mnerate WaMQfynent Se*v\cc
Jan M5
Distribution and Abundance Trends
of 22 Selected Species in the
Middle Atlantic Bight from
Bottom Trawl Surveys
During 1967- 1979
APPENDIX: Annual Cycle of Gonad-Somatic Indices as Indicators of
Spawning Times for Fifteen Species of Fish Collected
from the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975
DOCUMENT
LIBRARY
Woods Hole Oceanograpliic
Institution
Final Report to the U.S. Mineral Management Service
(Contract No. AA 550-1 A7-35)
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Marine Fisheries Service
Northeast Fisheries Center
Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
January 1985
Oi
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DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE TRENDS OF 22 SELECTED SPECIES
IN THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT FROM BOTTOM TRAWL SURVEYS
DURING 1967-1979
11 2
Thomas R. Azarovitz , Charles J. Byrne , Elizabeth S. Pritchard ,
Linda I. Despres-Patanjo , Harold A. Foster
Nat. Mar. Fish. Serv., Woods Hole Lab., Woods Hols, MA 02543
'Virginia Marine Resources Commission, ?. 0. Box 756, Newport News, VA 23807
APPENDIX: Annual Cycle of Gonad- Somatic Indices as
Indicators of Spawning Times for Fifteen
Species of Fish Collected from the New
York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975
Stuart J. Wilk
Nat. Mar. Fish. Serv., Sandy Hook Lab., P.J. Box 423, Highlands, NJ '"32
DOCUMENT
LIBRARY
Woods Hole Ocaanographic
Institution
Final Report to the U. S. Mineral Management Service
(Contract No. AA 550-1A7-35)
U. S. Department of Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Marine Fisheries Service
Northeast Fisheries Center
Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02S43
January 1985
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
Page
vii
... 1
... 2
Data col lections 2
Data summaries and limitations 7
RESULTS 19
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
SECTION 5
SECTION fa
SECTION 7
SECTION 8
SECTION 9
SECTION 10
SECTION 11
SECTION 12
SECTION 13
SECTION 14
SECTION 15
SECTION 16
SECTION 17
SECTION 18
Smooth dogfish {Mustelus aanis) 20
Spi ny dogf i Sh ( Squalus acanthias) 45
Little skate {Raja er-inaaea) 67
Atlantic herring {Clupea harengus harengus) 38
Silver hake {Merlucaius bilinear-is) 110
Red hake ( Urophyeis dhuss) 135
Summer f 1 ounder ( Paralichthys dentatus) 158
Fourspot flounder {Pa.rdliah.thys oklongus) 135
Wi ndowpane ( Saophthalmus aquosus) -06
Atlantic mackerel {Scomber saombrus) . .229
Butterf i sh ( Peprilus triacanthus) .252
Bluefish {Pomatomus saltatrix) .276
Atlantic croaker {Mioropogonias undulatus) .298
Black sea bass ( Centropristis striata) .517
Scup ( Stenotomus ahrysops) .541
Weakfish ( Cynoscion regalis) 565
Ti 1 ef i sh ( Lopholatilus ahamaeleonticeps) 588
American lobster {Homarus ameriaanus) 402
in
Page
SECTION 19
SECTION 20
SECTION 21
SECTION 22
REFERENCES
Red Crab ( Gevyon qwtnauedens) "'■-0
Sea scallop {Plaaovectsn magellanious) *oo
Shortfin squid {Illez illeoebvosus) ....45-
Longfin squid {Loligo pealei) 4~4
552
APPENDIX: Annual cycle of gonad-somatic indices
as indicators of spawning times for
fifteen species of fish collected from
the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975,
49:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Distribution plots taken from spring and fall cruise data show tnat many
of the more important finfish species found in the Mid-Atlantic 8ight from
Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras are not endemic out are seasonal migrants. Because
of the absence of a discrete endemic fish fauna zoogeographers have been
hesitant to recognize the Mid-Atlantic Bight as a separate faunal province
(Hazel 1970, Briggs 1974). However, several species whose distributions have
been summarized in this report do have their centers of abundance in the Bight
(e.g., summer flounder, windowpane, fourspot flounder, scup). Most
individuals in these populations do not leave the Mid-Atlantic Bight, but
migrate seasonally and concentrate in narrow bands along the margins of the
area. For example, summer flounder concentrate in the inshore areas in
summer, but miyrate offshore and concentrate on the outer-shelf in the
winter. Many of the other species (e.g., bluefish, Atlantic herring, Atlantic
mackerel) undergo such extensive seasonal movements that they virtually
disappear from the studied area during our spring and autumn cruises.
