Diseases of horses and cattle

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DISEASES

OF

HORSES AND CATTLE

WRITTEN ESPECIALLY FOR THE

FARMER, STOCKMAN AND VETERINARY STUDENT.

By D° McINTOSH, V. S.

PROFESSOR OF VETERINARY SCIENCE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS;
AUTHOR OF ‘' THE DISEASES OF THE PIG.”

DONOHUE & HENNEBERRY,
PRINTERS, BINDERS AND PUBLISHERS,
407 to 429 Dearborn St.
CHICAGO.

CopyRigHTED By D. McInTosH
1895.

DONOHUE & HENNEBERRY,
PRINTERS, BINDERS AND PUBLISHERS, |
ME OTC AGO. Lay eats

.~

INDEX.

PAGE
Abdomen, dropsy of the.......... 325
PME DLO 5 baht playlodt dais ana, ¢vo dae 8\8 ore 303
Accidents following parturition. 330
PROTOS cule widisia cketuia igiale eid iars i chaitiy oacae 188
PNG e Cauar thy ve. Saul ceesic dss ode oe 74
ICG UN RESET aes Pe ek ee 183
AGUPeVLOUNOCE SS S..o. occ. cage vemee 248
ACE Sanders ye o6i cei swe pascces 181
AOHMOUIYCOSIS. {sais sii, wa sick es sese 151
Afterbirth, retention of.......... 330
Aseunder the:skin:. . 05 523.5 sens sx 140
ANIL G)\ 0181 CT eet lye sg Oo ang 9) re ei 138
PASTEL OSS ose wdey.sp os ecieeme on secieeee
ASCE 5) 10 ae ng AP pg Ss .. 106
Pate Weim e aeve cio cco caine cet 861
Anterior iliac spine, fracture of.. 202
ATIEMIES VT pULiES! POls <5 gee sista c e's « 104
UAE hac | aS ne a 167
MS NESS! air aie clases eed) on wldeea Bais 138
ERS CATION ee cao ithe tie Gadeiries 361,
Bladder, inversion of........... . 126
Bladder, paralysis of............. 125
SAAS Craralin iar aiei aye tet ease « okie doe 189
Bleeding from the nose........... ti)
Bleeding from the lungs.......... 85
BMMG Stas Cersiy. ss... eect oes cleo ss 158
FNMA MIDS ete cyetsya id ater aie shawn sided fos 40
PO OO yA MNT Hee OSS ae eo ets ae 345
POO! POUSO DINO 5m Siec cee cane ot els 191
Blood with the urine.. re aL
POG YG ay OL a/4 vis viv oe cis ict ye 2 280
BG OU VAIN See a aye, ofa Sia aw karbd woke slang 224
Bones, fracture of", fis). 2: 199
Bones, mode of union of.......... 200
suite St Pred LIM = Shee aioe a arcisieiecpnee 227
IMS No scra's Gy aie a aE e's Seles a aie oh avareal arerh 31
Bowels , inflammation of......... 58
Brains CONTeStiOn-OF - 6. 6.5 cect 159
Brain, inflammation of........... 157
PERI RA Te WEN 1 ore h eee. | omice is are wave 88
[STRUCT Pav ies Ry ee 61
Brouchitis, ae ASULTC Ae ss chawat cae 365
Burns... 3. Ped iNET ay os evar victories
Serine aa cae, 127
CHOU EEE SCA ST 1 I ee a 127
Mea eM PLE PUbUAl «Lc sccve' icteorg cae 132
Qaleulwerethral i. bey eee. + <s 131
Calf, diarrhoea in the............ 359
Calf, husk or hoose in the........ 365
Calf, management of the......... 356
Calf, rheumatism inthe.......... 362
Cancer, epithelium, = .....:. 154
MPancer~ MeElANOMG. 0.055 cas cle views 153
MOAI C Too tc coRigcietas «nea uatoabe goo 266
MO ANPEALELDOW eviaiecn os ves sess cack . 149
SEW 0) OCE16 MAROC) ee cane Re nS Ee eu a 150
Carbuncles of the coronary band 257
NORA LUO 8 aL) dulniad sixes, ewalees eG 374
Catavrn, aeute 35. So eee 74
Catarrhn CNTONICs 62 cece nce cieciee ed 76
Cataracis.. ene
Cattle, diseases of stomach of... 40
Cattle, sore feeting 2. Serieitoie shoes , 273

PAGE
SAE ReaD LEV CIs is-ci< Scie scien ca ee 171
Cerebral spinal meningitis. .. .. 61
Have tirsly aNK Eg aEOY aces gy Me we eG Saber ay 76
Chapped orcracked teats........ 344
Ghoking*imi horses SP eee 25
Ghoking in. cattle... 06h. 6k fi
Chrome catarrvhe so 2c0 eee Geek 76
CHLOME; COMP 5h. 6 dos sees Tebvicey go
Chronve farGyctiscs. 46 oust ee Se 183
Chrenie Founder 3 ok, De feos ede 254
Chronic glanders:. ... i066 5.5 hes. 179
OAT WIC HOW CIs 2)):)2 5) 5 ie eh sateen Zz
Chronie suppuration............. 377
Coffin bone, diseases of.......... 243
Colic atwlent a oun pase k ease 52
Colicjindigestibles soa s. oiaiee 57
Colicsspasmodicz..aeseceeseeteee 50
Colt, weaning of the.............. 363
Congestion of the brain,........ 159
Congestion of the liver........... 71
Congestion of the lungs......... 84
CoOnStipabion § ooh oe ee eee 358
Contused woundSser?. 32 Asta noue 286
Contraction of the foot.......... 245
CoTrmyASIONS sch le FS Se RC he, 156
Cord, hemorrhage from the...... 356
Cord, schirrhus of the............ 76
Cornea, ulcers on the.....0.. 20.. 294
Coronary substance, inflamma-
HLOMVOL HE. aisle aedee se cane 255
COMUS G8. clare Beil elem ore tehcine by ee Rat 263
COLORS See ie nectar ee 205
COW POR. treads Hts p eon Neath ata es 346
Cow, signs of parturition in the 306
Cracked Heels ioe oak ek one 146
Cramps of muscle of stifle...... 224
Cramps of muscle of thigh....... 222
Cribs Diving ly ira to oe eee es ee 34
(Oh th el CAA AAEM OPA Nem sir gk 2, 22/7 232
Cy Stitigi ys Wiese siise at eon ses 121
CyStichesd TCP Co Se a eo ae ae 127
Description of the Kidney....... 113
Diabetes, MStpiauiS. Geese ee 118
Diamrh oe as ys ae we aed oate ewe «60
Diarrhoea in the foal............. 358
Diarrhoea in the calf.........62%22: 359
Difhicult, parturition. ke. Sseles 309
Dilatation of the heart........... 101
Dilatation of the stomach of the
DOBBS easels a soe tine ec elec ieee 34
Dilatation of the salivary duct.. 24
Disease, navicular............... 246
Diseases of bones................ 199
Diseases of the coffin bone ...... 243
Diseases of the eye............... 289
Diseases of the foetus which im-
pEe@e\ delimeryerasss aioe: siccstee s 326
Diseases of the feet.............. 239
Diseases of the generative or-
RAMI SY 0a. eee tater staae id iarete ard ratio 367
Diseases of the hock joint....... 224
Diseases of the intestines....... 50
Diseases of the joints..,......... 208

INDEX—Continued. .

PAGE
Diseases of the liver............. 70
Diseases of thelymphaties...... 108
Diseases of the mouth............ 18

Diseases of the nervous system.. 155
Diseases of the organs of circu-

TA GPOT SRT oh si eee ene ce shee 97
Diseases of the organs of masti-
SADOTA A ane cas acres seine ec ee 18

Diseases following parturition.. 330
Diseases of the respiratory or-

SEUTISle tt celine icleta oh aeinciar cee Nee eye mise 74
Diseases of the salivary glands. 23
Diseases of the skin.............. 134

Diseases of the stomach of cattle 40
Diseases of the stomach of the

HOVHC teense tase eae ae ae 31
Diseases of the teats............. 343
Diseases of the urinary organs.. 113
Dislocation of the patella ....... 205
Dislocation of the pastern joint. 207
POISUCTINDET? oe tu mse nd ee odey cont ohne 175
IDNUTESIS ccs cael £ ee tate te eeehts 118
Dropsy of the abdomen.......... 325
Dropsy. of the head. ....2:.... 0... 822
Dropsy of the uterus ............ . 337
DP ys DRIES sho. eis aeeison Seale 45
DV SVE PSliaie aera eee week lalate 35
DYSENLERY Hac ce s lo coon ce ene 61
WCZEM ae s.okeas tae oie ece oon ete 134
Elbow joint, lameness of ........ 210
Blbowecap pedi: iis nes se ces alee 210
Elongated teeth........... fos SE OL
HimbryOtomy.ineek 65% 2k ees ce eee 224
MM pWY Sema a. 2. see sects oe Seas oe ok 140
ETAL OCATOTUIBEES sk cis ccs iellea scone 100
PUM PCRAS( 12 Vidarcic: aca e sewentdales 125
Enlargement of the heart........ 103
Enlargement of the testicles..... 373
PADOCTULI She kets e creck ett ook so6 note 58
1Di ay Aion nh yc se US es See AS ei he 295
LDyorts ties. fish ahs Bn Sea eau tay 77
Epizootic or catarrhal fever..... 171
Epithelium cancer ............... 154
Hye, diseases of the: 23: 25.36.60 289
Hye, worm in the................. 295
Eyeball, punctures to the........ 293
Eyelids, inversion of the......... 295
Eyelids, wounds to the........... 296
WMALSe QiITaARGEL 5s. eos santana Beles 258
Warey, @eutes 11. Jsbarcss tee cen cede 183
Marcy, CHLrONIG.. eso. faeces 183
Feet, diseases of the.............. 235
MGCL MAIS UN ENG. Lo... ciecasice ome oe 270,
GELS WEAK jas ines pcos oe eee aie
HMemuUn frachireOly.icee) by veal uen 203
Fetlock joint, sprains of......... 216
Fever, inflammatory............. 189
MibLOUS TUMOTS..3. hs.) ele ss oleh es 149
Pilaria: papillosa,. Oca. oss ie Cesk 295
Fistula. of the body. =... 2... 4... 280
Bistula SAalivaryic. so seco! eee 24
Fistula of the scrotum........... 377
Fistula of the withers............ 276
Flexor tendon, sprains of the... 214
Foal, diarrhoea in the............ 358
Foal, management of the......... 356
Foal, rheumatism in the......... 362

Foot, punctures to the sole of,.... 270
Foot, structure of the............ 236

ie es
PAGE
Founder, acutery:2 22... -cce. nen 248
Mounder, Chronic}. ae eee 254
Fractures of the anterior iliae
SPINE ce see sraasiete woe eceene eas ae 202
Fractures of the bones........... 199
Fractures of the femur........... 203
Fractures of the ischium......... 203
Fractures of the jaw............. 22
Fractures of the patella.......... 2u4
Fractures of the ribs. .. .:...... 204
Fungous growths, 0.2. 5. 60s2-6: 370
Fungus hematodes........ ...... 298
Garget. 5.7. aac edit sisie cree ae 338
Gastritis iss eis oess cue eee 36
Generative organs, diseases of.. 367
Glanders; acute3:; 2. sense 181
Glanders, ehronies 5c Ubn eee 179
Glaucoma oer Cosas Acid hee echoes eee 292
Gleet, nasalii.25. 25) 4) eee 76
GOLMTE 45 te on cote eee ee <i 5
Gonorrhea. #925 205. Soe eee 367
Greases ssi Wooo ee eee 143
Growths; fungous. <0 535) .2)4eee 370
Gullet, inflammation of.......... 28
Gullet, rupture 0f.o..-40).- co ee 28
GSB esi kee ok oe eee 58
Hemorrhoids: 3-2 ..3 eee ee 64
MismOptvisis:..s) 25.55 .cs soe eee 85
Eivem atu ries Geo hoa te eee 116
Hemorrhagica purpuria........ 107
Heemorraagia iain oe anes 107
Hemorrhage from the cord...... 356
Hemorrhage venous......... Rema 6
Hay: cleaver: 202%) 52: teen ee eee 264
Head, dropsy of.. iereiajis 2 ¢ oe ae
Heart, enlargement of ice 103
Heart, palpitation of............: 97
Heart, TUPLOTEVOF ns 220. chee ee 103
HeE@veS \ oie Reams loc ene oeeae aae 88
Heels, cracked 25-2323. s2 aa eee 146
Hernia, ine winal, 3. ..4.\4:>seeieemes 67
Hernia, Serotals p45. 1-6 aoe
Hernia, umbilical........ LS tae
Hernia, ventral 30:2) S.<.cse eee . 69
Hepatitist.. isties ance see ae 72
Hide ‘bound').o5. 32. asd cies c eee 134
Hips wastin olor. ¢ 2. scan S See 220
Hip joint, lameness of............ 218
Hoekcappeds. cc tune ieee 150
Hock joint, diseases of........... 224
Hoek joint, injuries to............ 233
HOrse POX. casino aes Oe eee 186
Hoven oy (ee 2 255 Wokeaas Coe 40
Hoven ychromnies=. ae ote 42
Husk or hoose in calves.......... 365
Hy drocele var.) fact See 37
Hypertrophy 2. si5:02. seh ot eee 103
Hypertrophy of the kidneys...... 121
Idiopathic hematuria............ 117

llium, fracture of the shaft of.. 202
Impaction of the large intestines 55

Impaction of the rumen..........
Impaction of the stomach of the
HOSE :).(4 zane hengacte ne ce eee 32
Impaction of the third stomach., 45
Incised wounds. Jive doses tees 283
Indigestion in cattle...... Mea iio- 48
indigestible .colie: 222 ye 4 .t.. } 2 57

Inflammation of bladder... ..... 121

mn *} e—“he
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’ PAGE
Inflammation of bowels.......... 58
Inflammation of brain .......... 157
Inflammation of coronary sub-

AEN ISTE NG Mite Tenis Ue sic Moa cities Qs 255
Inflammation of fourth stomach

CSOD UHL hen hye rere See a's Siele aia wie eyo Bee
Inflammation of gullet........... 28
Inflammation of kidneys......... 114
Inflammation Of liver. .j.... 6... [2
Inflammation of lungs.,.......... 86
Inflammation of lymphatics..... 109
Inflammation of mouth.......... 20

Inflammation of parotid gland.. 24
Inflammation of pericardium.... 98
Inflammation of sensitive lami-

BLED Vie ae eye es nltus deta yeiaie ae) bes ates 248
Inflammation of spinal cord..... 161
Inflammation of the stomach.... 36
Inflammation of testicles....... 371
Inflammation of tongue.......... 20
Inflammation of udder .......... 338
Infiammation of urethra... ..... 367
Inflammation of veins ........... 107
Inflammatory fever.............. 189
Weta REE E72 a7) Sele cia S.e)oke Sie celeuesioSie Soa 171
Injuries to arteries..:..........2':% 104
Injuries to hock joint-.:.2........ 233
Injuries to maxillary joint....... 21
Injuries to teats. ..............66. 343
MOPS OMUNVETIGS 2s <7. lsc, oie 5 slaciees ones 310
eras GEETES ge Sec eve ois arcs 's 6 ae 50
Intestines, diseases Ofssiaa owe 50
Intestines, impaction of......... 55
Intestinal concretions........... 57
PMbUSSUSECE PLION 4:.).5.5 55, eck ws kos 58
Inversion of bladder,............ 126
Inversion of eyelids.............. 295
Inversion of urino-genital or-

RANTS dd ext tte oi 2a) owiciche eisle Pare wie 332
PAVMEESION Of) WLETUS 25% 2 6 sinc. cteecs'e 334
TOVETSION, OF VAGINA... . viscs dss sss 333
Isechium, fracture of...... Pasar 203
Seu MR ec pists: Sirets «f= cia dierelaisihia octe ee 119
PMU RCOL Ecosse ales sio@ ale taslcee sieges 70
aWeORERCHUTE OF 2 632.00 cess cee s 22
Joints, diseases of...............% 208
POUMUUS SWOLLEN . PH ici'ssshsj0's 3 ass oe 362
CES PRON S cic ieai Skee x aie gio erase e Slye's 261
Kidney, diseases of............... 113
Kidney, hypertrophy of.......... 121
Kidney, worm in the............. 121
Lacerated wounds ........ :.. 285
Lachrymal duct, stricture of.... 297
Lameness of the elbow joint..... 210
Lameness of the hip joint....... 218
Lameness of the shoulder joint.. 210
Lameness of stifle joint.......... 221
ANUS US ere ei dese TEES eee ai shevb mererdions 20
POIROT IS writ iF. es yes Sek eae ee 78
Lateral cartilage, ossification of 244
MEMCORPN OCA. csccys fee eines ae OUe
WPASELGTARY is ies oye ciace Seas ial care ak otnfa/Sbore wine 137
Lithotomy in the horse........... 129
Lithotomy-in the Ox. ......:...... 131
HAVEN; GisS€ases Of 2... 6... eb ews 70
Liver, congestion Of .....:.......... 71
Liver, inflammation of........... 72
Moca l paralysis: 2. cus52 si eoess os 164
22 DOC TAS ene te tat 165

INDEX—Continued.

PAGE
PEOULISIMICRS weds. s: papleserotion. o6 at ute 142
Lumpy jaw.. Stacy I |
Lungs, inflammation of ae Pleo 86
Lymphangitis Re ee at eee snabais Gres ate 109
Livre phoma rege ses bs cs haha a aes 153
VEN LMG S a ais) Nevertire ca tetas on Hou 46
Mammary ‘glands Ue Sa” 337
Mammitis ... WAH oO Cabs:
Management of the calf.......... 356
Management of the foal.......... 356
VTP Chon 2 Aca tae lee da a ee a 140
Maxillary joint, mean iesto...... 21
Megrims.. ; He SUPE era ce eh
Melanotic tumors. SUN So emer eta he 153
MITTESTE VSR ac selick elas a betiraes Sete 350
Mode of union of bones.......... 200
Mouth, diseases of... ........6..: 18
Mouth, inflammation of.......... 2
Mumps ha ath Ades eC ycle SAS a yee 25
Nail siinileet’. sees. bak a ete eeese 270
Nasal gleet ... SE es Be e410
Navicular disease .. .......... 246
Neck: sore'on toplof Uaree. kes 228 213
Nephritis.... Sag INT Bea eee Ui ¢ |
Nettle-rash ...... SUG hans ane ir
Obstruction inteats....... %..... 343
CPETISIOML ist ae, ee eee sient et
Ophthalmia, periodic......... eer eaD
Ophthalmia, simple ... Aide) PAs
OLehitise -h-sene eb: ee Ae 371
Organs of generationin mareand

GOWS eee Wis tees 299
Organs of circulation, diseases

(oS TORE PREY See Ree eg aS Oa Se 97
Ossification of the lateral cartil-

Fe FETE INS a Onn ME GOAN RA . 244
OxShthotomy inithe we, eee) 2202 131
Palpitation of the heart.... .. . 97
Paralysis ofthe bladder..... Aes 5
Paralysis, local .. bce cle aa era OU
Parasitical bronchitis ..... 365
IPArapiH VMOSISS 45.htet: seer eee 369

Parotid gland, inflammation of 25
Parturition, accidents following 330
Parturition, diseases following... 330
Parturition, signs of,in the cow 306
Parturition. signs of,in the mare 305

Pastern joint, dislocation of..... 207
Patella, dislocation of . 205
elvis :fraeture.Ofe..ccscecesiw oes 203
Perrearditign 4 wan o.c- 98
Pericardium, inflammation of... 98
Periodic) ophthalmila. 2-.,.5 se. 22. ” 290
Peritonitis .. abi Rees Meters bo:
EBD Ubi seoe sete oy, stitch sea ck hy 107
PHTETAS ek ose 4 Peek eae Pec 157
PHY IMOSIS ssa ede ee ee aes 368
PES Peers Ge kike hol PEER RSS Rune 64
LEAL <0 Gewese gy she enc WEA Che PEAS 137
Pityriasis S25 ssa scees te hiaeael 132
Placenta, retention of............ 330
PIGUGIS Vises Aeon eee ae Rare eee OL
PNEUMONIA lore ee ee ee eis 86
IPO Givi See ae eh A kere or 279
Polyarian 3st aban cee eens 118
Presnaney, SISMS Offers adie ae eee 302
Preputiall caleulivc. 55 62.2528 132
IPO A PSIS 7 iastcotiers & Machete ta sa isie 64

PP EAEUR Otte Boers astele ridat ae iah ge chk oe oe 138

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INDEX—Continued.

PAGE
Punctures to the eyeball......... 293
Punctures to the sole of foot..... 270
PHNGLITEO WOMHOS: = s\cccrlo une <c 285
Purpuria hemorrhagica......... 107
POURMIEEL Als th cine eased suber ee seas 191
APTIATCCT, TAISG) Sos ohne ss ne ne wee 3 258
ONY ATOM or cei aho’ sive there non fae stareise as Ae se 272
IEREDTN UD Uciea aie’ Sete ce atkins ole Caleta saw pelos 2)
Rectum; prolapsus Of... .. 0.8.6. ... 64
Respiratory organs, diseases of. 74
Herention Of UTINeis. +k ss. een 123

Retention of placenta or after-

VHS CI SUOLSIN Scand an el ee daieee a 192
RUD! Er aeture OL. 6. cic 5 oe secre aos 204
ETN ORV OULE Miso iost ld le ake Nidie hp OR Ss 216
REUNITE is bots Sass ose Sua wcatiaie sXe 142
Rumen, impaction of............; 43
Rupture of the gullet............. 28
Eat TALS Oe eis see Gio Crete wate hate .65
SMT TS UU aceite wah ose oieterers ke 24
Salivary glands, diseases of..... 2
Sarcocele. schirrhus of........... 37
I ATOVOTAGEK. Cac aca eats see CRTs 259
BALGB oso bos otis Dae kak ek fan, 142
Schirrhus of the cord, or sarco-

OU ey RA OE hee SER I ee or 76
SEUALCRES Kasai cats Bh onie ieee eet 146
meee epee NR lake5 a ay ee See a Se oe 68
SCTOLMMs Water IN 32... Sie. lek aa ws 812
SCCAVHOELS yr ibis celeste hUstne ce 262
Sensitive laminw, inflammation

PE erect aioe eels tet epbint <ntaid Woe yb sabia 248
Shaft of the ilium, fracture of... 202
Shoeing of the horse ........ . 238
Shoulder joint, lameness of...... 210
SVEN S eS 0) oh ARN Ay ae pte ee POP Sc ra ee 244
Signs of pregnancy.............-. 302

Signs of parturition in the cow.. 306
Signs of parturition in the mare. 305
Simple ophthalmia...... 0... .:0+-. Boo

Skin diseases OL... 5) cuss s cw ees 134
tole of foot, punctures to........ 270
Sore on top of neck.......05 6025 2.8. 213
Sore feet in cattle................ 273
PORE MATEO. ie ute ows ce tin oe, Seah votes 78
Spasms Meee sine diet teleix date eM apulsts Fae ATH 156
SPAVIT DOD: s sara ress Wat eienis Wee 22
Spavin, tt ERR Raieas kee gee 220
Spinal cord, inflammation of.... 161
Sprains of the fetlock joint...... 216
Sprains of the fiexor tendon..... 214
Sprains of the muscles of hip.... 220
Sprains of muscles of front of

SUP TEES ee SAN Ree le 9 See 220
Sprains of the suspensory liga-

MISMO Seek iiss sass toes he ek ob heed 215
SUCEMILDY cee ros aiees on oc Seeks wane 302
Stomach of the ox........5.....8. 38
Stomach of the horse............. 31

Stomach of the horse, dilatation

Stomach of the horse, diseases of 31
Stomach of thehorse.impaction of 32

Stomach of cattle, diseases of... 40
Stone in the bladder.............. 127
MOMSEN ONES oslo. icant c nck ora sheets 175

Stricture of the lachrymal duct.. 297

5 ee

Structure of the foot.........+...

Sunstroke@..t5s asses heen ieee i sie
Superpurgation ....0 ......+.+++: 63
Suppression of urine. a's «at
Suppuration, chronic...... RY 377
Burtele eo vehiet as koe Oe worse DOO
Suspensory ligament, sprains of, 215
Swelling of the parts....... yn
Swollen joints.....3.. cs sseshewe . 362
Teats, injuries to. ..... < g's'ek nY
Teats, obstructionin....... «.-. . 343
Teats, warts on ~oan rhea
Teeth, irregularities Of... etek ane
Testicles, enlargement of iiexwend 373
Tetanus <>. “" 26s 165
Third stomach, impaction of...., 45
Thorough-pin.....:.... Pe ee . 226
Thrush. .).0°) aves oe 265
Tinea tonsurous, ringworm...... -
Tongue, inflammation of........
l'uberosity. fracture of.......... * 903
Tuberculosis. .#. >... ..s0 0-day
Tumors, cystic. 2... :-asaeeks were
Tumors, fibrons;...:..<. secs . 149
Tumors in the false nostril of the
horeé: >. 4 ae 5 aN oes V1
Tumors, melanotic .......sse0s- . 153
Tympanitis in horses.... ......-- 52
Tympanitis in cattle. .......... . 40
Udder, inflammation of... . .. . 338
UWUleers 32.03.42 fae eee Pret: . 370
Uleers on the cornea...........- » 294
Umbilical hernia........ baba toe ae 67

Urine, blood withthe ........ . 116
Urine, incontinence of...... .... 125

Urine, retention: of..<.).. 23.0 sas . 123
Urine, suppression of ... <a
Urinary organs, diseases of..... 113
Urethral caleuli ... ........ ees y
Urticaria cu ee eae a 136
Uterus, dropsy of. ae RO
Uterus, inversion Of sist . 334
Vagina, inversion Of; jcc feces . 833
Variola equima — ss. se ence ees 186
Variola vaccine ... icp actads ee
Veins, inflammation of.. ive pet ixe - 107
Venous heemorrhage.... . .... » 106
Ventral] hernia... Stee ee 69
VoOLVDIUS “235. TS See a oe
Warts. “2.5552 Pe
Warts on eyelids.«..:%6) 220 ee . 296
Warts on teats: .. ..deieres a o's nae Re
Wasting of thehip °).).iengeuee 220

Wasting of the muscles of front
ofstifie:>-=4: eer es 0
Weak feet:...:..,i2) 2 eee Pe perf

Weaning of the colt............ 3863
White Scours <3 :*).22 0. eee . 359
Wind-sucking os o's ~ oh gt ey
Wind galls . aoe ee

Withers, fistula of......... ...... 276

Wormintheeye ........ 295
Worm inthe kidney... .. . .;. 121
Wounds. 2.0.00 eee “sxive 282
Wounds, contused.: 2. {2 ysueebee 286
Wounds, incised” - 35, ese oeee 283
Wounds, lacerated ..... oe ic is Ce

Wounds, punctured.......... ... 285

v" ee sae a we ‘a. \ “ (a
Wis Ser a a a Sige as bbe “

. ss - he . -

’ ~—_-*

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.
Diseases of the Organs of Mastication.

Diseases of the Mouth—Irregularities of the Teeth—Elon-
gated Teeth—Lampas, Inflammation of the Mouth and
Tongue—Injuries to the Maxillary Joint—Fractures of the
Jaw—Diseases of the Salivary Glands—Inflammation of the
Parotid Gland—Salivary Fistula—Choking—Rupture of the
Gullet—Inflammation of the Gullet.

CHAPTER II.
Diseases of the Stomach of Horses and Cattle.

Bots—Impaction of the Stomach of the Horse—Dilatation of
the Stomach—Crib-biting and Wind-sucking—Dyspepsia—
Gastritis—Stomach of the Ox—Tympanitis or Hoven—
Chronic Hoven in Cattle—Impaction of the Rumen—Impac-
tion of the Third Stomach.

CHAPTER III.

Diseases of the Intestines.

Colic—Spasmodie Colic—Flatulent Colic or Bloating—Impac-
tion of the Intestines—Indigestible Colic—Enteritis, In-
flammation of the Bowels—Diarrhoea—Dysentery—Super-
purgation—Haemorrhoids or Piles—Prolapsus, Protrusion
of the Rectum—Hernia, Rupture—Umbilical Hernia—
Scrotal Hernia—Ventral Hernia.

CHAPTER IV.
Diseases of the Liver.

Jaundice—Congestion of the Liver—Hepatitis, Inflammation
of the Liver.

4 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER V.
Diseases of the Respiratory Organs.

Nasal Gleet—Chronic Catarrh—Acute Catarrh—Laryngitis,
Sore Throat—Epistaxis, Bleeding from the Nose—Bron-
chitis—Congestion of the Lungs—Pneumonia, Inflammation
of the Lungs—Heaves, Broken Wind—Pleurisy—Chronic
Cough—Haemoptysis, Bleeding from the Lungs.

CHAPTER VI.

Diseases of the Organs of Circulation.

Palpitation of the Heart—Pericarditis—Endocarditis—Dilata-
tion of the Heart—Hypertrophy—Injuries to the Arteries—
Aneurism—Venous Hemorrhage—Phlebitis—Diseases of the
Lymphatics—Lymphangitis—-Purpura Hemorrhagica.

CHAPTER VII.
Diseases of the Urinary Organs.

Description of the Kidney—Nephritis, Inflammation of the

Kidney—Haematuria, Blood with the Urine—Idiopathic

Haematuria—Polyuria, Diureses, Diabetes Insipidus—
Ischuria, Suppression of Urine—Worms in the Kidney—

Cystitis, Inflammation of the Bladder—Retention of Urine—
Paralysis of the Bladder—Enuresis, Incontinence of

Urine—Calculi—Lithotomy in the Ox—Urethral Calculi—
Preputial Calculi.

CHAPTER VIII.
Diseases of the Skin.

Hide-Bound—Eczema—twrticaria, Nettle-Rash or Surfet—
Lichen—Pimphigus—Purigo—Acne — Pityriasis — Alopecia,
Baldness—Warts—Emphysema, Air under the Skin—Mange
—Lousiness—Secalds and Burns—Grease—Scratches or
Cracked Heels in Horses—Ringworm.

CHAPTER IX.
Tumors.

Fibrous Tumors—Cystic Tumors—Capped Hock-—Capped
Elbow—Cysted Tumors in the False Nostril of the Horse—
Actinomycosis, Lumpy-jaw—Melanosis—Lymphoma—Epithe-
lial Cancer.

CONTENTS. 3)

CHAPTER X.
Diseases of the Nervous System.

Spasms and Convulsions—Phrenitis, Inflammation of the
Brain—Megrims—Congestion of the Brain—Sunstroke—
Cerebral Spinal Meningitis—Local Paralysis—Lock-jaw—
Azoturia.

CHAPTHR- Xt,

Influenza, Epizootic or Catarrhal Fever.

CHAPTER XII.
Distemper. (Strangles.)

CHAPTER XIII.
Farcy. (Glanders.)
Acute Farcy—Chronic Farcy.

CHAPTER XIV.
Horse Pox. (Variola Equina.)

CHAPTER XV.
Black-leg.. (Inflammatory Fever.)

CHAPTER XVI.
Rheumatism.

CHAPTER XVII.
Tuberculosis.

CHAPTER XVIII.
Fractures of Bones.

Fractures—Mode of Union—Fracture of the Anterior Iliac
Spine—Fracture ef the Shaft of the Ilium—Fracture of the
Pelvis—Fracture of the Tuberosity of the Ischium—Frac-
ture of the Femur (Thigh Bone)—Fracture of the Stifle
Joint or Patella—Fracture of the Ribs—Dislocation of the
Patella (Stifle Bone)—Dislocation of the Pastern Joint.

CHAPTER XIX.
Diseases of Joints.

Elbow Joint Lameness—Shoulder Joint Lameness—Sore on
Top of Neck—Sprain of the Flexor Tendon (Back Tendon)
—Sprain of the Suspensory Ligament—Sprain of the Fetlock

6 CONTENTS.

Joint—Wind-galls—Ringbone—Hip Joint Lameness—Strain
and Wasting of the Muscles of the Hip—Strain and Wasting
of the Crural Muscles (Muscles in Front of Thigh Bone)—
Stifle Joint Lameness—Cramps of the Muscles of the Thigh
—Cramps of the Stifle Muscles—Diseases of the Hock Joint
—Bog Spavin—Thorough-Pin—Bone-Spavin—Curb—Injuries
to the Hock Joint.
CHAPTER XxX.
Diseases of the Feet.

Structure of the Foot—Shoeing the Horse—Diseases of the
Coffin Bone—Ossification of the Lateral Cartilage (Side Bone)
—Contraction of the Foot—Navicular Disease—Laminitis
(Founder)—Chronic Laminitis—Coronitis, Inflammation of
the Coronary Substance—Carbuncles—False Quarter—Sand
Crack—Karaloma (Horny Tumor)—Seedy Toe—Corns—
Thrush—Canker—Punctures to the Sole of the Foot by
Nails—Weak Feet—Quittor—Sore Feet in Cattle.

CHAPTER XXI.,
Wounds.

Kinds of Wounds—Incised Wounds—Lacerated Wounds—
Contused Wounds-——Punctured Wounds. ;

CHAPTER XXII.
Fistula of the Withers—Poll Evil—Fistulas in Various Parts

of the Body.
CHAPTER XXIII.

Organs of Generation.
Sterility—Signs of Pregnancy—-Abortion.

CHAPTER XXIV.
Parturition.

Signs of Parturition in the Mare—Signs of Parturition in the
Cow—Instruments—Difficult' Parturition—Diseases of the
Foetus Which Impede Delivery—Dropsy of Head+Dropsy
of Abdomen—Embryotomy.

CHAPTER XXV.

Accidents and Diseases Following Parturition.

Retention of the Placenta or Afterbirths—Inversion of the
Urino-Genital Organs—Inversion of the Bladder—Inversion

CONTENTS. 7

of the Vagina—Inversion of the Uterus—Dropsy of the
Uterus-—-Mammary Glands. or Udder—Mammitis, Inflamma-
tion of the Udder—Garget—Diseases and Injuries to the
Teats—Obstruction in Teat—Warts on Teats—Chapped or
Cracked Teats—Bloody Milk—Cow Pox (Variola Vaccine)—
Milk Fever.

; CHAPTER XXVI.

Management of the Foal and Calf.

Hemorrhage from the Cord—Constipation—Diarrhoea—Diar-
rhoea in Calves (White Scours)—Bent Ankle—Swollen
- Joints—Rheumatism—Weaning the Colt—Clover Hay—
Parasitical Bronchitis, Husk or Hoose in Calves.

CHAPTER XXVII.
Diseases of the Eye.

Simple Ophthalmia—Periodic Ophthalmia—Glaucoma—Amau-
rosis—Punctures to the Eyeball—Ulcers on the Cornea
—Filaris Papillosa (Worm in the Eye)—Entropium (Inver-
sion of the Eyelids)—Warts on the Eyelids—Wounds to the
Eyelids—Stricture of the Lachrymal Duct—Cataracts.

CHAP PER ae V LIE:
Diseases of the Generative Organs. .

Gonorrhea—Phymosis—Paraphymosis—Ulcers and Fungous
Growths—Orchitis—Hydrocele—Chronic Enlargements of
the Testicles—Leucorrhea.

CHAPTER XXIX.
Castration.

Swelling of the Parts—Champignon, Scirrhus of the Cord or
Sarcocele—Chronic Suppuration or Fistula of the Scrotum
—Peritonitis.

pe EE
i; <4 ‘ A
*) \

PREFACE.

In consequence of the urgent solicitations of
numerous farmer friends that I should, for their
benefit, and that of thousands of other farmers and
stockmen in the United States, publish my twenty-
five years’ experience in the treatment of horses and
cattle, I have undertaken this work, especially on
account of my new discoveries in the treatment of
some diseases, by which they have greatly bene-
fited, such as the discovery of the true nature of
that very fatal disease known as “Milk Fever.”
The theory which was taught and written on this
subject, namely, Parturient Apoplexy or Conges-
tion of the Brainand SpinalCord,is not correct, the
disease being purely of a nervous character, caus-
ing a partial paralysis of the spinal cord and brain,
and when treated accordingly themajority of cases
recover. This has been of great pecuniary value,

as thousands of valuable cows die annually from

this disease, and as this work gets into the hands
of the greater number of farmers and dairymen it
will be a saving of thousands of dollars to them.
My new methods of treating “Fistula of the With-
ers,” “Poll Evil,” and all kinds of wounds from barb
wire, will be worth ten times the price of the book.
Also my experience in the care of horses’ feet, and

10 PREFACE.

the successful treatment of the same. There are
also some new and valuable hints on. “Parturi-
tion,” which will enable the stockmen and farmers
to deliver safely those difficult cases of parturition
in both mare and cow without the use of instru-
ments. AJ] other diseases are treated in the latest
methods by the medicines with which I have had

the most success. This volume will also be of very.

great service to the student in veterinary science,
as well as the young practitioner, as they will find
the experience of twenty-five years of successful
practice and teaching. The book is written so that
anyone can understand it, technicalities having
been avoided as far as possible. The need of such
a practical work on the diseases of horses and cat-
tle has long been felt, and in offering it to the stock-
man and farmer I do it with a certain knowledge
that it will accomplish for him all I claim for it.

So hol Rei ae

INTRODUCTION.

METHODS OF ADMINISTERING MEDICINE.

There are several ways in which medicine can
enter the system: By the mouth, by the lungs and
air passages (by inhalation), under the skin (hypo-
dermic), and by the rectum. But the most conven-
ient and safest plan for the farmer and stockman is
by the mouth. One form is the ball, which is made
by pulverizing the substance and mixing it witha
little lard or syrup to the consistency of a dough
for making bread, then roll it up in a small piece of
tissue paper, using a little gum to make it stick.
The ball should not be too large, not exceeding the
size of one’s thumb. If there is too much material
make it into two balls instead of having one too
large. Balls should be used fresh; when they are
old and hard they may pass through without being
digested. Powders should be finely ground, so that
they will dissolve easily in the stomach, and there-
fore act morequickly. Medicine inthe form of pow-
ders, such as sulphate cf iron and copper, are too
irritating to be given as they are, as they would ir-
ritate the mouth, and should be given in bran mash
or oatmeal gruel. The vegetable powders, such as
gentian, are too bitter to give in mashes to horses,

12 INTRODUCTION.

but cows will usually take them. When it is neces-
sary to give a horse such medicines as gentian and
nux vomica, if it will not eat it in bran mash, give
it as a drench in a quart of oatmeal gruel. Oils
and liquid medicines are best given as drenches,
with the exception of Fowler’s solution of arsenic,
which should be given in the food. Giving the
medicine as a drench is the easiest method for the
farmer and stockman unless he has a balling iron.

Method of Giving a Drench to the Horse.—Put
on a halter with a nose band, then take a small rope
or strap and make a noose about a foot long, push
this down under the nose band of the halter,
then into the mouth, and by this noose pull up the
head to a little above the level of the neck, so that
the medicine will not run down out of the mouth.
If the animal will not swallow tickle the roof of the
mouth with the fingers or the neck of the bot-
tle. Do not draw out the tongue nor pinch its
throat, as it may cause the animal to cough, and
it will either lose the medicine in its mouth or some
of it may pass into the windpipe. Great patience
is required in giving a horse a drench. Medicine
should not be given by the nose, as it is apt to get
into the windpipe, causing great irritation, and
probably the death of the animal. If the horse
should cough, letthehead down until it ceases,then |
elevate the head as before. Never put too much in
its mouth at once; give it in small quantities, and
when it swallows give a little more, and so on until
all is taken.

Drenching cattle is much easier accomplished

INTRODUCTION. 13

than drenching horses. Their pallet is short, and
they cannot retain the medicine in the mouth as
the horse does. In drenching cattle one man
stands on the left side of the animal and takes hold
of its horns; if it has no horns he takes hold of its
ears, or places his arms around its neck; the man
that gives the medicine stands on the right side and
places his thumb and index finger in the animal’s
nose and holds fast to it, the animal of its own
accord then holds up its head; have the bottle con-
taining the medicine in the right hand, place the
neck of the bottle into the side of the mouth and
pour in a little at a time as the animal swallows un-
til all is taken. Cattle should not get medicine in
ball form, as it would likely pass into the paunch
and remain there for some time. Epsom salts is
the best physic for cattle in ordinary cases where
a physic is needed. The dose for an adult cow is
from one to one and a half pounds mixed with from
a half to an ounce of ginger, dissolved in half a gal-
lon of cold water. Foratwo-year-old three-fourths
of a pound;-for a one-year-old, half a pound. Aloes
is the proper physic for horses unless otherwise
ordered. Dose for an adult horse, six to eight
drams; for a three-year-old, from four to six drams;
for a two-year-old, three to five drams; raw linseed
oil is the most suitable in cases of irritation of the
stomach, bowels and kidneys; dose, one pint to one
quart.
PULSE OF THE HORSE.

This is best found on the lower jaw, where the

artery crosses the jaw on its lower edge, about two

14 INTRODUCTION.

inches forward from its angle. The pulse beats in
the horse from thirty-six to forty per minute in
health, but may run up to over one hundred in
disease.

PULSE OF CATTLE.

The pulse in cattle is found on the lower jaw,
about the same place as in the horse, only a little
more to the outside. The number of pulsations per
minute in the cow is forty-five to fifty in health.

TEMPERATURE.

The average temperature of the horse in health
is from ninety-nine and a half to one hundred and
one anda half; in cattle ninety-nine to one hundred
and two. In disease, the temperature may rise as
high as one hundred and seven or even higher and
the animal live. In animals the temperature is
best taken in the rectum; the instrument can be
purchased from any of the instrument makers.

RESPIRATION.

When respiration is undisturbed it usually main-
tains a constant standard. In the adult horse it
varies from nine to twelve in the minute; in adult
cattle from fifteen to twenty. It is faster in young
animals. Exercise increases for the time being the
number; but after the animal has rested for a few
minutes it falls to its normal standard. If it should
keep up after being rested it indicates that there is
some disturbance; in this case the pulse should be
examined, and if it is not accelerated, that will indi-
cate that there is nothing serious; on the other

INTRODUCTION. 15

hand, if it should be accelerated, it will indicate
that the animal is sick. Both horses and cattle
will breathe a little faster and heavier when their
stomachs are distended.

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

CHAPTER I.

DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF MASTICATION.

The diseases and mechanical impediments to the
mouth and teeth are very common in the horse, and
they are often overlooked until the animal is very
much emaciated. A horse was brought to me in
the following condition: Saliva dropping from the
mouth, and if the animal was offered food it would
greedily take it into its mouth and try to chew it,
then drop it out, and if water was given it would
try to drink, but could swallow very little of it.
The horse had been in this cer. dition for five days,
and had lost flesh rapidly, and was weak. I exam.
ined the mouth and could not see anything wrong
at first, but the symptoms indicated that the
trouble was in the mouth. I twitched the nose,
_ and taking the tongue in my hand, drawing it to
one side and passing the tooth rasp between the
cheek and the molar teeth, I discovered that the
fourth molar tooth was split, the smallest portion
sticking partially in the gum and muscles of the
cheek. This I removed by pressing the end of the

18 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

rasp against it. The horse began to eat at once.
Another horse showed the same symptoms except
that it could swallow water. In this case I found
a piece of corn cob wedged between the upper mo-
lar teeth; so firm was it fixed that I had to cut it
before it could be removed. Another case to illus-
trate an injury to the tongue. The animal could
eat soft food, but hay, oats, and corn dropped out
of the mouth as soon as it was taken in. The symp-
toms were the same as above. I examined the
mouth and found that the tongue was cut one-third
of the way through, and the sore had become un-
healthy, as the animal had been in this condition
three weeks. I cleaned the wound and touched it
with nitrate of silver to destroy the unhealthy part,
then used to heal it: Glycerine, two ounces; tinc-
ture of catechu, one ounce; alum, one dram, shaken
up well, and applying a little to the sore with a
feather twice daily. The animal was fedon ground
oats and bran until the wound healed. There are
numbers of cases which I could enumerate where
if the owner had exaiuised the mouth he would
have saved the poor animal from suffering and
himself trouble and expense.

IRREGULARITIES OF THE TEETH.

The outer edges of the upper molars and the in-
ner edges of the lower molars are sharp and some-
times cut the cheeks or the tongue and prevent the
horse from eating well. This is best remedied by
rasping off the sharp points, taking care not to
rasp the grinding surface of the tooth.

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 19

Elongated Teeth.—Sometimes we will find one
or more of the molar teeth elongated, and interfer-
ing with mastication. In this case the elongated
portion requires to be cut off and the edges rasped.
Young horses from two to four years old suffer
from the development of permanent molars in their
sockets behind the temporary ones before they
drop out, causing a swelling of the jaw. If there
is a discharge from the nose, it will be necessary to
remove the temporary, and in some cases the per-
manent ones also. If there is no discharge, it is
best not to interfere, and as soon as the temporary
tooth drops out and the permanent one grows
down the swelling will disappear. Horses suffer
sometimes from decayed teeth. The symptoms are
well described by Bouley. First: Remarkable
fetor, which is peculiar to the disease, and per-
vades the mouth and the saliva within it. Second:
Flow of saliva from the mouth. Third: The ap-
pearance of a black spot on the carious tooth, or a
cavity varying in extent according to the duration
of the disease. Fouth: Sharp pain indicated when
the tooth is struck by any instrument. Fifth:
Swelling of the gums, redness and pain around the
diseased tooth. Sixth: The accumulation of food
about the diseased tooth, and which, undergoing
putrefaction, produces the most repulsive smell.
It should be removed and the part cleaned out once
a day for afew days and washed with a teaspoonful
of carbolic acid in a pint of water.

20 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.
LAMPAS.

Lampas is a swelling of the mucous membrane
called the bars. This is no disease, but the result
of the development of the teeth causing an in-
creased quantity of blood to the part, which will
pass away as soon as the teeth are full grown. In
very bad cases a few pricks with a suture needle
and bathing the mouth with a teaspoonful of alum
in half a pint of cold water will relieve it for a time.
The animal should be fed on soft food. In horses
that have a full mouth of teeth, give a dose of aloes,
one ounce; soda carbonate, half an ounce; ground
ginger, half an ounce; dissolve in half pint of boil-
ing water, then add half a pint more of cold water
and give at one dose.

INFLAMMATION OF MOUTH AND TONGUE.

This is usually the result of giving too irritating
medicine or the animal eating some acid plants
among the grass or hay. The symptoms are swell-
ing of the tongue, dribbling of saliva, and if the
swelling is great the tongue will be protruded from
the mouth, which being open, gives the animal a
peculiar appearance; the breathing is loud and
rough, and the animal is unable to eat or drink and
would soon die if not relieved. A horse presenting
the above symptoms was brought to me in the
' morning and I used the following: Acetate of lead,
one ounce, dissolved in half a gallon of water; I
tied a piece of string to a soft sponge and wet it
with the lotion and pressed it as far into the mouth
as possible; I then withdrew it and in ten minutes

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 21

repeated the operation, and so on until afternoon.
The swelling had gone down so that the animal
could drink some water and by the following morn-
ing the animal could eat soft food. I have used this
treatment in several cases of the same kind with
the best results. There is no danger of poisoning
with the lead lotion, as the greater part of it will
drop out. Lolling the tongue may be a habit or it
may be caused by paralysis of the muscles of the
tongue. If it is the former, it will only do it when
the bit isin the mouth. If the latter, it will hang
out all the time. In cases of paralysis give one
dram of nux vomica and two drams of sulphate of
iron at a dose in bran mash once a day, and con-
tinue it for three weeks if necessary. There is no
remedy for lolling the tongue when it is a habit.

INJURIES TO THE MAXILLARY JOINT.

This joint is situated in front of the ear where
the lower jaw forms a joint with the temporal bone,
and although well protected, it is liable to injuries
from kicks or blows. When the part is hot and
swollen it interferes with mastication, and is best
treated by putting on a halter and tightening the
nose band so that the animal cannot move its jaw.
Then foment the part with hot water for half an
hour three or four times daily and rub in well a lit-
tle of the following liniment: ‘Tincture of opium,
two ounces; tincture of arnica, two ounces; tinc-
ture of aconite, one ounce; water, half pint. Or,
acetate of lead, half ounce; tincture of arnica, two
ounces; water, one quart. Shake up well and ap-

22 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. —

ply a little three times a day. After the inflamma-
tion has been reduced, apply a blister of canthar-
ides, two drams; lard, one and a half ounces, if
necessary.

Open Joint.—It sometimes happens that the
wound penetrates the joint and allows the synovia
to escape. This can be ascertained by the slippery,
oily feeling it has between the fingers. Treatment
—Reduce the inflammation by applying the above
lotion and also using a blister of cantharides.
Keep the jaws quiet by putting on the halter and a
tight nose band. Feed the animal on oatmeal
gruel, as it can suck this through its teeth while
the nose band is on.

Fractures of the Jaw.—The upper jaw is not sub-
ject to this kind of injury, but the lower jaw is la-
ble to be fractured by kicks, falls and blows. Frac-
ture of a portion of the jaw may result from the
animal’s biting a hard substance. When the bone
is broken a grating sound will be heard; in young
animals the jaw may be split in the center, as this
bone is joined in front in the young by fibrocarti-
lage, and in the adult it hardens into bone. The
fracture may be a compound one, and the bone may
be splintered and the skin and soft parts wound-
ed. Symptoms.—Difficult mastication, sometimes
slight bleeding, slavering, swelling, and a distinct
grating of the ends of the broken bone. Treat-
ment.—In longitudinal fractures of the chin, tie
the parts firmly together by twisting wire around
the central incisor teeth, so as to hold the bones
together, and bathe the part several times daily

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 23

with acetate of lead, half ounce; water, one quart.

In fractures of the neck of the jaw, a piece of
smooth wood should be placed in the hollow be-
tween the jaw bones, and another piece placed on
the outside of the fractured bone, then put a strong
bandage around the jaws and put on the halter
with the nose band buckled tight enough to keep
the jaws from moving. If the part is swollen,
bathe it several times a day with acetate of lead,
half an ounce; water, one quart. Keep up the ani-
mal’s strength by giving milk and oatmeal gruel,
as much as it can suck through the mouth with the
tight nose band on. In some cases the bone may
be splintered. The loose pieces of bone will have
to be removed and the wound left open so that it
can be dressed. Use for this purpose, carbolic acid,
one dram; acetate of lead, half an ounce; sulphate
of zinc, half an ounce; water, one quart.

Diseases of the Salivary Glands.—The secretions
of saliva are very much decreased in all fevers, es-
pecially the water, and as a result, the sick animal
has a hot, clammy mouth. Some kinds of food, un-
der certain conditions, will cause a great increase
in the flow of saliva. This is noticed when a
horse is turned into a pasture field which contains
a good deal of white clover, when it is wet with
dew or rain. Experiments made with the clover
at the station did not yield any satisfactory results.
If the animal is badly affected the flow of saliva
can be arrested by injecting cold water into the
mouth, or if the animal is taken to a stable and
given a feed of dry oats, it will stop in an hour or

24 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

two. Dilatation of the salivary duct is sometimes
seen in the horse. The duct from the parotid
gland sometimes gets closed up by a grain of oats
or other grain getting into the mouth of the duct,
which opens into the mouth at the third molar
tooth. Symptoms of this is a swelling on the side
of the cheek about half way between the nose and
the eye; it is soft to the touch. Examine the in-
side of the cheek, and if there is anything in the
mouth of the duct remove it and pass a probe up it
and the accumulated fluid will run out. Some-
times by pressing gently on the enlarged duct to-
wards the mouth it may force it out. I have suc-
ceeded in removing it in this way. If all other
means fail, open it with the knife and remove the
cause, and bring the edges of the wound together
by putting a pin through them and tying a thread
around the pin, letting it remain in until it sloughs
off. If any swelling should take place foment it
with hot water and apply acetate of lead, half an
ounce; tincture of arnica, two ounces; water, one
quart.

Salivary Fistula—From accident an opening is
made into the salivary duct and allows the saliva
to run down the cheek, matting the hair as if gly-
cerine had been rubbed on. Treatment.—Shave
off the hair and put on strips of collodion or ad-
hesive plaster three or four layers deep. Keep all
solid food from the animal for at least twenty-four
hours. Let the plaster remain on as long as it will,
and if not stopped when it comes off, apply again.
If this fails, rub on cantharides, two drams; lard,

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 25

one and a half ounces; protect the wound by put-
ting on a little lard.

Ranula is a name given to a blocking up of the
duct of the submaxillary gland, which opens at
each side of the tongue. We usually find a swell-
ing about the size of a hen’s egg at each side of the
tongue. Tumors have been described as abscesses
or cysts; they are soft to the touch and may inter-
fere with mastication Treatment.—Open them
with the knife and bathe the mouth with alum, one
dram; water, half a pint. |

MUMPS (INFLAMMATION OF THE PAROTID GLAND).

This is seen in both horses and cattle and is
caused by being confined in close stables that are
over-heated. The animal is seized with symptoms
of sore throat, considerable fever with cough and
difficult breathing, and in some cases it may pre-
vent the animal from swaliowing. It may affect
one or both sides. It may lead to suppuration if
not attended to early. Treatment.—Foment the
parts with hot water three times a day or apply a
hot linseed meal poultice. After the inflammation
has been subdued, if there is any hard swelling ap-
ply a mild blister of biniodide one part to twelve of
vaseline.

Choking.—This is an accident which is of com-
mon occurrence in horses and cattle. A common
cause in the horse is swallowing dry oats without
chewing them. Some horses, when they are hun-
ery, bolt their oats. I have also seen horses which
have been kept on grass for a long time, bolt their

26 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

oats when getting their first feed. I have been
called up on several occasions when a horse had
been turned out to grass without getting any oats,
and on getting a feed would swallow them. The
result would be choking from the dry oats sticking
in the gullet. The treatment is to give a little oil,
then rub the hand up and down the gullet to scat-
ter the accumulation. It may be necessary to give
a little oil several times and continue the rubbing,
as it may take some time to overcome the choking.
‘In case that no oil is at hand I have relieved cases
by pouring down some water. Anything that will
moisten the oats will assist. In cases when the
animal cannot be relieved by this treatment, cut
down on the gullet with the knife, making an inci-
sion and removing the material. Clean the wound
and bring the edges of the gullet together firmly
with silk thread or catgut, letting the ends hangout
of the external wound, then bring the edges of the
skin together, then put a bandage around and keep
it wet with cold water for twenty-four hours, and it
will usually heal. Give the animal soft food. There
are other causes of choking in the horse which are
difficult to cure—foreign bodies, such as pieces of —
wood, a potato or piece of corn cob sticking in the
throat. This form gives rise to very severe symp-
toms. The animal arches its neck and tries to
vomit, the back is also arched and saliva flows from
the mouth, and if the animal is not soon relieved,
inflammation of the throat takes place and the ani-
mal dies from suffocation and exhaustion. It is
necessary to put a twitch on the nose and a balling

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 27

iron in the mouth to keep it open. If you have not
a balling iron, the iron stirrup of the saddle will
answer. Put this in the mouth to keep it open,
then pass the hand through it and into the throat
and feel for the offending body and remove it, if
possible. If it is a potato or piece of cob it may
be removed by giving a little oil, then pressing on
the outside of the throat it may be pressed up and
the animal cough it out. The horse probang can
be used with success in some cases.

Choking in Cattle—This is usually caused by
swallowing a potato, apple, piece of turnip or car-
rot or a piece of corn cob. No matter what part of
the gullet it is lodged in, it causes great distress.
The animal coughs, saliva runs from the mouth,
eyes bulge out, back arched, and bloating also
takes place. If itis in the upper part of the gullet
the animal soon dies from suffocation. If it is in
the middle or lower part the animal may live for
several days. If it is in the upper part of the
throat use the Same means as for the horse. _ If it
cannot be removed in this way, use the probang,
which is made of spiral wire covered with leather,
and will bend with the neck; there is also a gag
to put in the mouth with a hole in the center
through which the probang passes; oil the pro-
bang and let one man take hold of the animal’s
horns or ears while another passes the probang
through a hole in the gag and back into the gul-
let. Press gently until you feel the object, then by
steady pressure it will pass into the stomach; too
much force should not be used in case of rupturing

28 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

the gullet. If this means fails, cut down, as direct-
ed above. No solid food should be given for a day
after.

Rupture of the Gullet.—This is caused by acci-
dents during the passage of the probang, also by
pressing whip handles and broom sticks. No un-
yielding article should be pressed down the gullet,
as it is almost sure to rupture it. I have known of
a number of cases of death by parties using whip
stocks with broom handles. If you have not a pro-
bang (which every stockman should have—they
can be gotten at any of the instrument makers for
three or four dollars) take a piece of rope about
three-fourths to one inch in diameter, frizz out a
little of the end and tie a piece of string around it
to form a soft knob, grease this well and it will sup-
ply the place of a probang.

Rupture of the gullet is nearly always fatal. In
some cases cutting down on the part and paring
the edges of the wound and bringing them to-
gether as described, keeping down inflammation
by cold-water bandages, and giving the animal
gruel for food until it heals, is of use.

Inflammation of the Guliet.—This is usually
caused from choking or the use of the probang, also
from giving too irritant medicine, not sufficiently
diluted. <A case of this kind came under my notice.
A horse was suffering from colic, and a dose of med-
icine was given which was not properly diluted,
causing inflammation in the lower part of the gul-
let and part of the stomach. When I was called
to see the horse it was suffering considerable pain,

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 29

with frequent attempts to vomit, and when the
spasms were on, the animal suffered great distress.
Pulse seventy per minute, respiration thirty per
minute. From the history of the case, the animal
could swallow all right at the beginning, and until
it had had several doses of the medicine, and on the
folowing morning-when I was called in, the ani-
mal could not swallow. In pouring down a little
water, the gullet was seen to fill up and cause the
animal great distress. I considered it a case of
inflammation of the gullet, and treated the animal
by giving hypodermic injections of morphine, three
grains at a dose, and the application of mustard
to the lower part of the gullet. The horse died
during the following night. Post-mortem exam-
ination revealed inflammation of the lower part of
the gullet and left half of the stomach. The gullet
was so swollen that I could not introduce my finger
into it by using considerable force. Cases of this
kind are not often met with. The treatment for
inflammation of the gullet is as follows: For cat-
tle, Epsom salts, one and a half pounds; ground
ginger, half ounce; water, half gallon, to be given
at one dose. For the horse, aloes, one ounce; car-
bonate of soda, half an ounce; ground ginger, half
an ounce. Pour on half a pint of boiling water,
then add one-half pint more of cold water, and give
at one dose. The use of the physic in this case is
to reduce the system, and thereby reduce inflam-
mation. Follow this up with aconite, twenty to
thirty drops in one-half pint of cold water, until
the pulse is reduced in strength and number. To

30 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

relieve the pain, opium should be given in dram
doses every three or four hours in a little gruel.
Hot fomentations should be applied along the gul-
let, or mustard well rubbed in, the mustard to be
made up with boiling water.

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 31

CHAPTER II.

STOMACH OF THE HORSE.

