Directory to the birds of eastern North America, illustrated with many wood cuts and ... plates drawn and engraved by the author

-NRLF

IP

ms

BIOLOGY
LIBRARY

FRONTISPIECE.

Upper fig., CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER; lower, BLACK

THROATED GREEN

DIRECTORY TO THE

BIRDS OF EASTERN

NORTH AMERICA

Illustrated with Many
Wood Cuts and Twenty
Plates Drawn and En-
graved by the Author
By Charles J. Maynard

West Newton Mass.
C. J. Maynard 19O7

COPYRIGHT
Dec. 26, 1905,
April 12, 1906,
Oct. 2, 1906,
Dec. 18, 1906,
Feb. 16, 1907,
April 22, 1907,
Oct. 11, 1907,
By C. J. Maynard.

AN INVITATION.

0 leave the restless city

And come to the sylvan dell

Where the wood thrush gives his anthem
And the blue jay tolls his bell.

Where, deep in the tangled thicket,

The veery sings a lay
That trembles with whispered lomgings

Then slowly dies away.

Or go where the tawny hermit
With motif high and strong

Beareth the spirit upward

On the soaring wings of song.

From wooded hill and valley fair,
From plain and sea-girt isle,

A thousand songs rise up to cheer,
And the weary heart beguile.

Then leave the restless city

And come to some forest haunt

Where Nature's breath fills all the air
And sweetly wild birds chant.

382258

This manual is intended to aid students in identifying-
birds in the field; hence external characters are chiefly usedr
and, as far as possible, those only which are conspicuous
enough to be seen by the aid of a bird glass at a reasonable
distance ; while the author has endeavored to avoid using^
any characters not absolutely necessary for identification.

Characteristic habits and the manner of flight are men-
tioned; the song, and other notes and cries are also given.

When birds belonging to certain groups have similar hab-
its these are given under group headings ; for an example,,
see page 5, under Grebes.

Groups are indicated by letters in varying type, accord-
ing to the value of each group, followed by the common and
technical name of each. Following is a key to the lettering;
-A. 9 order; A, family ; a, genus. Species are numbered, be-
ginning with 1 under each genus. Sub-species are indicated
by the same number as that of the nearest allied species fol-
lowed by an asterisk (*).

The beginner in bird study should first consult the key
to the orders and families, to be found at the end of the book.
Having become satisfied that a bird in question belongs to a
certain order and family, the student should carefully read
the characters of those groups given in the body of the book ;
then study the generic characters, which on account of their
condensed contents are a key in themselves. The genus
once found, the species can easily be determined.

The following is an example of the method of using the
book : A bird is seen upon a pond or river. It rides lightly
on the water, has a short body, and carries the head well
back. The bill is short and thick. It has no visible tail. It
is dark in color on all of the parts that can be seen above

water, and thus there is no white wing patch. By watching
the bird a little while it will be seen to dive often. It also
sinks slowly beneath the water, sometimes keeping the head
and neck only above the surface.

Keeping this last mentioned habit in mind when consult-
ing the key, it will be seen that there are two groups that
possess the power of sinking slowly beneath the water; the
Grebes and Anhingas. The latter named are confined to the
southern part of the United States and southward, and have
long bodies and tails. Hence the Grebes, with their short,
tailless bodies, remain, regardless of the location in which
the bird in question is observed; and upon reading the char~
acters of the order, given on page 11, it becomes evident that
our bird belongs to this group. Under family characters,
which should now be consulted, it will be found that the
bird is not a Slender-billed Grebe, as all of these not only
have slender bills but also a white wing patch, and other
characters given do not agree with our observations. Hence
we find that our bird must belong to the Thick-billed Grebes,
and consequently, there being but a single species, must be
a Pied-billed Grebe. By reading the description of this spe-
cies it will be found to agree with the facts observed.

We have ascertained that the Pied-billed Grebe belongs
to -A. , the order of Grebes; B, the family of Thick-billed
Grebes ; a, the genus of Black-throated Grebes ; it is species
No. 1 in this genus. This species is always designated in
this book as, A.9 J3, a, 1 ; a method which link* the species
with its order, family, and genus, and no other species has
exactly this same combination of letters arid number, for the
letter of the order is never repeated. For examples of this
method as applied to the Pied-billed Grebe, see letters and
figures under figs. 1, 2, and 6. Additional fractional figures,
as 1-15 under fig. 1, indicate the comparative size of the fig-
ure to that of the life-sized bird, thus it will be seen that the
cut of the Pied-billed Grebe is only one fifteenth the size of
life. Figures that do not have the fraction following the spe-
cific number are life-sized; examples, figs. 4, 5, and 6.

INTRODUCTION. O

I wifl now add a few words of advice to beginners in biid
study such as I have been accustomed to give to pupils for
many years. The first and most important thing to observe
about a bird, aside from its size, is its form, including the
comparative size of all the parts. If the bird is singin-g or
uttering any other sounds, try and fix all these sounds in the
mind. Then note its color, including the distribution of spots
and position of all markings. Note all habits and where the
bird is, whether in a tree, bush, thicket, or on the ground.
If it starts, observe its flight. All observations should be re-
corded as soon as completed, and checked, if possible, by a
second observation. In identifying a species always keep in
mind the season of the year in which it should normally oc-
cur where seen, and the range of the species.

While it is a fact that wonders are constantly occurring
in the bird world (and herein lies much of the charm of bird
study), and there is no good reason why some of the discov-
eries which are constantly being made, of species far from
their usual habitat, or out of season, should not fall to the lot
of even beginners, it will be well for all of us to exercise
caution in our observations upon such matters. In identify-
ing a supposed rare bird in the field, it will be well to keep in
mind the fact that two pairs of eyes are better than one, and
that it is best that one of these pairs should belong to some-
one who has had a rather wide experience in the study of
birds.

I now offer this manual, so long promised, to my many
pupils, and all others interested in ornithology, trusting that
they will find herein some ideas which will prove useful to
them in their studies of the many beautiful and interest
ing birds with which we are surrounded.

WEST NEWTON, MASS., Nov. 1£05.

DIAGRAM OF CHIPPNIG SPAKKOW.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

EXPLANATION OF DIAGRAM OF CHIPPING SPARROW.

A, EXTERNAL PARTS:- 1, bill; 2, forehead; 3, crown;
4, occiput; 5, nape; 6, hind neck; 7, back; 8, wing; 9, up-
per tail coverts ; 10, under tail coverts; 11, tibia; 12, abdo-
men; 13, belly; 14, breast; 15, throat; 16, chin; 17, supercil-
iary region; 18, lores; 19, ear coverts; 20, maxillary region;
22, tarsus ; 32, hind toe ; 42, front toe ; 52, tail.

INTERNAL PARTS:- A, tongue; B, larynx; p, syrinx; cr
windpipe; E, sterno trachealis; F, bronchial tube; G G, gul-
let; H, crop; K, stomach; j, proventriculus*, L, fold of duo-
denum; M, pancreas; o, vent; D, ovaries; Q, vertebrae of
neck; R, vertebrae of back; s, tail bones; T, heart; N, lungs;
v, keel; i M, liver.

B, WING OF CHIPPING SPARROW:- 1, lesser coverts; 2r
middle coverts; 3, greater coverts; 4, spurious wing; 5, pri-
maries; 6, secondaries.

C, BILL OF CARDINAL GROSBEAK:- A, upper mandible;
B, lower mandible; D, nostril.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF E ASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 11

B, a,

1-15.

IPodieipides.

Water birds with short bodies, medium long necks, and
short wings which are concealed by the feathers of the sides
and back when folded. Expert divers, but do not use the
Fig. 1 wings under water. Possess

the power of sinking slowly
beneath the surface. Head,
rather large and carried well
back over the body as the bird
swims, fig 1. Bill, more or less
pointed, figs. 4, 5, 6. Space in
front of eye, naked. Feathers,
especially beneath, not close-
ly constructed, and fringed with hair-like terminations ; these

peculiar feathers retain the air in their interspaces when the

bird dives, thus keeping the plumage dry; when it emerges

the water which clings to the outer surface is thrown off by

the agitation of the hair-like fringes, much as in the musk-

rat and other aquatic mam- Fig. 2.

mals, fig. 2. Tail, absent.

Feet, with lobed toes; nails,

flattened, fig. 3. Walk, or ev- I

en run for a short distance, by

making a special effort, but

rise in flight from the water

only. Flight, direct, neck

and head, outstretched; feet,

extended behind ; wing-beats I

rapid. Nests, of matted vege- —

tation, placed in reedy ponds,

never on dry land, and are

quite often floating ; eggs, 6-8,

greenish covered with a white A» *>arbule ; B, tip of feather, enlarged.

incrustation. Young, downy, streaked and mottled with
whitish and dark brown, slowly assuming the adult dress j
active when hatched, swimming with their parents. Food,
vegetable matter (often fresh water algae), insects, and small

1.

12 GREBES.

fishes. Sexes, similar in color. To approach a grebe the ob-
server should endeavor to see the bird before it perceives
him. When the bird dives for food, walk toward it, standing
perfectly still when it comes up ; by continuing to do this,
the margin of the water may be reached without alarming
the bird. Grebes sink when they perceive anything of which
they are suspicious, and dive when suddenly alarmed.
Fig. 3.

A, b, 1, 1-2.

A. SLENDER-BILLED GREBES. Podicipidae.
Bill, slender, longer than twice its depth, figs. 4, 5. Us-
ually inhabit salt water in winter, but breed more often in
fresh. Provided with special plumes about head and neck
during the nesting season, which are reddish in color and
more or less conspicuous. White patch on wing, noticeable
in flight.

Fig. 4.

A., A, a, 1.

a. Long-billed Grebes. Colymbus.

Bill, three times as long as deep, fig. 4, Size, large, 18.00
20.00. Breeding plumes, short. Dull black above; silky
white beneath.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 13

1. HOLBOELL'S GREBE, C. HOI,BOEKLII. Largest of
our grebes ; bill, yellowish. In summer, neck reddish with
short plumes. Breeds in the Arctic regions; found along
the coast in autumn and winter, sometimes on fresh waters.
Oct. 15 to May 15. Rather common.

b. Short-billed Grebes. Dytes,

Bill, less than twice as long as deep, fig. 5. Size, small,
12.00-14.00. Also differs from a in having the breeding
plumes long and conspicuous.

1. HORNED GREBE, D. AURITUS. Smaller than a, 1,
but similar in color in winter. In summer, line through eye,
Fig. 5 broadening behind into long plumes ;

j lower neck, and chest, reddish ; oth-
| er elongated head plumes, greenish
I black. Breeds chiefly north of the
! U. S. ; migrates south in Oct. and
| Nov. ; winters from southern X. E.
to Fla. ; comes north in April ; com-

B. THICK-BILLED GREBES. Podilymbidae.

Bill, thick, shorter than twice its depth, fig. 6; no white
patch on wing ; no special head plumes. Occur mostly on
fresh waters.

a. Black-throated Grebes. Podilymbus.

Throat, with a conspicuous black patch in the summer.
Male larger than the female and probably polygamous.

1. PIED-BILLED GREBE, P. PODICEPS. Male, 15.00;
female, 12.00. In summer, bill, bluish white with a black
band crossing middle, fig. 6; dark- Fig. 6

brown above, lighter on sides of
head and neck, and lower neck in
front; silvery white beneath with
obscure spots of dusky. In winter,
throat, white; bill, brown without
band, and there are no spots on the
white beneath ; neck, decidedly red- .A_9 B, a. 1.

14 LOONS.

dish and this extends along the breast. Breeds in April and
May from the British Provinces southward into S. A., nest-
ing in small ponds in the more unsettled districts; migrates
southward in Sep. and Oct. to winter from the Carolinas south-
ward ; comes north in April. Yery common. Note, heard
from March to June, given by both sexes, a hollow, quaver-
ing cry, uttered rapidly and with considerable volume.

B. LOONS. TJrinatorides.

Water birds with long, flattened bodies, rather long

necks, and long wings which are not wholly concealed by

the feathers of the sides when folded. Expert divers which

use their wings to aid in swimming under water. Sit low in

Fig. 7.

B, A a, 1. 1-10.

the water and carry the medium sized head well forward of
the body when swimming, fig. 7. Tail, short. Feet, large;
front toes, long and fully webbed ; hind toe, short. Cannot
walk on land or stand upright without making a special ef-
fort, thus cannot rise from the land. Flight, direct and rap-
id with neck and feet outstretched ; wing-beats,- rapid. Nests
placed 011 dry land near water. Eggs,Jtwo, dark brown,
mottled with darker. Young, downy \nd active when
hatched, swimming with parents. Food, fishes. Occur in
fresh and salt water. Usual note, a quavering cry like a
weird laugh. Sexes, similar.

A. LOONS. Gaviidae.

Characters as above,

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 15

a, Loons. Gavia.

Characters as on the preceding page, under order.
1. LOON, G. IMBER. Largest of our Loons, 32.00. In
summer, black above and on head and neck ; marked on back
with transverse bands of square spots, two to each feather,
figs. 7, 8 ; white beneath ; a collar, composed of elevated lines
Fig. 8. Fig. 9.

B, A, a, 1. B, A, a, 3.

of white, on lower neck, and transverse spot of same on mid-
dle neck beneath. In winter and young, duller above with-
out white markings ; throat and neck in front, white. Breeds
on the borders of large inland ponds and lakes from northern
U. S. northward. Very common. In winter occurs on salt
water, off the coast, on bays, sounds, etc., from Me. to the
Carolinas ; rare in Fla.

2. BLACK-THROATED LOON, G. ARCTICUS. Smaller
than 1, 29.00 ; differs in color in having the back of head and
hind neck deep gray; the throat is black, and there are no
white streakings on neck. In winter differs from 1 only in
having each feather of back broadly margined with grayish.
Breeds in the Arctic regions; south in winter to extreme
northern U. S., where it is very rare.

3. RED-THROATED LOON, G. LUMME. Smallest of
our Loons, 26.00 ; differs from 1 in having the head and neck
ashy at all seasons ; in summer there is a triangular patch of
red on throat ; at all seasons each feather of back has two
oblique, rounded, sub-terminal spots of white, fig. 9. Breeds

1O AUKS, MUK11ES, PUFFINS, ETC.

from the Gulf of St. Lawrence northward, chiefly along the
coast. Winters from Mass, southward, occurring off the
coast, in bays, etc. Comes south in Sep. and Oct. ; most
common in N. E. in Nov. ; goes north in April. Very com-
mon; less shy than 1. Fig. 10; flying under water.

C. ^.TJKS, MTJRRES,

Water birds with rather short bodies; tails, short; front
toes webbed ; hind toe, absent, fig. Fig. 10.

11. All swim and dive well like
Loons. Sit upright on land, and
walk well. All occur on salt water.
Food, fishes. Flight, swift and di-
rect, often with a swaying motion,
but all turn readily in air ; wing-
beats, very rapid. The outer cover-
ing of portions of bill is moulted in
some species. The young are cov-
ered with down when hatched, but
are comparatively helpless, being B, A, a, 3. 1-15.
fed by regurgitation. All of the species occur on the open
ocean in winter, but often not far from land, and thus can be
sometimes seen from rocky promontories or open sea beach
es. Sexes, similar.
A. AUKS, MURRES, GUILLEMOTS. Alcidae.

Kather large-bodied, short-necked birds which ride light-
ly on the water, and sit upright on land, resting on the whole

Fig. 11.

O, A, a, 1. 1-2

foot.

a. Aftks. Alca.
Heavy-bodied, rather thick-
necked birds with the bill deep
butvery much compressed, and
crossed by two grooves and a
white band, fig. 12, on the next
page.

DIRECTOIJY TO BIRDS OF KASTKRX NOKTH AMERICA. 17

1. RAZOR-BILLED AUK, A. TORDA. 15.00 long: black
above ; white beneath ; narrow white wing band ; brownish on
head, neck, and throat, fig. 12. In Fig. 12.

winter the throat is white. Young
have a smaller bill without grooves
or bands. Nests in cavities about
rocks ; eggs, 1, 2, white, heavily mot-
tled with brown and umber. Breeds
the last week in June. A trim, neat,
bird, rather unsocial, and quite
quarrelsome. Occurs in summer
from Grand Menan northward ; mi-
grates south late in Oct. ; winters
from Mass, to N. J. ; goes north in
early March. This species holds its
tail upright when swimming. Cries,
loud and harsh.

b. Murres. Uria.

Differ from a in being more slender, with a pointed bi_l
which is not much compressed nor at all ridged, figs. 13, 14.
Colors, brownish or black above ; white beneath : wing band,
Fig. 13.

O, A, a. 1. 1-8.

C, A. b, 1.

much as in a, 1. Downy young, blackish,

sprinkled with yellowish. Eggs, 1, pyri-

f orm, greenish or white, spotted, dotted, and lined with black ,

placed on shelves of rocky cliffs. The birds when on land sit on

18

MVRKES, GUILLEMOTS.

the whole foot; on water, hold head upright, and, when seen
at a distance, somewhat resemble floating bottles, but differ
from a, 1 in not holding the tail upright. Social, gentle, and
friendly. All migrate southward in Nov. and northward in
Feb. and early March. Note, when annoyed, a murmuring
sound, like "murre" , often repeated.

1. MURRE, U. TROILE. 18.00 long; brownish-black above
and on neck and throat. White to chin in winter. Bill, whol-
ly black. Breeds from the Magdalen Islands northward in
late June. Winters as far south as northern N. E. Common.

2. RINGED MURRE, U. RLTOVIA. Differs from 1 in hav-
ing a white ring around eye and a line running from it on side
of head, plate 1. Range, similar to that of 1. Rather rare.

3. BRUNNICH'S MURRE, U. LOMVIA. Differs from 1 in

Fig. 14

being nearly black
above, with a short-
er, thicker bill, that
has the basal por-
tion of the cutting
edge of upper man-
dible thickened and
yellowish in color,
fig. 14. It ranges
with 1 in summer;
in winter south as
far asN. J. Abund-
ant. O, A, b, 3.
c. Guillemots. Cepphus.

Similar in general form and habits to b, but smaller: in
summer black throughout ; often with a targe, white wing
patch, very conspicuous in flight ; feet, bright red ; winter plu-
mage, mottled with white and black. Egg, 2, 4, oval, green-
ish to whitish, mottled with black and brown.

1. BLACK GUILLEMOT, C. GRYLLE. 13.00 long; white
patch on wing often entirely or partly divided by a black
wedge, fig. 15 (dark dress, summer; mottled, winter). Coast

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 19

of Me. northward ; comes south in early Oct, ; winters to X. J.
Goes north in April; breeds in Fig. 15.

June. Note, when disturbed, a
mournful whistle ; at other times
gives a chuckling cry. Yery com-
mon.

2. MANDT'S GUILLEMOT,
C. MANDTII. Differs from 1 in
having the white wing patch lar-
ger and never divided by a black
wedge. Breeds from the coast of
Labrador northward in .June and
July ; southward range in winter
not well known.

d. Little Auks. Alle. O, A, c, 1. 1-10.

Very small, 8.00; bill shorter than head, not compressed
(fig. 16).

1. DOVEKIE, A. ALLE. Black on upper parts and on
the head and neck all around; wing bands, streaks on sec-
ondaries and beneath, white ; in winter, white to the chin
Fig. 16. with a whitish collar extending

around neck. A plump bird,
looking very small on the water,
upon which it rides very lightly.
Breeds in the far north, migrat
ing south in winter to N. J., ap-
pearing in early Nov. ; goes north
in April. Common, occurring
singly or in flocks, sometimes
O, A, d, 1. 1-6. blown inland in severe storms
which occur during the southward migration. The single,
pyriform, greenish-white, unspotted egg is placed on the
shelves of rocky cliffs.

20

PUFFINS.

e. Puffins. Fraterculao

Thick-bodied, short-necked birds with a deep, much
compressed bill which gives them a parrot-like appearance.
Eyelid, with horny appendages, fig. 17.

1. PUFFIN, F. ARCTICA. 13.00 long; a broad collar
around neck ; upper parts and sides, brownish-black ; sides
of head and chin, ashy ; white beneath ; bill, bluish with the
ridges orange; feet, coral red. Young, similar, but the bill
is smaller, without ridges, and dusky; Fig. 17.

cheeks, dusky. The single egg is placed
in a burrow excavated by the bird,
white, occasionally mottled with green-
ish. Very social, friendly birds when
breeding. When annoyed utter a croak-
ing cry. Breed in July from the Bay
of Fundy northward; comes south in
Oct. to N. J. ; goes north in April. In
winter keeps well out to sea, rarely ap-
proaching land, excepting islands or
points that project into the ocean.

1*. LARGE-BILLED PUFFIN, F. O, A, e, 1. 1-6.
A. GLACIALIS. Similar to 1, but a little larger with the bill
proportionately larger. Coasts and islands of the Arctic
Ocean, northern and western Greenland ; probably ranging
southward in winter.

f . Crested Puffins. Lunda.

Both sides of head in breeding season with a large, pen-
dent tuft of silky, straw-colored feathers ; general form of
bill as in e, but the under mandible is without grooves, and
there are no horny appendages on eyelid^,

1. TUFTED PUFFIN, L. CIRRHATA. Differs from a.
1 in being sooty gray beneath in all stages. Coasts and is-
lands of the north Pacific ; accidental in the Bay of Fundy
and Kennebeck River, Me.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

g. Murrelets.

21

Synthliboramphus.

Bill, short, somewhat compressed ; rather small, short-
necked, compact birds, auk-like in general habit ; lead-col-
ored above; white beneath.

1. ANCIENT MURRELET, S. ANTIQUUS. 10.00 long ; top
and sides of head, throat, and fore neck, black ; sides of neck
and a broad stripe on either side of back of head, white ; up-
per back, streaked with white ; in winter the throat is white
and the white streakings above are absent. Coasts and is-
lands of the north Pacific; accidental in Wisconsin.

r>. TUBE-IVOSEI} SWIMMERS.
TuTbinares.

Ocean-inhabiting birds of varying sizes, but always with
long, narrow wings, webbed anterior toes, and nostrils more
or less protected by exter- Fig. 18.

nal tubes which open for-
ward, figs. 18, 20, 22, 24.
All of the species move
with ease upon the wing,
and among them are found
some of the strongest fly-
ing birds known: all swim
well, but none of our spe-
cies dive; when annoyed, I>, B, a, 1
nearly all eject an oily fluid from the mouth which has a
strong odor. The outer covering of bill consists of several
pieces, fig. 18. Egg, single, white; young, covered with down
when hatched, but helpless and fed by regurgitation.

A. ALBATROSSES. Diomedeidae.
Very large birds living upon the open ocean remote
from continental land. Wings, very long and narrow, hav-
ing 30 to 50 flight feathers ; nasal tubes, widely separated.
Nests, placed upon oceanic islands, mound-like structures,
placed in open situations; single egg, white, sometimes
sprinkled with reddish dots. All of the species occur in the
Pacific or oceans of the southern hemisphere ; accidental
elsewhere.

22

PETRELS. FULMARS.

a. Yellow-billed Albatrosses; Thalaissogeron.

Upper division of bill-covering, narrow with a strip of na-
ked skin extending from nasal tubes to base. Dark slaty
above : white beneath.

1. YELLOW-NOSED ALBATROSS. T. CULMINATUS.
36.00 long ; rump and upper tail coverts, white ; tail, grayish ;
head, varying from white tinged with slaty to grayish ; dark
space bofore and behind eye and a white spot on lower eye-
lid. Indian and South Pacific Oceans; accidental in the
Gulf of St. Lawrence.

B. PETRELS. Procellariidae,
Ocean birds of varying sizes. Wings, shorter than in A,
the flight feathers being 30 or less ; nasal tubes, connected,
figs. 19, 22, 24. Nests, placed in cavities of rocks or in bur-
rows. Species of this group occur 011 all oceans. Food, fish-
es, squid, and cuttlefish ; are also fond of fatty matter cast
overboard from vessels and will follow them to obtain it.

a. Fulmars. Fulmarus.

Birds of the open ocean ; excepting to breed, seldom ap-
proaching land; of rather large size and gull-like appear-
ance, white with a Fig. 19.
bluish mantle; bill,
short and stout, as
deep as one half its
length, fig. 18 ; wing,
folding about to tip
of tail. Our species
have a light (fig. 19)
and dark phase of
plumage. Common
on the ocean. D9 B, a, 1.

1. FULMAR, F. GLACIALIS. 18.00 long
head, neck, and lower parts, white; upper parts, bluish-
gray. Dark phase:- smoky-brown throughout. North At-
lantic, breeding on St. Kidda and other Scottish islands that
lie far out to sea : south on the American side, in winter, as
far as the Georges Banks.

1-10
Light phase:-

llfe^llfer ^"'ssfe^is

:*&

'-^?>*

o

CQ

<N

EH

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 23

1*. LESSER FULMAR, F. G. MINOR, Similar in color
to 1, but smaller, 16.00 long. Range about the same.

b. Shearwaters. Puffinus.
Birds of the ocean, but often approaching within a few

Fig. 20.

miles of the coast ; of varying
size, but none are very small;
bill, rather slender with na-
sal tubes not 1-3 its length,
tig. 20 : folded wings, reach-
ing tip of tail, or longer;
ashy-brown above, white be-
neath ; or else sooty-brown
throughout; anterior toes,
long; posterior toe, short.
Graceful, easy-flying species 13, B, b, 3.

which seldom rise high over the water, and often fly in small
flocks close to the surface, often side by side; during bois-
terous weather they (and other Petrels) fly along the hol-
lows of the ever moving waves, and as the seas pass under
them, cross their crests diagonally. Thus by shearing the
water, the birds allow the spray, which is driven from the
wave tops with violence by the fierce ocean winds, to strike
on one side of their tubular nostrils. Nest on islands, plac-
ing the egg in rock cavities, or beneath loose slabs of stone.
1. GREATER SHEARWATER, P. GAVIS. 20.00 long;

Fig. 21.

smoky-brown above, dark-
est on head, wings and tail ;
longest upper tail coverts,
white; lower parts, white,
more or less clouded with
dusky on sides and behind;
the line of demarkation be-
tween white of throat and
dark of head is sharply de-
fined, fig. 21, bill, nearly
black. Atlantic Ocean ;
breeds in the southern hem-

24 SHEARWATERS.

isphere: found off our coast from May until Dec. Yery com-
mon.

2. COKY'S SHEARWATER, P. BOREALIS. Similar to 1,
lighter above ; bill, yellowish and somewhat larger ; the ashy
markings on the sides of the head extend down lower on
the throat, and grade into the white without any sharp line
of demarkation. Coast of Mass., R. I., and L. I. from Aug.
to Nov. ; breeding and other range unknown. Common some
years.

3. AUDUBON'S SHEARWATER. P. AUDUBONI. 12.00
long; dark sooty-brown above; white beneath ; under tail
coverts, dusky ; patch in front of folded wing, ashy ; space
beneath eye, slightly dusky, otherwise line of demarkation
between the dark top of head and white of its sides is sharp-
ly defined; bill, blue-black. Downy young, dusky-brown
above; lighter beneath, plate 2. Flight, swift and direct in
the daytime, more erratic at night about the breeding places.
Cries, when disturbed, harsh and discordant : breeding notes,
given at night, mellow and rather musical, uttered in a mi-
nor key when the bird is flying, ^que-re-a-var\ accented on
the second and fourth syllables, but mainly on the second
with the last prolonged. Nests, placed in cavities of rocks,
beneath loose slabs, in caves, and sometimes in the shelter
of creeping vines; eggs, deposited from March 15 to April
15. Warmer parts of the Atlantic ; casual as far north as X.
J. and L, I.; breeds on the Bahamas and Bermudas; com-
mon ; rare in the vicinity of the Bahamas in winter.

4. MANX SHEARWATER, P. PUFFIXUS. Similar to 3,
larger, 14.00, and with the black of head ext'ending some-
what below eye. North Atlantic, chiefly 0^11 the eastern side,
casual off our coast.

5. SOOTY SHEARWATER. P. FULIGINOSA. 16.00 long;
similar in form and habits to 1 ; sooty-brown throughout,
darkest on wings and tail, palest beneath. Atlantic Ocean ;
breeds in the southern hemisphere; occurs oft' our coast
from S. C. northward from July 1 until Sep.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 25

c. Diabolic Petrels. Aestrelata.
Oceanic Petrels, mainly inhabiting the warmer waters of
the world, those occurring with us being only stragglers.
Size, moderate, 15.00 or less; bill, short, nasal tubes about
one-third its length ; wings, long, folding beyond tail ; tail,
wedge-shaped ; colors, black, often with conspicuous white
markings. Nests, placed in cavities of rocks, sometimes on
mountain tops of islands.

1. BLACK-CAPPED PETREL. A. HASITATA, 16.00;
top of head and upper parts, black , scapularies, and mar-
gins of feathers, and back, paler ; rump, basal half of tail,
sides of tail, sides of head and neck, and lower parts, pure
white. Occurs in the warmer parts of the Atlantic ; strag-
glers have been taken in Fla., Yir., N. Y., Yt., and Ont.

2. SCALED PETREL, A. SCALARIS. Size of 1 ; dark
bluish-ash above, feathers of back, scapularies, and greater
wing coverts, broadly bordered with ashy-white ; beneath,
white, irregularly and rather finely banded on sides and be-
low with grayish. Known only from a single specimen which
was obtained in a plowed field in Livingston Co., N. Y. in
April, 1880.

d. Wedge-tailed Petrels. Bulweria,

Bill and general form much as in c, but the tail is more
decidedly graduated or wedge-shaped.

1, BULWER'S PETREL, B. BULWERI. 10.00; sooty-
brown throughout, paler beneath and on greater wing-cov-
erts. Occurs off the coast of Europe and Africa ; occasional
in Greenland and accidental in Bermuda.

e. Storm Petrels. Procellaria.

Smallest of our Petrals, about 5.50 long; bill, short, na-
sal tubes, about half its length ; tail, nearly square ; tarsusr
short, about the length of the toes ; bill and feet, wholly
black,

1. STORMY PETREL, P. PELAGICA. Sooty-black
throughout, lighter below ; upper tail coverts and patch of

26 PETRELS.

varying size on under side of wing, white. North Atlantic,
south to the Newfoundland Banks and west coast of Africa.
Rare in summer.
f. Forked-tailed Sooty Petrels. Oceanodroma.

Small Petrels ; bill, about two-thirds as long as head,
nasal tubes, about half its length, Fig. 22.

fig 22 ; tips of toes of outstreached
feet not reaching tip of tail, fig. 23 ;
tarsus, shorter than toes ; wings,
folding beyond the deeply forked
tail; the bill and feet are wholly X>, B, f, 1.

black.

1. LEACH'S PETREL, O. LEUCORHOA. 8,00; sooty-
black, lighter beneath, and with a decidedly palish brown
space on middle of wing ; spot on Fig. 23.

rump, white. North Atlantic and
north Pacific Oceans ; breeds on our
coast from Me. northward in June,
nesting usually in burrows, dug by
the birds in the surface of peaty
soil on islands, but occasionally on
the face of earthy or sandy cliffs,
like Bank Swallows. Common from
June until Oct.

g. Long-legged Petrels.
Oceanites.

Small; bill, weak, not half as 33, B, f, 1. 1-5.
long as head, fig. 24 ; tips of outstreached toes reaching be-
yond tail, fig. 25 ; tarsus, much longer than toes ; wings,
Fig. 24. long, folding beyond the nearly

square tail.

1. WILSON'S PETREL, O.
OCEANICUS. 7.00; sooty-black
throughout, a little lighter be-
ll), B, g, 1. neath; wings and tail, wholly
black ; webs of toes, mostly yellow. North and South At-

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 27

lantic and southern oceans ; breeds on Kergulen Island in
February. Abundant off the eastern Fig. 25

coast of the U. S. from June until
Sep.

[XOTE: on page 21, under I>, I
stated that none of the order dive.
Since this was printed I find, up- g_
on good authority, that the Fulmar g
occasionally dives a little way under ^
water for its food. The Shearwaters
may also sometimes do this in order
to catch the squid upon which some f~=
of them feed, but I have never seen
one dive. ]

D , B, g,

1-5
SWIMMERS.

^teg^itw. oj3od.es .

Water birds of varying sizes, but many of them are large.
Fig. 26. Hind toe, connected with the anterior

toes by a web, fig. 33 ; there is an exten-
sible pouch beneath the bill (gula sac)?
fig. 31 ; external nostrils, very small, fig.
27, or wholly absent, fig. 31. A well de-
fined, easily recognized group of birds,
having well established and clearly sep-
arated families, genera and species ; com-
paratively few in number, but, excepting
the polar regions, generally distributed
throughout the world. Young, naked
when hatched, fig. 26, but soon covered
E, B, a, 1. 1-3. with down; helpless and fed by regurgita-
tion. Middle toe nail pectinated in some genera, fig. 33, 35.

A. TROPIC BIRDS. Phaethontidae.

Ocean birds' of moderate size, mainly white, but with

some dark markings above ; bill, pointed; gula sac, mostly

feathered, fig. 27; tail, short, graduated, but with the cen-

tral feathers narrowed and greatly elongated, fig. 29 ; toes,

28

TOTIPALMATE BIRDS.

1-4.

fully webbed, fig. 28 ; external nostrils, present. Single egg

placed in a cavity on rocky cliffs Fig. 27.

of oceanic islands ; purplish-

brown, sprinkled and spotted

with darker brown. Flight, di-

rect, steady; wing-beats, rapid,

but the birds can turn in air and ,

circle with ease. Procure their

prey by diving like Terns. Cries,

loud and harsh. Gregarious when breeding, solitary at oth-

er times, Tropical and subtropical. Sexes, similar.

Fig. 28. a. Long-tailed Tropic

Birds. Phaethon.
Characters as in A
1. YELLOW-BILLED TROP-
IC BIRD, P. AMERICANUS. 28.00
to 30.00; bill yellow or orange;
plumage, especially beneath, well
tinged with salmon-pink which
A, a. 1. 1-2 becomes deeper on the elongated

tail feathers; curved mark on
side of head, patch on wing,
near back, and one near termi-
nal portion of primaries, pur-
plish-black. Young, without
the greatly elongated central
tail feathers, and are more or
less banded above with black.
Breeds in the West Indies, Ba-
hamas, and Bermudas in May ;
occasional in Florida ; accident-
al in western N. Y.

2. RED-BILLED TROPIC
BIRD, P. AETHERETJS. Differs
from 1 in being a little larger,
30.00 to 35.00; the bill is coral-red

Fig. 29.

E, A, 1. 1-6.
the elongated tail feath-

ers, white. Coasts of tropical America ; breeds on islands

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

29

in the Gulf of California ; accidental on the Banks of New-
foundland.

B. Gannets. Sulidae.

Ocean birds of from moderate to large size ; white with
black QJ; brown primaries ; Fig. 30.

bill, pointed; space about
face, naked ; gular sac rath-
er small, not wholly feath-
ered ; tail, graduated, with
central feathers not very
much elongated; toes, ful-
ly webbed; external nos-
trils, absent, fig. 30. Nests,
placed on the ground, on
rocks, and on trees ; they
are bulky structures, com-
posed of sticks, sea-weed,
and other coarse materials.
Eggs, one or two, white, E, B, a, 1. 1-10.

covered with a chalky incrustation. Flight, steady, direct;
wing-beats, rather rapid ; turn in air and circle with ease ;
procure their prey by diving directly downward from a con-
siderable height, becoming completely submerged ; the feet
are usually wholly concealed in flight ; walk well and perch
on trees with ease. Cries, harsh and loud. Downy young,
white. Sexes, similar. Tropical, subtropical and temperate.

a. GANNETS. Sula.
Characters as above.

1. GANNET, S. BASSANA. 39.00 ; white, becoming buff
on neck and head ; primaries, brownish-black ; bill, bluish-
white ; iris, blue ; naked space about face, and gula sac, dark-
bluish : feet, bluish with lines of green along tarsi and toes.
Young, dark-brown, streaked and spotted with white, fig. 30,
upper bird, adult ; lower, young. Breeds on islands in the
Gulf of St. Lawrence in May ; migrates north in March and
April, south from Sep., to Nov. ; winters from N. E. to Fla.

3D GANNETS, PELICAITO.

2. BLUE-FACED GANNET, S. CYANOPS. 28.00; white;
primaries and their coverts, tail (excepting central feath-
ers and base which are white), dark-brown; naked skin of
face, bluish. Young, head, neck and upper parts, dark-
brown ; rump, streaked with white ; lower parts, white, with
dusky streaks on flanks. Breeds from the Bahamas south-
ward in May ; wandering to Florida.

[CORY'S GANNET, 5. coryi, which breeds on the northern
Cayman Islands, may be expected to occur as an occasional
visitor to the coast of the Gulf States. Differs from 2 in hav-
ing the tail wholly white. See Maynard's Contributions to
Science, vol. i, p. 40.]

3. KED-FACED GANKET, S. PISCATOR. 28.00 ; white ;
primaries, hoary-slate ; naked space of face, yellowish or red.
Young, brown throughout, lighter beneath. Breeds on is-
lands in intertropical seas, wandering north to Florida.

4. BOOBY, S. SULA. 30.50; head, neck, breast, and
upper parts, sooty-brown tinged with grayish on head and
neck; lower parts behind breast, white. Young, brown
throughout. Tropical and subtropical coasts of America;
common off the east coast of Florida ; rare as far north as
Ga. ; accidental in Mass.

C. PELICANS. Pelecanidae.
Water birds of large size ; white or brownish ; bill, long,
flattened and promi- Fig. 31.

nently hooked ; gu-
la sac, very large,
not feathered; tail,
short, rounded; toes "i'H^
and nostrils as in B,
fig 31. Nests. placed E:> C, a, 1. 1-7.

in trees or on the ground; eggs, 1 or 2, much as in B. Young
in down, grayish. Flight, slow, direct, the birds, often form-
ing lines side by side or V-shaped flocks, move by alternate
flapping and sailing; wing-beats, slow. Incapable of pro-
ducing any sound, save a low grunt. Highly gregarious at

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 31

all times. Walk well and perch on trees with ease ; when
sitting, the head is usually held back with the bill down
and resting on the breast, fig. 32. Sexes, similar.

a. Pelicans. Pelecanus.

Characters as above.

1. WHITE PELICAN, P. ERYTHRORHYNCHOS. One of
our largest birds, 68.00; primaries and most of the seconda-
ries, black ; center of scapularies, andtail feathers, salmon ;
spot on breast and wing coverts, pale straw ; iris, white in
summer, brown in winter; bill, naked space about face and
gula sac, yellow ; there is a central elevation on the bill in
summer, fig. 31, which is moulted in autumn. Winter adults
and young are without the salmon and straw markings. Feed
by swimming and scooping the small fishes, upon which it
usually subsists, into its gula sac by a side movement of the
head that is often entirely submerged ; the sac is then con-
tracted and the water forced out on either side of the bill;
the fish are then swallowed at once. After feeding, all rise
to a considerable height and circle about for an hour or
more. Kest on isolated sandbars at night and often resort to
them by day. Breed in the interior of N. A. from Utah north-
ward ; common in West Florida and along the Gulf coast in
winter ; go north in early April to breed Fig. 32.

in May; return south in Sep. ; now rath-
er rare on the Atlantic coast, but stray-
ing as far north as Mass.

2. BROWN PELICAN, P. FUSCTJS.
50.00 ; above, grayish with feathers more
or less margined with dark-brown ; head
and stripe on neck adjoining gula sac,
white, the former tinged with yellow;
remainder of neck, dark chestnut-brown ;
beneath, sooty-black, streaked with whit-
ish; patch on breast, pale straw; iris,
white; bill, whitish edged on lower man-
dible and tipped on upper with red; na- E, A, a, 2. 1-20.

32 TOTIPALMATE BIRDS.

ked space about face and gula sac, greenish ; feet, bluish.
In winter the entire head and neck are white. Young, gray
above and white beneath. Brown Pelicans fish more often
by flying at a slight elevation over the water, then dropping
into it, than by swimming. Fish are carried to the young in
the gullet, not in the gula sac, and regurgitated. Breed in
abundance on the islands of southern Fla., Gulf of Mexico,
Caribbean Sea, and West Indies, wandering north regularly
to N. C. and accidentally to 111.

D. CORMORANTS. Phalacrocoracidae.
Water birds of from moderate to large size ; black or
brownish; bill, shorter than head, Fig- 33.

not flattened, but prominently
hooked; gula sac, small, fig. 34 ;>
tail, long, rounded, with feathers
stiffened ; toes and nostrils as in
B, fig. 33; foot, 1-3; toe nail, life-
size. Nests, placed on rocky cliffs,
trees, and bushes, composed of El, D. a, 2.

sticks, seaweed, etc. ; eggs, 2 to 5, much as in B. Flight,
Fig. 34. rapid, direct, often in lines or Ys, but fre-

quently breaking into irregular masses ;
wing-beats, continuous and rather rapid.
Often perch on buoys, beacons, partly
submerged rocks, and trees; when sit-
ting upright, the neck is curved and the
head is held well up slightly in advance
of the body; sometimes the wings are
widely spread and held in this way for
; a considerable time, fig. 34 ; walk fairly
; well ; dive with ease, sometimes from
i the wing, but usually when swimming,
remaining beneath the surface of the
water for some time ; in alighting, will
E, D, a, 2. 1 10. usually pass the object on which they
intend to rest, then turn and come back to it ; in starting
from a perch, will almost always drop downward nearly to

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 33

the water, then rise; when suddenly alarmed by a loud
Khout or gun shot, if flying low over the water, will often
drop into it, diving as soon as they strike it ; the cry, seldom
given, is a harsh croak. The young are naked when hatched
with the skin bluish or black and shining as if polished.
Sexes, similar.

a. Cormorants. Phalacrocorax.
Characters, as in family.

1. CORMORANT, P. CARBO. 38.00 ; feathers of throat,
encroaching upon gula sac in a point which extends nearly
to bill; tail feathers, 14; blue-black, grayish-brown on back
and wing coverts where each feather is bordered with black ;
space adjoining gula sac, filamentous feathers scattered over
head, especially above eye, and large patch on flanks, white ;
iris, green ; naked space about head, greenish-brown ; gula
sac, orange ; feet, black. Young, brown above, lighter or
even whitish beneath ; no white patches anywhere as in
adults. Atlantic coast of N. A., breeding from the Gulf of
St. Lawrence northward in May ; goes south in Nov. ; north
jn April; winters from Greenland to N. J. ; not uncommon,
especially north of the U. S.

2. DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT, D. DILOPHUS.
Tail feathers, 12; differs from 1 in being smaller (32.00); in
having no white in any stage of plumage, save the elongated
feathers over eye in adult breeding birds, and in not having
the feathers of throat encroaching on gular sac in a point,
fig. 34 ; naked space about bill, orange ; bill, black banded
with blue and white; feet, black. Young, light brown be-
neath but never whitish. Breeds from the Bay of Fundy,
the Great Lakes, Minn., and Da. northward in May; goes
south through the interior and along the coast in Sep. and
Oct ; winters from N. E. southward through the Gulf States ;
comes north in April ; common ; occasionally found on fresh
water ponds.

3. FLORIDA CORMORANT, P. FLORIDANTJS. Similar
to 2 but smaller (30. 00) and with a larger bill, there are sel-

34: ANHINGAS.

dom any white feathers over eye. South Atlantic and Gulf
States, breeding chiefly along the coast in April, wandering
up the Mississippi Ya.ley to southern 111 ; common.

4. MEXICAN CORMORANT, P. MEXICANUS. 26.00,
brownish-black; slaty on back where the border of each
feather is black ; line adjoining gula sac, white ; naked space
about the face, brownish ; in breeding birds there are short,
scattering, filamentous, white feathers 011 top of head. Young
grayish-brown, lighter beneath, sometimes white on throat
near gula sac and on lower tail coverts. Breeds in Mexico,
Texas and Cuba, wandering along Fig. 35.

the Gulf and up the Mississippi
Valley to southern 111. ; common.

B. ANHINGAS. Anhin-
gidae.

Rather large but slender birds
that occur chiefly on inland wa-
ters ; sexes, unlike ; males, nearly
black ; females, more or less brown;
bill, slender, small ; space in front
of eye, naked; gula sac, small;
neck, long and slender with a pe-
culiar arrangment of joints near
the middle whereby it may be part-
ly withdrawn within its skin which
is very dilatable; tail, long, round-
ed and fan-like, central feathers,
corrugated transversely ; toes, ful-
ly webbed ; external nostrils, ab-
sent, fig. 35. Nests of sticks and
weeds placed on trees or bushes ;
eggs, 2 to 5, much as in D ; young,
covered with short, yellowish
down. Flight, steady and diiect;
wing-beats, rapid, but the birds
often soar at a considerable height
much as do the White Pelicans.

E, E, a 1. 1-10.

DIKECTOKY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 35

a. Anhingas. Anhinga.
Characters as under A.

1. ANHINGA, A. ANHINGA. 35.00 ; male, greenish-black
spotted on upper back and streaked on scapularies and wing
coverts ( forming a patch on greater ) with gray ; tail, tipped
with reddish-ash; in breeding birds there are numerous,
long, filamentous, ashy-white feathers scattered over the
head and neck ; gula sac and lower mandible, orange ; upper
mandible and space in front of eye, dark-brown, the latter
black lined with green in breeding birds ; iris, red ; feet,
brown. Young, with more or less whitish on head and neck
and the tail feathers are not corrugated. Female differs from
male in having head, neck and upper breast ashy-yellow,
becoming brownish above. Young, browner with few or no
white markings above. Common along rivers and on inland
bodies of fresh water where it sits upright on trees that pro-
ject over the water; when suddenly alarmed drops directly
into the water and instantly disappears ; has the power of
sinking slowly under the surface, beneath which it can swim
with ease, thus capturing the fishes upon which it feeds ;
sometimes plunges into the water when in full flight, but
always obliquely, and can emerge in flight ; often swims with
the head and neck or even the head or bill projecting above
the surface. The cry, seldom given, is guttural and harsh.
Resident in tropical and subtropical America, north in sum-
mer to the Carolinas, the mouth of the Ohio and southern
Kansas. Breeds in Florida in March. Fig. 36.

F. FRIGATE BIRDS. Fregatidae.

Ocean birds of large size and power-
ful flight; bill, longer than head, some-
what flattened and strongly hooked, fig.
36, head, large and somewhat crested;
gula sac, rather large; space around eye,
naked but this does not extend to bill ;
neck, short; wings, long; tail, deeply
forked, outer feathers, considerably elon-
gated; feet, very small, toes, about half E, F, a, 1. 1-20.

36

MAN O' WAR BIRD.

webbed, fig. 37 ; external nostrils, absent. Nests and eggs,
much as in D. Flight, steady, majestic, and exceedingly

Fig. 37.

F, a, 1.

graceful ; wing-beats, slow.
Cries, harsh and loud. Pro-
cure their food mainly by
robbing other sea birds of
fishes which they have cap-
tured. Highly gregareous at
all times. Young, naked at
first, lead-colored, but soon
covered with long, white
down. Perch well on trees
and rocks but do not walk
well. Sexes, not similar.
Tropical and subtropical.

a. Frigates. Fregata.

Characters as in F.

1. MAN O' WAR BIRD,
F. AQUILA. 40.00; male,
black with the lanceolate
scapularies and interscapula-
ries irridescent with green
and purple. Female, duller
black, breast and sides whit-
ish. Young, head, neck, and
most of under parts, white ;
dull black elsewhere. Trop-
ical and subtropical seas,
chiefly north of the equator ;
breeds as far north as the Ba-
hamas, Florida and Texas;
accidental in Pa., Ohio, Kan.,
and Nova Scotia.

w

b

O

o

•g

§

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 37

F. LO1VO- WINGED SWIMMERS,

Lonjyi pennes .

Water birds of varying sizes, with long wings and with
anterior toes webbed to a greater __?!?• 38>

or less extent, fig. 38 ; bill, vari-
able, but the nostrils are always
open, figs. 39, 50, plate 3; gula sac,

absent ; color, variable, but often F9 B, d. 3. 1-2
bluish or slaty above and white beneath ; some few species
are black above, and some brown or even dusky throughout.
Young, covered with down when hatched, plate 4, active,
but are fed by their parents. Food, mainly fishes, a few are
scavengers, and a few subsist partly upon insects. Inhabit
all regions of the globe on sea coasts or in the neighborhood
of large bodies of fresh water. Sexes, similar.

A. SKUAS AND JAEGKERS. Stercorariidae.
Gull-like birds of large or medium size, dark above and
Fig. 39. also sometimes below; often

banded below ; bill, strong-
ly curved with covering of up-
ss. per mandible composed of four
pieces, one at tip, one on eith-
er side and one at base, fig. 39 ;
A, b, 2. wings, long; tail, short, square

with central feathers projecting beyond the others, figs. 41 ?
43, 44 ; toes, fully webbed. Ocean birds which breed on or
near the coasts of the colder waters of the world ; nests, placed
on the ground; eggs, 2 or 3, oval, brown or greenish-brown,
spotted and blotched with darker. Food, usually fishes oft-
en procured by robbing Gulls and Terns. Social when breed-
ing, solitary at other times.

a. Skuas. Megalestris.

Size, large, about that of Herring Gull; form, robust;
dusky brown throughout, a little lighter below ; central tail
feathers, only slightly projecting, fig. 40.

38

JAEGER GULLS.

1. SKUA, M. SKUA. 22.00; dull brown, streaked on
back and neck with pale Fig. 40.

cinnamon and beneath often
with pale cinnamon and
brownish ; a distinct white
spot on base of primaries.
Young, more distinctly
streaked with lighter colors
especially on head and neck. IF1, A, a, 1. 1-2

Coasts and islands of the north Atlantic ; not very common off
the coast of N. A. but seldom seen near the land; casual as
far south as N. C.

ft. Hunter Gulls, Jaegers. Stercorarius.
Size, medium, about equal to Laughing Gull, generally
paler than a, often whitish below banded with darker; cen-
tral tail feathers, decidedly projecting, figs. 41, 42. Occur
along the coast, frequently near the land, sometimes flying
over it.

1. POMARINE JAEGER, S. POMAKINUS. 20.00 to 23.00;
central tail feathers, broad, rounded at ends, fig. 41. LIGHT

Fig. 41. PHASE:- top of head and upper parts, dusky
slate ; rest of head, with nape, and lower
parts, white; ear coverts, straw-yellow; un-
der tail coverts, slaty. DARK PHASE ;- .uni-
form sooty-slate. Young, differ from the
dark phase in being more or less banded be-
low with buff, but in adults all stages occur
between the light and dark phases, conse-
quently many specimens are more or less
, A, b, 1. 1-2. banded below with drisky. Breeds in the

northern portion of the northern hemisphere on sea coasts

and inland waters ; migrates southward in Aug. Sep. and Oct. ;

winters far south : goes north in May ; not uncommon off the

coast, but not often seen near the land.

2. PARASITIC JAEGER, S. PABASITICUS. Differs from
1 in being smaller (15.00 to 21-00), in having the central tail

A, b. 2. 1-10.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 39

feathers, narrowed and pointed at tips, fig. 43 ; the sides of
head and the nape are both Fig. 42.

straw-yellow ; there are also
light and dark phases with
intermediate plumages as in
1. Breeds in the northern
parts of the northern hemi-
sphere ; migrates south in
July, Aug. and Sep. ; win-
ters from N. J. to S. A. ;
goes north in May and early
June ; very common, often
seen from the land, fig. 42.

3. LONG-TAILED JAEGER, P. LONGICATJDUS. About
the size of 2, but differs in having the central tail feathers
Fig. 43. Fig. 44. much longer, fig. 44, projecting in
adults 8.00 to 10.00, in being lighter
on the back, in having the tarsus blu-
ish and feet black, not both black as
in 1 and 2. In the young, when the
tail feathers are short and much as in
2, the best distinguishing character is
the color of the shafts of the primari-
es, the three outer of which only are
white (not all as in 2 ) and these be-
come dusky at the tips. Breeds in the
Arctic Regions, migrating southward
in Aug.; northward in May; exact
winter range, unknown.

B. GULLS, Laridae.

Birds of varying sizes, in the adult stage white beneath
and seldom very dark above, usually some shade of bluish
which is confined to the back and wings and the area so col-
ored is known as the mantle, figs. 47, 48, 49 ; bill, curved on
upper mandible and somewhat hooked at tip, lower mandi-
ble angled and the bill is deeper there than at the nostrils,

A, b, 2 & 3.

4O GULLS.

fig. 45 ; wings, usually folding at the tip of tail or beyond it;
tail, short, usually square, Fig. 45.

figs 46 to 49 ; feet, rather
large and fitted for walk-
ing ; toes, fully webbed, fig.
38. Birds of the ocean,
coasts, and large bodies of
fresh water. Nests, placed
on rocks, on the ground or F, B. b, 1.

sometimes in trees, composed of sticks, weeds, etc. ; eggs 2
to 4, similar to A, but somewhat lighter in color. Procure
their food which consists chiefly of fishes, other sea animals
and floating garbage, usually by swooping downward from
a moderate height, but sometimes, especially when securing
living fish, they will make an attempt at diving, but even
then they invariably strike the water at an acute angle and
never drop directly downward ; a few species feed upon lo-
custs and other insects.

a. Ice Gulls. G-avia.

Size, medium ; wholly white ; tail square ; hind toe, well
developed but small.

1. IYOKY GULL, G. ALBA. Pure white ; shafts of pri-
Fig. 46. maries, yellowish; feet,

black, fig. 46. Young, with
feathers of primaries, wing
coverts and tail tipped with
a spot of dusky. Breeds in
the Arctic Regions where it
is not uncommon ; migrat-
ing southern winter along
the coast of N. A. to Lab_
rador and Newfoundland,
F, B, a, 1. 1-10. casually to New Brunswick

and Mass.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

b. Ocean Gulls. Rissa.

Size, medium ; mantle, bluish ; white beneath in all stages
of plumage ; bill, short, rather slender, fig. 45 ; tail, slightly
emarginate ; hind toe, rudimentary or absent. Habits, social.

1. KITTIWAKE GULL, E. TRIDACTYLA. 17.00; man-
tle, bluish-gray ; five out- Fig. 47.
er quills with the termi-
nal portions black; oth-
^rwisft pure white; eye-
lids, vermilion, iris,
brown ; bill, yellow ; feet,
black, fig. 47. In winter
suffused with grayish on
hind head and neck , and
in front and behind eye. IT, A, b, 1, 1-10.
Young, differ from winter adult in having a line crossing in-
ner portion of wing, a patch on back of neck and tip of tail,
black, and more black on primaries ; iris, yellowish-white ;
bill, yellow, vermillion spot near tip of lower mandible; feet,
pink. Downy young, white, with base of wings, hind neck,
back, rump and flanks, yellowish. Breeds from the Gulf of
St. Lawrence northward in June; migrating southward in
Sept. ; winters, from coast of N. E. south to the Middle States,
casually nearly to the Bahamas ; goes north in April. Oc-
curs off the coast but approaches the land at times, especi-
ally off headlands and along open beaches. Flight, graceful,
easy, and rather tern-like. Common cry in breeding season,
'"''Kittiivke, wake wake ivaker."

c. Gulls. Larus.

Size, variable comprising the largest and smallest of the
family; adults, white beneath with mantles of varying shades ;
head and neck, white ; grayish behind in winter. Young,
brown, assuming the adult dress slowly ; tail short and square.
Very social. Flight, strong, steady, direct ; wing-beats, rath-
er slow; cries, loud, harsh, and considerably varied.

1. GEE AT BLACK-BACKED GULL, L. MARINTJS.

Fig. 48.

Large, 28.00-31.00;
mantle, dark slate,
appearing black in
the distance; prima-
ries, with white tips
and spots near ends,
fig. 48. Young rath-
^ er pale brownish,
£- darkest above, and

I vy; :; streaked with buff
^ ' ^// and grayish. Downy

ttljj^ y°un£>grayish-

^&^v white, mottled above
^r ••^••"Ji'.ic^^- with dusky; top of
B, C9 1. 1-10. head, spotted with

black. Breeds from the Bay of Fundy northward in May on
coasts and islands of the North Atlantic ; migrates south-
ward in Sept. ; winters from Southern Greenland, as far south
as L. I. ; goes north the last of April ; occasionally a few will
remain as far south as Cape Ann, Mass, in summer; common.

2. SIBERIAN GULL, L. AFFINIS. Smaller than 1 ; 20.00;
mantle a little paler and the feet are yellow. Northern
Asia; accidental in Southern Greenland.

3. GLAUCOUS GULL, L. GLATJCUS. About the size of
1 ; mantle and wings, pale pearl-gray. Young, grayish-white ;
brownish-gray below ; upper parts, transversely mottled with
pale brownish. Downy young, grayish-white, paler beneath
mottled and clouded above with dusky and grayish. Breeds
in the Arctic regions, where it is common ; south in winter
regularly to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and rarely to the Great
Lakes and L. I.

4. HERRING GULL, L. ARGENTATUS. 24.00; white;
mantle, pearl-gray ; primaries, with white tips and spots near
ends, that on outer feather, usually extending to the tip with-
out being interrupted by a black cross bar, fig. 50 ; bill, yellow ;

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 43

feet, pinkish ; iris, white. Young, third year, although show-
ing some of the colors of the adult, is more or less mottled
Fig. 49.

B. C, 4. 1-8.

with dusky; bill, brownish. Second year, pale buff above,

banded and mottled with yellowish-brown ; beneath, nearly

Fig. 50. Fig. 51.

IF, B, c, 4. F, B, c, 5.

uniform yellowish-brown; no white on primary tips; bill,

44 GULLS.

dark-brown. First year, nearly uniform dark brown, with
comparatively few streakings of buffy above. Downy young,
grayish-white ; top of head, spotted with black ; remaining
upper parts, clouded with grayish. Old World, south in win-
ter to the Azores ; Cumberland Sound ; occasionally on the
eastern coast of the U. S.

5. AMERICAN HERRING GULL, L. SMITHSONIANUS.
Differs from 4 in having the white near the tip of the outer
primary, separated from the white of tip by a bar of black,
and this is rarely less than .50 wide, fig. 51. Breeds through-
out the whole of N. E.from about the latitude of Me. north-
ward; constantly resident as far south as Cape Ann, Mass.,
on the coast ; winters in abundance from Me. to the Caroli-
nas, rather common as far as the St. John's River, Fla., and
occasional along the coast to Cuba ; migrates south in Sept. ;
north in April, fig. 49, young in flight.

6. KUMLIEN'S GULL, L. KTJMLIENI. Size of 4; differs
in being very pale, the primaries gray, but with the white
marks at the tips showing distinctly, though the wings usu-
ally appear quite white in flight. Young, mottled with brown-
ish, much as in 3. Breeds about Cumberland Gulf, migrat-
ing south in winter regularly to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and
Mass., where it is rare.

7. ICELAND GULL, L. LEUCOPTERUS. Size of 4, but
similar to 3 in all plumages. Coasts of the North Atlantic,
migrating south in winter to Newfoundland and very rarely
as far as Mass.

8. RING-BILLED GULL, L. DELAWARENSIS. Color,
much as in 5 ; man- Fig. 52. -

tie, a little darker;

size, smaller, 19.00;

bill, greenish crossed

by a black band, fig.

52 ; iris, pale yellow.

Young, much lighter F9 B, C, 8.

than in 5, even in the first year the head, neck and beneath

are nearly white, and the back is lighter; the bill is whitish

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 45

but the black ring is not very prominent ; iris, white. Breeds
in northern N. A. ; migrates southward over the whole coun-
try in Aug. and Sep. ; winters from theCarolinas to Cuba and
Mexico ; common, excepting in N. E. where it is rather un-
common.

9. MEW GULL, L. CANUS. Similar in size and general
coloration to 8, but the black band on the bill is absent and
the gray wedge 011 the inner web of the third primary is not
tipped with white. Europe and Asia; accidental in Lab-
rador.

d. Hooded G-ulls. Chroicocephalus.

Size, medium or small ; head in summer adults, sooty-
black, whitish or grayish in winter; white beneath, tinged
with rosy in summer ; white pattern on primaries, variable,
but always different from c ; but form, generally similar ;
flight, somewhat variable ; the wing-beats are rather more
rapid than in c; social.

1 LAUGHING GULL, C. ATRICILLA. 16.00; dark blu-
ish-gray, darker than any Fig. 53.
species given in C, except-
ing 1 ; primaries, often nar-
rowly tipped with white on
the three outer ; secondari-
es, more broadly tipped
with white; bill, crimson-
lake; iris, and feet, brown,
fig. 53. In winter, head
white, tinged on back of F9 B, d, 1. 1-6.
crown, around eyes, and in a band back of them, with bluish-
gray like back, fig. 54. Young, differ in having the seconda-
ries gray, a grayish patch on back of neck, head more decid-
edly grayish, a well defined band back of eye which widens
out and extends along side, pearly-gray; this color crosses
the breast in a more or less well defined band of varying
•width leaving throat clearly white; bill, brown; no white
tips to primaries ; tail, broadly tipped with black. Downy

GULLS.

young, varying from grayish to umber, paler below ; head,
irregularly striped and spotted, and other parts mottled with
dusky. Cries, when breed- Fig. 54.

ing, singular, sounding like
peals of prolonged, derisive
laughter. Nests, placed on
the ground. Breeds from
the southern coast of Maine -^ff===^
southward through the Ba-
hamas. Migrates s o u t h - F, B, d, 1. 1-10.
ward in Sep. and Oct., remaining on the coasts of the Caroli-
nas until Dec ; winters in Mexico, Central America, and North-
ern S. A. ; arrive in the Bahamas in spring, about April 15 ;
in Mass. May 1. Common as far north as N. J. but local and
rather uncommon north of this; a few still breed at Muske-
get Island, Mass., and probably on a few other islands off the
shore, and Metinic Green Island, Me.

2. FRANKLIN'S GULL, C. FRANKLINII. 14.00; a lit-
tle smaller than 1, somewhat similar but darker on mantle;
primaries, bluish-gray and in all stages of plumage broadly
tipped with white; beneath deeply tinted with rose-pink;
other stages of plumage corresponding to 1. Breeds from
northern Iowa, north through Minn, and the interior of the
country; migrates southward in late Sept. through Oct., into
early Nov. ; winters in northern S. A. ; goes north in April.
Common; known to the farmers of the west as the Prairie
Dove, and feeds largely upon the land, often far from water,
subsisting principally upon insects.

