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THE
PLANT DISEASE REP( RTER-
THE OFFICE OF MYCOLOGY AND DISEASE SURVEY
Supplement 60
Diseases of Fruit and Nut Crops
In the United States in 1927
June 1, 1928.
BUREAU OF
PLANT INDUSTRY
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Cots NE OR |
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DISEASES OF FRUIT AND NUT CROPS IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1927
Prepared by
C. We Bennett, Collaborator, Plant Disease Survey, and Assistant
Pathologist, Michigan Agricultural Experiment Statione
SECTION ON CITRUS AND SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS :
Prepared by
He Re Fulton, Pathologist, Office of Fruit Disease Investigations,
Bureau of Plant Industry.
Slant Disease Reporter
Supplement 60 - ene I, S23
_ CONTENTS
Introduction sesssssseee Aidooniduon Jus) Diseases of stone fruits EI. aces! MOO
fruit diseases of 1927 ......... 119 SHCI! doo oooddpocesasou000: eho alse
Diseases of pome fruits ..... 119 Brown (Poti saisalh el ceames wie) MOG
Apple seeseeseceeeesereees 1IY Set CQVWNell Godicos du doo we og
SCAD wees enececsecvee LID SCAD "es '6 clei wielei'e ols) eleielel eva 1s 2) GA
MUOISEN (elesvalee » 6 = 000.0 ere ey, Bacterial Spot o.s..seee. a ile
Cedar rust ....... eseee 130 WENO vooguidlooouadoocoooos 16
EMlecle Ot vas). «a's 0c o'- eb LAS Tittle pISaeny stay niece 169
SID et ip Wealohay CMO CID MOE SAS Rosette wclierc ce eh aise te None 170
ELIGNS CG COG SARA Gree 138 coats dmghnayi shoo Aone a 2) La
PAPO UE eres 0 ecco © + oo 6 141 Miscellaneous diseases
Blister canker ........ 143 elratel bial FUROUETS| GG didi a d/o Gaya
Sooty blotch .......... 143 Pilin is cola vp Seo Soolo dob old Se tnisotie ) LEYS)
Fruit spot ............ 144 Ces yireleeiclioys) «ee ele ais ere sls eilehiaiis ie ay
Bitter pit o-veeeeseee- 145 Apricot .«....- Soo ee SaeAscoce aly
Spray injury «prressree 146 Diseases of small fruits ........ 1S)
Breeaing injury s+-.-.. 1A7 Gren Oe) delleneltule) ofa tie vevetele ete si arciaievere oe LAD)
Miscellaneous StaeartoOmay 5b diodes ols oou od ooo c 5 hott
PArasitic esererrsee 148 RASPDELVy erececcscecssesroecs 189
non=parasitic »...-. 150 BEM dosianyy GUase noe een oo 43 . 206
TATA Dalia wha! allsi'e;'5/0\(6)/0)'2 9 «/s\019 6 06 153 Dew erry ielalaleieisiejeloiais clclsusleloleiaie « COG
RODIN wails rial dill s\'eiiex/al ie ede ,ovel,s ies 9) life (Ara lang AVM COO OO OO 5 00 Didar S205)
118 |
CUI ANAE) Rieleyreiiesisise italia iakehprey slelanioneler= rene) Os} Fig eccsevcereccevcscese Ob
GOOSEDEFTY o<ceesccecerewrsecssss 210 GUAVA sccceseeecnenveccn OM
Cranberry ceccecvreevessncsesvere OLt Toquat evecccsercceesvece 218
Mulberry cccccecreseserecevescos C12 OLLVe csccccesesererevree O19
Diseases of sub-tropical fruits ... 212 Persimmon ce-csecceeeeee 219
GikcMMS caoccooscoocangcscdudgn6eg AlzZ Pomegranate eeoessseeeeee 219
AVOCADO .scscsvccaeveservcrseess Ll/ Diseases of nuts ..+2.--+02 219
Date seseeeeseccsesecceveccseees Al PECAN scecccscesccccescn s eium
FeLjOa soccer cece seccscvcseeese ly Walnut..oscccececvess ess em
PONT R OUD, MC On
The chief function of the supplements of the Plant Disease
Reporter is to present summaries of plant disease injuries and losses
as they occurred is the country during the time covered by the res-
pective reports. For these supplements it is extremely desirable to
have reports from the various colleboraesors as complete as possible
in order to present a summary approaching a true representation of
conditions. The service which may be rendered in this respect is in
direct proportion to the completeness and accuracy of the reports.
The liniting factors at the present time in the presenting of
a satisfactory picture of disease conditions is the lack of reports
from a sufficiently large number of states and the incompleteness of
informatior on a large number of diseases. For very natural reasons,
the diseases which are most severe receive the greatest amount of at-
tentiom. ‘However, it is just as important to know that a disease
‘caused little or no injury as to know that it wes very destructive.
‘This knowledgé is importent in balancing factors, in permittimg gen-
eralizations and in obtaining a more accurate conception of the nation-
wide importance of a particular disease. )
More detailed and accurate information reearding specific di-=
* seases should he made available. More data regarding moisture and t
temperature influences in-disease production could be profitably in- ,
- Cluded. In a greater number of cases, the correlation between the
development of host end parasite in different states would be inter-
estimg, In mamy instances, dates of fungous development would mear
ialss)
Introduction
much more if the stages of development of the host plant could also be
included. Dates of first observation of occurrence of disease are in
many eases obviously much Jater than the actual time of first occurrence.
Information regarding the susceptibility of varieties is extremely val-
uable. The collection of more data on varietal susceptibility would he
well worth while.
It would seem that loss estimates do not in all instances receive
the careful consideration which they merit. In a few cases different
loss estimates are given in different statements regarding the same di-
sease. These and other inconsistencies in estimating losses have a ten-
dency to decrease confidence in value of eStimates presented. The crit-
icism may be made that loss estimates are not accurate ‘end no amount of
care can make them so. This is admittedly true, however, careful esti-
_mates by those in ‘closest touch with the disesse situations in the vari-
ous states would seem to provide a reasonable indication of losses. At
least these estimates constitute the best available information on the
subject end as such they heve a distinct value.
The references to recent literature included in this sunmary
have been considerably decreased in number as compared with some of
those of previous yeers. The foreign references, unless they seemed
to heve a special bearing or importance, have been left out.
Re OM ee ro ey Meo She Oat. JO) aay
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ADR UP AEE.
SCAB CAUSED BY VENTURIA INAEQUALIS (CKE.:) ADERH.
In 1927 apple scab was very severe in al] or nearly all of the
Stetes bordering on the Great Lakes. In general, in this region reports
of collgborators indicate that the disease was more destructive than it
has been in a number of years. Scab also caused heavy losses in Maine,
Kentucky, New Jersey, Tennessee, and North Dakota. In the Southern
States and in the Pacific Northwest there was-in general less séab than
usual. Table 25 shows the importante of sale in 1927 as compared with
last year and the average year.
In the northern apple belt, and especially ‘in the Great Lakes
region, much of the first infection took place very early in the season,
in most cases in the "delayed dormant," Heals Pom panda siceyees! (On
host development.
120
Apple - Scab
Table 25. Frevalence af apple scab in 1927 as compared with
the average yeer and with 1926, as reported by collaborators.
“ht Prevalence compared with 1926
-_~ --
* Much more : More : Same: liess
ee eo SS
Prevalence compared with average
ee ee en me
Much more : More : Same : J,ess
oe .
°
Ky. iMaisis. EN Jes : Va. ole a SB. :Mass.. :Del. :Va.
Ark. BWlevaias SIDS Is) Sinls Cl is {Ve :Conn. :Ga. <N. C.
= sliotels Ais Wo Pehitels >Lowa 28 Tenn. oNieu Y eee Ol Ome nOe
Mich. Fe. :W. Vae:Mo. Be Ark. Bia: dink Biigising 8S4 10-
VAS’. Jem. 3 Gel. toe De d 3 Til. :Md. : :Oreg*
N. D. FIIs SCOl@>s sOiAaee 34 traci. SViey ssielte ts :
Neb. :Kans. :Wash. 3: oi Mich. sIlowa :
: : 3: "YaShe sKans. : =
s g 2 AE Minn. 2 : 2
: : B& INc Ic : : :
9 : : 8.5 Neb. :
‘Much more to mores *Much less. a
Cool weether and prolonged rains were more common than usual
over this erea during the eerly spring, lerding to & heavy infection
from ascospores and leter in some cases to-.a heavier conidiel infection.
An outstending feature of this attack wes the hesvy leaf infection of
a type in which the scab fungus grew profusely over the leef surface,
This phase led to considerable defoliation in orchards in several states.
The following remerks repgerding leaf injury are selected from reports
of collaborators:
Maine: Injury is (September 15) unusually severe
ceusing defoliation and fruit dropping in the more suscepti-
ble varieties. (Folsom)
New York (Onondega Co.): Sceb infection is (July 11)
severe on the folisge in most sections of the county. (Ward)
(Greene Co.): Infection is (June 14) severe on the
leeves in unspreyed orchards. (CAR) (Sin) Masinlisy)
West Virginie: While the fruit wes kept clean, scab
developed later to a considerable extent on leaves, becoming
especially severe in sectionswhere fruit had been killed by
low temperatures. (Sberwood)
Arkansas: The crop was light and fruit injury was
not serious but there was much leaf injury. (Young)
Illinois: Seems to be so severe in meny orchards
thet serious injury is being done to leaves where spraying
is practiced. Continuous rains made it impossible to control
the disease early in the season. As a result the diffused
type of scab has developed over the entire surfaces of the
leeves and when the sprays ere applied killing of the leaf
tissue results. (Anderson)
ezal
Apple - Scab
Michigan: There was much injury from Yeaf infection,
Some unspreyed orchards were practically defoliated by the
middle of the summer. In many sprayed orchards the reduction
in leef area, due to scab and spray burn which followed, amount—
ed to es much es 50 per cent. (Bennett)
Wusconsine By tar themmos: sbrikainig disease om the
season. Many trees are helf defoliated now (tuly 1): (Vaughan)
Minnesota: A diffused type of sceb was common on
Florence Crab.’ Some trees were nearly defoliated. (Sect. Pl.
Peth.) 5 ;
Idaho: Found only in northern Idaho, usually most
severe in Kootenai County. (Hungerford)
: Other reports, especially from the Middle West States, indicate
heavy infestations. New York reports the heaviest loss since 1922. _ In
Indiana the worst attack of scab in.the last five years was experienced,
according to Gardner. In Michigan, Bennett states that scab was more
destructive this year than during any season of the last ten years.
In. Wisconsin, Vaughan says that it was the outstanding disease of the
year. In Minnesota although late in starting, it "caused more damage
than at any time during the last three years" according to the Depart-
ment of Plant Pathology. tates in which scab was of Little or no
importance include North Carolina, South Caroliné, Georgia, Oregon,
and Washington. There was a very light infection in North Carolina,
according to Poole, who suggests unusually early ascospore discharge
and warm spring weather as possible causes, as follows:
Mn Cn A Mvere sri TOM GeCorncr Mere waainScia by Wes
not found on the leaves of any veriety HALE, S/ORIES Ole
diseased apple each was found on Florence Crab and “Yinesap.
Whether or not the emergence of spores was earlier than the
foliasge is not known but it seems possible in view of the
fact that emergence occurred much earlier in Northern Stetes
than in normel seasons. ‘While spraying could have prevented
some infection it could not have given such complete control
2S “Sia Sieeels t may have been a case of unfavorable tempera-
tures for infection since the past spring was more or less
warm in compérison with the averave season."
im ssouth)) Carolina there were mo reports of scab, and in Oregon
Zeller states thet there was less than usual. In Vlashineton it was
not important in commercial sections.
Estimated losses are presented in table 26.
122
Apple - Scab
Mable 26. Fercentage losses from apple scsh as estimeted
by collaeborétors, 1927:
Percentage: :‘Percentape: ie
loss GB SHEE OS) IAS ploerwal ayes 25 LOSS} : States reporting
20-30, 3) New Mork 22 4 : North Carolina
20 : Michigen, Maine ¢3 = : Maryland
M5) : Yisconsin 8 2 s Connecticut,
: one : Delaware,
10 : Montana Re : Minnesota,
: a : South Carolina
8 ‘ Indiana, Kentucky :: :
: ae a5) : Virginia
765 New Jersey tS :
; 1 : Arkanses
Tennessee, North
?
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Celifornia
ee ee es es
°
oe ee
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Messachusetts,
Oklahoma, Iowa
2 : Oregon
eo 0 ee om os
2 58 Trace : Missouri, Colorado,
: 38 = Illinois, Yest Virginyag
: Ag 3 Mississippi
—_—
Ascospore discharge end time of infection
The importence of the proper timing of the early sprays in
apple scab control has led to the keeping of more or less complete
records of escospore development end discharge in a number of the more
important apple producing states. Rather complete reports have heen
.received from nine states and partial reports, involving in most
cases the time of first infection, have been received from a number of
others. One of the important features of the behavior of the scab fun=-
gus wes the early maturing of ascospores in a number of places. In
Maine, Illinois, and Wisconsin ascospores were mature several days
before there was any evidence of growth in the host, and in Maine and
Wisconsin the first ascospore discharge occurred before susceptible
host parts were exposed. In North Caroline, Foole states that asco-
spores "probably emerged too early to seriously affect the crop."
Barss, in a letter dated April’ 25, seetes:
"The beginning of ascospore discharge occurs so
early under Oregon conditions that spores ere in the air
every rainy spell long before the winter buds on the trees
begin to break. No check is made as a rule on the date of
earliest spore maturity. Desiring some cultures the other
day (about April 15) leaves were obtained and spores were
discharged at once. (Apples are mostly two weeks from bloom
yet. )"
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124
Apple - Scab
RecorJs of escospore discharge) in Massachusetts over a period
of seven
yeers ere supplied by Osmun,!) Doran, and Guba as follows:
1921 - First discharge of ascospores (‘Middlesex Co.) - April 26
1922 - " " " " F " - May 2
1924 - " " ” fH " - May 2
1924 a " " " " " — May 4
1925 - " " " " " - April 40
1926 = " " i) " " ; - May 4
1927 - Meture spores in asci (Hampshire Oo.) - April 22
1927 - 1" " "ow (Middlesex Co.) - April 30
1927 - First discharge of ascospores (Hampshire Dos) - April 23
In table 27 are compiled the data on ascospore maturity,
discharge, and infection together with data on host development and
time of first observation of dise@&se, as reported by collaborators
in states in which records were kept and made available.
ee ee ee
Detgiled studies on the factors of importance in perithecial
developnent have been continued at the University of Wisconsin.
Wilson (10) stetes that in 1926 and 1927, "ascospores matured earlier
in leaves which were placed on the ground in Septemher than those
similarly placed leter in the autumn. The delay in maturation did not,
however, correspond to the delay in leaf fall, «s a delay in deaf fala
wes followed by a shortening in the time between leaf fal] end matura-—
tion of ascospores." The most interesting result of “ilson's work,
however, bas to do with the finding that perithecia seem to be formed
only in lesions or near the margins of lesions. Regarding this he
stetes;
"The type and abundance of leaf lesions appeared
to bear e direct relationship to the quantity of perithecia
produced. No evidence was found thet perithecia were pro-
duced at points remote from lesions or that the fungus
spread to uninfected leaves and there produced perithecia."
Varietal susceptibility
The severe attack of apple scab over a large proportion of the
epple belt of the eastern part of the United States in 1927 afforded
unusual opportunities for observation on the behavior of varieties
under extremely favorable conditions for infection. Several collabor-
ators have supplied information on this question. Their date are tab-
ulated in table 28. xtreme susceptibility of foliage wes noted in
the case of the Florence Crab in Minnesota, the McIntosh in Wisconsin,
. and the Winter Banana in Michigan. It will be noted that there is
much difference of opinion regarding the susceptibility of Grimes
Golden. Schneiderhan says regarding this veriety:
"Grimes Golden is usually considered to be one of
the most scab resistant verieties grown in this section,
yet, we have found numerous apples infected by scab. Grimes
foliage also is very resistent to scab infection but this
year it is heavily infected. This is noteworthy because such
W25)
poet - Scab
susceptible varieties like Staymen, Roma, and Winesap are
only slightly infected. It would seem as an offhand ob-
servation, that in abnormally cool, wet seasons, Grimes
Golden is particularly disposed to scab infection."
Table 28. Data on varieta] susceptibility of apple to scab as
compiled from collaborators reports, 1927.
Varieties : : :; Varieties
very susceptible :Varieties susceptible:Varieties resistant:very resistant
MeIntosh (1)(5) +: Rome (1), : Grimes Golden (5) : Grimes Go'den
7) (8) : Smith Cider (1) : Rhode Island Be NA)"
Stayman (1) 2 Grimes) Golden (1), : Greening (5) 2 Northwestern
Paragon (1) ; Ben Davis (2) : Northwestern : Greening (8)
Winesap (2) : York (2) :, Greening (5) .
Rome Beauty (2) : Delicious (%)(8) Oi :
Stayman (2) : Winesap group of =: :
Delicious (2) : varieties (4) : :
Yates (4) : Wagener (5) :
Snow (5)(6) Ao. : :
Florence Crab (3):
Virginie Creb (8):
Red June (9) :
Winter Banena (5):
Hl n ‘
Numerals indicate the collaborator and state from which data were
received as follows:
(1) W. H, Martin - New Jersey o P. a Miller - Wisconsin
(2) F. J. Schneiderhan - Virginia aye . Vaughan - Yaisconsin
(3) W. oe - Kentucky ( eee of Plant Pathology -
(4) C. H. Alden and 0. C. Boyd - i Minnesota
eae (9) M. W. Gardner - Indiana
(5) CO. Wi Bennett - Micbigan sda ;
In the-Great Lakes region the early sprays, delayed dormant, pre-
pink, and pink sprays, were more important then usuel. This wes also
true for. severel eastern stetes. In Iowa infection came later and sprays
in the calyx and ten days later gave good results according to Archer.
Other remarks by collaborators follow:
New York (Ulster Co.): There was serious apple scab
infection in many orchards, particularly where the delayed
dormant end pink sprays were not thorough or were omitted_or
where oil was used without a fungicide. .-In one McIntosh or-
-chard that: received oil-lime sulphur in the delayed dormant
and three timely dust applications, about 95: per cent of the
leaves ere (June 13) badly scabbed and about 60 per cent of
the fruits ere affected. (Boyce)
126
Apple - Seab
Maryland: Growers on the eastern shore were werned
to spray before trees reached the pink stage, otherwise scab
woul have been much worse. (Jehle)
Wisconsin: Dusts were not so effective es wet sprays:
Most growers used liquid lime-sulphur. Additional sprays be-
tween prepink end pink gave increased control. Due to the
cool season development was slow. (Vaughen)
+ Indiene: Sulphur dust failed to contro’ in an experi-
mental orchard. (Gerdner)
Hamilton end Keitt (4) report on contro’ of scab by various
fungicides epplied at different intervels before and efter inoculation.
The materials used controtled the disease exce’lently when applied
within 24 hours before inoculation, but there was considerable dif-
ference in effectiveness when fungicides were applied after inocula-
tion.
Experiments on the fall epplication of fungicides: in relation
to contro! of apple scab were continued in Wisconsin by Keitt and
Wilson (6). They report that, "Marked reduction in perithecial develop-
ment followed the use of calcium trsenate and Peris green, respectively,
each in vérious combineétions with other materials. In certain cases
the treeted leaves developed less than 10 per cent as meny perithecia
as untreated. Calcium arsenate unless modified by adding appropriate
materials caused considerahle host injury." Silico-fluorides and
chlorophenol mercury are seid to have been less effective.
Recent litereture
1. Ballou, F. Hs, and I. F. Lewis. . Stendard and dilute’ sprays
in apple sceb prevention. Aver. Fruit Grow. Mag. 47 (4):
28-29. Mar. 1927.
2. Brown, E. Effect of shade on epple scab. Gard. Chron. Iii,
81: 305-306. Apr. 30, 1927.
3. Dutton, W. C. Notes on some of the newer spray materials.
Quart. Bul. Michigan Apr. Esq. ote. Se lle? eae. | ng age
4. Hemivton, JMG and Go We Kertt. » Certarnesu! phar tomas
cides in the contro’ of anple serb. (Abstract) Phyto-
path.) 16: IMG aloeg.e
5. Hockey, J. PF. Apple scab. “Gent da Dept. Agr. Pemph. 82:
7 ppe 1927.
iGcientber eee W., and BE. Be Wilsons Pall applicetions of furs
gicides in relation to.apple scab control. (Abstract)
Phytopeth. 18: 146. 1928.
Appel aGeio i)
Wet Mraubemen a wuves muna) Neues juber das) Apiel— und) Ba rmeni=
Fusicladium und seine Bekaémpfung. Obst. u. Gemuseb.
73: 84-85. Mar. 24, 1927.
8. Martin, W. H., and a3 Clark. Apple scab studies.
; New Jersey Exp. Stat. Ann. Rep. 47: 352-344. 1927.
, H. H. Apple scab. Froc. New Jersey Hort. Soc.
175-184. 1927.
RO iia l SOM.) Hie) Bie Pactors important in the devel opaent of
. perithecia of Venturia inaequalis. . (Abstract) Phy-
Bopaths 16: 145. 1920,
UD, Se alonehalied | slay Gis y tebanel Ola May. The timing of apple scab sprays.
@iile Nem. txo. Guat. Bull ABS) 20 .ppin Mar. 19217.
BLOTCH CAUSED BY PHYLLOSTICTA SOLITARIA ELL. & EV.:
The reports on apple blotch, received from 25 states during 1927,
indicate a considerable variation in severity of the attacks of this
@isease in'different states. In the Hastern States conditions were ap-
parently unfavorable for abundant development. Infestations lighter
than usual were reported from Pennsylvania and Virginia. Schneiderhan
attributes the light infestation in Virginia to insufficient moisture
for spore emission early in the season and to unusually cool weather
during the growing season. The most severe attacks were reported from
Illinois, Indiana, Arkansas, and Kansas, al] of these states reporting
more Dlotch then usual. In T1linois all of the fruit in some orchards
was affected, according to Anderson. In Indiana, Gerdner (4) stetes:
TBLouch nas seen) a Serious disease thes) year also),
due to the rainy season early in the year. Fruit not pro-
perly (sprayed certainly showed the ravages of this disease."
Young in Arkansas states that although there was more blotch than
usual it was difficult.to estimate losses on account of the light
apple crop. losses reported are shown in teble 29.
The following reports indicate the degree of severity in some of
the states which did not have general infestation:
North Carolina: Very severe on Limbertwig at North
Witkesbore. Tne heavy setting of fruit on some trees was. en-
tirely end severely diseased. (Poole)
Texas: Fairly prevalent end important. (Taubenhaus)
Missouri: Blotch was very severe in the southern part
of the state but about as usual in the central and northern
portions. The loss for the entire state is not high but may
128
Apple ) Blotch
. Table 29, Percentage losses from apple blotch as estimated
by icol Neboracors)) 27.
—_
Piencenwarcur: ay Ho SPS OEMS 2
loss omekes) reportage Sea MOSS : States reporting
20 : Oklahoma ns al : Maryland, Arkansas,
: Bie heats
5) ME MMESISCe). NMFS a uisys :
: Missouri, Kansas 25 ety : New Jersey
Boh) : North Carolina 2: Trace : Delaware, ‘Wisconsin,
: Bhs ; fowa, Virginaa,
% : Kentucky, Indiana 22 : West Virginia
@ : Mississippi Ai :
reech 15 to 20 per cent in individua] orchards where no at-—
tempt hes been made to contro? the disease. (Scott)
Isolated occurrences of blotch in sections outside of the area
in which this diseese is common were reported in two instances. Thomas
in New York states:
"On cankered seedlings planted May 1924 there was some
spread from old cankers. Only occasional new cankers have been
formed and none were found which seemed to have been produced
sg IS)
Blotch was also found on Northwestern Greening in Fayette «nd Calhoun
Counties in the northern half. of Iowa. Archer points out that the re-
ports extend considerably the known distribution of blotch in that
state.
Kohl (4) in Indiana has contributed evidence showing that the
cycle of infection is at least two years.
Data on spore emission and periods of infection ror 1927 are
very meager, comprehensive records being available from only two
states. Kohl (4) reported on periods of infection in Indiana as
follows:
"By the use of potted trees it was found thet infee=
tion at lafayette, Indiana, occurred during 18 out of 27 rain
periods hetween 4 days and 7 weeks after petel fal’ (May 7).
At Mitchell, Indiana, in 1927 infection occurred during 15
out of 17 rain periods between 5 days and & weeks after petal
fait (hprid 25)"
Schneiderhan in Virginie compared spore emission records of 1926 with
those of 1927 as follows: ;
v9)
Apple = Blotch
"In regard to the biloteh spore emissions, I find that
in 1925 we recorded 9 hetween May 19 and July 10, the indi-
vaduell dates on these emi ssronsibemme May 19) eihume 5, m2. Mss
Meh, uly, Ani, and TO. Compared: wath thasyrecord jwe find
that in 1927 there were only 7 emissions hetween May 10 and
June 12, the dates being May 10, 14, 18, 25, and 29, June 3,
Alar eyorol We 4
Varietal susceptibility
SO as Gpocts would permit varieties are arranged in vabile
BOM Oren om their suscepti bility to blotch as classified by colllabo-
rators. some of the information could not readily be tabulated in this
way and such reports are given by states as follows:
North Carovina: In the Colfege orchard, blotch was
Severe on Yates, Rome Beauty, Bonum, Terry, -Shockley, San
Jacinto), Helm. and Black Ben Davas. The fruit on the San
Jacinto was badly infected and rotting. The large limbs on
the susceptible varieties were badly blotched, being rough
and having a burnt appearance. The Black Ben Davis was an
exception, for the limbs and trunk of the tree were healthy,
while the younger twigs and limbs were severely blotched.
Stayman, Winesap, Delicious, king Crab, Williams, Hudson,
Reo June, Arkansas, and York Imperial were not attacked,
nor were there any signs of old blotch cankers on these
trees. All other varieties showed moderate to light in-
fection. (Poole)
New Jersey: Slight infection on Duchess, severe
gn Smith Cider. (Martin)
Pennsylvania: Only on Smith Cjder and Krauser.
(Thurston)
Mlinois: Very abundant in some orchards on Vellow
Transparent, a variety which usually shows no blotch.
(Anderson)
Table 30. fompsrative susceptibility of apole varieties to
P¥oreh cs reported by collaborators, 1927.
Vicar susceptible ~s Susceptible : Resistant : Very resistant
Northwestern : Rome Beauty (1) : Wealthy (5) : York Imperial
Greening (1)(4) : Ben Davis (1)(4) : st : i
Smith Cider (1)(2) : Golden Yinesap (2) : : Stayman (A)
Limbertwig (4) : Duchess (3) : : Winesap (4)
Duchess (5) : Maiden Blush (5) : : Rome Beauty (4)
Ben Davis (5) : ; °
Numerals indicate states and collaborators from which data were
receivec, as follows:
130 .
Apple — Blotch
(1) E. C. Sherwood - Yest Virginia (4) F. J. Schneiderhan -
(2) M. W. Gardner - Indiana f Virginia
(4) ". H. Mertin - New Jersey (5) H.W. Anderson - Illinois
Recent litereture
ier Bal vOuUs ter die) ano fe Fy ema Smeamapisciy een for prevention
of upple blotch «nd apple sczb. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta.
Bul Ase 52 ple: | Octe TIA.
CO. wet roe Dilute versus standard
sprzys for epple blotch. Amer. Fruit Grow. Mag. 47
(2) a Rar iSe AS. “Pebasl927s :
3. Gardner, M. i. Apple blotch canker eradication. Phyto-
path. 17: 165-188. 1927.
Ate Kon arcs | Laem eyelemot unica aarp in apple blotch.
(Abstract) Phytopath. 18: 145. 1928.
5. Martin, V. H. Apple blotch studies. Ann. Rep. New Jersey
6. Schneiderhan, F. J. Recent developments in the control of
fruit diseases. Froc. Virginia State Hort. Soc. 41:
WAU) oi InSloye NSA
CEDAR RUST CAUSED BY GYMNOSPORANGIUM JUNIPERI-VIRGINIANAE SCHW.
In 1927 there was epparently about the usual amount of cedar
rust in the eastern half of the United States. Five states, Pennsyl-
vania, Virginia, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas, reported more and
Minnesota much more than in the average year. Iowa and Indiana re-
ported less, New Jersey, West Virginia, North Carolina and Minnesota
reported severe leaf infection,
New Jersey: .In Essex County, in one orchard, the
apple trees were completely defoliated on the side towards
a stand of cedars. (Martin)
West Virginia: Rather serious infection of leaves
where cedars were near orchards. Some infection on the
fruit. (Sherwood)
ey
Apple - Cedar Rust
North Carolina: Rust was more severe this yeer than
last. Im the eastern pert of the state, as in the Piedmont,
leaf infection was abundant this year. In some crses the
fruit wes bedly diseased. (Toole)
Minnesote: This yeer Ylealthy trees never ceders,
especially those to the, southwest of ceders, were defoliated
completely. (Sect. Pl. Path.)