The stomach of the horse is very small for the
size of its body, and usually empties itself in from
four to five hours. After this, if the horse is not
fed, it weakens very fast. The stomach is divided
into two parts: the left half, which is lined with a
prolongation of the lining of the gullet, and which
does not secrete any gastric juice; the right half,
which is lined with a velvety coat, which secretes
the solvent juice. The former part is where the
bots inhabit, as the exudation of the gastric juice,
in the right half, would interfere with their com-
fort.

Life History of the Bot.—The bot fly deposits its
nits or eggs on the horse’s legs, sides, flanks and
under the chin. In a few days the eggs are
hatched and the larva makes its way down the hair
to the skin, which it irritates, causing the horse
to bite or lick the part. In this way the young crea-
ture gets into the horse’s mouth and down to the
stomach, and when they reach the left portion, ad-
here to it by two small hooks; they have no mouth,
and are fed by some of the digested food being ab-
sorbed through their skin. In this way they grow
until the following spring, when they release their

32 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

hold and pass out of the stomach into the intes- —
tines and are carried out with the contents of the
bowel. They usually lie quiet for an hour or so,
then will crawl into some safe place, where they
remain in the form of a chrysalis, the skin becom-
ing shell-like. The further change in the chrysalis
takes place about the eighteenth or nineteenth day,
when the shell bursts and the fly comes out strong
in wing and limb. The question is often asked,
do bots do any harm to the horse? Veterinary
Surgeons are agreed on this, that they do not, un-
less they are over-crowded and pushed to other
parts of the stomach or intestines, where they may
interfere with digestion. There are very few cases
reported where the bot was the direct cause of
death. The idea that bots eat the stomach is a
mistake. As they have no mouths, this cannot be
possible. I have been told by farmers that have
opened a horse which had died from acute indiges- -
tion or inflammation, that they found on opening
the stomach that the red lining had been eaten off
the left half of the stomach by the bots. If they
had known that the left half had no red lining they
would not have charged the bots with eating it.
There is no medicine that will kill bots that can
be given to the horse without destroying the stom-
ach.

Impaction of the Stomach in the Horse.—This is
a very common and very fatal derangement caused
py the animal eating too much food; the result is
<istention of the stomach, preventing it from con-
tracting on its contents. The food swells and fer-

DISEASHS OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 33

mentation takes place, causing rupture of the walls
of the stomach, or the animal may die from exhaus-
tion and suffocation, or from brain affection. In
order to prevent this the horse should be fed at
regular periods, at least five hours apart. A com-
mon cause of this is a horse getting loose during
the night and going to the oat or corn bin and goreg-
ing itself. I have known a great many deaths
from this cause. The oats or corn should not be
kept where a horse can get at them if it should
chance to rub off its halter or get loose during the
night. A common cause of this is giving the horse
a large feed because it is going to do a hard day’s
work or a long journey. When the horse comes
in from a hard day’s work or a long journey it
should first have a little hay to eat, then water and
then grain. If it gets its grain first, while hungry
and the stomach weak, it bolts it down and the
stomach is not able to digest it, and the above re-
sult takes place, but when a little hay is first given,
the animal eats it more slowly and the stomach
gains a little strength, thus preventing colic.

Treatment for Indigestion: Give aloes, one
ounce; carbonate of soda, one-half ounce; ground
ginger, one-half ounce; dissolve this in half
a pint of boiling water, then add half a
pint more of cold water. To stimulate the stom-
ach give half a pint of good whiskey in a little wa-
ter or one dram of nux vomica rubbed up in hot
water; repeat this dose every three hours. If it
is suffering much pain, give it two drams fluid ex-
tract of belladonna every three hours, or four

34 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

drams of chloride chloral hydrate dissolved in a
pint of water, every three or four nours. If the
physic does not operate in twenty-four hours, re-
peat the dose. If the horse will drink water, give
it, as it may wash some of the contents out and
thus relieve, experience proves that it is good prac-
tice to do so.

Dilatation of the Stomach Due to Bad Manage-
ment in Horses.—If a horse is fed on bulky food
given in great quantities, at all times, without reg-
ular intervals, distention of the stomach takes
place, which weakens its wails, preventing it from
performing its functions of digesting the food, re-
sulting in dyspepsia or colic. In order to prevent
this, feed the horse at regular intervals and in
small quantities: fourteen pounds of good hay and
ten pounds of oats is sufficient for a horse in the
twenty-four hours, whether used as a driving
horse or for doing an ordinary day’s work. When
a horse is overworked, it requires more food, but
this is done at the expense of the animal’s health.

I have taken notice in the spring of the year, when

the farm horse has to work long hours and is fed
six to ten quarts of oats at a feed, that I have been
called to a great many cases of colic. It is poor
economy to overwork and overfeed the horse.

CRIB-BITERS AND WIND-SUCKERS.

This is a habit with some animals, and in others
it is caused by a deranged condition of the diges-
tive organs. <A crib-biter seizes the manger or
anything it can get hold of with its teeth, arches

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 35

its neck, and makes a sound as if it was sucking
air. A chronic crib-biter can be easily known by
its incisor teeth being worn.

A wind-sucker extends its head or presses it
against something solid, gathers its feet together,
arches its neck and back, and draws in wind until
its abdomen is greatly distended. Wind-sucking
is the worst of the two evils. To prevent this it is
best to put a muzzle on the horse when not feed-
ing. Straps with sharp nails in them, which some
use, can be bought at the harnessmaker’s; but I
do not recommend them. In the early stage of the
disorder it is best combatted by giving the horse a
physic, having a piece of rock salt in its manger,
feeding on good food, and giving it regular work.

DYSPEPSIA.

The Causes of Dyspepsia in Horses and Cattle.—
Giving too much food at rare intervals, or starving
an animal for some time, and then allowing coarse
food in large quantities or indigestible foods. I
have seen a great many cases of this kind, espe-
cially in the poor man’s horse. When a horse is
fed oats on an empty stomach, it usually eats hur-
riedly, cramming its stomach with imperfectly
masticated oats. To prevent this, give the horse
a small quantity of hay first, then water, and then
oats. A horse should be allowed half an hour
after being fed before put to fast work, as this is
a cause of dyspepsia.

Symptoms.—Staring coat, dullness at work,
emaciation, with tucked-up belly, frequent dis-

36 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

charges of foul-smelling gas, constipation or loose-
ness, and the presence of half masticated or indi-
gested food in the dung, and they are often
troubled with bellv-aches, and worms may be
passed. In cattle, especially in the cow, do we
find cases of dyspepsia. The appetite is impaired,
and there is a desire to pick up and swallow dirt,
sand, lime, etc. The milk is scanty and of poor
quality, and the animal becomes thin, dry-haired
and lousy. There may be either diarrhea or con-
stipation. In some cases the animal does not
chew its cud, and there is more or less fever indi-
cated by a dry nose.

Treatment.—Regulate the diet. Give a dose of
raw linseed oil, from one and one-half pints to one
quart at a dose for the horse. For the cow, one
pound of Epsom salts and one ounce of ground gin-
ger, dissolved in half a gallon of cold water and
given at one dose. After the physic has operated,
both in the horse and cow, boil a teacup of linseed
into a pulp with a gallon or two of water, and
while hot, pour it over half a pail of bran and make
a mash of it, and when cool, put in one of the fol-
lowing powders: Sulphate of iron, four ounces;
nitrate of potass., four ounces; divided into
twenty-four doses. Give daily, and continue for
several weeks if necessary. If the animals are
lousy, see chapter on lice.

GASTRITIS (INFLAMATION OF THE STOMACH).

This is not a common disease, either of horses or
cattle, and when it does occur, it is usually caused

' DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 37

by too irritating substances, such as giving strong
medicines, without having sufficient water or oil
to dilute them. Also from poisons. Symptoms.
—They consist of nausea, and vomiting, in the ani-
mals that can vomit; they are speedily followed
by violent colic. The horse looks around at its
sides, and will not stand quiet for a moment, paws
with its fore feet, crouches, lies down, and rolls,
gets up, and goes through the same thing. When
he turns his nose around it is always to the side
behind the shoulder. The pulse is quick, and al-
though strong at first, it soon becomes weak and
fast, from eighty to one hundred per minute. The
ears and legs are cold, and cold sweat may break
out all over the body. As the disease advances
the pulse becomes very irregular and the animal
appears stupid; the pupils of the eyes are dilated,
and the animal may become paralyzed or may die
with convulsive fits, suffering intense pain,
through the whole course of the disease. Treat-
ment.—It is necessary to find out the cause. If it
is from giving ammonia in too concentrated a form,
give vinegar. If from turpentine, give opium and
oil. If from any of the potassiums, give oil. In
all cases give powdered opium in one to two dram
doses every two hours until relieved or death ends
the same. If the animal recovers, it will be neces-
sary to feed it on soft, easily digested food, such as
boiled flaxseed and ground oats in small quanti-
ties for a week. Give all the cold water it will
drink.

38 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

THE STOMACHS OF THE OX.

The first stomach is called the rumen; it lies on
the left side and occupies about three-fourths of
the abdominal cavity. It is made up of three
coats. The external one is composed of two sets
of strong muscular tissue, one set longitudinal
and the other set circular. Besides these there
are two strong bands of elastic tissue, one running
lengthwise and the other across. The part of the
inside of the stomach where these bands are is
smooth and white. The use of these bands is to
strengthen and assist in the contraction of the or-
gan. The use of the muscular coat having its
fibres running in the two directions is to contract
_the stomach both in its length and breadth. The
inside coat or lining is rough, although soft to the
touch, and has a few glands scattered over it, se-
creting a small quantity of mucous, which assists
in softening the food.

USE OF THIS STOMACH.

Cattle collect their food in haste, only partially
breaking it down by a few strokes of the molar
teeth, and store it in the rumen for some time to
soften and undergo chemical process by the saliva
acting on it. It is then forced up the gullet in
small billets by the contracting action of its
walls, to be rechewed or become what is called the
cud. It is then thoroughly masticated and mixed
with the saliva and passes down the gullet to the
third stomach, This goes on until the rumen is

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 39

nearly empty. Anything which deranges this
stomach seriously interferes with digestion and
the health of the animal.

The second stomach is a small honey-comb bag
situated at the anterior part of the rumen. Its
use is not well understood.

The third stomach, called the omasum or many-
plies, lies on the right side of the rumen, to which
it is attached. It is small and divided by twelve
leaves, which pass right through from end to end.
There are also a number of short ones which are
attached to the others on one edge. There are
about sixty in all. These leaves or manyplies are
lined with a thin membrane, which secretes a fluid
which assists in digestion. After the death of the
animal this coat often adheres to the food between
the leaves. The food in this stomach is usually
dry, or partially so, and it is supposed that the
liquid portion is squeezed on into the fourth
stomach, and that some of the dry, indigestible
portion drops back into the rumen to go through
the softening process and be recudded. This
stomach is capable of considerable distention,
which is often the case by the accumulating of in-
digestible, innutritious food, which may cause
paralysis of its walls.

The fourth stomach is the true digestive one and
is called abomasum, or rennet. This stomach is
seldom deranged. More cattle die from derange-
ment of the first and third stomachs than all other
diseases to which cattle are heir,

40 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

DISEASES OF THE FIRST STOMACd IN CATTLE.

Tympanitis Hoven, or Swelling With Gas.—
Causes of this disorder are humerous, eating damp
erass, the soft, succulent grass of early spring,
and the second crop of clover in the autumn when
it is wet with dew or rain. Sometimes a change
of food, such as a small quantity of ground oats,
peas or corn, will cause severe bloating. It is also
caused from over-filling of the paunch with indi-
gestible food of any kind, and this is the most
troublesome to get rid of. This disorder often
takes place from disease of other parts of the body,
such as impaction of the third stomach or consti-
pation of the bowels. Symptoms: During the
time the animal is eating, or shortly after, a swell-
ing appears on the left side, and as it increases the
animal appears to be in distress, pants, strikes its
belly with its hind foot, eructations of gas are no-
ticed; the animal does not chew its cud. As the
trouble goes on the breathing becomes more diffi-
cult; the animal moans, the back is arched, the
eyes are protruded, the tongue hangs out, saliva
dribbles from the mouth. At this stage of the dis-
ease, if the animal is not relieved, it will die from
suffocation, the contents of the abdomen pressing
against the lungs in such a way that the animal
cannot breathe: Treatment: When any signs of
swelling take place the animal should be pre-
vented from eating any more. If no medicine is at
hand, cold water should be thrown over the back
and loins. This sometimes causes the rumen to

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 41

contract, expelling the gas. A handful of com-
mon salt dissolved in a quart of water is also use-
ful. Aromatic spirits of ammonia in two ounce
doses in a pint of cold water and repeated in half
an hour is the best remedy. The liquor ammonia
in two ounce doses put into one quart of cold water

PLATE 1. THE SEAT OF PUNCTURE OF THE RUMEN. (a)

or carbonate of ammonia given in half ounce doses
dissolved in a quart of cold water, and repeated in
half an hour if necessary, is useful. If time will
allow, one and one-half pounds of Epsom salts dis-
solved in half a gallon of water and given at one
dose is a good remedy. In cases when time will
not admit of treatment, tapping should be resorted
to at once. (Plate 1.) This is a simple operation.
Take the highest part about a hand’s breadth in
front of the hip bone on the left side, and about

42 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

the same distance from the short ribs. It is not
particular for an inch or so. When the animal is
creatly distended plunge the knife in and make a
hole large enough to admit the finger, which
should be put into the opening as soon as the knife
is withdrawn, and the gas will rush out at the side
of the finger. It is necessary to do this because
when some of the gas comes out, the opening in
the skin will not be opposite to the opening in the
paunch and the gas will not escape. The best in-
strument is the trocar and canula, which every
stockman should have. In using this instrument,
the skin should be cut with a knife, then the trocar
and canula pressed into the rumen, then the trocar
is drawn out, leaving the canula in, when the gas
will escape through it. If it is necessary to use it
a second time in the same animal a new opening

ought to be made. No after treatment of the
wound is necessary.

CHRONIC HOVEN (TYMPANITIS).

Some cows are predisposed to indigestion, re-
sulting in the formation of gas in the rumen, and
although not severe enough to call for tapping, in-
terferes with the animal’s comfort and health.
Symptoms.—The animal is generally distended
with gas soon after eating; the cow grunts and
does not chew its cud; the hair becomes dry and
stands on end, and by degrees it becomes thin;
and, if giving milk, it is soon reduced in quality
and quantity. The bowels may be constipated or
a form of diarrhoea may setin, Treatment: Regu-

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 43

late the diet. Give good, nutritious food in small
quantities and often. It may be necessary to give
a dose of Epsom salts one to one and one-half
pounds and one ounce ground ginger dissolved in
one-half gallon of cold water. This to be followed
by sulphate of iron four ounces, nux vomica two
ounces, divided into twenty-four doses, one to be
given morning and night in bran mash. Boiled
flaxseed is also good.

IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN.

Causes.—Some kinds of food are more liable to
produce this disorder than others, grain of any
kind in too large quantities, chaff, potatoes, and
coarse grass. When the quantity is too great it
causes distention of the rumen so that its walls
become paralyzed. Symptoms.—The animal ap-
pears dull and suffers more or less pain. The left
side is swollen, and when pressed by the hand has
a doughy feel and pits on pressure, and when the
animal lies down it does so on its right side. The
breathing is increased and the pulse is small and
may number sixty to eighty per minute. The ahi-
mal grinds its teeth, the nose is dry and the back
is arched. Fermentation may set in, causing
greater distention, which aggravates the above
symptoms. Inflammation may set in and, in ad-
dition to the above, the animal will manifest pain
when the left side is pressed. Treatment.—Re-
move some of the impacted food, or if gas is formed
remove it. The probang must be pressed down to

44 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE!

allow the escape of gas or the trocar and canula
used as for tympanitis. Cases have been cured
by throwing cold water over the back and loins.
If the distention is not too great, give a dose of
Epsom salts and ginger; pressing and rubbing the
rumen is sometimes successful, but if these meth-
ods fail it will be necessary before the animal is
exhausted or the brain becomes congested to make
a large opening in the rumen and remove a part of
the contents with the’ hand. Place the animal
with its right side against a wall and let an as-
sistant hold it by the nose, at a point midway be-

tween the last rib and haunch bone —- about a
span from the backbone.

Make an opening from this point downward
large enough to admit the hand; the edges of the
wound should be stitched together to prevent food
getting in between the skin and the walls of the
rumen; then with the hand remove the greater
part of the mass. It is best to leave a little to
stimulate it. Then stitch up the walls of the ru-
men, first with carbolized catgut, care being taken
that the edges are inverted. The wound of the
muscles and skin then being stitched up, cold
water dressing should be applied and the animal
given stimulants. Tincture of ginger one ounce,
tincture of gentian one ounce, tincture of iron one
ounce, mix and give in a quart of oatmeal gruel.
Give two such doses daily until the animal is well.
I have operated on three cows with success; one
from an overdose of cabbage leaves, one from rye

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 45

and the other from corn. Im the last case I re-
moved two bushels of corn and left about one in
the rumen.

There is very often an accumulation of various
kinds found in the second stomach of cattle, such
as hair balls, from licking each other, needles,
pins, knives, nails, etc. Nothing can be done to
remove these; in fact it is only after death that
they are found.

Impaction of the Third Stomach (sometimes
called Dry Murrain).—The third stomach of cattle
is composed of a number of leaves, some sixty in
number; between these leaves food passes on to
the fourth stomach, which is the true digestive
one, and what is meant by impaction is dry, indi-
gestible grasses or other foods which lodge be-
tween the leaves, causing either stoppage or in-
flammation, and very often causing death, as it
seems to be very difficult to get medicine to act on
this stomach. In the fall and spring this disease
is most common, caused by the animal eating the
tough frozen grasses, over-ripe hay, and bed straw.
I have seen this disease destroy calves which were
fed on timothy hay with no soft food and little ex-
ercise. Symptoms: The animal refuses food, if
the cow is giving milk it will be partly or wholly
arrested, the animal does not chew its cud, the
nose is dry, and, if made to move, it will moan or
erunt; the bowels at first are constipated, what is
passed will be dry, hard and glazed; the back is
arched and the left side may be somewhat swollen.
As the disease advances the eyes stare and are par-

46 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

tially insensible to light, and the muscles trem-
ble; or the animal may stagger, the grunt is now
constant, the pulse, which was not much affected
at first, is now rapid and weak, eighty to one hun-
dred per minute. In some cases the brain be-
comes affected in the early stage and the animal
becomes frantic and runs wildly about; the vision
seems to be impaired or there is total blindness, as
the animal will stumble over anything that comes
in its way, dashing its head against trees, fences,
or human beings. I have seen some animals tear-
ing up the ground with their horns and bellowing
ina violent manner. Some cases are affected with
stupor, staggering gait, or even partial paralysis.
The nature of this derangement is not an inflam-
mation of the brain, but a sympathetic delirium
caused from an over-distended stomach. This dis-
ease is what is called “mad itch.” It seems to be
more prevalent some years than others, and was
thought to be caused by eating corn stalks; but
we find it in animals that never had any. The
urine is sometimes mixed with blood. If the ani-
mal is not relieved it may die in a few days or live
for two weeks. Very often a foetid diarrhoea sets
in before death. Treatment: Give one quart of
raw linseed oil with two drams of fluid extract of
belladonna in it at a dose; follow this with one
pound of Epsom salts, one and a half drams of qui-
nine, dissolved in half a gallon of cold water and
given at one dose. If the animal is in great dis-
tress, give one dram of belladonna fluid extract in
half a pint of raw linseed oil every four hours. If

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 47

the physic does not operate in twenty-four hours,
repeat the salts and quinine. Injections of soap
and warm water are useful. Aloes in one ounce
doses mixed with one pound of Epsom salts have
been found useful, also thirty to.forty drops of
croton oil given in a little linseed oil, but I have
had most success with the former. The animal
should be given all the cold water it can drink.
As soon as the animal is noticed ailing, it should
be treated. If this disease is allowed to go on for
a few days, medicine is of very little use, as the
secretions are arrested.

Inflammation of the fourth stomach (ab-
omasum) is not common in eattle. It is
caused by poisons or some irritating sub-
stance the animal has eaten. The symptoms
are so much like impaction of the third stomach
that it is difficult to tell the one from the other.
The cases of inflammation of the fourth stomach
which I have seen show more signs of pain and
very full, fast pulse, and more acute fever. (Youatt
inentions a curious stretching out of the fore limbs
with the brisket almost to the ground.) Post-
mortem: Lesions comprise congestion, redness,
with flakes of mucous, and sometimes blood,
mixed with the contents of the stomach. A por-
tion of the small intestines is usually involved.
Treatment: Remove the cause if possible. If
from poison, give an antidote; for instance, if the
poison is an alkali, give an acid, and if an acid give
an alkali; to reduce the inflammation, give linseed

48 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

tea and dram doses of opium every two hours. If
the animal is in a weak condition, give aromatic
spirits of ammonia, two ounces at a dose in a pint
of cold water. Aconite, in doses of thirty drops
combined with the opium is also useful. Give all
the cold water the animal will drink.

Cattle sometimes suffer from indigestion, that
is, the stomach or stomachs get into a weakened
or deranged state; the animal may not be actually
sick, but it isin an unthrifty condition, the milk is
of poor quality, and little of it. When the cow
gets into this condition, all the secretions are more
or less arrested, and with them the secretions of
milk. I have seen a number of cases of this kind.
Symptoms: The animal may eat its food at times,
and at others it will eat only part of it. The hair
becomes dry, and the back arched a little, and
the skin is tight on the ribs, the eyes become
sunken, and the animal will grind its teeth, and
seem to be in pain at times. The bowels are
usually constipated, and in some cases there is
diarrhoea. There is very little fever. An animal
found in this condition, with the absence of other
diseases, may be safely said to have indigestion.
Treatment: Give at one dose, from one to one and
one-half pounds Epsom salts, one ounce ground
ginger, dissolved in half a gallon of cold water,
and follow this by giving a teacupful of linseed,
boiled into a pulp, with two gallons of water, and,
while hot, pour into half a pail of bran and make
a mash of it. Give a mash of this kind once a day,

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 49

and continue it for a few weeks. Also, give one
ounce tincture of ginger, one ounce tincture of
gentian, and one ounce tincture of iron, in a pint
of water, twice daily. |

50 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

CHAPTER IIT.

INTESTINES.

The intestines of the horse are some ninety feet
in length, seventy feet of small intestines, and
twenty feet of large. The intestines of the horse
are very vascular, that is, they are largely supplied
with blood and nerves, much more so than in the
ox, and, I think, this accounts to a certain extent
for the frequent attacks of colic and inflammation
of the bowels in this animal, as compared with the
ox. The large intestines are very much con-
tracted in several places, and it is on this account
that we have so often impaction. The dilated
part gets so filled up with indigestible food that it
cannot pass through the contracted parts, setting
up inflammation and often causing death.

COLIC.

There is no more frequent and fatal disease in
the horse than that known as colic It takes on
three forms—spasmodic colic, flatulent colic, and
dyspeptic colic.

Spasmodic Colic.—The causes are many. Irreg-
ular feeding and overwork, thus a horse gets an
overfeed in order to make it stand a long drive or a
hard day’s work. The hard work takes the blood

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 51

from the stomach and intestines, and as a result,
digestion is interfered with, the mass undergoes
fermentation, causing pain or cramps. Overfeed-
ing loads the intestines, often resulting in spasms.
A change of food, as changing from old hay to new,
or from old oats to new and also green food, large
quantities of cold water on an exhausted stomach,
exposure to cold, anything which irritates the
nerves of the intestines, will sometimes cause
Spasms, thus we often have spasmodic colic with-
out any apparent cause. Symptoms: The horse
paws with his fore feet, crouches, shifts about,
looks around at its side, lies down, rolls on his back,
gets up and shakes himself, stands quiet for a few
Seconds or minutes, then goes through the same
performance. When the cramps are very severe
he will throw himself down, no matter where he
may be, sweat breaks out over the body, the breath-
ing becomes fast and heavy, the eyes are promi-
nent and staring, there is an expression of anguish;
there is a pause for a few minutes, but the symp-
toms soon return and’ are often aggravated, but by
degrees the attacks are fewer and farther between,
and the animal recovers. In other cases the pulse,
which was at first not much affected, now becomes
fast and weak, from eighty to one hundred; the
brain becomes deranged and it tosses to and fro,
the belly becomes tense, the legs cold, and a cold
sweat breaks out, the legs tremble, the lips are re-
tracted, and the horse dies. The principal symp-
toms which denote that it is spasmodic colic are
the intervals of relief from pain. Treatment.—

52 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

First: Give two ounces of tincture of opium, two

ounces spirits of nitric ether, in half.a pint of cold
water at a dose; repeat in half an hour if not im-
proved. Second: Sulphuric ether, two ounces;
tincture of opium, two ounces; water, half a pint;
repeat every half hour until improved. Third:
Tincture of asafetida, two ounces; aromatic spirits
of ammonia, one ounce; water, half pint. Fourth:
Chloroform, one-half to one ounce, given in one-
half pint of oil; repeat in halfan hour. If none of
these are obtainable, give two tablespoonfuls of
eround ginger or carbonate of soda in a pint of hot
water. Injections of soap and warm water are
very useful. The animal should have a place where
it can roll about and some one to watch it, but

Should never be driven, as I have known cases that

have died from being driven while having colic.
Horses that are subject to colic should be fed spar-
ingly on easily digested food, and at least one hour
should elapse before put to work after feeding.
Flatulent Colic—Bloating.—The causes are sim-
ilar to those causing spasmodic colic. Large quan-
tities of food when the animal is in an exhausted
State, especially a large quantity of green grass,
when the animal is not accustomed to it. In mak-
ing this change it should be very gradual. Horses
that are subject to indigestion are liable to wind-
colic, from the indigested food undergoing fer-
mentation, producing gas. Symptoms of Flatulent
Colic: The horse is dull, paws with his fore feet, is
restless, but at first may not lie down; the sides are
distended, and when struck by the hand, a drum-

Or ahs + he

‘DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 53

like sound is heard. As the distention increases,
the horse looks around at its flanks, lies down, rolls,
gets up and down again; there is no easy spell as
in spasmodic colic. If not relieved, the distention
- becomes so great that it presses against the lungs,
and causes great difficulty in breathing, and the
animal may die of suffocation in a few minutes, or
from rupture of the gut. Treatment: The best
remedy is aromatic spirits of ammonia, in two-
ounce doses in a pint of cold water, and repeated in
half an hour. Clean out the bowels by injections
of soap and water, then inject two ounces of spirits
of turpentine mixed in half a pint of linseed or any
other oil. If oil is not obtainable, mix the turpen-
tine in a pint of milk. Repeat the injection of tur-
pentine and oil every twenty minutes until the ani-
mal is relieved. If ammonia is not on hand, give
baking soda, two to three tablespoonfuls, and
eround ginger, two tablespoonfuls, in a quart of -
hot water. From one-half pint to one pint of whis-
key can be given in half a pint of hot water. Tinc-
ture of asafetida in two-ounce doses in half a pint
of water is useful Also injections of from two to
four ounces tincture of asafetida mixed in milk are
very good. Also give a quart of raw linseed oil
as a physic. In severe cases the bowel should be
punctured in the most prominent part. Plate 2.
The instrument is a small trocar and canula. The
skin is cut with a knife, then the trocar and canula
are pushed into the bowel in a directioninwardand
downward. The trocar is pulled out and the gas
will escape through the canula. There is little

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

54

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 55

danger in this operation, only it should be done be-
fore the animal is too far gone. The right side is
preferred to the left, as we reach the colon easier
on the right side.

IMPACTION OF THE LARGE INTESTINES.

This derangement is most common in the fall
and spring, but is frequently seen at other times.
It is usually caused by horses and colts eating dry,
indigestible grasses in the autumn and spring
months, and from eating old, dry, hard hay, when
largely fed on it; deficient secretions in the large
intestines, and not sufficient water. The indigesti-
ble mass may not dry, still from being packed to-
gether it cannot pass on through the contracted
portion, and as a result, it sets up irritation and
inflammation, and if not relieved the animal dies.
Symptoms of Impaction: The pain is slighi at first,
the horse shows signs of belly-ache, but it may soon
pass off, to return in a few hours; the feces are
passed frequently at first, but soon none is passed.
The abdomen is full, but not with gas. After a
time the pain becomes more severe, the horse paws,
looks around at its flank, lies down on its side with
its legs outstretched, and may le in this position
quietly for ten or fifteen minutes, get up and lie
down in the same way. It seems to be fairly easy
in this position. This may continue for a day or
two, but inflammation soon sets in; then the pain
becomes continuous, the animal breathes fast, and
the pulse, which was not much affected in the early
stage, now becomes fast and it may be weak, and

56 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

the animal dies. Treatment: Give aloes, one
ounce; carbonate of soda, one ounce; ground
ginger, one ounce; powdered nux vomica, one
dram. Dissolve this in half a-pint of boiling
water, then add half a pint more of cold water,
and give at one dose; or give one quart of
raw linseed oil, ten drops of croton oil, and one
dram of nux vomica at a dose. If there is much
pain, give from one to two drams of the fluid ex-
tract of belladonna, in half a pint of raw linseed
oul, every two hours. If the physic does not op-
erate in fifteen or twenty-four hours, repeat the
dose. The action of the physic may be assisted by
giving injections of soap and water every half hour
at first, and if no action, give injections of two
ounces of turpentine in half a pint of oil every hour.
Allow the horse as much chilled water as it will
drink. Kneading the belly and walking exercise
are useful before the pain is severe; after that,
keep the animal as quiet as possible. If the
physic and other treatment are begun early,
the animal usually recovers. I have made ex-
aminations of animals which have died from
impaction, and found three and four feet of the
colon impacted with a mass of tough, half-mas-
ticated grass, which no medicine could remove.
Constipation may occur in animals which are fed
for a long time dry, innutritious food, and a dry
condition of the bowels. If the case is not se-
vere, change of diet, such as bran mash and boiled
flaxseed, is all that is required, but if there is colic,
give from a pint to a quart of raw linseed oil, with

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 57

from one to two drams of the fluid extract of bella-
donna in it. Injections of warm water and soap
are very useful. Give the animal regular exercise.
Constipation in foals will be treated in the chap-
ter, “How to Take Care of the Foal.”
Indigestible colic is caused by eating straw and
corn stalks; pea straw is notorious for causing it,
also bad teeth and want of sufficient water and
exercise. Symptoms: The horse shows signs of
colicky pains by pawing with its fore foot; it will
lie down and keep down for hours, as it seems to
be easy in this posture. If the animal is made to
rise, it will go to the manger and begin to eat, and
may continue doing so for some time, occasionally
looking around its side, switching its tail, and kick-
ing with one hind leg. Sooner or later it lies down
and remains down for some time, unless made to
rise. The breathing and the pulse remain normal.
The horse may remain in this condition for several
days, and may get well; or it may become a very
severe case of colic. Treatment: Give aloes, one
ounce; soda carbonate, one ounce; ground ginger,
one ounce. Dissolve this in half a pint of boiling
water, then add half a pint more of cold water, and
give at one dose. One to two drams of the fluid
extract of belladonna can be given instead of the
aloes. Injections of soap and water should be
given several times daily until the physic operates.
Feed good hay and oats in small quantities and
give regular exercise. |
Intestinal Concretions.—There are concretions
sometimes found in the stomach and large intes-

58 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

tines of horses and cattle, composed mostly of veg-
etable and mineral matter, and hair balls. The
symptoms of these are those of colic and constipa-
tion, and are only found on post-mortem examina-
tions. The treatment is the same as for constipa-
tion.

Intussusception, or invagination, is the slipping
of one portion of the intestine into another. This
occurs most often in the small gut. There are no
symptoms by which we can be sure that such a
thing exists, as the symptoms are those of severe
colic or inflammation of the bowels.

Volvulus, or gut-tie, or twisting of the bowels, is
an accident which happens to horses from violent
straining, and is sometimes caused by spasmodic
colic. It is only after death, when an examination
is made, that we discover the twist. The symp-
toms are those of severe colic, and medicine does
not relieve the animal’s suffering. From that we
conclude that some lesion of the bowels has taken
place.

ENTERITIS (INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS).

This disease may affect the mucous membrane,
or the walls of the bowels may be all involved. The
cause of inflammation of the bowels is often ob-
scure, although I have seen a number of cases of.
true enteritis, where a large portion of both large
and small intestines were affected, and could find
no cause. Irritating medicine and poisons will pro-
duceit. Obstructions in the bowels will also cause
a portion of them to become inflamed. It is said that

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 59

spasmodic colic willsometimesterminate in inflam-
mation, from giving cold water when the animal is
hot and exhausted, or from feeding musty ‘hay
and oats or any kind of bad food. Symptoms: It
usually comes on gradually. I have known cases
in which the horse was only thought to be off fora
few days, and no bad result suspected. If the ani-
mal is examined carefully from the beginning, it
will be found that both the pulse and the tempera-
ture will be increased, which is not the case in
colic. The membrane of the mouth and nose are
congested, and are of a dark red color, the mouth
is hot and dry and the breathing is increased, the
colicky pains are continuous, the animal walks
around or lies down very carefully, turns on his
back against the side of the stall, and remains in
this position for a few minutes, but will not be
still, as it will keep its head on the move and there
is an expression of anguish. As the disease goes
on, the pulse becomes very fast, eighty to one hun-

dred per minute; temperature one hundred and
- five to one hundred and six. The animal pants
and moans, and sweat breaks out all over the body.
The animal is continually on the move, not a mo-
ment of relief. The bowels may be constipated or
diarrhoea may be present. After a while the walls
of the belly become tucked up, and hard and tender
tothetouch, the back is arched, the ears lopped and
cold, champing of the jaws from pain. The animal
now walks around its stall stiffly, may stagger or
may stand and tremble violently and then fall to
the ground and die with a few convulsive strug-

60 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

gles. Fever and a continual pain, with great rest-
lessness and an anxious expression from -beginning
to end, will enable us to form a correct opinion be-
tween inflammation of the bowels and spasmodic
colic. Treatment: Give powdered opium, two
drams; tincture of aconite root, twenty to thirty
drops, every two or three hours in a little gruel.
Calomel in one dram doses twice a day is useful.
Injections of simple hot water may be tried, but if
it increases the pain, it should not be persevered
with. Blankets wrung out of boiling water and ap-
plied to the sides are useful, if well done; but on
account of the restlessness of the animal this can-
not be done with satisfaction. Mustard applied to
the belly is better.

Diarrhoea is caused by animals eating mushy
food and grasses on low, marshy lands, too much
green food when the animal is not used to it, driv-
ing after eating a large quantity of soft food,
drinking bad water, and from a deranged condi-
tion of some other organs of the body. Diarrhoea’
is often an effort to rid the system of some dele-
terious substance from- the body. Symptoms:
The frequent evacuations of liquid faeces. In some
cases there is pain and in others it is absent. If
it is continuous for some time, there will be loss of
appetite and emaciation. The discharge varies
very much; sometimes the animal will pass enor-
mous quantities of very liquid faeces; and in a
case of this kind, it requires to be stopped as soon
as possible or it will soon exhaust the animal by
removing too much liquid from the system. On

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 61

the other hand, if it is not severe, more time can be
given. Treatment: Find the cause, if possible.
If it is from faulty food or water, change these and
little more is needed. If from a change of food or
indigestible food, give one and one-half pints to
one quart of raw linseed oil and two drams of the
fluid extract of belladonna in it atone dose. After
this has operated, if it does not stop, give one dram
powdered opium, one dram camphor, made into a
ball. Repeat in four hours if necessary. Or give
powdered opium one dram, powdered catechu two
drams, made into a ball or put in a quart of starch
eruel; or give one dram opium and a tablespoon-
ful of chalk in starch gruel. Sometimes ginger,
gentian, and chalk, a tablespoonful of each, given
in a quart of starch gruel, every three hours, will
stop it. If the discharge is of the severe kind and
very watery, give two drams of powdered opium
and one dram of acetate of lead in-a ball or in
starch gruel, and repeat every two hours until it
stops; feed on good oats and hay, in small quan-
tities for a few days. This treatment is for cattle
as well as horses. !
Dysentery may be of two kinds; what is
called bloody flux, when there is considera-
ble blood mixed with the faeces. This form is ac-
companied by ulceration and is the most danger-
ous. The other form is a discharge of mucous
with the faeces, accompanied by great straining.
Causes: Inflammation of the mucous membrane
of the bowels often resulting in dysentery, espe-
cially in cattle; exposure to cold, coarse, innutri-

62 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

tious food and debilitating influences, which act
slowly; such as scrofula and other blood diseases.
Symptoms: It may be acute or chronic. In the
acute cases there is fever, with slight abdominal
pains. The animal stands with arched back,
straining and passing small quantities of thin
faeces, tinged with blood or mucous. In some
cases strings or shreds of the mucous lining of the
bowels may be passed, several inches in length.
I remember being called to a case of this kind in
a horse in which the owner thought the horse was
passing partly decayed worms, which he consid-
ered were the cause of the horse’s ailment, but
which I found to be strings of the mucous mem-
brane. As the disease advances the patient be-
comes emaciated, the pulse is fast and weak, the
temperature rises, the appetite may in some cases
remain fair, but usually it is impaired. The ani-
mal becomes hide-bound, and often the legs will
swell. There is a very foul smell, and if ulcera-
tion has set in there will be considerable blood
of a dark or nearly black color. The eyes become
sunken, the rectum is protruded and red and sore,
and if the animal is not soon relieved will die from
exhaustion, although an animal may live in this
condition for several weeks. Treatment is con-
sidered very unsatisfactory, although if attended
to at once, I have had good results. First give at
one dose a pint and one-half of raw linseed oil and
tincture of opium two ounces; follow this up with
turpentine one ounce, tincture of chloride of iron
one ounce, boiled flaxseed one quart; mix and give

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 63

at one dose. Give a dose of this kind three times
a day. Clean out the bowels with warm water
injections, then inject the following three times a
day: Acetate of lead two drams, carbolic acid half
a dram, tincture of opium one ounce; mix this ina
pint of thin starch gruel. If this treatment does
not relieve the animal in two or three days, give
the following three times a day: Tincture of gen-
tian one ounce, tincture of ginger one ounce, tinc-
ture of chloride of iron one ounce; mixed in a quart
‘of starch gruel. Ounce doses of bismuth nitrate in
a quart of starch gruel have been given with good
results two or three times daily. A teacupful
of flaxseed bodled into a pulp and mixed with a lit-
tle ground oats is good; also plenty of pure water.
If the animal is chilly clothe the body and hand-
rub the legs and put on bandages. The treatment
could be greatly assisted by good nursing and plac-
ing the animal in a good, comfortable stable and
feeding it on good oats and hay.

Superpurgation is caused ~by an _ overdose
of physic, or a dose of physic given when
an animal is in a weakened condition,
either from disease or from exhaustion. Although
a horse may purge severely, as long as it eats
well and the pulse keeps near the natural point
treatment is unnecessary, but if it stops eating and
the pulse becomes rapid and weak, the breathing
fast with colicky pains, and cold legs there is great
danger of the animal dying from inflammation or
collapse. Give from one to two drams of powdered
opium every two hours, and if the legs and ears are

~

64 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

cold, and the pulse very small, a stimulant will be
necessary. ‘Two ounces sweet spirits of nitrous
ether and one ounce of aromatic spirits of am-
monia in a pint of cold water and repeat in one
hour if necessary, or half a pint of good whisky
in water. Clothe the body and hand-rub the legs
and bandage them. If the pain is severe, rub mus-
tard made up with hot water on the belly. When
the appetite returns, give boiled flaxseed and
ground oats for a few days, and very little hay.

Haemorrhoids (Piles)—This is not a com-
mon disease, but it does happen at times.
When present there appears a blood-red tumor,
after the horse passes feces, which is sometimes
drawn in, and at others it may be seen at all
times. Treatment: It should be scarified and all
the blood squeezed out, then well washed with
warm water and bathed with acetate of lead one
ounce, tincture of opium two ounces, water one
quart; shake up each time it is used. Give soft
food with two drams of sulphate of iron once a
day.

Prolapsus (Protrusion of the Rectum).—This
is caused by violent straining, constipation, and
a weakened state of the walls of the intestine.
Afterthe bowel remains out for sometime, it swells
and becomes dark colored and cold, caused by its
being strangulated. I have treated cases of this
kind when it has been out for several days, black
and very, foul smelling and the animal much ema-
ciated. Treatment: Put the animal in a good,
comfortable place, and give the horse or ox two

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. €5

drams of opium in a pint of raw linseed oil; or
if the animal is very weak, give a good stimulant,
half a pint of whisky. Put a teaspoonful of car-
bolic acid into half a pail of hot water and bathe
the part for half an hour, then apply lead acetate
one ounce; tincture of catechu, one ounce; tincture
of opium, two ounces; water, one quart. After it is
well bathed with a little of this, return it by gentle
pressure. Keep it in with your hand for a short
time, then put on a truss, the same as is used for
falling down of the womb. It will be necessary to
watch the animal for ten or twelve hours. Give
bran mash once a day with a dram of nux vomica
in it, for a week or two. If the outside sloughs off
and there is a foul smell, add two drams of car-
bolic acid to the above lotion. If this is properly
attended to, very bad cases will recover.

Hernia is a protrusion of the gut through some
part, usually through the walls of the abdomen.
They may be congenital, that is present at birth, or
acquired, when they appear suddenly later in life.
They are also divided into reducible or irreducible,
as the bowel can or cannot be replaced. Hernia is
dangerous to life only when it becomes strangu-
lated. It is called strangulated hernia when it is
— constricted, when it passes through the opening,

or when feces accumulate in the sack and cannot
return, or from congestion of the protruded part;
and if it is not relieved, mortification of the
strangulated part takes place and the animal dies.
The symptoms of strangulated hernia are a con-

66 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

stant pain, the animal lies down and rolls, as in
colic, but continuously. When inflammation sets
in in the part, the pulse becomes fast, the breath-
ing heavy, and the animal sighs. If the hernia is
discovered, it will be found to be enlarged, hot and
tender to the touch. It should be reduced if possi-
ble by turning the animal on its back or side, ac-
cording to the position, of the hernia, and by care-
ful, steady pressure with the fingers on the tumors
it will sometimes pass in through the opening and
the animal is relieved. If this cannot be done, the
opening will require to be made larger with the
knife. This is done by cutting through the skin
at the side of the bunch, then feeling for the open-
ing with the fingers, pass the finger through the
opening at the side of the imprisoned gut, then
enter the knife alongside of the finger with the
cutting edge towards the muscle, then cut out-
wards large enough to allow the sack and its con-
tents to be returned. A knife with a probe point
is the safest. Then the best way of closing the
opening is by means of steel skewers passed
through the skin and flesh, about an inch back on
each side from the opening, using one, two or three
according to size of opening, and by putting a
cord around the ends of the skewer and pulling it
tight, will bring the edges of the opening together.
Then put a bandage around if it can be done. Let
the skewer remain in until the opening is closed.
My reason for using skewers when they can be
used is because thread or cat-gut will slough off

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 67

too soon, usually before the part heals. In case
the skewers cannot be used, cat-gut is the next
best.

Umbilical hernia is caused by a nonclosure
of the navel opening, and is usually seen soon
after birth. It is best to let it alone un-
til the animal is one year old, and if nature
has not reduced it, an operation on this kind
of hernia is always successful. Place the ani-
mal on its back and then press in the bowel; then
take the sack by the center and pull it upwards;
then pass a small skewer (a piece of wire the size
of a knitting needle and about two inches long,
made sharp on one end, will do) through the sack
close to the flesh; then tie a small cord around the
sack below the skewer tight enough to stop the
circulation, but not too tight or it may slough off
too soon. If it does not slough off in ten days, tie
on another cord. By the time it sloughs off the
opening will be closed and there will be no further
trouble.

Inguinal hernia takes place in stallions and
young animals far more frequently than old.
A fold of intestines passes into the inguinal canal,
through which the spermatic duct passes from the
testicle into the pelvis. Whenever a stallion is af-
fected with symptoms of severe colic, the rectum
should be emptied of its contents by injections of
warm water, then oil the hand and pags it into the
intestine and feel for the internal ring. The im-
prisoned intestine will be felt. Symptoms: The
retraction of the testicle on the affected side, cold

68 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

sweats about the scrotum and thighs, looking
around to the side affected. The history of the case
will aid our diagnosis. Treatment: Cast the ani-
mal and turn it on its back. Then pass the hand
into the rectum and by manipulation the intestine,
in the majority of cases, can be pushed back. If
not, call a qualified veterinary surgeon.

Scrotal hernia is frequently seen in young
foals. The reason of this -is “that- the
inguinal canal is large and the intestine
smaller and the membrane holds the _ intes-
tines in their places much longer and looser in
comparison with the size of the colt and the full
grown horse. It is detected by the enlarged con-
dition of the scrotum. It feels to the fingers soft
and doughy. If it becomes strangulated it causes
Symptoms as described. Treatment: In the foal
nothing should be done and inthe majority of cases
it will right itself. As the colt grows, the mem-
brane contracts and the intestine is drawn up into
the cavity of the abdomen. If not by the time the
colt is two years old, it can be castrated by the coy-
ered operation. When it happens in the stallion
it will likely become strangulated and cause severe
pain. I have been called to several cases where a
stallion had been doing service, and was seized
with pain, which had been treated for colic for sev-
eral hours, without any benefit. On hearing the
history of the case I directed my attention to the
scrotum, which I found much enlarged and doughy
to the feel. Had the animal cast on its back and
by passing one hand into the rectum and pressing

Be Sas

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 69

the intestine forward and downward the other
hand pressing on the scrotum, relieved the
animal in a few minutes. The animal should not
be used for any purpose for a week or ten days. If
this cannot be accomplished in this way the horse
will have to be operated upon.

Ventral hernia is the name given when
the bowel or its covering passes through an
opening in the walls of the abdomen. This
is usually caused by injuries. Soon after
the accident happens there will be consider-
able swelling of the surrounding tissue, which
makes it sometimes difficult to determine whether
there is a hernia or not. This inflammation or
swelling is best reduced by constant applications
of acetate of lead, one-half ounce to the quart of
water. In the majority of cases of this kind of
rupture it is best not to do anything after the
swelling is reduced. This kind of rupture seldom
becomes strangulated,

70 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

CHAPTER IV.

DISEASES OF THE LIVER.

The majority of the diseases of the liver in ani-
mals are difficult to detect during life, and it is only
on post-mortem examinations that it is found that
the liver has been diseased. Indeed, it is wonderful
sometimes to find such a diseased condition of this
organ, and yet the animal having been in apparent
good health and flesh up to the time when it was
killed. On the other hand I have seen cases of
great emaciation and dropsy, especially in cattle,
from diseases of this organ.

Jaundice.—This disease is sometimes seen in
the horse and ox. I had a_ well-marked
case of jaundice in a horse. It _ presented
the following symptoms: Dullness, loss of
appetite, some fever, feces light-colored, urine
scanty and dark in color. The membrane
of the eyes, mouth, and nostrils were very yel-
low, and the animal’s breath was very foul smell-
ing. At first the mouth was dry and somewhat
clammy, the pulse sixty-six and strong, the animal
seemed stiff on being moved, and if left alone would
stand in one position for hours; the bowels were
Somewhat constipated. This horse had been well
fed, with very little work and that irregular. In
this case the treatment was as follows: Aloes, six
drams; calomel, one dram; made into a ball, or it

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. at

could be given in oatmeal gruel; nitrate of potassi-
um in half-ounce doses three times a day in the
drinking water. After the physic operated it got
one dram of diluted nitro-hydrochloric acid three
times a day in half a pint of cold water for one
week, and by this time the animal had completely
recovered. Gamgee mentions an animal which
died of jaundice, caused by a blocking up of the gall
duct by gall stones. Hydatids, abscesses and other
enlargements blocking up the gall duct will cause
jaundice and may be the death of the animal. Cat-
tle are sometimes affected with jaundice. For them
Epsom salts in doses of one and a half pounds, dis-
solved in half a gallon of water, and given at one
dose. After the physic operates give the acid as
above mentioned.

CONGESTION OF THE LIVER.

This is not a common disease among animals,
but it is sometimes seen in horses and cattle that
have been highly fed on stimulating foods.

Symptoms: There is high fever, fast pulse, from
eighty to ninety in cattle, and sixty to eighty in the
horse; the temperature is one hundred and three to
one hundred and five, appetite is lost, there is con-
siderable thirst, and it has been noticed that the
limbs and ears are cold, the eyes are dilated and
blanched, the animal is very restive and looks
around at its right side; the horse is stiff, and if
made to walk will be lame in its right fore leg, the
urine is high colored, the breath is foetid, and the
mouth is hot and clammy. If the animal is not

72 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

soon relieved its brain becomes affected and it will
die of convulsions. In making post-mortem exam-
inations of cases of this kind the liver is found en-
larged and distended with blood; in some cases it
may be only in patches, the other parts being of a
eray or light brown color, which shows that it has
undergone change when the disease has been of
longer duration; very often it is found that the ca-
pillaries of the liver have given way and the blood
has extravasated into the liver tissue, and that it
is badly broken up and is only held together by its
capsule.

Treatment: For the horse, give aloes, one ounce,
asa physic; for cattle, one and a half pounds of Ep-
som salts; this to be followed by giving a stimu-
lant of spirits of nitrous ether, two ounces in half a
pint of cold water, three times a day. After the
physic has operated take four ounces sulphuric
acid diluted, compound tincture of cinnamon four
ounces, mix, and give a tablespoonful in a quart
of water three times a day to horses or cattle until
the animal improves. If the liver remains inactive

after this treatment, give one dram of the extract

of podophyllum and one dram of calomel, made into
a ball or given in a quart of oatmeal gruel once a
day until it acts on the bowels.

HEPATITIS (INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER).

This derangement is sometimes seen in both
horses and cattle, and is caused by their being in
too plethoric conditions in hot weather. It is said
also to be caused by changes of temperature, of

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 73

food, and from want of exercise. I have seen it
caused as a result of distemper and influenza, end-
ing in the formation of an abscess and death.

Symptoms: In the early stage of the disease it is
very difficult to tell what itis. Usually there is a
yellowness of the membrane of the nose, eyes, and
mouth, and if any part of the skin of the animal is
white it will have a yellow tinge; there is fever, in-
dicated by loss of appetite, hot, clammy mouth, fast
pulse, and rather full in the early stage. Ifitisa
cow it will moan if made to move, or if it is pressed
on the right side, but does not go lame as the horse
does, the secretions of bile are arrested, the bowels
will be constipated, and the feces dry and coated
with mucous. The milk will be scanty and of a
yellow color, and the cream thick and ropy. The
animal suffers much pain at times and is very rest-
less. When abscesses form the animal becomes
very much emaciated, the hair is dry and stands up,
the animal may eat some food, but usually very lit-
tle, and it pines away and dies. It is only on mak-
ing a post-mortem that we ascertain the true nature
of the disease.

Treatment: Apply a blister to the right side and
give a dose of physic, aloes for the horse and Epsom
salts for cattle. If the fever is high give from
twenty to thirty drops of tincture of aconite every
two hours until the pulse is lower; also give half
ounce doses nitrate of potassium three times a day
in the drinking water. When the acute stage is
over give dram doses of diluted nitro-hydrochloric
acid in a pint of cold water three times a day.

74 DISEA_#S OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

CHAPTER V.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

Acute Catarrh.—Catarrh, or cold, is an inflam-
mation of the membrane lining the nostrils and
the cavities of the face and head. It is attended
with a watery, then with a mattery discharge from
the nose, and occasionally with cough and sore
throat.

Causes: The direct causes of acute catarrh are
exposure to cold and wet, particularly when heat-
ed and weakened from overwork, and in contact
with animals suffering from the same disturbance.
When animals are placed in damp, badly venti-
lated stables, or when they are standing when the
system has been weakened by over-driving, the
influence of the cold suddenly applied acts detri-
mentally upon them.

Symptoms: Are sneezing, redness and dryness
of the membrane of the nose, then a watery dis-
charge of an irritating character, succeeded after
a few days by a turbid yellow discharge. The lin-
ings of the eyelids are more or less affected, and
there is a copious discharge of tears. If the throat
is affected, there will be a cough. The fever in
some cases is very Slight, the appetite remains un-
impaired, and there is no alteration of the pulse or
breathing. In other cases there is considerable
fever, the appetite diminished or may be lost, the

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 75

pulse from sixty to seventy, and the temperature
one hundred and one to one hundred and two; the
animal hangs its head, the coat stares or there may
be shivering fits, the breathing is accelerated, and
the animal has a desire for water. In some cases
the animal stands, and, if moved, seems stiff; the
legs and feet are cold, the urine thick and scanty.
The disease usually in the otherwise healthy horse
runs its course in ten days to two weeks. In all
cases it is better not to work horses suffering from
a simple cold, as the exhaustion caused by the work
is very liable to set up lung trouble. In some cases
the membrane of the nose becomes weakened by the
disease and the animal suffers from chronic catarrh
with a discharge from one or both nostrils. If the
sinuses of the face and head are affected the disease
is called nasal gleet.

Treatment: With all mild forms of catarrh no
treatment is necessary, but rest and attention to
the animal’s comfort. If possible put the horse in
a roomy, light, and well ventilated, but not cold
place. In all cases where fever is marked it will
be needful to give medicine to assist the animal
through the fever. It is best to give the medicine
in the drinking water. If the throat is sore and
swallowing difficult, it will be necessary to give it
asa drench. Great care must be taken in giving
medicine when the throat is sore. For reducing
the fever take two drams of chlorate of potassium
and two drams of nitrate of potassium, and give
_ twice daily in the drinking water. If the throat is
sore and the cough troublesome, give one dram of

76 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

camphor and one dram of belladonna, dissolved in
an ounce of glycerine, then add one-half pint of
eruel, and give at one dose three times a day. Rub
mustard on the throat and between the jaws. Be-
sides this, great benefit will be obtained by steam-
ing the nostrils, by taking a pail of boiling water
and putting a piece of camphor about the size of a
walnut in it and holding it under the nose for ten
or fifteen minutes at a time, three times a day. Give
the animal plenty of clean, cold-water to drink, and
any kind of food it will eat. After the animal be-
comes convalescent, give one dram of sulphate of
iron, and a tablespoonful of ground gentian at a
dose in a bran mash twice daily. During the fever
blanket the body and hand-rub and bandage the
legs. Ifthe bowels are constipated, give injections
of warm water, or if necessary, give a pint of raw .
linseed oil, but do not give strong purgatives.

CHRONIC CATARRH.

Is sometimes the result of a neglected case of sim-
ple catarrh. There is a discharge from the nos-
trils, and when we look at the mucous membrane
of the nose it is of a leaden hue. There is often an
unthrifty condition of the coat, but usually the ap-
petite remains good. When the discharge is thin
and of a bluish color it is termed nasal gleet. The
sinuses of the face and head sometimes get filled
up with matter and bulge out, which can be easily
seen, and when tapped with the finger emit a dull
sound.

Treatment: Give a dram of sulphate of copper

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 77

at a dose three times a day in a small bran mash.
Steam the nostrils with a pail of hot water, in
which two ounces of turpentine have been put.
Keep this under the animal’s nose for ten minutes
at a time, two or three times a day; or make a hot
bran mash and put one dram carbolic acid, iodine,
or sulphuric acid init. If the sinuses are bulged
out, they must be opened. A trephine is the best
instrument for this purpose. A small piece of skin
about the size of a silver dollar is removed, then a
piece of the bone is sawn out. Then clean it out
with a syringe and use carbolic lotion. Wash out
twice a day. After treatment with copper for a
few weeks and the animal not improving, give one-
half ounce of Fowler’s solution of arsenic twice a
day ina mash. All animals affected with chronic
catarrh should be kept by themselves in case of
affecting others, as it may become a case of
glanders.

Epistaxis (bleeding from the nose).—This de-
rangement is not of frequent occurrence in horses
or cattle, but it sometimes takes place.

Causes: Sneezing, coughing, or any violent exer-
tion, pulling heavy loads, or driving too fast, a tight
collar or bearing rein, especially if the animal is
fat, or injuries to the mucous membrane.

Symptoms: The blood oozes from one or both nos-
trils, or may be forced out in a stream by violent
sneezing. The blood is of a dark color. Bleeding
from the lungs comes always from both nostrils,
and is of a bright scarlet color and frothy.

Treatment: Tie up the animal’s head and apply

78 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

cold water or ice to the back of the head. Strong
alum water should be injected, or acetate of lead
half an ounce, water one pint; or flour may be
blown into the nostrils. I have had good success
from blowing prepared chalk. In very bad cases
the nostrils will have to be plugged. Take tow or
some soft substance and tie a soft string around it,
then press this into the nostril; never plug both
nostrils at once. Hypodermic injections of tine-
ture of ergot of rye, one to two ounces, are some-
times useful.

LARYNGITIS, OR SORE THROAT.

This is an inflammation of the soft tissue and
mucous membrane of the larynx, and occasionally
extending to the windpipe.

Causes: The same as catarrh. <A very common
cause is bringing a horse from a cold to a warm
stable, or when the animal is first brought in from
the field and put into a close stable.

