them on so many accounts, if he did
not give some details of the reasons, which have ren-
dered it indispensable for him to take this step. His
Majesty is persuaded, that when the two august medi-
ators shall have considered them with that spirit of
justice and impartiality, which cliaracterises them,
they will become sensible of their weight.
The King would derogate from his rights of sover-
eignty, should he consent in any manner to the
admission of any person whatever, delegated to the
Congress by his rebel subjects ; this admission being
absolutely incompatible with their quality of subjects.
For the same reason, conciliatory measures employed
to put an end to a rebellion, ought not to be inter-
mixed, either in their commencement or in their con-
clusion, with a negotiation between sovereign States.
In consequence of the same principle, his Majesty
can never enter into any engagements, nor adopt any
plan, which may limit or suspend the incontestible
right, which every Sovereign has, to employ all the
means in his power to terminate a rebellion kindled in
his dominions, either by the progress of his arms, or
by conciliatory means employed in the country itself.
44 LUZERNE.
If, instead of taking advantage of the present disposi-
tion of a great part of liis rebellious subjects to return
to their allegiance, he was to stop the effect and pro-
gress of that disposition by stipulating a suspension of
arms, he would retard the instant of that reconcilia-
tion, which he wishes so much to hasten, and would
furnish the leaders of the rebels with the means of
fostering and strengthening their rebellion, and op-
pressing the well-affected by the weight of their
usurped authority ; he would put it in the power of
his enemies to prolong the troubles, if he made the
return of peace in America to depend on the success
of a negotiation with a belligerent power, a negotiation
which it would always be in their power to render
fruitless.
The favorable intentions of the King towards his
rebellious subjects, and his desire to make them expe-
rience the effects of his clemency, and restore to them
the happiness, which they enjoyed before their rebel-
lion, are generally known, but whatever may be the
arrangements, which his Majesty will make to restore
and ensure the quiet of his Colonies, and link the hap-
piness of his American subjects to that of the metrop-
olis, they will be in their nature as all things are,
which are merely national, arrangements of internal
policy, and as such, they cannot properly be the object
of the mediation or guarantee of any foreign power.
When the King availed himself of the dispositions of
the two Imperial Courts and employed their medi-
ation, his Majesty gave it plainly to be understood,
that he aimed at the restoration of peace between the
belligerent powers, to which alone it appeared to him
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 45
that a mediation could be applied. Persisting inva-
riably in the same sentiments, the King wishes that
the mediation, at the same time that it confines itself
to this particular object, may comprehend it in its full
extent, and that the war between Great Britain and
the Republic of Holland may be included in it.
If the negotiation is opened, agreeably to these prin-
ciples, and directed solely to this salutary end, if the
other belligerent powers bring to it the same concilia-
tory spirit which his Majesty will show, the generous
care of the mediating powers will meet with a suc-
cess the most complete, and the most conformable to
their views.
No. 4.
Reply of the Mediators to the Belligerent Powers.
Translation.
The Courts of Versailles and Madrid having transmitted
to the two Imperial Courts their respective answers* to
the Articles proposed to serve as a basis to the negotiation,
which had been communicated to them, as the Court of
London had done on the 15th of June last, the two Im-
perial Courts think, that they must not deiay to commu-
nicate their reply reciprocally to the three respective
Courts, as necessary to their mutual directioo, and they
have directed in consequence their Ambassadors and Min-
isters with the said Courts, to present copies of them to
their respective Ministers.
Their Imperial MajesUes have seen with the greatest
* The answer of the Court of Madrid is missing-.
46 LUZERNE.
satisfaction, in that which was transmitted to them by his
Most Christian Majesty, the assurance of the grateful sen-
timents and real pleasure, with which his Majesty has re-
ceived the said Articles, but they could not but be so
much the more affected by the exposition of the motives,
which have appeared to his Britannic Majesty sufficient to
prevent his acceptation of them. It appears convenient
to ihem in the actual slate of things to refer to another
time, and oii)er circumstances the observations, which they
might produce, and which it would ))robably be useless to
expose in the present moment, but what cannot be so
either at present or in future, is that the belligerent powers
may see in their proper light the Articles, which have been
proposed to them, and may in consequence appreciate
them properly.
The mediating powers could not allow themselves to
make any propositions, which might wound the dignity or
delicacy of either of the parties, or any of those, which
might in the first instant have obliged them implicitly or
explicitly to decisions, which can only be the result of a
consent obtained by the way of negotiations. They must
consequently have confined themselves to seeking and
finding out some proper means to enable the belligerent
powers to assemble their respective Plenipotentiaries, at
the place where the Congress shall sit, to endeavor, under
the mediation of the two Imperial Courts, to settle ami-
cably all the differences, which are the causes of the pres-
ent war, and when once they have met, and are provided
with instructions for all possible cases, to be continually at
hand, to seize one of those happy moments, which circum-
stances sometimes bring on, and which are often lost for-
ever, or at least for a great while, when one has not been
at hand to take advantage of them.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 47
They have found at the same time no other inconve-
niency in this, but that perhaps che progress of the nego-
tiation might not be altogether so rapid as it would
undoubtedly be wished. The suspension of arms and of
the statu quo by itself, independent of the remaining . part
of the proposition, can either be adopted or rejected ; and
after having weighed with the greatest impartiality the in-
conveniencies and advantages, which may result from the
acceptation of their propositions, it has consequently ap-
peared to them, that nothing could better suit the respec-
tive interests of the belligerent powers, as well as their
general and particular circumstances. They still persist
in that opinion, and from the sincere interest, vvhich they
take in the circumstances ol all the belligerent parties,
they cannot but wish, that they might still admit between
themselves, with such modifications as they should think
proper, the Articles, which have been proposed to them,
and which, as his Most Christian Majesty well observes,
are not Preliminary Articles, as in the nature of things
they could not be such, but which can no less be the
means, not only of bringing on at one moment or other
the conclusion of a preliminary treaty, but perhaps even
that of peace, a speedy return of which is so much to be
wished for.
The two Imperial Courts have thought, that in return
for the confidence, with which his Most Christian Majesty
has expressed himself in his answer, they ought to show
as much in exposing to him the light, in which they have
seen the step they have taken in proposing the Articles,
which they have caused to be communicated to him, and
which they still persist in holding out, that the belligerent
parties may still be able to adopt virhat has been proposed
48 LUZERNE.
to them, or if not, to communicate some other idea, which
may be productive of the same good efiects, or of happier
ones if possible. His Most Christian Majesty may be
persuaded beforehand, that in that case they will with the
greatest zeal make such use of it as they shall think most
useful and convenient. Nothing can certainly add to the
sincerity, with which they will take care to justify on every
occasion the confidence, which the high belligerent parties
have shown in accepting their mediation.
No. 5.
Answer of the Court of France to the Reply of the
Mediators.
Iranslation.
The King has received, with equal sensibility and grati-
tude, the answer of the two mediating Courts ; his Majesty
regards it as a new proof of their friendship for him, of
the just estimate which they form of his confidence in
their impartiality, and of the true interest which they take
in the prompt re-establishment of peace.
The King has not changed, and will not change, in his
desire to second views so salutary ; and the two liigh
mediating powers may be assured, that so far as concerns
his Majesty, it will not be owing to him, if they are not
soon in a situation to give full scope to their beneficent
zeal.
But the Court of London deprives the King of every
expedient and every hope, on this subject, by its inva-
riable resolution to regard and treat the Americans as its
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPOiNUENCE. 49
subjects. Such a resolution renders abortive every exer-
tion, that may be made for obtaining peace. It utterly
destroys the plan of the two mediating powers, since it
decides, in the most peremptory manner, the question
which is the subject of dispute, and the direct or indirect
decision of which should be the preliminary basis of the
future pacification.
In this state of things the King thinks, that the confer-
ences, proposed by the two mediating Courts, would at
present be without effect, and that the meeting of the
respective plenipotentiaries would be but a vain pretence,
which would not diminish nor abridge the horrors of war,
and which might compromise the dignity of their Imperial
Majesties.
The King is truly sorry to see, that things have taken a
direction so contrary to his wishes, and to the expectations
of their Imperial Majesties; and, if it were in his power
to change it, he would do it with an eagerness, which
would show to them the purity of his intentions ; but his
Majesty thinks it his duty to observe, that he has allies
with whom he has inviolable engagements, that he should
betray them by abandoning the American cause, and that
he should betray this cause, if he consented to negotiate a
peace separate from and independent of the United States.
The high mediating powers have perceived the impos-
sibility of such a proceeding, since they have themselves
proposed to place the negotiation of the King, and that of
the United States, upon an equal footing.
But even admitting, that the King should lay the affairs
of America out of the question, that he should be content
to act only for his own personal interest, and that he should
|eave to llie Americans the care of coming to an accom-
VOL. XI. 7
50 LUZERNE.
inodation with their mother country, what would be tlie
result of this mode of proceeding ?
The result would be, that the peace would be decep-
tive ; that it would have a merely speculative existence.
In fact, if, as appears from the strongest evidence to be
probable, the Americans should persist in their refusal to
return to their obedience to the British crown, the war
between Britain and her former colonies would still
continue. The King would then be obliged, as at present,
to assist them ; the King of Spain, on his part, would be
under the necessity of assisting his Majesty ; so that
France and Spain, after the signature of their private
treaty, would be in the same situation as they now are.
These considerations seem to the King to be most
forcible, and his iMajesty has too just an idea of the
wisdom arid penetration of the two high mediating powers,
not to be convinced, that they will regard them in the
same point of view, and that they will wholly approve
the cautious course which they oblige him to pursue.
The King is earnestly desirous to be able to change this
course, and it is in consequence of this desire, that he
invites the high mediating powers to employ all their
influence at the Court of London to induce that Court to
show dispositions, which may convince us, that it is at last
resolved to unite, in good faith, in a prompt and equitable
peace.
The King thinks, that he ought to inform the high medi-
ating powers, that his Ambassador at Vienna is at present
authorised to attend to all overtures and all expedients,
which tend to this object, whether they come from
the Court of London, or are proposed by their Imperial
Majesties ; and he is also authorised to join in the oegotia-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 51
tion, if sufficient grounds are presented to him, tor con-
ducting it safely to a happy conclusion, under the auspices
of their Imperial Majesties.
TO ROBERT K. LIVINGSTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, November 23d, 1781 .
Sir,
1 have the honor of sending lo you a letter, which I
wrote to the comiriandin<i; officer of St Domingo, in con-
sequence of that with which you honored me yesterday.
Be pleased to send the two despatches to those inter-
ested, in order that they may send them to their Fonde de
Procuration by safe opportunities.
I have the honor to be, &:c.
LUZERNE.
CONGRESS TO THE KING OF FRANCE.
The United States in Congress assembled to their
Great, Faithful, and Beloved Friend and Ally, Lewis
the Sixteenth, King of France and Navarre.
Great, Faithful, and Beloved Friend and Ally,
At a period so glorious to the arms of France, both
by sea and land, and so favorable to the fortunes of
America, it is with particular satisfaction that we con-
gratulate the Monarch, whose wise counsels and gene-
rous support have so largely contributed to events,
illustrious in themselves, and promising consequences
truly important.
52 LUZERNE.
We wish to convey to your Majesty our sense of
the victory obtained by the Count de Grasse over the
enemy's fleet on our coast, and the subsequent reduc-
tion of the British armament in Virginia ; and w^e
repeat our grateful acknowledgments for the various
aids so seasonably extended to us. From the benev-
olence and magnanimity, which has hitherto interested
your Majesty in the welfare of these States, we are
convinced, that you will on this occasion feel an
equal pleasure with ourselves, whose immediate ad-
vantage is the result of such fortunate exertions.
We mention with great pleasure the zeal and ability-
manifested by the Count de Rochambeau, commanding
your Majesty's forces in the allied army. His con-
duct, and that of his officers under him, merit our
fullest approbation ; and we are made further happy
by the perfect harmony and affection, which has sub-
sisted between the troops of the two nations.
The distress occasioned to the common enemy by-
combined operations will, we trust, point out to both
nations the utility of similar measures in future 5 and
whilst it induces your Majesty to supply that naval
force, which the situation of our country renders ne-
cessary, will urge the United States to every effort
which their particular interests, added to their desire
of seconding your Majesty's views, can call forth to
ensure the complete success of attacks upon the
enemy's strong holds.
It is with great pleasure, that the United States
continue to number some of your Majesty's subjects
amongst their most able, spirited, and faithful officers.
It affords the world a striking proof of the intimate
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 53
connexion, which subsists between the allied nations,
at the same time serves to cement the union which it
manifests.
Major General the Marquis de Lafayette has in this
campaign so greatly added to the reputation he had
before acquired, that we are desirous to obtain for him,
on our behalf, even notice in addition to that favor-
able reception, which his merits cannot fail to meet
with from a generous and enlightened Sovereign ;
and in that view, we have directed our Minister
Plenipotentiary to present the Marquis to your
Majesty.
We pray God, Great, Faithful, and Beloved Friend
and Ally, always to keep your Majesty in his holy
protection.
Done at Philadelphia, the twentyninth day of No-
vember, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven
hundred and eightyone, and in the sixth year of our
independence. By the United States in Congress
assembled. Your faithful Friends and Allies.
JOHN HANSON, President.
Charles Thomson, Secretary.
TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, December 11th, 1781.
Sir,
I have received the letter, with which you yester-
day honored me. I have, consequently, the honor of
sending you triplicate copies of a letter, which I wrote
to the Count du Durat, Governor of Grenada. Be
54 LUZERNE.
pleased to send it to the persons whom it concerns,
and at the same time to advise them to annex to it
copies of their memorial in French. I hope that it
may prove satisfactory to them. I can do nothing
else in affairs of this kind, except to invite the Admi-
ralties of our Islands to take them into consideration.
I have the honor to be, Sic.
LUZERNE.
TO COUNT DU DURAT, GOVERNOR OF GRENADA.
Translation.
Philadelphia, December Jlth, 1781.
Sir,
I have the honor of sending you a copy of a memo-
rial presented to the State of New Hampshire, and
sent by that State to Congress, relative to a ship car-
ried to Grenada by some American sailors, whom the
English had compelled to serve on board of her. I do
not know what are the rules or usages, to which the
Admiralty of Grenada conform in such cases, I
merely inform you, Sir, that by the laws of Congress,
when insurgent sailors bring an English vessel into
the ports of the United States, it is adjudged as a prize
to them. The Admiralty of St Domingo, knowing
these laws, have not hesitated, in a similar case, to
restore the prize to the Americans, who had conducted
it into port, after deducting the expenses of the pro-
ceeding.
I have the honor to be, &c.
LUZERNE.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 55
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. BE L,A LUZERNE.
Office of Foreign Affairs, December 21st, 1781.
Sir,
I do myself the honor to enclose an extract of my
letter to Dr Franklin, on the subject of the late ordi-
nance of Congress, relative to captures. Though in it
I suggest a mode, by which the identity of goods
captured and shipped may be authenticated, yet I have
not thought it prudent to give it the preference to any
other, which Dr Franklin, upon communicating with
the Minister, may think more proper. I have only to
request, that you will by your representations second
his, and urge the Court of France to adopt the regu-
lation above suggested, or any other that will best
guard against this illicit commerce on the one hand, or
the injury of innocent dealers on the other.
I have the honor to be, Sec.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Office of Foreign Affairs, January 19th, 1782.
Sir,
I do mjself the honor to enclose two letters from
Mr Deane, which were delivered with his own hand
to a Mr Marshal, who has sworn to their identity.
These add so much weight to the suspicions already
entertained against him, that thsy may probably be of
use to your Court in justifying any measure, which
they may deem it proper to adopt, to prevent the ill
56 LUZERNE.
effects of the principles he endeavors to disseminate,
and to invalidate the ill-found«d assertions he makes.
I beg to be informed whether you think it probable
that the Hermione has sailed yet, and if not, whether
you have any express going down to her.
I have the honor to be, &,c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO ROBERT R. LfVINGSTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, January 20th, 1782.
Sir,
I thank you for communicating to me Mr Deane's
two letters. I shall transmit them to my Court. I
am not at present, sending any express to the Chesa-
peake, but I shall probably send one as soon as I shall
have received the letters, which should have been
brought by the Sybil. It is still possible that the
Hermione may be charged with them.
I proposed to have the honor, at the first opportu-
nity, of conversing with you upon a circumstance,
which it is desirable that Congress should alter. In
the State of Massachusetts there is no Marshal of the
Court of Admiralty. The custom in that State is, to
put into the hands of the agent of the Ubellant the
effects libelled, and the proceeds of their sale, if it has
taken place. This practice has already been attended
with great inconveniences, as it respects French mer-
chants, and particularly as it respects a Spanish vessel,
the owners of which, it is thought, have lost from
twentyfive to thirty thousand pounds sterling, merely
because the contested property had not been put into
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 57
the hands of a responsible public officer. You will be
better able, Sir, than I am, to judge by what means
these inconveniences may be remedied.
f have the honor to be, &.c.
LUZERNE.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Office of Foreign Affairs, January 24th, 1782.
Sir,
Reflecting that our not communicating the resolu-
tions of the 22d to you, when we send them to Dr
Franklin, might appear to the Count de Vergennes to
betray a want of confidence in you, which I am per-
suaded Congress do not entertain, I am led to con-
sider my not having received instructions to commu-
nicate them as a mere accidental omission, and accord-
ingly take upon me to enclose a copy of them. You
will, I presume, put them in cypher before they are
sent off. To give you leisure to do it, I have not sent
them to your house, but have ordered my servant to
find you at the Assembly.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, January 25th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor of sending back the resolution of
Congress of the 22d instant, and of thanking you for
VOL. XI. 8
58 LUZERNE.
this communication. The letters which I have had to
write to France, in answer to those which I received
by the Sibyl, being now finished, I shall have the
honor of communicating to you, before the end of the
week, the news which I have received.
I have the honor to be, &c.
LUZERNE.
TO THE PKESIDENT OF CONGRESS,
Translation.
Philadelphia, January 28th, 1782.
Sir,
The undersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of
France to the United States, has the honor of inform-
ing Congress that a great part of the loan of ten
millions of livres tournois, opened in Holland on
account of the United States, was taken up in October
last, and that the interest on it has been fixed at 4 per
centum. It is now proper that Congress should be
pleased to send to Mr Franklin, the instructions and
the authority necessary for performing the acts re-
quired to bind the United States, in their engagements
with his Majesty on account of this loan, as well as of
the interest and expenses which it has occasioned.
The undersigned has informed the Superintendent of
the Finances, that after deducting the money advanced
by his Majesty for this loan, there would remain about
four millions of livres, at the disposal of the United
States when the loan is entirely taken up,
LUZERNE.
DIPLOMATIC CORKESPOiNDENCE. 59
THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS TO THE PRES-
IDENT OP CONGRESS.
Philadelphia, January 29th, 1782.
Sir,
The Minister of France informed me, that he was
desirous of making some communications from letters
received by the Sibyl. Ten o'clock this day was ap-
pointed to receive them. He accordingly came, and
read to me passages of a letter of Count de Vergennes
to him, dated October 17th, 17S1, which contained in
substance.
That France wished (as was evident, from her going
into the war on our account) to obtain every advan-
tage for us. That powers at war must often be
governed by circumstances. That if events would
enable her to command them, we might depend on
everything she could obtain. That her political sys-
tem depended not only on America, but on the other
powers at war. That if France snould continue hostil-
ities merely on account of America, after reasonable
terms were offered, it was impossible to say what the
event might be. That his Majesty was, however, at
all events, determined to adhere to the true principles
of the alliance, and would farther endeavor to obtain
for us whatever we demanded, as far as events would
justify.
He observed, that people in America appeared to
be greatly deceived with respect to the disposition of
the belligerent and mediating powers, and to imagine
that all were anxious for a peace ; that this was so far
from being the case, that Great Britain had not yet
60 ' LUZERNE.
returned any answer to the overtures of the Imperial
Courts, nor had any reply been made by the latter to
the answer given them by France, from which delay
it might be easily imagined peace was far distant.
That from the present situation of Spain, there was
strong reason to suppose she could not spare us any
money, her own operations requirini^; all she had.
That he hoped France would not be called upon to
make up her deficiencies, as they were in no situation
to make new grants. Besides, that in order to rid us
of our embarrassments, they had already made efforts
in our behalf, which they had reason to believe ex-
ceeded our expectations, and that what they had done
for America this year, entitled them to an exemption
from further demands.
In a letter of October 20th, 1781, from the Count
de Vergennes to the Minister of France, it is observed,
that the United Provinces would not embarrass them-
selves at present by an alliance with us ; that in this
they will follow the example of Spain ; that, however,
it will be prudent to keep an agent in Holland, and
direct him to advise constantly with Dr Franklin, that
we may observe some consistency in our politics.
That he fears America founds hopes on the aid of
Russia ; that nothing can be more groundless ; that
though he believes she is not averse to the independ-
ence of America, yet we ought not to expect that she
will move a step in our favor ; that she has no partic-
ular interest in terminating the war ; that as she means
to assume the character of a mediator, she must pre-
serve that of justice and impartiality ; that nothing,
therefore, can extort from her measures that are favor-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 61
able to us, but a conviction, that we cannot be brought
back to the dominion of Great Britain. That this
should lead us to think (a sentiment which he desires
the Minister to inculcate) that our success depends
upon our exertions, and upon our relinquishing the
inactivity into which false hopes, excited by success,
do sometimes plunge us.
He repealed, that France could lend us no more
money ; that the ten millions borrowed upon our ac-
count in Holland, were greatly sunk by advances made
in France; that no bills would be paid in France,
which the Minister did not authorise us to draw ; that
he hoped our officers would have too much prudence
to risk the credit of the United States by drawing;
that the negotiations are still inactive, and will remain
so, till events oblige one or other of the parties to sue
for peace. That the success of the expedition against
Portsmouth (that being the supposed post of Cornwal-
lis) might possibly have some effect. That the great
object of England is America ; that she will not cede
it while she can carry on the war ; that she will cer-
tainly make great exertions the ensuing campaign ;
that equal exertions are therefore necessary on our
part. That Spain and Holland view America as the
great obstacle to a peace, from which consequences
may flow, which people of judgment may easily
foresee.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
62 LUZERNE.
COUNT DE VERGENNES TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Translation.
Versailles, January 3lst, 1782.
I have received, Sir, the letter with which you hon-
ored me on the 20th of October of last year. I heard
of your appointment as Minister of Foreign Affairs
of the United States, with the greater pleasure, as I
already knew the extent of your knowledge and your
zeal for the interests and the glory of your country.
I am convinced. Sir, that it will be the dearest ob-
ject of your cares and labors to support the cause for
which the United States are contending, and to main-
tain the principles, which serve as the basis of the
union between them and his Majesty. Be assured,
Sir, that I shall omit nothing that lies in my power,
effectually to second your good intentions. My con-
fidence in your zeal and patriotism is equal to the
sentiments of respect, with which I have the honor to
be, Sir,
Your most obedient and humble servant,
DE VERGENNES.
TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, February 1st, 1782.
Sir,
1 have received the letter, with which you honored
me on the 31st ultimo, and the affidavit enclosed in it.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 63
I have the honor of sending it back to you, and I also
annex a letter for the commanding officer of the Island
of St Domingo. It will be necessary, that Mr Wil-
liam Marshall should be charged to prosecute this affair
himself.
I have the honor to be, &c.
LUZERNE.
Instructions to Dr Franklin.
In Congress, February 5th, 1782.
On the Report of the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, to
whom was referred the note (dated January 28) from the
Minister of France,
Resolved, That the following powers and instructions
be given to the Minister Plenipotentiary of the United
States of America at the Court of Versailles.
Whereas, the Minister of his Most Christian Majesty
has informed the United States in Congress assembled,
that the loan of ten millions of livres tournois, opened in
Holland on account of these United States, was in a great
measure completed in October last, and requested in con-
sequence thereof, that full powers might be expedited to
bind these United States to discharge the principal and
interest of the said loan, agreeably to the terms thereof,
with such expenses as might have accrued in making such
loan 5 you are, therefore, hereby authorised, directed, and
empowered, to enter into such engagements with his Most
Christian Majesty, with the Slates General of the United
Provinces, with any particular State or Province, or with
any man or body of men whatsoever, uith whom you may
find it necessary to enter into engagements, for the purpose
64 LUZERNE.
of binding these United States to discbarge the said loan,
with interest, agreeably to the terms thereof; and also for
the re-payiiient of such expenses as have arisen, or nr)ay
arise by reason of the said loan. And the said United
States of America do hereby pledge their faith to confirm
what you shall execute in pursuance of the above power.
JOHN U ANSON, President.
RESOLVES OF CONGRESS RESPECTING THE COMMUNICA-
TIONS MADE BY THE MINISTER OF FRANCE.
In Congress, February 8th, 1782.
On the Report of the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, to
whom was referred the communication made to him by the
Minister of France, (November 23d) containing, among
other things, an opinion of Count de Vergennes, that his
Catholic Majesty will not have it in his power to advance
any money to the United States ; and expressing in
strong terms the Count's hopes, that, the United States
will not imagine that France should make up the sums
they expected from Spain, after the assistance they have
already derived from France ;
Resolved, That Congress are fully sensible of the fre-
quent, friendly and generous interposition of his Most
Christian Majesty in their behalf, and are led from thence
to hope a continuation of his assistance, since nothing has
been wanting on their part, so to apply the aid he gener-
ously affords, as to distress the common enemy, and lead
to the great object of their alliance, a safe and honorable
peace.
Resolved, That Congress cannot, without injustice to
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 65
themselves and their ally, withhold from him a knowledge
of their present circumstances, or neglect to mention the
ruinous consequences that may attend a refusal of those
aids, which as well the friendly dispositions of his Most
Christian Majesty, as the success that has attended his
interposition in their hehalf, gave them reason to hope
would be continued till the States, which have lately
been ravaged by the enemy, had so far recovered their
commerce and agriculture, as to be able more effectually
to contribute to the general expense ; and that his Majesty
may be assured, that their applications for this purpose
shall not exceed what may be absolutely necessary for the
support of the common cause.
Resolved, That the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, con-
sulting with tile Superintendent of Finance, explain to
the Minister of the United States at the Court of Ver-
sailles, the extensive advantages, which have resulted from
moneys supplied by his Most Christian Majesty to these
United States, and the engagements, which have been
entered into with a view to render the next campaign deci-
sive, the consequence of failing in those engagements, and
the little prospect there is of fulfilling them without an
additional loan or subsidy, for the year 1782, of at least
twelve millions of livres tournois, in order that the said
minister may present a memorial on this subject to his
Most Christian Majesty, and at the same time lay before
him the several resolutions lately passed by the United
States in Congress assembled, which evidence their unal-
terable resolution to make every exertion, for a vigorous
campaign, which their present situation will allow.
Resolved, That the Minister Plenipotentiary of the
United States of America at the Court of Versailles be,
voi>. XI. 9
66 LUZERNE.
and he is hereby instructed and empowered to borrow, on
account of these United States, the sum of twelve millions
of livres tournois, and to enter into engagements on the
part of the United States for the repayment of the same,
together with the interest, wliich is not to exceed the terms
allowed or given on national secinMty in Europe.
TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, February 18th, 1782.
Sir,
The Minister Plenipotentiary of France has the honor
of communicating to Mr Livingston a letter from the
Marquis de Bouille, commanding officer of the Windward
Islands, and a memorial presented to that General by the
Council and Assembly of the Island of Dominica. One
of the two cases mentioned in them, that of the Dutch
vessel, the Resolution, has been decided by the Court of
Appeals, and the sentence of the Court of Admiralty of
Philadelphia, has been amended in almost every point.
The case of the Eeirsten has been decided at Boston in
the first instance, and recently by the Supren.e Court of
Appeals. As the annexed papers seem to contain means
for the revision of the first case, and proofs, which were
not known to the Judges when the decision was made, the
undersigned has the honor of communicating them to Mr
Livingston, and requests him to be pleased, after reading
them, to send them back to him.
The agent of the merchants at Dominica designs to
solicit the said revision, with a view to have all the cargo,
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 57
without exception, acquitted, The uudersigned Minister
flatters himself, that Congress will he pleased to enable the
said agent to avail himself of the new proofs, which he
says that he has obtained. The letter of the Marquis de
Bouille, and the request of the Council and Assembly of
Dominica, may hereafter serve to determine the true
meaning of the capitulations of the English Islands, taken
by the forces of his IMajesty ; and it is for this reason also,
that the undersigned requests that they !!:ay be laid before
the Tribunal of Appeals. This letter and this request,
leave no room to doubt, that the Ostend ship Eeirsten
sailed under the faith of the capitulation, and that her
owners ought to participate in the advantages secured by it
to the capitulators.
The undersigned Minister appeals to the justice of Con-
gress, and of the American tribunals, in favor of those
inhabitants or capitulators of the Island of Dominica, who
are interested in the cargo of this ship, as subjects of the
King, his master, and in favor of those people of Ostend
who are interested, as subjects of his Imperial Majesty,
who is allied to the King, his master, both by blood and
by treaties.
LUZERNE.
THE MARQUIS DE BOUILLE TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Translation.
Without date.
Sir,
I have the honor to transmit you a Memorial from
the Council and Assembly of the island of Dominica, v/ho
lay claim to the Dutch ship Resolution, Captain Water-
burg, which has been retaken from an English privateer
08 LUZERNE.
from Carolina, by the American privateer Ariel, belong-
ing to Messrs Robert Morris, Samuel Inglis, and William
Bingham, brought into Philadelphia, and condemned there
as a legal prize.
This neutral ship, employed in the exportation of the
produce of Doi^iinica, by virtue of the proclamation of his
Britannic Majesty in favor of neutral ships bound for the
British Colonies, conquered by France in the course of
this war, would not hiive been condemned as a legal prize,
had it remained in the power of the British privateer, and
been brought into a port belonging to his Britannic Majesty.
She could not, then, be condemned by the Admiralty of
Philadelphia, smce tiiat Court could not consider her
otherwise than as a neutral vessel, sailing under the faith
of his Britannic Majesty's proclamation, which, the com-
mander of the English privateer was no doubt ignorant of,
and after which she could no longer be considered as a re-
capture.
This affair, Sir, deserves all your attention, and the
particular protection which I request you to grant it, that
the owners of this vessel may obtain, from the Council of
Prizes of the United States the justice due to them.
It is feared at Dominica, lest the Osiendian ship Eeir-
sten. Captain Thomson, which sailed for the said Island,
and was taken by an American privateer and brought
into Boston, may likewise have been condemned ; and
should this have been the case, I also request your inter-
position in favor of the owners of the said vessel.
I have the honor to be, &tc.
BOUILLt.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. gg
MEMORIAL OF THE COUNCIL OF DOMINICA.
To liis Excellency the Marquis de Bouille, Marshal of
the King's Camp and Armies, Lieutenant General and
Governor General, in and over the Islands of Martinico,
Dominica, Grenada, and St Vincent, Tobago, &.c. &ic.
The Memorial of the Council and Assembly, represent-
ing the capitulants of this Island.
By virtue of the I7ih Article of the capitulation signed
by your Excellency, the capitulants of this Island were
authorised to ship the produce of their estates, in neutral
ships, to neutral ports in Europe, and to receive from them
the necessary supplies of provisions and plantation stores.
Annexed to the oaths of the respective shippers of pro-
duce on neutral vessels, his Excellency the Marquis du
Chilleau, his Majesty's Governor in this Island, granted to
the master of each vessel his certificate, that such ship-
pers were capitulants, and tlie produce laden in such ves-
sel was the growth of their estates, and therein recom-
mended those vessels and their cargoes to the protection
of all his Majesty's subjects, those of his Most Catholic
Majesty and to the Americans in alliance with France.
These certificates were always respected till now, and in
consequence such neutral vessels, although detained and
examined at different times, arrived at their destined ports.
To the infinite surprise of your meniorialists, they have
received advice from Philadelphia, that the Dutch ship,
the Resolution, Captain Waterburg, was retaken from an
English privateer, belonging to Carolina, by the Ariel, an
American privateer, belonging to Messrs Robert Morri.s,
Samuel Inglis, and William Bingham of Philadelphia,
carried into that city, and was there condemned and
70 LUZERNE.
sold with her cargo, without respecting either the capitu-
lation, or the certificate and recommendation of his Excel-
lency the Marquis du Chilleau. This ship was loaded
at Dominica and regularly cleared there for Amsterdam
within the time limited by his Britannic Majesty's Procla-
mation in favor of Dutch vessels, loading in the conquered
Island, the commander of the Carolina privateer, unac-
quainted with the Proclamation, had detained her as a
Dutch ship. That this ship would certainly have been re-
leased in Carolina cannot even be doubted, as she had
before been carried into the Island of Nevis on the same
voyage, and released with a compensation after her papers
were examined.
Your memorialists have received further advice, that
another American privateer has taken and carried into
Boston, the Ostend brig Eeirsten, Captain Thomson,
bound from that port to this Island, and laden with pro-
visions and plantation stores for the estates of your memo-
rialists, where we fear she will have the same fate.
If the Americans should persist and be authorised to
take and confiscate neutral vessels, loaded with the pro-
duce of capitulants' estates under the authority of the
French government, and those who in return are loaded
with the provisions essentially necessary to them, what is
the trade of this Island ? This must put an effectual end to
it ; what resources are then left to us ?
The inhabitants of this Island are capitulants, and they
dare flatter themselves, that under their present govern-
ment they have the merit of having constantly manifested
the most uniform propriety of conduct ; the Americans
should not only have respected, but protected their pro-
perty. Bound to do so by their treaty of friendship with
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 7|
France, by the capitulation, and by the certificate and
recommendation of the French Governor.
Your memorialists do therefore most earnestly entreat,
that your Excellency will be pleased to take this Memorial
into consideration.
Council Chamber, in Roseau, the 23d day of Novem-
ber, 1781.*
ABRAHAM SHAW, President in Council
House of Assembly, Roseau, this 23d day of Novem-
ber, 1761.
J. MORSOU, Speaker of the House of Assembly.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Office of Foreign Affairs, February 20th, 1782.
Sir,
I was yesterday honored witli your note, covering the
papers, which relate to the ship Resolution's cargo, and
the brigantine Eeirsten's. With respect to the first, I believe
there ig little doubt, that that part of the cargo, which is
condemned would be acquitted upon a rehearing, and
proving, that it was the property of capitulants. The
case of the brigantine is much more intricate, and carries
* Extract from an authentic copy of the capitulation, granted by
the Marquis de Bouille to the Island of Dominica.
"Article 7th. That they (the inhabitants of Dominica) shall
pay no other duty to his Most Christian Majesty, than they have
paid to his Britannic Majesty, without any charge or imposts. The
expenses attending the administration of justice, the Minister's sti-
pends and other customary charges, shall be paid out of the reve-
nue of his Most Christian Majesty in the same maimer as under
the government of his Britannic Majesty.
"Granted, and that the inhabitants of Dominica may freely export,
their produce to all parts, on paying into the custom house the
t2 LUZERNE.
Strong marks with it of a fraudulent design to protect
British property, contrary to the spirit of the capitulation.
One of the Judges who condemned this vessel assures me,
that tiiere was strong proof, that the cargo belonged to
British owners, even after she parted from Ostend, nor
was there any evidence that the bottom was neutral.
The capitulation does not certainly tend to cover any other
property of the capitulants, but that which should be ship-
ped from the Island, or to the Island from a neutral port,
otherwise its trade with Britain would stand upon the same
footing as it did before the capture. However, I have not
had such a view of facts, as will enable me to give an
opinion upon the subject, and if I had it would not fall
within my department to determine upon it.
The line in which justice will most speedily be done,
will be for the parties who conceive themselves aggrieved
to petition Congress for a rehearing. If, Sir, you shall
approve it, I will lay before them your note, with the pa-
pers annexed, and my opinion thereon. I doubt not, that
they will readily adopt such measures as are most con-
sistent with justice, and the respect they will feel for your
recommendation.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
duties, which the inhabitants of the French Islands pay in the
Islands or in Europe ; but the expenses for administration of justice
shall be paid by the Colony.
"Article 17th. The merchants of the Island may receive vessels
to their address from all parts of the world, without their being con-
fiscated, and they may sell their merchandise, and carry on their
trade ; and the port shall be entirely free for them for that purpose,
paying the customary duties paid in the French Islands.
"Granted, until the peace, English vessels excepted."
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 73
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESl.
Translation.
Philadelphia, March 8th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor of informing your Excellency, that I
am about to take a journey to Virginia, and shall probably
be absent some weeks. M. de Marbois will remain here
during this interval, as Charge d'affaires of his Majesty.
Be pleased to honor him with your confidence, in case
that circumstances shall render it necessary for him to
make any communication to Congress.
Tf your Excellency has any commissions, with which to
intrust me, for Virginia, I entreat you to be assured of my
punctuality in performing them.
I am, Sir, respectfully, Sic.
LUZERNE.
TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, April 17th, 1788.
Sir,
1 have repeatedly applied to the Department of War, to
have a settlement made of the accounts of M. de la
Radiere, an officer of Engineers, and General Baron de
Kalb, both of whom died in the service of the United
Stales.
I have been answered, in the absence of General Lin-
coln, that the demands, which I made by order of my
Court, for the benefit of their heirs, were jest ; but as yet
no money has been paid to me, and I therefore entreat
you to be pleased to procure it as soon as possible. I
VOL. XI. 10
74 LUZERNE.
have received several letters from the family of Baron de
Kalb, and I wish to be able to send them a satisfactory
answer. General Lincoln having returned, I hope that
these two affairs will suffer no delay.
The Count de Barras also demanded, in the month of
July of last year, the payment of the sums due to the
volunteers, who have served on board the Ariel, Captain
Paul Jones ; and on leaving the Chesapeake he has re-
newed his demands, in order that this money may be sent to
France, where it will be paid to those to whom it belongs.
This debt amounts to four thousand one hundred and
ninetyseven livres tournois, not including the sum of one
thousand one hundred and fiftyone livres, which has been
paid to Joseph Caron, Fran9ois Marais de Tulipe, Joseph
Powaruce, and Paterne Jean, who were on board the Her-
mione. Congress, by a resolution, the date of which 1
cannot recollect, last year ordered the whole of this sum
to be paid. I entreat you. Sir, to be pleased to persuade
the Board of Admiralty to bring this affair to a close, and
to transmit this sum to his Majesty's Consul, that he may
send it to those to whom it is due.
I have the honor to be, &;c.
LUZERNE.
TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, April 13th, 1782.
Sir,
I embrace the first moment after my return from Vir-
ginia, to comply with the request of the principal officers
of our army, in tendering you their sincere respects.
I have already forwarded to your Excellency a letter
DIPLOMATIC CORRESfOiNDEJVCE. 75
from Count de Rochanibeau ; on my return here, 1 found
letters from my Court, dated in February last. They do
not ainiotince anything pacific, on the part of our enemies.
No progress is made in the mediation of the Courts of
Vienna and Petersburg, and the Court of London seems
determined to risk the event of another campaign, in which
they will employ all the strength they have left. The plan
for the campaign was not yet finally decided, it depending
on some arrangements, which were yet to be made with
the Court of Madrid, and on some advices, which were
expected from the Antilles. It nevertheless seemed to be
the intention to act vigorously for the assistance of the
United States, and though no particular assurances could
be given me on this head, yet from what they write me, it
is probable that New York or Charleston, or perhaps both,
will be the object of their efforts next campaign.
I think it, however, proper to inform you, that at the
same time they announce to me their general views, they
observe, that it is an unhappy circumstance, that the Amer-
ican army is so weak as it is ; and they seem to fear, that
it will not be in a condition to second their efforts, when it
shall be necessary to strike a decisive stroke, or to under-
take operations, in which such extensive means are re-
quired as in a siege.
I beg your Excellency would enable me to give my
Court the necessary information on a matter so important
as this is. 1 am not curious to know any of the particular
details relative to your army, which it may be necessary to
keep secret, but the military operatiosis of France and
America are so intimately connected, that it is indispensa-
ble for us to know what is the actual force and means
which you have, in order to calculate with any degree of
76 LUZERNE
probability what enterprises can be undertaken. Our igno-
rance in this respect cannot but be very prejudicial to our
affairs, because, if from false infornnation we consider your
army as weaker than it really is, it will prevent our forming
plans, which it would be possible to execute ; and if, on
the contrary, we are led to believe it stronger than it really
is, we run the risk of forming plans impracticable in their
execution. It is from these considerations, that I beg of
you to confide to n)e such information on this head as
you may think proper, both with respect to the actual
force you have at the different parts of the continent, and
what it will probably be in the course of the campaign.
It is equally interesting to know the force of the enemy,
both in regulars and militia. 1 beg you to rest assured of
the discretion, with which I shall make use of these com-
munications.
I cannot refuse myself the pleasure of communicating to
you the sentimeniS, with which our Court and the nation at
large are inspired, from the reports of the French officers,
respecting your Excellency, on their return to Versailles.
Their testimony could add nothing to the universal opinion
of the great services you have rendered your country, but
to the esteem and admiration of the French are now
added a sentiment of affection and attachment, which are
the just return for that attention which our military expe-
rienced from you, and the progress they made in their
profession by serving under your orders.
I have the honor to be, he.
LUZERNE.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 77
COUNT DE ROCHAMBEAU TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Williamsburgh, April 16th, 1782.
1 send you under a flying seal, my dear Chevalier, the
letter I have written to M. de Guerny, commanding the
Emerald frigate. You will observe, that I am yet in a
state of ignorance, not having received my ministerial des-
patches. It is of the greatest consequence, that this letter
should be forwarded by a safe route, through the hands of
General Washington, that it may be despatched as quick
as possible.
Our last news from Edenton is of the 8th of April, by a
captain of a vessel, who left Georgetown the 25th of
March. The enemy employ all the wagons ef Charles-
ton in transporting their stores on board the empty vessels,
which came from New York.
I think General Washington would do well to have all
the works levelled, which we made at Rhode Island round
Newport, and even the fort on Butts' Hill, if he has not
troops vigorous and firm to keep possession of it.
The plans of the enemy seem to give their marine all
the superiority they can in these seas. I think they must
have it much at heart to re-occupy the port of Rhode
Island. The port c f New York being precarious, the entry
depending on the tides, they run the greatest risks in their
naval combats, in not having a port where they can take
refuge at all times.
I have not time to translate this into English ; I beg you
to transmit it to our General, as well as that for M. de
Guerny, that he may forward it with the greatest despatch.
I submit, with reason, all my reflections on Rhode Island
78 LUZERNE.
to him. I have always in inind Lord North's speech, and
the news which seemed to follow, of the pretended evacu-
ation of Charleston.
Count Ferson sets off to meet n)y despatches ; he tells
me that there is a detachment of about one hundred men,
which might be employed jointly with the militia in level-
ling the works.
ROCHAMBEAU.
TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, April 18th, 1782.
Sir,
On my return to this place. Count Beniowsky delivered
to me a plan, which he wislied to have communicated to
your Excellency before your departure from Philadelphia,
bat as he was particularly recommended to me by my
Court, he deferred taking that step till my arrival. He
will not make any proposition to Congress without first
consulting your Excellency and obtaining your approba-
tion, and it is with this view he now goes to the army.
I need not recall to your Excellency's n)ind, the ser-
vices and actions, which have recommended Count Beni-
owsky. His fervor you are acquainted with, and 1 am
persuaded, that if you think he can be useful to the United
States, no one will more sincerely support him in carrying
into execution those views, which brought him to this con-
tinent.
1 have the honor to be, &,c.
LUZERNE.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 79
GEORGE WASHINGTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Newburgh, April 28th, 1782.
Sir,
I receive with much gratitude the remembrance and
compliments of the principal officers of the French army
in Virginia, and thank your Excellency for the trouble of
being the bearer of them to me, and the letter from Count
de Rochambeau.
With equal sensibility and pleasure, I received and do
now acknowledge my obligations to your Excellency for
the communications from your Court, which, though not
decisive, are nevertheless important. The late instance of
their generous aid, hinted at by your Excellency and par-
ticularised by Mr Morris, is one among a variety of im-
portant considerations, which ought to bind America to
France in bonds of indelible friendship and gratitude, never
I hope to be sundered. Induced by that entire confi-
dence, which I repose in your Excellency, and a full con-
viction, that a nation, who combines her force with ours,
for purposes of all others most interesting to humanity,
ought not to be deficient in any information I can give to
point objects to means, that an accordance with them may
be inseparable, I shall, without hesitation, give you the state
of our present force, and my ideas of the increase of it by
recruits, from the best view of it which is before me.
It can scarcely be necessary to inform your Excellency,
that our military establishment for the present year consists
of one regiment of artillery, four legionary, and two parti-
san corps, and fifty regiments of infantry, beside the corps
of invalids ; or that Congress have called in pointed terms
upon each State to complete its regiments to the establish-
80 LUZERNE.
ment, the aggregate of which, if complied with, would
amount to thirtyfour thousand three hundred and eight
men, exclusive of commissioned officers, sergeants, and
music, Hazen's regiment, and the corps of invalids. Of
this force, one legionary corps, two regiments of artillery,
and twentytwo of infantry, besides Hazen's regiment and
the invalids, compose the northern army ; but as Hazen's
regiment is fostered by no State, discouraged from recruit-
ing by all, and without funds if the case were otherwise,
it must scon dwindle to nothing, being now very weak.
The present totality of the rank and file, exclusive of
sergeants, of those regiments which compose the northern
army, amounts to nine thousand one hundred and fortysix.
From this number the sick men, in different branches of
the staff department, and such as are employed on other
extra du:ies, which the peculiarity of our circumstances
compels me to furnish from the army, being deducted, will
reduce the efficient operating force of these corps to seven
thousand five hundred and fiftythree rank and file, and I
should be uncandid if I were not to acknowledge, that I
do not expect it will be increased by recruits in the course
of the campaign, to more than ten thousand fit for duty in
the field. This, Sir, in my opinion will be the full amount
of the established regiments of the States east of Pennsyl-
vania. To ascertain the number of njilitia, who may be
assembled for occasional offensive operations, is more than
I can do. The general opinion is, that there will be no
want of militia for any enter[)rise we can have in view. Be
this as it may, this one thing is certain, that this class of
men are not only slow in their movements, but undertaking
to judge also of the propriety of them in point of amount,
will wait till the necessity for it strikes them, which, in
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 81
most cases, is as injurious to the service ns inability or
want of inclination ; disappointment being the consequence
of delay. Tiiis observation I could not refrain from mak-
ing, because in all combined operations, especially those
which may depend upon the season or a limited period for
their execution, it is of the utmost importance to be known.
.The enclosed return, which is a copy of the last state of
the force under the order of Major General Greene, which
has come to my hands, will give your Excellency every
information in my power, respecting the state and condition
of that army ; which was to be augmented by the partisan
corps of Colonel Armand, consisting of about two hundred
horse and foot. Independent of those, there are two small
regiments at Fort Pitt. One from the State of Pennsyl-
vania, the other from Virginia, which are included in the
general establishment of the army ; but no particular re-
turn is here given of them.
What measures are adopted by the States of Georgia
and North and South Carolina, to recruit their battalions, 1
know not. Virginia marched about four hundred men the
latter end of February for the southern army ; and by an
act of the legislature, passed at their last session, resolved
to raise more ; but in what forwardness they are, or what
is to be expected from the act, I am equally uninformed.
Maryland and Pennsylvania depend upon voluntary enlist-
ments, and are proceeding very slowly in the business of
recruiting.
This, Sir, is an accurate state of the force we have at
present, and my expectation of what it may be, indepen-
dent of militia.
The enemy's force, from the best information I have
been able to obtain of it, may stand thus at New York ;
VOL. XI. 1 1
g2 LUZERNE.
Rank and Fil«
Regulars, including their established corps
of Provincials,
9,000
Militia of the city, refugees, and indepen-
dent companies,
4,000
Sailors and marines, according to the num-
ber of ships which may be in the harbor ;
— this being uncertain no number is
given,
Now in New York,
13,000
Charleston, about
3,300
Savannah, about
700
In Canada, including British, German, and
established Provincials,
5,000
Penobscot, about
600
Halifax and its dependencies, uncertain, but
say,
3,500
In all, 26,000
The above estimate, so far as it respects New York,
Charleston, and Savannah, is, I believe, to be depended
upon. The force of Canada by some accounts is more,
by others less, than five thousand. The regular British
and German troops in that country cannot exceed four
thousand ; but in addition to these, are the corps of Sir
John Johnson and others, which I am told have been con-
siderably increased by the disaffected of this, and other
States, who have fled to Canada. But it is to be observed,
that this force, be it what it may, is employed in the occu-
pation of posts from Quebec to Michillimackinac, and on
Lake Champlain, through an extent of not less than seven
or eight hundred miles, and that all these posts are depen-
dent upon the former for provisions and supplies of every
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 83
kind. I am less certain of the enemy's force in Nova
Scotia than elsewhere. The number here given is not
from recent intelligence, or strengthened according to cir-
cumstances. Cumberland, Windsor, Annapolis, St John's
River, &ic., are posts dependent upon Halifax, and included
in the three thousand and five hundred men here men-
tioned.
If this state of matters can be satisfactory to your Ex-
cellency, or useful in the formation of any plans against
the common enemy, I shall be happy in having given it.
Permit me now, Sir, to express the high sense I have
of the honor you have done me, in communicating the
favorable opinion entertained of my conduct by the Court
and nation of France, and to acknowledge my obligations
to those officers who have inspired these sentiments. To
stand well in the eyes of a nation, which 1 view as one of
the first in the world, and in the opinion of a Monarch,
whom I consider as the supporter of the rights of human-
ity, and to whom I am personally indebted for the com-
mand he has been pleased to honor me with, is highly
flattering to my vanity, at the same time it has a first claim
to all my gratitude.
It is unnecessary I hope to add fresh assurances of the
respect and esteem, with which I have the honor to be,
Sir, &tc.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
84 LUZERNE.
COMMUNICATION OF THE FRENCH MINISTER TO THE
SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
In Congress, May 1st, 1782.
The Secretary of Foreign Affairs having laid before
Congress the following minutes of a coinmunicatiou, made
to him the 28th of April, by the Minister of France, from
letters of the Count de Vergennes, dated the 24th of De-
cember and the 22d of January last, viz.
"After expressing his satisfaction in the success of our
arms in Virginia, he laments the weakness of our army,
and the incapacity in which it leaves us of pursuing so im-
portant a blow, before England can recover from it, he says,
though the plan of the ensuing campaign is not yet deter-
mined on, lie has reason to believe, that means will be
used to aid us in the exertions we shall make lo expel the
enemy from this continent ; and he wishes that this con-
sideration, and the obstinate adherence of the British to
their plan of subduing this country, evidenced by their
answer to the mediators, may rouse the United States to
an early and animated exertion. He observes, that the
British are much embarrassed with respect to the measures
they ought to pursue ; that they still continue to represent
us as a weak and divided people, in the hope, that this
may have some effect upon the powers of Europe, more
particularly upon the mediators. He is of opinion, that
England will endeavor to make proposals to the several
States separately ; and though he does not apprehend,
that they will succeed in their attempt to detach them
from the alliance, yet he presumes, while the issue is
unknown, that they will avail themselves of it to induce
a belief, that they have a considerable interest in this
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 85
country, and tliat the people at large wish to be connected
with them. He hopes the wisdom of Congress will de-
vise some means to frustrate this design. He expresses
in strong terms the resolution of his Majesty to adhere to
the principles of the alliance, and to form no treaty of
peace, which does not secure to the United States the
objects of it."
And this communication having been referred to a com-
mittee, and the committee having reported thereon, it was
Resolved, That the Secretary of Foreign Affairs be,
and he is hereby directed to make a confidential com-
munication to the several States of the intelligence received
by Congress on the 29th of April last through his depart-
ment, in order that the States may be more fully im-
pressed with the necessity of such united and determined
exertions, as, with the co-operation of our generous ally,
will expel the enemy from their remaining posts within
the United States, and display to the world the falsehood
of the assertions of the British Court, that the people of
these States are neither united nor determined in support
of their national independence.
DECREE OF THE KING S COUNCIL IN FRANCE.
Translation.
Decree of the King's Council of State, prescribing the
formalities to be observed on the exportation, from the
ports of the kingdom, of merchandise obtained from prizes.
Extract from the records of the Council of State.
"The King having been informed, that the facility
granted by the Fourteenth Article of the decree of his
S6 LUZERNE.
Council of the 27th of August, 1778, concerning mer-
chandise obtained from prizes, has been abused, so that
merchandise of English origin is taken on board, when
under sail, or in foreign countries, and is imported under
the character of merchandise taken as prize, into nations
in alliance with his Majesty, he has thought proper to ex-
plain his intentions. Wishing to remedy this evil, and
having heard the report of M. Joly de Fleury, one of the
Common Council of State, and of the Royal Council of
Finance, the King in Council has commanded and com-
mands, that all the merchandise named in the said Four-
teenth Article of the regulation of August 27th, 1778, and
the adjudication of which is made only upon condition of
its re-exportation to a foreign country, cannot be exported
from the ports of his kingdom, unless it be accompanied
with the copy of the proces-verbal of the sale made by
the Admiralty, or by the Intcndant or the Director of the
Marine, duly certified by the register, or by the Controller
of the Marine, and examined by the Receiver and Con-
troller of the Bureau des Fermes, which, conformably to the
Eighteenth Article of the same decree, must mention, that
the goods have actually been taken from the mart, and
embarked on board of the vessel designated. His Maj-
esty forbids the clerks and overseers of the Adjudicataire
de ses Fermes, under penalty of being deprived of their
offices, and subjected to the severest punishment if it
should be done, to allow any of the merchandise in ques-
tion to be exported, without the previous formalities hav-
ing been observed.
"Done at the King's Council of State, his Majesty being
there present, held at Versailles, the 4th of May, 1782.
LA CROIX CASTRIES."
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 87
TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, May 7th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor of sending you the commission, by
which the Chevalier d'Annemours has been appointed his
Majesty's Consul in the five southern States. Be pleased
to have the kindness to lay it before Congress, that they
may pass an act for the recognition of his character, and
that the necessary letters may in consequence be de-
spatched to the difTorent legislatures. I will myself see
that they are forwarded, if you will send them to me.
The representatives of iVlaryland and Virginia being now
assembled, you will confer a particular favor on me, by
bringing this affair to a termination as soon as possible.
I have the honor to be, he.
LUZERNE.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Office of Foreign Affairs, May 8th, 1782.
Sir,
I was yesterday honored with yours of that date. I
have this day presented the comn)ission, with a draft of
the necessary resolutions thereon to Congress, and I doubt
not that they will immediately pass, when the letters and
papers you request will be put into your hands.
I do myself the honor to enclose a letter from Mr Mor-
ris to me in answer to one I had written him on the sub-
ject of the volunteers, who served on board the Ariel. You
will see by that a state of the accounts, and that the bal-
88 LUZERNE.
ance is ready to be paid to their order. I have requested
the Paymaster General to make up the accounts of the
late Baron de Kalb, and M. de la Radiere, and shall en-
deavor as soon as possible to enable you to give a satis-
factory ansvv^er to their representatives on that subject.
You vi^ill be pleased to return me the enclosed letter, after
having made such use of it as you may think proper.
I have the honor to be, &.c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, May 9th, 1782.
Sir,
Several different bearers of certificates of the different
loans obtained by the United States, have applied to me
to induce Congress to pay them back their capitals, or to
pay the interest stipulated. Their claims are supported by
recommendations from his Majesty's Ministers. I entreat
you to be pleased to enable me to inform them of the
measures taken on this subject. They have now suffered
for a long time on sccount of the suspension of the pay-
ments, and it is a long time since 1 asked for the informa-
tion, which has been successively promised to me.
I am, Sir, respectfully, &c.
LUZERNE.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 89
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Office of Foreign Affairs, May 9th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor to enclose resolutions of Congress,
settling the ceremonial for the public audience on Mon-
day.*
Mr Morris will deliver you the commission of the Chev-
alier d'Annemours ; when you shall have made the altera-
tions and returned it, I will immediately lay it before
Congress.
I have the honor to be, Sic.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Office of Foreign Affairs, May 12th, 1782.
Sir,
The undersigned. Secretary to the United States of
America for the Department of Foreign Affairs, has
the honor to notify to the Minister Plenipotentiary of
his Most Christian Majesty, that Congress have deter-
mined, by a resolution of the 20th of July, 1778, that
the style of address to them should be in future "Gen-
tlemen of the Congress."
The undersigned hopes, that the Minister Plenipo-
tentiary of France will be pleased to make use of this
form, in the address which he proposes to make to
Congress tomorrow, as well as on every future occa-
sion.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
* See the result of this audience in the Secret Journal of Congress,
Vol. III. p. 107.
VOL. XI. 12
90 LUZERNE.
TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, May 17th. 1782.
Sir,
I write only to acknowledo-e the receipt of the let-
ter your Excellency did me the honor to write on the
2Sth ultimo. I feel myself extremely obliged by the
freedom, with which you have been pleased to furnish
me with the information I requested, and I beg you to
be persuaded, that I shall make use of it only to con-
tribute to the success of our common operations.
The reports of the action between the fleets in the
West Indies are so vague, that I can form no certain
judgment thereon. I presume, however, that the
handbill published at New York, the 12th of this
month, is at least partly false. They write me from
Martinique the 13th of April, that Count de Grasse
has beaten the English.
I am, with the most respectful attachment, &c.
LUZERNE.
CONGRESS TO THE KING OF FRANCE.*
The United States in Congress assembled, to their
Great, Faithful Friend and Ally, Louis the Sixteenth,
King of France and Navarre.
Great, Faithful, and Beloved Friend and Ally,
Among the many instances that Divine Providence
has given us of his favor, we number the blessings he
* See the letter, to which this is an answer, dated October 22d,
1781.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 91
has bestowed on your Majesty's family and kingdom.
Nothing was wanting to the happiness of the first, but
a son to wear the lionors, which the father had earned ;
or, to the prosperity of the latter, but the prospect of
seeing the Crown transmitted to an heir, who would
find in the example of his parent, a powerful incite-
ment to promote the happiness of his people. This
example, we presume to hope, will also influence his
future conduct towards these United States. When,
in the history of the present day, he shall read your
Majesty's generous interference in their behalf, their
firm and affectionate attachment, and the blessings
with which both were crowned, he will be studious to
preserve to his kingdom and these States, the recipro-
cal advantages of the alliance, which your Majesty has
formed, and to emulate his ancestor in adding to his
titles the glorious appellation of Protector of Mankind.
We receive with the most lively pleasure your Ma-
jesty's renewed professions of friendship. You will
easily believe, that the attachment, which we have so
often and so truly professed for your Majesty, could
suffer no diminution, when every day afforded us new
instances of your magnanimity, and of your affec-
tionate interference in our behalf.
We pray God, Great, Faithful, and Beloved Friend
and Ally, always to keep you in his holy protection.
Done at Philadelphia, the 20th day of May, in
the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and
eightytwo, and in the sixth year of our independence.
By the United States in Congress assembled. Your
Majesty's Faithful Friends and Allies.
JOHN HANSON, President.
92 LUZERNE.
TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTOR.
Translation.
Philadelphia, May 25th, 1782.
SJf,
The Baron de Holzendorff, Major in the service of
his Majesty, came to America in 1776, to offer his
services to the United Slates. He was obliged by cir-
cumstances, which it would take too long to mention
in detail, to return to France in 1778. Congress, before
his departure, had adopted the annexed resolutions in
relation to him ; but the departure of this officer took
place before he could procure the execution of them,
which he now solicits, Dr Franklin having told him
that the settlement of this business belonged to Con-
gress. The undersigned Minister, requests Mr Liv-
ingston to be pleased to take measures to forward to
this officer a decision of Congress, or of the Depart-
ment of War.
The Chevalier de la Luzerne takes the liberty of
renewing his solicitations respecting the money to be
paid to the heirs of Messrs De Kalb and De la Radiere,
and also respecting the reasons, which have suspended
the payment of the interest on different classes of
certificates.
LUZERNE.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE 93
VERBAL COMMUNICATION OF THE FRENCH MINISTER TO
THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
In Congress, May 28th, 1782.
The Secretary of Foreign Affairs laid before Con-
gress the following verbal communication made to Mr
Livingston.
Tl>e Minister of his Most Christian Majesty has the
honor to inform Mr Livingston of several particulars rela-
tive to the negotiation, that the Court of London appeared
disposed to open in Europe. The first steps were taken
under the former administration. This remark is essen-
tial, because it is possible that the new Ministers may take
others more decisive ; or it is equally possible, that they
may entirely change the system, and continue the war still
longer.
Emissaries have been sent to Paris and to the Hague,
to sound, on the one hand, Mr John Adams, in the hope
that his connexion with some independent members might
facilitate an accommodation; and, on the other side, in the
hope that very advantageous ofTers might seduce his Maj-
esty, and engage him to make a separate peace to aban-
don his allies. The Chevalier de la Luzerne is not in-
formed of the steps that have been taken ai Madrid, or by
the States General.
The proposition made secretly to France tended to a
partial peace. It offered France the possession of their
conquests in the West Indies, the suppression of an Eng-
lish Commissary at Dunkirk, and advantages in the East
Indies. These offers were certainly satisfactory to his
Majesty ; and he would have had no reason to reject them
94 LUZERNE.
if he had had no allies. But his engagements marked out
another line of conduct. He replied, that how sincerely
soever he was disposed to peace, iie would commence no
negotiations to this end without the participation of his
allies. The emissary easily comprehended, that this
answer related as well to the United States as to Spain ;
and pretended that the condition was inadmissible ; that
England, in treating upon this foundation, would acknowl-
edge the independence of her colonies, which made no
part of her system. The Minister of his Majesty replied,
that their independence was considered by the King as
an indispensable point, and tliat it made the basis of his
system.
The English Agent then demanded, if there were no
means to avoid treating with us of the affairs of America.
The Count de Vergennes replied, by referring iiim to the
answer given to the first overtures of pacification made by
the mediators, and communicated to Mr Livingston.
It should be observed, that whether England treats of
the affairs of the United States with the Court of Ver-
sailles, or whether she opens a direct communication with
the United States, she cannot avoid treating with the
American negotiators sent by Congress. In either case
she will be under the necessity of acknowledging that body.
The conduct of his M-;jesty on this occasion being
strictly conformable to justice and his engagements, his
Minister confines himself to a simple communication of it
to Mr Livingston. He confides also to him, that the
Count de Vergennes, in declaring to the English Agent,
that his Majesty could not listen to any negotiations of peace
if the Court of London did not treat at tlie same time with
his allies, added verbally, that the King did not attend to
his own satisfaction till that of his allies was procured.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESFONDENCifi. 95
Besides this, the effects of these steps taken by the
Court of London, have been to engage France to pursue,
with redoubled vigor, the measures that have given birth
to these appearances of peace, but which would certainly
not terminate in it, if England perceived that her enemies
relaxed their efTorts in any manner. It is above all things
indispensable, that the United States should, in the course
of this campaign, be in a situation to co-operate in vigorous
enterprises, which may be formed. It appears that the
design of the Court of London, pointed out by the debates
in Parliament, is to reduce, by a defensive war, their ope-
rations upon this continent. The Minister of his Most
Christian Majesty has at present no information relative to
the plans of the approaching campaign. But whatever
they may be, it would be useful to be enabled to inform
his Court, that the United States will not adopt an inac-
tivity, which would be equivalent to the truce required.
But that their design is to trouble the repose, that the
enemy wish to deliver themselves to, and that the opera-
tions, whether combined or separately undertaken by the
United States, will be pushed with activity during the en-
suing campaign.
As to the place of the negotiations, Congress knew in
1779, when they named a Plenipotentiary, and in 1781,
wlien they gave him three Colleagues, that it could only
be in Europe, and that this was the most efTectual n)eans
of preventing delays and jealousy, and of maintaining the
confidence and harmony, which has so happily subsisted
hitherto between the allies. It would be important, that
the Minister of his Majesty could inform his Comt, that
Congress persists in these dispositions; and, that in case
Commissaries offer to treat upon this continent, they
96 LUZERNE.
should be referred to the Ministers of the United States,
who are provided with instructions on this subject in Eu-
rope ; that the Court of London should address itself to
them ; and that it is impossible that the seat of negotiation
should be in America. When these overtures were made
to the Court of Versailles, the agent made no mention of
those that were to be made in America, or to the Ameri-
can Ministers in Europe. It is obvious, that the design of
this conduct is to inspire reciprocal distrust ; and the
Chevalier de la Luzerne conceives it can in no way more
effectually be prevented, than by a full communication of
every circumstance, which shall relate to the pacification
and to the interests of the alliance, which shall come to his
knowledge.
GEORGE WASHINGTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Head QuarterB, June 5th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor of conveying to your Excellency the
enclosed address of the officers of the Awierican army
under my immediate command, on the auspicious event
of the birth of a Dauphin.
Happy in this opportunity of presenting to you this
united testimony of respect and veneration for your royal
Master, I pray you to believe, that I enjoy the highest
satisfaction in having such an occasion of manifesting to
your Excellency the very particular pleasure I feel in
every event, which affects the happiness of his Most
Christian Majesty, especially in one which is so interesting
and important to his domestic felicity and that of his people.
1 have the honor to be. Sir, &,c.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 97
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Office of Foreign Affairs, June 7th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor to enclose you an account of the
moneys received by Baron de Kalb and Lieutenant Colonel
La Radiere, as extracted from the Paymaster's books.
By this it will appear, that both have received more than
the amount of their pay, even if tlie depreciation is
allowed. If their friends have furnished you with vouch-
ers to account for the expenditure of still further sums
upon the public account, the whole, when stated, will be
liquidated at the treasury offices, and the balance paid.
I have applied to Congress for direction on the subject
of the Baron de Holzendorff, though it would appear to
me, that if he had received the thousand dollars directed
to be paid him, there can be nothing further due to hira,
since the resolution itself implies, that there would proba-
bly be a balance to be repaid in bills of exchange. You
must see. Sir, the extreme difficulty 8f settling these ac-
counts, unless the gentlemen, who have demands, will be at
the trouble of stating their accounts precisely, and produce
vouchers for the money, which has passed through their
hands. This is never dispensed with in the case of our
own citizens. I shall, however, do myself the honor to
lay before you the determination of Congress in this case.
I have written to Mr Morris on the subject of the inter-
est due on the loan office certificates, and shall transmit
to you his answer as soon as I shall receive it.
I enclose for your perusal a very extraordinary letter
from Mr Deane to Governor Trumbull, together with his
reply, which was unanimously approved by the Legislature
VOL. XI. 13
98 LUZERNE.
of Connecticut. You will please return them after you
have read, or, if you think proper, taken copies of ihem.
1 have the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Office of Foreign Affairs, June 9th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor to enclose the copy of a letter from
the Superintendent of Finance in answer to one I wrote
him on the subject of the loan office certificates. I am
sorry for the necessity which dictated it, and look forward
with some degree of impatience to the period when ample
justice shall be done to all the public creditors. In the
meanwhile foreigners will not feel themselves hurt when
we make no distinction between them and our own
citizens.
I have the honor to be. Sir, &;c.
' ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, COMMANDER IN CHIEF, AND
OTHER OFFICERS OF THE AMERICAN ARMY, ON HUD-
SON'S RIVER.
Translation.
Philadelphia, June 10th, 1782.
Gentlemen,
I shall transmit to his Majesty the address you have
been pleased to send me on the birth of an heir to his
crown.
It will afford him infinite satisfaction to find with what
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 99
joy this event iias inspired yon, and he will see with
pleasnre, that the same army which has given so many
proofs of courage and patriotism, and which has in the
most perfect harmony and concert with his own troops
fought the common enemy, now hastens to show, that
nothing which affects the French nation can be indifferent
to them.
Tiie young Prince, whose birth is the object of your
congratulations, will, from iiis infancy, hear recounted the
glorious actions, by which you have effected the indepen-
dence and happiness of a vast continent ; and when there
shall be cited to him examples of disinterestedness, con-
stancy, courage, and every other military virtue, there will
be repeated the names of illustrious chiefs.
He is born at a moment when victory has crowned both
our nations. This circumstance is a happy presage of his
future glory, and promises, that he will one day be the
support of your independence as well as of li)e alliance,
which unites France with the Thirteen United States.
The venerations that your actions and virtues have
inspired me with. Gentlemen, augments the pleasure 1
have in conveying your sentiments to the King, my master.
I beg you to be persuaded, that no one is with more
sincere respect. Gentlemen, your very humble and obe-
<iient servant.
LUZERNE.
CONGUESS TO THE KING OF FRANCE.
The United States in Congress assembled to their
Great, Faithful, and Beloved Friend and Ally, Louis
the Sixteenth, King of France and Navarre.
100
LUZERNE.
Great, Faithful, and Beloved Friend and Ally,
We learn with extreme grief, an event which has
disturbed your Majesty's felicity, and unite with you
in offering that tribute of sorrow to the memory of
your most dear and beloved aunt, the Princess Sophia
Philippina Elizabeth Justina of France, which is due,
as well to the eminent virtues she possessed, as to the
relation in which she stood to your Majesty. We
trust that our sensibility on this occasion, will be con-
sidered as a fresh proof of the interest we take in every
event, which may affect your Majesty, and that our
sincere condolence, when such afflictions as are the
lot of humanity put it out of our power to offer more
effectual consolation, will evince our earnest desire
on every occasion to contribute to your Majesty's
happiness.
We pray God, Dear, Great, Faithful Friend and
Ally, always to preserve and keep you under his holy
protection.
Done at Philadelphia, the 13th day of June, in the
year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and
eightytwo, and in the sixth year of our independence.
By the United States in Congress assembled. Your
Majesty's Faithful Friends and Allies.
JOHN HANSON, President.
TO COUNT DE ROCHAMBEAU.
Translation.
Philadelphia, June 14th, 1782.
My Dear General,
I have just received your letter of the 8th of this
month, and the packets which accompanied it. 1 have
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. IQI
not now time to reply to it, as I profit by an express
on the point of departure, and whom I cannot detain.
The movements of the English troops at New
York, indicate an intention of sending off detachments
from that garrison. It is even possible, though not
very probable, that they propose to evacuate that place,
either to reinforce the English Islands, or to act offen-
sively against the conquered Islands, which will not
be in so good a state of defence as our ancient posses-
sions. This last supposition cannot take place, unless
they retain their superiority, and although I hope that
this will not be the case, it is, however, but prudent
to be in readiness against every event.
The most sure means of preventing the enemy from
making any detachment from New York, is to ap-
proach that place, and to give a jealousy to G-eneral
Carlton, of a combined attack. Congress regard the
matter in this light, and think that General Wash-
ington will make a movement towards New York, in
case such a measure is agreeable to his designs, or to the
intelligence he may have. I am ignorant what steps
he will take in this conjuncture. It is possible that he
may think it proper not to quit his present station, till
he hears that you approach. In all cases the enemy
will be cautious of weakening themselves, if they
hear that you are on the march to form a junction.
I submit these ideas to you, my Dear General, and
am persuaded that you will take such measures as are
most advantageous.
We have news, which I have no reason to believe,
that M. de la Motte Piquet is not far distant from
these coasts.
I have the honor to be, &c. LUZERNE.
102 LUZERNE.
GEORGE WASHINGTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 24th, 1782.
Sir,
I was in the moment of sending off a despatch to
Count de Rochambeau, of which I have the honor to
enclose a copy, when your Excellency's letter of the
14th instant arrived.
I have only to refer you to my letter of the 20th of
April, for a perfect statement of matters in this quarter;
and as little alteration has taken place since that period,
your Excellency will readily perceive the impractica-
bility of the movement expected by Congress, (and
mentioned in your letter to Count de Rochambeau,)
especially too, when you consider how unprej)ared we
are to encounter any expense, that can possibly be
avoided,
My ideas on this head, the removal of the French
army in our present state of uncertainty, the conse-
quent call of the militia to occupy the posts they
would leave, and cover the stores, shipping, &c. which
must necessarily remain, and on the general posture of
our affairs, were communicated fully to the Secretary
of War, when he was here, with a request that he
would unfold them to your Excellency, as I could not
commit them to paper without a cypher.
Tiie enemy, from the best intelligence I get from
New York, has made no detachment. Things remain
there in statu quo. They seem to be suspended and
are waiting for orders from their Court, which 1 hear
they anxiously expect. As I am just stepping into a
boat for Albany, and dare not commit more to paper,
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPOiSDENCE. 103
I have only to give a fresh testimony of the respect
and esteem with which I have the honor to be, &c.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, July 3d, 1782.
Sir,
I received a letter yesterday from Count de Rocham-
beau, dated on the 24th of last month, wherein he informs
me, that he had come to a determination to move on the
27th towards the head of the Bay, where he will be at
hand to take such measures as you may judge proper, as
soon as we receive news from Europe. He desires me
to communicate this to your Excellency, till he can write
you himself. As he does not go any distance from the
Bay, and as he will always be ready to turn off to the
southward if necessary, I hope it will meet your ap-
probation.
I wait his answer respecting the interview, which you
have proposed to him, and which 1 sincerely desire may
take place here. It seems to me impossible, that we
should not have some news from France towards the mid-'
die of this month.
From the last intelligence from Europe, up to the 1st of
May, we learn nothing important, except the general dispo-
sition of the Dutch to ally themselves with the United
States. But it is probable, that Mr Adams will open the
negotiation by demanding the acknowledgment and guar-
antee of your independence, and this circumstance may
104 LUZERNE.
prevent the conclusion of a treaty of commerce, whicii
seems to be the point that has most influence with the
Stales General. But as the inclination of ihe people seems
absolutely towards the alliance, I hope the difficulties will
be successively got over.
I have the honor to be, &tc.
LUZERNE.
TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, July 8th, 1782.