3. BONAPARTE'S GULL, C. PHILADELPHIA. Smallest
of our Gulls, 13.00; mantle, pale bluish ; outer wing feathers,
white ; inner, pale bluish ; outer portion of three outer pri-
maries and tips of all the wing feathers, black; bill black,
orange at base; feet, bright orange, fig. 55, upper figure.
Winter adult ; head, white tinged with gray and with, a dark
spot on either side of the back part. Young ; upper wing cov-
erts, brownish ; tail, rather narrowly tipped with black, fig.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 47

55, lower figure. Whole of the U. S. and northward, breed-
ing in the Arctic regions ; migrates southward in Aug., Sep.
and Oct. along the coasts Fig. 55.

and waters of the interi-
or; winters, in our sec-
tion, from the Carolinas
south to the Gulf of Mex-
ico ; goes north in March,
April and May. Flight, ij~
easy, graceful and tern-
like ; w h e n migrating, J
often flies along shor
close to land, usually in F9 B, d, 3. 1-6.

small companies, sometimes whirling with a sweeping flight
much like sandpipers ; in the south in winter occurs scatter-
ingly, flying over sounds or creeks, or often far up fresh wa-
ter rivers. The cry, seldom heard in migration, is harsh and
rasping. Common.

4. LITTLE GULL, C. MINUTUS. Differs from 2 in be-
ing smaller, (11.00) and in having little or no black on the
wings ; in the young the tail is without a black tip. Europe
and parts of Asia and Africa ; accidental in the Bermudas
and on Long Island.

e. Rosy Gulls. Rhodostethia.

Size, small ; head, always white in adults ; entire plu-
mage, strongly tinged with rosy ; tail, graduated, fig. 56.

1. ROSS'S GULL, R. ROSEA. White tinged with pink;
mantle and lower surface of wing, pale Fig. 56.

pearl-gray ; outer web of first primary and
narrow ring around neck, black. In win-
ter the black collar is absent, the head is
tinged with pearl-gray and there is a black-
ish spot in front of eye. Young; upper
parts, more or less clouded with dusky
and some of the inner tail feathers are ~F*9 B, e, 1. 1-3.
tipped with black. Arctic regions, south, within our limits,
to Disco Bay, Greenland. Rare.

48 TEKXS.

f. Fork-tailed Gulls. Xema.

Size, small ; tail, prominently forked, fig. 57 ; mantle,
much darker than in e.

SABINE'S GULL, X. SABINA. 13.50; head and up'per
neck, plumbeous, bordered below by a black collar; mantle,
dark bluish-gray;
primaries, black, the
five inner more or
less marked with
white ; plumage,
otherwise white ; bill
black, tipped with
yellow. In winter,
head white with ear-
coverts and back of

head and neck,

plumbeous. Young, , B 1. 1-6.

with the mantle, brownish-gray; tail, with a broad black

band near end, and this is narrowly tipped with white.

Breeds in the Arctic regions ; south in winter very rarely to

Mass., N. Y.. and the Great Lakes.

C. TERNS, Sternidae.

Birds of varying sizes but more slender and graceful in
form than in B, with more pointed bills which are never
hooked; angle of lower mandible, not so decided as in 13,
plate 4 ; wings, very long and pointed, 1st primary, longest ;
secondaries, short; feet, rather small, not well fitted for
walking. Occur on ocean coasts and estuaries and on bod-
ies of fresh water. Nests, placed on sand, rocks, or occasion-
ally on bushes; eggs, 1 to 5, similar tolB. Procure their
prey, which usually consists of small fishes, by diving direct-
ly downward, often becoming wholly submerged. In flight
the bill is frequently pointed downward ; in alighting the
wings are often stretched upward before folding, much as is
done by many waders.

$
I.

*•

DIKECTOKY TO BIKDS OF EASTEKN NOKTH AMEKICA. 49

a. Gull Terns. Gelochelidon.
Form, rather robust; bill, thick and somewhat gull-like;

fig. 58 ; wholly black ; tail,
slightly forked, outer feath-
ers, but little narrowed at
tip. fig. 59 ; web of toes, con-
siderably incised; top cf
head, black ; mantle, pearly ;
white, beneath ; size, moderate.
1. GULL- BILLED TEEN, G
Fig. 59.

Fig

C, a, 1.

C, a, 1. 1-7.

NILOTICA. 14.00; head
and kind neck, black ;
mantle, pale; outer
webs of primaries,
hoary ; outer tail
feathers are nearly
white; feet, black,
fig. 59. In w i n t e r ,
head white more or
less tinged on nape
and ear coverts with dusky. Young, more or less tinged with
buffy above, and the top of head, hind neck, and back are
often streaked with dusky. Downy young, grayish-buff above
marked with prominent dusky spots, and with a dusky stripe
down either side of hind nock and upper back ; white beneath.
Nearly cosmopolitan ; in N. A. breeds commonly from south-
ern N. J. southward along the Gulf coasts ; occasionally wan-
dering in late summer and early autumn as far north as
Mass. Flight, rather heavy and slow.

b, Giant Terns. Thalasseus.

The largest of the terns, with robust form and long but
heavy bill which is not very sharply pointed; inner webs of
primaries slaty or gray ; tail, much less forked than in a, fig*
60, but color much the same ; bill, red.

50

21.00; white; top of
Fig. 60.

1. CASPIAN TEEN, T. CASPIA.
head and nape, black ; man-
tle, pale. In winter, back of
head, streaked with whitish.
Young, pale gray above marked
with a few roundish spots of
dusky ; back o f head, dusky,
crown, necked with black ; and
each tail feather, marked with
a sub-terminal dusky spot ; bill,
dull reddish-orange. Downy
young, pale grayish above;
back and rump, very finely mot-
tled with darker gray: white JP, C, b, 1. 1 1-2.
beneath, with throat and fore neck, pale gray. Nearly cos-
mopolitan, breeding southward in N. A. to Ya., Texas, Cal.,
Nevada, and Lake Michigan. Not common along the N. E.
coast in Aug. and Sep. Flight, rapid and tern-like. Cries,
harsh and rasping.

c. Crested Terns. Actochelidon.

Form, more slender than inb; bill, more slender and
pointed ; tail, more deeply forked and the outer feathers are
narrowed terminally ; occipital feathers, lengthened, form-
ing a kind of crest, fig. 61, and lanceolate in form ; inner por-
tion of inner web of primaries, white; colors as in b.

1. ROYAL TEEN, A. MAXIMA. 20.00; mantle, pale;
beneath, white tinged with rosy ; cap, deep black ; tail and
its coverts, ashy-white; bill, orange; feet, black. In winter
the occiput is streaked with white. Young, sparingly spot-
ted above with brownish ; tail, tipped with dusky. Tropical
America and warmer parts of N. A. ; breecfl from the coast of
Ya., southward, late in May and in June, wandering rarely
to Mass, and the Great Lakes; winters from the Caroliiias,
southward at which season it visits rivers often far from the
oceant Abundant. Cries, harsh, loud and often piercing.
Flight, rather heavy and not very graceful.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 51

2. CABOT'S TERN, A. ACUFLAVIDA. Smaller than
1 (14.00) and more slender; bill, more slender, black, yellow
at tip, Fig. 61. Fig. 61.

Flight, easy and

graceful. Cries, - ^4^||B% y x .

harsh. Breeds com- ^'

monly on the Ba- ^
hamas and Gulf
Coasts in May and
June, wandering
northward in late
summer, casually
as far as Chatham,
Mass. Winters on
the Florida Keys. F, C, C, 2. 1-7.

d. Pale-backed Terns. Sterna.
Size, rather small ; mantle, pearly-blue ;black cap present
in adults in sum- Fig. 62.

mer in all of our
species excepting
1 ; bill, very slen-
der and sharply

pointed, plates F,C,d, 2.

3 and 5 ; tail, deeply forked with outer feathers narrowed
terminally, figs. 62, 64; graceful, swiftly flying birds popu-
larly known as Sea Swallows.

1. TRUDEAU'S TER]S,S. TRTJDEAUI. About the size of
2; form similar; head, white, dusky spot on either side ex-
tending from bill to ear coverts and enclosing eye; under
tail coverts, white ; outer primaries, silvery-white ; remain-
der of plumage, pearl gray ; bill, black, yellow at base and
tip. In winter, entire lower parts, white. Southern S. A. ;
accidental in N. J. and Long Island (Audubon).

2. COMMON TERN, S. HIRUNDO. 14.00; mantle, rath-
er dark ; outer tail feather not extending beyond tip of the

Ifa TEENS.

folded wing and its outer web is dusky, inner, white ; outer
web of outer primary, Fig. 63.

black ; beneath, tinged
with pearly on abdomen
only; bill, red, black on
terminal half, plate 3 ;
feet, rather light red. In
winter the crown is more
or less white but the oc-
ciput is always b 1 a c k M
Young, Jine along fore-
arm, dusky; rump and
upper tail coverts, gray;
tail shorter, tips of feath- F, C, d, 2. 1-10.

ers, not much narrowed, fig. 63; bill, black, yellow at base
of lower mandible; pure white beneath. Downy young;
buff above of varying shades marbled with dusky; white be-
neath ; throat, more
^ or less dusky. Cry,
"Te arr" with the
last syllable pro-

C, d, 3. longed; alarm note,

"AY" repeated rapidly many times. Greater part of northern
hemisphere and Africa; in N. A. breeds along the coast and
in suitable places in the interior, but east of the Plains, from
Fla., Texas, and Arizona to the Arctic regions in May and
June; comes north in early May; goes south in Sep., but a
few linger as far north as Mass, until the middle of Oct. ;
winters south of the U. S. Abundant.

3. FOSTER'S TERN, S. FOSTEEI. Differs from 2 in hav-
ing the bill black, yellow at tip only.; with the outer web
of the outer primary, hoary; outer web of outer tail feather,
white. In winter the whole of the black cap is overwashed
with whitish thus including the occiput, but there is a patch
of black on either side of head surrounding eye and extend-
ing over ear coverts, fig. 65 ; this mark also characterizes the

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Breeds from Manitoba southward to
Fig. 65.

young; feet, yellow.
Ya., 111., Tex-
as, and Cal.,
thus chiefly in
the interior;^
winters from
the Carolinas
southward to
Brazil; wan-
ders occasion-
ally to the
coast of Mass. F9 C, d, 3. 1-2.

Cries, similar to 2 but harsher. Common.

4. AECTIC TEEN, S. PARADISAEA; differs from 2 in
having the bill nearly red, plate 5, the under parts pearly
gray and the feet coral-red. Young have the bill wholly black,
the feet yellow, but the rump is always abruptly white.
Northern hemisphere ; in N. A. breeding from Me. (formerly
Mass.) northward ; winters south of the U. S. ; time of mi-
gration like 2 ; cries also similar. Not now at all common on
the coast of the U. S.

5. EOSEATE TEEN, S. DOUGALLJ; differs from 2 in be-
ing more slender in form Fig. 66.

with a longer tail which
is all white, and the out-
er feathers are very nar-
row ; strongly tinged with
rosy below; bill, usually
all black, but is some-
times orange at base;
feet, yellow, plate 6.
young have the back
quite heavily but irregu-
larly banded and mottled
with dusky, and the cap

!F% C, d, 5. 1-10.

dusky narrowly streaked with white, fig. 63 ; the outer web

54 TEENS.

of the outer feather of the short tail is nearly white ; feet,
black. The adult is the most graceful as well as the most
beautiful of our terns. Cry, " O-ar-ar-ar " ; a peculiar roll-
ing sound difficult to imitate; it is harsher than in 2. Tem-
perate and Tropical regions, breeding on the Atlantic coast
of N. A. from the south shore of Mass, southward ; winters
far south of our limits ; comes north in May ; goes south in
Sep. Common.

e. Little Terns. Sternula.

Size, small; bill, very slender; form much as in d and
the colors are much the same, but there is a sharply denned
lunette of white on the forehead, fig. 67.

1. LEAST TEEN, S. ANTILLARUM. Our smallest Tern,
9.00; entire upper parts, inclu- Fig. 67.

ing tail, pale, pearl-grey ; two
outer primaries, sooty-black
on outer portion; outer tail
feather, mostly white ; pure
white beneath ; bill, yellow,
black at- extern e tip; feet, yel-
low. In winter the white of
forehead is more extended.
Young, with a patch of dusky^
on wing and with U- or V- F9. C, e, 1. 1-6.

shaped marks of dusky on back ; tail, not as deeply forked.
Downy young, nearly white; grayish above often sprinkled
with blackish. Breeds from the south shore of Mass, south-
ward from late May (Bahamas) to early July (Mass) ; migates
north in May and June ; goes south in Sep. ; winters south of
our limits. Rather uncommon now in ~$. E. but abundant
further south. Cries, "Tce~dcel-deedle" and when alarmed,
a harsher, more decidedly given, "Hoyt" repeated at irregu-
lar intervals. Flight, not as steady as in the other species
of Terns given, but rather jerky, the bird falling a little be-
tween every wing-beat. In common with all of the Terns al-
ready given, and the two following, this species has the hab-
it of darting obliquely downward when flying in company

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 55

with several of its fellows, this general movement being
made suddenly in response to a cry given by some member
of the flock that evidently acts as a leader.

f. Dusky-backed Terns. Haliplana.
Size, rather large; mantle and head, dusky or black;
bill, slender, and with feet, wholly black ; tail, deeply forked,
figs, 68, 69 : flight, much as in d ; tropical and subtropical in
distribution. Egg, single, lighter in color than in d.

1. BRIDLED TERN, H. ANAETHETUS. 14.00; form;
slender; above, rather pale brownish-slate becoming lighter,
nearly white, in Fig. 68.

a, collar on back
of neck and on
tail, the outer
feather of which
is white except-
ing at tip and all jp
the others white ^^~^~^-^=^
at base ; three ==¥:
outer primaries "^~^
have a pure
white space on the middle of the inner web which narrows
to a point terminally ; top of head, brownish-black with a
well defined frontal lunette the horns of which extend back-
ward over and behind eye; beneath, pure white, fig 68. The
young have the white of the forehead more extended and
and the back is grayish more or less streaked with white.
Flight, swift and graceful, the wing-beats being long and
sweeping. Cries, rather shrill; ordinary note, "Killlick",
often repeated ; the alarm note is a croak ; the signal for the
flock to dart downward when flying is a shrill, snarling note.
Tropical sea coasts in general ; breeds commonly on the Ba-
hamas in May in places rather apart from other Terns, nest-
ing under rocks ; appears on the Bahamas the last week in
April and disappears in autumn ; Accidental in Florida.

2, SOOTY TERX, H. FUI.IGIXOSA. Differs from 1 in be-
ing larger. 16.00; not as slender; darker above, uniform

56 TEENS.

sooty-black; the feathers of the tail are not white at base,
but the outer is Fig. 69-

nearly white,
dark on terminal
portion of inner <
web only; mid-
dle of inner web
of outer primari-
es, gray, and the
horns of lunette
extend only to
middle of eye, fig.
69. Young, sooty
brown throughout F9 C, f . 2. 1-6.

paler below ; wing coverts and scapularies narrowly but dis-
tinctly tipped with white. Cries, harsh ; ordinary note,
"Quanti", repeated irregularly; alarm note, "^>//-tf«£" rap-
idly repeated; also gives a harsh, snarling cry as a signal
for darting downward through the air. Flight, rather heavi-
er and less graceful than in 1. Range, similar to 1 in gener-
al, but breeds commonly on the Tortugas Islands, Fla. and
occurs regularly, but rarely along the coast to S. C. and cas-
ually to N . E. Abundant.

g. Short-tailed Terns. Hydrochelidon.

Fig. 70. Size small; Mantle, deep

plumbeous; bill, slender,
black or dark-brown ; tail,
shorter than tips of fold-
ed wings and but slightly
forked.^ Eggs 3, 4, averag-
ing darker than any others
in the family.
AMERICAN BLACK

TERN. H. SURINAMKNSI8.

Dark plumbeous above be-
coming sooty black on
* C £T !• 1-5* Ji nape, head, and wings;

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 57

beneath, sooty-black ; under portion of wings and under tail
coverts, white. In winter, the head, neck, and lower parts
are white; eye-ring and ear coverts, dusky. Young, with
the back marked with brownish and the sides washed with
plumbeous. Breeds from middle IT. S. west of the Allegha-
nies, northward in May. Common ; not uncommon on the
coast of N. E or near it in Aug. and Sep. ; rare in June; win-
ters in S. A.

2. WHITE-WINGED BLACK TERN, H. LETJCOPTERA.
Differs from 1 in having the tail and upper coverts white.
Europe ; one specimen only taken in America, at Lake Kosh-
konong, Wis. a number of years ago.

h. Noddies. Anous.

Size, large; color, sooty-brown throughout, becoming
hoary or white on top of head; tail, graduated. Egg, single.
Birds of tropical and sub-tropical sea coasts.

1. NODDY, A. STOLIDUS. 15.00; forehead and top of
head, white, gradual- Fig. 71.

ly grading into the
plumbeous o f neck
and sides of head;
spot in front of eye
and upper e y e 1 i d , t
black ; bill and feet,
black. Intertropical
seas ; breeds on the
Tortugas Islands,
Fla. in May; eom-
mon ; of rather un-~
common occurrence
along the coasts of the South Atlantic and Gulf States.
Flight, rather erratic, with long, sweeping wing-beats, while
the bird keeps low over the water, giving it a petrel-like ap-
pearance ; in sitting, unlike the other terns, which usually
keep the head on a level with the body, it holds its head
high, giving it a dove-like aspect. Cries, a series of croaks.

58 SKIMMEliS.

A gentle bird which may be taken from its nest without it
making any effort to defend itself.

D. SKIMMERS. Rynchopidae.
Birds of general tern-like appearance with very long

Fig. 72.

D, a, 1. 1-5.

wings and short, slightly forked tails; bill, excessively com-
pressed, both mandibles being thin and knife-like terminal-
ly; the lower mandible considerably exceeds the upper in
length and is crossed by many oblique ridges, Fig. 72, j col-
or, mainly black above and white beneath.

a. Skimmers. Rynchops.
Characters as above.

1 BLACK SKIMMEK, R. NIGAR. 18.00; beneath, fore-
head, tips of secondaries, inner primaries and tail, except-
ing middle feathers which are brownish, white; bill, black,
basal portion and feet, vermillion. lit winter, brownish
above with a broad white collar crossing neck. Young, with
the feathers of head and back more or less tipped with white
and the tail is tipped with brownish. These singular birds
are found resting on sand bars in large flocks during the day
and, when startled, move with an eccentric flight, with long,

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 59

sweeping wing-beats ; at nightfall they separate into small
companies, and forming lines, fly up estuaries and rivers,
keeping close to the water with the elongated lower mandi.
ble beneath the surface, in this way securing food which
must consist of substances that float upon the surface. Cries,
harsh and abrupt, much like the bark of a young puppy.
Eggs placed upon sandy spots near the sea, 2, 3, white,
handsomely mottled with dark-brown and lilac. Sea coasts
of the warmer portions of America; breeding on the Atlan-
tic side from N. J. southward in May; winters from the Fla.
Keys southward.

G. SHORE BIROS. Limicolae.

Long legged and often long winged birds with elongated
tertiaries, and are usually found in the vicinity of water ;
bill of variable length, sometimes shorter than head but oft-
en longer and nearly always grooved on either side of both
mandibles; size never very large, often small; colors, not
bright, grays, white and buff or reddish buff being usual,
occasionally relieved by black markings. Eggs, usually 4
almost invariably placed on the ground. Young, covered
with down and active when hatched. Inhabit nearly all re-
gions of the globe.

A. PHALAROPES. Phalaropodidae.

Sandpiper-like birds with duck-like habits; breeding far
inland but passing a greater portion of their lives on the op-
en ocean ; folded wings at least reaching to end of short tail ;
feet with tarsus compressed ; toes, 4, the anterior provided
with lateral and basal membranes, figs. 73, 74, 79 ; plumage
beneath, greatly thickened closely blended and duck-like
enabling the birds to rest lightly on the water and to swim
with ease, fig. 78. Sexes, dissimilar, the females being
brighter than the males. Gregarious. Notes, weak whistles.

a. Coot-footed Phalaropes. Crymophilus.

Bill, short, thick and broadened at the end, fig. 74; lat-
eral membranes of toes, slighty lobed, fig. 73 ; summer female,
entirely reddish beneath.

60

PHALAKOPES.

1. RED PHALAEOPE, C. FULICARITJS. 8.00; summer
female, beneath, purplish-cinnamon extending around on
neck behind; sides of head, white; top of head, dark plum-
beous ; back, light reddish or buff streaked with black ; rump,
white, fig. 75. Summer male, smaller, duller, with the top
of head streaked with bufTy. Winter adult, head, neck, and
lower parts, white ; occiput and space
around eye, plumbeous ; back, pearl-gray.
Young, above dull black ; wing coverts and
rump, plumbeous with all of the feathers
more or less tinged with ochraceous ; white
beneath, throat and breast tinged with
brownish-buff. Downy young, bright red-
dish-buff above, darkest on crown, every,
where broadly striped with black; dull/
white beneath with chin, throat, and chest*
tinged with reddish-buff. Northern hem-
isphere, breeding far northward; migrat-
ing southward in winter in IS". A. as far as O, A, a 1

Fig. 74. the Middle States ; not uncommon off

the coast of N. E. in Sep., Oct., and
May; rare in the interior.

b. Priiiged-footed Phalaropes.
Steganopus.

A, a, 1.

Bill, long, slender and awJ-like, fig. 77 ; lateral membrane

of toes, continuous
and fringe-like, fig.
76. Summer fe-
male, white below,
reddish on neck on-

iy-

1. WILSON'S
PHALAKOPE,

S. TRICOLOR. 9.00;
white beneath, pale
bufXy-red on neck ;

Fig. 75.

A, b, 1. 1-4.

w

H

0

n

1

ff

§

i

tf»

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

61

A, b, 1.

top of head, grayish-white which becomes pure white on oc-
ciput and back of neck, this Fig. 76. Fig. 77.
passes into plumbeous-gray on
the back to become abruptly
white on the upper tail coverts
and a portion of the tail ; re-
mainder of tail, gray ; a widen-
ing line of black passes through
eye to back of head and neck
where it becomes chestnut, then
narrowing, passes along sides of
back to join a broader line of '
the same color on the scapulari-
es, fig. 78. Summer male, much
duller but with the same mark-
ings indicated. Winter adult, ash-gray above; upper tail
coverts and lower parts, white. Young, blackish above
Fig. 78. more or less streaked
with buff ; supercilia-
ry stripe, upper tail
coverts, and lower
parts, white; neck,
^tinged with buff.
Downy young, bright
tawny above, paler
beneath ; black stripe
on occiput and hind
neck and three broad
ones on lower back
Gr, A, b, 1. 1-4. and rump; a black
band near tail and a black spot on flanks. Temperate N. A. ;
breeding from southern 111. and Utah north to the Saskat-
chewan region ; in winter to Brazil and Patagonia ; very rare
on the N. E. coast in spring and autumn (May and Aug.).

c. Lobe-footed Phalaropes. Phalaropus.
Smaller than in b, but with the bill similar; lateral toe

02 PHALAROPES.

membrane, distinctly lobed, fig. 79 ; no distinct red markings
above.

1. NORTHERN PHALAROPE, P. LOBATUS. 7.50; above,
dark plumbeous striped on back with Fig. 79.

reddish-buff; upper tail coverts, like
back ; distinct wing band and under
parts, white; sides of neck and chest,
rufous. Summer male, much duller,
the rufous confined to sides of neck,
and the chest is mottled with white
and grayish. Winter adult, forehead,
superciliary Line, and beneath, white;
above, grayish ; patch on sides of head,
blackish, fig. 80. Young differ from
last in being streaked above with red-
dish-buff. Downy young, bright taw- GJ-, A, C, 1.

Fig. 80. ny above ; three black

stripes on rump ; triangular
patch of b 1 a c k on crown ;
black line over eye; white
beneath, throat, pale taw-
ny. Northern hemisphere,
breeding far north ; winters
off the coast of the Caroli-
nas southward ; common off
Gr, A, C, 1. 1-4. the coast of N. E. from mid-

dle Aug. to early Oct. ; occasionally seen on beaches and
rarely on the waters of the interior ; migrates north in May
when it is less common.

B. AVOCETS AND STILTS. Recurvirostridae.
Legs, greatly lengthened, longer than any other in G ;
tibea, naked for at least half its length ; toes, with a well
developed basel web ; rather large birds of social habits that
usually occur in the vicinity of fresh water.

a. Avocets. Recurvirostra.

Bill, flattened, longer than head and decidedly recurved,
fig. 81 ; toes, 4, the anterior fully webbed ; wings, short, when

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 63

folded not reaching end of tail. Colors, black, white, and
reddish. Sexes, similar.

1. AMERICAN AYOCET, R. AMERICANA. 17.00 ; head,
neck, and chest, light cinna- Fig. 81.

mon ; wings and two broad
stripes on back, brownish-black ;,
tail, ashy; white elsewhere, fig.
81. In winter, head, neck, and
chest, white tinged with bluish.
Swims well and frequently
alights on the water. Cries,
harsh and continuous. Breeds
in the interior west of the Miss-
issippi River, from Kansas north
to the Saskatchewan and Greatj
Slave Lake ; exceedingly rare in
Eastern U. S. ; winters south to!
Guatemala.

b. Stilts. Himantopus.

Bill, not flattened, slender

Fig. 82.

G, B, a, 1. 1-4,

, B, b, 1. 1-4.

and nearly straight ; toes, three,
webbed at base only ; wings,
long, when folded reaching be-
yond end of tail, fig. 82, colors,
black and white. Sexes, dis-
similar.

1. BLACK-NECKED STILT,
H. MEXICANUS. 14.00 ; m a 1 e ,
top and sides of head below eye,
back of neck, middle of back,
and wings, glossy, greenish-
black ; tail gray ; spot behind
eye and parts not mentioned,
white ; bill, black : iris, red ;
feet and legs, carmine, fig. 82.
The female differs in having the
back slaty-brown and the other

64 SHORE BIRDS.

black portions duller. Young, differ from the last in having-
the feathers of the back bordered with dull white and the
top of head finely mottled with the same. Downy young, yel-
lowish gray above, paler beneath, mottled and spotted above
with dusky with a median line on head of the same. Breed-
ing note, ''''Put" repeated many times at regular intervals as
the bird both sits and flies; alarm note, a series of harsh
screams. Flight, steady, not swift, wing-beats rather slow
and sweeping low, the head is held partly back but the legs
are fully extended, or in short flights are held dangling ; al-
though it often wades in water so deeply that it nearly floats,
it seldom swims ; a number will sometimes sit together in
the water occasionally moving the primaries up and down
with a fan-like movement while the secondaries are kept
motionless. Breeds from northern U. S., west of the Miss-
issippi River, southward and in Fla., the Bahamas, and the
Antilles in late April and early May. Common ; very rare in
eastern U. S. north of Fla. ; arrives in Fla. about the middle
of March ; goes south in early Oct.

C. WOODCOCKS AND SNIPES. Scolecopaoidae.

Birds of fresh water swamps and marshes ; bill, much
longer than Fig. 83.

head, covered
with soft skin
sensitive near
tip (rough- G, C, b, 1.

ened by pits and wrinkled when dry, fig. 83), with it the
birds procure worms and similar animals by probing in mud
or soft earth ; in order to enable the birds*to perceive dang-
er when the bill is buried to the base, the eyes are placed
far back in the head directly over the ears, figs. 85, 86; neck,
and wings, short, folding within the tip of the short, round-
ed tail ; legs, short ; toes, four, long, no basal webs ; plumage
the same at all seasons ; sexes, similar. All of the species
are well known game birds.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 65

a. Narrow -quilled "Woodcocks. Philohela.

Very short-necked stout-bodied birds that live in swamps
and are protectively clad in dull reds and wood browns ; wings,
very short, folding at the base of tail, and with three prima-
Fig. 84.

G, C, a, 1.

ries, somewhat shorter than the fourth and much narrower
than the others, fig. 84; tibia, feathered to the tarsal joint.
Solitary in habit, or occasionally found in scattered flocks.

1. AMERICAN WOODCOCK, P. MINOR. 11.00; dark
brown above, with three distinct bands of reddish-buff cross-
ing occiput, and otherwise finely banded with reddish-buff
and mottled with ashy brown ; forehead to eye, sides of head,
and tip of tail, ashy brown ; a dusky line from bill to eye ; be-
neath, reddish buff brightest on sides and flanks, ashy on
neck beneath ; downy young, rusty buff throughout, mottled
and spotted above with brown; iris, bill, and feet, brown.
Flight, direct and swift, with rapid wing-beats, sometimes
accompanied by a whistling sound, commonly supposed to be
vocal ; from early March to July gives what is known as the
sky song; the bird selects an open spot near its breeding
ground, to which it resorts at twilight; the performance be-
gins with the utterance cf a number of bleating notes not un-
like the cry of the nighthawk, but rather more tremulous and
not as sharp; this sound is repeated at regular intervals from
a few to many times, then the bird rises, and giving the whist-
ling flight-sound, describes a wide circle, two or three hun-
dred yards in diameter, but constantly ascending and circling
spiraliy, each successive circle being smaller than the last,
until he has reached a point at the apex directly above the
spot from which he had started, then he drops downward

66

SHORE BIRDS.

C, b, 1.1-6.

with a rocking motion on extended wings, uttering a rather
subdued, liquid whistle. Alight- Fig. 58.

ing, this performance is repeated,
often a number of times during
an evening. To hear this song
the observer should station him-
self shortly after sunset at a point
near enough to a known spot
where a woodcock performs to
hear the opening bleats, but not
near enough to disturb the bird
when he comes from the swamp.
Just as soon as the bird rises to
begin the upward flight walk very
swiftly forward, taking care to drop flat on the ground as the
bird approaches the earth ; thus by exercising caution and
keeping perfect silence, it is possible to approach wittiin a
few yards and witness the bird's behavior when on the
ground. Alder swamps are favorite resorts of the woodcock
and in them it may be found in early spring, at which time
it is not especially shy. Breeds throughout Eastern N. A.
from the British Provinces, south to Fla., in March and April,
placing its nest in woodlands near swamps; winters in the
Southern States, goes south in Oct. and Nov. ; comes north
in late Feb. and Mar. Quite common, but far less so than
in former years, fig. 58.

• b. Broad-quilled Woodcocks. Scolopax.

Larger, and differs otherwise in having the outer prima-
ry longer than the second and as broad as the others.

1. EUROPEAN WOODCOCK, S. RUSTICOLA. Differs
from a, 1 in being larger (13.00) and in being distinctly band-
ed beneath. Northern parts of eastern hemisphere: occas-
ional in Eastern N. A.

c. Snipes. Gallinago.

More slender birds with longer necks that live in marshes
and are clad in browns and reddish-grays ; wings longer than

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 67

in a, reaching beyond middle of tail, the first primary is long-
est and all are broad ; tibia, not f eatherd to the tarsal joint.
Eggs, placed in marshes. Not as solitary in habit as in a,
numbers often associate together, especially in winter.

1. WILSON'S SNIPE, G. DELICATA. 11.00; dusky-brown
above streaked, mottled, and banded with reddish-buff, ru-
fous and grayish-white ; median line of buff on head ; tail,
black with a sub-terminal band of pale chestnut ; white be-
neath and on side of head, grayish on lower neck and chest
mottled with dusky ; dusky line in front of eye ; under wing
coverts, axillaries, and sides, distinctly marked with black
bands that are as wide, or wider, than the white interspaces.
It is almost impossible to see Fig. 86.

this bird on the ground as it lies ,
very close ; when startled, it ris-
es quickly and flies swiftly in a
zigzag course, uttering its singu-*
lar bleating "Scape'1'1 as it goes ; >
after flying some twenty yards
its course becomes more direct,
but it still winds and circles, ands
after rising to a considerableN
height, and going some distanced
away, it is quite apt to return and Gr, C, C, 1. 1-6.

alight near where it started. Upon its breeding grounds,
and occasionally when migrating, it produces the sound called
winnowing. The bird rises high in air and when it reaches
a certain altitude darts rapidly in a zigzag, flight much
like a Nighthawk, at the same time giving the sound which
has received the appropriate name of winnowing; whether
this is made by the wings or is vocal is difficult to decide.
Breeds from northern U. S. northward, occasionally further
south ; winters regularly from the Carolinas southward to
northern S. A., and irregularly as far north as Mass. ; comes
north in April and May ; goes south in Sep. and Oct.

68 SHORE BIRDS.

2. EUKOPEAN SNIPE, G. GALI.INAGO. Differs from 1
in having the white bandings on the under wing coverts, ax-
illaries, and sides, wider then the dark interspaces, and the
tail feathers are broader. Europe, northern Asia and Africa ;
frequent in Greenland ; accidental in the Bermudas.

D. SANDPIPERS, TATTLERS, GOD WITS,
CURLEWS, ETC. Tringidae.

Birds which usually occur in marshes, either salt or
fresh or on sea beaches ; a few species occur on dry land but
never in wooded swamps ; eyes, placed in front of ears ;
wings, longer than in C ; tibia, never feathered to the tarsal
joint ; front of tarsus covered with a continuous row of scales,
toes four, excepting in i ; highly gregarious in habit ; sum-
mer and winter plumages are very different ; sexes, similar.
General flight, swift and direct, with rapid wing-beats,
turning and wheeling in air is performed with grace and ease.
All of the species run swiftly, although none when adult
swim voluntarily when uninjured, wounded birds, and young
often enter the water and swim with ease.

a. Snipe Sandpipers. Macrorhamphus.

Medium sized, snipe-like birds with long, sensitive-tip-
ped bills, rather long necks, Fig 87.
folded wings reaching tip
square tail, legs, long and
feet with partly webbed
toes, fig. 87; sometimes oc-
cur on muddy borders of
fresh waters, but more com-
monly in muddy places on
salt marshes where they
feed by probing.

1. DOWITCHEK, M.
GRISETJS. 10.00 ; bill, 2.35 ;
dusky brown above so thick- O, D, a, 1. 1-6.

iy streaked and banded with pale cinnamon as to appear red-
dish when seen at a distance; lower back and rump, white

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 69

spotted with dusky ; beneath, pale cinnamon somewhat mot-
tled with lighter, marked with a number of rounded spots
and some bars of dusky ; bill, brown ; feet, greenish, fig. 81.
Winter, gray above; lower back and rump as in summer;
white beneath, grayish on lower neck and sides where there
are slight bandings and spottings of dusky. Young, differ
from the last in being darker above where all of the feathers,
excepting on lower back, rump and upper tail coverts, are
edged and banded with yellowish-rufous; beneath, tinged
with reddish-buff. Note, a mellow whistle uttered when the
bird rises and when it is on the wing; this call is often fol-
lowed by one or two others which are low and querulous.
An unsuspicious species which, although sometimes found
singly, more often occurs in flocks, some of which are very
large, and fly in compact form. Eastern N. A; breeding far
north ; pass south, chiefly along the coast in July and Aug. ;
winters from the Carolinas to the West Indies and Brazil;
come north in May ; abundant at this season in Fla. and the
Bahamas but not as common further north.

2. LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER, M. SCOLOPACEUS. Dif-
fers from 1 in being deeper in color beneath, where there are
no blotches. Western N. A. breeding in Alaska to the Arctic
coast ; migrating south through western U. S. (including the
Mississippi Valley ) and less commonly along the Atlantic
coast to winter in Mexico; time of migration same as in 1.

b. Long-legged Sandpipers. Micropalma.

Very long legged birds with slightly webbed toes, slen-
der, somewhat sensitive tipped bills w,hich are not as long as
in a, fig. 88. Similar in general habit to a and frequent sim-
ilar places.

1, STILT SANDPIPER, M. HIMANTOPUS. 9.00. bill, 1.60 ;
tail, white ; remaining upper parts dusky-brown streaked and
banded with pale buff ; patch on side of head, light rusty ;
beneath, white, banded with dusky ; bill, brown ; feet, green-
ish. In winter rather grayer above and dull white beneath
without bandings ; no reddish spot on side of head, fig. 88.
Young, rather more buffy above than the last and with a buff

88.

7O SHORE BIRDS.

tingeing on breast. Note, a chuckling whistle. Flight, swift
and direct, with rapid wing beats. Eastern N. A., breeding
north of the Fig.

U. S. ; goes — ^

south i 11
Aug. w h c 11
it is not un-
common on
the coast of
Mass., to
winter in S.
A, ; comes
north in Ap-
ril, when it
is common in
Fla. but rare
further north
on the coast.

c. Ruddy Sandpipers. Tringa.
Rather large, stout sandpipers with quite thick and not
very long bills that are not sensitive at tip ; legs not long ; toes
without webs ; occur on sandy beaches and procure their

Gr9 D, b, 1. 1-3,

Fig. 89.

B, c, 1. 1-5.

food, which consists chiefly
o f small marine animals,
between tide marks.

1. KNOT, T. CANUTUS.
10.50 ; bill, 1.35; ashy-gray
above mottled with dull
1 black and pale reddish ;
' upper t a, i 1 coverts, white
. banded with dusky ; be-
~" neath, pale cinnamon
streaked on throat and
banded on sides with dusky
bill, brown ; feet, greenish,
fig. 89. Winter, gray above

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA 71

with feathers margined with white and the white beneath is
tinged with yellowish. Young, differ from the last in being
without the yellowish tingeing beneath. Note, a clear, dou-
ble whistle, not loud and not often given. Occurs in small
flocks often associating with Black-bellied Plover and other
beach birds, but frequently alone on sand spits. Northern
Hemisphere, breeding far north migrating south in N. A. on
the Atlantic coast from the middle of July until the first of
Nov. ; winters from the Carolinas southward but is not found
on the Bahamas and is rare in the West Indies; migrates
northward in May, arriving in N. E. the latter part of the
month, when it is not uncommon along the south shore and
on Gape Cod, but rare north of Cape Ann.

d, Feather-legged Stints. Arquatella.

Medium sized sandpipers with robust form, slender, not
long bills, short legs with tibia provided with long feathers
the tips of which reach below the tarsal joint, and with round-
ed tail, fig. 90.

1. PURPLE SANDPIPER, A. MARITIMA. 8.50; bill,
1.25 : brownish-black above with the scapularies and inter-
scapularies irregularly spotted with dull buff and bordered
with whitish at tips; white beneath streaked on neck and

Fig. 90.

G, B, d, 1, 1-5.

chest with dusky ; breast,
light grayish spotted with
darker; bill, dark-brown,
orange at base ; feet, green-
ish-yellow. Winter, black-
ish brown above glossed
with purplish, scapularies,
interscapularies, and wing
coverts bordered with
plumbeous, fig. 90. Young
differ from the last in hav-
ing the dark of upper parts
much obscured with plumb-
eous and the plumbeous be-

72 SHORE BIRDS.

neath is extended on to the neck ; rump and upper tail cov-
erts, black in all stages. Note, a feeble whistle. Flight, or-
dinary. Northern portions of northern hemisphere, breeding
far north ; in N. A. migrating south in Oct. appearing on the
coast of N. E. about Nov. 1 ; winters from the British Prov-
inces south to the Great Lakes and upper Mississippi Valley,
on the Atlantic coast commonly from Grand Manan to the
south shore of N. E. ; more rarely to N. J. and casually to
Fla. Occurs on rocky islands. Common.

e. Stints. Actodromas.

Medium to small sized sandpipers differing from d in
having a more slender form and longer legs which are not
feathered so near the tarsal joint; toes, not palmate, plate 7.
Upper tail coverts dark brown excepting in 2 and 3.

1. PECTOKAL SANDPIPER, A. MACULATA. 8.50; bill,
1.15; rump, dark-brown; above, dark-brown with the feath-
ers margined with brownish-buff ; white beneath with fore
neck and breast grayish-buff broadly streaked with dusky ;
bill, brown ; feet, greenish. Plate 8, A. Winter, differs in
"being less rusty above with the dark markings less distinct.
Young, more rusty above than the summer adult and more
buff beneath where the streakings are narrower. !Note, a
shrill, rolling whistle, often given harshly and gratingly.
Flight, when started singly, swift and erratic, something
as in C, C, 1. Occurs, as a rule, among the grass of the
higher portions of the salt marshes where it has a habit of
squatting to hide when approached. Breeds in the Arctic
regions of N. A. migrating southward from the middle of
July until the first of Nov. ; abundant at this season on the
coast and rather common in the interior ; not common on the
Atlantic coast south of N. J. ; winters far south in S. A. ;
comes north in May but is then rare on the Atlantic coast
and common in the interior.

2. WH1TE-RUMPED SANDPIPER, A. FUSCICOLMS. A
little smaller than 1 (7.00) ; bill, more slender, shorter (.95) ;
upper tail coverts, white; brownish gray above rather broad-

Kir

I. :..-' v,-,., Ayr"

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 73

ly streaked with dusky and tinged with yellowish red ; white
beneath with sides of head, lower neck, and breast tinged
with ashy and streaked with dusky; bill, brown ; feet, green-

Fig. 01.

ish, fig. 91. Winter,
differs in having no
reddish above and
fewer streaks beneath.
Young, differ in having
many of t h e feathers
above tipped with rus-
ty and some buff tinge-
ing on breast. Note, a
short, sharp whistle.
Fl i ght ordinary. Oc-
curs on both beach and
salt marsh; unsus-
picious birds which are
sometimes found G-t D, 2. 1-4.

in small flocks by themselves, or often in company with other
sandpipers. Eastern N. A. breeding far north ; migrates
south in Sep. and Oct. but sometimes specimens occur earlier
or later in N. E. ; winters in southern S. A. casually as far
north as Fla.

3. COOPER'S SANDPIPER, A. COOPERI. Differs from
4 in being larger ( 9.50 ), in having only a trace of reddish
on the longer scapularies, plate 71, and in having conspicu-
ous Y-shaped marks on upper tail coverts. Only a single
specimen known, obtained on Long Island, N. Y., May 24,
1833.

4. BAIRD'S SANDPIPER, A. BAIRDII. Somewhat sim-
ilar to 1, differs in being smaller ( 7.25 ), in having a weaker
bill, ( .95 ), plate 8, B, in being much paler above, and in
having fewer streakings on the breast below. The young
have all of the feathers above very narrowly margined with
pale grayish-buff conspicuous enough to give the back a scaled
appearance. Note, not very unlike 1. Flight, much as in

74 SHORE BIRDS.

2. Breeds in Alaska and on the Barren Grounds; migrates
south in Aug. and Sep., but chiefly through the interior of
the western states where it is often found on dry ground;
rare on the Atlantic Coast from N. E. south, occurring with
other sandpipers on both marsh and beach ; winters in south-
ern S. A. ; comes north in April always through the interior.
5. LEAST SANDPIPER, A. MINUTILLA. Smallest of all
our sandpipers ( 6.15 ; bill .85 ), in spring much like a small
edition of 1 but with less buff beneath and fewer streakings,
plate 7. Winter, grayish above ;' indistinctly streaked with
dusky and grayish on breast. Young, with the dark brown
feathers above very conspicuously bordered with bright ru-
fous and a few spots of whitish; breast, buff; bill, always
brown and feet greenish yellow. Ordinary call a trilling
whistle, also give a low piping note when feeding; Dr. C.
W. Townsend in his incomparable Birds of Essex County,
Mass, says; " In Spring I have frequently seen them fly over
the marsh with wings quivering forcibly downward, uttering
constantly sweet tremulo calls, — the flight song of the spe-
cies. " In flight flocks often oscillate from side to side show-
ing first the dark backs then the white under parts. The
most abundant of our sandpipers, occurring more often on
marshes and mud flats than on the beaches, sometimes singly
but more frequently in flocks of from three or four to hun-
dreds, the larger numbers being usually found in the south
in winter; usually unsuspicious, allowing near approach.
Breeds north of the U.S., passes south in July and Aug.
often occurring in the interior but chiefly along the coast ;
winters from the Carolinas southward into S.' A. but not
common in the U. S. at this season; cqmes north in May.

f. Dunlin Sandpipers. Pelidna.

Medium sized Sandpipers with long, decidedly curved
l)ills, plate 9, A ; otherwise much as in e.

1. RED-BACKED SANDPIPER, P. SAKIIALINA. 8.35;
bill, 1.50. Above red distinctly spotted with black; wings

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 75

gray; beneath, white streaked with dusky, belly covered
with a nearly continuous patch of black. Winter, ashy-
gray above ; white beneath with breast tinged with ashy and
narrowly streaked with dusky, plate 9, A. Young, differ from
the last in having the feathers of upper parts, especially of
the wings, margined with rufous; upper tail coverts, bill,
and feet always black. A very unsuspicious species that oc-
curs more often on sandy beaches than elsewhere, some-
times singly but more often in flocks or in company with
other shore birds. Call, a rather plaintive, melodious note
sounding something like " Fur re " ; when disturbed utters
a short chuckling cry ; flight, ordinary. N .A. ; breeding f ar
north ; goes south in Sep., Oct., and Nov. ; winters from the
Carolinas southward, occasionally remaining further north ;
comes north in May. Abundant on the coasts in fall ; rather
uncommon in spring along the Atlantic coast north of the
Carolinas.

2. DUNLIN, P. ALPINA. Differs from 1 in being smaller
(7.50; bill, 1.25 ) and in having less red above, the black pre-
dominating, but is more heavily streaked below with dusky ;
thus the black of the belly is not in as strong contrast with
the lighter parts. Northern parts of the Old World ; acci-
dental in Eastern N. A. ; one record for Mass.

g. Curve-billed Sandpipers. Erolia.

Medium sized sandpipers with long, slender, curved,
bills, fig. 92, long slender legs and short, nearly square tails.

1. CURLEW SANDPIPER, E. FERRUGINEA. 8.00; bill
1.50; upper tail coverts, white; lower parts, reddish chest-
nut; upper parts, varied with blackish and rusty. Winter
and young much as in f, 1, Fig. 92.

excepting that the upper*
tail coverts are white. Old
World, occasional in east-
ern N. A. and Alaska; there '

are a number of N. E. re- Gr, D. g, 1.

cords.

76 SHORE r>TTU>S.

h. Semipalmated Sandpipers,, Ereunetes.

Differs from e chiefly in having a proportionately stout-
er bill and webs between the anterior toes ; plate 10.

1. SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER, E. PUSILLUS. Differs
from e, 5 in being larger (6.75 ; bill, .75) ; grayer above with
only a slight tingeing of reddish on sides of head and scapu-
laries and no buff below ; in winter there is no buff anywhere
and but little above in the young; bill and feet, always
black, plate 10. An abundant species both spring and fall
all along our coast, but rather shy in frequented locations,
yet quite unsuspicious when not molested ; frequents sandy
beaches rather than mud flats and mud holes in the marsh-
es, although it is sometimes found in those places. Ordina-
ry call note not unlike that of e, 5 but rather more shrill. I
cannot refrain from quoting Dr. Townsend's charming de-
scription of the spring notes as he heard them at Ipswich,
Mass. He says; " A harsh rasping note and a peeping note
are sometimes heard. A low, rolling, gossipy note is often
emitted when they approach other birds. This latter note
is often imitated with success by gunners. In spring, how-
ever, the bird is delightfully musical on occasions, and his
flight song may be heard on the beach and among the bogs
of the dunes. Rising on quivering wings to about thirty
feet from the ground, the bird advances with rapid wing-
beats, curving the pinions strongly downward, pouring forth
a succession of musical notes, a continuous quavering trill,
and ending with a very few sweet notes that recall those
of a Goldfinch. He then descends to the ground where one
may be lucky enough, if near at hand, to hea'r a low musi-
cal uc/«c£"from the excited bird. This is^ I suppose, the full
love song, and is not often heard in its entirety, but the first
quavering trill is not uncommon, a single bird, or a member
of a flock singing thus as he flies over. I have seen birds
chasing one another on the beach with raised wings, emit-
ting a few quavering notes, and have been reminded of a
Long-billed Marsh Wren. " ( Birds of Essex County, p. 178 ).

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 77

Eastern N. A. , breeding north of the U. S. ; migrates south
from the middle of July until the first of Nov. ; winters from
the Carolinas through the Bahamas and West Indies to S.
A. ; comes north in May. Stragglers of this species, of e. 5
and of f , 1 are sometimes found all summer as far south as

1. WESTERN SANDPIPER, E. OCCIDENTALS. Differs
from 1 in having the upper parts prominently marked with
bright cinnamon and the breast with distinct streaks and tri-
angular spots of dusky, the sides with arrow-shaped marks
of the same: bill, stouter and longer, about 1.00, plate 9, B.
Breeds far north in western N. A., migrates south about the
same time as 1 and winters in the same section ; common in
Fla. in winter and spring but rather uncommon further
north ; a few occur along the coast in autumn as far north as
N. E. ; not found as far north as this in spring.

i. Three-toed Sandpipers. Calidris.

Medium sized sandpipers with robust forms, rather short-
stout bills, short legs, and feet with three short toes, with-
out basal webs, the posterior being absent, fig. 93.

1. SANDERLING, C. ARENARIA. 7.50; bill, 1.00; light
rusty, palest on head, neck and chest where it is spotted with
blackish on back ; Eig. 93.

bill and under tail
coverts, white ;
spot on b e n d of
wing and of fore
arm , blackish
and there is a
white patch on
wing conspicuous
in flight; win-
ter ; pale gray
above ; pure white
beneath, fig. 93.
Young, differ from
last in being mot- Gr, D, i, 2. 1-8

78 SHORE BIRDS.

tied with black above and with dusky beneath ; bill and feet,
always black. Breeds in the arctic and subarctic regions of
both hemispheres; migrates south in N. A. from the middle
of July until the middle of Nov., when it is abundant on sandy
beaches all along the coast, occurring singly, in flocks of va-
rying sizes, or in company with other beach birds, unsus-
picious at this season; winters from the Carolinas south to
Patagonia ; goes north in May.

j. Tatlers. Tetanus.

Slender-bodied birds with large heads, long, slender
black bills, with rather wide gape; long greenish or yellow
legs, long toes with small basal webs; and long wings, fold-
ing beyond tip of slightly rounded tail ; upper tail coverts,
white sometimes barred with dusky, Fig. 94.

1. GREATER FELLOW-LEGS, T. MELANOLEUCUS.
Largest of our species, 14.00; bill, 2.25; blackish-gray above
streaked and spotted with yellowish white; white beneath,
streaked on lower neck and breast with dusky and banded
on sides, axilliaries, and under wing coverts with the same.
Occurs on marshes and mud flats where it makes itself con-
spicuous by its loud, clear whistle which is given very fre-
quently ; also occurs in fresh waters ; flight steady with long
wing beats, varied with intervals of sailing; in alighting the
bird sails, then suddenly alights by dropping its long legs ;
when down it often raises its wings perpendicularly over its
back, as do some other of the shore birds; besides the call
note it gives a kind of scream in spring something like that
emitted by the Common Tern and a rolling, or scolding note.
Common on the coast and not infrequent in the interior near
water. Breeds in northern N. A. ; migrates south from July
15 to Nov. 15 : winters from the Carolinas southward near-
ly all over S. A. ; comes north in April and May.

2. LESSER YELLOW-LEGS, T. FLAVIPES. Generally
similar to 1; differs in being much smaller ( 10.25; bill,
1.45 ), in having the head always ashy and with more indis-

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 79

tinct dusky markings below, fig. 94. Call, not very different,
from 1. but less prolonged and Fig. 94.

with less volume; habits also simi-
lar but this species is always unsus-,
picious. Breeds far north in N. A. ;
migrates south from July 1 to Sep.
15 when it is common along the
coast and not infrequent in the in-
terior; winters in southern S. A.,
rare in Fla. at this season (Lake
Jessup, Feb. 20, 1901, five speci-
mens); migrates north in April
and May, rare at this season on the
Atlantic coast, abundant in the
Mississippi Valley.

3. GREENSHANKS. T. NEB-
ULARIUS. Differs from 1 in having
the lower back and rump pure G, D, f , 2.. 1-5
white without markings. Eastern nemisphere, breeding far
north ; accidental in Florida. ( near Cape Sable, Audubon ).

k. Fresh-water Tatlers. Helodromas.
Differs from j in having the bill more slender and never
Fig. 95. upcurved, dark legs*

shorter wings not fold-
ing beyond tip of tail,
and dark upper tail
coverts, fig. 95.

1. SOLITARY
SANDPIPER, II. sol-
ITARIUS. 8.50; bill,
1 .25 ; dark greenish
slate above finely
marked with white;
tail, broadly banded
Gr, D, k, 1.1-4 with white ( except-

ing middle feathers which are spotted on sides with white) ;

8O SHORE BIRDS.

white beneath, distinctly streaked on lower neck, breast,
sides, and beneath wings, with dusky; bill, greenish black;
feet, dark greenish. Winter, more ashy above and less dis-
tinctly marked with white above and dusky below. Young,
lighter slate above marked with buffy white; throat and
breast very indistinctly marked with ashy-buff Common,
usually occurring singly about pools or small ponds of fresh
water, but sometimes two or three are found together; un-
suspicious. Teters somewhat when sitting but not as much
as in p 1. Note, a rather loud whistling "peet" repeated four
or five times when the bird is on the wing. Flight, rather
rapid, not very direct; wings kept high and their beats are
strong. Breeds occasionally in northern U. S. but more com-
monly further north ; migrates south in Aug., Sep., and Oct. ;
winters in the extreme southern states, the West Indies and
northern S. A. ; comes north in April ( Bahamas, rare ) and
May.

2. GREEN SANDPIPER, T. OCHROPUS. Differs from
1 in being a little larger ( 10.00; bill 1.35 ) , and in having the
middle tail feathers broadly banded with white, and the up-
per tail coverts pure white. Places its eggs in the aban-
doned nest of some tree-building bird. Northern parts of
the Old World; accidental in Eastern N. A.

1. Semipalmated Tatlers. Symphemia.

Differ from j in being stouter with shorter, thicker bills,
dark legs, toes well webbed basally, white unhanded upper
tail coverts, and white marked wings. Size, large, fig. 96.

1. WILLET, S. SEMIPALMATA. 14.00; bill, 2.25; above,
brownish buff , varied with dark brown; large- white patch
on wing; axilliaries and wing lining, dull black, both of
these latter characteristics prominent inflight; white be-
neath, pale buff on breast and sides and here streaked and
banded with dusky ; bill, brown; feet, plumbeous, fig. 96.
Winter, differs in having no dark markings above or below.
Young, have the feathers above margined with yellowish and
the sides are tinged with it and finely mottled with grayish

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 81

Downy young, brownish-gray above, irregularly and coarse-
ly marbled with dusky, dull white beneath; four or more
Fig. 96.

G, D, 1. 1. 1-4.

dusky lines on sides of head. A noisy bird constantly cry-
ing " Pillie -willie ivillet " in loud, shrill, tones; also gives a
loud, rasping cry, and a chuckling note when alighting.
Social, usually occurring in flocks of three or four to a dozen
or more ; feeds on mud flats but sometimes occurs on sandy
beaches ; sometimes perches on dead limbs of trees ; flight
quite slow but direct ; wing beats strong and well down, not
rapid. Breeds from K. J. south to Fla. and irregularly north
to N. E. ; resident and all winter from the Carolinas south-
wrard. Uncommon on the coast of Mass, in fall and rare in
spring.

m. Fighting Sandpipers. Pavoncella.
Large stout sandpipers the males of which are remark-
able in having a cape of elongated feathers about the neck
and a ruff on the back of the upper neck ; face naked and
covered with papillae. Noted for their pugnacity, fig. 97.

0-5 SHORE BIJiDS.

1. RUFF, P. PUGNAX. 11.00; bill, 1.25; colors, very
variable, above varied with black, buff, and gray; ruff and
cape either chestnut, buff, black, or whitish, streaked, plain
or barred ; beneath, white; sides of rump white, fig. 97.
Female, without ruff and cape; plumage barred with black-
ish, white and rusty, face feathered. Young, brownish-black

Fig. 97.

above with the feathers bor-
dered on back with buff and
streaked on head with reddish ;
white beneath, becoming buffy
anteriorly. More northern
parts of eastern hemisphere ; oc-
casional in east ern IL S., but
chiefly on the coast,
n. Highland Sandpipers.
, Bartramia.

Rather large sandpipers
that live on the uplands, with
short, slender bills with a very
wide gape, enabling the birds to
swallow locusts and other in-
sects upon which they feed;
neck, long and thin ; tail, very GS-, D, m, 1. 1-5.
long ; outer toes slightly webbed, inner not at all, other char-
acters much as in e, fig. 98.

1. BARTRAMIAN SANDPIPER, B. LONGICATJDA. 12.00;
bill, 1.10. Brownish-buff above, varied with reddish and
spotted and barred with blackish; tail, buff, tipped with
white and somewhat banded with spots of black ; beneath
buffy-white banded on under wing coverts and axillaries
and spotted with arrow shaped marks on neck, breast and
sides with dusky-brown, fig. 98. Young, differ in being
more yellowish above and the secondaries and inner prima-
ries are tipped with white. Downy young, grayish-white,,
tinged with rusty coarsely and irregularly mottled with
dusky; beneath, buffy-white, spots on flanks and on sides of

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERX NORTH AMERICA. 8&

head, black, Breeds through eastern and central N. A. from

Fig. 98.

Penn. north to Quebec
in suitable places.
The call, note is very
musical and bubbling
and is almost invaria-
bly given as the bird
flies. I not infrequent-
ly hear it here in New-
ton as the bird flies
over my house during
migrations, sometimes
in th e n i g h t ; if d i s-
turbed when breeding O, D, n, 1. 1-6.

it utters harsher cries ; and when alighting emits a chuckling
sound. Frequents the hill tops near the coast especially in
the autumn, but sometimes occurs on the marshes both in
N. E. and further south ; goes south in Sep. to winter in
northern S. A. ; comes north in April and May.

o. Buffy Sandpipers. Tryngites.

Rather small, slender sandpipers with shorter tails than
in n, and with bill more slender, otherwise quite similar.

1. BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER, T. SUBRUFICOLLIS.

Fig. 99.

1-3.

8.00; bill, .80; grayish-
buff above mixed with
blackish ; buff beneath
somewhat spotted on
breast with duskv ; ax-
illaries, whit e, show-
ing in flight ; lining of
wing and inner webs
of primaries, white,
marbled with dusky.
Young, differ in hav-
ing the feathers bor-
dered with whitish.
Breeds in the far north-

84 SHORE BIRDS.

ern interior of N. A. where it is abundant ; migrates south
in Aug. but on its way south appears to be nowhere com-
mon ; once not very uncommon on the hills on or near the
coast of X. E. but now seldom seen there. Flight, rapid but
rather flitting. Call note, a clear whistle, given as the bird
flies. Winters in S. A. ; comes north in May when very sel-
dom, if ever, found on the Atlantic coast.

p. Tilting Sandpipers. Actitis.

Small, rather short-beaked, short-legged sandpipers
with outer toes conspicuously webbed, and which tilt fre-
quently when moving on the ground, fig. 100.

1. SPOTTED SANDPIPER. A. MACULARIS, 7.50; bill,
.95 ; white beneath marked with rounded spots of dusky ;
broad band through under side of wing, conspicuous in
flight, white; above, ashy-brown, glossed with greenish,
banded, streaked, and spotted with dusky ; bill, yellowish-
brown ; feet, yellow ; tail, tipped with white and outer feath-
ers banded with same, fig. 100. Winter, differs in being
without dusky markings above ( excepting on wing coverts),
and below. Young, differ from last in having buff bandings
on wings and tail. Downy young, yellowish-gray above with
a narrow black line down back and one on either side of
head ; white beneath. Breeds throughout temperate N. A.
nesting both on the Fig. 100.

coast and in the inte-
rior; common. Flight
direct, but slow, wing"
beats short and jerky,
the wing tips being
held below the level of
the body; in passing
over water it is apt to
fly close to the surface.
Call note, " Feet -wcet
iveet weet " , rather>
shrill, but quite mu-
sical. Rather solitary,
or at best found in Gr, D, p, 1. 1-4.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 85

small companies in autumn, but never flying in compact
flocks. Goes south in late Oct. but some remain into Nov. as
far north as Mass. ; winters sparingly from the Carolinas to
Fla. ; common from this point and on the Bahamas, south-
ward to southern Brazil; comes north in late April,
q. Godwits. Limosa.

Large, sandpiper-like birds with very long, somewhat
recurved bills, long pointed wings which fold beyond the
end of the short, square tail; legs, long; toes, somewhat
webbed, fig. 101

1. MAKBLED GODWIT, L. FEDOA. 18.50; bill,
4.00 ; pale cinnamon throughout ; streaked on head and neck
and irregularly barred and spotted elsewhere ( excepting on

Fig. 101.

throat and abdomen )
with dusky-brown, fig.
101. Young, differ in
being more reddish
and in having no
markings beneath.
Breeds in the interior
from Iowa and Nebras-
ka, northward to Man-
itoba and the Sas-
katchewan, when
it occurs on the dry
prairies; migrates
south in Aug. and Sep.
accidental or rare
then on the Atlantic Gr, D, q, 1. 1-6.

coast from Mass, to the Carolinas; formerly wintered com-
monly in nothern and middle Fla. on both coasts, now rarely
if ever found there, but occurs in Guatemala and Yucatan.
In spring it gives a series of shivering notes; in winter, when
alarmed, utters harsh and discordant cries. Occurs on the,
borders of pools, both salt and fresh, and on mud flats in
flocks from a few individuals to hundreds, as in Fla. up to

8G SHORE BIRDS.

1877 and probably somewhat later, sometimes associates with
other shore birds ; Fig. 102.

comes north in April.

2. HUDSONIAN
GODWIT, L. HAEMAS-
TICA. 15.00; bill, 3.00;
upper tail coverts, al-
ways pure white ; and *

tail, black. Head and

neck, pale chestnut,
streaked with dusky ;
b e neath b r ight-
er chestnut, barred
with dusky; back,5"'
blackish, marked with Gr, D, q, 2. 1-6.

buff. Winter, back brownish-gray ; head, neck, and beneath
grayish-white, grayish anteriorly. Young, differ from last
in being buffy throughout. Breeds in eastern N. A. but far
north ; migrates south in Aug. and Sep. when it is rare on
the coast of N. E. ; not common anywhere ; winters in ex-
treme southern S. A. ; comes north in April and May. Fre-
quents mud flats and sloughs. Note, low and double.

3. BLACK-TAILED GODWIT, L. LIMOSA. Differs
from 1 in having two white wing patches, one at base of pri-
maries and one occupying most of the secondaries, both con-
spicuous in flight. Northern portions of eastern hemi-
sphere, accidental in Greenland.

r. Curlews. Numenius.