Symptoms: Pain in the throat when the animal
is swallowing food or water, or when the throat is
slightly pressed. The horse keeps his nose ele-
vated so as to ease the throat. The mouth con-
tains a quantity of ropy saliva, the animal’s throat
being too sore to swallow it. Cough is easily caused
by attempting to swallow, and fluids are ejected
through the nose. At the beginning the cough is
hard and rather rough; when the morbid actionad-
vances, and the discharge is considerable, the cough
becomes soft and the sound less rough. There is
more or less fever. The pulse from sixty to eighty,

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 79

and the temperature is somewhat increased. The
animal seems afraid to eat, and when it does and
attempts to swallow, it brings on a fit of coughing,
in some cases nearly suffocating the animal, and
the chewed food will be forced partially through
the nose. From the effects of the inflammation the
soft structures of the throat may swell to such an
extent as to cause suffocation, and this takes place
sometimes in a few hours; there may be no ex-
ternal swelling, although it is sometimes present.
The breathing becomes very difficult, with a loud,
rough sound that can be heard several yards away.
When this takes place treatment requires to be
prompt to prevent the animal from suffocating.
Should life be prolonged for a few days, the breath
becomes very foetid, and the discharge from the
mouth and nose is very offensive. In some cases
of this affection a thickening of the membrane of
the throat causes thick wind or roaring.
Treatment: In this disease, in the majority of
cases, it is impossible to give medicine, as the ani-
mal cannot swallow, but if it can swallow water,
give two drams of chlorate of potassium and two
drams of nitrate of potass. in the drinking water
three times a day; steam the nostrils with hot water
with a piece of camphorinit. This should be done
in bad cases and when there is a tendency to suffo-
cation almost continually. Apply mustard to
the outside of the throat, and put a_ piece
of blanket over it. Repeat the mustard in
two days. Also gargle the throat with the
following: The fluid extract of belladonna, one

80 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

dram; chlorate of potass., one dram; water, half a
pint. Shake up well, elevate the head and pour a
little into the mouth, and rub the tongue with the
fingers to make it move, so that the gargle will
reach the sore part. When the animal wants to
cough let the head down, and when it gets over it
pour in a little more, and so on until the half pint is
all used. In bad cases this should be done often.
I have been called to cases where the horse was in
ereat distress, and by persevering with the above
treatment, in a few hours the animal would be
ereatly relieved. If there is swelling on the outside
of the throat, great benefit can be obtained by
fomenting with hot water or applying hot poultices
of linseed meal, changing as soon as they get cool.
Some recommend cotton wool soaked in hot oil
and put around the neck. If there is a possibility of
suffocation, the animal should be watched, and
we ought not to risk the chance of this, but perform
the operation of tracheotomy. This operation is
performed by feeling for the windpipe, five or six
inches below the throat. At this part there is very
little flesh. Take asharp knife and cut through the
skin and windpipe, making a cut about two inches
in length. The animal’s head should be held up by
an assistant, and as soon as the opening is made,
let the head down, so that the blood will not run
into the windpipe. Sponge the wound with acid
carbolic, half an ounce; water, one quart, to wash
away the blood. Then put in a tracheotomy tube,
and if one is not at hand get a piece of stiff gutta-
percha tube about half an inch in diameter, and

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 81

cut two holes in the side of it to tie two pieces of
string; tie this around the neck, and insert the
other end into the windpipe;- this will give imme-
diate relief. The tube should be removed once a
day and cleaned with carbolic acid, half an ounce;
water, one quart. Several times a day the hand
should be placed over the mouth of the tube to find
out how the animal can breathe through the nos-
trils, and when it is able to do so, the tube can be
withdrawn, the edges of the wound cleaned and
brought together by pins or stitches through the
skin on each side, and bathed once a day with car-
bolic lotion. Usually the animal recovers. AI-
though, if the operation has not been done before
the animal was in a dying condition, it does not
usually survive. If the cough remains after all
other symptoms have disappeared, blister the
throat with biniodide of mercury, one and one-half
drams; vaseline, two ounces; repeat every second
week for a month or two; also give one dram of
iodide of potassium in the drinking water in the
morning, and two drams of sulphate of iron in the
evening in a bran mash, made by boiling a teacup-
ful of flaxseed in two gallons of water and mix-
ing it with bran. This ought to be kept up for
three or four weeks, or give Fowler’s solution of ar-
senic, one ounce, in bran mash once a day and con-
tinue it for a month.

BRONCHITIS.

Is an inflammation of the tubes of the lungs, char-
acterized by a harsh cough, accelerated breathing,

82 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

a soft, frequent pulse, with more or less fever.

Causes: It is often the result of sore throat or the
same causes as catarrh, and is often caused by
smoke and the inhalation of irritating gases; or
solids and fluids passing down the windpipe in-
stead of the gullet; changes of the atmosphere, as
prevailing cold winds combined with moisture, and
from a deranged condition of the system from
other diseases. I have seen some cases of it in
which I could not find any cause.

Symptoms: The horse is dull, hangs its
head, the breathing is greatly increased, the
appetite is impaired, there is a short, dry
cough; in the early stages of the disease
the pulse is increased in frequency. As the
disease advances the cough becomes more trouble-
some; it is loud and rough. On placing the ear at
the root of the windpipe there will be a loud, rough
rattle, or if the smaller tubes are affected the sound
can be heard behind the shoulder. The difference
between bronchitis and laryngitis is, the sound
gets louder the farther down you put the ear on
the windpipe, and the sound can also be heard be-
hind the shoulder. In laryngitis it is loudest in the
upper part of the windpipe; also the animal can
swallow in bronchitis without difficulty, while in
laryngitis it cannot. It is therefore easily distin-
euished. After the first few days the cough be-
comes softer and the sound instead of being rough
is soft as if the air was passing through bubbles
of mucous. At this time the mucous membrane,
instead of being dry as at first, is now pouring out

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 83

a thin mucous, and the animal coughs up a con-
siderable quantity through its nose. If the small
tubes have been affected, the outpourings of this
mucous sometimes block them up, and the animal
dies from suffocation. After the disease has gone
on for six or eight days, the animal begins to im-
prove. But if the breathing becomes faster and
shorter, and the pulse fast and weak, and the dis-
charge from the nose becomes foul smelling and of
a dirty brick-red color, this indicates that the ani-
mal will die. The horse stands through the at-
tacks. Cattle usually lie on their breastbone.

Treatment: Place the animal in a comfortable
place with plenty of fresh air, but out of draughts;
clothe the body and if the legs are cold, hand-rab
and bandage them. In the early stage, when the
cough is rough and hard, give two drams of chlo-
rate of potassium and one dram of the fluid extract
of belladonna, in half a pint of water, three times a
day. If the pulse is full and soft, give fifteen to
twenty drops of tincture of aconite in the drinking
water every three or four hours until the pulse is
slower and firmer. Half an ounce of the tincture
of squills in half a pint of water given twice a day
is sometimes very useful. The inhalations of vapor
of hot water with a piece of camphor about the
size of a walnut will relieve the irritation of the
bronchial tubes very much and should be used sey-
eral times daily. If the inflammation is extensive
and the air cells involved and the breathing diffi-
cult, the application of mustard to the sides, or
Soap liniment rubbed in well twice a day, is of bene-

84 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

fit. I do not think strong blisters ought to be used,
as they cause too much irritation. I have seen the
fever increase rapidly after the application of a
cantharidian blister to the sides. If the bowels
are confined, injections of warm water will usually
relieve them. Purgatives are too reducing in this
disease. When the acute symptoms have subsided
and the appetite is poor, one ounce each of tincture
of gentian, tincture of ginger, and aromatic spirits
of ammonia in half a pint of cold water given three
times a day will stimulate the appetite and
strengthen the animal. As convalescence pro-
ceeds and the appetite improves, give one dram of
sulphate of iron and half a dram of nux vomica at
a dose, twice a day, in bran mash or ground oats.
During all stages of the disease give half ounce
doses of nitrate of potass. in the drinking water
twice a day. This keeps the kidneys active and
cools the system. The animal should not be put
to work for two or three weeks after convalescence.

CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS.

Congestion of the lungs is an over-filling of the
blood vessels with blood, often causing rupture of
the small ones, allowing the blood to escape into
the lung substance. It is caused by over-exertion
when the animal is not used to fast work. No ani-
mal should be driven fast for a length of time
without first having been trained, and even then
it will sometimes take place. In some cases there
may be frothy blood coming from the nostrils.
The pulse is small and indistinct, although the

ay” ee Sock
= Ne gn Saag"
* ti

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 85

artery feels full under the finger and may be beat-
ing at the rate of eighty to one hundred per minute,
although we cannot count the number of beats.
The veins of the skin stand out, especially over the
head. The heart is beating tumultuously and jerk-
ing. On applying the ear to the side, a. sharp, fine
cracking sound may be heard. The horse in this
condition makes no attempt to eat or drink. Treat-
ment: Clothe the body and hand-rub and bandage
the legs and give a stimulant. I find that one
ounce of aromatic spirits of ammonia and two
ounces of spirits of nitric ether given in half a pint
of cold water and repeated in half an hour if neces-
sary, usually gives relief. Half a pint of good
whisky in a pint of cold water and repeated in one
hour; or if nothing else is at hand, two tablespoon-
fuls of ground ginger dissolved in a pint of hot
water, and given as hot as it will bear, is useful.
Allow plenty of fresh air, but keep the animal as
warm as possible.

HAEMOPTYSIS (BLEEDING FROM THE LUNGS).

Bleeding from the lungs occurs from acute con-
gestion of the lungs, from rupture of the tissue of
the lungs or a blood vessel, or it may be caused
from tuberculosis or ulceration, also from severe
exertion. Symptoms: The flow of blood may be
only sight and soon stop of its own accord. There
is usually a cough caused by the blood in the bron-
chial tubes. The blood that is coughed up is of a
bright scarlet color and frothy. This is caused by
the air forming air bubbles; sometimes if it is ex-

86 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

cessive it will cause suffocation. Treatment: If
it is only in sinall quantities it will likely cease by
keeping the animal quiet; if it is severe pour cold
water over the back and give hypodermic injec-
tions of tincture ergot of rye every half hour until
it stops; use one ounce at an injection. It is dan-
gerous to give drenches of medicine by the mouth
in case of causing suffocation. If the animal can
eat give sulphate of iron in two-dram doses three
times a day or one dram of acetate of lead three
times a day for two days if needed. Inhalations of
hot water and turpentine are useful when it is
caused by ulcers or tuberculosis.

PNEUMONIA.

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung sub-
stance. Causes: It is more prevalent during spring
and autumn, particularly when cold, wet winds
prevail, when the animal is shedding its coat or
when it is weakened from other diseases, such as
congestion of the lungs, influenza, distemper, and
sometimes from disease of the digestive organs;
confined in badly ventilated stables where the ani-
mal has to breathe foul air. This is a very com-
mon cause in the large cities, and it is the most
difficult to treat. Symptoms: If the animal is no-
ticed in the early stage, there is generally a chill
which may cause it to shiver; the animal is dull
and refuses its food. The pulse is full, but soft,
and in some cases, not easily counted, usually from
sixty to eighty beats per minute. The temperature
will be increased to one hundred and three and one

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 87

hundred and four and five. There is a dry cough
which, in some cases, is very troublesome. The
breathing is not much increased at first. The horse
does not lie down until it is convalescent, and this
symptom helps us greatly in forming our opinion
as to the nature of the disease. The membrane
lining the eyelids and nose is of a dirty brick-red
color, and the bowels are usually confined. In ap-
plying the ear to the sides the sound of the air pass-
ing will be rough at first, gradually getting less un-
til very little sound can be heard. As the disease
progresses and the lungs become consolidated,
there will be no air sound in that part. They will
keep in this stage for a week, then there is usually
a change either for the better or worse. If the ani-
mal is improving it will look brighter, will eat a
little, and move around more in the stall, prick up
its ears at any sound, the pulse will be stronger
and more distinct and less frequent, the breathing
will also be more natural and the animal may lie
down. On the other hand, if the animal is getting
worse the breathing will be much increased. The
horse shows distress by being restless, takes no no-
tice of sounds, will not eat or drink, the pulse is
from eighty to one hundred per minute and small,

there will be a discharge from the nose often tinged

with blood and foul smelling, which can be felt
sometimes before you reach the animal. There will
be more or less heaving at the flanks, which in-
creases until the animal dies. Treatment: In the
early stages, if the animal is fat and the pulse full,
give twenty to twenty-five drops of tincture acon-

88 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

ite in a little water every two hours until the pulse
is slower anid weaker. Also give nitrate of potas-
sium in half ounce doses three times a day in the
drinking water. Blanket the animal and bandage
the legs of the horse. If the cough is troublesome
give one dram of opium made into a ball three
times a day. Cold linseed tea is very useful to keep
the bowels regular as well as an article of food.
It may be necessary to give an occasional injecticn
of warm water if the bowels should become con-
stipated, or a pint of linseed oil. Strong purgatives
should not be used, as they may cause too much
irritation to the mucous membrane of the stom-
ach and bowels and so cause death. When the
animal becomes convalescent give one dram of sul-
phate of iron and thirty grains of quinine made
into a ball with linseed meal or bread twice daily
for two or three weeks. Deo not put the animal to
work until fully recovered, and then it should be
worked light. ,

HEAVES (BROKEN WIND).

Broken wind, or heaves, is distinguished by diffi-
cult breathing accompanied by cough. It is non-
inflammatory and varies according to the season
of the year, and how the animal is fed, and what it
is fed on, and the work the animal has to do. The
difficulty is caused by a nervous contraction of the
lung tissue, which also causes the cough. The
nerve which supplies the lung passes to the stom-
ach and the heart and by a deranged condition of
either the stomach or heart will, by reflex action,

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 89

disturb the breathing, and we find this the case in
heaves. I have made a number of post-mortem ex-
aminations and failed to find, either by the naked
eye or the microscope, anything wrong with the
lung, although the animal had been affected with
heaves for a number of years. There are horses
whose lungs have been affected with inflammation
and a part becomes consolidated which will heave
Just as a heaving horse would do; but the great
majority of horses affected with heaves have no’
apparent disease of the lungs, therefore the ‘ma-
jority of the profession find and believe it to be
a deranged state of the digestive organs. Profes-
sor Robertson says: “It is generally admitted to
be true that to this abnormal condition is attached
a certain amount of disposition or capability of
propagation from parent to progeny. Not that
those who support this idea suppose that the exact
paralysis of lung-tissue is received as an inherit-
ance from parent, but rather that, born with a
certain bodily conformation or temperament, the
animals are, under the same conditions and sur-
roundings, more Hable to become sufferers from
this particular disordered condition than others not
possessed of the same congenital constitutions.”
Certain breeds of horses are more subject to heaves
than others. Coarse-bred, high-boned, pot-bellied
animals are more frequently affected with it than
the fine, round, well-built horse. The kind of food
the animal is fed on and also the quantity is a
cause of heaves. Musty, innutritious, bulky, dusty
food, with a full allowance of water and put to

90 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

work, is a very common cause of heaves. Certain
kinds of timothy hay seem to be notorious for pro-
ducing it. Good, clean straw and clover hay, when
it is fed sparingly, is much better for horses than
pure timothy hay. If heaving horses are fed largely
on oats with very little hay, and watered before
being fed, and not put to work for an hour at least,
they will do a fair day’s work. Gamgee says that
heaves follows the introduction of artificial grasses.
Symptoms: When fully developed it is easily rec-
ognized and is so well marked that it cannot be mis-
taken. The air is easily drawn in, but there seems
to be a difficulty in expelling it, and. it takes a
double effort to do it, causing the animal to heave.
In the early stages it is not so easy to detect it.
Cough is often a forerunner of it. The cough is
peculiar. It is short and suppressed, as if it was
averted in the expulsion, and is often accompanied
by a forcible expulsion of gas from the anus. It
seems to follow the slightest exercise, even the act
of drinking will bring it on. It is more trouble-
some after a full meal and a liberal allowance of
water. Indigestion and an unhealthy appear-
ance of the animal, the intestines enlarge and the
belly drops down. The appetite may not be im-
paired, but there is want of assimilation and the
animal does not get the good of the food it con-
sumes, therefore heavy horses are usually weak,
and when put to hard work very soon give out. A
confirmed broken-winded horse is only fit for slow,
light work. Treatment: Feed so as not to over-
load the stomach; allow a little hay to be eaten

®

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 91

first, then water and then the oats. Never feed
more than twelve to fourteen pounds of hay per
day and fifteen pounds of oats. Boiled flaxseed
mixed with a little bran at night will keep the bow-
els regular, besides being very nutritious. Sul-
phate of iron, four ounces; nitrate of potass., four
ounces; nux vomica, two ounces, divided into
twenty-four doses, and one given every night in
bran mash, is very useful. After this quantity has
been given, skip two or three weeks, and repeat.
One ounce of Fowler’s solution of arsenic given
every night in small bran mash, when the animal
is at work in the spring, is very good and often en-
ables an animal to do a good day’s work, which it
could not do but for the arsenic. This can be con-
tinued for a month or six weeks without any dan-
ger to the animal, then stop for a few weeks or as
long as the animal can do without it, and when the
breathing becomes difficult, resume again and so
on. I have treated horses in this way and they
would do their work with ease for years.

PLEURISY.

Pleurisy is an inflammation of the serous mem-
brane lining the cavity of the chest and covering
the lungs. This disease is caused by injuries to the
walls of the chest, or from exposure to cold when
the animal has been heated. I have seen a num-
ber of cases following clipping late in the fall or
too early in the spring. It is often connected with
pneumonia and disease of the heart. It sometimes
takes place without any apparent cause and is

a
92 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

probably the result of some morbid-state of the
blood. It may affect only one side or both. Symp-
toms: It is usually ushered in by slight or severe
chill, followed by fever, quick and painful breath-
ing, interrupted by a short cough, almost continu-
ous. The animal is restless and if made to move
will evince pain and stiffness, which may be taken
for founder. The difference can be easily detected
by the pulse, which in pleurisy is small and hard,
while in founder it is full and soft. On backing the
horse, if it is pleurisy it will lift its fore feet al-
though it may give it pain; if founder, it will not
lift its fore feet from the ground, and if forced will
drag its feet, and arch its back, have its hind feet
forward under its belly. The expulsion of the
breath is principally done by the muscles of the
abdomen, and the ribs kept as fixed as possible.
There is a depression or line running along the
cartilage of the false ribs. This is well marked,
even in the early stages of the disease. The ani-
mal will look around at its side or sides, and show
signs of colic, but will rarely lie down. If made to
move suddenly will grunt. On applying the ear to
the sides you will hear a grating sound every time
the animal breathes. This is caused by the dry, .
inflamed surfaces rubbing together. After a few
days, friction sound passes away, and we either
hear no sound or we may be able to hear the sound
of fluid. At this time, if the pulse becomes small
and fast and the breathing is more heaving, there
is danger of effusion taking place. At this time, if
effusion has taken place, on applying the ear to the

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 93

chest or root of the neck you will hear a splashing
sound every time the animal breathes. On the
other hand, if the pulse becomes slower the breath-
ing more natural and the animal moves about with
more ease, the appetite returns, and the animal
lies down quiet, it is a sure sign of recovery. Treat-
ment: In all cases of pleurisy no matter how
slight it is, the animal should be placed in a com-
fortable, loose box, with plenty of fresh air, the
body well clothed and the legs hand-rubbed and
bandaged. Some recommend to bleed the animal
until the pulse becomes soft. My experience is
that in the majority of cases it is better not to
bleed. The fever can be reduced by giving tincture
of aconite in doses from fifteen to twenty-five drops
every two hours, and nitrate of potassium in half
ounce doses three times daily in the drinking
water. As soon as the pulse is reduced in strength
and frequency, stop the aconite, but continue the
potassium. If the pain is severe opium in dram
doses should be given three times a day in a little
gruel or a ball. As well as relieving the pain it
will reduce the cough. Hot fomentation to the
chest or blankets wrung out of boiling water and
changed every half hour and hot linseed meal poul-
tices are good. If this cannot be done rub in well
compound soap liniment and cover up with hot
blankets. If the pain continues after giving the
above treatment, apply a blister of cantharides,
two drams; lard, one ounce and one-half. Repeat
on the second day if needed. After the acute stage
is passed, which will usually take place about the

94 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

fourth day, we find the animal requires stimula-
tion and the best is one ounce tincture of ginger,
gentian, and chloride of iron, given at one dose,
in a pint of water, two or three times a day. Con-
tinue the potassium, as it will keep the kidneys ac-
tive, which is particularly necessary in pleurisy.
If the animal improves, continue this treatment;
but if effusion is taking place it will be necessary
to give, besides the above, one dram of iodide of
potassium once daily in the drinking water. Give
cood food and improve the appetite by giving one
dram sulphate of quinine with fifteen or twenty
drops of nitric acid in a quart of gruel. If liquid
has formed in the chest as the result of the disease,
give five grains powdered cantharides, and digi-
talis twenty to thirty grains, twice a day. Con-
tinue the tincture of ginger, gentian and chloride
of iron. Repeat the blister to the chest if the skin
is not broken by the previous one. If the fluid
still keeps accumulating it will be necessary to tap
the animal. This is done by cutting the skin be-
tween the eighth and ninth rib and pushing a small
trocar and canula into the cavity, then draw out
the trocar, leaving the canula in and the fluid will
run out. After the fluid has been removed it will
be useful to give the horse half a pint of good
whisky as a stimulant. It is not necessary to re-
move all the fluid—as this cannot be easily done.
The opening made into the chest should not be too
low, about midway between the superior surface
of the fluid and the bottom of the chest. This oper-
ation will often have to be repeated as the fluid

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 95

will have a tendency to accumulate again in two
or three days. If the animal has not sufficient
strength, I find the operation is of little use; but if
the animal is strong it will often save its life.

Chronic Cough.—What is chronic cough?
When an animal coughs beyond the limited period
usually assigned to a cold, it is called chronic
cough. There are several causes of cough in the
horse; first, from a thickening of the membrane
of the throat caused from distemper or colds; sec-
ond, it may be the forerunner of heaves; third, it
‘may be caused from some lung trouble or a nervous
irritation of the throat. If possible, find out the
part affected; if it is caused by a thickening of the
membrane, nothing can be done for it; if it is the
commencement of heaves, the treatment for that
disease may relieve it for a time; if it is caused
by an irritation of the throat, such medicines as
opium and belladonna may be tried. There is no
Sure cure for chronic cough.

Goitre (Enlarged Thyroid Glands).—This dis-
ease consists of enlargement of the glands of the
throat just behind the angles of the lower jaw,
and is a common disorder in horses and cattle in
districts where there is an abundance of lime in
the soul, and usually the drinking water is impreg-
nated with it. This is said to be the cause, and al-
though it is much more prevalent in limestone dis-
tricts it is frequently seen in all parts of the coun-
try and in animals that are kept in close, badly
ventilated stables, and in some cases it follows

sore throat.

96 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

Symptoms: A swelling is noticed on each side
of the throat where the throat latch of the bridle
comes. In some cases it grows very rapidly, in
others it is of slow growth. In pressing on the
gland it moves easily under the skin, although it
feels hard. When it grows large it sometimes in-
terferes with the animal’s wind and is unsightly.

Treatment: It is usually reduced by using the
following: Biniodide of mercury, one dram; lard,
one and a half ounces; mix and rub on a little
every second week; also give one dram of iodide of
potassium twice a day in a bran mash and con-
tinue it for three or four weeks.

*

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 97

CHAPTER VI.

DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF CIRCULATION.

The heart of the horse and ox is situated in the
center of the chest, with the apex inclining to the
left side. Therefore, when the horse and ox are
in a healthy state you cannot hear or see the mo-
tion of the heart from the outside, but on severe
exertion it can be both seen and felt. If in the
horse or ox, while standing quiet or after moder-
ate work, you can hear the beating of the heart, it
will indicate that there is some derangement of
this organ, and the horse will be considered un-
sound.

Palpitation of the Heart.—Is usually caused by
a deranged condition of the nerves supplying the
heart; and as these nerves are connected with the
nerves of the stomach, it often happens when the
stomach is affected by disease that it may cause
palpitation.
~ Causes: In the horse, fast driving, if long con-
tinued, especially if the animal is not used to it;
blood diseases or impure blood from reducing dis-
eases; influenza, or other epizootic affections. In
cattle, it is often the result of dyspepsia and nery-
ous diseases.

Symptoms: The principal symptoms are power-
ful and jerky action of the heart, frequent and

28 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

small pulse, anxiety, and often loss of appetite. In
some cases the jerking is so violent as to shake the
whole body of the animal, and to be heard at a con-
siderable distance, and may be mistaken for
spasms of the diaphragm. Ifthe heart is the organ
affected, the jerk and sound will take place
with each beat of the pulse. Palpitation of the
heart from disease of the heart itself will usually
be irregular or intermitting, which is the most dan-
gerous. There may be an intermiiting beat of the
heart without palpitation, caused from valvular
disease of the heart. In some severe cases of pal-
pitation the animal may show signs of faintness
and suffocation, on the least exertion.

Treatment: In all cases of heart disease the
animal should be kept as quiet as possible, and
given two ounces of tincture of opium and two
ounces of tincture of digitalis at a dose in half a
pint of water, and half the dose repeated in two
hours if the animal is not relieved. If it is caused
from a deranged state of the blood, it may be neces-
sary to give a dose of physic and dram doses of sul-
phate of iron twice daily, or ounce doses of hypo- |
sulphate of soda and whisky in half-pint doses
three times daily. If the pulse should be strong,
sometimes benefit is obtained by giving from twen-
ty to twenty-five drops of tincture of aconite in a
little water every two hours until an alteration of
the pulse takes place.

Pericarditis—Pericarditis is an inflammation of
the membrane investing the heart.

Causes: Inflammation of the investing mem-

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 99

brane containing the heart is caused by injuries,
such as sharp bodies passing from the stomach te
the heart. This isa common occurrence to cows in
cities from eating slops from the kitchen; expos-
ure to colds, and fatigue; certain general diseases
of the blood, such as rheumatism, strangles, influ-
enza, and from the extension of inflammation of
the pleura and lungs.

Symptoms: The symptoms of this form of heart
disease are obscure. The animal will show signs
of pain if made to move; the pulse is fast and small,
but hard as if you were pressing your finger on a
piece of wire; the breathing may or may not be
increased; the animal shows stiffness in moving;
and on applying the ear over the region of the heart
on the left side we may in some cases hear a rasp-
ing sound at each beat of the heart; but this can-
not be depended upon, except in some cases. There
will be fever, loss of appetite, ete. In the majority
of cases all that can be done is to treat the symp-
toms. In the early stages, when the pulse is hard
and fast, and the animal in good flesh, give from
twenty to twenty-five drops of tincture of aconite
in a little water every two hours until the pulse
becomes softer; also give half an ounce nitrate of
potassium in drinking water three times a day; and
if the bowels are constipated, give from one and
one-half pints to a quart of raw linseed oil. If the
animal is in much pain, give one dram of powdered
opium in a ball or in gruel three times daily. Some-
times there is benefit obtained by applying a blis-
ter to the left side. As the disease progresses the

100 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

pulse becomes weak, and the breathing short and
quick, and the legs and ears are cold; and in cattle
the membrane of the nose is dry and cold, there is
general stiffness, and in the horse swellings appear
on the legs and under the belly. In cattle gener-
ally under the belly and in the dewlap. The horse
generally stands through the disease, but cattle
will lie down on their right side. The animal
moans and grinds its teeth, and looks around every
now and then toward its left side. When effusion
takes place in the cavity you can, on applying the
ear to the left side, hear a splash at each beat of
the heart. After death I have found a large quan-
tity of liquid around the heart, and in:some cases
a regular covering of cheesy pus between the heart
and the sack. In several cases of cows, which have
died from this disease, I have found a piece of darn-
ing needle, which had made its way from the stom-
ach to the heart, setting up inflammation, causing
death. It is strange how many cases of this kind
are reported to have taken place in cows.

Endocarditis.—Inflammation of the inner lining
of the heart, and is usually complicated with rheu-
matic disease. This is a very dangerous disease,
and if it does not kill in the acute stage it is very
likely to leave thickening of the valves of the heart,
which will interfere with the passage of the blood
through the heart, preventing the animal from
doing fast or heavy work.

Symptoms: There is a very decided interference
with the action of the heart; the beat is very irreg-
ular and violent in its action, compared with the

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 101

smallness of the pulse beat in the artery of the jaw.
There is a high fever; the breathing is not much al-
tered in the first stage of the disease. On applying
the ear to the left side or root of the neck you will
hear a loud metallic sound at each heart beat, and
there will be a marked venous pulse caused by the
action of the disease ou the valves of the heart. If
the inflammation is not checked, the inner lining
swells, narrowing the opening with which the
valves are connected, so that only a small quantity
of blood will pass through, suffocation, with quick,
short breathing and great distress; and if not re-
lieved, the animal soon dies.

Treatment: I give a dose of aloes, and follow
this by giving half-ounce doses of nitrate of potass.
and chlorate of potassium. Also give tincture of
aconite, twenty to thirty drops, combined with the
same quantity of fluid extract of digitalis three or
four times a day in a pint of water. Mustard poul-
tices should be applied to the left side, and blank-
ets be put on, and the legs hand-rubbed and ban-
daged.

Dilatation of the Heart——I have seen several
well-marked cases, and they all presented the same
symptoms, namely, inability to work; as long as
the animal was allowed to keep quiet, it seemed as
if nothing was wrong with it; but as soon as it was
driven fast or made to pul! a load or plow, it would
breathe fast and show signs of suffocation, and if
forced to move on would fall over, and lie on its
side with its mouth open. After a few minutes the
animal would recover its breath and rise in an ex-

102 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

hausted state; but very Soon it would seem as if
nothing had happened to it. Some of the cases
were not quite so severe as the above; they could
do a fair amount of slow work and light loads.
One day I was called to see a fine black horse, the
property of a brewer. The driver complained that
if the load was heavy or if the horse was driven
fast, it would stop, breathe fast, and seemed as if
it would choke. I examined the horse, and found
it was suffering from dilatation of the heart, and
informed the owner of the fact, and said if the
horse was made to pull a heavy load or be driven
fast it would likely drop and die. The horse ac-
cordingly was put to slow, ight work, until one day
it had to take the place of another horse, and on go-
ing up a hill, when about half way up, it wanted to
stop, but the driver whipped it on, as he did not
want to stop on the middle of the hill, and before
he reached the top the animal! fell suffocated and
died. J made an examination and. found the left
side of the heart was greatly dilated. This dis-
ease may sometimes be mistaken for lung trouble.
In dilatation there is no cough, and when the ani-
mal is quiet it seems all right; but if the pulse is
examined it will be feeble, irregular, marked ven-
ous pulse, especially when the animal is moved.
The legs are usually cold, and there may be a tend-
ency to stock. As the disease advances the ani-
mal begins to lose flesh and the system generally
becomes deranged; and if the animal is not used
for work, it will gradually get worse, swell under
the belly and legs, and after a time die; but usually

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 103

the animal dies suddenly from over-exertion.
Treatment is of no service.

Hypertrophy of the heart is an increase in its
size, the walls becoming very thick. There are
three forms of this trouble. First, when the walls
are thickened and the cavities retain their capa-
city; second, when the cavity becomes enlarged;
third, when the walls thicken and diminish the size
of the cavity. Leblanc says the origin of this dis-
ease depends on a chronic form of inflammation in
its walls.

Symptoms: The impulse of the heart is much
stronger than natural, and can be felt lower down;
the sound is louder and metallic. In some cases
that I have seen the impulse of the heart could be
seen on the right side as well as the left. . On look-
ing at a horse’s sides affected with hypertrophy,
you can see the motion, and sometimes it can be
heard ata little distance. There is no cure for it,
and the animal may do slow, light work for a few
years.

Rupture of the heart sometimes occurs in the
horse from over-exertion and shocks; such as strik-
ing against some solid body, the result of falls.
Sometimes a horse may drop on the race-course
from rupture of the heart. Sudden fright will cause
it. I remember one case of rupture in a young
mare from being forced up to a locomotive. The
animal began to tremble violently and dropped
dead in a few minutes. <A post-mortem revealed
rupture of the left ventricle of the heart. I men-
tion this, as I do not think it wise to force a horse

104 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

up to anything it is very much afraid of. There
are a number of other diseases of the heart which
are not well marked; and itis only after death that
we discover the true nature of the disease. In some
forms of heart disease an animal may do a fair
amount of work and keep in good condition and
still die from heart trouble; but the majority be-
come unfit for hard work, and show some of the
general signs of heart disease, which are: Difficult
breathing on exertion, irregular beating of the
heart, cold extremities, loss of flesh, and toward the
end swelling of the legs and belly. The appetite
usually remains good until near the end.

Injuries to the Arteries.—An accident of this
kind to the horse or cattle is rare; but it does hap-
pen that an artery is cut or otherwise injured, and
it is necessary to know how toremedy it. The walls
of arteries are elastic, and when cut completely
across will contract or be drawn into the tissue,
and in this way arrest bleeding; but if the artery is
pricked or only partially cut by contraction of its
elastic walls it will keep the cut open. When blood
is exposed to the air it clots and plugs up the
mouth of the artery; but if the artery is of any
size, the force of the blood through it will force out
any clot that may form. In this case the bleeding
can only be stopped by pressure or by ligature. If
the wound is deep and the artery cannot be easily
found, plug it with cotton batting dipped in linseed
oil eight parts, carbolic acid one part. Let this
remain in for twenty-four hours, then withdraw it.
Usually after the bleeding has been stopped for

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 105

twenty-four hours the vessel is closed. When an
artery is lacerated or torn it seldom bleeds much,
as the torn coats are of unequal length, usually con-
tracting inward, and consequently there is very Lit-
tle hemorrhage. Bleeding from an artery is known
by the jerking stream of bright red blood which is
pushed from the wound with considerable force.
As the animal loses considerable blood and is be-
coming weak the jerking is more perceptible.
Treatment: Cold and hot water have both been
recommended. The cold causes contraction, but
prevents coagulation. Heat causes coagulation,
but prevents contraction. I find in the majority of
cases cold water is the most useful to stop bleeding
from small vessels. In tying an artery it requires
to be taken up with a pair of artery forceps and a
silk thread tied firmly. In most cases both ends of
the vessel require to be tied. Tie the end next the
heart first, and if there is no bleeding from the
other it need not be tied. Pressure at some distance
or on the wound will be of service in some cases.
Thus about the coronet, where there are a number
of vessels, it is difficult to tie them all; and I find
the best means of stopping the blood is to put on a
pad, then a tight bandage; and if this does not stop
it, take a small piece of rope, tie a knot on it, put
the knot on the top of the pad, bring the ends of the
rope around the pastern and tie it tight; this
brings the pressure right onthe spot. In two hours
Slacken the rope a little, but do not take it off, in
case of starting bleeding again. In twenty-four
hours the rope should be taken off, but the pad

106 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

should remain on for three days; then it can be re-
moved and the wound dressed. |

Aneurism is a tumor formed by coagulated ar-
terial blood within a dilated artery, or between the
several coats of such a vessel, or externally to it.
Aneurisms may form in any of the arteries, but
the superficial ones are usually found in the neck
and legs. They are soft tumors, which appear in
the course of the artery and pulsate at the same
time as the heart beats. On applying the ear to
the tumor a peculiar sound will be heard resem-
bling hissing. If it is considered advisable to treat
it, it is best done by dissecting out the tumor and
applying a ligature to the artery above and below.
Then cut off the tumor, but if it is not interfering
with the animal’s usefulness, it is best to let it
alone.

Venous Hemorrhage.—Ananimal can losemuch
more blood from a vein without any danger to its
life than from an artery, as the blood runs more
slowly, and it has given up its nourishment to the
tissues before it reaches the vein. The hemorrhage
from aveinshould be stopped by pressure or by pin-
ning up the wound, as it is a bad and dangerous
practice to tie a large vein, as they are made up
from the union of a number of small veins, and if
the trunk vein is-tied, the small ones have no place
to empty themselves, and the result would be stag-
nation of the vessels covering a large surface. Not
So with the arteries. The blood is flowing from the
large vessel to the small ones; and if the large one
is tied, the collaterals will become enlarged, and

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 107

thereby carry on the circulation. Unless in cases
of great emergency it should never be done.

Phiebitis (Inflammation of a Vein)—It is seldom
that we see a case of this disease nowadays, as
there are so few horses bled; but it may take place
without any apparent cause. Usually it is caused
by an injury. A vein may be injured and a little
blood from it may get into its sheath or the sur-
rounding tissues and set up inflammation of the
vein and the tissue around it.

Treatment: Bathe the part with cold water and
, apply acetate of lead, one ounce; tincture of ar-
nica, two ounces; water, one quart. Use this free-
ly and often. If the inflammation does not seem
to be easily removed, put on a blister of canthar-
ides, two drams; lard, oneounce; repeat in a week
if necessary. Give nitrate of potassium in half-
ounce doses, three times a day for a few days, to
keep down fever. If the bowels are constipated,
give a dose of aloes. Varicose veins are sometimes
seen about the legs of horses; and it is seldom they
do any harm; but if they are developing, even pres-
sure may be applied by means of pads and band-
ages, and a stringent lotion made of tannin, one
ounce; water, one quart. Apply while using the
bandage. If the walls become thin and the vessel
bursts, keep the animal quiet and apply the tinc-
ture of iron and bandage as above.

Purpura Hemorrhagica is an exudation of
blood through the walls of the blood vessels, the
result of debilitating disease, such as strangles, in-
fluenza, etc. It may be caused from a deranged

108 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

condition of the blood vessels and other tissues of
the body by animals kept in badly ventilated sta-
bles; also from innutritious food.

Symptoms of the disease are swelling of various
parts of the body, more particularly about the head
and face; they pit on pressure by the finger. Inthe
course of a few days a bloody water exudes from
the membrane of the nose and eyes. Very soon
after it will be seen to ooze from the swollen parts.
In some cases sloughing may take place. The pulse
is very weak and fast, eighty to one hundred; the
temperature never reaches a high point. The urine
is scanty and high colored. Ifthe intestines should
be affected there will be diarrhoea mixed with
blood and the animal may be affected with colicky
pains. The lungs, liver and brain may become in-
volved, and the animal soon dies. If the case is of
mild form and properly treated it may recover.

Treatment: Give one ounce each of tincture of
gentian, ginger, iron, and spirits of nitric ether at
a dose in a pint of water twice a day; and give at
noon one dram of nitro-hydrochloric acid in a pint
of water. I find this the most successful treatment.
Half-ounce doses of nitrate of potassium once daily
in the drinking water will be useful to act on the
kidneys. External applications are of no value in
this disease.

DISEASES OF THE LYMPHATICS.

The lymphatic system is composed of a set of
vessels, quite as numerous as the veins, and they
ramify through every portion of the body where

teh

DISEASES OF,HORSES AND CATTLE. 109

blood vessels are found. These lymphatic vessels
sooner or later pass into lymphatic glands, which
are very numerous in the fore legs and under and
between the lower jaws and other parts of the
body. The use of these vessels is to collect sur-
plus fluid which exudes through the blood vessels,
as well as waste products, and convey them into
the circulation. The use of the glands through
which these vessels pass is to purify in some way
this fluid before it reaches the blood vessels.
When the system gets overcharged with these ma-
terials, the lymphatics become distended, and in
some cases inflamed.

Inflammation of the lymphatics is called Lym-
phangitis. This disease can be caused by several
conditions. First: Horses with a sluggish circu-
lation are predisposed to this disease, animals that
are over-fed and have not sufficient exercise or ani-
mals that arehalf-starved and over-worked, sudden
exposure to cold and wet. A common cause of this
disease is feeding a horse that is idle or that has
very little work and too much nutritive food; the
system soon gets blocked up, and if the animal does
not take an attack of lymphangitis it will suffer in
some other form. When a horse is to be idle for a
time its allowance of food should be cut down, and
if the animal should become reduced, then increase
it a little, but a horse allowed to stand eating all
day and night is almost sure to suffer some ill ef-
fects. On the other hand, when a horse is over-
worked and under-fed, the whole system becomes
weak and the lymphatics are not able to do their

110 DISEASES OF HORSES, AND CATTLE.

work, and swelling of the legs takes place. It is
also the result of disease, especially distemper and
influenza, which have a tendency to affect the
glands.

Symptoms: It usually begins with a chill anda
rise in the temperature, very soon followed by
_ lameness. Often a horse may seem all right at
night, and in the morning one or both hind legs
will be so sore and stiff that the animal will not
move. If only one hind leg is affected, he will hold
it up, and if made to move it will not put it to
the ground, but hop off on three legs, which often
gives the animal the appearance as if its leg was
broken. The animal will be breathing fast and
heavy, and if made to move may groan with pain;
and Ihave seen somecases where if you rubbed your
hand up the inside of the leg the animal would lift
it so high as to over-balance and sometimes fall.
The glands on the inside of the thigh will be hard
and feel like a rope under the fingers, and hot and
tender; this will at once let you know the nature
of the disease. In the course of a few hours the leg
will begin to swell from the foot, caused by a fill-
ing up of the lymphatic vessels, and as they be-
come distended they, too, will become inflamed and
hot. In some cases the leg will swell to an enormous
size, and it may be that the skin may crack or
a thin fluid may ooze out. There is considerable
fever and a full pulse, from sixty to seventy, and
the animal will not eat, but may drink consider-
able; and if it should lie down, it will be unable
to rise until turned over on the well side. A horse

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. EA

affected with this trouble seldom lies down. Usu-
ally the urine is scanty and the bowels constipat-
ed. If the inflammation is not relieved in a day
or two the glands may undergo suppuration, and
blood poisoning may take place, and the animal
may die, or the leg may remain thick from oblitera-
tion of the lymphatics. This is a disease that is
easily treated if taken in time.

Treatment: Find the cause and then treat ac-
cordingly. If it is caused by the animal’s having
too much food and not enough exercise, give aloes
one ounce, carbonate of soda one ounce, ginger,one
ounce; dissolve in half a pint of boiling water, add
half a pint of cold water, and give at one dose.
Also give twenty to thirty drops of tincture of acon-
ite every two hours until the pulse becomes slower.
Also give half an ounce of nitrate of potass. in the
drinking water three times a day, bathe the legs”
with hot water for an hour at a time, then apply
acetate of lead half an ounce, tincture of opium
two ounces, water one quart. Rub in with the
hand. Do this every hour, and keep the animal] in
a comfortable place. Usually in twenty-four hours
the physic has operated and the potassium has in-
creased the secretion of urine, and the hot water
and lotion have reduced the inflammation, and the
animal can move about with ease. Give gentle
exercise two or three times a day for twenty min-
utes ata time. In cases where it is caused by over-
working and poor food, or from reducing diseases,
such as influenza and distemper, treatment should
be of a stimulating and tonic nature. Give oneounce

112 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

each of tincture chloride of iron, tincture of gen-
tian and ginger at a dose in a pint of water three
times a day. Give good hay and oats, and apply
the above lotion to the swollen legs. In cases, as
it sometimes happens, that matter forms in the
glands of the thigh, wash with warm water, and
use acetate of lead half an ounce, sulphate of zine
half an ounce, carbolic acid half an ounce, water
one quart; apply alittle twicea day. If the parts
should become fungied, apply a little terchloride
of antimony with a feather once or twice. In two
days use the lotion again. It sometimes happens
that the leg from the hock to the foot remains
thick, caused either from weakness of the lymphat-
icseor from their being destroyed by the inflam-
mation. In this case it is difficult to remove the
chronic swelling. Try arsenic in the form of Fow-
ler’s solution in one ounce doses once a day in bran
mash, and continue it fora menth. Alsorub onthe
leg twice a week iodine two drams, vaseline two
ounces. Ihave seen some cases yield to this treat-
ment. Grease, which is sometimes the result of

this disease, will be described under the head of °

skin diseases.

I
;
%
F
4
7

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 113

CHAPTER ~» VIL.

DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.

A. short description of the kidneys is necessary
so that we may have a better idea of the causes and
nature of their diseases. The kidneys are two glan-
dular organs situated in the lumbar region of the
back. They are composed of a number of tubes
and tufts, around which the blood vessels run. The
supply of blood to the kidneys is very large for the
size of these organs. The tubes begin very small
at the surface of the kidney and are very numer-
ous; they soon join each other, becoming larger,
and finally terminate in a part of the kidney
termed the pelvis. At the lower border from this
place there is a small duct which leads to the blad-
der, through which the urine passes. The use of
the kidneys is to secrete the water and effete mat-
ters in the form of urine and uric acid, which would
soon poison the body if it remained there. The
blood vessels ramify around the tubes, and ‘the
epithelium of the tubes secrete the urine from the
blood, and if we consider the quantity of urine
which is secreted daily, we need not wonder at the
size of the blood vessels which go to and from the
kidneys. If from want of action, from disease, or
otherwise the kidneys did not secrete this material

114 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

from the blood, the animal would soon suffer from
a form of blood poisoning called uremic. The
quantity of urine secreted varies very much in the
same animal. The weather has a great deal to do
with the amount secreted. Animals pass more
urine in winter than in summer, as heat increases
the quantity removed by the skin and lessens the
amount passed by the kidneys. Work lessens it, as
more passes off by the skin. The food the animals
eat alters very much the quality and quantity. If
animals such as the horse are fed on straw, the
urine is usually of a whitish color, if on timothy
hay or clover hay usually dark. Thick, creamy urine
is the result of a sluggish condition of the kidneys,

while coffee colored and scanty urine is the result -

of fever and a partial congestive state of the secre-
tive organs in different parts of the body. An in-
crease in the quantity and of a clear or light yellow
color denotes either over-stimulation or it is. seen
in cold weather, and on account of it not being
irritant the time between voiding it has been pro-
longed. On the other hand, if it is passed in quan-
tities and often, and the animal is very thirsty, it
is a symptom of a disease which will be described
hereafter. As long as an animal is in good condi-
tion and spirits and has a good appetite no notice
need be taken of the urine. Diseases of the urinary
organs are very rare in animals, but as they do
happen sometimes I will describe a few of them.
Nephritis (Inflammation of the Kidneys).—In-
flammation of the kidneys is caused from exposure
to cold when the animal is heated, kicks, and other

.

5
a
a
;.
“4

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 115

injuries; also from too strong diuretic medicines,
such as resin, saltpetre, and cantharides, and some-
times from the animal eating too astringent vege-
tables and weeds.

Symptoms: The animal stands with its hind
legs wide apart, is stiff, and the back somewhat
arched, and if the animal is made to move will
groan, has very little inclination to lie down, and if
it does it is with great care and does not roll; but
it is very seldom that it tries to lie down, as it
causes too much pain. The animal may show
symptoms of colic pains by looking around at its
flanks. The secretions of urine are scanty and high
colored, and the animal is constantly passing it in
small quantities, or it may be only in drops. On
account of it irritating the bladder it is passed as
soon as it reaches it. Sometimes after the disease
has existed for a few days blood and pus may be
passed. The pulse is fast, from eighty to ninety,
the mouth is hot and clammy, the bowels consti-
pated, the thirst great, the breathing fast and
short, and as the disease advances it becomes very
foul smelling. The sweat which will appear on
different parts of the body has a strong odor of
urine. If the animal is not soon released uremic
poisoning takes place, causing exhaustion and
sometimes coma. The animal falls, struggles for
awhile, and dies. It will assist us to make an ex-
ploration of the bladder through the rectum. If it
is the kidneys that are at fault, the bladder will be
found empty, and by gentle pressure upwards and
forwards from the bladder the kidneys can be felt

116 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

and the slightest pressure will cause extreme pain
to the animal. Pressure on the outside of the back
is No Sign, as some animals will flinch at the slight-
est rubbing or pressure, while others will take no
notice of it. Examination will disclose kidney
casts and sometimes matter.

Treatment: Put the animal in a comfortable
place and allow all the cold water it can drink,
with two drams of chlorate of potassium in it,
three or fouw times daily. Three-ounce doses liquor
acetate of ammonia given several times a day, in-
jections of soap and water to clean out the bowels,
and a hot sheepskin put over the loins and kept
there by blankets are useful. If the fever and tem-
perature run high give two drams of antifebrin
every three hours until sweating takes place and
the fever is reduced. After the third day if the
urine is very scanty and the breath foul smelling,
small doses one to two ounces of sweet spirits of
nitre should be given in water and poultices of
digitalis powder applied over the loins and kept
there until the secretions are increased. One-
‘ounce doses of tincture of chloride of iron given
three times a day in a little water is of service.

Hematuria (Blood with the Urine).—This dis-
ease affects both horses and cattle. It appears in
two forms, idiopathic and traumatic. Traumatic
hematuria is caused by strains or injuries. A well-
marked case of this kind came to me for treatment.
The horse was drawing a load of stones on a tram-
car, and on going down an incline the brakes of the
car broke, and the car and ‘load went forward on

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. TAT.

the horse, knocking it down and bruising it very
much over the loins. The horse was gotten up
with difficulty and walked very stiff. Shortly after
it was noticed to be passing blood with its urine,
and passed blood without urine. On the following
morning the animal was in a high fever, and pass-
ing considerable blood. I ordered cold water to
the loins, and gave one dram acetate of lead, one
dram powdered opium, and ten drops Fleming’s
tincture of aconite at a dose every three hours,
until four doses were given. The bleeding ceased
and the animal seemed better. It was kept quiet
and got boiled flaxseed mixed in bran mash, and
in two weeks was able to resume its work. There
are slighter cases of hematuria, in which the horse
is stiff, and when made to move is sore over the
loins, and there may be fever and loss of power of
the hind legs and the passing of a little blood,
which clots on the floor as the urine separates from
it. The following prescription will be found of
Service: Acetate of lead thirty grains, acetate of
zine thirty grains, eatechu two drams. Mix and
give at one dose in a ball or gruel. Repeat three
times a day until checked. Give the animal plenty
of cold water to drink and keep it as quiet as pos-
sible. In some cases a horse that has had its kid-
neys injured is very liable to pass blood if it is
put to fast work or drawing heavy loads, and is
unsound.

Idiopathic Hematuria is a disease observed un-
’ der a great variety of circumstances. It occurs
among horses, cattle and sheep, as an enzootic dis-

118 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

ease, and it is remarkable that there are districts
where the disease prevails among horses. There
are others where it prevails among cattle of all
kinds, male and female, and there are still others
when it affects only cows after parturition.
(Gamgee.)

Symptoms: There isa copious discharge of dark
or red-colored urine and it does not separate into
clots on the floor, the blood having been broken up
in the system before being passed. The animal
moves stiff and is weak on its hind legs. The pulse
is fast, from seventy to eighty, and there is a loss of
appetite. As the disease advances the animal be-
comes weaker, the breathing difficult, and with a
few convulsive struggles it dies.

Treatment consists of giving the horse one ounce
aloes and one ounce ginger dissolved in hot water.
Follow this by giving one ounce tincture of chloride
of iron, one ounce tincture of ginger, and one ounce
tincture of gentian at a dose three times a day ina
half pint of water. Boiled flaxseed mixed with
bran is useful if the animad will take it. Give plen-
ty of cold water, and allow the animal anything it
will eat. The same treatment is good for cattle;
but give Epsom salts instead of aloes to cattle and
sheep—one and one-half pounds for cattle and
one-quarter pound for sheep at a dose.

Polyuria (Diuresis Polyuria Diabetes Insipi-
dus).—This disease is characterized by frequent
and abundant discharge of urine. The cause of this

disease is not well understood, but it usually fol- ©

lows wet seasons, when the hay, straw and oats

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 119

have been exposed to rains and are more or less
musty. Musty hay, straw or grains of any kind,
if fed to animals, are very apt to set up some dis-
order, either of the stomach or kidneys. The symp-
toms of the disease are intense thirst; passing great
quantities of water of a clear color, as there is very
little salts or coloring matter in it; the appetite is
depraved, the animal will lick the plaster off the
wall, or eat earth or dirt; the animal becomes rap-
idly emaciated, and will soon die from exhaustion
if the disease is not stopped.

Treatment: Iodine is a specific in this disease;
it is given in dram doses. First dissolve in a little
alcohol, then add one-half pint of water or give it
inaball. Giveit three times a day. Usually two
or three doses will stop it. Follow this up by giv-
ing one dram sulphate of iron in the morning anda
teaspoonful of phosphate of calcium in the even-
ing in bran mash. Continue this for three weeks.

Ischuria (Suppression of Urine).—When there is
a stoppage or very scanty passage of urine it will
be necessary to find the cause of the stoppage,
whether it is the kidneys which are not secreting
urine, or if it is a stopping up of the passages.
Clean out the rectum, then oil the hand and pass
it into the rectum and feel] for the bladder, which
will be felt below the bowel about eight or ten
inches in from the entrance. If the bladder is full
it can be easily felt. If itis empty, you cannot feel
it. If it is empty, the kidneys are at fault. It is
then termed ischuria. Suppression is caused by
over-stimulation of the kidneys or feeding innu-

120 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

tritious food. Nephritis is especially due to an
overdose of cantharides. In fevers also the urine
often becomes scanty and acid. It is then irritat-
ing, and is passed off in drops or small quantities.
If there is true suppression of urine, symptoms of
blood poisoning will occur, as the elements of the
_ urine are retained in the blood. We also find slug-
gishness of the kidneys in old horses, especially if
overworked. The urine passed may be either of a
red-brown color or of a thick, milky appearance.
Treatment: If it is caused from fevers, give ni-
trate of potassium in half-ounce doses three times
a day in the drinking water. Ifit is causing much
irritation of the bladder and other passages, give
two ounces spirits of nitric ether and one ounce
buchu tincture. Mix and give in half a pint of
cold water three times a day. If in old, worn-out
horses, give sulphate of iron, two ounces; nitrate
of potass., two ounces; powdered digitalis, one
ounce; mix and divide into twelve doses, one to be
given twice a day in bran mash. In all cases feed
good hay and oats. Atrophy and hypertrophy of
kidneys are occasionally found in both horses and
cattle. It is often found that when one kidney 1s
affected with atrophy the other most likely will
become hypertrophied and it will be found twice
its natural size. Atrophy of the kidneys is often
found in the pig, and it is mentioned by Gamgee
that one kidney has been absent, and its fibrous
capsule alone remaining, distended by a yellow
fluid of a strong urinous odor, whereas its fellow
was very much enlarged and the animals were in

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 121

good health. Wypertrophy is a common disease
in cattle and is met with in some of the finest and
fattest oxen. Cases are recorded in which the
kidneys have weighed twenty-four to twenty-seven
pounds. When they attain this condition the ani-
mal becomes unhealthy and loses flesh and soon
dies. There are no well-marked symptoms by
which atrophy and hypertrophy can be detected
until after death.

Worms in Kidneys.—This is said to be a disease
of the hog; but worms have been found in the kid-
neys of the dog. I remember a case of a dog used
for dissection, which was in perfect health, and in
one of its kidneys I found three worms about one
inch in length and the color of the kidney. They
were alive. They are frequently found in the kid-
ney and liver of pigs which are in good health and
condition, and I do not know of any case in which
they destroyed any animal. The disease which is
called kidney-worm in the hog is a deranged condi-
tion of the nerves of the back and loins, causing
them to lose the use of their hind parts. If they
were affected by the worms the symptoms would
be those of kidney disease and not of paralysis.

Cystitis (Inflammation of the Bladder).—This is
a very rare disease in the domestic animals, and
when it is present it is usually caused by giving
the animal too strong diuretics, such as canthar-
ides; injuries, irritating urine, and sometimes from
inflammation of the surrounding parts. Inflam-
mation may involve the whole of the organ or only
part. The neck is the part usually affected.

122 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

Symptoms: There is retention of urine, as the
bladder does not contract, and therefore the water
is not expelled. The animal suffers pain and is in
great distress, is stiff in its movements, pokes its
nose between its legs, and shows symptoms of colic,
but seldom lies down. There is a loss of appetite,
the mouth is dry and red, and there is fever; pulse
from eighty to a hundred in the ox, and from sev-
enty to eighty in the horse. The urine may be
passed in small quantities and will be thick and
high colored. At first the animal is much excited,
and if not soon relieved great prostration super-
venes. Cold sweats bedew the body; there is
trembling of the muscles, paralysis of the hind
legs, and the animal dies.

Treatment: Clean out the rectum, then oil the
hand and feel for the bladder; the animal evinces
pain when the part is pressed upon, and the blad-
der is hot, and in some cases distended with urine.
In this case the first thing to do is to pass the ca-
theter to remove the urine; this will give the ani-
mal great relief. Give a dose of raw linseed oil,
from a pint to a quart, according to the size of the
animal. Give the animal all the water it will

drink; half an ounce of gum arabic dissolved in |

the pail of water is very useful. Use hot fomenta-
tions to the back part of the abdomen. If there is
much fever give twenty to twenty-five drops of tinc-
ture of aconite every two hours in a little cold
water. If there is great suffering give powdered
opium in dram doses every three hours until re-
lieved. Also inject through the catheter infusion

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 123

of opium three or four times a day. Keep the ani-
mal warm and as comfortable as possible
Retention of Urine.—The causes are numerous.
Hertwig mentions, first, inflammation of the neck
of the bladder or of the urethra; second, paralysis
of bladder or spasms of its neck; third, stones in
the bladder or a polypus in the neck of the bladder:
fourth, stones in the urinary passage; fifth, con-
traction of the passage; sixth, obstructions at the
mouth of the opening, and in some few cases from
an accumulation of mucous in the passage. I re-
member having a well-marked case of this kind in
an old horse which was troubled with albuminous
urine: one morning the animal was in great dis-
tress, stretching out and making ineffectual at-
tempts to pass urine, showing signs of colic, lying
down carefully, getting up again, and in a contin-
uous state of unrest. I was called to see the ani-
mal, and in looking it over I discovered a lump on
the urethra a little below the root of the tail, and
on feeling it, it was soft; I pressed it up and down
for a few minutes, when it finally gave away, and
the next minute the animal passed off a large quan-
tity of urine and was at once relieved. The gen-
eral symptoms of this trouble are: The animal
makes ineffectual attempts to pass urine and
shows signs of pain, kicks with its hind feet, lies
down very carefully, but soon gets up again. The
method of finding the true nature of the disease
is to examine the track of the passage to see if
there is any external obstruction; if none is found,
then clean out the rectum and introduce your hand,

124. DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

well oiled; if there is retention, the bladder will
be easily felt greatly distended, and sometimes
gentle pressure of the hand will cause the urine
to pass out and relieve the animal. If this cannot
be done, then it will be necessary to pass up the
catheter until you come to the obstruction. The
obstruction is sometimes found to be caused by the
deposit of a putty-like substance, which can easily
be removed by breaking down with the finger. If
this substance should remain in long it would
harden into stone, and in some cases it does this
and the urine passes through an opening in its cen-
ter or on one side, and by degrees it closes the pas-
sage. I have met with several cases of this kind.
They can usually be removed by a pair of forceps
or may be pressed out. If this cannot be done,
make an incision at one side, then it can be re-
moved by the finger. If the obstruction is found
further up the passage and cannot be broken down
by the catheter it will be necessary to cut down -
upon it with the knife and remove it, then pass
through the edges of the wound a small pin on
which is tied a small piece of string in the form
of a figure eight; this will close the wound. Let
the pin remain in until it sloughs out. If the ca-
theter reaches the neck of the bladder and stops
there, do not press too hard, but givealittletime for
the part to dilate; if this does not take place in a
few minutes, withdraw the catheter and smear the
end of it with a little extract of belladonna and
press it up to the neck and allow a little time for
it to take effect. If you do not succeed in this way,

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 125

give the animal one ounce of chloroform in half a
pint of raw linseed oil. Introduce the catheter
with a little more belladonna on it. Also inject
large quantities of hot water into the rectum, and
after an hour’s time the neck will usually relax and
the catheter will pass in, or the urine may flow out.
If it does not relax, it will then be necessary to use
considerable pressure on the catheter. Never give
horses medicine to act on the kidneys when there
is retention of urine before you make an exam-
ination and find the cause, as great injury may be
done by causing an increase of urine into an over-
distended bladder. In the ox the catheter cannot
be passed as in the horse. The course of the ure-
thra must be traced and an incision made into it
about four inches down from the root of the tail,
then pass the catheter through the incision in the
bladder and the urine will flow out. The wound
should be closed by pins or stitches, as before men-
tioned.

Paralysis of the Bladder.—Paralysis of the blad-
der is a cause of retention, and is best treated by
giving the animal nux vomica, two ounces; sul-
phate of iron, four ounces; divide into twenty-four
doses and give the animal one twice daily in its
food, meantime removing the urine by the cathe-
ter. The result of over-distention of the bladder
is paralysis of its walls or rupture. The first may
be cured by giving the above medicine, the latter
is always fatal. I have seen only one case of rup-
ture.

Enuresis.—Incontinence of urine consists of a

126 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

dribbling of urine, usually caused by a relaxed —

State of the neck of the bladder and sometimes
from irritability of the bladder, as in certain dis-
orders of its lining membrane or from calculi, and
when the urine is very scanty and acid.