One reason for these dramatic migratory patterns of Mid-Atlantic finfish
as well as the squids and lobsters is the seasonal change in water
temperature. In the inshore waters of the New York Bight apex, surface
temperatures range from a maximum of 26°C in summer to a minimum of 1°C in
winter. Bottom temperatures in the same inshore areas range from 21°C in
summer to less than 1°C in winter (Bowman and Wunderlich 1977). This range of
bottom temperature maxima and minima diminishes in a seaward direction to
about 7°C (winter) and 13°C (summer) near the edge of the shelf. These large
fluctuations in temperature undoubtedly play a significant role in the
developed migratory patterns of many of the species discussed. With warming
VII
temperatures in the spring there is a movement into the Mid-Atlantic from the
south by some of the warm temperate species (e.g., bluefish, Atlantic croaker)
and conversely, the cold temperate species (e.g., Atlantic mackerel, spiny
dogfish, Atlantic herring) migrate out of the region to the north. With
cooling temperatures in the autumn, the warm water species move south and
offshore while the cold water species from the north return south into the
region.
The Bight is considered a transition zone and serves as a migratory path
for many species, but this does not diminish the biological or economic
importance of the area. The area also serves as a spawning ground for many
important species (Berrien 1982) and during their period of residency many of
the fishes are harvested extensively by commercial and recreational fishermen.
The fishes of the Mid-Atlantic shelf are part of an extremely complex
ecosystem. The natural complexities are further compounded by human impacts
as the area is exploited for its resources and as a depository for wastes.
Many aspects of the Mid-Atlantic fisheries and other resources are discussed
or reviewed in Gross (1976), McHugh and Ginter (1978), and Grosslein and
Azarovitz (1982). In order to quantitatively assess the effects of mineral
exploration and recovery on the finfish or shellfish populations, more
knowledge of this complex ecosystem is needed. It is evident that during any
given season important finfish and shellfish species travel over or reside in
virtually all areas of the shelf. It is also apparent that any major event,
whether natural or man-induced, can affect the quantity or quality of these
living resources.
vm
INTRODUCTION
This report is the last in a series of documents provided to the Bureau
of Land Management (BLM) summarizing the historic trawl survey catch data for
the Mid-Atlantic shelf filed at the Northeast Fisheries Center (NEFC), Woods
Hole Laboratory. Earlier submissions to the BLM consisted of detailed
computer printouts of the trawl data base including catch records and
environmental information.
The purpose of this report is to provide the reader with an understanding
of the seasonal distributions of some important finfish and shellfish species
found in the Mid-Atlantic Bight area. This report does not assess or predict
the potential impact or effects of mineral resource exploitation on these
populations. Spring and autumn catch records for 22 selected species (Table
1) are summarized and presented in coastal map plots and graphs. Cumulative
distribution plots and graphs show the mean weight and number per tow, length
frequencies by six geographical areas, and percentage occurrence of young-of-
the-year by stratum. The report includes all cruises from the autumn of 1967
through the autumn of 1979 (Table 2).
Attached as an appendix is a report summarizing gonad-somatic indices
from a special monthly study in the New York Bight.