Large, rather stout birds with long, strongly curved
bills, long wings, folding beyond tip of square tail, short,
stout legs, and toes with basal membranes. Color, pale or
reddish-buff more or less marked with dusky ; figs. 103 to 105.

1. LONG-BILLED CURLEW, N. LONGIROSTRIS. Larg-
est of our Curlews, 24.00; bill, 3.00 to 8.00; pale cinnamon,
decided reddish below and on axillaries, marked above with

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 87

blackish and streaked below on neck, breast, and sides with
Fig. 103.

G, D, r, 1. 1-8.

the same; bill, brown, yellow at base of lower mandible;
feet, brown ; no buffy central or supercilliary stripes on
head ; axillaries, unbanded, fig. 103. Downy Young, buffy
yellow, darker above tinged with sulphur yellow beneath,
coarsely and irregularly marbled above with black ; bill?
straight. Breeds through the interior of temperate N. A.
north into the British Provinces ; at this season frequents
alike dry prairies and moist situations ; migrates southward
in Sep., when formerly was not uncommon on the coast of
X. E. ; now probably never occurs there ; winters largely in
Guatemala; formerly, up to 1877 and somewhat later, was
abundant at this season from the Carolinas to middle Fla.,
now none occur in this section, nor is it probable that it is
very common anywhere ; comes north in April. Note, a shrill
whistle sounding almost like a scream, also utters a mellow,
undulating whistle as it flies. Flight, slow with long rather
sweeping wing-beats.

88

SHORE BIRDS.

2. HUDSONIAN CUKLEW, N. HUDSONICUS. Differs
from 1 in being smaller, 17.00; bill, 3.50; in being paler, in

Fig. 104.

having a distinct
central line of buff
on head and a su-
perciliary line of
the same, and the
axillaries banded
with dusky; inner
webs of primaries,
spotted with red-
dish on their edges,
fig. 104. Breeds far
north in N. A. mi_
grating south in
Aug. at which time
it is not uncommon
on the coast of G, D, r, 2. 1-8.

Mass, and southward, sometimes remaining until the mid-
dle of Sep. ; winters south of the U. S. occurring at that sea-
son all over S. A., Call note, a clear, rather shrill whistle.
Flight not unlike that of 1.

3. ESQUIMO CURLEW, K. BORKALIS. Smallest of
our Curlews, 13.50; bill, 2.25; differs from 2 in color, in the
Fig. 105. absence of the

central line of
buff on crown, in
having the mark-
ings- on the sides
arrow shaped,
and in having
the inner webs of
primaries with-
out light spot-
t ings , fig. 105.
Breeds far north
in eastern N. A.
G, D, r, 3. 1-8. migrating south

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTEKX NORTH AMERICA. 89

in Aug. when was abundant on the coasts of the British
Provinces and rare further south ; formerly abundant on the
N. E. coast at this season, but has been gradually diminish-
ing since the early 70's and is now very rare; winters in
southern S. A. ; comes north in April, when it avoids the At-
lantic coast and is abundant in the Mississippi Valley and
westward on the Plains. Note, a soft, mellow whistle, given
as the bird flies. Moves in large, close flocks, sweeping
about much as sandpipers do ; flight, swift ; wing beats regu-
lar and not rapid. This species now appears to be very rare
everywhere even north of N. E. and in the Mississippi Valley
in spring.

4. WHIMBREL, N. PHAEOPUS. Much like 2, but the
rump is plain white, and the axillaries are white banded
with grayish-brown. Northern parts of Old World; occa-
sional in Greenland.

C. PLOVER. Charadriidae.

Differ from B in being stouter in form, in having a short-
er, harder, bill, and in having the tarsus in front covered
with small hexagonal or irregular scales. Excepting in a
and b the hind toe is absent, figs. 106 to 110.

a. Vanellus. Crested Plover.

Head, crested ; upper plumage with metallic luster ; hind
toe, present. Plover-like birds found mostly in the Old
World.

1. LAPWING, V. VANELLUS. 13.00; bill, 1.00; top
and fore part of head, chin, throat and breast, blue-black ;
back, metallic green, bluish and purple; upper tail coverts,
rufous; tail, black with basal half and tip, sides of head,
neck and belly, white ; lower tail coverts, rufous. Winter,
differs in having the chin and throat white and the sides and
head tinged with buff. Active, noisy birds. Northern parts
of the eastern hemisphere ; occasional in Greenland and on
Long Island,

b. Four-toed Plover. Squatarola.

Large plover with large heads, rather long bills, long

90

SHOKE BIRDS.

legs; a short hind toe and with the three anterior provided

with a basal mem- Fig. 106.

brane ; summer adults

l.ight above, black

beneath ; axillaries,

always black , fig.

106.

1. BLACK-BEL-
LIED PLOVER, S. j

SQUATAROLA. 1.00; I

bill, 1.25 ; lower parts /^
and sides of head,
black; forehead*
sides of the breast?
upper and under tail '
coverts, white: up-
per parts, irregularly Gr, B, b, 1. 1-8.
spotted with dusky and whitish ; bill and feet, black, fig.
106. Young, grayish above, most of the feathers edged with
whitish; white beneath, tinged and mottled with grayish

Fig. 107.

on breast. Young,
differ from last in
having the back
spotted with pale
yellow ; basal half of
inner portion of in-
ner webs of prima-
ries, white, contrast-
ing inflight with the
black axillaries.
Breeds in the north-
ern portion o f t h e
northern hemi-
sphere; migrating
southward in N. A.

1, 1-8.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 91

from the middle of July to Nov. 1 ; winters from the Caroli-
nas and Bahamas south through the West Indies to Brazil
and Colombia; comes north in May ; common on the coast
but rather rare in the interior. Frequents beaches but is
sometimes seen on the mud flats. Note, a wild, sweet doub-
le whistle, also gives a chuckling note when alighting.
Flight, swift and strong with rapid wing beats. Occurs sin-
gly or in small flocks.

c. Golden Plovers. Charadrius.
Smaller than in b ; bill more slender; legs as long as in
b, but more slender; hind toe, absent; axillaries, never
black, otherwise much as in b, fig. 107.

1. GOLDEN PLOVER, C. DOMINICUS. 10.50; bill, .85;
sides of head, chin, and throat, and lower parts, dull black ;
above, dusky spotted with bright ochre yellow ; forehead,
line over eye, sides ©f neck, and breast, pure white; axillar-
ies gray; bill and feet, black. Winter, differs in being gray-
ish below obscurely marked with bands of spots across
breast, fig. 107. Young, similar to last but more yellowish
on breast. Breeds in Arctic America ; migrates south in
Aug. and Sep. at which time it is common on the coast of
the British Provinces and rare in N. E., where up to the ear-
ly seventies it was common, frequenting .the hills along the
shore, now the greater number fly directly south from New-
foundland to the West Indies, on the way to their winter
quarters in southern S. A. ; comes north in May passing
through the interior and is then common in the Mississippi
Valley and on the plains west of it. Note, a single mellow
whistle. Flight, about as in b, 1.

2. GOLDEN PLOVER, C. APRICARIUS. Differs from
1 in having the axillaries and under wing coverts white.
Breeds in northern Europe and eastern Greenland.

c. Double-ringed Plovers. Oxyechus.
Medium sized, slender plovers with very long, rounded
tails, and moderately long bills; wings folding well within
the tip of tail ; a well defined ring crosses breast and another
broader one surrounds neck, fig. 108.

92 SHOKE BIRDS.

1. KILLDEER PLOVER, O. VOCIFERA. 10.00; bill .75 ;
ashy-brown above ; Fig. 108.

upper back, rump, and
upper tail coverts, pale
cinnamon ; tail, pale
cinnamon, ashy cen-
trally, tipped with
white and cinnamon
which is preceded by
a black band ; t i p s of
secondaries, small
patch on primaries,
edge of inner webs of
primaries and second- Gr« B, C, 1. 1-3.

aries, lunette on forehead, spot over eye, and under parts,
white; narrow line over lunette, broad line on side of head,
and rings, black, fig. 108. Young, with slight indications of
reddish on edge of feathers above ; bill, black ; feet, yellow ;
eyelids, red, in all stages. Downy young, ashy above, mixed
with rufous; black on head much as in the adult, but the
bands meet behind; white beneath with a single black band
surrounding neck. A noisy bird, constantly crying " Kill-
dee " in loud and shrill tones as it flies. Flight, rapid, not
direct for the bird twists and turns, wing beats, quick but
long and decided. Frequents moist places, either on the
coast or in the interior, sometimes on sea beaches or on bod-
ies of fresh water. Often squats to hide when approached,
then rises suddenly with loud cries. Somewhat nocturnal,
flying readily by night. Breeds throughout temperate N. A.
but is not common in IS". E. at any time. * Goes south in Oct.
and Nov. to winter from the Carolinas southward to north-
ern S. A. ; not common in the Bahamas and Greater Antil-
les ; comes north in March and April.

d. Single-ringed Plover. Aegialitis.

Small sized, rather stout plovers with short bills, short,
slightly rounded tails, wings folding at tip, and short legs;
•with single ring on neck ; sexes, similar, fig. 109.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 93

PLOVER, A. SEMIPALMATA.

Fig. 109.

1. SEMIPALMATED
7.00; bill, .50; ring
completely encircling
neck ; grayish-brown
above, but paler than
in c, 1 ; lunette on
forehead, outer tail
feathers and tips of all
but centra] pair and
beneath, white ; wide
band on top of head,
extending around eye
on to ear coverts and
over forehead ( thus G9 B, d, 1. 1-3.

including white lunette ), neck ring, spot on middle sub-
terminal portion of tail, black; bill, yellow-orange at base;
feet, yellow, fig. 109. Winter, black markings replaced by
brownish. Young, differs from last in having the feathers
of back margined with light buff. Downy young, grayish-
brown above mottled with black ; lunette, collar on back of
neck, and beneath, white. Breeds in arctic and subarctic
America, migrating south from the middle of July until the
middle of Oct. when it is abundant along the coast and not
uncommon in suitable places in the interior; winters from
southern Fla. and the Bahamas south through the West In-
dies to Brazil; comes north in April and May when it is less
common on the Atlantic Coast. A common beach bird and
also found in sloughs and on mud flats ; very social, associa-
ting in flocks of varying sizes ; upon the ground scatters much,
running about in all directions, keeping the head well up ;
these two latter named habits characterize all Plovers ; flight,
swift and direct, with rather long wing beats. Call note a
rather plaintive double whistle, also gives a single prolonged
note when sitting.

SHORK BIRDS.

2. RING PLOVER, A. HISTICULA. Differs from 1 in
having the ring much broader. Breeds in the northern parts
of the Old World and in North America on the west shore of
Cumberland Gulf.

3. PIPING PLOVER, A. MELODA. Palest of our Plo-
ver. About the

size of 1 ; differs
in being much -
paler above, in
having no black
on sides of head
and that ou top .
reduced to a-J;
small, inverted
lunette, the:
neck ring is re- ^1
presented by two
spots on either Gr, E, d, 3. 1-3.

side of breast but does not often extend wholly across breast ;
there is an oblique patch on primaries and the base of tail is
white, fig. 110. Downy young, above, yellowish ash mixed
with rufous; white beneath. Breeds from the coast of Vir-
ginia to Newfoundland in June; migrates south in Aug. and
Sep. ; winters on the Florida Keys and Greater Antilles ; mi-
grates north from middle April (when it is rare on the Baha-
mas) through May. Common, but rare now on the coast of
Mass, in summer. Note, a long, sweet, mournful whistle.
Often associates with 1 and has similar habits.

3*. BELTED PIPING PLOVER, A. M. CIRCUMCINTA.
Differs from 3 in having the band across breast continuous,
Mississippi Valley, breeding from northern 111. north to Lake
Winnipeg, more or less frequent, but chiefly during migra-
tion, eastward to the Atlantic coast.

e. Large-billed Plovers. Oohthodromus.

Differ from d in having a much larger, longer bill, longer
legs, and in the sexes not being similar, plate 11 A.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 95

1. WILSON'S PLOVER, C. WILSONINUS. 8.00; bill/
.90; male, forehead, superciliary stripe, and beneath, white;
fore part of crown, streak from bill to eye and continuous
band on breast, black ; light ashy-brown above ; wings and
tail, much as in d, 3. Female, differs in having the black re-
placed by brownish-gray with more or less light rusty on
breast ring. Young, differs from female in having the feath-
ers above bordered with lighter. Downy young, pale gray-
ish buff above spotted with black, forehead, sides of head,
collar on hind neck, hand of wing, and beneath, white; spot
behind eye, black, plate 11, B. Breeds from Long Island
southward through the Bahamas and West Indies, and along
the Gulf Coast in May ; migrates south in Sep. ; winters from
the Fla. Keys and the Bahamas south through the We-st In-
dies to S. A. ; casual as far north as Nova Scotia in summer.
Associate together in small flocks or with other small plovers
and shore birds. Flight, rather heavy. Call note, a single
short but loud whistle; during the breeding season a rattling
cry is given. Very common.

f. Ringless Plovers. Podasocys.

Larger than e; bill, a little shorter and much more slen-
der; legs, much longer; no black band on breast; sexes simi-
lar.

1. MOUNTAIN PLOVER, P. MONTANA. 8.50; bill, .85;
similar in general color to e, 1, but the black on breast is re-
placed by a more or less continuous tingeing of slaty-brown ;
in winter the black markings of head are replaced by slaty-
brown. Breeds on the Western Plains from Kansas north-
ward to the British boundary in May; occurs on dry plains
and feeds largely on insects; migrates south in late fall to
winter in central and southern Cal., Lower Cal., Texas, and
northern Mexico; accidental on Key West, Fla. Note, alow,
pleasing whistle.

F. TURNSTONES. Arenariidae.

Medium sized birds with short bills, pointed and hard at
tip; wings long, folding beyond tip of short, slightly rounded

96 SHORE BIRDS.

tail; legs, very short; scales of tarsus, continuous in front,
hexagonal behind ; toes, four and unwebbed ; upper tail cov-
erts, white, fig. 111.

a. Turnstones. Arenaria.

Characters, as above.

1. TUBNSTOKE, A. INTERPRES. 9.50; bill, 85; fore,
head, middle and lower back, wing band, upper tail coverts,
all of tail, and lower parts, white ; large patch on breast, ex-
tending along heck to sides of head, Y-shaped mark on rump,
and subterminal band on tail, black ; upper parts, varied with
black and reddish, fig. 111. Winter, less reddish above.
Young, wholly without rufous above ; white markings always
conspicuous in flight. Breeds in high northern latitudes of
both hemispheres ; migrates southward in Aug., Sep., and
Oct., when it is common on the Atlantic coast and on the bor-
ders of large bodies of water in the interior ; winters from the
Carolinas south through S. A. to the Straits of Magellan ;
comes north in April and May. Frequents sandy and stony
beaches, where it turns over small stones, seaweed, etc., in
search of food, whence its name. Occurs in flocks of from

Fig. 111.

G, F, a, 1. 1-5.

three or four to
thirty or more.
Call note, a clear
melodious whis-
tle, consisting of
two or three
notes, also gives
a chuckling
sound. Flight,
moderately swift
and direct with
strong wing-
beats. Less com-
mon on the At-
1 anti c coast
north of the Car.
olinas in spring
than in autumn.

PLATE 8.

B

HEADS OF SANDPIPERS: A, PECTORAL; B, BAIRD'S.

DIBKCTOKY TO 1UKDS OF EASTEKX NOKTH AMERICA. 97

GK Oyster-Catchers. Haematopoidae.

Large birds, black and white or wholly black, with long
strongly compressed bills bright red in color, short legs
wholly covered with irregular scales, with three unwebbed
toes ; wings folding at tip of slightly rounded tail. Sexes,
similar, fig. 112.

a. Oyster-Catchers. Haematopus.

Characters as above.

1. AMERICAN OYSTER-CATCHER, II. PAI.LIATUS.
19.00; bill, 3.25 ; head and neck all around, sooty black; up-
per parts, slaty-brown ; large patch on wing, upper tail cov-
erts, and beneath, white; bill and eyelids, carmine; feet,
pale pink, fig. 112. Young, with the feathers above bor-
dered with pale buff; black, duller. Downy young, grayish
above, palest on head ,fine- Fig. 112.

ly mottled with dusky ;
white beneath. Breeds on
the Atlantic coast from
N. J. southward; formerly
wintered from the CarolL
nas south to Patagonia,
now rare on the Atlantic
coast at this season ; acci-
dental along the coast to-
Grand Menan. Frequents^
sandy beaches and mudr
flats feeding largely upon
oysters. Flight, slow, but
direct, with slow, strong
wing-beats. Note, a harsh,

G-, G, a 1. 1-10.

discordant scream. Not now very common on the Atlantic
coast of the U. S.

2. OYSTER-CATCHER, H. OSTRALEGUS. Differs from
1, in being smaller, 16.00; and in having the white of upper
tail coverts extended to lower back. Europe, and parts of
Asia and Africa ; occasional in Greenland.

98 SHOKE BIRDS.

H. SPOONBILLS -AJVI>

Large birds with long bills, long necks and long legs ;
the wings are broad, the secondaries being Considerably
lengthened and are as long or longer than the primaries in
the closed wing; tail short; hind toe quite well developed
and on a level with the anterior toes which are more or less
webbed at base; body stout and compact. Aquatic, fre-
quenting mud flats and muddy shores of both salt and fresh
water. Food, crabs, crayfish, and other small crustaceans
also small fishes. Flight, direct and rapid with quick wing
beats; the neck is extended and the feet held straight out
behind. Nests, placed in trees, composed of sticks. Social,
often gathering in large flocks. Cries, harsh and unmusical.

A. SPOONBILLS. Plataleidae.
Bill, flattened, greatly broadened and spoon-shaped at
the end ; only slightly curved at tip ; head and portion of neck
naked. Eggs, 2-4, ashy-white spotted and mottled with pale
reddish-brown. Sexes, similar, fig. 113.

o, American Spoonbills. Ajaja.

Characters as above.

I. EOSEATE SPOONBILL, A. AJAJA. 30.00; bill, 6.00;
r o s e-p ink through- Fig. 113.

out, lightest on
neck ; carmine on re-
c-urved feathers of
neck, patch on wing,
and upper and u
der tail coverts ; tail,
brownish orange ;
naked head, green ;
space around eye and s
throat, orange, line
on side of head,
black; bill, bluish; U, A, o* 1-1-20-

feet, pinkish ; iris carmine, fig. 113. Young, differs in hav-

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 99

ing the head feathered and in being much paler in color,
without the carmine markings. Resident in the southern
Atlantic and Gulf states and the Bahamas, southward to Pat-
agonia. Common in the wilder sections.
B. IBISES. Ibididae.

Bill, slender and curved for its whole length. Eggs sim-
ilar to A.

a. Naked-faced Ibises. G-uara.
Forepart of head, naked; feathers of crown, short, blen-
ded and with rounded tips. Eggs, greenish or grayish-white,
spotted with pale brown, fig. 114.

1. WHITE IBIS, G. ALBA. 24.00; bill, 5.25; white
throughout ; tips of Fig. 114.

four outer primaries,
black glossed with
green; bill, naked
space about head,
and feet, yellow; iris,
blue, fig. 114. Young,
head, neck, and
above, slaty-brown, H, B. a 1. 1-4.

glossed with greenish, lower back, rump, upper tail coverts,
and beneath, white; top of head, wholly feathered, Resident
in Florida and other Gulf States, Greater Antilles, and north-
ern S. A. ; migrating north in summer to N. C. and 111. ; cas-
ually to Long Island and Conn.

2. SCARLET IBIS, G. RUBRA. 29.00; bill 6.00; bright
scarlet throughout ; tips of three or four primaries, glossy
blue-black. Young, dark brownish-gray ; belly, white. Res-
ident on eastern coast of tropical America ; accidental in Fla.,
La., and Texas.

b. Crested Ibises. Plegadis.

Head, wholly feathered, excepting in front of eyes, elon-
gated on crown and lanceolate, forming a short crest. Eggs,
greenish-blue unspotted, fig. 115.

1OO SHORE BIRDS.

1. GLOSSY IBIS, P. AUTUMNAKTS. 23.00; bill, 5.00;
head, neck, lesser wing coverts, and beneath, dark chest-
nut; above, metallic green, Fig. 115.
bronze, and purple ; space in front

of eye, greenish. Bill and feet,
brown, fig. 115. Young, grayish-
brown with head and neck streak-
ed with white. Downy young,
blackish throughout ; broad white
band crossing crown. Warmer
parts of eastern hemisphere ; not
uncommon in extreme southern
portion of eastern U. S. ; wander-
ing casually as far north as N. E.
and 111. ; accidental in the greater
Antilles.

2. WHITE-FACED GLOSSY
IBIS, P. GUARAUNA. Differs from

1 in having the feathers at base H9 B, b, 1. 1-16.
of bill white, and the space in front of eye, lake-red. Downy
young, without white on crown. Western U. S. south to the
Argentine Republic; occasionally breeding in Fla.

I. HERONS. Herodiones.
Wading birds with lo^.g legs and necks, long, pointed
bills ; space in front of eye, naked ; wings, broad ; tail, short ;
toes, long with the nail of the middle one comb-like ; fig. 116 ;
portion of plumage of breast and sometimes of the sides of
rump, shortened and greatly modified, forming the powdered
down patches ; these feathers break up into oily particles
and have a strong odor and falling upon the water may serve
Fig. 116. to attract fishes. Flight, strong with

comparatively slow wing-beats, the
neck is doubled backward, the bill
held straight forward and the legs
extended behind, fig. 117, small fig-
ure. Food, mainly fishes (sometimes
I» A, a, 1. crabs and other crustaceans and

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF

NORTH AMSRICA.

1O1

small mammals) which are secured by being grasped in the
bill. Ciies, harsh and unmusical. 'Young* rwiked when
hatched but are soon covered with down ; " helpless and are*
fed by regurgitation.

A. BITTERNS. Botauridae.

Tail feathers, ten, not stiffened ; no plume-like feathers
on head or body ; lower neck behind destitute of feathers,
fig. 117.

a. Striped Bitterns. Botaurus.

Oesophagus, modified during the breeding season into a
sound-producing organ. Sexes, similar. Young, not strik-
ingly different. Nests, placed on the grouud, usually in
fresh-water bogs ; eggs, 3-6 ; greenish-ash or brown. Never
gregarious even when breeding.

1. AMERICAN BITTERN, B. LKNTIGINOSUS. 28.50;
bill, 3.00; above dark brown sprinkled and spotted with yel-
lowish ; beneath, and Fig. 117.

on sides of head and . V
neck, pale yellowish %1
broadly streaked with
yellowish-rufous and
dusky ; triangular
patch on side of neck, ^
black ; iris, yellow ;
bill and feet greenish,
fig. 117. Young, sim-
ilar but somewhat pal-
er. Nestlings, covered
with long, yellowish ?;
down. Breeds through-
out temperate N. A.; T, A, a, 1. 1-20.

usually nests in inaccessible fresh water bogs but occasion-
ally breeds on salt marshes ; migrates south in Oct. ; winters
from Fla. southward to Guatemala ; comes north in April.
Common. When not breeding frequents alike fresh and salt

102

marshes ; when alarmed it will often squat amid the grass or
will even enter the water leaving only the bill exposed; at
other ciinesr it will sta&'d perfectly motionless with the body
and neck perpendicular and the bill pointed upward, thus re-
sembling a stajke. Cries, when started, harsh and sharp ; dur-
ing the breeding season (May and June) the singular oesoph-
agal notes are given ; the bird treads down a portion of the
grass in a bog upon which it stands with bill pointed upward
and air is taken into the gullet in several audible gulps then
this ejected rather forcibly, producing two sounds, the first
single, the second double, sounding like " Punk a-pog " ;
when uttering these notes the bird bows its head up and
down. ( For a detailed account of the vocal organs see May-
nard's Contributions to Science, Vol. 1, 1889, pp 59-68.)

b. Little Bitterns. Ardetta.

Oesophagus not modified to produce sound. Sexes not
similar. Young, somewhat different. Nests, placed in reeds,
high grass, or bushes, never on the ground ; eggs, 3-4 ; pale,
greenish-blue. Size, small; often breeds in scattering com-
munities, otherwise solitary; fig. 118.

1. LEAST BITTERN, A. EXILIS. 13.00; top of head,
back, and tail black, glossed with greenish ; wings, brown ;
Fig. 118. stripe on side of head, sides of

neck} and markings on wing
chestnut ; upper wing coverts, and
beneath, buffy-yellow, mixed with
white; spot on si,d^s of breast,
brown; naked space in front of
eye, bill, and feet, yellowing. 118.
Temperate N. A. ; breeding in east-
er^ U. S. from Mass. ( where it is
.not commpn ) to Fla. (where it is
abundant ) , in May and June ; mi-
v grates s^uthin ^arJy.Sep. ; winters
I, A, b, 1, 1-6. from Fla. south to Brazil, rare in

the Bahamas and West Indies ; comes north in May.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

2. CORY'S LEAST BITTERN, A. NEOXEXA. Differs
from 1 in having the lower parts uniform reddish-chestnut
and in being darker above. Southern Fla. ; Ontario ; Mich. ;
rare.

B. HERONS. Ardeidae.

Tail feathers, twelve stiffened. Either head, lower neck
in front or back, and sometimes all three provided with
plume-like feathers in the breeding season, absent in adults
at other times and in the young. Lower neck behind quite
well feathered. Sexes similar. Nests, placed in trees, com-
posed of sticks; eggs, 3-5, greenish-blue. Flight, direct;
wing-beats, slow. Usually gregarious when breeding, fig*
119.

a. Large Herons. Ardea.

Size, large. Head, neck, and back plumes, present, lance-
olate ; barbs not spreading nor elongated. Neck and legs,
long. Solitary when not nesting, fig. 119.

1. GREAT WHITE HERON, A. OCCIDENTALS.
Large, 47.00; bill, 6.50; pure Fig. 119.

white ; bill and iris, yellow ;
feet and space in front of eye,
greenish. Occurs on the low,
mud-bordered Fla. Keys ; no-
where very common ; rare in
the interior of the state as far
north as Lake George ; acci-
dental in Cuba and Jamaica.
Breeds in March, nesting on
low trees.

2. WURDEMAN'S HERON
A. WURDEMANI. Size of 1 ;
differs i h being bluish ash
above, in having streaks of
black on sides below, streaks

of black and rufous on neck I, fi, a. 3. 1-12.

in front, and bend of wing, and tibia, chestnut; top of head,

104

SHORE BIRDS.

white with forehead streaked with black. Resident on Fla.
Keys ; rare.

3. WARD'S HERON, A. WARDI. Slightly smaller
than 2; differs in having the lower parts more broadly
streaked with black with a large black patch on sides of
"breast, and the occiput with its plume and sides of head,
black, leaving the middle of the crown and forehead white ;
neck, yellowish-gray, fig. 119. Young, with top of head, dull
slate ; neck darker and marked with reddish ; back marked
with reddish. Resident in Fla., breeding in March, nesting
usually on high trees.

4. GREAT BLUE HERON, A. HERODIAS. Differs
from 3 in being smaller, 45.00; bill, 5.50, and in usually hav-
ing more black below. Breeds throughout entire N. A. from
the Arctic regions southward, excepting possibly Fla., Ba-
hamas and the West Indies, nesting in high trees; migrates
southward in Sep., Oct., and Nov. ; winters from the Caroli-
nas southward to northern S. A. ; occasionally as far north as
Mass. ; comes north in March and April. Common.

5. EUROPEAN BLUE HERON, A. CINEREA. Differs
from 4 in being smaller, 37.00; bill, 4.80, and in having the
bend of wing and tibia white. Northern portions of eastern
hemisphere; accidental in southern Greenland.

b. Plumed Herons. Fig. 120.

Herodias.
Size medium. Back,
plumes, greatly elongated,
reaching beyond end of
tail, straight, stiffened
with barbs separated and
lengthened; head and
breast plumes absent, fig.
120. Color, always white. -!
Wing-beats rather slow.
Gregarious at all times.

1. WHITE HERON, H. I, Bt b, 1. 1-30.

EGRETTA. 38.00 ; bill, 4.00 : iris, pale yellow; bill, orange;

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 1O5

feet, black, fig. 120. Breeds through temperate and tropical
America from X. J., Minn., and Oregon south to Patagonia;
casually on the Atlantic coast as far north as Nova Scotia.
Now not common anywhere in the U. S.
c. Egrets. Garzetta.

Size, small ; head, breast, and back plumes well developed
with separated and lengthened barbs which are more or'less
recurved at tips, fig. 121. White in color. Wing-beats, rap-
id. Nests, placed in low trees. Gregarious at all times.

1. SNOWY EGRET. G. CANDIDISSIMA. 23.75; bill, 3.70;
bill and legs, black; feet, and space at base of bill, orange;
iris, yellow, fig. 121. Tern- Fig. 121.

perate and tropical Amer-
ica from N. J. south to the
Argentine Republic and
Chili ; casually as far north
as Nova Scotia. Now not
common anywhere in the '
U. S.
d. Dichromic Egrets. '

Dicliromanassa.

Size, medium. Back
plumes well developed with
separated, lengthened, I, B, c, 1. 1-8.

straight, stiffened, barbs; head and neck without plumes but
are provided with lengthened, lanceolate, slightly curled
feathers. Color, white, reddish or mixed. Wing-beats,
about as in I). Nests, placed in low trees.

1. REDDISH EGRET. D. RTJFA. 30.00; bill, 4.00; plain
slate-gray; head and neck rufous tinged with violet; bill,
black with basal half and space in front of eye, bright pur-
ple : iris, white; feet, blue-black. Young, plain grayish,
tinged with light rusty. Resident in southern Fla. main-
ly on the extreme southern and western coasts west along
the Gulf coast to Texas and both coasts of Mexico and Guat-
emala ; Andros, Bahamas ; in summer wandering north to

106

EGBETS.

southern 111. recorded from Cuba and Jamaica : now rare in
the U. S. Breeds in May.

1*. CHANGING EGRET, D. R. MUTATA. Differs from
1 in having the plumage irregularly mixed with white.
Young, similar to 1 or possibly occasionally mottled with
white. Not rare on west coast of Andros, Bahamas, casual
in Fla. Breeds in May. ( See birds of Eastern North America,
Revised Edition, 1896. )

2. PEALE'S EGRET, D. PEALEI. Differs from 1 in be-
ing pure white throughout. Resident in southern Fla.
mainly the east coast, west along the Gulf coast to Texas,
Honduras and both coasts of Guatemala ; Andros and Inagua,
Bahamas; recorded from Cuba. Breeds in Feb. (Inagua);

April and May (An-
dros, and Fla. ) .
e. J>amsel Egrets.
Hydranassa.

Slender herons
with long, slender
bills and necks. Head
plumes, rather short^

Fig. 122.

?SSi

barbs, separated ; neck j
plumes lengthened and =
lanceolate; back
plumes, long, with sepa- I, B, e, 1. 1-6.

rated barbs, soft and hair-like. Wing-beats, rapid, fig. 122.
1. LOUISIANA HERON, H. KUFICOLLIS. 25.50; bill,
3.75 ; above, ashy-blue tinged with chestnut-fed; occipital
plumes and line down neck in front rufous, and white; back
plumes, yellowish-ash; beneath, pure white; iris, rosy-red,
bill and space in front of eye, cobalt-blue, tip of former, black ;
feet, dark-plumbeous, fig. 122; in winter iris, bill and feet are
greenish, becoming yellow towards spring. Young, much
tinged with reddish on neck and wings. Resident in the Gulf
States, Mexico, Central America, Bahamas, and the West In-
dies; casual northward to N. J. and Ind. Breeds in May,
placing its nests in low trees. Common and u^nspioious.
Solitary when not mating.

PLATE 9.

HEADS OF SANDPIPERS: B, WESTERN; A, KED-BACKED.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 1O7

f. Blue and White Herons. Florida.

Rather small herons with lanceolate plumes on neck and
back and slightly filamentous ones on head. Colors, blue
and white, fig. 123. Gregarious at all times, but solitary in-
.dividuals are not infre- Fig. 123.

quently seen in winter.

LITTLE BLUE
HERO1S, F. CAKRULA.
21.75; bill, 3.25; dark
slaty-blue ; head and
neck, maroon, more or
less tinged with bluish,
fig. 123. This is the
usual p 1 u m a g e, but %
some specimens are
white with tips of pri- I, B, f, 1. 1-8.

maries bluish, while others occur in all stages of mixed dress
between the white and blue. Young always white with tips
of primaries bluish, without the plumes. Iris, yellow, bill,
black; basal half, space in front of eye, and feet, greenish.
Eastern U. S. f rom N. J., 111., and Kan. southward through
the Bahamas (where not common), the West ladies to north-
ern S. A. ; casually north on the Atlantic coast to Mass, and

124.

Me ; winters from the Carolinas
southward. An agile species^
springing into air very quickly
a.nd flying with rapid wing-beats.

g. Green Herons.
Butorides.

Small, rather short-legged
herons, with compact, lanceolate
head and back plumes. Back,
green or brown, fig. 124.

1. LITTLE GBEEN HER-
ON, B. VIRESCENS. 17.50; bill,
2.25 ; top of head and back, green-

1O8 HERONS.

ish (looking dark in the living bird when seen at a distance);
neck, chestnut-red with line down middle in front, of mixed
black and white; beneath, brownish slate; iris and bill, yel-
low; bill and space in front of eye, brown and yellow, fig. 124
Young, more or less marked with reddish above. Breeds
through temperate N. A. southward to Fla. and southern
S. A. A very agile species springing into air quickly and fly-
ing with rapid wing-beats. Note, a rather shrill cry fre-
quently repeated several times. Common, frequenting the
swampy margins of rivers and ponds where it breeds, plac-
ing its nest in low trees or bushes, sometimes, as among the
Florida Keys, at the base of mangroves near the ground.
Rather solitary, but sometimes associating in scattered com-
munities to breed. Winters from the Carolinas southward,
h. Night Herons. Nycticorax.

Medium sized, quite robust herons with thick bills, short
legs, and large eyes; no elongated plume feathers excepting
two or three long and narrow ones on back of head, fig. 125.
Colors, whitish or ashy with top of head and back black.
Largely nocturnal in habit.

1. BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERCXN, N. NAEVIUS
25.00; bill, 3.00: ashy-white, darkest above; top of head and

back, black glossedwith green-
ish; bill, blackish; feet, yel-
low; eyes, carmine, fig. 125.
Young, the second year lack
the white head plumes and are
much tinged with rufous
above, the black showing only
in patches. Young, the first
year are streaked throughout;:
with yellowish-white a n d j
brownish, fig. 125, small figure.
America as far north as Mani- :
toba and Ontario and as far-
south as the Falkland Islands
and eastward through the Ba~

Fig. 125.

I, B, h, 1.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 1O9

hamas and the West Indies, breeding over most of its range ;
migrates southward in late Oct. to winter from the Carolinas
southward, occasionally remaining as far north as Mass.
Comes north in April. Common. Flight rather slow w ith
quite slow wing-beats. Although nocturnal, may often be
found feeding by day, especially when breeding, frequenting
salt marshes and inland waters. Cry, a harsh, abruptly giv-
en ' qaaivk" uttered in flight, and some guttural sounds best
heard on the breeding grounds. Social at all times, roosting
in companies by day and feeding together by night. Nesting
time from March (Fla.) to June (Northern N. E.).

i. Thick-billed Nigbt Herons. Nyctanassa.

Differs from h in having the bill thicker, both head and
back plumes and the top of head and back without a black
patch, fig. 126

1. YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT*HERON, N. VIOL ACE A.
23.00; bill, 3.00; differs from h, 1 in being darker in all plu-
mages, ashy-blue in adults, streaked with black above, with
crown and sides of head, Fiff. 126.

yellowish, fig. 126. Young
are darker than in h, 1, the
prevailing color above
very dark greenish-brown,
streaked with lighter.
America from the Carolinas
and the lower Ohio YalJey
south to Brazil and Peru,
casually north to Mass.
Breeds in April. Cry, simi-
lar to that of h, 1, but not as
harsh and is less seldom giv-
en. Often feeds by day; a I, B. i, 1. 1-8.
large portion of its food consists of crabs. Somewhat social
when breeding, often nesting in small communities, but more
solitary at other times. Flight, quite rapid, with rather
quick wing-beats.

no

WOOD IBISES.

JT. STORKS. Ciconiae.

Large, stout birds with necks, legs and bills quite long1,
head and a portion of neck often destitute of feathers. Hind
toe not much elevated. Young, helpless.

A. WOOD IBISES. Tantalidae.

Bill, longer than head, stout at base, strongly curved at
tip ; head in adults destitute of feathers and covered with
scale-like projections of the skin. Under tail coverts pro-
jecting beyond tail. Colors, mostly white with primaries and
tail black.

a. Wood Ibises. Tantalus.
Characters as above, iig. 127.

1. WOOD IBIS, T. LOCULATOK. 43.00; bill, 8.00;
white, primaries and tail glossy, greenish-black with a bronze
iridescence; under wing coverts, pinkish in breeding plu-
mage; bill, and nakfcd Fig. 127.
skin of head, blackish,
neck, covered with whit-
ish scales, legs and tarsus,
black, feet yellow; iris,
brown, fig. 127. Young,
head and neck mostly
covered with grayish-
brown feathers, and body
plumage dull. Nestlings,,)
purewhite. Southern
U. S. north to the Ohio
Valley, south to the Ar-
gentine Republic ; has oc-
curred casually in Pa,
and N. Y. cries harsh
and discordant. Nests,
composed of sticks and «T9 A, a, 1. 1--10.
placed in trees in swamps. Eggs, 1 or 2, chalky-white,,
sometimes faintly spotted with reddish, they are deposited
in April in Fla., a little later further north. During the

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Ill

breeding season and in summer the species is social and fre-
quents ponds and pools in marshes, swamps and in the pine
woods, but in winter are apt to live in thick swamps, and
are then more solitary ; in flight, head and neck outstretched,
wing-beats, slow, at all seasons rise high in air and circle
about for a long time. Perch on trees, especially at night.
Common. Has occurred in Mass.

K. CK-AJVES. Grues.

Differ from «T in having the hind toe smaller and eleva-
ted; front portion of head only ( in our species ) destitute of
feathers. Nests, placed on the ground in fresh-water marsh-
es; eggs, one or two, yellowish-brown. Young, leave the
nest early and follow the parents. Not very social.

A. CRANES. Gruiclae.

Characters as above.

a. Grus. Crying Cranes.

Head destitute of feathers on front part and covered with
a scaly skin. Emit loud, harsh, continuous gobbling cries.
Many species dance with half raised wings.

1. SANDHILL CRANE, G. MEXICANA. 41.00; bill, 5.00;
slaty-blue throughout, primaries, broVnish ; bill and feet,
Fig. 128.

K, A, a, 1. 1-4.

black ; naked space about head, lake ; iris, ruby-red, fig. 128
Young, more or less tinged with yellowish above ; iris, yellow

112 CRANES.

Southern portion of N. A. Rather common in Fla., frequent-
ing marshy places in the pine woods and elsewhere. Shy
and difficult to approach.

2. WHOOPING CRANE, G. AMERICANA. 52.00; bill,
5.50; white, primaries, black. Young, yellowish; otherwise
as in 1. The wing-beats of both species are slow, and in
flight the neck and head are outstretched. Both species soar
liigh in air much as in J~, A, a, 1.

L. CRYING JBXRDS. ^T-ami.

Based upon the Limpkin, A. GIGANTEUS, the chief char-
acters of this order are; Bill, much longer than the large
head ; neck, long ; wings, rather long, folding nearly to tip of
short tail, broad with ten primaries, the outer of which is
•curved inward and enlarged at the terminal end and is much
shorter than the others; secondaries broad, and the inner are
as long as the primaries. The tendon of the lesser pectoral
muscle is ossified along the coracoid. Tibia, naked for half
its length ; tarsus and toes, long with reticulated scales.
Feathers of body, especially above, broad and large. Tongue,
long and slender; trachea, in adult males, convoluted into
three or four whorles near the middle ; sternum, narrow with-
out indentations on posterior margin. For other internal
structure see Maynard, Birds of Eastern N. A. in both edi-
tions, and Contributions to Science, Vol. III. Colors, brown
with arrow-shaped marks of white, fig. 129. Sexes, similar.

A. COUKLANS. Aramidae.

Characters as above.

a. Limpkiiis. Aramus.

^te

Characters as under L.

1. LIMPKIN, A. GIGAXTEUS. 26.00; bill. 4.50; brown,
more or less glossed with purplish above, each feather of
body and neck marked with an arrow-shaped stripe of white;
throat white; bill, feet and iris, brownish. Young, duller,
with narrower stripes. Nestlings, black. Fla., Greater An-
tilles and Central America. Common. A noisy bird with
partly nocturnal habits, that occurs on the borders of swamps.

, A, a, 1. 1-8.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NOKTII AMERICA. 1 L3

Cries, very loud i nd discordant; when alarmed gives a

chuckling note, and Fig. 120.

the head is jerked

back and the tail held-

erect; runs among

bushes with g r en, t

swiftness. Food.

chiefly the animals oC

fi os h-water moll risks.

Kests, composed o t!

F ticks p laced i:i

"bushes near water ;

eggs, 5 to 7, dull buff

spotted with brown

and grayish. Flight,

heavy with slow wring-beats, the head is out-stretched and

the feet held dangling, fig. 120.

M. KAILS, OALLUNITLKS ATVI>
COOT:S. Ralli.

•Medium sized or small birds with strong legs and lon«g
toes, and couipressed bodies which enable them to pass
tli rough the herbage of marshes which they chiefly inhabit.
The wings are short and rounded and all of the species are
poor flyers, usually moving in a straight line with rapid
win^- beats and dangling legs; in alighting will drop to the
ground or water. Food, insects, aquatic animals arid vegeta-
ble substances. Young, covered with down when hatched
and active.

A. TRUE RAILS. Rallidae.

Marsh birds with closely blended, rather stiffened plu-
mage, quite cull in color; toes, without lobes. Nests, placed
on the ground in marshy places; eggs, 5 or more. Cries,
harsh and craking. Although not strictly social, some species
live in scattering communities. Downy young, black. Partly
nocturnal. Skulk in the herbage and are difficult to start*
Swim with ease, and even rise from the water. Also dive well
and cling to submerged vegetation

114

BAILS.

a. Long-billed Rails. Rallus.

Bill, longer than head, and slightly curved ; color, red 01
reddish beneath without prominent black markings, fig. 130.

1. KING KAIL, R. ELEGANS. 18.00; bill, 2.50; ashy-
red above distinctly streaked with dark-brown ; chestnut-red
on wing coverts and be- Fig. 130.

neath ; dusky-brown on
under wing coverts and
flanks banded with
white; throat, line from
bill to over eye, and ab-
domen white; iris, bill
and feet, brownish, fig. $
130. Eastern U. S., north |
to the middle states and
ca su all y to Mass., Me. "^jp
and Ontario. Occurs
usually on fresh-water M, A, a, 1. 1-6.

marshes but occasionally found on salt marshes. Common.
Breeds in May.

2. VIRGINIA RAIL, R. YIKGJNIANUP. Similar to 1 but
smaller, 9.25; bill, 1.50. Young, much darker, nearly black
in earlier stages. N- A. from the British Provinces south to
the Gulf of Mexico. Migrates southward in early Oct. to
winter from the Carolinas to Guatemala ; occasionally found
jn Cuba; comes north in early April. Common, frequenting
bushy marshes. Breeds in early June. Besides the harsh,
rail-like craking rapidly given, it gives a chucklin'gnote when
slightly alarmed and a sharp squeak when much annoyed
The downy young keep up a constant peeping when running
about in the marshes.

3. CLAPPER RAIL, R. CEEPITANS. 14.00; bill, 2.25;
Differs from 1 in being bluish-ash above indistinctly streaked
with greenish-brown ; reddish of wings and ben ath paler
tinged with bluish on breast ; dusky of lower parts bluish;
throat, creamy; line in front of eye, reddish, fig 131. Atlan-

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 115

tic and Gulf coasts of the U. S. north to C^nn., casual in

Mass. ; Resident from the Fig. 131.

Potomac southward.

B r e e ds in March and

April. Abundant. Notes.

the usual rail-like crake

and a harsh scream when

annoyed.

3*. LOUISIANA
CLAPPER RAIL, R. c.
SATUKATUS. Similar to
3 but paler ashy above
and more broadly and dis-
tinctly streaked with M, A, a, 3. 1-4.
greenish and deeper red below. Coast of Louisiana.

4. FLORIDA CLAPPER RAIL, R. SCOTTII. Differs
from 3 in having- a more slender bill and in being darker above,
nearly black : below, ashy-gray mixed with cinnamon. Salt
marshes of western Fla.

b. Short-billed Rails. Porzaiia.

Fig. 132.

IMMKi

JWC, A, b, 1, 1-2.

Bill, shorter than head, slaty
and white ; face and throat black

1. CAROLINA RAIL, P.
CAROLINA. 8.75; bill, .85; line
back of eye and upper parts,
brownish-yellow broadly streak-
ed with brown and very distinctly
dotted and short-lined with
^\hite; line on top of head, face
a'nd throat, black ; breast, and
sides of neck and head, slaty-
blue; remaining under parts,
white banded with white and
dusky on sides and flanks ; iris,
brown, bill, yellow, feet, green,
fig. 132. Young, differ in being
overwashed with reddish below
and the black markings are ab-

116 RAILS.

sent. Downy young, black with orange bristles at base of
bill. Temperate N. A., breeding from the middle slates north-
ward ; migrates southward in early Oct. to winter from the
Carolinas to the Bahamas, West Indies and northern S. A. ;
comes north in April ; breeds in early June. Notes not as
rapid as in a, 2 ; gives a whistling note like "Cur-iuc" in ad-
dition to some short chuckles, also gives a piping cry when
alarmed. Very common in nearly all fresh- water marshes if
wet enough ; also occurs on salt marshes, especially during
migration.

2. SPOTTED CRAKE, P. POKZANA. A little smaller
than in 1 with head, neck and breast quite thickly spotted
with white. Northern parts of the Old World; occasional in
GreenJand.

c. Buffy Kails. Coturnicops.

Small rails which differ from b in being yellowish-buff,
in having white secondaries and no conspicuous black mark-
ings.

1. YELLOW RAIL, C. NOVEBOKACENSIS. 6.75 ; bill, .55 ;
yellowish-buff becoming reddish on neck, breast and un ier
tail coverts broadly streaked above and on flanks with dark-
brown ; abdomen, white; white-tipped secondaries, conspicu-
ous in flight. Young paler below. Breeds north of the U. S. ;
migrates south in Sept. and early Oct. north in May; winters
in Fla. and Cuba. When disturbed utters a squeaking sound.
Rare.

d. Dusky Kails. Creciscus.

Smallest of our rails and very dark in color with no very
conspicuous white markings.

1. BLACK RAIL, C. JAMAICENSIS. 5.50; bill, .55;
veiy dark brown above ; spotted and transversely banded with
white ; back and neck chestnut-red ; sides of head and under
portions, bluish-ash, banded on abdomen and under tail cov-
erts with white. Young, duller; throat, whitish; head, red-
dish. Breeds throughout temperate N. A. north to Mass.,

V

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 117

northern 111. and Oregon. Very rare everywhere. Winters
from Fla. south through the West Indies to Guatemala.
Breeds in May ; migrates south in Sept., north in April.
a. Land Kails. Crex.

Small Rails with longer wings than in b, folding nearly
to the end of tail, and with shorter legs; live mostly on dry
land among herbage.

1. CORN CRAKE, C. CREX. 10.50; bill, .90; Dark brown
above mottled with yellowish-brown ; upper and under wing
coverts, rusty-red ; bluish-gray below becoming ashy on
throat; flanks, barred with reddish. Europe and northern
Asia; casual in Greenland, Bermuda and eastern N. A.
B. GALLINCKES. Gallinulidae.

Birds that inhabit the grassy or reedy borders of fresh-
waters with scarcely depressed bodies, but otherwise much
like rails under A, b, but the toes are very long and narrow.
Bill, shorter than head and with a frontal shield, fig. 134.
Somewhat social, occurring in small scattering flocks.

a. Slaty Gallinules. Gallinula.

General colors slaty-blue ; bill, not very stout, fig. 133.

1. FLORIDA GALLINULE, G. GALEATA. 14.00; bill,
1.25; head and neck, dusky; back, bronzy-green ; tail and its
middle lower coverts, Fig. 133.

black, the outer por
tion of tli clatter
white ; tip of bill, yel- '
low; remainder,front-£
al plate and tibia, ^
§ealing-wax red ; feet, i
greenish, fig. 133.
Young, duller, over- j
washed with reddish j
above, feathers be- *
neath tipped with
white ; bill and frontal
plate greenish. Nest- ]ME, B, a, 1. 1-4.

lings, black glossed with greenish, no frontal plate, bill yel-

118 GALLINTJLES.

low; feet, black. Temperate and tropical America from Bra-
zil and Chili north to Canada. Common, but rare in Middle
States and N. E. Resident in Florida, migratory further north.
Not shy, frequently appearing on the borders of streams and
other bodies of fresh water; swims well and dives with ease;:
clings to aquatic vegetation ; in swimming the feet are moved
as in walking and the head is moved backward and forward
with them. Notes, a harsh, rail-like " Kra " repeated sever-
al times and given more often at night-fall and and a metal-
lic " Chuck " when annoyed. Flight, direct with rapid wing-
beats and dangling legs. Breeds in May ; downy young fol-
low the parents as soon as hatched. Eggs, similar to B.
b. Sultana Gallinules. lonornis.

Bill, thick : colors, bright, purple and blue predominat-
ing : frontal shield large.

1. PURPLE GALLINULE, I. MAKTINICA. 12.50; bill,
1.15; bright brownish-green above; head and under parts,,
bluish-purple ; sides Fig. 134.

greenish; bill, red
tipped with yellow ;
frontal plate, blue;
under tail coverts,
white ; feet, greenish,
fig. 134. Young, dul-
ler above and reddish
mixed with whitish
below. South Atlan-
tic and Gulf States
southward through
the West Indies, Mex-
ico, Central America M- B, b 1. 1-4.
and northern S. A. Common; rare or casual north to Me.,
N. Y., and Wis. Migratory in the U. S., going south in Sep.
and coming north in May. 1 reeds in Fla. in late May or early
June. Habits, similar to a, 1.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 119

C. COOTS. Fuliciclae.

Differ from JB chiefly in having the toes widely lobated,
and the frontal shield is large.

Fig. 135.

C. a, 1.
a. Coots. Fuiica.

Characters as above.

1. AMERICAN COOT, F. AMERICANA. 16.00; bill. 1.30;
slaty-blue; head and neck, dusky; tips of secondaries (show-
ing in flight) and under tail coverts, white, the latter with a
black line in the center ; bill, yellow, white at tip with a band
in center and frontal Fig. 136.

plate, brownish-red ;
iris, brown; legs,
greenish, fig. 136.
Young, duller with
the feathers more or
less tipped with
white. Downy
young, black. Breeds
chiefly in northern
U. S. and southern
Canada; common, oc- M, C, a, .1. 1-4.

curring more rarely north to Greenland and Alaska ; migrates
southward, (largely through the interior, but occurring in
greater or less numbers east to the Atlantic) to winter in the
Gulf States and southward through the West Indies, occur-
ring in immense, compact flocks at this season on fresh and
brackish waters in Fla. ; -comes north in May, when less com-
mon in'the Atlantic States north of the Carolinas. Dives
well but does not use the wings under water. Flight, direct
with rapid wing-beats ; in rising from the water, swims rapid-

12O COOTS.

jy then runs with flapping wings ; in flight the head and neck
are outstretched and the feet are held straight out behind.
Often leaves the water and walks about among the grass,
reeds, etc. When swimming the head is moved as in B,
a, 1. Notes, half melancholy whistles followed by a guttur-
al chuckle.

2. EUROPEAN COOT, F. ATKA. Differs from 1 in hav-
ing the bill and frontal plate, edge of wing, and first prima-
ry, white; there is no white on under tail coverts. Northern
parts of eastern hemisphere; accidental in Greenland.

Water birds with webbed front toes, closely blended plu-
mage, large bodies, long necks, bill with tooth-like lamellae
on sides and with a nail at tip, fig. 136.
Fig. 136.

IV, A, a, 1.
A. MERGANSERS. Mergiiiidae.

Long-bodied, long-necked ducks with slender bills in
which the lamellae are prominent and inclined backward,
fig. 136. Dive well.

a. Tooth-billed Mergansers. Merganser.

Bill, very distinctly toothed with the teeth well inclined
backward, fig. 136. Large white wing-patch.

1. AMERICAN MERGANSER, M. AMERICANUS. 24.00;
bill, 2.00 ; head, upper neck, and anterior back, black, glossed
with greenish and purplish ; remainder of back, bluish-ash ;

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 121

white beneath strongly tinged with salmon : iris, red ; bill
and feet, orange, fig. 137. Female, head and neck, reddish
with a well defined line of demarkation between this color
and the white below; entire back, bluish-ash. iroung, simi-
lar to female. Breeds from Penn. and the mountains of Col.
nnd Gal. northward, in May, nesting in holes of trees ; mi- ;
grates southward in Sep. and Oct. to winter from the Middle
States southward to the Gulf of Mexico and more scattering-
ly north to Mass. ; comes north in April. Common, on fresh
waters and occasionally found on salt water, occurring an
small flocks. Eggs, 6 to 10, pale buff. Kise obliquely from
the water into swift, direct flight with very rapid wing-beats ;
Cries, harsh but duck-like.

2. RED-BREAST- Fig. 137.

ED MERGANSER, M.
SERRATOR. Differs from
1 in being smaller,
22.00 ; the males have a \
well-d e f i n e d crest of §
lanceolate feathers,^
the breast and sides of -— -
neck are buff streaked
with black, and the
lower parts are creamy- IV , A, a, 1. 1-10.

white, fig. 138; the female has the throat less white and the
reddish of the head and neck is not separated from the white
by a well-defined line of demarkation. Breeds chiefly north
of the U. S., placing its nest on the ground; migrates south
in Oct. to winter from N. E. to Fla., occurring mainly on the
coast often in large flocks; goes north in April. A few occur
on fresh waters. Eggs, deposited in May, greenish-brown,
b. Crested Mergansers. Lophodytes.

Bill not as distinctly toothed as in a, and the teeth are
not as much inclined backward, fig. 139; head, crested.

122

MERGANSERS.

L. CUCUKLATUS.

Fig. 138.

1. HOODED MERGANSER, L. CUCULLATUS. 19.00;
bill, 1.70; above, head,
upper neck, and collar
on lower neck, black
with violet irides-
cence; triangular
patch on head and
crest, some streakingB
above, spots on wings,
and beneath, white;
sides, chestnut finely B
banded with black;T
iris, orange; bill,
black ; feet, dusky-or- 1
ange, fig. 139. Female
and young, brown on
head, neck and upper
parts; white beneath. IN", A, a, 2. 1-10.

N. A. south to Mexico and Cuba, breeding throughout most
of its range; resident from the Carolinas southward. Eggs,
6 to 10, pure white, placed in holes or shallow cavities of trees
in May. Common, occurring more often on fresh waters than
on salt.

Fig. 139. Fig. 140.

, A, b, 1. 1-8. N, A, c, 1. 1-8.

c. Smews. Mergus.

Differ from b in having the bill shorter and the crest not
as prominent.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

1. SMEW, M. AKBELLUS. 16.50 ; bill, 1.00 ; white patch
in front of eye, back, and two crescent-shaped bars on side of
breast, black, fig. 140. Female, top of head, brown, rest of
head and beneath, white ; back, ashy-brown. Northern Eu-
rope and Asia; accidental in eastern N. A.

B. RIVER DUCKS. Anatidae.

Bill, widened, flattened and more or less expanded at tip,
fig. 143; legs rather short but the birds walk well and often
feed on land ; terminal portion of inner secondaries, irides-
cent, forming a shining surface, the speculum.

a. Fresli-water Ducks. Anas.

Large-sized ducks with the bill but little expanded at
tip. Do not dive for their food but feed by reaching down in
shallow water, sometimes tipping the body forward. Nests
placed on the ground, eggs, 6 to 12, greenish. Flight, swift
and direct with rapid wing-beats. Note of males a low, soft-
ly given " Quack" often repeated ; of females a lower " Quack"**
more harshly given.

1. MALLARD, A. BOSCHAS. 24.00 ; bill, 2.25 ; head and
upper neck, green ; lower neck in front and breast, chestnut;
lower neck and back, reddish-brown finely banded with white
but darker behind and quite black on the upper tail coverts
the tips of which are upturned; beneath, back of breast,
creamy-white ; wings, marked with reddish-brown, white and
chestnut; speculum, dark-blue glossed with violet, surround-
ed by a black border which is margined before and behind
with a white band ; bill, greenish; feet, orange, fig. 141. Fe-
male, and young, dark-brown banded and spotted with yel-
lowish-red which predominates below ; speculum, as in male.
Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in N. A. breeding
south to southern U. S. ; most common in north-eastern U. S.
during migrations, in April, Sept. and Oct. ; a few remain all
winter as far north as Mass, but the greater portion pass the
winter in the southern states. Breeds in May. In starting
from the water, rises obliquely. More common on fresh than

124

KIVKIi DUCKS.

salt waters. Easily tamed and is the origin of many of our
domestic ducks.

Fig. 141.

Fig. 142.

1ST, B, a, 1. 1-12. IS", B, a3 2. 1-12.

2. BLACK DUCK, A. OBSCURA. 23.00; bill, 2.00 : dark
brown with all the feathers, especially below streaked and
margined with reddish-yellow ; speculum, green, bordered by
black only, fig. 142. Female and young with rather more
yellowish ; in all stages the throat is clear yellowish with few
or no spots ; feet, brownish-orange; bill, greenish. Breeds
from Massachusetts northward in May ; common ; more abun-
dant during migration in April and Sept. ; winters from Mass,
to the Carolinas. In rising from the water or land, springs
into air to the height of ten feet or more before darting away
in swift flight. More often found on fresh than salt water.
2*. RED-LEGGED BLACK DUCK, A. o. RUBRIPES.
Fig. 143. Larger than 1, general-

ly d arker; th roat,
thickly spotted, fig.
143; bill, yellow, feet,
red. Breeds north of
the U. S. ; migrates
southward in Oct. to
) winter in great num-
bers from Mass, south
to the Chesapeake;
goes north in April.
B, a 2*. 1-2. Occurs mc^e often on

PLATE 11.

WILSON'S PLOVER : B, YOUNG ; A, ADULT MALE.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 125

salt water than on fresh, sometimes occurring along the coast
in flocks of hundreds.

3. FLORIDA BLACK DUCK, A. FULVIGULA. Differs
from 1 in being smaller, much more yellowish with longitud-
inal marks in the feathers above and Y-shaped marks of the
same in tail feathers ; bill, greenish ; feet, reddish-orange.
Central and southern Fla. Common, but seldom seen in
large flocks. Nests in April.

b. Gray Ducks. Chaulelasmus.

Medium sized ducks that do not dive, which differ from
a in having the bill narrower and not at all expanded at tip.

1. GAD WALL, C. STREPERUS. 21.00; bill, 2.10; spec-
ulum, white bordered in front with black ; head and neck,
yellowish spotted with black ; top of head, reddish ; upper
parts, lower neck and sides, dusky finely banded with white ;
bill, black ; feet, greenish, fig. 144. Female, brownish through-
out; speculum as in male. Nearly cosmopolitan; in N. A.
breeds in western U. S. where it is common, rare on the At-
lantic coast. Migrates south in Nov. wintering as far south
as Central America ; comes north in April; breeds in May,
nesting on the ground ; eggs, 6 to 10, pale brownish-buff.
Fig. 144. Fig. 145.

IV, B, b, 1. 1-12. JV, B, C, 1. 1-12.

c. Widgeons. Mareca.

Medium-sized ducks with short, narrow bills and top of
head whitish.

126

WIDGEONS.

1. BALDPATE, M. AMERICANA. 20.00; bill, 1.50;
speculum, black; head and neck, creamy-white finely banded
and spotted, excepting on crown, with dusky; lower neck,
breast and sides reddish-ash more or less banded with dusky ;
dark brown above finely banded with white, fig. 145. Female,
duller, with crown spotted with dusky. Breeds in the inter-
ior of N. A. but chiefly north of the U. S. ; eggs, similar to b,
1 ; winters from the southern border of the U. S. to Central
America; migrates south in Nov., north in April. Common,
occurring in small flocks or in company with other ducks ;
Tare on the Atlantic coast north of Fla.

2. WIDGEON, M. PENELOPE. Differs from 1 in having
the top of head yellowish and the remainder of head and neck,
chestnut-red sparingly spotted with dusky ; female, speculum
gray bordered with white excepting below. Northern parts
of the Old World ; occurs frequently in eastern U. S.

d. Little Teals. Nettion.

Contains the smallest of our ducks. All have short, nar-
TOW bills and are prominently marked with striking colors.
1. GREEN-WINGED TEAL, N. CAROLINENSIS. 14.00;
bill, 1.60; speculum, green above black below narrowly bor-
dered by white behind; head and neck, chestnut-red with a
green line behind eye ; brown above finely banded with white ;
Fig. 146. Fig. 147.

B, d, 1. 1-8. IV, B, e, 1. 1-8.

crescent-shaped mark in front of wing, ring around neck and
beneath, white ; breast, purplish with rounded spots of black ;
under tail coverts creamy with a central line of black; bill

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 127

and feet, brown, fig. 146. Female, brown above with feath-
ers edged with whitish; white beneath slightly spotted on
breast with dusky. Young, similar to female and all stages
occur between this and the male ; speculum always as in male.
N. A. breeding chiefly north of the U. S. in May : nests on the
ground, eggs, 6 to 10, pale brownish-buff ; goes south in Sep.
and Oct. to winter along the southern border of the U. S.
Comes north in April. Common, but less so along the Atlantic
border of the U. S. Occurs in small flocks rather more fre-
quently in eastern N. E. on salt than fresh water.

EUROPEAN TEAL, IS". CRECCA. Differs from 1 in the
absence of the white crescent in front of wing and in having
the green band on side of head decidedly bordered with whit-
ish; bandings on sides, coarser; female and young scarcely
to be distinguished from 1. Northern parts of Old World;,
occasional in eastern IN". A.

e. Teals. Querquedula.