In Green County, New York, A. S. Mills estimates thet a 5 per
cent loss wis caused in the case of the Wealthy, and in Orenge County
6 15 per cent loss wes caused in some orchards of the seme veriety,
according to Bleuvelt. In the Hudson River velley of New York, Thomes
end W. D. Mills observed «© peculiar pittine end malformetion of McIntosh
believed to he ceused by rust infection. (See Pl. Dis. Reptr. 11 (9):
107-108. 1927). The loss to the McIntosh variety in some orcherds from
this type of injury amounted to 10 per cent end in a few instances to
£s much as 50 per cent. Thomas states thet this pitting on McIntosh
is probebly identics]l with thet described in 1924 by Gardner (1) as
occurring on Rome Beauty.
Loss estimates sre given in table 31.
Table 41. Percentege losses from cedér rust on apple as estima-
ted by collsbor: tors, 1927.
Percenté ge: ee ::Percentaoge:
loss : Stetes reporting 6 loss Seabees se poruaneg
4 : Virginia Ae 25 a Marylend, Tennesseel,
é H3 : Mississippi
Se : North Ceroline SF :
: 2: Trace : Messachusetts, New
il WICOMMe ct Cite, SOUL 5 7 Moke New Jlermsicyi,
Saucon aa. eli mods. : West Virginia,
: Minnesote, oie : Michigen, Wisconsin,
: Arkensss : : Towa, Missouri,
G 52 Um ie me ue ay:
A A
In Virginis, eccording to Schneiderhan, cedér rust was favored
by cool weather end ebundent reinfel. eerly in the sesson. These con-
ditions were responsible for an extended period of sporidie] infectior..
In reletion to liberstion of sporidia in 1926 end 1927 Schneiderhan
makes the following comperison: _ :
"In regerd to the cedar rust emission, the 1926 re-
cord shows that between April 1] end July 4, .ten emissions
occurred, the detes being April 11 end 41, May 16 end ws)
Parse, UA, 15 ey 25) and 23." JulyoA, in 1927) we recorded
thirteen emissions between April 9 and June 12, the dstes
of the vérious emissions being April 9, 21, 29 und 40,
nO, MOA, 14 25 and 29), June 4, 4, snd 12"
U2
Apple - Cedar Rust
Poole, in North Carolina, tells of a general and uniform leaf
infection on susceptible varieties in an orchard near Raleigh from
"cedar apples" a mile away although the cedar trees in question had
only from 1 to 5 "cedar apples" each. Regéerding infection in other
parts) of the) state he says:
"There was a heavy emergence of spores about Msy 6
‘ in the vicinity of Charlotte, Greensboro and Davidson. The
emergence of spores hegan early in the vicinity of Raleigh.
Some were escaping the latter part of March and others dur-
ing April. Infection of apple leaves in the orchard at
Raleigh was ohserved the latter part of April."
Anderson states thet there was @ general scarcity of "cedar apples"
in Illinois due to previous dry seasons.
‘Varietal susceptibility
A part of the data on varietal resistance is compiled in table
$2. The wide differences in classification of some varieties as to
resistance, as in the case of Duchess, which is reported as both very
resistent and very susceptibie, suggests @.considerable variation in
host or fungus, or both, in different situations.
Table 32. Data on variete] susceptibility of apple to cedar
rust as compiled from reports of collaboratars, 1927.
Very susceptible: Susceptible :Resistant: Very resistant
Duchess (4) : Wealthy (1) :. Brett
York Imperial McIntosh.(1) :. (7)
(4) (5) Twenty Ounce
Rome Beauty (4A) (2)
(5) Winter Banana
Winter Banana . (2) (2)
() Grimes Golden :
tayman’ (4).
Grimes Golden (5)
Winesap (5),
Northwestern Greening
(7)
Duchess (7),
Delicious (7)
: Patten Greening (7)
eo “68 068 66 ee
‘Wealthy (7)(8) : (2) :
Bechtel *'s: : Rome Beauty : : Golden Delicious
Flowering Be (3) (CS) : :
Crab (7)(8) : Barly Ripe
Ai pai G0) ayn :
: Winesap (4) :
: Delicious (4) :
: Ben Davis (5)
oo 89 «60
: Benoni (5) : :
: Jonathan (6) : :
20 (7) : :
g S@Ouws, “aimicer — s 2
Numerals indicate-states and collaborators from which data was
received as follows: ‘ .
155
Appke - Cedar Rust
) BH. C. Sherwood - West Virginia
Charles Chupp - New York 5
6) M. W. Gardner - Indiana
i.
8
(
W. H. Martin - New Jersey (
J. F. Adams - Delaware (7) Section of Plant Pathology -
F Minnesota
(8) W. A. Archer - Iowa
‘, J. Sehneiderhan -
Virginia
The following report of conditions in the Uollege orchard was
received from Toole of North Carolina:
"Rust was severe on the leaves of Bonum, King Crab,
Summer Banena, Red June, and Shockley. It was found on the
fruit of Red June, King Crab, and Shockley. + was not
found on Stayman, Winesap, Delicious, Rome Beauty, Yates,
Florence Crab, Williams, Hudson, Arkansas, Terry or Black
Bene Davas
Archer states thet in Towa the leaves of the wild crab, Malus ioensis,
were severely attacked, hypertrophied twigs .elso occasionally being
produced. Voung (4) has recently published on the extrene susceptibi-
lity of the veriety Ada Red to twig infection in Arkansas. He states
that cankers formed on the wood of one year old whips led to the break-
ime Or tne Stems atior near the point of infection.
Recent literature
1. Gardner, M. %. Indiana plant diseases 1924. Proc. Indiana
Acad. Sci. 35: 237-257. 1925.
2. Stekman, E. C. The control of apple rust. Minnesota Hort,
DD? 254-250). Wet. 19277.
Feeoune ee die, Verietal isusceptabidatyr: of Ada Red and cer=
tain other apple varicties to cedér rust, with special
reference to twig infections. Phytopath. 17: 541-545.
2 iis
BLACK ROT CAUSED BY PHYSALOSPORA MALORUM (PK.) SHEAR
Black rot in 1927 was more severe than usuel in six states,
Connecticut, North Carolina, Michigan, Arkansas, Nebraska, end Kansas,
but of these stites only North Cerolina und Arkensis reported eppre-
Cisble losses. Dry weather during midsummer held the diseese in check
in Wirginis, Vest Virginic, Tennessee, end Iowa. Fell rains produced
Pevorable conditions for fruit infection. in Virginia, Indiana, end
Michigen .nd considtreble rotting of wind-fulls end of fruit in storage
Occurred in these stetes. Poole in North Caroline reported the abun-
dant occurrence of the perfect stage of the black rot fungus in on
Orenerd 2b galeigh during the fall of 1926. Leaf injury wes severe in
Arkenses where lecf spot wis associeted with spray injury resulting in
considershle defolietion eccording to Young. It wes elso severe in
Pennsylvenis cnd more prevelent then usue] in » number of other stetes.
134
Apple - Black Rot
Black rot wes not reported from Florida, South Curoline, louisiana,
Colorado, Idaho, end Yeshington, end Zeller states that it was ex-
tremely rare in Oregon. :
The following state:nents of collaboretors indicate the phases
of the disease which were of importance in the different states end
some of the fectors influencing the prevelence of black rot.
Pennsylvania: Not of importance; less "frog-eye"
then for severel yercrs. (Thurston)
Virginia: Severe in proportion to the severity of
eodling moth injury. The sbnormally cool weather ceused an
unusually light codling moth infestation. (Schneiderhan)
West Virginia: Rather heavy infection on leaves but
not severe on the fruit. (Sherwood)
’ North Carolina: The canker form was severe in or-
chards of young trees in Lee County. The developments of the
perfect and imperfect stages of the causal fungus on limbs
killed by fire blaghteis alwvery Gmpertantyaleecon tae overs.
wintering of tke fungus in many orchards in this state.
(Poole)
Arkansas: Frog-eye leaf spot was worse than for many
years. The crop was very light but the foliage was affected
and a high percentage destroyed on some susceptible varieties.
Next yearts crop‘will be affected. (Young) .
Indiana: Leaf spot severe.on Rome Beauty, Jonathan,
and Wealthy. It was worse on Rome Beauty than on the other
Varieties. (Gardner)
Illinois: Mostly on wormy, injured or fallen fruit.
(Stout)
Michigan: The usual number of cankers was present
in neglected orchards and in those which had been affected
by fire blight. Black rot was more common on stored fruit
than it has been for several years. In some storehouses it
was almost equal to blue mold in the amount of injury pro-
duced. (Bennett)
Wisconsin: Not seen or reported. It was probably
present in Racine County as in other years. .(Vaughan)
Minnesota: Mostly present as bark cankers. It
develops on apples, especially windfalls, when they are
kept in warm storage. [It frequently causes frog—-eye on
Hibernal. (Sect. PP). Path.)
135
Apple - Black Rot
fowa:: Of slight importance, in part duc to the failure
Cee new apple \erop. jjislaghit te moderete, leat infection observed
generally. In Keokuk County a very severe infection occurred
in some varieties. (Archer)
‘Missouri: ‘Does not seem to be severe in well managed
orchards. It is elways present in old orchards, particularly
ther irog—eye, phase. Some rotted fruits were brought in this
seeson. (Scott)
Kansas: Considerable leaf infection. (Elmer)
oss eStimates are given in table 433.
Table 44. Percentage losses from black rot of apple as estimated
by collaboretors, 1927.
Percentege:; : . ssPercentage:
loss : States reporting i ploOssiay. 3) Seales) reportang
10 :. Oklahoma Re A. : Indiana
5 : Maryland, Arkansas ag Trace : Maine, Massachusetts,
: Be A NEE WOW 5 TING diaieSey;,
2.5) : North Carolina Bd Delaware, Minnesota,
; oe Iowa, Missouri,
2 3, GOiauarevenealioione,- oie Kentucky, Mississippi,
Tennessee West Virginia
o 0
°
ee 0@ ce 68 88 ee eo
i 3 WAL ieygalsaultyn \ntabalaivalesa ri
Michi gen
Penal repOrcs Ot carlin occurrence of black now in 1927 were. req
ceived. These with other deta are presented in the accompanying table 44.
Mable 44. Dates and places of first observation of black rot on
apple es reported by collahorators, 1927.
Date : lleic¢’e : County : . Staite
April 20 BO ee GJM Gigeral S MEESSasisaio pa
_ May 10 Bo Calvert : Maryland
May 1] 27 Dover Gey Nehalig, : Delaware
May 15 : New Bedford 1 AMarddiletsex : New Jersey
May 26 : Lafayette : Tippecanoe : Indiana
June 17 >: Marion 3) file\alalevayel : Connecticut
June 20 Qo See 6 Wiplisneeie : New York
July 7 : Winchester 2) rede rack : Virginia
July 1] 7) ate ran, : Calhoun SUL aL aba\gyshts)
SR
136
Apple = Black Rot
Tbe Ben Davis is generally considered to be one of the varie-
ties most susceptible to black rot. It is again reported to be very
susceptible by Schneiderhan in Virginia, and Young in Arkansas where
its close relative the Gano is said to be ecually suseceptiblle., sch=
neiderban lists Stayman and Rome Beauty as susceptible and York Im-
perial as very resistant. Martin in New Jersey observed black rot
on Red Astrachan, Rome Beauty, Maiden Blush, Ben Davis, Twenty Ounce,
Smith Cider, Winesap, Starr, and Red June.
Poole in North Carolina from observations on black rot made in
the College orchard at Raleigh has the following report regarding var-
ietal susceptibility, susceptibility of different host parts, and fac—
tors, especially fire blight, which influence occurrence of disease.
"This disease. o¢eurs severely om the jiy1es Uigseme
trees which show no signs of frog-eye, and in some cases where
there is no twig infection the leaves are badly infected,
possibly from infected twigs on adjacent trees. For example,
the Yates variety shows heavy infection of the twigs, but no
frog-eye of the leaf, The Florence Crab, York, Helm, and
San Jacinto show the same condition. On the other hand, the
Sheckley and Ben Davis show no twig infection but severe
frog-eye. Stayman, Winesap, Delicious, King Crab, Summer
Banana, Winter Banana and Hudson were not-attacked. . In nearly
every case these verieties were resistant to fire blight.
There is another point here worth mentioning, end that is the
source of leaf infection. In every cese where this occurred
the inoculum came from the infected twigs on trees which were
badly blighted. There was a slight infection of apnles which
had fallen to the ground hut only occasionally was an infected
apple seen on the tree." ;
Gardner reports control of the leaf phase of black rot on
Duchess in Indiana with the Bordeaux mixture sprays which are used for
blotck in that state.
Recent literature
SEI ee CUO AS
1. Preti, G. Studio interno al cancro del melo ed allo
Sphaeeropsis malorum. Ann. R. Ist. Sup. Agr.
POGti cd hii Me 25s OeGe
2. Swertout, H. Blister and black rot cankers. Missouri
Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 248. 15 p.. Mar. 1927.
BITT#R ROT CAUSED BY GLOMERELLA CINGULATA (STON.) SPAULD. & SOHRENK
Collaboratorst reports indicate that bitter rot wes not an espe=
Clally imnportent disease in 1927. Of the more important apple states
in which bitter rot is usually most severe, namely, Virginia, North
Carolina, Tennessee, and Maryland, the highest reported losses were 5
per cent in Tennessee and 4.5 per cent in North Carolina. In Virginia,
Schneiderben found thet the disease was three weeks later in appesring
Ly
Apple - Bitter Rot
then in 1926 ond was held in check during mid-season by dry weather and
low temperatures. In Georgia, the temperature was favorable for rot
development but the summer was exceptionally dry, and in Indisena the
weether was too cold to be favorable. Loss estimates are given in
table 45.
Yable 45. Ferceentage losses from apple bitser rot as estimated
Py collaborstors, 1927.
Percentage : :: Percentage :
loss » States reporting ae loss 2 States reporting
5 : Georgia, Tennessee, :: 03 : Virginia
uel SSa sca ppa oye 3
: a9 Trace : Massachusetts, New
BD) : North Caroline 55 : Jersey, Delaware,
: 98 BP AaSele aS; Mal Sysiouticat -
1.5 : Maryland ce : Kentucky, Arkansas
On the overwinteringof the hitter rot fungus Hurt and Schneiderhan
(1) report:
"The fungus causing bitter rot of apples overwinters
On fruit mummies resulting frem hitter rot infection or dry-
ing up of smal! apples on twigs killed by fire blight or other
causes. OQOverwintering on twigs was first observed in 1926 and
only in the Smokehouse varieties. Mummies are by far the most
important means of harboring the anes and they are seemingly
the sole means in the Pippin variety.'!
Regarding the length of time the bitter rot fungus remains alive in
mummies Schneiderhan states:
"Tast year we demonstrated that the hitter rot fungus
Survived in the mummies for a period of two years. Mummies
of the 1924 crop which have heen exposed for three years were
brought into the lahoratory and used for purposes of inocula-
tion. Mo infection resulted after using the same technique
Ommonrnemmyvcars.). ln thas imctance,, we conclude that the
bitter rot fungus did not survive for three years."
The dates which are given for the first annearance of disease are
later than usual, whidh would seem to constitute additional evidence
that conditions for bitter rot development were less favoréble than in
the average year. Data on the date and place of first appearance are
presented in telbe 46.
138
Apple = Bitter Rot
Table 36. Dates and places of first observation of hiteer ieee
on apple as reported by collaborators, 1927.
‘Date 2 Piace : County : State
July 4 BR abbrarae i Jelatala ~. sowohsion : Ellinoss
July 18 : Winchester 7 Prederack 2 Vi reiniaa
August 6 : Bridgeton : Cumberland :-New Jersey
August 9 : Georgetown - : Sussex : Delaware
September 14 +: Milford : New Haven : Connecticut
November 17 2 Uibnex : Hinds : Mississippi
No varieties were indicated as being especially resistant,
though several are said to be very susceptible. Blauvelt reported
considersble injury to the Strawberry veriety in Orange County, New
York. Varieties which are considered to be very susceptible are
Pippin, Smokehouse (Virginia), Ben Davis (Georgia), and Lowell
(Illinois). In Georgia the Delicious, Winesap, and Stayman are sus-
ceptible but more resistant than Ben Davis and Terry. The varieties
Yates and Rome Beauty are said to have a certain amount of resistance.
In New Jersey the Maiden Blush is susceptible as is the King David in
Delaware.
Control
Hurt and Schneiderhan (1) have found thet removal of mummies
is an important auxiliary measure in control of bitter rot in Virginia.
As 8 complete control program.they recommend the removel of mummies,
where conditions warrent, and making two applications of 4-5-50 Bor-
deaux mixture, one in the five-weeks, and another in the seven-weeks,
spray periods. 3
Recent litereture
1. Hurt, R. H., and F. J. Schneiderban. New methods of bitbkey
rot control. Virginia Agr. Exp. Stat. Bul. 254. 22 pp-
gee
BLIGHT CAUSED BY BACILLUS AMYLOVORUS (BURR. ) TREV.
Blight is subject to variations in severity of attack, perhaps
to e greater extent than most other fruit diseases. A severe outbreak
one year mey be followed the succeeding year by a very mild attack.
Reports indicate that blight on apple was at a very low ebb over almost
the entire United States during 1927. The loss estimates are apparently
lower this year then for eny year since estimates have been made with «
the possible exceptions of 1919 at 1925. The following figures indi-
eate the estimated annual losses for the yeers 1918 and 1926:
1595)
Apple - Blight
oie, pols, 1920. 19en Jmig22 ™ qg23) 1924 192) 1926 Average
1.5% NSS dle (Ave BAT 2e eG. Meo sey Dedyo. Md o
A comparable estinate has not yet been made for 1927 but it seems pro-
bable from deta available thet the 1927 estimate will fell close to,
and possibly below, those of 1919 end 1925.
In 1927, eleven stutes, New Jersey, South Carolina, Vest Vir-
ginis, New York, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Indiana, Michigan, Iowa,
Missouri, Jtch, and Ideho reported less blight than usual. Only three
Stztes, Virginia, Arkenses, end Kensas indicated more. J.osses are given
am beble 41/,
Table 547. Fercentege losses from blight on apple as
estimated by colleboretors, 1927.
Fercentege: ::Percentege:
eel OSS 2 States reporting 22 loss OU Cue Sy ee Onatedl MP
6 Mississippi ais 05 : Connecticut, Delaware,
: ae s Tennessee
: North Dakota, Texas :: 2
: 8 72 :. Utah
A : Maryland, North 58 :
fo Carolina Bi Sal 2 Oregon
2 ; fllinois, Minnesota :: Trace : Massachusetts, New York,
eanSalsy... Matas, 22 : Virginia, Iowa, Kentucky,
: Oklahoma Ee ~* Colorado, Edaho, West
: Bs Ge Wal iofealiaul ayaa (Ce\ilal ze @yciaat |
al : south Carolina, g 6 :
Michigan, Wisconsin,:: -
: Missouri, Montana ane G
Factors influencing the prevalence of blight
Under most conditions blossom infection is generally considered
to be 4 necessary step for heavy twig infection. Blossom blight was
much less common in the majority of states than usual, end to this in
most cases is attributed the light blight infection of 1927. A num-
ber of factors are mentioned as influencing the amount of blossom and
twig blight. Thomas states that "Oozing of hold-over cankers was not
common" in New York and Crozier notes that in Wayne County, New York,
dry weather up to July 22 checked spread of blight which had developed
earlier in the season. Dry weather is considered to have heen respon-
Sible for the light infestations in Wisconsin and Minnesota... Tack of
exudate on hold-over cankers in Missouri is meritioned hy Scott.
The role of disseminating insects in 1927 is not clear. Unfav-
oreble weether for insect activity during the hlossoming period is
mentioned as a possible factor in the lieht infestation in Missouri
and Michigan.
140
Apple - Blirht
Anderson in Illinois states that in spite of what seemed favor—-
able conditions for infection blossom bli ht did not develop and the
twig blight which was ohserved later in the season was attributed in
part to the spread of disedse by aphids and flea beetles. Bilizht did
not follow heavy infestation of sucking insects in New York and IMich-—
igen. Scott suggests that the light @phid infestation in Missouri may
have been responsible in part at least for the scarcity of blight in
thet state.
Varietal susceptibility
Very little new data were supplied by collaborators on disease
resistance. The crab varieties as usual are considered very suscep-
tible. Jonathan, Northwestern Greening, Rhode Island Greening, Maiden
Blush, and Willowtwig are other varieties named as very susceptible.
Control
Scott in Missouri states, "The absence of hold-over cankers of
blight suggests the possibility of eliminating the disease over quite
a large area in this state for several years to come by rigid appli-
cation of surgical measures to trees with cankered wood." Likewise
in a number of other states it would seem that 1928 would offer un-
usual opportunities for placing blight under control.
After several years of blight investigation in Pennsylvania,
Nixon (4) states that in relation to control his results indicate
the following:
"1. That where fire light is troublesome a system
of culture or fertilization restrieting growth to a con-
servetive or controlled degree may he adopted which will
render the trees, less suscepea ble -co dasease. a hiversysrem
of culture or fertilization which stimulates excessive
growth not only renders the tree more susceptible to
disease hut renders the attack more severe."
"2. That it is impracticahle to attempt to cut ous
blighted twigs during the growing seasons."
"4, That it 48 a practical method ob control jovcius
out hold-over cankers during the dormant period thereby re-
moving the immediate sources of infection."
"A. That under no conditions are crab apples of any
variety recommended for root stocks."
Recent literature
1. Anderson, H. W. Fire blight of apples and pears. Tree
Taille 0.(2) lo stae noeie es
2. Bryan, M. K. The flagella of Bacillus‘amylovorus.
Phytopath. 17: 405-406. June 2S Ea
”
141
Apple - Blight
Ge wiicCown, Me Rireblaght. Hooszer Hort. 9: 57-02. Aprs 1927.
4. Nixon, &. i. The migration of Bacillus amylovorus in apple
tissue and its effect on the host cells. Pennsylvania
Mares egd6 Swela SW) 226 alts) ypjoons VNoreG MNS 7/e
CROWN GALL CAUSED BY BACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS EFS, & TOWN.
Crown gall on apple is chiefly ohserved as a disease of nursery
stock. Until recently this disease has undoubtedly been confused with
certain types of wound overgrowths and the losses actually caused by
Pas eErouble both in the nursery and in the.orchard are at present a
Subject of considerahle speculation. Vrobsbly for these reasons col-
Jaboretors ere very cautious regarding their estimates of losses due
to this disease.
In 1927 reports on crown and root overgrowths were received
from 27 stetes. Toss estimates were made in only five states,
Massachusetts, Marylend, Virginia, Michiean, and Missouri. In each
instance loss was recorded as a trace,
: The following are some of the remarks by colleborators on
the prevalence and importance of crown gall. In e number of cases
collaborators have evidently not distinguished hetween true crown
gall and wound overgrowths:
Massachusetts: One hborticulturist reported crown
gall as prevalent in one nursery. (Doran)
Delaware: Common in light soil types and a general
problem. (Adams)
Virginia: Unimportent in Virginia. (Schneiderhan)
Nowth Carolinas MiSeveral Teporcs were received from
mountain growers. (Poole)
Mississippi: Frequently encountered on nursery
stock. (Wedgworth)
Arkansas: Loss great in nurseries. Reports of 50
per cent on sothe varieties were common. Dipping with Semesan
appears to decrease the amount of gall. (Young)
Michigan: Important in some nurseries. (Bennett)
Wisconsin: A nursery problem. From 5 to 50 per cent
on the nursery stockwhich has heen dug, hut due to poor growths
not many trees have been removed from the nursery rows so ob-
servations have been limited. (Vaughan)
a
ca Apple - Crown Gall
Minnesota: From 4 to 5 per cent of the anple nursery
stock discarded on uccount of gall. One case wes reported in
which 61] of the seedlings in a single row were galled. (Sect.
Pl. Path.)
Missouri: Crown gall is fairly well under control
over the stete. Rigid inspection of nurseries has heen res-
ponsible. Only scattered ceses are observed, There is some
“wound—-gall" or "graft-knot" not caused hy Bacterium tume-—
faciens. (Scott) ;'
The following statement regarding the prevalence of crown gall
and overgrowths in Wisconsin is taken from the Biennial Report for
1925-26 of the Wisconsin Stete Department of Agricu]ture:
"During hoth 1925 end 1926 the pecking houses of the
larger nurseries carrying 6 lerge line of fruit trees were
visited during the early part of the winter to check up on
the sorting out of crown gall. During 1925 approximately
125,000 apple, plum end pear trees were examined. There
wes less crown g#1]1 than usual that year and verv little of
it was missed by the nurseries during the sorting and less
then 10 per cent was thrown out of most varieties by them
and el] of the trees showed remarkuble growth. During 1926,
however, the crown gall on adple appeared unusually severe
again and some varieties such as Red Wing and Bayfield showed
from 50 to 75 per cent affected. No-attempt was made to de-
termine how much was actually associated with Bacterium tume-
faciens since both were recognized 4s making the tree equally
unsaleble when the tree was from one-half to two-thirds girdled
tony de6
Crown gell was not observed by collaborators in Connecticut,
South Carolina, Florida, Louisiana, Illinois, North Dakota, kansas,
Colorado, and Washington.
Riker (4) hes reported on the prevalence of wound overgrowth
and crown gall in Europe. Patel (2) has recently isolated 15 non-
pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas tumefeciens. He reports loss of
virulence in the case of one nathogenic strain after it wes kept for
two years on a common laboretory medium.
Recent litereture (See also references under "Non-parasitic diseases.")
1. Patel, M. K. Longevity of Pseudomonas tumefaciens Sm. &
Town. in various soils. (Abstract) Phytopath. 16: 129.5
1928.
250 SSSSseSase= Strains of Pseudomonés tumefeciens Sm. &
fown. 6nd their prevalence in various soils. (Abstract)
Phytopath. 18: 129-130. 1928. - @
145
Apple - Crown Gall
%3. Riker, A. J. Correlation of the wound overgrowths and
crown gall of apple in parts of turope end oF the
Ynited States. (Abstract) Phytopath. 18: 126. 1928.
BL We th Bemaekas jandl Ge Vs Keitten omudaes
of the history of development of wound overgrowths on
apple grafts und of the influence of wrappers on their
suppression. (Abstract) Phytopath. 18: 128. 1928.
_ BLISTER CANKER CAUSED BY NUMMULARIA DISCRETA (SCHW.) TUL.
The data on the genere] prevelence end importance of blister can-
ker in 1927 ere very meager, but &s ea whole those which are available
indicate & decreese in injury ceused hy this disease and general success
MimcOnbrolwy Missouri reported a loss of 2 to 5 per cent; Kansas 2 per
cent; and lowe a trace.
The following statements by collaboritors have been received:
Delawere: Generally found but not increasing. (Adams)
Iowa: Becoming less important than formerly because
very susceptible vérieties ere more rarely planted. (Archer)
Missouri: Very severe in o'd orcherds. Commercial
growers are using available methods to eradicate cankers from
their orchards and are having considerable success. Blister
canker is widely cistributed over the stete, being found in
neerly all home orcherds. (Scotz)
Nebraska: Jontinues to be a severe disease where
céreful handling of trees is not practiced. (Goss)
Recent literature
1. Swartwout, H. G Blister and black rot ceankers.
Maussouri Agr. Exp. Stas Bul’. 243. 15 pp. 1927.
SOOTY BLOTCH CAUSED BY GLOEOPES POMIGENA (SCHW.) COLBY AND
FLYSDECK CASED BY LHPTOTHYRIUM POMI (MONT. & FR.) SACC.
These two diseases, often associated, have a wide distribution
but are reported as causing losses in 1927 only in three states. Esti-
mates are Virginia end North Carolina, 2 per ceut, and Maryland, 0.6
per cent. In New York, sooty blotch w&s more common than usual in
Green County according to A. S. Mills. Adams in New Jersey reports
that it was common in unsprayed orchards.
144 .
Apple - Sooty Blotech and Flyspeck
In North Carolina, according to Poole, "This disease was very
severe on unsprayed fruic. in the vicinity of North Wilkesboro the
Willow Twig variety showed severe infestat-on during Septenher."
Schneiderhan in Virginia lists the York Imperial, Black Twig, and
Staymen as very susceptible to blotch and states.that "This disease
has been increasing in importance since the arsenical residue prob-
lem hes caused all spray operations to cease about July 1."
FRUIT SPOT CAUSED BY PHOMA POMI PASS.