METHODS
Data Col lections
From 1963 to 1967, standard autumn NEFC bottom trawl surveys were
conducted covering the Atlantic continental shelf from western Nova Scotia to
just north of Hudson Canyon in depths of 28-365 meters (15-200 fathoms). In
1967 the range of the survey was expanded southward to Cape Hatteras, North
Carolina. In 1968 a time series of spring surveys in the Middle Atlantic area
was initiated and in autumn of 1972 the surveys were expanded inshore to
include waters from the coastline out to the 28 m contour. The first inshore
survey covered from Montauk Point, New York, to Charleston, South Carolina.
Semiannual inshore surveys have been conducted in conjunction with the
offshore surveys between Cape Hatteras and Cape Cod since 1972.
One objective of our survey effort was to obtain a statistically valid
population sample that would provide reliable estimates of sampling error
variance. A strati fied-random sampling design was chosen for the surveys to
provide a fairly uniform distribution of stations throughout all the possible
ecological zones within the survey area.
Depth was used as the primary boundary criterion because of its known
relationship to finfish distribution. Figures 1 and 2 depict inshore and
offshore strata from Cape Hatteras to Cape Cod used in this study. The entire
study area from Cape Hatteras to Cape Cod was stratified with the major
stratum boundaries determined by seven depth limits: <9, 9-19, 20-28, 29-55,
56-110, 111-185, and 186-365 m.
Stations were selected randomly within each sampling stratum. Larger
strata were divided into areas equivalent to 5 minutes (') latitude by 10'
longitude. Each of these rectangles is considered a homogenous sampling unit
(this means only one trawl haul was necessary to characterize that unit).
These units were further subdivided into 10 units, 2 V2 ' of latitude by 2' of
longitude, and each of these smaller units in a stratum were numbered
consecutively. Random numbers were generated and the stations were
selected. Only one station in each of the 5' x 1U' squares was selected since
each of these sequences was homogeneous. This selection method also insures
both the dispersion of stations and that every possible trawling site within a
stratum had an equal chance of being selected. The smaller, narrower, inshore
and offshore strata could not be divided into the 5' x 10' rectangles; in this
case, the smaller 2 V2 by 2' rectangles were used.
The number of stations occupied within a stratum is roughly proportional
to its area. Certain strata were allocated extra stations. Examples of this
would be priority areas like Georges Bank and coastal locales affected by
human activity or environmental extremes. Some of the very small inshore and
offshore strata also were sampled disproportionately because of the requisite
presence of at least two stations to permit variance computation.
About d-UU-450 stations were conducted in a complete survey between Cape
Hatteras and Nova Scotia with approximately 190 between Cape Hatteras and Cape
Cod. This survey design gives about one station for every 200 sq. nautical
miles.
Substantial efforts were made to conduct the surveys at approximately the
same time each year. Usually southern areas were completed first, then the
ship worked northerly and easterly completing the Mid-Atlantic, southern New
England, Georges Bank, and the Gulf of Maine areas in that order. An example
of a cruise tracK for a complete groundfish survey in the Middle Atlantic
Bignt is attached (Figure 3).
During the study period three different sized trawls were used to collect
the samples. Table 2 identifies the vessel and trawl size used during eacn
cruise. A #36 Yankee otter trawl was used on spring and fall offshore surveys
througn 1972, and all subsequent fall surveys. Initially, the #36 trawl was
adequate to provide spring abundance indices needed for most commercially
important species. However, in the late-1960's and early-1970's the abundance
of fish dropped, so a larger trawl was needed for adequate sampling. A
modified, two seam, high opening #41 Yankee otter trawl was used on spring
surveys from 1973 through 1981. During inshore surveys conducted from the
fal-1 of 1972 through the spring of 1975, a 3/4 size #36 trawl rigged with a
chain sweep and ground cables was used. The smaller, 3/4 size #36 Yankee
otter trawl was used during these early inshore surveys because the vessel
used (R/V ATLANTIC TWIN) could not handle the larger, heavier trawls. Basic
performance characteristics and trawl specifications for these three trawls
are presented in Table 3. All the trawls were lined with 1.25 cm stretched
mesh knotless webbing in the cod end and upper belly to retain small fish that
would otherwise escape through the large mesh.