Larger than in d with a prominent blue patch on wing.
1. BLUE-WINGED TEAL, Q. DISCORS. 16.00; bill, 1.62 ;
speculum, greenish-black bordered with white behind ; lesser
wing coverts blue ; head and neck all around ashy-gray ; white
crescent in front of eye; top of head, black, back, brown;
outer webs of scapularies, blue, black and green; beneath,
purplish-ash spotted with black; bill, black, feet, yellowish,
fig. 147. Female, brown with feathers edged with whitish,,
more broadly below; speculum, pale. Young, like female;
with intermediate stages in males. N. A. more common east-
ward. Breeds chiefly in the interior from Kansas and south-
ern 111. northward; migrates south in Sep. in small flocks,
when it occurs all over our section frequenting small ponds
or even pools and occasionally occurring on salt water creeks ;
winters from the Carolinas southward through the Bahamas
and West Indies; comes north in April when it is less com-
mon on the Atlantic coast ; flight, exceedingly swift ; when
alarmed, gathers in close bodies on the water. Nesting hab-
its and eggs similar to d, 1.

128

SPOON-BILLED DUCKS.

2. CINNAMON TEAL, Q. CYANOPTERA. Differs from
1 in having the speculum green, head, neck and lower parts
rich purplish-chestnut and the feet orange. Female differs
in having the upper part of throat unstreaked and the abdo-
men spotted distinctly. Western America, in N. A. west of
the Kocky Mountains, casual in the Mississippi Valley and
Fla.

f. Spoon-billed Ducks. Spatula.

Larger ducks with the bill greatly widened at tip. Wing
coverts, blue as in e.

1. SHOVELLER, S. CLYPEATA. 20.00; bill, 2.50; spec-
ulum, green glassed with violet ; head and upper neck, green-
ish; remainder of neck, breast, sides of back, and wing-band,
white: under parts, chestnut; under tail coverts, black; bill,
black, iris, yellow ; feet, orange, fig. 148. Female, yellowish-
buff, streaked, spotted and banded, more prominently above,
with dusky. Northern hemisphere; in N. A. breeds from
Texas to Alaska; nests, placed on the ground, eggs, 6 to 10,
greenish. Migrates south in Sep. and Oct. to winter in con-
siderable numbers from the Carolinas through the Gulf States .
Comes north in April ; uncommon on the Atlantic coast north
of the Carolinas. Occurs in small ponds both salt and fresh
in small flocks. Very unsuspicious.

Fig. 148.

Fig. 149.

3V, B, f, 1. 1-10.

B, g, 1.

140.

PLATE 12.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 129

g. Sprig-tailed Ducks. Dafila.

Larger ducks with long necks, elongated and narrowed
central tail feathers and rather narrow bills which are but
slightly narrowed at tip.

1. PINTAIL, D. ACUTA. 25.00; bill, 2.00; speculum,
greenish with a violet iridescence; head, neck and back
brown, the latter finely banded with white ; two lines of white
extend down sides of neck to back with a patch of black be-
tween and join the white of the lower parts ; wing coverts
ashy-brown, the greater tipped with reddish; bill, blackish*
feet, brown. Female; speculum, gray; above, dark-brown
banded, streaked and spotted with yellowish-white and ruf-
ous ; beneath, yellowish-white spotted on throat, neck and
under tail coverts with dusky ; white wing-band in both sex-
es. Northern hemisphere ; in N. A. breeds north of the U. S. ;
migrates south in Sep., Oct. and Nov. to winter from the Gulf
States south to Panama when it is very abundant in Fla. fre-
quenting the salt estuaries of the coasts and fre'sh waters of
the interior ; comes north in March ; not common on the At-
lantic coast north of Georgia. Nest, placed on the ground ;
eggs, 6 to 10, greenish-brown.

h. Arboreal IHicks. Aix.

Medium-sized ducks with conspicuous markings and
crested heads, which inhabit fresh waters. All of the species
are beautiful.

1. WOOD DUCK, A. SPONSA. 18.00; bill, 1.35.; head,
green brightest on top, Fig. 150.

line over eye, one be.
hind it, throat running
upward in a triangular
patch, ring around
neck, and beneath,
white ; above, brown
much glossed with
greenish; breast
chestnut spotted with
white; sides, buff fine-
ly banded with black

13O DUCKS.

with coarser black and white transverse bandings behind;
white crescent in front of wing bordered behind by one of
black; speculum, green and bronze bordered behind with
white; iris, red; bill, pinkish; feet, brown, fig. 150. Female
and young, duller with the head plain slaty-brown with
throat, line at base of bill and space around eye, white ; young
have the breast streaked. Temperate N. A. breeding through-
out its range ; migrates south in Oct. to winter in the Gulf
States ; comes north in April. Breeds in April in Fla., in May
further north; nests, placed in holes of trees: eggs, 6 to 10,
pale brownish. Frequents wooded streams and small ponds,
often hiding in thickets, rises suddenly and flies swiftly away
usually along the course of the stream. Note when breeding,
given by both sexes, a clear, long-drawn, plaintive cry, often
repeated.

C. SEA DUCKS. Fuligulidae.

Sea-inhabiting ducks with the bill not often expanded at
tip but somewhat so in the middle in a few genera,
a. Pochards. Netta.

Head, conspicuously crested; bill, not expanded; specu-
lum, present.

1. RUFOUS-CRESTED DUCK, N. RUFINA. 21.00; bill,
2.00; speculum, white; head and neck, purplish-red; lower
neck, stripe along hind neck, lower parts, and rump, black-
ish; back, brown; large patch on flanks, white; bill and feet,
bright red. Female, brownish throughout; speculum, gray
bordered behind with a band of brown ; crest, smaller. East-
ern hemisphere; accidental in eastern U. S. All dive with
ease.

b. Bay Ducks, Aythya.

Differ from a in being without crest.

1. REDHEAD, A. AMERICANA. 20.00; bill, 2.00, low at
base and not projected backward on forehead; speculum,
bluish with the upper feathers bl«ack margined; head, and

IV, C, b, 1. 1-15.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 131

neck for more than half its length, brownish-red tinged with

violet; remainder of neck, Fig. 151.

body in front of wings and

lower back, black; canvassing

on back and sides with the

black and white of about

equal area; bill, black; feet,

bluish; iris, orange, fig. 151.

Female, brownish throughout

with the canvassing above

faintly indicated. Breeds from

southern Mich, and northern

Me. northward, migrating

southward in Oct. to winter from Mass, (where it is rare

north of Cape Cod) southward, becoming very common from

Chesapeake Bay through the Carolinas ; comes north in April.

Nests on ground ; eggs, 6 to 10, creamy-white. Occurs in flocks

or occasionally singly.

2. CANVAS-BACK. A. VALLISNERIA. Differs from 1
in being a trifle larger ; bill, long and tapering, 2.75 produced
back on forehead ; red of neck not extending over more than
half its length ; canvassing with white predominating, fig.
152. Breeds from the northwestern States northward; time
of migration and winter Fig. 152.

range with nesting habits
about as in 1.

c. Black-headed
Ducks. Fuligula.

Bill, flatter than in b
and slightly expanded tow-
ard tip ; head and neck, and
upper breast, black.

1. SCAUP, F. MARILA.
19.00; bill, 1.80; speculum, J\ , C, b, 2. 1-16.

White; head glossed with green and violet; space in middle

132 DUCKS.

of neck slightly ringed with brownish ; back and sides can-
vassed with about equal proportions of black and white; be-
neath, white; bill, blue; feet, black; iris, orange, fig. 153.
Female, with black of male replaced with dark brown ; white
space at base of upper mandible, fig. 154. Young male, sim-
ilar and all stages occur between this and adults. Breeds far
north ; migrates south in Oct. to winter from the coast of the
middle States south ward as far as Guatemala; comes north in
April; common in N. E. in spring and autumn, often remain-
ing until Dec. Often occurs in large close flocks, or rafts,
and in rising flies in a close body. Usually found on salt
water but are sometimes seen on fresh. Nesting habits and
eggs similar to those of b, 1.

2. LESSER SCAUP, F. AFFINIS. Smaller than 1, 17.00;
Fig. 153. head without the greenish

gloss, otherwise similar.
Breeds a little further south
and occurs in the Bahamas
and West Indies in winter,
but otherwise range and
nesting habits similar.

3. RING-NECKED
DUCK, F. COLLARIS. Dif-
fers from 2 in having the
speculum gray and a dis-
tinct reddish ring around
the neck. Breeding habits and range, similar. Occurs more
often on fresh waters than on salt and in not large flocks,
but frequently singly or in pairs.

d. Black and White Ducks. Clang-ula.
Black and white ducks with short necks and narrow bills
which are high at the base and not flattened.

1. AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE, C. AMERICANA. 20.00;
bill, 1.60; head, upper neck and back, black; round spot at
base of bill, lower neck, under parts, and wing patch, white;
scapularies, lance-shaped and streaked and edged with white ;

C, o. 1. 1-10.

PLATE 13.

HEAD AND FOOT OF ANI.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 133

bill, black; feet, yellow; iris, orange, fig. 155. Female and
young, black replaced by Fig. 154.

ashy brown and the feathers
are edged with whitish;
young males occur in all
stages between this and
adults but the white spot at
base of bill is usually indi-
cated. Breeds from north-
ern Maine northward ; mi-
grates southward to winter
in abundance on the coast of
N. E. frequenting the open N, C. C, 1. 1-3.
water about the mouths of rivers, and southward to Cuba;
goes north in April. Flies rather high even in passing over
comparatively short distances, and swiftly, producing a loud
whistling with its wings. Nests, placed in holes of trees ; eggs,
ashy-green.

2. BARROWS GOLDEN-EYE, C. ISLANDICA. Differs
from 1 in having the bill higher at base and the white spot on
head triangular in form, the green glossing is absent from
head, and the scapularies are rounded at tip with a pointed
projection on one or both sides. Breeds from the Gulf of St.

Fig. 155.

TV, C, d, 1. 1-10.

Lawrence northward ; south
in winter rarely to Mass, and
N. Y.

e. Dipper Ducks.
Charitoiietta.

Small ducks which oc-
cur on salt water oftener
than on fresh and which are
expert divers. Differ from
d in being smaller, in hav-
ing the feathers of head elon-
gated with a large white
patch behind eye.

156.

134 L»UCKS.

1. BUFFLE-HEAD, C, ALBEOLA. 14.00; bill, 1.15;
head, upper neck, and back, black ; triangular patch back of
eye, broad line through wing, and beneath, white ; bill, black ;
feet, yellow, fig. 157. Female, smoky-brown above, white
below : white patch on wing and a small one back of eye and
below it. Breeds from Me. northward, placing its nest in
holes and cavities of trees and stumps. South in Oct. to win-
ter from Mass, southward to Cuba. Comes north in March.

f. Long-tailed Ducks. Harelcla.
Medium-sized, small-headed, short-necked ducks, mostly
black in color and which change plumage in winter; bill,
short and narrow.

1. OLDSQUAW,
H. HYEMALIS. 18.00; bill,
1.15 ; summer, head, neck,
breast, upper parts, and
middle tail, brownish-
black; sides of head and
body, bluish-ash; patch
behind eye, longitudinal
streak on sides of occiput,
under parts, and sides of
tail, white; some feathers
of upper parts, edged with

C, d, 2. 1-8. chestnut; bill, black with

narrow ring of orange near tip ; feet, bluish. Winter, differs
from summer in having head, neck, upper breast, and back,
white; patch of brown on side of head below one of ashy, fig.
158. Female differs in lacking the long central tail feathers,
the head and neck are dusky with whitish patch around eye
and on neck behind. Breeds far north throughout the north-
ern hemisphere; migrates south in middle Oct. to winter in
abundance along the coast of N. E. south to the Potomac;
comes north in late April. Frequents bays along the coast
keeping in close flocks from a few pairs to a hundred or more.
In feeding all of a flock are apt to dive at once and reappear

TV, C, e, 1. 1-10.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 135

simultaneously; cries, musical and frequently given both
when the birds are in flight Fig. 157.

and when sitting on the
water; the notes may be ren- ,
dered by " Er-lit ah-er-lit "
varied by " Ah-ah ah-er-lit"
When a number are vociferat-
ing the effect produced is sim-
ilar to childish, or feminine
articulations uttered in an un-
known tongue. Nests, placed
on the ground; eggs, bluish-
ash.

g. Painted. J>ucks. Histrioiiicus:

Similar in general form to f , but lack the the long cen-
tral tail feathers, and are singularly marked with white, chest-
nut and black.

1. HARLEQUIN DUCK, H. HISTRIONICUS. 16.75; bill,
1.60; blackish tinged with slaty; triangle in front of eye, spot
on back of head, line on neck, two crescents on sides, and
markings on back, white; line on top of head and flanks,
chestnut, fig. 159. Female, ashy-brown, mottled with whit-
ish below; whitish spot in front of eye and one of pure white
• on back of ear coverts. Breeds in N. A. from Newfoundland
northward chiefly in the interior ; comes south in Nov. to win-
ter quite commonly in the Bay of Fundy and rarely to the
coast of Mass, and southward to N. J.

h, Eiders. Soinateria.

Large ducks which frequent the sea coast; males, black
and white ; females, brown : bill, rather long, provided at base
with a divided, fleshy projection that extends on to the fore-
head.

1. AMERICAN EIDER. S. DRESSERI. 25.00; bill, 2.40;
head, neck, and above, white; forehead, line through eye.
and beneath, black ; portion of head, glossed with greenish,

136 DUCKS.

fig. 160. Female, reddish-brown transversely banded with
dark-brown. Young male, similar to female. Breeds on the
Fig. 159. Fig. 158.

jv, c, g, i. i-i5. wYc, f, i. i-isf

Atlantic coast from northern Me. to Labrador; winters from
Mass, to Del. and west to the Great Lakes; comes south in
late Oct. ; north in April ; common, but on the coast of Mass,
keeps well out to sea, feeding about islands that lie well out.
Nests placed on the ground near the sea ; eggs, ashy-green.

1*. NORTHERN EIDER, S. D. BORE ALLS. Differs from
1 in having the fleshy process at base of bill terminating in a
point, fig. 161. Breeds in northeastern N. A. and Greenland ;
south in winter to coast of Mass.

i. Arctic Eiders. Eritonetta.

Differ from h in having the base of bill considerably swol-
len and its fleshy process greatly widened, fig. 162.

1. KING EIDER, E. SPECTABILIS. Differs from h, 1 in
having the top of head bluish-ash with black reduced to a
narrow line about fleshy process and spot under eye; black
Y-shaped mark on throat, lower back and wings, dark-brown.
Breeds in the Arctic regions ; in N. A. south to winter as far
as northern N. E. and rarely along the coast to Ga.
j. Black Scoters. Oidemia.

Base of bill slightly swollen; color wholly black.

1. AMERICAN SCOTER, O. AMERICANA. 19.00; bill,
1.50; base of bill orange, black terminally ; feet, greenish, fig.
163. Female, dull brown, whitish on sides of head. Breeds

PLATK 14.

BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 137

in Labrador and the northern interior ; migrates south in mid-
dle Oct. to winter from the coast of N. E. to Fla. ; abundant;
Fig. 161. Fig. 160.

TV, C,h, 1*. 1-3. TV, C, h, 1. 1-3.

comes north in April.

k. Black and White Scoters. Melanitta.

Males black and both sexes have a large patch of white
on wing; base of bill, considerably swollen with feathers of
forehead, projecting forward, fig. 164.

1. WHITE-WINGED SCOTER, M. DEGLANDI. 21.00;
bill, 1.70; elongated spot under and back of eye, white; bill,
red black at base and on edges; iris, yellow; feet, reddish-
brown, fig. 165. Female, dull brown ; circular space at base of
Fig. 162. Fig. 163.

IV, C, i, 1. 1-3. IV, C, j, 1. 1-3.

bill, elongated patch back of ear and beneath, whitish.
Breeding. range much as in j, 1 and time of migration the same.
Winters from the coast of N. E. to the Carolinas. Abundant.
Nests, placed on the ground ; eggs, pale brown.

NORTHERN BLUE YELLOW-BACK.
MALE. FEMALE.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 139

D. STIFF-TAILED DUCKS. Erismaturidae.

Small ducks rather brightly colored in summer b ut chang-
ing into duller plumage in winter; head, small; neck, large
and short; tail feathers, narrowed Fig. 166.

and stiffened, fig. 166; entire plum-
age, closely blended.

a. Rudder Ducks.
Erismatura.

Bill, slightly bent upward at
tip and its nail is small and bent
under; its edge is harder and finely
serrated and the lower mandible is
also provided with a similar edging
at its tip, fig. 166, showing under
side.

1. RUDDY DUCK, E. RUBIDA. 15.00; bill, 1.40; neck
and upper parts, chestnut ; top of head, black, sides, white ;
beneath, whitish transversely banded with dusky; bill and
feet, ashy-blue, fig. 167. Female and winter male ; chestnut
replaced by reddish-brown marked with spots and wavy lines
of dusky; throat and line at base of bill, whitish. Breeds
locally throughout N. A. south to Guatemala ; migrates south
Fig. 167. Fig. 168.

N", D, a, 1.

^

N, D, a, 1. 1-2. x, D, b, 1. 1-2.

in Oct. to winter from the Carolinas to the Bahamas and West
Indies: comes north in April. Common. Occurs singly or
in small flocks on both salt and fresh waters but seldom on

14O DUCKS.

the ocean, often on small ponds and pools. Very unsuspic-
ious. When started flies swiftly but is apt to circle and return
near the point from which it started. Nests> placed on the
ground ; eggs, whitish.

b. Black-faced Ducks. Nomonyx.

1. MASKED DUCK, N. DOMINICUS. 13.00; bill, 1.40;
front of head, black ; back of head and neck, deep reddish-
brown becoming paler on the low-
er surface of body ; white wing-
patch ; back, black with feathers
margined with reddish ; bill, blu-
ish with a narrow stripe of black ;
feet, gray, fig. 168. Female, dull-
er with top of head and two •
stripes on its sides, blackish.
Tropical America, including
some portions of the West Indies ;
accidental in Wis., N. Y., and
Mass. IV, E, a, 1. 1-6.

E. GEESE. Aiiseridae.

Usually large birds with long necks and quite long legs
well fitted for walking. Bill, rather short and high at base.
Sexes, similar. Nests placed on the ground; eggs, 6 to 10,
dirty-white or yellowish. Flight, heavy, direct, often in lines
side by side or in Y-shaped flocks. Notes loud and sonorous,
a. White Geese. Chen.

Greater portion of plumage either white or very light in
color; bill and feet, purplish-red. Young, with head and
neck grayish.

1. BLUE GOOSE, C. CAERULESCENS. 28.00; grayish-
brown, bluish on wing coverts ; head and neck, white, fig. 169.
Breeds on the eastern shore of Hudson Bay ; migrates south
through the interior to winter on the coast of the Gulf of
Mexico west of Louisana ; rare on the Atlantic coast.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 141

2. LESSER SNOW GOOSE, C. HYPERBOREA. 25.00;
white ; primaries, black, fig. 170. Breeds in Alaska ; migrates
south in winter to southern 111. and southern Cal; casual in
N. E.

2*. GREATER SNOW GOOSE, C. 11. NIVALIS. Differs
from 2 in being larger, 35.00. Breeds on the eastern coast of
Hudson Bay ; migrates south in winter very rarely to N. E.
and southward as far as Cuba ; rare in U. S.
b. Gray Geese. Anser.

Large gray geese with both upper and under tail coverts
white, and tail tipped with white.

1. AMERICAN WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE, A. GAMBELI.
30.00 ; bluish-gray above, brownish on head and neck ; fore-
head, white; grayish-white beneath irregularly spotted on
breast with black, fig. 171. Breeds far north in N. A., mi-
grating south in Oct. to winter in abundance in the south-
west as far south as Mexico ; return north in March ; rare on
the Atlantic coast but occurs as far south as Cuba,
Fig. 170. Fig. 171.

E, a, 2. 1-18. JV, E, b, 1. 1-4.

2. WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE, A. ALBIFRONS. A little
smaller than 1 and with a considerably smaller bill. North-
ern parts of eastern hemisphere; accidental in Greenland.

3. BEAN GOOSE, A. FABALIS. Differs from 1 in the
absence of white on forehead and dark mottling beneath.
Northern portions of eastern hemisphere; accidental in
Greenland.

142

GEESE.

40.00; tailfeath-
Fig. 172.

E, c, 1. 1-4.

c. Short-billed Geese. Branta.

Bather large geese, dark above, lighter beneath ; head and
neck, conspicuously marked with black and white ; bill, short
and black ; feet, black.

1. CANADA GOOSE, B. CANADENSIS.
ers, 18 to 20 in number; head

and neck, black; white patch on

cheeks usually meeting on

throat; brownish-gray above,

lighter below ; upper tail coverts

and posterior portions below, t

white, fig. 172. Breeds in north- "

ern U. S. and British Provinces ;

migrates south in early Nov. to

winter from Chesapeake Bay

south to Fla. and Mexico ; returns north in March. Abundant.

2. HUTCHINS' GOOSE, B. HUTCIIISSII. Much smaller
than 1, 32.00. Breeds in Arctic N. A. ; migrates south in Oct.
through western U. S. and Mississippi Yalley to winter from
Kansas southward; returns north in March.

3. CACKLING GOOSE, B. MINIMA. Differs from 2 in
being smaller, 24.00; tail feathers, 14 to 16; distinct white
collar on lower neck ; nearly or quite as dark below as above.
Breeds on the northern Pacific coast; migrates south in win-
ter into western U. S. ; rarely east to Wis.

Fig. 173. 4. BARNACLE GOOSE, B.

LEUCOPSIS. 26.00; fore part of
head, white; space in front of
eye, occiput, neck and chest,
black ; bluish-'gray above some-
what banded with black and
white; grayish- white beneath,
fig. 173. Northern parts of Old
World ; casual in eastern N. A.
E, c,4. 1-4.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 143

5. BRANT, B. BEKNICLA. No white on head, neck with
a patch of white streaks on sides of mid- Fig. 174.
die ; brownish-gray above ; pale gray be-
neath, fig. 174. Breeds in the Arctic re-
gions; in N. A. chiefly on the Atlantic

coast : migrate south in Oct. and Nov. to
winter in southern U. S. ; return north in
April ; occur chiefly on the coast or out at
sea in migration.

6. BLACK BRANT, B. NIGRICANS.
Differs from 5 in being a little smaller, in
having the white on neck extended across
the front, and in being considerably dark-
er beneath. Breeds in Arctic N. A. mi- JN , E, C, 5. 1-4.
grating south through the west and wintering as far south as
Lower California ; casual on the Atlantic coast.

b. Tree Ducks. Dendrocygna.

Medium sized, duck like birds with long legs and strik-
ing colors, reddish-brown, chestnut, and black. Eggs, 10 to
15, yellowish or pale greenish.

1. FULVOUS TREE DUCK, D. FULVA. 21.00; head,
neck, and below, light cinnamon ; back, black with the feath-
ers tipped with cinnamon ; bill, black. Southern border of
U. S. from La. westward and southward to Mexico; casual in
N. C.

F. SWANS. Cygnidae.

Large birds with neck longer than body ; swim with ease
and have the power of elevating the enlarged secondaries
which serve as sails ; fly with great swiftness, when migrat-
ing moving high in air, often in Y-shaped flocks; cries, loud
and harsh. Colors, white, black and white, or wholly black.
a. White Swans. Olor.

Pure white ; bill and feet, black; young, tinged with
brownish on head and neck ; bill and feet lighter. Nests,
placed on the ground; eggs, 3 to 5, white or buff. Usually
frequent inland waters both salt and fresh.

1 WHOOPING SWAN, O. CYGNUS. 60.00; basal por-
tion of bill, including nostrils, yellow ; nostrils, in center of
bill. Northern parts of eastern hemisphere; occasional in
southern Greenland.

2. WHISTLING SWAN, O. COLUMBIANS. Differs from
1 in being a little smaller and having only a small spot of yel-
low at base of bill. Breeds far north migrating south in au-
tumn to winter from the Chesapeake to the Gulf coast ; very
rare on the Atlantic coast north of Maryland.

3. TRUMPETER SWAN, O. BUCCINATOR. Larger, 65.00;
bill, wholly black with nostrils nearer base; tail feathers,
usually 24. Breeds in the interior of N. A. from Iowa north-
ward ; casual on the Atlantic coast.

O. JVAIL-BIDL.JL.EJ} WA13ERS.
Odontog-lossae .

Large birds with very long necks and legs, webbed toes,
Fig. 175. and bill abruptly bent in the mid-

dle; partly or wholly scarlet. Fre-
quent islands and seaboards in
the tropics or subtropics. Cries,
sonorous and goose-like. Flight,
rapid and direct with rather slow
wing-beats, and with outstretched
neck and legs. Nests built of
marl piled in the form of a trun-
cated pyramid ; eggs 1 sometimes
2, greenish covered with a chalky
incrustation. Young helpless and
fed by regurgitation. 'Food small
mollusks which are procured from
the bottom of the water by im-
mersing the head and inverting it
so that the upper mandible is un-
derneath.

O, A,

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. FLAMINGOES. Phoenicopteridae.

Characters as above.

a. Flamingoes. Phoenicopterus.

Characters as above.

1. AMERICAN FLAMINGO, P. RUBER. 45.00; scarlet;
primaries, black, fig. 175. Young, grayish-white more or less
mottled with darker gray. Nestlings, wholly white. Breeds
in southern FJa., the Banamas, West Indies and Atlantic
coast of Tropical America.

P. GROUSE, QUAILS, ETC.

Birds of varying size with feet fitted for walking ; bills
hard, adapted for gathering seeds and other vegetable matter
and insects. Eggs, many, placed on the ground in rudely
constructed nests ; young active when hatched and covered
with down and capable of feeding themselves. All run rap-
idly, often hiding when alarmed to rise suddenly when ap-
proached closely.

A. PARTRIDGES. Perdicidae.

Small or medium sized birds with rather short, rounded
wings and short tails. Sexes, not similar. Fly well for short
distances, usually moving in a straight line with quick wing-
beats.

a. Bob-whites. Colinus.

Rather plainly marked birds with the feathers of head
only slightly elongated. Young, unable to fly until well
grown. Frequent the open country. Eggs, white. Not mi-
gratory. Social, congregating in flocks of from 10 to 20 or
more.

1. BOB-WHITE, C. VIRGINIANUS. 10.00; above, chest-
nut marked with ashy, buff, and dark brown ; forehead, line
over eye, and throat, white ; patch on neck extending on either
side to bill, black ; beneath, creamy streaked on upper breast
and sides with chestnut; iris, bill, and feet, brown, fig. 176.

146 PARTRIDGES.

Female differs in having the white about head replaced by
buff. Downy young, buff streaked with dark-brown, plate
12. mois," Bob-white" OT" Mo re-wet", sometimes ^No-more-
-wet"; also a chuckling when dis- Fig. 176.

turbed and a call when a bevy is sep-
arated. Eastern U. S. from southern
Me. to Fla.

1*. FLOBIDA BOB-WHITE,.C.
v. FLORIDANUS. Smaller with larger
bill and feet; darker with black of
breast considerably extended over
upper breast. Florida.

B. GROUSE. Tetronidae. 1*7 A, a, 1. MO.

Larger birds with feathers of head considerably elonga-
ted and crest-like; tarsi, feathered, naked colored space
over eye ; toes, with fringe-like scales on the sides. • Eise on
the wing with a rapid whirring sound and fly swiftly with
quick wing-beats but usually in a straight line, often sailing
with outstretched wings before alighting. Kun swiftly when
down. Nests on the ground, eggs buffy, sometimes spotted.
a. Spruce Grouse. Canacliites.

Kather small grouse with moderately long tails and dark
colors ; naked space over and around eye, red ; toes, slightly
webbed and these are feathered. Eggs, spotted.

1. CANADA GROUSE, C. CANADENSIS. 15.50; black,
banded above with ashy and chestnut and blotched and band-
ed below with white ; terminal band on tail, chestnut, fig. 177.
Female duller with much of the black replaced by chestnut,
especially or4 the breast. Young, much more reddish. Brit-
ish America east of the Rocky Mountains and into the U. S.
in the northern portions of Minn., Mich., N. Y., and N. E.
Yery unsuspicious birds inhabiting the coniferous forests.
b. Wood Grouse. Boiiasa.

Larger birds with longer tails and prominent ruffs of black
feathers on sides of neck which are rounded terminally. The
young acquire their wing feathers whe.n only a few days old
and fly quite well when half grown.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 147

BUFFED GKOUSE, B. UMBELLUS. 18.00; reddish-brown
above mottled and spotted with dark-brown and ashy-white ;
reddish-brown band across breast ; remaining under parts,
white banded with brown ; tail, tipped with ashy in which
there is a sub-terminal band of brown, fig. 178. Female dul-
ler with a smaller tail. Eastern U.S. "south to the mountains
of northern Ga., and southern Canada. Frequents brushy
woodlands. Note, a whistling chuck- Fig. 177.

le given when alarmed; also give the
drumming sound in spring, summer f
and autumn ; this begins loud and
distinct, increases in rapidity, but ,
diminishes in volume and dies away
almost as a continuous murmur. Has
the habit of spreading the fan-like
tail and turning it from side to side to
attract attention to itself when ac-
companied by its young, Nests in
early May.

1*. CANADIAN HUFFED
GKOUSE, B. u. TOGATA. Differs
from 1 in being grayer above especial- IP, B, a, 1. 1-12.
ly on tail and in having the brown markings broader. Inhab-
Fig. 178. its the spruce forests of

northern N. E., northern
N. Y. and the British Pro-
vinces north to James Bay,
west to Oregon and British
Columbia.

c. Ptarmigans.
Lagopus.

Medium sized, cOmpact-
ly formed grouse that in-

B, b, 1. 1-12. habit cold regions and

which are nearly white in winter, fig. 179, but change to a

148

PTARMIGANS.

brown dress in summer, fig. 180 ; entire feet, thickly feath-
ered; upper tail coverts elongated, sometimes as long, or
longer than tail. Tail, in all of our species, black.

Fig. 179. 1. WILLOW PTAR-

MIGANS. L. LAGOPUS.
15.00; shafts of seconda-
ries, white. Summer
dress ; reddish-cinnamon
excepting a greater por-
tion of wings, middle un-
der parts, and feet,
which remain white,

a B, c, 1. 1-8. spotted and banded above

and finely banded across breast and on sides with black.
Breeds in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions, in America south to
Sitka and the British Provinces; accidental inN. E. (Me. and
Mass.).

1*. ALLEN'S PTARMIGAN, L. L. ALLENI. Shafts of
secondaries, black ; primaries, more or less blotched with dus-
ky. Newfoundland.

2. ROCK PTARMIGAN, L. RUPESTRIS. 14.00; bill,
small and slender; lores, black. Summer dress; grayish
above, coarsely and irregularly banded and mottled with
black ; top of head, blackish, feathers tipped with reddish ;
sides of head and throat mixed white and dusky; upper
breast and sides, brownish, barred with dusky; remaining
under parts, white. Arctic America south to Alaska, Labra-
dor, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

2*. REINHARDT'S
PTARMIGAN, L. B. REIN-
HARDI. Differs from 2 in
summer in being less regu-
larly and more coarsely
banded above, where the
black predominates, varied
with pale grayish-buff.
Greenland, western shores ,
of Cumberland Gulf, and
northern Labrador. P*, B, c, 1. 1-8.

Fig. 180..

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

3. WELCH'S PTARMIGAN, L. WELCHI. Differs from
2* in summer in being darker above where many feathers
are tipped with white; head, neck, upper breast, and sides,
rather coarsely banded with black, grayish-white, and gray-
ish-buff ; throat, white. Newfoundland.

d. Prairie Grouse. Tympanuchus.

Rather large, strongly built grouse, light colored, but
banded with dusky ; wings, long, tail, short ; feathers of sides
of upper neck, elongated into an erectable tuft, beneath
which is a naked space capable of expansion. Inhabit prai-
ries or brushy plains. Notes in the breeding season a loud
booming given by the male when strutting with uplifted neck
plumes and extended pouches.

1. PRAIRIE HEN, T. AMERICANUS. 18.50; yellowish
and buffy above and on Fig. 181.

throat ; white beneath ;
throat, without bands,
fig. 181 ; feathers of neck
tuft, rounded at tips, fig.
182. Prairies of Mich.
and westward.

2. HEATH HEN,
T. CUPIDO. Differs from
1 in having the brown
bandings broader and

the tips of the feathers of P, B, d, 1. 1-8.

the neck tufts pointed, fig. 183. Martha's Yineyard, Mass.
e. Sharp-tailed Grouse. Pedioecetes.

Differs from d in the absence of neck tufts, in being more
irregularly banded and spotted above where there are large
rounded xwhite spots on wings; white beneath with Y-shaped
marks of dusky. Inhabit similar regions.

1. PRAIRIE SHARP-TAILED GROUSE, P. CAMPESTRIS.
17.00 ; quite rusty above. Great Plains of the U. S. east to
Wis. and northern 111.

15O TURKEYS.

C. TURKEYS. Meleagridae.

Large birds with naked heads and necks with a tuft of
black bristles depending from up- Fig. 183,
per breast ; tail, long and fan-like ;
tarsus, furnished with a spur.
a. Turkeys. Meleagris.

Feathers, more or less irides-
cent.

1. WILD TURKEY, M. GAL-
LIP AVO. 45.00; differs from the
dark form of the well known do-
I*, B, d, 1. mestic turkey in being rather more P, B, d,2.
brilliant in the iridescent tints and in having the feet red-
dish. U. S. from Chesapeake Bay to the Gulf Coast and west
to the plains.

1*. FLORIDA TURKEY, M. o. OSCEOLA. Darker than
1 with little white on wings, this when present appears as de-
tached bars which are narrow and broken, not reaching the
shaft of the feather. Southern Fla.

Q. PIGEOTVS. OolnmJbae.
Birds of varying size with long wings and well developed
tails ; bill, weak and with a soft, naked space above nostrils.
Flight, rapid and direct with quick wing-beats. Eggs 2,
white, placed in stick-built nests often in trees but sometimes
on the ground or rocky shelves of caves ; young hatched help-
less and naked and are fed by regurgitation. Inhabit all sec-
tions of temperate and tropical zones. Food, vegetable sub-
stances.

A. DOVES. Columbidae.

Tail feathers, 12 or 14 ; tarsus, slightly feathered in front,
birds of wide distribution.

a. Pig-eons. Columba.

Rather large with short or rounded tails ; colors, dull.
1. WHITE-CROWNED PIGEON, C. LEUCOCEPHALA.
13.00; dark slaty-blue; top of head, white; sides and lower
portions of neck, iridescent with greenish and gold and each

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 151

feather is margined with black. Bahamas, and some of the
West Indies; rather uncommon on the Fla. Keys. Notes,
given in a minor key much those of some owls ; " Wof, wof,
iv o, co-woo" ; the first three notes are repeated several times,
then the last is long drawn out. Social, occurring in flocks
and breeding in communities.

b. Long-tailed Pig-eons. Ectopistes.

Medium-sized pigeons with long pointed tails that are
conspicuously marked with white.

1. PASSENGER PIGEON, E. MIGRATORIUS. 16.50 ; up-

Fig. 184.

per parts, head, neck, and sides, ashy-
blue; beneath, purplish-red; under tail
coverts and tip of tail, white ; sides, and
back of neck iridescent with violet,
green, and gold, fig. 184. Breeding
range now restricted to portions of the
C a n a d a s and the northern border of
middle U. S. but formerly ranged
through eastern N. A. from Hudson Bay
southward. Alarm note, a kind of
laughing coo. Yery social, occurring in
large flocks and breeding in communi-
ties.
c. Spotted Doves. Zenaidura.

Generally similar to b but with bill Q, A, b, 1. 1-8.
more slender and conspicuously spotted on secondaries with
black.

1. MOURNING DOYE, Z. MACROURA. 12.00; reddish-
brown above under tinted with bluish ; purplish-red beneath
becoming lighter behind and ashy-blue on sides; tail, except-
ing central feathers, broadly tipped with white and crossed
above this by a black band ; spot on sides of upper neck, black ;
below it an iridescent patch of purple and gold, fig. 185 ; fe-
male, duller; tail, shorter. N. A. from southern Maine and

152 DOVES.

Canada south to Panama ; not common on the Bahamas ; lo-
Fig. 185. cal in distribution. Social but not dur-

ing the breeding season and never con-
gregating in very large flocks. Breeds
in late June. Flight, swift and direct
and when rising the wings produce a
whistling sound. Note, a mournful
double coo. Feeds on the ground, but
a flock will often sit together side by
side on the branches of a tree,
d. Short-tailed Doves. Zeiiaida.
Kather compactly formed, medium
sized doves with short rounded tails.

1. ZENAIDA DOYE, Z. ZENAIDA.
11.00; yellowish-red above overwashed
Q, A, c, 1. 1-8. with ashy; a narrow white wing-band;
beneath and on sides of head and neck, reddish-brown be-
coming bluish on sides, flanks and under tail coverts; small
bluish-black spot behind eye and a larger one on side of neck
where there is an iridescent patch of purple and green. Com-
mon on the Bahamas and in some of the West Indies ; rare on
the Fla. Keys. Not at all social, rarely, if ever occurring
even in small flocks ; lives most of the time on the ground.
The coo consists of two notes, the first uttered with a falling
inflection, the second follows quickly, but is not as prolonged,
then " Who, ivho, who" with a decided pause between the
first two ; all are loud, but in a minor key.

e. Little Doves. Columbigalliiia.
Very small doves with short tails and -slender bills that
live mostly on the ground.

1. GROUND DOVE, C. PASSEBINA. 7.00 ; brownish-ash
above with inner portion of wings spotted with black having
a violet iridescence; under portion of wing, showing in flight,
chestnut; beneath, purplish-red with breast obscurely spot-
ted with dusky ; bill, orange black at tip, fig. 186. Female,
somewhat duller. South Atlantic and Gulf States. Note, a
loud " Who" often repeated, always in a minor tone. Ordina-

PLATE 16.

EUBY-THKOATED HUMMINGBIRD.

DIBKCTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMKRICA. L53

ry flight when among the thickets which it frequents, flitting,
but when passing over wid- Fig. 186.

er spaces direct and rapid.
Very common.

2. BAHAMA GROUND

DOVE, C. BAHAMENSIS.

Differs from 1 in being some-
what smaller and paler;
bill, nearly black. Baham- Q, A, e, 1. 1-3..

as ; accidental in Fla.

f. Quail Doves. Greotrygon..
Medium-sized doves with short tails and large feet.

1. KEY WEST QUAIL DOYE, G. CHRYSEA. 11.00:
dull chestnut, purplish-red beneath, whitish behind; glos-
sed above with metallic purple and bronze ; broad stripe on
lower jaw and throat, whitish. Bahamas, and some of the
West Indies ; casual in summer on the Fla. Keys. Notes, loudy
long drawn, and particularly mournful. Keep well in the
scrub seldom appearing in open places; run swiftly on the
ground.

2. RUDDY QUAIL DOYE, G. MONTANA. Differs
from 1 in being without the brillant metallic gloss above,
this being only slightly indicated ; the jaw stripe, throat and
lower parts behind are buff y ; above, purplish-red; yellowish
buff on breast. Tropical America ; accidental on Key West,
Fla.

g. Partridge Doves. Starnoenas.

Medium sized, ground inhabiting doves with short round-
ed tails and wings ; form, robust and partridge-like.

1. BLUE-HEADED PARTRIDGE DOYE. S. CYANO-
CEPHALA. 12.00; deep-brown above, more reddish beneath ;
head, black ; crown, bluish ; line on side of head beneath eye
and one bordering throat, white. Cuba, casual on the Fla.
Keys.

154

VULTURES.

VULTURES.

R.

Large birds with naked heads, large wings fitted for
strong flight ; feet adapted for walking, not for grasping ;
food, usually animal matter found dead and sometimes par-
tially decayed. Sexes, similar.

A. DUSKY VULTURES. Catliartidae.

Dusky throughout with no prominent white markings;

neck without spinal ruff of elongated feathers. (Note :- the

small figs.* representing birds in silhouette with extended

wings are flight contours as seen from below, see fig. 187*etc.)

a. Naked-breasted Vultures. Cathartes,

Bill, short and thick ; nostrils, open; tail, long and round
ed, upper breast, naked, but concealed by elongated feathers
on its sides. Eggs, 2, whitish mottled with brown ; young,
covered with whitish down.

1. TURKEY VULTUBE, C. AURA. 27.50; dark-brown
with a slight bluish iridescence; head, a livid red, fig. 187
America, from N. J., the Ohio Valley, Fig. 187.

and Saskatchewan southward through
a portion of the Bahamas and West In-
dies to Patagonia ; casual in N. E. Flight,
steady, with long sweeping curves, sail-
ing most of the time without flapping,
sometimes at a considerable height
where it moves in wide circles. Food,
mainly freshly killed animals. Incap-
able of producing any vocal sound save
a kind of hiss. .Social, gathering in
large flocks during the day and restin g
together in larger numbers during the R, A, a, 1. 1-12,
night.

DIRECTORY TO BIKDS OF KASTKRN ]STORTH AMERICA.

b. Square-tailed Vultures. Fig. 187*.

Catharista.

Bill, long and slender ; nostrils, closed
by a flap of skin ; tail, short and square ;
breast, feathered.

1. BLACK VULTURE, C. ATRATA.
26.00; black, including head; space on pri-
maries beneath, showing in flight, whitish, figs. 188, 188*.
N. C. to Fla. north to the lower Ohio Valley, west to the Great
Plains, south to Mexico, some of the West Indies and over
most of South America ; casual in N. E. andN. Y. Flight, by
alternate flapping and sailing with rapid wing-beats, some-
times ascends to a considerable height but moves in compar-
atively small circles. Food, largely decaying animal matter*
Rather more social than a, 1.

s. HAWKS, EAGLES, Etc.

JTaleones.

Birds of varying sizes with strongly curved and hooked
bills; feet, with strong claws capable of grasping. Young,
covered with down when hatched but helpless and fed by
their parents. Females, larger than males.

Fig. 188. Fig. 189. Fig. 190.

R, A, b, 1. 1-12. S, A, b, 1. 1-8.

A, a, 1. 1-8

156 KITES.

A. KITES. Milvidae.

Birds of prey of varying sizes and forms but which usu-
ally capture living animals for food by swooping suddenly
upon them from above.

a. Fork-tailed Kites. Elaiioides.

Rather large birds with quite small bills which do not
have the upper mandible lobed ; tarsus short and nearly na-
ked; tail, long and deeply forked, fig. 190, 190*. Sexes sim-
ilar.

Fig. 188*. Fig. 190*. Fig. 189*.

1. SWALLOW-TAILED KITE, E. FOKFICATUS. 22.00;
black above ; head, neck, and lower parts, white. Breeds in
the U. S. from the Carolinas and Minn, southward, in May;
migrates southward in Oct. to winter in South America ; comes
north in April; casual in southern N. E. (Mass.). Flight,
swallow-like, very graceful and easy. Food, largely snakes
and other reptiles, which it catches by swooping downward
an d, grasping them with its claws, eats them as it flies. Nests,
placed in trees, eggs, 4 to 6, greenish-white spotted and
blotched with brown and umber, fig. 190.

b. Prairie Kites. Ictinia.

Compact birds with a short, broad bill, cutting edge of
upper mandible lobed : wings, long ; tail, but little emargin-
ate. Sexes, similar.

1. MISSISSIPPI KITE, I. MISSI88IPPIEN8IS. 14.00;
head, neck, and beneath, bluish-ash; black above glossed
with greenish ; longitudinal stripe in each primary, showing
in flight, bright chestnut; a wing bar of whitish, fig. 189.
Southern U. S. from S. C. and casually fromPenn., Wis., and
Iowa southward. Winters in Guatemala.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

c. Black and White Kites. Elanus.

Bill, short; wings, long; tail, short and square.

1. WHITE-TAILED KITE, E. LEUCURUS. 16.00; head,
neck, tail, and beneath, white; above with central tail feath-
ers, ashy-gray ; patch on bend of wing, black. Breeds in
southern U. S. from S. 0. and southern 111. to Tex. and Cal. ;
winters in South America ; casual in Mich.

d. Curve-billed Kites. Rostrhamus.

Rather large, slender kites with well-curved bills, long
wings, and nearly square tails.

1. EVERGLADE KITE, R. SOCIABTLIS. 17.00; ashy-
black above, brown beneath ; base of tail and its coverts,
white, fig. 191. Female browner above and much marked
with reddish below. Breeds in Fla., Cuba, and southward
into eastern South America. Nests placed in low bushes in
Fla. in March ; eggs, 1 or 2, bluish-white spotted and blotched
with brown of varying shades. Flies low over marshes with
rather slow wing-beats and erratic movements. Food, large-
ly fresh-water mollusks.
Fig. 191. Fig. 192.

S,A, d, 1. 1-8.

1-6.

A, e, 1.
e. Harriers. Circus.

Slender birds with long wings, legs and tail; lower por-
tion of face surrounded by a ruff.

158 FALCONS.

1. MARSH HAWK, C. IIUDSONIUS. 23.00; above, blu-
ish-ash ;' upper tail coverts, white; beneath, white spotted
with pale reddish, fig. 192. Female and young, brown above,
reddish beneath spotted with dark-brown. Breeds through-
out N. A., nesting in marshy places in May; migrates south
in early Nov. to winter from the Carolinas southward to Pan-
ama rarely as far north as Mass. ; comes north in April.
Flies low over fields and marshes, moving with an irregular
flight with rather slow wing-beats. Food, mice, frogs, snakes
and lizards. Common.

B. FALCONS. Falconidae.

Birds of varying size having long, pointed wings, tails of
medium length ; cutting edge of lower mandible, toothed ;
lower, notched.

a. Gyrfalcons. Hierofalco.

Large falcons often white with some dark bandings but
with no special dark markings about head; breeds in north-
ern latitudes. Nests on cliffs.

1. WHITE GYRFALCON, H. ISLANDUS. 22.00; white
somewhat banded on back with dusky, fig. 193. Young, more
or less streaked below with dusky. Arctic regions, wander-
ing south in winter to Labrador and northern Me.

2. GRAY GYRFALCON, H. BUSTICOLUS. Dusky
throughout much streaked on head and barred on tail with
whitish, these bars being nearly as wide as the dark inter-
spaces ; banded elsewhere above with pale grayish or buffy,
and streaked beneath with the same. Young, with streakings.
beneath narrower and the upper parts are spotted with whit-
ish or light buffy. Arctic regions straggling southward in
winter.

2*. GYRFALCON, H. K. GYRFALCO. Darker than 2,
with very few whitish markings on head; light tail bands
narrower and darker and bluish gray; bandings above, in-
distinct and streakings below broader than light interspaces;
much banded with dusky on flanks and thighs. Young even

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 159

darker. Northern Europe, Greenland and Arctic America
south to northern Labrador; rare in winter in Mass. andR. I.

2**. BLACK GYRFALCON, H. G. OBSOLETUS. Much
darker than 2*. with the light interspaces below narrower
than the dark, sometimes nearly obsolete; above, nearly uni-
form dusky. Labrador, south in winter rarely to Canada,
Me., Mass., and N. Y.

b. Noble Falcons. Khynchodoii.

Smaller than a, dark above and whitish below more or
less banded on both surfaces with dark-brown ; young with-
out bands above and streaked below; black patch on side of
head.
Fig. 193. Fig. 194. Fig. 195.

S, B, a, 1. 1-6. S, B, b, 1. 1-6. S, B, c, 1. 1-6.
1. DUCK HAWK, R. ANATUM. 18.00 ; dark slaty above,
top of head, black ; creamy-white below transversely banded
behind only, fig. 194. Young, dark-brown above, reddish-
white below. N. A., breeding locally throughout the U. S.,
nesting usually on cliffs; migrates south in Sep. and Oct. to
winter from Fla. southward into South America. Flight,
swift with rapid wing-beats, seldom sailing. Captures its
prey, usually birds, on the wing. Eggs, 3 or 4, creamy-white
very thickly mottled with dark-brown. Not very common.

1OO HAWKS.

c. Merlins. Aesalon.

Smaller than b, not banded above but streaked below and
with hind neck with light streakings; no dark chest patch.

1. PIGEON HAWK, A. COLUMBABIUS. ll.~50; dark
slaty above, lighter on tail ; back streaked with narrow lines
of black ; beneath, pale buff quite heavily streaked with dark-
brown; tail, ashy-white at tip, and crossed with about four
bands of the same; wings banded on inner webs with whit-
ish, conspicuous in flight, fig. 195. Female and yoiing,
browner above and more reddish below. Breeds from the
northern border of the U. S. northward, placing its nest either
in the branches of a tree or in a cavity in rocks or a tree ; mi-
grates south in Sep. and early Oct. to winter in northern S. A. ;
north in late March and early April. Common.

2. RICHARDSON'S MERLIN, A. BICHABDSONII. Differs
from 1 in having the tail crossed by five or six light bands
and both outer and inner webs of primaries banded with light
spots. Western N. A. from the Mississippi River to the Pa-
cific.

3. MERLIN, A. BEGULUS. Differs from 1 in having the
streakings on cheeks crowded into a patch, and in having
the tail of male crossed by six light bands> female by eight.
Europe, Asia, and Africa; accidental in Greenland.

d. Sparrow Hawks. Tinnunculu •
Small hawks marked with chestnut and with two trian-
gular black marks on sides of head ; young scarcely different
from the adults ; nests placed in holes of trees or in cavities
of rocks or buildings; eggs, 4 to 6, buff thickly- spotted with
reddish.

1. AMERICAN SPARROW HAWK, T. SPABVEBIUS.
10.00 ; chestnut above, lighter below ; top of head and wings,
bluish, center of former usually chestnut; spot on occiput,
bands on back, sub-terminal band on tail (it is tipped with
ashy-white), spots on wings above and below, and round spots
below, black ; primaries, black, banded with white ; throat

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 161

and sides of head, white, fig.. 196. The female is heavily
banded above with dusky and streaked below with brown.
Breeds throughout N. A. east of the Rocky Mountains in May ;
migrates south in Oct. to winter from Mass, southward ; north
in April. [Note :- a pair of Sparrow Hawks nested in the
summer of 1905 in a bird box near the house of one of my
neighbors in West Newton, Mass, and in 1908 in a hole in the
eaves of the house of another neighbor, where a brood of four
young were reared. All through the last winter, 1906-07 the
birds have constantly visited the nesting site, and on several
occasions I have seen them enter the hole; once all six came
and went in one after the other. My neighbor, Mr. Ohlsen,
kindly presented me with one of the young, but it escaped
after I had kept it a few days.]

2. CUBAN SPARROW-HAWK, T. DOMINICENSIS. Dif-
fers from 1 in being chiefly dark slaty-gray above ; beneath
deep rusty. Female, rusty above and below; dark markings
on sides of head indistinct in both sexes and inner webs of
wings are mostly white with dark spots very small. Cuba,
casual in Fla.

3. KESTREL, T. TINNUNCULUS. Differs from 1 in being
larger, 14.00, in having the bluish of head extended over
portions of the upper parts, and in being conspicuously
streaked below. Europe, accidental in Mass.

Fig. 196. Fig. 197.

R, d, 1. 1-4.

, C, a, 1. 1-6.

HAWKS.

e. Gray Falcons. Gennaia.

Rather large hawks very pale without any conspicuous
markings.

1. PRAIRIE FALCON, G. MEXICANUS. 18.00; grayish-
brown above, each feather margined with lighter and indis-
tinctly barred with lighter; band on back of head and be-
neath, white heavily streaked with brown; secondaries, with
lighter spots on outer webs. Western U. S. from the eastern
border of the Plains to the Pacific south into Mexico; casual
in 111.
C. SHORT-WINGED HAWKS. Accipitridae.

Hawks of varying size with short, rounded wings and
long tails, fig. 198, which seldom sail in circles but move with
an irregular flight, alternately flapping and sailing ; legs, long.
Nests in trees ; eggs 4, usually whitish, sometimes spotted.

a. Short-winged Hawks. Accipiter.
Characters as above.

1. SHARP-SHINNED HAWK, A. YELOX. Male, 11.00 ;
female, 13.00; tail, square, fig. 197; slaty-brown above, white
spots on scapularies, four dusky bands on tail, inner webs of
wing feathers barred with white; beneath, pale yellowish-
rufous banded with white and narrowly streaked with dusky.
Breeds throughout N. A. south to Panama; winters from the
Middle States, south ward, rarely as far north as Mass. Goes
south in Oct., north in April. Breeds in May. Common.
Eggs, heavily spotted.

2. COOPER'S HAWK, A. COOPERII. Male, 17.00; fe-
male, 19.00 ; differs from 1 in having the tail more rounded
and the legs and middle toe shorter, fig. 198*. Range and time
of migration similar to 1. Eggs, seldom spotted, never heav-

iiy-

3. AMERICAN GOSHAWK, A. ATRICAPILLUS. Male,
21.00; female, 23.00; bluish above; top of head, and broad
band on its sides, black ; white spots on occiput ; three dusky
tail bands ; mixed white and bluish beneath mostly in bands
narrowly lined with dusky, fig. 198. Young, brown above,

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 1 03

white beneath broadly streaked with brown. Eggs, seldom
spotted. Breeds from northern N. E. northward passing south
In Nov. to winter from the Middle States northward ; north in
April. Sometimes common in Mass.

D. BUZZARD HAWKS. Buteonidae.

Rather large hawks, with quite long but rounded wings
and not long tails, which often sail in circles high in air ; form,
robust; nests, in trees; eggs, spotted.

a. Naked-legged Hawks, Buteo.

Tarsus, not feathered to the toes in front.

1. RED-TAILED HAWK, B. BORKALIS. Male, tail,
long, fig. 200; 20.00; female, 23.00; brown above; tail, cinna-
mon, white at base and with subterminal band of black ; white
beneath, streaks on throat and in band on breast and across
middle of body. Young, with tail paler and having twelve or
more dusky bands. Breeds throughout eastern N. A. north
to about northern Labrador ; feet, stout : four outer primaries,
incised on inner webs. Note, a wheezy scream.

1*. KRIDER'S HAWK, B. B. KRIDERII. Lighter above
than 1, no terminal band on tail, few or no terminal spots be-
neath. Plains of the IT. S. from the Dakotas and Wyoming
to Minn, south to Texas; casual in Wis. and 111.

Fig. 198. Fig. 200. Fig. 201.

C, a, 2. 1-10. S, D, a, 1. 1-10. S, D, a, 4. 1-10,

164 HAWKS.

1**. WESTERN RED-TAIL, B. B. CALARUS. Differs
from 1 in being darker above, tail always with terminal bar
and sometimes with two or three above it; beneath, much
more reddish, especially across breast. Western N. A. from
the Rockies to the Pacific; casual in 111.

2. HARLAN'S HAWK, B. HARLANI. Male, 20.00; fe-
male, 22.00; dark-brown above sometimes streaked with
white; tail, irregularly mottled with grayish, white, rufous
and dusky; beneath, varying from dark, sooty-brown to
white, but if white then streaked across breast and on sides
with dusky. Young with tail banded with grayish-brown
and dusky. Breeds in the Gulf States and lower Mississippi
Valley south to Central America; casual north to Penn. and
Iowa.

3. EUROPEAN BUZZARD, B. BUTEO. Male, 20.00; fe-
male, 23.00; four outer primaries, incised; variable, usually
mixed brownish and whitish, tail with from 10 to 13 narrow
dusky bands. Europe; accidental in Mich.

4. RED-SHOULDERED HAWK, B. LINEATUS. Four outer
quills incised; male, 21.00; female, 24.00: dark-brown above
with feathersj especially on bend of wing, more or less mar-
gined with reddish ; wings with many white bands ; tail with
four; tail, short in proportion to spread of wings, fig. 201;
white beneath banded with reddish. Young, streaked with
brown beneath ; tail with many bands. Breeds throughout
eastern N. A. from Fla. to Nova Scotia; winters from Mass,
southward. Note a loud, high scream, "ke-ar" repeated sev-
eral times with the last syllable prolonged.

Fig. 197*. Fig. 198*. Fig. 200*. Fig. 201*.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN ?TORTH AMERICA. 165

4*. FLORIDA RED-SHOULDERED HAWK, B. L. AL-
LENI. Differs from 4 in being smaller and darker. South
Atlantic and Gulf States.

5. SWAINSON'S HAWK, B. SWAINSONI. Three outer
quills incised ; male, 19.00 ; female, 20.00 ; brown above ; wings
obscurely banded with dusky ; tail, tipped with whitish and
with about twelve bands of dusky ; white beneath, unmarked
on throat, elsewhere banded with ashy-red; there is a dark
phase in which the under parts are dark-brown, and interme-
diates occur between this and the light phase. Young, red-
dish-ash beneath, thickly marked with drop-shaped streak-
ings especially across breast. Western N. A. east to 111., cas-
ual to Mass, and Me.

6. BROAD-WINGED HAWK, B. LATISSIMUS. Differs
from 4 in being smaller, 15.00-17.00 and in having two white
bars on tail, fig. 202. Young have the throat whiter. Breeds
throughout eastern N. A. from Fla. to New Brunswick ; goes
south in Oct. to winter from the Southern States to northern
S. A. ; comes north in April. Note, a squeaking whistle.

7. SHORT-TAILED HAWK, B. BBACHYURUS. 16.00;
dark-brown above with tail crossed by about seven bands of
grayish; white beneath, reddish on side of breast. Young,
more or less streaked beneath and the reddish on side of
breast is absent. There is a dark phase in which the lower
parts are nearly dark -brown ; forehead always white. S. A.
north to Fla.

b. Feather-legged Hawks. Archibuteo.

Differ from a in being rather more robust, in having
smaller feet with tarsus feathered to toes ; gape, narrow ; food,
small animals ; not very active.

1. AMERICAN ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK, A. SAIJCTI-
JOHAN > IF. Male, 21.00 ; female, 23.00 ; dark-brown above ; tail
bands, white, 6 to 8 ; yellowish-white beneath ; band of spots
on breast and broad band on abdomen, brown; sides of head
and above more or less streaked with white and yellowish,
fig. 202; from this phase frequently rar; 3s to a ne?~'ly black

PLATK 17.

RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 167

World; in the U. S. breeds chiefly in mountainous parts of
unsettled districts.. Nests on cliffs; eggs, 2, white spotted
with brown. Resident.

F. FISH EAGL.ES. Haliaetidae.

Large birds with the tarsus naked and the tail at least
white in adults ; food, very largely fish ; flight, strong and di-
rect, wing-beats rather slow; often circle high in air. Cries,
harsh and loud. Nests often in trees, sometimes on cliffs;
eggs, 2 to 3, white, unspotted.

a. White-tailed Eagles. Haliaetus.

Characters as above.

1. BALD EAGLE, H. LEUCOCEPHALUS. Male, 32.00;
female, 37.00; dark-brown; head, neck, and tail, white; iris,
bill, and feet, yellow. Young, brown throughout. U. S.,
breeding in the unsettled districts. Alarm note, a cackling
cry. Frequently robs the osprey of fish, when it moves with
a rapid flight with quick wing-beats. Resident, fig. 204.

1*. NORTHERN BALD EAGLE, H. L. ALASCANUS. Dif-
fers from 1 in being larger. N. A. north of the U. S.

2. GRAY SEA EAGLE, H. ALBICILLA. Differs from 1
in having the head always brown. Northern Europe, Asia,
and Greenland.

O. OSPREYS. JPandionidae.

Large birds with strong feet and naked tarsi, very long
wings and rather short tails, which feed wholly on fish.
Flight, strong, direct with slow wing-beats. Often sail in cir-
cles over water; fish by dropping directly downward and the
secured fish is carried head forward. Nests, in trees ; eggs,
3 to 5, creamy thickly spotted and blotched* with reddish.
Cries, shrill, whistling screams.

a. Fish Hawks. Pandion.

Characters as above.

1. AMERICAN OSPREY, P. CAROLINENSIS. Male, 22.00;
female, 24.00; sides of head and under parts, white with a
band of spots crossing breast ; line through eye and above,

168 EAGLES.

dark-brown, fig. 205. Breeds from Hudson Bay to Fla. west
to the Pacific. Winters from the Carolinas south to northern
S. A. Migrates south in Oct. ; north in April.

H. VULTURE EAGLES. Polyboridae.

Rather singular birds with long wings, tails and legs,
which are chiefly terrestrial and which live largely upon de-
caying animal matter, but will occasionally catch living ani-
mals. Flight direct by alternate sailings and flappings ; some-
times circle in air like vultures. Nests in trees, eggs 2 to 4
whiti&h spotted with reddish-brown.

Fig, 205. Fig. 206.

a. Caracaras. Polyborus.

Characters as above.

1. AUDUBON'S CARACAKA, P. CHERIWAY. 23.00;
dark-brown above banded on upper tail coverts and tail with
dusky, on wings with white ; tail, white at base, bl'ack at tip ;
white beneath with a dusky band on tibia and abdomen, fine-
ly banded elsewhere with dusky ; feet, yellow, fig. 206. Fla.,
Tex., and Arizona south to northern S. A. Resident.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 169

T, I?ARJEfcOTH,

Psittaci.

Birds of varying size, color and form with a strong hooked
bill and with two toes in front and two behind.
A. LONG-TAILED P>ARROTS. Psittacidae.

Tail, long and pointed; cheeks, feathered.

a. American Paroquets. Coiiurus.

Medium-sized parrots with long wings, green with bright
markings on head. Flight, very swift and direct with rapid
wing-beats. Cries, harsh and loud.

1. CAROLINA PAROQUET, C. CAROLINENSIS. 13.50;
green ; head and neck, yellow ; forehead, sides of head, and
inner webs of most of tail feathers, orange. Young with head
and neck green more or less spotted with yellow, fig. 207.
Formerly ranged throughout middle and southern U. S. from
the Mississippi Valley eastward, now confined to a small sec-
tion of middle Fla. Nests in communities; eggs, white.

17. OWLS. Stri^i.

Well known birds of varying size, loose, fluffy plumage,
large eyes which are directed forward, surrounded by a par-
tial or entire disk of ray-like feathers; bill, strong and hook-
Fig. 207. Fig. 208.

T, A, a, 1. 1-6.

/rv\

TJ, A, a, 1. 140.

17O OWLS.

ed ; toes, two in front and two behind; tarsus feathered;
mainly nocturnal in habit. Young, inactive when hatched
and covered with whitish dow,n. Flight, direct with rather
slow wing-beats. Eggs, white, 2 to 7. Food, small animals
and insects, and occasionally fishes.