Records of the occurrence of Fruit spot in 1927 were received
from only five states, Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, Delaware,
end Missouri. Losses are estimated as a trace in New Vork and 1.4
per cent in New Jersey where Martin observed a 95 per cent infection
OL the Lruat of one) orchard. According co (iar tam.
"Very little of this disease was apparent this year
at the time the fruit was ripe. This is in contrast to 1926
when infection was severe several weeks before the crop was
harvested. It is apparent that the time of infection varies
greatly from year to year."
Varieties which are reported as susceptible are Baldwin,
Jonathan, Grimes Golden, and King David.
During the past year Martin in New Jersey has obtained some
very striking results from spray and dust experiments on control of
this disease. The accompanying comparative date are taken from a
record of results which he hes supplied. In the sprayed end dusted
IGLOxlesy stows aol @Eraaoms. Yoo Wye, eias 28-day and summer spray
(July 6) were made. Copper seemed to he superior to sulphur and
liguid sprays much more effective than dust. Both the copper dust
and Bordeeux mixture caused considerable russetting of the fruit.
Regerding control Martin stetes:
"The present indications are that sulphur will not
control this disease. In one orchard which was thorouchly
sprayed with commercial lime-sulphur, the rrowers harvested
and stored a perfect crop. However, when the fruit was
removed from storage approximately 95 per cent showed in-
fection."
145
Apple = Fruit Spot
Teble 38. Fruit spot contro’ experiments in 1927 in New Jersey
as reported by W. H. Martin.
Fungicidal material used VO ipeeeemtane Geult spot ll
: Gielen Wolieht. | oevene
Lime sulphur 1-40 ANG 50.8 : 2.5
Bordeaux ‘eae 2-56-50 1090 0) : 6)
Kolo dust | 50-2 58.2 amen
eager duct Bre Wee tes 1s, Ulan
Unsprayed 8 a Alas 20.4
BITTER PIT, NON-PARASI TIC
In general bitter pit apparently caused only a small amount of
Joss in 1927, in spite of the uneven distribution of rainfell reported
in a number of states. The Jargest loss estimate is 2 per cent, re-
corded from Virginia and California. In Virginia, Schneiderhen found
the Vork Imperial, Black Twig, and King David varieties very suscep-
tible and Rome Beauty very resistant. In Michigan, according to
Bennett, the disease was more serious than usual causing a loss of
1 per cent chiefly oh Baldwins and Northern Spy. In Ontario County,
New York, according to Bullock it was present especially on Baldwin
trees bearing a light crop. Thurston in Pennsylvania states that
Baldwin was worse effected than usual but that other verieties had
less. In Indiana, a surface type of bitter pit occurred on Rome Beauty
end Grimes Golden, according to Gardner, Varieties which are consid-
ered susceptible by Martin in New Jersey are Winter Banana ond Starks
Delicious. Bitter pit was common on cellar-stored upples in Delaware,
according to Adems. In Maryland the loss is estimated at 0.5 per cent
and smaller losses occurred in Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York,
and West Virginia. The disease was not observed alia | Coiabalernacwias | Iii (oyeri cls! -
South Carolina, Jwouisiana, Arkensas, Wisconsin, Iowa, North Dakota,
South Dakota, Colorado, and only two cases were reported in Minnesota.
Recent literature
hop anne W, M. A preliminary note on a theory as to the origin
of hitter pit. in apples. Jour. Dept. Agr. Western Austra-
dae mies 402-28.) Sept. 1927.
2. Wickens, Geo. W., and W. M. Carne.’ Bitter pit in apples.
ts occurrence in store in relation to dates of picking.
Jour. Dept. Agr. Western Australia II, 4: 354-357. Sept.
W927 6
146 Dit
Apple - Spray Injury
SPRAY INJURY
Considerable injury to foliage due in most ceses to line-sul-
phur applicetions following severe scab infection wes reported from
e number of stetes bordering on che Greet Tekes. “7. D. Milis obser—
ved @® case of severe injury due to calcium arsenate in one orchard
im New Yorkie He states:
“ihe jogchard was a sorry Ssaegbt. | Moeny of ehe Veaves
were lost during winds. “he grower spplied 3 gallons of
home-made lime-sulphur plus celcium ersenete (Kolonox) to a
200 gallon tenk. ‘Ybere 1 pound.of célcium arsenéte plus
4 pounds of leed ersenete,. were used in 200 gallons of spray,
the orcherd looked much better."
Bullock in Onterio County, New York, noted injury due to lead ursenate
eépplied on « hot day. Other reports were received es follows:
New Jersey: Severe leaf injury and russetting of
fruit followed spreys of Bordeaux mixture 2-d4-5C and colloi-
del copper. Serious injury wes likewise observed following
the use of lime-su]Jpbur 1-40. _In one orchard where four rows
were spreyed with this mixture in 1926 there was = considerable
decreése in the number of blossoms in 1927. Trees sprayed
with lime-sulphur 1-40, this year, in south Jersey showed ser=
ious burning of the leaves. (Mertin)
Weshington: Calyx burns due to arsenic freed by rains
and weathering, end ufter picking due to the washing process,
wes noted. This wes first called “acid burn." (Dept. Pl. Peth.}
In Virgini:., colloidel lime sulphur cz: used considéreble burning
of le: ves especiclly on Rome Beeuty trees.
Litereture on whe renovel of spray residue is ineluded am she
following list of references:
Recent literature
Te; Heald Kay is Re Neier. ES gow Owemlevin rtd th.n clei meaaete
‘Arsenicel sprey residue and its removel from apples.
Washington Agr. Exp. Seca. Bul. 2135. Soepp. Mar. 92am
Zw! Henman Ee Ac cn sis) erSeaiean ave deternination of
arsenical residues on apple foliege. Scient. Agr. 7:
290 =29 lie Ae 2 ie mi a
3. Macheod, G. F., D. BE. Haley, and R. H. Sudds.” A study of
ersenicel residue on apples in Pennsylvania with res-
pect to efficient spraying practices. Jour. Econ.
Entom. 20: 607-614, Aug. 1927.
-
147
Apple - Spray Injury
A) Powes}, 8) C-aimapreay tolerance regulations fixed. Better
Bronte) 2a (Oye No. Mars 1927, ;
De ROOUMSON is Hem enGy i. Hembmanw wAp progress: repork on the
removal of spray residue from apples and pears. Oregon
Reord Trga. Stes Bus 226, / AS ab weiad mee.
INJURIES DUE TO LOW TEMPERATURE
Some damage was caused by winter injury in New York, Michigan,
Towa, and Wisconsin although in penerel there was less than during the
preceding two years.
Frost injury was general in the upper Mississippi River valley
and was of some importance in other sections. The crop was very much
reduced in Illinois, Missouri, Towa, Arkansas, and New Mexico.
More or less unusual injuries were Roper uea from Pennsylvania,
and Michigan and ascribed to frost.
Pennsylvania: A heavy frost on April 23-26 and a
lighter one May 28 have left traces in various plants of: an
miguBy which did not; kill she tissues but distorted them,
very often, apparently, through the mere formation of ice
n the tissues. The earlier apple leaves have been particular-
ly affected, but injuries were also noted in tulips, Japanese
maples, Norway maples and boxwood, which were apparently due
to ice formation end consequent rupture of the tissues.
(MeCubbin)
Michigan: Both apples and pears have shown an un-
usuél type of blossom-killing in the southwestern parts of
the state. Dead blossom clusters were noted on Yealthy trees,
et the time they were in full bloom. The blossom clusters
bed been dead severe? days and hsd apparently heen killed in
the pink stege. A similar trouhle was noted on Bose pear.
In one orchard approximately 90 ner cent of the hlossom clus-
ters o* this veriety were deed «nd in most cases the new
growth was killed back to the old wood of the spur. Other
Varieties were not affected. The injury has heen attributed
to late frosts. (Bennett)
Recent literature
Poburkholder,) C. 1. “Tnarching. against collar rot.) Amer,
Pruit Grow. Map. 47 (3): 24. Mar. 1927.
2. Hildreth, A. C. Determination of hardiness in apple
varieties and the relation of some factors to cola
resistance. Minnesota Agr. Exp. Stat. Techn. Bull.
42. 37 pp. June 1926.
148
Apple - Parasitic Diseases
MISCELLANEOUS PARASITIC DISHASES
Cephalothecium Hoses Cda., pink rot. This fot was Found by
Gardrer in Indiana to be prevalent on Grimes Goiden and Rome Beauty
in the orchards of the University of Indiana at Lafayette. In most
cases the rot was not following scab. it is suspected that the fun-
gus invaded bitter pit lesions. Total) loss is estimated at O25
eent.
Cercospora mali Ell. & Ev., leaf spot. Reported from Texas.
Fumago sp., sooty mold. This mold which grows abundantly on
honey-cdew was so abundant in Connecticut that some growers conten- |
plated spraying to kill the fungus on the fruit in order to facilitate
washing off by rains. (Clinton)
Gloeosporium perennans Zeller & Childs, perennial canker. This
disease wes reported from Washington .and caused considerable loss in
@regon. Zeller states that "This disease as) she preasese Janie bane
factor to successful apple orcharding in the Hood River Velley of
Oregon. Many orchards are reduced almost to decrepitude hy its rava—
ges. Infection is tied up with wooly aphis infestation. Freezing
cracks in wooly apbhis spongy tissue are infection courts. Control of
wooly aphis would largely prevent canker."
Glutinium macrosporium Zeller, cenker. This fungus, according
Gol Zelver () is a wound “parasite and causes a canker of apple limbs.
It produces 4 rot when ertificially inoculated into apples.
Hypochnus sp., fruit rot. Butler (2) isolated a species of
Hypochnus from fruits from various parts of the United States. It
is said to have been more prevalent on fruit on the merkets during
the pest two years than hes pink. rot.
Myxosporium corticolum Edg., surface bark canker. Observed by
Martin in New Jersey on a number of varieties of apples.
Neofabraea malicorticis (Cordley) Jack., anthracnose. Reports
of the occurrence of th:s disease were received from Yashington and
Oregon. In the latter state anthracnose combined with Bla rot
caused by Gloeosporium perennans, produced & loss of 0.6 per cent
according to Zeller.
Podosphaera leucotricha CEU! "Se bve)) Salme and P. oxyacanthae
(Os) MBiey: powdery “mildew. A disease caused by one or the other or )
both of the above nemed org: nisms was reported from Connecticut, New
York, New Jersey, Delaware, Virginia, West Virginia, Minnesota, Penn-
sylvania, Kansas, Utah, Idaho, California, and Washington. Injury
was epparently much less common than usual. No mention was mede of
severe infestations in any of the stetes in which the diseese occurred.
A loss estimated at 0.5 per cent occurred in Californie.
r= wl
1A9
Apple = Partismene )iseases
Phymetotricum omnivorum (Shear) Dug, Texas root rot. This
disease 1S said to be very important on the bleck lands of Texas where
it is so severe that apples canrot be grown in some areas,
Phytophthora cacvorum (eb. &@ Cohn) Schroet., fruit rot... Gardner
im Indiana found this disease on the fallen fruit and lower limbs of
trees of Grimes Golden and Rome Beauty.
Septobasidium sp., canker. Reported by Neal 4s quite common in
Mississippi.
Sporotrichum malorum Kidd & Beaumont, fruit spot. This fungus
or one similar to it was reported by Gardner (4) in Indiana as causing
round, Slightly sunken, brown lesions on the fruit of the varieties
Grimes Golden, Ben Davis and Jineseap.
Recent literature
aeMeas, ins. nenenna all canker mysteries solved. Better
Fruit 22 (3): 5-6. Sept. 1927.
2. Butler, L. F. Increasing prevalence of Hypochnus rot of
apples. Fhytopath. 17: 743-742. Oct. 1927.
oe aeomme, rs) I.) (Studies of black root rot of apple.
(Abstract) FPhytopath. 18: 145. 1928.
4. Gardner, M. W. Sporotrichum fruit spot of apple.
(Abstract) Phytopath. 18: 145. 1928.
5. Hesler, lL. R. The perfect stage of Hendersonia mali.
Mycologia AGI 2e2—227. vuly—Aug. 1927.
6. Nattrass, R. M. “The white root rot of fruit trees
caused by Rosellinia necatrix (Hart.) Berl. Jour.
Bath. & West & South. Jo. Soc. VI, 1: 169-175. 1927.
{- “Woodward, R. C. Studies on Podosphaera leucotricha
(E11. & Ev.) Salm. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 12:
U/S-204. June) 1927.
8. Zeller, S. M. A canker of apple and pear trees caused
hy (Glutinium macrosporium n. sp. Jour. Agr. Res. 34:
439-496. Mar. 1, 1927.
150
MISCELLANEOUS NON-PARASITIC DISEASES
_——— = - ~~
observed én unususel type of fruit trouble said to be confined so far
to the Baldwin variety. They state: ;
"A peculiar disease, distinct from anything hitherto
observed in New York Stete and possibly elsewhere, has ap-
peared on Beldwin apples this year in western New York. In
the hasin of affected apples may he seen fron one to five
very superficial, irrégular, dark green or brown blotches.
Frequently one such blotch extends from esch of the five
natural protuberances at the blossom end of the eppile,
almost, but not quite to a sepal. Ina few cases, the five
separate blotches have coalesced, forming 2 ring. Jn some cases,
not more than 8-10 cel] layers are involved, and the cuticle gs
intact except in the Jater stases. The affected apples are
generally but not elways, unusually large.specimens. The aver-
age size of all Baldwin apples in the territory was large this
year.
"During a recent trip to Wayne County, eisht lots of
Baldwin apples were inspected. Of these, seven lots included
some fruits exhibiting this peculiar blotch. En one lot about
4 per cent of the apples were affected, while in three other
lots, 1 to 2 per cent were affected. No estimate of the per-—
centage was obtained for the remaining three lots. In no case
was this blotch observed on any vériety other than Baldwin.
Three orchards were inspected but no abnormality in the trees
which bore the blotched apples was detected. The occurrence
of this blossom end blotch appears not to be correlated with
any particular soil type of drainage condition.
"The commercially packed fruit exhibited at the
Rochester meeting of the New York State Horticultural Society
was examined for this disease. Highteen of the twenty-two
barrels of Baldwin apples‘in the exhibit showed varying
amounts of this bloceh on the fruit. None of the other var=
leties in the exhibit were affected. Fruit showing the in-
jury came from the following towns in western New York: Sodus,
North Rose, Union Hill, and Ontario, in Wayne County; Morton,
in Monroe County; Kendall, and Albion, in Orleans County. Af-
fected fruits have also been sent in from Covert, Seneca County.
"Four things, when taken together, strongly suggest
that this disease is of non-parasitic origin. Thev are, (1)
the cheracteristics of the hlotch, (2) the feet that tt occurs
so consistently in a given position on al] affected anples, |
(3) the fact that it is restricted to variety Baldwin, and (a)
the fact that no fungus has heen found in association with it.
Occasions]ly the same apple shows hoth this pecuJiar blotch
and bitter pit, hut such is rarely the case. Some similarity
in symptoms has heen noted between this blotch and drought
spot (Stevehs disease) which occurs on McIntosh apples in the |
Champlein Velley."
151
Apple - Non=-Parasitic Diseases
Chlorosis. Linford in Utah states that this is widely preva-
lent and one of the most serious menaces of apple culture. Taubenhaus
in Texas reports chlorosis due ‘to excess lime as commom in limestone
regions. ;
Cork, drought spot, and die-hack. Eerly stages of cork develop-—
ment were observed hy Burrel]? in New Vork hut the-disease was of very
little importence. He states that die-hack was observed common?y in
Some orchards of McIntosh and Fameuse in C’inton County, New York.
Stevens disease, a type of drourbt spot, is estimated by Burrell to
have caused a 4 per cent Joss in the Champlain Valley of New York.
In that section the disease was found in about the same number of
trees as in 1926.
Internal browning and breakdown. In Utah, according 1EO)) Ijakiaue rere -
internal breakdown has been troublesome on stored apples, particularly
on Jarge specimens of the Jonathan variety. In Indiana, Grimes Golden
was affected. Milbrath reported that interna) browning caused an esti-
mated loss of 3 per cent in California.
Jonathan spot. This disease was reported only from New Jersey,
Kansas, and California. Estimated losses are 2 per cent in Kansas
Enicdw Oy per cent ian Calafrorni a.
King David Spot. Spotting of the King David variety was re-
ported from Missouri and Virginia. Geese MO. Gleaw thew) shen cause
is the same in both cases. Scott states that only the King David is
affected in Missouri. He estimates the loss at 20 per cent in the
case of this particular variety. Schneiderhan, regarding the type of
trouble with which he is familiar in Virginia, states:
"Several “instances of King David spot, which is the
terminology adopted hy some pathologists to denote good old-
fashioned spray hurn on King David, have ‘come to our attention
‘this week. This variety is particularly susceptible to spray
Puna in the austances reported, the difiicul ty resulted
from the application of lime-sulfur in warm weather."
Leef scorch. Scorching of “cIntosh leaves following a. hot wind
occurred in New York. According to Tudwig in South Caro'ina a disease
Similar to drouth injury, preceeded by Thysalospora spot, appeared on
Some trees but there was no drouth period to account for the trouble.
Measles. Specimens were received from South Carolina and Miss-
issippi. Tt also occurred in Indiana and California but apparently
caused no serious injury.
Mosaic. ‘The disease which has been reported as mosaic in New
York is apparently becoming more’ common. Blodgett in New York states
that "Trees showing this disease have been located in 18 orchards
(1 to 20 trees per orchard) in the following counties: Ontario, Wayne,
Monroe, Orleans, Sullivan, and Clinton." Stoddard in Connecticut has
found a mosaic-like disease "common, especially on young trees and
rapidly growing older trees. This trouble was found in 1926 but has not
been reported from this state before."
We
Apple - Non-Parasitic Diseases
Rosette. According to Burrell, in Clinton County, New York,
"Rosette, which was prevalent in 1925, was practically absent in 1926
and was only occasionally encountered in 1927."
Target canker. Roberts (7) has recently described a superficial
bark canker which he first found at Arlington Farm, Virginia, in 1922.
Specimens have been received by him from Kentucky and West Virginia.
The disease has been observed on Jonathan, Delicious, and Grimes Gol-
den varieties of apples and is also known to have occurred on pear
. trees in Georgia and Colorado. Regarding the cause Roberts states:
"The relatively small number of cankers on the more
vigorous of the Delicious and Jonathan trees, the greater
prevalence of cankers on the west and north sides of trees,
the frequent restriction of the cankered areas to certain
limbs, which may be almost completely covered with then,
and the apparent internal origin of the cankers ind#cate
that the disease is of non-parasitic nature."
Recent literature
l. Fisher, D. F., and C. Brooks. Apple water-core theories
revised. Better Fruit 22 (6): 5, 21. Dec. 1927.
2e Kidd, F., and C. West. The development of internal break-
down in cold-stored apples. Rep. Food Invest. Bd. Great
Britain 1925-26: 45-47. 1927.
4 Melhus, I. E. Crown gall and graft knots of apples. Amer.
Fruit Grow. Mag. 47) (3):cAceale Nam aige7.
A. .Melhus, 0.) Bi., 2. Hs Muncie, and Vernon C- Fisk. Grafting
as a further means of preventing callus knots on applese
(Abstract) Phytopath. 18: 127. 1928.
5- Muncie, J. H., and W. B. Shippy. Overgrowths and hairy
root on nursery apple and quince trees. (Abstract)
. Phytopath. 18: 127. 1928.
6. Riker, A. J«, We M. Banfield, and G. W. Keatt. Studies
of the history of development of wound overgrowths
on apple grafts and of the influence of wrappers on
ae suppression. (Abstract) Phytopath. 18: 128.
1926.
(> Roberts, J. We. "Target canker" of apples and pears.
Phytopath. 17: 735-738. Oct. 1927.
8. Schneiderhan, F. J. The black walnut (Juglans nigra L.)
as a cause of the death of apple trees. Phytopath. 17:
529-540. Aug. 1927.
153
Apple - Non-Parasitic Diseases
9. Swingle, C. F. Burrknot formations’ im relation to the
vascular system of the apple stem. Jour. Agr. Res.
34: 533-544. Mar. 15, 1927.
10. Wallace, R. H. The production of intumescences in
Transparent apple by ethylene gas as affected by
external and internal conditions. Bull. Torr.
Clube, 54: AGO -HA2 a nero 24/ 6
PEAR
BLIGHT CAUSED BY BACILLUS AMYILOVORUS (BURR, ) TREV.
In America blight has been one of the chief limiting factors in
pear production and large annual losses occur as a matter of course.
Loss estimates involving 50 per cent or more of the crop in some states
have been made in recent years and comparatively high losses are com-
mon. Apparently losses have been much more severe in the southern
states and in California than in other parts of the United States.
Figure 5 shows graphically and also by means of loss: estimate figures,
the importance of this disease as:estimated by collaborators 1921 to
1927 inclusive. Some of these estimates at first thought seem rather
high but, startling as they may appear, it is possible that even these
figures do not fully represent the importance of this disease in re-
ducing yields if we take into consideration the fact that pear growing
has been practically abandoned in certain areas on account of the
ravages of blight. ge
In 1927 a severe outbreak of blight occurred in California.
W. T. Horne states that this disease invaded the Sacramento Valley in
the most destructive attack which has been experienced since 1904-5.
The southern part of the state, however, was less severely affected.
Milbrath states regarding losses in California:
"T have been making a survey of the number of trees
pulled out and the general expenditures in fighting pear
blight. The figures appear rather astounding for it now
looks that at least $1,000,000 losses and expenditures were
sustained by the growers in this state in 1927. About
60,000 trees were puliied after having been killed by the
disease."
In other parts of the United States blight on pear as well as on
apple was apparently less common than usual. As would probably -be ex-
pected, the same factors which operated to reduce the disease on apple
have apparently served to decrease its prevalence on pear. Not in-
Cluding California, only three states, Delaware, Virginia, and Tennessee,
reported more blight than in the average year; while Massachusetts,
New Jersey, North Carolina, Florida and Michigan reportéd less and Ken-
tucky and Missouri much less than usual. It will be observed by
154
Pear — blight
Hig
: rs
eee a Be
a en
i
a
Co
Bey
a
Ene see
H Ml +
Seana!)
‘SERRE
a
fi
‘anee
SST Lee
gt a SL =
i
if
ee No estimates
D2) = 9e7 amelie
timated by collaborators
S average loss estimate and th
erage was calculated,
Average losses from pear blight as es
ine indicate
ives Fy
The figure ah
ber of estima
ri
oO
Q
D
&
3
a0
i
Gy
co)
V
the
tes from which the av
ove
Se etna —— SS Ss eee
; 155
Pear —= Blight —
‘referring to table 49 and to figure 5, that loss estimates for the
eastern half of the United States were lower than for the average
year although estimated losses of as ee as 25 per cent of the crop
in some states are recorded. i
‘Table 39. Percentage losses from pear blight as estimated by
collaborators, 1927.
Percentage:
loss ; States reporting
sPercentage:
2 loss [ ocates jreportang |,
oo
25 : Oklahoma, Tennessee : 3 : 3 Michigan
Ly : Mississippi Re ‘2 : Virginia, Texas
10 : Iowa, Missouri, North s: 1.5 : Connecticut, Delaware
: Carolina, South . ‘Se :
: Carolina ce swine ak : Massachusetts
See Maryland, Utah | qe 1-3 : New York
6 pei anoA Ss abe ie aie 2 2 ROre gon
4 ; Kansas, Califomia* z: Trace : Wisconsin, Colorado,
: or : Idaho
ST
*Milbrath states that this estimate is probably low.
Few reports on varietal resistance were. received. Kieffer
(Michigan) and the sand pear (Mississippi) are recorded as resistant,
and Seckel (Virginia) and Bartlett (Michigan) are susceptible. Archer
has prepared the following report from observations made in Iowa:
"In scion orchards at Shenandoah, moderate loss
occurred in Clapp’s Fayorite and Flemish Beauty; severe
loss in Bartlett, Beurré dtAnjou, Duchess, Kieffer, Lincoln,
and Worden.
"In the horticultural experimental orchard at Ames
_ considerable varietal susceptibility was noted this year
on seedling trees end hybrids as follows:
None Slight Moderate Severe
Chinese Aebley Alamo Emi] de Hiyst
Dearborn Sdlg. Bezi de ja Motte Ames Flemish Beauty
Fluke Lawrence Orlando Howell
McElroy Lincoln i Longworth
New Orleans : Worden Seckel
* Sheldon
Walenta #1
156
Reimer (4) states:
Pear - Blight
",,..up to this time no desirable commercial varieties
have been found. It is true that during recent years a few
have been introduced which do not blight seriously. The most
resistant among these are Jiincoln, Tongworth, German Sugar,
Burkett, Kieffer, Old Home, Douglas and Estella. The fruit
One! sneer varieties, however, is of such poor quality that
with the exception of Kieffer they have not been extensively
planted. Kieffer is a hybrid between the Chinese Sand pear
and Bartlett and has proved much more resistant to blight
than the standard, French varieties. lnder certain condi-
tions, however, Kieffer blights vigorously ae the. fruit ars
poor in quality." -
Day ,(2) bas published -on the use of zine chloride in blight
Boneeene The blight bacteria are said to be killed by penetration of
this compound from a surface covering rendering the canker harmless
as a source of inoculum. In some cases, however, injury is produced
in the uninfected bark. The formula for preparing the zinc chloride
solution is as follows: : :
"Solvent:
’
1 gallon denatured alcohol _
SM ostions, eye 9)
3 ounces concentrated hydrochloric acid
- Solutions ©
1 pint above solution
1 pound’. dry zinc chloride
Mix the solution and the zinc chloride together in an
enameled kettle and stir thoroughly until dissolved. Crush
all: ae eS with the SULTS stick, Kee in bottle well
‘ corked. tos HAs
It is recommended thet orchards he inspected once a week during
the summer and the surface of each canker painted with the shove mixture.
Recent literature
1. cap Ibo Hels Winter precautions against pear blight. Amer.
Fruit Grow. Mag. 47e(2): 9, 43. Feb. 1927.
2. ----++--- Zine chloride stays canker blight. Better
~eohrudte, 220 (6) sn ilk.) [Sept maete he
Bs det eles Additional advice on the use of zine chloride
for pear blight cankers. Blue Anchor 4 (11): 22-25.
Nowe /g92%e )
1
Pear - Blight af
An Reamer... (6, “Blight resistance. alah, pears.
Fruit Belt 25 iy 7, 24. March, 1927."
Deo mnomeasiiy rls En “Kieffer pear seddtines ae
blight resistance. Bull. Torr. Sot. Glut 54:
583-585. Oct. 1927.
SCAB CAUSED BY VENTURIA PYRINA ADERH.
If the reports of the soliabarstors of: ane ‘Plant badeshe Survey
during the last five years may be taken as being representative of the facts
over the country as a whole, scab on pear is not a destructive disease except
possibly in parts of the Pacific Coast States. The 1927 reports seem to bear
out this conclusion; Even in states which suffered a heavy infection of
apple sceb and in which conditions hor) pear scab infection arA development were
apparently very favorable, the disease caused little damage. With the excep-
tion of a single state, Oklahoma, and the single variety, Flemish Beauty,
no heavy infestations are. reported. Estimated loss are, Oklahoma 20 per
cent; Wisconsin 2 per cent; Maryland, Massachusetts and California 1 per cent;
New York 3.5 to 1 per cent; Connecticut and Michigan 0.5 per cent; and Maine
and Virginia a trace. In fourteen states pear scab was not observed nor was
it even recorded as unimportant. Probably the disease did as mich damage it
California’ as arywhere.
Recent literature:
ae velbrato. 1. G., and (Or BE. Scott. Some diseases of the pear.
Mo. Bul. Dept. Agr. Calif. 16: 445-452. 1927.
LEAF BLIGHT CAUSED BY7FABRAEA MACULATA (LEV.) ATK..
In some orchards in Illinois and Maryland considerable loss was ob-
served to be due to leaf blight. Severe fruit infection was noted in each
state and 2 per cent storage loss is estimated for Maryland. .Total; less es-
timates are Maryland 5 per cent; Oklahoma -2 per cent; Connecticut and Ten-
messee 1 per cent; and Massachusetts, Delaware, Illinois, Michigan and Iowa a
trace,
e
Tennessee: Severe on Japanese varieties. (McClintock).
South Carolina: Some exotic varieties on the station farm
became defoliated. Kieffer and some other. varieties in another
location, but near badly affected, quinces, - were free 215 this
disease. (Ludwig) : shld ‘i
Iowa: Found only in nursery rows. Observations in Septem-
ber indicated considerable varietal differences in susceptibility
as follows:' .