Treatment: Find the cause. If it is caused by
relaxation, give the animal one dram of the fluid
extract of nux vomica three times a day; also one
ounce tincture of chloride of iron; these can be
given together in a pint of gruel or linseed tea. If
it is from calculi, it will have to be removed; ‘if
from irritation, inject a solution of gum arabic in
which half an ounce of tincture of opium has been
mixed. If from too scanty or acid urine, give ni-
trate of potass. in one-half ounce doses, mixed with
half an ounce buchu extract, three times daily in
a pint of water. Incontinence of urine is some-
times seen in foals from nonclosure of the urachus,
a tube which leads from the base of the bladder
to the navel cord, and the urine is seen to drop or
run fromit. The best remedy for this is to plaster
plenty of prepared chalk on the navel as often as
necessary. This will dry up the cord and cause it
to contract and by degrees stop the passage of
urine in that direction. It is bad practice to tie
the cord to stop it, as it is almost sure to set up
inflammation and kill the colt.

Inversion of the bladder is seen in the
female animal, and is due to violent strain-
ing, although it has been seen to follow the
administration of irritant medicine. The symp-
toms are a red tumor projecting from the

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. S97

vulva, and having the urine constantly dropping
fromit. Ifit is not put back in its place, the urine
will excoriate the parts and they will swell to such
a degree that replacing is impossible, and it will
be better to destroy the animal. Before replacing
it bathe it for twenty minutes with acetate of lead
two drams, tincture of opium one ounce, water one
pint. Then press gently on its center with the fin-
gers and it will return easily. The animal should
get two drams of powdered opium ina pint of gruel
and should be watched, as it is liable to be pressed
out again. : |
Calculii—There is a tendency in some animals,
from a condition of the urine, to deposit solid ma-
terial in some part of the urinary organs. This
tendency cannot’ be accounted for. I have seen
a number of horses and cattle kept on the same
farm, getting the same food, water and care; one of
the lot becomes affected with a deposit, while the
rest remain exempt. We have no means, therefore,
of preventing it. It is said by some to be caused by
clover hay and water that contains too much lime,
but in my practice I have not seen any more cases
in those fed largely on clover or in those whose
drinking water was largely impregnated with lime.
So we will have to put it down to a peculiar condi-
tion of the body of the animal to form the sub-
stances necessary for the formation of calculi.
Gravel is the name given to this derangement when
the deposit is in small crystalline form like sand.
This form is oftenest seen in the mare. When it is
in. a solid, hard body it is called a stone (calculus).

128° DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

There is also sometimes a deposit of a softer nature
resembling putty. The following is the average
analysis of the calculi of the horse:

Carbonate of lime, 85.03; carbonate of magnesia,
3.62; phosphate of lime, 5.81; organic matter,
4.21; water and loss, 1.33; total, 100.00. —

In cattle: Carbonate of lime, 84.8; carbonate of
magnesia, 10.00; carbonate of iron, 0.6; organic
matter, 1.6; water and loss, 3.00; silicic acid incon-
sistent, 100.00.

In the horse and ox carbonate of lime is present
in the urine at all times; but if from some cause
there is an excess of it in the urine it is liable to be
deposited and form into a stone or gravel.

Symptoms: Inthe horse and ox there is stiffness
in the hind legs, switching of the tail, a frequent
desire to pass urine indicated by the animal
stretching out; the ox does not stretch out, but will
kick its belly with its foot; at times the urine will
pass easy, when all at once it will stop, and all at-
tempts at further passage are in vain; the animal
may sigh, or even groan, or may lie down. The
stoppage is caused by the stone pressing for the
time being against the neck of the bladder, thus
preventing the passage of the urine. After the
animal is moved the stone may pass back into the
body of the bladder and not trouble the animal for
some time; but usually the straining in passing
the urine forces the stone against the neck of the
bladder, and every time the animal passes urine it
will be troubled in the same way as mentioned
above. This may continue for a long time, not

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 129

seeming to affect the animal’s health. In some
cases of gravel in the mare and horse there will be
incontinence of urine, excoriating the skin of
thighs and legs, making them inflame and swell,
causing the animal to go lame. When animals
show the above symptoms it will be necessary to
make an examination to ascertain the true nature
of the trouble. This is done per rectum in the
horse and ox and per vagina in the mare and
cow. First empty the rectum by injections of warm
water. The time selected should be, if possible,
~after the animal has urinated; if this is not prac-
ticable, use the catheter, as it is much easier to de-
tect the stone when the bladder is empty; oil the
hand and introduce it into the rectum or vagina.
After passing the hand in eight to twelve inches,
under the lower surface of the rectum the stone can
be easily felt if present as a hard lump; if none is
present it will be smooth and soft, so no mistake
need be made.

Treatment: When a stone is found, in the major-
ity of cases it ought to be removed. This may be
done in the mare without cutting the urethra. The
hand is oiled and introduced into the vagina at a
distance of four inches; on its floor will be found
the opening into the bladder. It is covered by a
flap of membrane, which is easily lifted up with the
finger. The forefinger is passed into this opening
and kept there; a pair of spoon forceps, warmed
and oiled, is then passed by the other hand into the
opening under the finger, which is withdrawn as
soon as the forceps enter the opening; the blades

139 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

of the forceps are opened and closed for the pur-
pose of dilating the opening; when this is accom-
plished and the forceps have reached the stone,
which is easily known by the sound of the for-
ceps against it, the right hand is now passed
either into the vagina or rectum and the stone
guided into the forceps, which should then be
closed firmly on the stone and gently withdrawn
with a slight rotary motion. If the stone is too
large it will require to be crushed. The opening
or urethra in the mare is much larger than in the
horse, and by degrees it can be dilated to a consid-
erable size. In one case of a mare, which was
troubled by deposits of the soft gravel, large quan-
tities of it would form in the bladder in a few
months. In this case I had no trouble in dilating
the opening large enough to admit a large table-
spoon, which I used to scoop out the material
which had accumulated; sometimes as much as
a pint was removed at once. The operation on the
horse is much more difficult. The instruments
needed are a catheter, a pair of spoon forceps, a
grooved director and a probe-pointed knife, a
sponge, needles and catgut. Cast the horse, and if
possible put it under the influence of chloroform,
then pass the catheter and turn the horse on its
back; make an incision about two inches long
through urethra onto the catheter, withdraw the
catheter, and introduce a pair of long forceps,
not too large (warm them and oil before using
them); then open and close the blades for a few
minutes to dilate the urethra, introduce the spoon

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 131

forceps, warmed and oiled, press these in until the
stone is touched; introduce the right hand into
the rectum, and guide the stone between the blades
of the forceps, grasp the handles firmly, and by a
rotary motion try and extract it. If this cannot be
done withdraw the forceps, introduce the grooved
director, and run the probe-pointed knife along -
the groove of the director; then make one free in-
cision through the urethra, introduce the forceps
and remove the stone. The bladder should be
washed out with warm water, the wound cleaned
and the edges brought together by a few stitches
with catgut. The part should then be bathed with
acetate of lead one dram, tincture of opium one
ounce, water half a pint. If the animal is suffer-
ing much pain give one to two drams of powdered
opium made into a ball. If much swelling takes
place bathe it frequently with the above lotion.
Sometimes the urine infiltrates into the tissue be-
tween the skin and flesh, setting up great inflam-
mation, causing the death of the animal.

Lithotomy in the ox: The catheter cannot be
introduced into the urethra of the ox, and the re-
moval of a stone from the bladder can only be done
by cutting on the urethra. This is done by cutting
through the skin about two inches below the anus
and exposing the urethra and cutting through it.
The remainder of the treatment is the same as in
the horse.

Urethral Calculi—These stones are formed
sometimes in the fossa or cavity in the point of the
yard. When present they give rise to a stoppage

132 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

or partial stoppage of the water. First examine
the cavity in the end, then run the-fingers along
the back part of the yard, and if there is any ob-
struction it can be easily felt. In the end it can
usually be removed with the fingers. If this can-
not be done try the forceps. If it is too large to be
removed through the opening slit it and then the
stone can be easily pressed out. If it is up in the
urethra cut down upon it and remove it, then pass
a smali pin through the lips of the wound and tie
a piece of thread in the form of the figure eight;
this will bring the edges of the wound together.
Then cut off the sharp end of the pin and let it
remain in until it sloughs off, and usually by that
time it will be healed. If it should slough off too
soon put, in another pin in the same way. If the
edges of the wound are dry scarify them before
inserting the pin.

Preputial Calculi.—This form of calculi is found
in the sheath, usually in the ox or steer, seldom in
the bull. I was called to a well-marked case of
this trouble, which I will give as an illustration.
The patient was a three-year-old steer which was
noticed for some time to have a swelling at the end
of the sheath, which gradually increased in size.
One day the animal seemed to move stiff and re-
fused its food, and would not move unless it was
made to. When I saw the animal it was standing
with its back arched, breathing faster than nat-
ural; the nose was dry and the animal seemed to
be in distress. I noticed that the sheath was swol-
len its entire length, and on examination I also

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 133

found the lymphatics on the inside of the legs were
hard and swollen. Inside the point of the
sheath I found a large accumulation of the limy
deposit adhering to the sides of the sheath, almost
closing it up, and from some cause had set up in-
flammation of the sheath, causing the animal to
be feverish. I had the animal tied up by the head
and a strong strap buckled around its hind pas-
terns, so that it could not kick. I then tried to
remove it with my fingers, but found it was too
hard. I then used a strong pair of forceps, and
broke it off piece by piece, until I finally removed
it altogether, but it left the walls of the sheath raw
and sore. I washed it out with warm water, then
applied to its walls a little of the following: Gly-
cerine two ounces, tincture of opium one ounce,.
tannic acid two drams, sweet oil two ounces; this
was mixed and well shaken before using. It is
best put on with a swab or mop once a day. The
outside of the sheath was bathed with warm water ©
and some lead lotion applied. The animal got one
and one-half pounds Epsom salts, and the next day
was much better, and in ten days was quite well.
These cases ought to be looked to early. As soon
as any Swelling is noticed, the animal should be
examined, and if need be attended to as above,
as it would save time and suffering to the animal.

134 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

CHAPTER VIII.

DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

The skin on the animal’s body serves as a pro-
tection to the soft structures beneath it; also to
prevent noxious materials from passing into the
body, and allows the escape of waste materials
from the body. This is constantly going on. If
from disease or other causes these pores become
stopped up the animal soon suffers from the effete
matters being penned up in the system. It is
therefore of the greatest importance to keep the
skin of animals clean and healthy. It is said that
good grooming is worth half the food; and there
is a great deal in it, as it prevents disease of the
skin and keeps off vermin.

“Hidebound” is not a disease, but the result of
disease, or the want of proper food and shelter, The
skin becomes dry on account of the secretions be-

ing stopped, and the nerves of the skin being in a.

disordered condition, causing the hair to stand
erect. An animal that is fat and in good health is
never hidebound.

We will divide the diseases of the skin into two
sections, the non-parasitic and the parasitic. There
are a great many names given to the non-parasitic
diseases, but they are very conflicting, and for our

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 135

purpose we will only separate the ones which re-
quire a different treatment.

The word Eczema is applied to a number of dis-
eases. We will apply it to a disease characterized
by a redness, followed by the surface of the skin
presenting a number of little vesicles or blisters,
from which exudes an acrid fluid, which concretes
on the hair in a yellow crust, and in some cases the
hair drops out. A peculiarity of this form of dis-
ease is that it is recurrent, and in this way it may
last fora long time if not remedied. In some cases
the skin may crack, and in others it may lead toa
’ thickening.

Treatment: In the early stage give the animal
a physic: Aloes one ounce, ginger one ounce, soda
carbonate one ounce, dissolve in half a pint of boil-
ing water, then add half a pint of cold
water, and give at one dose. For cattle give
from one to one and one-half pounds Epsom salts,
and one ounce ground ginger dissolved in half a
gallon of water, at one dose. Follow this with sul-
phate of iron four ounces, nitrate of potass. four
ounces, divide into twenty-four doses, one to be
given in a small mash of bran twice daily. Wash
the skin with one ounce of carbonate of potassium
dissolved in a quart of water; rub this well in; then
use warm water to wash it off. Keep the animal
warm untildry. If there is much itching wash the
itchy parts with acetate of lead half an ounce,
tincture of opium two ounces, water one quart. For
chronic cases give one ounce of Fowler’s solution
of arsenic in a bran mash and continue it for a

136 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

month. Wash the skin as above. If the skin
should become thick and scaly use: biniodide of
mercury two drams, vaseline four ounces. Rub on
a little with the fingers. Never cover over much
surface ata time. For example, if the neck is the
part affected, take one side at a time, and in three
days take the other side, and so on in other parts
of the body until you get all over the animal if nec-
essary. One application is usually all that is need-
ed; but if it should not cure it, repeat in two weeks.
Tie the head of the animal so that it cannot get its
mouth to the part for the first ten or twelve hours;
after that the irritation will be over. This is a fine
remedy if properly used.

Urticaria, Nettle Rash, Surfeit. =rhe Symptoms
are sudden appearance of elastic patches or prom-
inences on the skin, accompanied by great itching
of the part, and it may pass off as suddenly as it
appeared. There is a second variety of this dis-
ease, in which the lumps may arise on every part
of the body, some large, others small, and if they
do not pass off soon, may form vesicles and dis-
charge a glutinous fluid, and the animal may ap-
pear dull, the appetite may be impaired and the
animal’s health disturbed. This disease may
make its appearance on any horse, but it is usually
caused by the animal being overfed and having
no exercise, or from the animal’s being poorly fed
and over-worked. In the spring I have seen it
in colts which had been poorly fed all winter.

Treatment: If the animal is fat give the same
dose as recommended for eczema; if the animal is

ae a mt
rea

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 137

thin give good hay and oats, boiled flaxseed and
bran once daily. Give sulphate of iron four
ounces, nitrate of potassium four ounces, nux vom-
ica two ounces, mix and divide into twenty-four
doses, one to be given twice daily in the food. If
the skin is itchy use lead and opium as in eczema.
After giving this, if the animal is not cured, give
arsenic in the form of Fowler’s solution in ounce
doses once daily in food for a month.

Lichen.—This consists of pimples on the skin
about the size of a millet seed. They develop prin-
cipally around the hair follicles in patches. The
hair falls off and the skin remains bare for five or
six weeks, when a layer of scales drops off, and
then the hair begins to grow. The malady is apt
to recur. All that is necessary in this case 1s to
keep the skin clean by good grooming and give a
tablespoonful of sulphur and half an ounce of ni-
trate of potassium once a day in mash.

Pimphigus.—This is a disease of the skin char-
acterized by bladders or elevations of the scarf
skin, varying from the size of a walnut to a hen’s
egg. A thin transparent fluid oozes from them,
and when large and opened it will run out in a
stream. In some cases the animal may be fevered,
but usually it is not. The disease runs its
course in a week or ten days. The hair may drop
out where the lumps were and be some time in com-
ing in.

Treatment: Give a physic of aloes to the horse
and salts to the ox, open the vesicles and dress with
oxide of zinc one ounce, vaseline three ounces,

138 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

Prurigo.—This disease is caused by a deranged
state of the system and usually affects the neck,
head, mane, root of tail, and sometimes the hind
quarters. 3

Treatment: Give a dose of physic or bran
mashes with nitrate of potassium in half-ounce
doses twice daily for a week. Wash the affected
parts with one ounce of sulphuric acid mixed in a
quart of water.

Acne.—This is a formation of pimples or small
abscesses, which form on the skin, usually scat-
tered over the sides of the body and under the bel-
ly. In cows usually on the udder and inside the
thighs. In some cases they break and discharge
a little matter; they then dry up and soon heal.

Treatment: Give a dose of physic followed by
Fowler’s solution of arsenic in ounce doses once
daily in mash. If there are any sores use a little
oxide of zinc ointment.

Pityriasis.—This is a scurfy condition of the
skin usually seen in horses which have been win-
tered out of doors and fed on innutritious food.
Change the food and give boiled flaxseed and a
dram of sulphate of iron night and morning in bran
mash.

Alopecia (Baldness).—In the horse this is usual-
ly the result of applying too irritating substances
to the skin, such as the strong acids, using blisters
on the same part before it has healed from the
effects of the first one, and from wounds not prop-
erly treated. When the hair bulb, or root, which
is situated beneath the skin, is destroyed, the hair

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 139

drops out, leaving the skin bare, and as there is no
root the hair cannot grow, neither is there any med-
icine that will cause it to grow. In some cases the
hair may drop out from fever or inflammation of
the tissue under the skin affecting the hair bulb,
but not destroying it. In this case it will grow
again, and may be helped by applying friction
and a little tincture of cantharides to it every third
day.

Warts.—The cause of this derangement is not
well understood, but is supposed to be caused by
an altered state of the cells of the skin, taking on
this form of growth. Whena watt is irritated by
rubbing it may take on the form of an ugly fungus-
like mass and bleed on the slightest pressure. They
occur very frequently about the head and face,
but may come on any part of the body.

Treatment: On all those which have a neck tie
a small cord tightly around them, and if they do
not slough off in a week tie another cord. When
they slough off apply a little terchloride of anti-
mony to the raw spots to destroy the roots. Thiscan
be repeated every third day. Usually two applica-
tions are enough. In cases where they are flat,
scrape off the surface with a blunt knife, and when
they stop bleeding apply a little of the terchloride
of antimony witha feather. Scrape the scab off in
three days and apply a little more, and so on until
it is lower than the surrounding skin. Then use
oxide of zinc one ounce, lard two ounces, Apply a
little once a day until it is healed. These warts
can be removed with the knife, and the caustic ap-
plied, but I find that the plan given above is the

140 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

best. There is a form of warts which appear sud-
denly on the lips and nose of young colts and
calves, and sometimes on older animals. These
are small, and the whole lip will be covered with
them. They sometimes occur on the inside of the
lip of the dog. They require no treatment, and
will often disappear as suddenly as they came.

Emphysema (Air Under the Skin).—This is usu-
ally the result of a wound, where the skin is loosely
connected with the muscles, as behind the elbow
or lower part of the neck. There is a peculiar
crackling beneath the skin when the pressure is
brought to bear upon the part. In the majority of
cases it requires no interference, as it. will soon
pass away. In bad cases the skin may be punc-
tured and gentle friction applied.

Mange.—This is a contagious disease caused by
a parasite.

Causation: Although it is undoubted that the
essential and immediate factor in the production
of mange in any form is the presence of the mange
mite, we may not shut our eyes to the teachings of
experience, in so far as that these tell us that all
debilitating and exhausting influences, as expo-
sure, fatigue, want of sufficient food, and fitting
stabling render animals more susceptible to the
attack and rapid development of the inducing
parasite, and of course materially influence the
progress and termination of the disease. , The in-
fluences of these agencies have been observed and
their extent determined by all observers, particu-
larly by those associated with large collections of

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 141

animals in civil as well as military life. In the
latter condition this disease, along with glanders,
has ever been the scourge of armies in the field.
(Robertson.)

Symptoms: Mange in the horse and ox usually
begins in the neck, withers, and root of tail. From
these parts the disease extends and passes through
its various stages, which are first characterized
by round, irritable patches. During this stage
there is intense itching, and from the vesicles which
appear there oozes a watery fluid, which soon dries,
forming a scab. The hair drops out, and on ac-
count of the animal rubbing and biting itself the
part is left raw and sore and the skin swollen and
red. In the chronic stage there is not so much
itching. In the dog it begins on the inside of the
legs and scrotum, and soon spreads to the back.
AS mange in its various forms resembles other
eruptive diseases of the skin it is first necessary to
look for the parasite, which can be done by a mag-
nifying glass, also tracing the origin of the conta-
gion. In some cases the parasite can be seen with
the naked eye in the glare of the sunlight.

In the treatment of mange we must destroy the
parasites. It is also necessary to destroy the eggs,
which require stronger remedies than would kill
the parasites. The eggs are concealed under the
scales, or scabs, and are difficult to get at. First
wash the affected parts with soft soap and water,
using a brush to remove or break down as many of
the scabs as possible. Boil] stavesacre seeds, one
part to twenty parts of water, for one hour, and let

142 © DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

it simmer for another hour. Then add water to
make it up to the original bulk. Apply a little of
this to all the affected parts. Repeat in a week
if necessary. Sulphur half a pound, vaseline one
ounce, mixed and rubbed in well, is also a good
remedy. Another, than which there is nothing
better, is linseed oil one pint, oil of tar two ounces,
sulphur two ounces, mixed, well rubbed in two
days in succession, allowed to remain for three or
four days, and then washed off with soap and water
and reapplied if thought necessary. Sanitas oil
is the safest and best to apply to mange on dogs,
as there is no danger of poisoning with it.

Lousiness.—This is a very common trouble in
horses and cattle, and is best treated by the use
of stavesacre seeds as recommended for mange.
Another good remedy is to boil for one hour two
ounces of arsenic, two ounces of soda ash, and four
ounces of soft soap and two gallons of water. Add
water to make it up to the two gallons. When cool
wet the animal all over with a little of it, using a
currycomb to get it into the skin. Keep the ani-
mal in the stable until dry.

Tinea Favosa (Ringworm).—This is a common
disease in young cattle, affecting them around the
eyes and legs.

Symptoms: The appearance of a white or gray-
ish scurf and the hair dropping off.

Treatment: Scrape off the scurf with a blunt
knife, then paint it with tincture of iodine every
third day until four applications have been used.

Scalds and Burns.—Superficial scalds or burns

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 148

cause a redness of the skin, and if deep enough
will cause the hair to drop out, or cause absorption
of the pigment, which gives color to the hair, and
it may never be reproduced. In that case the hair
over the part will remain white. This often takes
place from scalds by the harness rubbing on the
skin when the animal is hot. There is no remedy
for it. When a burn is deep it will inflame, and
as a result matter will form, and if properly treat-
ed will heal without leaving any blemish. First
protect the part from the air by applying bicarbon-
ate of soda to it, or by painting it over with collo-
dion. If matter forms wash it carefully and apply
acetate of lead half an ounce, zine sulphate half an
ounce, water one quart. Apply a little twice a day.
If there is any proud flesh it should be kept down
by applying a little terchloride of antimony. Keep
the center lower than the surounding parts, so that
the edges will grow close together, and when it
heals the hair will cover it and leave no blemish.

Grease.—This is a form of eczema which is fre-
quently seen in horses, affecting the skin of the fet-
lock and heels. There are two forms of this dis-
ease, of which one is very common in the draft stal-
lion. The first symptom that is noticed is the ap-
pearance of a dry, scurfy material at the roots of
the long hair of the fetlock; by degrees this accu-
mulates into bunches and can be seen through the
hair; then in some cases there will be cracks
through the skin, and if the animal is exercised
they may bleed, and if not treated they will in-
crease until they become unsightly blem-

144 . DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

ishes. This disease is caused by a filling up of the
lymphatic vessels with fluid, and a little of it
oozes out through the skin, forming a crust, and
the skin under it gradually becomes sore; and a
morbid growth of cells, which should have formed
the scarf skin, forms into bunches, which become
hard, although there are blood vessels in the lumps,
and in this way they develop.

Treatment: In the early stage apply a poultice
of linseed meal, changing it twice a day until the
scurfy part is clean, then rub on once daily oxide of
zine one ounce, vaseline two ounces. If there is
any tendency for scurf to form, apply the poultice
again. Give the horse a dose of physic; aloes is
the best, and when the physic operates give one of
the following powders once a day in bran mash:
Sulphate of iron four ounces, nitrate of potassium
four ounces, mix and divide into twenty-four doses.
Give regular exercise and do not feed much corn.
In cases where bunches have formed remove them
either by twisting them off with the fingers or
cutting them off with the knife or the hot iron.
This is best done by taking two shovels (fire), and
heating one of them red hot, and putting the cold
one between the skin and the hot one, and by using
a little pressure on the hot shovel it will cut off
the bunch. When they are cut off by this method
no caustic is needed, but when twisted off or re-
moved by the knife the raw parts should be
touched with a little terchloride of antimony once.
Then in all’cases to heal them use the oxide of zine
ointment once daily. There is another form of

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 145

erease in which pustules form, yielding a foetid
discharge. In some cases the legs swell before the
pustules form, and there may be some fever. The
hind legs are the ones usually affected. The dis-
charge is sometimes very profuse, wetting the back
of the hoofs; and if the animal stands for some
time the floor beneath the feet will be wet. The
discharge of grease is very irritating, and will de-
stroy the parts over which it flows. This causes
the skin to crack and become sore, and proud flesh
may form with a crust on top, which, if peeled off,
will bleed freely. In some cases this greasy sub-
stance will burrow between the horny and the sen-
sitive frog, making it a very difficult case to treat.
Professor Hering has found in chronic grease a
large number of acari called “sarcoptes hippopo-
dus,” which cause great itching, and the animal
bites and rubs the parts. To prevent this, if the
horse has a tendency to swell in the leg, that should
be remedied as soon as possible in case it should
take on this form. The horse should have regular
exercise and not too much food, and if the legs
should swell, give a dose of physic, followed by
tonics. Some breeds of horses seem to be predis-
posed to grease. The heavy, coarse-limbed ani-
mals, with hairy legs, are more often affected with
this disease than others. Poultice the parts to
clean and soften them. Remove all the scabs, and
if there are bunches of fungoid granulations they
will have to be removed by caustic, or the hot iron.
After this is done take one ounce of carbolic acid
and six ounces of water, shake it up well and apply

‘ae

146 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

a little to all the sore parts. This strength will
turn the paris white and will kill the acari. In
two days after using the carbolic acid use acetate
of lead half an ounce, sulphate of zinc half an
ounce, water one quart. Apply a little twice a day.
Use the carbolic acid again if the parts are not
healthy. If it has burrowed between the horny
and sensitive frog cut away all the loose horn and
use the above treatment. Give the horse one ounce
of Fowler’s solution of arsenic once a day in bran
mash.

Scratches or Cracked Heels in Horses.—This is
a trouble more often seen in the race and trotting
horse than in the draft. One of the causes of it
in the fast horse is the sweat running down the legs
and lodging in the hollow of the heel, irritating the
tender skin, causing it to become dry and crack.
This can be avoided by rubbing the heels dry and
then putting on a little vaseline. This should be
done the first thing, when the horse is taken to the
stable. Wet and cold and cold draughts coming
under a door and striking on the heels are frequent
causes. In all cases of scratches poultice the heels
for a few days to remove the soreness and inflam-
mation, then use the oxide of zine ointment, and
give the animal half an ounce of nitrate of potas-
sium once a day in bran mash, and in a few days
they willheal. Thereisa chronic form of scratches
I have been called upon to treat in which all kinds
of medicines have been tried and the parts seem
to be healed, but as soon as the horse is driven a

short distance the skin cracks open and blood

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 147

oozes out. There is only one remedy which I have
found to be of any use. Take biniodide of mer-
cury two drams, vaseline three ounces. Mix and
rub on a little of this. Let it remain on for twenty-
four hours, then wash off, and rub on a little lard.
In a week, or when it is well from the effects of the
first, rub on a little more, and so on for two months.
By this time the ointment will have absorbed the
thickened skin, leaving a thin, soft, pliable,
healthy skin, which will not crack. It usually
takes from two to three months to accomplish
this.

Ringworm (Tinea Tonsurous).—This is common
in the domestic animals, especially in calves and
young cattle, and is contagious. It depends upon
the presence of a vegetable parasite, which devel-
ops and grows rapidly when it finds a suitable
place for development. It may affect any part of
the body, but its favorable seat is the face, ears
and neck of cattle, and sometimes the back and
hind quarters.

Symptoms: There appears a gray crust on the
skin, and the hair drops out. This keeps spreading
in the form of a ring until the side of the face, ears
or neck may be covered with it. It appears in the
same way on the back, hips, and inside of the hind
legs. It does not seem to affect the health of the
animal, as it is found in the well-kept as well as
the unkept.

Treatment: First remove the crusts by washing
the parts with warm water in which one ounce of
the carbonate of potassium has been put to every

148 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

quart of water. A brush should be used to wash
with. Then use iodine two drams, vaseline two
ounces, and rub a little of this on with a gloved
hand. Repeat in three days. Or take carbolic acid
one ounce, alcohol two ounces, and apply a little
of this to the parts with a feather once or twice;
the last is very effective.

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 149

CHAPTER IX.

TUMORS.

Fibrous tumors are sometimes seen in hozses,
and are due to pus imprisoned in the muscles, and
are very frequently found on or near the point of
the shoulder, and arise from pressure of the collar.
They are found on other parts of the body liable to
pressure. They are hard to the touch and not pain-
ful on pressure. The best method of treating a
tumor of this kind is to make one or two openings
into the center of it, and when it stops bleeding
take two grains of bichloride of mercury and roll
it up in a small piece of tissue paper and press it
into the bottom of the opening. Repeat this every
third day until the tumor disappears, which it will
soon do, leaving no blemish. I have practiced this
method for a number of years with success.

Cystic tumors are usually caused by bruises or
pressure. Thus we find capped elbow and capped
hock.

Capped Elbow is caused by the horse lying on its ©
foot or the calkins of its shoe, and from this pres-
sure in time a low form of inflammation is set up
and a fluid is poured into the bruised part, and it
eradually increases until a tumor, or what is called
a Shoe boil, isformed. When it gets into this state

150 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

it is difficult to cure,as there is no flesh on the point
of the elbow to build upon. The fluid accumulates
between the skin and the point of the elbow.

Treatment: Open it and allow the fluid to run
out. If it is hot and tender bathe it three or four
times a day with acetate of lead half an ounce,
water one quart. Inject a little of this into the
opening and muffle the horse’s foot by putting on
a bag stuffed with short straw. There is a tend-
ency for the skin and tissue to thicken and in
time form a hard tumor. In this case make an
opening into it and inject a little tincture of iodine
once a day and rub iodine ointment on the outside
twice a week; one part of iodine to eight parts of
lard is the best strength for this. Continue this
‘treatment fora month or two. Cutting it out with
the knife, I find, is bad practice, as in the majority
of cases before it heals the tumor will be larger
‘than before.

Capped Hock is caused either from kicks or
bruises. It sets up an inflammation, resulting in
effusion between the cap and the point of the bone
of the hock, and if an opening is made into it, it
usually makes a worse blemish than the enlarge-
ment, and is best treated at first with acetate of
lead half an ounce, water one quart. After all
heat and tenderness are gone use biniodide of mer-
cury one dram, lard one and one-half ounces; rub
on a little once a week, and continue it for several
months. There are cysts which form on the stifle
joint, often in colts, from bruises. Sometimes they
cause lameness, at others none. These are best

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 151

treated as capped hock. They will be found on the
knee joint and in front of the fetlock joint. They
seldom cause lameness, but are blemishes, and can
often be removed if treated the same as above, but
this treatment must be continued for several
months, or there will be no use in beginning it.
Cysts filled with blood are sometimes found on the
point of the hip or on the outside of the thigh.
They are soft to the touch. Open them with the
knife and squeeze out the contents, and inject
about a tablespoonful of zinc chloride one dram,
water one pint, twice a day until healed. There is
very little trouble in curing such tumors because
they are on the fleshy part.

Cysted Tumors in the False Nostrils of Horses.—
These will attain the size of a hen’s egg. We do
not understand what causes them. They are hard
to the touch, yet they all contain a fluid sometimes
like cocoanut milk, and at others a dark, watery
or thick mass. Cut off the hair, cut into the tumor,
and squeeze out its contents, then wash it out with
water and inject a little tincture of iodine. If it
should fill up, open it and clean out, and inject a
little more tincture of iodine. It seldom requires
to be treated a second time. There is no danger
of cutting into this form of tumor, as there are no
blood vessels of any importance.

Actinomycosis (Lumpy Jaw).—This is a hard
tumor peculiar to cattle, which grows on the lower
jaw; sometimes on the upper. It is classed as a
malignant parasitic tumor, caused by the presence
of a vegetable parasite or fungus, This disease is

152 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

thought by some to be caused by an injury. This
mass usually grows on the outside of the jaw bone
at first, but the healthy nutrition is soon destroyed
and the bone becomes diseased, sometimes loosen-
ing the teeth, which interferes with mastication,
and the animal pines away and dies from starva-
tion. In cutting into the tumor it is gristly, and
full of cavities filled with a yellowish red fluid. If_
the animal rubs the skin off the tumor, which they
sometimes do, it becomes an angry looking sore,
with a little bloody matter oozing from it. The dis-
ease is not contagious. I have experimented for
a number of years and have always failed to pro-
duce the disease in another animal, even by inocu-
lation, and on that account it is doubtful if it is
caused by a parasite.

Treatment: In the early stages of the disease
the majority of cases can be cured. Give the ani-
mal one dram of iodide of potassium morning and
evening in bran mash for three weeks. If the ani-
mal’s eyes should get watery and considerable
saliva run from the mouth, stop for a few days
and begin again. Rub the lump once a week with
biniodide of mercury one dram, lard one ounce.
Continue this for several months, when the tumor
will gradually disappear. When the tumor has
become sore and matter is oozing from it little can
be done. Some few cases can be helped by rubbing
on a little bichloride of mercury every third day,
using no more at a time than would lie on a ten-
cent piece. This will act as a caustic and eat out

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 153

the heart of the tumor. It is best applied with a
smooth piece of stick.

Melanosis.—Melanotic tumors seem to be nat-
ural to gray horses, as they are seldom found on
other horses. Their structure consists of connec-
tive tissue, intermixed with black pigment cells.
They are of a cancerous nature and have been
called “black cancer.’ This form of cancer has
been found in nearly all kinds of domestic animals,
but most frequently in the gray horse. It is thought
that this pigment, which should have colored the
hair, is, under certain conditions of the horse, con-
centrated in one or more places, causing the forma-
tion of those black tumors. Their growth is some-
times rapid, at others very slow. Their usual place
of forming is on the black skin around the root
of the tail, or the udder, although I have seen some
cases in the iron gray horses where they have
made their appearance over the sides and on the
nose. I have removed and seen a great many
melanotic tumors, and:they have always returned
sooner or later. They are of a malignant charac-
ter and are therefore incurable.

Lymphoma.—This is a term given to a disease
which affects the glandular structures, and in cat-
tle usually the glands of the neck. Like the melan-
otic tumors they are sometimes of very slow devel-
opment and at others fast. When they affect the
glands of the throat and grow rapidly they usually
cause suffocation, and the result of such tumors
is fatal to the life of the animal. These tumors are
considered by some to be of the same nature as

154 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

lumpy jaw, but such is not the case. If they are
situated so that they can be removed by the knife
it may stop their progress for a time, but they are
sure to make their appearance again either on the
Same place or on some gland of the body. These
‘diseases are not contagious.

Epithelial Cancer.—This is usually found at the
edges of the mouth, eyelids, vulva and anus. It
is more often found in cattle than in horses, and is
often the result of injuries. In its early stage if
it is properly eradicated it may never return,

Treatment for Epithelial cancer: The most
successful form of treatment is the injection of ab-
solute alcohol. This is done with a hypodermic
syringe; from a dram to half an ounce of it can be
used atatime. If the tumor is small inject a little
into its center. If large inject a little into several
places at the base of the tumor; repeat every third
day until it drops out. Another method is to re-
move it with a knife or ligature, and when it is re-
moved apply a little terchloride of antimony to the
part to destroy the roots. This should be used
every second day for a week or two, then use a lit-
tle of the following to heal it: TIodoform half an
ounce, vaseline two ounces; apply a little once a
day.

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 155

CHAPTER X.

DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The diseases of the nervous system of the horse
are more common of late years than formerly, and
in some sections of the country. Through the
State of Illinois some years there are a number of
young horses affected with what is called the
“wabbles,” where the animal partially loses the
use of its hind legs, and if not treated in time will
usually prove fatal. The cause of this derange-
ment is not known. It is usually common in the
autumn and spring months.

Symptoms: The animal is first noticed, when
walking, to suddenly twist its hind parts to one
side and wabble a little, then regain the use of
the legs, and go on all right for a few steps or a
longer distance, then go through the same move-
ments, and in the majority of cases they usually
get worse until they wabble all the time, and some
of them when down cannot get up without help,
and soon die. I have treated a great many such
cases. Keep the animal in a loose box or small
yard, and give it in the early stage of the disease
one dram of iodide of potassium night and morning
in bran mash; half the quantity for a colt one year
old. Continue this for one week, then give a dram
of the fluid extract of nux vomica twice a day, or

156 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

one dram of the powdered nux vomica twice a day
for two weeks, then skip a week and repeat if nec-
essary; the medicine can be given in bran mash
or oatmeal gruel. Also rub the back and hips once
a day with soap liniment for a few days, and if the
skin becomes tender wait for a few days and begin
again. The majority of cases thus treated recover.

Spasms and Convulsions.—Spasms are an invol-
untary contraction of the muscles, occurring inde-
pendent of the will, and attended with pain. They
remain for a long time or pass off suddenly. I have
seen cramps of the muscles of the stifle last for
days, the spasm coming on as soon as the animal
moved. Robertson says all these phenomena of
motor disturbance are probably referable to inter-
ference with some portion or other of the nerve
centers, this interference extending nearly to irri-
tation, inducing discharges of nerve force, not
reaching the extent of destruction of nerve tissue.

Symptoms: The animal is seized with a cramp
or spasm in some of its muscles, and for the time
is unable to move them. It may pass off in
a few minutes, not to return, or it may remain for
a long time.

Treatment: In cases where it does not pass
off quickly, give the animal a dose of physic;
for the horse, aloes one ounce, one ounce of carbon-
ate of soda, and one ounce ground ginger, dissolved
in half a pint of boiling water; add half a pint of
cold water, and give at one dose. Follow this by
giving two ounces bromide of potassium in bran
mash three times a day for a few days. Rub the

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 157

affected muscles twice daily with a little soap lini-
ment.

Phrenitis (Inflammation of the Brain).—This is
at first congestive, subsequently inflammatory. It
is known as “Phrensy,” and is usually caused by in-
juries or a too plethoric state of the system. It is
often prevalent in very hot weather.

Symptoms: The congestive state is stupor, slow
pulse, respirations slow and rough. The mem-
branes of the nose and eyes are very red, and the
animal seems “foolish.” Soon fever sets in with a
full, fast pulse, fast breathing, a wild, staring con-
dition of the eyes. The ox bellows and charges at
all available objects. The horse strikes with his
fore feet, and in some cases will tear anything
within reach with its teeth, and it is dangerous to
go near him. As the disease advances there are
convulsions, with more or less loss of power, and
the animal may fall. “There is a want of method
in the fury of a phrenitic ox not discernible in that
of a rabid one.” Later, paralysis sets in, soon fol-
lowed by death.

Treatment: AS soon as possible secure the ani-
mal and bleed if necessary from both jugular veins
from six to ten quarts; this will relieve the pres-
sure on the brain. Apply: ice or very cold water
to the head and give a strong dose of cathartic
medicine, one and one-half pounds Epsom salts for
the ox and one ounce aloes and one dram of calomel
for the horse. Also give tincture of aconite in
doses of twenty to thirty drops every two hours in
a little water. When it is difficult to give bulky

158 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

physic give from ten to fifteen drops of croton oil
in a little linseed or castor oil; this can be repeated
in twenty-four hours if needed. This disease is dis-
tinguished from impaction of the stomach by the
greater acuteness of the symptoms, the history of
the case, and acute fever. :

Megrims.—This may be caused by congestion of
the brain or not enough blood to it. The ordinary
form of Megrims (blind staggers) is a peculiar de-
ranged state of the nerves of the brain or the brain
itself, although some cases of staggers are caused
by small, ill-fitting collars, which often obstruct
the flow of blood in the veins of the neck,thus caus-
ing passive congestion of the brain, which is re-
lieved by removing the collar. Defective action of
the heart will sometimes cause dizziness or stag-
gers from want of sufficient blood to the brain. Be-
sides these causes there is a disturbance of the
brain not well understood which is the most com-
mon cause of the Megrims.

Symptoms: The animal stops, shakes its head,
throwing it upward and backward, braces its legs,
staggers, and falls. The eyes are staring and the
nostrils dilated, and the breathing may be rough;
the animal gives a few convulsive struggles, gets
on its feet, shakes itself, and goes on as if nothing
had happened. I have known horses affected in
this way every time they were driven facing the
sun. The sunlight, I think, caused irritation in
some way affecting the brain.

Treatment: There is no cure for this disease. If
the animal falls, slacken the harness and let the

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 159

head lie flat. If there is cold water near at hand,
that can be dashed over the head and neck; in a
minute or two the animal will be all right. I have
found the attacks fewer when the animal got a
dose of physic occasionally; aloes is the best

Congestion of the Brain.—This is usually caused
from injuries, such as the animal striking its head
hard against the top of a door as in coming out or
going into acar. Ihave seen several cases of this
kind, and they may be severe enough to cause rup-
ture of some of the blood vessels of the brain, when
a clot forms causing pressure on the brain, or a por-
tion of the brain only may be congested. Conges-
tion sometimes takes place without any apparent
cause. |

Symptoms: The animal hangs its head, the eyes
are wholly or partially closed, the breathing is
siow and oppressed, and in some cases it may be
loud and rough. If the animal’s head is raised,
it will throw it into spasms for a few minutes, but
soon gets back to the sleepy state, and if it does not
turn into inflammation, the animal will likely die
in a comatose state, or there may be a few convul-
sions before death. Cattle in this condition will
stand for hours with their heads pressed hard
against something.

Treatment: Give a large dose of physic, one
ounce of aloes and two drams of calomel, made in-
to a ball for the horse, and one and one-half pounds
Epsom salts for cattle. Place ice bags to the back
of the head.

Sunstroke.—Sunstroke is a name given to affec-

160 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

tions caused by exhaustion and exposure to the hot
sun. The great heat and the exhaustion from fast
driving, or hard, slow work continued for a long
time in a hot afternoon heats the body of the ani-
mal to such an extent as to destroy the nervetissue,
so that it does not perform its function, resulting
in congestion of the brain or cord, or the heart it-
self may be the part most affected, or the blood may
become changed. In some cases the whole super-
ficial circulation is stopped.

Symptoms: The animal begins to lag behind
and stagger along for a few yards, then falls to
the ground in an unconscious state. The breathing
is noisy and the pulse is small, slow and irregular,
and sweat may break out in patches on the body.
The animal may die in a few minutes. In some
cases which are not so severe the animal becomes
used up, staggers in walking, breathing fast, eyes
half closed and watery, nostrils dilated. The pulse
is rapid and weak, and if pushed on in this condi-
tion will soon fall unconscious.

Treatment: On avery hot day a horse at work
should be rested often and given a drink of water,
and if it should show any signs of lagging it should
be stopped at once and taken to a cool place, and
if possible be given a stimulant, half a pint of
whisky in a little water, or two ounces of aromatic
spirits of ammonia in half a pint of cold water, and
not put to work for several hours. In bad cases
where the animal falls unconscious, it should get
ene of the above stimulants. I find the best and
surest method is not only to apply water to the

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 161

head and spine, but to every part of the body.
Either turn on the hose or keep two men steady
throwing cold water, and keep it up until the ani-
mal either dies or gets better. I have continued
applying the cold water to all parts of the body for
ten hours, and saved an animal that was to all ap-
pearance beyond recovery. This cools the tissue of
the body, and if it has not been destroyed beyond
repair the animal will likely recover. The stim-
ulant should be given every hour, half a pint of
good whisky in a little water or two ounces of aro-
matic spirits of ammonia in half a pint of cold
water. When the animal recovers it should not
be put to work for several weeks, and should get
one dram of sulphate of iron in the morning, and
two drams of nitrate of potassium in the evening,
good hay and oats and plenty of cold water, all of
which will assist in restoring the deranged tissue
of the body.

Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis.—This is an inflam-
mation of the coverings of the brain and spinal
cord.

Causes: Injuries of various kinds, exposures to
cold and damp when an animal is in an exhausted
state from over-driving. Sometimes outbreaks
of this disease take place, and it is very difficult
to determine the cause. It was thought when it
broke out in large stables in cities it was caused
from bad air, but I have seen an outbreak in the
country while the horses were at pasture and in
perfect health until the disease appeared. One

162 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

animal only may be affected, or a number at the
same time.

The first symptoms noticed is the animal is stiff
in its movements, especially the hind legs. Then
the muscles in all parts of the body, and if the
animal is made to move will stagger and may fall,
and not be able to rise without assistance, and may
not be able to stand when it is raised up; the appe-
tite is lost, there is high fever, pulse seventy-five to
ninety, temperature one hundred and five to one
hundred and six. Paralysis of different parts of
the body, the power to swallow is wholly or par-
tially lost, the eyesight impaired. If the head of
the animal is elevated at this stage it is usually
thrown. into convulsions or delirium. If the ani-
mal is lying down it will go through a series of au-
tomatic movements and will dash its head. Onthe
other hand coma may take place, and if the animal
is not moved will lie perfectly still. The animal
usually dies in two or three days.

Treatment: Put the animal in slings as soon as
noticed, and give aloes one ounce, carbonate of soda
one ounce, ginger one ounce; dissolve in half a
pint of hot water, add half a pint of cold, and give
at one dose. Also give an ounce nitrate of potas-
sium in the drinking water twice a day. If the
animal is suffering give two drams extract of bel-
ladonna every four hours. If the animal is unable
to stand and is wild with delirium, treatment is of
no use. I have never seen any good results from
applying cold water or ice to the head. It is ree-

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 163

ommended to give one quarter of a grain of sul-
phate of atropia injected under the skin to stimu-
late the heart. Aromatic spirits of ammonia in
two-ounce doses has also been used, or one-half
pint doses of whisky, but I have never seen any
good result from their use. There is a derange-
ment which sometimes affects colts at pasture.
The first thing noticed is a stiffness in the hind
parts, then the animal loses partial control of
them; they will stagger from side to side. The
animal seems to eat and has no fever. This may

continue for a week or ten days, when the animal

either begins to improve or loses complete power
of its hind parts, and often in a few days dies.
When this is first noticed the animal should be
taken to the barn and given a dose of aloes accord-
ing to the age, a one-year-old four drams, a two-

year-old six drams, a four or five-year-old one

ounce, made into a ball, or mixed with one ounce
carbonate of soda and ginger dissolved in half a
pint of boiling water; add half.a pint of cold water,
and give at a dose. Follow this by giving two
ounces sulphate of iron and one ounce nux vomica,
divided into twelve doses, one to be given twice a
day in bran mash. Rub the back once a day with
soap liniment. I have met with a few cases in both
horses and colts in which the nerves of the back
were deranged sufficiently to make the hind parts
wabble. The animal may walk a short distance
as if it were all right, and all at once the hind parts
will be affected as above. This derangement is not

164 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

dangerous to life, and the majority are cured by
giving one dram of nux vomica in the morning and
a teaspoonful of phosphate of calcium in the even-
ing in bran mash. The muscles of the loins should
be rubbed once daily with a little soap liniment.

Local Paralysis.—This is usually caused by di-
rect violence or from pressure on a nerve. The
most common part affected in horses with this
kind of paralysis is the face, which is very often
caused by the animal getting cast and the halter
drawn tight around the back of the ears under the
throat, pressing on the facial nerves as they turn
over the jaw bones. Asa result, this injury or pres-
sure kept up for several hours causes paralysis of
these nerves, and as a result the lips and sometimes
the tongue hang to one side and may interfere

with the animal’s eating, and gives it an unsightly

appearance.

Treatment: Bathe all the bruised parts with
acetate of lead half an ounce, water one quart.
Give a dose of aloes to the horse and Epsom salts
to cattle; follow this by giving one dram iodide
of potassium twice a day in a mash for two weeks.
This will remove any effusion of blood which may
have been effused around the nerve, and also give
time for nature to heal the parts and probably

restore the wounded nerve to its natural condition;

and if the animal is not cured give it one dram
nux vomica in the morning and one and one-half
drams of sulphate of iron in the evening in bran
mash, and continue it for three or four weeks. If

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 165

this does not cure it try Fowler’s solution of ar-
genic in two tablespoonful doses twice daily in the
feed, and continue it for one month.

Tetanus, or Lockjaw.—This is a disease char-
acterized by involuntary and painful con-
tinued contractions of the muscles, usually
caused by an injury or _ operation. The
nature of this disease is not well under-
stood, but it must be from some morbid
agent finding its way into the animal’s system
through the wound, but of what nature we are not
sure, as post-mortems reveal no distinct lesion.
There are two forms of lockjaw. One called idio-
pathic, which arises from some internal cause, or
at least we cannot find an external cause. The
other is called traumatic tetanus, caused by
wounds or injuries. Punctures to the feet by nails
is a very common cause, and operations on the tail.
It is impossible to say what kind of a horse is most
subject to this disease, or what state of the system
most favorable to it, as it may happen to any kind
of a horse from very slight injury, while another
horse may be very badly smashed up and yet
escape.

Symptoms of lockjaw: It may begin in any
group of muscles, but usually it is either the mus-
cles of the jaws or the muscles of the neck, loins,
or hind legs. Ifit is the jaws there will be a champ-
ing of the teeth, with a flow of saliva from the
mouth; the animal will try to eat, but cannot, al-
though it may be able to drink water. If it is the
neck, the animal if moved will bend its body, but

166 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

keep its neck straight, and if you notice, the mem-
brane of the eye will be drawn partially over it,
and the nose poked out straight, and the ears
pricked up inward and backward. If it is affect-
ing the muscles of the loins and legs the first thing
noticed will be the stiffness of the animal’s move-
ments, and the hind legs bent outward. In some
eases when first noticed all the muscles of the body

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PLATE 3. ADVANCED STAGE OF LOCK-JAW.

will be affected, and if not at first, if not relieved,
~ will soon be.
Treatment: Put the animal in a dark, quiet
place, and see that no one goes near him but the
attendant. I have found it best in the majority of
the cases if the horse had a mate to let it stay with
it, as the sick animal would be quieter. The bro-
mide of potassium, if enough can be given, will
cure the majority of cases. Give two ounces at a
dose four times a day in a little bran mash, thin
gruel, or water. Continue this until the spasms
relax, I have given as much as three pounds be-

aes Pb
is Aor ea

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 167

fore I accomplished this. I gave a nine-months’
old colt two and one-half pounds, so there is no
danger of giving it in large doses. If the animal
has lost the power of swallowing it is best to put it
out of pain. The injecting of three grains of eser-
ine under the skin is said to be useful in some few

cases, but I have never seen any benefit from its

use. Since I have discovered the bromide treat-
ment, and the animal can swallow, I have saved all
cases. If possible the animal should be placed in
a loose sling. By this means it may be prevented
from falling during the severe seizure. Applica-
tions to the external surface of the body seem to
be of little use, but rather augment the animal’s
suffering. The wound ought to be cleaned out and
belladonna extract applied, but I find in most
cases that the lifting of the limb to dress it causes
more disturbance than the benefit resulting from
the treatment. Where the majority fail is in not
giving a sufficient quantity of medicine, as it takes
at least five times the usual dose to have any effect.
I believe if other medicines recommended were
given in sufficient doses they might be of use.
Azoturia.—This is a name given to a disease pe-
culiar to the horse, as it has not been seen in any
other animal. It is a disease associated with dis-
turbed assimilation and characterized by muscu-
lo-nervous spasms of the muscles of the hips and
loins and the discharge of high-colored urine. We
will not take up the reader’s time with the pathol-
ogy of the disease, as to my mind it has not been

168 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

fully made out what it really is; but we do know |
the cause, prevention and remedy. |

Causes: The horse has been at hard work, and
for Some cause or other it has stopped for a few
days, but has been standing in the stable getting
its full allowance of food, which seems to have
some effect in producing the spasms above men-
tioned as soon as the animal is put to work.

Symptoms: After the animal is brought out of
the stable it will be in high spirits; in some cases
‘it is difficult to hold it after going a short distance;
or it may be in some cases that the animal may be
driven for several miles before it shows any symp-
toms, but usually it is only a short distance be-
fore the animal seems to hang back and show stiff-
ness in jts hind parts; it will then break out in a
profuse sweat and seem to be in great pain, and if
driven on will likely fall and be unable to rise; the
muscles of the loins and hips swell and become as
hard as a board, and the animal has no control over
them, and is therefore unable to rise; it will show
symptoms of pain by the movements of its forelegs
and by dashing its head about, and it can usually
neither pass feces nor urine. It breathes fast and
hard, and the pulse will be fast and full and the
temperature high, from one hundred and four to
one hundred and five. There is no other disease
that can be mistaken for this one, and as the dis-
ease is a nervous one I treat it as such, and if the
animal is attended to soon will always recover.
As soon as a horse shows signs of stiffness on be-

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 169

ing driven or worked after standing in the stable
for a few days, it should be stopped at once, even
if it is in the middle of the street. If this is done
the disease will not progress any further. This is
a peculiarity of this disease that it requires move-
ment to develop it. Allow the animal to stand for
an hour or two, then move it, and if it is still stiff
it will then be necessary to give it some medicine,
but in the majority of cases it will move off in
pretty good shape. In bad cases, when the anima!
is down, give it two ounces of sweet spirits of nitre
and one ounce aromatic spirits of ammonia in a
pint of cold water, and repeat it every half hour
until four doses have been given. In mild cases,
if necessary, give this as an antispasmodic to re-
lieve the spasms of the muscles, and a stimulant
to the nerves, put a newly flayed sheep skin on the
loins and hips, the flesh side next the skin of the
horse; this will produce a great heat, which will
give relief. If this cannot be obtained blankets
wrung out of boiling water should be put on the
loins and kept there by dry ones on top. Change
every twenty minutes and continue it for several
hours, and to be of any use it requires to be done
well. If it is impossible to do this the back may
be rubbed with compound soap liniment three
times a day and a blanket put on; the bowels
should be emptied by injections of warm water
and soap, and the urine drawn off with a catheter.
If the animal is thirsty give it all the cold water it
wants. Half an ounce of nitrate of potassium can
be dissolved in it if the animal will take it. It is

170 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

recommended to give a strong dose of aloes in this
disease, but by the treatment above the animal
ought to be on its feet before the aloes could have
any effect. If the horse shows any signs of stiff-
ness or drags the leg or legs, give one dram of the
fluid extract of nux vomica in a little water, or one
dram of the powder in the feed, two or three times
a day for a week. If the muscles of any part of
the hips or legs should waste rub on a little of the
following ointment: Cantharides two drams, vase-
line one and one-half ounces. Apply once a week
and give gentle exercise. To prevent the disease,
if the animal is to be idle for a few days, give it less
food, or see that it is exercised every day and there
will be no danger of this disease. Mares seem to
be more subject to this disease than horses. Ten
mares are probably affected with it to one horse.

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 171

CHAPTER Xi.

INFLUENZA (EPIZOOTIC OR CATARRHAL FEVER).

Influenza is a specific disease of the horse, usu-
ally appearing as an epizootic, affecting the mu-
cous membrane of the air passages and sometimes
the mucous membrane of the eyelids, giving rise
to the term “Pink-eye,” or affecting the mucous
membrane of the intestines, causing colic or inflam-
mation of the bowels. This disease is attended
with marked lassitude and prostration, and usu-
ally appears in the spring or fall months, affecting
a few animals or all the horses in a district. Ifa
horse affected by it is put into a stable of healthy
horses, in a short time a number of them will be
taken ill, or it may be all the horses in the stable
will be seized with it. The cause of influenza is
supposed to be a vegetable fungus, as such has
peen found in the discharges from the nose. The
causes are thought to be the condition of the at-
mosphere, or the animal being exposed to cold. In
the Spring and Fall, when the horse is changing its
coat and the pores of the skin are open, the horse
+s more liable to colds. If the animal is exposed to
the cold winds and rains it will likely cause a dis-
ease which resembles influenza ; but we find when
there is an epizootic of it that horses which are well
kept will take it as readily as those exposed, and

172 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

on that account it seems as if the fungus were the

cause. Influenza usually runs its course in two
weeks to twenty days, and in the majority of cases
if the horse is not worked and carefully nursed it
will recover without any medicine.

Symptoms: There is sneezing, a short, trouble-
some cough, redness and dryness of the membrane
of the nose, the eyelids are inflamed, and there will
be tears trickling over the face; the pulse is fre-
quent and weak, and the animal does not want to
move. Ina day or two there will be a discharge
from the nose, at first watery, then a yellow mat-
ter. The cough, which comes on in paroxysms or
fits, increases in depth. The animal keeps its head
down and its nose protruded. Ifthe throat is sore
it will have difficulty in swallowing water or food.
In bad cases part of the food and water will be
ejected through the nose. In some cases the eye-
lids will swell and close the eyes, and on lifting up
the eyelid it will be found very red; in this case it
is called “Pink Eye.” If the fever is high and the
pulse from seventy to eighty and the temperature
one hundred and. six, the horse is in a dangerous

condition and requires to be carefully looked after.

In the majority of bad cases all the cellular tissue
under the skin is affected and there will be more
or less swelling of the legs and under the belly;
the bowels are usually constipated and the urine
scanty and high colored. About the end of the
first week a change takes place, the discharge from
the nose is increased and thicker, and the cough
softer and uot so distressing, the pulse is less fre-

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 173

quent and stronger, the animal moves about in his |
stall, drinks with more ease, and the appetite is
better, and if no complications take place the
horse makes a rapid recovery. On the other hand,
if the breathing becomes rough, fast, and labored,
there is swelling*about the throat, and on putting
the ear to the windpipe a rough, harsh sound is
heard, laryngitis, or, it may be, bronchitis, has
taken place, or lung fever, inflammation of the
bowels, rheumatism, or heart failure. Any of
these complications taking place will retard recov-
ery or may cause death, and should be carefully
guarded against.

Treatment: Give complete rest in all cases. If
the appetite is good, give bran mash night and
morning with a tablespoonful of ground ginger,
two ounces Epsom salts, and half an ounce of ii-
trate of potassium. Clothe the body and bandage
the legs, give all the cold water the animal wants
‘to drink and any kind of food it will eat. If the
cough is troublesome put a piece of camphor about
the size of a walnut in a pail of boiling water and
hold the horse’s head over it for fifteen to twenty
minutes at a time; this should be done several
times a day. Also give a teaspoonful of fluid ex-
tract of belladonna and a teaspoonful of chlorate
of potassium dissolved in half a pint of water and
gargle the throat. If this does not relieve the
cough, give one dram of opium and one dram of
camphor, made into a ball, three times daily, or
give one ounce compound syrup of squills at a dose
three timesa day. Ifthe animal is weak and does

174 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

not eat, give one ounce each of tincture of ginger,
gentian and sweet Spirits of nitre in a half pint of
cold water three times a day. Half ounce doses of
nitrate of potassium should be given once or twice
daily in the drinking water. Never give tincture
of aconite, as it is dangerous medicine to give in
this form of disease. After the acute stage has
passed give sulphate of iron and gentian, a tea-
spoonful of the former and a tablespoonful of the
latter, in a bran mash or a quart of oatmeal gruel.
The animal should now get a little exercise, but no
work until fully recovered. If the throat is sore
rub on a little mustard once a day for a few days,
and steam with the hot water and camphor at least
three times a day. If bronchitis or lung fever sets
in, the above treatment in the majority of cases
will be the best. In addition, apply a cantha-
ridine blister to the sides, made of cantharides,
two drams; lard three ounces. Rub in well with the
fingers. This is sometimes a great benefit. Phys-
ics should not be given, but if the bowels are con-
fined give injections of warm water. If rheuma-
tism sets in, and the joints swell and the animal is
very lame, blister with cantharides as above, and
give one dram of iodide of potassium twice a day
in the drinking water, or give two tablespoonfuls
of Fowler’s solution of arsenic twice a day in bran
mash.