A. DISKED OWLS. Strigidae.
Light-colored owls with the facial disk perfect, which

nest in caves or deserted buildings.

•

a. Barn Owls, Strix.

Wings, very long; tail, short; plumage very soft. Cries,
loud and shrieking.

1. AMERICAN BARN x OWL, S. PKATINCOLA. 17.00;
pale yellowish-brown, lighter beneath, spotted everywhere
with darker brown; edge of facial disk and bands on wings
and tail also brownish, fig. 208. U. S., rare in the northern
portions. Breeds from the middle sections southward where
it is a resident.

B. HORNED OWLS, Etc. Bubonidae.

Owls of varying sizes, with the plumage not as soft as
in A, and the facial disk is never as perfect.

a. Dusky Owls. Syrnium.

Dark-colored, banded owls without ear tufts and with
plumage very full.

1. BARRED OWL, S. NEBULOSUM. 20.00 ; banded with
dusky and white, transversely above and on upper breast,
longitudinally below this; iris, brown, bill, yellow, fig. 209.
Eastern U. S. from the Gulf States to Canada. Resident.
Open nests in trees, eggs, in Feb. and March. Cries, pro-
onged hoot's, " Woe -woe ^vu woo" followed by a series of
4 Wock ivock ivock ivo-o-o'1'1 . Common in unsettled sections.
1*. FLORIDA BARRED OWL, S. ]sr. ALLENI. Smaller
and darker than 1 with fewer feathers on toes. South At-
*an"lc and Gulf States. Very common.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 171

b. Gray Owls. Seotiaptex.

Large gray owls with rather irregular whitish markings
and with toes densely covered with long, hair-like feathers,

1. GREAT GRAY OWL, S. CINERA. 22.00; gray irreg-
ularly barred above and longitudinally streaked below with
whitish ; iris and bill, yellow. Arctic America straggling-
south in winter as far south as N. J. and 111.

Fig. 209.

Fig. 210.

U, B, a, 1. 1-11. TJ, B, c, 1. 1-10

c. Long- winged Owls. Asio,

Medium- sized owls with very long wings and moderately
long tails ; plumage soft but net very full ; form, slender.

1. AMERICAN LONG-EARED OWL,
A. WILSONIANUS. 15.00; ear tufts long;
dark brown streaked, spotted and mottled
with yellowish white which predominates
below, fig. 210. Resident throughout tem-
perate N. A. Occurs in thick swamps.
Note, a single loud screech. Nests, placed
in trees ; eggs, in early May.

2. SHORT-EARED OWL, A. ACCIPI-
TRINUS. 15,00; ear-tufts, very short; dark-
brown with the feathers prominently mar-

Fig. 211.

U, B, c, 2. 1-10.

172 OWLS.

gined, spotted, barred and streaked with yellowish, fig. 211;
prominent dusky spot on under side of wing showing in
flight. Occurs in open sections, commonly on the sea coast
among low bushes. Breeds in N. A. chiefly north of the U.
S. ; winters from southern N. E., rarely from Mass, south-
ward ; migrates in Oct. and April.

d. Horned Owls. Bubo.

Large, robust owls with prominent ear tufts, long wings,
.and moderately long tails; plumage not very soft.

1. GREAT HORNED OWL, B. VIUGINIANUS. 23.00;
dark-brown mottled, spotted, barred and streaked with yel-
lowish, reddish and white; patch on upper breast, white, fig.
212. Eastern N. A. from Labrador south, resident in the un-
settled sections. Cries, not dissimilar to a, 1.

1*. WESTERN HORDED OWL, B. v. SUBARCTICUS.
Differs from 1 in being much Fig. 212.

lighter, the white markings are
prominent.

1**. DUSKY HORNED
OWL, B. v. SATUBATUS. Dif-
fers from 1 in being much dark-
er, the black predominating.
Pacific coast from Cal. north-
ward, Labrador and H u d s o n
Bay.

e. Eared Owls.

Megascops. TJ, B, d, 1. 1-12.

Small, robust owls with long wings and short 'tails and
prominent ear tufts.

1. SCREECH OWL, M. ASIO. 9.00; reddish above,
white beneath, streaked on back, barred on wings and tail,
barred and streaked beneath, with dusky; above from red
varies to gray, with similar markings with a grayish tone,
fig. 213. Resident in temperate eastern N. A. west to the

U, B, e, 1. 1-5.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

plains, south to Ga. Common. Fig. 213.

Nests, in holes; eggs, in May.
Note, a shivering cry.

1*. FLORIDA SCREECH
OWL, M. A. FLORIDANUS. Dif-
fers from 1 in being smaller and
darker. South Atlantic and Gulf
States,
f. Bird Owls. Nyctalea.

Small, rather slender, long-winged, short-tailed owls
without prominent ear tufts. Nests, in holes.

1. SAW-WHET OWL, N. ACADICA. 8.00; reddish-brown
above, narrow, white lines on head and face and white spots
elsewhere; tail with three lines of spots; white beneath
Fig. 214. streaked with reddish-brown, fig. 214.
Breeds locally from the Middle States north-
ward, wandering somewhat in winter. Not
common. Note, a rasping cry.

2. RICHARDSON'S OWL, N. RICH-
ARDSONI. 9.00; differs from 1 in color in
being greenish-brown where that is reddish
and in having five lines of white spots on
U, B, f, 1. 1-8. tail. Breeds from the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
northward, wandering south in winter into northern U. S.
Rare.

g, Long-tailed Owls. Surnia.

Medium-sized owls with long wings, long, graduated
tails, and compact plumage; they are rather diurnal.

1. AMERICAN HAWK OWL, S. CAPAROCH. 15.25;
dark, greenish-brown above with narrow lines on head and
face and spots elsewhere of white; tail, with eight lines of
white spots; white beneath, spotted on sides of neck and
transversely banded elsewhere with black, fig. 215. Breeds
from Newfoundland northward, wandering southward into
northern U. S. in winter.

174

OWLS.

h. Arctic Owls. Nyctea.

Large owls with long wings and tails, compact plumage,
Fig. 215. feet covered with long, hair-like feathers, and
diurnal habits.

1. SNOWY OWL, N. NYCTEA. 22.00;
white, more or less spotted, mottled and bar-
red, especially above, with dark-brown, fig.
216; females and young being more heavily
marked. Northern portions of northern hemi-
sphere, in N. A. breeding north of the U. S.
migrating south in winter to t h e Middle
States. Nov. to April. Note, a whistling cry.
C. GROUND OWLS. Athenidae.

Rather small owls with long wings and
U, .B, g, 1. 1-10. legs, short tails, and small eyes ; facial

Fig. 216.

•disk very imperfect.
a. Burrowing Owls. Speotyto.

Characters as above ; nests, placed in
holes in the ground.

1. BURROWING OWL, S. HYPO-
OAEA. 10.00 : yellowish-white barred
.and spotted with reddish or yellowish
brown, the dark color predominating
above. Western U. S. from the Great
Plains to the Pacific ; accidental in N. Y.
and Mass.

V. CTJCKOOS.

Slender birds of varying size but never very small, with
long tails, compact plumage, and two toes in ''•front and two
behind.

A. ANIS. Crotophagidae.

Slender cuckoos black in color, with long tails of eight
feathers, long wings and bill compressed, and with the cul-
men of upper mandible elevated and ridge-like, plate 14.

1-15.

DIKECTOKY TO BIKDS OF EASTEKN NOKTH AMERICA.

a. Black Cuckoos. Crotopliaga.

Characters as abov-e.

1. ANI, C. ANI. 14.00; feathers of head and neck mar-
gined with a bronzy iridescence. West Indies, Bahamas, and
eastern S. A., casual in southern Fla. and La. ; accidental in
Penn. Cries, loud and in a minor tone. Flight, heavy and
jay-like. Social at all times, several females placing their
eggs in one nest, probably polygamous.

B. AMERICAN CUCKOOS. Coccyzidae.

Slender cuckoos with long, graduated tails and smooth
plumage; space around eye, naked.

a. Brown-Backed Cuckoos. Coccyzus.

Brown above, white beneath with more or less white on
tip of tail. Nests, in bushes; eggs, blue, unspotted and de-
posited irregularly. Feathers of tibia elongated. Flight,
steady and direct with rather rapid wing-beats, suggesting a
pigeon.

CUCKOO

1. YELLOW-BILLED
12.00; tail, dark, outer
feathers, broadly tipped
with white; wing,
strongly tinged with cin-
namon ; under mandible,
yellow; space a round
eye, d ark, fig. 217.
Breeds in eastern tem-
perate N. A. west to the
plains in May; winters
in Costa Rica; migrates
in May and Sep. Notes,
' ' COTV-CO-COVJ-CO" rath er
brokenly given in a de-
cidedly minor tone.
Common most seasons.

C. AMERICANOS.

Fig. 217.

V, B, a, 1. 1-4.

1 7O CUCKOOS.

2. MANGROVE CUCKOO, C. MINOR. Differs from 1
in being strongly tinged with reddish yellow beneath and in
having dark space around eye darker. Breeds in the West
Indies ; rare on the Fla. Keys and in La. Resident.

2*. MAYNARD'S CUCKOO, C. M. MAYXAKDI. Differs
from 2 in being much paler beneath. Bahamas, largely res-
ident; rare on the Fla. Keys. Notes, "Oti-ou-ou-ou-qua-qua-
qua-coo-coo-co" The first four are cuckoo-like, the. next
three harsh, and the last three decidedly cuckoo-like.

Fig. 218. 3. BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO, C.

ERYTHKOPHTHALMTJS. Differs from 1 in
having the tail wholly like back nar-
rowly tipped with white, no cinnamon
on wings, no black on head, and under
mandible dark-blue; naked space
around eye, red, plate 14, fig. 218, tip of
V, B, a, 3. tail feather. Breeds throughout eastern
N. A. west to the Rockies and north to Labrador; winters in
S. A.

W. WOODPECKERS. Piei.

Well-known birds with chisel-shaped bills, large, strong
heads, long wings, two toes in front and two behind, or one
absent.

A. TRUE WOODPECKERS. Picidae.

Tail feathers, stiffened and pointed. Nests, in holes
made by the birds ; eggs, 6 or 7, white. Young, naked and
helpless. Flight, heavy and undulating but often swift.
Drum on trees, etc. as a roll-call.

a. Mottled Woodpeckers. Sphrygrapicus.

Woodpeckers with rather short, slender bills and with
plumage much mottled above and yellowish below.

1. YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKEE, S. VAKIUS. 8.50;
longitudinal white patch in wing ; male with top of head and
throat crimson ; black patch on breast fig. 219 ; female, throat
white. Young, with the black of breast replaced with gray

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. L7T

and little red on head, fig. 219; adult plumage, gradually as-
sumed. Breeds in eastern N. A. from Fig. 219.
northern Mass, northward; winters from
the Carol inas southward through the
Bahamas and West Indies to Costa Rica.
Migrates in April and Oct. Common.
Cries, excepting the "yucka" note, all
harsh and quite querulous.

b. Banded Woodpeckers.

Centurus.

Woodpeckers with stouter, slightly
curved bills, banded with black and
white above, plain beneath.

1. RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER, W, A, a, 1-6.
C. CAROLINUS. 10.00; male, top of head from bill to nape,
scarlet ; ashy-gray beneath more or less tinged with red ; up-
Fig. 220. per tail coverts, white, fig. 220; female with
top of head gray, nape, scarlet. Resident in
eastern U. S. from Penn. southward ; casual
as far north as Mass. Cries, harsh and quer-
ulous, with the "yucka"''1 note rarely given,
c. Tri-colored Woodpeckers.

Melanerpes,

Rather stout woodpeckers with colors , red,
white and black, arranged in masses.

1. RED-HEADED WOODPECKER, M.
ERYTHROCEPHALUS. 9.00; head arid neck all
around, scarlet ; band on secondaries and rump
and beneath, white; remaining upper portions,
black, fig. 221. Young, head, gray; white of
secondaries broadly banded with black. Sexes, similar;
Breeds in the U. S. west to the Rockies ; local east of the Hud-
son River, usually migratory north of Penn. Very noisy,,
cries, harsh and loud.

178

d.

WOODPECKERS.

Black and White Woodpeckers, Dryobates.

Rather small woodpeckers black and white, especially
above ; males with some red on head.

Fig. 221 Fig. 222.

W, A, c, 1. 1-6. W, A, d, 1. 1-6.

1. HAIRY WOODPECKER, D. VILLOSUS. 10.00 ; mark-
ings on side of head, stripe down back, bands of spots on
wings, outer tail feathers, and beneath, white, otherwise
black above ; male with red on nape, fig. 222. Resident in
the northern and middle portions of eastern U. S. Cries,
sharp, sometimes rapidly repeated as a call.

1*. NORTHERN HAIRY WOODPECKER, D. v. LEU-
COMELAS. Larger than 1. Breeds in northern N. A. north
of the U. S. wandering somewhat south in winter.

Fig. 223. 1**. SOUTHERN HAIRY WOODPECK-

J_J f'\f ER, D. v. AU DUB ONI I. Smaller than 1.
South Atlantic and Gulf States, north to the
Carolinas.

2. SOUTHERN DOWNY WOODPECK-
ER, D. PUBESCENS. Differs f$om 1 in being
smaller, 6.50, and in having the outer tail
feathers barred with black, fig. 223, dusky be-
neath. South Atlantic and Gulf States north
to the Carolinas.

2*. DOWNY WOODPECKER, D. P. ME-
DIANTJS. Larger than 2 and clearer white be-
i A, d, 1. 1-4. neath. Middle and northern portions of

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN XORTH AMERICA. 1 79

eastern U S. and northward. Fig. 224.

3. COCKADED WOOD-
PECKEE, D. BOREAL is.
8.25 ; Differs from 2* in be-
ing transversely banded
with white above and
streaked on sides below
with black; red in males
confined to a small spot on
side of nape. fig. 224. South-
ern U. S. from N. C. south-
ward. Somewhat social and
very noisy; cries, harsh and
querulous.

e. Three-toed Woodpeckers. Picoides.

Black and white woodpeckers with three toes; males
with yellow on top of head.

1. ARCTIC THREE-TOED WOODPECKER, P. ARCTI-
cus. 9.50; wings banded with white spots and sides with
black, fig. 225. Northern N. A. wandering south into north-
ern U. S. as far as X. E.

Fig. 225. Fig. 226.

W, A, d, 4. 1-5.

W, A, e, 1. 1-6. W, A, e, 2. 1-6.

2. AMERICAN THREE-TOED WOODPECKER, P.

AMERICANUS. Differs from 1 in having the entire back band-

Fig. 227.

18O WOODPECKEKS.

ed with white, fig. 226. Northern N. A. east of the Rockies,

wandering south into northern U. S. as far as Mass.

f. Scarlet-crested Woodpeckers. Campephilus.

Large woodpeckers with short feathers on neck ; white
bills ; black with white markings.

1. IVORY-BILLED WOODPECK-
ER, C. PBINCIPALIS. 21.00; seconda-
ries and line on side of neck extending
down back, white; back part of head
and upper ireck, scarlet; black else-
where, fig. 22V; female with scarlet re-
placed with black. Now restricted to a
small portion of middle Fla. ; formerly
ranged through most of the Southern
States. Cries, loud and harsh, some-
times run together to form a continuous
call.

g.

Black Woodpeckers
Ceophloeus.

Fig- 228.

W, A, g, 1. 1-9.

W, A, f, 1. 1-10.

Form, similar to f and
size but little inferior; no
white on secondaries
above.

1. PILE ATED WOOD-
PECKER, C. PILEATUS.
18.50; black; throat, line
on sides of neck, patch on
primaries afod basal half of
wing> white; maxillary
patch and top of head with
crest, scarlet, fig. 228; fe-
North

male, front of head and maxillary patches, black.
Carolina southward. Common.

Fig. 229.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 181

1*. NORTHERN PILEATED WOODPECKER, C. P.
ABIETICOLA. Larger than 1. Southern AHeghanies north-
ward but restricted to large areas of forests,
h. Flickers. Colaptes.

Medium sized woodpeckers with a long, curved bill, and
a patch of white on rump.

1. FLICKER, C. AURATLJS.
12.00; brown above, reddish-
ash beneath with a whitish
washing on chest and abdomen,
banded above, maxillary patch,
crescent on breast, and round
spots beneath, black; top of
head, bluish ; scarlet patch on
nape, fig. 229; female lacks the
black maxillary patch. South-
ern U. S. south of S. C. Com-
mon. Cries, a whistling
scream, an interrupted call, a
series of "yucka" notes; the first is an alarm, the next two
breeding notes.

1*. NORTHERN FLICKER, C. A. LTJTEUS. Larger,
lighter above but with less white beneath. Eastern N. A.
from S. C. northward. Abundant.

X. GOATSUCKERS. Oaprimul^i.

Long-winged birds with small bills having a wide gape;
Fig. 230. eyes, large; colors, dull and incon-

spicuous; feet, small, middle toe
nail, pectinated, fig. 230. Distributed
throughout the temperate and trop-
ical zones. Eggs, 2, deposited on the
ground, sometimes in caves. Young,

X, A, a, 1. covered with down but helpless.

Food, insects.

W, A, h. 1.

182

GOATSUCKERS.

A. NIGHT-JARS. Caprimulgidae.

Characters as above.

a. Whippoor wills. Antrostomns.

Goatsuckers of nocturnal habits with bristles at base of
bill; colors, browns and blacks mingled. Eggs, creamy,,
spotted with brown.

1. CHUCK- WILL'S WIDOW, A. CAROLINENSIS. 13.00;

Fig. 231. mixed reddish-

brown and black;
crescent on throat,
yel lo wi s h-r ed;
patch on inner
webs of three out-
er tail feathers,
white above, buff
beneath ; female
lacks the crescent
on throat and
white on tail, fig.
A, a, 1. 1-4. 231. Breed from

Ya. southward through the South Atlantic and Gulf States;

accidental in Mass. ; winters in the Bahamas, Cuba, eastern

Mexico south to Central Fig. 232.

America ; migrates in

Sep. and March. Com-
mon. Note "Chuck-

iviirs-ividoiv'1'1 rapidly

given, sometimes also a

series of chuckling notes.

Found in woodlands by

day, fly about dwellings

at night.

2. WHIP-POOB-
WILL, A. VOCIFERTJS;

10.00; mixed ashy brown X, A, 2. 1-1.

and black, white crescent on throat and white patch on outer

UPPER FIG., FEMALE KOBE-BREASTED GROSBEAK :
LOWER FIG., REDPOLL.

PIBECTOBY TO BIBDS OF EASTEBN NOBTH AMEBICA.

tail feathers ; female does not have the crescent well defined
and no white on tail, fig. 232. Breeds throughout eastern N.
A. from the Carolinas north to Canada, west to the Plains.
Common in the unsettled districts. Note, " Whip-poor-will"
given very rapidly and repeatedly, also a chuckling note.
Found in woodlands by day.

b. Nighthawks. Chordeiles.

Similar in form to a, but with smaller bills with no bris-
tles at base ; fly by day or in the twilight. Occur in the open
country. Eggs, grayish spotted with dusky.

1. NIGHTHAWK, C. VIBGINIANTJS. 9.40; mixed gray-
ish and dusky above; Fig. 233.
banded with white and
dusky beneath; large
spot on primaries, cres-
cent on throat and line
of spots on tail, white,
fig. 233; female lacks the
white spots on tail and
has the crescent spotted
with dusky. Breeds
throughout eastern N.
A. from Fla. north to
Labrador; winters in S.
A. ; migrates in Sep. and X, A, b, 1. 1-5.
May. Eggs, placed in gravelly spots, sometimes on the gra-
velled roofs of buildings. Notes, a shrill, rasping cry repeated
when the bird is darting zigzag high in air, and a booming
sound as the bird descends from this height to a point near
the ground when he turns to ascend. Common.

1*. FLOKIDA NIGHTHAWK, C..v. CHAPMANI. Small-
er, darker, but with ^aore white above than in 1. Florida,

184 SWIFTS.

Y. SWIFTS. Cypseli.

Compact birds with long primaries but the other portion
of the wing shortened ; bill, small with a wide gape; color,
dull sometimes relieved by white markings.
A. SPINE-TAILED SWIFTS. Cliaeturidae.
Tail feathers denuded at tip and produced into a spine,
Fig._234. fig. 234; nests of sticks fastened to-

gether with a gluey secretion from
the mouth, placed in a hollow tree,
cave or other rock shelter orinchim-
Y, A, a, 1. neys; eggs, white, 4; young naked

and helpless ; adults are incapable of alighting on other than
a vertical surface, hence are seldom seen at Fig. 235.
rest ; move with a swift, continuous flight by
alternately moving the wing tips with a
quivering motion and sailing. Food, insects.
a. Spine-tailed Swifts. Chaetura.
Characters as above.
1. CHIMNEY SWIFT, C. PELAGICA.
5.30; sooty-brown; wings, blackish, fig. 235.
Eastern N. A. north to Labrador; winters
south of the U. S. ; migrates in Oct. and late
April. Cries, a shrill chatter. Common.
Z. HUMMINGMBIRIDS.

Troeliili. Y, A, a, 1. 1-4.

Small birds with wings similar to Y but which differ in
having an awl-shaped bill, with a peculiar tongue ; portions
of plumage, frequently iridescent; nests in trees, bushes, etc.
made of fine material often covered with lichens; eggs, 2,
white; young naked and helpless; flight swift and darting;
wing-beats exceedingly rapid ; food, the sweet juices of flow-
ers, and small insects ; sexes usually different, often with very
differently formed tails. Found only in America.

DIKECTOKY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 185

A. FORKED-TAILED HUMMINGBIRDS.

Trochilidae.

Medium sized hummingbirds with rather short bills;
throat with scale-like, iridescent feathers.

a. Green-backed Hummingbirds. Trochilus.

Tail, forked in adult male and dark, rounded in female
and young and tipped with white ; back, green.

1. RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD, T. COLUBRIS.
3.50; throat of male, metallic ruby, other wife white beneath.
Female without ruby throat, plate 16. Breeds throughout
eastern N. A. from Fla. to Labrador; migrates north in May,
south in Sep. ; winters fom Fla. to Mexico.

Alcedinae.

Birds of varying sizes, but with long bills having wide
gapes, long wings, short tails, and small feet. Food, often
fishes, sometimes other small animals. Occur throughout
temperate and tropical regions of .the world. Colors, often
bright. Eggs, white. Young naked when hatched and help-
less.

A. CRESTED KINGFISHERS. Cerylidae.

Head, crested, legs very short ; Fig. 236.

two outer toes joined at base.

a. Belted Kingfishers.
Ceryle.

Bluish above with the lower
parts conspicuously banded.
Sexes, unlike.

1. BELTED KINGFISHER,
C. ALCYON . 22.00 ; male with
single band of bluish like the
back, fig. 236; female with an ad-
ditional band of brownish-red be-
low this. Breeds throughout IS". -A. A., A, a, 1. 1-10.
A. from the southern border of the U. S. north to the Arctic

186 KINGFISHERS.

Ocean. Winters from the Middle States, occasionally as far
north as Mass., south to Panama; migrates south in Oct.,
north in April. Nests in holes of perpendicular banks ; eggs,
6, white. Note, a harsh rattle, given as the bird flies or
perches. Flight direct, often slow and rather jerky but some-
times swift and darting. Common.

BJ3.

Hind toe on a level with the anterior toes ; scales of hind
portion of tarsus not Fig. 237.

projected backward*

y:

into a sharp ridge, fig. \
237, (upper fig., tarsus
of Kingbird; lower of
Pine Grosbeak,

. T

much enlarged) ; mu-||_ ^ f^

sical apparatus (sy-
rinx) provided with less- than four pairs of vocal muscles,
Fig. 238. fig. 238 (enlarged). Small birds, inhabiting
temperate and tropical regions, which are not
capable of producing varied songs. Young
naked and helpless.

A. TYRANT FLYCATCHERS.

Tyraimidae.

Bather small, dull- colored birds with quite
long wings, flattened bills with bristles at the
base. Sexes, similar. Food, mainly insects,
eaught in air.

BB, A, b, 1. a. Scissor-tails. Milvulus.

Tail, very long and forked ; outer primaries, narrowed at
tip; crown, with a concealed bright spot. Nests, in trees;
s, 4, spotted.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 187

1. FORK-TAILED FLYCATCHER, M. TYRANNUS. 12.00;

ashy above, white beneath ; top and
sides of head, black; crown patch, yel
low; only one outer quill, incised.
South America, north to Mexico and ac-
cidentally to the U. S. east to N. J.

2. SCISSOR-TAILED FLYCATCH-
ER, M. FORFICATTJS. Differs from 1 in
having portion of tail rosy, under wings
and hind parts beneath, and crown
patch, orange; three outer primaries,
incised, fig. 239. South-western States ;
accidental in Fla., N. J., N. E., and Hud-
son Bay.

b. King Birds. Tyrannus.

Differ from a in having the tail
much shorter without the long outer
feathers.

1. KINGBIRD, T. TYRANNUS.
8.40; dark slaty above, white beneath

Fig. 239.

Fig. 240.

BB, A, a, 2. 1-4.

BB,A, b, 1.

and on tip of tail, fig. 240. Breeds
throughout eastern N. A. ; winters
from Mexico to S. A. ; migrates
north in early May, south in Sep.
Nests in trees or bushes, often over
water ; eggs in early June. Cries,
shrill and loud, sometimes darts
about in air, especially in the ev-
ening, uttering a shrill twittering ;
flight direct, swift, with rapid
downward wing-beats. Frequents
open sections and perches much,
often low, launching out after in-
sects. Very common.

188 KINGBIRDS.

2. GRAY KINGBIRD, T. DOMINICENSIS. Larger than
1, 9.50; tail, somewhat forked, fig. 241; lighter gray above,
yellowish below, no white on tail tip. South Atlantic States,
Fig. 241. Bahamas and West Indies?

winters further south , acci-
dental in Mass. Migrates
north in April. More noisy
than 1 with harsher cries.

3. ARKANSAS KING-
BIRD, T. VERTICALIS. Dif-
fers from 2 in being bright
yellow beneath with throat
ashy and four outer prima-
ries are narrowed at tip ;
lighter ash above. Western
A, b, 2. 1-4. U. S. ; accidental in Md., N.
J., N. Y., Mass., and Me.

c. Crested Flycatchers. Myiarchus.
Good-sized flycatchers with the feathers of the head elon-
gatad, throat ashy; yellow beneath; back, green; more or
less cinnamon on inner webs of wings and tail. Nests in holes
of trees ; eggs, 4 or 5, buff lined and streaked with brown and
lilac.

1. CRESTED FLYCATCHER, M. CEINITUS. 9.00; cin-
namon on wings and tail very conspicuous. Breeds through
eastern U. S. north into southern Canada, in early June ; mi-
grates in May and Sep. Cries, a series of surprised wrhistles
followed by a series of chatters, all loud. Frequents open
woodlands and orchards, not very common ajid rather local
in N. E. but abundant further south and west. Fig. 242.

d. Phoebes. Sayornis.

Smaller flycatchers with nearly square, but broad tails
and with the feathers of the crown not as long as in c; slight
wing bands; under mandible, black.

DIBECTOKY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 189

7.00; brownish-olive above,
Fig. 242.

BB, A, c, 1. 1-4.
Winters from the Carolinas

1. PHOEBE, S. PHOEBE.
darker on head, yellowish-
white beneath, more yellow in
winter, fig. 243. Breeds-
through eastern N. A. from S.
C. northward in April and late
May. Moves tail up and down -^
and switches it immediately :
after alighting. Note, "Phee-
bee" quickly and rather harsh-
ly given with the accent on the
first syllable; sometimes the
note is prolonged and becomes
more musical ; heard usually in
spring, sometimes in autumn,
southward ; migrates in March and Oct. Nests placed in the
shelter of out buildings, rocky cliff banks, etc. composed of
moss, grass, etc., mixed with mud; eggs white, occasionally
dotted with reddish.

2. SAY'S PHOEBE, S. SAYA.
A little larger than 1, paler above,
and reddish-ash beneath. East-
ern U. S. ; accidental on Cape Cod,
Mass.

e. JPewees. Contopus.

Differs from d in having the
wing-bands more prominent and
the under mandible yellow. Nests
in trees ; eggs, always spotted.

1. WOODPEWEE, C.VIRENS.
6.50 ; dark olive-brown above,
white beneath, tinged with olive
across breast and on sides, fig. 244. Breeds through eastern
N. A. from Fla. to Newfoundland in May and June. Note,
"Pee-ivee" or "Pe-e-tvee" given in a sweet, long-drawn, re-
signed tone. Frequents open woodlands and groves, some-

Fig. 243.

BB, A, d, 1. 1-4.

BB, A, e, 1.

19O FLYCATCHEKS.

times in villages. Nest of grass, etc. covered with lichens,
Fig. 244. saddled on a limb of a tree. Winters in
Central America and northern S. A.
Migrates in May and Oct. Common.

f. Long-winged Pewees.
Nuttallornis.

More robust in form than e with
longer wings and larger feet.

1. OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER,
N. BOREALIS. Larger than e, 1,7.60;
with the olive of the sides darker and
inclined to be streaked, in strong con-
trast with the yellowish of under parts
a long, silky tuft of white feathers on flank, fig. 245. Breeds
in the higher mountainous parts of the U. S., occasionally
from Mass, northward to British Columbia and the Saskatch-
ewan River ; winters in Central Fig. 245.
America and northern S. A. ;
migrates north in late May,
south in Sep. Not very com-
mon. Nest of sticks ; eggs, 4,
creamy, heavily spotted with
brown. Notes, loud whistles.
Frequents open spots, near
woodlands.

g. Little Flycatchers.
Empidoiiax.

Small flycatchers with
short bills, greenish or olive BB, A, f, 1. 1-4.

above, white or yellowish beneath ; light eye ring and wing-
bands. Alarm note a short "Pewit".

1. LEAST FLYCATCHER, E. MINIMUS. 5.50; brown-
ish-olive above, yellowish-white beneath ; two wing-bands
and eye-ring white ; under mandible, dark, fig. 246. Breeds
in eastern N. A. from the Northern States northward ; winters

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERX NORTH AMERICA. 191

in Central America; migrates in May and Sep. Note, "Che-
lee" given with great energy and repeated constantly while
the bird throws up its head and jerks all over; also a low
twitter given while the wings are slightly raised and fluttered.
Frequents orchards and low, open growths. Common. Nests,
in trees, of hempen fibers, lined with fine material; eggs, 4,
white, usually unspotted.

2. TRAILL'S FLYCATCHEE, E. TRAILLII. A little lar-
ger than 1, usually darker above; plumage always more
silky; eye ring, narrow and yellowish; under mandible, yel-
low. Western N. A. from the Mississippi Yalley, east into
Ohio, 111., and Mich.

2*. ALDER FLYCATCHER, E. T. ALNORUM. Darker
than 2. Breeds in eastern N. A. rarely from Mass, northward;
winters in Central America ; migrates in Fig. 246.
late May and Sep. Nests of sticks, often
placed in alders ; eggs, creamy, spotted with
reddish-brown. Notes, " Ke--wick" often re-
peated but is rather more slowly than 1 and
more harshly, with less display of energy;
frequents low growths in swampy lands.

3. GREEN-CRESTED FLYCATCHER,
E. VIRESCENS. Larger than 2* ; bill, broad-
er; greener above, lighter beneath, with
less olive on sides; with 4th primary very
short, fig. 247. Eastern N. A. north to south-
ern N. Y. and southern Mich. ; rare as far BB, A, b,
north as southern Mass. ; winters in Central 1. 1-4.

Fig. 247. America ; migrates north in

late May, south in Sep. Com-
mon. Notes, ^ Se-tvitik" ^ em-
phatically given, sometimes
followed by a series of chuck-
ling notes, made with flutter-

BB, A, g, 3. ing wings; frequents low

growths in wooded glens. Nests, of sticks, lichens and moss,

192 FLYCATCHERS.

placed in bushes; eggs, 3 or 4 spotted and blotched with red-
dish-brown. Common.

4. YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER, E. FLAVIVEN-
TBIS. A little smaller than 3; yellowish-green above; pale
greenish-yellow on wing-bands, eye ring, and beneath.
Breeds in eastern N. A. from northern U. S. northward to
southern Labrador, in June; winters in Mexico and Central
America ; migrates north in late May, south in Sep. Occurs
in alder and other swampy thickets, keeps low among the fo-
liage, not very active. Note a low "Pea" rather plaintive and
long-drawn, frequently given, then, less often, a gravely ren-
dered "Ktl-ltck". Nest on the ground in the shelter of up-
turned roots of fallen trees or in a bunch of moss; eggs 4 or 5,
white dotted with pale reddish.

CC. SIJVGIIVG

The largest order of birds in the world and generally dis-
tributed. Differ from BB in having the back of tarsus pro-
duced into a sharp ridge (note exception to this rule in A, ),
fig. 237, upper fig. tarsus of Kingbird; lower, of Pine Gros-
beak, both enlarged ; syrinx, provided with four or more
pairs of vocal muscles. All of the species, with few excep-
tions, are capable of producing varied and more or less mus-
ical sounds, fig. 248. Young as in BB.

A. LARKS. Alauclidae.

Medium sized birds with long wings, long inner second-
aries, short, conical bills, elongated hind claw, fig, 249 B, and
tarsus much as in CC, fig. 249 A. Colors dull.
a. Skylarks. Alaucla.

Rather robust birds with the outer primary much short-
ened and hind claw greatly elongated, fig. 250.

1. SKYLARK, A. ARVENSIS. 7.50; brown above
streaked with reddish-yellow ; dull white beneath, reddish on
breast and sides where streaked with dark-brown. Europe

DIRECTOIiY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 193

and portions of Asia; accidental in Greenland and Bermuda.
Celebrated in song and story.

b. Horned Larks. Otocoris.

Differ from a in having hind toe nail shorter, fig. 248 B,
Fig. 248. black markings about

head and on breast and
elongated f e a t h e rs on
sides of crown, fig. 248.
Throat, white or yellow-
ish. Nests on ground,
eggs>4or5, grayish,
spotted with yellowish-
brown. . Song, given
while soaring in air, but
spend much time on the
ground where they run
about very actively,
squat for concealment,
rise when alarmed and
OO, A, b, 1. move with a flitting

flight, seldom direct, but erratic ; gregarious ; give a shrill,

double note when on the wing.

1. NORTHERN HORNED LARK, O. ALPESTRIS. 7.50;
pinkish-brown above and on sides, otherwise white below ;
black markings as in fig. 248; throat and line over eye, yel-
low. Breeds in northeastern N. A., Greenland, and northern
parts of the Old World ; south in Oct. to winter, especially
along the coast, to the Middle States arid less commonly to
the Carolinas ; north in April. Abundant.

2. PRAIRIE HORNED LARK, A. PRATICOLA. A little
smaller than 1 and much paler, especially above. Breeds in
Mass., N. H., Yt., N. Y. and west to the Mississippi Yalley in
April ; in winter as in 1 but less common on the coast in the
north; south in Oct., north in April.

194

MAGPIES.

B. MAGPIES AND JAYS. Garrulidae.

Bather large birds, usually with bright or striking colors ;

Fig. 249.

bills, conical; nostrils concealed by
bristly feathers ; wings, short, rounded ;
tails, long, often rounded. Nests of
sticks, placed in trees or bushes ; eggs,
3 to 10, whitish, buff or greenish, thick-
ly spotted with darker. Cries, harsh,
seldom very musical. Intelligent and
active; somewhat gregarious; not mi-
gratory. Flight, heavy and direct.

a. Magpies. Pica.
Large birds with short wings and
long, graduated tails; black and white.

00, A. 1. AMERICAN MAGPIE, P. HUD-
SONICA. 20.00; black, glossed with green, purple, blue, and
violet; white on scapularies, Fig. 250.

inner webs of secondaries, and
abdomen, fig. 251. Northern
and western N. A. ; casual east
to Mich, and northern III.
b. Banded Jays.

Cyannocitta. CC, A, a, 1.

Smaller; tail, shorter and rounded; wings and tail more
or less banded with black ; head, crested.

1. BLUE JAY, C. CRISTATA. 12.00; blue above, gray-
ish-white beneath; wing-band, tips of secondaries and prima-
ries, white; black about head as in fig. 252. Eastern N. A.
from Fla. northward. Abundant in woodlands and about
dwellings. With the harsh and well-known varied cries, has
a low song.

1*. FLOBIDA BLUE JAF, C. c. FLOBINCOLA. Small-
er than 1 and duller, more purplish-blue above. Fla. and
Gulf coast to southwestern Texas.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 195

c. Bush Jays. Aphelocoma.

Crestless jays with long, nearly graduated tails and with
Fig. 251. no black or white mark-

ings.

1. FLORIDA JAY,

A. F L O R I D A N A. 12.00 ;

dull blue above: back,
ashy ; ashy beneath,
streaked across breast
with bluish, fig. 253.
Scrub lands of Florida.
Abundant and gregar-
ious; not shy; cries and
general habits, very jay-
OC, B, a, 1. 1-10. like.

d. Gray Jays. Perisoreus.

Crestless jays with long, loose, titmouse-like plumage
with no striking markings.

1. CANADA JAY, P. CANADENSIS. 12.00; gray, dark-
Fig. 252. Fig. 253.

CC, B, b, 1. 1-6- CC, B, c, 1. 1-6.

er above especially on head behind ; yeliowfsh on top of head
and on neck behind, fig. 254. From northern N. E. to north-
ern Mich, northward to Arctic America. Common in heavily
wooded sections; very unsuspicious; cries, jay-like.

196 CHICKADEES.

1*. LABRADOR JAY, P. c. NIGRACAPILLUS. Differs
from 1 but the dusky of top and sides of head is more exten-
Fig. 254. ded forward. Coast of Labrador,

and Newfoundland.

B* TITMICE. Paridae.
Small birds but scarcely differing
in general form from A. Nest in
holes of trees ; eggs, 6 or 7, white
spotted with reddish. Food, small
insects and their eggs.

a. Chickadees. Peiithestes.

Head, not crested ; plumage, soft
and fluffy; wings, short, rounded;
CC, B, d, 1. 1-8. tail, long.

1. CHICKADEE, P. ATRICAPILLUS. 5.60; gray above;
white beneath ; top of head and throat, black ; sides, reddish,
especially in winter, fig. 255. Eastern N. A. north of the
Potomac and Ohio Valleys. Common nearly everywhere.
Notes, " Chick-a-dee-de-dee" given Fig. 255.

with energy, a short, squeaking chirp
when disturbed, and other low notes;
along-drawn "Cee-dee" given at all
seasons, often mistaken for the note
of the Phoebe, and a low, silvery song,
seldom heard. Flight, wavering and
unsteady.

2. CAROLINA CHICKADEE,
P. CAROLINENSIS. Smaller than 1
with the line of demarkation between
the black and white of breast very

sharply defined, fig. 256. Southeast- CC, B,* a, 1. 1-3.
ern States from N. J. southward. Sings more often than 1.
2*. FLORIDA CHICKADEE, P. c. IMPIGER. Smaller
and darker than 2. Lake Ashby, Fla.

PLATE 18.

UPPER FIGUBE, BLUE GROSBEAK; LOWER, MARYLAND
YELLOW-THROAT.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 197

3. HUDSONIAN CHICKADEE, P. HUDSONICUS. Dif-
fers from 1 in being more reddish above and on sides ; black
only on throat, fig. 257. Northern Fig. 256.

N. A. from northern N. S., rarely
as far south as Mass, (in winter)
northward. Notes, similar to
1 but harsher. 3*. See appendix.

b. Titmice. Baeolophus.

Larger than a ; plumage, not
as fluffy; head, crested.

1. TUFTED TITMOUSE, B.
BICOLOR. 6.25; gray above; dull CC, B*a, 2.

white beneath ; forehead and eyelids, black ; sides, reddish,
Fig. 257 fig. 258. Eastern U. S. from

southern N. J. southward ; cas-
ual as far north as southern N.
E. Common. Notes, similar
to those of a, 1; but harsher
and louder; song, similar.

C. CROWS, Corvidae.

Large birds with very long
wings folding nearly to the tip
of tail ; all of our species are
black, more or less iridescent.

CC, B* a, 3. Cries, harsh. Nests, placed in

trees or on cliffs ; eggs, 3 to 6, grayish spotted with dusky.
Flight, strong and direct.

a. Crows. Corvus.
Characters as above.

1. AMERICAN CROW, C. AMERICANTJS. 20.00; feet,
short and stout, fig. 259. N. A. excepting Fla. Notes," Caw"
repeated several times, more rapidly when alarmed ; a series
of croaks, given quickly; and various guttural notes; some
individuals, at least, have a quite musical, but low song.

198 CROWS.

1*. FLORIDA CROW, C. A. PASCUUS. Smaller than 1
with the bill and feet proportionately larger. Florida.

Fig. 258. 2. FISH CROW, C. OSSIFRAGUS.

16.00; feet long and slender. Atlan-
tic and Gulf Coasts from Conn, to
La. ; casual as far north as Mass.
Notes, "Ha ha" and some guttural
cries. Flight, rather more rapid than
1 with quicker wing-beats. Highly
gregarious.

3. NORTHERN RAVEN, C.
PBINCIPALIS. 24.00 ; feathers of neck
lance-shaped, fig. 260. Northern N.
A. south to the Carolinasinthemore
CC, I5,*b, 1. 1-3. unsettled and mountainous districts.
Note, a harsh croak; flight, heavy, sails much. Nests, often
on cliffs.

D. STARLINGS. Sturnidae.

Medium sized birds Fig. 259.

with long wings, short
tails, and large feet.
a. Sturnus.
Starling's.

Characters as above.

1. STARLING, S.
VULGABIS. 8.00; glossy
black streaked and spot-
ted with white and buff ,
fig. 261. Europe; acci-
dental in Greenland ; in-
troduced about N. Y. city. CC, C, a, 1. 1-10.
E. ORIOLES. Icteridae.

Birds of varying sizes but with the bill more or less
pointed and with the lower mandible swollen at base. Eggs,
usually bluish, lined with black.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 199

a. Meadow Larks. Sturnella.

Bill, long and flattened at tip, wings long; tail, short;
feet, large.

1. MEADOW
LARK, S. MAGNA.
10.40; reddish-
brown above
streakedwith
dark-brown ; yel-
low beneath, black CC, C, a, 3.
crescent on breast ; outer tail feathers, white, fig. 262. East-
ern U. S. from Canada to Fla. Winters from Mass, southward.
Comes north in March, south in Oct. Frequents open fields.
Nests on ground ; eggs, white, spotted with brown. Call song,
" You can't see me" rather high and prolonged; a sharp chat-
ter when alarmed ; a song, rarely heard, often, possibly al-
ways, given on the wing, consisting of a continuous sweet
warble. Flight direct, with rapid downward wing-beats,
sometimes sailing.

Fig. 261. Fig. 262.

CC, D, a, 1. 1-4. CC, E, a, 1. 1-5.

1*. FLORIDA MEADOW LARK, S. M. ARGUTTJLA.
Smaller than 1 and much darker above and more yellow be-
low. Fla. and Gulf Coast to La. Call song, shorter and not
as loud as 1, "See me hear" rather plaintively given. Occurs
in open savannas and pine woods.

200

STARLINGS.

2. WESTERN MEADOW LARK, S. NEGLECTA. Differs
from 1 in being much paler, the light areas on tail and wings
touching shafts of the feathers. Western U. S. east to 111.
Sings often both while sitting and when flying.

b. Red-winged Starling's. Agelaius.

Bill, slightly flattened, wings and tail rather long; black
with red patch on wing. Nests in marshes and swamps.

1. RED- WINGED BLACKBIRD, A. PHOENICEUS. 9.00;
scarlet of wing bordered with pale buff, plate 17, A. Female,
smaller, streaked with brown and buff. Young male, like fe-
male, gradually assuming the male dress. N. A. from Great
Slave Lake to Fla. ; winters from the Carolinas southward ;
goes south in Oct., comes north in March. Frequents open,
marshy sections; gregarious. Nests, placed in bushes or in
tussocks ; eggs, bluish, lined with black. Notes, a sharp
chuck, a squealing cry, a chatter, given by both sexes, and
the " Oker-re.ee'1'1 song of the male. Males and females do not
associate, excepting to breed.

1*. FLORIDA REDWING, A. P. FLORIDAJOJS. Differs
from 1 in being smaller with a longer, more pointed bill ;
black darker and plumage softer ; buff margin of red on wing
deeper; female, rather more pinkish on throat, plate 17, B.
Florida and Gulf Coast to Texas. Song, shorter than 1, like
"Cnej*.

2. BAHAMA REDWING, A. BBYANTI. Differs from 1*
in being even darker with longer bill, plate 17, C. Female,
much paler. Many of the Bahama Islands; casual in south-
ern Fla. on the keys (Ridgway). Song more husky than 1*.

c. Troupials. Icterus.

Rather large orioles with very pointed bills and striking
colors.

1. TROUPIAL, I. ICTERUS. 9.50 ; black ; patch on wing,
broad collar on hind neck, upper back, and beneath behind
chest, orange ; patch and stripings on wing, white. Northern

DIRECTORY TO BIBDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 2O1

S. A. ; introduced into Jamaica and other of the West Inches.
Accidental at Charleston, S. C. (Audubon). Song, a series of
loud, clear whistles.

d. Tricolorecl Orioles. Yphantes.

Medium sized orioles usually conspicuously marked with
orange, black, and white. Nests in trees, woven and pendu-
lous.

1. BALTIMORE ORIOLE, Y. GALBTJLA. 7.60; orange;
head, upper breast, back, wings and band on tail, black ; bar
and streakings on wings, white, fig. 263. Female duller
without black on tail. Breeds in Fig. 263.

eastern N. A. from Va. north to
Canada ; comes north in May, goes
south in Sep. Song, loud, clear,
distinct whistles, but very varia-
ble, given in full only in May and
June ; heard somewhat shortened
in late Aug. and early Sep. Has
a scolding chatter when annoyed ;
the young utter a monotonous
piping after leaving the nest in
July. Common about farm hous-
es and in country villages.

e. Black-tailed Orioles.
Pendulinus.

Medium sized or small orioles with the tail without bright
markings and either wholly black or with some white. Nests
as in .

1. ORCHARD ORIOLE, P. SPURIUS. 6.70; tail, black;
chestnut bar on wing, otherwise the black and white mark-
ings are about as in d, 1, but the orange is replaced by chest-
nut, fig. 264. Female greenish with the wliite markings of
the male. Young male like female, gradually assuming the
male dress. Eastern U. S.. from Fla. north to Mass., where
it is rare, common south of this. Nests made of grass woven

CC, E, d, 1. 1-3.

2O2 ORIOLES.

when it is green, it then bleaches. Song, softer and rather

more musical than d, 1. Migrates north in May, south in

Sep.

f. Yellow-headed Blackbirds. Xanthocephalus.

Fig. 264. Rather large birds with

thick, but pointed bills, quite
long tails and wings.

1 . Y E L L O W-HE ADED
BLACKBIRD, X. XANTHO-
CEPHALUS. 10.50; dull black;
head, mostly yellow; small
white patch on wing, fig. 265.
Female duller, no white on
wing. Young male, like fe-
CC, "E, e, 1. 1-4. male but has white on wing.

Western U. S. east to 111. ; casual in Mass., Pa.. Md., W. Ya.,
District of Columbia, S. C. and Fig. 265.

Fla. Song, a wheezy squeak.
Largely resident.
g. Rusty Blackbirds.

Scolecophagu s.
Rather slender, medium
sized birds, wholly black with
greenish iridescence, becoming
rusty or grayish in autumn;
wings, long ;tail, long and some-
what rounded; bill, somewhat
curved; irides, yellowish-white.

1. RUSTY BLACKBIRD, CC, ]g, f, 1. 1-5.

S. CAROLINUS. 9.50; bill, slender, iridescence of head not
different from body, fig. 266 ; tips of feathers rusty in autumn.
Female, grayish. Eastern N. A. from northern N. E. north-
ward; winters on the Gulf Coast; goes south in Sep., north
in March. Common. Nests in bushes.

DIRECTORY TO BIBDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 2O3

2. BREWER'S BLACKBIRD, S. CYANOCEPHALUS. Dif-
fers from 1 in having a thicker Fig. 266.
bill, fig. 267; iridescence of head
violet ; tippings of feathers in au-
tumn, grayish; female not as
gray. Western U. S. and British
.Provinces, during migrations
east to 111., La., and casually to
S. C.

h. Grackles. Quiscalus.
Larger with long wings and
very long, somewhat graduated
tails, which can be made boat-
shaped ; large, curved bills ; black, CC, E, g, 1. 1-6.
highly iridescent. Females a little smaller and duller ; gre-
garious at all times. Nest in communities, on trees or bush-
es. Notes, harsh and grating, not unlike the creaking of a
rusty hinge ; alarm, a rather soft chirp.

Fig. 267. 1. BRONZED

GRACKLE, Q. AENE-
us. 12.50; body above
and behind chest be-
low, uniform bronzy
or brassy without ad-
mixture of other tints ;
head, neck and chest
varying from greenish-
blue to purple, fig. 268.
Temperate N. A., east
of the Rockies, except-
CC, E, g, 2. ing the region occu-

pied by 2 and 3 ; winters in the Southern States. The origin-
al form which, coming from the southwest, spread slowly
over the section which it now occupies after the close of the
glacial period, hence the most staple species. Migratory;

2O4 GRACKLES.

south in Nov., north in Feb. Note, "Chat" varied by " We-
chaf'1 , harshly given.

Fig. 268.

\\
CC, E, h, 1. 1-5.

2. FLORIDA GRACKLE, Q. AGLAEUS. Smaller than
1, excepting bill and feet, which are as large or larger; the
parts that are bronzy in 1 are greenish and are mixed and
somewhat barred with violet and blue ; head and wings blu-
ish and violet. Fla. and along the Gulf Coast to La. This
was the first form to become separated from 1 (as it spread
north-east) and, adapting itself to the environment, early be-
came much as it now is, hence on account of its specific age
is nearly as staple as the ancestral stock. Resident.

3. PURPLE GRACKLE, Q. QUISCALA. Size and form
of 1 with much of the colors of 2 but averaging less bright
and exceedingly variable. Atlantic Coast region east of the
Alleghanies from the northern shores of Long Island Sound
and lower Hudson Valley to Ga. ; migratory as in 1. This is
a later form which has become separated from the ancestral
stock, 1, and changed to what it now is by its environment.
It probably found its way to the coast south of the Alleghany

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 2O5

Mountain range as an offshoot from 1, and followed the re-
treating ice of the glacial period up the coast where it would
have been barred from mingling with the parent stock to the
westward by the high and cold mountain range. Shows its
instability not only in its variability but by an inclination to
return to its ancestral color characters when placed under
environment similar to that in which 1 lives, as in some por-
tions of southern N. E. [Note :- For theory concerning mi-
gration of birds see a report of a lecture given by C. J. May-
nard before the JJpston Scientific Society in the "Boston Com-
monwealth" Nov. BO, 1895, and a longer account in "Contri-
butions to Science" Vol. Ill, No. 1, March, 1896; also a con-
tinuation of the same in No. 2 wherein the relationship of
these Grackles is discussed at greater length. ]

i. Boat-tails. Megaquiscalus.

Differ from h in being larger, with longer, more strongly
graduated tails ; males nearly uniform iridescent black and
the females brownish. Nests in marshy places.

1. BOAT-TAILED GRACKLE, M. MAJOR. 16.00; iri-
descence of head, neck and upper breast bluish-violet ; blu-
ish-green elsewhere, fig. 269. Female reddish-brown, dark-
est above. Young, both sexes similar to female. South At-
lantic and Gulf Coasts of U. S. from Ya. to Texas. Song, a
series of sharp, loud notes given rapidly, as a kind of chat-
ter, this is sometimes preceded by a single, more mellow,
note; also makes a shuffling sound which may be produced
by the wings, and a sharp croak when annoyed. The sexes
do not, as a rule, associate unless breeding. Occur in open,
marshy places. Yery abundant.

j. Parasitical Blackbirds. Molothrus.

Small blackbirds nearly uniform in color ; bill, short, con-
ical ; wings, rather long, tail not long and slightly rounded.
Our species is polygamous, and deposits its eggs in the nests
of other birds.

2O6

BLACKBIRDS.

1. COWBIKD, M. ATER. 7.80; greenish-black; head,
Fig. 269. neck, and upper breast, choco-

late-brown, fig. 270. Female,
grayish-brown above, lighter
below; nestlings, both sexes,
similar to female, moulting at
once into adult dress. Breeds
from Ga. northward through-
out temperate N. A. ; winters
in Mexico a^jd southward;
goes south in Oct.; comes
north in April. Flight, very
swift and winding. Gregar-
ious in autumn, often alighting
about cattle. Song, "Sweet
su-sie'*'1 very sweetly given in a
liquid tone ; this is rarely heard
the usual song being a kind of
CC, E, i, 1. 1-6. wheezy, double croak, given

while the bird ruffles his feathers and Fig. 270.

bows his head, also a prolonged whist-
ling cry more often emitted when flying,
and a blackbird-like chirp. An inter-
esting species.

k. Rice Buntings. Dolichonyx.
Finch-like birds with short, conical
bills, long wings and not long tails hav-
ing stiffened, pointed feathers. Nest on
ground. Food, seeds and insects.

1. BOBOLINK, D. ORYZIVORTJS.
7.50 ; spring male, black ; yellowish-
white patch on back of head and whit- CC, E, j, 1. 1-5.
ish markings above, fig. 271. Female, yellowish-buff streaked
above and on sides with dusky, fig. 271. Male in autumn
and winter similar to female. Breeds from the Middle States
northward into the British Provinces, west to Utah. Winters

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 2O7

in northern S. A. ; goes south in early Oct. ; comes north in
early May. Frequents meadows and moist, grassy fields;
gregarious when migrating. A Fig. 271.

well known rollicking song, a
blackbird-like chirp, and a metal-
lic clink when migrating.

F. SPARROWS A1ST>
FINCHES. Fringlllidae.

Kather robust birds of varying
sizes, but never very large, having
conical bills, which are deeper at
the base than one half the length
and have the cutting edge of upper
mandible angled, consult diagram
on page 8 for these and other char-
acters. A wide spread family with
numerous species. CC, E, k, 1.

a. Silk Bunting's. Spiza.

Medium sized sparrows with rather thick bills, long
pointed wings and nearly square tails. Streaked above not
below.

Fig. 272. 1. BLACK-THROATED BUNTING, S.

AMERICANA. 6.75 ; ashy-yellow above ; streaks,
dusky ; white beneath ; yellow on breast and
under wings ; black spot on throat, fig. 272.
Female duller. Breeds in U. S. between the
Alleghanies and the Rockies, now rare in the
eastern section. Winters in Mexico and Cen-
tral America. Nests in trees and bushes ; eggsr
3 to 5, bluish-green, unspotted. Song,' a lisp-
ing twitter.

b. Arboreal Sparrows. Spizella.

Small sparrows streaked above, plain be-
CC, 1. 1-4.

1-4.

208

SPARROWS AND FINCHES.

low; our common
Fig. 273.

settlements.
Fig. 274.

eastern species have red crowns ; bill,
rather small ; tail, slightly forked.
Nests in trees and bushes. Nestlings,
streaked below. Young, streaked on
crown. Food, chiefly seeds.

1. CHIPPING SPARKOW, S.
SOCIALIS. 5.50; head in strong con-
trast with gray of neck above ; dis-
tinct dark line through eye ; gray be-
low; wing bands, not conspicuous,
fig. 273. Breeds throughout eastern
N. A. from Canada south to the Gulf
Coast, west to the Plains ; winters in
southern U. S. ; goes south in Oct.,
comes north in April. Frequents open

CC, F, b, 1. 1-3. sections, often near

Song, a thin, quickly given, wiry

trill ; a low, rather sharp chirp of

annoyance. Nest, of fine rootlets,

lined with horse hair, eggs, blu-
ish, spotted and lined with black.

Abundant.

2. TREE SPARROW, S. MON-

TICOLA. 6.50; head not in very

strong contrast with neck ; wing

bands conspicuous ; sides of head,

plain grayish; under mandible,

yellow; dark spot on middle of

breast ; chestnut patch on its

sides, fig. 274. Breeds in eastern

N. A. from Labrador northward ;

winters from N. E. to S. C. South CC, F, b, 2. 1-4.

in late Oct. ; north in late April. Common. Frequents the

margins of woodlands and thickets, venturing into weed

patches in winter. Song, a clear chant, beginning with two

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 2O9

or three loud notes, falls to other lower notes and ends with
a low, sweet warble; in autumn Fig. 275.

and winter gives a low murmur-
ing, warbling song. Nests in
trees; eggs, pale-blue, spotted
with reddish.

3. FIELD SPARROW, S. PU-
SILLA. 5.90; top of head uniform
with back ; sides of head beneath,
yellowish-gray; bill, red; tail,
long, fig. 275. Breeds in eastern
N. A. from Ga. north to the south-
ern British Provinces ; winters in
southern U. S. ; south in Oct. ;
north in April. Common on
brushy or cedar-covered hillsides.

Song, begins with two or three CC, F, b, 3. 1-3.

single notes then continues with a constantly diminishing
trill which ascends, is a monotone, or descends ; very sweetly
given and appeals to all who love bird music. Chirp of alarm,
rather sharp. Nests, often in low bushes, sometimes on the
ground, of weeds, grass, etc. ; eggs, pale blue spotted with
reddish,

3*, WESTERN FIELD SPARROW, S. p. ARENACEA.
Differs from 3 in having wings and tail longer ; grayer above ;
crown with median line; paler below. Western portion of
Great Plains ; south in winter to Texas, casually to eastern La.

4. CLAY-COLORED SPARROW, S. PALLADA. 5.65;
crown, streaked ; ear coverts brown in contrast with buff of
sides of head; buffy brown above streaked with dark-brown,
dull white deneath ; bill, pale brown. Breeds on the Great
Plains from north-western 111. west to the Rockies ; in winter
south into Mexico, rare during migration in western Ind.
and Mich.

21O SPARROWS AND FINCHES.

5. BKEWER'S SPARROW, S. BREWERI. Differs from
4 in having sides of head uniform buff and in being more nar-
rowly streaked above. Western U. S. in winter south to Mex-
ico; accidental in Mass.

c. Zone-throated Sparrows. Zoiiotrachia.
Large sparrows with rather long, pointed wings and
long, somewhat rounded tail ; streaks above but none below ;
throat, nearly white or lighter than other lower parts (See 4
for exception) ; crown, marked with black; distinct white
wing bands. Nests on ground; eggs, pale bluish much spot-
ted with brown.

1. WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, Z. ALBICOLLIS.
6.35 ; reddish above ; white of throat in strong contrast with
gray of breast; yellow line from over eye to bill, white be-
Fig. 276. hind ; crown, black ; median line, white,

fig. 276. Breeds in eastern N. A. from
the mountains of Mass, north to Hud-
son Bay ; winters from Mass, (not com-
monly) south to Ela. ; comes north in
April ; goes south in Oct. Frequents the
margins of woodlands and thickets near
the ground. Song, a series of prolonged,
sweet whistles, frequently given at
night on the breeding ground; alarm,
a sharp chirp. Common ; somewhat
gregarious.

2. WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW,
Z. LEUCOPHRYS. 7.00; grayish above;
no yellow about head ; -white of throat
grading into gray of breast without
CC, F, c, 1. 1-3. strong contrast ; head with three distinct
white stripes; bill, deep red, fig. 277. Young, with top of
head reddish with lines of reddish-buff. Breeds in eastern
N. A. from northern N. E. northward through Labrador to
to southern Greenland ; goes south in Oct. ; north in May.

PLATE 18*.

GOLDEN-WINGED WAKBLER.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 211

Frequents open sections near thickets. Song, notes much
Fig. 277. shorter than 1 and given more quickly,

something like those of the Yesper
Sparrow, which see.

3. GOLDEN- CROWNED SPAR-
ROW, Z. CORONATA. Differs from 2 in
being grayer, especially on throat, and
in having the median line on crown yel-
low and wider. Breeds in the northern
Pacific Coast Region, migrating south in
winter as far as Lower California ; cas-
ual during migration in Wis.

4. HARRIS'S SPARROW, Z. QUER-
ULA. Differs from 3 in being a little
larger, in having the top of head and
throat black, and the lower parts white
elsewhere. Interior plains of N. A. ; in

CC, F, c, 2. 1-3. winter south to Texas; during migration
east to AVis. and 111.

d. Song- Sparrows. Melospiza.

Sparrows of varying sizes with short, rounded wings and
long, rounded tails streaked on both surfaces. Frequent
thickets, into which they dart when disturbed. Flight, weak
and erratic. Nests on the ground or in bushes ; eggs, simi-
lar to c.

1. SONG SPARROW, M. MELODIA. 6.40; reddish above,
white below where the streaks accumulate to form a central
spot on breast and on lower jaws, fig. 278. Breeds in eastern
N. A. from Va. north to the Fur Countries; winters from
Mass, to Fla. ; comes north in March ; goes south in Nov. ;
abundant. Song, variable, but typically begins with three
detached notes, runs into a warble, and ends with two notes ;
a summer variation is " Be-e-e-e -wretched" , the first portion
being given slowly, the "ivretch-ed" rapidly with the accent

212

SPARROWS AND FINCHES.

on the "ed" ; alarm chirp, soft. Occurs in scattering flocks

in migration, often with other sparrows ; is especially fond of

bushes which border water.

Fig. 278. 2. LINCOLN'S SPARROW, M.

LINCOLNII. 5.50; more slender than 1;
bill, smaller, paler red above, buff band
across breast ; streakings, finer, fig. 279.
Breeds throughout N. A. chiefly north
of the U. S. ; winters in Panama ; goes
south in Oct. ; north in May. Not very
common in N. E. Song, low, prolonged,
varied and pleasing. Frequents thick-
ets, often near water.

3. SWAMP SPARROW, M. GEOR-
GIANA. 5.70; bill more slender than 1 ;
top of head wholly reddish-brown ; back
and wings with a much richer under
tinting of reddish-brown and with dark-
er streakings; beneath, grayish across
breast with the streakings faintly indi-
cated, fig. 280. In winter and young,
CJC, F, d, 1. 1-3. with top of head more or less streaked

and streakings below more distinct. Breeds in eastern N. A.
Fig. 279. Fig. 280. '

CC, F, d, 2.