158
No infection. Patten, Keiffer, Duchess Dwarf, Bart-
lett. Infection but no cefol%ation. Wilder 5 per cent;
Garber 10 per cent; French 5 per cent; Clappts Dwarf 5
per cent.- Infection with defoliation. Flemish Beauty,
10 per cent and variety with name unknown, 60.per cent
defoliated. (Archer)
MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES AND INJURIES
Bacterium tuniefaciens EFS. and Town., Grown gall. Reported from
Mississippi and Michigan. A 10 per cent infection was ae in one
lot of 200 nueee ry trees in the latter state. ;
Myco'spheeérella sentina (Fr.) Schroet., leaf spot. An unusually
severe infection was observed by Schneiderhan in Virginia. By June 9,
80 per cent of the leaves of some trees near Opequon were infected, some
leaves having as many as fifty lesions. Severe local infestation and
defoliation was reported from Kansas. ; nes: :
e
at
Nummularia discreta (Schw.) Tul., blister canker. Reported by
Archer as occurring in one nursery in Iowa. a
Physalospora malorum (Pk.) Shear, black rot. New York,Massachu-
setts. ee itena
Phytophthora cactorum (Leh. and Cohn) -Schroet., rot. A species
of Phytopthora believed to be F. cactorum was observed in Columbia
County, New York. A slight to moderate infection in a single tree
followed excessive rainfall according to Thomas. This disease was also
reported from Massachusetts.
Sclerotinia cinerea (Bon.)Schroet., blossom blight. Reported
from Washington.
Sphaerotheca humuli (DC,) Burr. Bender in Connecticut found a
powdery mildew on pear and tentatively identified it as the above.
Bitter pit. ‘This disease was reported from Washington. A
similar trouble caused considerable loss to the Beurre dt Anjou crop
bial California ESCs to Milbrath and Scott (4).
"A peculiar condition on the fruit of Beurre d'Anjou
has been rapidly increasing. The surface is rough: through
numerous elevations and depressions, the elevations having
a wartlike appearance. Internal tissues directly under de-
pressions are hard, white ane dry, most frequently in the
shape of a cone with apex pointed toward core.
"Tn 1926, much of the dtAnjou fruit which showed
raised and correspondingly depressed ‘areas of the surface,
was affected with a peculiar form of internal browning in
place of the white, hard and dry tissues noted before.
159
Pear -— Miscellaneous diseases
In addition ‘to the lotationn of hrowned masses of tissue
directly under the skin, similar masses. were. scattered
chnoughout the interior of the pear.”
Black end rot. In Washington, .a single report.of occurrence
of this disease was received. Heppner (1,2) states that this di-
sease appears in nearly every Bartlett pear ents section ans. Gadiare
fornia. k
Chlordsis (excess of lime). Common on the black lands of Texas
according to Taubenhaus. Urawford states that chlorosis is very severe
in some parts of New Mexico. |
Heabycanken. Oregon; Fourteen per cent injury in one lot of seed=
lings of Chinese stock (Pyrus ussuriensis). Pestalozzia hartigii Tubeuf
was associated: We oe the cankers which eppc ered jasc above the soil line.
oe) é :
Target canker. (undet.) According to Thomas, specimens of this
disease were received from Wayne County, New Jersey.
Recent literature:
Ws Iehsjonopareiiay i ell Study of Bartlett pear black-end undertaken
in California. Science n.s. 65: 280-281. Mar. WO,) L270
Be Ene hs M. J, Bartlett Bie black-end rot investigations.
- Blue Anchor 4 (2): , 50. Feb. 1927.
3. Milbrath, D. Gl, and C. E. Scott. Some diseases of the pear.
"Mo. Bul. Dept. Agr. Calif. 16: 445-452. Aug. 1927.
ne | QUINGE
Bacillus sees (nee: ) Trev., blighe. ‘The Josses) reported
in 1927 are, Maryland 5 per:cent; New York 3 to 5 per cent; Michigan
1 per cent; and Tennessee a trace, “Thurston in Pennsylvania states
that due to blight, the crop in one ah Ve acre orchard was not marketa-
ble.
Fabraea maculata (Lev.) Atk., leaf blight. McClintock states
that this disease is.severe in Tennessee every season and practically
defoliates all varieties of quinces.. Regarding this disease in Iowa
Archer states, in nursery rows this year there was severe defoliation
Snel of “the varieties grown as,follows: Angers and Meech, 95 per cent,
Orange 85 per cent, and ‘Osthern 23 pau cent. i
Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) spauld. and Schrenk, bitter rot. One
report from Connecticut.
Gymnos oran ium germinate (Schw.).Kern., rust. Serious injury was
produced in one planting in Orange County, New Vork, according to Blauvelt.
169
Quince - Diseases
Phoma pomi Pass., fruit spot. Stoddard states that a slight
amount of injury was caused in Connecticut by this disease.
Physalospora malorum (Pk.) Shear, black rot. Reported from Von-
necticut.
Recent Jaiitenrature’: :
1. Wormald, H; A leaf blotch of quince trees. Ann. Rep. Hast
Malling Res. Stat. 14 (Suppl.): 87-88. Mar. 1927. j
Sclerotinia cydoniae
DiS VAS ES) TONE, SOOM Ege RU aglenuns
nema AON Tal
BROWN ROT CAUSED BY SCLEROTINIA FRUCTICOLA (WINT,) REHM - _
(S., Americana (Wormald) Norton & Ezekiel)
Conditions were favorable in 1927 for development of brown rot in
greater than average amounts, in Delaware, Maryland, Pennsy]vania, 11li-
nois, Northern Georgia, and Missouri, while in New York, Michigan, and
Arkansas less rot than usual occurred. Blossom blight was common in New
York, Indiana, and Illinois and was severe in sone parts of North Carolina
and New Jersey. In the last named state practically all of the blossoms
in some orchards were affected according to Martin.: In New Jersey, Tlli-
nois, Indiana, and North Carolina .considerable twig injury was caused by
infection through blossoms and fruits.
The oriental peach moth is ‘said to have been a serious factor in
brown rot development in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. Schneider-
han states that for the first time the Piedmont section of Virginia reports
a direct correlation between oriental peach moth injury and brown rot oc-
currence. The curculio was an important factor in rot occurrence in Mary—
land, but according to Anderson this insect was less common in Illinois than
usual and apparently did not markedly increase losses in that state.
The following statements regarding brown rot were received from col-
laborators:
Pennsylvania: Especially severe following injury
from oriental peach moth. This was one of the worst years:
for brown rot development which we have noted. This is
especially true for the northeastern part of the state.
(Thurston and Nixon).
Maryland: Inthe eastern part of the state brown
rot was very severe. Early infection followed oriental peach
moth and curculio injury. This made later control difficult.
(Jehle) 2 Tease:
161
Peach - Brown rot
‘Table 40. Percentage losses from rot on peach as estimate by
collaborators, 1927.
Percentage: shih ::Percentage: SE a eae
Noss ee ocaces Heporuinel) Wi Ossi jl states meportame
eon =) Massourd ia ES 4 : Indiana
15 : Maryland, ae Massachusetts,
Mississippi Connecticut, Delaware,
’ South Varolina,
12 : Kentucky as : Arkansas
10 : Oklahoma, tf 2 a (egos
: Tennessee 23 ae
: 2: 1 : West’ Virginia, Been oe
8 Ce Mersey... Be we Oregon.
i + Kansas: _ . c os fey York
ties ce t Peete:
: North Carolina | ACT Nal an EGs
West Virginia: ‘Dry’ deglcegon weather Was, unfavorable
for Gaicweprent of disease. (Sherwood)
cue: There was a drought in late summer and
many of the late peaches cracked and rotted. (Valleau)
Tennessee: Severe only on a few early varieties.
The small crop of late fruit was, in the better orchards,
protected by spray. (McClintock)
North Carolina: This disease causea severe loss
this year. Blossom infection was severe followed by favora-
ble weather for heavy loss of fruit. Twig and limb blignt
from infected fruits was severe everywhere especially on un-
. sprayed trees. (Poole)
Arkansas: Very little seen in commercial plantings.
(Young). i
Michigan: This disease was exceptionally rare this
season. Even the early maturing varieties were not severe-
ly affected. (Bennett)
“Missouri: All unsprayed plantings showed considerable
brown rot this year. There was very little fruit in home
orchards which did not have some brown rot. (Scott)
162
Peach - Brown rot
Apothecia developed in ahundance in some parts of Pennsylvania
according to Thurston and Nixon. Kirby also observed mature apothecia
April 12th in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. Pierce found mature
apothecia in the Vincennes section of Indiana, March 22, which was
twenty-three days earlier than the date of their first ek wie aha}
|
|
the same orchard in 1926.
In the majority of the larger peach producing states, brown rot
was apparently satisfactorily controlled by the application of the stan- —
dard sprays and dusts. Omission of certain sprays, especially the pink,
permitted rot developient in some cases: '
Wormald (6) has published some interesting data concerning the dis~
tribution of the brown-rot fungi. His summary is as follows:
"The present distribution of: the common brown-rot
fungi, so far as has been ascertained from the literature
on the subject and a study of strains collected by the
writer, is as follows:
"Sclerotinia fructigena: Europe, Japan, Manchuria.
"Sclerotinia cinerea f. pruni: Europe, the Pacific
coast of North Am America, - Manchuria, and (according to
Takahashi) a form of S. cinerea occurs on various species
‘of Prunus in Japan.
"Sclerotinia cinerea f. maiji: Great Britain and Ireland
(and probably the Continent). _
"Sclerotinia americana: _ the United States, British
North America, Australia, and New Zealand."
Recent literature:
1. Fish, S. Brown rot of peaches. . Journ. Dept. Agr.
Victortan 25: AO9-ANN 6 alo eee
2. Roberts, J. W. and J. C. Dunegan. Peach brown rot and scab.
UV. (Sir Dept. (Agr. Panam, Billie (Ae tien Mel bere eet ae ee
3- Roberts, J. W,, and J. C, Dunegan. Critical remarks on cer-
tain species of Sclerotinia and Monilia associated with
diseases of fruits. Mycologia 19: 195-206. July - Aug.
1927
4. Snapp,O. I., C. H. Alden, J..W. Roberts, J. G2 Dunegan, ong
J. H. Pressley. Experiments on the control of the plum
curculio, brown rot, and scab, attacking the peach in
Georgia. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 1482. 52 P. April, 19278
5. Tesche, W. C. Bordeaux-oil for brown rot. Pacific Rur. Press.
Ae) 2A Sep Wenge ie
6. Wormald, H. Further studies of the brown-rot fungi. Ti. A
contribution to our knowledge of the distribution of the
species of Sclerotinia causing brown-rot. Ann. Bot. 41: |
287-299. Apr. 1927. |
163
LEAF CURL CAUSED BY BXOASCUS DEFORMANS (BERK.) FCK1.
Leaf curl was unusually prevalent in 1927 over a wide range of
states and was especially common throughout the states of the middle
west and neighboring regions. Estimated percentage losses to the peach
crop of the United States as compiled by the Plant Disease Survey sirvce
and including 1918 are:
MEIN, 7) G20) oEg2t 922 Valge% 19241925 11926) ) ‘Avene
Pee eee: SEO! KOEGIM GH aN 1 IA7! NOUR Os6 1.2+
The estimated percentage loss in 1927 will probably approach that
of the epiphytotic year of 1920. In 1927 reports of the occurrence of
_leaf curl were received from 42 states. Twelve of these reported more
than usuel and four much more than in the average year. Included in this
group are the following peach producing states: California, Arkansas,
New York, New Jersey, Michigan, and Ohio. Only four states, Connecticut,
Delaware, Maryland, and Washington reported less than in the average year.
Loss estimates:for 1927 are piven table Al.
Table 41. Percentage idwewe from leaf curl on peach as estimated
by collaborators, 1927.
————
Percentage: _t:sTercentage:
loss : Duewes) RepORtaine J) sik NOSIS. <2 States reporting ay
ii : Kentucky setter abet) PIB) ai ao)nets
5 : Michigan, New York ie 1 : New Jersey, Maryland,
: Tennessee ole : Indiana, Missouri,
: aeeke Mississippi.
5 > Arkansas, California ;: :
: 45 : Oregon
Zn) : North Carolina :
: aneie imace 2) howar,
2 : Massachusetts, 5c : Colorado,
lho Seg a8 ole bras 4.8 2) kGiahior.
:. Oklahoma, BeBe :
South: Carolina, _ ok :
Instances of severe infection were recorded in Pennsylvania and
Michigan where certain unsprayed orchards were completely defoliated.
Collaborators who mention control measures state without exception
that leaf curl was satisfactorily controlled by the standard applicetion
of lime-sulphur, and Bordeaux mixture. A more general use of dormant oil
sprays without the addition of a fungicide was responsible for considerable
curl in Arkansas according to Young. Magill in kentucky states that Bor-
deaux mixture and oil] emulsion were. satisfactory in contro]. In Illinois,
according to Anderson, sprays of oil emulsion-copper sulphate (4 pounds
copper sulphate to 50 gallons of oil emulsion) have in practically all
cases controlled the disease, while 011 emulsion-Bordeaux has given only
moderate control. He also states that lime-sulphur applied in the fell
gave control in all cases observed. Gardner states thut in Indiana
"Scalecide" did not control.
164
SCAB CAUSED BY CLADOSPORIUM CARPOPHILUM THUEM.
An abundant development of scab is reported to have occurred in
1927 in Missouri, North Carolina, and Illinois. Over the remaining part
of the United Stetes it caused about the usual amount of loss. Poole in
North Carolina states: "This has been a very fevoreble season for peach
scab throughout the state. The late fruit was completely blackened on som
trees. The new wood was severely infested on seedling varieties." An in-
fection of 52 per cent of the fruit occurred in one orchard in Illinois
according to Anderson. Toss estimates are given in table A2,
Table 42; Percentage losses from scab of peach as estimated by col-
laborators, 1927. |
Percentage: : :Percentage: ; '
loss : states reporting a loss : States reporting 1
10 : Missouri =e 4 : Virginia 4
5. : North Carolina 2: Trace : Massachusetts,
: 2: : New York
2 : Delaware, Maryland, 2: : West Virginia
> Kentucky, Oklahoma. 55 : Michigan
Sh, ; ae : California
i -¢ South Carolina, Tennessee: vais
e
e .
. .
e
Mississippi, Arkansas:
It is well known that, as a general rule, late maturing varieties
of peaches are injured more by scab than are those varieties which mature
earlier in the season. Thurston notes that white varieties grown in Penn-
sylvania are especially susceptible. Poole in North Carolina states thet
the Elberta, Carmen, and Belle of Georgia varieties were injured only in
a few instances
Reports Sadi ote sonal. scab was reedily cont Poed by the stendard
spray applications. |,
Recent literature:
ie) RODE RES yin) We Jemndrclia ier Dune gan. Teach brown rot and sceb.
UssS? Dept... Agrs) Farm. Bull. 1527. 14 Pe. Apr. 3927
BACTERIAL SPOT CAUSED BY BACTERIUM PRUNI EFS.
In past seasons symptoms of different phases of the bacterial spot
disease have probably not, in all cases, been clearly recognized and dif= |
ferentiated from other types of troubles such as nonparasitic leaf spot |
and different kinds of spray injury. Spray injury especially is quite
likely to be confused with bacterial spot since symptoms are somewhat si-
milar and in the. case of each trouble severe symptoms occur more commonly
on weak and poorly nourished trees.
165
Peach - Bacterial spot
In 1927, bacterial spot was reported from the majority of the peach pro-
ducing states. Losses in yield as estimated by collaborators are:
Kentucky, Kansas, and North Carolina, 4 per cent; Indiane, 2 per cent;
Texas, 1 per cent; Mississippi, 1 to 2 perc cent; Maryland 0.5 per cent;
and Michigan, New York, and Iowa, a trace. In addition a 5 per cent
loss in grsde in Illinois and a 2 per cent loss in North Carolina are
reported.
The following remarks indicate the degree of severity of attscks in
some of the states having the heaviest reported infestations:
New Jersey: In one orchard in Hunterdon County, ap-
proximately 25 per cent of the leaves dropped as a result
of black spot attacks. (Martin)
North Caroline: Severe again this year on the fruit
of the Hale and Elberta varieties. More cul] fruit results
from this trouble in commercial districts than from any other
disease. Heavy losses result from year to year. (Fant)
Arkansas: Caused severe defoliation and poor coloring
and weakening of trees in all parts of the state. Josses
are difficult to estimate. This was the worst attack ever
experienced in the state. (Young)
Indiana: Harly in the season, black spot caused severe
defoliation. (Gardner)
Anderson states that in Illinois there was the worst outbreak ever
experienced. He reports fruit infection genera] and records 100 per cent
on the fruit in one orchard. The disease was apparently of little impor-
tance in New York, Virginia, Missouri ane Michigan.
Anderson (2) reports the isolation of a bacteriophege for B. pruni
from soil heneath infected peach trees.
During the past few years, sodium silico-fluoride has been tried in
the control of bacterizl spot in Illinois. Anderson (4) states that this
material controlled the disease in 1925 end 1926 in experimental orchards.
In 1926 a certain amount of leaf injury wés produced and the fruit on
Sprayed trees was smaller then normal, had a high color, and ripened pre-
maturely. +n Ohio (1) sodium silico-fluoride with and without sulphur
failed to control bacterial spot during the season 1926.
Recent literature:
io WOne ONO Aer sac Scale, Bull. AOZ2a7. 1927.
2. Anderson, H. W. Bacteriophage of Bacterium pruni.
(Abstract) Phytopath 18:144. 1928.
%. Anderson, H. W. Spraying for contro! of bacterial spot
of peach. Trans. I1]. State Hort. Soc. 60: 147-154.
BS ea
teiidercen, iH, W. "he effect of sodium silico=-fluoride
sprays on the peach and on the control of bac-
terial spot. Sci.n.s. 65: 16-18. WSS
a
166
YELLOWS (CAUSE UNDETERMINED )
The distribution of yellows in the United States, up to and in-
cluding 1925 4s indicated in Fig. 6 which was prepered by Wo A. Areherey
is based on data which Archer assembled from reports of collaborators
and from data on file in the Office of Fruit Diseases. To this mep hes
been added the two new locetions of Habersham County, Georgia; and Mason
County, Michigen, reported in 1927.
In connection with Fig. 6 some of the following explanatory notes
regarding reports of occurrence of yellows in some of the more doubtful
states bordering on the main yellows belt, are of interest:
Arkansas: Reported from Boone and Fulton Counties by
Jol. Hewat in 1920. Im 1920) the Office oh Bent Un seaces
received specimens from Howard County. In 1918 and in suc-
eéeding years, however,... A, Hitvot, HW. Re Rosen, and ouhers
of the Arkansas Experiment Stetions indicate that the disease
did not exist. H. R.” Rosen in 2924 made’ the fellows stares
ment:
"A recent trip was made to the most important peach
section of the state, including the counties of Sevier, Howard,
Pike, Little River, and Hempstead with the particular object
of determining whether rosette was present. The main reason
for the survey at this time was the receipt of some diseased
peach twigs from Mr. R. A. McKnight of DeQueen, which showed
symptoms suggesting peach yellows or rosette. ... A carerul
inspection of many orchards in the counties listed failed to
show a single case of yellows. ...This is not the first time
that peach yellows or rosette has been suspected as being pre-
sent in Arkansas, and like all of the other cases which heve
come under my observations, when they were carefully investi-
geéted they were invariably found to be erroneous, .«..So fer és the
writer knows, there is no record of yellows being present in
this state, which is based on any investigetion of Arkensés
Oneherdsi;
Kansas: Melchers in 1919 reported occurrence but gave no
deta on locality. In 1921 Melchers states that no Giseesed trees
were seen but that the disease hed been reported severel yeers
before by Kellerman.
ae ame
Missouri: Yellows was reported by F. M. Rolfs in 1908,
1909, and 1910. In 191%, however, Haseman states that the in-
spection of the State Boerd of Agriculture did not reveal yel-
lows, G. M, Reed in 1917 indiceted an "occasional occurrence."
Illinois: In a letter to the Plant Disease Survey in
1925, Anderson stated thet he has given the matter of occur-
‘rence of yellows in Illinois considerable attention since 1917
and has not observed @ sinevle affected tree during that period.
tities
(o\ re\_ege 4
Paarl \Px elena ios
sees arte 7
eS
Barnercassier
apes
ae
re
ne by)
aoe ©
A i z
9 apg Gee
oe U
@- KLLORTLD /9/7-1927
O- RELOLTZLD 1899 -79/6
mas LA ut 9- DOUWBIFtL, REPORTS
ms oS, x oh Sty ZL g. REPORT FROW STATE,
at OESs LD 10) maa WO LOCALITV CITED
- <a eran peaiGaie gaan aS
an
ee
5
a 2, CI c/a »
BS BY LF. SU1777 IN 1894
(4ARMERS’ BUL./7 )
F/G- 6 DISTRIBUTIOW OF PEACT, VELLOWS (WV
THE UN/S7ED STATES, BASED OW RECORDS OF
THE FLANT DISEASE SURVEY ANWO 77AE QFICE
OF FRO7 LISEASES, (E899 7O 1/927
(PREPARED EY WA, ARCHER )
--- INFESTATION REF OR7ED
' Matti he et ,
* : A 3
ini a? Fy
Y
4
2
‘
a
a» 1
¥
Peach ~’ Veliows
.Indiana; Yellows was reported in Indiana as prer
sent in considerable amounts between 1904 and ¥908 and.
it was reported as common in 1915. Ina letter to the _
- Plant: Disease Survey in 1925 Gardner stated that he felt
_confident that the disease was: not. to:be found in the
"state at that time.
20
South Carolina: Evidence: of occurrence of yellows
in South Carolina:consists of a doubtful report received .
BY the Plant Disease Survey in 1923. 5 Peace
In 1927 yellows was reported from: len York, New. Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Georgia, and Michigan. McClintock in Ten-
nessee states that trees having certain symptoms of yellows occurred on
the University Farm at Knoxville. Loss estimates in the states.reporting
yellows are Maryland, 2 per cent; New Jersey, 1.5 per cent; Massachusetts
and Michigan 1 per Baie New York, trace to .5 per cent; and Virginia, a
trace.
In New York the disease was present in seven counties according to
Chuppe He states that some ‘growers in the western part of the state be+
lieve it is becoming more common. In New Jersey, Martin found yellows
generally distributed but not severe. In Delaware it is “generally ob-
served but not increasing in prevalence according to Adams. Schneiderhan
- states that no diseased trees were observed-in Virginia, but that the di-
sease is known to be present. Regarding yellows in Michigan, Bennett
states that typical yellows trees were found in Berrien, Allegan, Kent,
and Mason Counties, but that a large share of the injury involved in: ce
loss estimate from that state is caused by a trouble having certain
symptoms of both yellows and little peach but not exactly typical of ©
either of these diseases, The first authentic report of the occurrence
of yellows in Georgia was received ‘raring 1927. (See Plant Disease Re-
porter 9: 90. 1927). oe
Yellows was found still. to .be widely dastriputed in Pennsylvania,
although the number of diseased trees is being decreased. Table 44: show-
ing the prevalence of yellows in 1927 and the number of diseased trees
removed in peach producing counties in Pennsylvania | cienael the year, was
submitted by W. A. McCubbin. h
Progress in control was reported from three sited eeouding to
Blauvelt there is very little yellows in commercial orchards in Orange
County, New York, presumably because growers remove infected trees at
once. Bennett (2) attributes the scarcity of typical yellows trees in
Michigan to the general practice of removal of infected trees as soon as
symptoms appear. Martin in New Jersey, states that an eradication cam-
paign conducted in the vicinity of Hammonton the past several years is
apparently meeting with some success. The control campaign in Pennsyl-
vania has been watched with interest. The percentage of yellows in the
state has been gradually reduced over a period of seven years by 4 sys-
tematic inspection and eradication program. The results of this campaign
as tabulated by McCubbin follow.
168
Table A4,
arranged by counties.
a EM ANOI O__ , al r
ounty Orchards Trees Trees Per cent
inspected Inspected -
Adams 61
Berks 54
Bucks SR i Aen
Cumberland 44
Chester | Ba
Dauphin +:: 26
' Delaware’ *™ 14
Mramctain 16 69
fancaster 9) (27 15
Lebanon’ ava
Lehigh! “3p
house ie
York A
14 Counties
Tabl
Year No. of Trees oN @trees
“Marked
1921 287,465 ' 17,376
1922 Ai2, 507 Ue Oe
1923 2,614 10,698
1924 74,012 © 6,06
W325 555, A953 2,52
1926 624, 743 BE a
ger
e 4A, Summary of records of peach yellows inspection and eradi-
cation records in Pennsylvania covering the E bibs gS eal es 2
Total 7 Tae
Recent literature:
ee eee
Zo
Be
Anon. The Valley Pesce "yellows" problem. © sea Rural Press
114: 595.
Bennett, C. W.
Michigan.
1925.
McCubbin, W, A.
é 2 420
es 802,033
Peach* Yellows
78,472
147,397
ASE 2
5, 545
25,052 |
26,790"
10}, Oop.
“928 310°"
ois 845
DSI).
2 hil S516)
35,159
Data ‘on yellows distribution in 1927 in -Pennsylvenia,
Marked Yellows
140. i, elon
Reale ich eres
SETA © 296
allio. ah Senos
Weel | 22
ASO Sc. So aecn
ES eee
eee ee ee
“oc aS Se eal
La eae 558
a Bey 2 .128
ule 173
via aes :
WosGeas .230
Nov: 26, 19273
Peach yellows and
Ann. Ren. State H
Peach yellows an
sylvenia Dept. Agr. 10 (3):
“Per Cent
Yellows
4.45
2.50
be
~89
ee
Rs a a
|
H
little peach situation ing
ort. Soc. Mich. 56: le
d little peach. Bull. Penn==
16. Feb. 292y-
| 7a. a
Piste
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eet Seto
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Rei ean
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SS
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ay
se
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w
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i
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aan
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ee
acex
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rae
PaTAY
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Bee
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ae
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| PATER K ES GO? e- ex-ce760 19/7927
3. ~ STS SIA ESR TCELie Cote
= eee yaa meee mpcstc as?
Binal oreeiniae) gerne ot pamela E On
Fenesaeoe cg
eee
| Sanive FIG-7- DISTRIBUTION OF LITTLE PEACH /W
Cie 4
THE UNITED STATES. BASED OW RECORDS OF YS |
TIE PLAWT LYSEASE SURVEK /90/-/927 ale
WA (PREPARED 8Y WA. ARCHER) eS
! vy;
E
LITTLE PEACH (CAUSE UNDETERMINED )
169
The distribution* of little peach in the United States as indicated
in Fig. 7 is based on collaborators! reports to the Plant Disease Survey.
Some of the data received are too general in nature to permit marking de-
finite areas on the map. These data together with various explanatory
remarks follow:
Connecticut: One report from New Haven County in
1921 and 1926 by Clinton.
Kansas: Reported to be present in 1919 by Melchers
but no data or locality given.
Maryland: The report from Kent County in 1909 may be
dubious because J, B. S. Norton states that no specimens were
seen. There is no further record of the disease until 1925
when Temple and Jehle REpOue its presence. However, they do
not cite localities.
Michigan: In 190% and 1905, M. 8. Waite indicated that
little peach was spreading rapidly. In 1911, E. A. Bessey con-
sidered the disease to be common in Allegan and Barry Counties;
ima 1913 and 1914 he reported it to be destructive in Allegan
and Oceana Counties respectively. Bennett in 1926 reports it
chiefly in the west central part of the state.
Missouri: Reported in 1910 by F. M. Rolfs from Wright
and Howell counties.
Ohio: Reported from five northern counties in 1911 by
A. D. Selby. In 1912 and 1918, however, he gives a negative
Eenome mac docs Rk. C. Lhomas an 192) and H.C, Young in 192A,
1925 and 1926.
South Carolina: Recorded in Saluda County in 1914 by
F. M. Rolfs. Reported not present by C. A. Ludwig in 1921,
1924 and 1926.
Virginia: Reported present in Fauquier County in 1910
by H. S. Reed. Reported absent in 1926 by F. J. Schneiderhan.
In 1927 little peach was reported from New York, New Jersey, and
Maryland. Losses were indicated as a trace in New York and Maryland. The
disease is considered of slight importance in Maryland and New Jersey. It
was not observed in Connecticut, Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee.
Recent literature;
(See peach yellows)
*The distribution map shown in Fig. 7 and the statements regarding
the geographical distribution of little peach were prepared by W,
in pe
A, Archer
170
ROSETTE (CAUSE UNDETERMINED )
The distribution of rosette in the United States from 1902 to
1927, as indicated in Fig. 8 is based on reports of collaborators to
the Plant Disease Survey and on data in the Office of Fruit Diseéses.
Bach symbol used in the map indicates at least one specific re-
port of rosette in the county marked by the symbol. In a few cases the
reports have not been specific enough to he represented on the map.