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 175

CHAPTER XII.

DISTEMPER (STRANGLES).

This is a disease peculiar to the horse, and it is
likely that it will be affected with it some time,
but seldom gets out of its colthood days without
getting it. It is therefore called “colt i.” It is
contagious and can be carried on the clothes of a
person from one barn to another. It may break
out in.a stable and no other cases in the neighbor-
hood. The contagion may have been brought in
some unknown way, or I have no doubt but under
certain conditions it will develop in a colt or horse
that has not been exposed to the disease. A horse
seldom takes this disease twice, and it runs a defi-
nite course. It is dangerous when checked or
interfered with, and is successfully treated when
correctly guided to its natural termination. Some
seasons the outbreak is of a very mild character,
in others it may take on a malignant form and a
number of animals may die. There is no account-
ing for this. Although a good many theories have
been brought forward, none is satisfactory.

Symptoms: There are signs of catarrh, the ani-
mal is dull, has a cough, and when it swallows
makes a peculiar sound in its throat. There is
soreness in the throat and some of the water it
may be drinking-will come back through its nose;

176 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

the head is poked out, a little frothy saliva exudes ;

from its mouth, sooner or later there will appear
a swelling between the jaws, or sometimes at the
back of the jaw; when this takes place the animal
has great difficulty in swallowing water and food,
especially the former. In some cases there is very
little fever and the appetite remains good. In
others there may be considerable fever, pulse sixty
tosevénty. In the course of a few days the inflam-
mation relieves itself in the formation of matter,
which will soon come to the surface and break of
its own accord if not opened. After this takes
place the animal is much relieved. Cases may be
met with where a small abscess may form and the
animal may show no other symptoms; this soon
breaks, discharges and heals. In others, although
not very sick, the condition of ill health may con-
tinue for several weeks, and finally an abscess ap-
pears, matures, and the animal soon recovers.
Again, others may swell in the inside and suffer
ereat distress and may suffocate. Irregular stran-
gles is where abscesses form in other parts of the

body, such as on the shoulders, hips, flank, side of .

the neck, or back of the elbow; also in the liver,
between the lungs, or in other parts. As long as
the abscess forms on the outside it is not danger-
ous to life, but those on the internal organs usually
cause death. The sequel of distemper most fre-
quently occurring is a thickening of the lining of
the throat, which interferes with the animal’s
breathing, causing what is called roaring or whis-
tling. The more serious sequel is blood poisoning

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 177

from the absorption of matter from the abscesses
forming on the internal organs. About the ninth
or tenth day the animal ought to begin to improve.
On the other hand, if at that time the fever is in-
creased, appetite lost, breathing is fast and some-
what labored, and the temperature one hundred
and five to one hundred and six, there is occasion
for alarm, as it indicates that something is going
wrong inwardly.

Treatment: In the early stages of distemper put
the animal in a warm, well-ventilated stable.
Clothe the body and bandage the legs. If the
throat is sore put a piece of camphor gum into a
pail of boiling water and put it under the animal’s
head and throw a blanket loosely over it to keep
in the steam; continue this for fifteen to twenty
minutes and repeat it three times a day. Dissolve
two drams of chlorate of potassium in half a pint
of cold water and put in one teaspoonful of the
fluid extract of belladonna. Shake up and garele
the throat. This is best done by holding the head
a little above the level and pouring a little into the
mouth; rub the tongue to make the animal move it.
If the animal coughs, let the head down at once,
and after it ceases coughing pour in a little more,
and so on until it is all used; do this three times
a day. If there is any fever give half an ounce of
nitrate of potassium in its drinking water once
daily. Physic should not be given. Ifthe bowels
are confined give injections of soap and warm wa-
ter. If an abscess forms, poultice it with warm
linseed poultice, changing it once a day. When

178 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

the abscess becomes soft, open it and inject a little

lotion made of carbolic acid, half an ounce; water,
one pint. Poultice for a few days after it breaks,
to soften the surrounding parts so that there will
be no bunch left after it heals. After the acute
stage has passed mix and divide into twenty-four
doses, four ounces sulphate of iron, four ounces
nitrate of potassium, and two ounces nux vomica,
one to be given twice a day in bran mash mixed
with a little oats. If there should be a great dis-
charge of matter from the nose after the animal is
convalescent, put one ounce oil of turpentine into
a pail of boiling water and put it under the head
as above; do this several times daily. If the ab-
scess is tardy in forming, rub on cantharides, two
drams; vaseline, one and a half ounces. If the
glands of the neck should remain enlarged after
the animal has recovered, rub on biniodide of mer-
cury, one dram; lard, one and a half ounces. Re-
peat every second week. If abscesses form on
other parts of the body they should be treated as
above. If the animal’s appetite is poor, give one
ounce each of tincture of ginger, gentian, and chlo-
ride of iron in a quart of oatmeal gruel three times
a day. Give the animal small quantities of food
at a time and often, as it will eat a little fresh hay
or oats when it would refuse to eat that which was
in its manger.

ay

=

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 179

CHAPTER XIII.

GLANDERS AND FARCY.

Glanders is a malignant contagious disease pe-
culiar to the horse, but can be produced in any of
the warm-blooded animals by inoculation. It is
characterized by a discharge, usually from one nos-
tril but sometimes from both. It is watery, vis-
cid, or purulent, and of a bluish color; the mucous
membrane of the nose and the sinuses of the head,
the throat, windpipe, and also the lungs are speci-
fically affected. There is usually an enlargement
of the lymphatic glands under the jaw. Glanders
is a very -old disease. The earliest notice of this
disease is that by Aspyrtus, a veterinary officer in
the army of Constantine the Great in the fourth
century, and also by Vigitius. It was described
by these early writers on diseases of the horse as
Malleus, Morbis, Humidus, etc. Glanders is a dis-
ease of the temperate regions; it does not exist in
Australia and some other warm countries, nor in
very cold ones, although there are exceptions. It
exists in Norway andin Java. The cause of gland-
ers in the great majority of cases is either by con-
tagion or inoculation, and most cases can be traced.
On the other hand, when a number of horses have
been crowded together, as in times of war, and
where all the horses underwent such rigid inspec-

180 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. .

tion as to leave little doubt that glanders did not

exist, yet it was not long before glanders made its
appearance. I believe that a disease which is pe-
culiar to any class of animals can be produced
spontaneously if surrounding circumstances are
favorable for its development. The conditions
which would likely be most favorable to cause
glanders are badly ventilated stables, such as are
common in large cities, hard work and poor food.
It is stated that it has broken out in stables which
have been newly built and plastered and the horse
put in before the place was perfectly dried. Dis-
eases which exhaust and depress the system and

deprive the blood of its proper nutrition, chronic —

nasal gleet, which runs down the system of the
horse, may cause it. Farcy is the same disease as
elanders, only in a milder form, and usually affects
the lymphatic glands on the inside of the legs,
which swell and burst and discharge a matter. <A
horse affected with farcy may give another gland-
ers.

Symptoms: The chronic form of glanders is
that usually seen in this country. There is a dis-
charge from the nose of a bluish, watery, sticky
matter, usually from one nostril. In looking at
the membrane of the nose, sores will be seen from
the size of a pinhead to that ofa dime; these sores
or ulcers are gray in the center and purple at the
edges. _In the early stages of this disease there

may be no ulcers in view. It will be necessary to
hold up the horse’s head and have the clear light
shown as far up the nostril as possible, or a re-

4
38
7

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 181

flector may be useful. Some press their fingers
up the nostril and feel for the ulcers. A chronic
discharge from one or both nostrils may not be a
case of glanders, as that can be produced either
from nasal gleet or a diseased tooth, and many
valuable animals have been destroyed, when upon
examination after death a decayed tooth has been
found to be the cause. What we have to look for
in a case of glanders is the glazy, sticky discharge
from one nostri, usually ulcers in the membrane
of the nose, and hard swellings of the lymphatic
gland under the Jaw, and usually adhering to the
side of the lower jaw, and the absence of any other
cause for the discharge. In nasal gleet the ani-
mal should be destroyed in case it should turn into
glanders. The animal is usually unthrifty, the
coat is rough and dirty, and although the animal
may eat well, it does not keep in good flesh. I
have seen some few cases in which the animal was
to all appearance healthy, with a fine, sleek skin.

Acute Glanders.—This is usually caused either
by inoculation with glandular matter from a
chronic case by some of the matter becoming ab-
sorbed into the blood, or a glandered horse may
receive a wound and some of its own matter may
get into it and cause acute glanders. The first
symptoms of acute glanders are shivering fits, in-
dicating great fever; these fits are often persist-
ent, the pulse is increased seventy to eighty beats
per minute, the breathing is fast, and the tempera-
ture rises rapidly from one hundred and six to one
hundred and seven; the animal is in great distress,

182 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

the membrane of the nose swells and the animal -

snuffles or in some cases nearly suffocates; there
is rapid emaciation and pimples appear on the
membrane of the nose, either in groups or seat-
tered; they can be distinguished by their grayish
or yellowish-gray center and a red ring on the
outer edge. In a few days the centers drop out,
leaving a little pit with the true characteristics
ofanulcer. These ulcers are not disposed to heal,
but rather to spread, and become deep and extend
through the septum nasi (the division between the
nostrils). The discharge from the nose, which at
first was slight, is now profuse and may be tinged
with blood from rupture of some of the small
blood-vessels, caused by the ulcers. I have seen
some cases in which the division was completely
ulcerated and destroyed so that there was none
of it left. The lymphatics in all parts of the body
become affected, the head, legs and belly swell,
and there may be an oozing of matter of a yellow
color from the swollen parts. The lungs become
involved and the animal soon dies. An animal
affected with acute glanders seldom lives more
than from twenty to thirty days. Farcy is the
hame given to glanders when it first makes its ap-
pearance in the legs, and may be produced by inoc-
ulation with the discharge either from glanders

or farcy sores, or by coming into contact with

horses affected with glanders. It may also be pro-
duced by an animal getting into that condition of
health favorable to originate farcy. Why the
Same infecting virus should especially select the

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 183

mucous membrane of the nose and air passages
in one case and select the skin and its connective
tissue and the superficial lymphatic glands of the
legs in another is not easy to determine. I will di-
vide farcy into two forms, the acute and chronic.
Acute Farcy.—The symptoms are fever, high
temperature, and fast pulse, seventy to eighty per
minute; loss of appetite, and the skin takes on an
unhealthy appearance and there may be shivering
spells; the legs swell and the lymphatic glands up
the inside of the legs are tender to the touch; there
will also be more or less swelling under the belly.
After a time the general swelling gradually sub-
sides, circumscribed lumps appear, known as
farcy-buds, and a corded condition of the inside of
the hind legs. These buds arise from the skin
very suddenly and after a few days the skin bursts
and there is a slight discharge, leaving a raw, deep
sore or ulcer. These ulcers distend and discharge
a foul, creamy liquid tinged with blood. These
have the characteristics of the ulcers of glanders
found on the membrane of the nose. Their tend-

_ency is to spread, and they do not heal easily, if

atall. The lymphatics of the legs remain swollen
and somewhat painful if the animal is moved or
they are pressed upon. Although the horse may
regain its appetite, the fever never leaves, and the
animal soon becomes very much emaciated, and
prostration goes on rapidly. It terminates either
in acute glanders or the animal dies from sheer ex-
haustion.

Chronic Farcy.—This form is manifested by lo-

184 DISEASES CF BKORSES AND CATTLE.

cal swellings, tumors or buds in connection with

the skin and the surrounding tissue. After a time
these soften and ulcerate, leaving an unhealthy,
ragged, open sore, which discharges a liquid and
has no disposition to heal. These tumors are
found in various parts of the body—on the face,
under the jaws, sides of neck, anterior parts of
chest, inside of the fore legs, along the belly, over
the flanks and inside of the hind legs. These tu-
mors vary much in size in different parts of the
body. The lymphatics in the neighborhood of
these tumors are swollen and hard, and inside of
the hind leg they will be corded. The appetite of
the animal may remain good and do its work as
usual, and may remain in good condition, but
usually they become dry-haired and take on an un-
healthy appearance. Although some cases of
chronic farcy recover, it is not well to undertake
treatment, for your own safety as well as for the
safety of the other horses which might become af-_
fected with the disease. The treatment would be
to give the animal two drams of sulphate of copper
twice a day in mash, and continue it for a month;
feed good hay and oats; wash the sores and dress
them by dusting iodoform powder on them twice
daily, or by washing them with chloride of zine,
one dram; water, one pint; or sanitas oil, one part;
sweet oil, two parts, and keep the animal separat-
ed from the others while undergoing this treat-
ment. Stables and old houses in which a gland-
ered or farcied horse has been, as. well as harness,
clothing, ete., must be disinfected. Everything in

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 185

the stable which can be removed should be burned;
the clothing and harness can be boiled, which will
destroy the germ. All parts of the building should
be washed with carbolic acid, six ounces; water,
one gallon. After it has been thoroughly washed,
close all the doors, windows and all openings tight.
Then put from one to two pounds of sulphur in a
pot containing burning coal, and keep it close for
ten or twelve hours. Then throw open the doors
and windows for several days before putting
horses into it. The drains of the stable and the
dung, and in fact everything in which there is any
possibility for any of the diseased germs to find
lodging, should be destroyed. If there is a drain,
large quantities of fresh water ought to be forced
through, and finish by mixing carbolic acid and
water and flush that through and burn the dung.

186 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

CHAPTER XIV.

HORSE POX (VARIOLA EQUINA).

This is a pustular disease, making its appear-
ance most commonly on the fetlocks and pasterns,
but may be found on other parts of the skin or the
mucous membrane of the nose, and cases have
been reported where the mucous membrane of the
lungs became affected. On account of it breaking
out on the pasterns it has been mistaken for grease
in the heels. This disease usually makes its ap-
pearance as an epizootic. It appeared in this
form in Canada in the winter of 1876; hundreds
of horses were laid up at the same time. It start-
ed in Montreal, and spread rapidly by contagion.
The first symptoms noticed in the majority of cases
were: The horse was dull and slightly stiff, the ap-
petite usually remained good; next, slight swell-
ings of the fetlocks, and if rubbed with the hand
they would be hot and tender to the touch, and
soon hard, rather flat lumps, from the size of a pea
to that of a half-dollar, could be felt. These soon
sunk in the center and a small piece of skin would
drop off, leaving a pit from which was discharged
a copious, thin gray fluid, which would irritate the
parts it passed over, causing them to become sore.
If it lodged around the coronet for some time, it

would cause a separation of the hoof, and in some

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. Pees |W

eases the fluid would get in between the hoof and
sensitive parts and cause great pain and destruc-
tion of the part. Where a considerable part of the
pastern and fetlock was affected, the discharge
would be sufficient to cause the bedding to become
wet with it, or if bandages were put on they soon
became soaked with the fluid. In a number of
cases the hind legs would swell to a great size, and
sometimes the pustules would appear on the inside
of the legs, causing great lameness. In some cases
there would be considerable fever, pulse sixty to
seventy, temperature one hundred and two to one
hundred and five, appetite poor, urine scanty and
high colored, and the bowels confined. In some
cases where the swelling was great the animal
could not rise if it lay down; but in most cases
they do not lie down. Those attending animals
affected with this disease, if they are not careful
to wash their hands well with soap and hot water
and then use carbolic lotion (half an ounce to a
pint of water) and a nail brush to clean under the
nails, are very likely to suffer greatly, as it will
affect the tender part under the nails. I know of
a number of cases of this kind also from picking
the nose or putting up the hand before it was prop-
erly washed to protect the ear from the cold. A
ereat many laughable but painful cases occurred
to men attending horses having this disease, but
I only know of one fatal case in man from it.
Treatment: When first noticed, and before the
pustules break, grease all around the top of the
hoof and heels with lard and vaseline, so that it

188 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

will prevent it from injuring the coronet and heels.

Give the horse half-ounce doses of nitrate of potas-
sium three times a day in bran mash or drinking
water. If the leg is swollen above the pustules,
bathe it with acetate of lead, half an ounce; water,
one quart. It is best not to use any medicine or
water on the pustular parts, as it will only delay
the progress of the disease. When the pustules
burst I have found great improvement by spraying
on the sores carbolic lotion (two drams to one pint
of water). Washing the parts, as is often done,
keeps the healing process back. Do not remove
any scabs that form. Ifthe pustules should break
before there was any lard rubbed around the coro-
nets and heels, and they have not become sore,
wash off clean with soap and water and apply a
little carbolic lotion, and when the part dries rub
on the lard; be very careful about this, as it will
Save the animal a great deal of pain and the owner
much trouble. If the sores are slow in healing
with the carbolic lotion and they have ceased dis-
charging, use a little oxide of zinc ointment;
Strength, one ounce zine oxide, vaseline two
ounces. If the mouth becomes the seat of the dis-
ease and the lips swell, it will be necessary to feed
the animal on soft food and bathe the lips with
a little lead lotion. If the throat or bronchial
tubes of the lungs, treat as recommended for lung
troubles. Keep the animal in a comfortable, dry
place and give it all the food and cold water it will
take,

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 189

CHAPTER XV.

BLACK LEG (INFLAMMATORY FEVER).

In the Veterinarian, February, 1880, Dr. Green-
field’s lecture on this disease says: “This disease
did not appear in healthy animals inoculated with
black leg virus, and no bacteria was found in the
blood of animals affected with this disease, which
shows that it is not an anthrax disorder, but is
brought on by the kind of food the animal is fed
upon. Cattle of all ages are liable to become af-
fected, but young stock appear to be most readily
So; six-month-old calves and up to two years, seem
to be those usually affected when changed from a
poor pasture to a rich, especially low-lying lands.
Such animals fatten with rapidity and soon attain
a high state of plethora, when perhaps some of
them become lame. Stop feeding and soon a
swelling appears in some part of the body, espe-
cially about the hocks or stifle. It is hot and very
painful, and is often mistaken for an injury. If
at first it was painful, the pain soon leaves, and it
becomes insensible, and if cut with a knife, a little
watery black blood will exude. The part has be-
come gangrenous, cold, and crackles on pressure
as if it was full of air. This is caused by the forma-
tion of gas from the decomposition of the blood.
Later on, when the swellings are cut into there will

190 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

be an accumulation of putrid sanious and yellow
gelatinous material under the skin and between
the muscles, also black patches on various parts
of the body. At the beginning, or if the animals
are noticed, there will be fever, loss of appetite,
high temperature. It is said that when the swell-
ing begins, the fever subsides a little, but I have
not seen this in the cases that came under my ob-
servation. The animal becomes rapidly feeble and
soon dies. In the early stage the bowels are usu-
ally confined, and near the end blood is mixed with
the feces. The animal stands with its neck out-
stretched, breathing rapidly, and with a moan.
Some few cases recover when the animal has
strength to throw off those parts which have be-
come mortified, leaving ugly sores, which after a
time heal by granulations. On post-mortem ex-
aminations, besides what is seen on the outside,
there is congestion of the lungs, and the bronchial
tubes are filled with a tough, frothy mucous. This
disease is seen in certain places and at certain
times,—the spring, early summer, and autumn.
It never occurs in winter in cold countries. Poor
animals are never affected with this disease, and
can be prevented by not overfeeding, especially on
rapidly-grown grasses on low lands. If the ani-
mal has to be fed on such grass, allow it to be
there for a short time each day and then remove
it to a poor, short pasture and feed some dry food,
such as hay. After the grass has grown and be-
comes harder there will be no danger of allowing
the animal to remain in it all day.

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 191

Treatment: Open the swellings with a knife and
inject carbolic acid half an ounce, water one
quart, or inject a lotion of this kind all around the
swelling with a hypodermic syringe. Give one
ounce each of tincture chloride of iron, ginger, and
gentian at a dose three times a day in half a pint
of water; this dose is for yearlings. Half this
quantity for a calf six months old. Remove all
the well ones and give a dose of Epsom salts, four
ounces for a calf, half a pound for a yearling, one
pound for a two-year-old, and one and one-half for
a cow. Feed on dry food or turn into a poor pas-
ture, and if this is done there will be no further
trouble.

Pyemia (Blood Poisoning).—Septicemia pus
getting into the blood is best treated by tincture
chloride of iron, gentian, and ginger, one ounce
each three times a day, and feeding good food.

192 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

CHAPTER XVI.

RHEUMATISM.

This is a disease characterized by more or less
pain and swelling of the joints, although in some
cases no swelling appears. There is a tendency to
shift from one part to another; that is, a horse
may be lame in one leg for a day or two, then the
lameness shifts to the other, and so on; or the sore-
ness may remain for months in one place. I have
seen cases where one hind leg and one fore leg
were affected at the same time. There is a great
difference of opinion as to the nature of this dis-
ease. It is described to be a specific acute fever
caused by some morbid material in the system,
having a special tendency to affect the coverings
of muscles and tendons, causing great pain and
lameness, and I have no doubt but such is the case
sometimes. It is thought to be caused by an ac-
cumulation of urea in the muscular structure, and
by increasing the elimination of this material from
the system the rheumatism disappears. When it
affects the joints there is an effusion of a fluid ma-
terial which invades the capsules of the joints,
causing them to swell.

Symptoms: Of the local symptoms there will be
lameness, severe and sudden; when the animal was
last seen it was all right, but now it is hardly able

ao

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 193

to move, and if it does, it is with great difficulty.
On examination one or more of the joints will be
very painful. There may be no swelling, but
usually there is. The joints most frequently af-
fected are the stifle and fetlock. The hock and
hip less so. The swellings, when occurring, are
usually between the tendons, and if in the hock
joint may be taken for bog spavin. The pain con-
tinues, it may be, only for several hours, or it may
be for several days, when all at once in some un-
accountable manner the pain and swelling become
reduced or may entirely disappear, to shift to some
other joint or limb, and so on until it may disap-
pear altogether. . These local symptoms are gen-
erally accompanied with more or less fever and a
decided rise in the temperature. The pulse is
from sixty to seventy per minute and the breath-
ing somewhat increased.

Treatment: For this form of rheumatism I find
that a good dose of physic is useful, and the best
is one pint of raw linseed oil and twenty drops of
croton oil. This is for both horses and cattle.
Follow this by giving nitrate of potassium half-
ounce doses three times a day in the drinking wa-
ter. If the pulse is fast and full, give tincture of
aconite in twenty-drop doses every two hours in a
little water. After several days, if there is no im-
provement, give dram doses of iodide of potassium
three times a day with half an ounce of wine of
colchicum. When all fever has subsided, Fowler’s
solution of arsenic in half-ounce doses twice a day
in bran mash is often very useful.

194 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

Treatment of Rheumatism in Horses and Cattle.

—Salicylic acid does not seem to be of much use.

If this derangement becomes chronic and the
joints remain swollen, blister them with canthar-
ides two drams, lard one ounce; rub in well and
let it remain on for twenty-four hours, then wash off
and grease. Repeat in two weeks and give half-
ounce doses of Fowler’s solution of arsenic twice
a day ina bran mash. I find this is the only rem-
edy for chronic rheumatism.

There is a derangement which I think proper to
call rheumatic inflammation of the muscles, espe-
cially the muscles of the loins and the hind legs,
although the muscles of other parts may be af-
fected. I have had a number of cases of this kind
and they have all been from the same cause: expo-
sure to cold in cold, damp weather when theanimal
has been heated. One case was from driving a
horse a long distance and then turning it out to
pasture late at night, and during the night it
rained and became cold and the horse was found
on the following morning standing with its feet
gathered up underneath it, with back arched, and
it was with difficulty the animal could be moved.
There was considerable fever and the muscles were
sore to the touch. It kept constantly lifting first
one hind foot, then the other, and had the appear-
ance of a horse that was foundered; the feet were
cool and the muscles sore, and if the horse lay
down it suffered great pain and would not lie still
one moment. If it were founder the feet would
be hot and the animal would be comfortable while

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 195

it wasdown. Theabove are the symptoms of this
trouble. In bad cases the animal will not eat, but
drinks freely.

Treatment: Give a dose of physic to clean out
the bowels and reduce the fever, also give tincture
of aconite in twenty-drop doses in a little water
every two hours for the first day. After the physic
operates, if the animal is in much pain, give two
ounces of opium three or four times a day in a lit-
tle water. Bathe the legs and loins with hot wa-
ter, taking care that the animal does not get cold
after it. After bathing for half an hour, dry and
rub the parts well with soap liniment, then blanket
and cover up the legs. Keep the kidneys active by
giving half-ounce doses of nitrate of potassium.
After two weeks, if the animal remains stiff give
half-ounce doses of Fowler’s solution of arsenic in
bran mash and continue it for several weeks. If
the joints should swell and remain sore, blister
with cantharides as for rheumatism.

196 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

CHAPTER XVII.

TUBERCULOSIS.

This is a constitutional disease, usually locating
itself in the lungs, although it is found in other or-
gans of the body, such as the glands of the intes-
tines, mesenteric glands, and glands of the udder.
This disease affects cattle more than any other
domestic animals. This disease is hereditary and
is found more frequently among cattle that have
been inbred. It is also most common among the
improved herds, thus short horns, especially good
milkers, are more predisposed to this disorder. In
the last few years a great deal of attention has
been called to this disease, and a few veterinarians
have allowed themselves to be carried away be-
yond the bounds of reason on this disease and have
caused needless alarm and have done a great deal
of harm to the cattle industry, as well as scaring
the people.

Tuberculosis is a very old disease and is de-
scribed by writers several thousand years ago, and
if the disease is as contagious as Some are asking
the people to believe, there would not be a warm-
blooded animal alive. Their theory is that rats,
mice, and other small animals which eat out of feed
boxes of cattle affected with tuberculosis will con-
tract the disease and give it to others; also, that a

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 197

person who has tuberculosis attending to cattle will
give the disease to them, and that it is contagious
and infectious from one animal to another; also,
that the milk and flesh of an animal affected with
the disease is unfit for food. If this were the case,
and as many cows affected with this disease asthey
represent, I think very few people would be free
from the disease. Such, however, is not the case,
as the census of Europe shows that tuberculosis
is on the decrease, and this is accounted for in the
improved condition of living, more meat and milk
being used than in days gone by. The slaugh-
tering of cattle to stamp out tuberculosis is out of
the question if the disease can be spread from the
human being to the cattle they attend, and also
from the rats and mice. I think the people are
awakening to the absurdity of what has been done
and are taking a common-sense view of the mat-
ter. I would suggest the use of tuberculine be dis-
continued, as there is danger of it producing tu-
berculosis in healthy animals, and as long as cows
and other cattle are in good condition, eating well,
giving a good supply of milk, etc., they should not
be interfered with. If a cow should show signs
of ill health it would be wise to have her examined
by a qualified veterinary surgeon, and if tubercu-
losis was discovered the animal ought to be de-
stroyed, or at least separated from the others and
put under treatment for several months.
Symptoms of tuberculosis: The first is a cough,
but the cough of itself is not sufficient, as a cough
is often caused by irritation of the throat. Suc-

198 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

ceeding the cough there will be dry skin and the
hair standing up, and the animal gradually losing
flesh, although the appetite may remain unim-
paired. The mucous membranes are pale in color
and the pulse becomes weak, and if the animal is
driven fast, there will be a tendency to suffocation
or difficult breathing. If the cow is giving milk
it decreases in quantity and quality, and by de-
erees the animal becomes greatly debilitated; pain
is evinced on pressure on the ribs, the temperature
of the body is usually increased to a hundred and
two to a hundred and three. This condition may
continue for several months. When the cough be-
comes hacking the respiration becomes very fast
and the pulse quick and weak; diarrhoea sets in
and carries off the animal.

Treatment: If treatment is tried, use tonics and
stimulants. Tincture chloride of iron, ginger and
gentian, one ounce each, given in gruel or water
three times a day. Boiled flaxseed given in bran
mash once a day is very useful. But it is wise to
destroy at once when the case is one of tubercu-
losis.

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 199

: CHAPTER XVIII.

FRACTURES AND DISEASES OF BONES.

Fractures usually occur from violence, such as
a kick, slipping and falling, and sometimes from
violent contracting of the muscles. The bones of
old animals are much easier broken than those of
the young. Bones are more readily fractured by
a diseased condition, and at times the bones are
more brittle than at others, and a trivial cause may
produce fracture, as I have known fractures to oc-
cur while a horse was traveling on a level, hard
road. The bones of most healthy animals will
bend slightly, and for this reason will often pre-
vent fracture. There is a little elasticity to all
bones, especially to the young. Simple fracture
is where the bone is broken without wounding the
soft parts. Compound or open when there is an
open wound communicating with the broken bone.
Comminuted when the bone is broken into several
fragments. Complicated when together with the
fracture there is serious injuries of the adjoining
structures, lacerated, open joint, or serious con-
tusion of the tissues. In the majority of cases the
only kind of fracture that is worth treating is the
simple, for the reason that it is impossible to keep
the animal quiet, and that the ends of a fractured
bone with wounded flesh will keep up the irrita-

200 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

tion, causing inflammation and mortification. The
bones of the horse or cattle will unite as readily as
in the human being if we could only keep the parts
quiet. ?

Mode of union: First, there is an exudation of
lymph, which is at first slightly granular, but be-
comes, at a later period, elastic and moderately
firm. It soon attains firmness, which is called a
callus, and by degrees this is consolidated into
hard bone. After a time the callus becomes pat-
tially or wholly absorbed, leaving the parts nearly
smooth. Therefore in simple fracture, even if the
parts are not kept quiet, the developing process
will go on. It being elastic, will at first allow of a
certain amount of motion, and as it hardens the
motion becomes less until it stops altogether. I
have known colts to be turned out with a broken
leg, and if inflammation did not set in, would soon
get all right.

Treatment of fractures: The first thing to do is
to reduce the fracture as soon as possible and keep
the ends of the bones in apposition to prevent them
from lacerating the flesh or soft tissue; and before
swelling and inflammation set in, place the horse
ina sling. This can be done by fixing four posts
wide enough for the animal’s body and far enough
apart so that the posts in front will be in line with
the horse’s breast and the others at the hips. Then
take two poles and sew strong bags to them and
place one of the poles on each side and the bags
under the animal’s belly, then fasten the poles to
the posts and put a cross-piece in front and one

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 201

behind, and your sling is complete. The cross-
pieces should be well padded to prevent chafing.
When the animal is put into the sling, then the
fractured parts require to be kept in their places.
This is done by splints and bandages. Take long
strips of muslin about four inches in width and put
them in starch and wrap them several times
around the part, then apply the splints, which can
be made of pieces of wood, hard leather, or gutta
percha. Then roll a starched bandage around the
splints to keep them in their places. Some use the
plaster of paris bandages, which are useful. If
an animal gets its leg fractured in the pastern and
cannot be taken to the stable, I have had good suc-
cess by applying the starched bandages and using
splints, without putting the animal in slings.
Block tin made to fit the part is very useful for this
purpose, as it is light and easily kept in its place.
Animals may be very lame for a long time after the
fracture has united, but if no joint is involved re-
covery will gradually take place.

Symptoms of fracture: When the leg is the
part fractured there is sudden and great lameness,
with more or less deformity, and the animal is
unable to bear weight upon that leg. By applying
the ear to the part and moving the limb a crepitat-
ing sound will be heard. [If it is a simple fracture,
without the soft parts being injured, it is advisable
to try treatment. On the other hand, if the soft
parts are wounded and the animal not of much
value, the wisest plan is to put it out of pain. If
the animal is a valuable mare or stallion treat-

202 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

ment might be tried, for although the limb was de-
formed or the animal lame, it would be useful for
stud purposes.

Fractures of the Anterior [liac Spine.—This
form of fracture is usually caused by the animal
falling on its haunch or striking it against the
side of a door post, gate or wall, breaking off a
piece of the most prominent part of the quarter.
It does not always cause lameness, but is easily
seen by the flattened appearance of the quarter.
If the bone is completely broken off it will be
drawn down by the abdominal muscles. I saw a
case of this kind. A young horse while running
slipped and fell, fracturing its haunch. The parts
inflamed and separation took place, and the piece
of bone was drawn down to the flank, where it
caused inflammation. Matter formed. I opened it
and removed a piece of bone half the size of the
hand. ‘The wound was treated and the part
healed. Little can be done for a case of the kind
except to keep down local inflammation by giving
rest and applying cold applications, and if matter
should form it indicates that there is a piece of
the bone detached, which will have to be removed,
and then dressed as for an ordinary wound.

Fracture of the Shaft of the Nium.—lIf the ends
of the bone are not displaced the animal may not
go lame, but if they are the lameness will be great.
In a fracture of this kind the horse will drag its leg
and will not be able to support its weight on it.
The other parts of the limb being all right our at-
tention is directed to the bones of the hip and at

eaeat:
aed

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 203

the place of fracture there will be, in the majority
of cases, a sinking of the muscle end; on applying
the ear to the part and moving the limb gently a
crepitating sound will be heard, the ends of the
fractured bones grating. If the fracture should be
in the hip joint treatment would be of no use, but
if the animal is a valuable mare, put it in a sling
and keep as quiet as possible, and if the muscles
swell apply cold water. I have seen a, few cases
of fracture of the shaft of the hip bone unite and
the animal be as useful as before the fracture.

Split or Fracture of the Pelvis (Symphysis Pu-
bis).—This happens frequently in fat cattle if kept
on slippery floors, the feet spreading and the ani-
mal falling, causing a split in the union of the two
bones, called the pubic bones. In this case nothing
can be done in the way of treatment.

Fracture of the Tuberosity of the Ischium.—
This is caused from the patient falling back on its
buttock. The symptoms of this are an alteration
in the shape of the buttock. On moving the part a
crepitating sound will be heard; there will be some
lameness and swelling. If the bone is not de-
tached it will soon reunite if the animal is given
rest. Very little treatment is needed in this case.
If the part swells much, bathe it several times
daily with cold water. If it becomes detached
matter will form, and on opening the part the de-
tached bone can be removed and the wound
treated as usual.

Fracture of the Femur (Thigh Bone).—This frac-
ture is caused by the animal falling with its leg

204 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

under it, and sometimes by contraction of the mus-
cles of the thigh. Symptoms of this fracture are
shortening of the leg, the toe being turned inward,
and a depression in the muscles over the seat of
the fracture. In such a case put the animal in
slings. If it is a simple fracture it will likely
unite, but ifit isa compound fracture it is better to
destroy the animal.

Fracture of the Stifle Joint of the Patella (Stifle
Bone).—This is caused by violence, such as kicks.
This kind of fracture is incurable. Fractures of the
lower part of the leg are the same as in the front
leg.

Fractures of the Ribs Caused by Kicks and Oth-
er Injuries.—If the ends of the ribs are pressing on
the lungs it will be necessary to cut down on them
and draw them outward and apply a pitch plaster
over the opening to prevent air getting into the
lungs. In the treatment of all fractures it is nec-
essary to keep the animal as quiet as possible, and
in some cases it requires someone to be in constant
attendance. The animal should have a physic to
cool the system, a dose of aloes for the horse and
Epsom salts for cattle. This to be followed by giv-
ing half an ounce of nitrate of potassium in the
drinking water onceaday. If the animal is suffer-
ing much pain give two drams of opium made into
a ball, or give it in a little oatmeal gruel; or if
there is much fever a few doses of tincture of acon-
ite, twenty drops every two hours in a little water.
If the injured parts are hot and tender bathe them
several times a day with acetate of lead half an

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 205

ounce, tincture of arnica two ounces, water one
quart. If matter forms open the part and clean
out well with carbolic acid one dram, water half
a pint. Usually if matter forms at the fractured
part it will be best to destroy the animal.
Dislocation of the Patella (Stifle Bone).—This
occurs most frequently among young horses and
colts. In some colts the muscles attached to this
bone become relaxed and allow the patella to slip
out and in at every step with a clicking sound.

PLATE 4. DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA
(STIFLE).

Very commonly both patellas will be in the same
condition.

Causes of dislocation of the patella are slipping
on rising in the stall, or the animal starting. sud-
denly and the hind leg slipping too far forward,
thus slackening the muscles of the stifle too much
and allowing the bone to slip off. It may also be
caused by cramps of the muscles of the outside of
the stifle. |

Symptoms of dislocation of the stifle: The horse
stands with its affected leg stretched out back-

206 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

ward. There is total inability on the part of the
animal to bring the leg forward, owing to the pa-
tella being on the pulley-like groove. Some-
times the animal will be found standing solid on
its foot, but on trying to move the animal it seems
fixed to the ground, and if forced to move it will
hop on its legs, with the affected one stretched out
behind. On looking at the joint a swelling will be
observed on the outside. This is the stifle bone. It
cannot slip to the inside on account of the high pro-
jection of the inside of the pulley. If it does take
place it will be found that the ligaments which
hold it in place have been ruptured, and the animal
will be of no use.

Treatment: In cases where it moves out and in
at every step, or if it happens to the animal fre-
quently, keep the animal quiet in the stable and ap-
ply a blister of cantharides two drams, lard oneand
one-half ounces. Repeat every second week until
the part is well. It is sometimes useful to give a
ease of this kind a teaspoonful of phosphate of cal-
cium twice a day in a bran mash for a few weeks.
This will give strength and tone to the muscle
fiber. In cases of dislocation of the patella by ac-
cident put a rope around the fetlock joint of the
affected leg, and the other end through a strap or
collar on the neck, then let two men pull on therope
and in this way bring the affected leg as far for-
ward as possible. The operator stands behind the
horse with one hand on the inside of the joint, and
with the other pushes the patella on its place,
which it will do with a snap; then remove the rope

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 207

and the animal will walk off as if nothing had hap-
pened. Ifit has been out for some time there may
be some swelling and soreness of the part; bathe
it with acetate of lead half an ounce, tincture of
arnica two ounces, water one pint. I have seen
some cases in which the stifled animal jumped over
the fence where it was confined. In doing so the
patella was forced into its place, and the animal
galloped off as if nothing had happened. This
method has been tried without success, and as
there is danger of the animal making matters
worse I do not recommend it.

Dislocation of the Pastern Joints, or a Tendency
to “Knuckle Over.”—This is usually caused from
diseases of the feet or overwork. It is sometimes
seen in colts from weakness in the joints.

Treatment: Give the animal rest, and blister
the joints with cantharides two drams, lard one
ounce. For old horses and for colts put one and
one-half ounces lard. Repeat this every second
week for several months. Ifthe animal is old and
the joint diseased treatment will be of no avail. If
it is caused from overwork, either in young or old,
besides the blister give a teaspoonful of phosphate
of calcium in the morning and a teaspoonful of
sulphate of iron in the evening; continue this for
a month if necessary.

Complete dislocations of the other joints cannot
take place without rupture of the binding liga-
ments of the joint, and in that case it is always wise
to destroy the animal.

208 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

CHAPTER XIX.

DISEASES OF THE JOINTS.

There are three classes of joints: Immovable,
movable, and mixed. The immovable joints are
those which connect flat bones together, such as
the bones of the face and head, and are not subject
to any special disease. It is the movable and the
mixed which we have to deal with, especially those
of extensive motion. These joints are connected
by binding and capsular ligaments, and the ends
of the bones are incrusted with cartilage and the
true joints lubricated with synovia, secreted by the
synovial membrane which lines the capsular liga-
ment. The true joints are very liable to injuries,
and from the nature of their structure very liable
to severe inflammation, ulceration, and ossifica-
tion. Itis very common in cities to find old horses
which have been subjected to heavy work with sev-
eral of the lumbar vertebrae ossified. This is
caused by the weight on their backs and from slip-
ping. The cartilages connecting the bones are
first irritated, then formed into bone, ending in a
solidification. The knee is not liable to strains,
but is often injured by falls and kicks and other
injuries. The term “broken knees” is used when
an animal falls and breaks the skin or otherwise
injures the knee joint. When it is severe the ani-
mal suffers great pain and is very lame.

DISEASES CF HORSES AND CATTLE. 289

Treatment: Wash the part and remove all dirt,
hair, etc., then bathe it with acetate of lead one-
half ounce, tincture of opium two ounces, waterone
quart. Bathe it three or four times daily. In cases
where it is cut deep and the joint water escaping,
the ‘horse should be put into slings and the
part cleaned and the hair shaved off at least two
inches around the wound and gauze cloth satur-
ated with collodion put over the wound and on the
shaved part. This should be kept firm with the
hand for a few minutes until it sticks fast to the
skin. The joint should be splintered and bandaged
to keep it from moving. If the joint swells bathe
it with cold water several times a day. Ifthe knee
has been injured and the skin not broken bathe it
with cold water and apply lead lotion after each
bathing. After the inflammation has been sub-
dued and a thickening left, blister it several times
with biniodide of mercury one dram, lard one
ounce. Let it remain on for twenty-four hours,
then wash off and apply a little lard. Apply again
as soon as it is well from the effects of the first
blister. Horses often get soft swellings on the
front of ‘the knee and fetlock joints by striking
these parts against the manver. Some horses have
a habit of pawing while they are eating their oats.
I have seen some very bad blemishes from this
cause. To prevent this pad the manger by nailing
on it a bag stuffed with straw. The animal will
strike this instead of the manger. These swellings
contain a jelly-like substance, which accumulates
under the cartilage of the knee from the constant

210 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

striking against the manger or other hard sub-
stance. It is very difficult toremove thislump. It
makes matters worse to cut into it. It is best to
try biniodide of mercury, one dram to one ounce
of lard; use as above and continue it for several
months. I have seen a great many cases of this
kind in the eastern part of the country, where the
farmers use pokes on their horses and colts to keep
them from jumping over the fences, the constant
striking of the fetlock joint against the poke caus-
ing the lump above mentioned.

Elbow Lameness.—The tendons of muscles and
the ligaments attached to this joint are liable to be
sprained by the animal slipping forward, outward,
and also inward. When the ligaments and muscles
are strained the seat of lameness is easily detected.
There will be swelling, pain and heat, and difficul-
ty in moving the leg. When the internal ligament
is the part affected the horse will stand with its
foot and leg thrown outward. When the animal
is made to move it will drop considerably and seem
as if it would fall. The dropping is characteristic
of elbow joint lameness, even when there is no heat
or swelling to indicate that the injury is in the
elbow.

Treatment: When there is heat and swelling,
foment with hot water, and apply lead lotion after
each bathing. If there is no heat or swelling use
soap liniment or camphorated liniment to it three
times a day and give complete rest until the lame-
NeSS passes away.

Shoulder Lameness.—There are several kinds of

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 211

lameness in the shoulder. First, injuries to the
point of the shoulder caused by kicks or falls and
bruises; second, strains of the flexor brachii,
which passes over the point of the shoulder; third,
strains of the muscles upon the shoulder blade
known as sweeny. There are also diseases of the
shoulder joint produced by rheumatism, causing
the ligaments to become thickened, and in this way
a stiffness of the joint takes place, and in some
cases the cartilages of the joint may beceme ulcer-
ated and destroy it.

The symptoms of shoulder joint lameness: The —
animal stands with the knee and elbow bent for-
ward, and resting the leg on the toe, the foot being
turned backward, and if the animal is made to
move it will drag the toe on the ground, being
unable to bring the leg forward. In severe lame-
ness the horse will not throw its leg outward and
forward as described by some, as this would cause
him too much pain. In cases where it is not severe
the animal will stand with its foot solid on the
eround inclining backward, and when moved will
step short on that foot and show a little lameness,
and if made to trot will be very lame, and the leg
is not brought as far forward as the other, in some
cases not more than half way. In watching the
movements, if the horse brings its leg well forward
the lameness is not in the shoulder. By lifting
up the foot and gently bringing the leg forward
the animal will evince pain, as this will put the
muscles and joint on the stretch. In cases where
there is swelling and heat there is no difficulty in

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Se. Uae

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+

212 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

detecting the seat of lameness, but when the joint
is affected there may be great lameness and no out-
ward signs. Usually in sweeny the muscles first
swell a little and then waste, the movement of the
limb is about the same as in shoulder joint lame-
ness. In severe cases benefit is obtained by put-
ting on a high-heeled shoe so that the horse can
rest on it and at the same time have its leg flexed.
Treatment: When there is pain and swelling,
with heat of the part, foment with hot water for
half an hour three times a day and apply a little
of the following lotion after each bathing: Acetate
of lead half an ounce, tincture of opium two
ounces, water one quart; shake up well before
applying. If there is no swelling or heat use a
strong liniment such as the compound soap lini-
ment. If this takes no effect apply cantharides
one part, vaseline or lard six parts; rub in a little
once a week and give the animal complete rest.
The treatment of sweeny: If there is swelling
use the lead lotion to reduce it; then use the can-
tharides ointment above mentioned once every two
weeks until it is filled up, which usually takes from
two to three months. In connection with shoulder
disease we have collar bruises, some of which swell
up and fill with fluid, and are soft to the touch;
others near the point of the shoulder are hard and
solid. In both cases if they are hot apply the lead
lotion for a few days to remove the inflammation.
Then open the soft one with the knife, making the
opening large enough to admit the finger, so that
the bruised and disconnected shreds of the connect-

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 213

ing tissue can run out; then inject once daily a lit-
tle lotion made by mixing one dram of chloride of
zine and one pint of water. If there is any thicken-
ing left after it heals rub on biniodide of mercury
one dram, lard one ounce. Repeat in two weeks.
If the lump feels hard and solid make an opening
in its center two-thirds the depth of the lump.
Then roll up two grains of bichloride of mercury
in tissue paper, cone shaped, and press it into the
opening with a probe or a small, smooth stick
made in the shape of a probe; repeat this every
third day. This is by far the best method for the
removal of hard lumps on any part of the body;
besides causing a slough it stimulates the whole of
the tumor, and absorption takes piace in it. It
may take several weeks to accomplish this, but it
leaves no blemish, which is often the case when the
lump is cut out. To prevent shoulders from gall-
ing see that the.lining of the collar is smooth and
that it fits well; the shoulders should be exam-
ined every night, and if there are any signs of ten-
derness wash them with water to remove scurfy
or matted hair, then rub on a little lead lotion
made by mixing half an ounce acetate of lead in
one quart of water. This will remove any tendency
to tenderness and contract the relaxed skin.
Sores on Top of Neck.—This is caused by pres-
sure of the collar. Take notice that the draft is
not too high up, as this will pull the collar down-
ward and bring pressure on top of the neck. This
can be remedied by slackening the hame strap at
the top and tightening the one at the bottom, In

214 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

plowing there will be more tendency to pull down-
ward than in the wagon. If it becomes sore re-
move the pressure and apply a little.of the lead
lotion above mentioned several times a day. If it
becomes sore and calloused, apply a little binio-
dide of mercury, one dram, to one ounce and one-
half of lard, once a week. This will cause absorp-
tion of the callous, then heal it by using oxide of
zinc one ounce, vaseline two ounces. It will be
necessary to give the animal rest while using the
biniodide ointment. In some cases the animai
could be worked by using the breast collar. Saddle
galls or sores from the back-band of the harness
should be treated the same as galled shoulders.

Sprain of the Flexor Tendon (Back Tendon).—
Causes: Horses having to draw heavy loads,
there is a very great strain on this tendon, as most
horses dig their toes into the ground, and horses
in cities catch the cobble stones with their toe
calkin. This causes great extension of the toe,
hence great stress on the back tendon. Injuries
such as kicks or knocks from the other foot will
cause an inflammation of the sheath of the tendon,
causing lameness.

Symptoms: There will be swelling and heat in
the parts, there may be bulging of the sheath and
the tendon quite normal; when the part is pressed
the animal evinces pain, stands with the leg up-
right, moves stiff and digs its toe into the ground;
when the hind leg is the one affected he seems to
throw the leg behind him, and the fetlock joint
is not flexed, as when the animal is sound, Some-

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 215

times the strain may be so slight as not to cause
much if any swelling of the part, and the animal
will be lame. Examine the well fetlock, then the
affected one. This will enable us to detect the
slightest swelling, and it may also enable us to
detect heat, if any. Slight movement of the foot
forward will cause pain to the horse.

Treatment: In severe cases put on a high-
heeled shoe. This will elevate the heel and slacken
the tendon; bathe the part with hot or cold water
for half an hour, and apply a lotion composed of
acetate of lead half an ounce, tincture of opium
two ounces, water one quart. Do this three times
aday. Give complete rest until the animal is bet-
ter. In chronic cases use cantharides two drams,
vaseline one ounce; rub in a little of this; let it
remain on for twenty-four hours, then wash it off
and apply a little lard. Repeat this every second
week until the animal is cured. It can be turned
out to grass after the blister is washed off, until
two weeks are up, then bring it in and apply the
other, and when it is washed off turn out again,
and so on.

Sprains of the Suspensory Ligament.—This lig-
ament is situated below the back tendon, and aris-
ing from the upper part of the canon bone, it
passes down close to the bone. At the fetlock it
divides into two branches, each branch becomes
attached to the sesamoid bones (two small bones
at the back of the fetlock joint). This ligament is
sometimes sprained, causing severe lameness. It
is also sometimes ruptured (called by horsemen

216 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

“breaking down.”) The symptoms are very much
like those of the back tendon, and the treatment
is the same. When it is a case of breaking down
the toe turns up, the heel resting on the ground.
In this case the back tendon is allright. Few cases
of this kind get better.

Strain of the Fetlock Joint.—The lateral liga-
ments are usually the onesaffected, but sometimes
the capsular ligament may beinvolved. The symp-
toms of this are swelling and some heat in the part;
the animal evinces very great pain when the joint
is moved, and usually extends the foot. The
treatment is the same as the above, only it is not
necessary to put on a high-heeled shoe.

Wind Galls.—This is an increased quantity of
Synovia in the cavity, causing a bulging at each
side of the tendon at the upper part of the fetlock
joint. They seldom cause lameness, but at times
they become hard from a thickening of the walls of
the capsule, interfering with the passage of the
tendon, causing lameness.

Treatment: In the early stages pads and band-
ages to cause pressure will often remove them. If
not, use biniodide of mercury one dram, lard one
ounce; rub on a little with the fingers; let it remain
on for twenty-four hours, then wash off. Repeat
every second week. |

Ringbone.—This term is applied to a growth of
bone on the upper and lower pastern bones. When
the deposit of growth of bone is on the sides only,
they are usually called side bones, but they are of
the same nature, and both cause lameness when

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 217

they interfere with the joint or the passage of any
of the tendons.

Causes: Some horses are predisposed to bony
diseases from the least injury, while others are not,
and in selecting mares for breeding purposes the
former should be rejected; strains, bruises, or in-
juries to the cartilage of the joints.

Symptoms: When the membrane of the bone or
cartilage becomes inflamed there may be great
lameness for several months before any enlarge-
ment takes place, and it is somewhat difficult to
detect. The absence cf other diseases of the foot,
with some heat in the pasterns, and soreness on
pressure or moving the joints. In other cases the
enlargement may make its appearance for some
time before the horse becomes lame, and in some
cases it may never cause any lameness, but should
always be looked upon with suspicion, as in the
majority of cases they sooner or later cause lame-
ness. Ringbone is more difficult to cure on the
fore foot than on the hind one, as the pasterns are
more upright on the former than on the latter, and
besides, the horse’s fore legs have to bear two-
thirds the weight of the body.

Treatment: The horse should have rest, and
the shoes be removed and the foot pared level. If
there is heat in the part keep it wet with acetate
of lead half an ounce, to the quart of water, by
means of a bandage saturated with it. Continue
this for a few days, then apply a blister composed
of cantharides two drams, biniodide of mercury

218 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

one dram, lard two ounces. Rub on a third of
this with the fingers. It is not necessary to cut
off the hair if the blister is well rubbed in. Let it
remain on for twenty-four hours, then wash off and
rub on a little lard. Repeat every second week
until three blisters have been applied. Keep the
horse’s head tied up while the blister is on. The
horse should have a few months’ rest after the
blisters. If this does not cure it, then fire. This is
done by cutting off the hair and using the firing
irons made for the purpose. Have them red hot,
and burn five or six tracks up and down the en-
largement deep enough to almost burn through
the skin. The iron should be drawn up and down
lightly several times, making all the tracks, then
going over them carefully until you get them to
the desired depth, taking care not to burn the
coronary band, then rub on a little lard or vase-
line. Nothing more is needed for two weeks. At
the end of that time if the marks are drying up
and there has been no discharge it will be neces-
sary to rub on a little ointment made by mixing
two drams of cantharides with one and a half
ounces of lard and rub on a little of that once a

day until there is a discharge from the burned

tracks. Keep this up for five or six weeks, then
let it heal up, and give the animal several months’
rest.

Hip Joint Lameness.—Hip joint lameness is
very rare in the horse, as this joint and the muscles
of the hip are not brought into so severe a strain

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 219

as the other joints of the limb. The causes are
principally falls or injuries, such as kicks, and
sometimes rheumatism.

Symptoms: There will be some swelling, which
can be easily detected by standing behind the ani-
mal and viewing both hip joints, and if the animal
is standing solid on both hind feet there will be
no difficulty in seeing the slightest swelling, if
there be any. In severe cases the horse will hop
and catch in the lame leg. When the animal is
moved and while at rest it will usually hold up the
leg off the ground, the muscles below the hip sup-
porting the limb. Heat may be felt over the seat
of lameness and pain caused by pressure. At first
the muscles seem to be elevated, but if it lasts long
the muscles soon waste.

Treatment: Give the animal complete rest, and
if it rests on the toe benefit will be obtained by put-
ting on a high-heeled shoe; but if the animal holds
its foot off the ground, it would do more harm
than good from the extra weight of the shoe. In
the early stages of the disease bathe with cold
water and apply some of the lead lotion. before
mentioned. In the second stage hot water is the
best, and apply a little of the following after each
bathing: Tincture of opium two ounces, tincture
of arnica two ounces, fluid extract of belladonna
one ounce, water four ounces. After all swelling
and heat are removed and the animal still lame,
blister the part with cantharides two drams, lard
one ounce. Let it remain on for twenty-four hours,
then wash off and apply a little lard. Repeat in

220 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

two or three weeks, if necessary. This blistering
with cantharides will draw out the deep-seated in-
ilammation and act as an alterative, bringing a
healthy action to the part. No other blister has
thisaction. This I have discovered from practical
experience. The horse should not be put to work
for some time after the lameness disappears.

Strains and Wasting of Muscles of Hip—The
large muscles of the hip are liable to strains, and
there is a great tendency for these muscles to
waste as a result of the strain. This is called by
horsemen “half hipped.”

Symptoms: When these muscles are strained
or injured the*@nimal has difficulty in bringing its
leg forward, and has the appearance of-being stiff
in its back. When the animal is at rest it will
usually stand solid on the leg of the injured side,
as well ason the other. The treatment will be the
same as for hip joint lameness.

Strains and Wasting of the Crural Muscles (the
Muscles in Front of the Thigh Bone).—These mus:
cles are connected with the patella, the “knee
cap.” When sprains or injuries to these muscles
take place the animal has no power to bring the
leg forward, and if made to walk the stifle joint
drops down, giving the animal the appearance
as if it would fall on that side, and knuckles over
at the fetlock joint. After a time the muscles
waste and there is a sinking in of the part, and the
muscle loses its action, and is partially paralyzed.
The treatment will be as above, but benefit may
be obtained by giving nerve tonics; nux vomica

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE 221

two ounces, sulphate of iron four ounces; mix and
divide into twenty-four doses, and give one morn-
ing and night in bran mash. I have had a number
of cases of this form of lameness and all have got-
ten well by the use of the cantharides blister and
the nerve tonics.

Stifle Joint Lameness.—Stifle joint lameness is
characterized by the inability of the animal to
bring its leg forward, that is when the injury is
severe and in the neighborhood of the patella,
“knee cap.” This can be easily understood. To
bring the leg forward or backward the stifle bone
moves on a pulley-like surface at the lower end
and in front of the thigh bone, and an injury to this
part or dislocation makes it impossible for the
animal to use this joint. It may be standing on its
foot, but more often with the leg a little backward,
and if made to move forward will do so on the
three legs, while the injured one will be held out
Straight behind. Some horses will, by the aid of
the muscles of the hip and thigh, bring the leg
forward in a circular motion, keeping the stifle
joint straight. If the animal can stand with its
foot forward there will be no use looking for the
lameness in this joint. I mention this because I
have found so many horsemen locating the lame-
ness of the hock, foot, and other parts of the limb,
in this joint. The stifle joint is liable to injury
from a horse kicking its neighbor in the stall,
especially in cases when the partition between
them is too short. I have seen many valuable
horses destroyed in this way. Some horses when

222 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

not feeding stand back in their stall, thus giving
their neighbors the opportunity of kicking them
if so inclined, and the stifle or its vicinity is usu-
ally the place injured. Severe injuries to the stifle
joint are often dangerous to the life of the animal.
I have seen several cases of death from a severe
form of inflammation in the joint, terminating in
mortification. All] injuries to this joint should be
treated with great promptness in case of the above
result. Give the animal complete rest, and keep
the part constantly wet with acetate of lead half
an ounce, water one quart. If there is great pain
add from one to two ounces tincture of opium to
the lotion. After all inflammation is subdued and
the animal is still lame apply a blister of canthar-
ides two drams, lard one ounce; rub this on the
outside of the joint only, as the skin on the inside
is very thin and tender. If it is necessary to use
it on the inside it should be reduced in strength
by one-third. If matter should form it is best to
let it break of its own accord, then foment it with
warm water, and inject warm water to clean it
out, after which inject a teaspoonful or two of a
solution of chloride of zinc one dram, water one
pint. Do this twice daily. If there should be a
soft swelling left after it is healed, use biniodide
of mercury one dram, lard one and one-half ounces;
rub on a little of this every second week for a
month or two.

Cramps of the Muscles of the Thigh.—This af-
fection I have often seen in the trotting horse. A
well-marked case of this kind came under my

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 223

notice a few years ago. A five-year-old stallion
was tracked for a month with the intention of
putting him into the fallraces. After being driven
one or two heats, all at once he would go lame in
one hind leg, so lame at times he could not be
moved off the track. After resting for ten or fifteen
minutes he could walk fairly well, and in half an
hour’s time would be as well as ever, and might
trot several times around the track all right; but if
put to his speed after trotting for a while the same
thing would take place. I was requested to ex-
amine the horse. I found him at rest and could
not discover anything wrong, so I had him speeded.
He went twice around all right, but after passing
the first quarter pole he went on three legs. I was
at his side as quickly as possible, and found the
large muscles of the back of the thigh badly
cramped and as hard as iron. In a few minutes
they began to relax and the animal was able to
walk to his stable. I considered this was caused
by the nerve supplying these muscles being de-
ranged in some way by the driving, as it required
violent exercise to developit. I ordered the animal
to be rested for a couple of months and to have one ©
dram of powdered nux vomica and one dram sul-
phate of iron once daily in a small bran mash.
The animal was then put on the track again and
did good work for three weeks, when the old
trouble showed itself again. The animal was then
taken off the track for the winter, during which he
did some moderate driving. In the following sea-
son he was ptt on the track, and as long as I knew

224 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

him he did good fast work, without showing any
symptoms of his old affection. I have had several
cases of the same kind, and the only remedy is to
give a long rest, with iron and nux vomica. Give
for two weeks, then skip two, and give again, and
SO On. :

Cramps of the Stifle Muscles—Young horses
and colts are subject to cramps of the stifle. The
Symptoms are: The animal stands with the leg
fixed to the ground or extended out behind him;
while the cramp lasts the animal cannot move its
leg. It comes on and goes off suddenly, or in some
cases it lasts for several days. Prof. Williams,
of Edinburgh, says that it is caused by indiges-
tion and that a good physic will remove it. If
the animal is subject to it it will be well to give
it a dose of physic, aloes one ounce, ginger one
' ounce, carbonate of soda one ounce; dissolve in half
a pint of boiling water, add half a pint of cold water
and give at one dose; half this quantity for a colt
from one to two years old. This trouble seldom
requires any treatment. In those cases which last
more than an hour or two give bromide of potass.
in one-ounce doses three times a day in a small
bran mash, and rub the muscles around the stifle
twice a day with camphorated liniment.