Sir,
You will receive by M. de Vauban a letter from Count
de Rochambeau, informing your Excellency that he will
be here on the 13th or 14th of this month. 1 hope for
the honor of seeing you here by the 1 5th at farthest, and I
felicitate myself, that matters will concur to bring you here
precisely at the time, when I shall celebrate the birth of
the Dauphin. Your presence, and that of Mrs Washing-
ton, will render the festival complete, and I hope the gen-
tlemen, who compose your family, will accompany you.
I do not send any written invitations to them, nor to the
Generals and other officers of your army, but your Excel-
lency knows, that nothing would be more agreeable to me,
than their participation in celebrating an event, which is so
interesting to us, and which I know is so to all otw allies.
Everybody, whom your Excellency may bring with you,
will be welcome.
I have the honor to be, he.
LUZERNE.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 106
COUNT DE VERGENNES TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.
Translation.
Versailles, July 29th, 1782.
Sir,
It is not in quality of a King, the friend and ally of the
United States, (though with the knowledge and consent of
his Majesty,) that I now have the honor to write to your Ex-
cellency. It is as a man of sensibility, and a tender father,
who feels all the force of paternal love, that I take the lib-
erty to address to your Excellency' my earnest solicitations
in favor of a mother and family in tears. Her situation
seems the more worthy of notice, on our part, as it is to
the humanity of a nation, at war with her own, that she has
recourse, for what she ought to receive from the impar-
tial justice o( her own Generals.
I have the honor to enclose your Excellency a copy of
a letter, which Lady Asgill has just wrote me. I am not
known to her, nor was I acquainted that her son was the
unhappy victim, destined by lot to expiate the odious crime
that a fornjal denial of justice obliges you to revenge.
Your Excellency will not read this letter without being ex-
tremely affected ; it had that effect upon the King and
Queen, to whom I communicated it. The goodness of
their Majesties' hearts induces them to desire, that the in-
quietudes of an unfortunate mother may be calmed, and
her tenderness reassured. 1 felt, Sir, that there are cases
where humanity itself exacts the most extreme rigor; per-
haps the one now in question may be of the number ; but
allowing reprisals to be just, it is not less horrid to those
who are the victims ; and the character of your Excellency
VOL. XI. 14
106 LUZERNE.
is too wsll known, for me not to be persuaded that you de-
sire nothing more than to be able to avoid the disagreeable
necessity.
There is one consideration, Sir, which, though it is not
decisive, may have an influence on your resolution. Cap-
tain Asgill is doubtless your prisoner, but he is among those
whom the arms of the King contributed to put into your
hands at Yorktown. Although this circumstance does not
operate as a safeguard, it however justifies the interest 1
permit myself to take in this affair. If it is in your power,
Sir, to consider and have regard to it, you will do what is
agreeable to their Majesties ; the danger of young Asgill,
the tears, the despair of his mother, affect them sensibly ;
and they will see with pleasure the hope of consolation
shine out for those unfortunate people.
In seeking to deliver Mr Asgill from the fate which
threatens him, I am far from engaging you to seek another
victim ; the pardon, to be perfectly satisfactory, must be
entire. I do not imagine it can be productive of any bad
consequences. If the English General has not been able
to punish the horrible crime you complain of, in so exem-
plarv a manner as he should, there is reason to think he
will take the most efficacious measures to prevent the like
in future.
I sincerely wish. Sir, that my intercession may meet suc-
cess ; the sentiment which dictates it, and which you have
not ceased lo manifest on every occasion, assures me, that
you will not be indifferent to the prayers and to the tears of
a family, which has recourse to your clemency through
me. It is rendering homage to your virtue to implore it.
I have the honor to be, with the most perfect considera-
tion, Sir, yours, &tc.
DE VERGENNES.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE IQ?
LADY ASGIL.L TO COUNT DE VERGENNE9.
[Enclosed in the preceding.]
London, July 18th, 1782.
Sir,
If the politeness of the French Court will permit an ap-
plication of a stranger, there can be no doubt but one in
which all the tender feelings of an individual can be inter-
ested, will meet with a favorable reception from a noble-
man whose character does honor, not only to his own coun-
try, but to human nature. The subject, Sir, on which I
presume to implore your assistance, is loo heart-piercing
for me to dwell on ; and common fame has, most proba-
bly, informed you of it ; it therefore renders the painful
task unnecessary.
My son, (an only son) as dear as he is brave, amiable
as he is deserving to be so, only nineteen, a prisoner under
the articles of capitulation of Yorktown, is now confined in
America, an object of retaliation. Shall an innocent suffer
for the guilty ? Represent to yourself. Sir, the situation of
a family under these circumstances ; surrounded as I am
by objects of distress, distracted with fear and grief, no
words can express my feeling, or paint the scene. My
husband given over by his [)hysicians, a few hours before
the news arrived, and not in a state to be informed of the
misfortune ; my dau'j;hter seized with a fever and delirium,
raving about her brother, and without one interval of rea-
son, save to hear heart-alleviating circumstances.
Let your feelings, Sir, suggest and plead for my inex-
pressible misery. A word from you, like a voice from
Heaven, will save us from distraction and wretchedness. I
am well informed General Washington reveres your char-
108 LUZERNE.
acter ; say but to him you wish my son to be released, and
he will restore him to his distracted family, and render him
to happiness. My son's virtue and bravery will justify the
deed. His honor, Sir, carried him to America. He was
born to affluence, independence, and the happiest pros-
pects. Let me again supplicate your goodness ; let me
respectfully implore your high influence in behalf of inno-
cence ; in the cause of justice, of humanity ; that you
would, Sir, despatch a letter to General Washington, from
France, and favor me with a copy of it, to be sent from
hence.
I am sensible of the liberty I have taken in making this
request ; but I am sensible, whether you comply with it or
not, you will pity the distress that suggests it ; your hu-
manity will drop a tear on the fault, and efface it. 1 will
pray that Heaven may grant you may never want the com-
fort it is in your power to bestow on
ASGILL.
TO GEORGK WASHINGTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, August 5th, 1782.
Sir,
This letter will be handed you by M. de Cloisy, who
will inform you particularly of the motives of his journey
to the northward.
I address myself with freedom to your Excellency, for
a service, that no one has it more in their power to render
than yourself, and which is of the greatest importance to
the naval army commanded by M. de Vaudreuil. It is
not to be doubted, that a large naval force will arrive at
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE 109
New York, either from the West Indies or from Europe.
It is essential that our naval commanders should have
the most exact and most frequent intelligence in this re-
spect, respecting the number of vessels, their names, their
destination, the time of their arrival, of their departure, the
number of troops they embark, or artillery ; in fact, not
a single movement can be known with too much preci-
sion. And I must request, that you will take the necessary
measures to give M. de Vaudreuil regular information on
all these points. It could be wished, that you would sta-
tion regular expresses to facilitate the communication
between you and him.
I ought to be well convinced of your goodness to take
so much liberty, but the object is of such importance to
the common cause, that I have no doubt of your excus-
ing me.
If the communication between you and M. de Vaudreuil
is regular and sure, you might. I should think, correspond
without cypher J if not I must beg you to furnish M. de
Vaudreuil with a cypher to make the matter more secure,
and if your Excellency will from time to time give me the
same information I shall be exceedingly obliged.
The procuring of the necessary intelligence must be
attended with extraordinary expense ; I must beg that
your Excellency will charge some one to acquaint me of
the sums necessary for the purpose, and to whom I shall
pay it. These expenses being wholly for the semce of
our fleet, must be charged to the Department of the
Marine, and I have taken the necessary measures that
they may be exactly paid.
By our last accounts from France the Due de Lauzun,
and many other officers who had sailed, were obliged to
1 10 LUZERNE.
put back, having met with a storm. It is supposed they
may have sailed again towards the last of June.
I am, &c.
LUZERNE.
TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, August 14th, 1782
Sir,
A cartel will probably have arrived at Boston with
American sailors from England. One is arrived here
with two hundred and forty sailors, whom England has set
at liberty. One of the Captains, with whom I have con-
versed, tells me that a fleet of two hundred sail was to
leave Portsmouth a few days after the cartels ; they were
to separate into three divisions, one for Charleston, one
for New York, and one for Quebec ; they are to be con-
voyed by frigates only ; and they assure me the last divis-
ion is the most important, having soldiers on board, and
many articles necessary for the defence of Quebec, and
for the subsistence of the inhabitants.
From the different accounts I can collect, it seems to be
the design of England to make a general peace, but the
demands on one side and the other will render a conclu-
sion extremely difficult, and in such a case, that power
will spare nothing to effectuate a peace with the United
States, and turn all her efforts against France. As to a
separate peace with the United States it will not take
place. I am certain that they will not make peace but in
concert with France.
I am, inc.
LUZERNE.
DIPLOMATIC CORRKSPONDENCE. HI
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Translation.
Philadelphia, September 1st, 1782.
Sir,
The undersigned, Minister of France, has the honor of
informing Congress, that he will transmit to his Court the
resolution, by which Congress offers the ship of the line
America, to replace the ship the Magnifique, which ran
ashore at Boston, and which there is little hope of relieving.
The Chevalier de la Luzerne cannot anticipate the deter-
mination of his Majesty, with regard to this offer, but as the
desire of Congress to substitute immediately the America
for the Magnifique cannot be accomplished if the under-
signed Minister waits for the orders of his Court on this
subject, he will, without delay, inform the Marquis de
Vaudreuil of the resolution adopted by Congress on the 4th
instant. This General will judge for himself, whether the
fieet of the King will be stationed on the coast long enough
to allow time for launching this vessel, arming her, and
transporting on board of her the crew, artillery, and rigging
of the Magnifique. In that case, the America will imme-
diately join the fleet, in conformity with the wishes of
Congress.
But whether circumstances shall allow this vessel to join
his Majesty's fleet, or render it impracticable, the under-
signed Minister can assure Congress, that his Majesty will
behold with great pleasure, the eagerness with which the
United States, his allies, have made this offer, and that this
new mark of their attachment and friendship will be infin-
itely agreeable to him.
LUZERNE.
112 LUZERNE.
TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, September 5th, 1782.
Sir,
A resolution of Congress of the 3d instant, has been
communicated to me, containing the offer which that
Assembly has been pleased to make of the ship America,
to be joined to his Majesty's fleet. I have the honor of
sending you a note, in answer to this communication.
Whatever may be the result of this offer, I entreat you.
Sir, to be persuaded, that my Court will be very sensible
of the kindness of it, and as an individual, I am very desir-
ous that this vessel should join the fleet of the King.*
I am, with the most sincere respect. Sir, &,c.
LUZERNE.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Office of Foreign Affairs, September 12th, 1782.
Sir,
I have been honored by your favor of the 4th instant.t
I have taken measures to obtain from the State of Penn-
* In Congress, September 3d, 1782. " Whereas the Magnifique, a
seventyfour gun ship belonging to the fleet of his Most Christian
Majesty, commanded by the Marquis de Vaudreuil, has been lately
lost by accident in the harbor of Boston, and Congress are desiroois
of testifying on this occasion to his Majesty, the sense they entertain
of his generous exertions in behalf of the United States ;
" Resolved, That the Agent of Marine be, and he is hereby in-
structed, to present the America, a seventyfour gun ship, in the
name of the United States, to the Chevalier de la Luzerne, for the
service of his Most Christian Majesty."
t Missing.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 1]3
sylvania the law you mention, which may be necessary to
give validity to the eleventh Article of the treaty of amity
and commerce.
The demand upon the State of Georgia shall be trans-
mitted as soon as possible, and I doubt not, that they will
see that full justice is done to the gentlemen in wliose be-
half you make the representation.
As it appears clearly from the state of facts transmitted
by Count de Durat, that the vessel taken by Mr Clintock
and his associates is lawful prize, agreeably to the marine
laws of this country, I shall renew ^piy instances upon this
subject, and direct Dr Franklin to apply to your Court for
redress; I must, therefore, again request your aid in pro-
moting this claim in that channel, iu which you observe,
that it ought in future to be made.
I have the honor to be, &;c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
THE MARQ,UIS DE VAUDREUIL TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Translation.
Boston, September 20th, 1782.
Sir,
I have received with the greatest satisfaction the letter,
with which your Excellency honored me on the 5th in-
stant, with the copy of the resolution of Congress relative
to the present, made by Congress to the King's navy, of
the ship America. The eagerness of the United States to
replace the Magnifique, which was lost without hope of
being relieved, and the cordial manner in which they iiave
offered the America, induce me to accept this vessel with
VOL. XI. 15
114 LUZERNE.
much gratitude. I shall take care that she is promptly
armed, and that she joins his Majesty's squadron. M. de
Macarty de Marteigne, who will command her, will go to
Portsmouth today for that purpose, and I have given orders
to the vessels in that port, to furnish hitn with all the assist-
ance that he may need.
I shall enjoy the honor, with which I feel much flattered,
of numbering among my ships, this mark of the friendship
and regard of our allies.
I have the honor to be, Stc.
VAUDREUIL.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Translation.
Philadelphia, September 23d, 1782.
Sir,
The undersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of France,
has received orders to communicate to Congress, many
details relative to the negotiation for [)eace. He is desir-
ous, that a committee should be appointed to receive these
communications, and he will, at the same time, have the
honor of informing Congress of some circumstances, which
concern the common cause, and relate to the actual situa-
tion of affairs in Europe.
LUZERNE.
GEORGE WASHINGTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Head Quarters, September 24th, 1782.
Sir,
Sundry accounts from New York having reached me,
informing me that the British were more than meditating
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. US
an enterprise against the squadron of the Marqnis de Vau-
dreuil, which they have learned is at present in two de-
tachments in Boston and Portsmouth harbors, and that
preparations were makings for that purpose, I have nriade
the Marquis acquainted with this intelligence, and the prob-
ability of such an event.
At the same time that I gave this information to the
French Admiral, I have written a letter to Governor Han-
cock, requesting that arrangements may be made with the
militia of his State, in such manner as to give immediate
and effectual support, in aid and protection of his Most
Christian Majesty's ships, in case an attempt should be
made upon them.
The like information I shall give to the Governor of the
State of New Hampsliire, and request similar assistance
from him, in case o( the enemy approaching near Ports-
mouth.
With the highest regard and esteem, &i,c.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
COMMLi^lCATlc. OF THE FRENCH MINISTER TO A COM-
MITTEE OF CONGRESS.
In Congress, September 24th, 1782.
The committee appointed to hold a conference with the
Chevalier de la Luzerne, Minister of France, in pursuance
of his note to Congress of the 23fl, report j
That yesterday your committee held a conference with
the Minister of France, agreeably to the said appointment,
the substance of which consisted in the communication of
advices lately received by the s^id Minister of France,
from his Excellency the Count de Vergennes, as follows.
116 LUZERNE.
The Minister inlbrmed the committee he had received
several despatches from his Court, of which he thought it
his duty to communicate an extract to Congress.
The first was dated 9th April last. It expressed the
opinion of the Count de Vergennes, that tiie Court of St
James had formed a design to make a separate peace with
one or more of the powers at war with it. That France
was perfectly easy with respect to the disposition of Con-
gress j and that the uniformity and steadfastness of their
conduct did not leave the least douht with regard to the
part they would take in this circumstance. That the
steps the King had taken on a similar occasion, and the
disappointment of several British emissaries, was already
known to Congress. Tiiat they had met with the same
reception at Madrid ; and there was the greatest proba-
bility, that their intrigues would not be more successful at
the Hague. The Minister of France observed, that the
glory and honor of the present confederacy, of which his
Majesty was the centre, would be their having been inac-
cessible to artifice ; and this extraordinary instance would
be crowned with success, if the four powers persisted inva-
riably in a firm attachment to their union, and if, on the
one hand, making the greatest exertions to procure the
completest satisfaction, they, on the other hand, confined
themselves within such bounds of moderation as would
give no umbrage to any one of the powers at war with
Great Britain.
That the King had, in different circumstances, taken
the proper measures to deprive the enemy oi all hopes,
which they might have formed of introducing dissensions
between his Majesty and his allies. That it was to be
wished, that the Court of London was fully convinced of
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 117
the impossibility of treating separately with America
That this had always been the chimerical and favorite
idea of England ; and that so long as it subsisted, there
would perhaps be no possibility of treating seriously about
the conditions of a peace. That their negotiations would
only be an artifice to scatter divisions among the allies,
and retard their exertions for continuing the war. That the
shortest way to put a stop to their intrigues, would be to let
it be known publicly in the most explicit manner, that the
United States neither can nor will make any peace without
the concurrence of their ally ; and that if England has any
overtures of peace to make to them, the Atnerican Pleni-
potentiaries are sufficiently empowered to receive them,
and to negotiate a peace, il those overtures are admissible.
That this peremptory language would free Congress
from all the embarrassments, which the English Ministers
could throw in the way ; that it would bring them to a
sincere disposition to make peace ; put an end forever to
their machinations with the mediating powers ; deprive
them of the means of feeding the Parliament and people
of England with the hopes of a separate peace ; and
finally save the Americans from all the difficulties, which
would infallibly take place if England were allowed to ne-
gotiate in America, [t would convince England, that the
United States are not less attached to their engagements
with their ally than sensible of the respect due to the
Courts of Vienna and Petersburg, whose mediation Con-
gress have accepted.
The Minister added, that though the situation of the
belligerent powers, the distance of America, and the slow-
ness and difficulty of communication made it advantageous
that the seat of negotiation should be in Europe, and that
118 LUZERNE.
the enemy should be informed of this resolution, yet Con-
gress had the fullest liberty to follow the system which
France had pointed out in her answer to the mediating
powers, in consequence of which the American Ministers
might negotiate immediately and directly, conformably to
the instructions they had received from Congress ; but the
negotiations of France and America would be carried on
in an equal progression, a continual and reciprocal com-
munication would be given, and the two treaties signed at
the same time, and one be inefTectual without the other.
The Count de Vergennes in the same despatch, gave
information of the Dutch having acknowledged the inde-
pendence of America, of which Congress are already
informed.
The letters of May 2d and June 28th, urged the same
point of referring the British negotiators in America to the
American Plenipotentiaries in Europe, with this addition in
the letter of May 2d, that it was now evidently the object
of Great Britain to lessen their exertions on this continent
as much as in their power, and to adopt a defensive mode
of carrying on the war ; that being unable to support a
double war by land and by sea, she proposed to suspend
the one in order to carry on the other more effectually ;
and in case of success, to return against the United States
with redoubled efforts.
The Minister mentioned the attempts, that had been al-
ternately made at the Court of Versailles, and with the
American Plenipotentiaries, for a separate peace, and said,
that Dr Franklin had communicated his and Mr Ad-
ams's answers to the British emissaries; that the King
thought them firm and consistent with the principles of the
alliance, and wished that Congress might be informed of
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. HQ
the satisfaction they afforded him. That to remove for-
ever such expectations, it behooved the wisdom of Con-
gress to declare, that no peace but a general one would be
attended to ; that when negotiations are entered into with
sincerity, the King would most readily employ his good
offices in support of the United States, iti all points relating
to their prosperity ; that Congress were themselves sensi-
ble of the distinction between the conditions of justice and
rigor, and those of convenience and compliance, which de-
pended on the good or bad situation of affairs ; that though
the circumstances of the allies were very promising, such
events might happen as might make it advisable to adopt
the part of moderation.
But the best way to obtain every possible advantage,
, was to preserve a perfect connexion, and to let them know,
that the United States would not only reject a separate
peace, but that they would continue the war against the
common enemy by all manner of ways, until their allies
should also conclude a peace ; that this declaration would
convince the British Ministers, that they would not get rid
of the Americans by merely acknowledging their inde-
pendence ; and that though they removed their troops
from the continent, they would be attacked wherever
found.
The despatch of the 28th of June dwelt chiefly on the
negotiation ; and contained details, which the Count de
Vergennes directed the Minister to make to Congress,
but which have in a great measure been already trans-
mitted to them by their Ministers in Europe. These de-
tails related to the emissaries sent to Dr Franklin and
Mr Adams, and their satisfactory answers. Mr Oswald,
in an interview with the Count de Vergennes, hinted to
120 LUZERNE.
him the desire of the Court of London, and the necessity
it was under to make peace ; and received for answer.
that the King was equally disposed to make an honorable
and solid peace. Mr Oswald went to London to carry
this information ; returned soon, and was immediately
followed by Mr Grenville, the intimate friend of Mr Fox.
Mr Oswald repeated to Dr Franklin the assurances of
the disposition of the Cabinet of St James ; and Mr Gren-
ville, in answer to his overtures to the Count de Ver-
gennes respecting the disposition of the King of Great
Britain, was informed by the express order of the King,
tJiat his Majesty was disposed to negotiate for peace,
provided it was a general one, and the allies and friends
of his Majesty were satisfied. This answer was just
given when the news of the action of the 12th of April
reached Europe. Nevertheless, the King of Great Bri-
tain sent full powers to Mr Grenville to negotiate the
peace with his M^jjesty. In communicating ihem the
English Agent declared, that the King of England, in
order to facilitate peace, was disposed to treat of the inde-
pendence of the United States with his Majesty, provided
all other matters were put upon the footing of the treaty
of 1763.
To this the King answered, 1st. That the powers of
Mr Grenville were insufficient, as they did not mention
the allies of his Majesty. 2dly. That his Majesty could
not himself negotiate for the interests of America, having
no powers to this purpose ; and that it became the dignity
of the King of England and of the United Slates to
open a direct negotiation on this subject. 3dly. That in
order to conclude a solid and lasting peace, it ought not
to be founded upon the treaty of Paris, but upon justice,
and the dignity of all the contracting powers.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 121
The British Ministry adopting these observations, sent
new powers to Mr Grenviile, authorising him to treat with
all the belligerent powers. Mr Grenviile presented to the
Count de Vergennes a copy of these powers, and declared,
that the King of England, being disposed to acknowledge
and declare directly the independence of America, it would
no longer be a conditional article of peace. And as to
France, the English Plenipotentiary proposed to take the
treaty of Paris for the basis, not of the peace itself, but of
the negotiations tvhich were to be entered into.
The Count de Vergennes, on the 21st of June, commu-
nicated to Mr Grenviile the answer of the King. In this
communication his Majesty declared his wishes for the
restoration of peace, and his satisfaction, that the King of
Great Britain was disposed to treat with all the belligerent
powers, and that he intended to make a direct acknowl-
edgment and declaration of the independence of the
United States of America, and that this point would no
longer be a conditional Article of a general pacification.
That the King consents to adopt, according to the proposi-
tion of the King of England, the treaty of Paris for a
basis of the negotiation, not as a confirmation of all its
stipulations, but with exceptions and alterations respecting
the East Indies, Africa, the fisheries of Newfoundland, and
commercial regulations in Europe to mutual advantage.
Restitution and compensation to be treated of, when the
negotiation shall be established, with respect to which the
King will be governed by the principles of justice and
moderation, which are the basis of his policy. If these
overtures are agreeable to the King of England, his Maj-
esty will explain himself precisely on the different points.
His Majesty expects, that his Britannic Majesty will make
VOL. XI. 16
122 LUZERNE.
to all the belligerent powers and slates, without delay, such
overtures as he may think conducive to promote the nego-
tiation as far as it respects their interests. That no doubt
may be left with respect to his Majesty's sentiments, he
declares anew, that he will neither treat nor terminate any
negotiation, unless the interests of his allies and friends
shall be conjointly discussed and determined, or sepa-
rately, according to the wishes of his Britannic M.-ijesty
and the allied and friendly powers of his Most Christian
Majesty.
Such was the state of affairs on the 28th of June, at
which time there appeared some obstructions to the nego-
tiation, owing, as it was believed, to the misunderstanding
which prevailed among the British Ministers. Tergiver-
sations were discovered on the part of the British nego-
tiator. The bill authorising the King of England to
treat with the Colonies of America had not then passed.
These uncertainties made it essential to guard against
British emissaries on the continent of America ; and to
prevent with all care their admission ; and to recommend
the same measure to the several Legislatures.
The Minister finished the conference by informing the
committee of the fortitude of the King on receiving the
news of the action of the 12th of April. He immediately
gave orders for constructing twelve ships of the line, the
greater part of the first rate. The city of Paris and seve-
ral other cities and corporations had offered some others,
and it was expected, that the King would, in the course of
the next campaign, have twenty new ships to oppose the
enemy. His Majesty was resolved not to make the least
alterations in his plans for the future negotiation ; and he
exhorted his allies to the same resolution and the same
exertions.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 123
TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, September 27th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor of sending lo yon a decree of his Maj-
esty's Conncil of State, made in consequence of the meas-
ures taken hy Congress for preventing the fraudulent im-
portation of English merchandise into this country. 1
desire that you would be pleased to con)municate it to
Congress, in order that it may be published under tlie seal
of authority, and that American merchants and sailors may
be informed, that it is in their own power to procure in
the ports of France, the papers necessary for making it
certain, that the English merchandise, which they take on
board, is obtained from prizes. This decree agrees very
well with the laws passed by several States, and particu-
larly with that passed by the Assembly of Pennsylvania
during its last session, to prevent commerce and all com-
munication with the enemy. ! have also the honor of
sending to you, Sir, the copy of a letter from the Marquis
de Vaudreuil, which i request you to be pleased to trans-
mit to Congress.*
I have the honor to be, &,c.
LUZERNE.
* See above p. 113.
124 LUZERNE.
TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, September 29th, 1782.
Sir,
I have received the letter, which your Excellency did
me the honor to write lo me on the 22d of this month,
with the news which accompanied it. 1 beg yon to accept
my sincere thanks.
I have the honor to transmit you the extract of an
answer, made by express order of the King, on the 21st
of June, to Mr Grenville. I pray you to be pleased to
keep it a secret ; all that 1 can add is, that the negotiations
were still in agitation the beginning of July, but there had
been in the conduct of the British Minister many circum-
stances,'Which led to doubt his sincerity; I believe, that
even if there had been a sincere disposition to treat, the
death of the Marquis of Rockingham had occasioned a
change.
I have just received your Excellency's letter of the
24th ; I cannot but thank you for the goodness, which you
have had in transmitting me the detail, which it contains.
1 doubt not but M. de Vaudreuil will profit by the advice,
and put himself in a posture of defence.
I have the honor to be, &;c.
LUZERNE.
TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.
translation.
Philadelphia, October lit, 1782
Sir,
I send to New York M. Barbe, who has the honor to
be known to your Excellency. The principal objects of
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 126
bis journey, are some arrangements relative to the French
prisoners carried into New York, and of some Spa iards,
who have been carried there also. I have charged him
to see M. la Touche, and to give him such consolation as
depeuds upon me. I would at the same time wish to re-
purchase in New York some effects, which I had coming
from France in the Eagle, and which I cannot replace
here. I could wish you, Sir, to give all the assistance in
your power to M. Barbe's gaining admission into New
York and returning.
I am, &ic.
LUZERNE.
REPORT OF A COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS ON COMMUNICA-
TIONS MADE BY THE FRENCH MINISTER.
In Congress, October 3d, 1782.
The committee, towhom were referred the notes of
the communication made by the Minister of France
to a committee of Congress, on the 24th of Sep-
tember, brought in a report, which was agreed to, as
follows ;
That the Minister Plenipotentiary of his Most
Christian Majesty be informed, that the communication
made by the said Minister on the 24th of September
last, is considered by Congress as an additional proof
of his Majesty's magnanimity, and has confirmed those
sentiments of affection and confidence, which his wise,
steady, and liberal conduct in every stage of the war
has so justly inspired.
That his Most Christian .Majesty's declaration to the
British Minister at Paris, that he will neither treat
J 26 LUZERNE.
nor terminate any negotiation unless the interests of
his friends and allies shall be considered and deter-
mined, is entirely correspondent to the part, which
these United States are resolved to take in any nego-
tiation for peace.
That Congress, with the utmost satisfaction embrace
this opportunity to renew their assurances, that in
every event these United States will inviolably adhere
to their alliance with his Most Christian Majesty,
which they consider to be equally essential to their
interest and their glory.
That they will hearken to no propositions for peace,
which shall not be discussed in confidence and in
concert with his Most Christian Majesty, agreeably to
the declaration made to his Minister Plenipotentiary
on the 31st day of May last.
That upon this principle, Congress did not hesitate
a moment, to reject the proposition made by the
British General and Admiral, as Commissioners of
Peace, for admitting Mr Morgan, their Secretary, to
an interview at Philadelphia.
And that they are resolved to prosecute the war with
vigor, until a general peace shall be obtained, in which
their allies shall be comprehended.
That Congress place the utmost confidence in his
Majesty's assurances, that he will readily employ his
good offices in support of the United States in all
points relative to their prosperity ; and considering
the territorial claims of these States as heretofore
made, their participation of the fisheries, and of the
free navigation of the Mississippi, not only as their
indubitable rights, but as essential to their prosperity,
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 127
they trust that his Majesty's efforts will be success-
fully employed fo obtain a sufficient provision and
security for those rights. Nor can they refrain from
making known to his Majesty, that any claim of resti-
tution or compensation for property confiscated in the
several States, will meet with insuperable obstacles,
not only on account of the sovereignly of the indi-
vidual Slates, b}' which such confiscations have been
made, but of the wanton devastations, which the citi-
zens of these States have experienced from the enemy,
and in many instances from the very persons in whose
favor such claims may be urged. That Congress trust,
that the circumstances of the allies at the negotiation
for peace, will be so prosperous as to render these
expectations consistent with the spirit of moderation
recommended by his Majesty.
TO THE PRESIDENT OP CONGRESS.
Translation.
Philadelphia, October 16th, 1782.
Sir,
The undersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of
France, requests Congress to be pleased to appoint a
committee, to which he proposes to communicate some
measures which are provisional, and which are to re-
main secret till the moment of their execution.
LUZERNE.
128 LUZERNE.
6E0BGE WASHINGTON TO THE PRESIDBNT OF
CONGRESS.
Head Quarters, October 25th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor to transmit to your Excellency the
copy of two letters* from the Count de Vergennes,
which were sent out in the packet from England, and
have just come to my hands by a flag of truce from
New York. They contain a very pathetic and affec-
tionate interposition in favor of the life of Captain
Asgill.
I lose no time in forwarding them by a special mes-
senger to Congress, without any observations, being
persuaded that Congress will not fail to give a very
early decision respecting his further treatment.
The enclosed newspaper contains all the information
I have been able to obtain since the arrival of the
packet.
I have the honor to be, &,c.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, October 25th, 1782.
Sir,
I have received the letter your Excellency did me
the honor to write me on the 10th instant, with the
amount of expenses incurred by the expresses, which
* That is, th« copy of a letter from Count de Vergennes, and one
from Lady Asgill to him. See these letters above, pp. 105,107.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 129
formed the communioation with the Marquis de Vau.
dreuil. The treasurer of our army will pay to your
Quarter Master General the five hundred and thirty-
seven dollars he has been so kind as to advance for
that purpose. I beg also, that you will please to send
me the amount of expenses incurred in procuring the
intelligence from New York, and that you will accept
my thanks for the trouble you have had in these
details.
I will be exceedingly obliged to your Excellency to
inform me where the seventyfifth regiment of grena-
diers actually is.
I have the honor to be, &c.
LUZERNE.
GEORGE WASHINGTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Head Quarters, October 25th, 1782.
Sir,
The enclosed letter, which I have the honor to
transmit to your Excellency, was received this mo-
ment by a flag of truce from New York. It was
accompanied by one addressed to me from the Count
de Vergennes, on the same subject.*
The case of Captain Asgill having, before the re-
ceipt of these letters, been submitted to Congress, I
have immediately transmitted to that body, copies of
the Count's letters to me, and have permitted myself
to sc4icit from them, an early decision of his fate,
which, judging from my own feelings, I persuade my-
self cannot be an unfavorable one.
* See this letter above, p. 105.
VOL. XI. 17
130 LUZERNE.
I send your Excellency a transcript of intelligence,
which I have this day forwarded to the Marquis de
Vaudreuil.
I am, he.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Translation.
Philadelphia, October 2ah, 1782.
Sir,
The undersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of his
Most Christian Majesty, has had too frequent oppor-
tunities of satisfying himself, that Congress fully per-
ceives how intimately the interests of the two nations
are connected, not to be convinced that they will learn
with pain, that very considerable quantities of provis-
ions have been sent by the Raritan to New York, and
along the river opposite to Staten Island. The under-
signed Minister cannot enter into the details of this
proceeding, which he knows only by reports, though
by reports upon which he has the strongest reasons for
believing that he can depend. This trade is, more-
over, carried on in the most open manner, and he is
convinced, that by inquiries, instituted with prompt-
ness and secrecy, he shall be able to obtain proofs of
it, and to procure the means of putting a slop to it.
Cattle of all kinds have served to furnish with provis-
ions the enemy's fleet, which has just sailed down to
the Hook. It is asserted, that the quantities sent from
the Jerseys are immense, but the Chevalier de la Lu-
zerne thinks it unnecessary to attempt at present, to
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 131
determine them exactly, and contents himself with
observing, that the nineteen vessels thus supplied, will
not, perliaps, depart immediately, and that it will be
necessary to shut up the channels by which these pro-
visions have reached them.
There are, besides, eight other ships of the line at
New York, which they intend to supply with provis-
ions in the same way. Congress are aware how
important it is to prevent the enemy from obtaining
from the United States tiie means of putting to sea,
and even of supplying the garrison. The undersigned
also knows what efforts have been made by that body,
on different occasions, to put a stop to those illegal
operations, and how desirous it is effectually to guard
against them. He also knows, that all the good citi-
zens of the Jerseys grieve to see the enemy obtaining
from their own State, supplies, which are employed
against the allies of the United Stales, and he is con-
vinced, that it is only necessary to point out the evil,
in order that all may cordially unite in providing a
remedy for it.
LUZERNE.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO >1. DE LA LUZERNE.
Office of Foreign Affairs, October 30th, 1782.
Sir,
The Secretary of tlie United States for the Department
of Foreign Affairs has the honor to inform the Minister
Plenipotentiary of his Most Christian Majesty, that a peti-
tion has been presented in behalf of the owners and officers
of the brig La^titia, commanded by Robert Collins, and
commissioned by the United States. That the said brig.
132 LUZERNE.
while at anchor in the road of Basseterre, on the 3d day of
May last, near the Island of St Christophers, captured by
her boat a brig called the Francis, belonging to the sub-
jects of his British Majesty, bound from the port of Liver-
pool in England to the Island of Tortola, and having on
board a valuable cargo.
That after the prize had been brought to anchoi in the
road of Basseterre, by the officers and mariners of the
said brig Laetitia, the harbor master of the Island of St
Christophers, aided by a guard, took possession of her,
under pretence, that she was included in the capitulation,
though the contrary appears from the affidavits annexed ;
that the said prize was afterwards advertised and sold as
a prize to the subjects of his Most Christian Majesty, with-
out any condemnation in the Courts of Admiralty of the
Island. As the sale of this prize fully demonstrates, that
she could never have been included in the number of those
vessels protected by the capitulation, it is not doubted, that
the justice of his Most Christian Majesty's Ministers will
induce them to direct, that the value of the prize be repaid
to the legal captors, when the Chevalier de la Luzerne
shall have submitted the above state of facts, and the an-
nexed affidavits to their inspection, together with such
observattons as his own candor and equity will induce him
to make thereon.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 133
TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, November 4th, 1782'
Sir,
Congress, in the year 1780, recommended to the dif-
ferent States to pass laws analogous to the Thirteenth
Article in our treaty of commerce. Some States have
complied with this recommendation, others, among which
is Pennsylvania, have neglected to do it. I know, that
severaJ Frenchmen, who have acquired funds in this State
do not trust to the protection of prosecutions de Vechiquier
general for want of a law of this nature. I entreat you,
Sir, to be pleased to procure the passing of such a law,
in case that you think, that the said Article of the treaty is
not sufficient to secure to them the quiet possession of the
funds, which they have acquired.
I have the honor of sending you. Sir, a letter from the
Count de Durat, Governor of Grenada, relative to an
affair, concerning which I wrote to him, by your recom-
mendation. It seems to me, agreeably to his answer, that
those interested should for the future apply to Dr Frank-
lin, to procure satisfaction. You will perhaps think proper
to communicate to them the letter of M. de Durat.
You will also find annexed, Sir, some papers relative to
an affair, which concerns the United States, or the State
of Georgia. Be pleased to let me know what answer I
can send to those inhabitants of the Cape who are inter-
ested.
I am. Sir, with the greatest respect, &,c.
LUZERNE.
1 34 LUZERNE.
TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, November 6th, 1782.
Sir,
1 duly received the letter your Excellency honored me
with on the 25th ultimo, relative to Captain Asgill; it appears
that Congress are favorably disposed respecting him, but
they have not yet passed any resolution on that head.
When they do, I doubt not it will be favorable.
I have seen with much pleasure a Proclamation of the
Governor of the State of New York, to prevent sending
provisions to the enemy. The accounts I have recently
received on that subject from the States of Jersey and
Connecticut, give me more pain than I can express. They
are positive, and from people who had ocular demonstra-
tion ; they prove, that the enemy's fleet could not have
quitted New York for some time, if they had not received
immense quantities of provisions, living and dead. This
commerce is carried on regularly and openly, as if it were
peace, or as if the cattle were for your army. Your Ex-
cellency knows how important the despatch or detention
in fitting out fleets is, and I know the efforts you have
made to put a stop to this destructive commerce. I must
however entreat you. Sir, to use your influence with the
Governors of Jersey and Connecticut, to adopt such meas-
ures as may prove efficacious. I am sure there is not a
single good citizen in America, who is not hurt at seeing
the enemy thus furnished from this continent, and thereby
enabled to distress us in the West Indies.
I have the honor to be, &tc.
LUZERNE.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 135
TO COUNT DK DILLON, GOVERNOR OF ST CHRISTOPHERS.
Translation.
Philadelphia, November 8th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor of sending you a copy of the depo-
sitions of some sailors of the brig La^tilia. I entreat you
to be pleased to cause an examination to be made into this
affair, for which they have presented a Memorial to Mr
Livingston, Minister of the United States for Foreign Af-
fairs, who has sent it to me, in order that I might transmit
it to you. I have assured that Minister, that he may rely
upon your justice and care, that such restitution shall be
made to the plaintiffs, as after the investigation into the,
affair they shall seem justly entitled to.
I have the honor to be, &ic.
LUZERNE.
TO SIR GUy CARLETON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, November 9th, 1782.
Sir,
It is with much pleasure, that I now have the honor to
enclose you the resolution of Congress in favor of Captain
Asgill.* I am well persuaded, that your justice and hu-
* In Congress, November 7th, 1782. "On the report of a commit-
tee, to whom were referred the letter of the 19th of August from
the Commander in Chief, the report of a committee thereon, and
also another of the 25th of October from the Commander in Chief,
with the copy of a letter to him from the Count de Vergennes, dated
the 29th of July last, interceding for Captain Asgill ;
136 LUZERNE.
manity will induce you to prevent in future the excesses,
that gave rise to this disagreeable affair.
I shall send this resolution to France by different oppor-
tunities, and hope it will be forwarded immediately to Lady
Asgill, and put an end to the anxiety she has suffered ok
account of her son. But as it is possible that my letter
may arrive later than yours, I beg you, Sir, to transmit it
also by the first opportunity. I shall solicit General
Washington to permit Captain Asgill to return to Europe
on his parole, that Lady Asgill may have her joy com-
plete, and if possible be recompensed for the alarm she
has been so long in.
Receive the assurance, &ic. inc.
LUZERNE.
"Resolved, That the Commander in Chief be, and he is hereby
directed to set Captain Asgill at liberty."
Jfovembcr 8th. "Resolved, that the Commander in Chief be instruct-
ed to call, in the most pointed terms, on the British commander at
New York, to fulfil his engagement contained in his letter of the
13th day of August last, 'to make further inquisition into the mur-
der of Captain Huddy, and to pursue it with all the efiect, which
a due regard to justice will admit.'
"Resolved, that to prevent any misconstruction, which may arise
from the resolution directing Captain Asgill to be set at liberty, it
be declared, and it is hereby declared, that the Commander in Chief,
or commander of a separate army, is, in virtue of the powers vested
in them respectively, fully authorised and empowered, whenever
the enemy shall commit any act of cruelty or violence, contrary to
the laws or usage of war, to demand adequate satisfaction for the
same ; and in each case, if such satisfaction shall not be given in
a reasonable or limited time, or shall be refused or evaded under
any pretence whatever, to cause suitable retaliation forthwith to
be made ; and the United States in Congress assembled will support
them in such measures."
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 137
TO SIR GUY CAHLETON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, November 9th, 1782.
Sir,
By a letter I have this moment received from New
York, I am informed, that M. de la Touche is yet pris-
oner on board the Lion, or on Long Island. I should be
extremely glad if he could be exchanged immediately,
promising to return the first officer of the same rank, who
shall fall into our hands; or if that favor cannot be ob-
tained, that he may be permitted to come to Philadelphia
for some time. I am well aware, that this matter is not
properly in your department, but the actual circumstance
of the affair, and the letter of Commodore Elphinston to
Baron Viomenil, must give weight to your recommenda-
tion, if you will please to employ it.
I have the honor to be, &;c.
LUZERNE.
TO GEOR&E WASHINGTON
Translation.
Philadelphia, November 12th, 1782.
Sir,
I hope you will not find it amiss, that I have sent
directly to General Carleton the two letters, of which
the enclosed are copies. M. de la Touche wrote me,
that he was yet detained at New York, and that he
would probably have time to receive my answer if
it came directly, which induced me to write him by
way of Elizabethtowu, rather than by Dobb's Ferry.
If there is any impropriety in the step I have taken, I
VOL. XI. 18
133 LUZERNE.
hope your Excellency will excuse it in consideration
of the object in view. I dare even to ask your Excel-
lency to enforce my request.
I also take the liberty to request your Excellency
to permit Captain Asgill to return to Europe. The
situation of his mother has been so unhappy for some
time past, that he has a sort of claim on your Excel-
lency's goodness.
I have the honor to be, Sec.
LUZERNE.
GEORGE WASHINGTON TO CAPTAIN ASGILL.*
Head Quarters, November 13th, 1782.
Sir,
It affords me singular pleasure to have it in my
power to transmit you the enclosed copy of an act of
Congress of the 7th instant, by which you are released
from the disagreeable circumstances in which you
have so long been. Supposing you would wish to go
into New York as soon as possible, I also enclose a
passport for that purpose.
Your letter of the 18th of October came regularly
to my hand. I beg you to believe, that my not an-
swering it sooner did not proceed from inattention to
you, or a want of feeling for your situation ; I daily
expected a determination of your case, and I thought
it better to wait that, than to feed you with hopes that
might in the end prove fruitless. You will attribute
my detention of the enclosed letters, which have been
in my hands about a fortnight, to the same cause.
*See other letters respecting Captain Asgill's case, above, pp. 105,
107, 128, 129, 133, 135.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. ] 39
I cannot take leave of you, Sir, without assuring
you, that in whatever light my agency in this unpleas-
ing affair may be received, I never was influenced
through the whole of it by sanguinary motives, but by
what I conceived a sense of my duty, which loudly
called upon me to take measures, however disagree-
able, to prevent a repetition of those enormities, which
have been the subject of discussion, and that this im-
portant end is likely to be answered, without the effu-
sion of the blood of an innocent person, is not a greater
relief to you, than it is to. Sir, j^our most obedient,
and humble servant,
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
GRORGE WASHINGTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Head Quarters, November 13th, 1782.
Sir,
I am honored with your Excellency's letter of the
6th instant, on a subject not more distressing to you,
Sir, than to myself. I have at various periods of the
war written to Congress and to the States, endeavor-
ing to convince them of the necessity of passing the
most vigorous laws, to prevent the inhabitants from
furnishing the enemy with provisions. I will write
them again and will use every argument I am master
of for that purpose. Tn all other nations, I believe,
the persons guilty of that crime are punished with
death, and unless the States on this continent will
pass similar laws, I see no means of putting a stop to
that destructive practice. Anything the military
could do in that matter, would be in vsin. To post as
(40 LUZERNE.
many guards as would be necessary, would be destruc-
tive to the army, as those guards would be continually
liable to be cut off by the enemy ; and, indeed, the
whole army would not suffice to guard the extensive
coasts where this illicit commerce is carried on.
I have the honor to be, &c.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
GKORGE WASHINGTON TO COUNT DE VERGENNES.
Head Quarters. Newburgh, State of New York, >
November Slst, 1782. >
Sir,
After I had the honor of receiving your Excellen-
cy's letter of the 29th of July, I lost not a moment in
transmitting it to Congress, who had then under delib-
eration the proceedings of the British Court Martial
upoh Captain Lippincot for the murder of Captain
Huddy, and the other documents relative to that in-
human transaction. What would otherwise have been
the determination of that honorable body, I will not
undertake to say, but I think I may venture to assure
your Excellency, that your generous interposition had
no small degree of weight in procuring that decision
in favor of Captain Asgill, which he had no right to
expect from the very unsatisfactory measures, which
had been taken by the British Commander in Chief to
atone for a crime of the blackest dye, not to be justi-
fied by the practices of war, and unknown to this day
amongst civilized nations. I flatter myself, however,
that our enemies have been brought to see this trans-
action in its true light, and that we shall not experi-
ence a repetition of the like enormity.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. ]4I
Captain Asgill has been released and is at perfect
liberty to return to the arms of an affectionate parent,
whose pathetic address to your Excellency could not
fail of interesting every feeling heart in her behalf.
I have no right to assume any particular merit from
the lenient manner, in which this disagreeable affair
has terminated. But I beg you to believe, Sir, that I
most sincerely rejoice, not only because your humane
intentions are gratified, but because the event accords
with the wishes of his Most Christian Majesty and his
royal and amiable consort, who, by their benevolence
and munificence, have endeared themselves to every
true American.
I have the honor to be, with profound respect,
Sir, &c.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Office of Foreign Affiiirs, November 26th, 1785!.
Sir,
1 have the honor to inform you, that Congress were
pleased, on the 12th instant, to pass the enclosed reso-
lution, by which they renew their appointment of Mr
Jefferson, as Minister Plenipotentiary for negotiating
a peace.
Mr Jefferson's established character, his abilities and
the honorable offices he has sustained with reputation
in this country, leave no room to doubt that this ap-
pointment will be highly acceptable to your Court,
when you shall have placed them in that favorable
142 LUZERNE.
point of view, in which, I persuade myself, you take a
pleasure in representing them.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, November 2!tth, 1782.
Sir,
I have received the letter, in which you inform ine of the
renewal of Mr Jefferson's commission, and the resolution
of Congress, which accompanied it. I was sorry to see
that Minister decline taking part in the negotiation for
peace, and I learn with great pleasure, that he is making
arrangements for joining the other Ministers to whom Con-
gress has intrusted it. The ability of Mr Jefferson, and
the important services, which he has rendered to the United
States, are very well known in Europe, and you n)ay be
assured, Sir, that all, who are interested in the prosperity
and welfare of this country, will approve of the choice
made by Congress.
I have the honor to be, &ic.
LUZERNE.
TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, November 30th, 1782.
Sir,
1 received the letters your Excellency honored me with
the 1 3th, 19th, and 22d of this month, and have forwarded
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPOND3NCE. 143
yours for the Count de Vergennes. From the reports
which I liave received from the Jerseys, it appears, that
the care of the Legislature and the vigilance you have ex-
cited in the Executive, have produced happy effects in
stopping the facility, with which supplies were sent to New
York. I well know the impossibility of preventing that
commerce by means of military guards ; but in putting the
zeal of the good citizens in activity, I am persuaded some
bounds may be put to a practice so destructive to the in-
terests of the United States as well as of her allies.
I am under great obligations to your Excellency for
communicating to me what has passed relative to the fleets
of the enemy at New York. I beg you to continue this
communication, even after M. de Vaudreuil has departed,
for by transmitting these accounts to the Minister of Ma-
rine, I enable him to judge better of the measures he has
to take, knowing the force and movements of the enemy
on these coasts.
I have the honor to be, &;c.
LUZERNE.
TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, December 11th, 1782.
Sir,
I have received the letter, with which you honored me
yesterday. I have, in consequence, the honor of sending
you triplicate copies of a letter, which I wrote to the Count
de Durat, Governor of Grenada. Be pleased to send it
to the persons whom it concerns, and to recommend to
them to annex to it French copies of their Memorial. I
144 LUZERNE.
hope that it may contribute to their satisfaction. I can only
invite the Admiralties of our Islands to take affairs of this
kind into consideration.
I have the honor to be, &cc.
LUZERNE.
TO GKORGE WASHINGTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, December 18th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor to enclose your Excellency a letter,
which, after having read and sealed, I am to request you
to forward with all possible despatch. I hope that the ar-
rival of my despatches will enable me to be more particu-
lar. It will be necessary to recommend to the chain of
expresses, to hohd themselves in readiness to carry on the
despatches, which I shall have to send by another courier.
f have the honor to be, he.
LUZERNE.
TO THE MARQUIS DE VAUDREUIL.
Translation.
Philadelphia, December 18th, 1782.
Sir,
I this instant learn by an express arrived from the Capes,
that the Danae entered the day before yesterday, and in a
thick fog had the misfortune to get aground ; probably she
will be got off; she is within the Capes. She left France
the 8th of November ; the express has not brought a sin-
gle letter, and I do not expect them till tomorrow or the
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 145
day after. If there are any for you, they shall be sent on
with the greatest despatch, and if there are none, you shall
have an express with the news. It is said, that there are
many packets for the army, and one hundred and eighty
thousand livres.
The only Frenchmen of our acquaintance on board are
General Duportail and M. de Gouvion.
The whole of the force at Cadiz, as well land as naval,
is destined for the West Indies.
I have the honor to be, Sic.
LUZERNE.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Translation.
Philadelphia, December 26th, 1782.
Sir,
The undersigned Minister Plenipotentiary of France has
the honor of informing Congress, that his Majesty has re-
ceived, with the most lively sensibility, the proofs of the
measures taken by ihern on the birth of the Dauphin.* The
King has ordered the Chevalier de la Luzerne to assure
this Assembly, that they could not have manifested their at-
tachment to him, on an occasion more dear to him, and that
this circumstance will, if possible, add new force to his af-
fection for the United States, as well as to his wish to
establish their happiness upon a permanent foundation.
I have the honor to be, he.
LUZERxNE.
* See the proceedings of Congress here alluded to in the Secret
Journal, Vol. III. p. 106.
VOL. XI. 19
146 LUZERNE.
SUBSTANCE OP A VERBAL COMMUNICATION PROM THE
FRENCH MINISTER.
Office of Foreign Affairs, December 30th, 1782.
The substance of a verbal communication made to
the Secretary for Foreign Affairs by the Minister of
France, on the 30th and 31st of December, 17S2,
offered to the consideration of Congress on the 1st of
Januar}', 1783, by the said Secretary.
The Minister of France came this day agreeably to
appointment, to the Office of Foreign Affairs, and
read to Mr Livingston a letter from the Count de
Vergennes to him, dated the 12th of August last,
which contained in substance ; that the negotiations
begun by Mr Grenville and Mr Oswald were inter-
rupted by the resignation of Mr Fox. That previous
to that, the King of England appeared disposed to ac-
knowledge the independency of America in express
terms, without making it a condition of the peace ;
that Mr Grenville encouraged them to hope, that this
object would be rendered complete by an act of Par-
liament ; that they looked in vain for this act till they
were apprised of the resignation of Mr Fox ; that the
difference which arose between him and Lord Shel-
burne led them to suppose, that the design of the first
was to recognise the independency of America and
treat for a general peace upon fair and honorable
terms J that Lord Shelburne's was, on the contrary,
to endeavor to excite distrusts, and particularly to en-
deavor to mislead the Americans ; that in pursuance
of this system in the month of June last, at the very
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 147
time that they opened their treaty in Europe, he pro-
posed to offer the most advantageous terms to America
upon condition that the Americans laid down tlieir
arms and left France to settle the dispute alone. This
insidious conduct was pursued during Mr Grenville's
negotiation.
That Mr Fox's resignation suspended the negotia-
tion, though the new Administration declared, that
this event should occasion no change of measures ;
that the Court of France expected the effect of this
declaration, when a commission was expedited to Mr
Oswald to treat with the American Plenipotentiaries,
and another to authorise Mr Fitzherbert to resume the
negotiation begun by Mr Grenville ; that he had pre-
sented his credentials the 4th instant ; that Mr Os-
wald had yet received only a copy of his, owing to
the Chancellor's absence ; that Mr Fitzherbert had
returned the answer of Great Britain to the counter
proposition given by France ; that this contains full
evidence of the unsteadiness of Lord Shelburne's con-
duct, since, instead of making the independence of
America a separate object, it proposes it as a condi-
tion, and as the price of peace, and adds, that every
other circumstance should be placed upon the basis of
1763.
He observes, that the Chevalier de la Luzerne will
judge from this, that they affected much surprise at
the counter propositions, and that they did not assent
to them ; neither on the other hand, have they yet
refused them, but confine themselves to demanding
explanations. That this was then the state of their
negotiations ; that Mr Oswald had presented his com-
148 LUZERNE.
mission, to which Mr Franklin and Mr Jay had yet
given no reply, suspending it till they knew his (the
Count de Vergennes's) sentiments; that as yet he had
formed no opinion, waiting the result of a conference,
which he was to have the next day with those Minis-
ters; that the commission was in the usual form, but
speaks of the Americans as Colonies, without naming
them rebels, or asserting any claims upon them.
That he did not for his part believe, that Lord
Shelburne would negotiate a general peace sincerely,
till he lost all hopes of sowing dissensions and treating
separately ; that they were convinced, that neither
France nor Spain were to be deceived, and that he (the
Count de Vergennes,) entertained the same sentiments
with respect to the Americans, but that the British
Ministry, deceiving themselves, may continue to tempt
them till a peace is signed ; that the information they
(the Court of France,) had received from him (the
Minister of France,) had left them little doubt on that
head, and that those doubts will be entirely removed
when the States shall have respectively imitated the
example of Maryland, Virginia, and New Jersey.
That, however, good faith was not all that was re-
quired of an ally ; that they must feel themselves in a
situation to impose terms on the enemy ; that unhap-
pily the Americans had neglected this ; that the
Minister of France could not press this too closely
upon us.
He then proceeds to inform the Minister, that while
the British had set on foot a direct negotiation, the
Imperial Court renewed their instances with that of
Tjondon to engage them to accept their mediation ; that
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 149
this gave birth to an answer, in which his Britannic
Majesty, without taking notice of the negotiation
begun at Paris, declared, that he was ready to receive
through them, every pacific overture, and even to
admit the Dutch and the Americans to the negotiation.
This answer was dated on the 29th of April, when Mr
Oswald was already in Paris. That they continued
their negotiations, and sent Mr Grenville powers,
which were dated on the 21st of May ; that they did
not conceal this from the Imperial Court, but pre-
tended that it was at the instance of France.
That this false accusation, and above all the fear of
seeing the mediation vanish, had engaged the Imperial
Court to communicate to the Court of Versailles and
Madrid, the last Memorial of the Court of London,
and to exhort them to establish a negotiation under
their auspices ; that it was easy to refute the unskilful
accusation of the British, which he (the Count de
Vergennes,) thinks they (the Court of France,) have
done with success ; that the answer is transmitted ;
that they had determined, without rejecting the medi-
ation, to pursue the direct negotiation as long as it
might be convenient to the Court of London ; that he
had not seen the answer of the British, which could
not, however, be very satisfactory, since they have
expedited the commission to Mr Fitzherbert and Mr
Oswald ; that he (the Count do Vergennes,) was igno-
rant of the part, that the Imperial Courts would take
upon their declinatory answer.
But that they had always been candid, clear, and
open, and would have no objection to confide their
interests with the mediators upon the established basis,
150 LUZERNE.
whenever the Court of London shall decline the direct
negotiation she had begun; that the King did not
doubt but that Congress would think with him on this
subject, and that he would not hesitate, if circum-
stances should require it, to give such assurances to
the two Imperial Courts. In a postscript he adds,
that he had seen Mr Jay and Mr Franklin, and that
they had together discussed both the substance and
form of the commission to Mr Oswald, and that in
spite of his (Mr Oswald's) instances, they had agreed
to decline entering into the matter with him, until he
shall have produced the original of his commission.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Translation.
December 31st, 1782.
Sir,
The undersigned. Minister Plenipotentiary of
France, has had the honor of communicating to the
Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs, sev-
eral facts and circumstances relative to the negotiation
for a general peace, which is now carried on at Paris,
between the belligerent powers. That Minister will
communicate them to Congress; but the undersigned
Plenipotentiary, has received orders himself, to express
to that Assembly, the satisfaction of the King, his
master, at the conduct, which they have observed on
occasion of the overtures, made by the English Com-
missioners commanding at New York, at different
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 151
times, for establishing a particular negotiation with the
United States, or with any one of them.
The King has seen with pleasure the resolutions
taken by his allies under these circumstances, and
their perfect harmony with those, which he has taken
himself.
He has observed with equal satisfaction the unanim-
ity, which has reigned in the different States of the
Union, which have expressed their sentiments in rela-
tion to the proposal for a separate peace ; their deter-
mination honorably to reject every proposal of this
kind, corresponds perfectly with the opinion formed
by his Majesty, of their fidelity in the observance of
their engagements, and of the wisdom which presides
in their Councils.
The communications made to the Secretary of the
Department of Foreign Affairs, encourage the pre-
sumption, that conduct, as prudent and advantageous
as it is just and wise, will soon bring the allies to a
happy conclusion of the present war. The British
Minister showed a peaceable disposition ; he had rea-
sonable fears respecting the fate of several naval ope-
rations, which, on the contrary, have had a result
much more favorable than the Court of London seemed
to expect. Possibly these unexpected successes may
change his disposition for peace, and on that supposi-
tion, the undersigned Minister thinks, that it will be
wise in the United States not to relax their efforts and
their preparations for the ensuing campaign. Con-
gress may be assured, that his Majesty will, on his
part, hold himself in readiness to carry it on with
152 LUZERNE.
vigor, and that he will apply all his resources to that
object.*
LUZERNE.
RESOLVES OF CONGRESS ON THE DEPARTURE OF THE
FRENCH ARMY.
Ill Congress, January 1st, 1783.
On Report of the Secretary of Foreign Affairs,
The Minister Plenipotentiary of his Most Christian Maj-
esty having commnnicated to Congress, througli the Secre-
tary of Foreign Affairs, on the 7th instant, the resolution
taken to embark the army under the command of the
Count de Rochambeau, and on the 29th their having actu-
ally embarked and sailed, together with his INIajesty's in-
tention to direct them to return, whenever an object should
offer in which they might effectually co-operate with the
troops of the United States ;
Resolved, That the Secretary of Foreign Affairs inform
the Minister of France, that though Congress cannot see
*In Congress, January 3d, 1783. " On report of the Secretary of
Foreign Affairs, to wliom was referred the foregoing note,
" Resolved, That the Secretary of Foreign Affairs inform the
Minister of France, that Congress learn with great pleasure, that the
steps taken by Congress and the respective States, their constituents,
in opposition to the attempts of the British Court to bring about a
partial negotiation, has been satisfactory to his Most Christian Ma-
jesty. That his Majesty's conduct in the progress of the negotiations
commenced in Europe, as it has been communicated to Congress, is
sufficient to inspire a just abhorrence of every act derogatory to the
principles of the alliance, and serves to fortify the resolutions, which
his repeated acts of friendship, and a sense of their own honM and
dignity had dictated to the United States in Congress assembllo, and
the States they represent."
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 153
ai:d i^ood conduct they are so greatly indebted for the re-
duction of the enemy's force in this country, yet, that they
have too muoh confidence in the attention of his M-ijesty
to the interests of the alliance, not to be persuaded, that
the order for tiieir departure was dictated by a conviction,
that they could elsewhere be more usefully employed
against the comnjon enemy. That they wish him to make
known to his Majesty the grateful sense they entertain of
his attention to their immediate interest, manifested in the
important aid thus long afforded them, and in his generous
determination to direct his troops to return to this country,
whenever circimistances will admit of an advantageous co-
operation with the arms of the United States. That they
desire through him to recommend in a particular manner
the Count de Rochambeau, and the army under his com-
mand, to the favor of his Majesty, having the higiiest rea-
son to be satisfied with their bravery and good conduct,
and with that strict discipline, to which they are indebted
for the perfect harmony, which has so happily subsisted
between them and the soldiers and citizens of the United
States.
Resolved, That the Presideru make the acknowledge-
ments of Congress, in a particular manner, to his Excel-
lency the Count de Rochambeau, and signify to him tiie
high sense they entertain of the distinguished talents dis-
played by him, with so much advantage to these States, in
the most important conjunctures, as well as of the strict
and exemplary discipline, which has been uniformly con-
spicuous in the troops under his comniand, and which
has deservedly acquired the admiration and esteem of the
citizens of these States, by whoai his signal services, and
VOL. XI. 20
154 LUZERNE.
the delicate attention at all times paid to their private rights,
will ever be held in affectionate remembrance.
TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, January 10th, 1783.
Sir,
The undersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of France,
has made a seasonable report to his Court, of the incon-
veniences, which miglit result from the advantageous capit-
ulations granted to the Islands of St Christopher, Nevis,
and Montserrat, conquered by the forces of liis Majesty.
The term of six months, which had been granted to the
capiiulators for receiving the vessels, which they expected
from England, and for sending them back under a neutral
flag, even to the ports of Great Britain, expired some time
ago, and thus no inconvenience can result from this stipu-
lation. Some of the said capitulations gave power to the
Governors to authorise by particular permissions, even
after the expiration of the six months, exportations from
these conquered Islands to the ports of the enemy.
The undersigned has the honor of informing the Secre-
tary of Foreign Aflairs, that, in consequence of orders
given to the Governor General of these Islands, these per-
missions will not be given ; and, therefore, nothing will
prevent the entire execution of the resolutions of Congress
in relation to the importation of English merchandise into
this country. Congress may be assured, that his ]\lajesty
will concur in all measures of this kind, which shall have
for their object the prevention of commerce with Great
Britain.
LUZERNE.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 155
TO ROBERT MORRIS.
Translation.
Philadelplra, March 15th, 1783.
Sir,
I have the satisfaction of informing yon, that his Majesty
has procnred for the United States, a lo.^n of six milliniiS,
to be employed in the Department of War, during the
course of the present year. In announcing to you, Sir, this
new mark of the friendship of the King for the Ujiited
States, I must enter into some details, which relate to
your operations, and which will make you acquainted with
the motives, which have induced his Majesty to make this
new effort in favor of his allies.
In the course of the last year. Sir, 1 gave an account to
his Majesty's Minister, of the order, which seemed to me to
be introduced into the department intrusted to you, of the
re-establishment of the public credit, and of the economy,
which attended your operations. I added, that I consid-
ered the establishment of a public revenue, for the pay-
ment of interest, and the progressive redemption of the
capitals, as extremely probable, and as the delay and the
difficulty of communication would not allow me to wait till
this operation was completed by the different Legislatures,
before I should explain what were the wants of the United
States, I took it upon myself to write to the Coc.nt de Ver-
gennes, that the disposition of the people to fulSl the en-
gagements made, and to be made by Congress, appeared
to me sufficiently favorable to induce his Majesty to lend a
new sum of money to the United States, for this year, if
the state of his finances should allow it. Tliese assur-
156 LUZERNE,
ances determined the loan of six millions ; but the event
has proved, that I had deceived myself in the hopes, which
I had thought myself authorised to give to my Court, and
so far from the financial affairs being improved since the
month of February, the time at which my letters on this
subject were written, they have, on the contrary, taken a
retrograde direction, and I see no certainty of the payment
of the sums previously lent, and of that which has just
been lent.
Thus, Sir, my hasty assurances have determined his
Majesty to advance this money, and, at the moment in
which I am informed of it, I am under the disagreeable
necessity of acquainting his Minister, that the hopes, which
I had given have vanished, and that my assurances were
without foundation.
I shall say nothing to you of the embarrassing situation,
in which I am personally placed by these circumstances.
But 1 shall take the liberty of observing to you, that in the
present juncture, the best remedy is to take, as soon as
possible, the measures which have not been taken within
the time which I had announced.
The Count de Vergennes, Sir, informs me, that the six
millions are lent to the United States, in the same manner,
and on the same conditions, as the sum which was lent last
year ; that is to say, that they will be paid from month to
month, at the rate of five hundred thousand livres a month;
but as it appeared, according to what you did me the
honor of writing to me previously, that you had anticipated
a part of this loan, I must entreat you to observe, that the
first months of this year will serve for paying the money
thus anticipated, and thus, that it is, accordingly, proper so
to arrange the drawing of your bills, as that they may only
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 157
be presented from month to montli, and at the times when
the money for paying them sliall have been obtained.
1 have had llie honor to inform you, Sir, that this money
was loaned to the United Stales in order to enable them to
continue the war ; the wisdom of Congress will determine,
according to circumstances, the manner of effecting this
important object, and by united efTor.s, of compelling the
enemy to conclude a firm and lasting peace.
It remains for me to inform you, Sir, that the King has
not been able to make this last effort, without great diffi-
culties. 1 have had the honor of communicating to you
those, which prevent the success of loans of any considera-
ble magnitude ; they are so great, that I am ordered to
announce to you, in the most positive manner, that it will
be impossible for the King, under any supposition what-
ever, to procure new advances of money for Congress, for
the next year. With regard to the resomces, which you
may seek in other places besides France, the letters, which
I have had the honor of reading to you, do not allow any
success to be looked for, until the United States shall have
established a permanent public revenue ; and the delay
and repugnance, with which they proceed in doing this,
being known in Europe, the inclination for lending money
to Congress, which may have existed, has disappeared j
the lenders make odier investments ; the speculations,
which might have been directed towards the United States,
go farther and farther from them, and it will certainly be
difficult to bring them back.
I refrain from repeating here the other parts of the des-
patches of the Count de Vergennes, which 1 have had the
honor of communicating to you, because the truths con-
tained in ihem are well known to you. Sir, and because
158 LUZERNE.
they all may be reduced to this. Withont the speedy es-
iablishment of a siibstantial public revenue, and without
the vigorous execution of the engagements entered into by
Congress, the hope of obtaining loans in Europe must be
given up.
I am also ordered, Sir, to represent to Congress, that
my Court relied upon final and satisfactory measures being
taken to secure the payment of the interest, and of the
debt contracted by the United States toward his Majesty.
But I content myself with mentioning this circumstance to
you, and before directly announcing it to Congress, 1 shall
wait till their present embarrassments are diminished.
You will judge. Sir, by these details, how impossible it
is to draw bills upon your Plenipotentiaries, beyond that
part of the six millions' loan of this year, which is unap-
propriated. It is clearly shown, that these bills will not be
paid by us, and it is with a full confidence in your regu-
larity in this respect, that I shall inform die Count de Ver-
gennes, that he may be assured, that no demand will be
made for any sums whatever, beyond that sum, which has
just been determined upon.
1 have the honor to be, he.
LUZERNE.
TO GEORGE WASHIxNGTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, March loth, 1783.
Sir,
Your Excellency will doubtless receive directly, a state
of affairs in Europe. I thought, however, that it would be
interesung to inform you of some particulars, which I am
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 159
ordered not to make public, but vvbich will also be commu-
nicated to Congress. The British Minister has iiastened
to conclude au eventual treaty of peace with the United
States, and to grant tiiem in the utmost extent every ad-
vantage they could desire. The malevolence with which
that power has carried on the war in America, did not
forebode this extreme facility in them, and it has been an
agreeable surprise to the belligerent powers, and you will
easily judge. Sir, that our satisfaction has been com()lete,
and in seeing the great obstacle to peace put, as it were,
on one side.
We think we may hope, that the epocha of a general
peace is not far distant. However, the English, though
disposed to come to a conclusion with the Courts of Ver-
sailles and Madrid, seem much more difficult in the nego-
tiation carrying on with the States-General. But the
King, who through the whole of this war, has refused to
conclude a peace without obtaining for his allies a just ar)d
reasonable satisfaction, persists in these sentiments, and he
doubts not that the United States will on their part fulfil
their engagements by continuing the war till a definitive
treaty is concluded, and thereby entirely disconcert the
projects of the English, who flatter themselves, that by
means of the eventual treaty, which they have concluded,
they will be able to establish on the Continent a suspension
of hostilities equal to a truce, written and signed.
It is possible, that the firmness and resolution of his
Majesty will determine England to make those restitutions,
to which she shows so much repugnance ; but it is also
possible, that the war will continue another year, and to
put the United States in a situation to continue the war
with vigor, his Majesty has lent them six millions of livres ;
IGO LUZERNE.
six hundred thousand livres are arrived in the Wasiiington,
but 1 have learnt \vi{h much pain that Mr Morris has,
through vvnnt of means, been forced to anticipate the pecu-
niary succors he hoped to receive, so that the six millions
is not so considerable a help as was to have been desired.
It remains lo examine in what manner we can disturb
and shut up the enemy during the next campaign. 1 shall
not take the liberty to sound your Excellency on these
points, but I beg you to permit me to say, that it will be
serving the common cause essentially to stop those exces-
sive exportalions of subsistence to New York, and in case
of an evucuation of that place, to prevent them as much as
possible from procuring subsistence from hence to carry on
the campaign in the West Indies.
The Due de Lauzun will confer with you on these
points on his return from llie eastward, and I beg you. Sir,
to consider with him how to make the legion early useful ;
it may be very usefully employed in the service above
mentioned, and the Duke will be happy to act in any man-
ner your Excellency may wish.
In all cases, it cannot but be of service to hold ourselves
in a hostile posiiion. If the negotiations produce the happy
effects we wish, I will lose no time in informing you, and
knowiug your humane disposition, I think I never shall an-
nounce to you a more agreeable event than a general
peace, honorable and safe to the allies. You are con-
vinced how sincerely the King wishes it, and the sacrifices
he has made to obtain it will prove this.
If the treaty has been conununicated to you. Sir, you
will have seen that the King of England has reserved
to himself the liberty to conclude, or not to conclude, the
treaty of peace with America, so that the act signed the
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 161
30th of November by the respective Commissioners, is
merely conditional and eventual.
I have the honor to be, he.
LUZERNE.
TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, March 18th, 1783.
Sir,
I have the honor of sending you a copy of a letter, which
I have written to Mr Robert Morris. I shall soon have
the honor of communicating to you some news, which I
have just received from France by the packet boat Wash-
ington.
I have the honor to be, &ic.
LUZERNE.
GEORGE WASHINGTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Head Quarters, March 19th, 1783.
Sir,
I am exceedingly obliged to your Excellency for your
communication of the loth. The Articles of the treaty
between America and Great Britain, as they stand in con-
nexion with a general pacification, are so very inconclu-
sive, that I am fully in sentiment with your Excellency,
that we should hold ourselves in a hostile position, prepared
for either alternative, peace or vcar.
I shall confer with the Due de la Lauzun on the objects
you are pleased to mention ; and as I have ever viewed
the practice of the States in supplying the enemy in New
York with the means of subsistence, as a very pernicious
VOL. XI. 21
162 LUZERNE.
one in its tendency, both to ourselves snd to our allies, you
may depend upon me to exert every measure in my power
to prevent it.
I am at all times happy in receiving any intelligence
from your Excellency, and should it be in your power to
announce a general peace, you cannot make a more pleas-
ing communication to me.
Persuaded of the pure and benevolent intentions, which
animate the breast of his Most Christian Majesty, I am as-
sured, if that happy event should not result from the pres-
ent negotiations, that the failure will not rest on his part.
I have the honor to be, &c.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
MINUTES OF A VERBAL COMMUNICATION FROM THE
MINISTER OF FRANCE.
Office of Foreign Affairs, March 22d, 1783.
The Minister of France, waiting upon Mr Livingston at
12 o'clock agreeable to appointment, communicated to him
a letter from the Count de Vergennes, dated the I9tli of
November.
This was wholly confined to matters of finance, and
contained in substance nothing more than Congress have
already seen in the letter, written by the Minister of France
to Mr Morris. He then read to Mr Livingston a letter
of the 22d of November, which related to ihe satisfaction
the King, his master, had received in the testimony the
United States had given of their friendship, in preseniing
to him the ship America. The substance of this letter has
been inserted in the note sent to Congress the 28th instant.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDEiNCE 163
The Minister also read to Mr Livingston, a letter of the
19th of December, from the Count de Vergennes, in
which he informs him, that their treaty was not so forward
as that of the Americans. Though if his Majesty had
wished it, he could have signed before the American Plen-
ipotentiaries, as no essential difference existed between
France and Great Britain. But that the King's delicacy
induced him to wish, that all his allies should be first satis-
fied, and he had accordingly resolved to continue the war,
whatever advantages might be offered him, if Great Britain
should bear hard upon any of them. That it still re-
mained to reconcile the interest of Spain, and those of
Holland. That he had reason to believe with relation to
the first, that they would soon be fully settled. That the
foundation was already laid, and that nothing now remained
but to settle forms. That he was of opinion, that it was
for the interest of the United States to facilitate a connex-
ion with this power, which will be their neighbor.
That it would become the wisdom of Congress to disco-
ver moderation with respect to them. That he is persuaded
England will see with pleasure, divisions introduced be-
tween the United States and the Court of Madrid, and
that it is probable, that they will even endeavor to animate
them one against the other. That British emissaries have
been employed to inspire Spain with apprehensions as to
the ambitious views of America. But they will now avail
themselves of this intimacy with the American Ministers,
to render them suspicious of Spain, and even to excite
their resentments against her. Congress will defeat this
design by removing the difficulties, which now oppose
themselves to a union with his Catholic Majesty. That
the King wishes so much to see his allies enjoy a solid and
164 LUZERNE.
durable peace, that in exciting the Americans on one side
to discover a more conciliatory spirit, he will spare nothing
on the other to remove the difSculties, which may be
raised by the Court of Spain. That he apprehends delays
and embarrassments from Holland. That the British Ad-
ministration appear very unfavorable to them.