These, together with other explanatory notes, follow:
Arkansas: Reported from Baxter County in 1907 by
He 'P. Gould to Office of fruit Diseases meRosen, eam 1927
in a letter to the Plant Disease’ Survey “considers existing
reports of the disease in the state to be erroneous. (See
stetement under peach yellows, p. 166)
Florida:-. The recent record in “alton county was taken
from the annual report, 1924-24, on a plant disease survey by
G. F. Weber. The infection was said to be scarce. The other
occurrence in Alachue County was based on specimens received
by the Office of Fruit Diseases duxing 1910 and 1911.
Kansas: The single record in hansas in 1924 is based
merely on a county agentts report.
Missouri: The earlier records were reported 1904 to
1910 by Paul Evans, W. M. Scots, amd h. Me Nodfc. | ihe nore
recent record (1914) in Newton.County is based on a report
by H. P. Goullid and W. F. Mletchers to the Ot ce ote Brust
Diseeéses. The disease was not abundant in commercial orchards.
In 1926 when W. A. Archer made a survey no infection was found
in the state.
Mississippi: The report in Forest Vounty in 1924 by
D. U. Neal, was the first record of the disease in the state-~
Oklahome: The two doubtful records ere based on 4 un-
: 2 : : (f
Signed collaboretor's report received in 190o.
Tennessee: Mj Be. Waite records the disease ain 1907
from Franklin County and S. H. Essary records it in 1914 from
Shelby, Monroc, and Knox Counties and in 1917 from Henderson
County. In eddition there is a report from Hesler in 1920
stating-thet severs] cases were found in the center of the
ENS
West Virginia: The area marked is based on gs report
by Sheldon in 1920 who found two typical ceses in a smal]
home planting in Morgentown.
_ *The distribution map shown in Fig. 8 and the statements regarding
geographical distribution of rosette were prepared by W. A. Archer, in 192
The 1927 records of occurrence of rosette in McCracken County, Kentucky,
and Madison County, Tennessee, have been added to the map prepared by Arch
fi
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lime
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+ LY ets i a
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TECH ne ae Spa:
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Pe Le Maen oe
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| [apa al iw, i EK] RAS
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eisueniee eareiee tas a ey emer
BS ns Ficealtn ee lee
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sy [cae jargon ott WS Lea eT eres
Cea Beerea ean Taras peel Sy
So alaRnaaeec geese senate Vaee oN Sey
me | ia eee apm col bewinagaets: eo tO
a oe Seas oomll evga CASS peek
Pee ae
Pe Fo
LESTE AS Feiss a aad
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“es bey er PO ee SuSE IEG a te uarrUe ecroE 7
Sanaa Be OE Oe
ai? 2 Pe
Sita aa DISTIIE. \] ows (OS BE MN EGF - LO BY
IY Bese. sven VION OF PEACH RN hee cnetces
Wan! Oh ie ipa Me Se Z gh ee Sh IN THE a SN gee
Y LASES, oy ae Say, Tie Res ee
aa gecree/, eS
VU
ene
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; Laat,
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; SCS Ve) a eT ase
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e
ya
Peach - Rosette
In 1927 rosette was reported from the three states of Mississippi,
Tennessee, and Kentucky. The Kentucky report constitutes the first re-
cord of the occurrence of rosette in that state. In no case was the di-
sease found to be serious. Wedgworth in Mississippi states that it is,
as @ rule, a minor disease. In Tennessee, according to McClintock, ro-
sette apparently spread to one commercial orchard from wild host plants,
which were not determined. In Kentucky, only one orchard involving six
diseased trees was found by Valleau, although he states that the disease
may have occurred on another orchard near Paducah.
The disease was not reported to the Survey from Georgia or South
Carolina in 1927.
Recent literature:
(See peach yellows)
INJURIES DUE TO LOW TEMPERATURES.
ine /, as wsuel in the case of peach, spring frosts took a heavy
-toll of the peach crop. Comprehensive records as to losses are not availa-
ble but reports indicate injury in the majority of peach producing states.
Buds were killed by low winter temperatures in South Carolina, northern
Illinois, New Mexico and Oregon, a 40 per cent loss occurring in the last
named state.
In a number of states more than the usual amount of winter injury to
trees was reported. A considerable number of trees was killed in New York.
Young in Arkansas associates a considerable amount of winter injury in that
state with poor drainage. Hesler found that winter-injured trees were
generally distributed over the peach districts of Ohio. In the southern
and central parts of Illinois large numbers of trees died according to An-
derson. In California Horne states that: "Many thousands of trees, es-
pecially young trees, died. Many of these were in the less favorable loca-
tions with regard to soil quality and drainage." :
Recent literature:
1. Abell, T. H. Some observations on winter injury in Utah peach
orchards, December 1924. Utah. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull,
202. 28 p. June, 1927.
MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES AND INJURIES
Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel., root-rot. Traces of injury reported
from Texas. According to Milbrath, this rot is general in California.
Bacterium cerasi Griffin, gummosis. Reported from California.
Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town., crown gall. Minor losses due
to crown gal] were reported - from Utah and Nelcone, Considerable injury in
some instances is said to have occurred in Mississippi and Texas.
ihe
Feach - Miscellaneous Diseases
Caconeme radicisola (Greef) Cohb., root-knot. Reported from Miss-
issippi, Texas, and California. In California the loss is estimated at
0.5 per cent and in some orchards the loss amounted to the entire crop.
The loss in Mississippi was said to be 5 per cent.
Coniothyrium Sp., blight. Texas. 3 sek | ‘
Coryneum beijerinckii Oud., blight. In California an estimated |
loss of 5 per cent was produced. Reports of occurrence were received from
Maryland, Ohio, Michigan, California, Utah, Idaho, and Washington. Lirford
states that the disease was almost totally absent in Utah, in 1927. )
Cytospora leucostoma (Pers.) Sacc., canker. Specimens received from
New Jersey.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear) Dug., root rot. Texas.
Rhizopus nigricans Ehr., black mold rot. Adams in Delaware states
that this rot followed oriental peach moth injury.
Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr.) Lév., powdery mildew. Reported from
New York, Connecticut, Texas, and California. In California, the gray
spots which were first produced on the fruit in some cases turned dark énd |
the surface of the infected fruits cracked. A powdery mildew, name not
given, was reported by Heald as prevalent in the Vakima district of Wash-
ington.
Tranaschelia punctata (Pers.) Arth., rust. Injury due to rust occur
red in the widely scattered states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Mis-
sissippi, Texas, and California. In South Carolina, it was quite general
and severe. Poole in North Carolina states that it appeared late in the
season throughout the sand hill regions, on Elberta, Hale, and Belle of
Georgia. In California, the diseasé caused an estimated loss of 0.5 per
cent loss chiefly through fruit blemishes.
Chlorosis fundet.) Tinford states that chlorosis of two distinct
types seriously affects peaches in Utah. Chliorosis, due to excess lime,
occurred in Texas, according to Taubenhaus.
Fruit gumming (undet.) Gumming of fruits, often involving the crack—
ing of pits, caused an estimated loss of 2 per cent in California. Horne
suggests frost injury as a possible cause.
Root rot (undet.) Reported from Mississippi and thought to be in- |
duced by poor drainage.
Spray injury. Martin observed injury in New Jersey. He states thet |
with the reduction of the amount of lead arsenate used to 1 pound to 50 gal—
lons of dry mix, there hes resulted a considerable reduction in the amount
of spray injury. There are orchards each year, however, where the injury is
serious due to the use of excessive amounts of arsenate of lead. In one case
a 70-10-20 dust. is reported to have caused burning of the twigs.
A 173
Peach —- Miscellaneous Diseases.
| White spot (marcel) (mer-par.) California: opaque, white,
somewhat depressed areas show in fruit, these become dirty white in can-
| ning. Very local but may be severe. Associated with large size of fruit
(Horne& Goldsworthy).
Recent literature:
1. Ezekiel, Y, N. Two fungi on Sclerotinia apothécia. -
) | Phytopath. 17: 791-792. Nov. 1927.
2. Homma, Yasu. A canker disease of Prunus mume and P.
persica caused by a species of Camarosporium.
Bot. Mag. Tokyo 41: 541-546. Sept. 1927.
3. Johnstone, H. W. The canning peach basket and rust.
a: Vaden CuliGee See oOn nul, 9, AT
AV poate .(Geottrey. On the shot-hole disease caused by
Clasterosporium carpophilum and on the "shot hole"
effect. Ann. Bot. Al: 475-404. Apr. 1927.
PLUM
BROWN ROT CAUSED BY SCLEROTINIA FRUCTICOLA (WINT, ) REHM
In 1927 brown rot was very destructive in Illinois, Minnesota, and
Missouri. =n each of these states, practically the entire crop was lost
in some of the most severely affected orchards, In Tllinois, in addition
to the loss shown in Table 45, Anderson and Stout estimate a 25 per cent
loss due to rot in transit and on the market. Over other parts of the
United States, from which reports were received, brown rot produced about
the usual amount of loss, except in West Virginia and Michigan where da-~
j mage was estimated at less than the usual amount.
| Table 45. Percentage losses from brown rot on plum as estimated
by collaborators, 1927.
Percentage: ii percentage.) |) i” a
loss : States reporting TE LOSS Se States reporting
245) : Illinois, Minnesota Bs eran! :; Connecticut,
| 2 a ‘3: Virginia
20 :; Missouri sis Shel .
sae 1 : Delaware,
10 : Tennessee, Oklahoma, 3 : Michigan
Oregon 8 aly
| : Hg TAB Mee 55) BING Morals
5) : Massachusetts, North 3 :
| Carolina, Wisconsin, :: Trace +: North Dakota
Towa. 2: ple
7 : Maryland
ee e
_— ee SS
174
Plum —- Brown rot
In Missouri, Scott lists the Burbank and Green Gage varieties 4S
very susceptible. Archer in Iowa states that, "In one orchard observa-
tions over a number of years indicate that Hansen varieties are very sus-
ceptible while Japanese hybrids developed by the Gardner nursery are very
resistant." Stoddard in Connecticut found brown rot on Prunus cerasifera
var. Pissartii for the first time in that state.
BLACK KNOT CAUSED BY PLOWRIGHTIA MORBOSA (SCHW.) SACC.
On some varieties of plums, tlack knot is recognized as a destruc-
tive disease on trees where no attempts at control are made. The general
use of control measures in commercial districts has almost eliminated this
trouble as a factor in commercial plum and cherry production although it is
still an important disease in neglected plantings. In 1927 black knot was
reported from Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, Mississippi,
Illinois, and Michigan. loss estimates of 1 per cent in Maryland and 0.5
per cent in Tennessee were reported. The disease is more or less common
On wild plums and cherries in a number of eastern and middle western states.
In Iowa, Archer found the Wahnita variety of plum susceptible, a num-
ber of trees being practically killed by the disease.
|
POCKETS CAUSED BY EXOASCUS PRUNI FCKL. AND E. COM“UNIS SADEB.
Plum pocket was common in 1927 in Fremont County, Iowa, according to
Archer, An unusually abundant development of this disease occurred in North
Dakota where Brentzel estimated the loss at 10 per cent of the crop. Inc
Texas a 5 per cent loss is estimated by Taubenhaus. The disease was com-
mon on wild plums in Nebraska, North Dakota, and Iowa.
MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES
Bacterium cerasi Griffin, bacterial gummosis. Severe locally in Cali-
fornia causing an estimated loss of 2 per cent.
Bacterium pruni EFS., bacterial spot. Leaf infection was found by
Adams to have occurred in Delaware by May 14. Traces of injury were pro=
duced in Maryland, according to Jehle, and Poole states that this disease
was widespread in North Carolina on both wild and cultivated plums. In Mis- |
sissippi, Neal found the disease more common on trees growing in sandy soils
heving little organic matter. Reports of occurrence were also received from
Texas, Michigan, Iowa, and Kansas.
Bacterium tumefaciens EPS, and Town., crown gall. Observed on plums
in Maryland, Michigan and Oregon.
a Saleen : . < ;
Plum - Miscellaneous Diseases 5)
Coccomyces prunophorae Hig., leaf spot. Traces of injury were caused
in New York and an estimated loss of 2 per cent occurred in Minnesota.
The disease was also observed in Iowa.
Exoascus mirabilis Atk., hypertrophy. Archer in Iowa states that this
trouble occurred commonly near Randolph, Fremont County in wild plum thickets,
Fomes fulvus Fr:, brown heart rot. Archer found this disease in Iowa
on Japanese hybrids in a nursery and on the wild goose plum in a home or-
chard. This is the first report: of the occurrence of brown heart rot in
this state.
Phyllosticta spp., shot hole, blotch, leaf spot. Taubenhaus in Texas
reported a species of Phyllosticta which caused a blotch of plum leaves.
Two species of Phyllosticta were eollected by Archer in Iowa. He identi-
fied one as P. virginiana (Ell. and Hals.) Seaver and states that the other
conforms closely to the descriptions of P. prunicola Sacc.
Podosphaera oxyacanthae (DC.) D By., powdery mildew. Archer in Iowa
states that this disease was common on water sprouts in shady locations
- but caused little or no loss.
Tranzschelia punctata (Pers.) Arth., rust. Louisiana, Texas, Kansas,
and Iowa.
Valsa leucostoma (Pers.) Fr., die-back. Traces of injury occurred in
three counties in Texas according to Taubenhaus.
Recent Jiterature:
1. Amos, J., R. G. Hatton and A, D, Mackenzie. The inci-
dence of "die hack” disease in plum trees. Ann.
Rept. Bast Malling Res. Sta. 14 (II Suppl.): 43-37.
Mar. 1927.
@. Kieffer, D. I. Prune die-back and potash. Pacific
Rural Press. 113: 621. May 7, 1927. °
Ci ERR
BROWN ROT CAUSED BY SCLEROTINIA FRUCTICOLA (WINT.) REHM.
Collaborators' reports for 1927 indicate that brown rot on cherries
was probably no more serious than usual]. Except for sweet cherries,
most vérieties of which are known:to be more susceptible to rot than sour
kinds, few instances of severe loss were recorded. In the important cherry
states of New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, and California, losses were small
as shown in table 46.
176
Cherry = Brown rot - .
Table 46. Percentage losses from brown rot on cherry as estima-
ted by collaborators, 1927.
Percentage: 2 -Percentage:
_ oss) : states reportin O88 loss : states reportin
10: Oklahoma oe al '; Maryland, Michigan
5) : Massachusetts, Oregon :: a : Delaware
"%S : Virginia 3: Trace=.5 + New York ;
| 2). 2 North! Carotdmney, otic, Trace : Wisconsin, Kentucky,
: Tennessee - : : Arkansas, California
In Wayne ‘and “Iyoming Counties, New York, blossom blight was serious
in some cases on the English Morello. In Orange County, New York, some
invasion of the fruit followed curculio punctures according to Blaupit. |
In Virginia, Podle states that where cherries were allowed to remain on
the trees too long before picking, rot was severe.
Recent literature: © Riese ; |
See peach brown rot. |
LEAF SPOT CAUSED BY COCCOMYCES HIEMALIS HIG.
Conditions were apparently very favorable for leaf spot development
in a large part of the upper Mississippi River Valley. Considerable leaf
spot occurred also in Maryland, New York, and northern Michigan. The most
severe outbreak apparently occurred in Missouri where, according to Scott,
sprays were not very effective in control due to excessive rainfall. He
states that leaf spot resulted in almost complete failure of the cherry
crop. The following sre comments from collaborators in some of the states ©
in which leaf spot was relatively common.
New York: Most of the injury due to this year's
defoliation will show in the next few years. (Chupp.)
Kentucky: Cherry trees all over the state were . A
almost completely defoliated relatively early in the
season. (Valleau)
Arkansas:: Severe shot-hole and defoliation com- 1
mon on unsprayed trees. Spraying not so effective as
usual. (Young)
Illinois: Very extensive defoliation of trees
throughout the state. (Anderson and Stout)
OO z =
177
Cherry - Leaf spot
‘Indiana: Numerous cases of complete defolia-
tion before fruit was picked. (Gardner, Dietz, and
Pierce)
Iowa: Severe infection and defoliation occur-
red in many places:over the state. (Archer)
Kansas: Cherry trees practically defoliated.
(Elmer) :
Gardner in Indiana found pedicel infection which resulted in ary-
ing of fruits. In Michigan, according to Bennett, fruit infection was
severe in some orchards near Hart. He states that in some orchards, 5
per cent of the fruit was malformed by attacks of this disease.
Loss estimates are given in Table 47.
Table 47. Percentage losses from leaf spot on cherry as estimated
by collaborators, 1927.
Percentage: eae
loss : States nepon as BE loss States reporting
50 : Missouri ce 1 : Delaware, Virginia
: eis ¢ Wisconsin
20 : Oklahoma :
: Montana
rd So 3 35)
10 : Maryland se 5
: 3% 4 : Michigan
5 : Iowa, :
Arkansas _ . se 22 : Oregon
Zp New von. “i ¥ > | 82 Prace : Massachusetts,
; Mississippi.
MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES AND INJURIES
Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel., root rot. Wedgworth reported that
this disease occurred in Chickasaw County,. Mississippi.
Bacterium cerasi Griffin, bacterial gummosis. Traces of injury in
California. Reported also in Washington,
Bacterium pruni EFS., bacterial spot. The Rocky Mountain dwarf
cherry as well as cultivated cherries in Iowa were affected according to
Archer.
Coryneum beijerinckii Oud., blight. Reported from Washington.
Exoascus cerasi (Fckl.) Sadeb., witches'-broom. Occurred on wild
cherry, Prunus serotina, at Blacksburg, Virginia.
178
Cherry - Miscellaneous diseases
Plowrightia morbosa (Schw.) Sacc., black knot. Reported from New
York, Fennsylvania, “lest Virginia, and North Carolina. Poole in North
Carolina states that it is prevalent in many parts of the state on wild
cherries and was reported as causing severe damage to new plantings of
cultivated sour cherries.
Podosphaera oxyacanthae (DC.) D By., powdery mildew. Reported from
New York, Delaware, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Kansas, Colorado. It was
an important disease in Towa on nursery stock.
Body canker (undet.) A trouble causing death of both old and young
trees produced considerable injury in Utah according to inford. Winter
injury is suspected as one of the contributing causes.
Winter injury. Severe in parts of Ohio and Iowa. In the latter
state, according to Archer, many trees died during the seasons of 1926
and 927 (as a result, of an early fall pmeezesana G25).
Recent literature:
1. Anon. A new cherry disease. Calif. Cult. 68:475.
Apoyo lo, 1927.
Qo Faes, H., and M. Staehelin. Les champignons et
les insectes ennemis du cerisier. Ann. Agr.
Suisse 28: 1-27. .1927.
AaPAR Ee Cr ae
Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) Trev., fire blight. According to Tau- |
benhaus this disease occurred on apricots in Texas.
Bacterium pruni EFS., bacterial spot. Specimens collected at She-
nandoah, Iowa, by Archer.
;
|
Cladosporium carpophilum Thuem.,scab. Quite prevalent in Texas.
Coryneum beijerinckii, Oud., blight. In California, according to
Milbrath, Coryneum blight was worse in 1927 than in 1926 and caused an
estimated loss of 5 per cent. In Idaho it was not important in orchards
which received the lime-sulphur dormant spray for scale.
selerotinia spp., brown rot. An estimated loss of 8 per cent oc-
curred in California according to Milbrath. The disease was also severe
in Kansas causing losses estimated at 10 per cent of the crop.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass., green rot. This disease was
important in California causing a3 per cent loss.
179
Apriest
Tranzschelia punctata (Pers.) Arth., rust. Localized attacks
occurred in California. The loss for the state was estimated as 0.5
per cent.
Recent literature:
We: Fish, S., and A, A, Hammond. "“Shot-hole" of apri-
cots. Progress report on control experiments
carried out during 1925.in the Goulburn Valley.
Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria 25: 403-408. July 1927.
re Rudolph, B. A. Monilia blossom blight (brown rot).
Paci Hnuraliu ress Mg acn. Me DE NG) lOe7/,«
oe Smith Row. Green rot of the apricot. Pacific
Rural Press 114: 622. May 7, 1927.
DUESEH A SES ORM tT oPeR OT TS
Calapan
BLACK ROT CAUSED BY GUIGNARDIA BIDWELLII (ELL, ) VIALA & RAVAZ
In general in 1927, black rot was less destructive in the large com-
mercial grape areas than in sections having smaller and more widely separa-
ted plantings. It was reported as severe in Virginia, Tennessee, Illinois,
and locally in South Carolina, with losses of 50 per cent of the crop in
some vineyards in South Carolina and Illinois. The average amount of black
rot was reportei from Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, and Louisiana;
more from Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York,. Kentucky, Illinois, Kansas,
and Mississippi; less from Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, South Caroli-
na, Florida, Arkansas, and Wisconsin; and much less from Michigan and Iowa.
Table 48. Percentage losses from bleck rot of grape as estimated by
collaborators, 1927.
Percentage: ::Percentage:
loss : States reporting :: loss : states reporting
ay PAeMMe Sse), milelamoaksy mens 2 : Massachusetts, South Carolina
: Oklahoma. 2: a3)
: Bit Wey By Die ieNypaliote
g : Virginia 22 :
Rm picid ae 1 : Arkansas, Wisconsin,
8 : Maryland . 22 ; Kansas.
5 : North Carolina, ee ACE : West. Virginia, New York,
Mississippi. © ci hi : Iowa, Missouri, Michigan.
° ee e
) e
6 : Kentucky 3 3 : Texas
a ee TN a aN ar wate A ANNUM N Ue ian oo eh be lL
180
Grape - Block rot
Some of the following statements by collaborators indicate that
conditions in a number of states were favorable for abundant black rot
development in unsprayed vineyards. The available information seems to
indicate that definite annual spray programs have been responsible, in
the larger grape sections, for the reduction of this disease to 4 mere
trace in many instances.
Pennsylvania: Generally prevalent but not of much
importance except in small garden plantings. (Thurston).
Delaware: Improved spraying program reducing
general prevalence. (Adams)
Tennessee: Generally present on unsprayed vines.
Held in check with 3-4-50 Bordeaux. (McClintock).
North Carolina: Heavy loss on unsprayed grapes.
(Poole).
South Carolina: Generally over the state. From
1 to 5 per cent loss in commercial vineyards. Home vine- |
yards from 10 to 50 per cent loss. (Moore)
:
Ohio: Not serious in most commercial vineyards, .
which are mainly located within a few miles of Lake Erie. |
Often causes considerable damage in backyard plantings,
especially in the central and northern parts of the state.
Loss in 1927 probably did not exceed 1 per cent. (Wilcox)
Michigan: Very rare in commercial vineyards but more
or less common on unsprayed vines. In the commercial grape
sections, regular spray programs are believed to be res-
ponsible for the reduction of this disease, during the last
few years, to a position of minor importance. (Bennett)
Missouri; Present in many small home vineyards but
fairly well under control in commercial vineyards. (Scott)
DOWNY MILDEW CAUSED BY PLASMORARA VITICOLA (BERK. & CURT.)
BERL. & DE TONI
Weather conditions were favorable for a rather unusual development of
downy mildew in some of the New England states. It was also common in some)
vineyerds in Arkansas, Missouri, and Illinois. Much more than the usuel |
emount was reported from Massachusetts, Delaware, and Arkansas. Connecti- |
cut and Missouri reported more; Indiane, New Jersey, Tennessee, Florida,
Tllinois, end Indiana the same, and Michigan, “isconsin, Minnesota, and Joys
less than the average year. In Massachusetts, Davis estimetes the loss in
some spreyed vineyards at 5 per cent and reports an 80 per cent infection 2%
some of the unspreyed plantings. Other loss estimates are, Illinois, 5 P& |
cent; Louisiana, Texas, and Missouri, 2 per cent; and Maryland and Tennessee
1 per cent.
181
Grape - Downy mildew.
In New Jersey the Niagara, Champagne, Agawam and Worden varieties
are considered to be susceptible.
New York: Ontario Co. Especially abundant on leaves of Pelaware
and Catawba in the vicinity of Naples. (Bullock).
Orange Co. Quite prevalent near picking time.
Delaware and Concords most commonly affected. Mostly
on the leaves. (Blauvelt). mee
Tennessee: Present each season more or less.
(McClintock). ;
North Carolina: Widespread but not severe. Common
in vineyards in the mountain section. (Fant).
Texas: For the first time this year serious on ¢cul-
tivated grapes. Two per cent loss. (Taubenhaus).
Arkansas: Very common on:some of the noncommercial
varieties scattered over state. Of no importance on
Concord. (Young) ae
Nhio: Negligible even on wild grapes and Catawba
vineyards on the shore of Lake Erie. (Wilcox).
Illinois: Not as much as expected considering the
weather conditions. (Anderson).
Missouri: More severe than usual on unsprayed vine-
yards. Season was quite favorable with a moderately cool
summer and much moisture. (Scott).
Quinn (1) has reported regarding the introduction ana prevalence
of downy mildew in Australia.
Recent literature:
1. Quinn, D. G. Downy mildew. (Plasmopara viticola).
Jour. Dept. Agr. South Australia 30: 726-735.
Pew 1 Gey.
POWDERY MILDEW CAUSED BY UNCINULA NECATOR (SCHW.) BURR.
Only a few reports of the occurrence of powdery mildew in 1927 were
received. In New. York, Mills reported damage in damp locations and Bullock
€lso in New York considers Niagara and Concord the most susceptible varie-
ties of those observed. Archer found powdery mildew in only one location in
Towa. In Arizona the disease was severe on Thompson Seedless where dusting
_had been neglected: (Arizona News Letter). In Utah it was a serious fac-
tor in home gardens and small waineyancs but was less severe than usual ac-
cording to Linford.
—————— E r
182
Grape - Powdery Mildew
The disease was generally espe are in California, aeowanie to a
aud caused a loss estimated as (1.5 per cent of the crop.
Recent literature;
Le) ‘Bonnet, i. 0.) Mildew and sul phuring-sCaleet . (Geape
Grow. 8 (4): 12-13. April 1, 1927. |
2. Johnstone, H. W. Sulphur control for grape mildew. |
Calif. Cult. 68: 618-619. May 21, 1927. |
ANTHRACNOSE CAUSED BY SPHACET,OMA AMPELINUM D BY.
An unusual outbreak of anthracnose occurred in Arkansas where wet
weather favored early development. V. H. Young states that the varieties
Catawba, Ellen Scott, and H. W. Munson are susceptible while Concord is re-|
Sistant. Anthracnose was also reported from Maryland, North Carolina, Flo-
rida, Mississippi, and Iowa. It was not observed in Massachusetts, South
Carolina, Louisiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota.
MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES AND INJURIES.
Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. & Town., crown gall. Reported from Mary-
land, Michigan, Wisconsin, Kansas, Utah, Oregon, and Washington. A 25 per
cent infection occurred in one vineyard in Utah.
z
Botrytis sp., rot. Reported from Delaware.
Cryptosporella viticole (Reddick) Shear, dead arm. Coleman (2) states)
that some grape growers of the Niagara Penninsula of Ontario consider this |
the most serious disease with which they have to contend. (Cne vineyerd in
New York was seriously affected. In Michigan one twenty-acre vineyard hee
15 per cent of the plants affected, and diseased vines in sm&11 numbers wer)
found in many vineyards in Van Buren and Berrien Counties.
Melenconium fuligineum (Scrib. & Viala)Cav., bitter rot. Reported ire)
[-laware, New Jersey, and Florida. No injury recorded.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear) Dug. Texas root rot. Fairly pre=
valent in Texas.
Chlorosis due to excess of lime. Taubenhaus reports this as common |
in Texas. He states that it is controlled by iron Sulphate. Linford 7e~ |
ported a severe form of chlorosis (cause undetermined) as occurrsng in&® |
number of vineyards in Utah. He states:
183
Grape - Miscellaneous Diseases
WA Serious limiting factor, restricting grape
culture to soils and localities where it occurs least
destructively and reducing the vigor and yield of many
home garden and some commercial plantings. Much less fre-
quent in the southern counties than in the northern."
Frost Injury. Reported from Arkansas and Illinois; no es-
timates of loss available.
Little Leaf, undet. Presest in certain localities in California
and caused an estimated loss of 0.5 per cent of the crop in that state.
Shelling,undet. Two vineyards in Van Buren County, Michigan, lost
10 per cent of the fruit before picking time according to Bennett. A
small amount of shelling occurred in other vineyards in the same county.
Spanish Measles, undet. Reported as generally distributed in Cali-
fornia and caused an estimated loss of 1 per cent of the crop.
Winter Injury. In New York, Chupp reported the formation of galls,
Similar to crown gall, on winter injured plants. In Ohio Wilcox reporte¢
that "Winter killing was serious where vineyards were not well drained.
The fall of 1926 was extremely wet and the excess water in juEed the roots.