Diseases of the Hock (Bog-Spavin).—This joint
corresponds to the ankle joint in man and is the
one in the horse most liable to injury. This joint
lias what is termed true and false joints. The true
joint is where it articulates with the lower end
of the tibia and upper surface of the astragalus.

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 225

The false joint is that between the lower end of
the astragalus and cuneiform bones. The last-
named is only a gliding and has no hinge motion
like the upper one and is the seat of bone spavin.
There is a baggy ligament called the capsular sit-
uated in front and inside of the hock joint. The
use of this ligament is to protect a very delicate
membrane which secretes the synovial fluid (joint
oil), to lubricate the joint. When this ligament
and its membrane become irritated from strains,
bruises or other injuries, it is apt to secrete too
much joint oil, and the result is that there is a
bulging of the ligament. This is what constitutes
what is called bog-spavin. This is a very common
trouble among heavy draft colts, and sometimes
adult draft horses, as they usually have big, loose
joints and a number of them have crooked hind
legs, although it may occur on any kind of hock.
Symptoms of bog-spavin are more or less bulg-
ing in front and a little to the inside of the hock
joint. Itseldom causes lameness and may appear
suddenly or by degrees. If there is lameness the
other structures will be affected. There will be
heat and pain and a stiffness of the joint.
Treatment: When heat and soreness present
themselves bathe several times a day with cold
water and apply a little lead lotion after each
bathing, half an ounce of lead acetate to the quart
of water. After the heat has subsided or in cases
where there has been no heat or soreness use bin-
iodide of mercury one dram, lard one ounce. Rub

226 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

on a little with the fingers, let it remain on for
twenty-four hours, then wash off and apply a little
lard. Repeat every second week and continue it
for several months if necessary. It usually re-
quires a number of ‘applications to remove it.
Keep the animal in the stable and tie up his head
so that he cannot get his mouth to it until the
blister is washed off. The horse can then be turned
out to grass until it is time to put on another blis-
ter.

Thorough-Pin.—Thorough-pin is an enlarge-
ment situated on the sides and upper part of the
hock joint, arising from disease of the sheath of
the back tendon. The fluid with which it is filled
can be pressed from one side to the other; hence
the term thorough-pin. It is of the same nature
as bog-spavin, and is caused by strains or other
injuries. Short, upright hock joints are more lia-
ble to thorough-pin than well-formed ones. They
seldom cause lameness and are only blemishes.
They can sometimes be removed by the same
treatment as that described for bog-spavin.
Puncturing has been recommended, but cases
which I have seen usually fill up again. Williams
says if a puncture is to be made at all, it should
be at the bottom of the swelling, sufficiently large
to allow the complete removal of the fluid, and it
should remain open for some days. No fear need
be entertained, although signs of pain and fever
may ensue, aS an open bursa is not so serious as
an open joint. I think, as it does not cause lame-

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 227

ness, and in the majority of cases it can be re-
moved by the blisters, that it is safer not to
operate.

Bone-Spavin.—Bone-spavin may be defined as
an exostosis (growth of bone) on the inner and

PLATE 5. NATURAL HOCK-JOINT.

lower part of the hock, arising from inflammation
of the small bones of the hock terminating gen-
erally in anchylosis of one or more of the gliding
joints of the hock, according to Prof. Williams.
The reason why spavin appears on the inside of the
hock and seldom on the outside can be explained.

223 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

The inside of the leg is more under the center line
of gravity, and therefore greater weight is thrown
upon the inside of the joint and is more likely to
be sprained on that account. Spavin seems to be
a disease peculiar to the horse, as it is seldom that

PLATE 6. SHOWING SITUATION OF BONE-
SPAVIN.

we find it on working oxen, no matter how roughly
they are used, Spavins are caused by local in-
juries, such as sprains, bruises, and kicks. Some
breeds of horses have a hereditary tendency,
whether they have a well-formed joint or not. The
slightest injury to some horses will produce a

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 229

bony deposit on some of the bones of the leg; such
as splints, ringbone; and spavin. Animals having
this tendency should not be used for breeding pur-
poses. A crooked, badly-formed hock joint is more
liable to spavin than a well-formed one, providing
that the well-formed one has no hereditary tend-
ency. There are two forms of spavin, one of which
forms on the outside of the bones. The other first
affects the cartilage of the joint, and will cause
lameness for a long time before it shows any ex-
ternal enlargement. The enlargement on the out-
side may show itself for some time before it causes
lameness.

Symptoms of spavin: Often the first thing no-
ticed wreng is that when the animal is made to
stand over in its stall, it will give a hitch on the
sound leg. When it is taken out it may not show
any lameness, or if it does it may only be for the
first few steps, but by and by it takes longer time
to pass off. Every time the horse is stopped for a
few minutes it will start off with a hitch, until
finally the animal becomes very lame, and may be
lame all through the journey. Another early
symptom is that every time he is stopped he will
rest the toe of the affected limb. The method of
examining a horse for spavin is to let it cool off in
the stable, then back it up, and if there is anything
wrong with the hock joint it will require some
urging to get it to back, and when it does so it will
bring the toe of the sore limb to the ground before
the heel, and hitch on the well leg. Take the
horse out and make it stand solid on its hind feet,

230 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

then look through between its fore legs and see
if the joints of the hock are the same. If you can-
not discover anything, then stand at the horse’s
shoulder and look to the opposite hind leg, then do
the same on the other side, and see if both joints
are the same from that direction; then rub the
hand down over the well one first, then over the
suspected one to feel if there is any difference. If
none is found, then you may conclude that the
horse has what is termed an occult spavin; that is,
the kind of spavin in which the cartilages between
the bones are affected. To detect this form of
Spavin it will be necessary to take the horse out on
the road. One man takes him by the halter, and
has him. ready to start on the trot when wanted.
The examiner lifts up the lame leg. If it is the
right hind leg he will put his right arm on the in-
side of the leg, the point of the hock resting under
the arm-pit. Then clasp both hands around the
flexed fetlock, then press on the point of the hock
with the arm-pit; at the same time the arms will
brace the fetlock joint. Then by moving the leg
backward and forward you will bring considerable
force on the hock joint, then drop the leg and start
the horse off on a trot, and if the hock is the part
affected it will start off very lame, or in some cases
on three legs. If this is properly done it will indi-
cate to you without doubt that the lameness is in
the hock joint. |

Treatment: A number of cases of bone-spavin
can be cured. Those that are low down on the
joint are usually curable. Those high up, involv-

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. - 231

ing the true hinge joint of the hock, are incurable.
In the early stages, wherethere is acute inflamma-
tion, give complete rest and apply cold water con-
stantly for several days, then apply cantharides
two drams, biniodide of mercury one dram, lard
two ounces. Mix and rub in well a little with the
fingers. Let it remain on twenty-four hours, then
wash off and rub on a little lard. Repeat every
second week until three or four blisters have been
applied. Give at least threemonths’rest. If this
has not cured it, it will be necessary to fire it. This
is done by cutting off the hair and heating the iron
toa red heat and burning a straight mark from the
top of the hock to the bottom; then make three or
four marks from the center one like a crow’s foot.
These marks or lines should be burned deep
enough to almost cut through the skin, but not
altogether. Infiringtheircnshould not be pressed
but rubbed upward and downward; the weight of
the iron is enough. When the operation is com-
pleted rub on a little lard; that is usually all that
is needed. I have operated on a great number of
horses for ringbone and spavin and find that what
is called the smooth iron is the best. About nine
out of every ten cases get well if properly fired
with the smooth iron. In two weeks after the op-
eration has been performed if it should be drying
up and showing no signs of matter forming rub on
a little cantharides blister; but if it is sore and a
little matter has formed, letitalone. I like to keep
it sore for five or six weeks, then let it heal up of its
own accord, Allow the animal several months’

232 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

rest, either in the pasture or loose box. In some
few cases which did not get over their lameness I
have fired a second time. This should not be done
inside of one year.

Curb.—This is an injury or sprain to the cal-
caneo-cuboid ligament. This is an elastic liga-
ment which extends from the back part of the
point of the hock to the head of the canon bone.
this elastic ligament is placed there to strengthen
the hock joint, and is very liable to strains, espe-
cially holding back heavy loads going down hill,
er backing up heavy loads, or the hind legs slip-
ping too far under the animal. It is caused by
kicks or by the whiffletrees striking against it.
Some horses have what is called curby hocks.
That is, the back part of the hoeks round out. This
must be distinguished from curb. When the en-
largement is on the belly of the tendon it is much
easier removed than when it is on the part where
the tendon is attached to the bone. The reason of
this is that when it is injured in this part the bone
is likely to be injured also, and instead of having a

soft bunch there will be a hard, bony one. In ~

treating curb this has to be taken into considera-
tion. Curb often causes lameness when it first
comes on, and there may be considerable inflam-
mation in the surrounding parts, causing swelling.
There are other cases which do not cause lame-
ness,

Treatment: In the cases where there is inflam-
mation, keep the animal in the stable, and put on
a high-heeled shoe. This will raise the heel and

oa et NRE
* a" '

DISEASES OF HORSES AND -CATTLE. 233

slacken the ligament. Then put on several thick-
nesses of cloth around the joint and keep it con-
stantly wet with acetate of lead half an ounce,
tincture of arnica two ounces, water one quart. In
a few days this treatment will remove the inflam-
mation and the lameness. If there is any enlarge-
ment left, blister it with biniodide of mercury one
dram, lard one ounce. Repeat in two or three
weeks if necessary. If there is no inflammation
blister at once. If it is down where the tendon is
attached to the bone and is hard use cantharides
two drams, biniodide of mercury one dram, lard
two ounces. Apply alittle of this every third week
and continue it for several months if needed, I
have had a number of cases in which the first blis-
ters seemed to have no effect in reducing the lump, -
but by continuing it for several months absorption
took place and the enlargement disappeared. In
cases where animals have a natural curby hock
and it does not cause lameness it is best to let it
alone, as it is not at all likely that it can be re-
moved; it is only a loss of time and torture to the
horse. The disease of the back tendons and fet-
lock joints are the same as on the fore legs.
Injuries to the Hock Joint.—The hock joint is
very liable to injuries from being kicked by other
horses, and is also liable to sprains, which often
set up violent inflammation, with great swelling
and lameness, and if not treated in time will form
matter, and in some cases destroy the joint or
cause the death of the animal. No matter what
has caused the injury, we should aim at keeping

234 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

down the inflammation. This is best done by put-
ting the animal in a loose box, or in very bad cases
putting the horse in slings. Then take the leg of
a pair of pants and draw it over the foot and up
over the hock joint. Take a piece of wide elastic
and cut it the proper length to go around the leg,
then sew it and put it over the upper part of the
pants leg. This will give when the animal bends
its leg, and will not slip down. Then fill in be-
tween the pants and the leg with soft cotton, and
tie below the hock. Keep this constantly wet with
lead lotion, half an ounce of the acetate and half
an ounce of sulphate of zinc to the quart of water.
At the end of the third day if there is no improve-
ment, then use hot fomentations and poultices of
linseed meal. If matter should form let it break
of its own accord, and when it does clean out the
openings with warm water and inject a little of
the following: Chloride of zinc one dram, water
one pint. If there is much lameness at this stage
apply a cantharides blister, one part of canthar-
ides to four of lard. This can be applied every sec-
ond week. It will remove the soreness and stim-
ulate the part into a healthy condition. The ani-
mal should get half an ounce nitrate of potassium
in a bran mash if there is much fever.

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 235

CHAPTER XX.

DISEASES OF THE FEET.

A better idea of the diseases of the foot cai be
had by some knowledge of the substances which
enter into its construction. The soft parts of the
foot are protected by a horny box called the hoof.
The hoof is divided into three parts, viz., the wall,
sole, and frog. Each of these has a separate func-
tion to perform, but all unite in protecting the sen-
Sitive parts of the foot. The wall is composed of a
multitude of fibers which run from the top of the
hoof to the sole, with which it unites. The external
layer is hard and covered by a cement substance,
which prevents the escape of moisture; also pre-
vents moisture from penetrating into it. The next
layer is a little softer, while the internal surface is
composed of a great number of plates called the
horny laminae, which correspond to the sensitive
laminae. The wall receives the substance, which
develops it from the coronary band or ligament,
which is situated at the top of the wall in the same
manner as our nails. Anything which interferes
with the health of this band prevents the healthy
growth of the wall, hence a dry, brittle hoof. The
horny sole resembles the wall, only instead of
fibers it is composed of plates in layers. These
plates are developed from the sensitive sole, They

236 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

are Soft at first, and gradually harden as they ap- |
proach the surface. In some eases the surface
layer may have a mealy appearance, the outer
layer is constantly wearing off, and new ones
forming. Ina well-formed foot the sole is strong
and arched to give strength to the wall, and also
to protect the sensitive sole from injuries. In |
cases where nature has only formed a thin, weak
sole, or where it has been reduced in thickness by
the blacksmith’s knife, it is then not in a condition
to sustain the pressure it was intended for, and as
a result the whole foot suffers, and the horse be-
comes lame. The bars at the back part of the sole
unite with the wall at right angles, forming a
strong support to the wall, and also to the sole,
preventing contraction of the heels. The frog is
the prominent, somewhat pyramidical, spongy
mass of horn lodged between the bars, and filling
up the triangular space. The frog varies in shape
and size, but is always well developed in a well-
formed foot. There are three cavities, called the
clefts of the frog. These clefts allow the elastic
or spongy elevations of the frog to expand on pres-
sure. It is secreted or grows from the sensitive
frog. The use of the frog is to lessen concussion
and bear a little of the weight of the body, and if
this frog is not large or is cut down so that it does
not come in contact with the ground, derange-
ments of the other structures soon ensue.

Soft Structures of the Foot.—These are the lat-
eral cartilages, sensitive laminae, sensitive sole,
sensitive frog, and the coronary band or ligament.

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 237

Beneath these substances are the hard structures,
viz., the coffin bone, navicular, and the oscorone
(lower pastern). These bones are held together
by ligaments, and are clothed by the sensitive sub-
stance mentioned. The lateral cartilages are two
thin plates of clear cartilage in the middle, and a
mixture of fibers and cartilage toward the bor-
ders. They are attached to the wing of the coffin
bone, pass down over the sensitive frog, and pro-
ject upward to the coronary band. They act as
braces to the heels.

The Sensitive Laminae.—This is continuous
with the coronary band, and is attached to the cof-
fin bone by a dense fibrous membrane. It is com-
posed of a number of very highly organized plates,
composed largely of blood vessels, nerves, and lym-
phatics, held together by a very fine network of
fibrous tissue, and is attached to the horny lam-
inae interposed between the plates. This is the
most sensitive structure of the body, and is the
part affected in founder.

The Sensitive Sole.—This is continuous with the
Sensitive laminae and frog, and is firmly attached
to the inferior surface of the coffin bone. Like the
sensitive laminae it is made up of a highly vascu-
lar, fibrous membrane, and is covered by the villi,
which secretes the horny sole.

The Sensitive Frog.—This is situated beneath
the horny frog, and is made up of an intermixture
of yellow fibro-cellular tissue of a peculiar elastic
nature, and has been described as fat. It is not
nearly so sensitive as the structures just men-

238 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

tioned. It is covered by a layer of villi which se-
cretes the horny frog. :

The Coronary Substance, or Band.—This is the
vascular structure situated on the upper border of
the wall. It consists of a dense fibrous band,
which is connected with the coffin bone and the
extensor tendon by dense fibrous tissue, on which
raposes a plexus of blood vessels,covered by a mod-

PLATE 7, SHOWING THE FOOT PREPARED
FOR THE SHOE.
ified form of the skin, containing a number of little
projections, which enter into funnel-shaped open-
ings in the crust. The horn is secreted from this
part.

Shoeing the Horse.—As horses’ feet were made
before roads, it was necessary to contrive some-
thing which could be put on the feet to protect
them from breaking up or wearing down too fast.
There has been a great deal written on this sub-

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 239

ject, and a great deal of it has been-based on false
ideas; such as considering the hoof to be an elas-
tic box, and that paring and thinning down the
sole, cutting down the frog, and cutting the bars,
etc., would allow it to expand. This method the
majority of blacksmiths follow, resulting sooner
or later in the destruction of the foot. Some main-

i

|

>

PLATE 8. BEST FORM OF SHOE FOR A DRIV-
ING HORSE.

tain that high calkins at the heels are useful to
relieve the back tendon, others that the feet
should be kept soft by stuffing with clay, linseed
meal and other stuffs, all of which are unnecessary,
if not hurtful to the healthy foot. Without com.
menting on what others have done, I will give you
my experience founded on facts and practiced to
the advantage of the horse and to the satisfaction
and profit of the owner. As we have already seen

240 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

by the construction of the horse’s hoof and its use,
it is only necessary to follow nature. In order that
a healthy foot should be shod and kept healthy it
is first essential to abolish the drawing knife ana
do, away with the calkins and toe pieces. This
can be done in the case of the driving horses, which
have light work, and horses on the farm.
Heavy draft horses in the city must have calkins
on their shoes to prevent them from slipping on the
stone pavement, although it is injurious to the
feet, but it is unnecessary to use the knife on them,
and this, the worst of evils, can be averted. The
proper system of shoeing is to take a rasp and level
the wall, so that a margin of the sole will bear on
the shoe. Have the bearing surface for the shoe
about three-quarters of an inch at the toe and not
more than half an inch at the heel. On this level
surface put on a level shoe, at least three-quarters
of an inch in width at the toe and half
an inch at the heels. The shoe should be
no thicker at the heel than at _ the toe,
the nails should not be driven too high, and for the
horse of light work four nails on the outside and
three on the inside are sufficient. The rasping on
the outer surface should not extend above the
nails, as it would destroy the enamel, which was
mentioned was there for the purposeof preventing
evaporation from the foot and moisture from get-
tingintoit. A horse shod in this way has all parts
of its feet left which are needed to support the
weight of the body. Williams says: “Experience
and anatomical investigation points to the con-

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 241

clusion that the sole as well as the wall is intended
to perform this weight-bearing function.” This
principle of shoeing I carried on for thirteen years
on the artillery and cavalry horses under my care,
and during that time the draw knife was never
used. Theresult was we had nolame horses. The
majority of them had as sound feet at the end as
they had when first purchased. On the other hand
I will give you a description of the ordinary
method. The blacksmith takes his knife, pares out
the sole until he can bend it with the pressure of
his thumb; then he cuts down the frog, opens out
the heels, as they call it, then applies a hot shoe to
the wall to burn the part where the shoe is not
level, and these parts are cut down to fit the shoe
instead of the shoe fitting the foot. This shoe is
usually beveled, except a small bearing surface at
the heel, where it is level, and has a wider bearing
surface. This shoe is then nailed on and the hoof
rasped up to or near the top, thus destroying the en-
amel. This the smith calls a neat job. The result
of this is, the horse has to support all its weight on
the wall, the sole taking no part. The beveled part
of the shoe soon sinks into the wall, and a great
deal of pressure is brought to bear on the heels,
resulting in corns. The animal having to sustain
its weight on the walls, they are more or less
pressed upward, straining their attachments with
the sensitive laminae, and probably pressing on
the coronary bands. This does not often cause
lameness at first, but it is sufficient to interfere

242 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

with the healthy functions of the hoof, resulting by
degrees in dryness of the hoof and a little fever
in the feet, which goes on from bad to worse until
the animal becomes what is called tender footed,
and finally a cripple; but in some cases the horse
is ruined at the first shoeing. As an illustration:
Col. J. bought a good, sound mare, four years old,
broken to drive and ride, but never had shoes on.
She was sent to the shoeing smith, and on account
of the animal belonging to the colonel and the
mare a fine one, he shod her in what he would call
a neat, fancy way. The next day the colonel rode
her a few miles, and on returning he noticed that
she flinched, but he attributed it to her not being
used to the saddle. He got off and walked part
of the way home, and when he arrived there he
ordered her back to be washed and a soothing lini-
ment applied. The next morning she could not be
moved in her stall. The smith was sent for, and
said the trouble was in the shoulders and would
pass off in a day or two. It did not pass off in
three days, and I was sent for. I found the ani-
mal suffering from a very severe attack of lamin-
itis (founder), from the result of thinning out the
sole, so that all the weight was on the walls, re-
sulting in affecting the sensitive laminae to such
a degree as to cause inflammation of it, as well as
bruising the sensitive sole. The animal was
treated, but it being a very severe case and not
attended to in time the inflammation had done its
work of destruction. In order to keep your horse’s

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 243

feet healthy never allow the smith to use the knife
nor put calkins on the shoes, and barring accident
you will not be troubled with bad feet.

Disease of the Superior Part of the Coffin Bone.
—This form of disease may happen to either the
fore or hind feet, the result of blows and treads by
the other foot, especially if it is shod with shoes
with long, sharp calkins, or from over-extension
of the front tendon at its attachment to the bone.

Symptoms: There will be lameness, and by and
by a swelling appears at the top of the hoof in
front. It is very tender and hot to the touch, will
vary in size from that of a bean to a pigeon’s egg.
The animal puts its heel to the ground first in
order to save the front. Matter usually forms, and
the part sloughs, leaving an angry sore, which is
very difficult to heal. In some cases after the lame-
ness the first thing noticed will be a discharge of
a thin, watery matter from the top of the hoof.

Treatment: If the animal has a high-heeled
shoe have it removed, as the heel should be kept
as low as possible. Foment the foot with hot
water and put on a linseed meal poultice for a few
days, and if matter still keeps discharging and the
part bulging upward and extending over the hoof,
cut away a little of the hoof with a sharp knife. If
the hoof presses on the tender part it will increase
the pain. Then roll up two grains of the bichlor-
ide of mercury in a small piece of tissue paper and
press into the wound. This will cause a slough,
in three days destroying the unhealthy tissue.
This will relieve the animal and leave the part in

244 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

a condition to heal. Then use chloride of zine one
dram, water half a pint. Inject a little of this
twice aday. After it heals if any lameness should
remain use cantharides two drams, lard one
ounce. Rub a little of this around the coronet, let
it remain on for twenty-four hours, then wash off
and apply a little lard. Repeat in two weeks if
needed.

Ossification of the Lateral Cartilage (Side’

Bones).—This disease is most often found. in the
heavy draft horses, caused by slipping on the stony
pavement and the great weight of their bodies. It
is also caused by treads and bruises. A very com-
mon cause is the tongue of the wagon being al-
lowed to fall down when the horses are unhitched,
and in some cases this will fall on the side of the
foot, injuring the cartilage. When unhitching
horses from wagons the tongue should be let down
with the hand, and thus save the animal the pain
of the tongue striking the foot. The progress of
this disease is often very slow, and there may be
considerable swelling of the part, and yet there
may be no lameness. In this case it is only the
upper part of the cartilage that is affected. As
the disease extends downward underneath the
hoof it then causes pressure on the soft parts, caus-
ing pain and lameness.

Symptoms: Usually the first thing noticed isa
slight hard swelling either on the inside or out, or
both, just above the hoof, near the heel. If it is
causing pain and lameness the horse will bring the

toe to the ground first, and while standing will

SEE ea an

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 245

likely point the foot, resting on the toe, thus easing
the heel. Ifthe hoof is struck lightly over the re-
gion of the cartilage the animal evinces pain. In
bad cases the hoof will bulge a little in this part
from the growth of the cartilage underneath it.
This is a very difficult lameness to cure.
Treatment: If there is much inflammation ap-
ply cold water bandages for a week or two; then
apply a cantharides blister, two drams to the
ounce of lard; rub it in well, and let it remain on
for twenty-four hours; then wash off. Repeat
every second week. If this does not remove the
lameness in two or three months then fire it, burn-
ing three or four marks on it up and down, taking

_ cake not to burn the coronary band. Give the

horse several months’ rest.

Contraction of the Foot.—This is not a disease,
but the result of disease. Whatever interferes
with the health of the foot usually causes a wast-
ing of the soft structures, and as a result the hoof
follows. It is therefore impossible to get the hoof
to contract if the substance underneath it is
healthy. It is a law of nature that the hard part
gives way to the soft. There is no more danger of
the hoof of a healthy foot contracting than there is
of the bark of a healthy tree contracting on its
substance. Neither will the dry weather nor the
heat of the sun have any effect on the hoof of a
healthy foot, so therefore follow nature’s steps and
you will not be troubled by contraction.

Treatment for contraction: Remove all causes,
if that be possible; if not there is no cure for it.

246 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

A horse with a contracted foot may be helped by
putting on a bar shoe, poulticing the foot for two
weeks with linseed meal, and applying a blister of
cantharides to the coronet and giving several
months’ rest. To prevent contraction see that your
horse is shod as directed, and do not keep it stand- -
ing long on a hard floor whether it has shoes on or
not. Horses were never intended to be kept on
hard floors. The best kind of floor is made in this
way: Dig out a foot of the earth and fill it up
with broken stones or brick, then put on six inches
of clay and six inches of sand. This makes a
good, cool, soft place for your horses to stand on
when not at work, and by spreading some bedding
on this it is very comfortable for the horses to lie
downon. Thestone or brick foundation keeps the
place dry, and the earth on top is cool, dry and
soft.

Navicular Disease——This is a disease of the
navicular bone and the structures surrounding it.
It is called “coffin joint lameness.” This bone is
situated at the back and inferior part of the coffin
joint, and acts as a pulley over which the flexor
tendon of the foot passes. |

Causes of this disease: Horses with upright
pasterns are most lable to it, as more weight is
thrown on this joint; horses shod with calkins on
their shoes, preventing the frog from coming into
. contact with the ground, therefore causing a shock
to this joint. Some horses have hereditary tend-
ency to this disease. Nails penetrating too deep
through the sole, or anything that will cause in-

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 247

flammation of this joint, is likely to produce navic-
ular disease. The most prolific cause is bad shoe-
ing. By degrees the inflammation in a chronic
form extends to other parts, causing a shrinking of
the soft parts, resulting in contraction of the foot.

Symptoms: The lameness may appear suddenly
and perhaps immediately after the horse has been
shod, and is then usually thought to be the fault of
nailing on the shoe. It is likely in this case that
the smith has pared the sole and frog too thin, and
that the part has suffered from a bruise by the
horse stepping on something hard. After a rest it
may disappear, to return after the next drive.

Sometimes the disease is of very slow prog-
ress in one or both fore feet. The first thing
that is noticed is the animal points its toe, and if
both are affected, first one, then the other. The an-
imal may not be lame, but it does not step out as
well as it used to, and by degrees it gets more
tender until it begins to go lame, and gradually
gets worse. Thereis a form of this lameness where
the animal shows stiffness and lameness when first
taken out of the stable, but after being driven for
a Short distance it passes off, and after it stands for
a while it will start off lame again. If this disease
lasts for Some time the muscles of the chest and
shoulders seem stiff and may shrink. This has
been called “chest founder” by horsemen. This is
brought about from the soreness of the feet. The
horse is afraid to step out, giving it the appearance
of being stiff; the muscles of the chest and shoul-
ders will shrink from want of proper action, caused

248 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

by the feet being sore. If there is heat and tender-
ness in the hollow of the heel or a redness of the
sole, and the absence of any other disease of the —
foot or leg, we may consider with almost a certain-
ty that it is a case of navicular or coffin joint lame-
ness. The result is contraction of the foot.
Treatment: Take off the shoes, so that the frog
will rest on the ground, then poultice the feet with
bran, made up with cold water if it is a recent case,
but if it is of some months’ standing hot water is
the best; the poultices to be put into bags madea
little larger than the foot; about two inches deep
of the bran mash should be put into the bag, then
put the foot in and fill in all around as high as the
fetlock, and tie it above the fetlock and around the
ankle to keep the bag well on the foot. Wet this
several times a day and change it once daily. Con-
tinue this for two weeks, and see that it is properly
done; if not it will be of no service. Then blister
the coronet with cantharides two drams, lard one
ounce. Repeat in three weeks, and give the animal
a long rest. I have never seen any good result
from the use of frog setons, and it is a cruel opera-
tion. The operation of neurotomy (cutting the
nerve) has been tried and is sometimes useful
when the foot is in a good condition for such an
operation, but if the animal has a weak foot or if
the disease is far advanced it is worse than useless,
as the animal will soon pound it to pieces.
Laminitis (Founder).—Inflammation of the foot,
called laminitis, or founder, is a very common dis-
ease among all classes of horses. The structures

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 249

affected are the sensitive laminae and the sensi-
tive sole, and in very severe cases the coffin bones.

Causes: Some horses have a hereditary tendency
to this disease by inheriting badly formed feet, bad
management of the feet, over exertion, drinking
cold water when the animal is heated; horses
standing for a long time in railroad cars, where
they are obliged to brace themselves to keep
from falling, thus throwing great weight on their
feet; horses driven on hard roads when the soles
of their feet have been pared thin, or from the
shoe bearing too much on the walls of the foot;
standing in cold water after being warm, standing
too long on a hard floor without exercise, too much
of any kind of food, small quantities of wheat or
rye; sometimes one quart of wheat will founder a
horse. It is also caused from diseases of the stom-
ach, bowels, lungs, and from influenza. If this dis-
ease is not properly treated there are several condi-_
tions which may take place as a result of this dis-
ease. The changes which take place in the foot
are: First, exudation, the result of the inflamma-
tion, usually at the toe, the foot being more sup-
plied with blood vessels at this part. The exuda-
tion may take place between the membrane cover-
ing the bone and the bone itself, causing an incur-
able lameness, and sooner or later the complete
destruction of the foot. In other cases the exuda-
tion may become absorbed, and by degrees the foot
becomes healthy. Second: Shrinking of the sensi-
tive substance takes place, causing contraction of
the foot and permanent lameness. Sometimes the

250 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

toe of the coffin bone presses downward on the
sensitive sole, interfering with the secreting pro-
cess, rendering the horny sole weak, dry, cheesy or
spongy, and not strong enough to protect the sen-
sitive parts within. The outer horn of the wall
becomes ribbed on account of the secreting sur-
face of the coronary band being interfered with.
The ribs or rings of founder are very irregular, and
run together toward the front of the foot. Gener-
ally the disease is confined to the fore feet, but all
may be affected, or only one hind foot, the result of
long standing onit onaccount of some injury to the
other foot or leg. When a horse has a sore foot or
a very lame leg the shoe should be removed from
the well foot and the animal encouraged to lie
down as much as possible, or have it put into a
sling so as to rest the well foot in case it should
become affected by laminitis. I have seen many
bad cases from this cause.

Symptoms: The pain a horse suffers from an
acute attack of laminitis is agonizing and persist-
ent, as the sensitive part of the foot lies between
the bony structures on the inside and the unyield-
ing hoof; and as it swells byitsblood vessels being
gorged with blood, it has no room to expand, and
this pressure of the nerves causes intense pain.
The animal stands in its stall breathing fast and
heavy, and the nostrils are dilated. If the fore feet
are the ones affected they will be stretched out in
front, resting on the heels, and the hind feet
brought well forward under the body, and the back
will be arched. It stands in this way in order to

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 251

take as much weight off the feet as possible. If an
attempt is made to move him he may sway his
body backward and forward, but will not move his
fore feet. If he is compelled to do so he will drag
them on the heels. I have seen cases where it was
impossible to move them back in their stalls. If
much pressure was brought to bear the animal
would fall rather than move its feet. In first look-
ing at a horsesuffering from acutefounderit might
be mistaken for congestion of the lungs by the
heavy, fast breathing and the dilated nostrils, but
no mistake need be made, as in founder it is not
willing to move, while in congestion of the lungs
it will move readily. The pulse in founder will be
full and bounding, while in congestion it will be
very weak and fast, and in some cases impercepti-
ble. It has also been mistaken for injury to the
back on account of it being arched, but in this case
the fore feet would be placed well under the belly.
The pulse is usually from sixty to eighty, promi-
nent, full and bounding; the appetite is impaired,
and in very severe cases the animal will not eat;
on examining the feet they will be found hot
to the touch. In some cases the animal will lie
down upon its side with its legs outstretched for
hours. In other cases, especially in the early
stages of the disease, it will stand persistently.
When the hind feet only are affected the horse will
stand with all his four feet together, the fore ones
pushed well under its body, the hind feet ex-
tended forward, in order to throw its weight on the
heels. We might think that the hind feet are af-

252 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

fected, that they would be stretched out behind,
but in this way the animal would have to bear
its weight on the toes, which would augment its
Suffering. When compelled to move, as soon as
its toes come in contact with the ground, it takes a
sort of jump forward, probably taking three or
four jumps before it stops. The animal does not
Stand much when the hind feet are affected, and
Seems to get relief as soon as it is in a recumbent
position. The relief is so great when the animal
gets off its feet that the pulse will often fall ten to
twenty beats per minute in the course of a quarter
of an hour. When all four feet are affected there
will be a combination of the foregoing. All the
feet will be found hot, and tender if struck gently
with the hammer. ; :

Treatment: Remove the shoes and clean all
mud and dirt from the feet. Then get two bags
made a little larger than the foot and long enough
to reach above the fetlock. Make up a pail of bran
with hot water, put about two inches of the mash
in the bottom of the bag and put it on the foot, then
fill in with bran as high as the fetlock joint and tie
it above the joint, also around below it to keep the
poultice well in place. Wet this several times dur-
ing the day and change it once daily, as if kept too
long on it will sour. The poultice should be kept —
on the feet until all soreness has passed off. Give
from the beginning one ounce nitrate of potassium
in the drinking water or small bran mash three
times a day. Also give in bad cases twenty to
thirty drops tincture of aconite in a little water

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 253

every two hours until the pulse is reduced in
strength and frequency. Encourage the animal
to lie down, as the recumbent position relieves it
very much. If the animal will not lie down of its
own accord, take a rope and put it under its belly
and let aman stand on each side and press the rope
tight against its belly, and by degrees the animal
will try to rest on it, and when it does so let the
rope go and the animal will drop down. When
once down it will likely remain so for several
hours, as it feels the relief thus obtained, and after
this it will lie down when it feels like it. It is rec-
ommended by some after the shoes are removed
and the foot pared, to stand the horse in a tub of
hot water, his head being tied so that he cannot
get out of the tub. I consider this a very useless
method and a very cruel one. To illustrate: Mr.
B. had a fast trotting horse, which got an attack
of laminitis from drinking cold water when heat-
ed. It was found in the morning in a very bad con-
dition. A veterinary surgeon was called in (who
had been taught the tub treatment). He had the
horse’s shoes removed, the feet pared out, and put
into the tub of hot water and tied, and a groom to
watch him. By evening the horse was so much
worse that the owner thought he would die. Iwas
called, took the horse out of the tub, put the slings
under him, and as soon as he leaned his weight on
the sling I let him down. When the poor animal
was down it seemed very much relieved. I then put
warm poultices as above directed and gave the
animal a few doses of aconite to assist in the re-

254 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

duction of fever. In two hours the pulse was
reduced from one hundred to sixty. The animal
remained down all night. In the morning it got
up and ate, and under the above treatment made
a good recovery. The tub treatment is to be con-
demned as cruel, and the softening of the hoof
which it is used for can be accomplished much
better and quicker by the warm poultices and al-
lowing the horse to lie down. At the end of two
weeks, if the animal has been properly attended
to, it will be as sound as if the thing had never
happened. If there should be the least sign of
tenderness of the feet blister the coronets with
cantharides two drams, lard one ounce. After it
has been on for twenty-four hours wash it off
and turn the horse out to grass for a few weeks,
or, put it into a loose box and keep the floor soft
with plenty of straw, or what is better, sawdust or
short shavings.

Chronic Laminitis (Founder)—When a case of
acute laminitis is not properly treated it becomes
chronic. There is also chronic founder which
really never has been acute. For instance, a horse
has been badly shod for some time, and the pres-
sure or weight of the body confined to the walls
on account of the sole being cut away, there will
be a little irritation set up in the sensitive laminae
and coronary band, causing a little derangement,
but not enough to produce lameness, but by de-
grees these parts become affected to such an ex-
tent as to cause a stiffness in moving, or even
lameness.

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 255

Symptoms of chronic founder: The horse
stands with its fore feet a little advanced and the
hind legs brought a little forward under the belly.
The position in standing will depend on the case.
If the animal is suffering much pain the feet will
be brought further forward. When the animal is
brought out of the stable it will be stiff and step
short and dig its toes into the ground, and in bad
cases may go for some distance stumbling and its
back a little arched. After moving awhile it
seems to get better, steps out, and does not stum-
ble, and the back is not arched; but the horse so
affected always steps short, and horsemen
thought it was tied up in the muscles of the
shoulder and chest (chest founder), but such is not
the case. The feet are the location of the trouble.
The muscles of the chest seem to be wasted and
in some cases they are, but the position in which a
horse affected with chronic founder stands gives
it that appearance. By degrees the feet shrink
from wasting of the sensitive substances from the
chronic form of inflammation of the feet. This
form of founder cannot be cured, but can be
helped by poulticing and blistering the coronets
and continuing it for several months. Horses af-
fected by chronic founder should be kept on the
farm and off the hard roads.

Coronitis (Inflammation of the Coronary Sub-
stance).—This derangement usually affects draft
horses used for pulling heavy loads and being shod
with calkins on the shoes. It is also seen in horses
of any breed and is caused by too much weight

256 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

being placed on the wall of the hoof, pressing up-
ward on the coronary band, irritating it, and in
some cases causing inflammation and lameness.
I have seen a horse sent to be shod, and by the
smith cutting or paring away the sole so that it
was too thin to support the wall, the next day,
after a drive, the horse would go lame. |

Symptoms: Hardness and brittleness of the
hoof, loss of toughness and pliability, heat around
the coronet and upper part of the hoof, fullness
and tenderness of the coronary band; if pressed
upon the animal] will evince pain. If both fore feet
are affected the horse will have a shuffling gait,
and the heels are put on the ground first. If only
one foot is affected the animal will be lame. In
some cases there will be a separation between the
band and the hoof. The duration of this form of
lameness depends on the severity of the case. It
can be distinguished from laminitis by a bulging
of the coronary band and the heat and tenderness
of the part.

Treatment: Remove the shoe and poultice the
foot for a few days, then put on a bar shoe, so
that the weight will rest on the frog. Keep ona
shoe of this kind until the sole becomes thick and
strong, then put on a flat shoe, and keep the
blacksmith’s knife away from the sole. If lame-
ness should persist after being poulticed for a
week and a bar shoe put on, blister the coronet
with cantharides two drams, lard one ounce. Re-
peat in two weeks if necessary. This is a very
common form of lameness, and in the majority of

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 257

cases can be prevented by the proper method of
shoeing mentioned in the first chapter on diseases
of the foot. |

Carbuncle of the Coronary Band.—This consists
of an oval, irregular swelling on some portion of
the coronary band. It is hard at first and some-
times very painful, causing lameness. After a
time suppuration takes place at several points,
which discharges unhealthy matter. In some
cases it will spread all around the coronary, and
there will be a number of smali openings, from
which thin matter will exude, forming a very un-
healthy looking sore. Prof. Williams, of Edin-
burgh, says: “I am inclined to think it is due toa
blood poison similar to that of glanders and farcy,
as it is oftenest seen in unhealthy situations, ill-
ventilated stables, and in horses with bad or gross
constitutions. I was inclined, when I first saw it,
to attribute it to some injury to the part, and to
believe that the unhealthy action was the conse-
quence of such an injury, or to the introduction of
some deleterious material into the wound; but
further experience has convinced me that it often
originates from constitutional causes, and that it
is an inflammation of the coronary substance,
due to the presence of some morbid material in
the blood.” Iam inclined to believe that the opin-
ion of Prof. Williams is correct, as it is a very dif-
ficult derangement to cure.

Treatment: Poultice for a few days at first to
assist it to form matter, then apply a lotion of
acetate of lead half an ounce, sulphate of zine half

258 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

an ounce, carbolic acid half an ounce, water one
quart; bathe the sores with a little of this several
times a day to reduce the swelling and if possible
to dry up the part. If there is a discharge from
little openings, probe them to find the direction
and depth, then roll up one grain of bichloride of
mercury in a piece of tissue paper and press it into
the opening. If there are a number of these treat
them alike. In a few days there will be a slough
of the unhealthy part and it may then heal. If it
does not use the mercury again, and so on until it
becomes healthy; then use the above lotion.
When it heals, if it should leave the band thick,
blister it with cantharides blister as in founder.
Give the animal a dose of aloes, to be followed by
giving sulphate of iron four ounces, nitrate of po-
tassium four ounces, hux vomica two ounces; mix
and divide into twenty-four doses, to be given
twice daily in bran mash.

False Quarter.—This is due to a deranged con-
dition of the coronary band. The horny wall be-
ing secreted by the coronary band, it follows that
if a part of it is destroyed, that the part of the wall
below it can be no longer supplied with horn. The
sensitive laminae supplies in a modified condition
a substance to take the place of the horn, but it
is usually thin and weak, and has fissures or
cracks in it. These cracks are usually wider at
the bottom than at the top. This derangement does
not always cause lameness, but is very liable to
do so, and therefore the horse may be considered
unsound.

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 259

’ Causes: Injuries to the coronary band, destroy-
ing its secreting substance.

Treatment: If the animal is lame poultice the
foot to reduce the inflammation; then put on a
bar shoe, so that it will rest on the frog and wall,
except the affected part; this will take off the
pressure, and the animal will not go lame. Re-
move all the ragged edges, and cut a little of the
band, then heal this as an ordinary wound, and
there is a possibility of the band growing up and
being capable of growing out a healthy hoof. I
have succeeded in some cases. Keep using the bar
shoe until the hoof grows down, and if it does not
do so it will still be necessary to keep on the bar
shoe to protect the weak part.

Sand Crack.—A sand crack may be found in
any part of the wall of the foot. It differs from
false quarter in being caused by a dry, brittle con-
dition of the hoof. The parts where it is usually
found are in front and on the inside quarters, sel-
dom on the outside.

Causes: When the hoof from some cause be-
comes brittle, dry and hard it loses what elasticity
it had and is liable to crack from over-exertion,
so that a sand-crack may appear suddenly. This
is the case when the sole of the foot is) weakened
by paring; the weight-bearing surface is limited
to the wall, the weight thus thrown on the wall
overstrains it, and it may split at once, or it in-
duces a deranged condition of the structures to
which it is attached, causing the dryness favorable
for it cracking. Sand-crack begins at the top of

~ Pedess Sek: ey:
eer ts ic
ad ae

260 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

the hoof, where it is thin, and extends downward.
It will gap a little when the foot comes in contact
with the ground, and close again when the foot
is elevated; on this account sometimes the sensi-
tive tissue gets into the crack and gets squeezed,
causing blood to issue from the crack. In this
case the animal suffers great pain, and often in-
flammation sets in, and matter may form as a
result. ,
Treatment: Poultice the foot for a few days to
remove any inflammation that may be present
and to soften the hoof; then put on a bar shoe
so that it will not rest on the wall where the crack
is, and take a sharp drawing knife and pare out a
piece of the hoof at the top, separating it com-
pletely from the coronary band, about three-
fourths of an inch on each side of the crack, down
to the quick. This part can be filled with tar to
keep out the dirt. A cantharides blister should be
rubbed around the coronary band every third
week. When the pressure of the old hoof is re-
moved by this cutting the new one grows out
sound, having nothing to interfere with it; but if
this is not done properly as soon as a little of the
new hoof grows out it splits as at first. I have
made some good cures and kept the horse at work
by the use of the bar shoe, and an occasional poul-

tice at night if there was any fever in the foot.

Clasps and nails put through the edges of the
crack are of no practical value and should not be
used. Sand-crack can nearly always be prevented
by proper shoeing and keeping the feet cool. If

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 261

they should become fevered after a long journey
on a hard road put them in a bran poultice for a
few days, and if a horse has thin, weak feet, use
the bar shoe during the summer, and do not touch
the sole with the knife.

Keraloma.—This is the name given to a horny
tumor caused by the toe-clip of the shoe, where it
has been hammered too tightly, or from the ani-
mal striking its toe against the ground. This dis-
ease is usually found in the hind feet, although I
have seen it in the fore feet. I have seen cases of
this kind in which the horse was not. lame; but
unless the horse is properly shod and the part
protected lameness will be the result. Poultice
the foot to soften it, then cut away as much of the
hoof surrounding the tumor as possible, so that
there will be a groove between it and the wall; re-
move as much of the tumor as is prudent, then fill
up the groove with tar and put on a broad shoe,
with a piece turned up over the part to protect
it. It has been recommended to remove the whole
of the crust immediately over the diseased part by
cutting through it on either side from top to bot-
tom, detaching it from the sole and tearingitaway,
leaving the sensitive parts exposed. The operation
is a very cruel one and should never be performed
unless the disease has resisted all other treatment;
even then it does not always succeed, as there is
every likelihood of matter forming and destroying
the sensitive laminae, preventing the development
of a new horn. In some cases it succeeds, but it

262 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

takes months of treatment. I do not consider such
treatment advisable.

Seedy-Toe.—This consists of a separation of the
wall at the toe from the sensitive laminae, caus-
ing a hollow space, which emits a hollow sound
when tapped with the hammer. It is the result of
toe-clips. Especially is this the case when the
shoe is put on hot and burned in, which should
never be done. It is caused by laminitis and nails
penetrating the hoof at the toe. This disease may
be found sometimes at the side of the foot from the
use of side-clips. |

Symptoms: The hoof at the toe or side becomes
very dry, and if pared has a cheesy or rather a
mealy appearance, and a little exploration will
show a separation of the sole fromthewall. There
will be a hollow space between the hoof and the
sensitive laminae, which in some cases may ex-
tend to the coronet, and in some cases of long
standing the hoof will bulge. It is not often that
this causes lameness; but sand and other dirt are
very apt to get in at the separated part and cause
irritation, with fever in the foot, and lameness.

Treatment: This is a very troublesome case to
treat. It seems to be almost impossible to get a
union of the wall and sole. It has been recom-
mended to remove all the loose hoof as far back as
the quick, and treat it by applying tar and band-
ages and encourage the growth of horn. I have
seen this tried, but it did not prove successful. The
best treatment is to shoe the horse with a broad

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 263

toe-clip and fill well in between the clip and the
Separation with tar and oakum. This will prevent
the dirt from getting into it. Keep the foot soft by
putting on a poultice occasionally and by apply-
ing a cantharides blister to the coronet. In this
way we will increase the growth of horn and in
some cases effect a cure.

Corns.—Corns are the result of bruises at the
angle of the heel between the bar and the wall,
and usually on the inside heel of the foot, and al-
ways on the fore feet, as they are the weight-bear-
ers of the body. The structure affected is the sen-
sitive sole. The bruises cause a rupture of the
small blood vessels, the blood extravasating into
horny sole, causing a red spot.

Causes: Bad shoeing. Prof. Williams, of Edin-
burgh, says: “The ordinary seated shoe is the
most irrational invention that ever emanated from
man’s brain. It is a thing that bears upon no part
of the sole except upon the spot that is incapable
of bearing such pressure. It is dished out, made
concave all around the foot except at the heels,
and the result is corns.” This saying is correct.
Corns can be produced only by pressure on the
part, and the above described shoe is calculated
to do it. A shoeing smith should be ashamed to
shoe a horse in this manner in this enlightened
age; still that is what they are doing every day.
It is said by some of those men that they have
found corns on horses that never were shod. Such
a case may happen in the unshod horse by the
inner corner of the hoof growing long and inclined

264 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

to turn inward and then press on the sensitive
part, causing a corn, but such cases are very sel-
dom seen, and are no excuse for bad shoeing. To
prevent corns leave the sole untouched, rasp the
wall level, and put on a flat shoe, so that the pres-
sure will be even all around, the sole bearing part
of the weight, and you will never have a corn on
your horse’s foot.

Symptoms of corns: The horse will show more
or less lameness. When it stands it will put its
foot out before it, resting on the toe. If both feet
are affected it will shift, pointing first one, then
the other. In examining the foot to find the cause
of lameness there will be heat on the inside of the
hoof at the heel, and if tapped lightly with the
hammer the animal will flinch. Remove the shoe
and take a pair of pincers and press with them
all around the sole, and when you come to the heel
the animal will evince pain on slight pressure.
Take a knife and pare a little off the sole at the
angle of the bar, where you will find the sole red.
In some cases of corns there will be first inflamma-
tion, terminating in the formation of matter, or
a shrinking of the sensitive laminae. Often the
matter finds its way out of the top of the hoof.
When there is matter forming there is usually
ereat lameness. The result of long-continued
corns is contraction of the heel. Corns are the
most common cause of contraction.

Treatment: Remove the shoe and poultice the
feet to soften the hoof and relieve the inflamma-
tion. Then rasp the wall of the hoof level and put

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 265

on a level bar shoe. When the shoe is fitted rasp
away a little of the wall at the seat of the corn,
so that the shoe will not press on it. By thus re-
moving the inflammation by the poultice, and the
bar shoe taking the weight off the sore part, the
animal will go sound. The corn should never be
pared, and no strong medicine, such as spirits of
salt, applied to it, as it does harm and is unneces-
sary. In some cases by removing the shoe, which
is causing the corn, and putting on a bar shoe,
removing the pressure from the part, the horse
will go sound without having to be laid off work.
If matter forms it will be necessary to make a
small opening to allow the matter to escape, then
put on a poultice for a few days, then put on a
bar shoe as above. Put a little tar and oakum in
the opening to keep out the dirt until a new piece
of sole grows up. The bar shoe should be used un-
til the sole of the foot grows strong. Then by using
the flat shoe and not paring the sole you will not be
troubled with any more corns on your horse’s feet.
Thousands of dollars are lost yearly from corns
alone caused by bad shoeing.

Thrush.—This is a disease characterized by a
foetid discharge from the frog, caused by a dis-
eased condition of the secretory surface of the
fatty frog. The clefts are the parts usually af-
fected, and if the disease is not properly treated
it will soon spread over the whole frog, causing a
detachment of the horny part from the sensitive.

Causes: Anything that interferes with the
health of the part, notably bad shoeing, by pre-

266 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. |

venting the frog from coming in contact with the
eround. It is also caused by the animal standing
in dirty stables, and some years when the barn-
yard is in a wet, muddy condition for a long time
the feet never getting a chance to dry, but I have
found more cases caused by the former than the
latter.

Symptoms: There is a discharge of a very foul
smelling matter of a dark color exuding from the
clefts of the frog. In cleaning out the clefts they
will be found deep and extending into the sensi-
tive parts, sometimes causing lameness. As it
spreads the horny frog becomes detached and
there will be matter underneath it. In cases
where it is caused from navicular disease it is in-
curable.

Treatment: Clean out the parts well, and if the
horse is lame put on a poultice of linseed meal for
a few days, then dry it and press a little calomel
into all the cavities; then press in Some paper or
soft rags to keep in the calomel and keep out the
dirt. Clean out every second day until the clefts
are dry and healthy. Remove the cause to prevent
a return of the disease.

Canker.—When a structure composed of low
organized tissue becomes injured, such as the frog,
it is very apt to produce a rapid growth of un-
healthy tissue, spreading over the whole of the
frog, even sometimes extending to the sole, but is
generally confined to the frog. As the fatty frog
is a tissue of low organization it is the usual seat
of canker. When tendons about the lower part of

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 267

the legs and bulbs of the heels are injured we find
a growth resembling canker developing.

Causes: It is said by some to be caused by a
vegetable parasite, but I do not think such is the
case; the vegetable parasite is the result, not the
cause. I have removed the horny frog and bound
on the exudation from a canker, but could not
produce it. It is said from some unknown rea-
son horses with lymphatic temperaments, thick
skin, fiat feet, fleshy frogs, heavy hair, and particu-
larly white feet and legs are especially liable to
canker. The tissue of such horses is soft and low
organized, and when injured is not so easily healed
as that of a well-bred horse, and has more tenden-
cy to take on an unhealthy development. I think
that is likely the reason why the heavy draft horse
is more liable to such derangements. It is said the
is likely the reason why the heavy draft horse is
more liable to such derangements. It is said the
condition most favorable for the development of
canker is dampness; in fact, dampness seems to
be indispensable to the existence and growth of
the parasite. I have no doubt that such is the
case so far as the parasite is concerned, but as for
canker the majority of cases that have come under
my notice have been horses which worked in the
city, having good, comfortable, dry stables. I
cannot recall a case which I consider was caused
by dampness. The worst case of canker I ever had
to treat was during the summer months, when
everything was excessively dry and the stable was
kept clean. Canker seems to bea disease peculiar

268 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

to some horses, as it sometimes affects two or
three feet of the same horse at the same time, and
I think is caused by bad shoeing, that is, cutting
away too much of the horny frog, and when the
animal tramps on some hard substance the fatty
frog is bruised, this being the exciting cause. It is
also the result of nails penetrating the frog, or
other injuries.

Symptoms of canker: There is an abundant
discharge of a thin, very offensive smelling fluid.
The frog swells, becomes soft and spongy. The
outer surface may have some stringy fibers of horn,
which, if it is pared off, bleeds very freely; in fact
it has become a bleeding fungus. In some cases .
the discharge dries, forming cheesy patches com-
posed of horny cells, very foul smelling. Al-
though healing preparations have been used, it has
no disposition to heal, but gradually gets worse
and the animal becomes very lame. If only one
foot is affected it will hold it up for a while; if two
or more feet are affected the animal will lie down
the greater part of the time, and it may require
assistance to rise.

Treatment: Ifthe animal is fat give it a dose of
aloes as a physic. Follow this by giving one tea-
spoonful of phosphate of calcium in the morning
and a heaping teaspoonful of sulphate of iron in
the evening. Continue this for two weeks. If the
animal is fevered give half an ounce nitrate of po-
tassium a day in a bran mash. Poultice the foot
for a few days with linseed meal made into a. poul-
tice with boiling water and spread it on a cloth,

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 269

and when cool enough to apply sprinkle on a tea-
spoonful of acetate of lead. Remove it twice daily.
After the surrounding horn is softened and the
foot cleaned by the poultice, then remove all loose
horn, and also pare the frog down to the quick,
and after bleeding has ceased clean and dry the
part well. Take a piece of smooth stick and rub on
a little finely powdered bichloride of mercury; use
no more at once than would lie on.a dime, as there
is danger of it becoming absorbed, but no danger
from using that quantity. Cover the part with dry
cotton batting or oakum and put on a boot or bag.
Do not disturb this until the end of the second day,
and if it is still dry and the surface hard, let it
alone for another day or two. When the crust
that has formed by the mercury: comes off, apply a
little more, and so on until it appears firm and
healthy. This is the best thing to use in the ma-
jority of cases, but when the discharge keeps up,
which it will sometimes do, use a liquid caustic,
such as terchloride of antimony or diluted nitric
acid. Put on sufficient to cover all the diseased
surface. Protect the sore as before, and repeat the
caustic once a day if necessary. If there is any
hard horn pressing on the sore part remove it. A
shoe should be put on, as it will protect the sore.
After the unhealthy parts have been removed I
find that to sprinkle calomel over the surface once
every third day is a good thing. Some prefer tar,
with a little sulphuric acid, two parts of tar and
one of acid. Dip cotton batting or oakum into it
and spread over the surface, and keep in place by

270 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

putting strips of tin between it and the shoe.
Whatever medicine is used, it takes a long time to
cure it, but most cases can be remedied if the
treatment is continued and well done.

Punctures to the Sole of the Feet by Nails.—A
horse may step on a nail and it may pierce any part
of the sole, but usually it is found to have entered
the cleft of the frog. The danger of a nail pene-
trating the foot is the depth it penetrates and the
structures it injures. Thus a nail enters the cleft
of the frog midway between the toe and the heel,
and if it should penetrate deep it would likely
wound the coffin joint, causing a severe lameness,
and sometimes the death of the animal. I have
seen several cases of this kind.

Treatment: Remove the nail as soon as possi-
ble. Clean the foot and put on a bran poultice to
assist in keeping down the inflammation, and con-
tinue this for three days. Pare away a little of the
sole, as it is likely matter will form. This being
done pour on a little diluted carbolic acid, a tea-
spoonful to four ounces of water; dress it once a
day and keep it clean by putting on a dry bag. The
horse should not be put to work until it is over its
lameness. The sole is sometimes punctured by
some sharp substance. If the animal is lame the
shoe should be removed and the sole cleaned and
pared out a little and the puncture found. Pare
away a little of the sole at the puncture, just suffi-
cient to allow the matter to escape. By cutting
out a piece of the sole the sensitive sole will pro-
trude and often become fungus. There is no need

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 271

to remove more than will let the matter out. Put
on a poultice to reduce the fever, then treat as for
nail in the foot.

Pricks in Shoeing.—In driving the nail in shoe-
ing it may penetrate the sensitive sole, or it may
be so close to it as to cause a pressure on the sen-
sitive part. When a horse is pricked in shoeing
the animal will jerk his foot away from the smith,
the nail is drawn out, but the sensitive sole is
wounded. The animal may go lame or it may not.
When the nail is too closely driven to the quick,
causing a slight bulge of the horny part against
the sensitive, there may be no lameness when the
horse leaves the shop, but in a day or two the ani-
mal becomes lame. In all cases in which a horse
becomes lame, at or soon after being shod, and if
no other cause is apparent, it will be necessary to
have the shoe removed and the foot put into a
poultice for a few days to remove the soreness. In
cases of pricks it may be necessary, if the animal
remains lame after the foot has been poulticed, to
pare the part where the nail punctured to allow
any matter that may have formed to escape. Re-
place the poultice again for a few days. By at-
tending to this properly you may save the animal
much suffering and yourself much loss, as I have
seen several cases of lock-jaw caused by pricks by
the nail in shoeing, which, if they had been attend-
ed to at once, could have been saved. It will be
necessary to put on a bar shoe in order to remove
weight from the injured part and have it rest on
the frog and sound part of the foot.

272 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

Weak Feet.—There are some horses whose feet
are naturally weak, having thin heels, and very
brittle walls, that will split into layers when the
nails are driven. Such feet require to be shod with
strong bar shoes; and in some cases it will be a
benefit to put leather soles under the shoe. Any
horse which shows any tenderness or slight pain
after a long drive or a hard day’s work can be
ereatly relieved by having the feet and legs bathed
in water; or better, a bran poultice put on during ~
the night. This will remove the soreness, and the
animal will be sound in the morning.

Quittor.—This is the name given to a fistulous
opening upon the heels and quarters of the coron-
ary band, and is caused by treads, pricks in shoe-
ing, bruises, and suppurating corns. Any injury
which will cause suppuration within the foot will
usually cause matter to form at the coronet, and
may result in quittor.