The Minister of France then read to Mr Livingston
another letter from the Count de Vergennes, of the 20th
of December, 1782, which contained in substance; that
peace was not yet concluded ; that it was anxiously de-
sired by the King. That his Majesty's obligations to his
allies had not yet permitted him to pronounce with cer-
tainty as to the termination of the war. That expecting
peace, prudence required, that the allies should act as if
the war was to continue. That Congress will judge of the
manner in which they can most effectually contribute
to distress the common enemy. That in the present
state of things it would not be prudent to invite the Amer-
icans to form any direct enterprise against the common
enemy. That the Provisional Articles would, when ex-
ecuted, at the general peace, put New York into the
hands of the Americans, and that Congress could judge
better than they could what part it would be expedient for
them to take in the then state of things. That proposing
nothing they leave everything to their discretion. That
the Minister should however inform them, that he could
not yet determine whether they were at the eve of the war
or if another campaign must be opened. That in the
latter case there were two essential objects, on which the
Minister of France should impart to Congress the opinion
of his Court, and the desires of his Majesty.
That though if their towns were evacuated the
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 165
Americans could not lake an active part, yet they can
compel the enemy to wish for peace, by excluding
them from all connexion with them and prohibiting
under very severe penalties, the consumption or im-
portation of British manufactures. That a considera-
ble party among the British wish to form commercial con-
nexion with the United Slates. That when they shall be
convinced, that they can reap no benefit therefrom, but by
a solid definitive peace, conformable to the treaty already
agreed upon, they will become more tractable, and con-
clude the definitive treaty, which will give force and vigor
to the provisional articles, and set the seal to the indepen-
dence of America. That it would also be proper to state
to Congress the necessity of providing means to prevent
the sending provisions into New York, by which the Brit-
ish armaments are amply supplied with fresh provisions of
every kind.
That the King persuades himself, that the Legislatures
of the respective States will concur in measures for this
salutary purpose, when they shall be informed of the injury
occasioned to their ally by the want of the necessary
precautions on this subject. That these precautions will
not be unnecessary if the enemy are about to abandon
New York, without which the enemy will carry with them
the means of supplying the places to which they transport
their troops.
That he persuades himself, that Congress will perceive,
that they are indebted to the harmony, that has subsisted
between the King and them for the present happy state of
their affairs. But that nothing being yet concluded, the
present moment is precisely that in which it is of most im-
portance to preserve the same system.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
166 LUZERNE,
GEORGE WASHINGTON TO M, DE LA LUZERNE.
Head Quarters, March 29th; 1783-
Sir,
The news of a general peace, which your Excellency
has been so good as to announce to me, has filled my mind
with inexpressible satisfaction ; and permit me to add, that
the joy I feel on this great event is doubly enhanced, by
the very obliging manner in which you have been pleased
to express your congratulations to me and the army on this
happy occasion.
The part your Excellency has acted in the cause of
America, and the great and benevolent share you have
taken in the establishment of her independence, are deeply
impressed on my mind, and will not be effaced from my
remembrance, or that of the citizens of America, but with
the latest effects' of time. You will accept, Sir, my warm-
est acknowledgements and congratulations, with assurances
that I shall always participate, with the highest pleasure, in
every event which may contribute to your happiness and
satisfaction.
The articles of a general treaty do not appear so favor-
able to France, in point of territorial acquisitions, a.s they
do to the other powers ; but the magnanimous and disin-
terested scale of action, which that great nation has ex-
hibited to the world during this war, and at the conclusion
of peace, will insure to the King and nation that reputa-
tion, which will be of more consequence to them, than
every other consideration.
IMrs Washington begs your Excellency to accept her
sincerest thanks for the joy you have communicated to her.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 167
and to receive a return of her congratulations on this most
, happy of all events.
I have the honor to be, &tc.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, April 10th, 1783.
Sir,
I have to inform your Excellency, that I have just re-
ceived instructions from the Minister, that in consequence
of the peace, the French troops actually here, are to be
sent to France without delay. If you see no cause to de-
fer it, I shall accordingly take immediate measures for
their departure. 1 impatiently wait the arrival of the Due
de Lauzun to give the necessary orders, as no definitive
arrangements can be made in his absence.
I have the honor to be, he.
LUZERNE.
TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, April 29th, 1783.
Sir,
I wrote sometime ago to General Washington to know
whether he thought proper, that the legion of Lauzun, and
the other detachments of the army of Rochambeau, should
leave this continent, in order to return to France. Ac-
cording to his answer, dated the 23d inst. he entirely ap-
proves this measure ; consequently I beg you will have
168 LUZERNE.
the kindness to inform Congress that the departure will
take place immediately.
Permit me to embrace this opportunity of assuring you,
in concert with the Due de Lauzun, that the otficers and
soldiers of this army will always recollect with pleasure the
three years which they passed in this continent, the union
which has existed between the two nations, and the hospi-
tality with which they have been treated by the inhabit-
ants.
I have the honor to be, &;c.
LUZERNE.
GEORGE WASHINGTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Head Quarters, May 13th, 1783.
Sir,
We are making some preparations in the army for a dis-
play of our joy on the happy event of a general peace.
The exhibition will be delayed till the arrival of the defini-
tive treaty. If your Excellency can make it convenient to
honor us with your company on the occasion, it will be a
great addition to our happiness.
I take the liberty to put under cover to your Excellency,
several letters, which I wish to convey to some gentlemen
of your army, late in America. If the Due de Lauzun
should have sailed before their arrival, I shall be much
obliged by your care of their conveyance by some other
good opportunity.
With great regard and respect,
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 169
TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Translation.
Philadelphia, May 19th, 1783.
Sir,
I have received the letter, with which you honored me
on the 4th of this month, and the INlemorial of INIr Durham,
which accompanied it. I cannot form any opinion upon
such a statement, and I shall be unable to know whether
the complaints are just, before I learn the motives of tl>e
conduct, which he professes to have observed on bis part.
I have the honor of sending you a letter for the Marquis de
Bouille, in relation to this affair, and I entreat you to have
the kindness to send it to that individual, vviio will take
care to send it to the commander.
You have been informed, Sir, of the affair of Mr Gillon,
or rather of the many affairs, which have been the subject
of controversy between him and the subjects of the King.
You will find a statement of it in a IMeniorial which 1 an-
nex, requesting you to be pleased to return it when read ;
I have addressed it to the State of South Carolina ; I re-
quest you to be pleased to read the resolutions taken in
consequence of it by the Assembly of that State, and the
annexed copies of which you may keep. I have also the
honor of sending you, Sir, some new demands against that
officer, which I have lately received. I shall make no re-
flection respecting the resolutions of Carolina; but I en-
treat you to be pleased to point out the most proper course
for obtaining justice, and to inform me whether it would
seem to you proper, that I should lay this matter before
Congress.
I have the honor to be, &ic.
LUZERNE.
VOL. XI. 22
170 LUZERNE.
COUNT DE VERGENNES TO M. DE LAFAYETTE.
Translation.
Versailles, June 23th, 1783.
Sir,
I have received the letter, which you did me the honor
to write on the 17ili of this month. You desire to know
what is meant hy free port.
By this term, Sir, we mean a place to whicii all mer-
chandises, as well forcii^n as domestic, may be iiDported,
and from which they may be freely exported. You will
judge, Sir, by this definition, that all the merchandises of
the north, without exception, mny be imported into L'Ori-
ent, and exported from it by the Americans. In a word,
L'Orient will be reputed foreign with regard to France, as
far as it respects commerce. The prohibitions and duties
upon foreign merchandises will take effect only in case any
person desires to introduce into the interior parts of the
realm the merchandises subjected to the one or the other.
I have the honor to be, &,c.
DE VERGENNES.
TO THE PRESIDENT OP CONGRESS.
Translation.
Philadelphia, September 17th, 1783.
Sir,
The undersigned Minister Plenipotentiary has the honor
of communicating to Congress an extract from a letter of
the Count de Vergennes, and a copy of a contract between
the King and the Thirteen United States. He requests
Congress to be pleased to send the ratification of it to their
Minister at his Majesty's Court, in order that he may settle
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 171
The undersigned received the papers, of which a copy is
annexed, nearly four months ago. He had received orders,
at tlie same time, to inform his Court of the measures,
which the United States might have taken, for the accom-
plishment of the different articles of the contract of the
l6Ui of July, of last year. The undersigned has deferred
till this time, the communications in question, in the hope
that circumstances might become more favorable. As the
peace has made these stipulations, which were only even-
tual, executory, he can refrain no longer from requesting
Congress to acquaint him with the arrangements which
may have been made by the United States, or those which
they propose to make, for the execution of the contract of
the IGth of July, of last year, as well as with those to be
made for the execution of the contract, of which a copy is
annexed.
LUZERNE.
COUNT DE VERGENNES TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
(Annexed to the note, sent on the 17th of September, 1783.)
Translation.
Versailles, March 10th, 1783.
Sir,
Dr Franklin, in the month of Fehruarv last, com-
municated to me different decrees of tlic Con<^ress of
the United States of North America, passed on the
14lh and 23d of September, and several letters from
Messrs Morris and Livingston, which not only author-
ised that Minister, but even cxprcs.sly ordered iiim to
negotiate in Euroj)e a loan of four millions of dollars,
172 LUZERNE.
amounting to about twenty millions of livres tournois,
for the service of the United States during the present
year, and under their warranty. It was at the same
time enjoined on Dr Franklin, earnestly to solicit the
continuance of the favors of the King, in the crisis in
ifhich Congress was then placed.
In the enumeration of the motives^ which the Su-
perintendent of the finances alleged, in order to obtain
a new loan of money from his Majesty, he did not
deny, that the Minister of France might assign good
reasons for declining to comply with this request, but
he added, that, as it was the last of this kind, which
Congress would have occasion to make, he hoped that
it would not be rejected.
Dr Franklin, on his part, in obedience to the orders
of Congress, implored, in l"avor of tlie United Slates,
the assistance of the King, and added to the reasons
previously given, that, without this assistance the
continental army could no longer be kept together,
nor disbanded without danger.
After having conferred on this subject with M. Joly
de Fleury, I made a report upon it to the King. I
informed his Majesty of the embarrassments of Con-
gress, and of their inability to provide for their neces-
sities by means of taxes, which the imperfections or
the weakness of a rising Administration did not per-
mit them to levy. The King had already, by great
sacrifices, fulfilled in their behalf, the duties of a most
tender father, during the continuance of their moral
infancy. Since the nation reached the period of ma-
turity, consecrated by its emancipation and political
independence, it seemed that it ought to be sufficient
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 173
for itself, and not to require new cflbrts of the gene-
rosity of its ally; but without being prevented by
these considerations, the King, faithful to his attach-
ment to the United Slates, was pleased, under these
circumstances, to give a new proof of it, and notwith-
standing the difficuhies, which his Majesty exj)eri-
enced in his own finances, he determined, according
to my report of the 20th of December last, to grant to
Congress a new loan of six millions of livrcs tournois,
for the service of the United States, during the course
of the present year. He also authorised the advanc-
ing of a sum of money previously granted, which Dr
Franklin earnestly solicited. I informed that Minister
of it, who, in his answer of January 25th, gratefully
accepted these new favors in the name of the United
States. I informed him, moreover, that they could
not be increased, and that his Majesty would in no
case be a guarantee for other loans, which he might
p-.ocure in Holland or elsewhere.
I have thought proper to enter into these details
with you, Sir, in order that you may be able to com-
municate them to Congress, and that ihat body may
be informed by you of the last financial arrangements,
which his Majesty has been pleased to decide upon, in
favor of the United States. I have since concerted
with Dr Franklin, those measures, which were neces-
sary for fixing the conditions and the terms of pay-
ment of the loan of six millions of livres, of which I
have been speaking. They were stipulated in a con-
tract made on the 25th of Ft^bruary last, which we
signed by virtue of our respective full pov.-ers, as we
had done with regard to preceding advances, by a
174 LUZERNE.
contract previously made on the 16th of July, of last
year, of which I informed you at the time, and of
which we are now expecting the ratification on the
part of Congress. Although I do not doubt that Dr
Franklin has transmitted this new act to Congress, I
have still thought it proper to send the annexed copy
of it to you.
By the first article, you will see, Sir, that the King
lends Congress the sum oi six millions of livres, payable
at the rale of five hundred thousand livres in each of
the twelve months of the current year, on condition of
the repayment of the capital with interest at five per
cent per annum.
The second article recapitulates and verifies the pre-
ceding aids furnished by his Majesty, and divides
them into three distinct classes. The first consisting
of the sums loaned, amounting to eighteen millions of
livres. The second, of a fund of ten millions, arising
from a loan obtained in Holland for the service of the
United States, and guaranteed by his Majesty. The
third, of subsidies, gratuitously furnished, amounting
to nine millions of livres, the gift of which to the
United States is confirmed by his Majesty.
The third Article fixes the repayment to the royal
treasury, of the new loan of six millions, with the in-
terest thereon, at six periods, fixed at the times most
convenient for the financial operations of Congress.
By the fourth Article, it has been agreed, that the
interest on the last loan of six millions, shall not com-
mence till the 1st of January, 17S4. The King being
pleased to give and remit to Congress the partial inter-
est on the capital for the present year.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 175
The fifth and sixth Articles contain stipulations of
usage and form.
All attesting the sentiments of affection entertained
by the King for the United Statss, and his tender
anxiety to contribute to their prosperity.
I desire you, Sir, to assure Congress, that these
sentiments are deeply engraven on the heart of the
King, that his Council feel tiiem no less deeply ; and
that his Majesty will never cease to take the most
lively interest in the welfare of the United States, his
allies.
You will be pleased to inform me of the reception of
this letter, and of the annexed paper.
1 have the honor to be, &:c.
DE VERGENNES.
TO THE PRESIDENT OP CONGRESS.
Translation.
Philadelphia, November 2d, 1783.
Sir,
I have received the letter, which your Excellency did
me the honor to write to me on the 27th ultimo, and the
resolutions of Congress, which were annexed to it, and
which express the sentiments of Congress with relation to
the dispositions' of his Majesty, and the other belligerent
powers, not to sign the definitive treaty, except in conce.'-t
with the United States. It appeared by the last news
received, that this conduct has produced the desired etTect,
and that it has in fine, been followed by a general peace.
The United States may be assured, that his Majesty
176 LUZERNE.
will adopt with pleasure all commercial arrangements, which
may be advantageous to them, and which will not be pre-
judicial to his subjects. I also know, that it is his Maj-
esty's intention, that the United States should enjoy, in the
ports of his kingdom, not only all the advantages, which
they enjoyed before their independence, but even some
favors, V/'liich have not heretofore been granted to them.
1 have the honor to be, 8ic.
LUZERNE.
TO GEORGIA WASHINGTON.
Translation,
Philadelphia, November 21st, 1783.
Sir,
I have received the letter your Excellency did me the
honor to write me by Messrs Villefranclie and Rochefon-
taine, the testimony you l)ave been pleased to give in favor
of these two officers will have the greatest weight with
those persons who can contribute to their advancement,
and it gives me the greatest pleasure to receive these testi-
monies, from Congress and from your Excellency, of the
satisfaction the French officers have given in the service
of the United Slates.
1 beg your Excellency to receive my sincere congrat-
ulations upon the evacuation of New York ; this grand
event completes your glory. I hope to be at New York
the 2Sih of tliis month, to be witness of the rejoicings you
have ordered, and to renew to you the assurances of at-
tachment, with which I have the honor to be, &c.
LUZERNE.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 177
M. DE CALONNE TO M. DE LAFAYETTE.
Translation.
Versailles, January 9th, 1784.
Sir,
I have communicated to the King the observations con-
tained in the memoir, which you transmitted to me relative
to the commerce of America, and those, which you made
at our last conference.
I am authorised to announce to you, that it is the in-
tention of his Majesty, to grant to the United States the
ports of L'Orient and Bayonne as free ports ; and besides
these, that of Dunkirk and that of Marseilles, the first of
which enjoys absolute freedom, and the other is restrained
in the exercise of that freedom only with regard to tobacco,
which is there subjected to a duty. The Americans may
from this moment send their vessels to those four ports,
where they will not meet with any kind of difficulty.
You may, if necessary, explain what is meant by free
ports, agreeably to the signification thereof given by M.
de Vergennes, in his letter of the 29lh of June last.* The
Americans will find, above all at Dunkirk, all the facilities
they can desire for the sale of their leaf tobacco, their rice,
their timber, and other merchandise, as well as for the
purchase of what they want ; such as linens, woollens,
brandy, &ic. It is proposed to establish stores and maga-
zines there, which shall be well supplied, on terms very
advantageous for their commerce.
I have given orders to the Farmers-General to treat in
preference, and at a reasonable price, for the purchase of
ihe tobaccocs of North America. And, moreover, the
* See above, p. 170.
VOL. XL 23
178 LUZERNE.
United States will be as much favored in France, in mat-
ters of commerce, as any oilier nation. The complaints,
which ihey may make to you, or which Dr Franklin and
the other American iVJinislers, whom I should be very glad
to see, may trnnsnnt to me on their behalf, shall be exam-
ined with great atteiition ; and government will not suffer
them to exj erience any kind of vexations. Every pos-
sible precaution will also be taken to prevent the sending
out had tnerchandise, which if it has hitherto taken place,
can only be attributed to the avarice of some merchants of
the lowest order.
I am going immediately to examine what relates to the
customs and duties, which hurt coirmierce. This is an
important subject, and requires great attention. In fine.
Sir, yon may rely, that I s!iall be always disposed, as well
as the Marshal de Castries, and the Count de Vergennes,
to receive and listen with attention to the demands and
further representations, which you shall think proper to
make in favor of the cotnmerce of Ameiica.
1 have the honor to be, &c.
DE CALONNE.
P. S. The ports of Bayonne and L'Orient will be made
similar to that of Dunkirk with regard to entire freedom.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Translation.
Annapolis, January 29th, 1784.
Sir,
1 have the last year presented to Congress several notes,
respecting which no answer has been given me. I have
reason to believe, iiowever, that it has taken resolutions on
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDEiNCE. 179
many of these notes. Not to impoi-turie Copgreis by reit-
erations, I [)ray you to be pleased to inform me of ivhat
lias passed on this snbjeet, and especially with regtud to
the ratification of the contraet entered into between the
King and liie United States, for the various loans, wl^icli
liis Majesty has made them, and concerning the measures
taken for the payment of the interest on ihe snm<; lent to
the United States by his Majesty, or for which he lias
become responsible.
1 have the honor to be, Sec.
LUZERNE.
TO THE PRESIDENT OP CONGRESS.
Translation.
Annapolis, January 30th. 1784.
Sir,
The imdersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of France,
has the honor to inforn\ Congress, that his i\]ajesly desir-
ing to favor the progress of cotnmerce between his king-
dom and the United States, has appointed four Consuls
and five Vice Consuls, to reside in those cities of this con-
tinent, where he has judged that the presence of these
officers would be useful to his commercial and sea-faring
subjects. He has also appointed a Consul-General, whose
duly shall be more particularly to attend to the general
objects of commerce. M. de Marbois has been appointed
to fill this office. His Majesty hopes, that this choice will
be the more agreeable to Congress, as he has resided
many years in America, and especially as he has the honor
of being known to that body. The new distribution,
. which has just been made of Consulates and Vice Con-
180 LUZERNE.
sulates requiring a particular attention, the undersigned
desires Congress to be pleased to appoint a committee,
empowered to treat with M. de Marbois on every subject
relative to the recognition of the character of these new
officers.
LUZERNE.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Translation.
Annapolis, February 18tli, 1784.
Sir,
The undersigned. Minister Plenipotentiary of France,
has the honor to inform Congress, that the family of the
Sieur de la Radiere, who died about four years ago, in
the service of the United States, is desirous of receiving
the benefits, which Congress grants to the other heirs of
the officers, who have served in the armies of the United
States. The Sieur de la Radiere was attached to the
corps of engineers. The undersigned begs Congress to
enable him to give an answer to the family of this officer,
as well as to those who may be in the same situation.
LUZERNE.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Translation.
Annapolis, April 6th, 1784.
Sir,
The undersigned. Minister of France, has the honor to
inform Congress, that the portraits of the King and Queen
have arrived at Philadelphia, and that he has orders to
present them to that body.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 181
The undersigned Minister has had the honor to trans-
mit to his Excellency, the President, his Majesty's letter,
in answer to that of the 14th of June, 1779, in which
Congress have expressed their desire to have the portraits
of their Majesties. This letter expresses to Congress
the pleasure, with which the King gives the United States
this testimony of his affection and friendship for then:.
The undersigned has made the necessary arrangements
for the safe keeping of these two portraits, until Congress
can receive them.
LUZERNE.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Translation.'
Annapolis, April 9th, 1784.
Sir,
I have the honor to communicate to your Excellency
an extract from a letter, which I received from Count de
Vergennes, dated the 24ih of December last.
I received orders at the same time to inform his Maj-
esty's Minister of the measures, which have been taken by
the United States, relative to the payment of portions of
the principal, and of the interest of the sums, which have
been loaned them by the King. I make mention, Sir, of
portions of the capital, because, by the terms of the con-
tract of the 16th of July, 1784, the reimbursement of the
first loan of eight millions is to begin three years after the
peace, and it is expedient to take seasonable measures
with regard to this subject.
I am also to inform my Court of the arrangements,
which have been made for the payment of interest on the
loan of five millions of florins, made in Holland, the 5th of
182 LUZERNE.
November, 1781, and for which his Majesty became
guarantee. 1 know the efforts of Congress to effect the
discharge of the p'lhlic debt, and their wish to fulfil their
engagements ; and I consider it superfluous to recall to your
Excellency all the motives, which combine to induce the
United Slates to fulfil faithfully those, which ti.ey have con-
tracted with the King. I confine myself to desiring you to
enable me to dissipate the imeasiness, which may have
been excited at my Comt, hy the delay in proceeding to
raise funds to effect the payment of this debt.
I am with respect, Sir, &ic.
LUZERNE.
COUNT DE VERGENNE3 TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Translation.
Versailles, December 24th, 1783.
Sir,
His Majesty has decided irrevocably, that the port of
L'Orient shall be free, and American sailors may actually
consiiler it so. The edict of the King has not yet been
published, however, because his Majesty's intention being
to give this arrangement as wide an extent as possible, the
regulations should be drawn up after a careful deliberation,
and conceived in such terms, that the advantages allowed
to the merchants of the United States, may not be essen-
tially prejudicial to our own commerce, and the revenues
of the Slate.
The merchants of the United States enjoy equally the
liberty of freqisenting the ports of Marseilles and Dunkirk,
and they partake, like other nations, in ilie immunities and
privileges of these two places.
DE VERGENNES.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 183
CONGRESS TO THE KING OF FRANCE.
The Uniled Slates in Congress assembled to their
Great, Faithful, and Beloved Friend and Ally, Louis
the Sixteenth, King of France and Navarre.
Great, Faithful, and Beloved Friend and Ally,
Your Majesty's letter of the 13th of August last, has
been received by the Uniled Slati^s in Congress assembled,
with a degree of saiisfaciion and pleasure, which those only
can conceive, who, to the highest seniiinenis of respect,
unite feelings of the most affeclionnle friendship.
The portraits of yoin- Majesty and of your royal consort
having arrived al Pliihidclphia, have been caiefullv pre-
served by }()ur fi.iihful Minister, the Chevalier de la Lu-
zerne, whose attention (in this, as on all other occasions,
merits the acknowledgem.ents of Congress.
These lively representations of our august and most be-
loved friends will be placed in our council chamber ; and
can never fail of exciting in the mind of every American,
an admiration of the distinguished virtues and accoiiiplish-
ments of the royal originals.
We beseech the Supreme Ruler of the universe con-
stantly to keep your xMajesty anil your royal consort in his
holy protection, and to render the blessings of your admin-
istration as extensive as the objects of your Majesty's be-
nevolent principles.
Done at Annapolis, in the State of IMaryland, this 16th
day of April, 1784, by the Uniled States in Congress
assembled.
Your faidiful Friends and Allies,
THO.MAS MIFFLIN, President.
]84 LUZERNE.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Office of Finance, April 16th, 1784.
Sir,
I do myself the honor to enclose to Congress the dupli-
cate of a letter from the Marquis de Lafayette, dated the
26ih of December, together with tiie copy of his letter of
the 18th of June last, to the Count de Vergennes ; the
Count's answer of the 29th of the same month ; a letter
to him from M. de Calonne of the 18th, and another of
the 25th of December, all which were enclosed in that du-
plicate to me, as were also the observations on the com-
merce between France and the United States, which I
have also the honor of transmitting. With respect to this
paper, I must pray leave to refer Congress to the caution
contained in the letter to me, and pray their compliance
with his intention. The masterly manner in which the
Marquis has treated a subject, certainly foreign to his for-
mer habits and views, merits great applause, and will I
doubt not, procure that a|>probation from Congress, which
will be to him a grateful reward for his zealous and dex-
terous exertions to promote the interests of America.*
I pray leave also to submit to Congress the enclosed
extract from another letter of the Marquis de Lafayette,
of the lOili of January, together with the copy of M. de
la Calonne's letter therein mentioned. This last, which
shows the labois of that young nobleman to have been
crowned with the wished for success, will I doubt not be
pleasing to Congress, as it is certainly very interesting to
the commerce of the United States.
I have the honor to be, &;c.
ROBERT MORRIS.
* This paper on commerce, as well as the letters above referred
to, are missing.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. ] 85
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Translation.
Annapolis, April 21st, 1784.
Sir,
In the course of last summer I requested leave of his
Majesty to return to France. By letters from my friends,
I am informed that it is granted ; but the loss of the
packet, which conveyed the Minister's letter, lays me
under the necessity of writing again on that subject. I
should have waited his answer before I took leave of Con-
gress, had I not reason to believe, that it will not reach me
till their recess.
I cannot however depart, without entreating your Ex-
cellency to communicate to them my warm acknowledge-
ments for the manner, in which they have treated with me
during my mission, which has lasted near five years. I
have had the satisfaction of agreeing with Corigress on all
the subjects, which I have had the honor of negotiating
with them ; and I owe my success to the good fortune I
had of being ihe Representative of a just and generous
Monarch, to a wise and virtuous Republic. I shall ever
retain a grateful remembrance of this, and shall always
consider the time I have spent on this continent, as the
most honorable period of my life. My satisfaction would
be complete, were it not accompanied with regret, at part-
ing from a Senate composed of members, on whose friend-
ship I flatter myself I have a just claim, by an intimate
acquaintance of several years. Your Excellency permits
me to rank you among those who honor me with their
friendship ; and I am persuaded, that the expression of
VOL. XI, 24
186 LUZERNE.
my aUacliment and respect for Congress will lose nothing
of its force, if you will be pleased to convey it.
The letters, by which I have received advice of my
having obtained leave to return, inform me also, that INI. de
Marbois will be his Majesty's Charge d'Jlffaires wiih the
United States. His zeal, and his attachment for the
cause, which unites France and America, are well known
to Congress, and 1 have not tlie least doubt, but his Maj-
esty's choice will be agreeable to that assembly.
I am, Sir, with great respect, &ic.
LUZERNE.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Translation.
Philadelpliia, April 28lh, 1784.
Sir,
You will see by tlie subjoined letter of Mr Pierce, the
situation of the Baron de K.db wiih regard to the United
States, at the lime when he was killed at Camden. The
continental money which he had received must have been
eniployed in subsisting the body of troops under his com-
mand ; or, if any part of these funds remained in his
Iiands, it must have been plundered and taken by the
enemy, with all the baggage of this General.
1 think, then, that Congress will be pleased to take
these circumstances into consideration, and excuse the
heirs of the B;uon dc Kalb from producing vouchers,
which circumstances do not allow ihem to procure. I
pray your Exci'llt-ncy to be pleased, also to inrluce Con-
gress to determine whether the resolutions of the 15tli of
jMay, 1778, and the 24th of August, 1780, extend to the
widow and orphans of the Baron de Kalb.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 187
A difficiiliy has also arisen with regard to IVl. de Fleury,
Lieiiteiirnt Colonel, and it can be removed only by a reso-
lution, which I request your Excelhjncy to solicit fioin the
gooflness of Congress in favor of this officer. He did not
quit the American army without leave granted, and Con-
gress, in consideration of his services s'nd good conduct,
lias been pleased to consider him as riluny? \^'^'ii_ ?ittached
to the American army. It seems, ttK..., :.^u^ij asii, that
ho should enjoy the same advantages r.s the other officers,
and the rather, that he was attached to the French army,
which served on this continent. General Lincoln, in 17S2,
did not place him on the list of officers retained in the
service; but this omission ought not to be prejudicial to
the prior resolutions of Congress. He was, at this very
time, detached to the Roanoke, with the troops of the
French division, that he might support General Greene, in
caso the latter were attacked. Thus, ignorant of what
was passing in Congress, as well as in the War Depart-
ment, it was impossible for him to make any representa-
tions on this subject. He was born without fortune, and if
he did not, like the other officers, enjoy his pay to the od
of, November, 1783, his affairs would be found rather-
involved than meliorated by his residence in this continent.
The payments, which Mr JNJorris has been authorised to
make, have been claimed for the years 17S2 and 1783;
and M. de Fleury would be found excluded, unless the
justice of Congress should allow him the same treatment,
which the other officers receive, and the advantages of the
commutation. The third resolution of Congress of De-
cember 31st, 1781, seems to protect the rights of M. de
Fleury, and authorise the demand, whioh 1 pray you to
present to Congress in his favor.
186
LUZERNE.
The different articles subjoined will enable Congress to
judge of the justice of the demands, concerning which I
beg you, Sir, to inform me of the intentions of that body.*
I have the honor to be, &z;c.
LUZERNE.
* The following is the statement of Baron de Kalb's account. Mr
Pierce's letter is missing.
Office of Accounts, April 19th, 1784.
Sir,
1 have examined sundry papers relative to the claim of the Bar-
oness de Kalb, for the pay of her husband, (the late Baron de Kalb,
deceased) as a Major General in the service of the United States of
America, and find,
That from the 31st of July, 1777, the date of his ap-
pointment, to the 19th of August, 1780, the day of his
death, being thirtysix months and twenty days, his
pay, at $166| per month, amounts to - - - $6,111 10-90
That per certificate of John Pierce, Paymaster General, it ap-
pears he received sundry sums, in money of the old emissions, on
account of his pay, which are extended to his debit in specie, by the
Massachusetts scale, as follows, viz.
1778, February, 830 dollars, at 464 per cent
664
664
664
664
580
834
1414
1695
2387.
" May,
" October,
1779, January,
" May,
" September, 664
1780, November, 664
That said certificate also includes a charge for $2000
old emissions, advanced him in August, 1777, which
at 238 per cent are equal to
That he is also chargeable with the following sums, viz
Received from Silas Deane, in France, on the 22d
of November, 1776, as appears per receipt annexed to
his agreement with said Deane, 6000 livres, at 5 livres
and 5 sols per dollar, are equal to - - - -
Six thousand livres paid him in bills of exchange,
$173 79-90
114 43-90
96 21-90
79 55-90
40 86-90
39 15-90
27 73-90
840 30-90
1,142 79-90
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 189
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Translation.
Philadelphia, May Gth, 1784.
Sir,
The King having as yet made no appointment to the
Consulate of Charleston, the intention of his Majesty was,
that M. de la Forest, Vice-Consul at Savannah, should in
the interim perforin its duties. 1 have, consequently,
transmitted to him, as well as to M. de Marbois, letters of
recommendation, which we thought sufficient to induce the
Governor and Council of South Carolina to recognise him
in this provisional capacity. Our hopes with regard to this
agreeable to a resolve of Congress of September 14,
1777, at 5 livres 8 sols per dollar, equal to - - 1,171 10-90
That on this account, there appears a balance of two
thousand four hundred and thirtythree dollars and
61-90 due to the estate of the Baron de Kalb - 2,433 61-90
$6,111 10-90
Exclusive of the sums carried to the Baron's debit in the foregoing
state, he is charged in the Paymaster General's books with the fol-
lowing, in old emissions, viz.
November 17th, 1777. Fifty dollars paid for transporting his
baggage. If he was in actual service at the time, and in such a
situation as rendered extra means necessary for this purpose, I am of
opinion that he ought not to be charged with this sum.
May, 1780. Two hundred and twentysix thousand dollars, said to
be for the purpose of defraying the expenses of the Maryland line,
on their march to the southward, or for defraying the deficiencies of
clothing due to the Maryland line. To oppose to this charge there is
nothing yet produced. I therefore submit to consideration, the pro-
priety of admitting to the credit of his estate the balance, which
appeals due on account of his pay, as per the foregoing adjustment.
WILLIAM RAMSEY, Clerk of Accounts.
190 LUZERNE.
subject were built upon tiie second article of tlie draft of a
contract for the establishiDent of Consids ; and we ihotiglit
that its provisional execution, presenting no inconveniences,
would meet with no difficulty, although we are yet igno-
rant whether this contract has been signed.
As the interests of comnierre render the actual estab-
lishment of a Vice-Consul at Charleston of very urgent
necessity, I pray your Excellency to propose to Congress,
to piss a resolution for the provisional execution of this
second article of the draft of the contract. This measure
is so much the more necessary, as it is the only means of
preventing the suspension of the Considar duties, which
has often occurred in case of the absence or death of Con-
suls or V'ice-Consuls, and a year might sometimes pass be-
fore the arrival of new appointments or commissions, and
before resolutions should be passed by Congress. Such
an interruption of (he office of Consul would be attended
with inconveniences, which Congress will easily perceive.
Moreover, Sir, we ask nothing on this occasion, but what
is customary in the other Consulates, and it is a power
which will be readily allowed to Mr Barclay.
I have the honor to be, &ic.
LUZERNE.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Translation.
Philadelpliia, May 13ll), 1784.
Sir,
I have received the letter, which your Excellency did
me the honor to write to me on the Gth of tr.e present
month, and the acts ol Congress accompanying it.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 191
I pray yon, Sir, to be pleased to inform Congress, that I
have received a letter from the Count de Vergennep, which
grants me the absence, which 1 had asked. This minister
informs me at the same time, that his Mnjesly has appointed
M. de Marbois, his Charge d'affaires to the United States.
I repeat to your Excellenciy the request that you will be
pleased to express for me to Congress, tiie regret with
which I leave this continent, and the sentiments of respect,
which I shall cherish through life towards that body.
Permit me to recall to your mind. Sir, the business of
JVl. de Fleury, and of the widow of the Baron de Kalb. I
pray you, also, to be pleased to enable me to make known
here the intentions of Congress relative to M. de la Ra-
die-e, and to the money which was due to him at the time
of his death, as well as with regard to the communicatio:7,
if it takes place.
1 have the honor to be, he.
LUZERNE.
CONGRESS TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
In Congress, May 17th, 1784.
Sir,
The United States in Congress assembled, are informed
by the letter, which you were pleased to address to them,
the 21st of April, that having the last year requested of
his ]M;tjesty leave to return to France, you learn it has
been granted, but that the official letter of the Minister
being lost, you expect a duplicate, which will probably
arrive in the recess of Congress.
It is with great concern, Sir, that Congress receive this
information, as it resj^ects a Minister for whom they entei"-
taia the most perfect esteem.
192 LUZERNE.
From the time of your arrival in America, to the sign-
ing of the provisional treaty, the conduct of the vpar has
been attended with numerous difficulties and perils, to sur-
mount which the joint efforts of the United States and
of their great and good ally have been necessary.
Congress consider it as a fortunate circumstance, that
during that period the affairs of his Most Christian Majesty
in this quarter have been under the direction of an able
and faithful Minister, whose anxiety to promote the views
and essential interests of his sovereign, has been ever at-
tended with a laudable endeavor to reconcile them to those
of his allies. Without such a disposition it is evident there
could not have existed a concert of those measures, which
by the smiles of Providence, have hastened the conclusion
of the late distressing war.
The abilities of the gentleman, who as you are informed,
is to be charged with the affairs of your department, and
his thorough knowledge of the principles, on which the
alliance was founded, will we doubt not, conspire to pro-
duce on his part, such measures as will best promote the
mutual interest of the two nations.
We now, Sir, bid you an affectionate adieu, with the
fullest assurance, that you will be happy in the smiles and
approbation of your royal sovereign ; and we sincerely
wish, that you may be 'Equally so in an interview with your
friends, and in your future engagements.
THOMAS MIFFLIN, President.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 193
to JOHN JAY, SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
Translation.
Paris, (date uncertain) 1787 ?
Sir,
I dare not flatter myself, that your E'fcellency has any
recol'ection of a man, who had the benefit of your ac-
quaintance but a few days, and even at a time when he
could not express himself in your language.
I arrived in America, Sir, when, after having rendered
the most important services to the confederacy, and sus-
tained with the greatest dislinction, the office of President
of Congress, that body had intrusted you with the impor-
tant ciire of conducting their affairs in Spain, and in the
principal Comts of Europe.
I have resided in America five years, as Minister Plen-
ipotentiary of the Kinj^ to Congress, and though indeed
I cannot but be well satisfied with the kindness and the
confidence, which that illustrious body have ever shown me,
1 have always regretted, that you were not during that
period one of its members. You departed from Europe
when I returned to it. At that time I flattered myself,
that 1 should again see you in America, and resume my
duties there. But his Majesty has thought fit to give me
another destination. Will you have the goodness to pre-
sent to Congress my letters of recall, and to express to that
body for me the high sentiments of respect and venera-
tion, with which I have long regarded them. Allow me
also to request your Excellency to accept the assurances
of the attachment and consideration, with which 1 have
the honor to be, he.
LUZERNE.
VOL. XI. 25
THE
CORRESPONDENCE
OF
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON;
SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
For more than five years from the commencement
of the Revolution, the foreign concerns of Congress
were transacted through a committee, which was first
appointed on the 2Slh of November, 1775, and called
the Committee cf Secret Correspondence. It was their
duty to correspond wiih all the American Agents,
Commissioners, and Ministers abroad, to report to
Congress on these matters from time to time, and re-
ceive such instructions from that body as occasion
required. It is to be understood, howe\'cr, that in this
respect they acted only a subordinate part, for it was
customary for the Ministers abroad to direct their
letters to the President of Congress. AAer having
been read in that Assembly, they were put into the
han«ls of the Committee, whose business it was to
answer them. On account of the absence of the mem-
lers, the committee itself was frequently very thin,
and sometimes for weeks together not more than one
member was present at the seat of Government.
Hence responsibility rested nowhere?, and it is no
wonder that delays, neglect, and ill management were
the consequences.
Various causes retarded the adoption of a better
198
system, but chiefly the warmth of party and internal
jealousies, which prevailed within the walls of Con-
gress for a long time, and too often defeated measures
of essential importance, when there was a probability
that they would throw a new weight of power into a
scale of doubtful preponderance. To this state of cir-
cumstances it is in a great degree to be attributed, that
no plan for a regular Department of Foreign Affairs
was resolved upon till the 10th of January, 1781, and
that no person was appointed to fill the office thus
created till seven months later. On the 10th of
August, Robert R. Livingston was chosen Secretary
of Foreign Affairs, but he did not enter upon the duties
of the Department till the 20th of October.
From this date a salutary change found its way into
the management of Foreign Affairs. To abilities and
other qualifications well suited to the station, Mr
Livingston added energy, diligence, and promptitude,
as his numerous letters on a great variety of topics
abundantly testify. We hear no more complaints
from the Ministers abroad, that their letters are for-
gotten and unanswered, or that they receive no intel-
ligence nor instructions from home.
The details of the Department were so modified,
after he accepted the appointment, as to embrace
Domestic Affairs to a certain extent. He was to
correspond with the President of Congress, the Gov-
ernors of the States, the Commander in Chief, and
generally with all persons on topics in any manner
connected with the primary objects of his office. His
letters to the American Ministers at Foreign Courts,
and to the French Ministers in this country, have
199
already been printed in the correspondence of those
persons respectively. This order was thought pre-
ferable, as the continuity of the subjects embraced in
the different branches of correspondence would thus
be more distinctly preserved. The letters, which
follow, are chiefly to the President of Congress, and
to other officers and persons, who were in the United
States at the time they were written.
Mr Livingston continued a little short of two years
in the Department of Foreign Affairs. He resigned
in June, 1783.
CORRESPONDENCE
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON
ORGANIZATION OF A FOREIGN DEPARTMENT.
In Congress, January 10th, 1781.
Congress took into consideration the report of the
committee appointed to consider and report a plan for
the Department of Foreign Affairs, wherein they
state,
That the extent and the rising power of these
United Stales, entitle them to a place among the great
potentates of Europe, while our political and commer-
cial interests point out the propriety of cultivating
with them a friendly correspondence and connexion ;
That to render such an intercourse advantageous,
the necessity of a competent knowledge of the inte-
rests, views, relations, and systems of those potentates,
is obvious ;
That a knowledge, in its nature so comprehensive,
VOL. XI. 26
202 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
is only to be acquired by a constant attention to the
state of Europe, and an unremitted application to the
means of acquiring well grounded information;
That Congress are moreover called upon to main-
tain with our Ministers at foreign Courts a regular
correspondence, and to keep them fully informed of
every circumstance and event, which regards the pub-
lic lienor, interest and safety ;
That to answer those essential purposes, the com-
mittee are of opinion, that a fixed and permanent office
for the Department of Foreign Affairs ought forthwith
to be established, as a remedy against the fluctuations,
the delay and indecision to which the present mode of
managing our foreign affairs must be exposed ; where-
upon,
Resolved, That an office be forthwith established for
the Department of Foreign Affairs, to be kept always
in the place where Congress shall reside ;
That there shall be a Secretary for the despatch of
business of the said office, to be styled " Secretary of
Foreign Affairs ;"
That it shall be the duty of the said Secretary to
keep and preserve all the books and papers belonging
to the Department of Foreign Affairs; to receive and
report the applications of all foreigners : to correspond
with the Ministers of the United States at foreign
Courts, and with the Ministers of foreign powers and
other persons, for the purpose of obtaining the most
extensive and useful information relative to foreign
affairs, to be laid before Congress when required ; also
to transmit such communications as Congress shall
direct, to the Ministers of the United States and oth-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 203
ers at foreign Courts, and in foreign countries ; the
said Secretary shall have liberty to attend Congress,
that he may be better informed of the affairs of the
United States, and have an opportunity of explaining
his reports respecting his Department; he shall also
be authorised to employ one, or, if necessary, more
clerks to assist him in the business of his oiBce; and
the Secretary, as well as such clerks, shall, before the
President of Congress, take an oath of fidelity to the
United States, and an oath for the faithful execution of
their respective trusts.
APPOINTMENT OF A SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
In Congress, August 10th, 1781.
Congress proceeded to the election of a Secretary of
Foreign Affairs; and, the ballots being counted, Rob-
ert R. Livingston was elected, having been previously
nominated by Mr Floyd.
TO MAJOll GENERAL NATHANIEL GREENE.
Philadelphia, October 20th, 1781.*
Dear Sir,
Congress having done me the honor to appoint me their
Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and made it my duty to col-
lect and transmit such intelligence as may be useful to our
Minicters, I take the liberty to open a correspondence with
* Although Mr Livingston was appointed Secretary of Foreign
Affairs on the 10th of August, he did not enter on the duties of the
office till this day. See his letter to John Adams, in Mr Adams's
Correspondence, Vol. VI. p. 178.
204 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
you. From the past, I have reason to hope, that your
future operations will furnish the most agreeable and useful
information at foreign Courts ; for nothing is more incon-
trovertibly true, than that splendid victories and a wise
Administration at home, are the best negotiators abroad.
Give me leave. Sir, to congratulate you upon your suc-
cess. We have reason to hope, that it will be attended
with the most important consequences, more especially, if
as we may expect, the Commander in Chief should be
enabled to make a considerable addition to the brave corps
you command.
The enemy have sailed from New York with twentysix
ships of the line, including three of fifty guns, having on
board their ships of war five thousand lacd forces, in order
to attempt the relief of Cornwallis. For that, happily, they
are too late j but as sympathising friends afford consolation
to the distressed, he may possibly derive some comfort
from their sharing, at least in part, his fate.
I have the honor to be, he.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO GOVERNOR GEORGE CLINTON OF NEW YORK..
Philadelphia, October 22d, 1781
Dear Sir,
Give me leave to congratulate your Excellency, and
through you the Legislature of our State, on the success of
our arms at the southward. Cornwallis surrendered his army
on the 17th of October. Count de Grasse was employed
on the 18th in taking his marines on board, which 1 hope,
by the blessing of Heaven, will be the prelude to a second
victory.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 205
My removal being far from having in any manner less-
ened my attachment to New York, I shall be anxious to
hear that the present attempt of the enemy upon our fron-
tiers, has only added to their disgrace, and enabled my
countrymen to increase the reputation they have so
justly acquired. Your Excellency will do me the honor
to give me the earliest intelligence of the movements of the
enemy. .
I am, Sir, with the greatest respect and esteem, &ic.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Philadelphia, October 20th, 1781.
Sir,
The business of the department in which Congress have
been pleased to place me, rendering it necessary to have
recourse to the Secret Juurnals, and other books and pa-
pers in the possession of their Secretary, I take the liberty
to request them by their order, to enable Mr Tiiomson to
admit ine to examine, and copy from such books of a se-
cret nature in his possession, as may in anywise relate to
the department of Foreign AfTairs.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
CIRCULAR TO THE GOVERNORS OF THE STATES.
Philadelphia, November I2th, 1781.
Sir,
Congress some time since, called upon the different
Stales to make returns of the damage done by the enemy
206 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
within each of them, by the wanton destruction of prop-
erty, and no measures, that I can learn, have as yet been
taken to ascertain such damage^ though as your Excel-
lency will easily conceive, it may become an important ob-
ject of inquiry, whenever a treaty shall be set on foot for a
general pacification, or be made to answer valuable pur-
poses during the war, by showing our enemies in their true
light to the nations of Europe.
In this view, I think it my duty to endeavor to collect
them, and you will, Sir, I am persuaded, take the neces-
sary measures to send as soon as possible, returns from the
State over which you preside. I could wish to have the
damages, (particularly that to real property,) ascertained
by the affidavits of people of known characters, and dupli-
cate copies of such affidavits transmitted to my officers,
under the great seal of your State, and, if possible, accom-
panied with a short recital of each transaction, so that it
may at once appear, whether the injuries were such as the
laws of war justified, or whether they originated only in
the malice and cruelty of the enemy.
Your Excellency will oblige me, and serve the public,
by transmitting to me accounts of every occurrence, in
which the United States are materially interested, which
may arise within your government, or which you may de-
rive from your correspondents abroad.
I have the honor to be, with great respect and esteem,
Sic.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 207
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Philadelphia, November 18th, 1781.
Sir,
The subject mentioned in the letters of Mr Adams, and
their enclosures, requiring their express direction, I hum-
bly submit to the consideration of Congress.
In Dr Franklin's letter of the 6th of August to Mr Ad-
ams, he informs him, "that he cannot depend on receiving
any more nmney in Franre applicable to the support of tlie
Ministers of Congress, and that what aids are thereafter
granted, will probably be transmitted by the government
directly to America." Congress need no arguments to
convince them of the disgrace and danger of permitting
their most confidential servants to be necessitous iu a
foreign country.
I will with their approbation, concert with the Superin-
tendent of Finance, the means of supplying our Ministers,
Agents, and Secretaries. But to facilitate these means,
and convince the powers to whom we are indebted for
money, that we know the value of their aids, I would hum-
bly submit to Congress the propriety of practising the
strictest econorny, as far as it may be consistent with their
honor, and the justice due to those they employ. That
Congress may determine the more readily whether their
establishment will admit of any reduction, or devise the
most effectual means of defraying the expense of it, I take
the liberty to lay before them the annual amount of the
salaries of their servants now abroad.
If I am well informed, it is usual to distinguish the allow-
ances to Ministers by the expenses of the country in which
they live, and the character they are obliged to support.
208 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Such a rule would be productive of great saving to us,
whose policy it is to have agents without any acknowl-
edged public characters, at Courts which refuse to receive
our Ministers. How far so important a station as that of
Secretary to an Embassy might be supplied by private
secretaries with moderate salaries, at least till the existence
of the Embassy was acknowledged, must be submitted to
tiie wisdom of Congress. Certain it is, that foreigners
who may not be acquainted with the dignified characters
of those we eniploy abroad as secretaries, will be surprised
to find their emoluments equal, if not exceeding those al-
lowed by the richest potentates in Europe, and that too,
when the great object of the mission is to represent our
wants, and solicit supplies for civil and military establish-
ments at home.
Perhaps, too, from the ground on which the successful
issue of this campaign has placed us. Congress may see it
improper to solicit Courts, who are so little disposed to
serve us as those of Petersburgh and Lisbon, or to expend
additional sums of money on agencies to Russia or Poitu-
gal.
Another part of the despatches referred to me, are those
that relate to John Temple, to which Congress alone are
competent to give directions. The reports currently cir-
culated in England relative to his first mission, his coming
by way of New York, his return to England, his abode
there, his present visit to America, render him an object of
attention, not only to the people of this country, but to
those of Europe, and give weight to those suspicions of
attachment to England, which, as it is her policy to keep
up, it should be ours on every occasion to discourage.
Congress will judge how far it is proper to suggest any
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 209
measures to the State of Massachusetts. I take the liberty
to submit to them, whether at least it would not be expe-
dient to adopt such resolutions as would leave the Execu-
tive of that State uninfluenced in their conduct towards
him, by his being the bearer of public despatches. Con-
gress will observe, that I have no personal acquaintance
with Mr Temple, nor any knowledge of facts, which would
lead me to suspect his principles, other than the matters,
which are above stated and publicly known.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT R. LiVL\GSTON.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Philadelphia, November 25th, 1781.
Sir,
1 er.close to Congress the heads of the communication,
which I had the honor to make to ihein on the 23d, as far
as I could obtain permission from the Minister of France
to reduce them to writing. There is but one omission, the
reason of which was assigned at the time I made the ver-
bal communication. I also enclose an extract of a letter
from the Count de Vergennes to the Minister of France,
as translated and coumuinicated to me by him, which I
have thought it necessary to submit to the perusal of tlie
Superintendent of Finance.
I am at a loss to judge whether Congress intended in
their reference of General Duportail's letter, that i should
report to them, or write to Dr Franklin on the subject my-
self j supposing the latter to have been the case, I have
accordingly written ; but lest I may have heea mistaken, I
210 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
submit my letter to their inspection, and if it is not con-
formable to their intentions, I beg to be honored with their
further direction.
I have tiie iionor to be, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
GENERAL GREENE TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Camp Round O, South Carolina, )
December I3th, 1761. )
Dear Sir,
Your n.vor of the 22d of October came to hand a day
or two since.
I shall be happy to communicate anything from this
quarter, that may be useful to you, or to our afliiirs abroad,
and I have the pleasure to inform you, that \vc have com-
plete possession of all the Southern Slates, Charleston and
Savannah excepted.
Civil government is established in Georgia, and the As-
sembly of South Carolina will set the 1st of next month, at
Camden. We are making preparations for the siege cf
Charleston, and are not altogether without hopes of oblig-
ing the enemy to abandon the place, even if our good ally
should not be able to co-operate with us. The tyrant of
Syracuse was never more odious than the British army in
this country. Even the slaves rejoice, and feel a kind of
Irecdom from oppression, in the return of their masters.
I beg leave to coiigiatulate you upon our h.te glorious
success in Virginia, and upon your own appointment of
IMinister of Foreign Affiiirs.
I have the honor to be, &.c.
NATHANIEL GREENE.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 211
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CO'^TCItFSS.
Philadelpliia, January ISlh, 1782.
Sir,
I do my«elf the honor to subnsit to I'.ic iii-rectioii of the
United States, in Congress, an affidavit made by Mr Mar-
shall on the subject o( Mr Denne's leUerp, and have di-
rected copies of the letters and affidavit to be made out for
the IMinister of his Most Chrisliau M; jes' y, and the Sun°r-
intendent of Finance. Measures have long since been
taken to put our Ministers upon their guard against Mr
Deane. I shall add to them, as oppoMunilies ofter, the
new proofs which these letters furnish of his defection.
Copies will also be sent to the Governor of Connecticut,
unless the Representatives of that State, in Congress, who
propose to make them the ground of judicial proceedings,
should prefer taking copies to be examined and compared
with the original, by a [)erson who could prove such exam-
ination, or to authenticate them in any other way, which
will ensure their being received as evidence conformably
to the practice of their Courts.
1 had pro[)Osed to mention them in my correspondence
with the first Magistrates of the respective Slates, as afford-
ing proofs of the distant prospect of peace, and the neces-
sity of relying only upon our own exertions to procure it,
but am deterred from this measure, by the weight which it
might possibly give to Mr Deane's ill- founded assertions.
I shall endeavor to conform to the views of the United
States, in any further direction with which they may please
to honor mo.
1 have the honor to be, he.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
212 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON
TO GOVERNOR JONATHAN TRUMBULL OF CONNECTICUT.
Philadelphia, January 22d, 1782.
Sir,
I do myself the honor to enclose certified copies of
two letters from Silas Deane, which serve in some
measure to authenticate those that have been published
in his name, and strongly mark such a change in his
sentiments and principles as is worthy of the attention
of the State of which he is a citizen. The originals
are lodged in this office, to which your Excellency
may at any time apply, if such copies should be re-
quired, as would amount to legal evidence ; I have also
enclosed a copy of an affidavit of Mr Marshall to prove
the identity of the letters, and his having received
them from Silas Deane.
I some time since did myself the honor to write to
you, relative to the damage done by the enemy in
your State, to that letter I have not been as yet
favored with an answer. Your Excellency will easily
see the propriety of keeping up a correspondence with
this office, since there are so many inferior objects,
which escape the general attention of Congress, which
it may be extremely useful to detail in our negotiations.
Such, for instance, as an authentic account of the cru-
elties committed by the British at New Haven. Nor
is it of less moment to be minutely informed by every
State of the resources for carrying on the war, the
means used to call out those resources, the temper and
disposition of the people with respect to them. With
a view of obtaining these from you at your leisure, I
have taken the liberty to open this correspondence
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 213
with your Excellency. I persuade myself you will
not put the trouble it may give you in competition
with the slightest advantage, that our country may
obtain from it. I shall in return give you from time
to lime, such European news as we may receive here,
which I conceive will contribute either to your
amusement or the advantage of your State.
And as I have nothing positive at present, let me
inform you, what I would wish every State to know,
that we have not as yet any intelligence, that leads to
a speedy peace, so that we have every reason to expect
.another campaign, and a campaign too, that will call
for our greatest exertions.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Philadelphia, January 25th, 1782.
Sir,
In the first organization of a new Department, some
things are frequently omitted, which experience will
show ought to be inserted, and many inserted which
might be omJtted ; it becomes the duty of those, who
are placed at the head of such Departments, to m.cntion
the difficulties that may arise from these causes, and
leave it to the wisdom of Congress to alter them, or to
judge whether they can be changed without introduc-
ing greater inconveniences. Upon this principle, Sir,
I am induced to offer the following observations.
The Secretary of Foreign Affairs is to correspond
with the Ministers of the United States at foreign
214 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Courts, and with the Ministers of foreign powers.
This correspondence must necessarily detail such sen-
timents as the sovereign wishes to have known, and
lead to such inquiries as they choose to make. An
intimate knowledge of their sentiments is, therefore,
absolutely necessary to a discharge of this duly ; and
we accordingly find, that the Minister of Foreign
Affairs is, in monarchical governments, considered as
the most confidential servant of the Crown. In Re-
publics, it is much more difficult to execute this task,
as the sentiments of the sovereign sometimes change
with the members, which compose the sovereignly.
It is more frequently unknown, because no occasion
offers, on which to call it forth. It is never perfectly
expressed but by some public act. Waiting for this
lime, the advantages of embracing a favorable oppor-
tunity are frequently lost. There are numberless mi-
nutiae, upon which no act is formed, and about which,
Tiotwiihslanding their sentiments s!iould be known to
their Ministers, there are even occasions, in which
their Secretary should speak a sentiment, which it
would be improper for them to declare by a public act.
Congress, sensible of the inconveniency, that the
officer intrusted with the management of their foreign
affairs must labor under in the execution of his duty,
without a more perfect knowledge of their sentiments,
than can be obtained from their public acts, have been
pleased to admit him to attend Congress, that (as the
ordinance ex])resscs it,) he may be better informed of
the affairs of the United States, and have an opportu-
nity of explaining his reports respecting his Depart-
ment ; but here it stops short, and does not say in
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 215
what manner he is to gain the senliments of Congress,
when he does himself the honor to atlentl upon ihem.
It is true they may in part be collected from an atten-
tion to the debates, but it often so happens, ibat the
debate does not take the turn that he would wish, in
order to satisfy a doubt, and he goes away, after hear-
inj^ a subject largely discussed, ignorant of the only
point upon which he wishes to be informed, when
perhaps by a single question, his doubt might be re-
moved, or by a word of information, which he has
the best means of acquiring, a debate might be short-
ened.
It is true the power of explaining his reports given
by the ordinance, seems to imply a permission to offer
his sentiments when they are under consideration, but
as I do not wish to assume a liberty which is not ex-
pressly given, 1 must beg the sentiments of Congress
on this sul)ject. The ordinance is also deficient, in not
affording a power to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs
to take order upon the application eiliier of foreigners,
or subjects, relative to matters not of sufficient moment
to engage the altenrion of Congress; as for instance,
applications for aid in procuring the release of an
American, taken under particular circumstances in
English ships, and confined in the French West In-
dies or elsewhere; claims upon prizes carried into the
French Islands, &c., which cases occur every day, and
are attended vvith long memorials, which would take
up much of the time and attention of Congress.
As I have hitherto taken the liberty to transact bus-
iness of this kind with the Minister of his Most Chris-
tian Majesty, and the Governors or Generals of the
216 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON,
French Islands, I wish to be justified in so doing by
the orders of Congress. As a check upon myself, I
keep a book, though it is attended with much labor,
in which all such applications, and the steps taken in
consequence thereof, are inserted at length.
Tiie organization of this office will, too, I presume,
render some alteration necessary in matters of form
and ceremony as heretofore settled by Congress in
conformity to the practice of other nations, and to ena-
ble us to avail ourselves of the advantages they some-
times afford in creating useful delays, and concealing
for political reasons the views of the sovereign.
Congress having vested me with the power of ap-
pointing clerks, I have appointed two gentlemen, in
whose integrity and abilities I can confide. These
are barely sufficient to do the running business of the
office, >vhich is much greater than I imagined it would
be, five copies, besides the draft being necessary for
every foreign letter or paper transmitted. To copy
all the letters, which have hitherto been received,
with the Secret Journals and other extracts from the
books and files of Congress, though absolutely neces-
sary, both for order and security, will be impossible,
without further aid for at least one year. Congress
have not, indeed, limited the number I may employ,
nor have they fixed their salaries, upon both of wliich
I could wish for their direction. An interpreter is so
necessary, both for this Department and the Admi-
ralty, that I cannot but recommend to Congress the
appointment of one, from whom, if a man in whom I
could confide, I might receive assistance as a Secretary
when hurried with business.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 217
It may possibly Le expected, Sir, that I should
close this long letter by a report on the matters it
contains, but as it is a delicate subject to point out a
mode for extending my own powers, I only beg leave
to recommend the enclosed resolve.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO MAJOR GENERAL GREENE.
Office of Foreign Affairs, Philadelphia, )
January 31st, 1782. 5
Dear Sir,
I was this day favored with yours of the 13lh ultimo.
I need not tell you, that the intelligence it conveyed, and
the spirit in which it was written, afforded me the most
sensible pleasure. The idea it holds forth of an attempt
upon Charleston, and the prospect of success in it, is one
that we dare not indulge here, more especially as troops
have sailed from New York, and as we presume to
Charleston, but you have taught us rather to measure
your success>^by your genius than by your means.
I wish it were in my power to tell you, that our ac-
counts from Europe were proportionate to our expecta-
tions. The combined fleets, as you know, have returned
and separated, without having effected anything. The
British are again masters of the ocean. Gibraltar is a
rock, on which all the exertions of Spain seem to split,
and the siege of fort St Philip seems to be carried on in
the most energetic manner. We have no prospect of
forming an alliance, either with Spain or Holland, who
both appear to sigh for peace. Our loan on the guarantee
VOL. XI. 2S
218 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
of France with the last, is nearly completed. But what
is noi 'i liitle uniiatisfriclory, it is also nearly expended by
advances, wliich France has made ns on the credit of it.
From Spf.in we are likely to get nothing.
The negotiations for a peace are entirely at a stand ;
the niediutins powers h:ive no interest in wishing it, and
the belligerent nations are neither of them sufficiently
weakened to request their interposiiion. The Count de
Vergennes a^.-uns ni, iliat Britain will still make the most
vigorous exeriions. I mention these circumstances not
only for your information, but that you may n)ake the
proper use of them in animating the exertions of the
Southern States. It is the misfortune of America to pre-
sume too much upon each dawning of success, and to
believe that peace must tread upon the heels of every
lilile advantage, instead of being taught by lier own strug-
gles and difHculiies, that every nation has resources, that
surpass the expectations of its en-Muies.
Would to God that you could be enabled, by the ani-
mated efforts of the Southern States, to expel the enen)y
from them wiihcut the aid of our allies. This would re-
establish our character for activity in Europe, where 1 am
sorry to say, it has for some time past been u|)on the de-
cline, and I do sincerely believe, tliat co-ojicrating with
the brilliant successes of the last fall, it would incline the
enemy to peace, without which I have no expectations of it.
But I fear this is rather to be wished for than expected.
Domestic news we have none, but what Colonel Ter-
nant will give, or you may collect from the enclosed papers.
If anything turns up worth your notice, you sliall hear
from me. I flatter myself that you will think with me,
that our distance is too great to wait for the ceremony of
DIPLOMATIC CORIIESPONDENCE. 219
answer and reply, and lavor ine wiili a line as occasion
offers.
I liave the honor to be, Sir, &ic.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
CIRCULAR LETTER TO THE GOVEUNORS OF THE STATES.
Philadelphia, February 18th, 1782.
Sir,
1 do rn) sell" the honor to transmit to your Excellency
several resolutions of Congress, which having a reference
to the Dciiartment o( Foreign Affiiirs, are in course to go
through this office. Tlie n.ecessiiy ol canning them into
effect is loo obvious to need observations.
Wiiile we liold an intercourse witli civilised nations,
we must conform to law, which humanity has established,
and uhich custom has consecrated among ihem. On this
the rights, which the United States or their citizens may
claim in foreign countries must be founded
One of the resolutions passed Congress in consequence
of a convention about to be concludetl between his Most
Christian JMajesty and the United States ui America, wliich
affords an additional reason for paying it the eariicit atten-
tion. Yum- Excellency and the Legislature will see the
propriety of rendering the laws on these subjects as sim|)le,
and the cxecntion of them as expeditious, as possible,
since foreigner?, who arc the great object of ihem, are
easily disgusted at conii)lex sy?ieiiK-, uliicii iliey find a
difficulty in understanding, and the honor ?.in\ pence of a
nation are Irequenily ns much wi)ui5,!eJ Lv a delnv as by
a denitd of justice.
Another resolution relates to your boundaries, and is
designed as one means of ascertaining the territorial ri'/bis
220 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON
of the United States collectively, which can only be accu-
rately known by each State's exhibiting its claims, and
the evidence on which they found them. Your Excel-
lency will therefore be pleased to direct, authentic
copies from your records of all grants, charters, maps,
treaties with the natives, and other evidences, to be trans-
mitted to this office, as soon as you can conveniently col-
lect them. I could wish, that the copies might be proved,
by having the great seal of your State annexed.
I have the honor to be, &,c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO GOVERNOR RUTLEGE OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
Office of Foreign Affairs, Philadelphia, )
February 19th, 1782. 5
Dear Sir,
1 wish to avail myself of the opportunity Colonel Ter-
nant affords me, to convey the agreeable intelligence con-
tained in the enclosed letter from Mr Harrison, our agent
at Cadiz. Many olher objects present themselves, on
which I would write could I do it without detaining Co-
lonel Ternant, who only waits for this.
I propose to have the honor of writing more at large
by the next safe conveyance. In the meanwhile, I should
consider it as a favor, which might be rendered useful to
the public, as well as agreeable to me, if your Excellency
would open a correspondence with this office, in which an
exact state of affairs iu the government, over which you
preside ought to be detailed, which could not fail to have
some influence in the direction of our foreign affairs.
1 have the honor to be, 8ic.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 221
CIRCULAR LETTER TO THE GOVERNORS OF THE STATES.
Philadelphia, February 19th, 1782.
Sir,
Where a Government is composed of independent States,
united not by the power of a sovereign but by their common
interest, the Executive Departments form a centre of com-
munication between each State and their Chief Council,
and are so far links of the chain, which should bind them
together, as they render to each similar views of great
national objects, and introduce uniformity in their measures
for the establishment of general interests. A mistaken idea
of our own importance to other nations, of their attachment
to us, and of the weakness of our conmion enemy, having
lulled us into a very imprudent security, I beg leave to
state to your Excellency the information last received from
Europe. Our success in this important war, under the
favor of Heaven, must be built upon ti)e weakness of our
enemy, the strength and perseverance of her foes in Europe,
and our own exertions.
It is an undeniable fact, that Britain has not, in the course
of the last campaign, gained any advantage of her enemies,
but, on the contrary, has seen their fleets ride triumphant
in the seas, she proudly called her own, and an army, in
which she placed her fondest hopes, made captive. But,
on the other hand, we are compelled to admit,_that she has
met with no such reverse of fortune as materially to debili-
tate her, or weaken her resources for another camj)aign.
Her trade has, for the most part, returned in safety. Her
fleets have blocked up those of the Dutch, and, upon the
separation of the combined fleets, recovered the superiority
in the Europear) seas. The army taken in America is only
222 IlOfiERT R. LIVIiNGSTON.
SO far decidedly ruinous to lier afT.iirs here, as we know
how to avail ourselves of the advantage it affords.
That her pride is not humbled, that she did j:ot wish for
peace prior to this advantage, is obvious, 1st. From her
refusing to make a separate treaty with the Dutch, who,
under the mediation of the Empress of Russia, seemed
anxiously to wisli it ; 2dly. From her neglect to notice the
last proposals of the mediating powers, which yet remain
unanswered ; so that if any alteration is made in their senti-
ments on this subject, they must originate in their ill success
in America, for in every other quarter their defensive war
seems to have been supported with advantage. How far
ihis will operate admits of a doubt, which prudence directs
us not to rely upon. Money, the great support of modern
wars, has been raised with more facility in England, than
in any country in the world; and we find the minoriiy last
year censuring Lord North for giving the advantage of
lenrling to his friends. Their losses may indeed render
subscriptions more expensive to the public; but there is no
well grounded roou) to suppose they will not fill up; and
still less reason to believe, if the means for carrying on the
war are attainable, that the vindictive spirit of the King and
his ministry, and the overweening nride of the nation, will
soon yield to make a peace, which involves their disgrace and
huiijiliation. But as strengiii or weakness are mere com-
parative terms, we can form no judgment of the measures
of Britain but by attending to the lorce and disposition of
her enemies.
The United Provinces were evidently dragged into the
war, and have prosecuted it as if they momentarily expected
a peace. The Colonies in the West Indies have been taken,
without being in a state to make the smallest resistance,
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 223
and tlie nctive interposition of France alone saved those
in the East from sharing tlie same fate. Our last letters
from Holland place the distress of their commerce in a
strong point of view. They are unhappily rent hy parties,
vvliich clog the wheels of governtnent ; though it is said
the party opposed to England are the most numerous and
growing in strength, so that at some fu'.ure day we may
reasonably hope they will assume the entire ascendency ;
yet we can l)iiild very little on this, till the close of another
year. Tl)is much is certain, they ore not yet allied to us,
nor have they given us reason to believe, that they intend
to be so. They wish for peace, and will take no measures
that can obstruct it. They have lent us no money, nor
are they likely to do it ; from whence ws may presume,
either that they doubt oin* success, or do not much interest
themselves in it.
Our expectations from Spain are scarcely more flattering.
Son)e little aids of money have been received after long
solicitation, hardly so much as paid the expense of soliciting.
Wo have reason to suppose that no more will be granted.
They are still cold wiili regard to our alliance; nodjing but
brilliant success can bring it to a conclusion. Nor have
we the smallest reason to expect any pecuniary aid from
her, even if she should confederate with us in time to be
of use for the next campaign. She has at this moment very
many and very expensive operations on hand ; and, till she
has allied herself to us, we have no certainty thai she will
choose to continue the war for the attainment of onr indepen-
dence, if Britain should be sufficiently humbled to sacrifice
to her the objects which led her into the war.
To France, then, we turn, as the only enemy of Great
Britain, who is at the same time our ally, who will perse-
224 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
vere in ihe war for the attainment of our independence.
She has aheady done so much for us, in order to afford us
the means of doing something for ourseU'es, that she may
reasonably hope to find the effects of her benevolence.
Her fleets have protected our coasts, her armies have fought
our battles ; she has made various efforts to restore our
finances, by paying the interest of our loans, by obtaining
credit in Europe on our account for clothing, arms, and
necessaries; by advancing money, and by opening and
guaranteeing a loan for us, to a considerable amount in
Holland, when, by the abolition of paper, our finances were
totally deranged. These sums are nearly expended, and
another campaign is about to be opened. France assures,
that it is not in her power to make us any further grants of
money, her ministers repeat this to us in every letter, in a
tone that persuades us of their determination on that point.
What then is to be done? Are we to relinquish the
hopes, which the present debility of the eneiny affords us of
expelling them by one decided effort, and compensating all
our losses by the enjoyment of an active commerce? Are
we to return to the wretched, oppressive system we have
quitted ? Are we to csrry on a weak defensive war with an
unpaid army, whose precarious subsistence must depend
upon what can be torn by violence from the industrious
husbandman ? Shall we vainly, and I think disgracefully,
supplicate all the powers of Europe for those means, which
we have in our own hands, if we dare call them forth, and
which, after all, must be called forth if we continue the war,
(and upon that subject there can be no doubt, till the end
for which we took up arms is attained.) The only question
is, whether each Slate shall fairly and regularly contribute
its quota, or whether that which happens to be the seat of
Dli'LOMATlC CORRESPONDENCE. 225
war sliall (as has too often been the case) bear the whole
burden, and suffer more from the necessities of our own
troops, than the ravages of tl^e enemy. Whether we shall
drive the enemy from their posts with a strong body of regu-
lar troops, or whether we shall permit them to extend their
devastations, while, with our baUalions and fluctuating corps
of militia, we protract a weak defensive war, till our allies
ore discouraged, and some unfavorable change takes {)lace
in the system of Europe.
Your Excellency, 1 am persuaded, will pardon the free-
dom with which I write. You see the necessity which
dictates my letter, and were it in my power to communi-
cate all that our friends in Europe think of our inactivity,
I am persuaded you would urge your State to exertion in
much stronger terms than I dare venture to use.
When Congress call upon a State for supplies, they are
usually answered by pleas of disability, urged, too, by the
State with good faith, and a firm persuasion that they
speak their real situation, a recurrence to facts, that have
passed under their own observation, will convince them that
they are deceived.
From the time that the depreciation of the Continental
bills of credit began, till they were no longer current, the
States that received them paid a tax equal to all the expen-
ditin-es of the army, and a very considerable one beyond it ;
for if we suppose ten millions of dollars, in specie, a year,
to be necessary for their support, then the expense, till the
close of the campaign of 1779, must have amounted to
upwards of fifty millions, exclusive of the supplies from
Europe; and yet, in March, 1780, the whole national debt
contracted in America did not, in fact, amount to five
millions ; so that forlyfive millions were paid by the United
VOL. XI. 29
226 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
States in those five years of the war, when they had the
least commerce and agricuUure, an(i when they were most
distressed by the enemy ; aad this tax, too, was the most
unjust and partial that can be conceived, unless we except
that, by which we have since raised much more fron) the
people, without giving so much to the public ; I mean the
laws for impressing, SiC, which placed the greatest burden
of the war upon the shoulders of a particular order of men
in particular States only.
Now surely, if by partial and unjust measures, for which
necessity alone can plead, we have been able to draw from
every State, a tax more than equal to the present demand,
no State can say, that it cannot afTord its proportion of a
more equitable tax. Those who have hitherto borne the
weight of the war, must warmly espouse a measure, which
is so greatly calculated for their relief. Ihose who have
hitherto been eased from the burden, must be more able to
take it up at this time, when they have the most promising
expectation of 'elinquishing it soon.
It is certain, that if we put ourselves in a state to
take advantage of circumstances early in the ensuing
spring, we have the best grounded reason to hope, that
a few months will remove the war from our doors.
Whereas if we delay to enable Congress to say to their
allies, " we are ready for an effectual co-operation
with any force you may send," they will turn their
attention to other objects, and leave us to lament in
vain the opportunities we have lost. Every motive
then, national honor, national interest, public econ-
omy, private ease, and that love of freedom, which
pervades every Legislature on the Continent, call
loudly not only for a compliance with the requisitions
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 227
of Congress, but for so early a compliance as to render
it cfTecliial.
It is true we are at present in such a situation as to
have no apprehensions for the final establishment of
our independence ; but surely it is a matter of some
moment to us, whether we shall obtain it, or at least
be freed from the ravages of the enemy and the bur-
den of the war in the course of six months at the
expense of eight millions of dollars, or whether we
shall wait for it till a general and perhaps a distant
peace, and be subject in the meanwhile to infinitely
more expense, and all the distress that attends a coun-
try which is the seat of war.