The panes Was per Cent, Or more. |
Recent literature:
ili Bonnet, L. 0. Treatment of black measles. Calif.
Grape Grow. 8 (2): 4-5. Feb. 1, 1927.
Bis Coteman,1¢. The dead arm disease of grapes in On-
tario. A preliminary study. Scient. Agr. 8
281-315. Jan. 1928.
3. Coleman, I. C. Dead arm of grapes. Rept. Canada
coe Farms (Rept. Dom. Bot.) 1926: 72-75. 1927.
4. Hyer, J. R. and W. A. McCubbin, Grape insects and
diseases. Bull. Pa. Dept. Agr. 9 (16). 27 p.
1927.
x
ie Lieske, R. Untersuchugen tiber die als Mauke gder
Grind bezeichnete Erkrankung der Weinreben.
Arb. Biol. Reichsanst. lLand- u. Forstwirtsch.,
15: 261-270. 1927.
6. Moreau, L., and BE. Vinet. Innovations dans la lutte
contre les parasites de la vigne. Rev. Vitic. 67:
261-269. Oct. 27, 1927.
{- Palmer, E. F., and J. R. van Haarlem, The grape in
Ontario, Bull. Ontario Dept. Agr. 328. 52 p.
June 1927,
Grape diseases by L. C. Coleman, pp. 49-52.
eee ener ae re oe ee AS sibel eum ad UE) i hl a AL a
184
Grape — Miscellaneous Diseases
Oe | Rosen eH. Decay of California grapes in the vine-
yards, in transit and on the market. Blue
Woelaores AY (IO) 6) Lp yalS/=zAbe Cows S27 4
9. Viala, P. Recherches sur quelques formes de dépéris-
sements de la vigne. Compt. Rend. Acad. Agr.
France. 13: 88-90. Jan. 19, 1927. -
10. Viala, P., and F. Marsais. La sclériase des raisins,
due au Sordaria uvicola. Compt. Rend. Acad.
Sci. Paris 184: 1504-1506. June 20, 1927.
SOURS S/T NPSL IRN
LEAF SPOT CAUSED BY MYCOSPHAERELLA FRAGARIAE (TUL.) LIND. i}
Leaf spot was reported in 1927 from twenty-nine states. It was
most abundant in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Illinois, and Louisiana, but
in general caused little “loss to the strawberry crop. Illinois reported —
the heaviest infestation involving an estimated loss of 1 per cent. In
three states the disease is considered very importent in the average year,
in nine of moderate importance, and in ten of slight importence.- In the
four states reparting more leaf spot than in the average year, the loss
was estimated at less than 1 per cent.
In Ontario, Berkeley (1) states that in most seasons the following
varieties should show considerable resistance: Parson, Portio, Pocomoke, ~
Lavinia, Splendid, and William Belt. In Delaware William Belt is very sus-—
ceptible; in Tennessee Klondike i's very susceptible and Gandy susceptible.
In Florida Missionary is resistant: in Illinois, Premier and Aroma are Fe~ §)
sistant and Klondike, Gandy, Judith, and Dunlap susceptible. In Utah leaf ||
spot is very common on wild strawberry, but appears to be of no importance
on cultivated varieties.
Recent literature:
ume Bearley, Co sls trawberry diseases. Bull. Bept.
Agr. Canada (Ottawa) n. s. 80: 50-53.. 1927.
2. Neal, D. ©. Strawberry leaf-spot and its control.
Quart. Bull. State Plant Bd. Mississippi 6 (A):
AR Zils Jeiae W924.
185
BLACK ROOT, CAUSE UNDETERMINED
In 1927 strawberry root rots were reported from several states.
Black root seemed to be the predominating type. The geographical dis-
tribution of this trouble is indicated by reports of its occurrence in the
widely separated states of Tennessee, Florida, Michigan, Wisconsin, and
Washington. It is also reported from Ontario. Root rot (cause undet.)
was reported from New Jersey and root rot, "caused by various parasites
on weakened plants," was reported by Chupp in New York. In Texas and
Michigan lasses due to black root were estimated at 1 per cent. Strong
in Michigan writes:
"Black root causes considerable damage to straw-
berries. In some areas in Michigan the culture of the
strawberry is about to be given up because of the di-
sease. The short life of plantations is due in large
part to black root and, with the present system of the
cultivation of the strawberry in which patches are main-
tained for two to four years, it is safe to say that
black root is causing a loss from 10 to 25 per cent of
the crop, year in and year out because of the poor stands
which are to be found in the older fields."
Soil fungi are suggested by collaborators as causes, with winter in-
jury and stunting due to a variety of factors as predisposing influences.
Berkeley (1) in Ontario, states that black root is more severe where ‘straw-
berries follow strawberries year after year. He attributes some of this
type of damage to winter injury but suggests that in some cases soil fungi
are probably important causal agents. Strong reports (letter) as follows
on the cause of black root in Michigan: .
"Black root has been reported from many sections
for several years, and the disease has been attributed to
a number of factors. It seems probable that any one or
more of a number of organisms can produce the various
symptoms which have been included in the descriptions of
this disease. Study of Michigan material involving hun-
dreds of isolations has placed chief responsibility upon
two organisms, one possessing a Gloeosporium type and the
other a Coniothyrium type of fruiting body. Inoculations
with these organisms have produced the symptoms of this
disease. Work looking to the definite determination of
these organisms is now in progress. Each of these or-
ganisms has been found widely distributed in Michigan on
both wild and cultivated strawberries, indicating wide
natural occurrence of the pathogens. Isolations have also
been made from North Carolina and Uteh material."
186
Strawberry - Black root
Recent literature:
1. Berkeley, G. H. Strawberry diseases. Bull. Dept.
Agr. Canada (Jttawa) n. s. 8C: 50-53. 1927.
2. Wardlaw, C. W. Note on the occurrence of Pythium
proliferum, de Bary, on the roots of the straw-
berry. -- Ann. Bot. 41: 817-818. Oct. 1927.
3.) —- =o oo ne Ws bea belsryeGaisedise sitmullam auclesuaecer
Anne, eAppik wBAOly. ARE MOT 20a eis
VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES
Diseases suspected of being of a virus type were reported from
several states and from Ontario. In general these diseases have caused
little loss but they continue to be of increasing interest to plant patho-
logists. Symptoms as descrihed vary considerably but fall roughly into
three classes.
Mosaic. Gardner reported a mosaic (or yellows) disease on strawber-
ries in Indiana and Taylor found a similar trouble on some unknown straw-
berry varieties in Erie County, New York. Berkeley (1) in Ontario reported
a disease which affects the Eaton variety and causes the production of
characteristic mosaic-like, yellowish mottling. In no case has it heen de-
termined whether the troubles mentioned above are true mosaics.
Yellows. Guba reported that a disease of a yellows type caused a 10
per cent loss in some fields in Massachusetts. A yellows disease occurred
in Illinois according to Anderson but symptoms seemed to be somewhat dif-
ferent from other yellows diseases which have been reported.
Witches Broom. In 1927 a disease called "witchest broom" was re-
ported from Oregon and Washington. It is considered of slight economic im-
portance. The maximum infection in any one field was 4 per cent in Oregon.
Zeller (2) in Oregon states regarding this diseases -
"Witchest broom of strawberry is characterized by
a dwarfing of the whole plant, spindleness of the petioles
and an arching downward of the margins of the leaflets which .
are lighter in color than the normal plants. Witches' broom
has been found in Western Oregon only, but may have a wider
distribution. Varieties have not been tested for resistance
Or susceptibility, but Marshall, Nick Ohmer, Oregon, and }
Ettersburg varieties have been found affected. Viriliferous |
leaf lice (Myzus fragaefolii) transmit the disease."
187
Strawberry ~ Virus and virus-like Diseases
Recent literature:
1. Berkeley, G. H. Strawberry diseases. Canada (Ottawa)
Depts Aer. Bulle ne so, 60s 50-95." 1927.
2. Zeller, S. M. Preliminary studies on witches broom
On SERA bern. Phvcopatne Lit) Seg=550). 192i.
MISCETT-ANEOUS DISEASES AND INJURIES
Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel, root rot. Reported from Oregon and
Washington.
Botrytis sp. In Minnesota, Botrytis rot was more common in 1927 than
in 1920 according to the Department of Plant Pathology. Late in the season
it was severe in some parts of Washington on ever-bearing varieties. Brooks
in Florida reported it as more abundant than tan rot.
Caconema radicicola (Greef) cobb, root-knot. In Florida dry weather
induced an earlier development of knots than usual.
Cercospora vexans C. Massal., leaf spot. Chupp. reported this fungus,
with a specimen, from New York on wild strawberry (Fragaria virginiana).
Apparently it has not been collected in the state previously. It has heen
reported from Wisconsin by Davis (2,) p.421 on F. virginiana and F. vesca.
Colletotrichum sp., anthracnose. This newly reported disease was men-
tioned again by Brooks from Florida as causing injury on the Missionary
variety. Runners and young plants are susceptible but the disease is less
often found on the older parts.
Dendrophoma obscurans (Ell. & Ev.) H. W. Anderson, angular spot.
Occurred in Illinois, Michigan, and Florida. Brooks in Florida reported
control with Bordeaux mixture. The disease was not observed in Meryland,
South Carolina, end Minnesota.
Diplocarpon earliane (Ell. & Ev.) Wolf. This disease was rather com- .
mon in Arkansas on the Klondike variety and caused considerable damage lo-
cally. In Florida it was observed by Brooks in the spring on old fruiting
plants but was more destructive during the summer in young plantings. It
was also reported from Delaware, North Carolina, Indiana, Michigan, and
Louisiana,
Fuligo vagans Pers., and other slime molds. Elmer states that many
reports of the occurrence of slime mold on strawberries were received from
the eastern part of Kansas. Slime molds were also reported as occurring
on strawberries in Mississippi and New Jersey.
ee a ne
188
Strawberry - Miscellaneous Diseases.
Fusarium sp., root rot. Brooks states that in Florida a root rot,
believed to be caused by a species of Fusarium, was more common than usual
probably due to a very dry season.
Pezizella lythri (Desm.) Shear & Dodge, tan brown-rot. Brooks states
that this was the leading rot in Florida strawberry fields during November
and December 1926 and the first half of January 1927.
Phytophthora cactorum (Leb. & Cohn) Schroet., leather rot. Scott re-
ported a 5 per cent loss in Missouri. He states that leather rot was a
great mewace ta strawberry growers and shippers in south and northwest Mis-=
souri this year. Over 200 carlots shipped to out of state destinations were
damaged Ry this and other rots. Some of the losses were as high as 75 per
cent. Minor losses were reported from Maryland and Virginia.
Rhizoctonia sp., hard brown-rot. This rot caused minor losses in Flo=
rida and Louisiana.
Rhizopus nigricans Ehr., leak. Mississippi and Florida.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass., crown rot. Appeared in
Louisiana during cool, damp weather.
Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burr., powdery mildew. Occurred 2s a very
minor disease in New Vork, Delaware, Tennessee, Florida, Michigan, Missouri,
and Colorado. It was not observed in 15 other states which reported.
Tylenchus dipseci (Kuehn) Bast., stem nematode. McKay in Oregon re-
ports that this diseese caused nearly total destruction of some patches
along the Pacific coast.
Bacterial leaf spot (undet. bacterium). A new bacterial disease of
strawberry was reported by Linford in Utah. (See Pl. Dis. Rep. 11: 109,
U2
Wilt (undet. ) According to Zeller this disease in Washington has
caused an almost total loss of plants in some large fields.
Recent literature:
alls Brooks, A. M. Treatment of strawberry diseases,
seasonable suggestions on crop troubles. Florida
Grow 55) (W7)e (evan TO cin ee
2. Davis, J. J. Notes on parasitic fungi in Wisconsin,
VIIL. Trans. Wis. Acad.Sci. 20s) All5—151. fen-
U2
er ee mar oe
|
189
RASPBERRYE
ANTHRACNOSE CAUSED BY PLECTODISCEII.A VENETA (SPEG.) BURKH.
During the season of 1927 considerable loss was caused by this-di-
sease in Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, and Maryland. Missouri and Kansas re-
ported more than usual, North Dakota the same, and Iowa and Michigan, less.
Ohio: Another serious and very general infection
of black raspberries occurred in the summer, at a height
on the canes of about 2 feet. This infection probably did
not greatly affect the 1927 crop, but stunted the laterals
on young shoots, and killed or badly injured many buds, so
it will undoubtedly reduce the fruit crop of 1928. Propa-
gation of black caps was cut down in many fields by stunt-
ing of the laterals. During the past nine years this late
infection has occurred commonly and has apparently done much
more damage than the early spring infection. In fields which
received a late dormant fungicidal spray the anthracnose was
much reduced. The damage is difficult to estimate but is
probably 5 per cent or more. (Wilcox).
Indiana: Infection apparently occurred over a lar-
ger period than usual. Much of the loss from this season's
epidemic will occur next year. (Gardner).
Michigan: Infection during May was ronete dls heavy
but due to dry weather, little infection occurred during
June, July and August. Fall rains caused much spotting of
cane tips of black raspberries. The young plants when dug
in 1928 will heve considerable anthracnose on the old canes
which gave rise to the new "tip." (Bennett)
Iow&: Considerable loss was observed in Harrison
County. Many inquiries and specimens were received from
other localities. (Archer)
Missouri: Quite severe this season. Many canes were
killed. (Scott)
Kansas: General but not severe. (Elmer.)
In general both moisture and temperature were favorable for early de-
velopment of anthracnose in the states which lead in raspberry production,
namely, New York, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Wisconsin, and Minneso-
ta. However, conditions in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota were not fa-
vorable for spread during the summer. Secondary infection was abundant in
Ohio, according to Cooley, and. Wilcox in the same state reports that late
Summer and fall infection was very abundant. Conditions of moisture and tem-
perature were favorable for anthracnose development in Indiana and Illinois
during a considerable portion of the season. Drought checked development cf
_ disease in Iewa and lcsses were lees than usual.
190
Varietal Susceptibility
As a general rule, red varieties of raspberries are considered to
be so resistant to anthracnose that control measures are not necessary.
Purple or hybrid varieties are somewhat more susceptibile and black varie-
ties as a general thing are quite susceptible and commonly severely in-
jured.
Some of the information on varietal resistance available from 1927
reports is tabulated in Table 49. It will be noted that there is reason-
able agreement among those reporting as to the susceptibility of the more
common varietics. Some apparent variations to the ordinary way of react-
ing toward anthracnose were reported for some varieties. Gardner in Indi-
ana states that red varieties were more severely affected than usual. He
also states that Plum Farmer showed considerable resistance. Wilcox in
Ohio noted a severe attack of anthracnose on Erskine Park, a red variety
which is generally credited with considerable resistance.
Table 49. Data on varietal susceptibility of raspberries to anth-
racnose as compiled froin reports of collaborators, 1927.
A
e .
Very Susceptible : Susceptible Resistant Very Resistant
Cumherland ee Columbian (P) (1) Ranere (R) (1): Cuthbert (R) (1)
3) (4)
Gregg (B) (2) ie Cumberland (B) : “uthbert (R)(2) Latham (R) (1)
: (1)
hansas (B) (2) : Plum Farmer(B) : Latham (R)(2): King (R) (1)
(CL) C2) a)
Honey sweet (B) (4) Hoosier (B)(1) : King (R) (2) =: June (R) (4)
: Kansas (B) (1) : Cardinal (P)(2) Royal Pvtole (P) (4)
:Honeysweet (B) +: Plum Farmer(B) Quillan (B) (4)
@ 2) z (3)
Erskine Park (R):
(1)
:Haymaker (P) ey
:Gregg (B) (4) ae
\ - Red variety. P - Purple or hybrid variety. B - Black variety. Nu-
merals indicate the collaborator and state from which the data were re-
ceived as follows:
ie Re Be. Waveox = Chilo 3 M. W. Gardner - Indiana
Be C., W. Bennett ~ Michigan 4. <A. S. Colby - Illinois
The Quillan, grown more extensively in Illinois than in other states, |
seems to be more resistant to anthracnose than any other black variety of
common occurrence.
Control:
The recommendations of pathologists and horticulturists for _anthrat-
nose control have been modifivd considerably in the last decade. This
change has been brought about chiefly by two factors, (1) the more general
191
Raspberry - Anthracnose
recognition of the resistance of red and purple varieties, and (2) the ex-
treme susceptibility of raspberry foliage to injury from spray. Spray in-
jury cf various types due to commercial lime-sulphur, self-sciled lime-sul-
phur, and Berdeaux mixture have been reperted from time to time. The fruit-
ing canes, in two fields of black raspberries in Michigan, were almost com-
pletely defoliated by after-blossom sprays of lime-sulphur in 127 ie) WACCOnGS
ing tc Bennett (2) certain types of sprays, under scme ccnditicns preduce a
mottling of leaves without killing any cf the leaf area. As a general rule
older leaves are more subject to injury from sprays than are young leaves.
It has been ncted that leaves of fruiting canes may be severely burned while
leaves cf turions of the same plant are not so badly injured.
For the most part, pathologists are recommending two sprays, a de-
layed dormant and one two or three wecks later, for the control of anthra-
ncse. The seccnd spray in some cases is recommended with certain reserva-
ticns. Michigan and Illincis and prcbably other states reccommend the re-
moval from black raspberry tips cof all parts of the old cane before plant-
ing. In tests made in Michigan on plants set in 1926 less than 5 per cent
as much anthracncse occurred cn plants from tips ccumpletely buried as was
fcund on plants from tips tc which the old cane parts were left attached,
according to Bennett.
Anthracncse ccntrol on black raspberries will prcbably not be en-
tirely satisfactcry until some spray less injuricus than these now ccommon-
ly emplcyed, is found for summer wee. In some cases reports indicate that
the early spring sprays in 1927 were very beneficial. Haenseler in New
Jersey repcrts cn a spray experiment conducted con black raspberries in Cam-
den County as fcllcws:
Unsprayed - 60 per cent canes had 1 tc 5 lesions.
Collcdial lime-sulphur
1-20, two applications - 14 per cent canes had i te 5 lesicns.
1-10 dormant, and 1-20 summer - 3.4 per cent canes had 1 to 4
lesions.
He states that Bordeaux mixture is as effective as colloidal lime-sulphur
as a summer spray. Bennett in Michigan reports that a delayed dormant
Was very effective in controlling the eirly infection and in keeping the
lower porticns of the new canes relatively free from disease. In Indiana,
where conditions for disease development were prclably mcre favoratle,
Gardner states that a dormant spray failed to control.
- Recent literature:
1. Bennett, C. W. Some symptoms of raspberry discases.
Pua and) Gard Wai) 3) 50 LOLI.) July, 1327.
W2 Boyer, C. Aw Diseases of raspberries and their ccntrol.
amer. Fruit Grow. Mag. 47 (2): 7, 28. Feb. 1927.
192
MOSAIC (VIRUS)
There scems to be general agreement among thcse investigating vi-
rus diseases cf raspberrics that there is a wide range cf mcsaic or mo-
saic-like symptcms tc be fcund on raspberry plants. However, there is
considerable variaticn in the interpretaticn. of the significance of dif-
ferent types cf symptoms. Three types cf mcsaic are described by Dodge
and Wilcox (6). Bennett (1) has alsc described three mcsaics under the
“names, "red raspberry mosaic,” "mild mosaic," and "yellcw mcsaic," with
the suggesticn that in the case cf red raspberry mosaic there is prcb-
ably more than one virus invclved. Symptcms of these three types are ev-
idently the same as cr very similar te thcse described by Dcdge and Wil-
ecx. Rankin (8) is inclined tc attribute mosaic tc a single virus. le
suggests that scme of the milder forms cf mcttling which cccur in New
York may be due tc cther factcrs such as red spider.
Very little data are available on the relative impcrtance cf mcsa-
ic in 1927 as compared with the average year. Massachusetts repcrted much
more and Ccnnecticut more than usual. In Minnéscta there was less and in
Wisconsin and Michigan the same ag the average year. In states repcrting
losses frcm beth anthracncse and mosaic the lcss from mcsaic was larger
than from anthracnose. However, in scme states, nctably Illincis, Indiana,
and .lrkansas, repcrting heavy losses frcm anthracncse, no mcsaic loss es=
timates are available.
Table (50. Percentage lcsses from mosaic cf raspberries as esti-
mated by ccllabcratcrs, 1927.
Percentage : :Percentage:
loss 3; States reportin syrahepehu Sis States repcrting
25 :; Massachusetts Bane 5 : Ohio, Wisconsin
10 : Michigan, Minnescta s) ) erates : Delaware, Maryland
3 as : Lowa, Miescuri
° 2s :
Regarding the importance of mcsaic in 1927 collaboratcrs repcrt as
fcllows:
Massachusetts: Very severe on reds. Several gardens
tctal failures. On reds this is a most severe disease. (Davis)
Connecticut: Twenty-fcur repcrts were received, all tut
one being on red varieties. (Bender and Clintcn) |
New York: Orange County - Most cf the old plantings were
killed by mcsaic. New plantings of such varietics as “4atham, |
Ranere, and Herbert are being set cut. Latham seems mcst desir-
‘ able.. (Chupp)-
193
Raspberry - Mcsaic
Ohio: All varieties susceptible with the pessible excepticn
of la France. Conspicucus red raspberry mcsaic rare on Latham and
St. Regis, fairly common on Cuthbert. On blackcaps, red raspberry |
mosaic is nct common except where these are grown clcse to reds.
Yellow mcsaic is extremely rare. Mild mosaic is uncommen except in
the scuthern part cf theestate. The damage to raspberries was prob-
ably 5 per cent althcugh the tctal infecticn with mild mosaic will
exceed thie.
Michigan: It is estimated that 10 per cent cf the King plants
in the state have red raspberry mosaic. ‘Yellcw mosaic has recently
been found cn dewberry and King red raspberry but is believed to be
more or less rare. Mild mosaic is very common on blacks and purples
and in some cases, cn red varieties. In some fields of the red va-
rieties, King and Latham, all cf: the plants are infected with mild
mosaic. The disease, hcvever, causes ne appreciable damage tc reds
and symptcms are difficult tc see except on leaves prcduced when.
the temperature is very lcw. (peaseee)
Kansas: Commcn cn red raspberries bcth in the field and in
nurserics. (Elmer)
Iowa: The losses are evident only in an indirect manner.
Mosaic infected plants may live for an indefinite number. of years,
but such plants are more subject to winter killing and other un-
favorable ccnditicns. (Archer) |
. Rankin (8) states "The true infecticus mosaic of raspberries is
the mest impertant and, commercially speaking, the cnly impcrtant dis-
ease of red and purple raspberries in New Ycrk." Mosaic is nct impert-
ant in Oregon acccrding tc Zeller. Legs estimates for 1927 are given
im Table 50.
Varietal susceptibility:
It seems tc be the general cpinicn among ecllabcratcrs who have
repcrted cn the subject of varietal susceptibility during 1927, that nearly
all raspberry varieties are susceptible tc mcsaic to a greater or lesger
degree. The everbearing varieties are credited with the greatest amount
of resistance and the black varieties with the least. Red varieties seem
te vary ccnsiderably in their resistance.
Rankin (8) has emphasized the impcrtance cf a distincticn in the
Case of raspberry, between disease resistant and disease-escaping varie-
ties and has introduced the term "klendusity" tc mean disease-escaping.
Of the mcre important red varieties he considers Golden Queen, Marlborc,
and Cayuga not "klendusic"; Cuthbert, June, Louden, Newman, and Ontario
Slightly "klendusic;" Eatcn, Herbert, King, Latham, and Ranere, highly
"klendusic;" and La France, Ohta, Sunbeam, Turner, and Van Fleet either
immune or “klendusity" absclute. Regarding rate of spread, klendusity and
resistance, he further states:
194,
Raspberry - Mosaic
"The rate cf spread of mosaic in the varieties Cuth-
bert and Marlbcre is fcund te be slightly more rapid in west-
ern New York than it is in Ontario, Canada. In-.the lower Hud-
son River Valley mosaic usually spreads very rapidly in these
varieties. The rate of spread of mosaic was measured in 28
named varieties cf red raspberries at Geneva. It was fcund
pessible tc divide the varieties intc fcur classes as to rela-
tive klendusity (disease-escaping) and into five classes as tc
relative susceptibility. Klendusity and cusceptibility are
not ccrrelated factcrs. Cuthbert, June and Ontario are cnly
slightly klendusic and moderately susceptible. Herbert and
Latham are the important varieties which exhibit a high de-
gree of klendusity te mosaic. The fcrmer is very susceptible
and the latter is more resistant than other standard varieties,
except Ranere. Several less desirable varieties were found
tc be either immune or very klendusic. Black raspberry varie-
ties are more susceptible to mcsaic than red varieties. The
injury is more sericus tc black raspberries and the plants
scon die. The incidence cf mosaic in black raspberries is
high when they are grcwn near red raspberries ccntaining mo-
saic. Varieties of black raspberries exhibit marked differ-
ences in klendusity."
Reports cn varietal resistance are in scme cases conflicting, prcb-
ably partially due to failure to die tineuiel between susceptibility to
ainfecticn -.“% and susceptibility tc injury
after infection. In New Jersey ae variety Ranere (St. Regis) was re-
ported as apparently immane, while Welch was severely attacked. In Ohic,
Wilcecx ccnsiders all varieties susceptible with the pessible excepticn
of La France. In Connecticut, Bender and Clintcn repert Cuthbert as
very susceptible. In Indiana, acccrding tc Gardner, all red varieties
and the black variety Hcneyswect are susceptible. In Michigan, Bennett
states that black varieties are very susceptible tc injury after infec-
tion but cften escape infection because aphids prefer cther varieties
on which to feed. King and Latham are ccnsidered more susceptible to
infection than Cuthbert but mcre resistant te disease after infecticn.
Other data cn varietal susceptibility are reccrded in Table 5l.
19)
Raspberry - Mosaic:
Table 51. Data on varictal susceptibility to mosaic as
compiled frcm ccllabcratcrs' repcrts.
“Very Susceptible: Susceptible : Resistant ; Very Resistant
Golden Queen (R) sOudiare (2) Gp) eso (R) (1) (3) ‘Erskine Pk. (R)
(ab) : (2) (@)) : 3) Cy)
Herbert (R) (1) aKernies CR)! (a) (2) :St. Regis (Ranere) :Sunbeam(R) (1) (3)
(R) (1) (2) :
| Cumberland (B)(1)(3)Marlborc (R) (1) :Erskine Park (R)(2): Ohta ‘R)(1) (3)
| Honeysweet (B)(1) +:Plum Farmer (B) :King (R) (3) >St. Regis (Ranere)
| (3) = aD) (2) : ao 7 (5) 35)
| Gregg (B) (3) sHecsier (B) (1) (Aho :
| Kansas (B) (3) sKansas (B) (1) (2) : :
Plum Farmer (B) (3):Columbian (P)(1)(2):
| :Latham (R) (2) :
:Gclden Queen (R) :
(2) (3) vi
sMarlbero (R) (2) :
:Haymaker (P) (2)
:Cardinal (P) (2) air
:Cumberland (B) (2)
:June (R)’ ) Agee
R = Red variety. P- Purple variety. B - Black variety.
Numerals indicate the ccllaboratcr and state frcm which
the data were received as fcllcws:
1. W. H. Rankin, New York 4. C. W. Bennett, Michigan
Bee tO lo) WLC Ox. Oba A. A. S-. Colby, Lilincis
pentrol: +, several states, notably New York, Illincis, Indiana, Michigan,
Wisconsin, and Minnesota, a state inspection service is in cperaticn in-
volving the inspecticn and rcguing cf raspberry patches from which stcck
for new plantings is tc be taken. Pregress in control has teen reported
as a result of the use of this measure and, alsc from rcguing, which has
been primarily experimental. Rankin (8) in New York states:
"Control cf mcsaic by rcguing in Cuthbert, Herbert,
June, and Ontaric was successful at Geneva, the annual
amount cf mosaic being less than 2 per cent. Cuthbert,
June, and Ontaric stcck from the.same scurces showed an av-
erage of 10 tc 40 per cent mosaic after griwing fcr cne sea-
scn in rcgued plats in the lcwer Hudson RiveryValley. Ina
planting cf cver 35 varieties of red and munkse raspberries
at Geneva rogued for five seasons, the average/amount cf me-
Saic was reduced frem 30 tc about 4 per cent. Twenty-four .
-of the varieties were free from mosaic in the fifth season.(1926).
econ nh Oo in os le
196
Raspberry - Mosaic
"Mosaic-free stcck and rcguing of standard varieties
are recommended as practicable methcds of avoiding lcss from
mosaic in western, central, and northern New York. The more
klendusic and resistant varieties, such as Herbert, Latham,
and Ranere, may be successful in the lcwer Hudscn River Val-
ley. Precauticns against dispersing aphids in roguing and
cultivating are emphasized. The success cf these methcds of
avoiding loss frcm mcsaic depends upen the experience of
growers. Mcre desirable dessert and canning varieties which
are nct subject to mcsaic are needed as an ideal solution of
the mcsaic prcblem."