All trawls and otter doors used during the study period had been tested
and measured during special gear mensuration cruises. During these cruises
each trawl was towed in several directions relative to the surface current, at
several different speeds, and at different ratios of wire out relative to
depth (scope). During these tows the opening of each trawl was monitored
acoustically with trawl -mounted transducers. Each trawl and set of doors had
to perform within certain specifications before it was used on a survey.
Most of the surveys conducted since 1963 used the b7 m research vessel
ALBATROSS IV, but recently the survey work has been shared by the 47 m R/V
DELAWARE II; both are stern trawlers. The chartered R/V ATLANTIC TWIN was
used during five inshore surveys. This 27 m vessel was also rigged as a stern
trawler. The data obtained with the two large vessels are considered to be
interchangeable.
After arriving on a pre-selected station, a temperature profile was
obtained using an expendable bathythermograph system. A surface bucket
temperature was taken, and a surface water sample was collected for subsequent
salinity measurement. In inshore areas some bottom salinity samples were
collected along with samples for dissolved oxygen determinations. Weather,
sea state, and position observations were recorded.
A standard trawl haul began when the predetermined amount of wire was let
out and the winch drums were locked. The haulback process began 30 minutes
later. The scope of the towing wire varied from 5:1 in the shallow nearshore
areas, to 2.5:1 in depths greater than 185 m. The trawl was towed at a speed
of 3.5 knots relative to the bottom. The tow direction was generally toward
the next station, but this was not always the case, especially in very rough
water or in areas where the bottom was steeply graded (under the latter
conditions a depth contour was followed). A fathometer trace was also
recorded during each tow.
The catch was dumped onto the checker table and sorted by species. All
the fish and invertebrates were then weighed to the nearest 0.1 kilogram, and
measured to the nearest centimeter (total length to the end of the center
caudal fin ray). Large catches were sub-sampled by weight or volume for
reasons of practicality and later expanded to the entire catch. After
weighing and measuring had been completed, biological samples were taken
including scales, otoliths, or other hard parts for age and growth studies;
and stomachs were taken for food habit studies. Tissue samples were taKen for
pathology or contaminant studies. Gonadal conditions were noted and ovaries
removed for fecundity studies of selected species.
The initial aspects of data processing deal with the completed trawl
log. After the log was coded for machine processing, all information was
scanned for errors of omission, inconsistencies, or mistakes in calculations.
Machine processing involves the production of five data record types to
facilitate subsequent computer analysis and auditing for gross errors. There
are five different data record types: type one contains the number and weight
of a particular species taken at a particular station; type two contains the
corresponding length frequency data for the previous catch data record; type
three contains age-length data by species which are entered into the system
after age and growth samples were processed at the laboratory; type four is a
summation of the total weight and number for all species combined at a station
(produced by the computer by summing the type one records for a station); and
type five contains detailed station data. The result is that for each species
at each station, there will be a type one and a type two record in the data
set. There will be only one type four and type five record for each station,
and there will only be type three records if age and growth samples were
taken. Record types one, two, and five were used in the production of this
report.
Auditing basically consisted of cross-checking common values between
record types; the totals for each species on both type one and type two
records; and the observed weight and number for specified species, with the
predicted weight and number after a length-weight equation has been applied.
In addition, omission errors and gross latitude and longitude errors can be
detected.
After audits were completed ana errors corrected, the data were then
stored on magnetic tape for later use.