But, Sir, it is time to dismiss a subject, which wants
no arguments to illustrate it. I am confident that you
will use every means to convince the State over which
you preside, of the danger which will result from re-
lying more upon the weakness of the enemy than
their own strength, more upon the aid of their allies
than their own exertions, more upon unjust, partial,
hazardous, and expensive expedients, than upon an
equal and regular support of the measures, which
Congress, upon the most mature deliberation have
reco.mmcnded to their attention.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Office of Foreign Affairs, February 21st, 1782.
Sir,
I do myself the honor to lay before Congress the
enclosed note from the Minister of France, a letter
223 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
from the Marquis de Bouille with translations of both,
and the proceedings of the Council of Assembly of
Dominique; all of which relate to the case of the ship
Resolution's cargo, part of which was adjudged lawful
prize by ihe sentence of the Court of Appeals; and
the case of the brigantine Eeirsten and her cargo,
which was also adjudged lawful prize by ihe said
Court.*
The case of the ship Resolution, as far as I have
been able to learn, was simply this, she was a Dutch
vessel, freighted on account of capilulants at Domi-
nique, and bound for Holland, agreeably to the seventh
Article of the capitulation. She was taken by a
British ship, retaken by one of our privateers, and
condemned by the Court of Admiralty of this Stale,
whose decree was reversed and the ship and cargo ac-
quitted, except a small part of the latter, on the prin-
ciple of its not being the property of capilulants, and
because, as was alleged, it was not protected by the
ordinances of Congress, approving the principles of
the armed neutrality, Great Britain and Holland being
at open war; from whence it was inferred by ihe
Court, that the Dutch vessel could not be considered
as sufficiently neutral to protect the property of an
enemy. The papers referred to in the memorial of
the Minister of France serve to show, that the whole
cargo belonged to capilulants.
The other vessel, the Eeirsten, was purchased in
London by a company of Imperial subjects residing at
Ostend, freighted in Englan4 with British properly
* See an account of these ships in M. de la Luzerne's Correspond-
ence, above, pp. 66—72.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 229
for the use of the capitulants at Dominique. The ves-
sel sailed from London, and on her way to Dominique
touched at the port of Ostend, for the purpose of con-
verting her English papers into German. In the pas-
sage from Ostend to Dominique, this brigantine was
taken by an American privateer, carried into Boston
and acquitted, with her cargo; but the Judges of Ap-
peals have condemned as lawful prize, both vessel and
cargo. They consider the cargo as unprotected by the
capitulation of Dominique. They consider the vessel
as carrying on a trade advantageous to the enemy, in
contravention to the seventeenth Article of the capitu-
lation ; that she forfeited the right of neutrality by not
showing an exact impartiality to the belligerent pow-
ers; and because she had false and colorable papers on
board, with a view to give the cargo tiie appearance of
neutral property. They allow, that a vessel under
their circumstances is to be considered as an enemy's,
and that by the law of nations, they should be subject
to seizure and confiscation. They consider the cargo
as unprotected by the laws of Congress, because (as
they affirm) this vessel cannot be thought to be strictly
neutral, that Congress meant to pay a regard to right
of neutrality, that the right of neutrality only extends
protection to the efiects and goods of an enemy in neu-
tral bottoms, not engaged in the violation of this right.
I have sent the seventh and seventeenth Articles of
the capitulation for the information of Congress.
From this statement Congress will judge of the ex-
pediency of directing a re-hearing in both cases. In
the first, it seems to be dictated by a regard for justice
upon the new proofs. And in the second, the reason-
230 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
ing, which determined the Court, does not nppear to
be so conclusive as to render it improper in so intri-
cate a case, more particularly as our situation wiih
respect to the Emperor is peculiarly delicate: from
which consideration, as well as from the respect which
is due to the representation of the Minister of his
Most Christian Majesty, I am humbly of o])iriion that
a re-hearing ouglit to be granted, and that in the
meanwhile the officers of the Court should be directed
to retain in their hands the proceeds of the vessel and
cargo.
1 have the honor to he, &ic.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
REGULATIONS FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN
AFFAIRS.
In Congress, February 22d, 1782.
On ilie report of a committee, consisting of INIr Ellory,
Mr Rand(^ipli, and Mr Eveleigh, lo whom was referred a
letter of the 25ih of January, from the Secretary of
Foreign Affairs respecting his department.
Resolved, that the Department of Foreign Affairs be
under the direction of such oflicer as the United States, in
Congress assembled, have already for that purpose ap-
pointed, or shall hereafter appoint, who shall be styled,
"Secretary to the United Slates of America for the De-
partment of Foreign Affairs," shall reside where Congress,
or the Committee of the States, shall sit, and hold his
office during the pleasure of Congress.
That the books, records, and other papers of the United
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 031
States that relate to this department, be committed to Lis
custody, to wiiicli, and all other papers of his office, any
member of Congress shall have access ; provided that no
copy shall be taken of matters of a secret nature without
the special leave of Congress.
That the correspondence and communications with the
Ministers, Consuls, and Agents of the United States in
foreign countries, and with the Ministers and other officers
of foreign powers with Congress, be carried on through
the office of foreign affairs by the said Secretary, who is
also empowered to correspond with all other persons from
whom he may expect to receive useful information relative
to his department ; provided always, that letters to Minis-
ters of the United States, or Ministers of foreign powers,
which have a direct reference to treaties or conventions
proposed to be entered into, or instructions relative thereto,
or other great national subjects, shall be submitted to the
inspection, and receive the approbation of Congress before
they shall be transmitted.
That the Secretary for the Department of Foreign
Affairs correspond with the Governors or Presidents of all,
or any of the United States, affording them such informa-
tion from his department as may be useful to their States
or to the United States, stating complaints that may have
been urged against the government of any of the said
States, or the subjects thereof, by the subjects of foreign
powers, so that justice may be done agreeab'y to the Ipws
of such slate, or the charge proved to be groundless, and
the honor of the government vindicated.
He shall receive the applications of all foreigners rela-
tive to his department, which are designed to be submitted
to Congress, and advise the mode in which the nieniorifils
232 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
and evidence shall be stated, in order to afford Congress
the most comprehensive view of the subject ; and if he
conceives it necessary, accompany such jVJemorial with his
report thereon.
He may concert measm-es with the Ministers or officers
of foreign powers, amicably to procure the redress of pri-
vate injuries, which any citizen of the United States may
have received from a foreign power, or the subjects
thereof, making minutes of all his transactions relative
thereto, which iiave passed on such occasions.
He shall report on all cases expressly referred to him
for that purpose by Congress, and on all others touching
his department, in which he may conceive it necessary.
And that he may acquire that intimate knowledge of the
sentiments of Congress, which is necessary for his direc-
tion, he may at all limes attend upon Congress; and shall
particularly attend when sun)moned or ordered by the
President.
He may give information to Congress respecting his
department, explain and answer objections to his reports
when under consideration, if required by a member, and
no objection be made by Congress.
He shall answer to such inquiries respecting his depart-
ment as may be put from the chair by order of Congress,
and to questions slated in writing about matters of fact,
which lie within his knowledge, when put by the Presi-
dent at the request of a member, and not disapproved of
by Congress. The answers to such questions may, at
the option of the Secretary, be delivered by him in
writing.
He shall have free access to the papers and records of
the United States in the custody of their Secretary, or in
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 233
the offices of finance and war and elsewhere. He may he
furnished with copies, or lake extracts iherelVoin, when he
sljail find it necessary.
He shall use means to obtain from the Ministers and
agents of the United States in foreign countries, an abstract
of their present stale, their commerce, finances, naval and
military strength, and the characters of Sovereigns and
IMinisiers, and every other political information, which may
be usehd to the United States. All letters to sovereign
powersj letters of credence, plans of treaties, conventions,
manifestoes, instructions, passports, safe conducts, and
other acts of Congress relative to the Department of For-
eign Afiairs, when the substance thereof shall have been
previously agreed to in Congress, shall be reduced to form
in the office of Foreign Affairs, and submitted to the opin-
ion of Congress ; and when passed, signed, and attested,
sent to the office of Foreign Affairs, to be countersigned
and forwarded. If an original paper is of such a nature
as cannot be safely transmitted wiihoui cyphers, a copy
in cyphers, signed by the Secretary for the Department
of Foreign Affairs, shall be considered as authentic, and
the Ministers of the United States at foreign Courts may
govern themselves thereby in the like manner as if the
originals had been transmitted. And for the better execu-
tion of the duties hereby assigned him, he is authorised to
appoint a Secretary, and one, or if necessary more clerks,
to assist him in the business of his office.
Resolved, That the salaries annexed to this department
shall be as follows ;
To the Secretary of the United States for the Depart-
ment of Foreign Affairs, the sum of four thousand dollars
VOL. XI. 30
234 ROBERT R. LIVI^'GSTCN.
per aniiim, exclusive of office expenses, to commence
from ilie first day of October ];ist.
To the Secieiary, one thousand dollars per annum.
To the cIhiIss, entli tive hundred dollars per annum.
Resoh *.(.!. 'iliiii die Secretary for the Department of
Foreign Aff.iirs, and each of the persons employed under
liiu), shall lake an oath oefore a Judge of the Stale where
Congress shall sit, for the laidiful discharge of their res|)ec-
tive trusts, and an onih of fidelity to the United' .Stales,
before diey enter upon ofHre.
Resolved, Thai the act of the lOlh of January, ITS I,
res| ecling the Department of Fureign AfTiirs, be and here-
by is repealed.
TO TIIF. rRKSIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Office of Foreign Affairs, February 23d, 1782.
Sir,
Tlie resolution passed by Congress on the 22d of Feb-
ruary, for the more perfect organization of the Department
of Foreign Affairs, having no reference to the I'uie pas. in
fixing the salaries of the secretaries or clerks, 1 am left
wiihout a rule for that pur()Ose, but presume as I have had
two gentlemen employed for some tiine, wiihout any ilis-
tinction of rank, tliat no objection will lie to my giving them
orders for the time that they have served at the rate of
seven hundred and fifty dollars a year each.
1 am sorry to be the means of taking up a moment of
[he time of Congress, but find myself eudiarrassed by their
present arrangement, wi)icli fixes one secretary, and re-
duces the other gentleman in the orfice to the rank of a
common clerk. If no material objection should lie against
DIl'LOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 235
the mensiire, I would propose, as \he inisiiiess of ilie office
naturally (iivides itself into two branches, foreign and do-
mestic, that instead of a secretary there should be two
under secretaries, whose rank and pay shall be settled ac-
cording to their merit and abilities by the Secretary of
Foreign Afiairs, provided that the pay of both taken to-
gether shall not exceed the suu) of fifteen hundred dollars ;
this will not only be an incitement to diligence and atten-
tion, but possibly enable me to procure two persons, in
whose integrity and abilities I can confide, instead of a
common clerk, without increasing the expense of the de-
partMient.
1 have the honor to be, &:c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Office of Foreign Affairs, February 2Gth, 1782.
Sir,
1 am somewhat at a loss to determine upon what princi-
ple the petition of John Jordan and others, was referred to
me, but [)resunie, that it was with a view to obtain from
me such information relative to i!ie (iislribution of the prize
money arising from the prizes taken by the l3on Homme
Richard, as the papers in this office can afford.
There were no papers relative to this transaction in this
office ; but anmng those of th(! Board of Admiraliy, I find
a letter from Dr Fraid<lin to Francis Lewis, dated the I7ih
of March last, covering some inquiries on this subject, and
a copy of a Concordat entered into by John Pa;d Jones,
commanding the Bon Honmie Ricli nd : J^'.nc Landais,
captain of the Alliance ; Dcnnij Nii ■'! .s C )iiiucau, cap-
236 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
min of the Pallas; Joseph Varage, captain of the Cerf;
and Pliilip Nicolas Ricot, captain of the Vengeance ;
by which, among other things, they agree to divide their
prizes, agreeably to the American regulations, as tiiey
sailed under American colors and commissions ; and con-
stituted M. Chaumont their agent to receive and distribute
the prize money in behalf of the crew of each ship, and to
be answerable for it in his own private name.
From Dr Franklin's letter, it appears that the whole of
the pi-izes belonged to the captors; that the King offered
to purchase the ships of war they had taken, according to
an established rate ; that the seamen objected to it, and
chose they should be sold at vendue ; that this occasioned
a delay in the sale ; that he does not know the amount of
the value of the prizes, nor whether 'they were distri[)uted,
which he considers as a private transaction between the
officers and crews of the ships and M. Chaumont.
From this state of facts. Congress will judge if anything
more can be done relative to the claim of three of the pe-
thioners to their share of the value of the prizes, (die fomih
being out of the question) than to assist tiiem in the n)ode
of authenticating the evidence of their being entitled there-
to, and to forward it widi powers of attorney to tl e Consul
of the United States in France. This I will readily do for
them, and write to .Mr Barclay on die subject, without any
express direction from Congress, when the petitioners shall
call at this office.
I have the honor to be, he.
ROLJERT R. LIVINGSTON.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESrONDENCE. 237
TO ROBERT SMITH, COMMERCIAL AGENT AT HAVANA.
Philadelphia, February SClh, 17S2.
Sir,
Your leiter to ilie Superinlendent of Finance was re-
ceived, and referred by Conj^res-s to this ofHco, when npon
innture deliberation it was determined for various political
reasons, not to recommend the issuing of any comnJssions
for letters of rirarqiie, or reprisals from any of the Spanish
Islands. Congress having considered these reasons, came
into this view, and passed the resolution, which I enclose
in pmstrance nf their orders.'
It is expected, dial the several Consuls and ■ggents of
Congress, wherever settled, will keep up a regular and
constant correspondence with me, in order that tl;e United
Stales, in Congress, may have the fullest Inforination of
every transaction in which they may be materially con-
cerned. This task I dare say you will readily impose
upon yoinself, when you reflect on the advantages that
may result from it. The pni:its on which I shall chiefly
trouble ynu for informniion, are the naval and military
strengih of the I<lai;d at the time yo;i wrile, not merely as
to the number of ships and men, but their actual state of
preparation for defensive or offensive operations, their sta-
tions, their prospects and designs, as far as you ran learn
then>. Al your leisure, I wish to have an accoimt of the
population, militia, commerce, husbandrj", and revenue of
the Island, the sentiments of the people with respect to this
war^and everything else you may deem curious or inter-
esting.
If a paper is printed at t!ie Havana, you will be p'eased
to send ii to me by every opportunity. I need not suggest
23S ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
to you the nccessily of preparing yotir letters, so tlmt ilipy
may be sunk in rase of c!iini;,er, wlieu they contain anything
which mny be of use to the enemy.
1 have the lionor to be, k.c.
ROBERT R. LlVIiXGSTON.
TO DON FUANCISCO RENDON.*
rhiladelpliia, March Cth, 1782.
Sir,
I will wiili pleasure give you such information on the
subjects you write u|)on, as 1 can wiih propriety nu'niion
to a gentleman of whose attachment I entertain no doubt,
but who lins, ncveriheless, uiven me no reason to think,
that his inquiries have any farther object than his personal
sniisfaciiou.
1. In answer to the fir?t question, I can only Inform you,
that Congress have voted ihirlysix thousand infantry, which,
with the cavalry and artillery, will amuinil to about fnriy
thousand men. It is not probable, however, that the whole
of tl:ii niunber will be raised ; 1 think it uoidd be prudent to
make a ducluctiou of about one fourth. But you have been
tf)o long in ill's country to form any judgment of the sirength
of our arniy from the regidar cstablibhmeni, since it has
been, -.mA always will be increased (more pariicidarly in the
Nordiern Slates) by large bodies of militia, when ihcir
ap[)rehens!ons, or the hope of splendid advantages shall call
them foilh. Of this, the events of the year 1777, among
others, afTjrd the most striking evidence.
* A Spanisli genlleman residing in Pliiladelplila, and apparently
intrusted with some kind of agency by the Spanish government.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 239
2. It is not expected, that in the present sitiiniion of the
coiuiiry, the whole sum of 'j'ig,ht millions of tJollars c:iii he
raised in time. Wi-at the dtjficiency will be, must depend
on the motions and strength of our er.emy early the next
spring ; the success of our commerce ; the remittances that
shall be made to this coimtry hy our allies, which, being
expended here, may, by frequent taxes, be brought into the
public treasury, and repeatedly applied to public use.
3. The resources of the next campaign lay in taxation,
in the strictest economy, and in the assistance which we
may reasonably hope to receive from the enemies of Great
Britain, wliile we are making every exertion in the common
cause. We flatter ourselves, that those powers who wish
for peace, and who see America as the great object in
Britain, in carr}ing on the war, will not suffer it to be
lengthened out beyond the present year, when, by a mode-
rale supply to us, they can terriiiiiate it in the course of one
campaign. We form some expectations from the wisdom
and generosity of S|)air. ; and as we know she has the
means, so we cannot suppose she can want ilie inclination
to promote i.er own interests, and insure the esteem and
gratitude of n rising nation, whose conmierce and alliance
cannot but be iniportarit from the situation of her (colonies.
4. This q;esiion is answered above, only it may be
proper to observe, tliat if, in this reasonable expectation,
America should be disappointed, she will still find resources
in herself, not indeed to expel the enemy, but to preclude
them from extending their cotiquests, and to compel them
to ofTtr her such terms as are necessaiy for her security,
though perhaps short of her wishes.
5. The conur.ercial cotniexion between the United
Stales and Spain, will Jiulurully be very extensive, if it
240 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
meets with the lenst enconrngement. The Spanish Islands
will be stipiilieii with provisions horn them, at such easy-
rates as miis'i give ihem great advantages in the cultivation
of sugars, for which America will afford a consitlerable
market ; fis^h, Imnber, and iron will also be exporteiJ to
ihem if it should be permitted ; and salt, as well ao sugar,
brought back in return, if the duties shoidd he lowered, or
a drawback allowed on the exportation. Our trade with
Spain will consist chiefly in naval stores, masts, iron, furs,
fish, and tobacco ; in return for which we shall take the
produce and matuifaclui-es of Spain of almost every kind.
G. It is impossible for the United Slates to use means to
prevent an illicit commerce with the Spftnish Colonies,
uiihoiit interfering in their internal regulations. All they can
do, is, to crnsider the regulations made for that purpose as
binding upon their sulijects, and not to demand satisfaction
if they stiffe:' by the [)enaltie3, which the laws attempted to
be infringed, may impose. T'» this they will not ohject,
while the pu-iisiiment is reasonable, and not confined to
crin»es ccmmitted within the jurisfliction of the power
imposing it. If it is extended further, such further exten-
sion must depend upon treaties between the United Slates
and Spain, and will be the subject of discussion whenever
such treaty shall be set on foot.
7, S|)ain will be allowed, withcut the least difliculty,
either to purchase vessels built in America, or to appoint
agents of her own for building vessels of any kind, as well
as for arming them, if she thinks pro[)er, from the iron
foundrries, which are lately erected here, and which will
continue to increase in |)roportion to the encouragement
wliich shall be given them.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 241
The last question must be referred to a general treaty,
and is of such a nature as not to be properly answered
here.*
I am, with great regard and esteem,
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO JOHN PAUL JONES.
Philadelphia, April 17th, 1782.
Sir,
I enclose an extract from a protest made by Captain
A. de Neef, commanding the brigantine Berkenbosch,
which has been transmitted to Congress, and by them to
me, in order that I might inquire into the facts therein
alleged. I must beg the favor of you to ^tate them to me
as far as they come within your knowledge, that measures
may be taken to vindicate your reputation, and that of the
American flag, if, as I presume, the charges are ill founded,
or to repair any injury, which you may undesijj;nedly have
occasioned him.
Complaints have been made to Congress by officers and
men, who formerly belonged to the crew of the Bon Homme
Richard, and the Alliance frigate, of their not having yet
been able to obtain the share of prize money due to them ;
in consequence of which Congress have directed me to
draw a memorial to the Court of France, praying its inter-
position, in obtaining justice for them. As this whole
business, as far as I can collect from the Concordat entered
* The question here referred to is as follows ; " In case that Spain
succeeds in conquering East Florida, what will be the pretensions of
Congress in regard to the Southern boundaries of Georgia?"
VOL. XI. 31
242 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
into by you and the gentlemen commanding the other
vessels under your command, appears to have been a private
transaction, I am at a loss upon what to ground an apj)li-
calion to the Court, more particularly as neither of the
parties have as yet called upon this office with proof of
their having applied to M. Chaumont, or been denied justice
by him. You will oblige me by giving me all the light in
your power upon this subject, if possible, by the next post.
I have the honor to be, &.c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
THOMAS S. LEE TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Annapolis, in Council, April 19th, 1782.
Sir,
We have bet u duly honored with your several letters
of the 12lh of November, 1781, and the ISth and 19th of
February, 1782, which shall be laid before our Assembly,
at their meeting the 25th of the present month, when, we
doubt not, their very important contents will meet with the
consideration they so well deserve.
Whenever we are possessed of anything, in which the
United States are materially interested, we shall with great
pleasure communicate it.
The document you require, in consequence of the reso-
lution of Congress, enclosed in the letter of the ISth of
February, shall be properly authenticated, and transmitted
as soon as the whole can be collected.
We have the honor to be, &ic.
tThomas s. lee.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 243
ROBERT MORRIS TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Office of Finance, April 27th, 1782.
Sir,
His Excellency, the Minister of France, having in-
formed on the part of his Court, that no extraordinary
sums will be paid to the Ministers of the United States
in Europe, I must request that you will furnish me
wilh an account of their several salaries, payable to the
foreign Ministers and their Secretaries, and I will
make out bills in 3'our favor on the banker of the Uni-
ted States in Paris for the last quarter, commencing
with the present year. I must at the same time pray,
you will require of those gentlemen, the state of their
several accounts with the public for salaries, that the
whole may be adjusted, and all future expenses of that
sort be classed under the proper head of the Depart-
ment of Foreign Affairs.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT MORRIS.
CIRCULAR LETTER TO THE GOVERNORS OF THE
STATES.
Office of Foreign Affairs, Philadelphia, )
May 2d, 1762. 5
Sir,
The enclosed resolution of Congress will explain
the cause of this letter. The information it refers to,
is an assurance that Britain had absolutely declined
any interference of> the mediating powers between
them and what they call their rebel subjects. They
persist on every occasion in representing us as a di-
244 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON
vided people, who anxiously wish to return to our con-
nexion with England. In this they have two objects
equally important to them. 1st. They encourage Eng-
land to continue a war, which they expect to see ter-
minated by our own weariness and languor; and 2dly.
They put such a face upon their affairs as will entitle
them on a negotiation to make demands at our ex-
pense, which they would not presume to think of, if
the mediators were acquainted with our firm resolu-
tion never to return to our obedience to their Govern-
ment. Besides which, they cast a degree of odium
upon the conduct of France, representing it as the
support of a discontented faction, rather than as the
generous ally of an oppressed nation.
There is reason to apprehend, that in order the
better to secure the advantages of this deceitful policy
to themselves, they will make proffers to each of the
United States. If any of them should listen to them,
(which cannot, however, be presumed,) they will urge
this, as a proof of their assertions, even if they should
decline receiving their proposals^ and refer them to
Congress, as from the nature of our Union they un-
doubtedly must ; still as the result of the experiment
cannot be known for some time in Europe, they will
avail themselves of it in part, if negotiations should
open.
This artifice of the enemy may be counteracted in
two ways, both of which deserve the serious attention
of your Legislature. The first and most important is,
by making such exertions to procure a respectable
army early in the season, that the mediators casting
their eyes upon the muster rolls, may there read a full
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 245
refutation of all that British artifice can suggest. I
need not observe, that this measure must go hand in
handiwith taxation, since an army without the means
of supporting it, would only increase our evils. The
second is to anticipate the attempt of Great Britain by
such resolutions as the information contained in this
letter suggests, resolutions which strongly mark a
spirited determination in the Legislature of each Slate
to listen to no negotiations, except through the inter-
vention of Congress, which manifest their attaciiment
to the independence of their country, and inviolalile
regard to the faith they have pledged to each other,
and to their allies. These may either prevent the
attempt I apprehend, or arrive in time to counteract
this effect, which the false expectations built thereon
might otherwise have in Europe.
I mention this to your Excellency without any ex-
press direction from Congress. It is more than prob-
able, that your judgment, and the zeal ami wisdom of
the Legislature, may improve these loose hints to the
general advantage of the United States. I have the
pleasure of assuring your Excellency and the Legisla-
ture, that the fairest prospects are now before us of
terminating the war by a single exertion, though I am
not at liberty to say, that the plan of the ensuing cam-
paign is absolutely determined on, yet I have great
reason to believe, that we shall receive such jjowerful
military aid, as, with becoming exertions on our part,
will free every Slate in the Union from the grasp of
the enemy.
Here, Sir, I might pause, and suffer my imagination
to dwell upon the animating prospect before us ; but
246 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
reasoning from the past to the future, I dare not in-
dulge the pleasing idea. We have at no period been
in a situation to second fully the endeavors of our ally
to serve us ; we either neglected to assemble our army
in time, or to provide the means for supporting or
moving them ; a feather would have turned the bal-
ance last year, notwithstanding the powerful aid we
received from abroad. Providence blinded our adver-
saries ; to their temerity we owe our success.
But, Sir, let me ask, whether any State did then, or
has even now, done all in its power to enable our
Generals to prosecute this victory ? Or rather let me
turn to what is more within our line, by observing,
that the inferiority of our army in point of numbers
to that of our ally while they acted at Yorktown, has
been considered in Europe as a proof of the assertions
of Britain, and has been urged as an argument of our
weakness, our weariness of the war, or our internal
divisions. A moment's reflection will show the ad-
vantages, that this affords our antagonist in a negotia-
tion. How much it weakens the claims we make, and
how many important benefits may be lost forever by
our appearing in Kurope to receive our independence
rather as a gift, than to have established it by our
exertions !
But, Sir, it is still in our power to repair thes3
errors. Let us avail ourselves of this favorable mo-
ment for expelling the enemy, and recovering our
diminished credit among the nations of the earth.
I make no apology for the liberty I take. Your
Excellency, I am persuaded, is too sensible of the
truth of these observations, to think they could be de-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 247
livered with less earnestness by one, who feels their
importance, and I am confident that you will bring
them before the Legislature of your State in such
manner as will best serve to ensure them their at-
tention.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO ROBERT MORRIS.
Philadelphia, May 8th, 1782.
I Dear Sir,
I enclose the list of salaries you requested. The
charges of those who act as secretaries to Dr Franklin
and Mr Adams are not yet settled. I shall lay the
list before Congress and make them some propositions
on the subject. It will be necessary to afford a small
sum to each of the Ministers to enable them to defray
contingent expenses, which are continually happening,
particularly to Dr Franklin, who is at the centre of all
our communications. I will converse with you on
this subject, and endeavor to form an estimate of what
this ought to be.
i,.-- I am, Sir, he.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
'' _ Office of Foreign Affairs, May 8th, 1782.
Sir,
The enclosed account of the annual expense of the De-
partment'of Foreign Afliiirs, exclusive of contingent ex-
248 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
penses, was made out at the request of the Superintendent
of Finance, that measures might be taken to discharge the
salaries of the gentlemen in Europe, who express great un-
easiness on the subject ; but as it is incomplete till the
allowance to the private secretaries of Dr Franklin and Mr
Adams are ascertained, I have thought it proper to lay the
whole before Congress, for their direction thereon.
Congress were pleased to order by their resolution of
the 2d of January last, that ihe Secretary of Foreign Af-
fairs should lay before them an estimate of the expenses,
which will probably be incurred by the foreign Ministers
of the United States respectively, and their secretaries. I
find myself under great embarrassments in preparing a re-
port agreeably to their order, from not being able to enter
fully into their views. I should presume, that the expense
of foreign Ministers ought to be regulated by their sala-
ries, though I feel that the desire of supporting the dignity
of an office, to which the salary is incompetent, often urges
men to quit the line, how much soever they may be em-
barrassed thereby. Justice and pdicy suggest, that the
salaries of officers, who are engaged in so delicate and diffi-
cult a department as that of Foreign Affairs, should have
such appointments as to free thsm from embarrassments
with respect to their private affairs. I believe Congress
had this in view when they settled those of their foreign
Ministers, none of whom complain of their being inade-
quate, unless it be Mr Jay, who has given us some reason
to think his salary, in his opinion, is barely sufficient for his
support, and that 1/ls manner of living is not equal to what
he conceives the dignity of the United States require^.
With respect to the salaries of the secretaries to the Em-
bassies, it is in my opinion, (founded upon the practice of
other nations) at least the double of what it ought to be.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 249
If, as T presume, Congress intended '.y their resolution,
that I sliould liiy bcfcjre them an account of the manner in
u'liich oiii- loreis^n Ministers live at present, tliat they
n)ii5,ht themselves l)e enabled to judge of the proportion it
bore to their appointments, 1 can only say, that the result
of inquiries on this head must necessarily be extremely
uncertain. I submit them as far as they have come to
my knowledge.
Dr Franklin has a part of M. Chaumoni's house at
Pa5sy ; he keeps a chariot and pair, and three or four ser-
vants, and gives a dinner occasionally to the Americans
and others ; his whole expense is, as far as I Can learn,
very much within his income.
Mr Adams lives in lodgings, keeps a chariot and pair,
and two men servants ; he has hitherto retained a private
secretary in the absence of Mr Dana, who will, it is to be
presumed, be paid by Congress. I have lately heard that
Mr Adams was about to take a house.
Mr Dana's salary, even if he should assume a public
character, in a country where the relative value of money
is so high, that, if 1 am well informed, an elegant house
may be had for fifteen guineas a year, is very ample.
Of Mr Jay's matmer of living, I have been able to obtain
no account, but should conclude from the price of the ne-
cessaries of life, in the part of Spain in which he lives,
from the port the Court and the people about it maintain,
and above all, from its sitting in different parts of the king-
dom, that to live in the same style witii Dr Franklin or Mr
Adams, his expenses must amount to nearly double of
theirs.
But as every conjecture of this kind must be very uncer-
tain, all 1 can do is to lay before Congress the relative ex-
voL. XI. 32
250 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
pensp, ns far as I can learn it, between the diflerent places
at which our Ministers reside^ taking Philadelphia for the
common standard.
Paris, if wine, clothing, and the wages of servants are
included, is about twenty per cent cheaper than Piiiladel-
phia ; Amsterdam ten, and at Madrid the expenses of a
family are somewhat higher than at this place. But the
unsettled state of those who follow the Court, their travel-
ling equipage and charges must greatly enhance this ex-
pense.
Congress will make their own deductions from these
facts, after allowing for their inaccuracy. 1 would, how-
ever, take tiie liberty to subn-.it liie enclosed resolutions to
Congress; the first is founded upon the propriety of sup-
plying Dr Franklin with a secretary, which iiis age and the
dignity of his employment render necessary. As Mr Jay
is not yet acknowledged, Mr Carmichael's services in
Spain may be dispensed with.
The second, third, fifth, and sixth, are designed to make
a reform in the article of expense.
The fourth to prevent the claim which any gentlemen,
who may be appointed to any of the Northern Courts, may
have to the salary settled by Congress on the 5th of Octo-
ber, and to adapt the character to the allowance.
The sixth to enable Congress, without injming the dig-
nity of their Ministers, to proportion the allowance to the
expense of the Court they reside at, as well as to the port
which they would wish them to maintain.
1 have tlie honor to be, kc.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 251
Office of Foreign Affairs, May Sth, 1782.
The Secretary of Foreign Affairs limiibly submits the
following lesoliitioiis to the consiiJeralioii of Cnngress.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Resolved, That iVlr Carmicliacl be ajipointed Secretary
to the Embassy from the United States to the Court of
Versailles, with a salary of four thousand dollars per annuiii.
Resolved, That Mr Jay be empowered to appoint a
private secretary, with a salary of one thousand dollars per
anmmi.
Resolved, That Mr Laurens, when he enters upon lii.s
mission to the Unitt^d Provinces of the Low Countries, be
empowered to ajipoint a Secretary with a salary of one
thousand ilollars per annum.
Resolved, That the Commissioners for negotiating a
peace, in case I\ir Dana shall not return, appoint a Secre-
tary to the Conmiission, with a salary of one thousand dol-
lars per annum.
Resolved, That the commission of Minister Plenipo-
tentiary from the United States of America to the Court of
Petersburg be revoked, and lint o comu'.ission issue to
Francis Dana, constituting him Resident at the said Court.
Resolved, That when lie shall have been received in
that character, he be empowered to appoint a private sec-
retary, wiih a salary of eight himdred dollars per annum,
who shall remain in office till Congress think it proper to
n;ake another ap[)ointment.
Resolved, That the appointment of no Secretary to any
of the Northern Courts in future, shall exceed a thousand
dollars per annum, and that the appointments of a Secretary
to the Embassy in France, Spain, and Holland, shall in
252 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
future be twelve hundred dollars, excepting such Secreta-
ries as have been heretofore appointed.
Resolved, That the salaiy of a Minister Plenipotentiary
from the United States, from the 1st day of January next,
shall not exceed five thousand dollars, or that of a Resi-
dent three thousand, but that an allowance be made for
household expenses, at and after the following manner ;
To the Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of Ver-
sailles,
To the Minister in Spain,
To the Resident in the United Provinces, (a Minister
being unnecessary,)
To the Resident at the Court of Petersburg, and each
of the other Noiiliern Courts,
CHARLES THOMSON TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
May 0th, 1782.
Sir,
The United States in Congress assembled, having ap-
pointed Monday, the 13th instant, at twelve o'clock, for
giving a public audience to the Minister of Krance, and
having resolved, that a place be assigned to the priiitipals
in the three Executive Departments under Congress,
I have the hor.or to inform you, that the place assigned
to those gentlemen, is wiihin the bar to the right, and next
to the members of Congress on the left of the ciiiiir.
The United States in Congress assembled have further
resolved, That the assistants and principal secretaries in
each of the departments, be admitted without the bar of
the house. The IVIessenger of Congress has orders to
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPOND EN'CE. 253
furnish you w'uli tickets for sticli of the gonilemen in your
departmc't, ns con\e ivitliin the above description.
I have ihe hor.or to he, Sec.
CHARLES THOMSON, Secretary.
TO THE COMMANDEU IN CHIEF, AND MAJOR GENERAL
GREENE.
Fhiladelpliia, May 13Ui, 1762.
Sir,
I have tiie honor to inform you, tliat the Minister Plen-
ipoteiiliary of France this day announced to the United
States in Congress issembled, at a public audience, the
birth of a Daupliin, and that Congress received this an-
niKJciation of an event, in which the hnpniness of their ally
was so deeply engaged, with the most lively marks of sat-
isfaction, it is their wish, that your Excellency, and the
troops inider your command should partake in this |)leas-
ure. 1 have their orders to inform you of this event, to
the end, that you may cause the same to be published in
the army, with such deiiiOnslralions of joy as you shall
direct.*
I have the iionor to he, kc.
- ■ ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Piiiladelphia, May 13th, 1782.
Sir,
The late change in the measures and in the administra-
tion of Great Britain, and the arts that are daily practised
* The same inlelligenre was conununicated in the same formal
way to the Governois of the States,
254 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
to infuse a belief in Europe, t!int ihe most perfect har-
mony does not subsist between the Unitetl Slates and their
ally, induce tne to wis-h, that Congress would embrace
the opjTortuniiy, whicli this day's audience affords, to
declare their attachment to the alliance in such terms, as
will serve fully to defeat every expectation of sowing the
seeds of division between the United Slates and Frrmce.
For which purpose I humbly submit the following addi-
tion to the answer proposed to be given to the address of
the ftliiiiste.- Plenipotentiary of France.
1 have the honor to be, with the greatest respect,
ROBERT R, LIVINGSTON.
Office of Foreign Affairs, May I3lh, 1782.
The following addition to the answer to the address
proposed to be made by the IMinisier of France, is humbly-
submitted to the approbation of Congress, by the Secre-
igr
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
taiy of Foreign Affairs.
"A union, the mutual advantages of which become daily
more cons|)icuous, and which has derived new lustre and
addiiional force from every effort of the common enemy
to dissolve it ; Congress do not enlarge upon the subject,
but satisfy themselves with the representations, which your
own observiuions will enable, ami yotn- regard to the in-
terests of both countries will induce you to make of the
affectionate attachment, wliich every rank of people within
these United States manifest to your Sovereign, atid of
their inviolable fidelity to the princij>les of the alliance."
DIPLOMATIC CORRESrONDE.NCE. 255
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
riiiladelphia, May loth, 1782.
Sir,
In order to have the sense of Congress upon Mr Jn) 's
rco,rest, coniained in liis letter of ihe 6ih of Febrnary last,
I do myself llie honor to subn)it the enclosed resolve ; for
though I do not see any advantage, which would at present
result from his leaving Madrid, yrn as cases may arise,
which would render it proper, it may safely he left lo his
discretion.
I have the honor to he, &:c.
ROBERT R. LIVJNGSTON.
Office of Foreign Affairs, May 15lh, 1782.
The following resolution is humbly submitted to tl;e
consideration of tlie United Slates in Congress, by the
Secretary of Foreign Affairs.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
It having been represented to the United States in Con-
gress, that certain circumstances might render it expedient
to permit Mr Jay lo leave the Cotnt of Madrid, and repair
either to the United Provinces or to Versailles,
Resolved, that such permission be granted him, pro-
vided he shall conceive, that such absence will be attended
with important advantages to the United States, and that
it does not exceed three months.
25C ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO RICHARD HARRISON OF CADIZ.
riilladelphia, May 21st, 1782.
Sir,
You li:ive probiihly lioanl of Cf)ioiKl Living-ton's mis-
foruine, wliicli dejuived me of llie pleasin-e of lier.rin^
finin you l-y him. Oi:r pni ts have heen so closely bloi ked
up for some lime past, ihiit it is wiili ^reat difficuliy \vc
can iiet rmy vessels in or out. He shared the common
fiilo, and Wiis carried into New York, from whence he
is come out with i\lr Vaii^'han upon parole. He destroyed
all his letters, and his parole closing this month, we have
been able .o learn nothing of Importance frouj him.
The new system, which England seems to be about to
adopt, with respect to America, has not yet discovered
itsell here, except in general professions, which the present
Cnmmunder in Chief, Sir Guy Carloton, is continually
making of his k-ndness and the afiection, that still subsists
in Kngland towards the people of this country. This has
produced not the least effect here ; all ranks of people
consider it rather a proof of their imbecility, than of their
good will, and the Legislatures of the several Slates will
1 imagine enter into resolutions, similar to those passed
by Maryland, which you will find in the enclosed papers.
1 direct them to you ; after you have read them, 1 wish
you 10 enclose and send them to Mr Jay as soon as pos-
sible. I commit to your j)articular care the several pa< k-
ets, that go with this ; trusting that you will send them in
such way as to escape inspection. They contain very
impoitant papers, as well those that go to JMr Adams as
to Mr Jay.
I have the honor to be, Sic.
ROBERT R. LIVLNGSTON.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 257
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Philadelphia, May 21st, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor to enclose for the inspection of Con-
gress, the draft of a letter to Mr Dana, together with a
quadruplicate copy of one written the 2d of March, that
Congress by seeing both may judge whether any further
directions are necessary. 1 must take the liberty. Sir, to
request you to turn their attention to this subject, and to
the draft, which I had the honor to lay before them, of a
letter to the King, as soon as possible. Unless Congress
decide upon them today, I shall lose a favorable opportu-
nity of transmitting them to Europe.
I have the honor to be, he.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
GEORGE WASHINGTON TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Head Quarters, May 22d, 1782.
Sir,
1 have been honored with your favor of the 13th, com-
municating to me the formal annunciation to Congress, by
the Minister of France, of the birth of a.Dauphin.
Measures are ordered to convey to the army the news
of this happy event, which will be celebrated with such
demonstrations of joy as the occasion requires, and our
circumstances will admit.
This Information will be transmitted to General Greene,
that the army under his Cv.mmand may participate in the
general joy.
I have the honor to be, &c.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
VOL. XI. 33
258 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON
GOVEKNOB TRUMBULL TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Hartford, May 23d, 1782.
Sir,
1 do myself the honor to enclose you copies of a letter,
which I received some time since from Mr Deane ; as he
appears lo be somewhat knowing in the counsels of Great
Briiain,! thought it not improper to return him an answer;
you will find copies of what 1 have wrilten likewise en-
closed, and it is my duty to acquaint you, that upon being
laid before the General Assembly of the State, this answer
was approved by both houses neminc coniradicente.
You will be pleased to lay both papers before^Congress
and the Minister of France, and you will judge of the
propriety of sending a copy likewise to Dr Franklin, or
our other Ministers in Europe.
I beg leave also to recommend to your care for convey-
ance, the letter covered for Mr Deane, and am, Sir, with
the sincerest sentiments of esteem, &,c.
JONATHAN TRUMBULL.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Office of Foreign Affairs, June 5th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor to submit to Congress the enclosed
letter from Mr Lee with his accounts. As Congress were
pleased to give no directions^ relative to the brigantine
Berkenbosch, 1 presume it was their intention, that I
should transmit to Dr Franklin a state of the information
I had collected on that subject, which 1 have accordingly
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 259
done. If Congress have any further commands, I wish
to be honored with liiem as soon as convenient.
I am, Sir, with the highest respect, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO ROBERT MORRIS.
Office of Foreign Affairs, June 6th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor to enclose the translation of a letter
from the Minister of France to me, on the subject of an
interest due on Loan Office certificates, as this relates
peculiarly to your department, you will do me the honor
to enable rae to return some answer to this application,
which has been several times reiterated.
I have the honor to be, &;c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO ROBERT MORRIS-
Office of Foreign Affairs, June 6tli, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor to enclose the translation of a cor-
respondence between the Count de Vergennes and Dr
Franklin, on the subject of complaints contained in the
Memorial accompanying the letter from the Count, a trans-
lation of which is also enclosed. You will be pleased to
cause an inquiry to be made into the facts, and to favor
me with such information, as will enable me either to
show, that the coinplaint is ill founded, or that it will be
treated with the attention it merits.
I have the honor to be, Sec.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
260 * ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON,
ROBERT MORRIS TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Office of Finance, June 7th, 1782.
Sir,
1 received this morning the letter you did me the
honor to write on the 6th. Congress have asked from
the several States a five per cent duty on goods im-
ported, and on prizes and prize goods, as a fund for
paying the principal and interest of their debts, this
fund when granted will not be sufficient, and it is not
yet granted by all. I expect, however, the requisition
will speedily be complied with. I shall not cease
urging it, and also such further revenues as may be
sufficient for the purpose. When they shall have been
obtained, they will be duly applied in liquidation of
the public debts; but until that period arrives, neither
the principal nor the interest of such debts can be
paid.
I have the honor to be, with very great respect,
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO GOVERNOR TRUMBULL.
Office of Foreign Affairs, June 12tli, 1782
Sir,
I was honored with your letter of the 23d of May,
with both the enclosures, which I laid* before Con-
gress, and furnished copies to the Minister of France.
The spirit in which your answer to Mr Deane's letter
is written, is such as must bring him to some sense of
the disgraceful and contemptible part he is acting, and
awake in him that remorse, which is the severest pun-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 261
ishment of guilt. I shall avail myself of the permis-
sion you give me to transmit it to Dr Franklin, since
I see that important advantages may result from de-
claring to Europe your sense, and that of so reputable
a body as the Legislature of Connecticut, upon the im-
portant points it discusses.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
GOVERNOR GRKENK TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Newport, June 15th, 1782.
Sir,
I had the honor of receiving your address of the
14th of May past, informing me, that the Minister
Plenipotentiary of his Most Christian Majesty, had
announced to the United Stales in Congress assem-
bled, at a public audience, the birth of a Dauphin of
France, which I laid before the General Assembly,
who were pleased to request me to transmit the
enclosed letter of congratulation upon that happy event
to his Excellency the Minister of France, which I re-
quest may be delivered to him in the name of the
Governor, Council, and Representatives of the State
of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, in Ge-
neral Assembly convened.
I have the honor to be, &c.
W. GREENE.
262 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
ROBERT MORRIS TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Office of Finance, June 20th, 1782.
Sir,
I do myself the honor to request that you will be
pleased to make out accurate estimates for your De-
partment during the year 1783, that I may form those
general estimates for the service, which it is my duty
to lay before the United States in Congress.
I am, with perfect esteem and respect, &c.
ROBERT MORRIS.
ROBERT MORRIS TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Office of Finance, June 20th, 1782.
Sir,
The copy of a Memorial from the Minister of
France, of the 25th of last month, which you handed
me, has been laid before the Controller of the treas-
ury, who has examined the resolutions of Congress,
and reported to me. I am now, therefore, to observe,
that if the gentlemen mentioned in that Memorial, or
their representatives, have any claims against the
United States, they must form accounts thereof, and
stale them in the usual manner to the Controller of
the treasury, with the vouchers, who will cause them
to be examined, according to the rules and regulations
in that behalf established, and any balances which may
appear due will be by him certified to me, at which
time, and not before, I can decide on the subject.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT MORRIS.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE 263
THE GOVERNOR OF NORTH CAROLINA TO ROBERT R.
LIVINGSTON.
North Carolina, June 24th, 1782.
Sir,
Your letters of the 18th and 19th of February, cov-
ering the resolutions of Congress, dated November
28th, January 25th, and February 11th, I was favored
with in May last, which I did myself the honor to lay
before the General Assembly.
The important observations you are pleased to make
relative to our affairs, our friends, allies, and enemies,
have their just weight, which the Legislature are very
sensible of. To be prepared, therefore, for whatever
measures the enemy may take, they have passed a law
to draft every twentieth man in the State, to serve in
our Continental battalions eighteen months ; as enlist-
ments during the war cannot be obtained in this State,
so as to answer any general purpose. I flatter myself,
we shall have a respectable body of men soon in the
field, under Major General Greene. In August they
are to rendezvous. One hundred wagons, for the Con-
tinental service, the State is also to furnish, in lieu of
one hundred men.
I have given directions for the damages, which the
inhabitants of this State have received from the British,
to be ascertained as nearly as may bcj agreeably to
your request.
The records of our Secretary's office being scattered
in different parts, to prevent their falling into the hands
of the enemy, during their incursions and marches
through the State, I have been prevented from pro-
264 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
curing you copies of the papers you mention ; but I
have sent by Mr Blount, the bearer, and one of our
Delegates, a map, or short sketch of the outlines of the
State ; extending to the westward as far as Mississippi,
the boundary formed by the treaty of Paris in 1763,
which we consider ourselves not absolutely bound by,
having a previous right by the charter of Charles the
Second, which I shall shortly transmit to you. By
this our territory extends from sea to sea, that is from
the Atlantic to the Western ocean.
I have the honor to be, &o.
ALEXANDER MARTIN.
TO THE MINISTER OP FRANCE.
Philadelphia, July 3d, 1782.
Sir,
The undersigned, Secretary of the United States for the
Department of Foreign Affairs, has the honor to deliver
the enclosed letter of congratulation, on the birth of the
Dauphin, in the name and behalf of the Governor, Coun-
cil and Representatives of the State of Rhode Island and
Providen-ce Plantations, in General Assembly convened,
agreeably to the request of his Excellency, Governor
Greene. The undersigned will do himself the honor to
transmit to them any reply, which the Minister of France
shall think it proper to make thereto.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 265
TO WILLIAM LEE, AT BRUSSELS.
Philadelphia, July 18th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor lo enclose a resolution of Congress,
directing Dr Franklin to discharge the balance of your ac-
count against the United States. I have written to him
upon the subject, and doubt not that the money will be
paid immediately upon your application.
1 have the honor to be, &,c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
GOVERNOR MARTIN TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
North Carolina, August 20th, 1782.
Sir,
Only a k\v days ago I was favored with your letter, of
the 2d of May, 1782, covering a resolution of Congress of
the Isi, on a report of a committee to whom was referred
a communication of the Secretary of Foreign Affairs.
However insidious the designs of the Court of Britain
may be in representing us as a divided people to the seve-
ral mediating European powers, the several great exertions
making by the Continental Union, to prosecute the war
with vigor against her, J make no doubt, will shortly unde-
ceive them, and expose our enemy to the just contempt
and ridicule he will draw upon himself by such false and
illusive insinuations.
Whilst the enemy held the impcytant post of VVilming-
' ton, the above suggestion might be too true respecting its
environs, and the disaffected settlements of this State, but
since they have abandoned the same, our late revolted citi-
voL. XI. 34
266 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON
zeris, conscious of their delusion, return wiih cheerfulness
to their allegiance and duty in support of the common
cause, ond I flatter myself ue shall soon be a reunited peo-
ple, and join our efforts with more efficacy to those of our
sister States, in terminating the war with honor to our
arnjs.
Sensible of the great attention paid to the several States
by the Congress in this resolution, and the pertinent obser-
vations you have made thereon, with a zeal becoming its
importance, in putting our Legislature on their guard against
any separate overtures that may be made to them by Bri-
tain, without the intervention of Congress, I shall with
pleasure do uiyself the honor to lay t!ie same before them
at their earliest meeting, which will be on the 1st of No-
vember next, at Hillsborough. In the meanwhile, Sir, I
can venture to pledge the faith of the State, that the Gene-
ral Assembly will listen to no negotiation, however flatter-
ing, and apparently advantageous, but what is made
through the great Council of the Continent.
Yours of the I4lh of May, announcing the birth of the
Dauphin of France, I have had the honor to receive,
which jnyful event as it concerns the happiness of our great
and illustrious ally, and future welfare of his kingdom, I
have comrininicated to the good citizens of this Slate.
Enclosed you have a copy of the acts of our last Gene-
ral Assembly, agreeably to your request, which by the de-
lay of the printer could not reach you sooner. I hope my
letter, accompanied with a map, has safely come to hand.
1 have the honor to be, he.
ALEXANDER MARTIN.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 2G7
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Philadelphia, August 23d, 1782.
Sir,
Bv a late arrangement of the Superintendent of Finance,
he lias directed that the salaries of the Ministers and their
Secretaries be paid here, and only one acconnt opened with
th.e office of Foreign AfTairs; in consequence of which I
have, at his request, stated thoir accounts quarterly, and
laid out the proceeds in the piu'chase of bills, which I liave
ren^.itted to Dr Franklin, with direction to answer their
several drafts to the amount of the money so remitted.
Bui as these bills nre endorsed by me, I by that means
render myself responsible for their payment in my private
character; and as I am not authorised by Congress, or by
the gentlemen in whose behalf the money is remitted, to
act as their agent, I am liable to answer to them for the
money received here, if they should disapprove of its
having been laid out in the purchase of bills. I also render
myself accountable to them severally, if the money remitted
to Dr Franklin should, by neglect or other cause, be applied
to some other use than that for which it was remitted.
I have endeavored to obviate these inconveniences by
writing to the Ministers and their Secretaries, informing
them of this arrangement, and requesting them to appoint
agents, who shall manage their business here. In the mean-
while, I must request, for my justification, some resolutions
of Congress, authorising me to act as their agent till they
shall make such appointments. I have thought it reasonable
to charge lliem the usual commission upon the purchase
of bills, and shall continue to do so, till they appoint
other agents.
I liave ihe ijonor to be, Sir, &ic.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
268 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO WILLIAM MOORE, PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL OF
PENNSYLVANIA.
Office of Foreign Affairs, September 8th, 1782.
Sir,
The State of Pennsylvania not having as yet passed
laws conforinab'y to the eleventh Aiticle of tiie Treaty of
Amity and Commerce between his Most Christian Majesty
and these United Stales, agreeably to the requisition of
Congress to the several States, passed the 14ih day of
January, 17S0, a copy of which is enclosed, I find myself
called upon by the Minister Plenipotentiary of his Most
Christian Majesty, in behalf of such of the subjects of
France, as in confidence thereof have purchased real
property in this State, to solicit for ihem the security they
are entitled to by this article.
1 have the honor, therefore, to request your Excellency
to take measures for calling the attention of the Legislature
to this stipulation in the Treaty, when at their earliest
leisure from such business as they conceive requires more
immediate despatch. I beg also to be informed, whether
any, and what steps, have been taken to carry into effect
the several resolutions of the United States in Congress
assembled, contained in the letters I d"d myself the honor
to write to your Excellency, of the following dales, 18th
and 19th of February, and 2d of May, 1782.
I have the honor to be, &:c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 269
TO GOVERNOR WEARE, OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Office of Foreign Affairs, September 9th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor to enclose copies of letters, which have
been received from the Governor of the Island of Granada,
in consequence of letters written, on my application, by the
Minister of France, and the state of Mr Mc Clintock's
case, fansmitied by me.
From this answer, I think the justice of Mr Mc Clintock's
claim is put out of doubt ; but, at the same time, redress
will be rendered more difficult, by our being now obliged
to seek it in another channel. I shall, however, direct a
memorial to be presented on the subject to the Court of
France, and send over authentic copies of the documents
in my possession. It would greatly facilitate this business,
if Mr Mc Clintock had an agent in Franco, who would
prosecute his claim, and to whom I would afford all the
facilities in my power. I mention this matter to your
Excellency, because the Legislature of New Hampshire,
having interested themselves th'jrein, I presumed that it
would be agreeable to them to know that it was not
neglected.
I beg you to assure them, Sir, that I shall receive with
pleasure any further instruction with which they may please
to honor me, relative to this or any other subject, in vvjiich
I may promote the views of the State, or the interest of
its members.
Not having been honored with answers to my several
letters to your Excellency of the following dates, ISih and
19ih of February and 2d of May, 1782, I beg leave to
270 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
ask, whether (hey have been received, and what measures
have been taken in consequence of ihem.
1 have the honor to be, &ic.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Office of Foreign Affairs, September 9th, 1782.
Sir,
The situation of my affairs rendering my personal atten-
tion necessary, I take tlie liberty to request your Excel-
lency to communicate to Congress my design, (if it meets
their approbation,) to visit the Si?te of New York for a few-
weeks. J shall lake measures to have tlie earliest commu-
nication made to Congress of such intelligence as may be
received in my absence, and for the general direction of
the business of the department. Your Excellency will do
me the honor to obtain the sense of Congress upon this
subject, and to believe me, with the hii^iiest resppct, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON,
TO GOVERNOR MARTIN, OF NORTH CAROLINA.
Office of Foreign Affairs, September 9th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your
Excellency's letter of the 24th of June, by Mr Blount,
together with the map you were pleased to transmit. I
shall expect, at your leisure, the other documents you
mention as explanatory of your boundaries. Copies of the
most westerly grants, that have been made by the Crown
within your Slate, would tend greatly to elucidate your
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 271
claim, as would also copies of acts of the Legislature Inying
out the back country into counties or parishes, if any
such exist.
I receive, with great pleasure, the account you give of
the exertion of your State in filling their line, though I iliink
we have some reason to hope, that you will not be able to
find employment for them near home.
I could wish to have had it in my power to give your
Excellency some account of our foreign negotiations, but
by an extraordinary neglect, or, which is more [)robable, by
some accident, we have had no official information either
from our own Ministers, or through the Minister of France,
for a very long tirrie past. As to public news, it is not
worth while lo trouble you with it, as this letter will proba-
bly lay some days before the gentleman, who has promised
to charge himself with it, calls. I shall therefore direct,
as the best means of giving the news of the day, that the
latest papers of this place be sent with it, when he is just
about to set out.
I have the honor to be. Sir, he.
s ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Office of Foreign Affairs, September 11th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor to lay before Congress a number
of letters received last night ly Captain Smedley,
from Mr Adams, Mr Dana, and Mr Barclay. I have
arranged and numbered them, and translated those of
Mr Dumas. The compliment of the merchants of the
tov/n of Schiedam being very long, it is not yet trans-
272 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
lated, when it is, it will be laid before Congress. Mr
Dana has by some accident neglected to put up the
first sheet of his letter, so that the subject is broken in
upon, and we are ignorant of its date.
I take the liberty to recommend that some attention
be paid to Mr Adams's request with respect to Mr
Dumas, who has certainly been a very assiduous ser-
vant of the United Slates ; I could wish at least to be
enabled to inform him of the sense of Congress
thereon. Perhaps it would be expedient to commit it
to the committee appointed to consider the salaries of
foreign Ministers, &c. Mr Adams has as yet received
no answer to the letter on the subject of his purchase
at the Hague. Should Congress approve the form,
which Mr Adams proposes for the ratification of his
agreement, I presume Mr Thomson will have their
orders for endorsing it, and the agreement will be im-
mediately returned to this office, so that Congress may
avail themselves of the means, that now offer for trans-
mitting it.
I also lay before Congress a large packet, containing
Mr Deane's accounts, which I shall deliver to the
Office of Finance, unless Congress would choose to
have it disposed of in some other way. I must beg,
Sir, that the letters be returned to this office, as soon
as Congress have examined them as I wish to avail
myself of the present opportunity to answer them.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDExXCE. 273
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Office of Foreign Affairs, September 12th, 17S2.
Sir,
I have the honor to lay before Congress two letters
from Messrs de Neufville and Son, under cover of
which last I received the enclosed letter, which con-
tains what I suppose to be the first sheet of Mr Dana's
letter, probably sent immediately after he had discov-
ered his mistake. I send the other parts with it. I
also enclose for the perusal of Congress an act of the
British Parliament for the exchange of American pris-
oners, which, when returned to the office I shall have
published.
I find in a Lcydcn paper some account of Mr Grcn-
ville's negotiation, and the alterations proposed by the
committee of the States-General to the treaty submit-
ted to their consideration by Mr Adams. These may
be objects of curiosity, and as such I enclose them.
They will be printed on Saturday if the papers are
returned in time.
A Dutch paper of the 13th of July, mentions that
the Baron Viomenil, the Marquis de Lavall, and other
oflicers, left Paris the beginning of July, in order to
sail in the frigate ; that the Marquis do
Lafayette was not to accompany them, as it was pro-
posed ; that he was wailing the issue of the negotia-
tion in Paris.
The Count D'Artois has obtained leave of the King
of Spain to serve as a volunteer at the siege of Gibral-
voL. XI. 35
274 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
lar. This may pcrliaps be concluded as an indication
of iheir hope of success in the attempt to reduce it.
I liave liie honor to he, he.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Philadelphia, September 12th, 1762.
Sir,
I have I lie honor to enclose two reports upon JVIr
Adams's letters. I would propose in addition to the
fu-ft to direct the substance of Mr Adams's letter of
the 23d of April, containing his note, and the apjioiut-
ment of a committee, to be printed as articles of intel-
ligence, not under the express direction of Congress,
since the business is not conchulcd.
With respect to the second report, I am led to
make it by Mr Adams's recommendation, anil by my
sense of the zeal and diligence, whic!i M. Dumas has
so long testified in the cause of America, when it was
very far from being a popular one in Holland.
Though I must confess 1 feel some reluctance in see-
ing any but an American in the line, which ougfjt to
serve as a school for future Ministers. IJut this case
has peculiar circumstances by which it must be deter-
mined. The commission of Charge (TJiffalres I should
conceive too important a:ul too confidential to be
])laced in any hands, but those of a citizen of the
United States. There arc other reasons, which will
suggest themselves to Congress, against this measure,
which it is unnecessary to mention. The salary I
}iave left blank, as that subject is under the considcra-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 275
lion of a commiltee. The second resolulion is to take
away the necessity of making it greater liian our cir-
cumstances will allow.
The merits of the other gentlemen mentioned by
JSIr Adams, together with his recommendation, might
justly perha|)s induce Congress to show them some
ir.arks of their attention, if the situation of their finan-
ces would permit, but as neither of those gentlemen
are in the service of Congress, it is to be presumed
llu'.t they will not choose to lake any public notice of
that part of his letter, till they are in circumstances to
satisfy the just claims of those who have demands
U])on them.
I have the honor to be, &c.
KOBKRT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THE PRKSIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Office of Foreign Afiairs; September ]2tli, 1782.
Sir,
Having carefidly examined Mr Laurens's letter,* I
believe Congress will think with me, that the subjects
of it arc such as I can in no other way report on, than
by recommending it to be submitted to a special com-
mittee.
The two great points arc his resignation and ex-
change. The first of these Congress only are compe-
tent to decide upon; and the last, not relating in any
way to my Dcj)artment, is intimately connected with
a subject already under the consideiation of a commit-
* See this letter in Henry Laurens's Correspondence, Vol. II. p.
463.
276 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
tee. With respect to his support, I believe that (here
can be no doubt that Mr Laurens's salary is to be
paid, till Congress determine to accept his resignation.
I have considered it as a part of the expenses of this
Department, and accordingly remitted the amount of
two quarters' salary to Dr Franklin, commencing in
January last, previous to which, that brsiness was
under the direction of Dr Franklin. I sliall continue
to include his salary in my drafts on Mr Morris, till I
receive directions from Congress to discontinue it.
Congress having empowered Mr Laurens to appoint
a secretary, there can be no doubt about the pro-
priety of discharging his salary.
The enemy having published an account of Mr
Laurens's petition for relief, &c. which aj)pears b}' his
letter to have been without foundation, I b' g leave to
submit to Congress the propriety of printing his own
account of this transaction, since it evidences in con-
tratliction to their reports, that he always acted with
tiie dignity and firmness, which became his station
and character.
I have il;e honor lo be, &:c.
ROBERT R. L1VL\GST0N.
CIRCULAU TO THE GOVERNORS OF THE STATES.
OfRce of Foreign Affairs, September 12th, 1782.
Sir,
Agreeably to the direction of Congress, contained in the
enclosed resoluiion, I am to solicit your Excellency's nlien-
tion to the object of i', and to prny that means n)ay b^ used
by the Slate over wliich you preside, to furnish the returns
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 277
tliey require, sending quadruplicate copies of them, under
the se;il of the Slate, to this office. I am sorry lo have
reason to complain of the little attention that the recom-
mendations of Congress, and my letter of the I2ih day of
November, 1781, relative to a similar ohject, has met wiih
from your State, since the want of those returns will, with-
out doubt, be severely felt by our Ministers, whenever they
shall commence the negf)tia'ions for a general peace.
1 have the honor to be. Sir, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
CIRCULAn TO THE GOVEllNORS OF THE STATES.
Office of Foreign Affairs, September 15th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor to inform yon, by the direciion of
Congress, that I have lately received official advices horn
Mr Adams, of the resolutions of their High Mightinesses
the Slates General, to receive and acknowledge the said
Mr Adams in quality of Minister Plenipotentiary of the
United States of America, and to request your Excellency
to cause this interesting event to be made [)ublic. I liave
the honor to enclose copies of tiie resolutions ol their High
Mightinesses on this sul.ject, and to inform you that the
States General did, on the 23d day of A|)ril, appoint a Grand
Committee to confer with Mr Adams, to whom, having
been introduced in the usual forms by two noblemen, he
laid before tliem the plan of a Treaty of Amity and Com-
merce, whicii was immediately printed, and sent to ihe
different members of the sovereignty.
1 cannot conclude without congiatulaiing your Excel-
lency upon an event, which widens the basis of our inde-
278 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
penrlence, and leads to an immediate connexion wiili a
powerful nation, whose alliance a vaiieiy of ciiriimstances
in their origin and government render extremely desirable.
1 have the honor to be, Sir, &:c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
GENERAL GREENE TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Head Quarters, October 2d, 1782.
Sir,
Your letter of the I3dt of I\Iny did not come to hand
until some time in An;;usl, before the receipt of whi( h
liis Excellency, General Washington, had communicated
the agreeable informalior. of the biith of a Dauphin, and
directed that some public declaration of om* feelings shoidd
be had upon the occasion. Accordingly, on the 4ili of
July, we (lied a/eu dejoie, and gave every tesiiu)ony in
our power of the pleasure and happiness we fell upon an
event so interesti-jg to our good ally, and so intimately
connected with the welfare of America ; and 1 beg you
will communicate to the Minister in Piiiladeiphia, how
sincerely the officers of tliis army participate In the genera!
joy, which this public blessing difTuses ihiough France and
America.
It is with infinite satisfaction that I inform you, that the
enemy is making every preparation for the evacuation of
Charleston, the last and only place they hold in any of the
Southern United Slates.
I hope a general peace will follow, and that America
may long enjoy, without intprruplion, the blessings she lias
been so long contending for.
1 have the honor to be, &ic.
NATHANIEL GREENE.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 279
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Philadelphia, October 29th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor to enclose, for ihe insppciion of Con-
gress, a letter froiu Mr Harrison. So much of it as relates
to the slate of his accounts, has hecn sent to the Office of
Finance. As this suhject has before been slrons;ly insisted
upon iiy Mr J;iy, I iloubt not that Mr Morris uil! j)ay every
attention to it, which the means in his hands will permit.
Mr Harrison is so well spoken of by Mr Jay, anil has
manifested, on many occasions, watchful attention to the
welfare of the United States, and discovered such disin-
terestedness in every transaction which related to them, that
I cannot but hope that Congress will think hirn worthy of
some public notice. Should they be of opinion, that it
would be improper to appoint him constd at a time when
he could not be received in his public character, and when
an attempt to display it mi^hi draw upon the United States
new indignities, yet it would give me pleasure to he enabled
to assure him from Congress, that they entertain a just
sense of his services, that they wit-h him to continue to act
under the authority he has received from Mr Jay, 'ill the
politics of Spain shall render it proper to vest him with
more ample powers. This earnest of the favor of Con-
gress would stimulate him to merit further marks of their
confidence.
I have the honor to he, k.c.
ROBERT R. LIVL\GSTON.
2S0 ROBERT R. OVINGSTON.
TO THOMAS JEFFERSON.
Philadelphia, November 13th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor to transmit a resolution of Congress,
appointing ynii one of lljeir Ministers Plenipotentiary for
negoiiaiir.g peace. I rejoice in this fresh proof of (heir
confidence in yonr virtue and ahilities. The sacrifices you
have heretofore made to the interests of yonr coiniiry,
induce tne to hope that you will suffer no personal consid-
eration to prevent their heing employed in its service upon
this important occasion.
1 have the honor to be, Sic.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO COVEUNOU MATTHEWS, OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
Philadelphia, November 20th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the honor to transmit the copy of a letter from
Comit de Vergennes to Dr Franklin, accompanied with a
memorial from Messrs Le Marque and Fabre, on the
subject of debts contracted by Mr Gillon, as is said, in
behalf of the Slate of South Carolina. 1 wish. Sir, you
would enable me to afford such an answer to it as will
exculpate the State from any censine which .Mr Gillon may
have deservedly incurred. If he was vested with such
powers as enabled him to bind the State, they will doubt-
less have the justice to direct thst his engagements be made
good, notwithstanding any loss they may incur thereby. If
he had no such powers, they will embrace the earliest
opportunity of disavowing ihera.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDEiXCE 281
I shall trouble your Excellency to apprize me of the
steps, that may be taken in consequence of this information,
that I may embrace the earliest opportunity, by placing this
matter in its true light, to do that justice to the integrity and
good faith of the State, which they will undoubtedly merit.
I have the honor to be, Sir, &;c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THOMAS BARCLAY.
Philadelphia, November 26th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the pleasure of transmitting a resolution of Con-
gress, by which you are appointed a Commissioner for ad-
justing their accounts in Europe. I flatter myself, that this
fresh mark of their confidence in you will be highly ac-
ce|)table, and that you will take the earliest opportunity to
enter upon the task assigned you, since not only the inter-
est, but the honor of the United States, has greatly suffered
by the delay, which this necessary business has heretofore
experienced.
I am, Dear Sir, &z,c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
THOMAS JEFFEKSON TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Chesterfield, November 26th, 1782.
Sir,
I received yesterday the letter, with which you have
been pleased to honor me, enclosing the resolution of Con-
gress of the 12th instant, renewing my appointment as one
of their Ministers Plenipotentiary for negotiating a peace,
VOL. XI. 36
282 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON
and beg leave through you to return my sincere thanks to
that august body, for the confidence they are pleased to
repose in tne, and to tender the same to yourself for the
obliging manner in which you have notified it.
I vpill employ in this arduous charge, with diligence and
integrity, the best of my poor talents, which I am conscious
are far short of what it requires. Tliis I hope will ensure
to me from Congress a kind construction of all my transac-
tions ; and it gives me no small pleasure, that my commu-
nications will pass through the hands of a gentleman, with
whom I have acted in the earlier stages of this contest, and
whose discernment and candor 1 had the good fortune then
to approve and esteem.
Your letter finds me at a distance from home, attending
on my family under inoculation. This will add to the de-
lay which the arrangement of my particular affairs would
necessarily occasion. I shall lose no moment, however, in
preparing for my departure, and shall hope to pay my
respects to Congress and to yourself some time between
the 20th and the last of December.
I have the honor to be, he.
THOMAS JEFFERSON.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Philadelphia, December 2d, 1782.
Sir,
Having lately been informed, that the business of the
Court of Chancery in the Stale of New York has increased
so much as to demand more of my attention than is con-
sistent with the duties of the place, which I have the honor
to hold under the United States, I must pray your Excel-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 283
lency to lay before Congress my request to be permitted
to resign the latter, and to assure them at the same time,
of the grateful sense which 1 shall always retain, not only
of the iionor done me by the appointment, but of those dis-
tinguished marks of confidence, which they have repeatedly
shown me in the execution of tny trust.
Tiiat the business of this office may sustain no injury by
my resignation, I shall, if Congress approve, continue to
perform its duties till they shall be pleased to appoint a
gentleman to succeed me, or direct some other mode for
carrying it on, in confidence that they will make their ar-
rangements as early as is consistent with the deliberation
they may conceive them to require.
I take the liberty to recommend to the protection of
Congress, and the gentleman who is to succeed me, Mr
Morris and M. Duponceau, my secretaries, having the
greatest reason to confide in their fidelity and attention to
the business intrusted to their care. The Reverend Mr
Tetard, who is likewise employed in the office, has some
claim to their attention ; he rendered essential services to
our army in Canada, suffered many personal inconve-
niences there, and finds himself reduced, at an advanced
age, to absolute ruin by the enemy and our own army, both
having contributed to lay waste his farm, destroy his build-
ings, and pillage his property. For tliese facts, I take the
liberty to refer Congress to his Memorial.
As Congress in making a new appointment will probably
wish to adapt the salary to the necessary expense of the
department, of which they have heretofore had no oppor-
tunity to be fully informed, it is a duty I owe to them, as
well as to my successor, to assure them that my expenses,
exclusive of purchase and wear, carriages, horses, and
284 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
household furniture, have exceeded my allowance from
Congress, upwards of three thousand dollars. As I have
now no personal interest in mentioning this circumstance,
Congress will, I am persuaded, attribute the liberty I have
taken, to my desire of seeing a department, in which 1
have had the honor to preside, supported with dignity.
Be pleased, Sir, to receive my thanks for your personal
attention, and believe me to be, with tlie most respectful
attachment and esteem, &.c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO RICHARD HARRISON.
Philadelphia, December 5th, 1782.
Dear Sir,
I have this moment learned that a vessel will sail for Ca-
diz in an hour's time. I beg to recommend to your par-
ticular care the letter for IVIr Carmichael, which the captain
will deliver to you. It contains a cypher, and must not
therefore pass through the post office.
Congress, as yet, have done nothing in your affair,
though it has been particularly recommended to them, and
now lies before them. One obstruction is the difficulty of
appointing Consuls, till some treaty or convention between
us and Spain shall authorise it.
The season of the year admits of no military operations
here ; and the packet of newspapers sent herewith, will
give you the current news. You will find by them, that
we are still in suspense with respect to the fate of Charles-
ton, though it is generally believed, that it cannot be long
ere the evacuation will be completed. The French fleet
Rre still at Boston, though prepared to sail. Nothing
DIPIiOMATie CORilESPONI>ENCE. 285
astonishes us more, than the effrontery of the British pub-
lications, which affirm boldly, that great tumults have
been excited in the Eastern States, on account of their re-
luctance to the war, when there is not the slightest founda-
tion in fact for such an assertion. This I suppose, is cal-
culated to give a momentary popularity to Lord Shelburne.
I am, Sir, he.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Office of Foreign Afiairs, December 9th, 1782.
Sir,
I have the iionor to inform Congress, that the Minister
Plenipotentiary of France communicated to me the con-
tents of a letter, received on Saturday from Count de Ro-
chambeau, by which he was apprized, that the Count, in
pursuance of his instructions, had ordered the troops under
his command to embark, and that they were to proceed
with the fleet to the Islands.
The legion, and a detachment of about six hundred
men, together with the convalescents are to remain on the
continent. The whole may amount to about sixteen hun-
dred men. The Minister further informed me, that in
consequence of his representations on the subject, he had
received assurances, that such a force should be detached
from the West Indies, as would be adequate to the pro-
tection of the trade upon this coast dining the winter.
The enclosed extract of a letter from Boston, contains
an account of the success of the British in relieving Gib-
raltar. Though it is not official it is to be (eared it is too
well founded.
T have the honor to be, Stc.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
286 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THE PRESIDENT OP CONGRESS.
Philadelphia, December 16lh, 1782.
Sir,
I have ihe honor to enclose for the inspection of Con-
gress a short letter from Mr Jay, which contains important
information, and explains some passages in Dr Franklin's
letters. Unless the commission given to Mr Fitzherbert
on the 24ih of July is revoked, it will be difficult to ac-
count for Mr Oswald's being appointed to treat with the
Thirteen United States, unless we suppose, either that his
powers are more limited, or that the British Administration
design to treat under the mediation of some neutral Prince,
upon the plan proposed by the Imperial Courts, so as that
the negotiations with America may be distinct from those
with the other belligerent powers.