CC, F, d, 3.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 213

from Mass, north to Labrador and Newfoundland ; winters
from Middle States south to Fla., less commonly north to
Mass. ; south in Oct., north in April. Frequents swampy
thickets which border large marshes. Very common. Song
a rather musical trill ; in autumn a low, murmuring warble.
Nests on tussocks in open marshes.

e. Rufous Sparrows. Passerella.

Large sparrows with rather long wings, long, slightly
rounded tails, strong bills, and large feet; heavily streaked
above and below.

1. FOX-COLORED SPARROW, P. ILIACA. 7.25; red-
dish-yellow and ashy above, brightest on tail; white beneath
where markings are reddish, streakings accumulate as in d,
1, those in center of breast being dark, fig. 281. Breeds
from the islands about the Gulf of St. Lawrence northward ;
(less commonly in northern Me.) to the Arctic regions ; win-
ters from southern N. E. to Fla. ; south in Oct. ; north in
April. Common. Frequents thickets, feeding on the ground,
scratches much among the leaves, etc. Song, begins loud
and clear with three double notes ending with two. the last
accented, " Wil-lie wil-lie wil-lie work you" one of the finest
of our sparrow songs. Nest on ground ; eggs, pale blue heav-
ily spotted with reddish-brown.

f. Ground Bunting's. Pipilo.

Large Fringiline birds with long tails, short wings, and
large feet, which live mostly upon the ground in thickets ;
nests on ground ; eggs (of our species), pale blue thickly spot-
ted with reddish-brown.

1. RED-EYED TOWHEE, P. ERYTHROPHTHALMUS. 8.00;
upper parts, lower neck, and upper breast, black ; sides, red-
dish-brown ; few markings on wings, tips of outer tail feath-
ers, and middle parts beneath, white ; iris, red, fig. 282. Fe-
male, black replaced by brownish. Breeds from southern
British Provinces south to Gulf Coast, winters from Middle
States (rarely north to Mass.) to Fla. ; south in Oct. ; north in

214 SPARROWS AND FINCHES.

May. Common. Song, uttered when perching high, two ab-
ruptly given, accented notes followed by a prolonged trill4,
Fig. 281. Fig. 282.

CC, F, e, 1. 1-3. CC, F, f, 1. 1-4.

*-k Drink your te-e-e-e-e" ; a loudly and sharply given "Tou>-
Siee" when annoyed which is sometimes interpreted as "C/te-
ivink'1'1 by which name the bird is sometimes known. Fre-
quently scratches among fallen leaves in dry thickets.

2. FLORIDA TOWHEE, P. ALLANI. A little smaller
than 1 ; less white on tail and wings, paler reddish on sides ;
black inclined to be slaty ; iris, white or yellowish-white.
Florida. Song, shorter and more quickly given ; alarm note,
"Jo-ree."

3. ARCTIC TOWHEE, P. ARCTICUS. Differs from 1 in
being grayer above, paler on sides, more white on wings and
tail, and streaks of white on sides of back. Great Plains to
the Rockies, east casually to Wis.

g. Snowbirds. Junco.

Small sparrows with long, pointed wings and moderately
long tails ; bills, rather small ; dark, often slaty, above ; white
below, adults unstreaked on either surface; young, streaked
above and below ; outer tail feathers, white.

1. SLATE-COLORED JUNCO, J. HYEMALIS. 6.25;
dark slaty throughout excepting nearly black on head, mid-
dle portions beneath, and on outer tail feathers, the line of

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 215

demarkation between the white and slate of breast being
sharply denned ; bill, pink, fig. 283. Female, duller. Breeds
from the mountains of Penn., Mass., and N. Y. northward to
the Arctic Coast; winters from Mass, south to northern Fla. ;
south in Oct. ; north in April. Nests on ground; eggs, pale
blue, finely spotted with reddish-brown. Frequents the
neighborhood of thickets and woodlands. Song, a musical,
tinkling trill ; in winter and early spring, a low, more mus-
ical warble; note of annoyance, a sharp chirp, given double
when much alarmed. Flight, rapid and darting, but some-
what erratic. Common.

2. CAROLINA JUNCO, J. CAROLINENSIS. Differs from
1 in being larger, with larger bill, lighter above, head nearly
like back; young, more narrowly streaked and darker on
breast and sides. Breeds in the higher portions of the south-
ern Alleghanies from Ya. south to northern Ga. ; in winter,
descends to the surrounding lowlands.

3. MONTANA JUNCO, J. MONTANUS. Differs from 1
in being a little smaller; brownish patch on back ; sides and
flanks, purplish-cinnamon; general tinting above, grayer.
Breeds from northwestern Montana and northern Idaho,
north to Northwest Territory ; winters from Ariz, south to Tex .
and northern Mexico; straggling eastward to Kan., 111., Mich.?
Ind., Mass., and Md.

Fig. 283. Fig. 284.

CC, F, g, 1. 1-4. CC, F, h, 1. 1-4.

SPARROWS AND FINCHES.

4. GRAY-HEADED JUNCO, J. CANICEPS. Differs from
1 in being uniform gray above ; patch of reddish-cinnamon on
back. Breeds in the mountains of southern Wyo., Utah,
Nev., and northern N. M. ; winters in surrounding lowlands
and southward to northern Mexico ; accidental in Mich,
h. Woodland Sparrows. Peucaea.

Small or medium sparrows with short, often truncate,
wings and rather long, graduated tails ; streaked above, but
unstreaked below.

1. PINE-WOODS SPARROW, P. ASTIVALIS. 6.70 ; gray
above thickly streaked with chestnut, darkening to brown on
middle of back; white below; throat, breast, and sides, dull
buff, fig. 284. Young, more reddish above and narrowly
streaked on breast with dusky. Partly resident, but many
migrate southward in winter. Frequents the flat, grassy pine
woods. Flight, low, fluttering and erratic ; keeps much in
the grass, through which it runs nimbly, and is quite diffi-
cult to start. Song, given when perching on the lower limb
of a tree, or on a stump, a prolonged, rather swee,t trill end-
ing with a series of chirps or a harsh tiill.

1*. BACHMAN'S SPARROW, P. A. BACHMANI. A lit-
tle larger than 1, more buffy above ; streakings more reddish ,
and clearer buff beneath. Breeds from S. C., northern Ga.
and the Gulf Coast west of Fla. north to southern Va., south
ern Ind., and southern 111. ; south in winter to Fla.
i. Buffy Sparrows. Coturniculus.

Small sparrows with short, truncated wings, short, grad-
uated tails with narrow, pointed feathers, with ab.uffy under
tint; crown, with central stripe of buff.

1. GRASSHOPPER SPARROW, C. PASfeERiNUS. 5.15;
ashy above streaked with reddish and brown; edge of wing
and line over eye to bill, yellow; middle lower parts, white,
fig. 285. Young, and winter adults narrowly and obscurely
streaked across breast with reddish. Breeds in eastern U. S.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 217

from the Middle States north to southern Ontario ; winters in
Fla. and some of the West Indies; south in Sep.; north in
May. Nest, placed on the ground ; eggs, white, spotted with
reddish-brown. Frequents sandy fields if grassy, hence of
local distribution. Flight, fluttering and direct; runs nim-
bly through grass and is difficult to start. Song, given as the
"bird perches on some slight elevation, a feeble, stridulating
trill, inaudible a few yards away.

2. FLORIDA GRASSHOPPER SPARROW, C. AUSTRA-
L.IS. Smaller than 1, lighter in buffy tints but with the
browns darker. Young and winter adults more distinctly
streaked on breast. Fla. ; southern portion of state and Ba-
hamas in winter.

Fig. 285.

Fig. 286.

CC, F, i, 1. 1-4. CC, F, i, 3. 1-4.

3. HENSLOW'S SPARROW, C. HENSLOWII. More slen-
der than 1 ; back and wings more red ; head and neck above,
greenish; distinct dusky streaks across breast and on sides;
no yellow over eye, fig. 286. Breeds in eastern U. S. from the
Middle States northward ; winters from its southern range to
middle Fla. ; south in Sep. ; north in May ; of local and rather
uncommon occurrence in N. E. Frequents marshy lands in
summer; grassy savannas in winter. Flight, much like 1,
Song, feeble, "Se-e-e -wick" the first notes prolonged, the last
given quickly and accented.

218 SPARROWS AND FINCHES.

4. LECONTE'S SPARROW, C. I.ECONTEII. 5.00; more
slender than 3; head and hind neck, buff, the latter streaked
with chestnut, more buff beneath ; edge of wing, white, fig.
287. Breeds in the prairie marshes of the upper Mississippi
Valley north into the British Possessions ; winters in the
Southern States from S. C. to western Fla. Habits, similar to 3.
j. Marsh Sparrows. Ammodramus.

Slender sparrows differing from i in having longer and
more slender bills, rather larger feet, and in being more
heavily streaked beneath. Nests, often on the ground ; eggs,
pale blue spotted with brown. Flight, low and direct with
rapid wing-beats.

Fig. 287. Fig. 288.

CC, F, i, 4. 1-3. CC, F, j, 1. 1-3.

1. SEASIDE SPARROW, A. MARITIMUS. 5.50; green-
ish gray above obscurely streaked with darker ; line from over
eye to bill and edge of wing, yellow ; white beneath, reddish-
buff of breast, sides and under tail coverts rather obscurely
streaked with gray ; sides of head, gray ; a dusky maxillary
line, fig. 288. Salt marshes of Atlantic Coast of U. S., breed-
ing from southern N. E. to Ga. ; winters from the Carolinas
southward. Abundant. Frequents the tall grasses of the
marshes which are submerged by the tides, nesting on the
dry marshes, sometimes on the ground but often fastened to

BIKBCTOUY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NOKTH AMERICA. 2

grass stems or placed in low bushes. Song, a low twitter,
given as the bird hovers low over the grass.

1*. MACGILLIVRAY'S SEASIDE SPARROW, A. M.
MACGII.I.IVRAII. Differs from 1 in being darker, with back
distinctly streaked with black and the streaks beneath are
broader. From Charleston S. C. to eastern Fla. breeding on
Anastasia Island ; in winter along the Gulf coast to La.

2. SCOTT'S SEASIDE SPARROW, A. PENINSULAE, Dif-
fers from 1 in being more uniformly colored above with no
prominent streakings; grayer below with the streakings ex-
tended often encroaching upon the throat. Breeds in west-
ern Fla. from Tarpon Springs to Cedar Keys, in March. Song,
four notes ; the first two low and quickly uttered with a dis-
tinct articulation, the last two more connected, more prolong-
ed with a decided accent, the song somewhat resembling that
of a Red-winged Blackbird and the bird bows his head,
spreads his tail, and ruffles his feathers much as does the
Red-wing; the song is given as the bird sits low in the grass.

3. FISHER'S SEASIDE SPARROW, A. FISHERI. Dif-
fers from 1* in being much darker; more black above; the
breast and sides deep buffy. Breeds on the coast of La. ; in
winter along the west coast of Fla. to Tarpon Springs.

4. DUSKY SEASIDE SPARROW, A. NIGRESCENS. Dif-
fers from 1 in being black above indistinctly streaked with
grayish ; white beneath broadly streaked everywhere with
black. Merritt's Island and shores of Banana and Indian
Rivers north to the old Haulover Canal and about Salt Lake,
upper St. Johns River, east Fla. Frequents dry marshes.
Song, and manner of singing, like 1. Common. Resident.

5. SHARP-TAILED SPARROW, A. CAUDACUTUS. 5.50;
sides of head, deep buff; spot below eye, gray; paler buff be-
neath excepting middle of body which is white, much streak-
ed on sides and across breast with dark-brown ; top of head,
dark-brown, with a median line of gray ; upper parts, mixed
olive-brown, ashy, and buff, fig. 289. Breeds on the Atlantic
coast of U. S. from Mass, south to northern Fla. ; winters

22O SPARROWS AND FINCHES.

from the Carolinas southward to northern Fla. ; casually as
Fig. 289. far as Mass. ; south in Oct. ; north in May.
Frequents rather dry marshes. Song, a
very feeble twitter given as the bird hovers
over the grass. Abundant.

6. NELSON'S SPARROW, A. NELSONI.
Smaller than 5, especially bill; brighter in
color ; streakings above more sharply de-
nned; those below paler, often grayish.
Breeds on the prairie marshes of the Missis-
sippi Yalley from northern 111. north to
Manitoba; winters along the Gulf coast
from Texas east to the coast of S. C., occas-
CC, F, j, 5. 1-4. ionally at this season and during migration
as far north as the coast of Mass. Time of migration as in 5.
7. ACADIAN SHARP-TAILED SPARROW, A. SUBVIR-
GATUS. Differs from 5 in being more plainly marked, the back
without conspicuous lighter streaks ; sides of head, pale-buff ;
paler buff beneath. Breeds on the Atlantic coast of the Brit-
ish Provinces from the mouth of the St. Lawrence southward,
occasionally to the coast of Me. Winter range and time of
migration as in 5.

k. Grass Sparrows. Passerculus.
Small sparrows with long, broad wings, inner seconda-
ries nearly, or quite as long as primaries ; rather short, quite
square tails, with feathers somewhat pointed ; conspicuously
streaked above and below. Nest on ground; eggs, much as
in d. Frequent open sections of country.

1. SAVANNA SPARROW, P. SAVANNA, 5.75 ; grayish-
buff above with the dark-brown streakings sharply denned ;
crown with median line of buff; sides of head buff with a
dark spot having a lighter center below eye ; line from over
eye to bill, and edge of wing, yellow; white beneath, streak-
ings arranged much as in d, 1 ; feet, pale brown, fig. 290.
Eastern N. A., breeding from the Middle States north to Hud-

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 221

on the coast; winters from
Fig. 290.

CC, F, k, 1. 1-3.

son Bay, more commonly in N. E.
the Carolinas to Fla. and
rarely in the Bahamas ; cas-
ually north to Mass. ; south
in Oct. ; north in April.
Flight, swift and darting,
but not direct; never takes
refuge in a thicket; runs
nimbly through grass where
it hides. Song, a series of feeble, grasshopper-like notes fol-
lowed by a low warble given as the bird perches at a slight
elevation.

2. IPSWICH SPARKOW, P. PRINCEPS. Larger than 1,
6.25 ; inner secondaries longer, as long as primaries; paler,
about sand-color, with streakings not as well denned. Breeds
on Sable Island off Nova Scotia ; winters south to N. J., cas-
ually to Ga. ; south in Oct. ; north in April. Frequents the
sand dunes of the coast. Common.

1. Bay-winged Sparrows. Poocaetes.
Differ from k in being grayer, having white outer tail
feathers, streakings below confined chiefly to breast, and
crown undivided.

VESPER SPARROW, P. GRAMINEUS. 6.25; differs
from k, 1 in being much gray-
er and in showing the white
outer tail feathers in flight.
Breeds in eastern U. S. from
the Middle States north to
southern Canada, winters from
the Carolinas to Fla., rarely as
far north as Mass ; south in
Oct. ; north in April. Fre-
quents open fields and pastures
on uplands where there is scanty herbage; runs much on
ground ; unsuspicious. Song, given at an elevation, two short

1.

Fig. 291.

CC, F, 1, 1. 1-4.

222 SPARROWS AND FINCHES.

notes followed by a fine clear warble, ending with three de-
tached notes. Flight, like ]^ 1.

m. Prairie Sparrows. Cliondestes.

Medium-sized, ground-inhabiting, sparrows with long
pointed wings, and rather long well rounded tails; no streaks
beneath.

1. LARK SPARROW, C. GRAMMACUS. 6.50 ; grayish-brown
Fig. 292. above heavily streaked with

black ; crown, chestnut and
black with a median line of
gray ; dull white beneath ;
black spot on breast; black
markings on sides of head as
in fig. 292 ; tip of tail, broad-
ly white. Breeds in north-
ern Mississippi Valley, mi-
CC, F, m, 1. 1-4. grating southward in winter

to Gulf coast; eastward rarely to Atlantic states north to
Mass. Frequents open fields and cultivated lands, often in the
vicinity of houses. Song, rich and clear, consisting of a series
of liquid notes freely interspersed with trills.

n. Black and White Sparrows. Calamospiza.

Rather large sparrows with large bills, long wings, rath-
er long, square tails, and large feet ; black with white mark-
ings ; ground-inhabiting.

1. LARK BUNTING, C. MELANOCORYS. 6.00; black; large

white patch on wing and some
white on tip of tail, fig. 293,
upper figure male, lower fe-
male ; female, winter male and
young, brownish buff above
streaked with dusky ; white
beneath, streaked with black;
wings and tail as in male.
Great Plains from Kansas north
to Manitoba ; winters south to

Fig. 293.-

CO, F, n, 1.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 223

Mexico; accidental in migration in N. Y., S. C., and Mass.

Song, sweet and varied as the bird hovers in air. Gregarious

excepting when breeding. Flight, swift, strong and direct.

o. Snow Buntings. Passerina.

Good-sized, ground-inhabiting sparrows with very long,
pointed wings, moderately long, square tails, and small bills;
black and white ; hind toe nail long.

1. SNOW BUNTING, P. NIVALIS. 6.66; white; back,
middle wing and tail, black; bill, orange, fig. 294; in winter
and young, tinged with reddish. Breeds in Arctic and sub-
Arctic regions from northern Labrador northward; in N. A.
migrating south in winter regularly to N. E., more rarely as
far south as Ga. ; south in Oct. ; north in April. Gregarious
in winter, frequenting the sand -Fig. 294.

dunes of the coast and open
fields of the interior ; flight,
strong and swift, but very erra-
tic ; run swiftly on the ground ;
restless, flying often from
place to place. Song, a sweet
warble, given while hovering,
seldom heard off the breeding
grounds ; in winter, a sweet sin-
gle or double note, less often a quite melodious trill and a
kind of chirring sound, all given when on the wing,
p. Longspurs. Calcariiis.

Differ from o in having the color more varied, black,
white and chestnut, streaked above; hind toe nail, longer.

1. LAPLAND LONGSPUR, C. LAPPONICUS. 6.10;
dark-brown above streaked with buffy and chestnut; a dis-
tinct chestnut collar; buffy-white beneath; throat and spots
on sides, black ; sides, tinged with reddish ; outer tail feath-
ers with terminal spot of white, fig. 295. Female and young
differ in having the back much obscured by whitish ; duller.

CC, F, o, 1. 1-4.

224 SPARROWS AND FINCHES.

Breeds in Arctic and sub-Arctic districts of Europe, Green-
land and north-eastern N. A. ; winters from N. E. south,
somewhat irregularly to S. C. ; common in N. E. from middle
Oct. to Dec. ; 1 ess common in winter ; rare in spring. Song on
Fig. 295. breeding ground, a rollicking, joy-

ous melody, given when hovering ;
in autumn and winter, a call like
O, 1, but rather more liquid \ a
harsh chirr given when starting to
fly ; flight, rather more steady than
o,l. Associate with Horned
Larks arid Snow Buntings, or gath-
er in small flocks by themselves ;
CC, F, p, 1. 1-4. occur in similar places.

2, PAINTED LONGSPUR, C. PICTUS. Differs from 1
in having the outer tail feathers white; entire lower parts
deep, yellowish-buff; crown and sides of head, black; stripe
behind eye, on middle ear coverts, and on lower jaw, white;
white wing bar. Breeds on interior plains of N. A. from
Great Slave Lake north to the Arctic coast; south in winter
to Texas; east regularly to 111. and northwestern Ind. ; cas-
ually to S. C.

3. CHESTNUT-COLLARED LONGSPUR, C. ORNATUS.
Differs from 1 in having top of head, spot on ear coverts, and
beneath, black ; throat, broad stripe over eye, and wing band,
white. Breeds on the Great Plains of N. A. from Kansas
north to the Saskatchewan ; migrates south to Mexico and
casually east to the coast of N. E. and Long Island. Song,
short, shrill and sweet, given usually in flight.

q. Short-tailed Long-spurs. Rynchophanes.

Differ from p in having a decidedly thicker bill and
shorter tail ; flight, undulating.

1. MCCOWN'S LONGSPUR, R. MCCOWNII. 6.00; front
of crown, narrow line from bill to eye, and crescent on breast,
black; brownish and buffy-gray above broadly streaked with
dusky ; outer portion of tail, white broadly tipped with black.

DIRECTORY TO BIHDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 225

Female without black of head or breast; buffy beneath.
Breeding range and southward migration much as in p, 2 ;
casual east to 111.

r. Rosy Finches. Carpodacus.

Usually small, tree-inhabiting finches with long wings
and moderately long, forked tails; bills, short and thick;
males, partly crimson ; females, gray ; feathers of crown some-
what elongated.

1. PURPLE FINCH, C. PURPTJREUS. 6.00; crimson-
lake, brightest on crown, obscurely streaked with dusky on
back : abdomen and under tail coverts white ; bill, pale brown,
fig. 296. Female and young, greenish-brown above, white be-
low, heavily streaked with dusky ; a prominent white line
over eye, adult male dress not assumed Fig. 296.

the first year. Eastern N. A. ; breeds
from Penn. north to Hudson Bay ; win-
ters from Mass, to Fla. Common, less so
now in eastern Mass, than formerly.
Frequents open country. Nests usually
in cedar trees ; eggs, blue spotted with
black. Song, given also by the young
male, and, at least occasionally, by the
female, a continuous warble ; sometimes
given more rapidly and musically as the
bird ascends in air and descends; a low,
whispered melody given while in con-
cealment; alarm, a sharp chirp. Flight,
swift, direct, undulating, with a charac-
teristic quiver to wings. In perching,
sit upright.

s. Pine Grosbeaks. Pinicola.

Large, tree-inhabiting finches with long wings and forked
tails ; bills, large and hooked ; no streakings beneath. Nests,
in trees ; eggs, pale blue, dotted with black.

CC, F, r, 1. 1-4.

226 SPARROWS AND FINCHES.

1. CANADIAN PINE GROSBEAK, P. CANADENSIS.
8.60; rosy-red; back, obscurely spotted with dusky; two
Fig. 297. white wing bands, fig. 297. Female,
gray ; top of h e a d and rump, bronzy-
yellow. Young male, similar to female
but more or less red, depending upon
age. Breeds in northeastern N. A. from
New Brunswick north to the limits of the
coniferous forests; wandering south
when the coniferous seed crop fails, to
N. J., northern Ohio, Ind., and 111. ; cas-
ual further south. Occurs wherever it
can obtain food, which, with us, consists
of the fruit of the cedar, mountain ash,
common ash, etc. Yery unsuspicious.
Song, a low, continuous, quite sweet,
CC, F, s, 1. 1-5. warble; call, a loud, clear, double note.
Flight, swift, direct, and undulating. Gregarious in winter.

t. Redpolls. Acanthis.

Small birds with very short, pointed bills, long, pointed
wings, and long, forked tails ; streaked, often rosy ; tree-in-
habiting. Nests, in trees; eggs, pale blue dotted with black.
Gregarious. Flight, undulating.

1. REDPOLL, A. LINARIA. Chord of upper mandible
straight ; ashy-white streaked above and below with dusky ;
crown, crimson; dusky, spot on throat; anterior parts below
and rump, rosy, plate 21. Female and young male, rosy tint-
ing absent; less crimson on crown. Northern part's of north-
ern hemisphere, breeding from the islands iathe Gulf of St.
Lawrence northward ; south irregularly when one source of
the food supply (seeds of birches) fails and another (weed
seeds) is covered by deep snows, to the more northern U. S.,
rarely to Ya. and northern Ala. Common. Come south in
Nov. ; go north in March or early April. Song, a sweet, me-
lodious warble; call, a double note similar to that of the
Goldfinch, but not as clear; a kind of chatter when flying.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. '227

1*. HOLBOELL'S REDPOLL, A. i,. HOLBOELLII. Dif-
fers from 1 in being larger. Extreme northern portions of
Europe, Asia, and N. A., wandering south in winter rarely as
far as Mass., northern Ind., and Mich.

2. GREATER REDPOLL, A. ROSTRATA. Larger than
1 ; chord of upper mandible convex and bill heavier, fig. 298,
A ; streakings broader, rosy less extended. Resident in Green-
land, wandering south in winter, irregularly and at wide in-
tervals as far as Mass, (where sometimes common), N. Y.,
Mich., northern Ind., and northern 111

3. GREENLAND REDPOLL, A. HORKEMANN i. Larger
than 1 ; very pale ; rump, white, unstreaked ; rosy tinting very
pale. Resident in Greenland, Iceland, and Spitzbergen, wan-
dering in winter irregularly to the region about Hudson Bay
and casually to Ontario.

4. HOARY REDPOLL, A. EXILIPHS. Differs from 3
in being much smaller (about the size of 1) and slightly dark-
er; bill, very short; chord of upper Fig. 298.
mandible, concave, fig. 298, B. Cir- ^ — ^
cumpolar-continental districts, "T- — ^g? .T^
south irregularly in winter to the

more northern U. S., Mass, (rare), Mich., and 111.

5. BREWSTER'S LINNETT, A. BREWSTKRI. Like an
immature female 1 but differs in having no red on the crown,
primaries and tail feathers edged with pale yellow, rump
tinged with yellow. Known only from the type specimen
taken at Waltham, Mass., Nov. 1, 1870.

u. Siskins. Spinus.

Differ from t in having the bill longer and more pointed;
colors, black, white and yellow.

1. PINE SISKIN, S. PINUS. 5.25 ; grayish-white streaked
with dusky; bases of wing feathers and tail, pale yellow, fig.
299. Breeds in the higher mountains of N. C., Penn., N. E.,
and northward through the coniferous forest districts of the
British Possessions, wandering south with the failure of food

228

SPARROWS AND FINCHES.

supply, similar to t, 1, as far as the Gulf Coast. Gregarious.
Fig, 299. Notes, not dissimilar to those of t, 1, but
rather clearer.

v. Goldfinches. Astrag-alinus.

Differ from u in having the bill shorter
and not as pointed. No yellow at the base
of wing or tail feathers.

1. AMERICAN GOLDFINCH, A. TRIS-
TIS. 5.60; bright lemon yellow; top of
head, wings, and tail, black; two white
. wing bars and some white markings on tips
of wing feathers, fig. 300. Female and win-
ter male, .greenish above, dull white below;
CC, F, u, 1. 1-4. wings and tail much as in summer (brown-
er in female) ; young strongly tinged with buffy. Breeds in
U. S. east of the Rockies north Fig. 300.

into the southern British Pos-
sessions, southward along the
mountains to Ga. ; winters from
Mass, to Fla. Frequents open
country; gregarious in winter.
Song, a continuous warble,
very sweet, sometimes given as
the bird flies in a circle ; call, a
single plaintive cry and a "Per
chick-cr-ry'1'1 given when rising
in its undulating flight. Nests CC, F, v, 1. 1-4.

often In willows or ornamental trees ; eggs, pale blue, un-
spotted ; breeds late in June.

w. Crossbills. Loxia.

Medim-sizerl finches with bills crossed at tip, fig. 301 ;
wings, long ; tail, short and forked : tree-inhabiting. Nests,
in trees; eggs, pale blue, dotted with black.

1. AMERICAN CROSSBILL, L. MINOR. 6.00; yellow-
ish-red; wings and tail, dusky. Female and young male,
greenish-gray ; yellow on top of head ; from this males grad-

CC, F, w, 1.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 229

ually assume the adult dress through a series of mixed plu
mages. Breeds in northern Fig. 301.

and eastern N. A. from the
mountains of northern Ga. into
the British Possessions, but ir-
regularly as to season and lo-
cality ; in winter wandering
about irregularly according to
the foodsupply. Flight,
steady, swift and undulating.
Gregarious. Song, a Tow, sweet
warble; call, loud and clear,
also give a murmuring chatter
when feeding. Very unsuspi-
cious.

2. WHITE-WINGED CEOSSBILL, L. I.EUCOPTERA.
Differs from 1 in being more slender, bill not as stout; crim-
Fig. 302. son; wings and tail, black, the

former with a conspicuous patch
of white, fig. 302. Female and
young male, similar with inter-
mediate plumages, but with white
wing patch. Breeds in the coni-
ferous forests of northern N. A.
from the islands in the Gulf of St.
Lawrence, Me., N. H , northern
N. Y. and northern Mich., north-
ward; in winter south irregularly
(movements governed by food sup-
CC, F, w, 2. 1-3. ply) as far as District of Columbia,
southern Ohio, central Ind., and southern 111. Habits, song
etc. much like those of 1 but feeds more, of ten on weed seeds
and is even more unsuspicious.

x. American Hawfinches. Hesperiphones.
Large tree-inhabiting, fringiline birds with very large
bills, long wings, short tails and legs.

23O SPARROWS AND FINCHES.

1. EVENING GROSBEAK, H. VESPERTINA. 7.60;
forehead and broad line over eye, yellow; top of head black,
Fig. 303. gradually changing through olive

on back of neck and upper back to
clear yellow behind on both sur-
faces ; wings, brownish with a
large patch of white ; tail, black ;
bill, greenish-yellow, fig. 303. In_
terior of N. A. east of the Rockies,
wandering eastward irregularly
south to E&nsas east to N. E.
Call note, loud and frequently giv-
en; song, short and not very pleas-
ing.

y. Song- Grosbeak.
Zameloclia.

Large fringiline birds with large bills, long wings, and
long, square tails; nests of sticks placed in trees or bushes,
very frail structures ; eggs, blue, spotted with reddish-brown .

1. HOSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK, Z. LUDOVICI>^\
7.75 ; head, neck and above, black, large patch on wings and

CC, F, x, 1.

several smaller ones, spots on
outer tail feathers, rump, and
beneath, white; under wing
coverts and triangular patch on
breast, rose, fig. 304. Female,
brown above, buffy below,
streaked with dusky ; under
wing coverts, saffron-yellow;
median line of crown, and line
over eye whitish, plate 2l
bill in both sexes, pale-brown,
whitish beneath. Breeds in
eastern N. A. from the Middle
States to the southern British

Fig. 304.

CC, F, y, 1. 1-4.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 231

Possessions ; along the Alleghanies to N. C. ; winters in Cen-
tral America and northern S. A. ; south in Sep. ; north in May.
Frequents open woodlands, groves and orchards. Common.
Song, rich, clear and varied, the notes flowing together, given
sometimes as the bird flies ; alarm, a metallic click. Unsus-
picious. Flight, rather swift and undulating.

2. BLACK-HEADED GKOSBEAK, Z. MELANOCEPHALA.
Differs from 1 in having a line behind eye, collar on neck be-
hind, sometimes mottlings on back rump, and most of lower
parts buffy cinnamon ; no rose ; under wing coverts and belly,
yellow. Female, differs from 1 chiefly in being buffy or
ochraceous, streakings on sides, but usually none on breast ;
yellow beneath as in male. Western U. S. from Mexico to
British Columbia ; accidental in Mich.

z. Cardinals. Cardinalis.

Large, crested grosbeaks, with thick bills, short wings,
and long tails; males, bright red. Nests, in trees; eggs,
grayish spotted with brown.

1. CARDINAL GROSBEAK, C. CARDINALIS. 8.50; ver-
milion-red duller above; line surround- Fig. 306.
ing bill, with throat, black ;bill, orange,
fig. 305. Female, differs in being gray-
ish-yellow above and buffy yellow below,
tinged on crest and breast with red;
black replaced by dusky. Eastern U.
S. from the Gulf States, excepting Fla.,
north to southeastern N. Y., including
Long Island. Resident. Common, fre-
quenting thickets and the margins of
swamps and woodlands. Song, loud,
clear, and very melodious, " Whe-er" re-
peated six times, liquid and clear ;
u«^«*V-a" quickly given five or six times ;
44 Wheat" a little prolonged and exceed-
ingly sweet and clear also given six CC, F, z, 1. 1-6.

232 SPARROWS ANI> FINCHES.

times. Sings at almost all seasons, at least from Feb. to Nov.
Alarm note, a sharp chirp.

1*. FLORIDA CARDINAL, C. c. FLORIDANUS. Differs
from 1 in being smaller, darker, and deeper red beneath,
female, deeper buff below. Fla.

aa. Blue Grosbeaks. Guiraca.
Medium-sized grosbeaks with rather long, pointed wings
and long tails ; blue with tawny wing-bands. Nests, in trees ;
eggs, plain pale bluish.

1. BLUE GROSBEAK G CAERULEA. 7.00; deep blue;
narrow line at base of bill, black, plate 18. Female and
young, reddish-brown, paler beneath. Breeds in southern
portions of eastern U. S. from N. J. andPenn. (locally) south-
ward ; winters in Yucatan and Cuba. Song, short and low,
but sweet; alarm note, a rather loud chirp. Frequents open
sections, on the banks of streams, among scattering trees.

bb. Painted Sparrows. Cyaiiospiza.
Small, bright-colored sparrows with long wings and rath-
er short tails. Females, dull, quite uniform in color. Our
species about 5.00.

1. INDIGO BIRD, C. CYANEA. Greenish-blue, darker
anteriorly. Female, brownish above, paler beneath, some-
Fig. 306. times slightly tinged with blue,
fig. 306. Eastern U. S. north to
the British Provinces; winters in
Central America ; south in Oct. ;
north in May. Frequents brushy
hillsides. Nest, placed in a low
bush ; eggs, pale blue. Song, ut-
tered when perching on a tree top,
a rather harsh, unmusical warble,
CC, F, bb, 1. divided into two parts, and given
with energy, ending abruptly, heard until the middle of
Aug. ; alarm, a sharp chirp. Locally common.

DIRECTORY TO BIKDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 233

2. PAINTED BUNTING, C. CIRIS. Head, purplish-
"biue; back, green; rump, upper tail coverts, and beneath,
red. Female, greenish above; yellowish-green beneath.
Southern U. S. north to N. C. and southern 111. ; winters from
southern Fla. south to Central America; south in Sep. ; north
in March, Frequents thickets in the concealment of which
the song, which is exceedingly sweet, is given.

3. VARIED BUNTING, C. VERSICOLOH. Differs from
2 in having the parts varied with purplish, bluish, and red-
dish ; hind part of head and upper neck, vermilion ; beneath,
dull purple, reddish patch on throat. Female, grayish-brown,
paler beneath ; whitish on throat and abdomen. Mexico,
north to Texas and southern Arizona; accidental in Mich.

cc. Grassquits. Euetheia.

Small, dull, tree-inhabiting sparrows with rounded wings
and short tails. Nests, in trees, spherical; eggs, pale blue
spotted with brown.

1. BAHAMA GRASSQUIT, E. BICOLOR. 4.00; dull
black on head, neck, and anterior portion of body ; grayish-
green elsewhere, fig. 307. Female Fig. 307.
sometimes like male but usually

duller with little or no black. Ba-
hamas : accidental in southern Fla.
Frequents settlements, nesting in
trees about houses. Unsuspicious.
Song, begins with two or three li-
quid notes given with a clear, bell-
like tone, followed by a lisping
series of notes. Somewhat grega-
rious. Abundant.

2. MELODIOUS GRASSQUIT,

E. OANORA. Differs from 1 in being CC, F, cc, 1. 1-2.

more greenish above and darker below ; line back of eye and
tuft of elongated feathers on side of neck, yellow. Female,
with black of head replaced by chestnut; yellow, duller.
Cuba; accidental on Sombrero Key, Fla.

234

SPARROWS AND FINCHES.

G. HONEY CREEPERS. Coerebidae.

Small birds with nine primaries, moderately long wings
Fig. 308. and tails, curved, sharp-

ly pointed bills, fig. 308;
deeply cleft tongue, and
small st o m a ch . Fre-
quent woodlands. Food,
chiefly, or wholly, fruit
and the sweet juices of
flowers. Tropics of
America.

a. Bananaquits.

CC, G, a, 1. 1-2. Coereba.

Tarsi, long; colors, black above or throughout, often
with yellow and white markings.

1. BAHAMA BANANAQUIT, C. BAHAMENSIS. 4.50;
dull black above; line over eye, spot on wing, and beneath,
white ; rump and patch on breast, yellow. Bahamas, com-
mon ; casual or rare in southern Fla. Flight, strong and di-
rect. Song, a series of low, crackling notes. Nests, in trees,
domed, but irregular in form.
H. AMERICAN WARBLERS. Mniotiltidae.

Differ from G in having bills less strongly curved, slen-
der or flat; stomachs, large. Confined to the continent of
America and adjacent islands. Food, chiefly insects. Eggs,
white to greenish, or bluish, spotted with brown of varying
shades.

(Note. The view which I have taken regarding the gen-
eric divisions of this family is the result of Tny anatomical
and other investigations of the group. The generic charac-
ters, here given in brief, will be further elaborated in a work
which I now have in hand upon the subject.)

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 235

a. Creeping Warblers. Mniotilta.

Slender warblers with long, somewhat curved bills, long
wings, large feet with the hind toe long; black and white;
ancestral home, north-western S. A.

1. BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER, M. VARIA. 5.25;
black and white in stripes ; crown divided by a white line,
fig. 309. Female, duller. Breeds in Fig. 309.

eastern N. A. from Ya. north to Hud-
son Bay ; winters from the Gulf States,
Bahamas, and West Indies to north-
ern S. A. ; north in late April; south
in Sep. Common ; frequents open
woodlands, creeping with a sidling,
jerky motion about trees. Song, a
sharp " We-see" given five or six
times; a longer, louder lay, much
like the ordinary song of the Nash-
ville Warbler. Nests on ground near
base of a tree, clump of bushes, or
rock, usually partly domed with fal-
len leaves.

b. Long-billed Warblers. Neodendroica,

General form, similar to a, bill stouter, wings shorter,
and feet smaller; two wing bands and tail spots on three or
four outer tail feathers. Ancestral home, Central America.

1. YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER, N. DOMINICA.
5.25; throat, yellow; otherwise white below; pale slaty-blue
above; front of crown and markings on sides of head and
sides as in fig. 310; line from bill over eye, yellow in front,
white behind. Breeds in the Atlantic coast district from Fla.
north to Ya., casually to N. Y., Conn., and Mass. ; winters in
Fla., Bahamas, and most of the West Indies ; north in March ;
south in Aug. and Sep. Occurs in open woodlands, usually
in tree tops. Song, a short, low warble.

CC, H,

236

WARBLESS.

1*. SYCAMORE WAKELER, K. D. ALBILORA. Smaller
than 1 with a smaller bill, line at base of bill with little orno
yellow. Mississippi Valley, north to southern Mich., east to
Ohio and casually to S. C. during migration.

c. Blue Warblers. Caeruleocantor.

Bill, wings, and tail coverts, rather short; feet, small;
tail spots, present ; white spot at base of primaries ; no wing
bands nor yellow markings; sexes dissimilar. Origin of
group, north-western S. A. Type, Motacilla caerulescens
Gmelin.

Fig. 310. Fig. 311.

CC, H, b, 1. 1-3. CC, H, c, 1. 1-3.

1. BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER, C. CAERU-
5.25; dusky-blue above; white beneath, fig. 311.
Female, olivaceous above, ochraceous-white beneath and on
line over eye ; white wing patch present. Common, breeding
from the mountains of Penn., eastward to western Mass.,
east through Worcester Co., north to Hudson Bay ; winters in
Bahamas, West Indies, and north-eastern S. A. ; north in May ;
south in Sep. Song, a zweeing lisp rather weak. Occurs us-
ually in swampy, sometimes other, thickets.

1*. CAIRN'S WARBLER, C. c. CAIRNSI. Differs from
1 in being darker above where it is more or less clouded with
black. Higher mountains of Penn. and N. C,

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 237

d. Wood Warblers. Dentlroica.

Wings and tail longer than c ; under tail coverts reach-
ing middle of tail, upper shorter; wing bands (two) and tail
spots present ; sexes, quite similar, both with conspicuous
yellow patches. Origin of group, Mexico.

1. YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER, D. CORONATA.
5.50; slaty-blue above; white beneath, streaked on back, and
broadly on breast and sides Fig. 312.

with b 1 ack ; yellow patch-
es on rump, sides and crown,
fig. 312. Female and winter
male brownish above and
duller. Breeds from the
mountains of western Mass,
and in about the same lat-
itude west to the Rockies
north to Labrador and west-
ern Alaska ; winters from
the southern coast of Me. CC, H, df 1. 1-4.

and southern 111. south to the Bahamas, West Indies, and
Central America; north in April; south in Sep. and Oct. Very
abundant ; found everywhere. Song, a low warble of four or
five notes.

2. AUDUBON'S WARBLER, D. AUDUBONI. Differs
from 1 in having the throat yellow and less black on side of
head. Western N. A. : accidental in Mass, and Penn.

e. Honey Warblers. Perissoglossa.
Bill, very sharp, slender, and slightly curved at tip ; wings,
long, pointed, folding beyond middle of tail ; upper tail cov-
erts, reaching middle of tail ; under tail coverts reaching be-
yond middle ; white spots on tail ; wing bands, enlarged to a
patch ; yellow beneath and on rump. Ancestral origin, West
Indies.

238

WARBLERS.

1. CAPE MAY WARBLER, P. TIGRINA. 5.00; cheeks,
chestnut ; top of head, black; back, greenish, spotted with
Fig. 313. black ; streaks on breast and

sides, black, fig. 313. Fe-
male, tinged with grayish
above and below, duller;
streakings indistinct. Breeds
from northern N. E., north-
ern Mich, north to Hudson
Bay: winters in Key West,
Bahamas, and the West In-
dies ; north in May ; south in
Sep. Frequents woodlands
and orchards. Song, a low,
lively, rather pleasing war-
CC, H, e, 1. 1-3. ble.

f. Spotted Warblers. Maculocaiitor.
Wings and tail shorter than in d, the former rounded;
upper tail coverts, short, and about equal in length ; wholly
yellow below, large white wing patch and band of spots cross-
ing inner webs of tail in middle. Type, Motacilla maculosa
Gmelin. Origin of group, Central America.

1. BLACK AND YELLOW WARBLER, M. MACULOSA.
5.00; band of black spots crossing breast having pendants ex-
tending along sides; top of head, slaty-blue; back, black;
rump, yellow, fig. 314. Female and young, considerably
duller. Breeds from the elevated regions of western Mass,
west to Mich., north to Hudson Bay; winters in Mexico and
Central America ; north in May ; south in Sep. Common, but
less so most seasons in eastern Mass. Song, a.short, pleasing,
rather broken, warble. Frequents woodlands and thickets.

g. Azure Warblers. Azuria.
Small warblers with rather short bills, long wings fold-
ing beyond the middle of the short tail which has white spots
on the inner webs of all the feathers ; two wing bands ; blue

PLATE 20.

LAWRENCE'S WARBLER.

DIKECTOKY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 239

and white ; no yellow. Ancestral origin, north-western S. A.
Type, Sylvia rara Wilson (see Atlas explanation of plate
XXXII).

Fig. 314. Fig. 315.

V

CC, H, f, 1. 1-3. CC, H, g, 1. 1-3.

1. CERULEAN WARBLER, A. KARA. 4.50; bright
blue above; white beneath with a more or less distinct bluish
band across breast ; dusky lines on sides and on head, fig. 315.
Female, greenish-blue above, greenish-yellow beneath.
Breeds from the Ohio Eiver Valley north to southern Mich. ;
east to western N. Y. rarely east of the Alleghanies ; casually
to southern N. E. ; winters from Panama south to Peru. Goes
south in August; north in April. Song, a guttural trill. Oc-
curs in low woodlands.

h. Busli Warblers. Sylviocantor.

Wings, rather short and rounded, not reaching middle of
rather short tail ; upper and under tail coverts of medium
length, reaching middle of tail ; two broad greenish-white
wing bands ; tail spots on three outer feathers, white ; green-
ish above; white below; yellow on crown. Sexes, similar.
Ancestral home, Central America. Type, Motacillapennsyl-
vanica Linnaeus.

24O WARBLERS.

1. CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER, S. PENNSYLVANIA.
5.00 ; white beneath, broadly streaked with chestnut on sides ; "
crown, yellow ; greenish above, patch on side of head and
Fig. 316. streaks on back, black,

fig. 316. Female, some-
what duller ; young with-
out chestnut on sides.
Breeds commonly
throughout N. E., N. Y.,
and Penn., north to On-
tario, less commonly west
to Ind. and III; winters
from Guatemala to Pana-

CC, H, h, 1. 1-3. ma; north in May; south

in Aug. and Sep. Frequents brushy fields, especially if moist.
Usual song, "Sweet siveet sweet — toweecher"1"1 with a pause
before the two terminal syllables which are given with a de-
cidedly rising inflection ; another, not unusual song, is a
rather disconnected lay not unlike that of the Canadian
Warbler; another, not as usual, is a song similar to that of
the Nashville Warbler.

i. Streaked Warblers. Lineocantor.
Large warblers with stout bills, long wings, folding be-
yond middle of moderately long tail which has both its co-
verts long, reaching considerably beyond its tip; streaked
above and sometimes below with dusky ; no yellow markings^
Sexes, unlike; wing bands and tail spots present in both.
Ancestral origin, northern S. A.

1. BLACK-POLLED WARBLER, L. STRIATA. 5.50;
black and white in stripes; top of head, solid black; back,
grayish, fig. 317. Female, autumnal male, and young,
greenish above, greenish-white beneath, streaked above and
on breast and sides with dusky; wing bars often greenish.
Breeds from extreme northern N. E. and northern Mich, to
Hudson Bay ; winters in northern S. A. ; north in May ; south
in Sep. and Oct. Abundant, occurring in orchards and low

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 24:1

growths in woodlands. Song, a weak "ZY^" given four or
five times, occasionally heard in autumn.

2. BAY-BREASTED WARBLER, L. CASTANEA. 5.50;
grayish above, streaked with Fig. 317.

dusky; sides of head and fore-
head, dusky; crown, throat,
breast and sides, reddish-brown
or bay, fig. 318. Female, autum-
nal male and young, quite similar
to 1 but differ in always being
buffy below and in often showing
traces of bay. Breeds from north-
ern N. E. and Mich, to Hudson
Bay ; winters in northern S. A. ;
north in May ; south in Sep. Com-
mon over most of its breeding and
migration range but rather uncom-
mon in eastern N. E. ; occurs in
evergreen woodlands. Song, begins with a series of lisping
notes and ends with a short warble.

j. Spruce Warblers. Piceacantor.

CC, H, i, 1. 1-3.

Fig. 318.

Small ; wings of medium
length, folding to middle of
tail, pointed ; upper tail co-
verts, shorter than middle
of tail; under, longer; wing
bands forming one patch ;
tail spots, large ; much black
above; throat and breast,
orange. Type, Motacilla
blackburniae Gmelin. An-
cestral origin, north-western
S. A.

CC, H, i, 2. 1-3.

242

WAKBLEKS.

CC, H, j, 1. 1-3.

1. BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER, P. BLACKBURNIAE.
4.80; throat, upper breast, spot on top of head and behind
Fig. 319. ear coverts, and line over eye, bright

orange ; upper parts, streaked with
whitish ; lower parts behind, yellow,
fig. 319. Female, similar but brown-
ish above with the orange markings
duller. Breeds from the southern
Alleghanies and Mich, north through
the mountains of western Mass, to
Labrador; not very common on the
eastern coast of II. S. ; winters in
north-western S. A. ; south in Sep. :
north in May. Frequents evergreen
and sometimes other woodlands.
Song, a series of about six double
lisping notes which become some-
what squeaky as they advance, and terminate in an ascend-
ing scale.

k. Green Warblers. Vireocaiitor.
Small; bills, rather slender; wings, slightly rounded, not
reaching beyond middle of tail, both coverts of which do not
reach beyond its middle ; two wring bars ; tail spots, large ;
bright green above. Type, Motacilla virens Gmelin. Ances-
tral origin, Central America.

1. BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER, Y. VIRENS.
5.00; cheeks and forehead, yellow; throat, and streaks on
sides, black, fig. 320. Female, throat more or less yellow,
thus encroaching on the black patch. Young, with less black
on breast. Breeds in eastern K. A. from Conn, and southern
111. north to Hudson Bay and south along the Alleghanies
to S. C. ; winters in Central America ; south in Sep. ; north in
May. Abundant in white pine woodlands and less so among
pitch pines. Song, of five or six notes, "Good Saint The-re-
sa" given with a rising inflection and with a decided accent
on the last syllable ; another song, usually given in late sum-

Differs

Fig. 320.

CC, H, k, 1. "1-3.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

mer is, 'Trees, trees, mur-mur-ing trees" ; there are also other
variations but all are given with a peculiar intonation that
always characterizes the species.

2. TOWNSEND'S WARBLER, Y. TOWNSENDI.
irom 1 in having the top of head
and cheeks blacfc, and in being dis-
tinctly yellow below the black
breast patch. Breeds in western
N. A. from the mountains of south-
ern Cal. to Alaska ; winters in Cen-
tral America; south in Sep. ; north
in May. Accidental in Perm.

1. Field Warblers.
Ag-reocaiitor.

Large ; wings short and rather
rounded, not reaching middle of
tail ; two wing bands ; tail spots not
large; slaty above; yellow beneath with black markings.
Type, Sylvicola kirtlandii Baird. Ancestral origin, West In-
dies.

1. KIRTLAND'S WARBLER, A KIRTLANDI. 5.50;
Fig. 321. slaty above with feathers of

back tinged with rufous ; yel-
low beneath; patch on side of
head, spots on breast and on
top of head, black, fig. 321.
Female, duller. Breeds in
Mich. ; nest, placed on ground ;
winters in the Bahamas and
probably some of the West In-
dies ; north in May; south in
Sep. Frequents low bushes in
fields, often on the ground;
moves tail up and down ; gives
a sharp note of alarm ; song as
CC, H, 1, 1. 1-3. heard by Mr. Norman A. Wood,

244 WARBLEBS.

who discovered the breeding grounds, " Ch-ch-che-che-a" or
"O/ia, cha-che-chee wicha-a-a" with the terminal "a" pro-
longed in both. Rare.

m. Pine Warblers. Pinacantor.

Large; bills, stout; wings, more or less rounded, reach-
ing middle of tail or shorter ; upper and lower tail coverts^
barely reaching middle of tail; wing bands, two, distinct;
tail spots, large; greenish-yellow, darker above, lighter be-
low; no prominent black markings. Type, Sylvia vigorsii
Audubon. Ancestral origin, West Indies.

1. PINE WARBLER, P. VIGORSII. 5.50; greenish-yel-
Fig. 322. low above, yellowish-green

beneath to the lower part of
breast, obscurely streaked on
breast with dusky; remain-
ing lower parts dull white,
ng. 322. Female, grayish-olive
above; grayish-white beneath
slightly tinged with yellow.
Breeds in eastern U. S. from
northern Fla. north to New
Brunswick ; winters from N.
C. occasionally asfar north as
Mass., to Fla. ; north in April ;

CC, H, m, 1. 1-3. south in Sep. and Oct.

Abundant in pitch pine woods, less common elsewhere.
Song, a musical trill of about six notes sometimes followed by
a short warble, occasionally the warble is given without the
trill ; song also heard in Sep. Double brooded, nesting in
May and July.

1*. FLORIDA PINE WARBLER, P. v. FLORIDA. Bill,
larger than in 1 and also differs in being decidedly golden
yellow above and below, the yellow of the lower surface ex-
tending backward along the flanks, thus leaving the abdomen
and under tail coverts white. Female but little duller,

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 24:5

about as bright as the male of 1 and with the distribution of
the yellow below restricted as in that form. Types, taken in
middle Fla. (Enterprise and Deep Creek, near Lake Asbby)
in March, 1901, now in my collection.

n. Ground Warblers. Terracantor.
Size, medium; bill, small; wings, medium, rounded,
folding to middle of tail, both coverts of which reach about
to its middle ; no wing bands ; tail spots, short, square *, top of
head, chestnut; yellow beneath ; ground nesting. Sexes, sim-
ilar. Ancestral origin, West Indies. Type, Motacilla pal-
marum Gmelin.

1. BED-POLLED WARBLER, T. PALMARUM. 5.25;
brownish-olive above ; rump, yellow ; remaining lower por-
tions, white; crown, Fig. 323.

streaks on breast and
sides, chestnut, fig. 323.
Young, with little or no
chestnut on crown and
streaked with dusky be-
neath on a dull white
ground ; under tail cov-
erts, always yellow.
Breeds in the interior of
British America west of CC, H, n, 1. 1-3.

Hudson Bay; winters from N. C. southward through Fla.,
Bahamas, and many of the West Indies ; uncommon during
the fall migration north of IS". C. east of the Alleghanies and
in N. E. Frequents open places, feeding much on the ground,
often in the vicinity of dwellings. Alarm, a sharp chirp ;
song, a feeble trill. In common with 2 has the habit of rais-
ing and lowering tail.

2. YELLOW REDPOLL, T. HYPOCHRYSEA. Larger than
1 and always wholly yellow beneath. Breeds from northern
N. E. north to the eastern shores of Hudson Bay ; winters
from N. C. to southern Fla. ; south in Sep. ; north in April.
Common ; rare west of the Alleghanies.

240

WABBLEB8.

o. Fruticantor. Scrub Warblers.

Bill, small; wings, short, much rounded, not reaching
middle of tail, the upper coverts of which are very short;
lower barely reaching its middle; one or two yellow wing
bands ; tail spots, large. Type, Sylvia discolor Vieillot.

1. PRAIRIE WARBLER, F. DISCOLOR. 5.00; golden-
yellow above ; yellow beneath and on line over eye ; line
through eye, spots from base of bill along sides, black ; spots
Fig. 324. on middle back, chestnut ; two wing

bars, fig. 324. Female, somewhat
duller. Breeds from northern Fla.
north to Mass., where it is common
locally, also occurs less commonly
west to 111., Ind., and southern Mich. ;
winters in the Bahamas and West In-
dies; south in Aug. and Sep. ; north
in May. Frequents scrub 1 a n d s .
Song, a rather harsh trill of about six
notes given in an ascending scale.

p. Golden Warblers.
Chrysocantor.

Bill, rather large; wings, quite
long, rounded; tail, short, its under
coverts long, two thirds its length; upper coverts, but little
shorter; no wing bars nor tail spots, but feathers of tail and
wings margined with yellow. Type, Moiacilla aestiva Gmelin.
Ancestral origin, northern S. A.

1. YELLOW WARBLER, C. AESTIVA. &.00; golden-
yellow above ; clear yellow beneath, streaked on breast and
sides with reddish, fig. 325. Female, duller and with few
streaks beneath ; young with no streaks. Breeds throughout
eastern N. A. from northern Ga. north to the Barren Grounds
and far west; winters in northern S. A. ; south in Aug. and
Sep. ; north in April and May. Frequents open sections in

CC, H, o, 1. 1-3.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 247

the vicinity of thickets where it is common. Song, a lively
lay of about seven notes something like " Sweet sweet sweet to
sweetee" sometimes another "Sweet" being added.

q. Little Warblers. Compsothlypis.

Small warblers with short, acute bills, white wing patch
and tail spots bluish above, more or less yellow beneath,
with yellowish patch in middle of back. Fig. 325.
Ancestral origin, northern S. A.

1. BLUE YELLOW-BACKED WAR-
BLER, C. AMERICANA. 4.75; bluish above
and on sides of head ; throat and breast,
yellow with a band of dusky and chestnut
on breast. Female, duller. Breeds from
Ta. southward to the Gulf States; winters
in Fla. ; south in Aug. and Sep. ; north in
April and May. Frequents woodlands and
builds its nest in the "Spanish moss" which
drapes the trees in the south.

1*. NORTHERN BLUE YELLOW-
BACK^ C. A. TJSNEAE. Differs from 1 in
being a little larger, and darker with more
chestnut below, especially on sides, plate CC, H, p, 1.1-3.
15. Breeds from Ya. north to Canada but confined to those
sections in which the long, pendulous lichens of the genus
Usnea grow, for in these it builds its nest. Occurs every-
where during migration; very active. Song, a vehemently
uttered "Swee swee swee swee sivee-zer" the last two syllables
being quickly given, the last ascending; these are sometimes
omitted.

1**. WESTERN BLUE YELLOW-BACK, C. A. RAMA-
I.INAE. Colored as in 1* but smaller than 1. Breeds from
Mich, and Minn, south to the Gulf. Both 1* and 1** winter
in the Bahamas and West Indies.

24:8 WARBLEKS.

r. Sharp-billed Warblers. Helminthophila.

Small warblers with rather long, very acute bills, wings
folding about middle of tail or shorter; with or without tail
spots.

A. Wing Bands and Tail Spots present.

1. GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER, H. CHKYSOPTEKA.
5.00; bluish-ash above, ashy-white on line over eye and be-
low ; broad patch on side of head, and on throat, black ;
patch on wing, sometimes two bands, and top of head yellow.
Female duller with black markings replaced by dusky, plate
18. Breeds from Mass, west to Mich., south to Conn. andN.
J. and along the Alleghanies to Ga. Frequents low growths
and is of somewhat local distribution. Song, a rather drawl-
ing "Zee" repeated from four to six times and a guttural
warble seldom heard; alarm, sharp.

2. BREWSTER'S WARBLER, H. LEUCOBRONCHIALIS.
Differs from 1 in being without the black throat patch and
in having a very narrow line through eye, with the lower
parts often tinged with yellow. Female, with the throat
white or dusky, but always with a narrow black line through
eye, plate 19. Breeds in Mass, (rarely), Conn., N. Y., Penn.,
N. J., Md., and Ya. Winter range unknown, but has been
taken in La. Song, averaging shorter and more quickly given.

3. LAWRENCE'S WARBLER, H. LAWRENC EI. Differs
from 1 in having the sides of head and lower parts yellow but
the line through eye is narrow as in 2; wing bands, usually
white, but sometimes tinged with yellow, plate 20; back,
greenish as in 4.

4. BLUE- WINGED WARBLER, H. PINUS. 5.00; green-
ish above, yellow below and on top of head; narrow black
line through eye; wings, bluish, wing bands white or some-
times tinged with yellow, plate 21. Female, duller. Breeds
from Conn, west to Mich., but is local in distribution ; winters
in Mexico and Central America ; north in May ; south in Aug.
and Sep. ; casual in Mass. Song, a wiry, lisping trill.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 24:1)

B. "Wing Bands and prominent Tail Spots absent.

5. BACHMAN'S WARBLER, H. BACHMANI . 4.25;
olive-green above, yellow beneath and on forehead ; patch on
crown and on throat and breast, black ; a little white on out-
er tail feathers. Female, much duller, plain gray below,
slightly yellow on crown. Breeds in N. C., S. C., and Mo.,
casually in Ya. and Ark. ; winters in Cuba; north in March ;
south in Aug. Rare.

6. ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER, H. CELATA. 5.00;
grayish-olive above ; grayish-yellow beneath ; concealed spot
of dull orange on top of head, fig. 326. Female, a little dul-
ler. Young, without much orange on crown. Occurs in wood-
lands. Song, a low, sweet trill. Breeds

from Manitoba north to Alaska, occas-
ionally further south ; winters sparingly
from S. C. to Key West, more commonly
in Mexico ; south in Sep. and Oct. ; north
in April and May. Casual in N. E.

7. NASHVILLE WARBLER, H.
RUBRICAPILLA. 4.80; greenish above;
yellow below; head, bluish with a part-
ly concealed patch of chestnut; a whit-
ish eye ring. Female, duller. Young, CC,

very dull, no chestnut on crown. Breeds from Conn, and
Mass, north to Canada and west to 111. ; winters in Mexico;
south in Aug. and Sep. ; north in May. Common. Frequents
the margins of woodlands. Song, four or five harsh, quite
rapidly given notes ("Swe"), followed by four in quite a dif-
ferent tone (a kind of a trill "_De"), and ending abruptly, as
if unfinished. The song is uttered as the bird perches high
in a tree.

8. TENNESSEE WARBLER, H. PEREGRINA. 6.00; back,
greenish; head, bluish; beneath, dull white; slight whitish
line over eye, fig. 327. Female, somewhat duller, sometimes
tinged with greenish beneath. Breeds in northern N. E.

25O WARBLERS.

north to Labrador; rare during migration east of the Alle-
ghanies and Hudson River Valley ; winters in Central Amer-
Fig. 327. ica ; south in Aug. and Sep. ; north

in May. Song, a little like 7, but
the first part is more divided and
the last part shriller.

s. Orang-e Warblers.
Protonotaria.

Large; bill, large, long, and
acute ; wings, long; color, quite
uniform. Nest in holes of trees.
Ancestral origin, north-western S.
CC, H, r, 8. A.

1. PROTHONOTARY WARBLER, P. CITREA. 5.40;
greater part of head and beneath, rich yellow ; back, orange-
green ; rump and wings, bluish ; all but terminal portion of
inner webs of all but two central tail feathers, white, plate
22, A 1. Female, duller. Breeds in river bottoms from Fla.
to Ya. west to the Mississippi Valley ; winters in northern
S. A. ; north in April ; south in Aug. and Sep. ; casual as far
north as N. E. and New Brunswick. Song, loud and not un-
like the "Peet tweet" of the spotted sandpiper; also gives a
flight song which is a low, sweet warble.

t. Buffy Warblers. Helmitheros.
Plain-colored warblers with stout bills and striped heads.
Ground nesting. Sexes, similar. Ancestral origin, northern
S. A.

1. WORM-EATING WARBLER, H. VERMIVORUS. 5.35;
greenish above; head, and beneath, buffy; stripe on side of
crown and behind eye, dull black, plate 22, B. Breeds from
S. C. to southern N. Y., west to 111. and Ind. ; casual further
north (Mass., N. Y., Mich., etc.); winters in Fla., Bahamas,
West Indies, and Mexico; north in April; south in Aug.
Frequents low woodlands, nesting on the ground. Song, a
feeble trill.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 251

u. Plain Warblers. Helinaia.

Bill, longer than in t; colors, plain with no prominent
spots or streaks ; nests attached to grass stalks, etc.

1. SWAINSON'S WARBLER, H. SWAINSONII. 5.50;
olive above ; yellowish-white beneath ; top of head brownish ;
line over eye, buff. Frequents swampy sections. Breeds
from Ya. west to Ind. ; south to north-western Fla. and La. ;
winters in Jamaica; south in Sep. ; north in April.
v. Thicket Warblers. Frutiornis.

Bill, rather stout; wings, folding to middle of tail which
is slightly rounded; under parts, wholly yellow; head, con-
spicuously marked with black (see explanation of plate
XXXI in Atlas).

1. KENTUCKY WARBLER, F. FORMOSA. 5.50; green-
ish above ; yellow beneath ; portion of top of head and patch
on its side, black, fig. 328. Fe- Fig. 328.

male, usually a little duller.
Breeds in the Mississippi Val-
ley north to the Ohio and east
to western N. C. ; casual further
north and east; winters in
Central America ; south in Aug.
and Sep. ; north in April. Fre-
quents heavy woodlands.
Song, loud and clear, not un-
like that of the Maryland Yel-
low-throat.

w. Long-winged Warblers.
Oporornis.