In Michigan, acecrding to Bennett, the 1927 plantings which were
observed and which were set from inspected plants had less than 2 per
cent mosaic. In Minnescta, acccrding to the Section of Plant Path-
ology, "The percentage of this disease has been appreciably reduced in
propagative planting. Scme cf these plantings have been apparently
free from mosaic fcr the past two years. Ruggles and Winter (10) have
published on the results cf three years' experience cn the control of
mosaic in Minnescta. The following table 52 showing the reduction in
mosaic in 1924 tc 1926, due tc rcguing, is taken from their report.
Table 42. Total Latham plantings rcgued 1924 tc 1926.
:Number of:Approximate num-:Total hills:Av. per cent
:plantings: _ber of acres: rogued : of mosaic
Rogued in 1924 ‘
Not previously regued : 48 = 44 : = : =
Rogued in 1925 : 3 : :
Previously r.gued 5 SNS : 87 S Osege A.C.
Not previcusly rogued : 23 : 12 2 SACOG 1h A
Rogued in 1926 : : :
Previously rcgued : 126 : 120 3,639 Tae
Not previously rcgued : 10 : 7 iba 8.5
In Michigan, Bennett states:
"Rogying by means of a burner was tried cn an ex-
perimental basis during the past season. The type of
burner used ccnsumes kercsene and thrcews a flame abcut
twenty inches Icng. Apprceximately 50 acres cf black rasp-
berries were rogued. It was fcund that abcut 50 plants
cuuld be burned per hcur. Evidence seems tu indicate :
that in Michigan the great majority of mcsaic infecticn
takes place after the middle cf June. If this is true,
burning diseased plants early in the seascn shculd prive
to be a very effective control measure."
Raspberry - Mosaic 197 |
Recent literature
1. Bennett, C. W. Virus diseases cf raspberries. Michigan
Agr. Exp. Stat. Techn. Bull. 80. 38p.May, 1927.
2. Bennett, C. w. Scme symptoms of raspberry diseases.
BruberenGand. 2h Ci icmhretOmiley | ouily yl 927
4. Berkeley, G. H. Raspberry mosaic. Canad. Hort. 40:
MAN ella eae
4. Beyer, C. A. Diseases of raspberries and their contrel.
Amer. Fruit Grow. Mag. 47 (2): 7, 28. Feb. 1927.
h. Chambers, E. L. The red raspberry mcsaic situaticn in
Wisccnsin. Wisccnsin Hert. 17: 84-85, 89-90. Feb. 1927.
Gree Wodizes B. ©. and RewBee Willecxs Diseases of raspberries and
blackberries. U. S, Dept. Agric. Farmers' Bull. 1488.
32 pp. 1926.
7. Elmer, 0. H. Virus diseases of raspberries. Rep. Icwa
State. Hort. Soc. 61: (1926) 211-213. 1927.
8. Rankin, WW. H. Mosaic cf raspberries. New York (Geneva)
State Wer. Sxperota., Bull. 545. 60. p. Mar. 1927
Peano. | OvMpmeMms ete mesa erein raspberries. Canad.
Hort. 50: (G)2h7 . Sept. 1927.
10. Ruggles, A. G. and Js D. Winter. Results cf three years'
experience in. the centrcl cf mcsaic in rec raspberries
in nurseries. ‘Jour. Econ. Entom. 20: 478-483. June,
1927.
CURL (VIRUS)
In the states from which reperts were received in 1927, there was
cn the average less curl present than in any cne:cf the three preceeding
years. In scme of the states grcwing the highest raspberry acreages,
namely, New Ycrk, Michigan, Illincis, Ohic, Oregon, Minnescta, Indiana,
and Washingtcn, this disease is nct indicated as very impcrtant in the
Senate year. Locs cstimanes for 1927 are: Ohic, 1 te 2 per cent, Mich=
igan 1 per cent,-and Minnescta a trace. The disease was repcrted from
New Yerk, Indiana, and Wisconsin but nc lcss estimates were given. In
Washington it is said tc be very impertant in the Spokane valley and alsc
Present in the Puyallup secticn. Rankin (2) states that, "Leaf=curl, al-
thcugh an important virus disease cf red raspberries in many sections,
is rarely fcund in New York." No curl was cbserved in Oregcn.
198
Raspberry ~- Curl
Collaborator's reports indicate that curl is much less important than
mosaic.
The factors which have been suggested as important in account—
ing for this small amount of SO saNy are the following:
1. Curl symptoms are readily recognized ty the
average grower and diseased plants are removed.
2. Only a limited number of varieties is suscept-
ible to severe curl infection.
4. Aphis rubiphila, believed to be the chief agent
of dissemination of curl, is a small, slow-moving insect
and is not so readily dispersed as some of the other spe-
Cies of aphids which feed on raspberries.
Although total losses are low, curl is not in all cases a minor
disease, but in some plantings is very severe. Wilcox states that,
"Leaf curl is not common in Ohio but when it does occur it frequently
ruins an entire field in three or four years." In Michigan, infesta-
tions ranging from 10 to 80 per cent of the plants in individual fields
are reported.
There is considerable lack of agreement among collaborators re-
garding varietal susceptibility although Cuthbert and Cumberland are
usually considered to be susceptible. In Wisconsin, Vaughan states
that curl is not severe on Latham, but that Marlboro, King, and Cuth-
bert are quite susceptible. Wilcox in Ohio states that, "Leaf curl oc-
curs on both reds and blacks. Of the black-caps, Plum Farmer and Kan-
sas appear immune, Cumberland and Hoosier very susceptible." He states
that the disease is common on the red varieties Cuthbert and Marlboro.
In Michigan Latham is considered susceptible and King very resistant or
practically immune.
The variations in apparent resistance which exist may be due in
part to the occurrence of different types of curl virus. Smith (3)
was unable to infect black varieties from red varieties ahah had curl.
Similar results were obtained by Bennett (1) who states:
~
"Curl is readily transmitted from one susceptible
black variety to another and has been transmitted from the
black variety Cumberland to the red variety Cuthbert. The |,
percentage of infection in the case of inoculations from
blacks to reds, however, was not so high as when the trans
fers were from reds to reds or from blacks to blacks. Trans-
fers of curl from red to blacks has never been obtained,
though large number of aphids have been used and repeated
inoculations have been made.
Raspberry - Curl ‘ 199
"Field observations would also indicate that curl
does not readily pass from red to black raspberries.
In several instances, rows of Cuthbert plants having a
high percentage of curl are known to have grown along-
side of rows of Cumberland plants. for a number of years
with the appearance of no evidence of curl in the black
variety." -
Other data on varictal susceptibility are recorded in Table 53.
Table 53. Data on varietal susceptibility of raspberries to
Gurl as compiled from collaborators' reports, 1927.
a
é
: Very :Believed to be
; t
Very F $
Susceptible ;_ \Susceptible { Resistant : Resistant : immune
Cuthbert (R) :4atham (R) (1) Brighton (R) :Columbian(P):Erskine Park(R)
(1) (2): (3) : a Svea) a2) (a)
Golden Queen (R) :Marlboro (R) :4atham(R)(2) :Kansas(B) (1):Sunbeam(R) (1)
(1) (2) GL) : :
Haymaker (P) (1) :Viking(R) (1) sKing (R) (2) aa on La France (R) (1)
: : : R) (2 :
Cumberland (B) :Gregg (B) (1) ; 2SbepRegisy | 2Ohta UR)
(1) :Ranere(R) (2):
Marlboro (R) (2) 3 : eg ee
$ : y Sl] R 1
; : : sCAeaee CEN
: : ; :Plum Farmer (B)
3 : pCa) C2)
Pp A :Kansas (B 2
R - Red variety. P- Purple variety. B - Black variety
Numerals indicate the collaborator and state from which the
data were received as follows:
1. C. W. Bennett, Michigan 2 Riel Be eC Oxy Oba
3. W..H. Rankin, New York
Mitonature cited:
1. Bennett, C. W. Virus diseases of raspberries. Mich. Agric. Exp.
Sta. Tech. Bull. 80. 38 p. 1927. :
2. Rankin, W,. H. Mosaic of raspberries. New York Agric. Exp. Sta.
Bul) s5AS. 60 psy, 1927 -
3 Smith, F, T, The relation of insects to the transmission of rasp-
; berry leaf curl. Jour. Econ. Entom. 18: 509-513. 1925
‘
fe
00
STREAK ,CAUSE UNDETERMINED
During the year very little
distribution, prevalence, economic
this disease has become available.
additional information regarding the
importance, and method of spread of
As yet no definite experimental evi-
dence of transmission of streak by insects or other agencies has teen
produced though it is generally assumed on the basis of type of increase
under field conditions that it is spread by sucking insects, probably
aphids.
In 1927 streak was reported from New York, Ohio, Illinois, Michi-
gan, and Oregon. Losses of 4 per cent in Ohio and 2 per cent in Illin-
ois are reported. The other states mentioned merely indicated the occur-
rence of streak with no estinates of loss. The follewing remarks by col-
laborators indicate that streak is probably of less importance than curl,
and caused s damage in 1927 than in the average year; and in some
cases is being successfully controlled:
les
Ue
New York: It is difficult to find definite streak. Indi-
cations of streak occasionally accompany "red raspberry mosaic"
and "mild mosaic." - Double infection? (Rankin)
Ohic: The raspberry acreage has been much reduced in re-
cent years in the worst infected districts, due partially to
disease but more to growth of cities. Of plantings made in
new territory, many have been set with clean stock. (Wilcox)
Illinois: Nursery inspectors report that the disease is
not sc prevalent as when first found in the state. (Anderson)
Oregon: Known to be present in cne planting of Cumber-
land. (Zeller)
Wilcox considers that red varieties are prcbably immune tc streak.
He savs that streak has been found on unnamed hybrids but is very rare
in the mcre common purple varieties such as Haymaker and Columbian.
Hoosier and Honey Sweet he classifies as very susceptible and Plum
and Kansas as scmewhat more resistant.
Farmer
TIP-BLIGHT CAUSED EY GLOMBRELLA CINGULATA (STON.) SPAULDING AND SCHRENK
During the year ‘Dodge (1) has published on a hithertc undescribed
"Gloeosporium disease of raspberry" which has been found in Maryland,
Ohio, Kentucry, Michigan, and other states. This trcuble is known tc. have
been of consideratle importance in seme plantings of black raspberries but
its general economic importance has not been determined. This disease |
is described by Dedge as follows: -
=
=
"On the Columbian variety it first causes a blackening
or necrosis of the leaf stalks and tips cf ycung shocts. Lat
er the leaves collapse and the tip ends of the shocts turn
purple or blue, the disccloration preceeding frem the tip down-
rd. The lcwer part cf the ycung cane may remain green for
sume time. The whole turion may finaliy die cr the discase
Raspberry - Tip Blight 201
may be confined to a single lateral. On acgcunt cf the fact
that the ycung canes, when badly infected, turn blue cr purp-
le, the discase is likcly to be cenfused during the summer
season with raspberry wilts which are kncwn as blue-stem. In
the case of the raspberry wilts, the blue disccliraticn ap-
pears just at the base and works upward while in the Gloeose
porium blight the blueing of the shoct begins at the tips and
works downward."
Regarding the cause, Dodge states:
"According to Shear, the strains of Gloecspcrium iscl-
lated frcm raspberries, cannot be distinguished mcrphologically
from these ccmmonly found on apples and referred tc Glomerella
cingulata or Gloecsporium cingulatun.
"Cross incculation with the chromogenic strain from
raspberry and with a mnchromogenic strain frcm apple demon-
strated the pathogenicity of the three strains on both hosts."
Other interesting relaticns cf this trcuble remain tc be determined.
One important consideraticn is the relation which this disease may have
to apple bitter rot. Will the causal organism overwinter cn raspberry
and cross to apple the fcllowing spring? What is the significance cf the
finding of abundant develcpment of this fungus on raspberries in the vi-
cinity of apple orchards in Michigan and other northern states where bit-
ter rct on apple is very rarely observed?
Literature cited:
1. Dodge, B. O. Glcecspcrium blight cf raspberry.
Phytepath. 17: 769-774. 1927.
CANE BLIGHT CAUSED BY LEPTOSPHAERIA CONIOTHYRIUM (FOKL.) SACC.
Cane blight is not generally ccnsidered cne of the mcre impcrtant
diseases of raspberry although occasicnally ecnsiderable l«sses are at-
tributed tc it. In some cases there is a questicn as te how much lcss
has been due tc cane blight and how much tc other causes. Since the ef-
fects of winter injury have been better recognized there has been a ten-
dency to attribute more loss to this cause and less tc cane blight. The
Cane blight fungus is reported as commonly occurring cn winter injured
Canes and frequently the primary cause cf injury is cbscure.
Reports from fourteen states in 1927 indicate that collaborators
Consider this disease of very little importance.
New Jersey: Severe in one spot 50 by 15 feet on
red raspberries under irrigation. - (Haenseler)
=
202 Raspberry ~- Cane blight
Michigan: Littjginjury observed, fungus often present
on winter injured canes. (Bennett) .
Wisconsin: Widely distributed, not especially serious.
(Vaughan)
Towa: Cccurs quite abundantly following winter injury.
This year it appeared later in the fall than common. (Archer)
Oregon: Has been found only on winter injured black
caps; seldom seen in the Northwest. (Zeller)
ORANGE RUST CAUSED BY GYMNOCONIA INTERSTITIALIS (SCEL.) LAGH. AND
KUNKELIA NITENS (SCHW.). ARTH.
Orange rust on raspberries has a wide distribution as indicated
by reports of cccurrence in Massachusetts, New York, Delaware, Virginia,
West Virginia, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and lowa. However, rec-
ords indicate even a wider and mcre general occurrence on blackberry.
Although this disease is unquestionably cne of the minor problems of rasp-
berry it is capable of doing serious injury under conditicns favorable
for its spread. The area of most abundant occurrence is probably scuth-
western Michigan. In Berrien and Van Buren Counties of that state, ap-
proximately 4,000 acres of raspberries are grcwn besides a ccnsideratle
acreage of blackberries and dewherries. \ild brambles are commen over
this area and these are commonly infected with rust. Under such condi-
tionge crange rust sometimes beccmes a sericus factor in lecal plantings
although in general the disease is not considered tc te a menace. In
1927 in Michigan, Bennett reported a 64 per cent infestation in cne three
acre field cf Cumberland raspberries and fields in which 5 per cent or
more of the plants are affected are said to be ccmmon in certain sec-
tions. Scme concepticn of the relative importance of Orange rust can
be cbtained frcm the fcllcwing reports by ccllabcratcrs:
New Yerk: Nearly altcgether limited te wild plants,
for in the cultivated plcts the diseased plants are rogued.
(Chupp)
West Virginia: Very impcrtant in the state but neo
data available cn losses (Sherwecd)
Arkansas: Net seen on raspberry but very impcrtant
on blackberry. (Ycung)
Wisecnsin: Abundant on wild and cultivated tlack-
berry and wild black raspberry. Nct fcund cn red raspberry
nor cn cultivated black raspberry. (Vaughan)
: A single case was repcrted cn wila black
ion cf Plant Pathclegy/
Raspberry - Orange Rust 203
Icwas Four reports were received of infection on cul-
tivated plants; wild raspberries are affected generally. (Archer)
All red varieties of raspberries are considered tc be immune to
Orange rust, and purple varieties, if not immune, are extremely resist~
ant. According to Bennett the black varieties which are most sericusly
affected in Michigan are Cumberland and Gregg. Plum Farmer and Kansas
seem tc be slightly more resistant.
CROWN GALL CAUSED BY BACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS EFS. AND TOWN.
In 1927, twenty-one states reported on crown gall on raspberries.
In two states, Illinois and Michigan, it is considered a very important
disease. In Minnescta, Connecticut, and New Jersey, it is said to be cf
moderate impcrtance, and in Massachusetts, Maryland, New York, Florida,
Indiana, Wisconsin, Iowa, Kansas, and Oregon of slight impcrtance. Esti-
mated lesses are, Michigan 4 per cent, Minnescta 2 per cent, New Ycrk 0.2
Per cent, Iowa and Maryland a trace. Chupp in New York reports that in
one lot of nursery stock cf the Columbian variety, a per cent of the
plants had galls.
Massachusetts: Of slight importance; rarely observed.
(Davis)
New York: Very severe in one patch of Columbians where
a heavy coating cf manure had been put on the fall before.
(Taylor)
Michigan: Very common on plnatings growing on the light
sandy soil of the scuthwestern part of the state. More often
found on the roots of reds and cn the fruiting canes of blacks.
On black and purple varieties galls are scmetimes so numercus
around the crown of the plants, that no new canes are prcduced
and the effected plants die after fruiting. (Bennett)
Utah: Reported occasicnally in nursery stcck. In one
home garden in Logan it has proved very destructive. Its
prevalence in commercial plantings in the etate is unknown.
(Linfcrd)
Recent literature:
1. Banfield, W. M. Studies on the life history of the
crown gall organism. (Abstract) Phytcpath. 138;
128-129, 1928. sui
POVIDERY MILDEW CAUSED BY SPHAEROTHECA HUMULI (DC.) WINT.
With the increased pepularity of the Latham variety cf red rasp-
berry, powdery mildew is rapidly assuming a place cf majcr importance
aS a raspberry diseasc. The Latham is the only variety reported as
204. Raspberry - Powdery Mildew
seriously injured in 1927, thcugh the purple variety Cardinal and the
black variety Munger are said tc be very susceptible. In Michigan,
King is attacked but the disease is chiefly impcrtant on this variety
because of ccnfusion cf symptoms of mildew with mcsaic. In Minnescta,
where the Latham variety is grown almost exclusively the qoS= for ag2y.
was estimated at 5 per cent.
Massachusetts: Mcderately severe on the variety
Latham. Not present on the cther varieties. (Dcran)
Connecticut: One report on this hcst; new tc the
State. (Bender)
Ner Jersey: 90 tc 100 per cent infection on cane
tips in one plantation near Hammnc. (Haenseler )
Michigan: Caused a 20 per cent reducticn in size
of new canes cf the Latham variety. The Cardinal is alsc
very susceptible. Mildew occurred alsc on Cumberland,
Plum Farmer, King, and wild red raspberries, but has
caused no direct injury on these varieties. (Bennett)
Minnesota: Causes a general stunting in Latham
especially in low areas and where rcws are permitted tc
widen cut. (Section of Plant Pathol¢ gy)
Oregon: Limited to Munger cf cur three commercial
varieties. Usually over 90 per cent cf the plants of this
variety are affected in the Willtamette Valley. (Zeller)
Utah: Reported only from Castle Dole, Emery Ccunty,
where in one planting it has been injurious fcr several
years. (Linfcrd)
OTHER DISEASES AND INJURIES
Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel., rcot-rct. Puyallup, Washington.
Ascospora rubi (\iestend.) Zeller, canespot. Again. reported
from Oregon by Zeller. A 25 per cent infection was cbserved in cne
field. The Cuthbert variety is susceptible.
Botrytis sp., gray mold. Reperted frcm New Jersey and Connecticut,
in the latter state causing moderate injury cn berries which were over-ripe
when picked.
Cercospcra rubi Sacc., leaf-spot. New York, on the variety Herbert.
Kuehnecla uredinis (Lk.) Arth., yellcw rust. Reported from Dan-
ville, Virginia, and Knoxville, Tennessee.
Raspberry - Other Diseases 205
Mycosphaerella rubi Roark, leaf spct. In Ohic, Cocley reports
that leaf-spot appeared early, being first noted June 15. The infec-
tion was abundant and widespread but caused only a slight loss. In Kan-
Sas it was general and severe on beth red and black raspberries. In
Michigan, the King variety is rather susceptible to this trouble but
very little less is caused. Other reports were received frem Ccennecti-
cut, New Jersey, South Carolina, and Iowa.
Mycosphaerella rubina (Pk) Jam, Spur-blight seems to cause more
injury in the western states than in the eastern. In Wisccnsin, accord-
ing to Vaughan, the disease may be associated with winter injury since
it was most abundant in the vicinity of Bayfield where winter injury was
severe. In Ccloradc it was very commen and destrcyed many fruiting
Canes. Fruit was small and ripened prematurely. The most severe lcss
Was reperted by Zeller in Oregcn where a 40 per cent reduction in yield
-Was repcrted in scme fields. Twe applications of 4-4-50 Bordeaux mix-
ture gave ccntrcl.
Phragmidium imitans Arth., leaf rust. Reported from Washington
and Oregen. Zeller (A) states that it develcped tc sericus prcportions
theugh it is difficult to estimate the damage. He states that the in-
fecticn of seccnd-year or fruiting canes near the ground is the mest se-
ricus phase cf the diszase, since the resulting lesicns produce brittle-
Mess and diminish sap ccnducting tissues.
Pucciniastrum americanum (Farl.) Arth., rust. Specimen received
from Dunn County, Wisccnsin, and identified by B. O. Dodge
Verticillum albc-atrum Reinke and Berth., wilt. In New Jersey,
Verticillium was isclated frem black raspberry plants set in the spring
cf 1927 in scil where egg-plants had had a 100 per cent Verticillium
Wilt infestation the previcus year. Giddings states that wilt was unu-
sually severe in West Virginia. This is attributed in part to the wet
fall cf 1926. In Michigan a ten acre field cf Cumberlands set in 1926
had 40 per cent cf the plants killed before the end of the 1927 seascn.
Chicrcsis (cause undetermined) . A type of chicrcsis of unknown .
Cause was said by Linfcrd tc be the most widespread and destructive dis-
ease cf raspberry thrceughout Utah. Less is estimated at 2 per cent.
Frest injury. No severe injury was reperted. Frost markings con-
Sisting cf white dcts and lines parallel to the main veins cf the leaves
Were common in Michigan.
Fruit mold. Rankin reported a 50 per cent less of fruit in Onta-
rio County, New York, due to molding of berries fellcwing "plant bug" in-
jury.
206 Raspberry - Other Diseases
Wind whipping. Death of young canes of black raspberries due to
swaying in the wind, resulting in the breaking of the bark at the point
of union with the crown, caused damage in Michigan and Iowa. A 1 per
cent loss is estimated for Iowa.
Winter Injury. A loss estimated at 12 per cent occurred in lowa
according to Archer. He states:
"Practically every raspberry grower experienced con-
siderable locs this season from winter injury. The injury
was manifested in marginal burning of leaves, blasting of
blossoms, or quite frequently the sudden death of an entire
Gane while in full fruit. In addition the situation was of-
ten complicated by over-loading. That is to say, the injured
plants which bore a heavy crop of fruit.could not stand the
added load under conditions of drought which occurred through=
out the season in 1927. This is the second consecutive year
of severe winter injury. Winter injury in the past two years
has been the largest factor contributing to losses. In truth,
losses from this source are often high."
Recent literature;
1. Bennett, C. W. Some symptoms of raspberry diseases. Fruit
and Garde 25 (7): 5, dO=1l. July, 19277
2. Boyer, C. A. Diseases of raspberries and their control.
Amer. Fruit Grow. Mag. 47 (2): 7, 28. 1927.
3. Melhus, I. E. and O. H. Elmer. Raspberry diseases in Iowa.
fowal Aer. Exp. Sta. Circ. c105. 245 opp. sJiune sega
4. Zeller, S. M. The yellow rust of raspberry caused by
Phragmidium imitans. Jour. Agr. Res. 34: 857-863. 1927.
- see oe Contributions to our knowledge of Oregon
fungi. II. Mycological notss for 1925. Mycologia 19:
130-143. 1927.
iS)
Bola ACM KiB nities
ORANGE RUST CAUSED BY GYMNOCONIA INTERSTITIALIS (SCHL.) LAGH. AND
KUNKELIA NITENS (SCHW.) ARTH.
Reports of collaborators do not indicate that orange rust was e&= hi
pecially destructive in 1927. Estimated losses are Michigan 1 per cent, =) #
New York, Texae, Iowa and Mississippi, a trace. In New York Chupp states |
that most of the rust is on wild plants. Cultivated plantings are )
watched and diseased plants removed before the rust spreads. According
to the Department of Plant Pathology, much the same thing is true in
New Jersey. The Russell variety is said tc be resistant. In Michigan,
207
Blackberry ~ Orange Rust
Wild blackberries, dewberries and raspberries are affected and in some
commercial plantings as many as 10 per cent of the plants are rusted.
In Arkansas, V. H. Young states that orange rust is very common and de-
structive. Indiana and Wisconsin report the presence of rust. Wilcox
in Ohio states that, "Eldorado, the main commercial variety is very re-
sistant, but where Slameie, Erie, or Early Harvest were grown, rust was
common." He estimates the loss at less than 1 per cent.
ANTHRACNOSE CAUSED BY PLECTODISCELLA VENETA (SPEG,) BURKH.
anthracnose is not usually considered. to be a very destructive
disease on blackberries. In 1927, althcugh nct especially serious, it
caused mcre damage in some states than usual. Archer in Iowa states
that in an average year this disease is relatively unimportant, but
that in 1927 it occurred generally in scattered plantings. Gardner in
Indiana and Bennett in Michigan report a heavy infection cn the young
‘canes and on the fruiting spurs, leaf petioles and leaves. This dis-
ease is alsc reported from New Jersey but no loss estimates are given.
- MOSAIC, DWARF, AND CURL (VIRUS)
Mosaic: Reports of mosaic on blackberries were received from New
York, New Jersey, Indiana and Michigan. In New York the loss is esti-
mated by Chupp as a traee to 1 per cent.. Taylor, alsc in New Ycerk,
states that mosaic was very severe on the new variety Giant and affec-
. ted plants had little vitality. Haenseler states that mosaic was "Gen-
| eral in all parts of South Jersey on Russell." In Michigan according
| to Bennett, "With the exception of streak, the known virus diseases
Which attack raspberries also attack certain varieties of blackberrye
One planting of the new variety Alfred, growing close to mcsaic Latham
raspberries, had 5 per cent mosaic. Symptoms were less severe than cn
raspberry. In general, however, mosaic is net commen on blackberry.
This is believed to be due te the fact that the commen blackberry va-
rieties dc not seem to serve as very acceptable fccd plants fcr the
species of aphid which is known to transmit mcsaic."
Dwarf: Zeller (1) in Oregon described under the name of dwarf
a disease cof the virus type which has been under observaticn since
1918. He states:
"Some growers of Phencmenal berries have reported as
many as 100 per cent of the plants affected by the third
year in plantings which have not been rogued. One plant-
ing of loganberries with 19 per cent of diseased plants
in the third year has been found. As a rule, however, the
loss through dwarf to the loganberrv industry in the Pacif-
id ; ic Coast States is very slight, but many individual growers
‘ have experienced high enough Bory anaes te make total erad-
ications necessary,"
Dwarf has been transmitted by means Noe the aphid Capitophorus
tetrarhodus.
208 Blackberry - Dwarf and Curl
Curl: In Michigan acecrding tc Bennett, curl was fcund on wild
blackberry, indentified as Rubus allegheniensis, and on the Lucretia
blackberry. By means cf Aphis rubiphila, curl was transmitted from Cuth-
bert raspberry tc Lucretia blackberry and back to raspberry.
Recent literature;
1. Dwarf of blackberries. Phytopath. 17: 629-@48. Sept. 1927.
MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES AND INJURIES
Bacterium tumefaciens EFS and Town., crown gall. Massachusetts,
New Ycrk, Michigan, and Texas repcrted crown gall cn blackberry in 1927.
Loss estimates are Michigan 2 per cent, Texas 1 per cent, New Ycrk, a
trace. In one four-acre field in Michigan, 50 per cent of the plants
were sericusly affected.
Cercospcra rubi Sacc., blotch. Specimens received from Hidalgo
County, Texas, determined by B. O. Dodge.
Fusispcrium rubi Wint., dcubte blossom. Reported frcm New Jersey
on the variety Black Diamend.
Kuehnecla uredinis (Lk) Arth., yellow rust. New Jersey, Tennessee,
Arkansas. In New Jersey “Varieties which are most susceptible to anth-
racntse are alsc very susceptible tc yelliw rust." (Dept. Plant Path.)
Leptcsphaeria cuniothyrium (Fcekl.) Sacc., cane blight. A plant-
Vicnmouthc
ing cf cne-fourth acre in } cunty, New Jersey was severely damaged
Myccsphaerella rubi Roark, leaf-spot. SHstimated lcsses are, Kan
sas 2 per cent, Texas 1 per cent, Iowa a trace. Zeller in Cregcn states
that the Oregon Evergreen variety is immune, Himalaya resistant, Mammcth
susceptible, and Kittatinny very susceptible. leaf spct was severe in
one planting in New Jersey and was fcund in Misscuri in several wild
patches.