Just as I was closing this, a private letter from Mr Jay
was delivered of the 4th of September, which contains the
following remarkable passage. "I am preparing a map to
show you the line, which Count d'Aranda proposes for
our western boundary. It will not be finished in time for
this conveyance. I am persuaded it is best for us to take
time. My further reasons shall be explained at large in
a future letter, which I shall begin as soon as my health
will permit." He adds, "that Spain has issued more bills,
and that the depreciation has increased." I delay report-
ing on the passage in Dr Franklin's letter, relative to the
demands of Spain, as there is no immediate opportunity
of writing to Europe, and as I am in hourly expectation of
receiving something more particular on this subject.
I have the honor to be, &ic.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 287
GENERAL GREENE TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Head Quarters, South Carolina, )
December 19th, 17ti2. 5
Dear Sir,
The Southern States, so long oppressed by the weight
of a destructive war, are now happily relieved by the evac-
uation of Charleston, and the total departure of the Brit-
ish troops from this country. This event, so^ very impor-
tant to all America, took place on the 14th instant.
The fleet, with the troops on board, fell down into Re-
bellion Road, and on the 17th crossed the bar and went
out to sea. The British regiments are said to be destined
for the West Indies, and the German troops for New York.
They took with them a great deal of property, and between
five and six thousand negroes, the greater part of which
they had once promised to deliver up.
Governor Matthews, with all the officers of government
are now in town ; and civil police fully established and
supported.
I am, &ic.
NATHANIEL GREENE.
TO THE COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS APPOINTED TO
REPAIR TO RHODE ISLAND.
Philadelphia, December 20th, 1782.
Gewtlemen,
I can only reply to your inquiries with respect to the
probability of extending our loans in France, by informing
you, that the general tenor of our public despatches dis-
courages the idea, as will appear by the extracts of letters
herewith sent you. To them I have added such official
288 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
communications as 1 have received from time lo time from
the Minister of France.
J might add to these the result of several private con-
versations with him upon that subject, having frequently
introduced it, to know how far we might in case of
extreme necessity lean on France. He has always ex-
pressed on these occasions a strong sense of our wants,
and a wish to relieve them, accompanied with an appre-
hension, that the heavy expense incurred by France, in
creating and supporting a large marine, would render it
highly imprudent to expect, that she should add anything
to the liberal supplies already afforded us, and the main-
tenance of an army in America on our account. Of late,
too, the unproductiveness of our taxes, and the uneasiness
of the public creditors in the United States, has not escaped
his observation. His reflections on this subject are so
obvious, that 1 need not repeat them, I am seriously
alarmed for their effect on the loans we have already
opened. A private letter from Mr Jay informs me, that
the paper struck by Spain has greatly depreciated, so that
had we needed any further assurances on that head, we
must now be fully convinced, that we have nothing to ex-
pect from that quarter.
1 have the honor to be, &ic.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Philadelphia, December 22d, 1782.
Sir,
I have just received my despatches, which consist of
duplicates from Dr Franklin and the enclosed, which have
DIPLOiMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 289
not yet been submitted to Congress, together with a copy
of Mv Oswald's commission.
Mr Jay has also written, but his letter is not yet decy-
phered. A private letter from the Marquis de Lafayette
to me, (the whole of which is not yet decyphered) contains
much the same account of our negotiations, with that given
by Dr Franklin, and the following passage from a letter of
Mr Adams to him of the 29th of September ;
"We have at length the consent of the Cities, States,
and Provinces, and have adjusted and agreed upon every
article, word, syllable, letter, and point, in the treaty of
commerce, and clerks are employed in making out fair
copies for signature, which will be done this week."
By a paper of the 22d of October, I find the treaty was
signed by seven deputies, one for each Province, and by
Mr Adams on the 4th of October.
The Marquis also mentions, that several accounts, but
none official, say, that Madras has been taken by the
French troops, that landed at Port Novo, in conjunction
with those of Hyder Ally. He adds, that though this
account is believed, yet it is not confirmed.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, &tc.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
GOVERNOR MARTIN TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
North Carolina, December 23d, 1782.
Sir,
I am favored with your two letters of the 12th and 1 5th
of September last, and your circular, in which you an-
nounce the acknowledgment of the independence of the
United States by the States of Holland ; an event that will
VOL. XI, 37
290 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
greatly add to the national importance of America, not
only in the councils of Europe, but through the world.
The resolution of Congress respecting damages, which
the inhabitants of this State have received from the British
enemy, 1 cannot carry into effect until I have an Act of
Assembly for this purpose, to point out the particular
mode in obtaining the same ; the account of which, as
soon as it can be procured from the different parts of the
State, shall be transmitted to you, without loss of lime.
I have the honor to be, k.c.
ALEXANDER MARTIN.
CIRCULAR TO THE GOVERNORS OF THE STATLa.
Philadelphia, December 23d, 1782.
Sir,
The steps that may lead to so important an event as
peace upon safe and honorable terms, are too interesting
to be vvithl)eld from you ; 1 have the honor, therefore, to
enclose a copy of Mr Oswald's commission to treat with
the Thirteen United States of America, which will cer-
tainly smooth the way to it, though the variety of interests
to be adjusted at a general Congress (and, perhaps, too,
the success of the British arms at Gibraltar) may place it
further off than our wishes would otherwise lead us to
imagine.
Your Excellency will see the propriety of not suffering
copies of this commission to be taken for the press, and
of accompanying the communication you may think proper
to make of it, with such recommendations to exertion and
vigilance, as prudence and the critical state of our affairs
may require, since on a review of the conduct of the en-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 291
emy, it will not appear extravagant to suppose, that this
may be another of those artifices so often practised to
deceive and put us off our guard. Though we have no
official accounts, yet we have every reason to believe, that
the treaty of commerce wiih the United Provinces was
signed on the 7th of October.
I liave the honor to be, &tc.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO WILLIAM GREENE, GOVERNOR OF RHODE ISLAND.
Philadelphia, January 4th, 1783.
Sir,
Agreeably to the order of Congress, I have the honor
to lay before your Excellency the enclosed copy of a mo-
tion made by Mr Howel, and the resolutions of Congress
thereon, together with the state of the applications for
foreign loans, and the results thereof.
Without troubling your Excellency with those inconsid-
erable and secret aids, which we received at the begin-
ning of the controversy, I shall take the applications and
the grants, that were made in the year one thousand seven
hundred and seventynine, and since. To begin with
Spain.
The 9th of September, 1779, Congress proposed to
obtain a subsidy from Spain during the continuance of the
war, which they offered to purchase by a very important
cession. Spain having hitherto declined an alliance with
the United Slates, no such subsidiary treaty took place.
In the same month Mr Jay was instructed to borrow
five millions of dollars.
292 ROBERT R LIVINGSTON
tions, he obtained one hundred and fifty thousand dollars,
and was compelled to protest bills of exchange drawn upon
him by Congress, on the presumption, that Spain would
certainly enable him to redeem ihem. This protest, which
was made on the l6th of March last, was as follows ;
"Mr Jay says, that when he accepted the bills hereunto
annexed, he had good reason to expect to be supplied
with funds necessary to pay them ; that he has been dis-
appointed in the expectation he was encouraged to enter-
tain on this subject, and that his endeavors to obtain
money, both here and elsewhere, have been unsuccessful,
although the bills which remain to be paid by him, together
with his other engagements, do not exceed twentyfive thou-
sand pounds sterling, but these disappointments being un-
expected, he cannot for want of time have recourse to
Congress, and therefore finds himself reduced to the mor-
tifying necessity of permitting them to be protested."
These bills were redeemed after the protest, by money
borrowed in France. I have reason to believe, that no
money has since been obtained on account of the United
States in Spain ; so that the application for five millions
of dollars has only been answered by the grant of one hun-
dred and fifty thousand dollars.
Portugal.
On the 11th of January, 1782,- Mr Jay was directed, in
conjunction with the Superintendent of finance, to under-
take a lo?n in Spain or Portugal, without limiting the
amount of such loan. And Mr Jay was directed to send
Mr Carmicliael to aid their endeavors. This power was
restricted by a subsequent resolution, directing Mr Jay not
to send Mr Carmichael, unless he had some prospect of
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 293
succeeding. Not having sent him, it is to be presumed
he had no prospect of succeeding.
Holland.
On the 26th of October, 1779, Mr Laurens, having
been appointed a commissioner for that purpose, was
directed to borrow a sum not exceeding ten millions
of dollars. Mr Laurens having been captured, his
place was supplied by Mr Adams, who had similar
powers and instructions. He made several attempts
to open a loan, but with so little success, that he never
has transmitted an account of the amount, but has since
informed me, that he had applied it in part of payment
for a house purchased at the Hague. His salary has
hitherto been paid by money drawn from France.
A loan, however, has been opened with success in
Holland on our account by his Most Christian Ma-
jesty, and under his special guarantee for ten millions
oflivres. Mr Adams informs Congress by a letter
dated the 5lh of July last, that he also has opened a
loan in Holland on account of the United Slates for
five millions of florins, but adds, that he does not
expect to obtain that sum for a long time, that if he
gets a million and a half by Christmas, it will be more
than he expects.
In a letter of the ISth of August, the last I have
received from Mr Adams, he says, that "when he re-
ceives the ratification of his treaty for a loan, there
will be thirteen or fourteen hundred thousand guilders
to be paid to the orders of Congress." This is con-
firmed by a letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, of
which he sends me an extract.
294 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON
As that ratification must have been received long
since, we may setihe loans actually made in Holland
on our credit, at
Three millions of livres, « 3,000,000
Those made under the guarantee and on
the credit of France, at 10,000,000
Ten millions of livres, 13,000,000
Our further prospects of borrowing arc too uncertain
to be stated. As this is a private loan it is reasonable
to suppose, that the clamors of the public creditors
here, when heard in Holland, will have some effect
upon our credit there.
France.
In France various applications were made, and sev-
eral grants obtained previous tothe year 1779, though
they are not clearly stated, from the irregular manner
in which the books of the Secret Committee, and the
Committee of Foreign Affairs were formerly kept. It
appears, that the whole sum obtained from France pre-
vious to the year 1780, exclusive of one million ob-
tained on a contract for tobacco with the Farmers-
General amounted to nine millions of livres. In
November, 17S0, Congress applied to the Court of
France for an aid of twentyfive millions of livres in
money, exclusive of a considerable supply of arms,
ammunition, and military stores, which they declared
would fall short of their wants for the ensuing year
without the greatest internal exertion.
They sent Mr Laurens as a Minister on this special
occasion, and in this year and the year 17S1, Congress
received fourteen millions of livres, including the
DIPLOMATIC CORRESrONDENCE. 295
goods and military stores, without counting the loan
opened for the United States in Holland, of which
mention is made before.
But as this sum fell ver}' far short of our wants, Dr
Franklin was instructed on the 8th of February, 17S2,
to borrow twelve millions of livres. In answer to
which, that Minister, writing to me on the 25th of
June, after acknowledging the receipt of my letters,
one of which was written on the subject of the above
instruction, says, "the second (the second letter) en-
forces some resolutions of ^Congress sent me with it
respecting a loan of twelve millions of livres to be
demanded of France for the current year. I had al-
ready received the promise of six millions, together
with the clearest and most positive assurances, that it
was all the King could spare us, that we must not
expect more, that if drafts and demands came upon me
beyond that sum, it behooved me to take care how I
accepted them, or where I should find funds for the
payment, since I could certainly not be further assisted
out of the royal treasury. Under this declaration,
with what face could I ask for another six millions?
It would be saying, 'you are not to be believed, you
can spare more, you are able to lend me twice the
sum, if you were but willing.' If you read my letter
to Mr Morris of this date, I think you will be con-
vinced how improper any language capable of such a
construction would be to such a friend."
On the 14th of September Congress were pleased to
direct that four millions of dollars be borrowed ia
Europe, exclusive of the loan negotiating in Holland.
A copy of which resolution is directed to be commu-
296 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
nicated to his Most Christian Mnjesty, with directions
to Dr Franklin to assure his Majesty of the high sense
the United States in Congress entertain of his friend-
ship and generous exertions, their reliance on a con-
tinuance of tliem, and the necessity of applying on the
present occasion to him. And on the 23d of Septem-
ber Congress resolved further, in answer to the above
letter from Dr Franklin, and one of a similar nature to
the Superintendent of Finance of the same date, that,
notwithstanding the information contained in those
letters, it is the direction o^ Congress, that he use his
utmost endeavors to effect the loan, which, by the re-
solve of the 14th instant is to be negotiated.
I should observe that in the above statement of the
grants made to the United States, I have not distin-
guished between loans and gifts, but included both in
the gross sums above mentioned, though about eight
millions of that granted by France has been given,
without any expectation of being repaid.
It is unnecessary to draw those inferences from the
above facts, which they naturally suggest. They can-
not escape your Excellency's observation. I can only
wish, that the low state of our credit abroad may
excite us to such internal exertions as must be its best
support. Those only can borrow with dignity, who
give unequivocal proofs of the design to repay their
debts with honor.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 297
THOMAS JEFFERSON TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Baltimore, February 7th, 1783.
Sir,
- I arrived here on the 30th of last month, and had a
short interview the same evening with the Chevalier
de Villc Brune, commander of the Romulus. There
appeared at that time little apprehension, but that we
might sail within a few days, but we were not very
particular in our conference, as we expected so soon
to see each other again ; the severity of the cold,
however, which commenced that night, obliged the
Chevalier de Ville Brune to fall twelve miles below
this place, and excluded all correspondence with him
till yesterday, when I found means to get through the
ice on board his ship. He then communicated to me,
by direction of his Excellency the Minister of France,
intelligence as to the number and force of the cruisers
now actually watching the Capes of the Chesapeake.
I must acknowledge, that these appear such as to
render a capture certain were we to hazard it. The
Minister was pleased at the same time to submit the
Guadeloupe to my wishes, if I chose to adventure. I
take the liberty of troubling you with a copy of my
letter to him on that subject.
I should certainly be disposed to run very consid-
erable risks myself to effect my passage, but I should
think it an unfortunate introduction to an ally, who
has already done so much for us, were I to add to his
losses and disbursements, that of a valuable ship and
crew. I wish that the present delay offered some
period less distant than the lassitude of an avaricious
VOL. XI. 38
293 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON
enemy to watch for prey. Perhaps you may be able
to put me on some more expeditious mode of passage
than the one under which I am acquiescing at present.
I shall be much pleased to adopt any such, which may
come recommended from you, without regard to per-
sonal risk or trouble. In the meantime, any intelli-
gence which you can be able to collect, and will be
pleased to give me as to the state of our coast, will be
of utility in determining whether and when we shall
depart hence.
I have the honor to be, &c.
THOMAS JEFFERSON.
THOMAS JEFFERSON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Baltimore, February 7th, 1783.
Sir,
The Chevalier de Ville Brune was so kind as to
communicate to me your Excellency's letter to him of
January, together with the intelligence therein refer-
red to. I feel myself bound to return you my thanks
for your orders to the Gaudeloupe frigate to receive
me. If I should think a passage should be hazarded
under present circumstances, according to this infor-
mation, (which is the most worthy of credit of any
we have received here,) it would seem, that our cap-
ture would be unavoidable were we to go out now.
This then is a risk, to which I cannot think of ex-
posing his Majesty's vessel and subjects, however I
might be disposed to encounter personal hazards, from
my anxiety to execute with all the promptitude in my
power a service, which has been assigned to me. I
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 299
shall, therefore, wait wiih patience the arrival of the
moment, when the Chevalier de Ville Brune shall be
of opinion, that the one or the other of the vessels
may venture out without any greater risk, than he
shall think proportioned to her proper object, inde-
pendently of mine.
It has been suggested to me this evening, that per-
haps their safe departure might be greatly forwarded
by their falling down to York or Hampton, there to
be ready at a moment's warning, to avail themselves
of those favorable circumstances, which the present
season sometimes offers, but of this yourself will be
the proper judge.
1 cannot close my letter without expressing to you
my obligations to the Chevalier de Ville Brune for the
particular attention he has shown to my accommoda-
tion on board his ship. The apartments he has had
constructed for me are ample and commodious, and
his politeness and merit as an officer are an agreeable
presage of everything, which shall depend on him.
I have the honor to be, with the highest sentiments
of esteem, &c.
THOMAS JEFFERSON.
'I > TO GENERAL GREENE.
Philadelphia, February 14lh, 1783.
Dear Sir,
Receive my congratulations on the important event,
you have announced in your favor by Major Burnet.
The influence that the evacuation of Charleston will
have on our affairs if the war continues is obvious.
300 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON
The southern States, by this means relieved from
their burdens, will be capable of contributing largely
to the general cause, and I doubt not when they have
breathed a little, that they will be as willing as ihey
are able. I feel. Sir, a personal interest in this great
event from the distinguished honor it reflects upon
you. In every other department our expectations
have gone beyond our means of satisfying them. You
have afforded the first instance of the contrary, and by
creating the means have exceeded our most sanguine
expectations.
We have the highest reason to conclude, that the
preliminaries of a peace are signed before this. I
have reason to hope that the terms of peace will com-
prize most of the great objects we have in view, and
in some points almost exceed our expectations. The
present policy of Britain is to make sacrifices to the
Manes of the affection, which once subsisted between
her and us. I have just put the last hand to our treaty
of amity and commerce with the United Provinces by
signing the ratification, which Congress have directed.
I congratulate you upon this event, which adds not a
little to our political importance.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THOMAS JEFFERSON.
Philadelphia, February 14th, 1783.
Sir,
I have delayed answering your favor of the 7th instant,
till I could obtain the sense of Congress on the matter it
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 301
contains. I conceive it hardly possible, wiille the British
cruisers retain their present station, for you to ehide their
vigilance, in either of the ships offered to your clioice.
This, concurring with the late advices from England, has
induced Congress to pass the enclosed resolution. We
have reason to conjecture that peace is already concluded,
whether it is or not, a few days must determine.
I transmit you the speech of His Britannic Majesty,
which, with what you already know of the state of our
negolii.iions, will enable you to form your opinion on the
same ground that we do.
1 have the honor to be, he.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THOMAS JEFFERSON.
Philadelphia, February 18th, 1783.
Sir,
I vvas honored yesterday with your favor of the 14th,
which I shall lay before Congress this morning. As you
have by this time received their resolution, which I had the
honor to send you by the last post, and again enclose, you
will be relieved in some measure from your embarrassments,
though not entirely from your suspense with respect to their
final determination. But that cannot be long doubtful,
since the negotiations have certainly arrived at such a crisis,
as either to terminate soon in a p&ace, or a total rupture.
In the latter case, you will necessarily be obliged to proceed
on your voyage, as Congress seem anxious to avail them-
selves of your abilities and information in the negotiations;
unless they are fully assured that a speedy peace will pre-
clude them from that advantage.
302 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
I enclose a paper, which contains all that we have yet
received on this interesting subject. It may, perhaps, be
difficult to account for our Ministers having signed before
those of France. But if this letter is genuine, it serves,
when compared with their instructions, to prove that the
terms are acceptable to us, and not disagreeable to France.
1 have the honor to be. Sir, &ic.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Office of Foreign Affairs, February 18th, 1783.
Sir,
I have the honor to lay before Congress, the enclosed
letter from Mr Jefferson, upon which I presume they will
not think it necessary at present to take any other resolution
than that already transcnitted to him. i also enclose an ex-
tract from a letter of JNlr William Lee to me, dated the 3 1st
of March last, wjiich nierits attention, though, in the present
state of our affairs. Congress may not think it advisable to
pass any resolutions thereon, till they are more perfectly
acquainted with the actual state of our affairs in Europe,
and what alterations may be occasioned by a peace.
I have leuers from Messrs De Neufville of the 27th
of September and 24th of October ; but as they contain
little more than a pressjng request to have their accounts
settled, and the balance paid, I shall not trouble Congress
with them, but deliver copies to the Superintendent of
Finance.
I have the honor to be, Sir, &.c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
DIPLOMATIC CORRKSPONDENCE. 303
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Philadelphia, February 2Gth, 1783.
Sir,
I have the honor to lay before Congress a letter received
yesterday from IVIr Dana. 1 must confess, I am at a loss
to discover any reason for detaining that gentleman longer
at a Court, where it is, as he justly observes, improbable
that he can be publicly acknowledged till Britain has no
longer any objections to such acknowledgment. After
which a treaty can be concluded, if necessary, here or at
the Hague ; a commission for that purpose being sent to
Mr Adams, with as much ease as at Petersburg. Congress
will then judge whether it will be proper to have a Minister
at the Court of St Petersburg, or whether a Resident, with
consular powers, will not answer all their purposes, and
save expense.
The desire which Mr Dana expresses to return, takes
from me the delicacy I before felt in staling this matter so
fully to Congress. I also enclose, in obedience to the
commands of Congress, a list of the names, titles, salaries,
and places of residence, of tl.e officers of the United Stales,
employed in the Department of Foreign Affairs.
I take the liberty to remind Congress that a variety of
matters, which have been submitted [)y me, remain yet not
acted upon ; and that the business of the office is very
much obstructed as well by this delay, as by the detention
of the letters and papers which refer to them. As this has
probably been occasioned by a change in the Comuiittees,
I humbly submit to Congress the propriety of directing
them to be filled up.
I have the honor to be. Sir, &:c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
304 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.
Philadelphia, February 26th, 1783.
Dear Sir,
In compliai.ce with the directions of Congress, contained
in the enclosed resolution, I have the honor to inform your
Excellency, that our last despatches, dated in October,
announce a disposition in the belligerent powers to terminate
the war by a general peace. The Court of London, whose
sincerity was most suspected, because it was to make the
greatest sacrifices, appears to have smoothed the way by
tlie commission to Mr Oswald (which your Excellency has
seen,) empowering him to treat with the Thirteen United
States of America; M. de Rayneval (brother to M. Gerard)
having been sent from France to sound the intentions of
the British Ministry, returned perfectly satisfied of their
sincerity.
A little before our despatches were closed, our Ministers
had delivered their propositions to the Court of London.
They consisted of three general heads, which comprised
our right to the fisheries, the extent of our territories, and
commercial objects. Though these propositions contained
all we could ask under each of these heads, yet Mr Oswald
gave our Ministers reason to conclude, that they would be
granted ; which I am inclined to believe they have been,
in their fullest extent, from the lead which our Ministers
have taken in signing Provisional Articles. France, Spain,
and Holland, had made their proposals ; so that tlie King
of Great Britain was perfectly apprized of their demands
before he met his Parliament ; there is little room, there-
fore, to doubt, when these facts are compared with the
speech of His Britannic Majesty, that unless some unfore-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 305
seen event should arise, a general peace will be concluded
before tlic opening of tlie next campaign.
I was honored with your letter of the 18th, and have
delivered the one enclosed to Mr Jefferson, who is detained
by order of Congress, till they receive more certain ad-
vices as to the issue of the negotiation. I should also
acknowledge the receipt of your Hn'or o( the 8th of Jainiary,
which I tound here on my return frocn the country. I
think, with you, that the British administration will choose
to take the advice of Parliament on the terms of peace,
before they agree to them. Yet they have gone every
longlh with respect to us. In this, however, they are per-
fectly safe, as the opposition have all along dictated that
measiu'e, so that on th.is quarter they are secured from
their attack. More circums()ection will be necessary in
adjusting the articles with the other belligerent powers.
To this cause, we may probably attribute lite delays that
this business still seems to struggle with.
15e pleased to accept my compliments, and those of my
fiunily, who join me in returning our best respects to Mrs
Washington.
I have the honor to be. Dear Sir, &,c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.
Philadelphia, March 12th, 1783.
Dear Sir,
The Washington packet arrived this morning. I jjave
not yet had leisure to read all my letters, but as an express
is ready to go early tomorrow, I rather choose to rely upon
your goodness to excuse a letter written in extreme baste,
VOL. XI. 39
306 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
tlian to holil myself inexcusable, by not informing yon of
what we yet know of the state of our negotiations. None
of my letters is of a later date than the 25ih of December.
All difficulties had then been removed wiih respect to ns,
and the preliminaries were signed ; they consist of nine
articles.
The Jirst acknowledges our Independence.
The second describes our boundaries, which are .as ex-
tensive as we could wish.
T!ie third ascertains our rigiils as to the fishery, and
puts them upon the same footing that ihey were before the
war.
The fourth provides that all British debts shall be paid.
The Jifth and sixth are enclosed for your perusal, as
they are likely to be the least satisfactory here.
The seventh stipulates that hostilities shall inmiediaiely
cease, and that the British troops be vviilulrawn without
carrying off any property, or dismantling fortifications ;
that records and archives shall be restored.
The eighth stipulates that the navigation of the Missis-
sippi shall be open to us and Great Britain.
The ninth, that all conquests made in America after the
ratification sliull be restored.
These preliminaries are only provisional upon the deter-
mination of a peace with France, whose negotiations have
not made such progress as ours. I believe they find them-
selves very much embarrassed by the deinands of their
other allies.
The Count de Vergennes, in a letter of the 25th of De-
cember, says, "I cannot foresee the issue, for difficulties
arise from the disposition we have shown to remove them.
It would be well, Sir, to prepare Congress for every event.
I do not despair ; I rather hope ; but all is yet uncertain."
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 307
But, Sir, whatever the event of the negotiations may be,
1 persuade myself tlie enemy will leave these States. Mr
Oswald his made some propositions to our Ministers upon
this subject, proposing that they might be pennilled to em-
bark without molestation, and endeavor to recover West
Florida from the Spaniards. This last communication,
(which you will consider as confidential,) I thought might
be important to your Excellency. By attending to their
conduct, you will be able to judge if they mean to pursue
this system, or if it was only thrown out to deceive.
I enclose also for your perusal, extracts from the ad-
dresses, not having time to have them copied at large.
They are mere eciioes to the speech. Supplies were voted,
without one dissenting voice.
I must pray your Excellency to send on the enclosed
packets ; any expense it occasions will be paid by the
Governor.
I have the honor to be, &ic.
ROliERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO GENERAL GREENE.
Philadelphia, March 12tli, 1783.
Dear Sir,
The arrival of the Washington packet affords me an op-
po'-tunity of sending you the preliminary articles, agreed
upon between our Ministers and those of Great Briiain.
In every point but one they are unexceptionable ; in that
one I believe our Ministers have labored to obtain all that
circumstances would admit, and by the reference of the
tories to their respective States, they have made a very
slender provision for the restitution they stipulate.
308 ROBKRT R. LIVINGSTON,
What it imports you more to know is, liiat though our
principal difficuliies are removed, yet many remain to re-
tard the peace. Our allies do not appear to have made
much progress in their negotiations, and Coimt de Ver-
gennes, in a letter of the 25ih of Decemher, speaks with
great uncertainty of the issue of his negotiations ; yet not
so as to destroy our hopes of a happy conclusion ; at all
events, I hclieve that the war will be removed from us, and
directed to other objects in the spring.
The British commissioners have njade some propositions
to ours about a convention for percnitiing the army to de-
part in pence ; but as nothing was concluded, some doubts
may slill remain on this head ; ihougli you will fiu'l in Lord
North's speech, in the enclosed paper, a passage that seems
to lake the evacuation for granted. As, however, I have
reason to suppose, that they ilo not mean to rest coniented
with the loss of West Florida, and are apparently collecting
a force for its reduction at Augiisiine, I should ihink it pru-
dent to maintain so respectable a force in Geoig-a and
South Carolina, as would discourage any attempts upon
them in case the negotiations should prove abortive.
A treaty is now on foot between Sweden and us. The
comujission to his Swedish Majesty's Minister, contains an
ample and an h:)norabIe recognition of our independence.
The committee charged with the arrangements for the
establishment of a Minister from the United Provinces at
this place, have reported to the States of Holland on his
salary and appointments, so that the Di[iloitiaiic Corps here
will shortly be increased.
The general news of this place, as well as what relates
particularly to the arrangements made and now making for
the army, you will learn from Major Burnet, who does me
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 309
the fiivor to be the bearer of this. It will not be necessary,
therefore, to leiigihen this fiiriher than to declare liie sin-
cere esteem and respect, with which I iiave the honor to
be, Sir, Stc.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THE PRESIDIINT OF CONGRESS.
Office of Foreign Affairs, Marcii 13th, 1783.
S'r,
I have ihe honor to lay before Congress the enclosed
letter from Mr JtefTcrt-on, who is wailing at this place liieir
determination. As jVlajor Bnrnet is now in town, and will
be the bearer of despaiches to Genera! Greene, 1 take the
liberty to request the earliest attention of Congress to those
parts of the despatches submiiled to them, that induce a
lielief that tiie enemy will tnrn their arms against \Vest
Florida, uhich the force diey now have at Augustine ren-
ders probable. Congress may, jierhajis, think it atlvisable
to order that the force in llie Southern States should be so
respectable as to discourage a second attempt irpon them
in case the fuilnre of the"negoiiation should occasion any
chai:ge in the British C-ibinet.
1 have the honor to be, Sic.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO TIIE PRESIDEN'T OF CONGRESS.
Office of Foreign Affairs, Marcli 18lh, 1783.
Sir,
The important matter contained in the despatches lately
received, renders me unwilling to reply to them without
310 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
being well satisfied of ilie sentiments of Congress. But, as
the subjects on wlrcli I wisii to be inforinsd, are of too
delicate a nature to be rendered formal acts, [ sliall submit
to them the drafts of my reply to the joint letter of our
Ministers, now at Paris. Previous to this, it will be neces-
sary that Congress come to some exiress determination
upon points which arise out of the treaty, and which, if they
see in the same light that J do, they will consider as the
most embarrassing, as well as the most important that can
claim their attention.
Congress have hitherto, in all the'r acts, both of a public
and private nature, manifested the utmost confidence in the
Court of France. In answer to every communication, they
have reiterated their resolutions on that subject, and so
lately as the 4th of October last, resolved unanimously,
"That they will not enter into the discussion of any over-
tures of pacif;ca:irn but in confidence and in concert with
his Most Christian Majesty ;" and directed that a copy of
the above resolution should not only be furnished to the
JNIinisier of France, but be sent to all the Ministers of the
United States in Europe, and published to the world. Yet,
Sir, it has unfortunately so hajipened, that the Ministers of
these States have imagined they had sufficient grounds to
sus )ect ti e sincerity of the Court of France, and have not
only thought it prudent to agree upon and sign preliminaries
with Great Britain, without cwnmunicating them, till after
the signature, to the Ministers of his Most Christian Majes-
ty, but have permitted a separate article to be inserted in
their treaty, which they still conceal from the Court of
Fiance.
This rednces Congress to the disagreeable necessity,
either of making thems'^lves parlies to this concealment,
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDr.NCE. 311
and thereby to contradict all their former professions of
confidence in their nlly, made not only to that ally, but to
their own citizens, and to every Court at which tl'.ey l;ad a
Minister, or of revealing it at the expense of the conliilence
they would wish to maintain between their INliniisters and
the Court of France, and that, too, when diose Ministers
have obtained such terms from the Court of London, as
does great honor to thein, and at least equals our highest
expectations.
I feci the more pain on this subject, because, from the
manner in which this treaty is drawn, as well as from the
article itself, 1 am inclined to believe that England Lad no
other view in its insertion, but to be enabled to produce it as
a mark of the confidence we reposed in them, and to detach
us from our ally, if the nation could be brought to continue
the war.
The preamble, drawn by our Ministers, contained pro-
fessions of attachnjent to the alliance, and declared that
the treaty should not be obligatory till His Britannic Majesty
shall have agreed to accept the terms of a peace between
France and Britain, proposed or accepted by his INIost
Christian Majesty, and shall be ready to conclude loith him
such treaty. The preamble, agreed to, and, as there is
reason to conclude, framed in England, is so expressed as
to render it very doubtful whether our treaty does not take
place the moment France and England have agreed on the
terms of their treaty, though France should refuse to sign
till her allies were satisfied. This construction is strongly
supported in the House of Commons by the administration.
The separate article is in itself an object of no moment;
the territory it cedes is of little importance, and if, as our
Ministers assert, it made a part of West Florida previous
312 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
to the war, it will, on tlie pence, be annexed to the nalion
thai sIimI! retain that Colony; but it is extremely well n.l-
culatecl to sow the seeds of distrust and je-aiousy betwi^en
the United Stales and iheir allies. li deinonslir.tes a
marked preference for ihc Engiisli over the present pos-
sessors, and seems lo inviie Biilain to reconq-ier it.
Tliotis;li tliij may promote our parlicidar interest, it never
can consist wi h om- honor lo prefer an open enemy lo a
nation cngn<5ed in ilie same caiiste with ns, and closely con-
nected to onr al'y. This article woidd, in my opinion, if
avowed by the United Slates, fully justify Sp:,in in making
a separate [)eare wiihoiil the least n^gard to our interest.
lint this. Sir, is an inconsiderable evil, compaied with
those which may result from its having been concealed
from the Court of Versailles. IMr Laurens informs Con-
gress (a<id that too from lellers of a late date from Loivlon,)
"that^he people of England still retain the 'n\fii\ o{ ovr Inte
Colonies and of reconciliation ; that Government gives
evcrij possible encourngement to this humor; that it has
been iheir incessant endeavor to delach us from <)ur ally,
and that it is given out in London, thai, bi/ signing the
Inte preliminaries, they have oiit-mnncenvred the Court of
France; that every engine had been set at work; that
every degree of crafi, under the mask of returning affec-
tion, will be practised for creating jealousies between the
States a::d their good and great ally." Mr Adams's letters
of November, speak the same language. If, Sir, we sup-
pose these gentlemen to have been Wt-li informed, how
much reason have we to apprehend ihat this secret article
will prove in ihe hands of Britain a most dangerous engine.
They may reveal to the Court of France the jealousies
our Ministers entertain, the confidence they repose iu them.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE 313
With such lalsehoods :ui(l additions as will best serve their
purposes, and, by producing this secret article, gain credit
for all they advance. This line they certainly pursued with
respect to France, revealing all that tb.ey learnt h-om the
Count de Vergennes, relative to his opinion of the first
commission ; nor is there room lo doubt, that Marbois'
letter was received through the same channel. And there
is no reason to believe, it (as our Ministers suppose) the
Court oi France had put themselves more in their power,
that they would neglect such promising means of increasing
the suspicions our Plenipotentiaries already enteitained.
Add to this, that this aiticle may be used in Parliament,
and with the British nation at large, as a most powerful
argument for continuing the war, adducing, from the resent-
ment it discovers to Spain, and the disirnsis it manifests of
France, that the (juadrtiple knot is untied.
But suppose, what may possibly be the case, that the
Brilisli administration are sincere, liovv is the honor and
good faith of the United States to be justified to their allies,
and to the world, if by any of those causes which daily
operate, this secret, which is now known lo sixty or seventy
people, should be discovered ? To tell the world that we
suspected France, will not suffice, tniless wc can show
probable grounds for such snspicioi!. Our Ministers inform
us, that when they communicated the articles of the treaty
to Count dc Vergennes, " he appeared surprised, but not
displeased at their being so favorahlf to us." Mi- lijuircns
declares expressly, *' That he sees no cause for entertaining
more particular jealousy, than ought lo be kepi up against
eveiy negotiating Court in the world, and not half so niucli
as .should at this '.liomenl be upon the watch against eveiy
motion arising irom our new half Inends.'"
VOL. XT. 40
314 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
I confess. Sir, tlioiigii my sontimeiits nre of little moment
t!iat I !im lully of this n|)iiiin!i. and tli;it I trenjblo lest -.ve
should -.it this hour be on the efl<;e of a precipire, the n^.nre
daiigeroii?, as we have fixed our eyes on the fiaiteriiig
prospect which lies beyond it. I am |)er?uaiiejl th. t ih(3
old maKiu), " Honesty is the best policy," applies witii as
much force to Slates as to individuals. In that persuasion,
1 ventu'-e humbly to recommen<i, that such nieasiucs be
adopted as to manifest, that repeated professions of fideliiy
to their engni;ements, and confidence in their ally, may not
appear to have been made by Congress to mask (lectt-it.
The caution, which negotiations req lire, and the liilit in
wliich objects have appeared to our Ministers, may jiistify
them, aiul |>erl!a|)S entitle them to credit for attempting to
serve us at every personal hazanl.
But, Sir, it certainly cannot consist with the honor of
these States, upon such slight grounds, to contradict their
own resuluiions, and forfeit the coiifiilence of an ally, to
whom it has been so much indebted, and whose aid it is at
this moment supplicating for the means of carrying on
another campaign.
Under these impressions, 1 hutnbly submit these resolu-
liou', namely ;
'• That the Secretary of Foreign AfFurs be directed to
comnuMUcate the Si^parate Article in the Provisional Pre-
liminary Treaty with Great Britain, to the Minister of his
Most Christian Majcty, in such manner as will best tend
to remove any milavorable impression it may make on the
Court of France, of the sincerity of these Slates or their
IMinisters.
"That the Ministers for negotiating be informed of
this communication, and of the reasons uliich influenced
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 315
Ciin2;ress to rnike it. Tint they Ue iusnuctLMl to agree,
tlial in ulijilcvcr Ir.nuls West Florida m:)y remain at the
tniuhi>ioii of ll;e war, tlie United States '.vill l)e satis^fied
that Slie line of Norlliern boundary be as described in ibe
said separate articles.
"That it is the «ensc of the United St:it(?s in Congress,
that the articles agreed upon helweer tiie iMini^teis of these
Siales, and those ol his Biilannic M;ij(-iy, are not lo lake
place until :: peace shall have hedi adnilly ?i'^ned between
their Most Chiisii.in anti Biitish .Majesties."
Coiiiiress will easily believe, that I oflVr ihe?e sentiments
with the ntniosi diffiilence ; Uiat I see many and pfjwerfnl
ar^nments that militi.te against tliei:) ; that 1 feel extreme
pain in advising a measure, which may hnrt the ieelings of
IMirihters, to whom we are indebted for their continued
zeal -and assiduity, all of whom I respict, and with one of
whom I have had the closest and most intnnate Iriendsiiip
from our earliest youth. But, Sii', it is a duty that my
ofilcc requires; and I am Iripjiy in reflecting that this duty
is discharged, when I have projiosed what I think riglit,
aii<i that liie better judgnsenl of CoiJgress is lo determine.*
I have the lienor lo be. Sir, &lc.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
CIIJCULAK TO TIIE GOV£UNORS OF THE STATES.
riiiladelj.hia, March JSth, 1783.
Sir,
Congress n fcv days since directed me lo transmit
lo your Kxcellcncy a copy of the provisional licaty
* See furtlier remarks l)y Mr Livingston on this siil)ject in Jolin
Jay's Correspondence, Vol. V'lll. p. 215; also Corrcspundcncc of the
Cuminissioncrs for Ftacc, Vol. X. p. ViO.
316 ROBERT R LIVINGSTON
for a peace between the United States and Great Brit-
ain. I should have done it at an earlier day without
any particular direction, had not an order passed in
Congress for furnishing the Delegates of each State
with a copy, that it might be transmitted through
them. In conformity to the second direction I have
the honor to enclose a copy, though I have no doubt
that I have been already anticipated by that forwarded
by the Delegates of your State. Yet, Sir, this letter
may not be entirely useless when it assures you that
the conclusion of the treaty is still very uncertain.
My public letters are of such a nature as not to free
me from apprehensions that Britain still seeks rather
to divide her enemies than to be reconciled to them.
Though this suspicion may not perhaps be well
founded, yet such conduct is so conformable to the
general tenor of British Councils, that it is at least the
part of prudence to be upon our guard against it. But
whatsoever their intentions may be, the peace must
still depend upon so many contingencies that no pre-
paration for another campaign should be omitted on
our part. None is neglected by our antagonists.
They have voted one hundred and ten thousand sea-
men for the ensuing year. France continues her pre-
parations, and will not close the war till she can obtain
honorable terms for her allies. Little progress was
made in their negotiations when my letters were writ-
ten. Count de Vergennes has thought it prudent to
advise Congress of this circumstance, that they might
be prepared for every event. I communicate it to
your Excellency wiih similar views. I doubt not
you will avail yourself of this information to urge the
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 317
State in which you preside, to take such measures
that they may not be found unprovided in case our
hopes of peace should be frustrated.
It would give me pleasure to learn the measures
that have been adopted, in consequence of the requisi-
tions made in my letters to your Excellency or your
predecessors in office at different periods relative to
my Department, and more particularly to receive the
account so frequently called for of the damage done
by the enemy in your State.* I have reason to think
had it been furnished in time, it might have been of
singular use to our Ministers, and perhaps have tended
to obtain some relief for the sufferers. It may not
yet come too late to be useful. Let me pray your
Excellency to take measures for furnishing three au-
thentic copies by the earliest opportunity.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Office of Foreign Affairs, Philadelphia, >
March 21st, 17«3. S
Sir,
I enclose for the inspection of Congress a letter re-
ceived by the Washington from Mr Barclay. I take
this opportunity to remind Congress, that I had the
honor of laying before them, on the 23d day of Decem-
ber, a letter from the same gentleman, which con--
' Proper alterations were made to this paragraph in the letter to
the Governor of Connecticut, as he had already sent the accounts
herein mentioned.
313 ROBKRT R. LIVINGSTON.
iaincil ohjcclimis lo iho convcnlion for the appoitit-
nieiit of Consuls, proposed lo he ciilcre-l into between
Frnncc nnd the United States, reasons fur >endinj> iiim
a new commission, constituting him Consul General in
Fnincc, uiih Count dc \'ergennes' ol»jection to ii)c one
lie now holils ; also a rerpiest of blank ctnumissions for
priva'eers and Icllers of marque. This letter was
commiitcd lo a sjieciai committee. I have not yet
been informed, wliether thoy have rej)oricil ; nor
have I been honored with the commands of Congress
relative to these ohjeols.
J have the honor to he, &:o.
liOBKRT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.
rhiladeli>Iiia, March 24lli, 1733.
Dear Sir,
You will by this express receive the as^reeable in-
telliiience of a general pzace, upon which I most sin-
cerely conj;ratulate yon and the army. Harmony, a
lej^ard fur justice and fidelity to our enj^ai^ements, are
all that no.v remains to lender us a happy people.
T!ie vessel that brought these despatches was sent out
by the Count d'Kstaing lo recall ll.e French cruisers.
As the Minister tells me he will forward the orders
and passporls lo your Kxceller.cy, I will not detain Iho
messenger till I have mine copied. 1 his should in
my opinion be immediately sent either by Congress or
yjour Kxceliency to Sir Guy Carleton.
A private letter to me mentions, tint the Bahama
Islands aie also cedeil to the B.iiisli. Holland seems
to have come worst off, and France by gellinij lililc fur
DIPLOMATIC CORRKSPONDE.NXE. 3|9
liersclf iins laid in a sloiT of rcpiilniion. which will he
woith more than niticii Ifiritory. I must ifquost your
Kxccilcncy lo send on t!ic enclosed letters by express
to the Goveiiior.
1 have ihe honor lo he, S:c.
UOIJKRT R. LIVINGSTON.
P. S. I have th.on<;ht j)ro|)er lo send Mr Lewis
ISIorris to New York, to inforin General Ciirlelun of
ihc linppy re-nnion of ihe powers nt uar, and also of a
resolution of Con<;ress of this day, dircctinj^ their
A;;cnt of Marine lo take proj)er measures lo slop all
furiher hoslililics by sea.
TO sin GUY CARLETOX, COMMANDER IN' CHIEF OF HIS
.JJUiTAXXIC majesty's FORCES IN NOHTII AMERICA.
Office of Foreign Affairs, Pliiladflpliia, }
Ma:cli a4tii, I7c3. )
Sir,
I have the honor lo inform your Exrcllcncy, that a
vessel arrived here last night from Cadiz, despatched
by oriler of Count d'Kstainu; to recall ihe cruisers of
his Most Christian Majesty, and to prevent the furiher
effusion of blood at sea. A copy of the order is en-
closed, havinj; l.een cerlilicd by the Chevalier ile la
Luzerne to he a Iruc copy. 'J|.'iiO!igh this may not be
considered by your Excellency as ofllcial, yet your
liumanily v.ill induce you to think it suflficienlly au-
thcr.lic to justify your taking imniediale measures lo
stop the furliier effusion of blood, on which j)rinci|)le
Congress have been pleased lo pass the enclosed rcso-
lulion.
320 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON
The vessel which brought these orders did not sail
with express design to come to the port of Philadel-
phia, and has, therefore, brought no official letters, so
that I have it not in my power to afford you any fur-
ther information as to the terms of a general peace,
than what are contained in the enclosed extract trans-
mitted to me by the Marquis de Lafayette ; with this
further addition, that the Bahama Islands are restored
to Great Britain.
Mr Morris, one of ray Secretaries, will have the
honor to deliver this to 3'our Excellency, and maj-^ be
intrusted with any despatches which you may choose
to deliver him, that may contain further information
than we have yet received on an event so interesting
to us and to humanity as the return of peace.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO REAR ADMIRAL DIGBY.
Office of Foreign Affairs, Philadelphia. >
March 24th, 1783. ]
Sir,
I have the honor to enclose for your perusal the
copy of a letter, which I have just written to his Ex-
cellency General Carleton. If the subject of it should
relate more to you than to his Department, I am sat-
isfied that you will find equal pleasure in adopting
such measures as humanity dictates, and mutually con-
cur with the United States in the best means of ex-
tending, as early as possible, the blessings of peace te
the subjects or citizens of the nations at war.
I have tlie honor to be, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 321
SIR GUY CARLETON TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
New York, March 26th, 1783.
Sir,
I have received your letter of the 24th instant, en-
closing a resolution of Congress of the same date, taken
in consequence of the arrival of the cutter, Trionnphe,
commanded by Lieutenant du Quesne, with orders of the
10th of February last, given at Cadiz by Vice Admiral
d'Estaing, for him to put to sea and cruize on such stations
as he shall judge most likely to meet with ships of his
nation, and inform them of the happy reconciliation of the
belligerent powers, and to order all their ships of war to
cease hostilities against those of Great Britain ; the Pre-
liminary Articles of a general peace being signed the 20th
of January. You thereupon are pleased to express your
expectation that T would think this information thus con-
veyed, "sufficiently authentic to justify my taking imme-
diate measures to stop the further effusion of blood."
For my own part, I have hitherto abstained from all
hostilities, -and this conduct 1 meant to continue so far as
our own security would permit ; but how great soever my
desire is to put an entire stop to the calamities of war, and
whatever respect this information may deserve, yet I. do
not find myself thereby justified in recommending measures
that might give facility to the fleets and armies menacing
any part of the King's possessions, to carry their hostilities
into execution.
To adopt a measure of this importance, it is necessary I
should receive orders from home, which I may reasonably
expect every hour, as a cruiser sent out on other purposes
is already arrived at Philadelphia ; and I assure you, Sir,
VOL. XI. 41
322 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
I only wait ihe official certainty of this great event, to
assume the langimge, and the spirit too, of the most perfect
conciliation and peace.
I perceive, Sir, by the resolution enclosed in your letter,
that Congress have thought fit to consider this information
as authentic, and, tliereupoii, have tai<en one considerable
step towards carrying the terms of peace into immediate
execution.
Another, not less important, I presume, has been taken,
or is taking. With the cessation of hostilities, I perceive,
is connected in the seventh Article of the provisional treaty
an engagement, that "all prisoners on both sides sl)all be
set at liberty ;" of this event, therefore, 1 hope likewise
speedily to receive the very necessary and welcome notice,
as 1 shall find the highest satisfaction in seeing released on
all sides, men upon whom the evils and calamities of war
have more peculiarly fallen.
I am, Sir, &tc.
GUY CARLETON.
ADMIRAL DIGBY TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
New York, March 27lh, 1783.
Sir,
I have received your letter, enclosing me the resolve of
Congress, with a copy of a letter to his Excellency, Sir
Guy Carleton, but, as I have as yet received no official
accounts from England, 1 must wait till you, on your side,
relieve our prisoners, before 1 give that general relief to
you, 1 so much wish. There can be no reason for detain-
ing our prisoners one moment, as Congress must suppose
the peace signed. I shall take every precaution in my
power consistent with my duty, to §top any further mis-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 323
chief upon the seas, but should recommend the preventing
nny vessels sailing, as I have not yet received sufficient
authority to enable me to withdraw my cruisers.
1 am, Sir, &tc.
ROBERT DIGBY.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Office of Foreign Affairs, March 28th, 1783.
Sir,
There remains in my hands the sum of thirtyeight
thousand three iiundred and thirtytwo livres, equal on ex-
change at par to about seven thousand three hundred and
ten dollars, arising from the excess on the payment of the
salaries of the Ministers of the United States in Europe,
occasioned by the course of exchange during the last year,
which Congress have been pleased to direct that 1 should
pass to the account of the United States. In this I have
not calculated six hundred and eightyeight livres excess
upon M. Dumas's account, being too inconsiderable to
make a deduction worth attention.
Desirous of settling all my accounts on the 1st of April,
previous to my leaving the department, I pray Congress to
pass some order relative to the disposition of the money,
so thq^ I may discharge myself of it. As Congress may
be led to suppose, from a passage in Mr Laurens's letter,
that I have charged a commission on this transaction, I
take the liberty to ii:form them, that though this is an
extra service attended with some trouble and risk, I once
had it in view, if our Ministers compelled me to be their
agent, to charge a commission while t!ie exchange was in
their favor, yet not having then done it, I cannot think it
324 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
would be reasonable to deduct a commission from the re-
duced sum that is now paid them.
I have honor to be, he.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THOMAS JEFFERSON.
Philadelphia, April 4th, 1783.
Sir,
1 have the honor to inform you, by the direction of Con-
gress, in answer to your letter of the 13th of Marcii, "that
they consider the object of your appointment as so far ad-
vanced, as to render it unnecessary for you to pursue your
voyage ; and that Congress are well satisfied with the
readiness you have shown in undertaking a service, which
from the present situation of affairs, they apprehend can
be dispensed with."
I have caused your account to be settled to the 1st of
April, and hope to be able to send you the warrant for the
amount tomorrow. If you please, I will apply for such
further sum as you may think proper to charge for the
time that may be necessary to carry you home, as 1 think
that within the spirit of the resolution of Congress.
I have the honor to be, he.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
WILLIAM PACA TO ROBERT K. LIVINGSTON.
In Council, Annapolis, April 4th, 1783.
Sir,
We have been honored with your favor of the 18th
ultimo.
The requisitions made in your former letters have been
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 325
regularly laid before the Legislature of this Stale, (IMary-
land) and we are very sorry to find that the early attention
which their importance merited has not been paid to them.
The Assembly at their last session, passed an act di-
recting persons to be appointed in each county to ascertain
upon oath the damages done by the enemy within their
respective counties, and to report the same to this Board.
As soon as we are furnished with their returns, you may
rest assured, Sir, that no time shall be lost in transmitting
to you, properly authenticated, the information you have
been solicitous to obtain.
With great regard and respect, k,c.
WILLIAM PACA.
SIR GUT CARLETON TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
New York, April 6th, 1783.
Sir,
A packet from England arrived at this port last night,
by which I have despatches from Mr Tovvnshend, one of
his Majesty's principal Secretaries of State, communicating
official intelligence, that Preliminary Articles of Peace
with France and Spain were signed at Paris, on the 20th
of January last, and that the ratifications have been since
exchanged at the same place.
The King, Sir, has been pleased, in consequence of
these events, to order a Proclamation to be published, de-
claring a cessation of arms,* as well by sea os land, and
his Majesty's pleasure signified, that I should cause the
same to be published in all places under my command, in
* See this Proclamation in the Correspondence of the Commission-
ers for Peace, Vol. X. p. 124,
326 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
order, tlint his IMojesfy's subjects mny pay immediate
and due obedience thereto, nnd sncli Prochimation I shall
accordingly cause to be made on Tuesday next, the 8ih
instant.
In consequence thereof, and in conformity to the Arti-
cles of peace, all our prisoners of war are to be set at
liberty and restored, with all convenient despatch ; enter-
taining no doubt, but that similar measures will be taken
on tlje part of the United States of America. In like
manner no doubt can be entertained, but that Congress, in
confortniiy to the fifth Article of the provisional treaty, will
lose no time in earnestly recommending to the Legislatures
of the respective States, to provide for the restitution of
confiscated estates, and to reconsider and revise all laws
of confiscation, that they may be rendered perfectly con-
sistent, not only with justice and equity, but with that
spirit of conciliation, which on the return of the blessings
of peace should universally prevail.
And 1 am further to inform you, Sir, that an instrument
of accession to the suspension of hostilities, by the States
General of the United Piovinces, having been received
in England, a cessation of arms with those States has been
thereupon included in the Proclamation.
Upon this great occasion, Sir, I am to ofTer my strong-
est assurances, that during the short period of my com-
mand here, I shall be ready and earnest to cultivate that
spirit of perfect good will, which betwe,en the United
States of America, and the King of Great Britain, and the
subjects and the citizens of both countries, will I trust
always remain.
I am, with much consideration. Sir, &z,c.
GUY CARLETON.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 327
ADMIRAL DIGBY TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Lion, off New Yoik, April Gth, 1783.
Sir,
I have this moment received the enclosed Proclamation
from his Mnjesly's Secretary of Slate, and shall immedi-
ately despatch one of the sloops of war to withdraw all
my cruisers upon this coast, and shall also release all the
prisoners as quickly as 1 can dispose of them in the most
convenient way to themselves.
] am, Sir, Sac.
ROBERT DIGBY.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Office of Foreign Affairs, April 10th, 1783.
Sir,
I have the honor of laying before Congress two letters,
received yesterday by express ^ from New York, the one
from General Carleion and the other from Rear Admiral
Digby. Both covered copies of his Britannic Majesty's
Proclamation for a cessation of hostilities. I presume
Congress will consider this advice as sutficiently authentic
to justify the discharge of their prisoners, who are now a
useless expense, though not so much so as to render it
proper to proceed to the measures directed by the fifth
Article of the provisional treaty, till that treaty is officially
communicated and ratifications exchanged.
I am at a loss to determine when hostilities are of right
to cease between the United States and Great Britain.
If, as the Proclamation asserts, the times therein mentioned
were agreed between the Ministers of the several powers
328 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
at war, to take effect upon their respective ratifications,
then hostilities have not yet ceased between ns and Great
Britain, except so far as the King of Great Britain has
thought proper to shorten the term by his special act. If
no such ratification was necessary on our part, then hos-
tilities ceased immediately after ratifications were ex-
changed between France and England. If the same
term has been fixed for the cessation of hostilities between
Great Britain and the United States, as that agreed upon
between France and Great Britain, then it becon)es a
question, what is nr.eant by "as far as the Western Islands'?"
If it refers to the latitude, then all prizes made after the
3d of March, on the greater part of our coast, must be re-
stored. As much property may depend upon the decision
of these questions, 1 presume Congress will do do act,
which shall lead to a determination of it, till we receive
further advices from our own Ministers.
I shall be pardoned when I take the liberty to request,
that the enclosed letters may not find their way into the
papers, unless Congress shall determine, that this publica-
tion may answer some useful purposes.
I have the honor to be, Sir, he.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THE PRESIDENT OP CONGRESS.
Philadelphia, April 10th, 1783.
Sir,
I do myself the honor to enclose the draft of a Procla-
mation for the suspension of hostilities between the United
States and Great Britain, and the resolution for the dis-
charge of prisoners, together with one for referring a part
I
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 329
of Mr Adams's letters, which is all that it is necessary to
report upon the letters referred to me.
I liave the honor to be, &:c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
^ TO GENERAL GREENE.
Philadelphia, April 12th, 1783.
Dear Sir,
1 am now to congratulate you on the return of peace,
and a cessation from your labor. I .some time since sent
you the Provisional Treaty between Great Britain and the
United States. On Wednesday last, Sir Guy Carleton
sent me the enclosed Proclamation of his Britannic Majes-
ty, and informed me, that he had directed a similar
Proclamation to issue at New York, and proposed to dis-
charge a'l our prisoners. I had a letter from Admiral
Digby to tlie same effect ; the next day I received advices
ol the agrefcuent of the cessation of hostilities, from our
Ministers. Congress, in consequence of these advices,
yesterday issued the enclosed Proclamation.
I reported to them on the propriety of releasing their
prisoners. The report is to be considered today, and I
doubt not that it will be agreed to. The British Parlia-
ment appear to be extremely dissatisfied at the terms of
peace ; a majority, headed by Lord North, has been
obtained against the Administration, so that I think Lord
Shelburne has little prospect of continuing in the Adminis-
tration ; but this is of no consequence to us, unless we are
bound to like ?.n Administration that has served us against
their will. As doubts may arise with respect to the resti-
VQL. XI. 42
330 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
tution of prizes taken after the epoch fixed by the Proclama-
tion, it may not be improper for me to mention to you,
thot we conceive, that hostilities ceased in those parts of
the Atlanlic Ocean, which lay in the same latitude with the
Canaries, on the 3d of March.
I am, Sir, &;c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO SIR GUVr CARLETON.
Philadelphia, April 12th, 1763.
Sir,
I received your letter of the 6ih instant, informing me
of the arrival of a Packet, by which you have official
inteliigerce, that the Preliminary Articles of Peace with
France and Spain were signed at Paris on the 20th of
January last ; that the ratifications have been since ex-
changed, and that his Britannic Majesty has ordered a
cessation of arms to be proclaimed, as well by sea as by
land ; and that you propose, agreeably to Mb orders, to
issue a similar Proclamation, and to set at liberty your
prisoners of war.
This interesting intelligence was communicated to the
United States in Congress, who, though they had yet re-
ceived no official accounts, would immediately have made
it the basis of pacific measures, without entertaining doubts
of its authenticiiy, or yielding to suspicions which would
tend to prolong the calamities of war ; but while these
measures were under consideration, they received from
their Ministers official advices of the agreement between
them and the Court of Great Britain relative to a cessa-
tion of hostilities, on which they have founded the enclosed
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 331
Proclamation.* They have likewise under consideration
measures for the discharge of their prisoners ; these
measures will be carried into effect as soon as possible
after they are determined on.
It cannot be doubted, Sir, as you justly observe, that
Congress will embrace the earliest opportunity to perform
the stipulations contained in the fifth, as well as every other
of the Provisional Articles, immediately after the same shall
have been ratified. In the meanwhile, it must be obvious
to your Excellency that a recommendation to restore to
the loyalists the estates they have forfeited, will conr.e
with less weight before Legislatures composed of men,
whose property is still withheld from them by the con-
tinuance of his Britannic Majesty's fleets and armies in this
country, than it will do when peace and the full enjoyment
of their rights shall have worn down those asperities, which
have grown out of eight years' war. This reflection will,
I doubt not, induce you to give every facility in your power
to the execution of the seventh Article of the Provisional
Treaty, and to fix as early a day for the e-vacuation of
New York, and its dependencies, as may consist with
your orders.
I give the fullest credit. Sir, to your assurances, that you
are ready to cultivate the spirit of harmony and good will
between the subjects and citizens of his Britannic INlajesty
and these States, since I find them warranted by the
humanity which has uniformly distinguished your command
in America. But, Sir, time only, with liberality in those
that govern in both countries, can entirely efface the
remembrance of what has passed, and produce that per-
* See this Proclamation in the Correspondence of the Commissioners
for Peace, Vol. X. p. 133.
332 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
feet good will, which I sincerely concur with you in wishing
to culiivale.
1 am, Sir, he.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO REAR ADMIRAL DIGBY.
Philadelphia, April 12th, 1783.
Sir,
I received your letter, enclosing a Proclannaiion for the
suspension of hostilities, and informing me of your design
to recall your cruisers and release your prisoners. In re-
turn. Sir, I have the pleasure to enclose a Proclamation by
the United States of America for a suspension of hostilities.
Congress have the measures necessary for the return of
their prisoners under consideration ; I shall acquaint you
vviih those they adopt.
The resolution transmitted in my last, hns already in-
formed you, that the humanity of Congress induced them,
on the first intimation of the cessation of hostilities, to recall
their cruisers. It is to be hoped. Sir, that no difficulties
will arise on cither side as to the restitution of such vess:;ls
as may have been taken after the epoch mentioned in the
Proclamations of his JBritannic Majesty and the United
States. For though this may be of no great moment
when considered in a national light, yet it becomes impor-
tant, from the number of captures made on this coast within
the latitude of the Canaries, since the 3d of March last,
as well as from the presages, which the first steps may
furnish, of the rf>spect that will in future be paid to the
stipulations in the treaty.
The gentleman, who delivered me your letter, will in-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 333
form you, that it came open to my lianrls from a mistake
in the direction. I am so fully persuaded, Sir, that I do
not deceive myself, when I impute this raiiier to mistake,
than to the princi[)le followed, in some instances, in an
early period of the late war, that I should not have noticed
it now but 10 prevent, in future, the inconveniences, willi
which it has been in this instance attended.
I am, &ic.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.
Philadelphia, April 12th, 1783.
Dear Sir,
I congratulate your Excellency most sincerely upon
the cessation of hosliliiies, which you will learn from the
enclosed Proclamation. You will doubtless have heard
directly from General Carleton on the suliject, so that it
will not be necessary to trouble you with the substance of
his letter to me.
Congress will this day, upon njy report, take into con-
sideration the p.opriety of discharging the ["risoners, and
the manner in which it is to be done. Sir Guy Carleton
presses hard in his letter for the execution of the fifih of
the Preliminary Articles. 1 have replietl, that it cannot
be executed till the treaty is ratified ; and in the moan
lime endeavored to convince him, that the recommendation
of Congress will be received with much more respect,
when the persons, who compose our Legisl.itines, have
returned to their respective homes, and the asperities occa-
sioned by the war shall be a little worn down by the
enjoyment of peace. It is a very capita! omission in our
334 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
treaty, that no ti:ne has been fixed for the evacuation of
New York.
It were to be wished, tiiat General Carleton's intentions
on this head could be sounded by your Excellency.
I have the honor to be, Dear Sir, he.
ROBERT R. LIVJNGSTON.
CIRCULAR TO THE GOVERNORS OF THE STATES.
Philadelphia, April 12th, 1783.
Sir,
Permit me to offer yon my congratulations on the im-
portant event announced by the United States, in Congress,
in the enclosed Proclamation for the cessation of hostilities ;
an event, which is not only pleasing, as it relieves us from
the accumulated distresses of war in the bowels of our
country, but as it affords the fairest and most flattering
prospects of its future greatness and prosperity. I need
not, 1 am persuaded, Sir, use any argtmients to urge your
Excellency and the State over which you preside, to the
most scrupulous attention to the execution of every stipula-
tion in our treaty, which may depend on you or them. A
national character is now to be acquired. I venture to
hope, that it will be worthy of the struggles by which we
became a n.ition.
I have the honor to be, he.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 335
SIR GUY CARLETON TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
New York, April 14th, 1783.
Sir,
As I observe in the seventh article of the Provisional
Treaty it is agreed, after stipulating that "all prisoners on
both sides shall be set at liberty," that "his Britannic Ma-
jesty shall with all convenient speed, and without causing
any destruction, or carrying away any negroes, or other
property of the American inhabitants, withdraw all liis
armies, garrisons, and fleets from the United Slates, and
from every port, place, and harbor within the same, he. ;"
and as embarkations of persons and property are on the
point of being made, I am to request that Congress would
be pleased to empower any person or persons, on behalf of
the United States, to be present at New York, and to assist
such persons as shall be appointed by me to inspect and
superintend all embarkations, which the evacuation of this
place may require ; and they will be pleased to represent
to me every infraction of the letter or spirit of the treaty,
that redress may be immediately ordered.
I am. Sir, &cc.
GUY CARLETON.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGKESS.
Philadelohia, April 21st, 1783.
Sir,
I have the honor to enclose a letter, just received from
iMr Dana. I am much surprised to find that such consid-
erable sums as he mentions are necessary on the signature
of a treaty with Russia, since 1 cannot learn that n^oney is
deirianded of right on similar occasions by any civilized
33G ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON
nation in Europe ; thougii it is usual among them to pre-
sent gratifications to ilie Ministers on botli sides, wliicli be-
ii!g for the most part of equal value, the account is bal-
anced. As I do not conceive, that we are under the least
necessity of buying a treaty with Russia, I think it would
be well for INlr Dana, (if he should not have been misin-
formed) to declare to the Court of St Petersburg, that the
Ministers of the United States are restrained from receiv-
ing [)resents, that to make them in such circumstances,
would be either to arrogate a superiority to which they
were not entitled, or to acknowledge that they were so far
the inferior of those with whom they treated, as to be com-
pelled to purchase a connexion, wliich should be founded
in equality and mutual advantage. That he therefore
found himself compelled in tho one case, by respect for the
Empress, in t!ie other by a regard to the United States,
rather to break off the treaty, than to take a step which
might he su|)posed to derogate fiom either. After all, I
apprehend, that Mr Dana has not received his information
on this subject through the best channel, and that he must
have mistaken a particular case for a general custom.
I have ib.e honor to be, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
GEOUGE WASHINGTON TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Head Quarters, April 22d, ]783.
Sir,
I Inve been honored with your two favors, dated the
12ih and 15ih instant.
In consequence of the resolutions of Congress on the
15ih instant, and the express declarations of the Secretary
DIPLOxMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 337
at War, respecting the sense and expectations of Congress,
arrangements have been agreed upon between him and
me, for an immediate liberation of all land prisoners; and I
have yesterday given this inforination to Sir Guy Carlcton.
Tlie pariiculars of the arrangement, with the opinion given
the Briiish Comnjander in Chief, you will obtain through
the Minister at War.
In order to obtain the sense of Sir Guy Carleton upon
the mniters, contained in the resoUition of the 15ih, 1 iTave
proposed a personal interview with him at an early day.
The result of this meeting, if acceded to, will probably lead
us to a decision upon some questions, which are more
doubtful, and that with grester decision and despatch, than
could otherwise be procured.
1 have the honor to be, &c.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
CEOllCE WASHINGTON TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Head Quarters, May 13th, 1783
Sir,
Your favor of the 3d came to hand by the last post.
Before this time you will have seen the report I made
to Congress of the interview with Sir Guy Carleton. I
am very sorry its result proved so indecisive. That this
arises from the cause you mention I am not fully per-
suaded. I believe a want of information from his Couit,
which had been for some time without any administration,
has been a great embarrassment to him.
The civil jurisdiction of West Chester County Sir Guy
Carleton appeared very willing, in his conversation, to re-
linquish to the State ; but what reply he will make to the
VOL. XI. 43
333 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
Governor, wlien lie comes to reduce it to writing, I know
not. Long Island he seemed to think could not be so easily
delivered i:p. It would be attended with ninny inconven-
iences, and he mentioned particularly the facility it would
give to deser ions, and (he necessity of holding it for the
accomnuxhitipn of those people, who must eventually be
obliged to leave the country. Siaten Island was also
necessary for his convenience.
I ijave had no reply from Si'' Guy since his return to
New York, nor, I presume, iias Governor Clinton heard
anything from hinj.
I have the honor to be, &ic.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
TO THE CHAIRMAN OF A COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS.
Philadelphia, May lOlh, 1783.
Sir,
Tho inquiries that the committee were pleased to do
me the honor to make this morning, relative to my continu-
ing to exercise the office of Secretary of Foreign Affairs,
were extremely embarrassing to me, because, on the one
hand, I find it impossible to continue in the office on the
present establishment, without material injury to my pri-
vate affairs, and, on the other, to propose the terms on
which 1 would stay would be to overrate my own im-
portance, and to suppose that others could not be had
upon such conditions as Congress have been pleased to
consider as sufficient. Having given my whole time, and
a considerable part of my property to the public during
the war, I see, with pleasure, that the affairs of the United
Slates are not now in such a situation as to render the
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDE^XE. 339
contributions of an individual necessary. It is my wish to
endeavor to repair the injuries my estate has sustained by
the ravages of the enemy, and my own neglect, by the
offices I have held.
From my former letter, Congress will be ab'e to judge
how far my expenses in the office exceed the salary. But
as it by no means follows, that another by greater economy
and humbler, but, perhaps, more just ideas of the im-
portance of this office, could not live at less expense, I do
not think that n)in« should be any reason to induce Con-
gress to make other changes, than such as they shall of
ihemsplves deem necessary. And in this view, I re-
quested the committee, that called upon me last winter, to
keep the matter of emoluments entirely out of sight in their
report, as I then considered my stay only as a temporary
incouver.ience.
At present, Sir, I must choose between tiie office I
have been honored with from Congress and an important
State office. If I continue in the first, I must suppose it
the business of years, and lose sight of all other objects in
my own State, where 1 have something to hope from my
connexions and the favor of my coui.trynien, and where I
possess an estate, the value of which dejiends in a great
measure upon my attention to it. Under these circuni-
stances, I flatter myself that the committee will not think
me blamable, when I assure them, that though I am willing
to give my lime and services to the public if they should
be deemed necessary, yet I cannot injustice to myself or
my family, add to this gift that of such a portion of my
pro()eriy as 1 find absolutely necessary to support llie
tffice I hold.
Permit me, Gentlemen, to add, that having no wishes
340 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
upon this sul.ject, T am sincerely desirous iliat personal con-
siderations may not enter into the nrrangemenis that Con-
gress make thereon. 1 feel ntyself extremely honored hy
the attention they liave shown me in directing yon to con-
fer with me on this snhject ; and I reflect with great
pleasure on the reasons I have had to be satisfied with
their conduct towards me since 1 have been honored with
the office.
1 am, Gentlemen, &ic.
ROBERT R. LIVLXGSTON.
TO JOSEPH NOURSE.
Philadelphia, INIay 2Clh, 1783.
Sir,
In compliance with your request, I have collected from
the papers in my office the following account of tJKj
moneys received by loans, or otherwise, from Holland,-
Fiance, and Spain.
The first loan that was opened in Holland on niir ac-
count with success, was opened by His Most Cinisiian
Majesty, and under his special guarantee, (or ten millions of
livrcs. Since that, another loan was contracted hy Mr
Adams with private banking houses, to the amount of five
millions of florins.
These houses, in a letter directed to n>e of the IGih of
August last, write that they had at that time in cash by
them, one million four hundre.i and eighty four thousand
florins, of which the interest ran as follows ;
1,314,000 florins, from the 1st of June,
170,000 florins, from the 1st of July.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 341
They add, iliat they had already paid to the ordn- of
Mr Aihims, in favor of siiii(h-y individuals, tlie sum of two
llioiisaiid nine hundred and two florins, and that that Min-
ister had hinted to them, tiiat it would be necesoary to
pay some <hafis of Mr Laurens's when arrived, and j« few
other unavoidable expenses, which would amount to about
tv»o himdred iJiousaiid florins. By a letter of the iSili
of November last, they have acknowledged the receipt
of the contract duly ratifieil, so that the money they
had on hand has been since that li(ue at the disposal of
Congress.
The moneys received from France before the year
1780^ cannot be very accurately stateil, for the want of
order in lite books kept by the Committee of Foreign
Affairs. Hy the best estimate I have been able to make,
the amoinit of, such moneys appears to be about nine
millions of livres, exclusive of one million received from
the Farmers-Genlral on a particular contract. To this,
must be added the grants oljfiincd l*y Colonel Laurens,
which, including military stores, amomit to fourteen mil-
lions of livres. So that the whole of the money received
from F^rance, amounts to about four and twenty millions
lournois. I shoidd observe, that I ha»'e not iiere made
any distinction between loans and gifts, though about eight
nnllions of the above sum have been granted by France
without any expectation of being repaid.
From S|)ain we have only received one jjundred and
fifty thousand dollars, which were granted to Air Jay in
the beginning of the year 17S0.
1 have not menlioi'ed the engagement, which France
has lately entered into to supply the United States with
six millions of livres, as you may find everything that
342 RQBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
relates to it in the appendix to the address of Congress to
the Stnles.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
TO THE PHESIDENT OP CONGRESS.
riiiladelphia, June 2d, 1783.
Sir,
I hiive the honor to submit to Congress a letter from
M. Dumas, wiiii several papers relative to a negotiation,
which appears to have been commenced by the Slates of
Holland iviih our jNIinisters. As this subject may be very
important m its consequences, it is to be presumed, tliat
they would wish to have the direction of Congress. I
woidd therefore take the liberty to suggest, that these pa-
pers be committed to a special coinmiitee.
As my stay in town will not admit of my executing the
commission, whicli M. Van Berckel requires, I must pray
Congress also to give some direction iherein.
1 have the honor to ije, he.
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
THE
CORRESPONDENCE
OF
ROBERT MORRIS,
SUPERINTENDENT OF FINANCE.
During the rtrst years of the Revolution the finan-
cial concerns of Congress were managed by a Com-
mittee, under the general supervision of that body.
Disorder and confusion were the gradual results of
such a system. It was at length resolved to put this
Department into the hands of a responsible individual,
and Robert Morris was unanimously chosen Super-
intendent of Finance, on the 20th of February, 1781.
Various reasons prevented his engaging in the duties
of the office till the May following.
The high expectations of Congress, and of the
country, were fully answered by the ability and suc-
cess with which Mr Morris administered the affairs of
this new Department. Funds were provided, and
public credit restored. He remained in office till
November 1st, 1784.
Nothing can afford a stronger proof of his zeal, assi-
duity, and unwearied labor, than the correspondence
which he has left respecting the transactions of his
office. The letters here published are a selection only
from the large mass, which has been preserved. They
pertain chiefly to the foreign relations of the United
States, either as effected by European loans, or by the
agency of the internal resources of the country. In
fact, all the financial operations of Congress were more
or less connected with their Foreign Affairs, since
loans from abroad were necessary, and these could be
])rocured only on the strength of public rredit and (he
means of sustaining it at home,
vol.. XI. 44
CORRESPONDENCE
ROBERT MORRIS
ORGANIZATION OF THE FINANCE DEPARTMENT.
In Congress, February 7lh, 1781 .