Large, stout warblers with long wings and large feet;
colors, plain.

1. CONNECTICUT WARBLER, O. AGILIS. 5.50; dark
olive. green above; yellow below; head, throat, and breast,
ashy-gray, more or less mixed with black; eye ring, white,
fig. 329. Female, with ashy of head anl breast replaced by

CC, H, v, 1. 1-3.

252 WARBLERS.

brownish-gray. Breeding range, as far as known, Minn, and
Fig. 329. Manitoba, possibly

pouthern Wis. ; winter
range, unknown; south
in Sep. (Mass.) and Oct.
(N. J. to the Bahamas).
Frequents swampy
thickets; has habit of
jerking tail. Song, as
heard in Mass, in May,
a low, sweet warble;
alarm, a very sharp
note.

CC, H, w, 1. 1-3. x. Ashy Warblers.

Ciiierosa.

Differ from u in having the wings shorter and not as
pointed: tail, somewhat rounded.

1. MOURNING WARBLER, C. PHILADELPHIA. 5.00;
differs from w, 1 in the absence of the white eye ring and in
having more black on breast, fig. 330. Breeds from northern
N. E. west to Mich, north Fig. 330.

to Canada ; winters in north-
western S. A. ; north in
May ; south in Aug. and •
Sep. Frequents thickets on
the margins of woodlands
but is very rare along the
Atlantic coast. Song, loud,
clear and pleasing, suggest-
ing that of the Water
Thrush.

y. Yellow-throats.
Geothlypis,

Wings, short and round- CC, H, X, !•

ed, barely reaching base of tail, which is rounded; throat,
yellow with a conspicuous mask of black on face.

PLATE 21.

BLUE-WINGED YELLOW WARBLER.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 2253

1. MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT, G. TRICHAS. 5.00;
grayish-green above, yellow of lower parts not extending be-
yond middle ; mask not extending down on sides of neck in-
to a point ; margined behind with whitish. Female, without
mask and not as yellow below. Breeds on the Atlantic coast
of U. S. from Md. south to Ga. ; casual as far north as R. I.
For song and habits, see 1*.

1*. NORTHERN YELLOW-THROAT, G. T. BRACHIDAC-
TYI.A. Larger than 1, yellow extending over nearly the whole
of lower surface ; mask extending into a point on sides of
neck ; darker above, fig. 331. Breeds from Fig. 331.
N.- E. west to Mich., north to Canada, south
to range of 1 ; winters from the Carolinas
southward to the West Indies, casually as
far north as Mass. ; south in Sep. and Oct. ;
north in March and April. Common, fre-
quents swampy thickets. Song, loud and
ringing, " Witch-i-ty" repeated rather slow-
ly five or six times ; a warbling song, given
while hovering, and a continuous ratch-
like sound, emitted occasionally, probably
by both sexes; alarm, harsh.

1**. SOUTHERN YELLOW-THROAT,
G. T. IGNOTA. Differs from 1* in having
the wing rounder, colors darker, deeper yellow below with
sides quite brownish. Breeds from southern Va. south to
Fla. and along the Gulf Coast to eastern Texas ; winters from
the Carolinas to Key West.

z. Flycatcliiiig" Warblers. Wilsoiiia.

Bill, flattened, with bristles at base ; wings, rather short ;
110 wing bands.

1. HOODED WARBLER, W. MITRATA. 5.25; black
hood covering head, leaving yellow mask on face; greenish
above ; yellow below ; tail with white spots, fig. 332. Female,
duller. Breeds in eastern N. A. from southern Conn, to Fla. ;

254: WAKBLERS.

winters in Central America ; south in Sep. ; north in April.

Frequents high thickets in swampy places, notably the rho-
dodendrons. Song, loud and clear, not unlike that of the

Louisana Water Thrush; alarm, sharp.

Fig. 332. 2. WILSON'S WARBLER,

W. PUSILLUS. 5.00; golden-
green above; greenish-yellow
beneath ; crown, black, fig. 333.
Female, with less black on
back of head. Breeds from ex-
treme northern N. E. north to
Labrador; winters in Central
America; south in Aug. and
Sep. ; north in April and May.
Yery active, frequenting 1 o w
growths, especially willows.
Song, a trill; sometimes a low
CC, H, z, 1. warble.

3. CANADIAN WARBLER, W. CANADENSIS. 5.50;

bluish above ; yellow beneath ; Fig. 333.

spots on crown, space behind

eye and necklace of spots on

breast, black, fig. 334. Female,

duller. Frequents swampy

thickets. Song, a disconnected

warble of from three to six

notes. Breeds from the eleva-
ted regions of Mass, south

along the mountains to N. C.,

west to central Minn., north to CC, H, Z, 2. 1-3.

Labrador ; winters in north-western S. A. ; south in Aug. and

Sep. ; north in April and May.

aa. Painted Warblers. Setophag-a.

Bill, shorter, flatter, and wider at base than in z, with
more bristles ; habits, decidedly flycatcher-like.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 255

1. AMERICAN REDSTART, S. RUTICILLA. 5.40 ; black
excepting on abdomen ; six red- Fig. 334.

dish-orange patches on sides,
wings and tail, plate 21. Female,
and young male, with the black
replaced by grayish and the spots
by yellow. Breeds from N. C. and
Ark. north to Hudson Bay, west
to Utah; winters in the Bahamas
and West Indies ; casually in S. C. ;
south in Aug., Sep., and Oct.;
north in April. Restless, constant-
ly moving and spreading its tail.

Song, a sharp, trill-like warble of CC, H, z, 3. 1-3.
from four to six notes, given rapidly and ending abruptly.

I. ,CHATS. Icteridae.

Larger than in H; bill, rather thick, arched; wings,
short, rounded; tail, long, rounded.

a. Olive and Yellow Chats. Icteria.

Greenish above ; yellow below. Sexes, similar. Xests,
in bushes.

1. YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT, I. VIRENS. 7.25 ; spot
in front of eye, white ; line in this, extending from bill to
eye, black, fig. 335. Breeds from southern N. E. (rarely
from Mass.) west to southern Mich, and Wis. south to the
Carolinas ; winters in Central America; south in Aug. and
Sep. ; north in April and May. Frequents thickets and low
growths; shy and retiring, oftener heard than seen. Habits
somewhat wren-like; drops wings and raises tail. Notes,
much varied, with whistles, chucklings, trills, and oriole-
like scolds ; flight song a series of whistling "Tutes" given as
the bird drops downward in jerks with wings thrown up-
ward, tail down, and legs dangling.

256 WOOD WAGTAILS.

J. WOOD WAGTAILS. Seiuridae.

Slender birds with not large bills, long wings and square
tails, that are often moved up and down. Nests, on ground.

a. Wagtail Thrushes. Seiurus.
Colors, nearly uniform above; light beneath, streaked
with darker, Sexes, similar.

Fig. 335. Fig. 335.

CC, I, a, 1. CC, J, a, 1.

1. OVEN BIKD, S. AUROCAPIKLUS. 6.00; pale olive-
green above; crown, dull yellowish-orange, margined with
black, fig. 336; white beneath, streakings black. Breeds from
Va. west to Kan., north to Hudson Bay ; winters from middle
Fla. south through the Bahamas to the West Indies, Mexico,
and Central America ; south in Aug. and Sep. ; north in April
and May. Frequents open woodlands. Song, " Techee" five
or six times repeated with increasing volume; the "vesper"
hovering song, a rapidly given, sweet warble. Walks much
on ground, and on the large, lower Mmbs of trees. Abundant.

2. WATEK THRUSH, S. NOVEJBOKACENSIS. 5.90; dark
olive-brown above; line over eye and beneath, decidedly
greenish, fig. 337. Breeds from northern N. E. west to north-
ern 111., north to Hudson Bay; winters in Key West, Baha-

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. !2

mas, West Indies, Central America, and northern S. A. ;
south in Aug. and Sep. ; north in April and May. Frequents
swampy locations in the vicin- Fig. 337.

ity of water, into which it
wades like a sandpiper. Song,
several loud, clear notes, fol-
lowed by a lower, sweet war-
ble; alarm > a very sharp chirp.
Common.

2*. GRENNELL WATEK
THRUSH, S. N. NOTABILIS.

Differs from 2 in being larger, CC, J, a, 2. 1-5.

more grayish above and less yellow below, sometimes iiearlyr
or quite, white. Breeds in western N. A. from Minn, north
to Alaska; rare in migration in the Atlantic Coast States from
N. J. southward; winters in the West Indies and Central
America ; migration as in 2.

3. LOUISANA WATER THRUSH, S. MOTACILLA. Dif-
Fig. 338. fers from 2 in being a little

larger; bill, larger; decidedly
5 white over eye, fig. 338; white
| or buffy beneath ; always buffy
on flanks and under tail coverts.
Song, a more uniform melody
than 2, terminating more soft-
ly. Breeds from southern N.
E. west to southern Minn.,
south to the Gulf States; win-
ters in Central America, Baha-
mas, and West Indies; south
in Sep.; north in March and
CC, J, a, 3. April.

K. WAGTAILS AND PIPITS. Motacillidae.

Rather small, ground-inhabiting birds with long wings,
having elongated tertials, long tails, and slender bills; move
tails up and down. Nest on ground; eggs, spotted.

WAGTAILS AND PIPITS.

a. Wagtails. Motacilla.

Tail, quite long ; colors, black, white, and gray, some-
times yellow beneath.

1. WHITE WAGTAIL, M. ALBA. 7.00; forehead, sides
of neck, beneath, and outer tail feathers, white ; crown, hind
neck, and throat, black; back, ashy. Breeds in Europe; ac-
cidental in Greenland.

b. Pipits. Anthus.

Tail, not as long; brown above; whitish below, streaked
with brown.

1. AMEBICAN PIPIT, A. PENNSYLVANICUS. 6.50;
grayish-olive above, indistinctly streaked with darker; be-
neath, cinnamon-buff; streaks on breast and sides, broad and
numerous, fig. 339 ; outer tail feathers, nearly white. Breeds

Fig. 339.

from Newfoundland and
mountains of Colorado
northward; winters from
the Carolinas southward
to M e x i c o . Common
during migration, espec-
ially near the coast ;
south in Sep. and Oct. ;
north in May. Frequents
open fields and marshes,

Call, a low, double note. Flight,

CC, K, b, 1. 1-3.
and beaches. Gregarious,
undulating and erratic.

2. MEADOW PIPIT, A. PKATENSIS. Differs from 1 in
being greenish above and below and in being more heavily
streaked above. Europe ; accidental in Greenland.

3, SPKAGUE'S PIPIT, A. BPKAGU KIT Smaller than 1 ;
bill, shorter; paler beneath with narrow streakings, very few
on sides; light edgings to feathers above paler. Breeds on
the interior plains of N. A. from eastern Montana north in-
to Manitoba; winters in Tex., Mexico, and southern La. ;
rare in S. C. Flight song, a clear, harmonious melody, given
as the bird hovers high in air.

DIRECTOUY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

L. SWALLOWS. Hirundinidae.

Singing perchers modified for taking their food on the
wing ; bill, small, but with a very wide gape ; wings, long and
pointed ; feet, small. Eggs, white, with or without spots.

a. Martins. Progne.

Large, nearly uniformly colored swallows ; bill and feet,
fig. 340, large; tail, somewhat forked.
Fig. 340. Fig. 341.

CC, L,, a, 1.

1. PURPLE MARTIN, A. SUBIS. 8.25 ; uniform steel-
blue with violet iridescence, fig. 341. Female, duller above ;
grayish-white beneath. Breeds throughout temperate N. A. ;
winters in Mexico and northern S. A. ; south in Sep. ; north
in April. Nests in holes of trees and bird boxes ; eggs, un-
spotted. Flight, strong but rather heavy. Notes, loud, clear,
and melodious.

1*. FLOEIDA MARTIN, P. s. FI.ORIDANA. Differs
from 1 in being smaller; male, darker; female, much more
grayish beneath, with the white more dull. Breeds in mid-
dle and southern Fla. ; north in March.

2. CUBAN MARTIN, P. CRYPTOLEUCA. Differs from 1
in the more deeply forked tail ; male with a broad, but con-

26O SWALLOWS.

cealed, band of white crossing lower abdomen ; female, sim-
ilar to 1* but with abdomen pure white. Cuba, resident ; ac-
cidental in southern Fla.

b. Cliff Swallows. Petroclielidon.
Smaller; colors not uniform; tail, not forked, fig. 342.
Sexes, similar.

Fig. 342. Fig. 343.

CC, L, b, 1.

1. CLIFF SWALLOW, P. LUNIPRONS. 5.75; above and
spot on throat, dark steel-blue; crescent on forehead, and
rump, reddish-buff ; throat, chestnut; whitish beneath, fig.
343. Breeds throughout the greater part of N. A. Winters
in S. A. ; south in Sep. ; north in April. Nests in communi-
ties under eaves of buildings and on rocky cliffs ; eggs, spot-
ted. Notes, a musical chatter. Flight, rather heavy.

2. CUBAN CLIFF SWALLOW, P. FULVA. Differs from
1 in having the throat pale reddish-cinnamon, and the rump
deep chestnut. Cuba, resident ; accidental on the Fla. Keys.

c. Sand Swallows. Riparia.

Small swallows, brown above, white beneath; tail, mod-
erately forked ; sexes, similar. Tuft of feathers at base of
hind toe, fig. 344.

1. BANK SWALLOW, R. RIPARIA. 5.25; mouse-brown
above ; white beneath with band of brown crossing breast,
fig. 345. Breeds throughout the northern hemisphere ; in N.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. from Ga. and northern Mexico, north to the Arctic regions ;
winters in S. A. ; south in Sep. ; north in April and May.
Common. Xests in communities, in holes of sand banks;
eggs, unspotted. Notes, a feeble twitter. Flight, rather weak.
Fig. 344. Fig. 345.

CC, L, c, 1.
d. Rough- winged Swallows. Stelgldopteryx.

Rather small swallows, brownish above, white below;
tail, moderately forked ; adult males with the barbs of the
outer wing feather hooked backward, rig. 346.

1. ROUGH- WINGED SWALLOW, S. SERRIPENNIS. 5.50;
brown throughout, excepting middle lower parts, abdomen,
and under tail coverts, fig. 347. Breeds in temperate N, A.
from Central America north to southern Conn, and British
Columbia ; winters in Central America ; south in Sep. ; north
in May. Nests' in holes of bridges, buildings, banks, etc.,
seldom in communities ; eggs, unspotted. Notes, feeble twit-
ters. Flight, not very strong.

Fig. 346. Fig. 347.

CC, L, d, 1.

SWALLOWS.

e. Tree Swallows. Iridoprocne.

Larger swallows, with medium forked tails; bluish
above ; white beneath.

1. WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW, I. BICOLOB. 6.00;
greenish steel-blue above; white beneath, fig. 348. Female,

Fig. 348.

usually dull er .
Young, grayish-
brown above and in a
band across breast.
Breeds from Ya. and
Cal. northward into
British America ; win-
ters from S. C.
through the Gulf
States and occasional-
CC, L, e, 1. ly further north ;

south in Sep. and Oct. ; north in April. Nests in holes of
trees, sometimes excavated by the birds, in bird boxes, or
about buildings. Flight, easy and rather graceful. Song, a
pleasant twitter. Abundant; gregarious in autumn, congre-
gating by thousands on the sea shore,
f. Green and White Swallows. Cliallichelidon.
Differ from e in having larger bills and longer, more
deeply forked tails.

1. BAHAMA SWALLOW, C. OYANEOVIBIDIS. 6.00;
velvety-green above with golden iridescence; wing coverts,
rump, and tail, steel-blue; white beneath. Female, duller.
Kesident on New Providence, Bahamas, and occurs ©n some
other of the Islands ; accidental in Fla. Song, a musical twit-
ter. Nests in holes of buildings.

g. Long-tailed Swallows. Hirundo.
Bill, rather small; tail, long, and forked for more than
one third its length.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 2(53

1. AMEKICAN BAKN SWALLOW, H. KRYTHROGASTRA.
7.00; dark steel-blue above; forehead, throat, and breast,
chestnut; remaining Fig. 349.

lower parts, rich
brown ; tail, crossed
by a band of white
spots, fig. 349. Fe-
male, duller. Breeds
throughout N. A.
from the Arctic re-
gions to the Gulf and
into Mexico, except-
ing Fla. ; winters in
S. A. ; south in Sep.
and Oct.; north in
April. Nests inside of
buildings, and very
rarely beneath their
eaves. Somewhat gre-
garious. Song, a CC, L, g, 1.
pleasing, bubbling melody. Flight, very graceful and easy.
M. WAXWIl^GS. Ampelidae.

Wings, long, pointed, folding beyond middle of short,
square tail, which is sharply tipped with yellow or red ; head,
crested; tips of shafts of secondaries (in our species), and
sometimes of tail feathers, tipped with a horny, sealingwax-
like expansion. Plumage, very smooth and blended. Nests,
in trees ; eggs, spotted.

a. Waxwings. Ampelis.

Characters as above.

1. CEDAR WAXWING, A. CEDORUM. 7.25 ; wood-brown
above grading into slate on upper tail coverts ; beneath, black
on chin grading into brown on breast, yellow on abdomen,
and white on under tail coverts ; black line on forehead
through eye ; not over 20 per cent have the red tips to second-

AVAXWINGS.

aries and not over 1 per cent on tail, fig. 350. Breeds in tem-
perate N. A. from Ya. north to Hudson Bay ; in fall and win-
tar wandering south to Fla., Bahamas, and some of the West
Indies. Gregarious. Flight, strong, steady and direct, with
a peculiar flutter of the wings. Note, a rather low, hissing
chirp.

Fig. 350. Fig. 351.

CC, M, a, 1. 1-4. CC, M, a, 2. 1-4.

2. BOHEMIAN WAXWING, A. GAKKULUS. 7.75 ; dif-
fers from 1 in being grayer, with no yellow on abdomen ; yel-
low or white lines on tips of wing feathers, white tips to spu-
rious wing, and chestnut under tail coverts, fig. 351. Breeds
in the coniferous forests of Northern Hemisphere; wander-
ing south in winter, irregularly, to northern U. S. Notes,
similar to those of 1, but louder.

N. TAXAGERS. TANAGRIDAE,

A large group of thick-billed, rather small singing perch-
ersthat are very closely allied to the Sparrows and Finches,
in fact, intergrading completely with them, but our species
do not have the cutting edge of upper mandible angled, page
8, C ; chiefly tropical and sub-tropical in distribution,
a. Tooth-billed Tanagers. Pyranga.

Bill, slightly toothed. Nests, placed in trees ; eggs, spot-
ted.

CO, N, a, 1. 1-4.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 2

1. SCARLET TANAGER, P. ERYTHROMELAS. 7.50;
scarlet; wings and tail, black, fig. 352. Female and winter
male, scarlet replaced by greenish. Fig. 352.
Breeds in eastern U. S. from Ya.

north into the southern British
Provinces; winters in northern S.
A. ; south in Sep. and Oct.^, north
in May. Frequents open wood-
lands. Flight, swift and direct.
Song, loud and distinct "Chip
cherry, cherry chip'1'1 varied some-
what, sometimes sweet and pleas-
ing but usually marred by a harsh
tone which occurs in some of the
notes.

2. LOUIS I AX AT AN AGER,

P. L.UDOVICIAXA. Differs from 1 in having the neck black,
two bands on wing, hind neck, rump, upper tail coverts, and
beneath, yellow. Female, differs chiefly in having yellow
wing bands. Breeds in western IT. S. ; accidental in N. E.,
N. Y., and La. ; winters in Mexico.

3. SUMMER TANAGER, P. RUBRA. 7.25 ; dull red
throughout ; brownish on wings and tail. Female, yellowish-
green, brightest beneath. Breeds in eastern U. S. from south-
ern X. J. south to the Gulf States; casual north as far as
Nova Scotia; winters in northern S. A. ; soutn in Sep. ; north
in April. Frequents the pine barrens and other open wood-
lands. Song, loud and clear.

O. SHRIKES. Laiiiidae.

Singing perchers with hawk-like feeding habits; bill,
short, strongly curved, hooked and toothed; wings, short:
tail, long.

a. Gray Shrikes. Laniiis.

Gray; wings and tail, black. Nests, in trees and bushes;
eggs, spotted. Food, insects, small mammals, and birds.

266 SHRIKES.

1. NORTHERN" SHRIKE, L. BOBKALIS. 10.00; pale

bluish-gray above; white beneath, with narrow, wavy lines

(vermiculations) of dusky ; patch on side of head, black ; scap-

ularies, patch on wing, tip of secondaries, and all but cen-

Fig. 353.

CC, O, a, 1.

tral tail feathers, white, fig. 353. Young, much obscured
above with rusty. Breeds in northern N. A. from Labrador
to Alaska ; wandering south in winter, somewhat irregularly,
as far south as Ya. and central Cal. Song, a loud, clear and
varied melody ; also a harsh cry. Frequents open fields.
Flight, swift, direct, but with long, sweeping undulations ;
always rises to alight. Sits very upright.

2. LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE, L. LUDOVICANUS. 9.25 ;
differs from 1 ;n being darker above ; black head spots ex-
tending over forehead, and in having no dusky markings be-
low, excepting in very young specimens, fig. 354. Resident
in the coast district of S. C., Ga., and west to La.,' also all of
Fla. Song and habits similar to those of 1.

2. NORTHERN LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE, L. L. MIGRANS.
Differs from 1 in having a smaller bill and shorter tail ; paler
above and slightly grayish beneath. Breeds over a greater
portion of eastern U. S. from N. C. and eastern Kan. north to
the more southern of the British Provinces : south in winter
to La. and Tex. Of local distribution.

PLATE 22.

UPPER FIGURE, PROTHONOTARY WARBLER;
LOWER FIGURE, WORM-EATING WARBLER.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 267

P. VIREOS. Vireonidae.

Small, arboreal birds with large heads, and bills which
are strongly curved at tip ; rather deliberate in movement ;
food, insects, chiefly caterpillars; Fig. 354.

colors, mostly plain ; nests sus-
pended from a forked twig of a
tree or bush ; eggs, white, usually
sparingly spotted.

a. Wood Vireos.

Vireosylva.

Bill, rather prominent; wing
bands, absent ; white or pale yel-
low beneath.

1. RED-EYED YIREO Y.
OLIVACEA. 6.25 ; top of head,
gray ; above, grayish-green ; white CC, O, a, 2. 1-6.

beneath ; dark line through eye, whitish line over it, bordered
above by a black line ; iris, red, fig. 355. Breeds throughout
temperate N. A. from Fla. into the British Provinces; winters
in northern S. A. ; south in Sep. and Oct. ; north in April and
May. Frequents woodlands. Song, monotonous repititions

of syllables; "Hear me, see me,
hear it, heed it; sweer William,
sweer it, tweet, tweet, tweet,
tweet" (quickly given but not
always following the other por-
tion) at the rate of 36 or more
in a minute; also the common
vireo scold. Very common.

2. BLACK-WHISKERED
VIREO, Y. BARBATULA. Lar-
ger than 1 ; bill, longer ; grayer above ; dark lines on head not
as clear; a slight maxillary line of dusky. Breeds in the Ba-
hamas and southern Fla ; winters in the West Indies ; north
in April. Song, '•''Whip torn kelley (a decided accent on the

CC, P, a, 1.

268

VIREOS.

3. PHILADELPHIA YIREO, Y. PHILADELPHIA. 5.00;
grayer than 1 on back ; lines on head distinct ; strongly
tinged with yellow beneath. Breeds from northern N. E.
northward into the British Provinces ; winters in Central
America; south in Sep. and Oct.; north in May. Yery rare
east of the Connecticut River and Alleghanies Song, simi-
lar to 1.

4. WARBLING YIREO, Y. GILVA, 5.40; the grayest
of our vireos, there being but little difference between the

Fig. 356. color of head and back ; no

black on sides of head, but
there is a slight whitish line
over eye ; white beneath
slightly tinged with yellow,
fig. 356 ; iris, brown. Breeds
in eastern N. A. from Fla.
north into the British Prov-

CC, P, a, 4. inces ; winters in Mexico ;

south in Sep. ; north in April. Frequents open groves or or-
namental trees in streets. Song, a continuous warble con-
sisting of about six notes uttered at rather wide intervals.

b. Banded Vireos.
Laiiivireo.

Bill, somewhat
stouter than in a, wing
bands, present, white;
more or less yellow be-
neath.

1. YELLOW-
THROATED YIREO, L.
FLAVIFEONS. 6.00 ;
greenish above and on
sides of head; line over
eye, throat, and breast,

Fig. 357.

CC, P, b, 1.

lemon-yellow; remaining under parts, white, fig. 357. Breeds
in eastern N. A. from northern Fla. north to the British

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 269

Provinces; winters in Colombia, S. A.; south in Sep. and
Oct. ; north in May. Frequents the margins of woodlands,
orchards, and open groves. Song, "Do you hear me; do you
see me; here I am" given with emphatic energy, slightly
harsh repeated about 8 or 10 times a minute. Nest, covered
with lichens.

2. SOLITARY VIEEO, L. SOLITARIUS. 5.50; top of
head, deep slate-gray; back, dark olive-green ; ring round eye
and line to bill, white ; beneath, white ; sides tinged with yel-
low and greenish ; wing bands Fig. 358.

and under tail coverts, tinged
with yellow, fig. 358. Breeds
locally in southern N. E. north
commonly from northern N. E.
into the British Provinces;
winters in the Gulf States
south into Central America.
Song, shorter and lower than
in 1, and given with less ener-
gy, without the harsh intona-
tion. Frequents woodlands. CC, P, b, 2.

3. MOUNTAIN YIREO, L. ALTICOLA. Differs from 2
in being larger, darker, with more gray on back. Breeds in
the southern Alleghanies from Md. to N. C. ; winters in the
lowlands of the eastern Gulf and south Atlantic States.

4. PLUMBEOUS YIREO, L. PLUMBEUS. Differs from
3 in having back wholly gray, and less yellow beneath. Rocky
Mountains of U. S. and mountains of Mexico ; accidental in
N. Y.

c. Little Vireos. Vireo.

Small vireos, often greenish above with much yellow
about head ; wing bands, present.

1. WHITE-EYED YIREO, Y. NOVEBORACENSIS. 5.25;
greenish-olive above; white beneath much tinged with yel-
low on sides ; line from bill over eye, eye ring, and wing
bands, sulphur yellow ; iris, white, fig. 359. Breeds in east-

270

VIREOS.

ern U. S. from northern Fla. and Tex. north to Mass, and
southern Wis. ; winters from S. C. to Central America ; south

Fig. 359.

CC, P, c. 1.

in Sep. ; north in May. Fre-
quents swamps, rather local.
Song, varied detached notes,
given emphatically, "I-will
give-you—a-lick" i s an ex-
ample ; sometimes these
detached notes run together
as a low, continuous song.

1*. KEY WEST YIREO,
Y. N. MAYNARDI. Differs

from 1 in being larger, and much grayer above and on sides
of head, fig. 360. Breeds from middle Fla. south to Key West.
2. BELL'S YIREO, Y. BELLII. 4.75 ; head, grayish,
brown; back, dull olive- Fig. 360.

green; line over eye, ring
around it, wing bands, and
beneath, dull white ; breast,
sides, flanks, and under
tail coverts, tinged wit.h
yellowish. Breeds in the
prairie districts of the Miss-
issippi Yalley from south-
ern Minn, to northern 111.
south to eastern Texas ; win-
ters in Mexico; accidental in Mass.

Q. MOCKING BIROS AND THRASHERS.

Mimidae.

Large birds with short wings, and long tails which are
not banded ; bills, slender. Sexes, similar.

a. Mockingbirds. Mimus.

Upper mandible of rather short bill, curved; tail, much
rounded ; colors, dark above, white beneath ; prominent wing
patch and tail spots. Nests, in trees and bushes ; eggs, spot-
ted.

CC, P, c, 1*.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 271

1. MOCKINGBIRD, M. POLYGLOTTUS. 10.00; dark,
ashy-gray above ; dull-white beneath ; patch at base of prim-
aries, and large portion of outer primaries, white ; iris, yel-
Fig. 301. lowish-white, fig. 361. Fig. 363.

Resident from Mexi-
co north to Md. and
Colo., casually to
Mass. Frequents
thickets. Song, loud,
clear, and varied, of-
ten mimicking the
songs of other birds.
b. Catbirds.
Galeo coptes.
Bill, shorter than
a; tail, less rounded;
colors, more uniform ;
no white on tail or
wings. Nests, in
CC, Q, a, 1. bushes; eggs, blue, CC, Q, c, 1.

1-5. unspotted. 1-6.

1. CATBIRD, O. CAROLINENSIS. 9.00; dark plumbeous;
lighter beneath; top of head and tail, black; under tail cov-
erts, chestnut. Breeds in eastern U. S. from the Gulf States
north into the British Provinces west to the Rockies; winters
in the Southern States, casually north to Mass. ; south in
Sep. and Oct. ; north in April and May. Frequents thickets,
often near dwellings. Song, rich and varied, sometimes mi-
micking other birds; notes rather deliberately given.

1*. KEY WEST CATBIRD, G. c. GRISIFRONS. Smaller
than 1; bill, more slender; darker, but with forehead gray-
ish, fig. 362, page 272. Key West.

c. Thrashers. Toxostonia.

Larger than b; bill, longer; somewhat curved tail much
rounded. Nests, on or near the ground ; eggs, spotted.

272

Fig. 362.

CC, Q, b, 1*
Fig. 377.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 1573

1. BROWN THRASHER, T. RUFUM. 11.50; bright red-
l>rown above ; wing bands and beneath, bufTy-white ; streaked
on sides of neck, breast, and sides, with brown, fig. 363.
Breeds throughout eastern IT. S. from the Carolinas south-
ward ; south in Oct. ; north in April and May. Frequents dry
thickets; song, loud and varied, each note being repeated
once or twice. When singing is usually perched in some
elevated situation.

R. WREXS. Troglodytidae.

Small birds with slender bills ; brown above, white below ;
usually banded on wings or tail ; often keep tail erect.
a. Mocking Wrens. Thryothorus.

Rather large wrens with quite long curved bills and grad-
uated tails. Nests, in cavities of logs, stumps, etc.

1. CAROLINA WREN, T. LUDOVICIANUS. 5.25;rusty-
l>rown above; line from bill Fig. 364.

over eye down neck, buffy-
Avhite; narrow line over this,
olack; buffy beneath, nearly
^white on throat ; no bands on
flanks, fig. 364. Breeds from
northern Fla. north to south-
ern N. E. rarely to Mass., west
to middle Kan. ; winters from
the Carolinas southward. Fre-
quents low thickets. Song, loud,
clear and varied; often mimics other birds.

1*. FLORIDA WREN, T. L. MIAMENSIS. Differs from
1 in being larger and much darker; rich chestnut above,
tawny-ochraceous below, excepting throat. Peninsula of Fla!
b. L,Qngvtailed Wrens. TLryomanes.

Bill, slender; wings and tail, rather long; in our species,
bandings and tippings on tail.

CC, K, a, 1.

274

1. BEWICK'S WREN, T. BEWICKII. 5.50; plain brown
above ; line over eye and beneath, dull white ; wings, tail, and
Fig. 365. under tail coverts, barred

with dusky; whitish band-
ings on tail, conspicuous,
fig. 365. Breeds in eastern
U. S. from N. J. west to
southern Minn., south to
northern Fla. and Tex ; win-
ters in southern portion of
range; south in Sep. ; north
in May; accidental in N. H.

CC, R, b, 1. Frequents open sections.

Nests in holes about buildings. Song, a continuous bubbling
melody.

c. *House Wrens. Troglodytes.
Small wrens ; bill, rather stout; wings and tails, short;
both banded with dusky.

1. HOUSE WREN, T, AEDON. 5.00; dark reddish-
brown above and on sides ; dull white beneath tinged with
brownish ; flanks barred with dus- Fig. 306.

ky, fig. 366. Breeds throughout
eastern U. S. north into Canada;
winters from the Carolinas
through the Gulf States; common
but locally distributed in N. E. ;
south in Sep. and Oct. : north in
May. Frequents orchards. Nests
in holes of trees and about build-
ings. Song, acontinuous bub-
bling melody. In autumn and
winter, seeks the shelter of brush
heaps and thickets.

1*. WESTERN HOUSE WREN, T. A. PAKKMANII. Dif-
fers from 1 in being much paler with back usually barred
with dusky. Breeds throughout western U. S. and Canada,
east to 111 ; winters in Mexico.

CC, R, C, 1. 1-4.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTEKJN NORTH AMERICA. 275

d. Little Wrens. Olbiorchilus.

Small wrens with rather short wings and tails ; dark,
much banded below with dusky.

1. WINTER WREN, O. HIEMALIS. 4.10; dark reddish-
brown above; pale brownish beneath sprinkled on fore parts
and banded behind with dusky. Upper wing coverts and
sides of neck, spotted with white, fig. Fig. 367.

367. Breeds in northern portion of
eastern U. S. and Canada from northern
N. E. west to Mich, rarely south to Mass,
and along the AlleghaniestoN. C. ; win-
ters from southern N. E. rarely further
north, to northern Fla. and along the
Gulf coast to Tex. ; south in Sep. and
Oct.; north in April. Frequents dense
thickets along walls and fences, remain- CC, R, d, 1.

368. ing much in concealment. Song, an ex-
quisite, but quickly given, melody.

e. Marsh Wrens. Telmatodytes.

Small wrens with long, slender bills,
short, rounded wings and tails ; streaked
with white on back. Nests, globular, en-
trance on side ; eggs, brown.

1. LONG-BILLED MARSH WREN, T.
PALUSTRIS. 5.25 ; dark-brown on head and
back, reddish-brown elsewhere; streaks on
back, line over eye and beneath, white,
tinged with reddish on sides and flanks;
tail barred with dusky, wings with whitish,
fig. 368. Breeds chiefly east of the Alle-
ghanies from Ya. and Md. north to western
N. Y. and Mass. ; winters south to the Car-
o.inas; south in Sep. and Oct.; north in
CC, R, e, 1. 1-3. May. Frequents very wet marshes. Nests,

276 WRENS.

attached to reeds, grass steins and bushes. Song, often giv-
en in flight, a bubbling melody, rising and falling, sometimes,
connected with trilling notes. Flight, weak and fluttering..
Local in distribution.

1*. MARIAN'S MARSH WREN, T. p. MABIANAE. Dif-
fers from 1 in being smaller and much darker and more heav-
ily banded. Breeds on the coasts of the Carolinas ; winters,
in western Fla.

1**. LOUISANA MARSH WREN, T. p. THRYOPHILUS.
Differs from 1* in being smaller and paler; crown with med-
ian stripe, often wide, upper tail coverts often unbarred.
Coast of La. and Tex.

1***. WORTHINGTON'S MARSH WREN, T. p. GRIS-
ETJS. Differs from 1* in being much paler and grayer with
black of upper parts not as extended ; top of head and back,,
olive; white streakings, few. South Atlantic coast from
southern S. C. to northern Fla.

f , Meadow Wrens. Cistothorus.
Very small wrens ; bills, short and slender , head and back
streaked with white. Nests, in sedges, globular ; eggs, white.
1. SHORT-BILLED MARSH WREN, C. STELLARIS. 4.25;
dark-brown above streaked on head and back with whitish ,.
Fig. 369. banded elsewhere with buff; white be-

neath tinged with buff on breast and
sides, fig. 369. Breeds in eastern N. A.
from southern N. H. and Manitoba south
to the Gulf coast; winters in the Gulf
States ; south in Sep. ; north in May.
Frequents sedgy, not very wet, marshes,
in summer, dry savannas in winter.
Song, an oft-repeated tinkle somewhat
CC, R, f, 1. like the sound produced by a light ham-

mer striking an anvil with a sharp blow then rebounding
three or four times; never given on the wing; more often
heard during cloudy weather or by night.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 277

S. CREEPERS. Certltiidae.

Small, slender-billed birds with broad, long wings, large,
strong feet fitted for creeping about trees.

a. Tree Creepers. Certhia.

Bill, long and strongly curved; tail, long, with pointed,
stiffened feathers. Nests, behind strips of loosened bark;
eggs, spotted.

1. BROWN CREEPER, C. AMERICANA. 5.50; brown
above streaked with white ; rump, rusty ; dull, silky-white be-
neath, fig. 370. Breeds in Fig. 370.
eastern N. A. from Mass,
north into the British Pro-
vinces, also south along the
higher mountains to N. C. ;
south in winter to northern
Fla. ; s o u t h in Oct. ; north
in April. Frequents open
woodlands, groves, and or-
namental trees everywhere.
Creeps spirally up trees
then drops to the base of ei-
ther the same tree or anoth-
er to reascend. Usual note, a thin, sharp lisp; also a crack-
ling cry and a rather unusual silvery, tinkling song.
T. NUTHATCHES. Sittidae.

Small birds with straight bills, long wings, short tails
and large feet; fitted for climbing trees ; descend head down-
ward. Nests, in cavities usually excavated by the birds;
«ggs, white spotted.

a. Nuthatches. Sitta.

Characters as above.

1. WHITE-BELLIED NUTHATCH, S. CAROLINENSIS.
6.00; bluish-gray above; top of head and hind neck, black;
beneath, white; chestnut on under tail coverts; excepting

CC, S, a, 1.

A

278 NUTHATCHES.

central feathers, tail black with a band of white, fig. 371.
Fig. 371. Female, with black of

head obscured by bluish.
Breeds throughout east-
ern U. S. into the British
Provinces, south into the
Carolinas, west to the
eastern margin of the
Great Plains ; chiefly res-
ident. Frequents alike
woodlands, orchards and
ornamental trees. Ordi-
nary call, a harsh "Cac/i"
also an interrupted series
of calls given in a rather
CC, T, a, 1. minor tone, suggesting

the familiar call of the Flicker. Common.

1*. FLOKIDA WHITE-BELLIED NUTHATCH, S. c.
ATKINSI. Differs from 1 in being smaller, a little darker,
more grayish-white beneath, with flanks tinged with gray-
ish. Female, with head black, or nearly so. Fla. west along
the Gulf coast to Miss., north to the coast region of N. C.
where it intergrades with 1. Has a singular low, warbling
song given usually while flying restlessly about.

2. KED-BELLIED NUTHATCH, S. CANADENSIS. 4.50;
differs from 1 in color in having a black line through eye
broadening out behind it ; hind neck like back, strongly
tinged with reddish beneath, fig. 372. Female has the head
line bluish and is lighter below. Breeds in the forests of
northern N. A. from Mass, to Labrador south along the high-
er Alleghanies to N. C. south in winter from Mass, to the ex-
treme southern states; south in Aug., Sep.> and Oct. ; north
in April. Notes, a little sharper than 1, and more deliberate
when breeding. Found nearly everywhere, but most com-
monly in woodlands.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 279

3. BROWN-HEADED NUTHATCH, S. PTJSILLA. 4.00;
dark-bluish above; crown and hind neck, brown; spot on
nape, white; beneath, dull Fig. 372.

white; tail, save central
feathers, black, with an in-
distinct band of white. Res-
ident in the coast pine belt
from southern Del. to Tex. ;
casually north to N. Y.,
Mich., etc.; Great Bahama
Island. Note, a harsh, sol-
emnly given "Cac/i" often
repeated. Gregarious. Fig.
373.

U. WARBLERS. Sylviidae.

Our species are small birds with long wings, short deep-
ly notched tails ; bills, small with nostrils concealed,
a. Kinglets. Regulus.

Very small ; crown with a bright spot ; wing, with a sin-
gle band of white in a dark area. Nests, in trees, globular;
eggs, spotted.

1. GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET, R. SATRAPA. 3.50;
grayish-green above ; dull white beneath ; top of head, or-

CC, T, a, 2

Fig. 373.

CC, T, a, 3. 1-4.

ange, with a yellow and black line on
either side, fig. 374. Female, with the or-
ange crown spot. Breeds from northern
N. E., northern N. Y., and northern Mich,
north to Labrador, rarely south to Mass,
and regularly along the Alleghanies to
N. C. ; winters from Mass, to northern
Fla. ; south in Oct. ; north in April. Song,
a rather feeble lisping trill; alarm and
call, a feeble lisp. Found everywhere,
most commonly in evergreen woodlands.

28O WARBLERS.

2. RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET, R. CALENDULA. Dif-
fers from 1 in having a partly concealed spot of ruby-red on
Fig. 374. crown with no other

markings, although the
female sometimes has
this it is usually absent.
Breeding range in the
east similar to 1, but win-
ters further south, to
southern Fla. and Mexi-
co ; rarely north to Mass. ;
north in April ; south in
Sep. and Oct. Song, be-
gins with a few lisping
notes, runs into a clear,
high warble, ending with
some notes with a rising
inflection. Occurs mostly in woodlands. Fig. 375.

V. GNATCATCHERS. Polioptilidae.
Very small with short, rounded wings, long tails, round-
ed and white marked ; bills, long, somewhat flattened ; hab-
its, flycatcher-like. Fig. 375.
a. Gnatcatcliers.

Polioptila.
Characters as above.
1. BLUE-GRAY GNAT-
CATCHER, P. CAERULA. 4.75 ;
bluish-gray above; bluish-
white beneath ; U-shaped line
on forehead extending back on
sides of head, black ; nearly CC, U, a, 2. 1-3.

whole of outer and terminal spot on two next tail feathers,
white, fig. 376. Female, without black on forehead. Breeds
from N. J. west to southern Mich, south to the Gulf States;

CC, U, a, 1.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

accidental in K. E. and Minn. ; winters in the Gulf States,
Bahamas, and West Indies. Common. Nests Fig. 376.
in trees, hung from fork of limb ; lichen-cov-
ered ; eggs, spotted. Call note "See see" lisp-
ingly given ; song, a low, tinkling, silvery war-
ble. Very restless and active.

W. THRUSHES. Turdidae.

Fig. 378.

Medium to large Singing Perchers, well
proportioned, for among them we find the
ideal bird form, as well as the power of song
developed to the highest degree ; widely dis-
tributed throughQut the temperate and trop-
ical regions of the globe. CC, V, a, 1.
a. Spotted Thrushes. Hylocichla. 1-4.
Medium-sized thrushes; wings, folding to middle of tail
or a little beyond; bill, short; adults, spotted beneath; sex-
es, similar. Eggs, blue.

1. WOOD THRUSH,
H. MUSTELINUS. 8,25;
above reddish-brown, de-
cidedly brighter on
head; white beneath
marked nearly every-
where with spots of dark-
brown, fig. 377 page 272.
Breeds in eastern U. S.
from Ya. and Kan, north
to C a n a d a ; winters in
Central America; south
in Sep. ; north in May.

CC, W, a, 2.

Common, frequenting

wooded glens. Song, loud, clear, and bell-like; "Tru-ral lu
tru-ral lee" are the louder notes with other lower variations ;
a rather harsh, stammering alarm. Nests, in trees; eggs,
unspotted.

282 THRUSHES.

2. HERMIT THRUSH, H. TALLASII. 7.00 ; tawny above,
decidedly reddish on tail ; white beneath, tinged with creamy
on breast; spots, triangular, not extending on sides; eye
ring, creamy, fig. 378. Breeds in eastern IS". A. from Mass.
(Barnstable, Plymouth, Worcester Counties, westward, and
irregularly elsewhere), northern Alleghanies, and northern
Mich, northward; winters from Northern States southward;
north in April ; south in Oct. Song, the finest of all our birds ;
there are four strains ; 1, "O/i twee ttvee twee" clear and high ;
2, "E twter twter twter" lower but pure; 3, "Oh phera phera
phera" lower in tone, almost pathetic in terminal note, all
prolonged ; 4, "J£ che te wete" softly given, often almost in a
whisper ; method of giving song very varied ; all of the four
Fig. 379.

CC, W, a, 3.

strains are seldom given successively, and while 1 i-s almost
always given first, this may be followed by any of the others,
from 2 to 4, thus the song may consist of from two (very
rarely) to four strains, but I have never heard any note giv-
en in advance of one which should follow it; thus the com-
binations of notes are limited to seven, all of which I have
beard given by a single bird on my own place in Barnstable;

DIRECTORY TO BIKDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 283

alarm, a whistling "Cluck." Frequents woodlands. Nests
on ground ; eggs, unspotted.

3. OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH, H. SWAINSONII. 7.00;
uniform olive above ; eye ring, sides of head, and breast, red-
dish-buff ; spots beneath, broadly triangular, fig. 379. Breeds
in eastern N. A. from the mountains of Penn. and N. Y., and
northern X. E., northward; winters in S. A. ; south in Sep.
and Oct. ; north in April and May. Song, differs from 2 in
being lower in scale; alarm like 2. Frequents heavy wood-
lands. Nests in low trees or bushes; eggs, spotted.

4. GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH, H. ALICIAE. Differs
from 3 in having the eye ring and sides of head grayish-white

Fig. 380.

and the breast with
little or no tingeing of
buff. Breeds in east-
ern N. A. chiefly
north of the U. S. ;
winters in Central
America; south in
Sep. and Oct. ; north
in May. Common,
frequenting wood-
lands and copses.
Song, as heard here
in West Newton, al-
.most exactly like
that of 5, but rather lower.

4*. BICKNELL'S THRUSH, H. A. BICKNELLI. Differs
from 4 in being smaller. Breeds on the mountains of the
northeastern States and Nova Scotia. Migration as in 4.
Song (as heard in West Newton, Mass.), begins with two or
three notes similar to those of 1, and terminates like 4.

5. WILSON'S THRUSH, H. FUSCESCENS. 7.00; reddifch-
tawny throughout above ; white beneath ; eye ring, sides of
head and breast, pale buff ; spots confined to upper breast and
very pale reddish-brown, fig. 380. Breeds from northern N. J.

284

THRUSHES.

west to northern Minn, north into the British Possessions ;
winters chiefly south of the U. S. Common, frequenting
moist thickets. Song, a series of fife-like notes, beginning
softly, gradually decreasing in volume, and ending imper-
ceptibly ; the exact tone and effect produced by it are indes-
cribably weird; alarm, a whistled "PAew." Nests on the
ground; eggs, unspotted.

5. NEWFOUNDLAND THRUSH, H. F. FULIGINOSA.
Differs from 5 in being paler above and more indistinctly
spotted below. Breeds in Newfoundland.
b. Thrushes. Turdus.

Larger than a; wings, longer; white line over eye.

1. RED-WINGED THRUSH, T. ILIACUS. 8.50 Brown-
ish above ; line over eye, stripe on sides of throat, and mid-
dle portions below, white; sides and flanks, reddish; breast,
streaked with dusky. Northern Europe and Asia ; accidental
in Greenland.

Fig. 381.

CC, W, c, 1.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 285

c. Unspotted Thrushes. Planesticus.

Larger ; wings, not extending beyond tail ; not spotted
below in adults.

1. AMERICAN ROBIN, P. MIGRATORIA. 10.00; ashy-
gray above; top of head, black; golden-brown beneath;
throat, white, streaked with black; bill, yellow, fig. 381. Fe-
male, duller. Young, spotted with dusky above and below.
Breeds in eastern N. A. from the Atlantic to the ffockies,
north of N. C. ; winters from Canada southward to the Gulf
States ; south in Oct. and Nov. ; north in March and April.
Found everywhere. Song, loud and hurriedly given ; varia-
ble, but a usual form is, "Chip cherry chip" with other notes ;
a single sharp whistle of inquiry ; the young, when nearly
fledged, give a practicing song, similar to the adult, uttered
with closed bill, and thus low and muffled. Nests in trees
and bushes, sometimes within buildings or about them ; eggs,
unspotted.

d. Western Thrushes. Hesperocichla.

Differ from b in having proportionately larger feet, and
black markings below, and varied wings.

1. VARIED THRUSH, H. NAEVIA. Differs from a, 1
in having top of head like back ; throat, unstreaked and with
under parts, wing bands, other wing markings, and line over
and behind eye, brownish yellow ; band across breast and
patch on side of head, black. Breeds on the Pacific coast of
N. A. ; accidental in N. J., N. Y., and Mass.

X. STONE CHATS AND BLUEBIRDS.

Saxicolidae.

Smaller than W, with longer wings, always folding be-
yond middle of tail. In our species, nests, usually in holes;
eggs, blue, unspotted.

a. Stone Chats. Saxicola.

No bright colors ; base of tail, white ; no spots in adults.

286

STONE CHATS AND BLUEBIRDS.

1. GKEENLAND WHEATEAR, S. LEUCORHOA. 6.50;
ash-gray above,* terminal third of tail, black, remainder with
tail coverts, forehead, line over eye, and lower parts behind,
white, otherwise plain buff below; patch on side of head,
black; in winter, strongly tinged with cinnamon. Breeds in
Iceland, Greenland and Labrador, straggling south to Nova
Scotia, Me., N. Y., and Bermuda; accidental in La. ; winters
in northern Africa, Labrador birds reaching their winter
quarters via Greenland and the British Isles.

b. Bluebirds. Sialia.

Prevailing color above, bright blue, unspotted in adults ;
no white on tail.

1. BLUEBIRD, S. SIALIS. 7.00; cobalt-blue above;
Fig. 382. throat, breast, and

sides deep cinnamon ;
remaining under
parts, white", fig. 382.
Female, much duller.
Young, reddish
above, spotted with
white ; wholly white
beneath, streaked
with reddish-brown.
Breeds from Ga.
north to the British
Provinces, west to the
CC, X, b, 1. 1-4. Rockies ; winters

from the Middle States to the Gulf; south in Oct. and Nov. ;
north in Feb. and March. Common, frequenting 'the open
country. Call song, of three notes, often repeated, "Cheer-
i-ly" given by both sexes and the young; song, by the male,
a low, sweet warble, uttered sometimes in flight or when
perched with fluttering wings. Catches insects on the ground
but flies to perch to eat them. Flight, rather indirect and
wabbling.

DIRECTORY TO BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 287

1*. FLORIDA BLUEBIRD, S. s. GRATA. Differs from
1 in having larger bill and feet and in being considerably
deeper in color, a more purple-blue above and a deeper, rich-
er cinnamon beneath. Resident in Fla.

EXTIIVOT SJPJE2OIESS.

The following species have been described by authors,
as inhabiting our section, but have not been taken recently
anywhere. Not included in key.

GREAT AUK, ALCA IMPENNIS. Form of Razor-bill.
Above, black, with large spot in front of eye, and beneath,
white. Length, 30.00; wing, 5.50. Formerly abundant on
our coast, but last seen over sixty-six years ago.

LABRADOR DUCK, CAMPOTOLEMUS I.ABRADORIUS.
22.00 ; white, tinged with ashy ; top of head, ring around neck,
and middle back, and beneath, black. Former range, from
N. J. northward. Has not been seen alive since the early 70s.

TOWNSEND'S BUNTING, EUSPIZA TOWNSENDI. Simi-
lar to the Black-throated, but with throat white. One spec-
imen obtained, May 11, 1833, near New Garden, Pa. None
have been seen since.

CARBONATED WARBLER, PERISSOGLOSSA CARBON-
ATA. Differs from the Cape May Warbler in having yellow
wing bands, no chestuut on cheeks nor white on tail. Known
only from Audubon's description and colored plate of a spec-
imen obtained at Henderson, Ky. in May, 1811.

BLUE MOUNTAIN WARBLER> DENDROECA MONTANA.
Greenish above and yellow beneath, streaked on breast and
sides with dusky ; tail and wings, black. One specimen ob-
tained by Wilson in the Blue Mountains, Ya. years ago.

SMALL-HEADED FLYCATCHER, WILSONIA MINUTUS.
Greenish above, and pale yellow beneath, with wings band-
ed, and outer tail feathers patched, with white. Found by

288 EXTINCT SPECIES.

Audubon and others, in the Middle States. There are no
specimens of either this or the above now in existence.

CINCINNATI WAKBLER, HELMINTHOPHILA CINCIN-
NATIENSIS. Greenish above ; yellow beneath ; patch before eye
and on ear, and line on sides of crown, black. Length, 4.75 ;
wing, 2.50; tail, 1.85; A single specimen obtained by de-
scriber, F. W. Langdon, at Madisonville, Ohio, May 1, 1880.

BLACK AND YELLOW WAKBLEK.

KEY. 289

KEY TO ORDERS.

I. WATER BIRDS.

a, bill, pointed.

1, dive from water.
U, dive from air.

3, dive from water and perch.

4, do not dive.

1, head, carried over body, neck thin; A, p. 11.
1, head, carried over body, neck, thick; C, A,
p. 16.

1, head, carried in advance of body; B, p. 14.

1, large, white; E, B, p. 29.

2, smaller; F, C, p. 48.

3, neck, very long; E, p. 34.

4, central tail feathers, very long; E, A, p. 27.

b, bill, hooked.

1, dive from water.

2, dive from air.

3, drop into water.

4, do not dive.

1, bill, slender; N, A, p. 120.

2, dark; E, D, p. 32.

3, large; E, C, p. 30.

4, swoop down for food; F, A, p. 27.

4, fly high over surface of water- tail, forked,
E, F, p. 35.

4, ocean birds, fly close over surface; D, p. 21.
C, bill, compressed.

1, bill, black; C, A, a, p. 16.

2, bill, red; C, A, e, p. 20.

d, bill, conical.

1, small; C, A, d, p. 19.

e, bills, flattened, toothed.

1, N, excepting A, p. 120.

29O KEY.

II. WADING BIRDS.

a, bill, not sharply pointed.

1, legs and neck, very long; bill, bent downward ;
O, p. 144.

2, wings, long and pointed; flight, swift; G, p. 59.

3, wings, shorter; flight, slow with dangling legs;
M, p. 113.

b, bill, not strongly curved ; size, large.

1, head and neck, naked; J, p. 110.

2, top of head only naked; K, p. 111.

3, head, feathered; L, p. 112.

c, bill, sharply pointed.

1, neck, bent in flight; I, p. 100.

d, bill, spoon-shaped or strongly curved.

1, neck, held straight in flight; H, p. 98.

III. LAND BIRDS.

a, bill, short and thick ; feet, fitted for running.

1, flight, sudden, swift, and noisy; P, p. 145.

b, bill, weak.

1, wings, long ; flight, swift and prolonged ; Q, p. 150.

c, bill, strongly hooked.

*, diurnal. „

1, head, without feathers ; R, p. 154.

2, head, feathered ; colors, not bright ; S, p. 155.

3, head, nearly feathered ; colors, bright ; T, p.
169.

**, nocturnal.

1, plumage, long and fluffy; U, p. 169.

d, bill, somewhat curved.

1, tail, long, rounded; V, p. 174.
€, bill, chisel-shaped.

1, tail, stiff; tree climbers; W, p. 176.
f, wings, long; plumage, soft.

1, eyes, large* partly or wholly nocturnal ; X, p. 181.

KEY. 291

g, bill, small; wings, long.

1, inhabit chimneys; flight, swift; Y, p. 184.
h, size, very small; bill, long, slender.

1, much about flowers ; Z, p. 184.
i, bill, long, pointed; wings, long.

1, head, crested ; food, chiefly fishes; AA, p. 185.
j, small birds with flattened bills; songless.

1, food, insects, caught in flight; BB, p. 186.
k, singing birds ; never large.

1, colors, varied; CC, p. 192.

KEY TO FAMILIES.

A, p. 11.

1, bill, slender; B, p. 12.

2. bill, thick; B, p. 13.

B, p. 14.

1, bill, pointed; p. 14.

C, p. 16.

1, neck, short; bill, compressed; black; A, a, p. 16.

2, neck, short; bill, compressed; red; C, e, p. 20.

3, bill, pointed; white beneath; C, b, p. 17.

4, bill, pointed; black or mottled beneath; C, c, p. 18.

5, small; bill, conical; C, d, p. 19.

D, ocean birds; p. 21.

1, very large; wings, long and narrow; A, p. 22.

2, size, variable; fly near the surface of water; A, p. 22,

E, p. 27.

a, bill, pointed.

1, central tail feathers, greatly elongated ; A, p. 27.

2, tail pointed ; large ; B, p. 29.

3, tail and neck, long; E, p. 34.

292 KEY.

b, bill, hooked.

1, very large; bill, long with prominent pouch; C,
p. 30.

2, smaller; uniformly dark; D, p. 32.

3, tail, deeply forked; F, p. 35.

F, p. 37.

a, bill, hooked.

1, middle tail feathers, projecting; A, p. 37.

2, tail, square, rarely forked; B, p. 39.

b, bill, pointed.

1, dive from wing, C, p. 48.

2, bill, compressed; under mandible, projecting; D,
p. 58.

G, p. 59.

1, habits, duck-like; small; A, p. 59.

2, legs, very long; B, p. 62.

3, wings, short; bill, very long; B, p. 62.

4, wings, long; flight, swift; D, p. 68.
H, p. 98.

1, bill, curved; B, p. 99.
I, p. 100.

1, no plumes on head or body ; A, p. 101.

2, plumes on head or body or on both; B, p. 103.
J, p. 110.

1, bill, curved; A, p. 110.
K, p. 111.

1, bill, straight: A, p. 111.
L, p. 112.

KEY. 293

K, p. 120.

1, bill, slender, not flattened; A, p. 120.

2, bill, flattened, widened at tip : B, p. 123.

3, bill, not noticeably widened at tip; C, p. 130.

4, size, small; tail, stiffened; D, p. 139.

5, larger; neck, nearly as long as head; E, p. 140.

6, very large; neck, longer than body; F, p. 143.
O, p. 144.

1, scarlet; A, p. 145.
P, p. 145.

1, small; A, p. 145.

2, larger; B, p. 146.
Q, p. 150.

1, bill, slender; A, p. 150.
E, p. 154.

1, head, destitute of feathers; A, p. 154.
K, p. 155.

1, wings, pointed; A, p. 156.

2, wings, short, rounded; B, p. 162.

3, wings, longer, slightly rounded; sail much; D, p. 163.

4, very large; tarsi feathered; E, p. 166.

5, very large; tarsus naked; F, p. 167.

6, wings, very long; G, p. 167.

7, legs, long; face without feathers ; H, p. 168.
T, p. 169.

1, tail, long, pointed; A, p. 169.
U, p. 169.

1, color, pale ; white beneath ; A, p. 170.

2, darker : with ear tufts, if absent, banded or small and
streaked: B, p. 170.

3, legs, long, nearly naked; C, p. 174.
Y, p. 174.

1, black; bill, compressed; A, p. 174.

2, white beneath ; bill, curved; B, p. 175.
W, p. 176.

1, climbing habits ; A, p. 176.

294: KEY.

X, p. 181.

1, partly or wholly nocturnal ; A, p. 182.
Y, p. 184.

1, tail spiny; A, p. 184.
Z, p. 184.

1, green above; A, p. 185.
AA, p. 186.

1, belted beneath ; A, p. 186.
BB, p. 186.

1, colors, plain; A, p. 186.
CC, p. 192.

1, wings, long; colors, dull; bill, not thickened; A, p.
192.

2, larger; wings, short; colors, bright; B, p. 194.

3, smaller; plumage, long, fluffy; B* , p. 196.

4, larger; black; C, p. 197.

5, smaller; streaked with white ; D, p. 198.

6, bright colored, brightly iridescent with long tail,
black with red wing patch, plain black, white above, or
with brown head; E, p. 198.

7, bill, deeper at base than one half its length ; F, p. 207.

8, small; rump, yellow; bill, strongly curved; G, p. 234.

9, small, about 5.00 long; yellow beneath or in patches,
with black markings or streakings of reddish, darker
above, or if no yellow, black and white or bluish and
and white, with occasionally chestnut markings ; H, p. 234.

10, larger; wholly yellow beneath; I, p. 255.

11, greenish or olive above; streaked below; no-yellow;
J, p. 256.

12, tail, longer; tertiaries, long; K, p. 257.

13, wings, long; bill, small; capture food on wing; L,
p. 259.

14, brown, crested; M, p. 263.

15, colors, bright; scarlet, etc; N, p. 264.

16, size rather large; bill, strongly hooked; O, p. 265.

KEY. 295

17, smaller; greenish abo^e; bill less hooked; P, p. 267.

18, bill, long; wing, short; tail, long; larger; Q, p. 270.

19, much smaller; bill, slender; brown above; K, p. 273.

20, small; bill, slender, curved; tail, long ; tree climb-
ers ; S, p. 277.

21, bill, straight; wings, long; tail, short ; tree climbers;
T, p. 277.

22, very small; greenish above; lighter below; crown
patch, bright; U, p. 279.

23, small, bluish ; tail, black with white markings ; V,
p. 280.

5&, larger; brown above, spotted below, or else reddish
below, unspotted ; W, p. 281.

25, blue above, reddish below, or grayish above, buify
below, black patch on cheeks; X, p. 285,

INDEX.

297

Acadian Sharp-tail-
ed Sparrow 220

Alcedinae, 185
Aicidae 16

m. inacgillivrali
219

Acanthus 226
brewsteri 227

Aider Flycatcher
191

nelsoni 220
mgrescens 219

exilipes 227

Alectorides 185

peninsulae 219

1. holboelii 227

Alle 19

subvirgatus 220

hornmanii 227

alle 19

Ampelidae 263

linaria 226

Alien's Ptarmigan

Ampelis 263

rostrata 227

148

cedorum 263

Accipiter 162
atricapillus 162

American
Avocet, 63

garrulus 264
Anas 123

cooperii 162

Barn Owl 170

boschas 123

velox 162
Accipitridae 162

Barn Swallow,
263

fulvigula 125
obscura 124

Actitis, 184

Bittern. 101

o. rubripes 124

macularis, 184

Black Tern 56

Anatidae 123

Actochelidon 50

Coot 119

Ancient Murrelet

acutlavida 51

Crossbill 228

21

maxima 50

Crow, 197

Anhingas 34

Actodromas 72

Cookoos, 175

Anhingidae 34

bairdii 73

Eider 135

Anhinga 35

cooperii 73
fuscicollis 72

Flamingo 145
Golden Plover 91

Anis 174
An Invitation, 1

maculata 72
minutilla 74

Hawtiinches 229
Hawk Owl 173

Anous 57
stolidus 57

Aegialitis 92
hiaticula 94

Herring Gull 44
Golden-eye 132

Anser 141
albifrons 141

meloda 94

Golden Plover 91

fabalis 141

m. circumcinta

Goldfinch 228

gambeli 141

94

Goshawk 162

Anseres 120

semipalmata 93
wilsoniauus 95

Long-eared Owl
171

Anthus, 258
pennsylvanicus

Aesalon 160

Magpie 194

258

columbarus 160

Merganser. 120

praten$is 258

regulus 160

Osprev 167

spragui'i 258

rishardsonii 160

Oyster-catcher 97

Antrostoinus, 182

Aestrelata 25

Paroquets 169

carolinensis, 182

hasitata 25

Pipits 258

vociferus, 182

scalaris 25

Redstart 254

Aphelocoma 195

Agelaius 200

Robin 285

floridana 195

bryanti 200
phoeniceus 200

Rough-legged
Hawk 165

Aquila 166
chrysoetos 166

p. floridanus 200

Scoter 136

Aquilidae 166

Agreocantor 243

Sparrow Hawk

Arami 112

kirtlandi 243

160

Aramidae 112

Aix 129

Spoonbills 98

Aramus 112

sponsa 129

Swifts 184

giganteus 112

Ajaja 98

Vultures 154

Arboreal Ducks 129

ajaja 98

Warblers 234

Arboreal Sparrows

Alaudidae 192

Three-toed

207

Alauda 192

Woodpecker 179

Archibuteo, 165

arvensis 192

White-fronted

sanctijohanis 165

Albatross 22

Goose 141

Arctic

yellow-nosed, 22

Woodcock 65

Eiders 136

Albatrosses 21

Ammondramus 218

Owls 174
Tern 53

yellow-billed, 22
Alca 16

caudacutus 219
fisheri 219

Three-toed Wood-
pecker, 179

torda 17

maritimas 218

Towhee 214

298

INDEX.