The symptoms of quittor: Swelling upon the
coronet, great lameness, and a discharge of thin
or thick curdy pus. There may be one or a number
of small openings leading down into the sensitive
part of the foot. The parts surrounding the quit-
tor swell and become hard and take on a peculiar
unhealthy action and are difficult to cure.

Treatment: Clean the foot and put into.a bran
poultice for several days, then remove any horn
that may be pressing on the sore part. If it is at
the heel remove the crust with the knife; if it is
in front rasp it thin. If it is caused by a punc-
ture in the foot open up the part a little so that

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 273

if there is any matter it will escape. Then probe
the opening at the top to find the depth and direc-
tion. Take a grain of the bichloride of mercury
and roll it up in tissue paper into a cone and press
it down to the bottom. Serve all the openings in
this way. Put the foot into a bag to protect it
from injury and let it alone for three days, then
clean out the openings and put in some more of
the bichloride of mercury, and so on for two weeks,
or until the parts become healthy and the hard
swelling has decreased; then make up a bath of
chloride of zinc one ounce, water one gallon; put
the foot in this twice a day for twenty minutes at
atime. Assoonas the openings are healed blister
the coronet with cantharides two drams, lard one
ounce; repeat in two weeks if necessary. When it
is time to put on the shoe and work the horse, a bar
shoe will be best. If the animal has much fever
in the early stages of the disease give a dose of
aloes, and follow this by giving half an ounce of
nitrate of potassium twice a day in mash. Later in
the disease give a teaspoonful of sulphate of iron
once daily in bran mash as a tonic.

SORE FEET IN CATTLE.

Cattle are occasionally affected with sore feet,
by hard substances getting impacted between the
hoofs. This happens often in towns and where the
cinders from coal fires have been put in the yard,
this substance getting in between the claws into
the soft parts, causing inflammation, suppura-
tion and great lameness. The cinders should never

274 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

be put into yards where cloven-footed animals are
kept. Cattle kept standing on a hard floor, or
sometimes on very hard pastures, or driven on
hard roads, are liable to suffer from sore feet, re-
sembling founder in horses. Nails and other sharp
bodies sometimes penetrate the feet of cattle.
Symptoms: The animal is seen to go lame, or a
sore swelling may appear at the back of the foot or
heels. It will be necessary to examine the foot or
feet carefully and find the cause. If it is from im-
paction of hard material in the cleft of the hoof
have it removed and the parts well cleaned, and
use a lotion of zinc chloride one dram, water one
pint; dress with this twice a day and keep the
animal on clean straw until healed. If from some
sharp substance in the hoof remove it and pare a
little opening in the sole and use a little of the
above lotion. It is almost impossible to keep a
poultice on the feet of cattle, especially on a hind
foot, as it will keep kicking until the poultice
comes off. If it is caused by standing on a hard
floor or hard ground remove to a damp, soft place
for a few days, when usually the animal will be
relieved. The disease known as the foot and
mouth disease, or foul in the feet, which is a con-
tagious one, has not reached this country. There
have been some few cases which somewhat resem-
bled it, but on investigation it proved to be only a
local disease and not contagious. Ihave met with
some few cases in which inflammation had taken
place in the sensitive sole, causing a separation
of the horn from the soft parts; also granulations

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 275

of a soft, unhealthy substance at the heel between
the claws. This was called “foul in the foot,” and
a few cattle on the same farm were affected with
it. Ifound that it was not contagious and readily
yielded to treatment. Clean the hoofs and remove
some of the loose horn, and remove any matter that
is lodged between the horn and soft parts and
dress it with the above lotion. If there are any
unhealthy granulations apply a little terchloride
of antimony with a brush or a feather once a day
until they are reduced, then apply the chloride of
zine lotion to heal the part. The animal should
be kept in a clean place while under treatment.

276 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

CHAPTER XXI.

FISTULA OF THE WITHERS.

This is a disease usually found on the withers,
but may occur in other parts of the body. It 1s
caused by a bruise, pressure, or injury. Some-
times it may be caused by the collar or saddle and
is also caused by horses rolling on something hard.
Horses with high withers are usually more prone

toit. I have also taken notice in my practice that

two-thirds of the cases I have treated were mares,
I think from their withers being bitten by the
horse. The deep parts are affected. by a low form
of inflammation, causing some swelling; and by
degrees the injured tissue breaks down into mat-
ter, and if the part is not opened will break of its
own accord and discharge. There is a tendency of
this part to form a quantity of false, unhealthy tis-
sue of a soft, spongy texture, and as long as any of
it remains the part will not heal, and if it should
do so it will soon break out again, and in the mean-
time more false tissue will form. It is said that
the matter burrows down through the muscles.
This is not correct, as I have never seen a case in
which matter burrowed, unless between the skin
and the flesh, and not often there. If such was the
case, in old standing fistulas the matter would find
its way out at the bottom instead of the top. The

“ if
sane
. 4

y

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 277

matter forms by the breaking down of the tissue
in the direction in which it is injured. The idea
that it is necessary to have a depending opening
for the escape of the matter is a mistake. I have
proved to my own satisfaction that healthy pus
does not prevent a wound in any part of the body
from healing. Fistula is considered a very trouble-
some disease to treat; but since I have adopted a
method first introduced by my late brother, Dr.
James McIntosh, I have had no difficulty in curing
it. I have treated fifty-four cases of it at the free
clinic at the University of Illinois and all were
cured. A number of these were of two and three
years’ standing and had been treated in the old
way by the use of the knife. After experimenting
for several years on this disease by the use of the
knife and various caustic medicines, my brother
adopted the following treatment: Examine the
opening with a probe to find the direction and
depth, and at the same time ascertain if there is
any foreign substance in it, such as a fragment of
bone from the spine of the vertebra or disease of
~ same. When satisfied that there is none (or if
there should be remove it), then take a strip of soft
muslin and dip it in terchloride of antimony and
press it into the opening, then draw it out again
and put in another. Let the last remain in for
some hours; then draw it out, let it alone for three
days, thenrepeat. Ifthere is more than one open-
ing serve the others in the same way. On the third
or fourth day repeat, and so on for three or four
weeks until all the unhealthy tissue is destroyed,

278 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

which is known by the mouth of the opening sink-
ing in and the swelling being reduced. Besides
putting the antimony into the openings it is neces-
sary to rub a little of the following on the swelling:
Cantharides, two drams; lard, one ounce; rub on a
sufficient quantity of this well in with the fingers.
Repeat in two weeks. This form of blister seems
to have the power of acting as an alterative, chang-
ing the unhealthy tissue into healthy, and there-
fore assists greatly in the cure of fistula. Ina
week or two after stopping the use of the antimony,
if the openings should show signs of bulging, and
have a bluish, spongy aspect, use the antimony
again for a few times, as it is possible that all the
pipes were not destroyed. I have had to do this
three or four times before I succeeded in getting it
in a healthy condition to heal. Keep at it even if
it takes several months to cureit. There are cases
in which the withers of the horse get bruised, caus-
ing swelling and heat of the part, which would like-
ly become a fistula if it were not properly treated.
Bathe the part well with cold water for twenty
minutes three times a day, and apply acetate of
lead, half an ounce; water, one quart. Saturate
a piece of woolen rag with a little of this and lay
it over the swollen part after each bathing, until
the heat is removed, then use the cantharides blis-
ter above mentioned. Repeat every second week.
This will either scatter it or hasten the formation
of matter. Ifa part of the swelling becomes very
soft and the hair drops out it is in a condition to
be opened with the knife. After removing the

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 279

_ maiter by injecting water into it, use the antimony
as above directed.

POLL-EVIL.

This form of fistula is situated on the “poll” be-
hind the ears, and is caused by injuries and using
a tight bearing rein.

Symptoms: A swelling appears behind the ears,
it may be on one side or both. When it appears
quickly it is hot and painful to the touch; at other
times it comes on gradually and is not hot or ten-
der. It increases very slowly and it may be years
before it turns into a fistula. I have seen a num-
ber of cases of this kind, and all enlargements be-
hind the ears should be looked upon with suspicion.
In some cases matter will form in a few days.

Treatment: In all cases of swelling in this local-
ity the treatment should be energetic and well
done; a fistula when established is very difficult to
cure, as there are so many tendons in this part that
it is not easy to get under them, and the tissue is
of the low order, having a great tendency to de-
velop quantities of unhealthy flesh. In the early
stage before matter has formed, and it is hot and
tender, bathe it for half an hour with cold water
three times a day and apply the lead lotion as for
the fistula of the withers. After all the heat has
disappeared and the swelling remains, apply the
cantharides blister; and for those lumps which
are developing slowly and which have no heat or
tenderness in them, also blister every second week
and continue it if necessary for several months,

280 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

and in the majority of cases they will disappear.
The bearing rein should not be used on a horse so
afflicted; in fact, it should not be used on any. It
is cruel to keep a horse for hours with its head ele-
vated in the air, and if the poor brute is driven fac-
ing the sun it suffers greatly and it destroys the
sight to a certain extent. I hope the day is not
far distant when no right minded man will allow
a bearing rein on his horse. When the matter
forms, the lumps ought to be opened and the parts
cleaned out with water and the same manner of
treatment used as for fistula of the withers. Some-
times stiffness of the neck is the result of poll-evil,
and may in some cases be benefited by repeated .
blistering with cantharides.

FISTULA.

A fistula may form in any part of the body, and
is the result of an injury caused by the lodgment
of some foreign substance such as a piece of wood
or a nail in the muscle or the bone, and the tissue
may become diseased, which causes the formation
of matter, keeping up the discharge. A horse was
brought to me which had a discharge of matter
from a small opening in its hip for over two years.
On examining it with theprobelfound at thedepth
of four inches a hard substance. I had the horse
cast and I cut down on this hard substance and
found it to be a piece of wood imbedded in the mus-
cle, surrounded by a tough membrane with a small
opening in it through which the matter that ac-
cumulated passed out to the surface, forming a

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 281

fistula. The wood was removed and it healed in
afew weeks with very little treatment. <A littleof
the following, acetate of lead half an ounce,
sulphate of zinc half an ounce, water one quart,
was injected once daily. I give this as an illustra-
tion, and I have seen many cases resembling it.
If a deep sore does not heal in a reasonable time,
it should be examined with a probe to find the
cause and remove it if possible. If nothing can be
detected in the wound, treat as recommended for
fistula of the withers.

282 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

CHAPTER XXII.

WOUNDS.

In the study of wounds it is necessary to under-
stand the nature of the structure wounded. The
external surface of the animal body is chiefly com-
posed of two kinds of tissue, the highly organized
and the low form. All the fleshy or muscular
parts belong to the former; the tendons, ligaments
and cartilage to the latter. What is meant by .
highly-organized tissue is where it is largely sup-
plied with blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics,
while the low order of tissue contains very few if
any blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics, and is
nourished by the vessels which ramify over their
surface. When a muscle is wounded, the first
thing nature does is to pour out a liquid to repair
the mischief done. This may take place by ad-
hesion or by a fine granular substance which de-
velops and fills up the injured part; blood vessels
shoot into it and it becomes flesh, and so it pro-
ceeds until the part is repaired, and if no accident
happens to it, either by the animal rubbing or bit-
ing it, and last but not least, by the applying of
irritant substances such as turpentines or strong
liniments, which destroy the fine, delicate young
tissue that nature is pouring out for repair, all that
is needed to assist nature in the healing is to pro-

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 283

tect it from injury if possible. First examine the
wound to find the depth and direction and to see
that there is no foreign substance in it, then re-
move all hair or dirt and wash it out carefully with
water in which a little carbolic acid has been put,
about a teaspoonful to the quart of water. Ifitis
a superficial wound it is best cleaned by letting
the water run over it, and if deep, use a syringe
with gentle force. Washing with a sponge is too
rough for the new tissue. Ifthe wound isa clean
cut, lengthwise on the muscle, stitching is of use.
If the wound is ragged or cut crosswise, stitch-
ing is of no use, as the ragged parts have to slough
off and the movement of the muscle prevents a cut
from uniting and must heal by granulation. After
a wounded muscle has been cleaned, wash as little
as possible, as it will disturb the healing process.
_ Inthe majority of flesh wounds, if they are not dis-
turbed they will heal very rapidly. They will hea]
even if treated by strong liniments, but very likely
there will be a blemish, which would not be if na-
ture was not interfered with. There is an idea
that most people have that they must use some-
thing’*to keep out the cold or heat, which is a mis-
take, and by doing this the strong medicines used
do far more damage than the cold or heat.
Wounds are divided into four kinds: Incised
(clean cut), lacerated (torn), contused (bruised), and
punctured wounds. I shall give the treatment of
each kind separately. <A clean-cut wound length-
wise on the muscle usually heals by what is called
first intention. First examine the wound as to its

284 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

depth and direction and to see that there is no
foreign substance in it, next stop bleeding by ap-
plying cold or hot water to it. If a large vessel
has been cut, it requires to be tied. Then mix one
teaspoonful of carbolic acid in a quart of water
and let a little of this run over the cut surface.
Then bring the edges of the wound together either
by pins, silk thread, or cat-gut steeped in the above
lotion. Pins are the best, as they remain in longer
without sloughing. The pin should be inserted
one-eighth of an inch from the edge, and when
both lips have been transfixed in this way, a thread
or small cord carried around both edges of the pin
and made to describe a figure eight will hold the:
wound close. The pins should be put in about
three-quarters of an inch apart. If the thread or
cat-gut is used the needle should be passed in
about a quarter of an inch from the edge of the
wound and brought out at the other side about
the same distance, then the two ends of the thread
are tied and another stitch about three-quarters of
an inch apart, and so on until the wound is closed;
apply a little carbolic lotion once a day to the part,
but be careful not to disturb the wound. If the
wound is across the muscle and is of an inch or
more in depth, stitching is of no benefit, as we can-
not prevent the cut ends from moving below the
stitches and union will not take place, but if it is _
superficial it may be stitched as before described.
If the part should swell and get hot it will be nec-
essary to take out some of the pins or stitches in
order to getit cleaned. Foment with hot water or

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 285

cold water. Then inject some of the carbolic lo-
tion; do this several times daily. After the in-
flammation has been subdued the wound will heal
by granulation.

Lacerated (torn) wounds require to be examined
as the others, cold or hot water used to stop bleed-
ing, and cleaned by letting water run ‘over them.
There is no benefit to be derived from sewing up
a wound of this kind, as the ragged parts have to
slough off in theformof matter, and if it is penned
up by the wound being stitched it cannot escape;
the parts swell, and the stitches give way, leaving
the edges more ragged than before, so it is best
in all cases of torn wounds not to stitch them. If
after a time the wound should assume an un-
healthy or spongy appearance, use acetate of lead,
half an ounce; sulphate of zinc, half an ounce; acid
carbolic, one dram, and water, one quart. Clean
the wound with water, then apply a little of this
lotion twice a day.

Punctured wounds are the most dangerous of
all because they are liable to contain foreign sub-
stances, such as hair, pieces of wood, etc., and are
likely to inflame, ending in mortification and per-
haps the death of the animal. Wounds of this
kind require to be examined with great care.
Probe the part to find the depth and direction of
the wound, also to ascertain if there is any foreign
substance at the bottom of it, and if so, it must be
removed. It is advisable to make the opening
larger, also to have it depending, so that any fluid
or matter that may form in it will run out. It is

oat Bae
sie

286 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

often very difficult and even dangerous to do this,
besides causing extra suffering to the animal.
And I find that a depending opening in the ma-
jority of cases is unnecessary if the wound is prop-
erly treated. Instead of enlarging the wound,
clean it as well as possible, then dip a piece of soft
muslin in a solution of carbolic acid, three drams;
water, four ounces; press this down to the bottom
of the wound witha probe, let it remain in for afew
hours, then draw it out and put in a fresh one; do
this three times a day for a few days. This will
act as an antiseptic, destroying germ life and pre-
venting mortification. Ina few days matter will
form and all danger is passed. Clean it out twice
a day with warm water and inject a little of the
carbolic lotion used for incised wounds.

Contused Wounds.—These are usually caused
by pressure, kicks or bruises. In the majority of
cases the skin is not broken, and if the part is
bathed with acetate of lead, half an ounce; water,
one quatt, several times a day to keep down inflam-
mation it will likely give no trouble, but sometimes.
effusion will collect from the effects of the injury,
and the part will swell up and will be soft and
puffy to the touch. In this case it will be neces-
sary to open it and allow the fluid to escape. Then
inject a little of the following twice a day: Zine
chloride, two drams; water, one quart. If it leaves
a thickening, rub on biniodide of mercury, one
dram; lard, one and a half ounces, every second
week. For old, unhealthy sores, such as are made
by a constant rubbing and will not heal, remove

i LAT o fia Lae + we
? ies a . ¥ » Ae
Bice ay :

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 287

the cause and apply a little terchloride of antimony
with a feather. In three days a scab will come
off, and if it looks soft and spongy apply a little
more of the antimony every third day until the
part becomes healthy. Then use zinc oxide, one
ounce; lard, two ounces; rub on a little once
daily.

We now come to speak of wounds of the low or-
der of tissue, which is found in the legs from a little
above the knees and hock joints to the feet; here
we havethe tendons, ligaments, cartilage and their
connective tissue covered by skin. These struc-
tures when injured require great care so that they
will heal without leaving a lump or blemish.
Usually a low form of inflammation sets in and we
havea dischargeofayellow sticky substance which
exudes from the wounded tendon, also secretions
from the connective tissue. The surrounding
parts swell and become hard. The center of the
wound also fills up and in time becomes higher
than the surrounding skin, and when the wound
heals it leaves at this part what is called a bunch
without any hair, which is a very unsightly blem-
ish. On account of so many barb-wire fences now-
adays there are a great many horses and colts
blemished about the legs and feet. When an ani-
mal meets with an injury to any part of the leg
from the knee downward, put it in a place where
it can be kept quiet and prevent it from hurting
the part. Bathe it every half hour for the first
twenty-four hours with a lotion made with acetate
of lead, half an ounce; sulphate of zine, half an

288 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

ounce; tincture of arnica, two ounces; water, one
quart. This will keep down inflammation and
prevent the outpouring of the secretions above
mentioned. After twenty-four hours bathe it well
three times daily until it heals. If it should fill
up higher than the skin, then apply a little bi-
chloride of mercury with a smooth piece of stick.
Never use more at a time than would lie on a dime,
as there is danger, if large quantities are used, of
enough becoming absorbed to poison the animal.
Use it every third day until it is lower than the
surrounding skin. Apply the healing lotion as be-
fore. By keeping the center lower than the sur-
rounding parts the skin will grow over it, leaving
no bunch or blemish. If there should be a thick-
ening of the surrounding skin, which I have some-
times seen after it is healed, rub on a little of the
following: Biniodide of mercury, two drams; lard,
four ounces, mix. Let it remain on twenty-four
hours, then wash off and apply a little lard. Re-
peat every second week until the enlargement dis-
appears. In any of the above named injuries, if
the animal is fevered or its legs swell from stand-
ing, give the adult horse half an ounce of nitrate
of potassium three times a day in its drinking wa-
ter or a bran mash for a few days, and half this
quantity fora yearling. Ifthe animal is in an un-
thrifty condition give the following: Sulphate of
iron, four ounces; nux vomica, two ounces; nitrate
of potassium, four ounces; mix and divide into
twenty-four doses, one to be given twice a day in
mash, and half the quantity for a yearling colt.

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 289

CHAPTER XXIII.

DISEASES OF THE EYE.

Simple Ophthalnia (Conjunctivitis)—This is an
inflammation of the superficial structures of the
eye.

Causes: Colds, injuries, bites from insects, the

lodgment of chaff or other foreign bodies, and from
“pink-eye.”
- Symptoms: The eyelid will be closed or partial-
ly so from the swelling; there will be an increase
~in the secretion of tears, which will run down the
cheeks, scalding them, and in a short time the hair
will drop out where the tears pass over; the eye-
ball will be drawn back and the membrana nicti-
tans (the haw) partially covering the eye. The lin-
ing membrane of the eyelids is red and swollen,
and in bad cases it will protrude between the lids.
In the course of a day or two if it is not attended to
there will be a whitish scum form over the eye. If
it is caused by an injury there will usually be found
a mark or a depression on the ball. If from chaff
or other substances it can be readily seen.

Treatment: Carefully examine the eye to find
the cause; if it is a hay-seed or chaff or other body
it must be removed. This is usually difficult, as
the horse or ox will force the haw over the eye and
thus prevent you from getting the foreign sub-

Sear ht Aaa Aes Seen “ ‘etd
eth ad, oe
nae an

290 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

stance out; a twitch should be put on the horse’s
nose, or the finger and thumb on the ox’s nose.

This will attract their attention. Hay-seed and
chaff are best removed by putting a piece of soft

silk or muslin on the end of a probe or stick and

gently pushing upwards and backwards, in this

way removingit. If any substance should be stick-

ing into the eye, it is best removed with the forceps.

After the cause is removed bathe the eye with cold

water for ten or fifteen minutes three times a day,

then apply a little of the following after each bath-

ing: Acetate of Iead, ten grains; tincture of opium,

ten drops; water, one and a half ounces; this is best

putin witha feather; use a clean feather each time.
The scum that forms over the cornea is not on the

outside of it, but an effusion between the coats of

the eye, caused by the inflammation, and usually

when the inflammation is subdued it passes away.

There is a practice which some have of blowing

burned alum into the eye; this is worse than use-

less, as it will tend to keep up the inflammation,

besides being very cruel to the animal. If it

should remain after the inflammation is all re-

duced apply a little of the following once a day

with a clean feather: Nitrate of silver, five grains;

distilled water, one ounce; continue this for sev-

eral weeks if needed, as absorption sometimes

goes on very slowly in this case.

Periodic Ophthalmia (Moon-Blindness).—This is
avery common disease of the eye in horses in some
parts of the country, especially in what is termed
the Mississippi valley. It is a constitutional dis-

cae as

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 291

ease, arising from some cause not well defined at
present. Low, undrained lands seem to be at least
one of the causes, as it disappears by degrees after
the land has been drained and cultivated. It
seems to have a tendency to run in some breeds of
horses.

Symptoms: The attacks usually come on sud-
denly; a horse may be all right in the evening and
by morning be badly affected either in one eye or
in both. The eye shows signs of weakness, the up-
per lid droops and the eye seems smaller, it stands
light badly, and when the animal is brought into
the light the eye seems to retract and the haw is
drawn over it and the lids closed as much as pos-
sible; there is an abundance of tears, which gives
the eyes a very watery appearance. When theeye
is examined closely it looks dull and muddy and it
is impossible to see the deep structures. In some
cases the eyeball has an amber color. The disease
may move from one eye to the other, and usually
disappears in a week or ten days, to return in a
few weeks again. Its return is very regular in
some horses, and in others it may not return forsix
months. The first attack seldom causes blindness,
but each attack deranges the structure of the eye
to a certain extent and by degrees the deep struc-
tures are destroyed, and the ball has a bluish
white appearance.

Treatment: There is no cure for this disease, but
by attending to it when it appears I think in a
great many cases it can be helped; that is, we can
subdue the inflammation and prevent destruction

292 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

of the eyesight. When the attack comes on, keep
the animal in a moderately dark place and bathe
the eyes with cold water for ten or fifteen minutes,
and use acetate of lead, ten grains; tincture of
opium, ten drops; water, one and a half ounces, to
be applied after each bathing; this should be done
three times a day, and give one dram iodide of
potassium twice a day for four days in bran mash.
If this is well done I find that the eye will be left
as clear as before the attack, butit will not prevent
it from returning; but if we can by this treatment
prevent the animal from becoming blind we are
accomplishing a great deal. I have tried arsenic
and quinine as a preventive, but have not suc-
ceeded.

Glaucoma.—This is a disease of the vitreous hu-
mor, destroying its transparency and causing it to
become of a blue color, and is often the result of
ophthalmia cataract and amaurosis, and very often
becomes calcareous instead of remaining in a fluid |
form. It sometimes appears in old animals with-
out any previous inflammation. It is incurable
and treatment would be of no use.

Amaurosis, or Glass Eye.—This is a diseased
condition of the optic nerve, causing loss of power
to receive or transmit impressions of objects to the
great nerve centers of the brain.

Causes: Sudden shock by loss of blood, or I have
seen it from an animal striking its head, or in fall-
ing backwards and its head coming in violent con-
tact with the ground. It has been caused by too
heavy pulling, or by being driven to exhaustion.

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 293

It is also associated with derangement of the
nerves of the brain, and is said to be caused by
various vegetable and animal poisons.

Symptoms: The eye looks glassy and is wider
open than natural, the pupil is dilated and gives
the animal a look of staring, the animal steps high
and the ears are pricked up and it will run against
objects inits way. Williamssays: “To detect the
paralyzed condition of the iris consequent upon the
loss of power in the optic nerve, all that the prac-
titioner has to do is to place the animal in a strong
light. If the pupil remains round and large, al-
though the eye presents no sign of organic change,
amaurosis is present.” In cattle it is sometimes
caused by a deranged state of the brain from dis-
ease of the stomach, and is temporary in most
cases of milk fever. In this case when the animal
is cured it regains its sight. Amaurosis in most
cases is incurable.

Punctures to the Eyeball.—This is an accident
which is likely to happen to any animal, caused by
it running its eye against something pointed, such
as a nail sticking out on some of the boards of the
manger, sharp ends of hay, straw or thorns.

Symptoms: The eye is kept closed and there is
a copious flow of tears from it. On examination
the puncture will be easily seen. If it is only into
the cornea there will be an oozing of water, but if
it is deeper, the vitreous humor may be leaking; if
so, it resembles boiled starch with a purple tinge,
and if the opening is large it may all run out; if
it does so, there will be a shrinking of the eyeball,

294 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

as the vitreous humor will never be replaced. On
the other hand, if the cornea is the part punctured,
as soon as it heals it will fill up again. There will
be considerable inflammation in the eyeball and
surrounding structures and the animal will suffer
much pain.

Treatment: Keep the animal in a dark place and
bathe the eye several times a day with cold water;
after each bathing put several thicknesses of mus-
lin over the wounded eye; wet it often with a little
of the following lotion: Acetate of lead, half an
ounce; tincture of opium, one ounce; water, one
quart. This plan of treatment will reduce the in-
flammation and assist in causing contraction of —
the opening. It is best not to put any medicine
into the eye, as it is apt to remove any coagulated
material that is formed in the puncture or around
it, allowing more to escape. I usually keep up
this treatment for a week, and by this time the in-
flammation will be reduced, and in favorable cases
the opening will be.closed, and if there is a scum
over the eye or part of it, mix four grains of sul-
phate of zinc in one ounce of water and apply a
little of this to it twice a day with a feather. If
there is a little bunch at the puncture this should
be touched gently once a day with a pencil of ni-
trate of silver until it is reduced as low as the edges
of the opening, which will then likely close.

Ulcers on the Cornea.—Occasionally we will find
a case in both horses and cattle where there will
be ulcers on the cornea, usually at the juncture of
the cornea and sclerotic. This is best treated by

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 295

touching them once daily with nitrate of silver.
If the animal is in poor condition and not thrifty
give sulphate of iron, four ounces; nitrate of potas-
sium, four ounces; nux vomica, two ounces. Di-
vide into twenty-four doses, one to be given once
daily. Also boil a teacupful of flaxseed into a
pulp in two gallons of water, and while hot pour
it into half a pail of bran and make a mash of it,
and when cool put one of the powders into it; con-
tinue this until the powders are all used; repeat
if necessary.

Filaria Papillosa (Worm in the Eye).—“Worm in
the Eye” is sometimes seen in the eye of the horse.
I have seen only one case of it. In this it was
called “snake in eye.” The worm is usually from
one and a half inches to two inches in length, very
delicate and of a white color. Its place of abode
is in the aqueous humor of the eye, and can be
easily seen floating in it, and sometimes its move-
ments are very lively. The same kind of worm has
been found in other cavities of the body and it is
likely taken into the system by the water or food.
It is said that it usually causes inflammation, but
in my case it did not seem to produce any, as the
eye was clear and healthy. Its removal is accom-
plished by making an incision with a lancet in the
upper and outer margin of the cornea, and the
worm will escape with the water. Bathe the eye
with cold water for a few days and keep the animal
in a dark place.

Entropium (Inversion of the Eyelids)—In this
case the free margins of the eyelid and the eye-

~ a a ae Fa eRe
eh ote 2

296 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

lashes are turned in against the eyeball, keeping
up a constant irritation, which is painful to the eye,
causing great distress and inflammation to the su-
perficial structures. It is usually in the foal that
it is seen, but it may happen at any time of life
from paralysis of the muscles of the eyelids. The
only cases that have come under my notice have
been congenital.

Treatment: Elevate the eyelid and take note
how much loose skin there is, and the size neces-
sary to remove to keep the eyelashes in their prop-
er place, then fold the skin so that when it is cut it
will be of an elliptical shape; then bring the edges
of the skin together by putting small pins through |
them and tying thread around the pins in the form
of the figure eight (two pins are enough); let them
remain in until it heals. I have operated on two
cases in this way with satisfactory results.

Warts on the Eyelids — Warts on the eyelids are
common and are sometimes difficult toremove. If
they extend out from the skin they are best re-
moved by ligatures, and when they slough off they
should be touched with nitrate of silver once or
twice a day fora day or two to destroy the roots.
If they are flat on the skin scrape off the crust with
a blunt knife and apply a little strong acetic acid,
taking care that none of it gets into the eye.

Wounds to the Eyelids.—When the eyelids are
wounded they need to be treated with great care,
as they are needed to protect the eye. The edges
should be brought together as carefully as possible
and small pins put through the skin and cartilage

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 297

so that the inner margin will be as close as the -
outer. If the skin on the outer surface only is
brought together the inner edge will gap and
union will not take place. When the pins are
- placed through each margin, then tie a thread in
the form of the figure eight around the ends of the
pin; let them remain in until it heals. Pins are
best for such wounds, as they will remain in much
longer without sloughing than silk thread or su-
ture wire. It will be necessary to put a wide band-
age over it to prevent the disturbing of the pins.
If swelling takes place, bathe with cold water.

Stricture of the Lachrymal Duct.—The lachry-
mal duct is a tube which extends from the inner
corner of the eye to the nose to conduct the tears
down to the nose, and anything that obstructs this
causes the tears to flow over the cheek, irritating
the skin, causing the hair to drop out. Very often
this can be remedied by entering a small syringe at
the top in the inner corner of the eye and forcing
water down through it. If you do not succeed in
this way it will be necessary to use a suitable
“hougie” to dilate it; this may have to be used once
daily for several days.

Cataracts.—Cataract is one of the sequels to
periodic ophthalmia, although it appears without
causing any inflammation, but is usually caused by
some injury to the eye.

Symptoms: The first thing noticed is a gray or
white speck (star-shaped) in the transparent part
of the eye. In some cases they develop very rap-
idly and in others the progress is slow. As they

298 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

interfere with the sight, the animal becomes shyer;
the derangement goes on until the lens becomes
opaque and the sight is lost. Operations for cat-
aract on animals are not practicable.

Fungus Haematodes.—This consists of a tumor -
in the cavity of the orbit. It appears at first as a
dark red spot, becoming larger until it involves a
part of the membrane of the eye and the lining of
the orbit. The tumor is very vascular and is easily
made to bleed and is malignant in its nature, being
a medullary cancer infiltrated with blood, and is
usually of a very rapid growth and is most com-
monly seen in cattle, although I have seen it in the
horse. 3

Treatment: I have removed it successfully by in-
jecting absolute alcohol into it in several places.
This is the easiest and best way. It can be re-
moved with the knife and the roots touched with
nitrate of silver every second day for a week.
When the bones of the orbit become diseased,
which can be known by the very foul smell issuing
from it, the animal should be destroyed.

soho t eee et ee

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 299

CHAPTER XXIV.

ORGANS OF GENERATION IN THE MARE AND COW.

The organs of generation of the mare and cow
are the vulva, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and
ovaries. The external part is called the vulva or
“shape.” This is the opening into the canal called
the vagina. Immediately inside of this opening
and on its lower part is a body called the “clitoris ;”
it is endowed with great sensibility and acts as an
exciter of the generative system. The vagina isa
musclu-membranous canal leading from the vulva
to the uterus or womb. Its walls are thin, but are
capable of great distension at the time of giving
birth to the young creature. On the floor of the
vagina and about four inches from the external
opening is an orifice leading into the bladder.
This opening is guarded by a fold or flap of mem-
brane which can be easily lifted up with the finger;
this opening is called the meatus urinarius.

The uterus or womb consists of a body, neck, and
two horns. These horns are connected with the
fallopian tubes, which lead to the ovaries. The
neck and mouth of the womb extend a few inches
into the vagina, which can be easily felt by passing
the hand through the vagina. It is cone-shaped
and somewhat hard tothetouch. Thereis a small
indentation on its end which can be opened with

300 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

the finger; this is often so tightly closed as to pre-
vent the animal from becoming vregnant. The
body of the womb is made up of three coats: the
outside coat, or peritoneal, which is continuous
with the lining of the abdominal cavity; the mus-
cular coat is endowed with great power of con-
traction, and is the principal agent in expelling the
foetus. The inner coat is mucous membrane. In
the cow this membrane has a number of cone-
shaped bodies attached to its inner surface, some
sixty in number, called. cotyledons. In the mare
this membrane is smooth; the placenta or after-
birth is attached to this membrane and is
usually expelled at the time of the birth of the
young creature.

The fallopian tubes are two canals which lead
from the horns of the womb to the ovaries. They
are two pear-shaped bodies situated in the lumbar
region between the kidneys. When the spermatic
fluid of the male reaches the uterus it finds its way
to the fallopian tubes, through which it passes to
the ovaries, where it meets the ova in the fallopian
tubes and impregnation takes place. The fertil-
ized ovum passes down through the fallopian
tubes into the uterus, where changes occur which
form into a living creature. It will be readily un-
derstood from this description that any obstruc-
tion to these fallopian tubes will cause barrenness.
The ovum in passing the fallopian tubes receives
materials from the walls of the tubes to form the
covering called the chorion, the membrane which
attaches the foetus to the inner membrane of the

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 301

womb. The inner membrane of the womb, by the
time that the impregnated ovum reaches it, be-
comes thickened and velvety looking, and full of
small blood vessels; and although the blood ves-
sels of the one have no direct communication with
the other, but being very vascular and in close con-
tact, the blood of the mother, loaded with matters
necessary for the growth and vitality of the young
creature, is constantly going on between them. In
the cow the points of connection between the
mother and foetus are the cotyledons, already men-
tioned on the inner lining of the womb, and a num-
ber corresponding on the outside of the chorion of
the foetus. The placenta or afterbirth is com-
posed of three membranes. First: The chorion,
the one already described. Second: The amnion,
called the water bag. Third: Theallantoid. The
amnion contains a fluid in which the young crea-
ture floats,and the escape of this fluid is one of the
earliest signs of parturition. The allantoid mem-
brane is situated between the chorion and amnion
and acts as a receptacle for the urine of the foetus,
being connected by a tube called the urachus to
the bladder. This tube at the time of birth is rup-
tured and shrivels up and the urine passes by the
proper channel. In some Cases, especially in the
foal, the urine passes both ways on account of this
tube not shriveling up. The umbilical cord or na-
vel string is formed by this urachus and the blood
vessels which pass from the chorion to the foetus.
In the act of parturition this cord is usually rup-
tured. These membranes connected are what

302 ' DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

form the afterbirth which usually comes away at
the time of delivery.

STERILITY.

This happens more commonly in well-bred ani-
mals, especially in those that are forced by over-
feeding. There are several causes. First: Dis-
ordered ovaries. Second: Obstructions to the fal-
lopian tubes. Third: Morbid derangement of the
uterus or womb. Fourth: Hardening of the neck
of womb, closing the mouth of the uterus, ete.
Each of these derangements will be described here-
after.

SIGNS OF PREGNANCY.

Improvement in condition of the animal, to-
gether with no desire for the male. As it advances
the abdomen becomes pendulous and enlarged, the
mare becomes slower in action and cross; by and
by the udder begins to enlarge, also the membrane
of the vulva and vagina. About the fifth month
in the cow the calf may be felt. Inthe mare about
the seventh month. The walls of the abdomen in
front of the stifle being pushed up by the hand and
the hand then removed the foetus will fall again,
and can be easily felt as it falls down. In some
cows and mares, even at this period, it is very diffi-
cult to give a decided opinion; and to make an ex-
ploration by introducing the hand into the vagina
is not prudent, as the excitement may cause the
animal to abort. As the period of delivery draws
near, it will be easily seen. I will not take up the
time of the reader on this subject.

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 303

ABORTION.

Abortion is the premature birth of the young
animal. It is said to occur from the nature of the
food the animal has been fed on, also the drinking
water. In my practice I have never seen any cases
from these causes. I have traced all my cases to
injuries, fright, and disease of the foetus itself. It
is sometimes epizootic. In this case I think it is
a disease affecting the foetus in an epizootic form,
as investigations have failed to detect anything
either in the food or water. There is no substance
that is known by experiment that will cause it, un-
less given in poisonous doses. When an animal
aborts, it should be removed from the others, also
the straw and afterbirth, as the smell or sight has
a bad effect, and no doubt has a tendency to cause
others to abort. Be careful not to take a mare that
is in foal near where an animal has been killed or
near a slaughter house. I have known a number
of cases from this cause. A mare should never be
forced up to a steam-engine or the cars if afraid of
them. Abortion may occur at any period before
the natural time of birth, but it usually happens
in the first half of the period of gestation, particu-
larly in the mare. Usually when it occurs in the
early stage, it seldom interferes with the health of
the animal, indeed it may take place and the owner
be ignorant of the fact. |

Treatment: If the animal is seen in time and the
labor pains not severe, it may be checked by giving
doses of the following: Powdered opium, two

304 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

drams every two hours in a bottle of oatmeal gruel
until the animal is easy. Zundel recommends
chloroform to be given in doses of three drams in a
little gruel or linseed oil every half hour until three
doses have been taken. Either of these medicines
I have found to stop the pain and uneasiness, and
prevented what might have been a case of abor-
tion. Inthe majority of cases of abortion all that
is necessary is to keep the animal quiet for a few
days and feed on soft food. If the animal should
be restless, showing symptoms of pain, give two
ounces of tincture of opium every two hours in half
a pint of water. If there should be a discharge
from the vulva, inject a little of the following:
Peroxide of hydrogen, one part; water, two parts,
and give one ounce tincture chloride of iron at a
dose in a quart of oatmeal gruel twice a day for a
week or two.

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 305

CHAPTER XXV.

SIGNS OF PARTURITION.

The approaching signs of. parturition in the
mare are great distension of the udder with milk,
restlessness, and often symptoms of colic. The
mare should be watched, the watcher being in a
position to see the mare, but not to be in the stall
or box with her, as the presence of a person dis-
turbs the animal. It is very important that the
mare should be looked after at this period, as sey-
eral things may happen that could easily be put to
rights. The mare might be in a bad position, or,
as occasionally happens, if the membrane covering
the foal is not ruptured, it will become suffocated,
and it will die in a few minutes. The mare some-
times tears it off, and if she does not it is the duty
of the watcher to do so. I have seen numbers of
colts lost from this cause; besides, he will be able
to see if the animal is making any progress. After
the mare has made several ineffectual attempts to
expel the foal, no time should be lost ascertaining
the cause of the delay, and assistance should be
given as soon as possible after parturition has com-
menced, as the foal soon dies, unlike the calf in this
respect. In the mare there may be some swelling
of the belly in front of the udder, and sometimes
swelling of the hind legs; unless very great it does

306 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

not require any treatment, as it will pass away as
soon as the mare foals, but if it is great and some
time before the animal’s time of foaling it will be
necessary to give her some medicine. Take nitrate
of potassium two ounces, and divide into six doses,
and give one twice daily in the water the animal
drinks, ora small bran mash. This quantity may
be repeated if necessary. There is no danger of
this medicine doing the mare any harm, and it will
assist in removing the swelling.

Signs of Parturition in the Cow.—There is great
looseness of the vulva, and a giving way of the
ligaments of the pelvis, and the udder is usually
distended with milk. When the time for delivery
is near at hand the animal becomes restless and
separates from the others, lies down, rises again
quickly, and shows signs of pain. This may con-
tinue for some time before parturition takes place.
When active labor pains set in the first symptom
is the appearance of the inner membrane of the
covering of the foetus, the amnion, called the
water bag. Soon the fore feet make their appear-
ance, and if everything is right, the head, resting
on the knees, shows itself. If the foetus is not
too large interference is unnecessary. There is
often mischief done by being too hasty, as in some
cases nature takes considerable time to prepare
the parts. Usually the mare is only a few minutes
after the commencement of labor, but in the cow,
even when the parts are all right, it may be an
hour or more before it is accomplished. If the
animal has been in labor for some time and no

307

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

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FOETUS AT THE TIME OF BIRTH.

308 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

progress having been made, it will then be neces-
Sary to make an examination with the hand. Oil
the hand with any kind of oil or lard and gather
the fingers together and introduce them into the
vagina with a rotary motion. On reaching the foe-
tus you will ascertain the cause of delay. In its
natural position a little assistance may be neces-
sary. This is best done by pulling gently on the
feet every time the animal strains. It may be
necessary to put a small rope on the lower jaw as
well as on the feet. The only obstacle which can
occur is that the foetus may be too large for the
passage of the mother; it will then require con-
siderable force. This can be done without any
danger to the mother by taking advantage of
every labor pain and giving time for the parts to
relax. On the other hand, if you find the mouth
of the womb closed, or not open large enough to
allow the foetus to pass, it will be necessary to
dilate it. This can sometimes be accomplished by
moving the fingers or hand in it. If you make no
progress in this way you will have to use bella-
donna extract, taken in on the fingers and smear
it over the mouth of the womb. Also give the ani-
mal from two to three drams of chloroform in a
little oil, then allow the animal a few hours’ time,
when it usually gives way. Warm water in-
jected against the mouth of the womb is useful,
and ought to be tried when other remedies are
not at hand. If all means fail an operation will
have to be performed, which is done by making
three incisions, one on the upper and one on each

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 309

side, dividing the constricted ring, which then
gives way, and usually the animal does well. I was
called to the country to see a cow that had been
in labor for two days. At 8 p. m. I made an ex-
amination, and found the mouth of the womb
closed and hard; it would only admit the one
finger. I applied belladonna extract, and gave
three drams of chloroform in a little linseed oil.
I went to rest, leaving orders to be called at 12 p.
m. On examining I found very little progress
had been made. I injected hot water per vagina
against it for one hour, applied more belladonna,
and gave half an ounce of chloroform. Two hours
after I again examined it and found I could pass
my two fingers and soon my hand. Ina short time
it completely gave way, and delivery was soon ac-
complished.

If we find on examining that the foetus is in
such a shape that it cannot be born, our first step
is to place the mother in a position that will throw
the contents of the abdomen forward and also pre-
vent her from straining. This is best accom-
plished by making a hole about eighteen inches
deep, placing the animal’s four legs in it and keep-
ing them there by an assistant. The operator will
have very little difficulty in putting the foal or calf
in its proper position. This particular has been
overlooked by writers on this subject. I have been
called to cases where a veterinary surgeon had
worked for hours trying to put the foetus in its
natural position, but failed. By adopting this plan
I relieved the animal in a few minutes. Hundreds

310 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

of animals are lost yearly that could have been
saved had this method been known. In cases
where the animal is unable to stand I find the only
way we can do is to place the animal on its side;
whichever one suits the operator best.

INSTRUMENTS.

The only instruments necessary (unless for cases
of malformation) area crutch andthreesmall ropes;
cotton rope is the softest and best. The crutch can
be made by any blacksmith. This is made with a
erutch three inches wide with blunt ends, and a
shaft two and a half feet long, ending in a ring.

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PLATE 10. CRUTCH OR REPELLER.

The crutch is only necessary when the operator
requires assistance in pushing the foetus forward.
Hooks of all kinds are dangerous, as they are apt
to slip and injure the womb. I have found in my
practice in all cases where I could reach to put in
a hook to be of any service, I could put on a rope
and avoid all danger. I have known of valuable ©
animals so injured by the hooks slipping that they
died, when it was unnecessary to use them. In
cases of malformation it may be a necessity to cut
the foetus and remove it in pieces; and in cases
of this kind hooks are at times useful, and we have
to run the risk of wounding the mother. They will
be described in the chapter on that subject. We
will now consider some of the cases which require

311

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

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PLATE 11.

512 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

assistance to put them in proper position for de-
livery.

A very common form (Plate 11) is when the
fore feet are presented without the head, which is
either doubled back on the shoulder or between
the fore legs. In this case place the mother in the
position directed above, then tie a small rope on
each pastern; this done push the foetus back into
the womb, then feel for the head and bring it up
into the passage with the hand; if this cannot be
accomplished, put a rope with a noose under the
lower jaw. The assistant will pull on the rope,
while the operator guides the head into the pas-
sage, then bring up the fore feet, by pulling on the
ropes attached to the feet; when this is done then
let the animal out of the hole and lie down if it
chooses. Assist the animal every time it strains
by pulling one of the ropes, whether in the stand-
ing position orlying down. This is usually an easy
case. On the other hand, if the animal is not able
to stand, the case is much more difficult. In this
case turn the animal on its side, whichever suits
the operator best, then rope the fore feet and push
then back into the womb. If this cannot be done
place the crutch against the shoulder or chest of
the foetus, the assistant to push on the crutch;
when the legs are pushed back feel for the head
and rope the lower jaw and bring the head into
the passage, then bring up the feet and deliver as
above. I was called to see a cow that had been in
labor for twelve hours; she was unable to stand,
and the parts were much swollen from fruitless

313

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

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PLATE 2,

314 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

attempts to assist her. On examining I found it
impossible to straighten the head, which was
turned back on the shoulder. After some difficulty
I succeeded in getting a noose over its nose, and
with the assistance of two men pulling on the rope
we succeeded in bringing it into the passage by
breaking the bones of the neck. It must have
grown in this shape. The fore legs were then
sought for, roped, and brought into the passage,
and delivery was accomplished without any
further difficulty.

The next case (Plate 12) is where the head is
presented and the fore legs are down in the womb. |
Put a rope on the lower jaw, the animal being put
in the proper position, then push the head into the
womb and feel for the front feet; tie a rope around
each pastern. When this is done the assistants
pull on the ropes attached to the feet, the operator
guiding the feet with his hand to prevent them
from wounding the womb. When this is accom-
plished bring up the head. The animal is then al-
lowed to lie down if she chooses, and assist her in
every effort she makes by pulling on the ropes un-
til delivery is completed. In cases where the ani-
mal cannot stand and the foetus is dead, it is best
to remove the head. This is done by cutting
through the skin in front of the ears, then skin
back to the third bone of the neck, then cut off,
leaving the loose skin to tie a rope to. The animal
being turned on her side, push the part back into
the womb. If this cannot be done with the hand,
use the crutches before directed. When this is

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315

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

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PLATE 13,

316 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

accomplished rope the fore legs and bring them up,
then bring the neck of the foetus also into the pas-
sage, and deliver as above. In cases where the
head is in the passage, but not born, it is best to put
a rope on the lower jaw and push it back into the
womb, feel for the fore feet and rope them, and
bring all into the passage. Considerable force can
be used when the parts are brought into position.
In no case try to deliver by the head until the feet
are brought into the passage, as it will make the
case more difficult and endanger the life of the
mother.

The next form (Plate 13) is one fore leg pre- .
sented, the other one being down in the womb and
the head against the pelvis. First secure the leg
presented, rope the lower jaw and the other fore
leg, and bring all up into the passage, then draw
steadily, the feet being a little in advance of the
head. The only difficulty in this case will be the
position of the mother. If she is not able to stand
the leg presented will have to be roped and
pushed back into the womb, using the crutch if
necessary. This has to be done when the animal is
lying down in order that the operator will have
room to secure the head and foot not presented.

The next unnatural position (Plate 14) is where
the young creature is lying on its back with head
presented. This is said to be a difficult case, but
when the mother is put into the position already
described it is not a difficult one. The first pro-
ceeding is to turn the foetus, rope the lower jaw
and both the fore legs, pass one of the ropes over

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PLATE 14.

318 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

the opposite fore limb, let the operator pass his
hand firmly gainst the withers, and-the assistants
pull on the rope on the other side of the limb. Usu-
ally the foetus will turn easily, then bring head
and feet into the passage and deliver as above de-
scribed. If all our efforts should fail to turn the
foetus, bring the head and fore legs into the pas-
sage. I find cases of this kind facilitated by using
lard or oil to the parts as well as to the foetus. By
pulling well up and using considerable force I have
succeeded in delivering in this position without in-
juring the mother. There is less danger to the life
of the mother by using well-directed force than by.
having recourse to the cutting away of the foetus.

Plate 15.—Another very common presentation
is where the back and tail only can be felt. This is
considered a very difficult case to deliver, especial-
ly inthe mare. I do not find much trouble in this, ~
as the head of the foetus is usually in the
fore part of the womb. By putting the animal into
the proper position and pushing the foetus for-
ward, it turns to a certain extent, which brings
the hind legs up toward the passage. Feel for the
hind feet, and if you cannot reach them put a rope
around the hock, let the assistant pull on the rope
while the operator pushes back the breach or hips
of the foetus. When this is accomplished remove
rope to the fetlock. While the assistant is pulling
on the rope the operator will take the foot of the
foetus in his hand to prevent it from injuring the
womb; when the two hind feet are brought into
the passage feel for the tail; the operator will pull

319

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

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PLATE 15.

320 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

on the tail of the young creature; also place the
hand under the breach and guide it into the pas-
sage. When this is done delivery will be easy.
If the animal is not able to stand it will be neces-
sary to use the crutch and an assistant to push it
back as far as possible. The crutch will have to be
kept against the hip of the foetus while the oper-
ator is searching for the legs to prevent it from
being forced against the outlet by the violent
straining of the mother. When the legs are found
put the ropes around the hock, drawing them up,
while the assistant is pushing on the crutch; next
secure the feet in the same manner as above. This
form usually takes time, as the operator has to rest
his arm, as it soon becomes useless from the pres-
Sure on it, caused by the violent straining of the
mother. I have had a number of cases of this kind
in the cow. By persevering I have always been
successful in delivering the animal without having
to cut away the foetus.

Plate 16.—In cases where the hind feet are pre-
sented and not born, great care is required in get- .
ting them through the passage, especially in the
mare. Ifthe foal should be turned on its back the
feet will be against the roof of the vagina, which is
apt to be torn by the feet. Rope the fetlocks and
push back into the womb, then try and turn it. If
this cannot be done the assistant will pull on the
ropes while the operator will guide the feet
through the passage. Search for the tail and bring
it up and assist the hips to enter the passage; that
done delivery will be easy.

321

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

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PLATE 16.

322 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

In cases where the head and fore feet are
presented as in the natural position, but the ani-
mal makes no progress. Make an examination and
find the cause, as in this plate I have found the
hind feet as far back as the head, the hocks against
the brim of the pelvis, and the body of the foetus
bent, blocking up on the outlet, and the more force
used the firmer it would become wedged, so no
force should be used until the foetus is put in prop-
er shape. In this position rope the lower jaw and
the two front feet and push the foetus into the
womb, sufficiently so that you can get the hind feet
and push them well into the womb, then bring the
head and fore feet into the passage. Usually there
will be no further trouble.

In cases where all fore feet are presented.
First ascertain which are the fore legs. This
can be easily done by slipping the hand up
to the knee. The difference between the hock of
the hind leg and the knee of the fore one is such
that there is no danger of making a mistake. Feel
for the head and when found rope the lower jaw
and the fore feet, and while the assistant is pull-
ing on the ropes the operator will push the hind
legs into the womb as far forward as possible.
Then delivery will be easy. But on the other
hand if you cannot reach the head, rope the hind
feet, and, as before, push the fore feet into the
womb while the assistant is pulling on the hind
ones, and deliver as described in breech presen-
tation.

In cases where nothing but the round back of

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324 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

the foetus can be felt. First find by examining
whether the fore or hind parts are easiest reached.
The distinguishing points are the withers on the
fore part and the high hunch bones on the hind.
Having determined the best way to proceed, place
the crutch on the part you wish to push into the
womb. In pushing one part forward it brings the
other part nearer passage. Feel for the head and
rope the lower jaw, then the fore feet. Having
done this bring all up into the passage and deliver.
If not successful in this way put the crutch on the
fore parts and push into the womb and bring up
the hind legs. I have succeeded in more than one.
case in this way. |
Twins.—This is a case of twins. Some-
times we will find the two fore feet and head of
one and the two hind feet of the other. This is not
a difficult case. Usually they are much smaller
than when there is only one foetus. Push back
the hind feet into the womb; usually the other
will be born without assistance. I have met with
cases in which the hind foot of one foetus and the
two fore feet of the other were presented. In this
case push the hind foot into the womb, rope the
two fore feet, push them in also, feel for the head
and rope the lower jaw. Then bring the head and
fore feet into the passage. Before proceeding
further examine and see that the head and fore
feet belong to the same calf, as it could not be de-
livered, and I have known of such cases. After
delivering the first foetus search for the second
and deliver by which end is most convenient.

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DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

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PLATE 18,

326 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

There is very seldom any trouble, as they are usu-
ally small. In all cases after delivering an animal
search and ascertain whether there is a second
foetus or not, aS cases have come under my notice
in which a second was born a week after the de-
livery of the first, which might endanger the life
of the mother from blood poisoning.

DISEASES OF THE FOETUS WHICH IMPEDE DELIVERY.

Plate 17.—Dropsy of the Brain | (Hydroce-
phalus). I was called to a case of a cow
that could not calve. On examining I found
the head very much enlarged, so much so
as to make it impossible to be born. I
concluded it was a case of dropsy of the brain.
I put a rope around the lower jaw of the young
creature and pulled it as far into the passage as
possible. I punctured the bones of the head, and
a great quantity of fluid escaped. The plan of
operation is to put a rope around the neck of the
foetus and bring it as far as possible into the pas-
sage, the assistant to pull on the rope to keep it
firm; then witha sharp pointed instrument placed
against the forehead of the foetus and a sharp tap
given with a hammer it will easily pass through
the soft bones of the head, thus allowing the fluid
to escape. I once used a harrow tooth, no other
instrument being at hand. Usually after the
escape of the water and a little force used on the
rope around the neck, the bones of the head will
collapse, they being in separate pieces in the
foetus,

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 327

Plate 18.—This is a form of dropsy of the abdo-
men, called ascites, which is sometimes met with;
and on account of the distended abdomen it would
be impossible for it to pass through the passage.
Once I was called to see a mare that the owner had
been trying to deliver. for several hours without
success. The head and fore feet were born, but he
had made no progress, although considerable force
had been used, and it would not budge, as the
farmer said. I pushed the foetus back into the
womb (that part of it born), and examined the body
and found it very much distended with fluid.

Mode of operation: Place a small knife in the
hollow of the hand and introduce it into the womb,
press the blade of the knife into the abdomen of
the foetus and the water will escape, the belly will
collapse, and delivery will be accomplished easily.

Embryotomy, or the Cutting Away ofthe Foetus.
—This is no easy operation, but ought to be tried
when all other means fail. The difficulty in this
operation is the hand of the operator soon becomes
useless on account of the violent straining of the
mother pressing the foetus into the passage. The
hand is squeezed between it and the bones of the
pelvis and it soon has the feeling as if it were para-
lyzed and has no power to operate. Having de-
cided to operate, our first object will be (if a fore
limb) to remove it. This is best done by conceal-
ing a small knife in the palm of the hand (a knife
with a ring for the finger is the best); make a deep
incision from the fetlock to the shoulder of the foe-
tus. The skin should then be separated from the

Bs

328 DISEASES CF HORSES AND CATTLE.

leg by running the fingers between the skin and
the muscle; when this is done by using consider-
able force the whole of the leg can be pulled away.
The other leg must now be served in the same
manner. Then attach ropes to the loose skin. The
next step will be to secure the head; this will be
easy on account of the legs being removed. Put
a rope around the lower jaw and bring it into the
passage, then by using force on all the ropes the
foetus will usually be easily gotten away. In
cases where we fail in our efforts to bring the head
into the passage on account of some deformity, we
must try and remove the head. This is best done
at the first or second bones of the neck, which,
with a strong knife, may sometimes be effected,
and with the aid of the fingers and knife the head
may be altogether detached. No further opposi-
tion will be experienced in effecting a delivery. It
may be necessary in some cases of breech presen-
taticus to remove the hind legs. This is best done
by introducing the knife with the ring, or a very
short knife, concealed in the palm of the hand,
making an incision through the skin and muscles
over the hip joint to the bone. Then fix a rope
around the thigh, and by strong traction the
bone of the leg may be torn out of its socket.
I have succeeded in this way in a few cases.
Before attempting delivery make an incision
through the walls of the abdomen, remove
the bowels with the hand, and put a rope
around the loins; when this is accomplished you
will have no further trouble in delivery. There are

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 329

other forms of unnatural presentations, but
enough has been said to enable the operator to use
his own judgment on any variation that might
present itself from those already described. One
of the difficulties we have to encounter is the size
of the foetus in comparison with the passage of
the mother.

I may say from practical experience that a great
deal of steady force can be used, occasionally stop-
ping to allow the parts time to relax and rest the
mother. If the parts have become dry the injec-
tion of oil will be of great service.

330 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

CHAPTER XXVI.

ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION.

Retention of the Placenta, or Afterbirth.—This
seldom occurs in the mare, but is common in the
cow. In the cow the afterbirth is usually re-
tained for some time after the calf is expelled; but
in the mare at the time of expulsion of the foal. If
it is not thrown off soon after the birth of the
foal, it acts as a foreign body and causes consid-
erable disturbance to the health of the mare. It
is best to remove it within a few hours after
birth. On the other hand, in the cow, it is best
not to remove it until after the third day, as
it does not seem to do the cow any harm until
decomposition takes place. The decomposing
membrane is liable to become absorbed into the
system, and if the animal does not die it usually
does not thrive well. The reason for not removing
earlier in the cow is that the placenta adheres to
the cotyledons on the inside membrane of the
womb (already described), which are very vascular
and easily made to bleed, and forcing them away too
Soon might cause troublesome bleeding. There
are no cotyledons on the womb of the mare, hence
little danger of bleeding by their early removal.
All the so-called cleansing medicines usually do
harm. In my practice I find that medicines have
no action or power to expel the afterbirth. The

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 331

hand is the only safe and proper method for its
removal. The operation is simple. See that the
finger nails are short so that they will not wound
the soft parts, then oil the hand and introduce it
into the womb; carefully separate the afterbirths
from its connections with the cotyledons; then
wash out the womb with warm water, in which
a little carbolic acid has been well mixed. Half an
ounce of the acid to a pail of water. In order to
have the acid thoroughly mixed put the acid in a
bottle of water and shake up well, then put it into
the pail. A good large syringe is the best means
to inject the water into the womb. In the absence
of a syringe a sponge or piece of soft muslin will
answer. After a few days if there is a discharge
of a foul-smelling matter from the vagina it will
be necessary to wash out the womb again with
warm water and carbolic acid as before. Also give
the cow a dose of physic. The best is Epsom salts
one to one and a half pounds dissolved in a half
gallon of cold water; also put a couple of tea-
spoonfuls of ground ginger init. After the physic
has operated then give the following in food twice
daily: Sulphate of iron two ounces, pulverized
gentian two ounces, mix and divide into twelve
doses, one to be given morning and night in bran
mash until all are taken. This quantity can be
repeated if necessary. If the animal should get
into a weakened condition from the effects of de-
leterious materials absorbed from the womb dur-
ing the decomposition of the afterbirth, which
sometimes takes place, the symptoms are: Com-

332 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

plete loss of appetite, pulse quick and weak, and
almost imperceptible at the jaw, breathing fast,
and usually followed by diarrhoea, and as before
mentioned a very foul-smelling discharge from
the vagina. At this stage of the disease unless
proper means be taken the animal soon dies. The
treatment must be of a stimulating and tonic na-
ture. I find the following prescription very valu-
able: Sweet spirits of nitre two ounces, tincture
of gentian two ounces, tincture of ginger two
ounces, tincture chloride of iron one ounce, mix
and give at one dose in a quart of oatmeal gruel.
A dose of this kind should be given eee times
daily until reaction takes place.