Congress resumed the consideration of the plan for
the arrangement of the civil executive departments of
the United States ; and thereupon,
Resolved, That there be a Superintendent of Fi-
nance, a Secretary at War, and a Secretary of Marine j
That it shall be the duty of the Superintendent of
Finance, to examine into the state of the public debts,
the public expenditures, and the public revenue; to
digest and report plans for improving and regulating
the finances, and for establishing order and economy
in the expenditure of the public money ; to direct the
execution of all plans, which shall be adopted by Con-
gress respecting revenue and expenditure ; to superin-
tend and control the settlement of all public accounts;
to direct and control all persons employed in procur-
348 ROBERT MORRIS.
ing supplies for the public service, and in the expen-
diture of public money; to obtain accounts of all the
issues of the specific supplies furnished by the several
States; to compel the payment of all moneys due to
the United Stales, and in his official character, or in
such manner as the laws of the respective States shall
direct, to prosecute in behalf of the United States, for
all delinquencies respecting the public revenue and
expenditures ; to report to Congress the officers who
shall be necessary for assisting him in the various
branches of his Department.
In Congress, February 20th. Congress proceeded to
the election of a Superintendent of Finance; and the
ballots being taken, Robert Morris was unanimously
elected.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Philadelphia, March 13th, 1781.
Sir,
I had tlie honor to receive yoc.r Excellency's letter of
the 21st of last month, enclosing the Act of Congress of
the 20Ui. whereby 1 am appointed, by a unanimous elec-
tion of that honorable body, to the important office of
Superintendent of Finance. Perfectly sensible of
the honor done me by this strong mark of confidence from
the sovereign authority of tlie United Stales, I feel myself
bound to make the acknowledgments due, by pursuing
a conduct formed to answer the expectations of Congress,
and promote the public welfare. Were my abilities equal
to my desire of serving America, I should have given an
immediate determination after this appointment was made ;
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 349
but conscious of my own deficiencies, Tune for considera-
tion was absolutely necessary. Little, however, of that
time, wiiich has elapsed have 1 been able to devote to this
object, as the business before the Legislature of Pennsyl-
vania, wherein I liave the honor of a seat, has demanded
and continues to demand my constant attendance.
So far as the station of Superintendent of Finance, or
indeed any other public station or office, applies to myself
I should without the least hesitation have declined an ac-
ceptance ; for after upwards of twenty years assiduous
application to business as a merchant, I find myself at that
period when my mind, body, and inclination combine to
seek for relaxation and ease. Providence had so far
smiled on my endeavors as to enable me to prepare for the
indulgence of these feelings, in such a manner as would
be least injurious to the interest of my family. If, there-
fore, 1 accept this appointment, a sacrifice of that ease, of
much social and domestic enjoyment, and of every mate-
rial interest, must be the inevitable consequence ; and as
my ambition was entirely gratified by my present situation
and character in life, no motive of that kind can stimulate
me to the acceptance.
Putting myself out of the question, the sole motive is
the public good ; and this motive I confess comes home to
my feelings. The contest we are engaged in appeared
to me, in the first instance, just and necessary ; therefore
I took an active part in it. As it became dangerous, I
thought it the more glorious, and was stimulated to the
greatest exertions in my power, when the affairs of Amer-
ica were at the worst. Sensible of the want of arrange-
ment in our monied affairs, the same considerations inipel
me to this undertaking, which I would embark in. without
350 ROBERT MORRIS.
hesitation, could I believe myself equal thereto ; but fear-
ing this may not be the case, it becomes indispensably
necessary to make such stipulations, as may give ease
to my feelings, aid my exertions, and tend to procure
ample support to my conduct in office, so long as it is
founded in and guided by a regard to the public prosperity.
In the first place then, I am to inform Congress, that
the preparatory steps I had taken to procure to myself
relaxation from business, with least injury to the interests
of my family, were by engaging in certain commercial
establishments with persons, in whom I had perfect con-
fidence as to their integrity, honor, and abilities. These
establishments I am bound in honor and by contracts to
support to the extent agreed on. If, therefore, it be in
the idea cf Congress, that the office of Superintendent of
Finance is incompatible with commercial concerns and
connexions, the point is settled ; for I cannot on any con-
sideration consent to violate engagements or depart from
those principles of honor, which it is my pride to be gov-
erned by. If, on the contrary. Congress have elected me
to this office under the expectation, that my mercantile
connexions and engagements were to continue, an express
declaration of their senfunents should appear on the
minutes, that no doubt may arise or reflections be cast
on this score hereafter.
I also think it indispensably necessary, that the appoint-
ment of all persons who are to act in my office, under the
same roof, or in immediate connexion with, should be made
by myself; Congress first agreeing, that such secretaries,
clerks, or officers, so to be appointed are necessary, and
fixing ihe salaries for each. I conceive, that it will be
impossible to execute the duties of this office with effect,
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 351
unless the nbsolute power of dismissing from office or em-
ployment all persons whatever, that are concerned in the
official expenditure of public moneys, be committed to
the Superintendent of Finance. For unless this power can
be exercised without control, I have little hopes of effi-
cacy in the business of reformation, which is probably the
most essential part of the duty.
These being the only positive stipulations that occur to
me at this lime, the determination of Congress thereon
will enable me to determine whether to accept or decline
the oppointment. I must, however, observe that the act
of Congress of the 7th of February, describing the
duties of the Superintendent of Finance, requires the ex-
ecution of many things, for which adequate powers are not
provided, and it cannot be expected, that your officer can
in such case be responsible. These however may be the
subjects of future discussions.
With sentiments of the highest respect, for you and
Congress, I have the honor to subscribe myself, your
Excellency's most obedient and most humble servant.
ROBERT MORRIS.*
* During the whole period in which Mr Morris held the office of
Superintendent of Finance, he kept a Diary, in which he entered
daily the principal transactions of his department. The following
is an extract from the Diary.
"On the 21st of February I received a letter from the President of
Congress, enclosing the resolves of the 20th, whereby I was unani-
mously elected the Superintendent of Finance of the United States.
This appointment was unsought, unsolicited, and dangerous to ac-
cept, as it was evidently contrary to my private interest, and if ac-
cepted must deprive me of those enjoyments, social and domestic,
which my time of life required, and to which my circumstances enti-
tled me ; and a vigorous execution of the duties must inevitably ex-
pose me to the resentment of disappointed and designing men, and to
352 ROBERT MORRIS.
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS.
'h. A letter of the 13tli instan
Morris was taken into consideration, and it was
Resolved, that the United StatPs in Congress assembled
do not require him to dissolve the commercial connexions
referred to in the said letter.
March 2\st. The consideration of the letter of the
13ih instant, from Robert Morris being resumed, a motion
was made, and it was
Resolved^ that the Superintendent of Finance be, and
he is hereby empowered to appoint and remove at his
pleasure, his assistants in his peculiar office or chamber of
business in immediate connexion with him ; it being first
determined by the United States in Congress assembled,
that such assistants so to be appointed are necessary, and
what the salary of each shall be.
Ordered, that the remainder of Mr Morris's letter be
referred to a committee of three. The members appointed
were Messrs Houston, Burke, and Wolcott.
the calumny and detraction of the envious and malicious. 1 was
therefore determined not to engage in so arduous an undertaking.
But the solicitations of my friends, acquaintance, and fellow citizens,
a full conviction of the necessity, that some person should commence
the work of reformation in our public affairs, by an attempt to in-
troduce system and economy, and the persuasion, that a refusal on
my part, would probably deter others from attempting this work, so
absolutely necessary to the safety of our country ; these consider-
ations, afler much reflection and consultation with friends, induced
me to write a letter to the President of Congress, dated the I3th
of March, 1781,"
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDKNCE. 353
TO THOMAS BURKE, WILLIAM HOUSTON, AND OLIVER
WOLCOTT, COMMITTEE OP CONGRESS.
Date Uncertain.
Gentlemen,
When I liad llie honor of a visit from you on the
subject of my interview with Congress, it was agreed
Ihat I should make out and deliver you a list of the
several officers concerned in the expenditure of jjublic
money, over whom I judged it necessary for the Su-
perintendent of Finance to have the uncontrolled
power of dismission. But on reflection I found it was
not in my power to render such a list, because I do
not know the several degrees of officers now in em-
ployment, and even if I did, such a list would not
ansvv'er the end, because others may hereafter be crea-
ted, who should also be subjected to the power of the
Financier, and it would be very troublesome for Con-
gress on every such appointment to pass a resolution
for the purpose. There will also be appointments
made occasionally by the Commander in Chief, the
Heads of Department, and by other officers, in which
the expenditure of public moneys will be involved, and
of course such appointments must also be subject to
the same authority. For these reasons, it seems
proper that the power of the Minister of Finance, with
respect to the control and dismission from office of all
persons concerned in the expenditure of public prop-
erty, should be defined in one Act of Congress, vesting
him with that authority.
To me it appears absolutely necessary, that this
power should be vested in the Financier to enable him
voi„ xt. 45
354 ROBERT MORRIS.
to remedy and prevent public abuses; and the extent
shouM be measured by the necessity and the use. As
to myself, 1 am far from desiring power for the sake
of power. Indeed I think it is generally more dan-
gerous to the possessor than to the objects of it.
sConsequently I cannot have a wish to extend it be-
yond the necessity and utility mentioned,
Th3 whole business of finance may be described in
two short but comprehensive sentences, if I have
proper notions on the subject. It is to raise the public
revenues, hy such modes as may he most easy and most
equal to the people; and to expend them in the most fru-
gal, fair, and honest manner. In our case the first part
must ever be the business of Congress, and the Legis-
latures of the respeclive States; because the powers of
taxation cannot be delegated. The second I take to
be the most essential part of the duty of the Superin-
tendent of Finance. He must ever have it in view to
reduce the expenditures as nearly as possible to what
in justice and in reason they ought to be; and to do
this, he must be vested with power to dismiss from
employment those officers he shall find unnecessary,
unequal to their stations, inattentive lo their duty, or
dishonest in the exercise of it.
In a moii3rchy this power need not be officially
vested in a Miniiter, because he can have constant in-
tercourse vvith the Sovereign, and by that means he is
in the daily exercise of it. Where the sovereignty is
vested in a public body of men, such an intercourse is
impracticable; and I am persuaded that a Minister
who would venture to execute the duties of his office
with vigor, without possessing uncontrolled the power
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPOiNDEiNCK. 355
of dismission, would in a few months jjiit it out of his
power to proceed in his business, and Congress would
have full emplo\'ment to hear and determine between
him and suspended officers. On the contrary, if a
dismissed officer can have no appeal but to the laws of
the land, Congress will not be troubled, business may
be conducted with decision, and the very knowledge
that such a power exists, will have a tendency to pre-
vent the frequent exercise of it, after the first reforms
are effected ,
I have been told, that some gentlemen considered the
expressions in my letter to Congress on this subject so
general as that they might be construed to compre-
hend the Commander in Chief, Heads of Department,
&c. But this cannot be. The Commander in Chief
is not concerned himself, but employs others in the
expenditure of public money, to whom he grants war-
rants or drafts on the military chest; and the persons
so employed ought to be accountable, and subject to
dismission. I suppose officers of the army may fre-
quently be so employed, and in tliat case it cannot be
supposed, that the power of the Financier extends to
the military commission, for it certainly must be con-
fined to the money matters. There is one exception
with respect to what I have said of the Commander in
Chief, and that is the expenditures for secret service,
and in tiiis respect I think he should be responsible to
the Sovereign only.
The Quarter Master General, having a military as
well as a civil duty, he cannot be under the control of
the Financier, for the first, although he certainly
ought to be the last, which has great connexion with
356 ROBERT MORRIS.
heavy expense, and perhaps it wouKl be best, that he
should execute all the business of expenditures by one
or more deputies, which would exonerate him from
that power, which they must be subjected to. The
Commissary General, and every person employed
under him, are the immediate objects of this power.
The Paymaster General, may be considered as a chan-
nel of conveyance, through which money passes from
the treasury to the army, and as he is subjected to the
law military, the Minister of Finance needs no other
authority over him and his officers, than the power of
putting under arrest and suspending for mal-conduct
in office.
All persons employed as Commissaries of military
stores, of clothing, or any other denomination, wherein
the expenditure of public money or property is con-
nected, ought to be subjected to this authority. The
expenses in the medical department are said to havo
exceeded Ihoce of the like kind in any other country.
It is, therefore, evident that the Purveyors, Commis-
saries, &c. in this department should be subject to the
same immediate control as others; and alihoii2;h the
Financier cannot judge of the medical skill of tiie Di-
rector General and his officers, yet if any waste or
misapplication of public property in their department
should come to his knowledge, he should have author-
ity to bring offenders to a Court Martial.
There is no possibility of introducing public econ-
omy without the fiequent adjustment of accounts; and
the more various these may be, the greater is the ne-
cessity of constant attention to liquidate them speedily
and well. The Financier ought, therefore, to havo
DIPLOMATIC CORRESl'OiSDENCE. 357
the power of removing any of the officers, whose busi-
ness it is to examine and settle the public accounts,
that so he may be cnableii to obtain a proper anil early
settlement, and prevent the dangerous elfects of inat-
tention or corruption on one hand, or of delay, inso*
Icncc, and tyranny to individuals concerned in such
accounts, on the other. And on account of this power
the Financier should have no accounts with the public
himself, but wherever expenditures are nec( ssary in
his department, he should employ proper pe;sons
therein, subject to the same powers and modes of ac-
countirig with every other person emplo)ed in
expending public properly ; or if of necessity he shall
at any time have accounts with the public, Congress
can appoint a committee, or special bocrd, to examine
and settle his accounts.
From what I have already said, I think it is evident,
that the power I have stipulated for is absolutely ne-
cessary ; and alihou^jh it is not possible to enumerate
every object of that power, yet the general lines
within which they may be comprehended can be
drawn from the observations I have made, alihou-^h I
have said our foreign departments, as these may be
brought into consideration hereafter when it shall
appear necessary.
Whoever contemplates the extent of the United
States, and the vast amount of their present expenses,
while at the same time all our operations languish,
must certainly be convinced that some immediate rem-
edy ought to be applied. The office of Superintendent
of Finance I suppose is meant as one means of restor-
ing economy and vigor; and nothing will keep up in
358 ROBERT MORRIS.
the minds of the public servants such a constant sense
of their duty, as a knowledge of the power to remove
them in the hands of a person of vigilant and decisive
character. Whether I shdU have sufficient courage
and perseverance to act up to that character, and
whether my small abilities, supported by application
and attention, will enable me to render essential ser-
vice in the execution of this office, is become an object
of great consideration, that fills my mind with much
apprehension, and induces me to wish I had declined
this arduous undertaking in the first instance.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT MORRIS.
PROCJEEDINGS IN CONGRESS.
April 2lst. On a report of the committee, to whom
was referred Mr Morris's letter of the 13lh of March,
Resolved, That the Superintendent of Finance be
and he is hereby authorised, to remove from office or
employment, for incapacity, negligence, dishonesty or
other misbehavior, such persons, not immediately
appointed by the United States in Congress assem-
bled, as are or may be officially intrusted with, and
immediately employed in the expenditure of the pub-
lic supplies, stores, and other property; in stating,
examining and passing the public accounts, or in the
receipt of the continental revenues of the United
States, and such of the said persons as are or may be
in his judgment unnecessary, reporting to such author-
ity, board, minister, or office, to whom it may belong
DIP]>OMATJC CORRESPONDENCE. 359
to supply the vacancy, the respective names of the
persons so removed.
That he be authorised to suspend from office or em-
ployment, for similar causes, persons officially em-
ployed and intrusted as aforesaid, immediately
appointed by the United Siatcs in Congress assembled,
reporting forthwith their names and the reason of
suspension.
Provided, that in all cases where any of the persons
aforesaid, are or may be amenable to the law martial,
the Superintendent be, and he is hereby authorised
and directed, if he shall deem it most expedient for
the public service, to put them in arrest by order in
writing, and to apply to the officer whose duty it may
be, to order a court martial ; and such officer is hereby
directed to order proceedings on the arrest accord-
ingly.
That in every case of suspension, all pay and emol-
uments cease from the dale thereof, unless the persons
suspended be, upon trial, acquitted and restored ; and
the Superintendent shall have power to supply the
place when it may be necessary, b}'^ a temporary ap-
pointment, to continue until the person suspended be
restored or dismissed.
That the aforesaid powers shall not be construed to
interfere with the rank, commission, or military duty
of any officer in the line of the army, or those who
may be duly intrusted with money for secret services
by Congress, or the Commander in Chief of the army,
or commanding officer of a separate department.
That the powers aforesaid be exercised during the
pleasure of Congress, but not to extend beyond the
duration of the war.
360 ROBERT MORRIS.
^pril21ih. On a further report of the committee
on Mr Morris's letter of the 13ih ultimo,
Resolved, that in order that the Superintendent of
Finance may be at liberty to devote his time and at-
tention to the more immediate duties of his office, he
be, and hereby is authorised, to appoint by letter of
attorney, or otherwise, such person or persons, as he
may think proper, to prosecute or defend for him, in
his official capacity, or in behalf of the United Slates,
in all places where the same may be necessary.
TO THE PUESIDENT OF CONGRESS,
Philadelphia, May 14lh, 1781.
Sir,
The ho:;or conferred by Congress in appointing me
Superintendent of Finance, their several resolutions of the
20ih of March, and the 21st and 27th of April, which
your Excellency has been pleased to transmit, and a
serious conviction of that duty, which every citizen owes to
his country, especially in times of public calamity, will no
longer permit me to hesitate about the acceptance of that
office, alihough 1 nmst again repeat, that 1 have the fullest
sense of my own inability. I shall, however, strive to find
such assistance as will enable me, in some measure, to
answer the reasonable expectations of Congress, to whom
I can promise for myself nothing more than honest industry.
You will readily perceive, that much time must be con-
sumed in procuring proper officers ; fixing on men for
assistants, whose abilities and integrity may be depended
on ; in laying plans for obtaining money with the greatest
ease to the people, and expending it with the greatest
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 361
advantage to ihe public; foraiing arrangements necessary
to cany these plans into execution ; and obtaining infor-
mation as to the present state of things, in order thai abuses
mny be, if possible, speeddy and efFiiClually remedied.
Besides this, it will be necessary that I should confer
vviili the Commander in Chief, on the various expenditures
of the war, and the means of retrenching stiiii a^are
unnecessary. Let me add, that the accounts of my private
business must be adjusted, so as that all my affairs may be
j)tit into the hands of other persons, and subjected to their
fnanagement. My necessary commercial connexions, not-
uiihstnuding the decided sense of Congress, expressed in
their resolution of the 20ih of IMarch, might, if tlie business
were transacted by myself, give rise to illiberal reflections,
equally painfid to me and injiuious to the public. This
reason rdone would deserve great attention ; but, further,
I exj)Hct that my whole time, study, atid attention wiil
be necessarily devoted to tlie various business of my
dcpartirier.t.
Having thus stated some of the causes, which will pre-
vent me from imnjediaiely entering on the arduous task
assigned me, I pray leave to call the attention of Congress
to the advanced season, and then I am persuaded their
own good sense will render it unnecessary for me to
observe, that very little can he expected from my exer-
tions during the present campaign ; they will, therefore,
easily perceive the propriety of the request 1 am to make,
that the business may go on according to the present
arrangements, or such other as Congress may devise, until
1 can take it u|), which 1 promise to do as speedily as
possible. By this means, 1 n)ay be enabled so to dispose
of the several members of my department, as to form them
VOL. XI. 4G
362 ROBERT MORRIS.
into a regular system ; whereas, by throwing the whole
immediately upon me, [ shall be inevitably involved in a
labyrinth of confusion, from which no human efforts can
ever afterwards extricate me.
Another consideration of great magnitude, to which I
must also pray the attention of Congress, is the present
puyjc debts. I am sure no gentleman can hope that these
should be immediately paid out of an empty treasury. If
I am to receive and consider tiie applications on that sub-
ject, if I am to be made responsible, that alone will, I fear,
be full employment for the life of one man, and some other
must be chosen to attend to the present and provide for the
future. But this not all ; if from that, or any other cause,
I am forced to commit a breach of faith, or even to incur
the appearance of it, from that moment my utility ceases.
In accepting the office bestowed on me, I sacrifice much
of my interest, my ease, my domestic enjoyments, and
internal tranquillity. If I know my own heart, I make
these sacrifices with a disinterested view to the service of
my country. I am ready to go still further ; and the
United States may command everything I have, except my
integrity, and the loss of that would effectually disable me
from serving them more. What I have to pray, then, is,
that the juljustment of all past transactions, and of all that
relates to tiie present system, may be completed by the
means already adopted, that whatever remains unpaid may
become a funded debt, and that it may in that form be
committed to me, to provide for the yearly interest and for
the eventual discharge of the principal. This task I will
cheerfully undertake ; and if, in the progress of things, I
am enabled to go further, with equal cheerfulness it shall
be done ; but I must again repeat my serious conviction,
that the least breach of faith must ruin us forever.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPOJSDENCE. 363
It is not from vanity that I ineniian the expectations,
which the public seem to have formed from my appoint-
ment. On the contrary, I am persuaded, tiiey are raised
on a vveaic foundation, and I must lament them, because I
foresee they must be disappointed. I must, therefore,
entreat that no flattering prospect of immediate relief may
be raised.
Congress will know that tlie public credit cannot be
restored without method, economy, and punctual per-
formance of contracts. Time is necessary to each ; and
therefore the removal of those evils we hiljor under can be
expected from time only. To hold out a different idea
would deceive the people, and consequently injure the
public service.
I am sure it is unnecessary to add, before 1 close this
letter, that I confidently expect uiy measures will meet
with the fullest support from Congress, so long as they are
honestly directed to the general welfare. In this convic-
tion, and with every sentiment of respectful atten:ion, I
have the honor to be, he.
ROBERT MORRIS.*
* May I4th. Wrote a letter to the President, promising to accept
the office. At this time, however, various reasons occurred to prevent
an immediate acceptance of the Commission ; but particularly it was
necessary to retain my seat in the Assembly of Pennsylvania, in
order to lay a foundation for such measures as might tend to their
support of me in pursuing the public good, not doubting but their
example would have proper influence on the Legislatures of the
other States, especially in their determination upon general points,
such as their repealing those tender and penal laws, which in their
operation had destroyed all public and private confidence and credit;
in passing effective tax bills, that might yield substantial aid to the
United States for calUng in the paper money, that had lost its credit;
and in adopting plans of revivirig and establishing the credit of
364 ROBERT MORRIS.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Philadelphia, May 17lh, 1781,
Sir,
I beg leave to suhmit the enclosed plan for establi.ojiing
a National Bank in these United Stales, and the IJljserva-
tions on it, to the perusal and consideration of Congress.
Anticipation of taxes and funds is all that oujil.t to be
expected from any systrm of paper credit. This seems
as likely to rise into a fabric equal to the weight, as any i
have yet seen or thought of; and I, submit wheilier it
may not be necessary and proper, that Congress slmuld
make immediate application to the several Slates, to invest
them wiili the powers of incorj)oraiing a [)ank, and for
prohibiting all other banks, or bankers, in these States, ai
least during the war.*
I have the honor to be, &:c.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Philadelphia, May 23d, 1781.
Sir,
As I have heard in times past, tiiat the treasury has fre-
quently been in wiuil of hard money, to comply wiili en-
gagements made with the approbation of C.)ngres«, and
sometimes obliged to obtain it on terms inconsistent with
such as had been injured in some degree, but which, being neces-
sary in circulation, and originally issued on funds sufficirnt for its
redemption, ought not to be given up to ruin, if possible to prevent
it. Dim y.
* See the Plan of the National Bank here mentioned, and also the
Observations on it, in John Jaij's Correspondence, Vol. Vll. p. 444.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDExXCE. 3G5
llie (li^niiy of government, nnti nol very consonant to the
public interest, I would wish to ^unrd nf^ninst llie like in-
conveniences by irn|-.oiting from foreign coiuilries n supply at
Iciisl sufficient to p;iy rents of the houses :itid offices neces-
sarily employed for the Contineniid service ; also to answer,
as far as may be, the calls for secret service. Aiul even
if I could devise the means of obtaining it, I sliouhi sup-
pose it would be agieeable to bring such sums as may an-
swer odier valuable pur|)0ses ; but as it cannot be imporied
but at the risk of being captured by the enemy, and the
danger of the elements, you will perceive the necessity of
my beii'g authorised liy Congress to enter oi and execute
this business at the risk, and for account of the Continent,
on the best terms in my power.
The sum may be limited if thought needful ; although 1
should sujipose it is not possible in our circumstances to
obtain too much ; yet the smn lo be risked in any one bot-
tom may very properly not exceed a certain amount in a
luic of battle ship, or frigate, ami a smaller in any one mer-
ch«1# vessel. Should Congress think proper lo audiorise
these measures, as 1 hope they will, the private journals
will be most proper to insert the proceedings in; as a want
of secrecy may endanger the money.
1 have the honor to be, &.(•.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO ALEXANDEll HAMILTON.
Philadelpliia, May 2Cth, 1781.
Sir,
It is sonie time sir.ce I received your performance, dated
the oOdi of Ajjril last. 1 have read it with that attention,
366 ROBERT MORRIS.
which it justly deserves, and finding many parts of it to
coincide with my own opinions on the subject, it naturally
strengthened that confidence, which every man ought to
possess to a certain degree in his own judgment.
You will very soon see the plan of a bank published,
and subscriptions opened for its establii^hment, having al-
ready met with the approbation of Congress. It only re-
mains for individuals to do their part, and a foundation will
be laid for the anticipation of taxes and funds, by a paper
credit that cannot depreciate. The capital proposed fell
far short of your idea ; and, indeed, far short of what it
ought to be ; but I am confident if this is once accom-
plished, the capital may afterwards be increased to almost
any amount. To propose a large sum in the outset, and
fail in the attempt to raise it, would be fatal. To begin
with what is clearly within our power to accomplish, and
on that beginning to establish the credit, that will inevitably
command the future increase of capital, seems the most
certain road to success.
I have thought much about interweaving a securitj'%ifith
the capital of this bank, but am apprehensive it would
convey to the public niind an idea- of paper being circulated
on that credit, and that the bank in consequence must fail
in its payments, in case of any considerable run on it ; and
we must expect, that its ruin will be attempted by external
and internal foes. I iiave, therefore, left that point to the
future deliberations of the Directors of this bank, to whom
in due time, 1 shall communicate your address.
I esteem myself much your debtor for this piece, not
merely on account of the personal respect you have been
pleased to express, but chiefly on account of your good
intentions ; and for these, and the pains yon have taken, I
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 367
not only think, but on all proper occasions shall say, the
public are also indebted to you.
My office is new, and I am young in the execution of it.
Communications from men of genius and abilities, will
always be acceptable, and yours will ever command the
attention of, Sir, your obedient humble servant,
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO MAJOR GENERAL PHILIP SCHUYLER.
Philadelphia, May 29th, 1781.
Dear Sir,
You will probably have heard that Congress have done
me the honor to bestow their confidence, by appointing me
to the important station of Superintendent of Finance of
North America ; a station that makes me tremble when I
think of it, and which nothing could tempt me to accept,
but a gleam of hope, that my exertions may possibly re-
trieve this poor distressed country from the ruin with wliich
it is now threatened, merely for want of system and econ-
omy in spending, and vigor in raising the public moneys.
Pressed by all my friends, acquaintances, and fellow citi-
zens, and still more pressed by the necessity^ the absolute
necessity f of a change in our uionied system, to work salva-
tion, I have yielded, and taken a load on my shoulders,
which it is impossible to get clear of without the faitliful
support and assistance of those good citizens, who not only
wish, but will promote the service of their country. In
this light I now make application to you, Sir, whose abili-
ties I know, and whose zeal I have every reason to believe.
The object, however, before me, is not of such magnitude
as to require any great exertion of either at present, ai-
368 ROBERT MORRIS.
though it is of sufficient importance lo induce the invoca-
tion.
Gcnei-iil Washington is distressed for want of an ioime-
diate supply of flour, and as I am not even yet fairly en-
tered on the execution of my office, and wheti I do, iiave
to meet an empty treasury, and a totally exhnuslejl credit,
it must he some time l)efore (unds can be created or mo-
ney be conunandt'd for any purpose whatsoever ; and as (
do not know any gentleman of such resources as General
Schuyler, he seems the most likely of all men to give as-
sisianre under the present circmnslances. 1 must, iheie-
fore, request that you will take the most speedy and effec-
tual measures to deliver lo the order of his Excellency,
GtMieral VViishiugton, one thoiisaiul barrels of flour, which
I am sure you will pmchase and cause to be transported
on the most reasonable terms that are practicable. No
time must be lost, but the flour must be sent down in the
parcels as f.isl as procured. The Pennsylvania Bank had
all the flom- they su|i|)lied to the army, seemed with out-
side lining hoops on each head of every barrel, and the
weight and tare marked on t?ach cask. If you were lo
cause this to be done, and add to the mark your name, it
would save a waste of flour, oblige the Issuing C(<mmissary
to take notice of an account f'^r the weights as well as bar-
rels, and leach the army to think that ihey are indebted to
your exeriions for a seasonable supply.
I have the nieans of raising hard tnoney to pay for this
flour, and the charges on il ; but the longer time I am al-
lowed to do it, the more 1 can consult the public interest.
I take it for granted, that you can, upon your own credit
and engagements, either borrow the money for a few
mouths, uecessiuy to accomplish this business ; or that you
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 3$9
can make the purchases on such credit, without giving
hi<^her prices ; and for your reimbursement, you may either
take me as a public or a private man, for I pledge myself
to repay you with hard money wholly, if required, or part
hard and part paper, if you so transact the business. In
short, I promise, and you may rely, that no consideration
whatever, shall induce me to make a promise, that I do
not see my capability to perform, that I will enable you to
fulfil your engagements for this supply of flour. If you
find it convenient, you may draw on me for hard money or
paper, payable in such sums, and at such times, as you can
conceive may not be inconvenient, judging by what I have
said on this subject. #hould good bills on France be
wanted, at about hard money your currency, for five
livres tournois, I will furnish them, drawn or endorsed by
myself, for the whole, or any part of this purchase.
I hope we shall hereafter supply our army by contracts,
and your information and observations on this subject would
be very obliging. Perhaps if you are not fully employed
otherwise, you might start some worthy man under your
patronage, that might render essential service to the public,
with proper advantage to himself and connexions in this
line.
I am, Dear Sir, yours, &c.
ROBERT MORRIS.
P. S. Remember, that I put absolute dependence on
you for this one thousand barrels of flour, and it must be
sent to the army directly.
VOL. XI. 47
370 ROBERT MORRIS.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Philadelphia, June 4th, 1781,
Sir,
Having been informed by several members of Congress,
as also by his Excellency, the Chevalier de la Luzerne,
that it was determined to put the management of the
moneys lately granted by his Most Christian Majesty under
my direction, in order that they might be punctually ap-
plied to the purposes for which the grant was made, viz.
a vigorous prosecution of the present campaign ; 1 had, in
conjunction with the Minister of France, formed some ar-
rangements for drawing part of this money into immediate
use; but, on applying to the Secretary of Congress, I do
not find that any act has been passed giving me authority
over the moneys so granted ; consequently, all proceedings
must stop until the previous steps are taken by Congress.
1 have, the honor to be, &ic.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO B. FRANKLIN.
Philadelphia, June 8th, 1781.
Dear Sir,
In a private letter, which 1 did myself the honor to
write you on the 6th instant, I announced the appointment
I have received from the honorable Congress, to the office
of Superintendent of the Finances of the United States of
North America ; and I now beg leave to address you in
my official character.
Congress have thought j)roper to commit to me the dis-
position and management of the money granted lo the
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 371
United States by his Most Christian Majesty, in aid, of our
operaiions for the present campaign, in order that the same
may be solely applied to that use ; and for iliis reason, I
have found it necessary to keep the whole sum of this
grant separate and distinct from any other, so that its ap-
plication may at any time be clearly seen. Instead, tliere-
fore, of drawing upon your Excellency, who have many
other bills running upon you, I have judged it expedient to
name Messrs Le Couteulx h Co., bankers in Paris, to
receive the money from his Majesty's Ministers, so that
they may be able to honor my bills with acceptance when-
ever they appear, and punctually to acquit ihem as they
fall due. I have written to Messrs Le Couteulx, that you
would join and support them in any application that may
become needful to his Majesty or his Ministers, whi^h I
hope you will readily do.
And, on the other hand, your attention to the interest of
this country will lead you to inform yourself whether the
house of Le Couteulx and Company, are as perfectly safe
and rich as they ought to be, to entitle them to this trust.
They are represented to me as one of the safest and most
prudent banking houses in Europe ; and iiis Excellency,
the Minister of France at this place, now writes to have
five hundred thousand livres tournois deposited with them,
on account of the United States, subject to my drafts or
orders. Should their credit not entitle them to this trust,
you will please to interfere, and consult with M. Necker
what banker to employ in such case, directing those you
do employ, to accept and pay my drafts. However, I
imagine lljese gentlemen will be found sufficiently safe.
SlioukI it be more agreeable to M. Necker that any-
other banker be made use of, ^ive me the name and write
372 ROBERT MORRIS.
me the propriety of such alteration, and I shall acquiesce
in such change immediately on the receipt of your letter,
for I have no partiality in public business. All I wish is
to act with security, and to the best advantage.
If you think It proper to inquire- into the terms on which
the bankers will receive and pay this money, and settle
their commissions on the most reasonable footing, 1 shall
be happy in your doing so. I do not, however, wish to
give you any trouble that is not proper and necessary ;
being, with the highest respect, your Excellency's most
obedient, humble servant,
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO MESSRS LE COUTEULX & CO., BANKERS IN PARIS.
Philadelphia, June 8lh, 1781.
Gentlemen,
In a private letter, 1 have already informed you of my
appointment, by the honorable Congress, to the office of
Superintendent of the Finances of the United States of
North America ; and in that character I now address you.
His Most Christian Majesty having been graciously
pleased to grant an aid of money for the purpose of in-
vigorating our operations during the present campaign, I
find it convenient to make use of your house as bankers to
receive from his Majesty's Ministers such sums as they
may have occasion to deposit, in order that you may
accept and pay my drafts on you as fast as they shall
appear. His Excellency, the Minister Plenipotentiary of
France at this place, now writes to his Court, at my re-
quest, desiring that five hundred thousand livres totirnois
may be placed in your hands thirty days after the receipt
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE 373
of his letter, the said sum lo be subject to my drafts or
orders, and I shali proceed to draw upon you as fast as
purchasers offer for the bills ; therefore, I beg you will be
prepared to honor my bills, drawn as Superintendent of
P'inance, whenever they offer ; for I would not, on any
accoiMit, that there should be the least demur; and I am
confident, that his Most Christian Majesty's Minister of
Finance will enable you punctually to make payment as
they fall due. I shall communicate this matter lo his
Excellency, Benjamin Franklin, Minister Plenipotentiary
from these States to the Court of Versailles, who will joirs
you in any application that may become necessary in this
business ; which, however, I expect will be conducted
much to your satisfaction. And as it may become im-
portant, I hope your attention to it can be relied on, and
that you will render the charges as moderate as possible.
I have the honor to be, he.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO M. DE LA LUZERNE, MINISTER OF FRANCE.
Philadelphia, June 8th, 1781.
Sir,
The honorable Congress having thought proper to invest
me with the power, disposition, and management of the
moneys granted by his Most Chrisiii.n Majesty to the United
States, for the purpose of assisting them to carry on the
present campaign with vigor, I have, with your concur-
rence, taken some arrangements for drawing it into the
uses for which the grant has been made ; and in conformity
with your promise, I pray you to write immediately to his
Majesty's Ministers, that they cause the sum of five hun-
374 ROBERT MORRIS.
dred thousand livres touniois to be deposited with Messrs
Le Couteulx & Co., bankers in Paris, for account of
the United Slates of North America, and subject to my
drafts or orders as Superintendent of Finance of the said
United States.
This deposit I hope may, without inconvenience, be
made in thirty days after the receipt of your letter ; and I
shall proceed to draw on INlessrs Le Couieulx &l Co. in
full confidence thereof, until my bills on them shall amount
to the said sum of five hundred thousand livres tournois,
when I will give you timely notice, that another deposit
may be made for the like purpose, and by this means I
hope we shall occasion as little trouble to his Majesty's
Minister of Finance as the nature of this transaction will
admit of.
With great respect and esteem, &:o.
ROBERT MORRIS.
CIRCULAK RESPECTING THE NATIONAL BANK.
Philadelphia, June lllh, 1781.
Sir,
No doubt you have seen in the public papers, the plan
for establishing a National Bank, the necessity of which
everybody sees, that allows himself the least time for
reflection on the present state of public credit. All the
public bodies in America have, more or less, lost the
confidence of the world as to money matters, by trying
projects and applying expedients to slop a course of depre-
ciation, which original errors had fixed too deeply to admit
of any radical cine.
It is in vain to think of carrying on war any longer by
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 375
means of such a depreciating medium, and at the same
time an efficient circulation of pa|)er that cannot depre-
ciate, is absolutely necessary to anlicipate the revenues of
America. A National Bank is not only the most certain,
but will prove the most useful and economical mode of
doing so. It is, therefore, of the utmost importance that
this first essay, confined as it is in point of capital, should
be bvoiight into action with the greatest expedition. I am
sensible that plans of public utility, however promising and
pleasing they may be on their first ap])earance, soon grow
languid, unless it be the particular busi.iess of some man,
or set of men, to urge them forward ; this may be said to
be my duty in the present instance. But as I cannot be
everywhere, 1 must apply for support to gentlemen of your
character and zeal for the service of their country, request-
ing in the most earnest manner, that you will urge your
friends and fellow citizens to become proprietors of this
bank stock.
Every subscriber will find his own interest benefited in
proportion to the capital he deposits, and I dare say few
will find the other parts of their fortunes to yield them so
large or so certain an income as the stock they may have
in the bank ; and at the same time they will have the satis-
faction to be considered forever as the promoters of an
institution that has been found beneficial to other countries,
and inevitably must be so in the highest degree to this ; an
institmion, that most probably will continue as long as the
United States, and that will become as useful to commerce
and agriculture in the days of j)eace, as it must be to
government during the war.
The capital proposed is but small, when the extent and
riches of the United States are considered ; but when put
376 ROBERT MORRIS.
in motion, the benefits flowing from it will be so percep-
tible, that all difficulty about increasing the capital or
securing its credit, will vanish, and we shall only have to
appeal to the interest of mat. kind, which, in most cases,
will do more than their patriotism ; but there have been,
and will continue to be, many instances, where interest is
sacrificed to patriotism ; and in that belief, I ask you to
devote some of your time to this infant plan, which, as it
gathers strength, may in the end prove the means of saving
tlie liberties, lives, and property of the virtuous part of
America. My good opinion of you is an excuse for giving
you this interruption.
I am. Sir, yours, &tc.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Philadelphia, June 21st, 1781.
Sir,
I find that the new payment of the moneys due to the
subscribers to the Pennsylvania Bank materially injures
and impedes the subscription to the National Bank. At
the same time, I am informed, that Congress are unwilling
to dispose of the bills lodged as a security, lest the Minister
of the United Slates at Madrid should be incommoded by
it. I have the honor to observe to your Excellency, that
if these bills shall be submitted to my disposal, 1 think I
can pay the debts above mentioned, and cause the greater
part of the money to be subscribed to the National Bank,
thereby rescuing, in some measure, the public credit and
forwarding the service, while, at the same time, 1 shall put
the bills in such a train of negotiation, that at least a very
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE 377
considerable time must elapse before they can be pre-
sented, and probably they may not be presented at all.
1 have the honor to be, he.
ROBERT MORRIS.*
TO B. FRANKLIN.
Philadelphia, July 13th, 1781.
Sir,
The unanimous appointment to the Superintendency of
our Finances, with which Congress have honored me, and
my conviction of the necessity that some one person should
endeavor to introduce method and economy into the admin-
istration of affairs, have induced me, thoi-gh with reluc-
tance, to accept that office. Mr Jay will receive by this
conveyance, and forward to you, copies of those resolutions
and letters which may be necessary to explain my appoint-
ment and powers.
I wish I could as readily effect, as I most ardently desire,
the accotnplishment of a!! proper arrangements. Thorough-
Iv convinced that no country is truly independent, until,
with lier own credit and resources, she is able to defend
herself and correct her enemies, it shall be my constant
endeavor to establish our credit and draw out our resources
* July 4th. I met the Directors of the Pennsylvania Bank, and a
number of the subscribers to that bank called, at my desire; and
I proposed that they should transfer their subscriptions from the
Pennsylvania to the National Bank, and deliver up to me the bills
of exchange deposited by Congress with the Directors as security ;
and I undertook to place the amount of what remained due to them
from Congress, in the hands of Messrs Clymer «& Nixon, in pay-
ment of such transferred subscriptions to the National Bank; which
all that were present agreed to. Diary.
VOL. XI. 48
578 ROBERT MORRIS.
in such manner, that we may le liiile burdensome, and
essential')' useful to our friends.
I am sure I need not mention to you the importrnce of
collecting a revenue vviili ease, ami expending it wiiii
economy. As liiile need I detail the time, the auihoriiy,
the ability, the favorable circmnstances, thai must combine
for these purposes. But I think that I niny assert, that
the siluation of a cotnitry just emerging from dependence
and struggling for existence, is peculiarly unfavorable ; and
I may add, that this cou;:try, by relyiiig loo much on |)aper,
is in a condition of peculiar disorder and debility. To
rescue and restore her, is an object equal to my warmest
wishes, though probably beyond the stretch of my abilities.
Success will greatly depend on the pecuniary aid we
may obtain from abroad ; because money is necessary to
introduce economy, while, ai Ihe same linte, economy is
necessary to obtain money ; besides that a greater |)lenty
of solid circulating medium is required to support those
operations, which must give stability to our credit, fruiiful-
ness to our revenue, and activity to our operations. Among
those things, which, after the experience and example of
other ages and nations, I have beftn induced to adopt, is
that of a national bank, the plan of which I enclose. I
mean to render this a principal pillar of American credit,
so as to obtain the money of individuals for the benefit of
the Union, aiid thereby bind those individuals more strcngly
to the general cause by the ties of private interest. To
tiie efficacy of this j)lan, as well as to the esiablishment of
a Mint, which would also be of use, a considerable sum
of money is necessary, and, indeed, it is indispensably so
for many other piuposes.
lie not alarmed, Sir, from what I have said, with the
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDE-N'CE. ^,79
;ipprelicn«inn ih;U T am aI;oii to dippci snlicitnt'oiis to \he
Ci)iirt ol' Vors:iiIles ; uhicii, after the repeated fiivois tliey
linve cnnfeiied, iiv.isl be pecidiaily disaj^reeable. On the
contrary, as I am coinitired that tlie moneys of France
will all be iiselMlly employed in the vigorous prosecution of
the war, by lier own fleets and armies, 1 hmient every sum
uh'ch is diverted from ihem. Om- necessities have inih.'ed
called lor her aid, and perhaps they may continue !o do so.
Those calls iinve i.itherlo been favorably attended to, and
the pressure of our necessities has been generously alle-
viated ; nor do I at all doubt that future exi:;encies will
excite the same dispositions in our favor, and thai those
dispositions will be followed with correspondent eflects.
But I again repeat my wish, at once to render A.nerica
independent of, and useful to her Iriends.
With these views, I have directecJ Mr Jay to ask a con-
siderable sum from the Comt of Aladrid, to be advanced
us at the Havana, and broitght thence by us, if it cannot
conveniently be landed here from Spanish men-of-war.*
I siy a conmhruhle sum, because, as I have declared to
him, [ do not wish to labor under the wei2,ht of obligation
without deriving from it any real benefit ; and because [
consider the advance of sfUuW sums rather as a temporary
palliation than a radical remedy. Om- disorders are sucli,
that the former can be of no use, and it would be belter to
desist in a desuitory defence, than to put on the delusive
npi)earances of a vi^or we <\o not feel ; for this lulU liie
jieople into a dangerous secuiity, and softens those hopes
of the enemy, which give diiraiiou and extent to the war.
It is the disorder of our finances, wliicb have prevented us
* See a letter from Mr Morris, in John Jai/s Correspondence, Vol.
VII. p. 421.
380 ROBERT MORRIS
from a powerful co-operation with our allies, and wliich
have enabled the enemy to linger on our coasts with the
dregs of a force once formidable ; and it is from this
cause that ihey have been permitted to extend the theatre,
and multiply the victims of iheir ambition.
America alone will not derive benefit from the advances
which Spain mny make to her. All the associates in the
war will feel the consequential advantages. The expense
of the American war now hangs a heavy weight about the
neck of Britain, and enfeebles her on that element, which
she called her own. An increase of that expense, or the
loss of her posts here, must necessarily follow from ad-
ditional efforts on our part, and either of these must be a
consequential benefit to those who are opposed to her.
France will derive a small immediate benefit from it, as
she will thereby get more money here for her bills of ex-
change, than she can at present procure. But it is not so
much from any advantage, which may be expected to that
kingdom, or from any motives of interest, as from the gen-
erosity and magnanimity of the Prince, that we hope for
support. 1 will not doubt a moment, that at your instance,
his Majesty will make pressing representations in support
of Mr Jay's application, and I hope that the authority of
so great a SovLMt-ign, and the arguments of his able Min-
istry, will shed auspicious influence on our negotiations at
Madrid.
From the best returns 1 have been able to collect, and
which are in some measure imperfect, from the confusions
and disasters of lbs Southern States, I find that there are
about seven millions two hundred thousand dollars due on
certificates, which bear an interest of six percent, payable
in France, at the rate of five livres for every dollar.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 381
Many causes have conspired to dejweciate the certificates,
notwithstanding the interest is so well secured, and has
been punctually paid. This depreciation is so great, that
they are daily offered for sale at u very considerable dis-
count, which is attended with two pernicious conse-
quences ; one, that a considerable expense is unneces-
sarily incurred, and the other, that the public credit is un-
necessarily impaired. If I hf.d the means, therefore, I
would remove this evil by purchasing in the certificates;
and to procure the means, I am to pray that you would
state this matter fully to the Ministers of his Most Christian
Majesty. The interest being guarantied by the Court of
France, they now pay for this purpose, two millions one
hundred and sixty thousand livres annually ; a sum, which
in less than ten years, would pay a debt of fifteen millions
of livres at five per cent interest. With fifteen millions of
livres, however, prudently managed, the whole of these
certificates might be paid. I am sure it is unnecessary to
dwell on the advantages, which would result from making
such a loan for this purpose, and, 1 trust, that if this matter
is stated to M. Necker, that enlightened Minister will co-
operate in the plan, to the utmost of his ability. I again
repeat, that I do not wish to lay any burdens on France ;
but this proposal is calculated to relieve us both ; and, in
any case, the expense to France will be the same.
Should it be adopted, I must request the earliest notice,
that my operations may commence ; and, in any case, I
hope that secrecy will be observed, for the most evident
reasons.
I am sorry to inform you, that we have as yet no satis-
factory news of the ship Lafayette ; but, en the contrary,
her long delay occasions the most alarming apprehensions.
3S2 ROBERT MORRIS.
If, as but too prnbnblp, that ship is lost, yon will mn^-e
easily coiireive iban 1 can desciibe what will lie the sim-
alion of our troops next winter.
1 could wi-ib, as soon a? possible, to have a state of
all tlie public accounts Iransujitleil, to the end that moneys
(hie to liie United Stales may be paid, and measures
taken to [)rov:He for such su.ns as ibey stand indebied in
to others. Yoin- Excellency will, I dare say, send iheni
as s^on as may be convenient ; anfl I hope d)e public
afTa-rs will hereafter be conducted in such a nninier as to
give yon much less of that inniecessary trouble, whicii you
have hiiberto experienced, and whii h coidd not but biive
iianissed you exceedingly, and, perhaps, taken up time,
which would otherwise have been devoted to njore iii;-
portant objects.
I shall, probably, hove frequent occasion to address yon,
and shall ahvays be happy to iiear from yon; but the mis-
chiefs, which aiise from having letters intercepted, are
great and alarn»ing. I have, therefore, enclosed you a
cypher, and in the duplicate of my letters, I shall enclose
another. If both ai-rivr, you will use one, and, in case of
your absence, leave the other with such person as n>ay
supply your place. Let me know, however, which cypher
you use.
The bearer of this letter, Major Franks, formerly an
Aid-«le-camp to General Arnold, and honorably acquiited
of all connexion with him, after a bril and impartial in-
qniiy, will be able to give you our public news ntore [»ar-
ticuiarly than 1 could relate them. He sails hence for
Cadiz, and on his arrival will proceed to Madrid, where
having delivered my leit"rs to Mr Jay, he will lake liis
oiilers for you. He will then wail your orders, and, 1
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 333
liope, will soon after meet a safe opportunity of coming to
Amciic.i.
With the most perfect esteent ami regnrd, 1 liavc the
IioMor to be, &ic.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO B. FRANKLIN.
Pliilailelphia, July 14lli, 17S1.
Dear Sir,
If Miijur Franks had departed yosterdiiy, as was ex-
pected, he wouiil have left the enclosed cypher ht-hind.
It was supposed to h.ave been wilh the plans of the in-
teiidefl hank, but was left out by accident. I wi<h you
would, when leisure and opportunity will permit, con-
verse with some of the en)inent bankers in Paris on this
plan, and ask whether a correspondence and connexion
with the directors will be agreeable, and whciLcr they
would establish a credit for this bank, and to what amount,
to be replaced again by remittances in other bills within
such time as tliey may limit. Or, if they decline giving
such credit, then the ternis on which they will receive re-
mittances anil pay dralts of the bank.
An American baid< must deal largely in bills of ex-
change. It will thereby rule the price of bills so as to
keep it pretty s-teady, by jiassing most of the bills draw^n
on the continent through their channel, so as to leave a
certain moderate profit. And the use of a credit in Eu-
rope will be, to have paid for their honor such bills as may
he protested on account of tlie draweis; by which means
the baid< will secme the damages of twenty per cent, and
pay only interest for advance aiid commission for iiego-
384 ROBERT MORRIS.
tiating. Occasion mny also offer, when the bank, by
drawing on Europe, shall get a high price for bills, and in
a few months replace them much cheaper.
I do not wish to give you trouble on this occasion; but,
if opportunities offer, you can mention the subject, and if
any of the bankers will write me proposals, I will lay them
before the directors. You will tell them, that although the
very moderate sum of four hundred thousand dollars is
proposed as the first capital, I intend to increase it gradu-
ally to ten times that sum. The only difficulty is to get it
into action now that people have but little money and
less confidence. I should be glad to see your name in
the list of subscribers to an institution, that 1 believe will
be I ermanent.
I ever am, Dear Sir, yours, 8ic.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO THE GOVERNOR OF HAVANA,
Philadelphia, July 17th, 1781.
Sir,
The favorable attention shown to me by your Excel-
lency in my private character, has excited those sentiments
of esteem and respect, whicli now impel me to ask your
assistance for my country.
The United States of North America, are at the present
moment, possessed of more strength in men, arms, and
ammunition, tlian when they first ventured to wage war
with Great Britain. The means of subsistence are abun-
dantly equal to our own wants, and will essentially contri-
bute to the relief of our friends. A variety of causes, too
numerous to be detailed in the compass of a letter, have
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 335
combined to destroy the credit of that paper money, which
has enabled us hitherto to support the war. It has there-
fore become necessary to provide the means for paying
the expenses to be incurred hereafter. Our people are
not yet inured to taxation, neither has the revenue, which
this country is capable of affording, been drawn fairly or
fully into use. The derangement of our credit and finances,
consequent upon the loss of laith in our paper, rendered
it necessary for Congress to create a Superintendent of
the Finances of the United States, in order, that he might
regulate and settle the present debts, point out new funds,
with the best means of collecting them, and superintend
the public expenditures, so as to prevent as much as pos-
sible all excess or abuse. This arduous task is assigned
to me, by a unanimous choice of that honorable body ; and
nothing couJd have induced me to luidertake it, but my
perfect conviction, that it is necessary that some person
should undertake the work of reformation and economy.
I have engaged in this business with the sole view of sav-
ing my country, and therefore think myself entitled to
seek support from all who are really friends to her inde-
pendency, and particularly from those nations, which have
become parties in the war.
I have commenced my administration with a proposal
to establish a National Bank ; the plan of which I take the
liberty to enclose. The subscriptions to it are going on,
and I expect the very moderate sum therein proposed will
soon be completed. When that is done, the directors will
be chosen, incorporated, and proceed on their business.
As the bank notes are intended to be made use of by
government in anticipation of the revenues of this country,
VOL. XI. 49
386 ROBERT MORRIS.
yon will easily perceive, that the sum proposed is far
short of the object, which it is intended to accomplir,h.
My present pursuit, therefore, is to obtain such additional
sums as will, when deposited in the bank, not only facil-
itate the anticipations above mentioned, but induce further
subscriptions among our own countrymen. For when
they see and feel the use of an insliiuiion, which they are
yet unacquainted with, they will cheerAdly and liberally
support it.
It is to your Excellency that I apply for foreign aid.
The vicinity of your situation, the frequent intercourse
between your port and this, and your ability lo comply
with what I shall request, all point out the propriety of
that apj)licaiion. Your friendly disposition towards these
"Cii'Ufi Si;:t' s, ;M»d above all your strong attachment to
the interests ni \^\ r: ow.i country, will dispose. you to yield
me every assistant u in your power. Tlie United States
have already received very considerable aid from the
Court of Madrid. Much more, however is expected,*
and in time to come these services will be re|)ald with
lienor, as they now are acknowledged with gratitude.
Our distresses induced Congress to order certain bills
of exchange to be drawn on their Ministers at the Courts
of Versailles and Madrid. The former have been all ne-
gotiated and paid off by the assistance of that Court.
Many of tlie latter have also been negotiated, and those
that have appeared for payment have been discharged.
There is every reason to believe, that this would still hap-
pen ; but we learn that the advance of money in Europe
* This anticipation was never realized, as the whole amount of
the Spanish loan to the United States during the war, was no more
than one hundred and fifty thousand dollars.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 387
is rendered inconvenient during the war, by the itnped-
inients, which it occasions to the usual course of remit-
tances from liis Majesty's American territories. We
have dtisisted, iliereforc, from the further sale of those
bills, es[)ecially as we have reason to expect, that in con-
sequence of measures adopted here, Mr Jay will obtain
from your country a much larger sum than we had before
asked for; and that the greater part, if not liie whole of
it, will be paid to us at your port. However this may be,
my present view is to obtain from Havana, as expedi-
tiously as possible, four hundred thousand Mexican dollars,
in order to deposit them in the bank, and thereby doubling
the capital, give its operations such force as will draw the
attention of our own citizens, and induce them to afTord it
such assistance as will reduce our necessities, and place
us in a situation to be less troublesome to our allies and
friends in the common cause.
His Excellency llie Chevalier de la Luzerne, Minister
of France at this place, in consequence of orders from his
Court, has authorised me to draw bills nf cxc'iango on
Paris to a very considerable amount ; miuI bting sci-.siblo
of the propriety of my proceedings, he will give you assur-
ances, that they shall be punctually paid. I transujit a
bill for five hinidred thousand livres to Robert Smith, now
appointed agent for these United States at your port, in
order that he may negotiate it, and ship the money back
to my address. Should it in any manner promote the
interest of your Court he will certainly give your Excel-
lency a (jreference in the purchase; and I am confident,
that if this should not be convenient to you, you will coun-
tenance and promote his negotiations with private persons.
I have also transmitted to Mr Smith certain bills, drawq
388 ROBERT MORRIS.
some lime past by order of Congress, on his Excellency
John Jay, to the amount of one hundred and twenty thou-
sand, three hundred and eightyone dollars. 1 am to re-
quest, and have strong hopes, that when Mr Smith shall
have deposited these bills with you, your Excellency will
advance that sum, so that he may immediately ship it to
my address.
We are convinced that these bills, if sent forward,
would have been paid by your Court ; but as such a
negotiation would bring no money into the treasury, I
propose that you keep them in your possession until
the pleasure of the Court shall be known. I will
write very fully to Mr Jay on this subject, and obtain
the earliest information. But lest the Court should
not choose that these bills be finally accepted by you
in discharge of the moneys advanced on them, I have
empowered Mr Smith for your perfect security to
enter into conditional stipulations to repay your Ex-
cellency that money by a delivery of flour to the
amount, at such price as you and he may agree for ;
the payment to commence as soon after the pleasure of
the Court shall be known as circumstances will admit.
I hope, Sir, you will find it agreeable to your incli-
nations, and perfectly consistent with the duties of
your station to gratify my desires. They are very
moderate considering the necessities of this country,
and your ability to minister to its relief. Besides,
your Excellency's good sense will readily perceive,
that money granted to invigorate the operations of
America will weaken and distress the common enemy
much more than the same sums expended in Europe,
because the enemy must prosecute the war here at
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 389
more than four times the expense at which it must be
carried on there.
Assuring myself of assistance from your Excellency
I have ordered one of the continental frigates to pro-
ceed with these despatches for Havana. She will take
with her some flour, which I have ordered returns for
in dollars.
There are two most cogent reasons why this frigate
should be despatched instantly from your port with
the money. The first is, because we are much in want
of it ; and the second is, to prevent our enemies from
the possibility of receiving any advice of her. We
have so contrived things here, that everybody be-
lieves she is going to join the French fleet at Rhode
Island, and to carry the flour for their use.
On the whole, I most earnestly entreat your Excel-
lency, that if it be at all convenient and consistent with
your duty, you will advance the whole of the four
hundred thousand dollars in question to Mr Smith, so
that the frigate may immediately return.
I am sensible that there are certain duties payable
to his Majesty on the exportation of money from your
port; but as this which I apply for, is to be expended
in carrying on the war against his Majesty's enemies,
I hope it may be dispensed with; if not, our Minister
at Madrid will be directed to make application to the
Court on that subject, so that the duty being charged
to us in the first instance, may, if not remitted, be
added to the general sum. The same observations will
apply to the flour on board this frigate, which is also
public property.
I hope it is not necessary to add anything more to
390 ROBERT MORRIS.
induce a full compliance witii my requests. But his
Excellency the Chevalier de la Luzerne, Minister of
France, and Don Francisco Rendon, your own Agent
here, will also write you on the subject of this appli-
cation.
I have the honor to remain, with sentiments of the
highest esteem and respect, &c.*
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO ROBERT SMITH, AGENT FOR THE UNITED STATES
IN CUBA.
Philadelphia, July 17th, 1781.
Sir,
Upon a proper representation of your character, sit-
U-tlion, and attachments to your country and its cause,
the Congress of the United States of America have
thouglit proper to appoint you their Agent at the port
of Havana and Island of Cuba. I take much pleasure
ia transmitting your commission, whicli you will find
enclosed herein ; because n)y knowledge of you leads
me to expect every exertion, which your situation and
the ciicumslances attending it will admit of, in favor
of your country.
You will not find any salary annexed to your ap-
pointment for this plain reason, that we cannot aflbrd
any. It is our present business to reduce salaries
lieietofore given, and not to create new ones. This
appointment, however, may be attended with pecuni-
*For several letters from Mr Morris to Mr Jay, on the subject of
loans in Spain, and the National Bank, see John Jays Correspond-
ence, Vol. VII. pp. 421—449.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 391
ary a(lvanta_2;es, because a public cbaraetcr may, and
no doubt will, point you out to American merchants
as the proper person to intrust with their commercial
affairs. Continental prizes and other objects may oc-
casionally turn up, wiiich will leave a reasonable com-
mission behind ; and you will have the pleasure of
serving Con«;ress when necessary, and tlie citizens and
commerce of your country, as often as opportunities
for so doing may occur.
I shall now put your talents to the proof. You will
find enclosed a letter I have written for his Excellency
Governor Navarro (or should he be gone, for his suc-
cessor) which will untold to you very fully my
intentions. You will find enclosed in it for him, as in
this letter for you, the plan of a National Bank, which
I have proposed to establish for many valuable pur-
poses. You will observe that the sum proposed as a
caj)ital is far short of what it ought to be; but I was
afraid of attempting too much at first, and must now
endeavor to increase it by other means. If any of
your acquaintances in the Havana have a mind to
speculate in the American funds, I think they cannot
place their money on a more secure or profitable
establishment. This Bank will, I believe, exist for
ages to come; and I am persuaded the annual divi-
dends will not be less than from eight to ten per cent.
They may also have the honor and pleasure of seeing
their names enrolled among the first promoters of this
useful institution, on which the salvation of our coun-
try in some measure depends. Should any of them
incline to subscribe, they must send hither money at
their own risk ; consigning it to whomsoever they
392 ROBERT MORRIS.
please, with power to act for them. I hope you will
promote this business, and in order that you may be
able to show the profits arising from it, I am to ob-
serve, that when once, by punctual payment, the notes
of the bank have obtained full credit, the sum in spe-
cie, which will be deposited, will be such, that the
bank will have the interest of a stock two or three
times larger than that which it really possesses.
Should M. Miralles, or any of the family be so
inclined, I will put any part of their rtioney into the
bank, which they may think proper.
By captain James Nicholson, commanding the frigate
Trumbull, I send a bill of lading and invoice of five hun-
dred barrels of flour, which is all fresh and good, and a
considerable part of it superfine. This flour I have caused
to be shipped to your address, on account and risk of the
United States of North America. Be pleased to receive
it as quickly as may be from the ship, make the most ad-
vantageous sale of it, which you can, and remit the net
proceeds in Mexican dollars, consigned to my order, for
account and at the risk of the United Stales. I evpect
you will not charge more than five per cetit for transacting
the business, that is, two and a half per cent on the sales,
and the same on the returns.
I have also enclosed a bill of exchange, drawn by my-
self on Messrs Le Couteulx & Co. bankers in Paris, to the
amount of five hundred thousand livres tournois ; this bill is
at sixty days' sight, and you may depend it will be punctually
paid, for I have the authority of the Court of Versailles to
draw it, and every assurance I could wish. You will ob-
serve, by my letter to the Governor, that he is to have the
refusal of this bill ; you will therefore offer it to him in the
DIPLOMATIC GORRESPONDEiSCE. 393
first instance. When I consider the risk, which must at-
tend sending money from Havana to Cadiz, and the remit-
tances, as well private as public, which are to be made
from one place to the other, I cannot but persuade myselt,
that unless the government and the people are alike blind
to their interest?, good bills must sell at a very considera-
ble advance. Should the Governor decline taking the bill
on Paris, as it is not probable that any one private person
woidd purchase it, you may either remit it to the House of
Le Couteulx &. Co. in. Paris, or to the House of Messrs.
J. L. &. L. Le Couteulx &. Co. at Cadiz, as may be most
convenient for your operations. You will then draw on
the House to whom you remit the bill, and sell your bills
to the same amount. Should you remit to the House in
Cadiz, let me know it, that I may write and apprize them
of it ; but this I shall do provisionally, beforehand, so that
they may be prepared for you.
I have also, as you will perceive, written to his Excel-
lency on the subject of certain other bills of exchange,
drawn on Mr Jay. You will endeavor to get the money
for these, if possible; and in case it is required, you will
enter the stipulations there mentioned, as to the shipment
of flour. In this last case, get the flour fixed at as high a
rate as possible, and let me have due notice, so that I may
punctually cause to be fulfilled, whatever contracts you
shall, on the part of the public, have entered into.
Should his Excellency be inclined to make those ad-
vances of money, which I have so earnestly pressed upon
Ifun, you will be able the sooner to despatch the frigate,
which I hope will be done without delay. But as there is
a risk in placing large sums on board of any one vessel, 1
am to observe, th'it if there should be any fast sailing ves-
voj^. XI 50
394 ROBERT MORRIS.
sels about to leave the Haviina at the same time, and if in
consideration of convoy, they will take the public money
freight h-ee, you will then prudently distribute it amon*'
them, and direct Captain Nicholson to give them signals,
and to take them under his convoy. But I must caution
you, ihat on no consideration is any private property to be
covered as belonging to the public, eiiiier to save the du-
ties or for any other purpose. You will, therefore, use all
proper vigilance to prevent everything of this sort, should
it he attempted. If there are not such vessels as Ca|)tain
Nicholson and you shall approve of ready to sail, then ship
the whole money in the frigate ; for the risk of being way-
laid by the enemy in consequence of any unnecessary de-
lay, is greater than that of being otherwise intercepted.
It is unnecessary for me to mention to you, that we want
money exceedingly. This very measure must convince
you of it. Exert yourself therefore to get it, and you will
merit much at the hands of your country. Should you not
succeed in getting the wjiole sum 1 have asked for, get as
much as you possibly ran ; and if the Governor should de-
cline advancing any money on the bills drawn by order of
Congress on Mr Jay, perhaps the Intendant may accept
your contract for flour, and take these bills in security, or
you may possibly borrow on their credit from individuals,
to be repaid v;ben 1 shall send you shipments of flour,
which I will cause to be done so soon as I shall hear from
you to this effect.
I have forbidden Captain Nicholson to cruise, but should
fortrme enable him lo bring a good prize into Havana, the
Continent has one iialf, and you must send that half to me
in dollars. Whatever supplies the fr g le is absolutely in
need of, you must let her have ; but I entreat, that the
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 395
expenses may be as moderate as possible, and the best
way to secure this is to despatch hei* (piickly, for the mo-
ment ihey gel clear of the sail wait- r air, and feel their land
lacks on board, every soul of llieiii will try to get his hands
into yom pockets ; but take care.
1 have desired Captain Nicholson to constdt with and
obey you whilst in Havana, and to push off whenever you
say the word. I shall send you flr)ur by private vessels,
for the sake of getting money back, and write you further,
as occasion may require.
I am, Dear Sir, &ic.
ROBERT IMORRIS.
TO B. FRANKLIN.
Philadelphia, July 19th, 1781.
Sir,
The foregoing nre duplicates of my letters of the several
dates there mentioned, by Major Franks, who has sailed
for Cadiz. I now enclose to you du()licate copies of the
letters and resolutions, referred to in mine of the ihirteenth.
I do not write to Colonel Laurens, because 1 know not
whether he is still in France, and because I am confident
you will make to him all necessary commimications. I
pray you, if he is still with you, to present my compliments
to him, and inform him of the reasons of my silence.
Colonel Laurens's letter of the 9ih of April last, from
Versailles, has been received, and I am induced to hope,
ihat the ten millioiis of livres mentioned in it, to be bor-
rowed in Holland, '.vill be, as he says he shall request,
advanced from the treasury of France.
He mentions also a promise of the Marquis de Castries
.^j5 ROBERT MORRIS.
to make immediate arrangements for the safe transporta-
tion of the pecuniary and otiier succors destined liiilier.
It would be well that the money, or as much of it as pos-
sible, were in heavy half Johannes. Whether this letter
may arrive in time I know not, but if it should, you will,
I hope, be able to effect njy views.
If the fifteen millions of livres I mentioned in my letter
of the 13th, can.be obtained, it will be best that they should
be retained in France, provided the ten millions be sent to
America; for in that case, the exch;inge may, I believe,
be put upon such a footing as to answer every valuable
ptupose. Of consequence the risk will be saved to
America, and France will not suffer by the exportation of
so much coin. To this it may be added, lliat a loan will
probably be more easily obtained, if the days of payment
of the money by the subscribers to it be somewhat distant,
which u ill answer very well for bills of exchange, though
not quite so well for the exportation of money.
I have the honor to be, &tc.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO B. FRANKLIN.
Philadelphia, July 21st, 1781.
Sir,
I have now to inform you, that the State of Pennsylvania
had emitted five hundred thousanii pounds in bills of credit,
funded in such manner, that there could be no reasonable
doubt of their redemption. But the public confidence had
been so impaired, that these bills, soon after they came
out, rapidly depreciated, notwithstanding the solidity of the
funds by which they had been secured. The executive
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 397
aiiihority of government, therefore, declined issuing more
of tliem than were then in circulaiion (being one iinn-
dred and thirty thousand pounds), and called together the
Legislature. The Assembly, at their late meeting, took
measures for the collection of a very considerable tax,
suflicient to absorb all the paper then in circulation, and
which was receivable in taxes, as also a considerable
balance in specie. It is therefore evident, that if the lax.
has time to operate before any more of the paper be issued,
it tniist necessarily rise in value.
Tiie Assembly did me the honor to commit this sum of
five hundred thousand pounds to my care, for the purpose
of paying to Congress a balance due on the resolutions of
that honorable body, of the ISih of .March, 17S0, and
of procuring the specific supj)lies which had been called
for, the greater part of wiiich had been unpaid. In this
situation, it has been my study to rfTect both these objects,
without making any new issues of the paper money. I
cannot easily describe to you the good consequences which
would follow from the appreciation of it. You will paiily
conceive them, when I inform you, that it is now at five
for one, and that my expectation of specific supplies, or
rather of furnishing rations to the amount of them, is very
much founded upon the rise of its value.
Finding, however, that the balance of money due to the
United States has been already drawn for by them, and
that the holders of those drafts are very clamorous for
payment, I must put money into the hands of the proper
officer immediately. To accomplish this, I have fallen
u|)on an expedient, which, while it answers that purjjose,
will be productive of another very considerable advantage.
To explain which, I must previously inform you, that 1
393 ROBERT MORRIS.
have lately refused to draw bills on Messrs Le Couteulx U
Co. for any other than specie; so that the paper will no
longer answer the purpose of procuring a remittance to
Europe. I shall, at the same time, borrow such of it as I
can discover to have been hoarded, and by paying it to the
holders of the i.'rafts drawn by Congress, throw it again into
circulation. I shall then draw bills on you for four hundred
thousand livres, payable at six months' sight or more, for
which I ex()ect to get foiir hundred thousand paper dollars ;
a sun) sufficient to satisfy the demand. I shall draw on
Messrs Le Couteulx &i Co. in your favor, to this amoi.nt,
payable at sixty dnys' sight, which will probably leave four
months for my operations ; but at any rate, it will leave
three mondis, wliich will be am[)ly sufficient ; anil, there-
fore, in three months afier I shall have drawn on you, 1
shall refuit you my drifts on iMessrs Le Couteulx h Co.
If in that period this money can he appreciated, it will be a
gain to the United States of the difference, which you will
clearly see to be very considerable. By this means, also,
1 shall so economise the funds placed in my hands, that I
can make them productive of the supplies from this Stale.
In mentioning these sup|)lies, it occurs to me, also, to
make mention of what has passed, relative to the contract
you entered into for a part of them, to the amount of four
hundreil thousand dollars. Colonel Mennonvllle spoke to
me on this subject, from the Count de Rochambeare,
shortly after my appointment. Upon considering the very
slender situation of our revenue, or rather the total want of
it, and that the several Stales had omitted furnishing (he
specific supplies demanded of them, 1 told Colonel Mcn-
nonville, and told him tru'y, that I had but little prospect
of complying vviili your proujise. It is not easy to convey
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 399
to your mind an idea of the pain I suffered from being
obliged to make ihis decluialion. I felt for ynu, for Con-
gress, for America. There is no m.in in ilie world more
deeply impressed than myself with the importance of ful-
filling every compact made by a proper authority. All my
reasonings, my feelings, and my experience, have con-
curred in producing a thorough conviction, that it is essen-
tial according to the principles of justice, from a regard
to our national honor, ami for the sake of our general
interests. I shall, therefore, notwithstanding what has
passed between Colonel Mennonville r.nd myself, assidu-
ously endeavor 10 perform your promise, and I am happy
to add, that I am not without hopes of success.
With respect to the bills I intend to draw on you, I
must apologize for the trouble they will give you,
which I hope will be but little. It will be only ne-
cessary to accept th.em, and direct the holders what
banker to ap[)ly to for payment. That banker will be
enabled to make payment, by the bill I shall draw on
jNlcssrs Le Couteulx, & Co. in your favor. Perhaps
it may be most convenient to send the bill holders to
Ihem, but this you will be the best judge of. It is
unnecessary to state any reasons to you for accepting
these bills, as I cannot suppose you will have the least
hesitation on that subject. 1 take this opportunity,
however, of pledging myself to you, that you shall
suffer no inconvenience from honoring them with your
acceptance, as I shall most certainly remit in time the
bills sufficient to discharge all I draw on you. My
reason for drawing them on you at all arises from this
circumstance, that I am desirous of keeping the trans-
action entirely distinct, and that many inconveniences
400 ROBERT MORRIS.
would follow from drawing bills on Messrs Le Cou-
teulx, & Co. at six months' sight for paper, wliile I
draw others at sixty days' sight for specie, especiidly
after my refusal to draw on them except for specie,
Avhich refusal was, as you will perceive, a necessary
part of my plan. Add to this, also, that the arrange-
ments I had made with the Minister of his Most
Christian Majesty would not permit it. When this
transaction shall be fini5.hed, that is, when my remit-
tances to you and my drafts on you are all paid, be
pleased to send me copies of the bankers' accounts.
1 have the honor to be, &c.
ROBERT MORRIS.
CIRCULAR TO THE GOVERNORS OF THE STATES.
Philadelphia, July 25th, 1781.
Sir,
I hail the honor to write to you on the instant,
enclosing a certiHed copy of the account of your State,
as it stands in the treasury books of the United Slates.
I now pray leave to recall your attention to it.