Ardea, 103

Northern, 167

Brant, 143

cinera, 104

Baldpate 126

Capped Petrel 25

herodias 104

Baltimore Oriole

Crowned Night

occidentalis 103

201

Heron, 103

wardi, 104

Bananaquits, 234

Cookoos, 175

wurdemani, 103

Banded

Duck, 124

Ardeidae 103

Jays 194

Faced Ducks, 140

Ardetta 102

Vireos, 268

Guillemot, 18

exilis 102

Woodpeckers 177

Gyrfalcon, 159

neoxena 103

Bank Swallow, 260

Kail, 116

Arenaria 96

Barn Owls 170

Scoters, 186

interpres 96

Barnacle Goose 142

Skimmer 58

Arenariidae 95

Barred Owl, 170

Kites. 150

Arkansas King-bird

Florida, 170

Vulaures, 155

188 '

Barrow's Golden-

Woodpeckers 180

Arquatella 71

eye, 133

Black and White

maritima 71

Bartraniia, 82

Ducks 132

Ashy Warblers 252

longicauda, 82

Sparrows 222

Asio, 171

Bartramian Sand-

Warbler 235

accipitrinus 171
wilsonianus 171

piper, 82
Bay-breasted

Woo-dpeckers, 178
Black and Yellow

Astur 182

Warbler 241

Warbler, 238

atricapillus 182
Athenidae 174

Bay Ducks, 130
Bay-winged Spar-

Black-bellied Plo-
ver 90

Audaubon's

rows 221

Black-billed

Caracara, ' 168

Bean Goose, 141

Cuckoo 176

Shearwater, 24

Bell's Vireo 270

Blackbird

Warbler 237

Belted Kingfisher

Brewer's 203

Auk, Razor-billed,

185

Red-winged 200

17

Berwickfs Wren,*

Rusty 202

Great, 287

274

Yellow-headed

Auks, Murres

Bicknell's Thrush

202

•Guillemots 16 *

283

Blackbirds,

Auks 19

Bird

Parasitical, 205

Avocets and Stilts

Blue, 280

Red-winged 200

t>2

Cat, 270

Rusty 202

Avocets 62

Frigate, 35

Yellow-headed

Avocet

Indigo, 232

202

American 63

King, 187

Blackburnian

Aythya 130

Man's- War. 56

Warbler 242

americana 130

Mocking, 27

Black-capped Pet-

vallisneria 131
Azuria, 238

Oven 256
Bird Owls 173

rel 125
Black Duck 124

rara, 239

Birds,

Florida 125

Bachman's

Blue, 290

Red-legged 124

Sparrow 216

Crying, 112

Black-headed

Warbler 249

Frigate, 35

Grosbeak 231

Baeolophus 197

Shore, 50

Black-necked

bicolor 197

Snow, 214

Stilt *63

Bahama

Tropic, 27

Black-polled

Bananaquit 234

Bitterns,

Warbler 240

Grassquit 233

American, 101

Black Skimmer 58

Ground Dove, 153

Cory's Least, 103

Black-tailed

Redwing 200

Least, 102

Godwit 86

Swallow 262

Bitterns

Orioles 201

Baird's

Little, 102

Black-throated

Sandpiper 73

Striped. 101

Blue Warbler 236

Bald Eagle, 167

Black

Bunting 207

Grebes 13
Green Warbler
242
Loon 15

Black-whiskered

Vireo 267

Blue and White
Herons 107
Faced Gannet 30
Bluebird 286
Florida, 287
Grosbeak 232
Grosbeaks 232
Headed Par-
tridge Dove 153
Jay 194

Mountain Warb-
ler 287
Warblers 236
Yellow-backed
Warbler 247
Bluebirds 286

Blue-faced Gan-
net 30

Blue gray gnat-
catcher 280

Blue Headed Par-
tridge Dove 153

Blue- winged
Teal 127
Warbler 248

Boat-tailed Grac-
kle 205

Boat-tails 205

Bobolink 206

Bob-white 145
Florida, 146

Bob-whites 145

Bohemian Wax-
wing 264

Bonaparte's Gull
46

Bonasa

umbellus 147
u. togata 147

Booby 30

Botauridae 101

Botaurus 101
lentiginosus 101
Brant 143
Black, 143
Branta 142
berniela 143
canadensis 142
hutchinsii 142
leucopsis 142
minima 142
nigricans 143

INDEX.

Brewer's Blackbird

203

Sparrow 210
Brewsteria 166

ferrugineus 166
Brewster's

Linnet 227

Warbler 248
Bridled Tern 55
Bi-oad-quilled

Woodcocks 66
European Wood-
cock 66
Broad-winged

Hawk 165
Bronzed Grackle

203
Brown

Creeper 277

Pelican 31

Thrasher 273
Brown-backed

Cuckoos 175
Brown-headed Nut-
hatch 279
Brunnich's Murre

18
Bubo 172

saturatus 172

virgin ianus 172

v. subarcticus

172

Bubonidae 170
Buff-breasted

Sandpiper 83
Buffle-head 134
Buffy

Rails 116

Sandpipers 83

Sparrows 216

Warblers 250
Bulweria 25

btilweri 25
Bulweri's Petrel

25
Bunting,

Black-throated,

207

Lark 222

Painted. 223

Snow. 222

Townsend'g, 287

Varied 233
Buntings,

Ground 213

Rice 206

Silk 207
Burrowing Owl 174

299

Florida Addenda

Burrowing Owls
174

Bush
Jays 195
Warblers 239

Buteo 163
boreal is 163
b. calarus 164
b. kriderii 163
brachyurus 165
buteo 164
harlani 164
latissimus 165
lineatus 164
I. alleni 165
•swainsoni 165

Buteonidae 163

Butorides 107
virescens 107

Buzzard, European,

Buzzard Hawks

163

Cackling Goose 142
Cabot's Tern 51
Caeruleocantor

caerutescens 236

e. carnsi 236
Cairn's Warbler
Calcarins 223

lapponicus 223

ornatus 224

pictus 224
Calamospiza 222

melanocorvs 222
Calidris 77*

arenarit 77
Campephilus 180

principals 180
Campotolemus

labradorius 287
Canachites 146

canadensis 146
Canada

Goose 142

Grouse 146

Jay 195
Canadian

Pine Grosbeak

226

Ruffed Grouse

147

Warbler 254
Canvas-back 131
Cape May Warbler

238

300

INDEX.

Capnniulgi 181

Changing Egret

Capmuulgidae

106

182

Charadriidae 89

Carauara,

Charadnus 91

Audubon's 168

apricarius 91

Caracaras 168

dominicus 91

Car uonated Warb-

Charitonetta 133

ler 287

albeola 134

Carainalis 231

Chat,

Floridanus 22 3

Stone 270

Cardinals 231

Yellow-breasted,

Cardinal Gros-

255

beak 231

Chats 255

Florida

Chauielasmus 125

Cams' Warbler

streperus 125

2o(J

Chen 140

Carolina

caeruiescens 140

Chickadee 196

hyoerborea 141

Junco 215

b. nivalis 141

Paronuet 169

Chestnut-collared

Rail 115

.Longspur 224

Carpodacus 225

Chestnut-sided

purpureus 225

WTarbler 240

Caspian Tern 50
Catbird 271
Key West 271
Catbirds 271
Catharidae 154
Catharista 155

Chickadee, 196
Carolina, 196
Florida, 19t>
Hudsonian 197
Chimney Swift 184
Chipping Sparrow

atrata 155
Cathartes 154

208
Chondestes 222
grammacus 222

aura 154
Cedar Waxwing

QOf»

Chordeiles 183
virginianus 183

Zoo

Centurus 177
carolinus 177
Ceoplaeus 180
b. abieticola 181
flilaatus 180
Ce j>im ides 16
Cepphus 18
grylle 18
mandtil 19
Certha 277
am eric an a 277
Certhiidae 277

v. chapniani 183
Chroicocephalus 45
atricilla 45
franklinii 46
miutus 47
Philadelphia 46
Chrysocantor 246
aestiva 246
Chrysomitris, 228
pinus 228
tristris, 228
Chuck-will's Wid-

Cerulean WftrMer'

OQQ

ow 182
Ciconine 110

joy
Ceryle 180
aicyon 185
Cerylidae 185
Caeture 184

Cincinnati Warb-
ler 288
Clnerosa 252
Philadelphia 252

pelagica 184

Cinnamon Teal 128

Gheturidae 184
Challichelidon 262
c.yaineoviridia '

Circus 157
hudsonicus 158
Cistothorus 276

262

stellaris 276

Clamatores 186

Clangula 132
americana 132
islandica 133

Clapper Rail 114
Florida, 115
JLouisiana, 115

Clay-colored Spar.
row 209

Coccyidae 175
americanus 175
erythropthalinus
176

minor 176
m. maynardi 176

Cockaded Wood-
pecker 179

Coereba 234
bahamensis 234

Coerebidae 234

Colaptes 181
auratus 181
a. luteus 181

Colinus 145

virgin-la nu,s 145
V. floridanus 146

Columba 150
leucocephala 150

Columbidae 150

Colurnbigallina 152
bahamensis 153
passerina 152
Colymbus 12
holloellii 13

Common Tern 51

Compsothlypis 247
americana 247
a. ramalinae 247
a. usneae 247

Connecticut Warb-
ler 251

Contopus 189
boreais 189
virens 189

Conuros 169
carolinensis 169

Cooper's
Hawk 162
Sandpiper 73

Coot 119

Coot-footed Phala^
ropes 59

Coots, 119
American, 119
European, 120

Cormorant, 33
Dou ble-crest ed, 38

Florida, 33

Mexican 34
Cormorants 33
Corn Crake 117
Corvidae 197
Corvus 197

americanus 197

a. pascuus 198

oasifraus 198

principalis 198
Cotur'nteulus 216

anstralis 217

henslowii 217

leconteii 218

passerinus 216
Coturnicops 116

noveboracensis

116
Cory's

Gannet 30

Least Bittern

107

Shearwater 24
Courlans 112
Cowbirds 206
Crake

Corn, 117

{Spotted, 116
Crane

Sand hill. 111

Whooping 112
Cranes 111'
Creciscus 116

jamaicensis 116
Creeper,

Brown 277
Creepers 277

Honey, 234

Tree. 277
Creeping Warblers

255
Crested

Flycatcher 188

Flycatchers 188

Ibises 99

Merganser 121

Kingfisb.es 185

Plover 89

Terns 50
Crex 117
crex 117
Crosbill.

American, 228

White-winged

229

Crossbills 228
Crotophaga 175

INDEX.

ani 175

Crotophagidae 174
Crow,

American 197

Fish 198

Florida, 198
Crows 197
Crying

Birds 112

Cranes 111
Crymophilus 59

fulcarius 59
Cuban Sparrow

Hawk 161
Cuckoo

Blacked-billed,

176

Maynard's 176

Yellow-billed

175
Cuckoos, 174

American 175
Black, 175

Brown- backed

175

Cuculi 174
Curlew

Esquimo, 88

Hudsonian 88

Long-billed, 86
Curlews 86
Curlew ' Sandpiper

Curved-billed

Kites 157

Sandpipers 75
Cuvier's Kinglet

270
Cyannocitta 194

cristata 194

C. floridana 194
Cyanospiza 232

caris 233

cyanea 232

versocolor 233
Cygnidae 143
Cygnus, 143
Cypseli 184
Dafila 129

acuta 129

Damsel Egrets 106
Dendrocygna 143

fulva 143
Dendroica

auduboni 237

coronata 237

rnontana 287

301

Diabolic Petrels 25
Diagram of Chip-
ping Sparrows 9
Dichromanassa 105

pealei 106
rufa 105

r. rnutata 106
Dichromic Egrets

105

Diomedeidae 21
Dipper Ducks 133
Disked Owls 170
Dolichonix 206

oryzivorus 206
Double-crested

Cormorant 33
'Double-ringed Plo-
ver 92
Dove, 150

Bahama Ground;,

153

Blue-headed par-
tridge, 153

Ground, 152
Key West Quail,

153
Keddy Quail, 153

Zienaida 152
Dovekie 19
Doves, 150

Ground, 152

Little, 152

Quail, 153
Mourning 151

Partridge, 153

Short-tailed 152 -

Spotted, 151
Dowitcher, 68

Long-billed, 69
Downy Woodpeck-
er 178

Northern, 178

Southern, 178
Dryobates 178

borealis 179

pubescens 178

p. medianus 178

villosus 178

v. audubonii 178

v. leucomelas 178
Duck

Black 124

Florida Black, 125

Fnlvus Tree, 148

Harlequin, 135
Duck,

Labrador, 270

Masked 140

302

INDEX.

Red-legged Black,
124

Damsel, 106
Dichrom ic, 105

Ring-necked 132

Eider, 135

Ruddy, 139

American, 135

Rufous-crested 130

King, 136

WTood, 129

Northern 136

Ring-necked, 132

Eiders, 135

Ducks

Arctic 136

Arboreal, 129

Elanus 157

Bay, 130

levcurns 157

Black and White

Elanoides 156

132

forficatus 156

Black-faced, 140

Empidonax 190

Black-headed 140

flaviventris 192

Dipper, 133

minimus 190

Fresh Water, 123

trailli 191

Gravy, 125

t. alnorum 191

Long-Railed, 134

virescens 191

Painted, 135 '

Ereunnctes 76

River, 153

occidentalis 77

Rudder, 131

pusillus 77

Sea, 130

Erismatura 139

Spoon-billed, 128

rubia 139

Sprig-tallied, 129

Erismaturidae 139

Stiff-tailed, 139

Esquimo Curlew 88

Tree, 145
Dunlin 75
Dunlin Sandpipers

Eritonetta 136
spectabilis 136
Erola 75

74
Dusky-backed

ferrugenea, 75
Euethia 233

Terns 55

bicolor 233

Dusky

canora 233

Horned Owl 172

European

Owls 170

Buzzard 164

Rails 116

Co6t 120

Seaside Sparrow

Blue Heron 104

219

Snipe 68

Vultures 154

Teal 127

Dytes 13

Woodcock 66

auritus

Evening Grosbeak

Eagles, 13

230

Bald, 167
Golden, -66

Everglade Kite 157
Falcon,

Gray Sea, 167
Northern Bald

Prairie 162
Falcones 155

167

Falconidae 158

Eagl(?s 166 ,

Falcons 158

Fish, 157

Gray 162

White-railed, 167

Noble 159

Vulture. 168
Eared Owls 172
Ectopistes 151

Feather-legged
Hawks 165
Stints 71

migratoria 151

Ferrugneus Hawk

Egret. 105 .

166

Changing, 106

Fighting Sandpip-

Peale's, 106

ers

Podrlish. 105

Flold Sparrow 209

Egrets, 105

Western 209

Warblers 243
Field Warblers
243
Fisher's Seaside

Sparrow 219
Finch

Purple 225
Finches

Rosy 225
Fish

Crow 198
Eagles 167
Hawks 167
Fisher's Seaside

Sparrow 219
Flamingo Ameri-
can 145

Flamingoes 145
Flicker 181

Northern 181
Flickers 181
Florida

Barred Owl 170
Black and White
Ducks 132
132

Black Duck 125
Blue Jay 194
Bob White 146
Cardinal 232
Cormorant 33
Chickadee 196
Clapper Rail 115
Gallinule 117
Grackle 204
Grasshopper Spar-
row 217
Jay 195

Meadow Lark 199
Night Hawk 183
Pine Warbler 244
Red-wing 200
Red-shouldered
Hawk 165
Screech - Owl 173
Towhee 213
Turkey 150
White-bellied
Nuthach 270
Florida 107

caerulea 107
Flycatcher
Alder 191
Fork-tailed 189
Great-creisted 191
Least 190
Olive-sided 190

INDEX.

303

Scissor-tailed 187

c. grisifrous 271

Golden Plover 91

Trail's 191

Gallinago 67

Golden-winged

Yellow-bellied

delicata 67

Warbler 241

192

gallinago 68

Goldfinch Ameri-

Flycatchers

Gallinula 117

can. 228

Crested 188

galeata 117

Golden Warblers

Little 190

Gallinute

246

Tyrant 186

Florida 117

Goldfinches 228

Flycatching War-

Purple 118

Goose

biers 253

Gallinules 117

American White-

Fork-tailed

Gallinulidae 117

fronted 141

Flycatcher 187

Gannet 29

Barnacle 142

Frigate Birds 33

Blue-faced 30

Bean 141

Humming Birds

Booby 30

Blue 140

185

Cory's 30

Cackling 142

Kites 156

Red-faced 30

Canada 142

Sooty Petrels 26

Gannets 29

Greater Snow 141

Foster's Tern 52

Garrulidae 194

Hutchin's 142

Four-toed Plovers

Garzetta 105

Lesser Snow 141

89

G'andidissima 105

White-fronted

Fox-colored Spar-
row 213

Gavia 15
arcticus 15

141

Goshawk American

Franklin's Gull 46

imber 15

162

Fratercula 20

lumme 15

Grackle

arctia 20

Geese 140

Boat-flailed 205

a. glacial is 20

Gray 141

Bronzed 203

aquila

Short-billed 142

Florida 204

Fregatidae
Frigate Birds 35

White 140
Gelochelidon 49

Purple 204
Grackles 203

Fregates 36
Fringe-footed Pha-

nilotica 49
Gennaia 162

Boat-tailed 205
Grasshopper Spar-

laropes 60
Fringillidae 207
Fruticantor 246
discolor
Frontiornis 251

mexicanus 162
Geothlypis 252
trichas 253
t. brachadactyia
253

rows 216
Grass quit
Bahama 233
Melodious 233
Grass Sparrows

forrnoisa 251

t. ignota 253

220

Fulica 119
americana 11"
atra 120

Geotrygon 153
chrysea 153
montana 153

Gray
Ducks 125
Falcon 162

Fulicidae 119

Giant Terns 49
Glaucous Gull 42

Geese 141
Gyrfalcon 138

niilnis 132

Glossy Imite 100

Jays 195

Collaris 132
marila 181
Fuligulidae loO
Fulmar 22

Goatsuckers 181
Gnatcatchers
Blue-gray 280
Godwit

Kingbird 188
Owls 171
Sea Eagles 167
Gray-cheeked

Lesser 23
Fulmars 22

Black-tailed 86
Hudsonian 86

Thrush 283
Gray-headed Jun-

Fulmarus 22

Marbled 85

co 215

glacialis 22

Godwits 85

Great

g. minor 22
Fulvous Tree Duck

Golden Eagle 166
Golden Eye 132

Auk 287
Black-backed

143

Barrow's 133

Gull 42

Gadwall 125

Golden Crowned

Blue Heron 104

Galoscoptes 271

Kinglet 279

Gray Owl 171

carolinensis 271

Sparrow 211

Horned Owl 172

304

INDEX.

White Heron 103

Prairie Sharp-

Hairy Woodpecker

Greater

tail 149

178

Redpoll 227

Ruffed 147

Haliaetidae 167

Shearwater 23

Sharp-tailed 149

Saliaetus 167

Snow Goose 141

Spruce 146

ala-scanus 167

Yellow-legs 78

Wood 146

albicilla 167

Grebe

Grues 111

leucocephalus 167

Holboell'is 13

Gruidae 111

Haliplana 55

Horned 13

Grus 111

anaethetus 55

Pied-billed 13

americana 111

fuliginosa 55

Grebes 11

mexicana 111

Haralda 134

Black-throated 13

Guara 99

hyemajis 134

Long-billed 12

alba 99

Harland's Hawk

Short-billed 13

Guillemot

164

Slender-billed 12

Black 18

Harlequin Duck

Thick-billed 13

Mandt's 19

135

Green and White

Guillemots 16-8

Harriers 157

Swallows 262

Guiraca 232

Harris's Sparrow

Green-backed Hum

coerulea 232

211

mingbird 185

Gull

Hawfinches

Green-crested Fly-

American H ex-

American 229

catcher 191

ing 44

Hawk

Green Herons 107

Bonaparte's 46

American Rough-

Greenland Redpoll

Franklin's 46

legged 165

231

Glaucous 42

American Spar-

Green Sandpiper

Great Black-

row 160

80

backed 42

Broad-winged 165

Greenshanks 79
Green-winged Teal

Herring 42
Iceland 44

Cooper's 162
Cuban Sparrow

126

Ivory 40

160

Green Warblers 242

Kittiwake 41

Duck 159

Qrennel's Witter

Gull

Ferrugineous 165

Thrush 257

Kumlien's 44

Florida Red-

Grosbeak
Black-headed 231

Laughing 45
Little 47

shouldered 165
Harland's 164

Canadian Piner

Mew 45

Krider's 163

226
Cardinal 231

Ring-billed 44
Ross's 47

Marsh 158
Pigeon 160

Evening 230
Rose-breasted 230
Grosbeakjs

Sabine's 48
Siberian 42
Terns 49

Red-shouldered
164
Red-tailed 163

Blue 232

Gulls 39-41

Rough-legged 165

Cardinal 231

Fork-tailed 48

Sharp ed-shinned

Song 232

Hooded 45

162

Ground

Hunter 38

Short-tailed 165

Buntings 213

Ice 40

Sparrow 169

Dove 152

Ocean 41

Svftftinson's 165

Owls 174
Sparrows 160

Rosy 47
Gyrfalcon

Western Redtail
164

Warblers 245

Black 159

Hawk Owl, Ameri-

Grouse, Quail, etc.

Grav 158

can 155

145

White 158

Hawks

Grouse 146

Gyrfalcons 158

Buzzard 163

Canada 146
Canadian Ruffed

Haematopodidae 97
Haematopus 97

Feather-legged
165

147

ostralegus 97

Fish 167

Prairie 149

palliatus 97

Naked-legged 163

INDEX.

305

Sharp-shinned

Plumed 104

Hylocichla 281

162

Thick-billed

alicae 283

Short-winged 162

Night 109

a. bickneli 283

Sparrow 160

Herring- Gull 42

fuscescens '^83

Wide-mouthed

Hesperiphones 229

f. fuliginosa 284

166

vespertina 230

mustelinus 281

Hawks, Eagles,

Hesperochchla 255

pallasii 282

etc. 155

naevia 285

swainsonii 282

Heath Hen 149

Hierofalco 158

Hydrochelidon 56

Helenaia 251

islandica 158

lencoptera 57

swaiusonii 251
Helininthophila

rusticolus 158
r. gyrfalco 158

•surinainensis 56
Ibidae 99

248

r. obseletus 159

Ibis,

bachmani 249
celata 249

Highland Sandpip-
ers 82

Glossy, 100
Scarlet, 99

chrysoptera 248
lawrenci 248

Himantopus 63
mexicauus 63

White, 99
WThJ£e-£a,0ed

leucobronchialia

Hirundinidae 259

Glossy, 100

248

Hirundo 262

Wood, 110

peregrina 249
pinus 248

erythrogastra 263
Histrionicus 135

Ibises 98
Crested, 99

rubricapilla 249

histrionicus 135

Herodias 104

Hoary Redpoll 227

Wood 110 *

egretta 104

Holboell'<s

Ice Gulls 40

Helmitheros 250

Grebe 13

Icteria 255

vermivorus 250
HelO'drfomus '79
ochropus 80

Redpoll 227
Honey Creepers

vireus 255
Icteridae 198
icterus 200

solitarius 79

Honey Warbler 237

icterus 200

Hen

Gulls 45

Ictinia 156

Heath 149
Prairie 149

Mergainser 122
Warbler 253

mississippieuisis
156

Henslow's Sparrow

Horned

Indigo Bird 232

217
Hermit Thrush 282

Grebe 13
Larks 195

Introduction 3
lonornis

Herod i ones 100

Owls 172

martinica 118

Heron
Black-crowned

Horned Lark
Northern 193

228iGh Sparrow

Night 108
European Blue

Prairie 193
House Wren 278

Iridoprocne 262
bicolor 262

104
Great Blue 104
Great White 103
Little Blue 107
Little Green 107
Louisiana 102
Wurdeman's 103
Ward's 104
White 104

Hudsonian
Chickadee 197
Curlew 88
Godwit 86
Hummingbird,
Ruby-throated.
185
Hummingbirds
184

Ivory-billed wood-
pecker 180
Ivory Gull 40
Jaeger,
long-tailed 39
parasitic, *38
pomarine, 38
Jaegers 38

Yellow-crowned
Night 109

Forked-tailed, 185
Hunter Gulls 38

Blue, 194
Canada, 195

Herons 100-103

Hutchin's Goose

Florida, 195

Blue and White

142

Florida Blue 194

107
Green 107

Hydrana.ssa 106
ruftcollfs 106

Labrador, 196
Jays,

Large 103

Hylatomus

Banded 194

Night 108

pileatus

Bush, 'j.95

306

INDEX.

Gray, 195

Labrador

Sandpiper 74

Junco,

Duck 287

Tern 54

Carolina, 215

Jay 196

Leconte's Sparrow

Gray-headed. 219

Lagopus

218

Montana. 216

lagopus 148

Lesser

Slate-colored, 219

1. alleni 148

Scaup 132

Junco 214

rupestris 148

Snow Goose 141

caniceps 216

r. reinhardi 148

Yellow-legs 78

carolinensis 215

welchi 149

Limicolae 59

hyenialis 214

Land Rails 115

Limoisa

niontanus 216

Laniidae 265

fedoa 85

Kentucky Warbler

Lanius 265

haemastica 86

251

borealis 266

limosa 86

Kestrel 161

ludovicianus 266

Limpkin 112

Key West

migrans 266

Limpkins 112

Catbird, 271

Lanivireo

Lincoln's Sparrow

Quail Dove 253

alticola 269

212

Vireo 270

flavifrons 268

Lineocantor

Killdeer Plover 92

plumbeus 269

castanea 241

King
Eider 13

solitarius 269
Lapland Longspur

striata 240
Linnet, Brewster's

Rail 114

115

227

King Bird 187

Lapwing 89

Little

Arkansas. 188

Large Herons 103

Auk 19

Gray, 188

Large-billed Plover

Bittern 106

King Birds 187

94

Blue Heron 107

Kingfisher,

Laridae 39

Doves 152

Belted, 185

Lark

Flyc'tcher 190

Kingfishers. 185

Bunting 222

Green Heron 107

Crested, 185

Florida Meadow,

Gull 47

Kinglet,

199

Teals 126

Curvier's Adden-

Meadow, 199

Terns 54

da

Northern Horned.

Warblers 247

Golden-crowned,

193

Lobe-footed Phala-

279

Prairie Horned

ropes 61

Ruby-crowned,

193

Loggerhead Snake

280

Sparrow 222

266

Kinglets 279

Western Meadow

.Long-billed

Kino- Rail 114

Laniidae 265

Curlew 87

Kirtland's War-

Larks, Horned 193

Dowitcher 69

bler 243

Larus

Grebes 12

Kite, '

affinis 42

Marsh Wren 275

Everglade, 157

argentatus 42

Rails 114

Mississippi. 156

canus 45

Warblers 285

Swallow-tailed,

dela.warensis 44

Long-eared owl

156

glaucus 42

American, 171

White-tailed 157

kumMeni 44

Longipennes 37

Kites. 156

leucopterus 44

Loner-legged

Black and White,

marinus 42

Petrels 26

157

Curve-billed, 157
Fork-tailed 156
Prairie, 156

smithsonianus 44
Laughing Gull 45
Lawrence's War-
bler 248

Sandpipers 69
Longspur,
Chestnut-collared,

OOQ

KIttiwake Gull 41
Knot 70
Krider's Hawk 3f^3
Kumlien's Gull 44

Leach's Petrel 26
Least
Bittern 106
Fvcatcher 190

£3So

Lapland, 225
McCown's, 223
painted. 223
Longspurs, 223

INDEX.

307

Short-tailed, 224

Marbled Godwit 85

serrator 121

Long-tailed

Mareca 125

Crested, 121

Ducks 134

aniericana 125

Tooth-billed, 120

Jaeger 39

peuelope 126

Merginidae 120

Owls. 173

Marian.' s Mansh

Mergus 122

parrots 169

Wren 276

albellus 123

Pewees 69

Maryland Yellow-

Merlin 160

Pigeons 151

throat 253

Richardson's

Swallows 262

Marsh

160

Tropic Birds 28

Hawk 158

Mew Gull 45

Wrens 273

Sparrow 218

Mexican Comorant

Long-winged

Wren 275

34 •

Owls 171

Martin,

Micropalama 69

Pewees 190

Cuban, 259

himantopus 69

Swallows 263

Florida, 259

Milvidae 270

Swimmers 37

Purple, 259

Milvulus 186

Warblers 251

Martins 259

forficatus 187

Loon 23

Masked Duck 140

tryannus 186

B kick-throated,

Maynard's Cuckoo

Mimidae 270

15

176

Mimus 270

Red-throated, 15

McCown's Long-

polyglottus 271

Loons 14-15

spur 224

Mniotilta 233

Lophodytes 121

Meadow Lark 199

varia 235

cuculatus 122

Florida, 199

Mniotiltidae 234

Louisiana

Western, 199

Mocking

Clapper Rail 114

Meadow Larks 199

Bird 271

Heron 102

Meadow Wrens 276

Wrens 273

Marsh Wren 276

Megalestus 37

Mockings Birds 270

Water Thrush

skua 38

Mocking Birds and

257

Megaquijscalus 205

Thrashers 270

Lunda 20

major 205

Molothrus

cirrhata 20

Megascops 172

ater 206

Loxia 228

asio 172

Motocilla 258

leucoptera 227

a. floridanus 173

alba 258

minor 228

Melanerpes 177

Motacillidae 257

Macgtllavray's Sea-

erythrocephalus

Mottled Woodpeck-

side Sparrow 219

177

er 176

Macrorhamphus

Meleagrididae 150

Montana Junco 215

68

Meleagris 150

Mountain

griseus 68

gallipavo 150

Plover 9o

scolepa.ceus 69

g. oscuola 150

Vireo 269

Maculocantor 238

Mellanitta 136

Mourning

maculosa 238

deglandi 137

Dove 151

Magpie, American,

fusca 138

Warbler 252

194

Melodious Grass-

Mississippi Kite

Magpies 194

quit 233

136

Magpies and Jays
194
Mallard 123
Mandt's Guillemot
19

Melospiza 211
georgiana 212
lincolnii 212
melodia 211

Mnrre 18
Brunmch'g 18
Ringed 18
Murrelet Ancient,
21

Mangrove Cuckoo

Merganser,

Murres 17

176

American, 120

Myarchus 188

Man-of-war Bird

Hooded, 122

crinit.us 188

36

Red-breasted. 121

Nail-billed

M^nx Shearwater

Meganser 120 "

Swimmers 120

24

americanus 120

Waiders 144

308

Naked-breasted

Vultures 154
Naked-faced Ibises

99
Naked-legged

Hawks 163
Narrow-quilled
Woodcocks 65
Nashville Warbler

249
Nelson's Sparrow

220
Nsbdendroica 235

dominica 235

d. albilora 236
Netta 130

rufina 130
Nettion 126

carolinensis 126

crecca 127
Newfoundland

Thrush 284
Nighthawk 183

Florida 183
Nighthawbs 183
Night Heron,

Black-crowned,

108

Yellow-crowned

109

Nip-ht Herons 108
Night-jars 182
Noble Falcons 159
Noddie 57
Noddies 57
Nomonyx 140

dominictis 140
Northern

Bald Eagle 167

Blue Yellow-Back

247

Flicker 181

Hairy Woodpeck-
er 178

Horned Lark 193

Phalarope 62

Loggerhead

Shrike 266

Raven, 198

Shrike 266

Yellow-throat 253
Numenius 86

borealig 88

hudsonicus 88
longirostris 86

phaoopus 89
Nuthatch,

INDEX.

Brown-headed

279

Florida White-
bellied 278

Red-bellied, 278

White-bellied

277

Nuthatches 277
Nuttallornis 190

borealis 190
Nyctalea 173

acadica 173

richardsoni 173
Nyctea 174

nyctea 174
Nyctinassa 109

violacea 109
Nycticorax 108

naevius 108
Ocean Gulls 41
Oceanites 26

oceanicus 26
Oceanodroma 26

leucorhoa *26
Octhodromus 94

wilsoniug 95
Odotoglossae 144
Oidemia 136

nraericana 136
Olbiorchilus 275

hiemalis 275
Oldsquaw 134
Olive-bncked

Thrush 220
Olive-sided Fly-
catcher 190
Oporornis 251

agilis 251
Olor 143

buccinator. 144

columbianus 14*4

cygnug 144
Orn n ge-crowned

Warbler 249
Orange Warblers

250

Orchard Oriole 201

Oriole,

Blatimore, 201
Orchard. 201
Orioles,
Black-tailed, 201

Oricoris
alpestris 193
pratincola 193

Oscines 192

Osprey, American
167

Ospreys 167

Oven Bird 256

Owl,

American Hawk.
173

American long-
eared 171
Barn 170
Barred, 170
Burrowing, 174
Dusky Horned
172

Florida Barred,
170

Florida Burrow-
ing. Addenda
Florida Screech,
173

Great Gray, 171
Great Horned 172
Richardson's. 173
Saw-whet, 173
Screech, 172
Short-eared, 171
Snowy. 174

Owls, 169
Arctic, 174
Barn 170
Bird,' 173
Burrowing, 174
Disked, 170
Dusky. 170
Eared, 172
Gray, 171
Ground. 174
Horned! 172
Long-tailed. 173
Long-winged, 171

Oxyechus 91
voeifera 92

Oystercatcher. 97
American, 97

Oystercatchers 9T

Pacrophala 40
alba 40

Painted
Buntings 233
Ducks 135
Longspurs 224
Snarrows 232
Warblers 254

Palm Warblers 251

Pandfon 167
carolinpnsfs 167

Pandonidae 167

Parasitic Jaeger 38
Patfdae 196
Paroquet, Carolina

169
Paroquets

American, 169
Parrots , Macaws,

Etc. 169
Partridge Doves

145

Partridges 145
Parrots. Long-tail-
ed, 169
Passerculus 220

princeps 221

savanna 220
Passerella 213

iliaoa 213
Passerina 223

navalis 223
Passenger Pigeon

151
Pavoncella 81

pugnax 82
Peal's Egret 106
Pectoral Sandpiper

Pediocetes 149
campestrius 149

Pelecanidae 30

Pelecanus 31
erythrorhynchos
31
fncus 31

Plegadis 99
autumnalis 100
guarauna 100

Pelican.
Brown, 31
White, 31

Pelicans 74

Pelinda 74
alpina 75
sakhalina 74

Pelionetta 138

perspicillata 132

Pendnlinus 201
spurius 201

Penthestes 196
atricapillus 196
carolinensls 196
c. fmpiger 196
hudsonicus 197

Perchers,
Singing 192

Songless, 186

Perdicldae 145

Perisoreus 195
canadensis 195
c. nigracapillus
196

carbonate 237
tisrina 238
Perisoglossa 237
Petrel.

Black-capped, 25
Bulwer's 25
Leach's 26
Scaled, 25

Wilson's 26
Petrels 22

Diabolic, 25

Fork-tailed, 26

Long-legged. 26

Sooty, 26

Stormy 25

Wedge-tailed, 25
Petrochelidon 260

nlva 260

lunifrons 260
Pewee, Wood, 189
Pewees. 189
Long-winged. 190
Phaethon 28

aetherus 28

flavirostris 28
Phaetohntidae 27
Phalacorcoracidae

32
Phalacorcorax 33

dilophus 33

floridanus 33

mexicanus 34
Phalarope,

northern 62

Red, 60'

Wilson's 60
Pralaropes,

Coot-footed, 59

Prfsged-footed 60

Lobe-footed 61
Phasiani 145
Philadelphia Vireo

268
Philohela 65

minor 65
Phoebe 189

Say's 189
Phoebes 188
Phoenicopteridae

145
Phoenicopterus 145

ruber 145
Pica 194

309

hudsonica 194
Piceacantor 241

blackburnae 242
Pici 176
Picidae 176
Picoides 179 .

americanus 179
articus, 179
Pied-billed Grebe

13

Pigeon Hawk 160
Pigeon.

Passenger 151
white-crowned
150

Pigeons 150
Long-tailed 151

Pileated Wood-
pecker, 180
Northern. 181

Pinacantor 244
vigorsii 244
v. florida 244

Pine

Grosbeaks 225
Siskin 227
Warbler 244
Warblers 244

Pine-woods Spar-
row 216

Pinicola 226
canadensis 226

Pin-tail 129

Pipflo
alleni 214
arcticus 214
erythropthalmus
213

Piping Plover 74

Pipit

American, 258
Meadow 258
Sprague's 258

Plain Warblers 251

Planesticus 285
migrator! a 285

TMataleidae 98

Plotidae 57

Plover,

American Golden
91

Belted Piping, 94
Black-bellied, 90
Golden 9t
Killdee'r. 91
Mountain. 95
Piping. 94

310

INDEX.

Ring, 94

Psittacidae 169

Land 114

Semipalmated, 93

Ptarmigan,

Long-billed, 11 i

Wilson's 95

Allen 148

Short-billed 115

Plovers, 89

Reinhardt's 148

True, 113

crested 89

Rock, 148

Rails, Gallinules

Double-ringed, 91

Welch's 148

and Coots 113

Four-toed. 89

Willow, 148

Ralli 113

Golden, 91

Large-billed, 20

Rallidae 113

Large-billed 94

Ptarmigans 147

Rallus 114

Rinsrless, 95

Pucaea 216

crepitans 114

Single-ringed, 94

aestavalis 216

elegans 114

Plumbeons Vireo

a. bachmani 216

saturatus 115

269

Puffin 20

scottii 115

Plumed Herons.
104

Large-billed, 20
Tufted, 20

virginianus 114
Kaveu, .[Northern,

Pochards 130
Podascys 95

Puffins, 20
Crested. 20

198
Razor-billed Auk 17

rnontana 95

Puffinus 23

Recurvirostra C2

1>odicipidae 12
Podicipides 11
Podilymbus 13

auduboni 24
borealis 24
fullginosa 24

americana 63
Recurvirostridae 62
Ked-eyed Towhee

VI *%.

podiceps 13
Podyivmbidae 13
Polioptilidae 280
Polioptila 280
caerulea 280
Polyboridae 168
Polyborus 168
cheriway 168
Pomarine Jasrer 38
Poocaetes 221
gramineus 221

gavis 23
puffinus 24
i'urple
Finch 225
Gallinule 118
Grackle 204
Martin 259
Sandpiper 71
Fyranga 264
erythromelas 265
ludoviciana 265
rubra 265

ZJLO

Red-bellied
Nuthatch 278
Woodpecker 177
Red-billed Tropic
Bird 28
Red-breasted Mer-
ganser 121
Reddish Egret 104
Red-eyed
Towhee 213
Vireo 267

Porzana 115
Carolina 115
porzana 116
Prairie
Falcon 162
Grouse 149
Hen 149
Horned Lark 193
Kites 156
Sharp-tailed
Grouse 149
Sparrows 222
Warbler 249
Procellaria 25
Belagica 25
Procellaridae 22
Progne

Quail Dove 153
Key West, 153
Ruddy, 153
Quail Doves 153
Querquedula 127
cyanoptera 128
discors 127
Quiscalus 203
aeneus 203
agelaeus 204
quiscala 204
Rail,
Carolina, 115
Clapper, 114
Black, 116
Florida Clapper
115

Red-faced Gannet
30
Redhead 130
Red-headed Wood-
pecker 177
Red-legged Black
Duck 124
Red Phalarope 60 -
Kedpoll 226
Greater, 227
Greenland, 227
Hoary, 227
Holboell's 227
iRed-polled • Warb-
ler 245
Redpolls 226
Red-shouldered
Hawk 164

cryptoluca 259
subis 259
s. floridana ?50

King, 114
Louisiana Clapper,

Florida, 165
Redstart, Ameri-
can 255

Prothonotary War-

Virginia 114

Red-failed Hawk

bler 250

Yellow, 115

i63

Protonataria 250
citrea 250

Kails,
Buffy, lie

Red-throated Loon
15

PslttacI 169

Dusky, 114

Red-wing

INDEX.

311

Bahama, 200
Florida, 200
Red-winged Black-

Ruby-throated
Hummingbird 185
Rudder Ducks 139

Savanna Sparrow
220
Saw-whet Owl 173

bird 200

Ruddy

Saxicola 286

Starlings 200

Duck 139

leucorhoa 286

Thrush 284

Quail Dove 153

Saxicolidae 28

Regulus 27

Sandpiper 70

Sayorms- 188

calendula 280
cuvereri Addenda

Ruff 82
Ruffed Grouse 147

phoephe 189
sayi 189

satrapa 279
Reluhardt's Ptar-

Rufous Sparrows
213

Say's Pheobe 189
Sctled Petrel 25

migan 148
Rhodostethia 47

Rufous-crested
Duck 130

Scarlet-crested
Woodpecker 180

rosea 47
Rhynchodon 160

Rusty Blackbird
202

Scarlet
ibis 99

anatuni 159
Rhynchops 58

Rusty Blackbirds
202

Tanager 265
Scaup, 181

nigar 58
Rhynchopidae 58
Rice Buntings 206

Ryhnchophanes 224
mccownii 224
Sabine's Gull 48

Lesser, 132
Scissor-tailed F4y-
catcher 189

Rlehardson's

Sanderling 77

Scissor-tails 186

Merlin 160

Sandhill Crane 111

Scolecophagus 202

Owl 173
Ring-billed Gull 44

Sandpiper,
Baird's, 73

carolinus 202
cyanocephalus

Ringed

Bartrarnian, 82

202

Murre 18

Buff;-breas.ted 83

Scolecopacidae 34

Plover 94
Ringless Plover 95
Ring-necked Duck

Cooper's 73
Curlew 75
Green, 80

Scolopax 66
rusticolor 66
Scoter, 136

132

Least, 74

American, 136

Riparia 260

Pectoral, 72

. Surf, 138

riparia 260

Purple, 71

White-winged,

Risea 41

Red-backed. 74

137

tridactyla 41
River Ducks 123
Robin, American,

Smipealmat'ed, 76
Solitary, 79
Spotted, 84

Scoters, 136
Black, 136
Black' and White,

285

Stilt, 69

137

iRock Ptarmigan

Western, 77

White-capped, 138

s 148
Roseate
Spoonbill 98

White-rumper 72
Sandpipers,
Buffv, 83

Scott's Sea-side
Sparrow 214
Scotiaptrex 171

Tern 53
Rose-breasted Gros-

Curved-billed, 75
Dunlin, 74

cinera 171
Screech Owl 173

beak 235
Ross's Gull 47
Rostrhamus 157
sociabilis 157
Rosy

Fighting, 81
Highland 82
Long-legged 69
Rucidy, 70

Florida, 173
Seiuridae 256
Seiurus
aurocapillus 256
moticella 257

Finches 225

Sandpipers, etc.

noveboracensis 256

Gulls 47
Rough-legged
Hawk, American,

68
Snipe, 68
Three- toed, 77

n. notabilis 257
Semipalmated
Plover y3

165

Tilting, 84

Sandpiper 93

Rough-winged

Semipalmated 76

Sandpipers 93

Swallow 262

Sand Swallows 262

Tatlers 93

Royal Tern 50
Rubv-crowned
Kinglet 280

Sapsucker, Yellow-
bellied, 176
Sarcorhamphi 154

Setophaga 255
ruticilla 255
Sharp-billed Warb-
lers 258

312

INDEX.

Sharp-shinned

Hawk 162
Sharp-tailed

Grouse 149
Prairie, 149
Sharp-tailed Spar-
row 219

Arcadian 220

Nelson's 220
Shearwater,

Audubon's, 24

Cory's, 24

Greater, 23

Manx, 24

Sooty, 24
Shearwaters 23
Shore Birds 59
Short-billed

Geese 142

Grebes 13

Marsh Wrens

276

-Kails 115
Short-eared Owls IT
Short-tailed

Doves 132

Hawks 165

Terns 56
Short-winged

Hawks 162
Shoveller 128
Shrike,

Loggerhead, 266

Northern, 266

.Northern Loggar-

head 266

Shrikes, Gray, 265
Sialia 286

sialis 286

s. grata 287
Silk Buntings 207
Single-ringed

Plover 92
Singing Perchers

192

Siskin, Pine, 227
Siskins 227
Sitta 277

canadensis 278

carolinensis 272

c. atkinsi 278
pusilla 279
Sittidae 277
Skimmer, Black, 58
Skimmers 58
Skua 38
Skuas 37

Skuas and Saegeris
37

Sky-lark 192

Sky-Larks 192

Slate-colored Junco
214

Slaty Gallinules 117

Slender-billed
Grebes 12

Small-headed Fly-
catcher 287

Smew 123

Smews 122

Snipe,

European, 69
Sandpipers 68
Wilson's 67

Snipes 66

Snowbirds 214

Snow

Bunting 223
Buntings 223
Goose 141
Goose, Greater,
141

Goose, Lesser,
141

Snowy
Egret 105
Owl 174

Solitary
Sandpiper 79
Vireo 269

Somateria 135
dresseri 135
d. borealis 136
Songless Perchers
186

Song Grosbeaks 230

Sougless Perchers
186

Song Sparrow 211

Sooty

Shearwater 24
Tern 55

Southern
Downy Wood-
pecker 178
Hairy Woodpeck-
er 178
Yellow-throat 253

'Sparrow,
Acadian Sharp-
tailed 220
Bachman's 216
Brewer's 216
Chipping, 208
Clay-colored, 207
Dusky Seaside,
215
Field, 219

Fisher's Seaside

215

Fox-colored 213

Golden-crowned

211

Grasshopper 217

Harris's 211

Heuslow's 217

Ipswich, 221

Lark. 222

Leconte's 212

Lincoln's 212

Macgilliway's

Seaside, 219

Nelson's 219

Pine-Woods

Sparrow 216

Savanna 220

Scott's Seaside

218

Seaside, 218

Sharp^ta^ied, 219

Song, 211

Southern Grass-
hopper, 217

Swamp, 212

Tree, 208

Western Field 209

White-crowned

210

White-throated

210

Vesper 221
Sparrow Hawk

American, 160

Cuban, 161
Sparrows and

Finches 207
Sparrows,

Arboreal, 207

Butty, 216

Bay-winged, 221

Grass, 220

Marsh, 218

Painted, 232

Prairie; 222

Kufous 213

Spng, 211

SWamp, 212

Woodland, 216

Zone-throated

210

Spatula 128
clypeata 128

Speotyto 174
hyppgaea 174
floriclana/, Adden-
da

Sph-yrapicus 176

INDEX.

313

varius 178
Spine-tailed

Swifts 184
Spinus '227

pinus 227
Spizella 207

breweri 207 •

monticola. 208

pallida 209

p. arenacca 207

pusiila 209

sociaiis 208
Spiza 207

americaDa 207
Spoonbill Roseate,

98

Spoonbills, Ameri-
can 98
Spoonbills and

Ibises 98
Spoon-billed Ducks

128
Spotted

Crake 116

Doves 151

Sandpiper 84

Thrushes 281

Warblers 238
Sprague's Pipet 258
Sprig-tailed Duck

128
Spruce

Grouse 146

Warblers 241
Square-tailed Vul-
tures 155
Squatarola 89

squatarola 89
Starling 198
Starlings 198
Starnoenas 153

cyanocephala 153
Steganopodes 27
Steganopus 60

tricolor 60
Stelgidopteryx 261

serripennis 261
Stercoharidae 37
Stercorarius 38

longicaudus 39

parasiticus 38

pomalinus 38
Sterna 51

dougalli 53

forsteri 52

hlrundo 51

paridisaea 53

tradeaui 51
Sternella 199

magna 199

m. argu tula 199

neglecta 200
Sternidae 198
Sternula 54

antillarum 54
Stiff-tailed Ducks

139
Stilt,

Black-necked, 63

Sandpiper 69

Sandpipers 68
Stilts 63
Stints 72
Stone Chats 285
Stone Chats and

Bluebirds 285
Storm Petrels 25
Stormy Petrel 25
Storks 110
Streaked Bitterns

101
Streaked Warblers

240

Strigi 169
Strigidae 170
Striped Bitterns

101
Strix 170

pratincola 170
Sturnus 198

vulgaris 198
Sula 29

bassana 29

coryi 30

cyanops 30

piscator 30

sula 30
Sulidae 29
Sultana Gallinules

118
Summer Tanager

265

Surf Scoter 138
Sumia 173

caparoch 173
Swainson's

Hawk 165

Warbler 151
Swallow,

American Barn,

263

Bahama, 262

Bank 260

Cliff, 260

Cuban Cliff 261

Kough-winged,

261

White-bellied, 262
Swallows 259

Cliff, 260

Green and White
262

Long-tailed, 262
Kough-winged
261

Sand, 260
Tree, .'?62
Swallow-tailed
Kite 150
Swamp Sparrow

Swan,

Trumpeter, 144
Whistling, 144
Whooping, 144

Swans, White 143

Swift, Chimney,
184

Swifts, Spine-tail-
ed, 184

Swimmers,
JN ail-billed, 120
totipalmate, 27

Sycamore Warbler,
236

Sylvidae, 278

Sylviocantor, 238
pennsylvanica
240

Symphemia 80
semipalmata 80

Synthiboramplius
antiquas 21

Syrnium 170
nebulosum 170
n. alleni 170

Tanager,

Louisiana, 265
scarlet, 265
summer, 265

Tanagers, Toottt-

billed 264

Tanagridae 264

Tantalidae 110

Tantalus 110
loculata 110

Tatlers, 78
Freshwater, 79
Semipalmated, 80

Teal.

Blue-winged, 127
Cinnamon, 128
European, 127
Green- winged,
126

Teals, Little, 126

Telmatodytes 275
palustris 275

314

INDEX.

p. griseus 275

Olive-backed, 283

Troglodytes 274

p. marinae 275

Red-winged, 284

aedon 274

p. thryophilus

Water, 236

a. parkniani 274

27(5

Wilson's, 283

Troglodytidae 273

Tennesse Warbler

Wood, 281

Tropic Bird,

249

Varied, 285

Kea- billed, 28

Tern,

Thrushes 281-284

Yellow-billed, 28

American Black,

Spotted 281

Tropic Birds, 27

56

Wagtail 256

Long-tailed, 28

Arctic, 53

Western 285

Troupial 200

Bridled, 55

Thryomaues 273

Troupials 200

Cabot's 51

bewickii 274

Trudeau's Tern 51

Caspian, 50
Common, 51

Thryothor'us 273
ludovicianua 273

True Rails 113
Woodpeckers 170

Foster's 52

1. miameusis 273

Trumpeter Swan

Gull-billed, 49

Tilting Sandpipers

144

.Least, 54

84

Tryngites 83

Noddy, 57

Tinnunculus 160

,,subruncollis 83

Koseate. 53

domenicensis 161

Tube-nosed Swim-

Royal, 50

sparverius 160

mers 21

Sooty, 55

tinnunculus 161

Tubinares 21

Trudeau's 51

Titmice 196-197

Tufted Puffin 20

White-winged

Titmouse, Tufted,

Turdidae 281

Black, 57

197

Turdus 280

Terns, 48

Tooth-billed

iliacus 280

Crested, 50

Merganser 120

Turkey

Dusky-backed, 55

Tanager 204

Florida, 150

Giant, 49

Totanus 78

Vulture 154

Gull 49

flavipes 78

Wild 150

JLittle, 54

rnelanoleucus 78

Turnstone 96

Pale-backed, 51

nebularius 79

Turnstones 95-96

Short-tailed, 56

Totipalmate Swim-

Tympanuchns 149

Terracantor 245

mers 27

americanus 149

hypochrysea 245
palmarum 245

Towhesf,
Arctic, 214

cupido 149
Tyrannidae 186

Tetronidae 146

Florida, 214

Tyrannus 187

Thalaissogeron 22
culminatus 22

Ked-eyed, 213
Townsend's Warb-

dominicensis 188
tyrannus 187

Thalassius 49

ler 243

verticals 188

caspia 50

Toxostoma 271

Tyrant Flycatchers

Thick-billed Grebes

rufum, 273

186

13

Thicket Warblers

Traill's Flycatcher
191

Unspotted
Thrushes 285

251

Tree

Uria 17

Thasher, Brown,
273

Ducks 143
Orioles 201

lomvia 18"
ringvia 18

Thrashers 271

Sparrow 208
Swallows 262

troie 18
Urinatorides 14

Three-toed

Tri-colored Wood-

Vanellus 89

Sandpipers 77
Woodpeckers 179

peckers 177
Orioles 201

vanellus 89
Varied

Thrush,

Tringa 70

Bunting 233

Bicknell's 283

canutus 70

Thrush 285

Grey-cheeked, 288

Tringidae 68

Velvet Scoter 138

Hermit, 282
Louisana Water,

ocrr

Trochli 184
Trochilidae 185

Vesper Sparrow
221

£n) (

Newfoundland,
2*4

Troehilus 185
colubris 185

Vireo,
Bell's 270

INDEX.

315

Black-whiskered

Blackburnean,

Blue, 236

267

242

Butty, 250

Key West, 270

BLack-poHed,. 240

Bush, 239

Mountain 267

Black-throated

Creeping, 235

Philadelphia, 268
Plumbeous 269

Blue, 236
Black-throated

Field, 243
Flycatching, 253

Red-eyed, 267

Green, 242

Golden, 246

Solitary, 269

Blue Mountain,

Green, 242

Warbling 268

287

Ground 245

White-eyed 269
Yellow-throated

Blue-winged, 248
Blue Yellow-back

Honey, 237
Long-billed, 235

268

247

Warblers,

Vireo

Brewster's, 24j8

Long-winged, 251

noveboracensis

Canadian, 254

Little, 247

269
maynardi 270

Cape May, 238
Carbonated, 287

Orange, 250
Painted, 254

Vireocantor 242

Cam's, 236

Plain 251

townseudi 243

Caeruiikanj, 2391 '

Scrub, 246

virens 242

Chestnut-sided,

Spotted, 238

Vireos, 267

240

Spruce, 241

Banded, 268
Little, 269
Wood, 267
Vireosylva 267
barbatula 267

Cincinnati, 251
Connecticut, 251
Florida Pine, 244
Golden-winged,
248

Sharp-billed, 248
Streaked, 240
Thicket, 251
Wood, 237
Warbling Vireo,

gilva 268
olivacea 267
Philadelphia 267
Vironidae 207
Virginia Rail 114
Vulture,
Black, 155

Hooded, 253
Kentuckey, 251
Kirtland's 243
Lawrence's 248
Mourning, 252
JNashville, 249
JNorthern Blue

268
Ward's Heron, 104
Water Thrush, 256
Grinnell, 256
Louisiana, 257
Waxwing,
Bohemian, 264

Eagles 168
Turkey, 154
Vultures,

Yellow-back, 247
Orange-crowned,
249

Cedar, 263
Wax wings 263
Wedge-tailed Pet-

Amercan, 154
Dusky, 154

Pine, 244
Prairie, 246

rels 25
Welch's Ptarmigan

.Naked-breasted,

Prothonatary, 250

149

154
Square-tailed, 155

Red-poll, 245
Swainson's 251

Blue Yellow-back

Wagtail, White.

258

Sycamore, 236
Tennesee, 249

247
Field Sparrow

Wagtails, 258
Wag-tails, Wood,
256

Townsend's 243
Western Blue
Yellow-back 247

209
Horned Owl 172
Meadow Lark

Wag-tails and Pip-
ets 257
W"aders,\ JN3|il-bill-
ed, 144

Wilson's 254
Worm-eating, 250
Yellow, 246
Yellow Red-poll,

200
Red-tail 164
Sandpiper 77
Thrushes 285
Whippoorwill 182

Warbler,
Audubon's, 237
Bachman's, 249
Bav-breaster, 241

Y ellow-rumped,
237
Yellow-throated,
235

Whippoorwills 182
W7himbrel 87
Winter Wren 275
Whistling Swan

1 * A

Black and White,

Warblers 279

144

235

American. 234

White

Black and Yellow

Ashy, 252

Eagles 167

238

Azure, 238

Geese 140

316

INDEX.

Gyrfalcon 158

Narrow-quilled,

Western House,

Heron 104

65

274

ibis 99

Woodcocks and

Winter, 275

Pelican 31

Snipes 66

Worthington's

Swan 142

Wood

Marsh, 276

Wagtail 170

Ducks 129

Wrens 273

White-bellied

Grouse 146

House, 274

Nuthatch 277

Ibis 110

Little, 275

Swallows 262

Ibises 110

Long-tailed

White-capped

Pewee 189

Marsh, 275

Scoter 138

Thrush 170

Meadow, 275

White-crowned

Vireos 267

Mocking, 273

Sparrow 210

Wagtails 256

Wurdemann's

White-eyed Vireo

Warblers 237

Heron, 107

269

Woodpecker,

Xanthocephalus

White-faced Glossy

American Three-

202

ibis 100

toed, 179

xanthocephalus

White-fronted

Arctic Three-

202

Goose 141

toed 179

Xema 48

White-rumped

Cockaded, 179

sabina 48

Sandpiper 72
White-tailed KJta

Downy, 178
Hairy, 178

Yellow-bellied
Flycatcher 192

157

White-tailed Kites

Ivory-billed, 180,.
Northern Hairy,

Sapsucker, 176
Yellow-billed

157

178

Albatrosses 22

White-thraoted

Northern Pileat-

Cuckoo 175

Sparrow 210

ed, 180

Tropic Bird 28

White-winged

Pileated, 180

Yellow-breasted

Black Tern 57

Keel-bellied, 177

chat, 255

Crossbill 229

Ked-headed, 177

Yellow-crowned

Scoter 137

Southern Downy.

Night Heron, 109

Whooping Crane

178

Yellow-headed

112

Southern Hairy,

Blackbird 102

WMe-mouthed

178

Blackbirds 102

Hawks 166

Woodpeckers, 176

Yellow legs,

Widgeon 126

Banded, 177

Greater, 79

Widgeons 125

Black, 180

Lesser, 79

Wild Turkey 150

Black and White,

Yellows-nosed (Air

Willet 80

178

batross 22

Willow Ptarmig-

Mottled, 176

Yellow

nam 148

Scarlet-crested

Kail 116

Wilsonia 253
canadensis 254
minuta 287
initrata 254

180
Three-toed, 179
Tri-colored 177
True, 176

Kedpoll 245
Warbler 246
Yellow-ruinped
Warbler 237

pusillus 254
Wilson's

Worm-eating
Warbler 250

Xellow-throated
Warbler 235

Thrush, 283
Petral 26
Phalarope 60
Plover 95
Winter Wren 275
Woodcock

Wren,
Bewick's, 274
Carolina, 273
Florida, 273
House, 274
Long-billed
Marsh 276

Vireo 268
Yellow-throat,
Maryland, 253
Northern 253
Southern, 253
Yellow- throats,
252

American, 65
European, 66

Loisanna Marsh
276

Yphantes 201
galbula 201

Woodcocks

Marian's Marsh

Zaelodia 230

Broad-quilled, C6

276

ludoviciana 230

INDEX. 317

melanocephala 231 macroura 151 albicollis 210

Zanaida 152 Zone-throated Spar- coronata 211

zanaida 152 rows 210 querula 211

Zanaida Dove 152 Zonotrachia 210 leucophrys 211
Zenaidura 151

ADDENDA including CORRECTIONS.

Page 22, after Yellow-billed Albatrosses, for Thal-
aissogeron read Thalassogeron.

Page 33, after DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT, for D
read P.

Pago 40, after Ice Gulls, for Gavia read Pagophila,
and oext line below after IVORY GULL for G. read P. .

Page 48, Fig. 57, insert IT before the ,.

Page 58. after BLACK SKIMMER, for XIGAR read NIGH A.

Page 60, Fig. 75. for b read a.

Page (14, Fio-. 83, for b read c.

Page 64, after WOODCOCKS AIS1D SNIPES, for
Scolec*opac'idae; read Scolopacidae.

Page ()(>, for Fig. 58, read Fig. 85, and for b read a.

Page 69, after Long-legged Sand-pipers, for Mi-
cropalma, read Micropalama.

Page 70, Fig. 89, for B read D.

Page 71, Fig. 90, " " " ".

Page 73, Fig. 91, insert e between D and 2.

Page 79, Fig. 94, for f read j.

Page 89, near center, for C read E.

Page 91, insert AMERICAN between 1 and GOLDEN.

Page 94, after BELTED PIPING PLOVER, for CIRCUM-
CIXTA, read < IKCUMCJNCTA.

Page 174, after description of Burrowing Owl add,

1* FLORIDA BURROWING OWL, S. if. FI.O.BIDANA.
Differs from 1 in being nearly pure white below and the spot-
tings above are white. Resident in Fla.

Page 188, under Crested Flycatcher, 2d line, for, Breeds
through eastern U. S. north into southern Canada, read,
Breeds in Fla.

Page 188 below description of Crested Flycatcher add,

1* NORTHERN CRESTED FLYCATCHER, M. c. BO-
iiEUS. Similar to 1 but differs in being generally paler and
in having a smaller, less strongly curved bill. Breeds in
eastern IT. S. from Fla. north into southern Canada.

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