Inversion of the Urino-Genital Organs.—This
is a derangement more common in the cow than in
the mare, and is usually attended with danger to
the life of the animal, and prompt measures must
be taken to restore the parts to their natural posi-
tion. Inversion of the bladder is not common, but
from violent straining it may occur, especially in
the cow and mare, and is often fatal. If complete-
ly inverted and has been in that state for some
time, the walls become swollen and render its re-
turn almost impossible. The symptoms are a large
tumor between the lips of the vulva, or shape,
and a constant dripping of urine from the ureters
(the canals which convey the urine from the kid-
neys to the bladder); the animal will make at-
tempts to pass urine, but will fail to do so.

Treatment: Give the animal a dose of opium,
from one to two drams, either in a ball or in gruel,

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 333

Bathe the part well for half an hour with warm wa-
ter, in which put two ounces of tincture of opium.
After this is done put the animal in a standing po-
sition, the fore parts lowered, then by gentle pres-
sure on the center part of the bladder it will usu-
ally return to its proper place. If all our efforts
fail to return it excision may be tried. This is best
accomplished by tying a small cord tight external
to the ureters, or canals, so as not to stop the
urine. This done, take a sharp knife and remove
all external to the cord or ligature. In a few days
the portion with the ligature will slough off and
the parts will heal without any further treatment.
There will always be an incontinence of urine,
but this is not of much importance in the cow or
sow, as they can be fattened. In cases where the
bladder has been returned the animal will require
to be watched for a few days until the irritation
has passed off. The animal must be kept with its
hind parts elevated a little, and be given a dram
dose of opium three times daily, if necessary, to
allay the irritation.

Inversion of the Vagina.—This occurs before
parturition and is caused by debility, usually the
result of being poorly kept or from standing on a
slanting floor.

Treatment: Put the animal in a position where
her hind parts will be elevated slightly. Bathe
the part well for half an hour with warm water
and clean it well, then return by pressure with the
hand. Give the animal good food and a dram dose
of opium three times daily until straining ceases.

334 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

I find it necessary sometimes to put on a truss,
which will be described in Inversion of the
Uterus. After the birth of the young creature
there will be no further trouble.

Inversion of the Uterus.—This very trouble-
some affection known as falling down of the womb
is common to cows; but may happen in the mare. |
The immediate cause of inversion is relaxation of
the ligaments of that organ, whose duty it is to
retain it in its position. It is further aggravated
by the congested and enlarged state. This is
brought about by debility of the animal and rough
handling at the time of parturition; also, the ani-
mal having to stand or le on a slanting floor; and
to make matters still worse it is usually too short
for the animal’s body. Cows in calf should never
be put into a stall of this kind. <A little attention
to the animal’s comfort, good food and exercise,
and this troublesome affection would be of rare
occurrence. The great difficulty in returning this
organ is quite apparent when we consider its vast
bulk in comparison with the passage of the va-
gina, and also the violent expulsion of the mother.
This latter can be counteracted by placing the ani-
mal with its fore feet in a hole as before described.
Our first object will be to have it well washed and
all straw and dung removed. If the afterbirth,
or part of it, is still adhering to it, carefully
detach all, and if there should be much bleeding,
bathe well with cold water. Put half an ounce of
sugar of lead to the pail of water; this will soon
stop the hemorrhage. The womb being thorough-

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 335

ly cleaned and put into a clean cloth and supported
by two assistants, one on each side, and the ani-
mal put into the position before mentioned, the
operator will commence by putting a hand on each
side of the neck of the womb and press as much as
possible of it in, then place the fist against the
fundus or lower part, and by steady pressure it
will usually return. The operator will retain his
hand in it for ten or fifteen minutes, moving it
inthe womb. This assists in placing it in its prop-
er position. I have found it necessary in some cases
to take a small piece of ice in my hand into the
womb, and move it about to assist in causing
the organ to contract. If the animal is unable to
stand there will be great difficulty in returning
it. In the recumbent position it is not easy to pre-
vent the violent straining of the mother, which the
strength of the operator would not be sufficient to
combat. Ihave succeeded in some cases in lessen-
ing the straining by giving opium in two-dram
doses in a little gruel. Dobson says: “There are
cases, however, in which from the great size of the
uterus, Swelling, and violent expulsive pains, it
will be found difficult or absolutely impossible
to return it. The animal should here be put on
her back and her hind parts raised by means of
pulleys, when the return will be very much facili-
tated.” I have succeeded in a few cases in this
way, and it should be tried when others fail. After
it has been returned it will be necessary to pre-
vent the animal from expelling it again. Give the
animal two drams of opium in a little oatmeal

336 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

eruel and put on a truss, which can be easily made
as follows: Take a piece of leather about ten
inches long and six inches wide, and make a hole
in each corner (the leg of an old boot will answer)
large enough to admit the finger; fix a rope in
each hole long enough to reach the neck. Put a
rope or strap around the neck, withers and loins.
Place the leather over the vulva, or shape; pass
two of the ropes attached to the leather down be-

ma “as SW

——— a -

PLATE 19. REPRESENTING THE TRUSS.

tween the hind legs, along each side of the udder,
along between the fore legs, and tie to the strap
around the neck; also fix them to the ropes around
the loins and withers, the two upper ropes to be
passed along the back and tied also to the strap
on the back, and your truss is complete. The ani-
mal requires to be watched and the ropes tight-
ened or adjusted if necessary. The truss should

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 337

be worn for at least ten days. In cases where it
is impossible to return it, mortification will soon
set in, or the animal may die from collapse. In
this case an operation is necessary, and is easily
performed, and some cases of recovery have been
reported. Tie a ligature tight around the neck
of the womb and with a sharp knife remove all —
external to the ligature. In a few days the liga-
ture will slough off, and no after treatment is nec-
essary.
DROPSY OF THE UTERUS.

This disease seldom occurs in the domestic ani-
mal. A few cases have been reported.

The symptoms are those of pregnancy. The af-
fected animal is thought to be in this condition
until the period of gestation passes without any
signs of parturition. Upon examining the womb
it is found to be greatly enlarged and fluctuating
when pressed upon.

The treatment consists in opening the mouth of
the womb with the fingers and the fluid will es-
cape. In some cases a trocar will be required to
pass in and draw off the fluid. As there is a tend-
ency for the fluid to accumulate again, a cure is
impossible; and if the patient be a cow it should
be fattened for the butchers.

MAMMARY GLANDS, OR UDDER.

This is divided into four compartments in the
cow andtwointhe mare. It is made up of a num-
ber of glands well supplied with blood vessels;
these glands secrete the milk from the blood.

338 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

During pregnancy there is an increased quantity
sent to the udder. As the animal nears the period
of parturition, the udder being distended with
milk, the great supply of blood to it makes
this organ very sensitive and easily inflamed; this
is more especially the case in the young cow with
her first calf.

Mammitis, or Inflammation of the Udder.—This
disease is known as “garget,” and consists of in-
flammation of a part or the whole of the organ.
It is a common disease in the cow, but rare in the
mare. By care and good management this dis.
ease can nearly always be prevented. When the
udder becomes greatly distended with milk (which
it often does before parturition) it should be re-
lieved by drawing off some milk, and if hot and
tender should be bathed with warm water for half -
an hour at atime atleast. This will bea great re-
lief to the animal, as well as preventing the udder
from becoming inflamed. There is a prevailing
idea among farmers that milking a cow before
calving is an injury and prevents or prolongs the
period of calving. This is a mistake, as there is
nothing we can do that will interfere with nature
in this respect. I have had cases tested, and found
no difference in those that were milked a few days
previous to parturition and those that were not;
it should be done in all cases where the udder is
much distended, thereby relieving the suffering
animal and saving the owner from loss.

Causes of garget, or inflammation of the udder,
are injuries, as blows, kicks, scratches, and being

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 339

horned by other cows; also by the udder being
over-distended with milk, either before or after
calving. When this organ is inflamed the inflam-
mation causes the milk in it to coagulate, separat-
ing into curds and whey. When the teats are
drawn, shreds of coagulated milk come away
mixed with whey. This curdled milk sometimes
stops up the orifice of the teat and allows nothing
to pass through it. This is a bad complication,
often destroying part or the whole of the udder.
It may arise from the animal being in too ple-
thoric a state, and being fed on sloppy food. It may
occur without any apparent cause. It is said hot
weather has a tendency to produce it. )
Symptoms of mammitis are increased heat, red-
ness, swelling and pain. As the swelling in-
creases it becomes hard and very tender to the
touch. The animal will show much distress if
made to move, and lameness in one or both hind
legs. When very much distended the animal will
be stiff and not inclined to move unless forced to
do so. In bad cases the animal will show consti-
tutional symptoms characterized by loss of appe-
tite, dry nose, quick pulse, seventy to eighty per
minute, labored breathing, Instead of milk com-
ing when the teats are drawn, a thin whey mixed
with curd. Later on the discharge becomes fetid
and thick. If the disease is not checked there is
a tendency for matter to form; when this takes
place the part will become white in color, and
pointing; this will break usually of its own ac-
cord, leaving a deep, ragged ulcer. Sometimes

4

340 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

gangrene or mortification will take place, which |
is easily seen by the dark appearance of the part

affected. If this is not removed it will soon de-
stroy the animal.

Treatment of mammitis consists in relieving the
inflammation; this is best accomplished by giv-
ing the animal a dose of physic, one and one-half
pounds of Epsom salts, pulverized ginger one
ounce, dissolved in half a gallon of cold water, and
give all at one dose to the cow. For the mare a
quart of raw linseed oil. After the medicine has
operated, give to both mare and cow half an ounce
of nitre of potass. twice daily in the water the ani-
mal drinks. Continue this for three or four days
if necessary. From the first, bathe the udder well
for one hour three times daily with hot water;
after each bathing rub in well a little of the fol-
lowing lotion: Acetate of lead, half an ounce;
sulphate of zinc, half an ounce; soft water, one
quart. Shake up well before using; continue this
until the inflammation is all gone. This plan of
treatment I have found to be very successful. In
cases where the udder is very much distended I
find benefit from putting a wide piece of cloth
around the loins to support the udder, with four
holes for the teats. The milk should be drawn
from the bag frequently; or better still, allow the
calf or colt to suck; as arule it can do better than
one can do with the hand. I have never known
the young animal to be injured by sucking the

mother while in this state. Notice should be

taken that the young creature cleans out all the

“laa He Bae

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 341

teats. I have seen cases where one of the teats
had been left untouched. If the matter should
form in spite of all our efforts, warm poultices of
linseed meal should be applied, and when the ab-
scess 1s ready it should be opened with a sharp
knife, and when the matter is all discharged the
wound should be dressed with a little of the fol-
lowing lotion: Linseed oil, five ounces; carbolic
acid, two drams; camphor gum, two drams; mix
and shake up each time it is used. Twice a day
will be often enough to dress it. If well attended
to, it usually heals without doing much damage
to the udder. In cases where mortification sets
in, it is easily distinguished by its dark color; is in-
sensible and cold to the touch. When cut into,
instead of bleeding a little, a dark-colored fluid
will exude from the cut.

The treatment requires to be of a stimulating
and tonic nature. The following I find to be a
good one: Sweet spirits of nitric ether, two
ounces; tincture of ginger, two ounces; tincture
of gentian, two ounces; mix and give at one dose
ina quart of gruel. Give a dose of this size three
times daily until the animal is well. In order to
save the life of the animal all the mortified part
will have to be removed by the knife. I have op-
erated on several cases with success. As an illus-
tration, I will describe one of the cases operated
on. I was called to see a short-horned cow which
had been suffering from a severe attack of inflam-
mation of the udder for several days. I found
the animal in a bad state, the udder very much

342 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

enlarged and one-half mortified. The cow could
not rise without assistance. The pulse was imper-
ceptible at the jaw, breathing short and quick,
the appetite completely gone. I gave the cow a
good stimulant composed of sweet spirits of nitric
ether, two ounces; aromatic spirits of ammonia,
one ounce, in a pint of cold water. We then as-
sisted the animal to the lawn, where we cast her
on her left side, on account of the right side of the
udder being involved. I secured the head and
fore feet to a tree close by, the hind legs to an-
other, thus putting them on the stretch, leaving
the udder all exposed and plenty of room for the
operator. The only instruments needed are a very
Sharp knife, a pair of artery forceps and some
strong thread for ligature. I made an incision
half an inch back from the mortified part to make
sure that all the diseased portion would be re-
moved by the first sweep of the knife. I made an
incision about two inches deep, then secured the
large arteries, secured the vessels, and so on until
all was removed. To stop bleeding from small
vessels, I bathed the surface with cold water,
sugar of lead and carbolic acid, as follows: Cold
water, one pail; sugar of lead, one ounce; carbolic
acid, half an ounce. In a few minutes hemor-
rhage ceased. I gave the animal another dose of
stimulating medicine as before, and then allowed
it to rise. She drank a little cold water and in an
hour’s time was grazing, and recovered rapid-
ly. The after treatment consists in using the fol-
lowing: Linseed oil, one pint; carbolic acid, half

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 343

an ounce; camphor gum, half an ounce; mix and
shake up well, and apply a little to the raw sur-
face twice daily with a feather until healed. This
affection in some cases may become chronic; that
is, instead of forming matter it hardens, and no
milk will be secreted by that portion, and the cow
is said to “have lost part or the whole of her bag.”
In order to prevent this the udder should be treat-
ed even in mild attacks of mammitis, and this
stage of the disease will always be avoided. In
cases where it has taken place, it usually can be
relieved by using the following ointment: Iodine,
pure, two drams; lard, pure, two ounces; mix
well and rub a little of it on the affected part
every second day until it becomes soft. The teats
or teat require to be drawn and emptied of any
eurdled milk that may be in them or in that part
of the udder.

Diseases and Injuries to the Teats.—First: Ob-
structions, such as small, hard bodies, supposed
to be small glands hardened, which find their way
down into the tube of the teat, thus partially or
wholly stopping the flow of milk. They are very
troublesome and not easily removed. _ The opera-
tion in trying to remove them would likely set up
inflammation of the lining membrane of the tube
of the teat and the quarter of the udder, usually
resulting in the loss of part of the bag. The only
safe remedy is to use the milk tube. . I have suc-
ceeded in some cases in pushing this hard body up
into the udder, where it remained. If you do not
succeed in this, it will be necessary to use the tube

344 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

at each milking, and by the next season they
usually disappear.

Warts on Teats—Warts are sometimes found
on the teats and are somewhat troublesome, and
the act of milking usually makes them sore, and in
some cases they appear on the end of the teat, ob-
structing the flow of milk.

Treatment: Put ona silk ligature tight around
the neck of the wart; in a few days it will slough
off. After it has sloughed off apply a little ter-
chloride of antimony to it once with a feather. In
some cases the warts will be flat with no neck.
These should be scarified with a knife and a little
antimony applied, or the part touched with nitrate
of silver every third day. They will usually disap-
pear. When removed in this way they are less
liable to return than by the knife. After the
warts have dropped off and the roots touched
with antimony the best dressing to heal the parts
is the following: Tincture of catechu two ounces,
carbolic acid two drams, water eight ounces;
shake up well and apply a little twice daily. Use
the milk tube to draw off the milk until the teats
are healed.

Chapped or Cracked Teats.—These are also
troublesome, as they.are painful to the animal and
make them uneasy while being milked. The milk
tube should be used, as milking with the fingers
keeps the cracks open. Use the same kind of dress-
ing as for the above. If the calf is sucking its
mother and the teats become chapped it will be
necessary to keep them apart at intervals and

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 345

wash and dry the teats (after the calf has cleaned
the udder out). Apply a little of the above lotion.
For all injuries to the teats, if the wounds are not
deep, nothing is better than the lotion recom-
mended above, applying a little of it twice daily.
For deep wounds, especiallv those which pene-
trate the tube of the teat, allowing the milk to
exude, the edges must be brought together. This
is best done by passing a pin through the lips of
the wound and tying a piece of thread in the form
of the figure eight, thus bringing the lips of the
wound close together. Cut the point of the pin
after the thread has been tied to prevent it from
getting displaced. The milk tube must be used
to draw off the milk in case of disturbing the pin
until it heals. If the pin should slough out befcre
the parts have united I have succeeded by paring
the edges of the lip and pinning up the wound
as at first. No dressing is required in this opera-
tion. All plasters and healing medicines recom-
mended by some writers should be avoided.
Bloody Milk.—At times a cow will give milk
tinged with blood. There are several causes for
this: A congested condition of the glands of the
udder in one or more of its quarters; a spongy
state of the glands, from which a little blood will
ooze on the parts being pressed; also from small
sores in the tubes of the teat or teats, and when
the teat is drawn in milking a little blood will
exude, coloring the milk. If it is caused by con-
gestion or by a spongy state of the glands, bathe
it for ten or fifteen minutes with cold water after

346 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

each milking, and rub on a little camphorated
liniment; continue this for a few weeks. Also
give the cow a teaspoonful of sulphate of iron
in a mash in the morning and one dram of iodide
of potassium in the evening in the drinking water
for several weeks. If it is from sores in the teat
tubes use ten grains of tannic acid, water one
ounce; inject a little of this after each milking.
Cow-Pox (Variola Vaccine).—This very simple
affection is not often noticed, and so many forms of
eruption are observed on the teats that it is some-
what difficuit to detect the true from false varie-
ties of cow-pox at certain stages of the eruption.
This disease has claimed a very large share of
attention on the part of scientific men. From
Jenner’s discovery in the dairies of Gloucester-
shire he observed that the people milking cows
with the cow-pox suffered from an eruption on
their hands, but never had the malignant small-
pox of the human being. This was the origin of
vaccination. The cow-pox, like other forms of
variola, is a contagious pustular eruption of the
skin, running a very regular course, accompanied
by slight fever. It is communicable between ani-
mals of different species.
Causes: The primary cause of cow-pox is
unknown. ‘The majority of cases occur in
spring and summer, shortly after cows have
calved. The state of congestion of the ud-
der at this period favors the development
of this disease, and it never has been ob-
served to arise spontaneously in bulls, oxen, or

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 347

heifers before calving. It is chiefly seen in cows
from four to six years of age. Mr. Ceely makes the
following sensible remarks on the cause and ori-
gin of this disease. Referring particularly to the
Vale of Aylesbury he says: “The variola vac-
cine seems to have been long known in the Vale
and neighborhood. They have been noticed at
irregular intervals, most commonly appearing
about the beginning or end of spring, rarely dur-
ing the height of summer, but I have seen them
at all periods from August to May and the be-
ginning of June. By some it is presumed that cold
and moisture favors their development, by others
that the hard winds of spring after a wet winter
are supposed to have the same influence. I have,
however, seen the disease in the autumn and mid-
dle of winter after a dry summer. The disease is
occasionally epizootic or prevalent at the same
time in several farms at no great distance; more
commonly sporadic or nearly solitary. It may be
Seen sometimes at several contiguous farms; at
other times one or two farms apparently under
like circumstances of soil, situation, etc., amidst
the prevailing disease entirely escape its visi-
tations. Many years may elapse before it recurs
at a given farm or vicinity, although all the ani-
mals may have been changed in the meantime.
I have known it to occur twice in five years in a
particular vicinity and at two contiguous farms,
while at a third adjoining dairy, in all respects
similar in local and other circumstances, it had
not been known to exist for forty years. It is

348 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

sometimes introduced by milch heifers. It is coa-
sidered that the disease is peculiar to the milch
cow, that it occurs primarily while the animal is in
that condition, and that it is casually propagated
to others by the hands of the milkers. But consid-
ering the general mildness of the disease, the fact
of its being at times in some individuals entirely
overlooked and that its topical severity depends
almost wholly on the rude tractions of milking, it
would perhaps be going too far to assert its in-
variable and exclusive origin, under circumstances
just mentioned, yet I have frequently witnessed
the fact that stirks, dry heifers, dry cows milked
by other hands, grazing in the same pasture, feed-
ing in the same sheds, and in contiguous stalls, re-
main exempt from the disease. Many intelligent
dairymen believe that it occurs more frequently
as a primary disease among milch heifers, but I
have not been able to confirm this remark by my
own observation. It does not appear to be less
frequent on hills than in the vale. It has been
seen primarily on the stall-fed as well as on the
grazing animals.

Origin of the disease: I have met with several
intelligent dairymen whose relatives had some
good reason to ascribe its occurrence to the con-
tagion of the equine vesicle communicated by the
hands of the attendants of both animals, but very
little of this disease has been noticed of late years,
although I know of several farriers who have
been affected from the horse and resisted subse-
quent variolation or vaccination, and I have seen a

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 349

few distinguished between the equine and the
grease, a recurrent disease (eczema impitigonoe-
des),as it appears to me for many years past. How- ©
ever, the spontaneous origin of the variola vaccine
in cows has not been doubted here. In all the
cases that I have noticed I never could discover the
probability of any other source. There is much
difficulty in determining with precision at all
times whether the disease arises primarily in one
or more individuals in the same dairy. Most com-
monly, however, it appears to be solitary. The
milkers pretend in general to point out the in-
fected individual, but as I have more than once
detected the disease in a late stage on an animal
not suspected of having it, Iam not very prone to
confide in these representations unless my own
inspection confirms or renders them probable.
Symptoms: There are general signs of mild
fever, and the characteristic symptoms are purely
local. Constitutional symptoms have been de-
scribed in some cases as follows: Sudden sinking
or loss of milk, dribbling of saliva from the mouth
and frequent inflation and retraction of the cheeks,
staring coat, arched back, imbs drawn together,
and rapid loss of flesh. In about three or four days
red, hard spots are seen, which soon appear cir-
cumscribed, the teats become painful and slightly
swollen, the spots attain the size of a horse bean,
and milking becomes generally very painful to the
animal. They rapidly increase in size and tender-
ness and become charged with limpid fluid and
are surrounded by a red base. The limpid fluid be-

350 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

comes opaque and purulent, and the distinctive
features of the pustule is that it has a depression
on its summit. It is technically termed “umbili-
cated.” Itis most perfect about ten days after its
first appearance. (Gamgee.)

Treatment of cow-pox: On account of the sore-
ness of the teats it is almost impossible to milk
with the hand and the milk tube should be used.
If there is much fever a dose of physic should be
given. One pound of Epsom salts and an ounce of
eround ginger dissolved in half a gallon of cold
water at one dose. After the physic has operated
give half an ounce of nitrate of potassium twice
daily in the drinking water for three or four days.
If the udder is swollen and hot bathe it with hot
water for half an hour three times daily, and after
each bathing use a little of the following: Acetate
of lead one ounce, water one quart; mix and apply.
If there is no fever and no swelling of the udder,
only the eruption on the teats, no treatment is re-
quired. Use the milk tube to draw off the milk,
care being taken not to disturb the vesicles. It
runs its course in two weeks if not irritated.

Milk Fever in Cows.—This is a disease peculiar
to the cow. Gamgee and others who have written
on this subject are of the opinion that there is
present in the blood a specific element. Some at-
tribute the disease to accumulations of milk—pro-
ducing elements in the blood giving rise to fever
and, practically, blood poisoning—or tothesudden
overloading of the system with blood, causing
nervous disorder. Again, another says that at

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 351

the period of parturition, when the act is rapidly
accomplished, a large excess of blood is thrown
upon the system. The effect is the same as when
a flux of some standing is suddenly checked; either
~ some of the excretory organs exert their power of
vicarious actions, or a sudden increase of blood
pressure takes place. This is the view that is usu-
ally taken, but I think it is a wrong one, as in
every cow, at the time of parturition, there is this
excess of blood thrown back upon the system, but
nature has provided for this. It is quite another
thing in the case of the flux; that was checked by
administering powerful astringents, which is act-
ing contrary to nature. Still another thinks that
it is such a derangement of the sympathetic nerv-
ous system as seldom to admit of recovery until
(finally) apoplectic lesions result. The first part
of the above, I think, is nearest to the point, but
the latter part is the stumbling block over which
nearly all fall—that is in believing the nervous de-
rangement causes apoplexy. When I commenced
practice, some twenty-five years ago, I followed
the teaching I have just mentioned, and my milk
fever patients nearly all died. This state of af-
fairs provoked me very much. I made a number of
post-mortem examinations of the animals that had
died of the disease, and failed to find the apoplec-
tic lesion described. Of course I found redness
and some fullness of the blood vessels, but no more
than one would find in making a post-mortem ex-
amination of animals dying of other diseases not
apoplectic. I concluded from this that the dis-

352 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

ease was not congestion of the brain and spinal
cord. I then took up the nervous theory, and was
supported by the following facts: First: The cows
which became affected with this malady are near-
ly all very fat and flabby, while in some few cases
the animals are very thin and weak. Such ani-
mals are barely able to cope with the violent strain
and nervous exhaustion which take place at this
period. Second: The season of the year most
fruitful of this disease is in the warm, enervating
weather of the spring and early summer, when
the grasses are soft and succulent, which increases
the flabby condition of the already too soft ani-
mals. Taking these facts into consideration, I
changed the treatment from bleeding, sedatives,
violent purging, and applying ice to the head, etc.,
as directed by most veterinary writers (I do give
purgatives still, but merely to assist in moving the
bowels when the animal gets over the attack), to
powerful stimulants from the earliest stage of the

disease, or whatever time I may first see the ani- ©

mal and the disease has not been too far advanced,
and now I never lose a case of the so-called very
fatal disease.

Symptoms: The symptoms of this disease are
characteristic. In the early stage (which is gen-
erally a few hours after calving) the animal will be
noticed shifting its weight from one hind leg to
the other. This she does continually, and if made
to move will show weakness in the hind quarters,
and if forced to walk will fall, but may be able
to regain her feet with difficulty. In a short time

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 353

the animal falls, and is then unable to resume the
standing position. There is some constitutional
disturbance, and.after being in this state for some
time the breathing becomes accelerated and the
pulse quickened. As the disease advances the
brain becomes affected, which is evinced by the
animal tossing her head in a violent man-
ner. At other times the animal presses its head
against the shoulder or side, and if an attempt be
made to draw the head forward it will, as soon as
released, fall suddénly back into its former posi-
tion, the neck presenting a peculiarly stiff appear-
ance not observed in any other disease. The eyes
very soon become insensible to light, presenting a
glassy appearance, and if touched with the finger
or other object every sign of sensation will be ab-
sent. In some cases the power of swallowing is
lost. At this stage the animal, if not promptly at-
tended to, soon dies. This is generally the case
when treated as directed by most veterinary writ-
ers. By the method of treatment which I have fol-
lowed for the last few years'I do not lose a case
when seen in tine.

Treatment: Aromatic ammonia ten ounces,
spirits of nitrous ether twenty ounces. This is
enough for ten doses, three ounces to be given
every half hour till five doses are given; then one
ounce every hour until the remainder is adminis-
tered. Each dose to be given in half a pint of cold
water. This may look like a large quantity to be
given, but this is what is necessary to stimulate
the nerves into action. I also give from one to

354 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

one and one-half pounds of Epsom salts, with one
ounce of ginger, the whole to be dissolved in half
a gallon of water and given at one dose. Also mix
a half pound of good mustard with warm water,
rub this over the loins and cover up with a rug.
This I do to assist in stimulating the spinal cord.
After doing this the animal generally les quiet
for about eight or ten hours, when she will get up.
If she does not, give more of the above, three
ounces every hour until four or five more doses are
taken. Then wait for several hours, when it is
likely the animal will be able to rise. I have had
to do this in some few cases. In this case no after
treatment is required. In some cases the animal
becomes lively and commences eating, but re-
mains unable to get upon her hind legs. It is then
necessary to give nux vomica in dram doses three
times daily for a week in gruel.

Prevention: The best prevention of this disease
is to keep the cow in a good, firm, healthy state,
and not to have her too soft and flabby. This can
be done by giving the animal good solid food and
not too much of it. In the spring, when the
weather is getting hot and the grass long and suc-
culent, keep the cow off such pasture and put her
in a place where she cannot get much grass, and
have a stable for her and feed dry, solid food, as
hay, oats or corn. Soft, sloppy diet is not good.
If the animal is fat it would be well to give her
one and one-half pounds of Epsom salts about ten
days before calving. It is not wise to give it at or
a few hours before calving, as it weakens the ani-

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 355

mal. This treatment I have advised for several
years, I think with beneficial effects, as parties
who used to lose cows have, since they adopted
this plan, not been troubled with milk fever. If
the udder is full and hard I would milk the cow
before calving in all cases, as it prevents garget
and does the cow no harm afterward.

356 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

CHAPTER XXVII.

MANAGEMENT OF THE FOAL AND CALF.

There are a great many foals lost every year
from want of attention at the time of the birth of
the young creature and for a few days thereafter.
It is necessary to detail a trusty man to do this,
The mare, if in the stable, should have a good,
roomy place separated from the other horses. It
should have plenty of clean short straw, and if
the weather is cold it should be made as warm as
possible and the foal rubbed dry, and in some cases
covered up with warm blankets until it is thor-
oughly dry. There are many colts destroyed from
want of a little care at this stage, as the young
creature is very likely to suffer from swollen joints
a week or two hence from the exposure to the cold
and in some cases dies from inflammatory rheuma-
tism. Do not be in a hurry to separate the foal from
the afterbirths, as in some cases the navel cord is
thick and strong. Let the foal flounder about for
a while, and in the majority of cases it will break
off at the proper place, and on account of it being
twisted off there will be very little hemorrhage.
I have known of a few cases in which the cord was
cut and a ligature put on and inflammation set in,
causing the death of the foal. There are very few
cases but what will divide if left alone. Dust a

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 357

little prepared chalk on the cord. This will dry it
up, causing it to shrivel much faster than if it was
left alone. It has been said that colts born in the
barn yard, and dirt and bacteria getting on the
navel before it is dry, is the cause of a number of
deaths. They give the symptoms as a form of
blood poisoning, causing swelling of the joints;
but I have seen a great number of colts affected
with swelling of the joints which had no connec-
tion whatever with the navel cord. There are
thousands of colts born in the barn yard, and not
one in a thousand is affected with the derange-
ment above mentioned. The reason I recommend
~ the use of the chalk is it causes it to shrivel up
much quicker and there is less danger of a bunch
being left at the navel. By a non-closure of the
urachus (the tube leading from the base of the
bladder of the foetus) the urine will be partly or
wholly passed through the navel opening. It is
recommended to tie the cord, or if that is too short
to stitch up the opening. I think this is a bad
plan, as the majority that are so treated die. The
urine accumulates in the tube, and, as it cannot
escape, sets up inflammation, ending in death. I
find it is much better practice to apply prepared
chalk to it for a few days, or use tannic acid twen-
ty grains, water one ounce; apply a little twice
daily. In this form of treatment the urine that
finds its way into the tube will drop out, and from
the astringent and drying properties of the chalk
and tannic acid and time allowed, the tube closes
without any bad result.

358 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

Constipation.—This is a troublesome and dan-
gerous condition in newly born foals. There is an
accumulation of very hard material in the bowels
of the foetus called “meconium,” and in some cases
the young creature has not strength enough to
expel it, and will give rise to colic, and will cause
death if not relieved. The foal should be watched,
and if it cannot expel this accumulation use in-
jections of warm water and soap. Do not put
any salt in the water; it is not necessary to do so,
and there is danger of it causing irritation. If
you do not succeed with the injections give two
ounces castor oil, or four ounces raw linseed oil
at a dose. If from some cause the foal does not
get its mother’s milk and has to be fed on cow’s
milk, one-third water should be added and a little
brown sugar, enough to sweeten it. It should only
have about a pint at a time, and receive it every
hour for the first twenty-four hours; then more
at a time and not so often, and so on, and after two
or three weeks it can get all it wants. Flaxseed
boiled into a pulp and mixed with the milk is very
excellent, as it is nutritious and prevents the milk
from becoming too hard in the stomach. I have
known foals to be killed by getting a large quan-
tity of cow’s milk before the stomach became ac-

customed to it. If this is not properly attended to —

it will likely cause diarrhoea or constipation.
Diarrhoea.—This is a very common complaint
in the foal, caused by the food the mother has
eaten or something the colt has itself gotten. In
cases where the mother has been separated from

Y
vfs oe

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 359

the foal for several hours, the colt being hungry
and its stomach being weak, it takes more milk
than it can digest, resulting in diarrhoea. In cases
where it is necessary for the mare and foal to be
separated for any length of time it will be neces-
sary to milk the mare, so that the colt will not get
too much, or let the colt take a little, then keep it
away for a while until the stomach is strength-
ened, then let it take more. There is very little
to fear on account of the milk being a long time
in the udder, as no change takes place in
the milk as long as the udder does not inflame.
Even then it does not seem to do either the calf or
foal any harm. In the early stages of diarrhoea
it is best to give the foal two ounces castor oil and
a teaspoonful of tincture of opium, and change the
food of the mother from grass to dry hay and good
oats if that has been the cause. If the oil does not
cure it after it has operated, give tincture of opium
two teaspoonfuls, tincture of catechu one table-
spoonful, chalk a tablespoonful; mix this in half
a pint of starch gruel. Repeat in three hours if
not checked. If the diarrhoea should be very se-
vere, with large quantities of very liquid feces,
give powdered opium twenty grains, camphor
twenty grains, acetate of lead ten grains; mix in
a half pint of starch gruel. Repeat this every third
hour until checked. If constipation should follow
give boiled flaxseed.

Diarrhoea in Calves (White Scours).—If the calf
is not allowed to suckle its mother great care is
necessary in feeding it. If it gets too much milk,

360 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

or if the milk is skimmed, there is great danger ot
it forming a solid coagulum, or it may be in coagu-
lated pieces, and these become so hard that gas-
tric juice takes no effect on them, or the hard pieces
may form in the intestines, causing irritation,
resulting in diarrhoea of a very offensive kind. I
have prescribed for cases of this kind, and usually
relieved them. I have made post-mortem examina-
tions of calves dying from this disease and found
masses above mentioned so hard and large that
it would be impossible for them to pass through
the bowels. There are also acid secretions that
form in the intestines, causing the milk to curdle,
separating it into curds and whey, producing what
is known as “white scours” in calves, causing them
to lose flesh very rapidly, and in some cases death.
To prevent this the calf should be fed often and in
small quantities, for the first few days, on milk
from as fresh a cow as possible. After the calf is
a few days old it should have some boiled flaxseed
mixed with its milk. (Oil meal is not good.) Boil
a teacupful of flaxseed in three gallons of water
into a pulp, and when it is cool mix a teacupful of
this pulp in each calf’s milk. This will prevent it
from forming into a hard lump, and it is very nu-
tritious. If the animal should get into the condi-
tion above mentioned, it will be necessary to give
it a dose of castor oil from two to four ounces, ac-
cording to the size and age of the calf. The oil
should be made into an emulsion, with two drams
of bicarbonate of potassium and sufficiency of
water. This should be succeeded by giving half a

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 361

pint of lime water two or three times a day in a
small quantity of milk, until the acid condition of
the bowels has passed away, which will be known
by the better color of the feces and the absence of
the sour smell. Give the syrup of the phosphate
of iron in tablespoonful doses in the milk and
flaxseed tea. Cod liver oil is a very useful medi-
cine, and if the animal is valuable the expense
would be repaid by the suecessful result. If this
mild constitutional treatment is not sufficient to
stop the scours give a tablespoonful of tincture
of opium and tincture of catechu at a dose in
starch gruel and repeat it every four hours until .
it is stopped. Or give at a dose powdered opium
twenty grains, acetate of lead ten grains, mixed
in starch gruel. Repeat every fourth hour until
checked. The calf should be kept in a good, dry,
warm place.

Bent Ankles.—Although at birth the bones of
the legs are usually strong enough to support the
weight of the animal, yet we frequently find that
the foal’s fore legs at the ankles are bent forward,
and in a few cases they will come in contact with
the ground and soon become raw sores. The
cause of this is, the ends of the bones have not be-
come solid enough to be able to sustain the weight
and they bend forward as above mentioned. It
is very difficult to remedy. If splints or bandages
are applied, in a few days the skin underneath the
bandage will scald, and being very tender may
peel off, leaving a sore difficult to heal. My ex-
perience has been to keep the mare confined to a

362 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

small space and have it as soft as possible. Bathe
the legs twice a day with tannic acid half an ounce,
alcohol half a pint, water half apint; mix. This will
stimulate and harden the skin. Use no splints or
bandages. The mare should get good oats twice a
day, and a bran mash, with a dessert-spoonful of
phosphate of calcium in it fora week or two. This
will enrich the milk with bone-producing material.
It is sometimes mixed with the milk and given to
the foal, but it is very apt to derange its stomach,
being so young. If the parts should become sore
apply a little of the following three times a day:
Oxide of zine one ounce, glycerine two ounces,
sweet oil two ounces; mix. Shake up-well before
applying.

Swollen Joints.—In some colts at the time of
birth or soon after there are a number of soft puffs
form on the joints, especially on the knee joints
and stifle. They are soft to the touch, with no heat
or tenderness; they do not seem to cause any suf-
fering to the colt; it grows and runs about as if
nothing was the matter. It is caused by an in-
fusion of fluid in the bursae of the joint, and where
tendons play, and as the animal grows, in the ma-
jority of cases, it will disappear without any treat-
ment. If it does not, rub the parts once a week
with biniodide of mercury one part, lard twelve
parts.

Rheumatism.—It is a common occurrence to
find colts from two weeks to two months old suf-
fering from rheumatism of the joints, causing
lameness, fever, great weakness, often resulting in

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DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 363

death. The kidneys often become affected, caus-
ing either partial suppression of urine or a very .
ereat increase of it; matter may form in the in-
flamed joint or joints, causing its distension.

Symptoms: Swelling in the joints, which are
hot and painful to the touch; the colt does not
want to stand, lies nearly all of the time, it is
fevered and there is loss of appetite, the bowels are
either constipated or there will be diarrhoea. If
not relieved it soon becomes much emaciated and
dies.

Treatment: It is necessary to give medicine to
reduce the fever and remove from the system the
material causing the rheumatism, and for this
purpose nothing seems to act so well as repeated
doses of nitrate of potash, for the foal two or three
drams of the nitrate of potassium given dissolved
in half a pint of cold water three or four times a
day and continued for a few days. After this give
a tablespoonful of wine of colchicum three times
daily. The joint should be rubbed with canthar-
ides two parts, lard six parts; repeat in three days
if needed. If the colt will not stand it should be
held up to suck five or six times a day. See that
it is kept in a warm, dry place, as lying on the cold
earth while in this condition we cannot expect the
treatment to be of any avail.

Weaning the Colt.—This should be done in the
fall before the weather gets too cold, as the
change will be great from getting the warm milk
from the mother to feeding entirely on cold grass.
In order to keep the colt from falling off in flesh

364 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

after being weaned it should have a little ground
oats mixed with bran once or twice a day, and
have access to plenty of clean water, and if possi-
ble should be sheltered from the cold rains of
autumn, as being exposed to a chilly rain will not
only reduce it in flesh, but may cause rheumatism,
ending in destroying some of the joints. During
the first year at least, the colt should be well fed,
as this period does a great deal in shaping the fu-
ture horse. In order to do this it should have at
least two quarts of oats three times daily. Oats
are much better food than corn for a young grow-
ing colt, as they contain more of the elements |
which go to make muscle and bone than any of
the other cereals. There is an idea that there is
danger in feeding oats to foals, but it is a great
mistake. Some of the best foals which I have
raised got as much as eight or ten quarts a day.
Bran is also good for foals. It not only keeps
their bowels in good condition, but also assists in —
giving nutrition. There is really more nutrition
in bran than is generally supposed. Steep a pail
of bran in water over night and then boil the
water and you will find that it has given up a good
deal of glutinous matter, besides lime salts, which
go to build up bone and other tissues of the body.
Clover hay is much better for colts and horses
than timothy. It wants to be fed in smaller quan-
tities. Colts will eat too much of it if they can get
it, and in this case it may make them pot-bellied,
and in some horses may produce heaves, but if it
is fed as it ought to be there will be no danger of

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 365

this, and your colts will come out much sleeker
and better in every way if they get a fair supply
of oats and good clover hay. This I know from
actual experience.

Parasitical Bronchitis, Husk or Hoose in
Calves.—Parasites in the trachea and bronchial
tubes frequently occur in calves under a year old;
it is seen sometimes among older animals, but sel-
dom proves fatal in them, but it sometimes causes
great mortality among young calves. These para-
sites are known as “strongylus mecrurus,” and are
sometimes found in the lungs of the ass. Williams
says that he has found them in the heart and blood
vessels. Hence it is inferred that they arrive at
the lungs by entry of the alimentary canal with
the food, boring a passage into the blood vessels,
passing with the current of blood through the
blood vessels, and from the latter into the bron-
chial tubes. There are a great many different
opinions as to how the parasites get into the
bronchial tubes, and it is said that in wet seasons
animals pasturing on low, wet land are liable to
be attacked by them, and I have no doubt but
what there is some truth in it; but I have seen
them in calves kept in a dry place in the barn
yard and during the early spring months before
they had any grass.

Symptoms: Usually there is at first a cough of
a very distressing nature and of a special hacking
and paroxysmal character. There is a discharge
of stringy mucous caused by the severe coughing.

After the paroxysm the animal gets relief for a

366 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

short time. The parasites can be found in the
mucous that is coughed up by the aid of a strong
glass. This disease is ofa very exhausting nature
and the animal becomes rapidly emaciated, and
diarrhoea sets in as a complication. Steel says:
“The parasites imbedded in stringy mucous lie
intertwined in groups, or stretched against the
bronchial mucous membrane. When in balls they
block up the air passage. They also cause spasms
of the bronchial tubes. Thus they seriously im-
pede respiration, which is always remarkably la-
bored in this disease.” The usual duration of the
attack is about two to three weeks.

Treatment: Collect all the affected calves and
put them into a house, then close the doors and
windows, then put coals of fire into a pot and put
a pound or two of sulphur into it; remain in the
house with the calves and keep the doors shut as
long as you can stand it. Then the pot containing
the burning sulphur is removed and the animals
left exposed to the gas for a quarter of an hour or
so, then let them out. Also give each half a dram —
of sulphate of iron in a little gruel in the morn-
ing, and from half to an ounce of spirits of turpen-
tine in a little oil in the evening; feed on good
food. All the bedding and other materials on
which there is any chance of the discharge getting
should be destroyed, as it may contain some of the
larvae, and if it should be eaten by other animals
there is a possibility of their getting the disease
in this way.

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 367

CHAPTER XXVIII.

DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

Gonorrhea (Inflammation of the Urethra).—
This is not a common disease in the domestic ani-
mals and can usually be traced to contagion, also
from the female animal having a chronic dis-
charge from the vagina, caused by weakness of
the mucous membrane of it.

Symptoms: A desire to urinate often, a dis-
charge of a thin, bluish white matter from the
urethra or the vagina, sometimes swelling of the
parts, and ulcers on penis, with an oozing of a
very foul-smelling matter from the ulcers.

Treatment: Wash the parts well with warm
water and soap, then apply a little of the follow-
ing: Acetate of lead half an ounce, sulphate of
zine half an ounce, carbolic acid half an ounce,
water one quart; usea little of this to the external
surface three times a day and inject a little of the
following twice daily: Nitrate of silver ten grains,
distilled water two ounces. A glass syringe
should be used for this lotion. This should be con-
tinued until the discharge stops. If the ulcers
do not heal in a few days touch them with nitrate
of silver in pencil form once a day for a few days,
then use the above lotion. Give one ounce fluid
extract buchu and two ounces sweet spirits of

368 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

nitre at a dose in half a pint of cold water twice a
day fora few days. Ifthe animal is in poor condi-
tion mix and divide into twenty-four doses sul-
phate of iron four ounces, nitrate of potassium
four ounces, nux vomica two ounces. Give one
night and morning in a bran mash.

Phymosis.—This is a morbid condition of the
Sheath. Phymosis is usually the result of an in-
jury to the sheath or its vicinity. It is also caused
by an animal standing in the stable without exer-
cise, and overfed, or it may be the result of starva-
tion. It is also caused by an increased supply of
the sebaceous secretions, furnishing material _
dust and other dirt to accumulate on.

Symptoms: Swelling of the sheath to such an
extent as to cause it to almost close its opening.

Treatment: Bathe the part with hot water for
half an hour three times a day and use acetate of
lead half an ounce, tincture of arnica two ounces,
water one quart; shake up well and apply a little
after each bathing. Suspend the sheath by put-
ting a broad piece of cloth around the loins and
under the sheath. This will relieve it very much.
If it is left hanging pendulous it will retard the
cure. If it is caused by the animal standing in the
stable without exercise, or if very fat, give aloes
one ounce, ginger half an ounce, carbonate of soda
half an ounce, dissolve in half a pint of boiling
water, add half a pint of cold water, and give at
one dose. Follow this by giving half-ounce doses
of nitrate of potassium. If the animal is thin use
sulphate of iron four ounces, nitrate of potassium

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 369

four ounces, nux vomica two ounces, divide into
twenty-four doses and give twice a day in bran
mash.

Paraphymosis.—This is a condition in which the
penis is swollen and cannot be contracted or with-
drawn within the sheath. It is caused by the part
being injured, or from weakness associated with
debility of the animal, and sometimes from
paralysis.

Symptoms: A portion or the whole of the penis
hangs out of the sheath, swollen sometimes to a
great size, and of a reddish brown color; and if
acute inflammation is present it will be extremely
painful; at times it is cold and not painful. If it 7
is not properly treated it may become gangrenous.
Sometimes there is a condition in old horses in
which it hangs out pendulous and does not swell.
In this case there is no cure, but it ought to be
amputated.

Treatment: The first thing to do is to suspend
it by putting a wide bandage around under it
and fastened over the loins. If it is hot and ten-
der keep it constantly wet with a lotion of ace-
tate of lead half an ounce, tincture of opium two
ounces, water one quart. If it is cold and has
blisters on it scarify it and foment with hot water
for half an hour three times a day, then rub on
a little of the following: Tincture of opium one
ounce, fluid extract of belladonna one ounce, water
one pint, after each bathing. If the animal is in
good condition give the horse one ounce aloes,
the bull one and a half pounds of Epsom salts;

370 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

also give half-ounce doses of nitrate of potassium
three times a day in bran mash. If the animal is
weak give sulphate of iron four ounces, nitrate of
potassium four ounces, nux vomica two ounces;
mix and divide into twenty-four doses, one to be
given night and morning in bran mash. Repeat
this quantity if necessary. If these remedies fail.
after two weeks’ treatment it will be necessary
to amputateit. This is best done by the ecraseur,
as it will prevent bleeding; after it is removed
treat as for a common wound.

Ulcers and Fungous Growths.—Occasionally
open ulcers will be found on the penis which will
not heal by the ordinary treatment. The ulcerated
parts should be touched with nitrate of silver once
a day for a few days, then apply a little of the fol-
lowing to the parts twice a day: Oxide of zinc one
ounce, glycerine two ounces, mix.

Fungous Growths. These are very foul-smell-
ing tumors which are sometimes seen on the penis
and are troublesome to treat. If there is a neck
to the tumor tie a small piece of cord tight around
it, or if it is large it is best to remove it by the
ecraseur. After its removal apply a little ter-
chloride of antimony to the part every second day
for a week to destroy the roots, then use a little
of the above medicine to heal it. In cases where
the fungous is growing all around the penis it
will be better to amputate it above the fungus with
the ecraseur and treat it as before mentioned.
Fungous growths around the margin or in the
vagina are to be treated in the same way.

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 371

Orchitis (Inflammation of the Testicle).—This
disease is caused by injuries to the part, such as
blows, bites from other horses, wounds penetrat-
ing the testicle. It is also caused by feeding too
much stimulating food in hot weather or medi-
cines that. stimulate the generative system, such
as cantharides, rue, tansy, dameana.

Symptoms: Swelling of the part, which is hot
and tender to the touch, the swelling often extend-
ing down the legs. The animal suffers pain
when made to move. This disease can be easily
distinguished from hydrocele (water in the pouch)
by the swelling being hard and hot and very ten-
der, while in hydrocele it is soft and will fluctuate
under the fingers. /

Treatment: Give the horse aloes one ounce,
the bull one and a half pounds Epsom salts. Fol-
low this by giving half an ounce nitrate of potas-
sium three times a day in bran mash. Ifthe appe-
tite is good put it in its food. Bathe the part three
or four times daily with hot water, and after each
bathing use a little of the following: Acetate of
lead half an ounce, tincture of arnica two ounces,
water one quart. If matter should form, which
can be known by the part becoming soft, and pit-
ting with the finger, then open it with the knife,
Squeeze out all the matter and wash it out with
_ water, then inject a little of the following: Perox-
ide of hydrogen one ounce, water four ounces. Do
this twice a day to healit. If it will not heal it will
be necessary to castrate the animal, If it should
remain swollen and hard after the inflammation

372 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

is relieved use iodine two drams, vaseline two.
ounces; mix and apply a little twice a week, and
give one dram of iodide of potassium in a bran
mash twice a day for a month if necessary.

Hydrocele (Water in the Scrotum).—This de-
rangement is sometimes the result of inflamma-
tion of the scrotum or by the walls of the scrotum
being bruised.

Symptoms: The scrotum is swollen and will
fluctuate under the fingers, and the testicles can
be felt floating in the water.

Treatment: If it is not interfering with the ani-
mal’s health and not increasing in size it will be
better left alone. Astringent medicines may be
tried, such as tannic acid, twenty grains to the
ounce of water. The proper treatment is to draw
off the fluid with a hypodermic syringe, the noz-
zle of which is passed through a solution of car-
bolic acid. But this should be done only by a
veterinarian.

Leucorrhoea (Whites).—This derangement is
caused from a chronic inflammation of the lining
membrane of the vagina, producing an exudation
of a white glutinous substance from it. The dis-
charge varies in amount, also in its consistency; at
times it will be thin and of a bluish white color,
and at others thick and white. If there are ulcer-
ations of the membrane the discharge may be
mixed with blood. In some animals there is a con-
stant excitement and the animal loses flesh.

Causes: Contagion, debility and old age, and
having a scrofulous tendency.

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 373

Treatment: Clean out the part with injections
of warm water, then inject a little of the following:
Sulphate of zinc half an ounce, carbolic acid half
an ounce, water one quart. The part should be
cleaned once daily. If there are ulcers they should
be touched with nitrate of silver every second day
until healthy. Sometimes if it is not improving
change the lotion to peroxide of hydrogen two
ounces, water four ounces. Inject at once. Repeat
every day. Give the animal two drams of sulphate
of iron and half a dram of nux vomica in a bran
mash twice a day for two or three weeks.

Chronic Enlargement of the Testicles.—This oc-
curs sometimes in stallions that are overfed and
have not sufficient exercise. It is supposed to be
caused by a chill or from being bruised, but not
severely enough to cause inflammation. The
erowth is usually slow, but by degrees they be-
come very large, and usually their function is not
interfered with.

Treatment: Ifthe animal is fat give it a dose of
aloes. Follow this with dram doses of iodide of
potassium twice a day in bran mash, and continue
it for two weeks, then skip a week and give again,
and so on for several months. Mix ichthyol one
part, vaseline two parts; rub a little of this twice
a week on the testicles, and continue it for several
months. This plan of treatment if properly car-
ried out is usually successful.

374 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

CASTRATION.

The best time for the operation is when the colt
is one year old, in the calf when it is one month
old. The latter part of April or the month of May
is the best time of the year, when it is neither too
hot nor too cold. Colts that are thin and low in
the neck ought not to be operated upon until they
are two years old.

Rules to guide the operator: First. Examine
the scrotum to see if there is a rupture, or if the
testicles have come down. If not it will be wise
to wait for a few months longer. Second. Never .
operate ona thin oran unhealthy colt. Third. Do
not operate during cold, wet weather. Fourth.
An animal that is confined in badly ventilated
stables should not be operated upon. Fifth. Ifa
colt is thin it should have two or three quarts of
good oats a day for a few weeks before being oper-
ated upon. Sixth. The hands and instruments
should be clean. Seventh. When an older animal
is to be operated upon it should be exercised or
worked moderately for some time before the oper-
ation, or if very fat should have a dose of physic
a week before, and allowed a regular allowance
of oats, as it does not do to starve an animal be-
fore the operation.

There are several methods of performing the
operation, but those used at present are either the
clamp or the ecraseur. My experience is that the
clamp is the safest and best, as there are fewer bad
results after it than the ecraseur. The kind of

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 375

wood is not of much importance as long as it is
erooved and strong enough not to bend. A caustic
is usually placed in the groove. I use bichloride of
mercury one part, and flour six parts, made into
a paste with water. It is best to prepare it when
you are going to use it. The clamp should be put
well down on the cord and tied tight at both ends.
Some have the idea that it gives the animal more
courage to leave the cords long, what they call
“Proud.” This is a mistake, as when the clamp
is taken off the end of the cord may hang out and
become diseased. The clamps should be left on
for twenty-four hours, and when taken off the
cord should be pushed up into the cavity. When
rupture is present the outer skin only should be
cut and pushed back, the testicle drawn up, the
bowel pressed in, and a clamp put on, without any
caustic on it, and left on until it sloughs off. An-
other method is to push the bowel in and put only
one clamp over skin and all, and let it remain on
until it sloughs off. I think this is the best way. If
a clamp should come off and bleeding take place
it will be necessary to cast the colt, find the cord,
and put on the clamp again. If the bleeding is
not very great it is best to keep the animal quiet
for a while and it may stop of its own accord. I
have seen several cases in which it stopped with-
out interference. If the cord cannot be found and
the bleeding is very copious stop it by taking some
eotton batting and wetting it with tincture of
chloride of iron or carbolic acid one part, oil or
elycerine two parts, and pushing this into the

376 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

pouch and sewing it up. I usually let it remain in
for twenty-four hours, then remove it carefully
and there is no more trouble.

Swelling of the Parts—Sometimes swelling
occurs after the operation. It may be severe or
only slight, and this can, in the majority of cases,
be prevented by giving the animal exercise or
turning it out to pasture. It is usually caused by
the cuts closing too soon, preventing the escape
of blood and serum that will accumulate if the
openings close too soon. This is one of the ad-
vantages of using the clamp, as it keeps the cut
from closing, as the end of the cord is through it .
for twenty-four hours, and when the clamp is
taken off and the end of the cord pushed up this
opens any part of it that might have closed. The
swelling may be caused from using dirty instru-
ments. When the swelling is great the parts
should be bathed for half an hour several times
a day and a lotion made of acetate of lead half an
ounce, tincture of opium two ounces, water one
quart, applied after each bathing. Open the cuts
with the fingers and wash out with warm water
and carbolic acid, a teaspoonful to the quart of
water. Sometimes it is necessary to suspend it
when it is much swollen. Give the yearling colt
one dram of nitrate of potassium in a mash three
times a day. Give a two-year-old two drams, and
a horse four drams. This treatment will usually
relieve the swelling. |

Champignon, Scirrhus of the Cord, or Sarcocele.
—This trouble usually arises from the operation

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 377

by the caustic clamp, either from the clamp not
being far enough down on the cord, or from allow-
ing the clamp to remain on too long, and when it
is removed, neglecting to separate the adhesions
that have formed between the lips of the wound
and the cord; also from paralysis of the cord.
When the clamp is taken off see that the cord is
pushed up, and if it should hang no time should
be lost before it is removed, as when it is exposed
to the air it swells and soon becomes hard. The
animal should be cast, the cord separated from
the lips of the wound and drawn down a little and
a fresh clamp put on it as far down as possible,
then remove that which is external to the clamp,
let the clamp stop on for twenty-four hours, then
remove it, pushing up the end of the cord; or it
may be removed by the ecraseur. I have removed
a portion of the cord that had grown until it was
as large as a child’s head. The animal did well
after its removal. .

Chronic Suppuration, or Fistula of the Scrotum.
—This is caused by the cord becoming diseased
and hard, keeping up an unhealthy action in the
scrotum and the formation of a foul-smelling mat-
ter. Very often the wound may wholly or par-
tially close, but the matter accumulates within,
the scrotum swells, and the old wound opens and
discharges copiously for a time, and so on until it
is cured, which is best done by casting the animal,
opening the scrotum, removing the diseased por-
tion of the cord, and destroying any other un-

—

378 DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.

healthy tissue in the scrotum by terchloride of an-
timony; usually one application is enough.

Peritonitis (Inflammation of the Peritoneum.—
This is one of the results of castration, and usu-
ally ends in death, and is caused by the animal
being exposed to cold rains after the operation,
although I have seen cases of it when the weather
has been hot, when an animal is too fat or too
thin. Dividing the cord too high up is said to
have a tendency to cause it. It is also caused by
injuries to the abdominal walls, and may take
place from being injured in casting, and from ex-
posure to cold when heated, even when no opera- »
tion has been performed.

Symptoms: The animal appears dull and stiff,
does not want to move, and if it feels pain it is too
sick and depressed to move, the muscles of the
belly are tucked up, and the skin is tight, and if
pressed on with the hand the animal will evince
pain, the breathing is hurried, the pulse quick and
hard, and the animal refuses food and water. In
some cases it will lie down and roll as in inflam-
mation of the bowels, the legs and ears become
cold and the muscles of the face are contracted,
which shows that the poor animal is suffering in-
tense agony. Sometimes it becomes delirious or
comatosed and dies paralyzed. This form of in-
flammation resembles erysipelas, and spreads fast
over the membrane of the bowels and the lining
of the abdominal muscles, taking on a low form
of fever, usually ending in death.

DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 379

Treatment: Give powdered opium in two-dram
doses every two hours, until three doses are taken,
then every four hours. If the animal is in full
flesh and the pulse very hard add fifteen to twenty
drops of tincture of aconite, and give it in a pint
of oatmeal gruel. The continued application of
hot water to the abdomen is useful. If the animal
is very restless use mustard made up with hot
water instead of the hot water. If the pulse is
weak and small and the legs and ears cold give
stimulants, such as spirits of nitrous ether two
ounces, aromatic spirits of ammonia one ounce,
administered in a pint of cold water and repeated
every second hour. If the animal should recover
it should be fed on boiled linseed and bran mashes
for a few days. Give what water it will take
cold.

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