It gives me great pain to luarn, that there is a per-
nicious idea prevalent among some of the Slates that
their accounts are not to be adjusted with the eonti-
nent. Such an idea cannot fail to spread listless lan-
guor over all our operations. To suppose this expen-
sive war can be carried on without joint and strenuous
efforts, is beneath the wisdom of those who are called
to the high offices of legislation. Thofc who inculcate
maxims, which tend to relax these efforts, most cer-
tainly injure the common cause, whatever may be the
DII'LOMATIC CORRESPONDE.N'CE 401
m"»liv(s which inspire their con(hict. If once nil
o|)init»n is atlmiuctl, ihal ihosc Slates who do the lca>t
a-id cl)ar<;c mo"<i will (lerive the u;rc:Jiest bcnclil, and
endure the stnallest evils; your Kxccllonry must per-
ceive tliai >harr.elej'S inactivity mnst take ihc place of
that nohle emulation, which oiigiit to |)ervadc antl ani-
mate i!)e whole Union. It is niy particular duly, wiiilc
I remind my fellow citizens of the tasks, which il is
inc.imhenl on them to perform, to remove, if I can,
every impediment which lies in the way, or which
may have been raiseii by disaffection, self interest, or
mistake. I take, therefore, this early opportunity to
assure you. thai all the accounts of the several .Stales
wiih the I'nited States, sliall he specilily liquiilalrd if
I can possibly clFeci it, and my efforts for that purpose
sh.dl be unceasing. I make this assurance in the most
solemn manner, and I entreat that the consequences of
a contrary assertion may be most seriously weighed
and ronsidci-ed, before it is made or believed.
These accounts naturally divide themselves into two
considerable branches, viz. those which are subsequent
to tne resolutions of Congress of the ISih of March,
17^0.* The former must be a<ljiislcd as soon as
proj)er ofTIccrs am ho fouiid and appointed for i!ic
purpose, a:id proper princii)les established so as that
tiicy may be liquidated in an equitable manner. I
sny, Sir, in an equitable manner, for I am determined
that justice shall be the rule of my conduct, as far as
the measure of abilities, which the Almighty has been
pleased to besto.v, shall enable me to distinguish be-
* It stands tlius in the manuscript, but there seems to be an oniis*
sion of what is meant by ihe^ir*-^ branch of the accounts.
VUL. XI. 51
402 ROBERT MORRIS.
tween right and wrong. I shall never permit a doubt,
that tiie Slates will do what is right ; neither will I
ever believe that any one of them can expect to de-
rive advantage from doing what is wrong. It is by
being just to individuals, to each other, to the Union,
to all ; by generous grants of solid revenue, and by
adopting energetic methods to collect that revenue ;
and not by complainings, vauntings, or recriminations,
that these States must expect to establish their inde-
pendence and rise into power, consequence and gran-
deur. I speak to your Excellency with freedom,
because it is my duty so to speak, and because 1 am
convinced that the language of plain sincerity is the
only proper language to the first magistrate of a free
community.
The afcounts I have mentioned as subsequent to the
resolutions of the I8ih of March, 1780, admit of an imme-
diate settlement. The several States have all the neces-
sary materials. One side of this accoimt consists of de-
mands made by resolutions of Congress, long since for-
warded ; the other must consist of the compliances with
those demands. This latter part 1 am not in a capacity
to state, and for that reason I am to request the earliest
information, which the nature of things will permit, of the
moneys, supplies, tronsporiaiion, &ic. which have been paid,
advanced, or furnished, by your State, in order that 1 may
know what remains due. Tlie sooner full information can
be obtained, tiie ^oom-r >hall we know what to rely on,
and how to ilo cq ml juaiice to those who have contributed,
and those who have not, to those who have contributed
at one period, and those who liave contributed at another.
T enclose an account of the specific supplies demanded
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 403
of your State, as extracted from the journals of Congress,
but without any mention of what has been done in conse-
quence of those resolutions. Because as 1 have already
observed, your Excellency will be able to discover the
balance much better than I can.
I am further to entreat, Sir, that I may be favored with
copies of the several acts passed in ynnr State since the
18ih of March, 1780, for the coll. cii' n <.f iisxi s and the
furnishing sujjplies, or other aids to ilie United States; the
manner in which such acts have been executed, the times
wl)ich may have been necessary for them to operate, and
the consequences of their operation. 1 must also pray to
be informed of so much of the internal police of your
State as relates to the laying, assessing, levying, and col-
lecting taxes. I beg leave to assure your Excellency, tliat
I am not prompted either by an idle curiosity, or by any
wish to discover what prudence would dictate to conceal.
It is necessary that 1 should be informed of these things,
and 1 take the plain, open, candid method of acquiring
inforn^ation. To palliate or conceal any evils or disorders
in our situation, can answer no good purpo5e ; they must
be known before they can be cured. We must also know
what resources can be brought forth, that we may pro-
portion our efforts to our means, and our demands to both.
It is necessary, that we should be in condition to prose-
cute the war with ease, before we can expect to lay down
our arms with security, before we can treat of peace hon-
orably, and before we can conclude it with advantage. I
feel myself fettered at every movement, and embarrassed
in every operation from my ignorance of our actual state,
and of what is reasonably to be asked or expected. Yet
when I consider our real wealth and numbers, and when
,404 ROBERT MORRIS.
I compare i!iem with iliose of oilier co-nt ies, I fHcl a
thoroiijiiii coiivicli m, that we niny do I'lucli more llian wo
have yet Hone, >m(l wiih more case lo ourselves tliaii wc
liave y 't felt, pravide.l we ;ul.>pt the proj»er modes of
leveiiiie n;)(l expend. tiire.
Your Kxcellenc\'s good sense will ainic-ipnte n;y obsrr-
valioison ihe ncc'"s?ily of l.eiiif^ iidormed what moneys
are in your ireasmy, and wiiat smr.s yon txp'^-t lo have
there, as also the times, hy whicli iliey mnst probably be
brought in. In addition to this, 1 imibl pray yon tu com<
immicalo the severt.! appropriations.
A mislortnne jiernliar to Amerirn, requires that I en-
treat your Excellency lo undertake one mo'e laj-k, which
perhaps is far from being die least dirficult. It is, Sir,
that you will wiiie me very fully as to the amount of the
several paper currencies now circuhitiiig in your Siale, the
probable increase or decrease of each, and the resj)eciivc
ntes of deprcciai'(m.
Having now staled liie several comnujiiicriions, which
are most in(!ispensab!e, let me cnireat ofyom- Kxcvillency's
goodness, that they may be made as speedily as possible,
to iiie e\u\, dial I may be early prepared widi liiose p:o|io-
siiioiis, which from a view of all circumstances, nij.y be
nu)st likj'Iy in extricate us from our present (hnicullics.
] am also to entreai, ihat you will inlr.rm me when your
Lesiislaiure is to meet. IMy reason lor mrdxing ibis r«'<|iust
is, that any proposals to be made lo them, may arrive in
season for ibeir allentive deliberation.
1 know ll;at I s;ive you umcli Iroulile, bnl I also know,
th-H it will be pleasing lo yon, because die lime and the
1 til tr will be expi'nded i i llie service of yotu- couniry. I',
Sir, my feeble but honest < (Torts, should open to us the
DIPLOMATIC CORRESrONDEXCE. 4C5
prospect of American 2;'r;iy ; if we sho il 1 l)e cii!il)'((l lo
Jook forward lo :i perioil, u lien, supported iiy solid rewmie
and resonrres, this war should liave n(» other duration or
extent than ilie wL-idom of Congress might allow, and wiien
its ol.jtcl should be the honor and not the in<icpendence
of om- c'onntry ; if with liiese fair views the States sh uld
be roused, excileii, an-mn'.ed, in the pursuit, and unitedly
determining to be in that happy situation, find themselves
jilaretl there by the very determination ; if, Sir, these
thini;s should happen, and what is r.iore, if they sliouhl
happen soon ; the reflection that your industiy has prinri-
j ally contrdnned to effect them, would be the rich rewnrtl
of your toi!'?, and u^wg to yom- best feelings their amplest
gratification.
.1 have the honor lo be, &c.
ROBERT MORRIS.
B. FRANKLIN TO ROBERT MOKRIS.
Tassy, July 2(',Ai, 1731.
Dear Sir,
I Itive just received your vciy friendly letter of the
Gth of .lime past, annonncini; your appointment io the
superintendeiu'c of our finanois. This j^ave me ureal
plea^uie, as from your intelligence, intciirity and ahiU
iii«-s. tliere is rea>on to hope eveiy ailvantage, that the
pui)!ic can i^ossibly receive; from smb an ollioe. ^"ou
are vvi>e in (Stimating befonhand, as th.e piincipal
advanlaiie you c;in ex|)ect, the conscion>ness of liiiving
<lonc service to vour connirv; for the bu>iness you
have undertaken is of >o complex a nature, and mu^l
cngiobs so ninth of your lime ar.il allcution, as r.'tccs-
406 ROBElit MORRIS.
sarlly to injure your private interests; and the public
is often niggardly even of its thanks, while you are
sure of being censured by malevolent critics and bu"--
wrilers, who will aLuse you while you are serving
them, and wound your character in nameless pam-
phlets; thereby resembling those little dirty insects,
that attack us only in the dark, disturb our repose, mo-
Jesting and wounding us, while our sweat and blood are
contributing to their subsistence. Every assistance
that my situation here, as long as it continues, may
enable me to afford you, shall certainly be given ; for,
besides my affection for the glorious cause we are
both engaged in, I value myself upon your friendship,
and shall be happy if mine can be made of any use to
you.
With great and sincere esteem, I am ever. Dear
Sir, &c.
B. FRANKLIN.
B. FRANKLIN TO ROBERT MORRIS.
Tassy, July 26th, 1781.
Dear Sir,
I have received the letter you honored me with, of
the 8th of June past, acquainting me, that as Superin-
tendent of Finance, you have named Messrs Couteulx,
& Co. at Paris to receive from his Majesty's Ministers
Ihe money granted to Congress, tliat they may be
enabled to honor your bills whenever they appear;
and you iniimate a desire to be informed of the respon-
sibility of that house.
With regard to the six millions given by the King
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 407
in aid of our operations for the present campaign, be-
fore ihe arrival of Mr Laurens, 2,500,000 of ii went
in the sanne ship wiih him in cash ; stores equivalent
to 2,200,000 more cf it were ordered by him, and are
shipped ; 1,500,000 were sent to Holland, to go in the
ship commanded by Commodore Gillon. Add to this,
that Captain, Tackson, by his orders, purchased clothing
and stores in Holland, to the value of about £50,000
sterling, for which he has drawn bills on me, which
bills I accepted, and also agreed to pay those drawn
on Messrs Laurens, Jay, and Adams ; expecting aid
from a projected loan of 10,000,000 of livres for our
use in Holland. But this loan meeting with unfore-
seen difficulties, and its success uncertain, I have
found myself obliged to stop the money in Holland, in
order to be able to save the honor of the Congress
drafts, and to comply with my engagements. By
these means you have really at present no funds
here to draw upon. I hope, however, that Messrs
Couteulx, & Co. will be enabled to honor your drafts ;
but I trust in your prudence that you will draw no
more till you have advice of funds provided. And as
the laying out so much money in Holland instead of
France is disapproved here, and the payment will,
therefore, not be provided for, I must earnestly re-
quest your aid in remitting that sum to me before
December next, when my acceptances will become
due, otherwise I shall be ruined with the American
credit in Europe.
With regard to the wealth and credit of the House
of Le Couteulx, & Co. I have never heard it in ques-
tion. But as Mr Ferdinand Grand, banker at Paris,
4 OS nOBRRT MORRIS.
nntl hi-! Iirokcr, Sir Gcorc;e Gran:), Ijnnkcr in Ilollnil,
havi' been nsir zcmIcmis .-mil firtn frifiids ever since our
arriv.il in France, lia\c aidtMl us ^really by llicir per-
sonal iiileresl and sniieitahons, and liavc ollen been si>c
or seven bnndred ihousand livres in advance fur ns, an»l
arc iionses of unquestionable jsolidity, I cannot iiut be
concerned at any step f.»r laUinj; onr business out of
llieir hands, and wi>!) your fulure bills may be ilrawu
on I'eidiiiand Gnind, for I think it concerns our j)ublic
rcpuialiuu, to preserve the character of j^ralilude, as
well .TS thai «if honesly and juNlicc. The coniniission
hitherto charged to us by Mr Grand for reccivinji; and
payinjr our inor.fy is a half per cent, which, consid-
erinj; the ircjulile >:;iven by the vast -.lUmbcr of small
drafts for interest of the loans, appears to nic a mod-
cral2 consider.ition.
With jrreat and sincere esteem, I have the honor to
be. Dear Sir, &,c.
13. FRANKLIN.
TO TIIR GOVEllNOns OF MASSACHUSETTS, nilCDE ISL-
AND, NEW VOI'.K, ULLAVVAKE, MAIiVLAND, AND
NOKTII CAKOLINA.
riiiladeliiliia, Jiilj 27ai, 17S1.
Sir,
I find upon examination, tliat the recommendation
of Conjrress of the 3d of February last, for layini; an
impost of five per cent on goods imported, ant! a like
impost of five per cent on prizes and prize gooJs, has
not l)cen complied with I)v yotii- Stale.
The olijjci which Congress had in view when they
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 409
issued Ihis recommendation was of the utmost import-
anco, and every day gives it an additional weight and
magnitude. Whether these States are able to support
the annual expenses of the war by their annual reve-
nue, and whether it would be prudent and wise to
draw forth such revenue, are questions which may
hereafter be agitated, considered, and answered. For
tlie present it is sufTicient to observe, that no methods
have hitherto been adopted to produce a revenue by
any means adequate to the current expenses. The
public debt, therefore, is large and increasing. The
failh of the United Stales is pledged to the public
creditors. At every new loan it must be pledged
anew, and an appeal is now made to the States indi-
vidually, to support the public faith so solemnly
pledged. If they do, it is possible that public credit
may be restored, if not our enemies will draw from
thence strong arguments in favor of what they have so
often asserted, that we are unworthy of confidence,
that our union is a rope of sand, that the people are
weary of Congress, and that the respective States are
determined to reject its authority. I fear that a mere
verbal contradiction of these assertions will have but
little effect. No words will induce men to risk their
property upon the security of a nominal union. Your
Excellency will be able at once to determine whether
thai union is more than nominal, in which any part
shall refuse to be bound for the debts of the whole, or
to contribute to the general defence. I must be per-
mitted, however, to observe, that in matters of public
credit long delay is equivalent to direct refusal.
Despotic tjovernments are in war ?iiporior to otljers by
VOL. XI. 52
410 ROBERT MORRIS.
the union of efforts, the secrecy of operations, and the
rapidity with which every wheel may be moved by one
sovereign will. This superiority, however, is amply com-
pensated to free governments by the ardent attachment of
their citizens, and the general confidence, which enables
them to make exertions beyond their force, and expend in
one year the revenues of many. A single view of our
enemy, in the unequal contest she now carries on, will
demonstrate these advantages more clearly than any argu-
ments. The credit of Great Britain is not only her chief,
but it is almost her only support. Inferior in everything
else to the associates combined against her, she still makes
head everywhere, and balances the opposition through the
four quarters of the globe. While we feel the force of
these last strugglings of her ambition, we must admire the
source from whence they flow. Admiring, we should
endeavor to imitate, and in order to succeed, we need
only to make the attempt. There was a time when public
confidence was higher in America than in any other coun-
try. Hence the existence of that paper, which bore us
tiironiiii (lie conflict of five years' hostility. In the moment
when no others daii-d oppose Great Britain in her career
towards universal empire, we n)et her ambition with our
fortitude, encountered her tyranny with our virtue, and
opposed Iier credit with oiu- own. We may perceive what
our credit would have done, had it been supported by
revenue, from what it has already effected without that
support. And we have no reason to doubt but that it may
be restored, when we reflect on the fate which paper cur-
rencies have formerly sustained. The appeal, as I have
already had the honor to observe, is made by Congress to
the several States. Some of them have answered by
DIPLOMATIC UORRKSi'OJSDENUi:; 411
passing the laws required, others are silent. Whence this
silence proceeds, 1 confess myself at a loss lo determine.
Some reasons, indeed, I have heard assigned by individuals
in conversation, but 1 cannot conceive that they should
have weighed with the Legislatures. Indeed I can hardly
conceive how any reasons can have weighed against a
matter of such importance as the keeping public faith
inviolate.
I have heard it said, that commerce will not bear a five
pCi' cent duty. Those who make such assertions must
be very liitle acquainted with the subject. The articles of
commerce are either such as people want, or such as they
do not want. If they be such as people want, they must
be purchased at the price for which they can be had; and
the duty being on all, gives to no seller any advantage over
another. If, on the contrary, the article be such as people
do not want, they must either increase their industry so as
to afford the use of it with the duty, or else they must
dispense with that use. In the fornier casi', the commerce
is just where it was, and in the latter case the people con-
sume less of foreign superfluities, which certainly is a
public benefit.*
1 have also heard it said, tliat the liuty should be carried
to the account of the Stale where it is levied. What can
be the object of those, who contend for this point I know
not. If there are doubts as to the justice of Congress, that
body should not have been intrusted with the power of
* For a very interesting letter from the President of Congress to
the Governor of Rhode Island, on the matter of duties to be levied
by the States, reported by a Committee, of which Hamilton was
Chairman, see the Public Journals of Congress, under the date of
April 29th, 1783.
412 ROBERT MORRIS.
apportioning quotas on the several States. If, on tlie con-
trary, those who make this proposition, expect that the
commercial States, by carrying the Gve per cent duty to
iheir private account, can derive from their neighbors, the
idea is as fallacious as it is iinjusl. The equity of Con-
gress would lead them to relax so much in the quotas as
would render the contribution of the States proporiiouate,
or if that could not be done, the suffering State would be
induced to carry on its commerce. Thus the eml would
be defeated, as indeed it ought ; for surely the advantage
derived by the mercantile States, as a mercantile profit,
is sufficient without exacting a revenue in addition to it.
Articles imported into tiie country are consinned in the
country. If each pays a duty, that duty will be paid by
ell. The tax will fall equally on all, and therefore ought,
in justice, to be carried to the general account.
1 have also heard it suggested, that the public debts
ought to be divided among the several States, and each be
called to provide for its proportion. This measure would
be sufficient to destroy the credit of any country. The
creditors trust the Union, and there can be no right to alter
the pledge which they have accepted for any other, even
for a better one, without their free consent. But this is
not all; there is in it a principle of disunion implied, which
must be ruinous. Even at this late period, the States might
singly be subjugated. Their strength is di-rived from their
union. Everything, therefore, which injures tliat union,
must imp{«ir the strength which is dependent upon it.
I shall not encroach longer upon your Excellency's
pauence, by adducing farther arguments. Everything for
and against the proj)Osition, has doubtless been considered
by the United States in Congress assembled, with that
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 413
attention which is due to the importance of tliose ohjects
on which they deliberate. I think, however, it may hiiily
be concluded, thr.t ihose who wish to re-establish tlie credit
and confirm the union of these States, will com|ily with
this requisition. As I do not doubt that this is the senti-
ment of that State over which you preside, 1 shall believe
that the L^^gislature at their next session, will pass the
proper laws, and I shall at present only entreat that it may
be done as speedily as possible.
I take the liberty, however, on this occasion, to make
an observation, which applies indeed to many others.
Those who have the public weal very seriously at heart,
cannot but lament that the acts passed by many States
on the requisitions of Congress, have been fettered with
restrictions, as to their operation and effect, very inconsis-
tent with that confidence which is due to the integrity of
the United States in Congress assendded. Nothing can
be more pernicious than the jealousy vvliich dictates clauses
restraining the operation of laws, until similar laws shall
have been passed by the other Stales, or confining the
revenue or supplies to partial or particular objects, not
within the design of Congress, or short of their intentions j
or any other clauses, which show a distrust of the States in
the sovereign representative of America, or in each oilier.
Such jealr/.oies must [-.rove highly detrimental, if not
ruinous. And surely there can be no ground to entertain
tliem, for the Congress is composed of Representatives
freely chosen, and is of consequence under the control of
those by whom they were appointed. Nothing, therefore,
ought to prevent the free and generous connnmncation of
all necessary powers to Congress; and I am confident that
sncii a conimunicaiion will more efleclually dishearten the
414 EOBBRT MORRIS.
enemy, encourage our friends, and promote the general
and unanimous efforts of the whole community, tiian any
other circumstance which could possibly happen. It is a
truth, that the enemy does not even pretend to hope any-
thing except from sowing discord among us, and it is but
too true, lliat while the whigs of America are daily more
firm and united in the cause of independence, there has
been too iitile attention paid to give to that union of senti-
ment a proper political form and consistency. I am not,
however, the less confident that in this, r,s in everything
else, the enemy will, to their cost, discover that their hopes
have been extremely fallacious.
With every sentiment of respect, he.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO JOHN JAY, MINISTER IN SPAIN.
Philadelphia, July 29tb, 1781.
Sir,
1 enclose you copies of my letters, of the 17th, to the
Governor of Havana, and Robert Smith. These letters
will require no explanation to you. In addition, however,
I am to inform you, that my letter to the Governor was
shown to Don Francisco Rendon, whose full approbation
of it is contained in the enclosed copy of his note to me.
I am to request your early attention to tiiis matter, and
that you will support and justify the measures I have taken,
and which may be taken in consequence of them by others.
Will) every sentiment of respect, &ic.
ROBERT MORRIS.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 415
TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL. OF PENNSYLVANIA.
Philadelphia, July 30th, 1781.
Sir,
I am favored with your Excellency's letter, of the 27ih
instant, for which 1 beg leave to make my acknowledge-
ments.
I must again repeat my regret, that the means devised
by the Legislature are unequal to the exigencies of the
State. A majority of the Assetnbly seemed much dis-
posed, at their late meeting, to adopt such measures as
were calculated to promote the public service ; and there-
fore it is to be lamented that they were not called, after
passing the resolutions mentioned in your letter, to appro-
priate to the disposition of Council, such funds as might
have been adequate to the demands they are liable to, if
those which remained for that purpose were deemed insuf-
ficient. I still hope, however, that the collection of specie
in taxes may enable the Council to effect more than pre-
sent appearances promise ; but it is evident, that the money
allotted to my disposal is intended for the procuring specific
supplies, and paying the balance of the four tenths of the
new Continental emission, and that I cannot apply any part
of it to other purposes, without crediting the State in ac-
count with the United States for such part, at a value equal
to gold and silver. I must observe, that the resolutions
taken by t!ie Assembly, were consequent upon a report
made to them, and communicated to me by order of the
House, after it had been made. This report also was
by a committee appointed on a message from your Ex-
cellency in Council to the Assembly, and it is therefore
to be presumed, that it originated in that message. Be
416 ROBERT MORRIS.
ll.at as it may, tills at least is certain, that the resolutions of
the Assembly were proposed by them, and accepted by
me.
With respect to the balances due from the State, I am
to observe, tliat I have a perfect conviction of and reliance
on the jiisiice of Congiess, vvho will I am persuaded, make
every equitable and proper allowance; and your Excel-
lency will perceive by the circular letters 1 have had the
honor to transmit, my deierniination to have the accounts
of every State with the United Stales settled on just prin-
ciples, witii all possible expedition.
I am obliged by your conmumication as to iMr Searle's
missioi!,* and assure you, that I lament his disapijointments,
and still more so. that his negotiations have met with any
oppo'^iiion, which to me was quite unexpected. I freely
confess, that I did not expect he woidd be successful ;
nevertheless, he had my good wishes, and had it been in
my power, he shoidd have experienced my readiness to
assist every public measure. I wish his efforts in Holland
may be productive, but I have v«My little expectation of it,
being convinced that war with England will create such
dema.:d for money, and procure for the lenders such secu-
rity as will prevent them from listening to American propo-
sals. It was from a belief that your Excellency and the
Council would give your support to measures which have
the public good for their object, that I sought your confi-
dence, asked your advice, and reiied on your assistance.
Entertaining still the same opinion, 1 shall freely and can-
didly give my sentiments and opinions on every proposition,
which the Council may think proper to refer to me.
"Mission to Holland, for the purpose of borrowing money for the
State of Pennsylvania.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 4 17
The nrgmnputs ar;aiiist H'auing pnper money from the
treasury, and ihiowing it into ciictilaiion, had forcibly im-
pressed my minci ; and nothing hut necessity will compel
me to iuu'e recourse to it, being very desirous to pay every
possible attention to your Excellency's request.
The determination to proceed with vigor and energy in
the collection of taxes, coincides with my judgment, and
of coinse meets with my earnest wishes for success. And
your promise to strengthen my hands, and enable me to
jiroceed with cheerfulness, in the great work I have under-
taken, excites my warmest gratitude. The delays which
atteirtl the collection ol taxes, are indeeil gieat and alarm-
ing. To remedy them will be highly beneficial, and per-
iiaps the modes suggested in your letter may l)e effectual.
Every proposition of this sort will conmiand my serious at-
tention ; as'.d if it shail appear to me productive of the pub-
lic good, your Excellency may rely that it shall meet with
all the support in my power.
1 am, respectfully, &ic.
ROBERT MORRIS.
CEOUCE WASHINGTON TO ROBERT MORRIS.
Head Quarters, Dolilis's Ferry, >
August --'J, ITbl. 5
Dear Sir,
The expectation of the |)leasm'e of seeing you, has pre-
vented me hitherto from making a connntmication of a
most lui
por
tant and interestins: nature. Btil circumstances
will not admit of further delay, and I must trust it to
paper. It seems reduced almost to a certainty, that the
enemy will reinforce New York with part of liieir troops
VOL. XI. 53
418 ROBERT MORRIS.
from Virginia. In lliat cgse, the attempt against the
former must be laid aside, as it will not be in our power to
draw together a force sufficient to justify the undertaking.
The detachment, which the enemy will probably leave in
Virginia, seems the next object which ought to engage our
attention, and which will be a very practicable one, should
we obtain a naval superiority, of which I am nni without
hopes, and he ablo to carry a body of men suddenly round
by water. The principal difficulty which occurs, is in ob-
i;iiMi;ig iriinFpiiris at ti.e moment they may be wanted; for
if llipy are liikew up Intorehand, the use for which they are
designed cannot lie concealed, and the enemy will make
arrangements to deficit the plan.
What 1 would therefore wish you to inform yourself of,
without making a direct inquiry, is what number of tons of
shipping could be obtained in Piiiindelphia at any time be-
tween this and the 20th of this month, and whether there
could also be obtained at the same time, a few deep
waisted sloops and schooners, proper to carry horses.
The number of double decked vessels wliich may be
wanted, of two hundred tons and upwards, will not exceed
thirty. I shall be glad of your answer as soon as possible,
because, if it is favorable, I can direct certain preparations
to be made in Philadelphia, and at other convenient places,
without incurring any suspicions. There certainly can be
no danger of not obtaining flour in Philadelphia, and as
you seem to have doubts of procuring salt meat there, I
shall direct all that which is to the eastward, to be col-
lected ot points from whence it may be shipped at the
shortest notice.
You will also oblige me by giving me your opinion of
the number of vessels which might be obtained at Balii-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDExXCE. 4 19
more, or other places in the Chesapeake, in the lime be-
fore mentioned, or thereabouts.
I have tlie lienor to be, &ic.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.
Philadelphia, August 2d, 1781.
Sir,
Aj^reeably to the intimations I made to your Excellency
some (lays ago, it was my intention to have gone to camp
yesterday. But an act of Congress of the of
July, rendered it necessary for me to hold a conference
with a Committee of Congress and the Board of War.
This was doi^e ; and it was determined, that a member of
the Board of War should go with me to camp.
This circiiinstnnce has |>ostponed my journey for a few
days. But this is not all ; the daily demands on me for
money are considerable, and beyond the utmost extent of
any funds I can command. The demands for past dues
in compensation for past services, and the like, are re-
jected ; but those for the prosecution of the campaii^n
must be attended to. If, in my absence, and from that
cause there be afjy stopppge, or considciL'ole dilay, tlie
cf)nsequences will be equally injurious 10 Miy reputation,
and to the public service.
I have before mentioned to you, that my dependence
for immediate supplies of money, is on the produce of bills
of exchange. I ain sorry now to observe, th.-'t this depen-
dence fails, and from a cause equally prejudicial to France
and to the United Stales, considered in iheir collective
capacity, though, perhaps, advantageous to individuals.
420 ROBERT MORRIS.
Your Exrellenry will remember, that when T was called
lo the adiniiiisiraiion, the bills of your army had been
selling for two thirds, and even so low as for one" half of
their value in Kurope. What migiit have been the causes
of this, it is not my business to inquire. The fact is incon-
testable. Your Excellency observed it, and endeavored
to remedy the evil, by holding yom- own bills at five sixihs.
But the merchants, \\ho had benefited l»y llie foru«er low
rate, could not be brought at once to make so consider-
able an advance. They expected that the same causes,
which had reduced bills to one half, must ag^iin bring
them down ; and, therefore, were disposed to wail the
event.
I take the liberty here to observe, that the fluctuation of
exchange will naturally slrengilien that expectation, and
nothing but steady, firm perseverance on the part of the
administration, can, or indeed ought, to produce a ready
sale on good terms. Bills of exchange are rcmiitod to
France in paynient for European commodities. If the
cost of this remittance is fixed, commerce may so far be
established on trsie commercial principles ; otherwise, it is
a mere game of liazanl. Sensible of tnis, the merchant
will rather wait, with his money in his chest, the event of
public necessity, than invest that money in bills, which
may shortly alter be bought on better terms by his more
cautious neighbor. Hence it follows, that the public will
really command less money than they otherwise might.
Nor is that all. While the public can conunand the
money of the merchants as fast as it comes into their
hands, the servants of the public can spend that money to
advantage, and the very expenditiue will increase the cir-
culation, so as to bring it again sooner ii'to the hands of the
merchant.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESrONDE.NXE. 421
Your s^ood sense. Sir, your PXjierienoe, niul ilie iirire-
milteil ntten'.'u)!!, wliicli I liave perceived yon \y\\ to every
obj.'ct whicli ran relu« to ilie servire of your Soven^ii^n,
will render it unnecessary for nie lo prosecute any ftjrtlier
these ol)serv.-.jions.
It was from a kmw!edi;e of this sniijert, wjiiilj many
years' constant attention to lliis business bad inipirted, lliat
1 saw tiit^ neressiiy of raising the vnlue of bills by degrees,
and, at the same time, of opposing the mo&i inflexible
fninness to every attempt at Idwerin;; their price. The
bills I drew on Messrs Le Couteids &: Co., at sixiy days'
si,:lit, were selling readily at four filibs, until the bills for
your army were ofTered at thirty days' sigl t, and at a lower
late. This, Sir, has checked my sales ; and this induces
me to mention t.o you anoihe:' mailer, which will, I fore-
see, become of great importance.
'J'he concurrence of many venders of bills cannot be
more pernicious thai: ihe concurrence of many purchasers
of supplies. The merchant cannot reason more efTeciii-
ally on public necessities, which he may conjrciure, than
the husbandman on such wants as he has octdar deiiuMi-
stration of. jMelancho'.y experience has shown, that ihe
contest betwre'.i our purchasers has been exiremel) per-
nicious. What may lu've b<'en the miinner of c»)nduciing
the business l)y the agents of the King, I do not positively
know; but if I were to credii many i;.!cs which I have
heard about it, I .»hoidd lielieve there had been errors at
least. IJ'i! I know too well tlie weakness and iinpropriefy of
lister.ing lo slanderous reptnis; and I am xeiy confident,
that all possi.de care will be taken of the iiiierests of bis
AlMJesiy.
Jiui, Sir, if I'.jc supplies for the French army and navy
422 ROBERT MORRIS.
are kept in a disiinct channel, ! do not believe it will be
possible to obtain them so cheap as they might otherwise
be had. The ration consisting of one pound of bread,
one pound of beef, or three quarters of a poimd of pork,
one gill of country made rum ; and to every hundred
n.iions one quart of salt, two quarts of vinegHr ; also to
every seven huisdred rations eight pounds of soap, and
three pounds of candles, is now furnif^hed to the Uniicd
Slates in this city, at nine pence, with a half penny allowed
over for issuing. It may jjerhaps cost more to fiunisli
rations to the army, periiaps as high nS ten pence or eleven
pence, Pennsylvania currency.
You I suppose. Sir, can command the necessary ac-
coimts to determine what the King now pays for the sub-
sistence of his troops ; but ns the French and American
rations difTer, I take the liberty for yom- further informa-
tion to mention, that the parts of the ration are estimated
as follows ; ftir one poimd of bread, two ninetieths o( a
dollar ; for one pound of beef, or three quarters of a pound
of poik, four and a quarter ninetieths ; for one gill of rimi,
two ninetieths ; far soap, candles, vinegar, and salt, one
and a quarter ninetieths for each ration. You will also
observe. Sir, that when exchange is at four filths, one livre
tournoiij is eqi:al to fourteen pence and two fifihs of a
penny, Pennsylvania money.
I go into these details to enable your Excellency exactly
to determine what is most for the interest of France, for I
conceive it my duty to give you a confidential stale of our
affairs, whenever it can promote his Majesty's service,
which I beg leave to assure you, I have every possible
desire to assist ; being convinced, that lean I y no other
means more fully com|)ly with t!»e wishes of the United
Suics ill Congress asseiuUed.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESl'OxNDExNCE. 423
I beg leave fiiiilier *.-> observe, that I have no personal
wish to negotiate your bills, or to supply your fleets and
arn:ies. You nnist be very sensible that I l.ave already
before nie a fit^id of business siifficieniiy large. To extend
it, will give ine labor and pain, J can derive no advantage
from it, nor will anything induce me to engage in it, ex-
cept it be the prospect of rendering efTectnal service to
tiip coiinnon cause. 1 make this declaration, not because
I conceive it necessary to you, or Ironi an ostentatious
display of those motives, which actuate my conduct, but
there may be persons to whom I an) not so well known
as I have the honor of being to your Excellency, and who
from ignorance or interest might give to the present inten-
tions th;j foulest interpretation.
I have been led much fmther, Sir, than the occasion
strictly required, but perhaps my observations may de-
mand your attention ; they certainly appeared to me of
importance, or I would not have given you the trouble of
so long a letter.
I pray you to believe me, with respect, &c.
R0J5ERT MORRIS.
TO M. DE LA LUZEHNE.
riuladelphia, August 4lh, 1781.
Sir,
I was honored with your letter of the 3d yesterday
evening ; I am happy that the sentiments expressed in
mine of the 2d, meet with your Excellency's approbation,
and shall readily confide in your direction, to make such
use of it as you think pr(»per.
The two questions you ask do not admit of a precise
424 ROBERT MORRIS.
answer. The ratfi nf excliiin^e on-i^hl hy no means to be
iindf!' r.)iir filiiis; ititle<Ml I coiiM \vi>ii iluii ii were liiijlu'r,
and am not wi'lioiii lin|)('s of raii^ing it ; bnl that n)nst
ch*|)en(l on circmnsinnri'S, which I c -nnot command. The
smn, uhich can he furnishi'd to die Preucli army monlhly
by the ?ale of hills, admits still less than the other of being
precisely ascertained. Lei me a(!«i, Sir, that the s«im,
which your army may want, nmst greatly depend npoii
the measures, which may he taken to ^npp!y thent. Gov-
Pinmenl ouilit to know its expenses precisely, if that were
possible. Upon this j>rin<iph', it will be oi use, that your
s'ipulalions should be to pay a certain sum in France f<»r
every ratijin ; consequently you will want no money here
for ihat purpr^se.
I wi>h it were in my power to reply more pointedly, for
I aui well conviiiced of the importance of inlormaiion on
that suliject. Whenever I am in a condition to know
more, I shal' readily communicate to you the extent of my
inquiries. But while it is uiy determination to speak to
you with that confidence, which yom- ingenuous conduct
Ins merited, I am equally determined neither to comprom-
ise myself nor mislead you, by relying on unfounded con-
jecture.
I have the honor to be, Sec.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO THE GOVEIINOK OF MASSACHUSETTS.
OIBce of Finance, August 4lh, 1781.
Sir,
On the 23d of June last, the United Slates in Congress
assembled, di-ecied me lo take measures for the speedy
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 425
launcliing and equipping the ship America, and directed
the Board of Adniirully to assign to me the share of the
United States, in the prizes taken by Captain Barry, to
enable me to carry their orders into effect.
By a lett°r Oom the Navy Board in the eastern district,
dated the 18ih of Juiy at Boston, it appears, that the
s;reater part of this money is already expended, and that
more is wanting to fit the Deane and Alliance for sea.
Congress have referred this letter to me, and in conse-
quence, as I am convinced that expense will constantly
accrue while those vessels continue in port, 1 request of
your Excellency to furnish to the Navy Board, such
moneys as may be necessary to fit ihem out, with all pos-
sible expedition. I must further entreat to be favored
with an account of the sums furnished, that they may be
carried to the credit of your State on the laJe requisitions
of Congress, and the Navy Board to be debited with
them in the treasury books.
I have the honor to be, he.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO THE GOVERNORS OF DELAWARE, MARYLAND, AND
NEW JERSEY.
Philadelphia, August 4th, 1781.
Sir,
Being obliged to go to camp on public business, I
shall set off this day. During my absence, it is highly-
probable that the service may reqtiire various applica-
tions to your Excellency. Should this be the case,
they will be made to you by Mr Gouverneur Morris,
who is m}' official assistant. I am, therefore, to pray
VOL. XI. 54
42G ROBERT MORRIS.
the same attention to liis lellcrs as If ihcy were writ-
lei) by mo.
With great respect, &c.
ROBERT MORRIS.*
TO GEORGE WASIIIXGTON.
Camp, August 13th, 1731.
Sir,
The (irders of Con2:ress, which we have the Iionor
to comniunicyle, (lircotinjj; us to ctnifer wiili your Ex-
cellency on the subject of llie proposed numbers and
arran;;ements of the army for the next campaiy;n, not
hd\ in<; pointed out llic reasons for inducing the mejs-
iire, wo have llie honor to lay before you our ideas on
the subject, so far as we arc acqualnicd with the
matter, Irom a long conference at which we were
present in Philadelphia, held by a committee of Con-
gress, the Superintendent of Finance, and the Board
of VV^ar, pursuant to a resolution of Congress, with a
coj;y of which your Excellency has been furnished.
After the full conversation with which we were hon-
*August 4<A. Having omitted in my minutes to make mention of
the assistance I have received from Gouverneur Morris, I lliink it
proper to declare, that he has most cheerfully afforded me every
advice and assistance, which his genius and abilities enabled him to
afford, from my first appointment to this time ; and that I found him
so capable and useful as to induce me to solicit his assistance in an
official character, which having readily consented to, I made a
verbal engagement with him, since confirmed by my letter of ap-
pointment, dated on the 6th of July last, being the date of the Acts
of Congress, which fixes a salary for my assistant, and he is of
course entitled to that salary from that date. Diary.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 427
ort<\ on the 12lh instant, it is unnecessary to enter at
large into those reasons, or to urge the pressing neces-
sity of economising our affairs so as to make our reve-
nues in a great degree meet our expenses. Your
P'xrellenoy must be equally sensible with us of the
necessity, and we are j;erfectly convinced that you are
disposed to assist in every mdasure lending to promote
so desirable an object. You are also sensible of the
impolicy of calling on the States for men or money, in
numbers or quaniiiies so extensive as to excite among
even the zealous and considerate, ideas of the imprac-
ticability of carrying on the war on such terms. De-
mands of this nature, instead of animating to exertions,
are only productive of hopeless languor. Your morti-
fying experience of the inadequate compliance of the
States h'ereloforc, wiih your former requisitions, will
explain the n-.otivcs inducing to the expediency of
moderating those demands, so as to render them pro-
ductive, and in case cf failure to leave the delinquent
Stale without excuse. Your Excellency has no doubt
considered that tiie class of men who are willing to
become soldiers is much diminished by the war, and
therefore the difficulties of raising an army cqtial to
former establi>hnients has increased, and will continue
to increase, and embarrass the Slates in their measures
for filling up their quotas, should the mode of recruit,
ing the army be continued in the present line. You
will also have considered, that the enemy proportion-
ably (lebilitated by war, is incapable of opposing to us
the force we originally had to encounter; and, there-
fore, the necessity of such extensive levies as we
formerly raised, seems to be in some measure super-=
sedud.
428 ROBERT MORRIS.
In what degree the forces of these States should be
decreased, we do not pretend to determine, leaving
this to your Excellency's belter judgment. But from
past experience it appears, that the States are inca-
pable of bringing into the field an army equal to that
called for by the last arrangement ; or, if all the de-
mands of Congress on the Slates become merely pecu-
niary, it does not seem probable that they can or will
furnish money for raising, equipping, and supporting
such an army.
We wish we were capable, from any information
we are possessed of, to assist your Excellency in the
investigation of the subject with respect to the prob-
able designs or force of the enemy the next campaign.
This must in its nature depend upon contingencies at
present even beyond conjecture. At this tim#, there-
fore, in cur apprehension, the only solid grounds of
procedure is to consider what force these States are
capable of producir)g.
Having thus, in general, mentioned the ideas which
have arisen on tiie subject, we beg to leave the mailer
to your consideration, and take the liberty of pro-
posing the following queries, after further slating that
it has been liiought that it would be expedient, in case
of a reform, to lessen the number of regiments so as
to make fewer commissioned officers and privates in
the regiments. It has been supposed that a consider-
able saving would arise from this measuie, by not
having so many officers in full pay, with their horses,
servants, baggage, and other consequent expenses in
the field. Or if they remain in quarters from want of
commands, they are in a situation disagreeable to their
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 429
own feelings, and uselessly expensive to the public.
We presume that gentlemen qualified for staff officers,
and that artificers and other persons employed by the
staff department, should not come into the calculation,
as the officers at the head of those departments should
be enabled to carry on their business without taking
men from the line, a practice introduced from neces-
sity, very prejudicial to discipline, and productive of
pernicious consequences by lessening the effective
force of the army.
Quere 1. Is a reduction of the number of the offi-
cers and men, as fixed by the last arrangement, expe-
dient or proper?
2. How can the reduction be brought about, consist-
ently with the good of the service? and what arrange-
ment should be made in consequence of this resolution ?
The answer to the above queries will no doubt in-
clude the number of men necessary for the next
campaign, and the organization of them so as to desig-
nate the numbers of regiments, and the numbers in
those regiments, both of commissioned and non-com-
missioned officers and privates, as well regimentally as
by companies. The expediency of having fewer
regiments of artillery and horse, and of consolidating
the independent corps, will also, we presume, come
into your Excellency's consideration.
3. What periods of enlistment, under present cir-
cumstances, are most proper to be adopted?
4. What regulation can be made to modify the prac-
tice of taking servants from the line by officers? and,
on this head we beg leave to submit to your opinion a
copy of a motion made in Congress on this subject.
430 ROBERT MORRIS.
5. What is lo be done uilh officers by brevet, or
those wlio have no pririicuhir commands? Can ihcv
not bo placed in the legimeiUs, or retire on half pay ?
6. WoiiM ii be praciicable, consixient uiih justice,
and llic <:;()0(l of the service, to call inio aclnai service
officers who have retired on h:df pay, by ihe fonner
arrangement, to fill vacancies happening in the lines
lo which ihcy respectively belong?
We have the honor lo be, wilh much regard, &c.
ROHHKT JNIORUIS,
RICHARD PETKliS.
GEORGE WASHINGTON TO llOBERT MORRIS.
Head Quarters. Dobbs's Ferry, >
August 17ih, 17il. 5
Dear Sir,
I have in confidence iniparted to yon die aheralion of
our late [ilan, and made you acquainted widi om- intended
operaiioi'.s. J3esides ilie jirovision necessary at ihe bead of
the Elk to carry die liof-ps down ihe bay, a very consider-
able qiianiiiy will be wanted in Virj^inia. I s.'iouKI suppose
«hree hnndri'd barrels of flour, as many of salt meal, and
eii^ht or len bngsheads of rum, woidd be sufli( ient ill the
Elk. For what will be consumed in Virginia, I imasiiue
be order must be genera!, as we can neither ascenain ihe
ninnber of men whit h will be drawn logelher, or the lime
they will be i-mployed.
I have wiiiien lo ilie Count de Grasse, anfl have re-
quested him lo send up hi< lighl vessels of every kind lo ihe
Elk; but I woidd, neveriheless, wish to have all that may
be at B.iliiinore, sind the ujtper parts of the bay, secured.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE- 431
I shall therefore he ohliged to ynii, to take niensiires at
the proper lime for that purpose. When thai lime ui 1 he,
and when yon shall give orders fur the depo5-il at the Elk,
I will hereafter inform yon.
I shall direct the Quarter IMaster in due season to take
lip all tlie small craft in the Delaware, for the pnr|)ose of
transporting the troops from Trenton to Clnisiima. ShonKl
he have occasion for advice or assistance from yon on this
occasion, I mnst request yon to give him hoih.
I am confident it will he necissary to give the American
troops, destined for Stinthern services, one nionilTs pay in
specie. This will amontit to ahont doliars. If it
will he possilile for yon to procm-e this smn, yon will
infinitely ohl ge me, and will nmch h(!nefit the service. I
shall also stand in need of a snm of specie for secret
services ; I snppose ahont five hnndred guineas.
I have the honor to he, &cc.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
TO GKORGE WASHINGTON,
Office of Finance, August 22(1, 1781.
Dear Sir,
I arrived in town the day before yesterday. Having
taken the earliest opportunities to acquire inforniaiion, I
am sorry to inform you, that I find money matters in as
bad a situation as possible. The exchange, by the con-
course of venders, has run down to five shillings, and hills
are ofl^ered at that rate in such great numbers, as to com-
mand all the money which is to be disposei! of; so that
reducing the price of bills still lower, would not command
money, or answer any other good purpose.
432 ROBERT MORRIS.
The paper of this State, (Pennsylvania) is indeed appre-
ciating; but to issue it, in the present moment, would
destroy i.i embryo all my hopes from that quarter, cut off
the only resource which I have the chance of commanding,
and shake a confidence which has been reposed in me,
and which the public interest calls upon me to cherish.
I am sorry to observe, in consequence, that you must
expect to meet with disappointments; but I assure you,
that I will make every possible exerlioii to place you in the
most eligible situation wiiich my means will admit of.
1 am, Sir, your most obedient, Sec.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO THE GOVERNORS OF NEW JERSEY AND DELAWARE.
Office of Finance, August 22d, 1781.
Sir,
I have, in a former letter, forwarded to your Excel-
lency, an account of the specific supplies, which Congress
had demanded from your Slate. It now becomes my duly
again to press for a compliance with those demands. The
exigencies of the service require immediate attention.
We are on the eve of the most active operations ; and
should they be in anywise retarded by the want of neces-
sary supplies, the most unhappy consequences may follow.
Those who may be justly chargeable with neglect, will
have to answer for it to their country, their allies, to the
present generation, and to posterity. I hope, entreat,
expect, the utmost possible efforts on the part of your
State ; and confide in your Excellency's prudence and
vigor to render those efforts effectual.
I beg to know, most speedily, Sir, what supplies are
DIPLOMATIC CORRESrONDKN'CK. 433
colli.'cted, aiu! at wliat places ; as also tlio times aiul phu-rs
at uliicli llu; rcinaiiuiei- is to l)e expc^ctcd. I tauwot
express to you my solicitiule on this occasioii. My declii-
raiion to Coc^res?, when I entered upon my nflke, will
prevent the blame of ill accidents from lij^hiing upon me,
even if I were less allenlive than I am ; hiH il is inipossihle
not to feel most deeply f:n oce:.sions wIkmc the greati'st
o! jects may he impaired or destroyed, l)y indoh-nce or
neglect. 1 mtis;, tlierefKrc, again reiterate my requests ;
and w hilt; I assin-e yon, tint noilKng bni the mgency of
onr jifF.iiis would render me thus im)U)riutiaie, I nmst also
assure you, that while those afTairs coniiniie so uigenij I
Hiust continue to inmortnne.
Willi all possible respect, kc.
ROBERT MORRIS *
* August. 21 s<. Duririff my slay at camp, I liad constant applications
for money from almosl everybody, as all had claims on llie public.
I took wLlh me only one hundred and fifty guineas; and, finding so
many demands, I thought it best to satisfy none, therefore brouo-lit
the money bank. 1 had conferences with the Quarlei Master
General, Paymaster General, Clothier General, Commissary Gen-
oral of Issues, Direct )r General of the Hospitals, and witii many
other persons; but as these chiefly ran on the wants of then'.selves
and others employed in their departments, I could only recommend
the strictest economy in thetr expendituies, that I might thereby be
the better warranted in making reasonable requisitions from the
several States ; always promising what I mean most punctually to
perform, that is, to use my utmost endeavors to establish such
revenues, as will enable the regular payment of their salaries and
other just demands; but always concluded with assuring them, that
this ultimately depended on the several Legislatures, which cculd
only be induced to grant such revenues from a conviction, that their
grants would be faithfully and frugally used. I made the same
observations to the general officers and others, who spoke to me on
money matters. Diary.
vuL. XI 56
434 nOBKRT MORRIS.
TO THK GOVERNOR OF VIRGINIA.
*
Office of Finance, August 23d, 1781.
Sir,
I am just returned from the head quarters of the Com-
mander in Ciiief, where I Isave been for some days, in
order to confer will) him on the various military operations
and arrano:ements, as far as they are connected with the
duties of my department. Of consequence the defence
of that vahiable part of Virginia now invaded, became
much a subject of consideration, and I am happy to inform
you, that every measure will be pursued for its safety,
whicii is consistent with the general objects of the war.
The force in Virginia ought to be very considerable,
for reasons, which it is unnecessary to mention to you, who
are so well acquainted with the country. But it is neces-
sary to observe, that the supplies to this force must be
proportionably gicat. I have already done myself the
honor to transmit to your Excellency an account of spe-
cific supplies, whirl) have been required by Congress.
Virginia stands debited for the whole, and it is not in my
power, perhaps not in yours, to state as yet the credit side
of that account. Let, however, the amount of the articles
already furnished, be vv')at it may, this at least is certain,
that I iiave the command of no money from the several
States, which will serve to maintain a force in Virginia.
Much, therefore, must depend on the provisions and for-
age, which that State can call forth.
It is necessary for me to inform the General what re-
liance can be made on your resources, and it is also neces-
sary, that this information should be just. Your Excel-
lency must perceive, that his arrangements will greatly
depend upon my communication ; and therefore you will
DIPLOxMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 435
need no incitement to transmit to me as soon as possible
the answers to my inquiries.
Let me then entreat, Sir, to know uhat qc.antity of
flour, beef, and pori<, both fresh and salted, and what
quantity of hay and Indian corn, or other forage, can be
delivered by iiie State of Virginia, at what places, and by
what times. 1 shall also be happy to be informed, where
the tobacco required of your State is deposited, that I may
take proper measures for the disposal of it.
With all possible respect, &ic.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO MESSKS LE COUTEULX &. CO.
Office of Finance, Philadelphia, >
August iJOth, 17«1. 5
Gentlemen,
My former letters advised you of the sundry hills T had
drawn on yoii to the 2d day of this month, being num-
bered from one to one hundred and thirtyone inclusive,
and amounting to five hundred and twentyonc thousand,
six hundred and ihirtyfour livres, sixteen sous, and eight
dernier tournois, as yon will perceive by a copy 0/ a list
of said bills, herein enclosed. To which you will find
added the list of sundry bills drawn on the 10th instant,
numbered one himdred and thirtytwo to one liundred and
fiftyeight inclusive, all at sixty days' sight, in favor of Mr
Haym Solomans, amounting to two hundred and one thou-
sand, three hundred and twenlythree livres, eight sous
tournois.
On the Sth of this month I had occasion to visit his Ex-
cellency General Washington at camp, and at my de-
430 ROBERT MORRIS.
pnrtme I left tl;ese bills signed. Tliry were srJd f!»iriiig
i:iy niiscsire, and i pniy lli;it lliey may lie duly linnon-d.
^OLiwill be ennUed lo pay dn.'se piinct;i;dlv, as bis Ex-
celJt^nry ibe Minister PIcnipolentiiny of France liiis en-
gni;ed, diat five liundred tliousand livres loinp.ois, slionld
be phiced uid) yon lor that purpose ; of course you will
Ifave rei-eived one nnllion of livies, snbjeci lo niy dr;ifi?,
nnd ! shall conlinue to pass lliern on you as occasion may
rerjnire.
On the ITili of July last, T drew one bill on )on at sixty
days, ill favor of Robert Suiiili, or order, for five liundred
tliousand livres, but that bill is eiilur punk, or lias fallen
into the eneni} 's IkukIs, therefore should it ever appear it
must he refusud as a fraud.
1 have the honor to be, &ic.
ROBERT MORRIS.
CEORCE WASHINGTON TO KOBERT ItlORRlS.
Chatham, August 27lh, 1751.
Dear Sir,
Arroiuits brought by several vessels lo PhiliuUljihia,
and to the eastward, leave little doubt but ilnu the Count
de Grasso tnu.^l have already arrixcd iu ilit Chesapeake, or
that he innsi be very soon there. The Count de IWham-
beau and myself have therefore determined, (hat no lime
oughrto be lost iii making preparations for o»;r lr;:u=por-
lation from Trenton to Clhiistiana, and from the head of the
Eik down the Cliesaj eake. I have wiiiien by :his oppor-
luni'y to Ct)lonel IMilts, and have directed him iuiuie<ii-
aiely in eng;ige all the proper kind of craft for the navigation
of the Dciiuvare, wliich tan be found in riiiladelphia, or iu
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 437
ihe creeks -above and below It ; ant! as your advire may
Uv nsefcl 10 biiii, more especially as Jar as respecls |>rc>-
cmiig «lie ve.-sels at a distance from Pliiladelpbia, I liave
desired biin Ut wait upon you lor tliat purpose.
I sliul! also be oblijj,ed to you for nsina; your influence
with tiie gentlemen of Baltimore lo pertiiil any vessels,
uhiili may be in lliat port to come up to llie E\k to assist us
ill transportation. 1 have little donbl, from the clieerful-
ncss with which they fnrnislie<i the IVlar(].;is de Lafayette
last winter, that they will comply with your reqnisitij)n on
the present oc-casion. But lest there should be a necessity
for the interference of the Execinive of the State, 1 have
written lo Governor Lee, upon thai and other matters.
1 enclose ihe letter under flyint; seal lor your inforinatifm,
and you will be good enough lo forward it by a chain of
expresses, which is established. Any vessels, which may
be procured in the Chcsa|»eake, should rendezvous as
soon as possible in Eik river.
You will be j)leased to make the (ieposit of flour, rum,
nnd salt meat, al ilie liead of the Elk, which i leqnesicd in
a former letter.
I am very fta:fiil, fhat about fifteen hundred barrels of
sail provi>ions, and thirty hf)g<heads of rum, which I
directed lo be sent from Connecticut and Rhode Island,
under convoy of the Couiit lie Barras, wotdd nol have
been ready when the fleet sailed from Newport. Should
that have been the case, the (isaj^poiutnsenl will be great.
1 would wi?h yf)u to sec whether a like (luantit)' of those
art.cles can be pracm-od in Philadelphia, or in Maryland,
if we sh.)uld find ih.ii they have nol gone round horn the
ea?tvvai(l.
•1 uiust entreat you if possible lo [irocurc c>ne month's
438 ROBERT MORRIS.
pay in specie for the detachmer.t, which I have under my
command. Part of the troops have not been paid any-
thing for a long time past, and have upon several occasions
shown marks of great discontent. The service they are
going upon, is disagreeable to the northern regiments, but
I make no doubt, that a douceur of a little hard money
would put them in proper temper. If the wliole sum can-
not be obtained, a part of it will be better than none, as
it may be distributed in proportion to the respective wants
and claims of the men.
The American detachment will assemble in this neigh-
borhood today. The French army tomorrow.
I have the honor to be, he.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
TO DONALDSON YEATES.
Office of Finance, August 28lh, 1781.
Sir,
The express which carries this letter will bring you one
from Colonel Miles, on the same subject. It is necessary,
that vessels be procured as speedily as possible, to trans-
port a body of from six to seven thousand n)en from the
bead of the Elk to Virginia, with their necessary apparatus.
You will, therefore, collect them at the head of the Eik, on
the 5ih of September, and as soon after as may be, engage
theu» by the day on the cheapest terms you can, to be paid
in hard money, and obtain as long a credit as possible.
There will be little or no risk of the vessels, and therefore
you may insure them to the owners, if that will tend to ob-
tain them either sooner or cheaper. The express has let-
ters to William Smith and iMatihew Ridley, of Baltimore,
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 439
on this subject, and they will give you their advice and as-
sistance, as will some other gentlemen, to whom 1 have
written, should eitlier be necessary. He has also letters
to the Governor of ftlaryland, who will I am confident give
every aid, which the Executive authority of the State can
afford. You will therefore either apply to the Governor
or not, as circumstances shall require.
Any engagements you enter into on this account, shall
be fulfilled ; but 1 must again request, that you will be as
economical as the nature of the business will permit. 1
ex|)ect and rely on the exertion of your utmost industry
and attention and am, Sir, very respectfully, to.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO B. FRANKLIN.
■: Philadelphia, August 28th, 1781.
Sir,
Herewith I send you triplicates of my letters of the 13ih
and 14ihof July last, and duplicates of my letters of the 19th
and 21st of July last. 1 have not yet executed the plan
mentioned in mine of the 21st of July, of drawing bills on
you, for reasons, which it is not necessary to enumerate at
present.
Since my letter to you of the Sih of June last, I have
found it necessary to apply to the Minister of his Most
Christian Majesty in this place, to direct another sum of
five hundred thousand livres to bo deposited with Messrs
Le Couteulx h Co., and I am now drawing bills for that
sum, wherefore I must pray your Excellency to take meas-
ures, that they be put in cash to answer my drafts. Al-
though I have no doubt that this will be done on the Che-
440 ROBERT MORRIS.
valier (!e la Liizerne'i applicjiiion, ypt as his Icfieis may
iniscany, or oilier unavoitlaltle inislbriiine liappeii, 1 lake
this addiiioiial piTcaiiiioii, because it is of llie uUnosl itn-
ponaiice lo the United Slates, that ihese bills be duly
honored.
The last advices fjoui Europe iiiform us of.M. Neckcr's
re>igii;.lioi! and reniova', vviiich f.rcasions ninch spoeiilalion,
as lo the fai!?es uhich produced this event. 1 slioidd be
glad lo hear from you upon thai suhjecl.
We learn from Boston tiie arrival of the frigale I\Iag,i-
cienno, wiili a larije store sliip lailcn with (loihinsr, &ic. fov
the United Slates ; another store ship put br.ck lo Corunnn,
as is said, having been dismasted in a grde of wind. If
this be so, it is a loss which will be more easily piipj)lied
than ihat of ihe Lafayette, which ship we ure informed was
taken and carried into Euzliind.
Colonel Laurens's embarki'lion on bf)arJ a hi^;ale for
• his place, wiih money, is also announced, and 1 hope she
will speedily arrive. The Bosion account of the iGlh of
August, mentions die arrival of ihe AJajL-jicienne in fifiy
days. If Colonel 1-iaurens had then sailed, he must now
have been out sixiytwo days, wh'ch is a very long period
for a single frigate lo be engaged in thai voyage. If that
frigate arrives safe, with five hundred ihousand dollars,
which is, as I am informed, on board of her, it will relieve
me from many very great diflicullies, which I have now lo
struggle with, and give a much beiier a(>pearance to our
afTiirs, as it will enable us to operate wiih far mure vigor
and aciiviiy.
It is now a very long lime since we have had any
tidings rf Mr Adam?. Wo have indeed been inforniod,
though not from himself, that he had opened a loan for a
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 441
million of florins ; but we are much in the dark as to the
success of it, as well as many other particulars relative to
his situation, which would be very interesting.
September "Ith, 1781. Since writing the above letter,
Colonel Laurens has come to this city from Boston, at
which place he arrived in the Resolve, with the two store
ships under lier convoy, after a passage uncommonly
tedious. It is certainly unnecessary lo mention how great
pleasure we have received from this occurrence.
Another equally pleasing, is the arrival of the Count de
Grasse la the Chesapeake Bay, on the 30th of August,
with twenty eight sail of the line, viz. one of one hundred
and ten guns, three of eightyfour guns, nineteen of seventy-
four guns, four of sixtyfour guns, and o'ne of fifty guns.-
The Count de Barras sailed from Rhode Island on the
24ih, so that probably he has before this made a junction
with the Count de Grasse, although he had not on the 31 si
of August. A detachment of about seven thousand men
is on the way to Virginia, of which about two thousand and
five hundred were at the head of the Elk. As many more
must have arrived there this evening, and the remainder
tomorrow. There are landed, from the fleet, three thous-
and men, and we are told these will receive an addition of
one thousand and five hundred marines, besides the army
under the command of the Marquis de Lafayette, wliich
was before in Virginia, and consists of about five thousand,
including the militia. Lord Cornwallis was entrenched at
York, in Virginia, with five thousand men. General
Wasiiington takes the command of the southern army in
person. The fleet under the Count de Grasse took on its
way a packet from Charleston to Great Britain, on board
VOL. XI. 56
442 ROBERT MORRIS.
of uliich was Lord Rawdon. From this combination of
circumstances, yon will perceive, that we have reason to
flatter ourselves with tlie expectalion of pleasini; occur-
rences.
Will) the greatest respect, he
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF OONORESS.
Oflace of Finance, August 28Ui, 1781.
Sir,
My circular letter to the Governors, of the 25th of
July, a copy whereof was sent to Congress on the 6th
of August, contains a solemn assurance, that all the
accounts of the several States with the United Slates
should be speedily liquidated, if I could possibly eflect
It, and that my efforts for that purpose should be un-
ceasing. If after this declaration, I could possibly
have forgotten it, the reference made to me, on the
23d instant, of two letters from the State of Massa-
chusetts and a report on them of the 14th instarjt,
would have called for an immediate attention.
I have thought much on this subject and feci very
anxious about it. The settlement of those accounts is
of the utmost importance, for, until it be comj)leled,
the States will |)ersuade themselves into an opinion
that their exertions are unequal. Each will believe in
the superiority of its own efforts. Each claim the
merit of having done more than others; and each
continue desirous of relaxing to an equality of the sup-
posed deficiencies of ilc, neighbors. Hence it follows,
that every day they become more and more negligent.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 443
a clansrerous s'jpincncss pervades ilie continent, and
recommendations of Congress, capable in the year
1775 of rousing all America to action, now lie ne-
glected.
The settlement of former accounts being considered
as a thing forgotten, men, naturally rcaso intz; fron
them to those which are now present, conclude, that
they also will drop into forgetfulncss, and consider
everything not furnished as so much saved. The
Legislatures will not call forth the resources of their
respective constituents. The public operations lan-
guish. The necessity of purchasing on credit enhances
expense. The want of that credit compels to the use
of force. That force offends. The country is daily
more jdimged in debt, and its revenues more deeply
antici|)ated, A situation so dnngerous calls lor more
accurate principles of administration, and these cannot
too speedily be adopted. The settlement of accounts
is the first step, but it is necessary not only that tliis
settlement be speedy but that it be final; for, if it be
not final, the disputes on that subject will have the
same baleful influence with those now subsisting.
Disunion among the States must follow in the event.
Disgust must take place in the moment. The same
opprobrious indolence will continue, and in the mean-
time it is to little purpose, that our country abounds
in men and subsistence, if they cannot be called forth
for her defence.
All the requisitions of Congress upon the several
States contain a provision for future liquidation, when
the quotas shall have been ascertained according to the
articles of confederation. The evil consequences
444 ROBERT MORRIS.
which have followed from this are very evident, and
the great advantages which would have resulted from
rendering every appointment final and conclusive are
equally evident. But those, who, on such ground,
build a censure against Congress, ought to eonsider,
that they could not act otherwise, before the confeder-
ation was completed.
The changes which have already happened, in the
affairs of the several States at the different periods of
the war are so great, that any apportionment formerly
made, however equitable then, would be inequitable
naw. To determine the quota, therefore, from the
present situation, or from any particular moment of
the past, must be equally improper. But the quotas
must be determined at some period or other. If we
suppose it already done, we shall clearly see how
many inconveniences would have been avoided, and
how many advantages gained. True it is, that let this
final adjustment of the quota take place when it will,
difficulties will arise by reason of those changes in the
circumstances of the several States, which have been
already mentioned. But those difficulties will be daily
increased, and beconie at length insurmountable. If a
final determination of past quotas were made now, it
must be arbitrary in some degree ; but if we carry our
ideas forward to the end of several yearS) it must be
still more arbitrary. To attempt a settlement of ac-
counts subject to after revision, and after determination,
is still worse; for it is liable to every objection, which
lies against leaving them unsettled, to every difficulty,
which could attend the final settlement, and has the
additioiial evil, that by placing the several precise bal-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPOiSDEiNCi::. 445
unces immediately before the eyes of Con2;rcss, they
could take no step, which would not be charged with
partiality. I will dwell no longer on this sul)ject, for
I trust the United States in Congress will aqree with
me in one leading position, that after taking a general
view of the past, from the commencement of the war
to the present moment, a certain rate or quota should
be established for.eacii State of the whole expense now
incurred, excepting the public debt of the United
States. I will presently assign the reasons for this ex-
ception ; but that general position which I have
advanced is the corner stone; without it nothing can
be done, at least such is my conviction. Hence we
have the irresistible conclusions,
1st. That while a demand of Congress is the mere
request of a loan, instead of a complete appointment of
it will not be attended to.
2dly. That while from the unsettled state of public
accounts, the individual Stales are led to suppose that
there is a balance in their favor, by superior exertions
for which they neither have, nor are like to have any
credit, they will relax their efforts.
3dly. That the final settlement of these accounts
cannot take place until the quotas be finally ad-
justed.
4ihly. That a settlement of accounts, which is not
final will [blank in the manuscript]
I feel, therefore, a demonstration, that the past cir-
cumstances and situations of the several Stales should
be candidly reviewed, that tiie- apportionment of all
the past expenses should be made now, and that it
should be final. Thus, if the whole expense be slated
446 ROBERT MORRIS.
at one hundred, each State would be declared charge-
able with a certain number of pai'ts of that hundred,
and thus a standard will be established by which to
determine the proportion, let the amount be what it
may. I know it is not possible to do strict justice,
but it is certain that less injustice will be done in this
mode than any other, and that without adopting it
nothin*;; eflectual can be done.
After the proportion is fixed the principles on which
to admit the various charges will next come into
consideration. I know it will be difficult to draw such
a line as will apply to all cases, or which will be abso-
lutely just even in those to which it does apply. Yet
neither of these objections ought to prevent Congress
frjin laying down those general rules, which shall on
the whole appear to be most equitable. The various
requisitions have been made payable at certain days.
The value, therefore, of the demand ought to be esti-
mated at the day of payment fixed by each, and the
proper mode of doing tliis would be by the table of
depreciation, formed the 29ih day of July, 1730, in
pursuance of the Act of Congress of the 2Slh day of
June preceding. It is possible that this table is not
perfect ; but we must rernember, that it has been fixed
by the authority of the United Slates, and acted ujion.
It ought, therefore, to be adhered to ; for there is
always less of inconvenience and danger in pursuing
an established rule, than in the frequent change of
rules; because the former is at the worst only aparlial,
but the latter is a general evil. Assuming then this
table as a stan,dard, the account of the requisitions pre-
vious to the ISth of March, 17S0, will stand thus;
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 447
by the resolutions of the 22d of November, 1777,
there is pa)'able as follows.
dollars, ninetieths.
January 1st, 177S, 1,250,000 dol-
lars, eqi:al to 857,222 20
April 1st, 1778, 1,250,000 dol-
lars, equal to 621,423 55
July 1st, 1778, 1,250,000 412,804 52 4
October 1st, 177S, 1,250,000 268,472 2
By the resolutions of January 2d,
1779, and May 21st, 1779,
there is payable by Januc^ry 1st,
17S0, 60,000,000 dollars, equal
to ■ 2,042,500
By the resolution of October 6th,
1779, payable by February 1st,
1780, 15,000,000, equal to 451,041 60
March 1st, 1780, 15,000,000,
equal to 401,450 30
5,054,982 39 4
Thus the whole dennand made on the Slates, from
the be2;inning of the war to the 1st of March, 1780, is
but little more than five millions of dollars. And yet
this demand, moderate as it is, has not been complied
with.
By the various resolutions of Congress on the sub-
ject of requisitions it is provided, that interest at six
per cent shall be charged on the sums due, and allowed
on the sums paid. The sums paid do, in no instances,
amount to the value of the demand, but each Slate has
an account against the Union for advances, by supplies
furnished of various kinds, and by payments made to
448 ROBERT MORRIS
militia. As no taxes were laid b}' the States, the
sums they expended were procured partly from the
continental treasury and partly by the emission of
State currency, which tended to depreciate the conti-
nental paper, and impede its circulation. A consider-
ation of the mischiefs arising from this circumstance
will much diminish the merit, whicli is assumed from
those advances. If the State paper had not been
issued, the same services might have been performed
by an equal sum of continental money, and the general
torrent of depreciation would then have swept away
those expenditures, which now exist as State charges.
From hence it might in strictness be inferred, that the
continent should not be charged for the amount of
State paper aclvanced, and that amount be estimated at
its value when redeemed by the Slate, especially as
Congress have not only urged the States not to emit
money, but even to call in what they had already
emitted. But this inference would perhaps be rather
too strvng. No such idea has been formerly advanced
by Congress, and therefore the Slates, not having had
due notice, might conceive the determination at this
]ale period to be inequitable.
On the whole, therefore, it may be proper lo estimate tlie
sums paid by them according to the rule already noticed,
especially as the method of redeeming the old continental
money formerly adopted, will, if pursued, work some de-
gree of equality. For it will create a demand for the old
money in those Slates, which, by the amount of their own
emissions, have expelled it from themselves and forced it
upon their neighbors. There must, however, be a distinc-
tion made in the advances of the several States ; much of
Dll'LOMATIC CORRESrOXDENCE. 449
lliem Ills beon for il;p |ny an;! support of the iniliiin, ami
iiPicli of liiat for ilie priv.itB defence of particular Slates,
nnd of that again a part has frequently been unnecessary.
To ^o, at this late period, into a close investigation of the
snlijeci, is impraclicable, and |)erliaps dangorons. Neither
Would it answer any valnahle purpose. Some general
iii!e, theref'Tc, must be adopted, and propriety seems to
require, that credit should be given only for those expen-
diltn-es on inililia, which were previously riiuhnrised and
required by express resolutions of Congress. VVidi respect
to :dl other articles, there is also to be noted a distinction
between those which were furnished by the several Slates
pievionsly to the 22d of November, 1777, when the first
demand of money was made, and those made subsequently
to that period. 1 would propose that the former, as also
the militia expenses not ex|)ressly authorised as abovt men-
tioned, should be taken together into one account, and ihe
specie valu2 of the wji(>le esiimaled. That the amount of
both, throughout America, should be apportioned by tiie
san»e standard will) the other expenses. And ihs.t the
several actual expenditures of each State shoidd be settled
and liquidated with its proportional part of the whole, and
the several balances carried to their respective debits and
credits in ihe general accomits. These balances should
bear interest at six per cent to the I8ih of iMarch, 1780.
Thus, suppose the whole of those expenses shoidd auionnt
to one million of dollars, and that the State A be held to
pay ni.;e, and the Stale B ten parls out of every h nulred ;
the Slate A would be accountable for ninety thousand
dollars, and ^ihe Stale B for one hundred thousand (hdlars.
Aral if it should appear, that the former ha, I paid one
hundred thousand, and the latter oidy ninety thousand, the
VOL. XI, 57
4j3 ROBERT MORRIS.
farniT wo'.il.l !)f crediiod, aiiH tlie h.tter dchliet] ten
llionsand ilsllrtii-, ^viili six per cent interest.
I would propnsi', iliat tlie advances made by the several
Slates, subsequent to ilie 2iil of Navember, and prior to
the ISib of xMareli, 1780, exeej)iin« those to niilitiii not
authorised, should be estimated as aforesaid, and carried to
account regularly upon the advances of money niade to
eacii from tiie Coniinenial treasury, and tJje apponionment
ol the several demands made by Congress, in hke maimer
with the moneys paid to their order. And that i. Merest,
at six per cent, should be charged or credited upon llje
several balances, until the iSth of March, 17S0.
I would further propose, that on that day these bidanccs,
and those befoie mentioned, shoidd be liquidated together,
and the final capitals be considered as |H'incipal sums,
beari ig interest at six per cent. Thus, supposing the
State A, in one account, to be credited ten thousand dol-
lar<, amounting, with interest, to eleven ibousand, and
dj.'biied in liie other account five thoushnil, amounting, with
interest, to six ; in tiiat case, i!)e i^\^c,\ balance, on t!ie ISih
of March, would be a creUu of Cive thousand dollars.
On the ISih of March, we come to a new and more
enligiitened era of public accounts. The appointmf>nt
fbrineily mentioned as preliminary to a settlen»ent, will
determine the quota due by each Slate for the two hun-
dred millions of old Continental money, valued at foriy for
one. These resolutions of the 18th of March, 17S0, i.ot
having been fully complied with, there appears to be a
propriety in the following plan.
1st. To charge the several States with their proportions
of it at that rate.
2dly. To fix some future day for the full compliance
with the resolution.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESrONOE.N'CE. 451
3(!ly. To receive olfl p.i|ier at ihe vnte of forty for one,
in riischari^e of those proportions, until thai diy ; and,
4ihiy. To c!iarj;e the balances then unpaid in «;pccie,
with a debit and creciit of interest at six per cent in the
manner before meniioned.
1 am sensible, that tnai;y persons now condemn the rcso*
lutions of the I81I1 of JMarch, anil among these are foimil
some of those wlio warndy advocated it previously to that
period. It is not my business to enter into argiintents on
the subject. Be those resolutions wise or unwise, they are
acts of the sovereign authority, which have be;'n obeyed
by some, if not by all, and therefore those who have
obeyed ought not to suffer by their obedience. They are
acts for the redemption of bills isstied by that sovereign,
and they iiave formed the standard of public opinion with
respect to those bills. If, therefore, for argument's sake,
it were admitted, that the measure was impolitic and ini-
jdst, yet, now that it has taken place, tliere would certairdy
be lioth injustice and bad policy in altering it. The re-
spective Slates have ridier f)beyed it in the whole, or in
part, or have totally neglected it. The first have a right
to insist upon a compliance with it. The second nuist
have so far acconmiodated themselves to it, as that interior
mischiefs woidil arise fiom changing the system. And iha
last, whatever may be their claim to superior wisdont, will
at least acknowledge, that life precedent of disobedience
once established, om* Union must soon be at an end, and
tjie amlioriiy of Congress reduced to a nunaphysical idea.