Data Summaries and Limitations
Spring and fall distribution plots and percentage young-of-the-year plots
display data for the entire geographical area. The graphs displaying catch
data (weight and number per tow) and the histograms displaying length
frequency data are also on a spring and fall basis, but the geographical area
considered in this report was divided into six sub-areas, based on depth and
latitude. This method was used to highlight any depth or north-south
distributional differences that may occur with each of the studied species.
Three offshore areas, and three corresponding inshore areas (separated by the
28 m contour) were established: Strata Set 1 (New York Bight Inshore)
consists of inshore strata 1-23, 45 and 46; Strata Set 2 (Delaware-Chesapeake
Inshore) consists of inshore strata 24-38; Strata Set 3 (North Carolina
Inshore) consists of inshore strata 39-44 (Figure 1); Strata Set 4 (New York
Bight Offshore) consists of offshore strata 1-8 and 73-76; Strata Set b
(Delaware-Chesapeake Offshore) consists of offshore strata 65-72; Strata Set 6
(North Carolina Offshore) consists of offshore strata 61-64 (Figure 2).
All compilations and calculations for this report were done with the aid
of a Xerox Sigma-7 computer using a Honeywell CP-V operating system. The
software used were Northeast Fisheries Center in-house programs. The
coastline plots were generated using the following programs: MAPRET, PREMAP,
LINKSURV5, and FISHMAP. The SUR 1 package, with its subroutines, was used to
analyze catch data. Subroutine LSTS produced station listings, subroutine
LSTB was used to process the catch data (number and weight per tow), and
subroutine LSTL was used to process length frequency data. Results of the
analyses were plotted on histograms and XY graphs using the program GRAPH.
Program documentation is on file with the Automated Data Processing Unit of
the Northeast Fisheries Center.
The following paragraphs discuss limitations of the data used in this
report and of the graphs presented in the species sections.
Because of the relatively short towing time (0.5 hour), the catches
during bottom trawl surveys were low when compared to the catches of
commercial vessels. Also, the randomly selected stations did not necessarily
fall within areas of high population densities, whereas commercial vessels
tend to concentrate in more productive areas.
The survey catches, however, are comparable from one year to the next
when compared on a stratum or strata set basis. When making comparisons or
interpreting data, parameters such as the dates of the survey, the trawl used,
and the vessel used should be considered. Different trawls were used during
spring and autumn surveys. The data from these two time series are not
directly comparable without applying fishing power coefficients for the
different sizes of the trawls. To date, these coefficients have been worked
out for only a few species. No coefficients have been employed in this study,
so care should be exercised when making comparisons, particularly since three
different trawls have been used during the study period. The primary value of
these data is in examining seasonal distribution as deduced from spring and
fall cruises and trends over each time series. When the data are used in this
manner, abundance changes or trends can be evaluated effectively.
For two of the figurative reporting formats (length-frequency histogram
and the coastline figures depicting young-of-the-year distribution) percent is
used in place of absolute or stratified values. This method was used to
facilitate computer processing, and to put the voluminous data base in
perspective. However, when interpreting the results it should be taken into
account that percentages can mask the actual number of animals
represented. Also, unusually larye catches tend to bias presentations based
upon pooled data.
Although substantial efforts were made to conduct each survey at
approximately the same time each year, differences affecting distribution did
occur. These were due to: (1) unavoidable differences in calendar
scheduling; (2) differences in climatic conditions; (3) the size of the
stocKs; and (4) the availability of food items. Since the data have been
pooled, annual differences in distribution cannot be discerned from the
graphics presented in this report. Also, for the same reason, anomalous
distributional patterns may appear as normal when all years are plotted
together. For these reasons interpretation of the distribution plots is
important and has been done for each species. In some cases two spring
distribution plots have been included—one with the entire series from 1968 to
1979 (Figure 4) and another with data from 1976 to 1979 (Figure 5). Several
spring cruises prior to 1976 were conducted as much as four to six weeks later
than the normal spring survey period. For some species this difference
occurred during a critical period of their migration and the plots from the
longer series reflected what appeared to be an anomalous distribution caused
by this temporal bias. By deleting data prior to 1976 the temporal bias was
eliminated and resulting plots can be considered a truer representation of
spring distribution. Figure 6 is a plot of all trawl stations made during the
autumn series 1967-79.