Sphaerctheca humali (Dc) Burr, mildew. Bender repcrted this dis-
ease from Connecticut. This is said tc be the first record of its cccur—
rence on blackberry in the state.
Winter injury Archer repcrts a 5 per cent loss te blackberries
in Iowa. He states:
"Evidences cf winter injury on blackberry cccurred
throughout the state in the form of leaf burn fclicwed
cften by death cf the plant befcre cr during full fruit.
During the past twc winters, weather ecnditions have been
severe, that is nc sncw with fairly l.w temperatures.
These lcw temperatures injured the wood cf plants which
had failed to mature due to excessive mcisture late in
the fall."
209
DEWBERRY
Collybia dryophila Fr., root rot. This new disease is reported
by Poole (1) from North Carolina.
Fusisporium rubi Wint., double blossom. Reported from New Jersey
and Alabama.
Gymnoconia interstitialis (Schl.) Lagh. and Kunkelia nitens (Schw.
Arth., orange rust. Common in New York and Michigan on wild dewberries
but of little importance on cultivated varieties. In Michigan the short
cycle form is by far the more common. ©
Mycosphaerella rubi Roark, leaf spot. Reported from New York,
South Carolina, Indiana, Michigan, Texas, and Washington. In New Jer-
sey, an unnamed wild variety proved to be much more resistant than the
variety Lucretia.
Mosaic undetermined. In Michigan, Bennett states, "The Lucretia
_dewberry is susceptible to both yellow mosaic and red raspberry mosaic.
These diseases however, are only occasionally found in eommercial fields
and no appreciable loss has been produced. Mosaic is very commcn cn
Wild dewberries in the southern part of the state."
Recent literature:
1. Pocle, R. F. A rcot rot of Lucretia dewberry caused by a
variety of Collybia dryophila’ Fr. Jour. Agr. Res. 45:
453-464. Sept.1, 1927.
2..Poole, R. F. A variety of Collybia dryophila parasitic
on dewberry. Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 43:
POMS LO AST DeGeeLGe i.
LOGANBERRY
Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town., crown gall. Reported
from Washingtcn,
Dwarf, undetermined. An infecticn amcunting tc 16 per cent cf
the plants in one field in Oregon was repcrted by Zeller.
CUR. ReAsNot
Botryosphaeria ribisc Gross, and Dug., cane blight. Revcrted from
New Jersey.
Botrytis cinerea Auct., die back. In New Ugrsey, a fungus of the
B. cinerea type was reported as causing a leaf-spct. Haenseler states:
"Abcut 10 per cent cf the leaves of plants cn an experimental plot at
New Brunswick were infected. Generally there was cnly one spct, 1 to 2
Centimeters in diameter, cn cach leaf." The Botrytis was isclated and
the disease reprcduced frem inoculation.
210
Currant Diseases
Cercospora angulata Wint., leaf-spct. Archer found this disease
tc be ccmmon in Iewa. He says, "This leaf spct has a general distribu-
ticn cver the state and caused severe defcliation. All currants were
tctally defcliated by the latter part of September. The cause is nct
always Cercospcra angulata since twe other fungi, Myccsphaerella
grossulariae and Pseudcpeziza ribis, also cause defcliaticn."
1
|
Mycosphaerella grossulariae (Fr.) Lindau, leaf spct. Repcrted
frcm New York, Indiana, Michigan, Iowa, and Washingtcn. In Indiana
this leaf-spct is said tc have caused less damage than anthraencse.
Pseudcpeziza ribis Kleb., anthracnose. In Ccnnecticut, Bender
states that anthracncse wag more commen and injuricus than in the av-
erage year. In Indiana, Gardner observed severe defoliation during
June, and says that the variety London Market has ccnsiderable resis-
tance. Other reports of cecurrence were received from New Jersey,
New York, Michigan, Iowa and Washington.
Recent literature:
1. Amos, J. and Hatton R. G. Reversicn of black currants. I. Jour,
Pomcl. & Hort. Sci. 6: 167-183. Sept. 1927.
2. Vasil'evsky, N. I. . . . Uber die Beziehung der Septcria-
arten auf Ribes nigrum and R. grossularia. Bolezni Rast.
(Morbi Plant.) 16: 61-70. 1927.
3. Hoggan, Isme A. The parasitism of Plowrightia ribesia on
the currant. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 12: 27-4.
Mar. 1927.
.
GHOST Hn Dram roan
Botrytis sp., die back. Van Hook (4) has recently published cn
a Botrytis disease fcund on gcoseberry first near Bloomingtcn, Indiana,
mere than eight years ago. It is said tc cause a die-back cf ycung
growing shccts and tc produce a "witchee' brocm" effect. The disease
has occurred each seascn since its first disccvery.
Mycosphaerella grossulariae (Fr.) Lindau, leaf spct. Gardner
in Indiana states that this disease wags mcre severe cn gccseberry than
en currant. Archer in Icwa says regarding this disease:
"In 1927 the disease was first cbserved, June 1h,
in nursery rcws at Shenandoah, where it cccurred cnly |
cn lcewer leaves. During July, in the nursery, infec-
ticn spread to all the leaves. Defcliaticn started in .-
August and was quite severe during September. Defcliaticn |
cccurred cn cne and two-year cld plants as fcllcws: Red
Jacket 90 per cent, Downing 80 per cent, H.ughtcen 60 per
cent. <A spray schedule reduced the infecticn cn Dcwning
and Pearl to 5 per cent with no defoliation."
alii
Gooseberry
Pseudopeziza ribis Kleb., anthracnose. In New Jersey severe on a
few bushes. In Indiana, there was more anthracnose than usual resulting
in defoliation. In Iowa, Archer reports the disease as common throughout
the state on wild gooseberries.
Sphserotheca mors-uvae (Schw.) Berk. & Ourt., mildew. Reported
from Indiana, Colorado, and Utah. It is said to have been severe locally
in all three states. The. loss in Iowe was estimated as a trace.
| Recent liters ture:
1. ricson, A. L. Wieder ein Mittel gegen Stachelbeermehltau.
(Another remedy for gooseberry mildew.) Obst.—und Gemiisebau,
73.94. 1927.
2. Muskett, A. HE. and E. Turner. The control of American goose-=
berry mildew in northern Ireland. Jour. Min. Agr. North Ire=
lend. 1927.
3. Nattrass, XR. M. Further experiments on the cantrol of Ameri-
can gooseberry mildew. Jour. Min. Agric. 33: 1017-1022. 1927.
4. Van Hook, J. M. A.Botrytis disease of Aibes odorata Wendl.
Beoewuind., Acad. «Set. So: 1255 255.) 1927.44
CrP Ae Nee Bein ek oe
See eee
False=blossom, undetermined. W. E. Stevens reports that in Plymouth
County , Massachusetts, false blossom has increased at least ten times with
in the last three years. Spaeth and Kraybill (4) have conduced biochemical
tests on plants affected by this trouble. They find that plants having false-
blossom are higher in free reducing sugars, sucrosc, starch, acid-hydroliz-
able substances and dry matter and lower in moisture, than heelthy plants.
They suggest that the trouble is caused by a virus.
Recent literature:
i. Brown, W. &. The crenberry in Oregon. Oregon Agr. Bxp. Sta.,
BUM ReCeD cy Spe ei.
2. Driggers, B. F. A comparison of dusts and spray to control
fungous discases of the cranberry. New Jersey Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.
A450: 16p. April 1927.
beemepsctm, CaP. end HW. Rn. Krayball. & biochemical situdy of the
false=blossom disease of the cranberry. Jour. Agr. Res. 44:
$5-A/7.. Jan. 1927.
Calle
4. Stevens, N. E. Four years experience in foretasting the keeping
quality of the cranberry crop in Wareham and Carver. Ann. Rep.
New Englamd. Cranberry Sales Co., 1927: 27-37. 1927.
5. Stevens, N. BE. and H. F. Bain. Storage rots of cranberries
in the 1926 crop. Phytopath. 17: 649-655. Sept. 1927.
MeUR LEB PERE
Bacterium mori (Boyer & Lambert) emend. EFS., blight. Speci-
mens were received from H. H. Wedgworth in Mississippi. Scott in
Missouri reports that it was found to be quite severe in one nursery,
young trees showing 25 per cent or more infection. He also observed
the disease on older trees in scattered locations over the state.
Pleospora maculans (Bereng.) Allesch., leaf-spot. North and
South Carolina.
Sclerotinia carunculoides Siegler & Jenkins, popcorn disease.
Mississippi.
Sclerotinia sp., canker, Texas.
Di SUE AIS 28 SO 1s SUB cere Re One ent stati Cereal
Prepared by H. R. Fulton
Ol TORU io Sie en sais
I. DISEASES CAUSED BY OR ATTRIBUTED TO PARASITES
CANKER CAUSED BY BACTERIUM CITRI (HASSE) JEHLE
In Florida 85 infected trees found in November on two properties
near Fort Lauderdale were destroyed. This is the first serious infec-
tion found in Florida since 1923, although five infected trees were dis-
covered in 1925 and two in 1926. In Alabama one infected grove tree was
found in June. In Mississippi no canker has been found since 1922. In
Louisiana there still remain a considerable number of scattered infec-
tions in docryard plantings. In Texas there remains but one known in-
fested prcperty. (Kellerman)
BLAST CAUSED BY BACTERIUM CITRIPUTEALE G. 0. SM.
(B. CITRAREFACIENS L&E)
Fawcett reports for California, mcderate damage from this disease,
and greater prevalence then usual. It occurs lccally and affects navel
Oranges most, although all types of citrus are susceptible.
214
Citrus Fruits — Diseases
SCAB CAUSED BY SPHACELOMA FAWCETT JENKINS (SPOROTARICHUM CITAY BUTLER)
: Floride: On account of extreme drought very little scab developed :
on grapefruit from bloom at normal time. Fruit from bloom developing dur=
ing the rainy season was attacked in many instances. Generally speaking,
outbreaks were scattered, and there was much less damage than usual (Wolf).
Spring bloom fruit practically free of scab; summer bloom fruit moderately
affected (Winston).
Alabama: About the average amount on Satsuma oranges. Generelly
well controlled by spraying with Bordeaux (Fulton).
Mississippi: The usual amount on grapefruit and Sstsuma orange,
causing very Slight losses. (Neal and Wedgworth).
Louisiana: Of usual moderate importance on Satsuma orange (Tims).
Texas; Unimportant traces reported from the Gulf Coast region by
Taubenhaus and Bach.
MELANOSE CAUSED BY DIAPORTHE CITRI (FAWCETT) WOLF (PHOMOPSIS CITRI FAWCETT)
Florida: A prolonged spring drought hindered infection, in spite
of an abnormally large amount of sporulation on twigs killed by cold. Lit-
tle serious damage to new shoots with advent of rains (‘folf). Spring bloom
fruit passes the susceptible period without being seriously attacked by mel-
anose. The summer bloom fruit and the late flush of growth seriously affect-
ed (Winston)
Alabama: Slight traces on Satsuma oranges. The commercial crop is
well protected by Bordeaux spreying (Fulton)
Mississippi: Reported by Neal end Wedgworth as of minor importance;
favored by emple moisture end warm temperetures; grapefruit and Satsuma
oranges effected.
Texas: Reported by. Bach on gravefruit in Hidalgo QGounty.
STEM END ROT CAUSED BY PHOMOPSIS CITRI FAWCETT OR DIPLODIA NATALENSIS EV. OR
OTHER FUNGL si
Florida: Both Phomopsis and Diplodia types of stem end rot prevalent
in usual degree in spite of drought conditions during the early part of the
growing season (Fulton)
eld Citrus Fruit ~- Diseases
BLUE MOLD AND GREEN MOLD 20TS CAUSED BY Se ITALICUM WEHMER AND
Florida: Less then usual in commercial shipments from the state.
Relatively dry conditions in groves during shicping season probebly had
an influence. Green mold the most prevalent (Fulton).
California: Fewcett reports both types to have been more than nor=-
mally prevelent and very important, long periods of rain in spring having
been favorable for their development.
FRUIT ROTS CAUSED BY VARIOUS O2RGLTISMS
Alternaria citri Pierce, black rot, caused slight losses in Florida
on oranges and in Alabama on Satsuma oranges (Fulton). In Californie it
caused moderate loss, less than usual, on orenges and on lemons (Fawcett).
Botrytis cinerea Pers. Botrytis rot was of moderate importance,
Er a a i rer ay .
less than usual, in California (Fawcett).
Oospora citri-aurentii C. 0. Sm., sour rot, in California, occurred
on lemons more frequently than on oranges, less prevalent than usual, of
moderate importance (Fawcett).
Phytophthora citrophthora (Sm. & Sm.) Leonian (pythiacystis cit-
rophthore (Sm. & Sm.), brown rot, was of usual prevalence in California.
Lemons ere more susceptible than oranges or grapefruit(Fawcett).
Selerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Massee,cottony rot, wes less prevalent
than usual in Californie. Lemons are ee suscepti ble (Fawcett).
Foot rot, presumably f Phytophthora sp., Florida: Injury from the
freeze in Jamary did not fevor foot rot, and it wes less evident on old
Seedling sweet orange trees than in previous three seasons. Rainfall was
far below normal with no downpours or prolonged periods of considerable
rain. These conditions favored slow tree growth and were correlated with
unfavorable conditions for foot rot development (olf).
GUMOSTS AND BARK DISEASES DUE TO VARIOUS ORGA{TISMS.
Diplodia sp., Diplodia gummosis, was of moderate importance and of
usual prevalence on lemons in California (Fawcett).
Phomopsis californica Fawc., decorticosis, was of usual moderate im-
portance in California. Bureka variety of lemon is most susceptible, other
lemon verieties less so; orange and grapefruit verieties immune (Fawcett).
Sour orange stated by L. J. Klotz to be resistant.
Citrus Fruit « Diseases 215
°
Phytophthora “fpythiacystis) citrophthoro, Pythiacystis gummosis
was of usual prevalence in California; lemons are very Susceptible, or-
anges and grapefruit less so, and sour orenge is very resistent (Fawcett).
Reported as occurring in Arizone. (State Comm. Hort. News Letter). :
OTHER PARASITIC DISEASES
Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel., Armillaria root rot, was reported
as occurring in uSual degree in scattered locelities in California (Fawcett).
Cepnodium citricolum McAlp., sooty mold, was less prevalent then
usual in Florida (Fulton). A trace was reported from Texes by Teubenhaus.
Cephaleuros mycoidea Karst. ,algal spot,is widespread in Florida but
not seriously destructive. It is absent from groves that receive Bordeaux
spray. It has been collected on leaves of grapefruit, of tangerine orange,
of Temple orange, of Cuban shaddock and of sweet lemon (Wolf).
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz., dieback, attributed to this
fungus was reported by Neal from Mississippi as being of slight importance,
and by Taubenhaus and Bach from Texas as occurring as a trace. For Calif-
ornia, Fawcett resorts a slight,but less than usual, anthracnose and wither-=
tip effects. Noted by L. Ogilvie as being most severe in Bermuda on lime
and lemon, also to be found on orange and grapefruit.
Corticium koleroga (Cooke) Hohn., thread blight or shoestring dis-
ease, waS reported in considerable quantity from a new locality in Florida,
southeast of Leke Okeechobee, by ‘olf.
Cuscute s)., parasitic dodder, was reported as ettacking citrus seed-
lings in the seed beds in Arizona.
Gloeosporium limetticolum, Clausen, lime withertip, practically absent
= tS Hire ;
from Ju mfruit—n-FPtorids (Winston).
OF ys False canker, a leaf spot of slight importance was reported from
Mississippi {Néa1)
Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Sheer) Duggar, Texas root rot, was reported
on orange and grapefruit in the lower Rio Grande Valley by Teubenhaus and
Ii NON-PARASITIC DISEASES AND INJURIES
Blight or wilt caused by deficient or irregular water supply. Florida.
In some localities more prevalent than usuel, due to abnormally dry season.
(Fulton)
216 Citrus Fruits
Freezing injury. Florida = Temperatures in the low twenties pre-
vailed over much of the citrus district on the night of January 15. Con-
siderable damage was done by freezing fruit on the trees, and much bearing
wood was injured in locelities where lowest temperetures prevailed (Fulton)
Spray injury. Florida - slight to moderate damage in some cases,
following the usc of Bordcaux oil spray. Less than the usual acreage was
Sprayed with this combination on account of peculiar seasonal conditions
(Fulton)
Tir DISEASES OF UNKNOWN CAUSATION
Concave gum disease, no cause assigned, was reported by Fawcett as
occurring on orange in three restricted localities in California.
Chlorosis, probably caused by too much lime, was reported from Texas
by Taubenhaus.
Dieback, possibly due to poor water conditions or cultural practices,
was reported by Bach from the lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas.
Dry root rot , possibly due to unfavorable water and soil conditions
and associated with Fusarium invasion, reported by Fawcett in scattered lo-
calities in California.
Exanthema or ammoniation, supposedly a malnutrition disease, less
prevalent than-usual in Florida (Fulton). Apparently less severe than
usual in Florida (Winston). In California it showed its usual slight prev-
alence (Fawcett).
Gummosis, cause unknown, far more prevalent than is usually the
case in Florida; this may be attributed to the freezes of the last winter;
gummosis usually increases after severely cold winter (Winston).
Peteca, cause unknown, a blemish of Califo®rnia lemons in storage,
was of usual moderate importance (Fawcett)
Psorosis, cause unknown, less than usual prevalence in Florida caus-
ing slight loss this season (Fulton). A very important disease in Calif-
ornia; sweet orange, grapefruit and tangerine are susceptible, lemon and
sour orange are immune (Fawcett).
Red blotch, cause unknow, affects lemons in storage producing a blem-
ish that is of moderate importance (Fawcett).
AUN ONC VA DINO 217
Cephaleuros mycoidea Karst; algal leaf spot, reported from Florida
as abundant on leaves but not serious (Wolf).
Gloeosporium spe, anthracnose, reported from Texas (Taubenhaus ).
Pestalozzia sp., blight, reported from Texas as a trace {Taubenhaus).
Sphaceloma sp-, scab, less important than usual in Florida, on ac-
count of drought (Wolf).
ON EES
Colletotrichum sp., anthracnose, traces in Texas (Taubenhaus).
Exosporium palmivorum Sacce, leaf spot, prevalent in Texas, but un-
important (Taubenhaus).
Graphiola phoenicis (Moug.) Poit., false smit, quite prevalent in
Texas, but unimportant (Taubenhaus).
Pestalozzia sp.-, blight. Unimportant traces in Texas (Taubenhaus ).
Med OA
Botrytis cinerea Pers., Botrytis rot. Fruit drops before ripening.
Fruit left on wet ground and covered with paver ripened with little rot
(Horne).
en:
Aspergillus niger Tiegh. smut, seldom found on the Kadota varicty
of fig in Californie (Condit)
Botrytis sp- Follows sd@tening or frosting of green fruit left on
tree in fall, frequently extends through stem of fig and kills bud or gird-
les branch. Of little cosequence on Kadota variety in Califomia (Condit).
Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb, root knot, moderately important
in Mississippi (Wedgworth), also prevalent in Texas (Taubenhaus).
Cercospora spp-, leaf spot, prevalent but unimportent in Texas
(Taubenhaus ).
Cerotelium fici (Cast. ) Arth., rust. Of slight importance in Missi-
Ssippi (Neal and Wedgworth); of moderate importance in Louisiane (Tims),
in Texas very scrious in unsprayed orchards, but unimportant in sprayed
ones (Taubenhaus and Bach).
218
Fig
Gomeiesuiy jkodenoee (Cooke) Hohn., thread blight, reported from
Florida (Wolf); and aS prevailing to usual extent in Louisiane (Tims).
Diplodia sp., Diplodia rot, caused a serious limb canker with 1
per cent [oss in Texas (Teubenheus) .
Fusarium moniliforme var. fici,endosepsis or internal rot. Very
important in the central valley of California, the commercial fig pro-
ducing area, increasing in prevalence in recent years. All fig varie-
ties are susceptible when caprified with infected Blastophage; non-cap-
rified varieties escape because not visited by the insect carriers of in-
fection. Controlled by treating the spring caprifigs with a disinfect-
ant which permits the Blastophega to emerge without contamination with
spores of Fusarium moniliforme (Horne).
Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. and Schrenk, anthrzcnose.
Slight Toss reported from South Carolina (Ludwig), and from Mississippi.
(Neal and Wedgworth). Anthracnose attributed to Colletotrichum sp. was
reported as a trace from Texas (Taubenhaus). olan Bee
Macrophoma fici Alm. and Cam., canker, was of very slight import-
ance in Texas (Taubenhaus).
Phymetotrichum omnivorum (Shear) Duggar, root rot, prevalent in
the black Tands of Texas (Taubenhaus).
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass., Sclerotinia canker, serious
in Texas, causing 1 per cent loss (Taubenheéus)
Tubercularia fici Edg., canker, reported as occurring generally
in Louisiana, with moderate loss (Tims).
Premature dropping, ver revalent in Texas with er cent loss
ping Yop p
(Taubenhaus).
Soured fruit, quite prevalent in Texas (Teubenhaus). Rare in
California on the Radoue fig (Condit).
GUAVA
Cephaleurcs mycoidea Karst, algal leaf spot. Florida (elf).
ib OnQy Uva?
‘Cephaleuros mycoidea Karst., algal leaf spot. Florida (Wolf).
-
Oi ave
ee 219
Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear) Duggar, root rot, reported as
very suSGeptible in Texas (Bach).
PERS IMMON
Corticium koleroga (Cooke) Hohn., thread blight, reported from
‘Florida (Wolf).
Chlorosis, attributed to too much lime, reported from Texas (Tau-
benhaus).
Blossom shed, attributed to unbalanced fertilizer, reported from
|Texas (Taubenhaus).
PO Mos Gena NA Ee
| _ Mycosphaerella lythracearum (Heald and Wolf) Wolf, blotch reported
}on fruit and leaves from Texas (Bach).
DiS BVALS 8 s/0r NU. TS
PECAN
| SCAB CAUSED BY FUSICLADIUM EFFUSUM WINT.
| In 1927 scab was held in check over the greater part of the pecan
producing area of the United States by dry weather. The importance of
this disease in different sections is well summarized by J. B. Demaree as
follows:
"During the season of 1927, pecan scab was of minor
importance in North Carolina, South Carolina, the northern
half of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisians, and the
whole of Texas.
The disease, while being present throughout the south
Atlantic and Gulf Coast regions, generally caused less dam-
age to the pecan crop than for the past ten or twelve years.
In a pecan scab dusting experiment conducted at Monticello,
Florida, during the season of 1927, the checks did not have
a sufficient amount of scab to reduce the size of the nuts
or lower their marketing qualities. Some nuts became spotted
during the latter part of the season, but no actual damage
resulted. Some localities, however, where conditions were
°
= Pecan = Scab
more favorable for infection did not fare so well. This was es-
peciaily true in the flooded regions of south Mississippi, and
south Louisiana, where scab caused a heavy loss."
Loss estimates are: South Carolina, 5 per cent; Georgia and North
Carolina, 2 per cent; and Texas a trace. An additional estimated loss in
grade oi 2 per scent occurred in Georgia.
In North Carolina, ascording to Poole, "Seedling varieties were se-
verely diseasea and infected pecans droppea prematurely. The Stuart,
Schley and better varieties of nuts seemea to be very resistant to scab."
Other data on varietal susceotibility are presented in table 54.
Table 54. Data on varietal susseptibility to scab as compilea from
collaborators redorts, 1927. :
°
Very suscedtible: Susceptible Resistant : Very resistant
eo lee ce
Delmas (2) Schley (1) © Curtas (2)
Georgia (2) : Pabst (1) (2) : Nelson (2)
: Success (1) : Success (2)
; Moneymaker (2) : Frotscher {2)
: Van Deman (2) >, Stuart (2)
: : Moone (2) :
: Alley (2) : Tesch -{2) :
Frotscher (1)
Stuart (1)
Russell (1)
Moneymaker (1)
es 08 8 © e8 ef
Numerals indicate state and collaborator from which data Werereceived
as follows:
(l) D.-G. Neal and H. H. Wedgworth, (2) O. C. Boyd — Georgia.
Mississippi.
Control practices were not subjected to severe tests in the majority
of Southern States in which pecans are grown, due to the untavorabdle season
for scab development, Hence, in many cases the effectiveness of different
materials and methnocs could not be accurately estimated. Boyd in Georgia
reporteu a nigh percentage of control with four to five applicationSof
3-A4=50 Bordeaux inixture ana with rour to five apslications of 20-@0 dust.
He states that dusting was satisfactory in several large sommecial orchards.
In Mississippi, Neal and Wedgworth found that four applications of mono-
hydrated copper-lime aust gave evidence of some control but was not so ef-
fective as three applications of Bordeaux mixture.
Recent literature
l. Dye, H. W. The dusting of pecan trees with coover-lime dust
is merely a new aoplication of an establishe. method and
practice. Nat. Pecan Exch. News 4 (5): 12-15. May, 1927.
ROSETTE, CAUSE UNDETERMINED Zen
In 1927 rosette was apparently a factor of considerable importance
in pecan production in North Carolina and Georgia. Losses are estimated
as [0 per cent in Georgia, 2 per cent in North Carolina, and a trace in
Texas. In North Carolina, according to Poole and Fant, rosette was ob-
served in several localities in the eastern part of the state and is of
common occurrence from year to year. In South Carolina the disease was
found by Fenner in both budded and unbudded Stuart pecans. Boyd in
Georgia states that all buddeu varieties ere suscentible and that the dis-
ease is most severe in poorly cared for orchards where the soil is defi-
Sient in organic matter. According to Neal and Wedgworth in Mississippi,
the disease is no longer confined to the Coastal Plains area but now occurs
in many other parts of the state where trees are being planted. In Ark-
ansas a number of diseaseu specimens were received by Young who states
that rosette is probably qite importent but thet definite date on losses
are not available.
er a
MISCELLANEOUS DISHASES AND INJURIES
Botryosphaeria berengeriana DeNot., dieback. Reported as a disease
of moderate importance in South Carolina.
Cercospora fusca (Heala & Wolf) emend. F. V. Rand, brown leaf spot.
Traces were reoorted from North Carolina, South Caroline, Georgia, and
Texas. Boyd states that in Georgia it is "noticeeble only on rosetted,
Or otherwise impoverisheu trees, during the latter part of the season."
Poole states thet it ceéusea some defoliation locally in North Caroline.
| According to Demaree this leaf spot "over a large area of the southern
pecan belt was more prevelent'in 1927 than in previous years."
Downy spot attributed to Cylindrosporium caryigenum Ell. & Ev.
A leaf spot new to pecan was found in Georgia in 1926 and described by
| Demaree and Cole (4) and by Boyd (1). The causal organism has only been
| provisionally identifieu as the wbove named fungus. Boyd (2) says it re-
sembles both a Qylindrosporium and a Cercosporella.
Glomerella cingulata (Ston,) Spauld. & Schrenk, anthracnose. Re-
i ported as of slight importance in Mississippi.
Mycosphaerella convexula (Schw.) F. V. Rand, leaf blotch. Demaree
& Cole (4) report the observation of a “leaf blotch" in north Florida,’
south Georgia, and South Alabama on both orchard and nursery trees. In
lpoome Nurseries complete defoliation by the middle of October occurred on
account of it. They believe the fungus to be associate. with Mycospharella
convexula. Boyd in Georgia states that it "causes slight to severe pre-
Mature defoliation esoecially in nurseries. It can be easity controlled
in orchards with the scab spray schedule of either dust or spray."
PECAN - Miscellaneous Diseases
Phyllostica caryae Pk., leaf spot. Reported from Mississippi and
Texas. es Tomes J;
Kernel spot due to southern stink bug (Nezara viridula L.) and
other factors. Estimated losses of 5 per cent occurred in Georgia and
Texas. Boyd in Georgia states "The 'stink bugs' were unusually abundant
and harmful on a number of crops this year including pecans. This was
probably due to the warm dry spring and sumer."
Recent literature
l. Boyd, O. C.° An undeterminea leaf spot of pecan. U. S. Dept. |
Agn, Plant Bis Repe dis ISAs ete aly aay: ei
2. Preliminary reoort on a new leaf spot of Pecan.
(Abstract) Phytopath. 18: 133=134. 1928.
3. Demaree, J. 3., and J. R. Cole. Two unreported leaf spots of
pecan. U. S. Deot. Agr. Plant Dis. Repofter 11: 135-136.
Ost. 1 £927.
4. Sand burn of pecan seedkLings. Phytopath. 17:
657-bel . DEDbe EI2/ ;
WALNUT
Bacterium juglandis (N. B. Pierse) E®S., bacterial blight. This
disease was reoorted from Delaware, Washington and Oregon. Zeller in
Oregon reportea much more than usual and estimated the loss in quality
as 20 per cent.
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