Besides, the claim of sucli States must ultimately rest 011
ihe foundation of their own neglect ; and as this will always
be in their own power, ii will be suflicient to rear any
argument iur any purpose.
452 ROBERT MORRIS.
By the resnlmions of ihe ISth of iMarch, 1780, ten
millions of fiolhirs of new paper were to Ijiu'e been issretl,
wlieioof four millions were to be ;it the order of Coi!2;ress.
Uy the resoliiiions of the 2Gtii of Aiigiij-t, ITSO, three
millions more were demnntied. By the risolutioiis of the
4lli of Niivemlier, ITSO, besides the specifi.-. supplies, an
additional demand was made of one million, six lumdrcd
and fortylwo tliousnnd. nine hnndred and ci^hiysuven and
two thirds dollars in money ; and by the resohiiions of the
IGih of Marci), ITS I, six millions more are required.
These snnjs amomii in the whole to fourteen millions, six
hundred and furiytwo thousand, nine himdred and eisihiy-
sev.-ii rjollars and two thirds. A very small pari of this
smn lias yet been paid ; but admiitinv; that there may have
been circnlaled '»y the United Stall's two millions, six hun-
dred and fortytvvo thousand, nine hmuired and eightyseven
(i(>lldrs and two thirds, twelve millions would still remain
due. If from this we deduct the whole of the new emis-
sions, it woulil leave a balance of two n»illions. I piopose,
therefore, the following plan.
L«t. I'hai no more of these new emissions be used on
any pretence.
2dly. That ns fa^t as the old Continental money is
broujiht in, the several States be crediicd for the new
emissions to have been issued as spefie, agreeably to the
scvt-ral resolutions of Congress upon that subject ; and,
3(lly. That on all those requisitions last men:ioned, the
money of the new emissions of any particular Slate bo
received as specie.
It is true, that these propositions are liable to exceptinn,
but they have the great advantage of being consi>tent with
former resolutions of Congress, which shotdd alwa)s bo
DIPLOMATIC CORRESrONDEXCt:. 453
nllended lo as rmicli as possiljle. I am s;ire thai Congipss
imisl be roMviiued ol ilii?, for lliey are iioi to Icarii, tiiat
a:iilif)rity is weakened by ilie firqneiit cliange o(" incasniTS
and piiistiils ; that such changes injure llie reiunaliou of
su|Meuie power in public opinion, and that opinion is the
source and support of the sovereii^n auli)ority. It is liu'-
llicr to 1)0 observed, ibat die inolives lor coniplyinj; with
ibe resolulions of die iSth of March, will, il die above plan
is adopt«>i], become very sirong ; lor in ilia! case, every
foriy dollars ol old Conlinenlal, [ aid by a Slate, will ino-
duce lo the credit side of its account three dollars in spe-
cie ; because in the first place, the whole iiroporiion of
old C()nii:;'^nnl being changed at lorty for one, and re-
ceivable until n certain day at tl:e same rale, that ))ayment
will sn far operate a discharge of one dollar ; and in the
second place, it will entitle the Slate lo two dollars of th(^
WW emission, which not beiiig i?sued, will also be cnrried
lo its credit upon its s'^verril re<)ni?iiioi)s.
U will be in the wisdom of the United Slates, in Con-
gress assembled, to determine whether alu-r the expiration
of die day to be fixed for the a'.ove purpose, they will per-
mit the possessors of the old Continciital money to biinj^ it
in loan at the rate of forty for one. it is true, ih::t this
niiilht operate against those Stales, who have not complied
with the resolutions of the IS'.h of ^larcli, 1780, and v\Iio
liave not now the old C'oMineiital to comply wiib i; ; but it
is enlirely cons^i^lent wilii the former rf'soiniions of Con-
gress, and the Stales are tliemselvc^s blamable for iIkj
neglect. In^sides, those who now hold ilie Conliuental
do il eilher hfvii clioice, because of their confidence in
Congress, or from necessity, because it has been poured
i.i upon them from those places where il was of inlefior
451 ROBERT MORRIS.
v.nltie, and this inlVriority vvns cuing to the neglect ofljiose
StiUfcS in not passing the laws wliich Congress reconi-
mended. There is, therefore, a degrte ol jiisiii;e and
fiiinness in that rnensnre, wliic h will create con6dcnce in
the Intuie acts oi the Uiiited States.
Whatever principles may he er-iahlished for settling these
accounts, and however jn>t they may he, many donhts will
arise in the ap])Iication of them. It must always lie re-
membered, that the Slates are independent ; and that while
they are pressed to a compliance with ilieir duty, they
must have full evidence, that Congress act fairly. It might
therefore be proper, that for the setilenient of their ac-
counts, Coiiunissioners should be chohcn as follows ; one
by the Stale, one by the UniK'd Slates, one by the oilier
two, and ihe decision of the nwijority to be final.
Hiiherto I have taken no notice of the specific supplies
called fur from the several Slates. IVIany of these have
been furnished, and many remain to be provided. I WDiiId
exclude iliem entirely from the oilier public atcotnits ; hut
as llie app(>rlionmenl so often mcnlioned, will give a rule
to go l)y, I shall continue to press for il:e suppli. ? ; or
where they are not wanted, make such composition wi.li
the Slates in lieu of ihose which remain to be furu'shed, as
the public service shall render most eligible.
1 have observed, thai the piddic debts ought to be ex-
cepted frcjm the apporlinnment of past expenses. The
reason is clear. Those debts, or at least a greai pan of
them, may subsist until the relativi? wealih of the Stales
lias entirely changed. Those who are now most lich,
may become poor, and ihosf.* who are poor, may become
rich. This is not all ; these del.ls pre hithcrlo unfunded.
Thu crediiois have indeed the general promise of govern-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESl'OXDE.N'CK. 455
merit, and sonio of ilicin Imve cerlificntos as evidencrs of
thai promise ; but iiiiiil measures are taken in provide solid
Aiiiils for llie final pnydjenl, llie puLlic credit must l<iiif;nisli.
To ••111 cidiglitened mind, it is needless to ddate on the nd-
vaiilages residling from national credit. Congress will
doubtless pursue the steps necessary for its perfect cstab-
lislmicnt. And this cannot be otherwise accomplished,
than by raising taxes in hard money from sources which
must be prniluctive and increasing. Tliose taxes must be
so bound to the ptd)lic creditors for the debts due to then),
that the produce cannot be diverted. Tiiese taxes ouglit
to be raiseil from the. same article.-, at the same rates, and
in the same manner throughout the whole confederaiioi; ;
nnd constqnently, a |iresent apportionment of the public
debts will be as tmnecessary as it would be unjust.
I ihiuk it my dniy, while I am upon tiiis subject, to men-
tion my opinion, tliat in addition to the five per cent called
for on ariicles imported, and on prizes and prize <;oods, it
ivould be proper to appropiiate to the payment of the pub-
lic debts, ? land tax, a poll lax, and an excise on spirituous
liquors. I readily grant that neither of these taxes would
be strictly equal between the States, nor i:u!eefl can ay.y
other tax be so, but I am convinced, that all of them taken
together, woidd be as nearly equal as tl.e (luctuating na-
ture of hiUTian affairs will |)ermit. 1 am, however, to ob-
serve in addition, that the land tax should be laid at a cer-
tain rate per acre, because the superior certainty of such a
lax will give it the preference of others, although it cannot
perhaps be so great as might have been expected. What-
ever inequal.ties may remair), must be adjusted among in-
dividuals, by the several Stales in raising their quotas, and
although those quotas will be most considerable during the
45G ROBERT MORRIS.
war, ye\ it must Ijr reireinbered, that nficr the conclosion
of it, S!ir-li Slims v\ill be neccssniy for the eslnblisliins^ a
iniiiiiic ;jii(! o'.h'.-r n!ilion:il |nii|)osep, :is will still eiuible llie
Sia'.i's to CDiiiiiiiu; tiieir iiilerior regulations fur cqiiiiliziiiSi.
the gt'ncral taxes.
Amoiiji; «Im' puljlic dt-bis, there are a considerable miiii-
l)er<)l'ceni(ic=iies y^iveii l)y public officers to the c tizciis of
the several Slates for arfclcs ocf.'.sioiiiilly taken for the
p'iblic tise. Willi respect to these ceitificates, ii is imne-
cessary to meiilion, that ihey have aiilicipaled ihe revenue,
and brought us to ihe brink of desiruction. But it is lime
to pay a particular alleiition lo ihem. jNJany ways may be
fallen upon for their litpiidaiion, idl of which &re perhaps
justly rxce|.iioriable.
l.H. Thry n)ay he consolidated uiih the rest of ihe pub-
lic debt, and be made payabh; at a fulure period ; hut this
could only be by fjicing a loan from the people, Ui.iny of
whom are unable to make il, and of consequeticu it would
be a hard measure, if not an unjust «)ne. Perhaps it could
not be executed, ll')r laws repugnant to ihe general feelings
of mankind arii only a dead leiier. 2illy. Another mode
is by receiving them in taxes, but this is very dangerous
for several reaso.is, among which, liie two lollowing arc
cogent. The public revenue will not bear such a heavy
deiiuclion as those certificates would create, and the collec-
tors of taxes would be liable to be defrauded themselves,
or the remedy for lliat would give them op|)oriunilics of
defrauding the public, vvhi(-h coiisidefing the naluial bent
and disposition ol many men, ought to be carefully provided
against. A third mode would be, by turning over the
holders of these cerlificales to iheir respective Stales, and
giving credit for ihem on account of the sj)ecific supplies.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 457
This may in some degree become necessary in cases
where the negligence of the States on the one liand, and
the necessities of the army on the other, have compelled to
seize by force what ought to have been collected by law.
But in many cases it cannot be done, and it would be im-
proper in many others where it is practicable.
Among the bad consequences, which attend the present
mode of supplying our armies, or rather leaving them to
supply themselves, it is one of no small magnitude, that the
officers who are compelled to the melancholy duty of plun-
dering their fellow citizens, endeavor by the sum ol their
certificates, to compensate for the manner of taking as well
as for the value of the thing taken. Nor is that all j wiiere
there is a disposition for fraud, an ample opportunity is
afforded to commit it. Whatever may be the cause, 1 am
informed, that these certificates are for sums vastly beyond
the value of the services and articles obtained for thera.
The respective Slates would naturally be led to give to these
certificates their specified value, and it cannot be^expected
that they will scrutinise them so rigidly as lh<-;y ought, if they
are to be accepted in discharge of demands-existing against
the j)articular State. To all these modes there are also
some further objections. Among which it is my duty to
stale the lollowing. The accounts of the several staff
officers still remain unsettled. The certificates given by
them, if they are to be paid by the public, ought to be
carried boih to the debit and credit of llieir casli accounts,
and the articles obtained carried to their debit in tiie ac-
count of expenditures. Of consequence the amount of
these last debits must depend much upon the amoQnt of
the certificates, and tlic-rcfore either the certificates given
should be known, and the accounts settled with those
VOL. XI. 58
458 ROBERT MORRIS.
charges, or the account should be settled, and no other
certificates allowed but such as are charged in it.
A further mode of liquidating these certificates would be,
by purchasing them from the holders ; but it is needless
to state any other ol)ject:ons to it than the want of money,
which is felt through all our operations. There still re-
mains this method.
1st. That at present those certificates should neither be
receivable in taxes nor transferable.
2dly- That they should be taken up and examined in
the course of s'Htiing ihe public accounts.
3dly. That they should be brought to the amount in
specie, which the article procured, or service performed,
was reasonably wortli.
4thly. That where the sum due to any person on cer-
tificates is small, a bill for the amount should be given,
payable at the distance of a year.
5tbly. That where the sum is large it should be divided
into five different parts, and bills given payable in one,
two, three, four, and five years, calculating on each part
an interest of six per cent, and adding it to the amount.
As if for instance, the sum were one hundred pounds,
then the bills would be for twenlyone pounds four shil-
lings, twentytwo pounds eight shillings, twentythree pounds
twelve shillings, twentyfour pounds sixteen shillings, and
tvventyfive pounds.
6thly. That these bills should be drawn payable to the
bearer, and in such form as not to be counterfeited with-
out great difficulty.
7thly. That they should be receivable in continental
taxes, within any of the States, as cash, at the times when
they are respectively due, or il not so received, payable
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 459
by the continental treasurer, or any receiver of the con-
tinental taxes, on demand, after collecting the taxes, in
which they were respectively receivable.
In this way a credit would be obtained not only with-
out injtny, but probably with advantage to the individual.
The anticipation of the public revenue would not be very
great, and, as a list of these notes would be kept, the
amount of every year's anticipation would be accurately
known. Exceptions may probably be found even to this
mode, but unfortunately for us, we have only an a'ternative
of difficulties. All which human prudence can do in such
cases is to choose the least.
I have the honor to be, Sir, &ic.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO THE GOVERNOR OF MARYLAND.
Office of Finance, Philadelphia, 7
August 26lh, 17bl; 5
Sir,
Whilst I was at Head Quarters, near Dobbs's Ferry, the
determination was taken by his Excellency the Comman-
der in Chief, to send a very considerable force against the
enemy's troops under Earl Cornwallis in Virginia ; and
immediately on my return hither, I did myself the honor
to address your Excellency, respecting the specific supplies
due from the State of Maryland to the United States,
upon the requisitions of Congress, of the 25th of February
and 4ih of November, 1780, well knowing the whole
balance due on these calls of Congress would now
become absolutely necessary to the intended operations.
1 am very sensible that your government have upon
/
7
/
460 ROBERT MORRIS.
all occasions executed demands of Congress with a deci-
sion and vigor, which does them honor, and on that account
I should decline saying anything calculated to stimulate
their present exertions, did I not know, that everything
depends thereon. Virginia, North and South Carolina,
have long subsisted large armies, and that expense of pro-
visions must come to their credit. The New England
States, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, have
supported, and must continue to support, tiie main army.
Pennsylvania will also contribute towards the support of
the southern army, and her supplies will be directed both
ways, as circumstances may require. Delaware and
IMaryland must chiefly be depended on. Virginia 'and
North Carolina will, I hope, continue to do all they can.
But your Excellency must be perfectly sensible, that I
have not any funds wherewith to purchase supplies ; no
State in the Union has hitherto supplied me with money,
except Pennsylvania. But as the money of that State
is (in consequence of plans adopted for that purpose) very
rapidly rising in value, it would be improper to call it into
circulation at present, when it is at tlie rate of only two
for one, though it has been as low as seven, because the
public interest would thereby be injured, and indeed I
might be charged with defeating the measures I myself
had taken, in the very moment when they bid f;.irest for
success.
The security of your State, the safety of individuals
and their property are so immediately connected with
the present operations, that I persuade myself your
Excellency will receive every aid and support in your
exertions, that you can wish, both from public bodies
and individuals. My dependence, therefore, on re-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 46 1
ccivins; the supplies from your State seems well
founded.
I have the honor to transmit your Excellency here-
with a letter from the Commander in Chief on the
same suhject, which will add weight to my entreaties.
I have written to Donaldson Yeates, Quarter Master
of the States of Maryland and Delaware, to procure
immediately as many craft or vessels suitable for trans-
porting; the troops from the head of the Elk to Virginia,
as will carry about seven thousand men, with the ne-
cessary provisions and apparatus. I have written to
Mr Ridley, William Smiih, and some others in Balti-
more, to assist in procuring these vessels, and should
any application to your Excellency be necessary on
this subject, I persuade myself, that the authority of
the government or weight of its influence will be
brought in aid of the Quarter Master's endeavors to
procure the shipping. I have also written to Mr Cal-
houn to know what part of the specific supplies he has
ready, and what prospects for the remainder. He must
bestir himself, as indeed must every person on whom
the procuring of these articles depends.
While the demands for the campaign are constantly
transmitted to me, and so much depends upon the
measures I am constantly taking to economise the
public funds and facilitate our military operations, your
Excellency will perceive that full, early, and accurate
intelligence upon the various objects of my Depart-
ment is of the utmost importance. I must, therefore,
reiterate my requests for it. To act from necessity
and on the spur of occasion is not only the source of
waste and extravagance, but frequently defeats plans
462 ROBERT MORRIS.
Otherwise the best concerted, while on the other hand,
that timely forecast and early provision, which com-
plete knowledge of circumstances can alone permit of,
will save much public money, and go very far to in-
sure victory to our arms.
I am, with great respect, &c.
ROBERT MORRIS.*
CIRCULAR TO THE GOVERNORS OP THE STATES.
Office of Finance, September 4th, 1781
Sir,
I do myself the honor to enclose the plan of a Na-
tional Bank, which I laid before the United Stales in
Congress assembled on the 17th day of May last, and
which was adopted by them on the 26ih. I have now
the pleasure to inform your Excellency, that an elec-
tion for Directors will be held iu this city on the 1st
day of November next.
It is important that the execution of this plan be
facilitated as much as possible, and particularly that of
"^ugvst 30th. Went out to meet his Excellency General Wash-
ington, who arrived in this city about one o'clock, amidst the uni-
versal acclamations of the citizens, who displayed every mark of joy
on the occasion. His Excellency alighted at the City Tavern,
received the compUments of many gentlemen, who went out to
escort him, and of others who came there to pay him their respects,
and then adjourned to my house with his suit, Count de Rocham-
beau, the Chevalier Chastellux, General Knox, General Moultrie,
and others, to dinner. The owners of several ships in the harbor
ordered them out into the stream, and fiied salutes, whilst we drank,
The United States, His Most Christian Majesty, His Catholic Ma-
jesty, The United Provinces, The Allied Armies, Count de Grasse's
speedy arrival, &c, &c. Diary.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 463
it which relates 4:o the currency of the bank notes.
The inhabitants of the United States aheady suffer
from the want of a circulating medium. Of conse-
quence the taxes must* soon press heavily on the
people. My feelings conspire with my duty in
prompting me to alleviate those burdens. Therefore
I pray the speedy attention of your Legislature to that
resolution, by which the notes are to be receivable in
payment of all taxes, duties, or debts due, or that may
become due or payable to the United States.
I do not doubt either the credit or currency of bank
notes, but I wish to render them equally useful to
America in the individual as well as collective capa-
city, and to supply the necessities of the husbandman
as well as the merchant. I shall not at present men-
tion the other articles to be attended to ; nor will I
adduce any arguments in favor of my j)resent propo-
sition, as it is evidently calculated for the ease and
benefit of the people you preside over. I hope, how-
ever, that your Legislature will not only pass the
proper laws to make bank notes receivable in the
manner mentioned in the resolution, but that it will
be done soon.
With all possible respect, &c.
ROBERT xMORRIS.*
* September 5th. The Commander in Chief having repeatedly
urged, both by letter and in conversation, the necessity of advanc-
ing a month's pay to the detachment of troops marching to the
southward, under the command of Major General Lincoln, and my
funds and resources being at this time totally inadequate to make
that advance, and at the same time answer the various demands that
are indispensable, I made application to the Count de Rochambeau
for a loan of twenty thousand hard dollars, for such time as his mill-
464 ROBERT MORRIS.
TO THE COUNT DE UOCHAMBEAU.
Office of Finance, September 6th, 1781.
Sir,
In consequence of the conversation I had the honor to
hold with your Excellency yesterday, and your promise
to supply the United States with the sum of twenty thou-
taiy chest could, without inconvenience, spare that sum, promising-
repayment at the time he should name.
1 was desired to meet the Count at the Chevalier de la Luzerne's
house, which I did on Wednesday the 5th instant, where I met the
said Minister, Count de Rochambeau, and General Chastellux.
They informed me of their strong desire to comply with my request,
but that their treasury was at present not well filled, considering the
daily drains upon it, and that altliough they had money arrived at
Boston, it would require six or eight weeks to get it from thence;
that although they expected money by the fleet of Count de Grasse,
yet it was not then arrived, and of course that supply was less cer-
tain than the other ; that the Intendant and the Treasurer were set
out for tlie head of the Elk, and their consent was necessary ; how-
ever, they concluded this subject with requesting that I should ride
down to Chester, where we should overtake those gentlemen, and if
it were possible on consideration of all circumstances they would
supply the money required.
General Washington was extremely desirous, that the troops
should receive their month's pay, as great symptoms of discontent
had appeared on their passing through this city without it. This
affair being considered of great importance, I desired Mr Governeur
Morris, my assistant, to accompany me, on account of his speaking
fluently the French language. We set out at three o'clock for
Ciiester, and on the road met an express from General Washington,
who left us in the morning to join his troops at the head of the Elk,
with the agreeable news of the safe arrival of Count de Grasse and
his fleet in the Chesapeake. This news I received with infinite sat-
isfaction on every account, and among the rest one reason was the
facility it would give the French treasury in complying with my
-views, and this I found was actually the case, as Count de Rocham-
beau very readily agreed at Chester to supply at the head of the Elk
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDRNCE. 465
sand dollars, for an itninediate purpose, to be replaced on
the 1st day of Octoljer next, I iiave directed 'Slv Pliilip
Aiidiljert, the bearer of this letter, to wait upon you. I
twenty thousand hard dollars, to such person as I should appoint to
receive them. I engaged to replace the same sum in their treasury
by the 1st day of October next.
On Thursday forenoon I returned to this city about twelve o'clock'
having been impeded in my journey by meeting the last division of
the French army, their artillery, and baggage on the road. On my re-
turn I immediately despatched Mr Philip Audibert, Deputy Paymas-
ter General, to the head of the Elk, with orders to receive the money,
pay the troops, <tc. agreeably to instructions given him in writing.
In the conferences with Count de Rochambeau and General Chas-
tellux, they asked whether, if upon any oqjiasion their treasury
should stand in need of temporary aids, I thought they could procure
loans in this city. I answered, that money is very scarce, that the
people who have property generally keep it employed, and that no
certain dependence can be placed on any given sums, but that I
knew the people to be very generally disposed to assist our generous
allies, and should such occasions offer, I was certain they would
exert themselves ; and as to my own part they might on every occa-
sion command my utmost services, assistance, and exertions, both
as a public officer, and as an individual. I mentioned to them again
the affair of exchange, showing that they had reduced the price
below what it had been raised to by my measures, and requested
that in future when they expected to raise money by bills, they
should in good time previously lodge them with the Minister, and
that on his giving me timely notice, I would cause the most advan-
tageous sale to be made of them, and deliver him the money without
any other charge or deduction, than the expense of the brokerage.
I observed, that this mode of proceeding was now become essen-
tially necessary, as there is no general market for bills of exchange
to the southward, but that Philadelphia, in that respect, is as Boston
to the eastern States. They answered, that they expected to pro-
cure their supplies with money, without occasion to draw bills, but
if it happened otherwise they would pursue ray advice. In regard
to the articles of provisions, forage, wood, transportation, &c. ne-
eessary for their army, and which, when at camp, I had offered to
VOL. XI. 59
466 ROBERT MORRIS.
shall be much obliged to your Excellency if you will be
pleased to direct, that the above sum be [ aid to Mr Audi-
bert, and that duplicate receipts be l;.keii of him, one of
wljich I pray may be transmitted to me. I will take care
that the money be replaced at the time agreed upon.
With every wish for the most biilliant success to the allied
arms, and for your own personal glory, I an), very respect-
fid ly, &ic.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.
* Chester, September 6th, 1781.
Dear General,
Permit me most sincerely to congratulate you on the
arrival of tiie French fleet, nnd to exi)ress my warmest
wishes for the success ot your future operations.
As soon as I arrive at P!jiladel|)hia, I shall give direc-
tions for the Deputy Paymaster to repair to die head of
the Elk, and make the payment of a month's pay in specie
to tlie detachment under the command of General Lincoln.
I wish the Stales had enabled me to do more, but it is
to be lamented, that the supineness cf the several Legis-
latures still leaves the servants of the public to struggle
with ummeriied distresses.
procure for them on the same terms as for the continental army, by
contract, I proposed to postpone that matter, as it might be best to
continue their present method of supplies during the active scenes
they are likely to be engaged in, as their Agents have given satis-
faction, and are acquainted in the country where they are going,
and that I could advertise for proposals to supply them the ensuing
winter, and lay before them such offers or proposals as I should re-
ceive. This appeared very satisfactory, and here that subject rests
for the present. Diary.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPOiNDEiNCE. 467
It shall, however, be a part of my business lo rouse
ihetn into exertion, aurl I hope soon to see the army better
paid than heretofore, and I confide, that your Excellency
will, with every ether public officer, exert your influence
to aid me in this necessary task.
With the greatest res|)ect, &.c.
ROBERT MORRIS.
GEORGE WASHINGTON TO ROBERT MORRIS.
Head of the Elk, September Glh, 1781.
Dear Sir,
Every day discovers to me the increasing necessity of
some money for the troops. I hope by this time you are
provided to give a month's pay. 1 find it of the last im-
portance to hr-sten forward myself to join the Marquis de
Lafayette as soon as possible. I may leave this in a few
hours ; I cannot do it, however, without entreating you in
the warmest terms to send on a month's pay at least, with
all the expedition possible. 1 wish it to come on the
wings of speed.
1 am, Dear Sir, he.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
GEORGE WASHINGTON TO ROBERT MORRIS.
Head of the Elk, September 7th, 1781.
Dear Sir,
\ have received your two favors of yesterday. 1 find
myself so pressed by circumstances, tliat it will be impos-
sible for me to stay at this place till the payment of the
money committed to Mr Audibert can be effected. 1 must
468 ROBERT MORRIS.
leave the head of the Elk this afternoon or early tomorrow
morning. I sJiall however leave instructions with Gen-
eral Lincoln to do all that is necessary on the occasion.
The sum of twenty thousand dollars will fall much short
of the sum necessary.
The five hundred guineas on my own account 1 have
received.
1 have the honor to be, &;c.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.
Office of Finance, September 10th, 1781.
Dear Sir,
The sole intent of this is to acknowledge the receipt of
your two letters of the 7th instant ; that which related
to th'i month's |)ay you would see was answered by the
steps previously taken, but 1 am a good deal disappointed
and put to inconvenience by the money at the Elk falling
short of the object, which obliges me to send money thither
that was absolutely necessary to fulfil my engagements here.
1 must struggle through these difficulties, but the doing so
requires that attention and time, which ought to be be-
stowed upon greater objects.
The letter respecting the crimina Iwas too late, the poor
fellow was gone. I am sorry for it, and remain your
Excellency's most obedient, &ic.
ROBERT MORRIS.*
* September ISth. Several members of Congress and others called
on me last evening, desiious to know the reasons for my writing
to Mr Jay a letter of the 15th of August last, which being inter-
cepted, Rivington has published, and graced with his remarks,
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 469
B. FnANKLIN TO ROBERT MORRIS.
Passy, September 12th, 1781.
Dear Sii',
I have received your letters of July 13ili, i4il;, lO'i),
and 21st, all at once, by way of L'Orient. The originals
of those you mention to have sent by Major Franks are
not yet come to hand, nor have I liciird of his arrival in
Spain.
Your letters of June 6ih and 8th were remarkably lucky
in getting to hand. I think I have received seven of the
copies you had the precaution to send of them. I enclose
copies of my answers.
1 have now the pleasure to acquaint you, that I have ob-
tained a promise of the sum I wanted to pay the bills I had
accepted for the purchases made in Holland ; so that your
supplying me with remittances for that purpose, which I
requested, is now unnecessary, and I shall finish the year
with honor. But it is as much as 1 can do, with the aid of
the sum I stopped in Holland ; the drafts on Mr Jay and
on Mr Adams much exceeding what I had been made to
expect.
1 had been informed, that the Congress had promised to
draw no more bills on Europe, after the month of March
last, till they should know they had funds here ; but I learn
from Mr Adams, that some bills have been lately presented
wherein I direct Mr Jay to protest certain bills of exchange
drawn by authority of Congress. The explanation is easily given,
as the ship on board which I had remitted these bills was taken.
The moment I knew her fate, I judged it proper to stop payment
of the bills, lest the enemy, with their usual cunning, might attempt
to procure the money ; but I am now of opinion, that the Captain
sunk them when captured. Diary.
470 ROBERT MORRIS
to him, drawn June 22d, on Mr Laurens, who is in the
tower, which makes the proceeding seem extraordinary.
Mr Adams vannot pay these bills, and I cannot engage for
them ; for I see hy the minutes of Congress you have sent
me, that ihongL' they have stop|)ed issuing bills drawn on
the Ministers at Madrid, and the Hague, until they shall be
assured that funds are provided for paying lliem, they have
left open to be sold those drawn on their Minister at Ver-
sailles, funds or no funds; which, in the situation you will
see I am in by iRe letters of the Count de Vergennes, ter-
rifies me ; for I have promised not to accept any drafts
made on me by order of Congress, if such should be after
the time above mentioned, unless I have funds in my hands,
or in view, to pay them. After its beit/g declared to me,
that such bills could not be provided for, and my [iromise
not to engage for them, it will be impossible to ask (or the
motley, if I should accept them ; and I believe those bills
of Mr Ross must go back protested.
The projected loan in Holland has of late some appear-
ances of success. 1 am indeed told it is agreed to by the
States ; but I do not yet think it so certain as to venture,
or advise the venturing, to act in expectation of it. The
instant it is assured, I will send you advice of it by every
opportunity, and will, from lime to time, send parts of it in
cash by such ships of war as can conveniently take it.
1 cannot write to you fully by this opportunity. 1 will
not, however, delay acquainting you, that iiaving the fullest
confidence in your assurances of enabling me to pay them,
I shall cheerfully accept your l)ills for four hundred thous-
and livies.
explain Gillon has sailed from Holland, without taking
under his convoy the two vessels that were freighted to
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 47 1
carry llie goods purchased by Captain Jackson, in Holland.
There has been terrible management there ; and from the
confusion in the ship, before and when she sailed, it is a
question if she ever arrives in America.
They are hard atwoik here, in providing the supplies to
re])lace those lost in the INlarquis de Lafayette.
^Vilh best wishes of success to yon in your new employ-
ment, and assurances of every aid 1 can afford you, 1 am,
Dear Sir, &,c.
B. FRANKLIN.
TO M. DR LA LUZEHNE.
Office of Finance, September 20th, 1781.
Sir,
His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau having gen-
erously made me a very considerable advance of money, I
was thereby enabled to give the detachment of our army
under General Lincoln, one month's pay, whicb was earn-
estly pressed upon me by the Commander in Chief. I
pron)ised iNI. de Rocliambeau, that I would replace the
sum borrowed, on the 6fst of next month, wherever the
army should then be.
The movement which lately took place to the souihward,
has been attended with a variety, of expenses, which have
been very heavy, and have absorbed all the money 1 could
command, notwidistanding which. many demands still re-
main unsatisfied, so that I cannot obtain the sums neces-
sary for the service from any ordinary means.
As it is probable that the moneys which the Count de
Grasse lias brought, will prevent any immediate want by
the fleets or armies of his Most Christian Majesty in the
States of Maryland and Viri£;inia, t am induced to believe,
472 ROBERT MORRIS.
that no inconvenience would arise from delaying the pay-
tnenl, until the money in Boston shall be brougi)t forward,
which will be speedily, as a very active person has gone
for it, who will lose no tin)e in the business committed to
him.
Should your Excellency be of this opinion, I shall be
glad if you will signify it to me, and if that be in yom-
power, that you will extend the time when payment is to
be made. But if you think the money must be forwarded
to Virginia immeJintely, you may depend that 1 will in-
stantly endeavor to procure it, and although that cannot be
done but with great difficulty and much loss, yet nothing
shall deter me from complying with my engagements.
I have the honor to be, Stc.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL OF PENNSYLVANIA.
Office of Finance, September 20lh, 1781.
Sir,
I am honored with your Excellency's letter of this date,
and most sincerely wish my situation was such as to jus-
tify a promise of aid, equal to the present necessities ; I
mean the necessities that will be created by the call of
the militia at this time, but unluckily tiie late movements
of the army have so entirely drained me of money, that I
have been obliged to pledge my personal credit very (\ee\)\y
in a variety of instances, besides borrowing money from
my friends, and advancing, to promote the public service,
every shilling of my own. In this situation I was prepar-
ing an application to the honorable Council and Assembly
for relief from my advances, from the State of Pennsyl-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 473
vania, and this will be the more necessary, as this alarm
whilst it lasts wili cut off all possibility of recruiting the
treasury. Those who possess hard money will keep it,
and those who have demands will become more eager for
payment, therefore, all I can promise is the use of my
credit, and an exertion of any influence I may have in
lavor of such measures as may be deemed necessary. At
the same time T do not recede from my first opinion, that
the enemy do not meditate any attack on this city.
1 have the honor to be, &,c.
ROBERT MORRIS.*
TO M. DE La LUZERNE .
Office of Finance, September 25th, 1781.
Sir,
I received last night your Excellency's billet requesting
to be informed of the amount of the bills drawn by mc as
Superintendent of the Finances, on Messrs Le Couteulx
& Co. of Paris, under the sanction of your nngagpinents.
* September 2lst. At one o'clock I waited on the President of
the State of Pennsylvania, at his house in Market Street, and met
there Mr Peters and Mr Cornell, of the Board of War, General
St Clair, General Irvine, and General Iniin, of the militia. This
conference lasted a considerable time, and in its consequences took
up the rest of the day. I gave it as my opinion, that Sir Henry
Clinton did not intend for this city, nevertheless, as the inhabitants
are alarmed and uneasy, I agreed to the propriety of being prepared,
although I lamented the expense such preparations would put us
to. 1 advised the placing a garrison at Mud Island, and putting
that place in a posture of defence, and mentioned the plan pro-
posed to me by Mr Paine, of collecting immediately one quarter's
rent from all the houses in Philadelphia, in order to have an irame
diate supply of money to defray the expenses, tfec. Diary.
VOL.. XI. 60
474 ROBERT MORRIS.
This comrniinication I intended making to your Excel-
lency in consequence of the conversation that passed be-
tween us a few days since ; but it was only yesterday that
I completed the delivery of such bills as had been sold
previous to that conversation, which amounted to fiftyseven
thousand seven hundred and eighty livres ; and now on
summing up the whole I find, that I have drawn one hun-
dred and eightyone sots of bills, all at sixty days' sight, in
favor of various persons to whom they have been sold,
amounting to nine hundred and one thousand and eighteen
livres, four sou--, and eight denier? tournois ; of these bills
three hundred and seventysix thousand one hundred
and twentytwo livres, ten sous, hove been sold at five
shillings and six pence for five livres, and five hundred
and twentyfour thousand eight hundred and ninetyfive
livres, fourteen sous, eight deniers, at six shillings for five
livres ; by which it appears the discount does not ex-
ceed sixteen and five eighths per cent on the value in Eu-
rope ; and were this money to be imported 1 suppose the
freight and insurance might amount to nearly the value of
that discount ; if so, this mode of bringing it into use is not
a bad one. Besides I irtust again observe, that by a union
of management in the sale of bills drawn for the service of
his Most Christian Majesty's fleets and armies, and those
drawn for account of the United States, still better prices
might be obtained, nay, I should not despair of trying to
raise the price of exchange to par, by means of partial im-
portations of money, and passing bills before the expenditure
thereof, so that necessity might not have any influence in
fixing the price.
What your Excellency has said to me respecting the
advances made this year by his Majesty to ihe United
DirLOMATlC CORRESPOJNDENCE. 475
States, has left on my mind tiiosu impressions you intended
to make. You may depend, Sir, tliat it is my wish, and
shall be a part of my study, to render these States as
little troublesome to liis Majesty as possible, and 1 shall
probably have nifiny opj)ortunities to convince you, that
it is a fixed point with me, that the United States, to
become . truly independent, must trust more to their own
exertions, and lean but lightly on their allies. But, Sir,
you must remember the situation, in which 1 found their
affairs ; you are not ignorant, that altiiougli I have cut off
entirely many sources of expense, and curtailed others, yet
that I have not been able to obtain either supplies of money
or permanent revenue from the Slates, which however 1
attribute chiefly to the recess of the several Legislatures
during the greatest part of the time that I have been in
office, for I hope and expect that they will severally attend
to the calls upon them, when they shall come to know
their real situation.
But in the meanwhile, what am I to do if the means
of supplying indispensable wa»ts are cut off? The im-
portant operations now carrying on by General Washing-
ton depend so materially on the performance of my en-
gagements, that ~ the most fatal consequences may ensue
from any breach of them. Your Excellency well remem-
bers, that you thought yourself justifiable in giving me
assurance's, that Messrs Le Couteulx h Co. should be sup-
plied with one million five hundred thousand livres tour-
nois, to answer my drafts to that extent; the produce
whereof to be employed in the service of the present cam-
paign. You will also recollect, that previous to my journey
in August to camp, I judged it necessary to know, whether
that sum was the whole on which I could place depea-
476 ROBERT MORRIS
dence, because, as the General's operatioas would in a
great measure depend on the aids I could afford him, it
was absolutely incumbent on me to be informed of their
extent in every channel, through which I expected them
to flow.
Your Excellency, convinced of the propriety of my ob-
servations, and of the actual necessities of our situation,
ventured the assurance of another million of livres. There-
fore, whilst 1 was at camp, during the consultations on the
measures, I gave his Excellency reason to believe, that the
amount of two millions five hundred thousand livres of
bills on France, in conjunction with the resources provided
by Congress, should be brought to the support of his opera-
tions. Counting upon this as certain, General Washington
has taken his measures accordingly.
It has been my study to make the bills as productive as
circumstances would permit, and to apply the money to
the purposes for which it was granted, under the most
scrupulous and assiduous attention to the principles of
economy, and I may hazard the opinion, that no money
has been more frugally or usefully expended by the United
Stales during the war, without the least danger of being
put in the wrong.
You are sensible that the money which arrived with
Colonel L'uurens, although landed on the Continent, cannot
be brought into use until its arrival here ; and although I
have sent for it, yet it is but now on the road, and the
General cannot stop his operations, nor can I refuse or
defer corppliance with my engagements until its arrival.
The ruinous consequences that would follow, must appear
too strong and clear to a gentleman of your reflection and
information, to need any other demonstration than the bare
DlPLOxMATlC CORRESPOiNDENCE. 477
mention of tiie tacts. Consequently your Excellepxy will
be well convinced of the absolute necessity of peimiiting
me to draw to the extent agreed upon, and 1 hope his Ma-
jesty's IVlinisters will be too strongly impressed with appre-
hensions of the fatal consequences that would follow any
neglect of my bills, to suffer the least inattention to them ;
and as the sum in total will not be of such magnitude as to
occasion great inconvenience, 1 hope his Majesty will find
cause to applaud your zeal and attention upon the occa-
sion.
A committee of Congress have laid before me the com-
munications your Excellency has lately made to Congress,
which will claim my utmost attention, and your Excellency
will do me the justice to believe that my most strenuous
endeavors shall be to promote what is so strongly urged by
his Majesty's Ministers, the most spirited exertions of these
States to diive the enemy from our country. And that
my affection for, and gratitude to France, are unalterably
fixed, as is also my respect and esteem for your Excellen-
cy's person and character. Being, Sir, yom- most obe-
dient, Sic.
ROBERT MORRIS.
P. S. Upon a more exact calculation of the sale of
bills, a few of which were sold a little higher than the rest,
I find that nine hundred one thousand and eighteen livres,
four sous, eight deniers, produced fiftytwo thousand two
hundred and eleven pounds, ten shillings and ninepence,
Pennsylvania currency ; which is equal to one hundred
twentyfivo thousand three hundred and seven French
crowns, and seven tenths of a crown, at eight shillings four-
pence, Pennsylvania currency, for a crown ; and the same
number of livres reduced into crowns at six livres each
478 ROBERT MORRIS.
crown, is one hundred fifty thousand one luuidred sixty-
nine and four sixths crowns. Consequently the discount
is little more than sixteen and a half per cent.
TO THE SPEAKER OF THE ASSEMBLY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
Office of Finance, September 28th, 1781.
Sir,
As the Honorahle House of Assembly are now sitting,
and have before them the several letters which I had
the honor to write during their recess to his Excellency
the President in Council, I shall now endeavor to state, in
a short manner, the situation of accounts depending be-
tween Pennsylvania and the United States, and propose
such measures, as, I think, will lead to a speedy and satis-
factory settlenjent of them.
In the treasury books of the United States, there is an
account current open for transactions connnencing with the
revolution, and continuing to the 18th of March, 1780,
wherein the State of Pennsylvania stands charged with ad-
vances, made at different periods during that time, to the
amount of fotu- nnllions four hundred and fortyfour thou-
sand and seven hundred dollars, and has credit to the
amount of one hundred and thirtysix thousand and ninety-
eii^ht dollars. INlost of these advances were made whilst
money was valuable ; but 1 expect that the expenditures
of the State on behalf of the United States kept pace with
the advances made, and that, probably, when this account
comes to be settled, there may be no great balance either
way ; but in this respect, 1 do not pretend to speak wiili
certainty. However, I must here observe, that every
State in the Union has an account of the same sort de-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 479
pending ; wherefore, I propose that Congress should "fix
such general principles as will lend to do justice on the
settlement of the whole, and appoint immediately Auditors
to go through the whole ; so that when the balance of
each shall be justly ascertained, it may be paid or received,
according as the same shall happen to be due, to or from
the United States, and this will put every State on an equal
footing so far.
You will find by the resolution of Congress of the
22d of November, 1777, Pennsylvania is called on to
pay, in four quarterly payments, commencing on the
1st day of January, 177S, the sum of six hundred and
tv/enty thousand dollars. By the resolutions of the
3d and 5th of January, 1779, Pennsylvania is called
on to pay, during that year, the sum of one million
nine hundred thousand dollars. By the resolution of
the 21st of May, 1779, Pennsylvania was called on to
pay, by the 1st of January, 1780, the sum of five mil-
lions seven hundred thousand dollars. By the resolu-
tions of the 6th and 7th of October, 1779, a monthly
tax of fifteen millions is called for, of which the pro-
portion of Pennsylvania is two millions three hundred
thousand dollars, making for the two months payable
the 1st of February and the 1st of March four millions
and six hundred thousand dollars. Thus the whole of
these requisitions appears to have amounted to twelve
millions eight hundred and twenty thousand dollars,
of which there appears to have been paid on diflferent
■ drafts to the amount of six millions four hundred and
fiftyfour thousand one hundred and fourteen dollars
and two thirds, leaving a balance still due of six mil-
lions three hundred and sixtyfive thousand eight
480 ROBERT MORRIS.
hiindred and eightyfive dollars and one third, of the old
emissions.
By the resolution of the 10th of March, 1780, the
fifteen millions of monthly taxes is continued so as to
include thirteen months, making for the proportion of
Pennsylvania twentynine millions nine hundred thou-
sand dollars; of which sum ten millions six hundred
thousand dollars have been paid into the Loan Office ;
of consequence, there remains due nineteen millions
three hundred thousand dollars.
By the resolutions last mentioned, new money was
to be issued, at the rate of one for every twenty of
the old ; of which new money Congress had reserved
four tenths to their disposal, and the Treasury Board
have already issued warrants to the amount thereof.
The State paper being of equal value with the new-
emission, and the former not bearing interest, I have
thought it most for the benefit of this State and of the
United States, to draw from the treasurer a sum of the
new State paper equal lo the balance of those four
tenths, and have accordingly done so.
By the resolution of the 26th of August, 1780, the
States are called on to pay into the treasury by the
last day of December then next ensuing, three mil-
lions of dollars, of which the quota of Pennsylvania is
four hundred and sixty thousand dollars.
By the resolution of the 4th of November, 1780,
Pennsylvania is called upon to pay two hundred and
seventythree thousand eight hundred and thirtytwo
dollars and two tliirds, in quarterly payments, com-
mencing the 1st day of May last; and by the resolu-
tion of the 1 6th of March, 1781, Pennsylvania is
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPOxXDENCE. 481
called upon to pay one million and fiftynine thousand
eight hundred ar.d sixtythree dollars, in quarterly pay-
ments, commencing the 1st day of June last. All
these are payable in the new emission, or specie.
Thus the whole of the requisitions will, on the 1st
day of March next, amount to one million seven hun-
dred and ninetythree thousand six hundred and nine-
tyfive dollars and two thirds. Of this sum there
appears to have been paid seventeen thousand seven
hundred and forty dollars; wherefore, there will still
remain a balance of one million seven hundred and
seventyfive thousand nine hundred and fiftyfive dol-
lars and two thirds.
By a note from David Rittenhouse, I find that he
has in his hands one hundred and thirlyeight thousand
nine hundred dollars of the new emission, and four-
teen millions one hundred and fortyfive thousand six
hundred dollars of the old, in which latter sum, nev-
ertheless, is included some State money received at
seventyfive for one, the amount of which cannot be
determined until it is sorted and counted ; wherefore,
the old emission may be estimated at about fourteen
millions.
On this state of things, I take the liberty of propos-
ing to the honorable House, that all the old money be
immediately paid in, and the new taken out, which
will be about seven hundred thousand dollars, and
that, with what is now in the Treasurer's hands, will
make eight hundred and thirtyeight thousand nine
hundred dollars. I further propose, that this be paid
to me, as Superintendent of Finance, on account of the
above balance of one million seven hundred and sey-
VOL. XI. GI
482 ROBERT MORRIS.
entyfive thousand nine hundred and fiftyfive dollars
and two thirds, which will then be reduced to nine
hundred and thirtyseven thousand and fiftyfive dollars
and two thirds. I further propose, that the remaining
sums of old continental, due from the State, be
collected and paid as soon as possible, which, besides
discharging that demand, will also enable the State to
receive the further sum of two hundred and sixty
thousand dollars of the new emission, and that, being
paid in as before, will still further reduce the balance
against the State to six hundred and seventytwo thou-
sand and fiftyfive dollars and two thirds. There are
at present in circulation of the new emission three
hundred and ninetyone thousand one hundred dollars,
which ought certainly to be brought in as soon as pos-
sible, and applied to the same purposes already spe-
cified ; by which means the eventual balance payable in
specie, would be two hundred and eighty thousand
nine hundred and fiftyfive dollars and two thirds; to
which must be added, thirteen thousand three hun-
dred and thirtyfour dollars, required by Congress on
the 8lh day of January last to be paid in specie; being
together one hundred and ten thousand tliree hundred
and fiftyeight pounds, twelve shillings and sixpence.
To explain all which more fully, I enclose the ac-
counts, number one, two, and three, to which I pray
leave to have reference.
The specific supplies will still remain to be provided
for, in order that all the demands of Congress may be
fully answered ; but I hope that the specie tax now
collecting will go a great way towards the accomplish-
ment of this necessary object, and at any rate, as the
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPOiXDElNCE. 483
state of paper, notwithstanding every eflfort, has not
yet appreciated to par, I would propose that no more
of it be issued from the treasury, except as equal to
gold and silver, and then the collection of the present,
taxes will at least prevent any depreciation, and in the
meantime, the fund on which it was emitted, become
more productive. The next Assembly will be able to
take such additional measures as may be necessary,
further to raise the value of it. This can only be done
by holding it up from circulation, on the one hand,
and on the other, by raising taxes, in which the public
receive it as equivalent to the precious metals.
It is my determination, as Superintendent, to deposit all
the money of the new emission, which shall be received
from the several States, in the Continental Treasury, and
not to issue one shilling of it, unless compelled by absolute
necessity ; which, I hope, will not be the case, if the States
take measures to pay in the eventual balances.
Whether the House will find it consistent with the situ-
ation of tbeir constituents to lay an additional tax this
session, is for tl'.eni to determine ; but it is my duty to
mention it, which I do from a conviction that it is neces-
sary. They will perceive, that very great arrearages are
due, and they must be sensible, that taxation alone can
support the public credit, or enable government to carry
on the war.
With the greatest respect, I have the honor to be, &;c.
ROBERT MORRIS.
484 ROBERT MORRIS.
TO THE COUNT DE ROCHAMBEAU.
Office of Finance, October 1st, 1781,
Sir,
TIlis being the day agreed upon for repayment of the
moneys your Excellency was so kind as to advance me, I
do myself the honor of assigning to you the reasons why it
is not done. I had detertnined to make every effort and
every sacrifice for the sake of complying with my engage-
ments. But his Excellency, the Minister of France, per-
ceiving that it would be very inconvenient to me, and being
convinced that you were not in immediate want of it, was
«o kind as to assure me, that he would write to you on the
subject, and that, in the meantime, I might delay the pay-
ment until the arrival of money from the eastward. I shall
then take care to have your advance replaced.
Being convinced. Sir, that M. de la Luzerne has al-
ready made the proper representations to you upon the
subject, 1 should not have troubled you with reading this
letter, but that I feel a pleasure in seizing every oppor-
tunity to express my wishes for your success and glory, as
well as to assure you, that I am, Sic.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO MAJOR GENEKAL, GREENE.
Office of Finance, October 3d, 1781.
Sir,
I have received your letter, dated the 18th of August
last, at the high hills of Santee, and am now to thank you
for it. Your observations on public affairs are, 1 fear, too
just, but I hope that when our situation is thoroughly per-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 485
ceived by the people, they will adopt those effectual
remedies, which every friend to his country ought to wish.
That more power ought to be given to Congress is evi-
dent now to many, and will, probably, become soon very
apparent to all. The disobedience of many Stales, and
the partial obedience of others, discontents every one of
them, and that will, in itself, be a reason for enabling the
sovereign representative to exact a compliance with its
requisitions ; but, as you justly observe, all these things
are in the womb of time, which can alone disclose the
events we plague ourselves with guessing at.
From the latter part of your letter, I perceive that you
greatly misunderstood me. When I requested you to
draw on me, I meant to extend those drafts so far as might
be necessary for secret service money, and the like small,
but indispensable occasions. I well knew that you could
not, by bills of exchange, supply the wants of your army,
and, if I had thought it practicable, I should have been
more explicit, for I could not then have paid the bills you
would have drawn.
To give you an idea of my situation as to money, I
think I need only inform you, that since 1 have been in
office, I have only received the sum of seven thousand five
hundred pounds, Pennsylvania money, from the Treasury cf
this State, and that was in part payment of advances made
for them. This is all I have received from the funds of
America. It is true, that Colonel Laurens has lately ar-
rived, and brought with him a sum of money from France.
And it is also true, that 1 have made use of a very limited
credit given me on France, by drawing bills of exchange ;
but both of these resources, taken together, are vastly
short of what is necessary, though they have contributed
to the present operations.
486 ROBERT MORRIS.
I have lost no occasion of showing to the several States
their situation, but hitherto '.vithout success ; and, unless
some unforeseen event turns up very speedily, it is im-
possible to say what niay be the consequences. However,
it is our business to hope all things, and that Providence,
who has hitherto carried us through our difficulties, will,
I trust, continue his bountiful protection.
Your circumstances have long been arduous, but you
have hitherto risen so superior to them, that we should be
almost as much surprised now, if you should be unsuccess-
ful, as we formerly were at your successes. I wish I
could contribute to render you more easy. As far as my
abilities extend, I shall do it most cheerfully ; but they un-
fortunately are very limited. Accept, I pray you, my
good wishes, which are almost all I have to give, and be-
lieve me to be, &ic.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO THE COMMISSARY GENERAL OF PURCHASES.
Office of Finance, October 4th, 1781.
Sir,
[ have received your letters, dated at Alexandria the
19th, and WiHiamsburgh the 23d of September last.
I am very glad that you push hard upon the States for
supplies. It is, I find, necessary that you and 1 should
understand each other on the subject. The General will,
I dare say, take care to have as few unnecessary mouths
as possible ; but, after all, a certain quantity of provisions
is indispensably necessary. Now this quantity must be
furnished by the States of Virginia, Maryland, and Dela-
ware. If you rely on my exertions, you will, probably,
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 437
be disappointed. Sliould the operations against Corn-
wallis fail for want of supplies, the States must thank tiieir
own negligence. If they will not exert themselves on the
present occasion, they never will. As to all that can be
said about the failure of the one or of another kind of
money, it is left to themselves. Let them tax in money,
which will not fail. It is their business to provide supplies
and money too. If they neglect or omit this necessary
duty, I again repeat, they must answer for the conse-
quences.
I shall be glad at all times to hear from you very par-
ticularly, with all such information as you shall think ne-
cessary. But do not lean too hard upon me. Do not
expect too much help from me. You will be deceived
and disappointed if you do. Urge the States. Urge
Delaware in particular. When I do furnish anything, it
must be money. Let some of your people, therefore,
apply when you intend applications. I cannot run about
the city to purchase articles. That is the duty of an
assistant Commissary ; and my time is too much, and,
I hope, loo well employed, to permit it.
I am. Sir, &c.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO MESSRS LE COUTEULX &L CO.
Office of Finance, October 12th, 1781.
Gentlemen,
In consequence, of a new arrangement taken with his Ex-
cellency, the Chevalier de la Luzerne, Minister Plenipoten-
tiary of France, a further sum of money will be deposited
with you, subject to my drafts on behalf of the United
488 ROBERT MORRIS.
States of America, so that I shall continue those drafts, as
occasion may require, until, in the whole, they amount to
one million two hundred thousand livres tournois, where I
shall stop, unless circumstances should happen to induce
an extension of this operation, of which I will advise you ;
and whenever it is completed, I shall require an account
current from you for the whole. I have not yet had the
pleasure of receiving from you any letters directed to me
in my official capacity, but I doubt not your punctual care
and attention to discharge all my drafts as they fall
due.
I have the honor to be, &.c.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO THE LOAN OFFICERS OF THE STATES.
Office of Finance, October 13th, 1781.
Sir,
As the organization of the Treasury Department will
soon be completed, it becomes my duly to inform you of
that circumstance, and to request that you will prepare for
a full settlement of your accounts. I must also request,
that you will be pleased to make out and transmit to me
an accurate list of all the certificates issued, with their
dates, sums, and the persons to whom th?y were given.
It will be necessary that an account of the public debt
be prepared for the public inspection. This cannot be
done until the proper materials be obtained from the
several offices ; wherefore, I make no doubt that you will
exert yourself to comply with my request. As I am in-
formed that the late Treasury Board gave orders for send-
ing back the blank certificates, I suppose they are now on
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE 489
the way hither ; but, if that should not be the C'se, I must
require an iinsTiediate performance of the tliisction? given
by tl)e Board, and I must insi=t that no nior ,• certificates
be issued on any pretence whatever.
With great respect, I liaee the honor to be, &ic.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO THE GOVERNOR OF VIRGINIA.
Philadelphia, October IGth, 17S1.
Sir,
I would willingly write you an official letter by this post,
on the subject of supplies for the year 1782; but 1 must
decline it, until 1 can obtain the proper estimates, which
are now preparing. In the meantime, as I learn that your
Legislature are now sitting, I write you this private letter
on that subject.
My former public letters will fully have stated my ideas
•as to the present den)ands on the existing requisitions of
Congress. I hope and expect, that those requisitions will
be immediately complied with. It is my decided opinion,
founded on the best observations I have been able to
make, and the most accurate and extensive infor.nation I
coidd possibly obtain, that paper emissions will no longer
answer the purpose of carrying on this war, and experi-
ence must by this time have convinced every dispassionate
observer, that specific supplies are at once burdensome to
the people, and almost useless to the government.
it is unnecessary to draw the conclusion, which I am
sure will strike your mind, that a revenue in hard money
must be obtained ; but 1 will observe to you, that the
present moment is very favorable to that object in your
VOL. XI. 62
490 ROBERT MORRIS.
State. While the war is in your country, the expenses of
it will be so diffused as to possess its inhabitants of specie,
and should it be happily removed to a distance, your com-
merce will bring in resources equal to your necessities.
I take the liberty to request that you will communi-
cate these sentiments to my worthy friend Colonel Har-
rison, and { pray you to believe me very sincerely your
friend, Slc.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
Office of Finance, October 18th, 1781.
Sir,
The honorable committee, on the letter of the Board
of War of the 11th instant, have favored me with a perusal
of it. I think it my duty, on this occasion, to express my
approbation of that attention the Board of War have paid
the public service. That letter has opened a subject,
which had pressed itself strongly on my mind, and which
I had determined to mention to Congress, but was re-
strained by the hope, that a review of their own proceed-
ings, and a sense of our difficulties would soon have ren-
dered it unnecessary.
This matter being now before them, it would be unpar-
donable in me not to enforce those seritimcjit?, which I
myself am most deeply affected with. I am convinced,
that a slight view of the situation, in which their finances
now are, will give a strong im|iression of the necessity
there is to guard against pecuniary solicitations from every
quarter. If the revenue were equal to the demands upon
it, nothing can be more simple and clear, than that all
those demands should be speedily and punctually paid.
DIPLOMATIC COHRESPOJNDEiNCE. 491
Unfortunately tiiis is lar from being the case. I believe
much further than many are liware of. When I say, that
I cannot command more than one twentieth of the sum
necessary for the current service of the year, I am within
the strictest bounds of truth. It is with equal truth that
I assure you, that 1 have not since my appointment re-
ceived one shilling from any State in the Union, Penn-
sylvania excepted. And from Pennsylvania I have re-
ceived paper money to the amount of the four tenths due
to the United States, the appropriation whereof Congress
must be thoroughly acquainted widi, and seven thousand
five hundred pounds in specie, which is applied to the
payment of contracts within the State, and still leaves a
balance against them for articles of their specific supplies
which I have furnished.
The moneys drawn for by permission of the Minister
Plenipotentiary of his Most Christian Majesty have been
already applied to the public service, and the engagements
I have entered into amount to a very considerable sum.
I enclose a few out of many articles, which immediately
suggest themselves to me. Had I sought for tlie smaller
instances they would have been numerous, and of course
weighty. Instead of this, I have omitted many consider-
able articles, such for instance, as expense of stores for
the hospitals, much of which is now due, and more to be
immediately provided for. You will perceive, that I have
no't even mentioned the expense of transporting military
stores, such as shot, shells, &c. to the camp before York,
which the Board of War assure me will be very great,
and indeed it must be so. Neither have I mentioned the
expense of transporting money, clothing, medicines, arms,
&ic. from Boston to this place, and hence to the south-
492 ROBERT MORRIS.
ward. Besides all this, I am told it will be necessary to
procure ten thousand suits of clothes for the ensuing winter.
If this be so, that article alone will amount to at least two
hundred thousand dollars.
I might go much further, but I shall only observe, that
exclusive of all these things, the enclosed estimate amounts
to above two hundred thousand dollars. Yet attention must
be paid to the wants of three large armies. Congress
know the extent of my means.
In this situation of things, it is proper to ask on every
occasion, before private grants of money are made, whether
the public service will not suffer by it. But this is not all,
1 am bound to observe, that the expectations of our troops
now in the field may be much disappointed, and that they
will conceive it unjust to dispose of any moneys, which
might be spared, unless as an equal division among them.
To press this point any further would imply a want of that
confidence, which I really have in the wisdom and dis-
cernment of Congress. They will see, that while the
indispensable calls for money to forward general operations
continue to be so loud as to draw from me all my private
funds, it cannot be expected, that I shall pay warrants in
favor of individuals. I am sure they will feel for me,
when I mention the pain I suffer from being compelled
to refuse money on their resolutions. A regard for their
honor is the second motive of my conduct. I hope it is
unnecessary to say, that a regard for the public interest
is the iiiSt. I am far from wishing to insinuate a line of
conduct to Congress ; but I must place before their eyes
those facts, which it is for their honor and their interest to
be informed of. They will draw the proper conclusions.
With the most perfect respect, I am, &ic.
ROBERT MORRIS.
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 493
ESTIMATE.
Dollars.
Due to the French Treasury for so much bor-
rowed of them at Chester, delivered at the
head of the Elk, 26,000
Due to the French army, a quantity of flour
exchanged in the State of New York, to be
replaced at the southward, which will require 10,000
Due for transports hired in the Delaware and
Chesapeake, 15,000
For flour now purchasing to supply General
Heath's army, 10,000
Horses purchased last summer for the Quarter
Master General, and shortly to be paid for, 4,000
To recruit and mount Colonel Armand's Legion, 50,000
Saddles and accoutrements for General Greene's
army, 14,000
Flour lately purchased in Virginia for General
Washington's army, and now due, 5,000
Articles necessary for General Greene's army
and the transportation of articles to him, and
money for essential services, 5,000
Clothing purchased on a credit for Fort Pitt
and Wyoming, 5,000
Estimate from the Navy Board at Boston, 40,000
Rum now sending on to General Washington's
army, 5,000
My own money already advanced for the public
service, 12,000
^201,000
494 ROBERT MORRIS.
CIRCULAR TO THE GOVERNORS OF THE SEVERAL STATES.
Office of Finance, October 19th, 1781.
Sir,
I am now to address you on a subject of very great im-
portance. I have to detail some facts, which will demand
the most serious attention from every Legislature, and
from every public officer in the United States. It is my
determination to administer the affairs intrusted to my care
according to plans, which are founded in sincerity and
truth. Convinced of the folly of our enemy, in supposing
that any considerable body of men in the United States
are opposed to the Revolution, I am persuaded that, in
order to remove the greater part of our difficulties, the
first proper step is to state them fully to the people through
their representatives. It shall, therefore,, be a part of my
study to prepare every transaction for the public eye, so
that the meanest individual may be in due time informed of
those affairs, in which, as a iree citizen, he is interested.
The various reports, which have been circulated, the pub-
lications in the several gazettes, and even letters from
some who ought to have known better, all these things have
conspired to infuse an opinion, that every power in Europe
is favorable to us ; that great sums of money are already
advanced to us, and that still greater may be obtained.
Whatever may be the fate of my administration, I will
never be subjected to the reproach of falsehood or insin-
cerity. I, therefore, take the earliest moment, in which I
am permitted, to make those communications, which will
give an insight into our real situation.
With respect to the situation and politics of Europe,
it is neither my business to detail them, nor am I in a
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 495
capacity to do it with certainty. But this, at least, is
certain, that the disposition of the European powers.,
however friendly, has been too much relied vjpon. As
a proof I need only observe, that not a single State
has acknowledged our independence except France,
although our alliance with that respectable monarchy
has now subsisted nearly four years. Yet that mon-
archy is certainly the first in the world. It is in the
closest connexion with Spain. Spain has long been
engaged in the war, and still longer solicited to form a
union upon the basis of the treaty with France. The
armed neutrality, which gave such splendid hopes to
many, has not yet produced the benefits expected. 1
will not proceed on the ground of conjecture, nor is it
necessary for me to dwell longer on our political state
with respect to foreign powers. But as there is little
reason to expect, so I hope there is no American, who
would wish an alliance with any empire on earth,
until they shall be so sensible of our importance, as to
treat on principles of equality.
The public opinion, as to the conduct of other
Princes and States, has greatly injured us by relaxing
our exertions. But the opinion as to pecuniary aid
has been still more pernicious. People have flattered
themselves with a visionary idea, that nothing more
was necessary, than for Congress to send a Minister
abroad, and that immediately he would obtain as much
money as he chose to ask for. That, when he opened
a loan, hundreds would run to see who should have
the honor of subscribing (o it, and the like. But
surely a, moment's reflection should have convinced
every reasonable man, thai, without the clear prospect
496 ROBERT MORRIS.
of repayment, people will not part with their property.
Have the efforts in this country been so successful as
to ground any hopes from abroad ? Or, is it to be
supposed, that foreigners will interest themselves more
in our prosperity or safety, than our citizens ? Or,
can it be belreved, tliat credit will be given abroad
before solid funds are provided at home ? Or, could
it be imagined, that the disorders necessarily incident
to a great revolution, would be considered as a better
source of trust and confidence, than the regularity and
consistency of ancient establishments?
The Congress, conformably to the public wish, have
appointed Ministers, requested grants, and opened
loans. In Holland they have got nothing, and in
Spain but very little. Loans were expected from in-
dividuals in Holland, but nothing of that sort has been,
or probably will be, obtained. Loans were not ex-
pected in Spain, unless from the King, and from him
they have been solicited with but little success.
The distressed situation of public affairs forced the
Congress to draw bills of exchange on their Ministers.
Some were drawn on France, some on Spain, and
some on Holland. The first were honored and paid,
the others were accepted, but recourse was finally had
to the Court of France for the payment of those also.
They were drawn at long sight. The sales were slow.
They were remitted from time to time, and every op-
portunity afforded the Ministers of the United States to
obtain the moneys for discharging them, but in vain.
Of consequence, these bills have been regularly re-
ferred to the Court of France for payment ; and this
has done us injury, by anticipating the aid, which
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 497
France has been disposed to afford us, and at the same
time has justly alarmed and greatly embarrassed the
French Ministry.
These things it appears necessary that you should
know, and your Legislature will undoubtedly draw
the proper inferences. They will see how much has
been suffered by delaying to call forth the resources of
our own country, and relying on the empty bubbles of
hope, instead of the solid foundations of revenue.
They will, I trust, clearly see, that all their hopes and
expectations are narrowed down to what France may
give or lend. But here, as in other cases, delusion
takes place of reality. We flatter ourselves with ideal
prospects, and are only convinced of our folly, by the
fatal crisis of national distress. In order that you may
clearly understand the succor afforded by France, I
enclose an account extracted from a statement lately
furnished to Congress by the Minister Plenipotentiary
of his Most Christian Majesty.
You will observe that his Majesty granted to the
United States a subsidy for the current year of six
millions of livres ; and on a representation of our dis-
tresses, he was pleased to become security for a loan
to be opened on our account in Holland. And when
it appeared, that there was but little probability of
obtaining any money there in season, he further agreed
that the sum to be borrowed should be advanced for
us, in the first instance, from the royal treasury.
Thus the gift and the loan together amount to sixteen
millions of livres, which would, if in this country, be
equal only to two millions nine hundred and sixtytwo
thousand nine hundred and sixtytwo dollars, although
VOL. XI. 63
49S ROBERT MORRIS.
at the rate of estimating dollars in France, it is there
equal to three millions and fortyseven thousand six
hundred and nineteen dollars. But at the highest rate
of exchange, which has hitherto taken place, this sum
if drawn for, would have amounted to no more than
two millions five hundred and sixty thousand dollars.
I have been thus particular with respect to the amount
of this sum, because the difference of currencies very
often tends to deceive those to whom their real value
is not a familiar subject of attention.
The enclosed account is in livres, and the two first
articles contain the total of the grant and loan, amount-
ing to sixteen millions of livres. The remainder con-
tains the deductions to be made ; the two first articles
whereof, amounting to two millions three hundred
thousand livres is for the payment of the bills drawn
on France, Spain, and Holland, which I have already
mentioned, the produce of the sales whereof had been
applied to the public service long before my appoint-
ment. The next article, being two millions of livres,
is appropriated to the payment of the interest bills ;
wherefore, no part of it can be applied to other pur-
poses. The fourth article, I need say nothing of here,
as it has long been in the mouths of everybody. The
fifth and sixth articles are for those stores, which were
laden on board of four transports by order of Colonel
Laurens, three of which have safely arrived, and the
other put back in distress. The seventh article, is in
consequence of the loss of that valuable ship, the Mar-
quis de Lafayette, which contained a great number of
public stores, the replacing of which is necessary for
the army and its operations, and which will amount to
that sum.
DIPLOMATIC C0RRP:SP0NDE]\CE. 499
The last article contains the amount of moneys de-
posited to answer my drafts, which have been made
from time to time, and the produce appropriated to
the service of the current year. On the whole, there
remains a balance of three millions and sixteen thou-
sand four hundred and ninetynine livres. This, with
the sum brought by Colonel Laurens, may be consid-
ered as of the value of about one million of dollars,
which is the utmost ; for it would exceed that only by
twentyone thousand five hundred and seventyfour dol-
lars, if it were now in this country.
Thus then you see the extent of that pecuniary suc-
cor, which has filled the minds of all with such teem-
ing expectation, is narrovved down to one million of
dollars. But by the best accounts and estimates I
have been able to procure, this war has hitherto cost
about twenty millions annually. 1 do indeed expect
that the future expenditures will be greatly curtailed;
but it must be remembered that the most rigid econ-
omy has its bounds, and that it cannot exist without
the punctual performance of those engagements, on
which the first steps towards it must depend. As soon
as the proper estimates for the next year can be made
out, the demands founded upon them will be stated,
and I shall shortly advertise for contracts, as the most
effectual mode of husbanding our resources. I feel it
to be my duty, however, to observe, that a note this
day sent to Congress, of some of my principal engage-
ments for money, amounts to upwards of two hundred
thousand dollars. Yet the calls for it from every
quarter are incessant.
I would gladly quit the subject of foreign supplies
500 ROBERT MORRIS.
and expectations here, but it is necessary that the
States should know all, and I should not answer the
views of Congress, if I did not add, that the Court of
France place the aid now afforded us among the num-
ber of those extraordinary efforts, which cannot be
repeated. The declaration, that no more pecuniary
assistance can be afforded to us, is as plain as language
will admit of; and although the applications may, and
probably will, be made by our Ministers to the Court
of Versailles, yet surely no prudent man would form
any reliance on such applications, in the face of such
a pointed and express assurance to the contrary ; and
especially, when, to every request a short answer can
be made, by asking what we have done for ourselves.
Sir, I must speak to you most plainly. While we do
nothing for ourselves, we cannot expect the assistance
of others.
This is a very painful subject to dwell upon, but a con-
sideration of great magnitude remains behind, and sooner
or later it must come forward. Prudence, tlierefore, bids
us examine it now, and provide for it in season. The
neglect in funding the public debt, has introduced a prac-
tice of issuing Loan Office certificates, for the interest due
on other Loan Office certificates. This \ have absolutely
forbidden, nor will I ever consent to it. Such accumula-
tion of debt, while it distresses the public, and destroys its
credit, by no means relieves llie unfortunate individual, who
is a public creditor ; for if revenue is not provided, in-
creasing ihe (.'ertificates would only lessen their value.
This would be such a fraud as would staqnp our national
character with indelible marks of infamy, and render us
the reproach and contempt of all mankind. It is high time
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 601
to relieve ourselves from the ignominy we have already
sustained, and to rescue and restore the national credit.
This can only be done by solid revenue. Disdaining,
therefore, those little timid artifices, which, while they
postpone the moment of difficulty, only increase the dan-
ger and confirm the ruin, I prefer the open declaration to
all, of what is to be expected, and whence it is to be
drawn. To the public creditors, therefore, 1 say, that
until the States provide revenues for liquidating the princi-
pal and interest of the public debt, they cannot be paid ;
and to the States, I say, that they are bound by every
principle held sacred among men to make that provision.
I have gone through the task, which I proposed to my-
self in writing to your Excellency this letter, which I pray
you to communicate to the Legislature of your State. I
hope the Congress will soon be able to transmit their requi-
sitions, and I shall endeavor that those be as moderate as
possible. But I must pray that every man, whether in
public or private life, will seriously consider the importance
of complying with these requisitions. It is not by the bril-
liant successes of wgr, the splendor of conquest, or the
shouts of victory, that a wise ministry are to be affected.
The superiority of national resources is the sure ground on
which to hope for success, and that superior resource
steadily and perseveringly applied, must eventually attain
its objects. It is for these reasons, that the enemy have
hoped everything from the derangement of our finances ;
and on the other hand, as I am well informed, it is from
the establishment of a national bank, and the forming of
contracts to supply our armies, that they have the greatest
apprehensions. By the bounty of the Almiglity, we are
placed in a situation where our future late depends upon
502 ROBERT MORRIS.
our present conduct. We may be happy or miserable, as
we please. If we do our duty now, the war will soon be
brought to a close ; if not, it may last for many years, and
what will then be its termination, it is not in human wisdom
to foresee. Thoroughly convinced that the enemy must
ask for peace, when we are in a condition vigorously to
prosecute the war, and that we shall be in that condition,
whenever our affairs are reduced to order, and our credit
restored, and that for these purposes, nothing more is ne-
cessary than a proper system of taxation ; I cannot avoid
expressing my sentiments on the subject in all the warmth
with which they flow from my heart. I hope and pray
that the facts, which I have stated, may meet that calm at-
tention, which is due to their importance, and that such
measures may be taken as shall redound to the honor and
interest of our country.
With all possible respect, I have the honor to be, &ic.
ROBERT MORRIS.
TO MAJOR GENERAL GREENE.
Office of Finance, November 2d, 1781.
Sir,
Your favor of the 17th of September last has been de-
livered to me by your Aid, Captain Pierce. Your recom-
mendations and his own character, give him a double title
to every mark of attention.
I hope it is unnecessary to make assurances of my dis-
position to render your situation both easy and respectable.
I am sure it is unnecessary to remark, how inadequate the
provisions have been, which the States have hitherto tnade.
At least, it is unnecessary to you. Much less need I dis-
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. 503
play the detail of expenditures, which have been i-eqiiisite
for the accomplishment of that happy event, which has
taken place in Virginia.
I have neither forgotten nor neglected your department.
I iiave done the utmost to provide clothing, arms, accoutre-
ments, medicines, hospital stores, he. ; and I flatter my-
self that you will, through the different departments, re-
ceive both benefit and relief from my exertions. I have
detained Captain Pierce a day, in order to make up with
infinite difficulty, one thousand pounds Pennsylvania cur-
rency in gold, which he is the bearer of, and which will, 1
hope, be agreeable and useful. You have done so much
with so litde, that my wishes to increase your activity have
every possible stimulus. I hope soon to hear that you
have gathered fresh laurels ; and that you may wear them
as long and as happily as they have been speedily and
worthily acquired, is the earnest wish of yours, he.
ROBERT MORRIS.
END OF THE ELEVENTH VOLUME.
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