The results of the LSTB and LSTL analyses have been weighted to take the
differing sizes of the strata into account. The area of each stratum (in
square nautical miles) was used as the weighting factor.
Table 1. A list of the 22 species selected for distributional summarizations
in the BLM Final Report on Historical Fisheries Data.
Common Name
Smooth dogfish
Spiny dogfish
Little skate
Atlantic herring
Silver hake
Red hake
Summer flounder
Fourspot flounder
Windowpane
Atlantic mackerel
Butterfish
Bluefish
Atlantic croaker
Black sea bass
Scup
Weakf ish
Tilefish
American lobster
Red crab
Sea scallop
Shortfin squid
Longfin squid
Scientific Name
Mustelus eanis
Squalus acanthias
Raja erinaoea
Clupea havengus havengus
Mevlueaius bilineavis
Uvophycis chuss
Pavaliahthys dentatus
Pavaliahthys oblongus
Saophthalmus aquosus
Scomber soombvus
Pepvilus tviaoanthus
Pomatomus saltatvix
Miavopogonias undulatus
Centvopvistis striata
Stenotomus ahvysops
Cynoseion vegalis
Loph.olati.lus ahamaeleonticevs
Homavus amevicanus
G&pyon quinquendens
Placopeaten Ta.gellani.aus
III ex illeaebvosus
Loligo pealei
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Canter when conducting a bottom trawl survey in the Middle
Atlantic Bight (Fall 1967 to date). Strata sets used in
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13
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Figure 2. Standard inshore strata used by the Northeast Fisheries Center
when conducting a bottom trawl survey in the Middle Atlantic
Bight (Fall 1972 to date). Strata sets used in this report
are separated with bold lines and identified with larger numbers
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Figure 4. Distribution of stations, spring 1968-1979,
16
Q O '■ -: C
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17
U C X
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Figure 6. Distribution of stations, autumn 1967-19~9.
18
RESULTS
The 22 summaries by species are in separate sections. Each section
consists of a brief life history summary, cumulative spring and autumn
distribution plots, graphs of spring and autumn mean weight and number per
tow, spring and autumn length frequencies by six geographical areas, and
spring and autumn percentage occurrence of young-of-the-year by stratum.
19
SECTION 1
Smooth Dogfish {Mustelus oanis)
Life History Summary
The smooth dogfish inhabits the coastal waters of the western Atlantic
from Cape Cod to Uruguay. In the Northwest Atlantic, it occurs most
abundantly from Cape Cod to North Carolina (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). The
smooth dogfish is a bottom-dwelling shark, usually taken in less than 18 m of
water, although it has been caught at depths of 165 m. The population
migrates north and south seasonally in response to changing bottom water
temperatures. In the summer, smooth dogfish are abundant in inshore waters
from Oel aware Bay to the southeastern end of Cape Cod, where they enter into
bays and estuaries and occasionally freshwater reaches of the coast. Smooth
dogfish have also been caught along the outer edge of the continental shelf
off New York and southern New England during the summer months. Beginning in
late October and November, smooth dogfish north of Chesapeake Bay withdraw
from their summering grounds and migrate southward. They spend the winter
insnore along the coast of North Carolina and on the offshore fishing banks
off southern Virginia. Although considerable numbers of smooth dogfish may be
found off the coast of North Carolina until July, most of the population has
returned to its northern summering grounds by May.
The smooth dogfish is not popular as a food fish in the U.S. and is not
utilized commercially or recreational ly. It is considered a nuisance species
because it feeds primarily on large valuable crustaceans such as lobsters and
crabs, as well as on other invertebrates and small fishes, and readily takes
20
the bait of sport fishermen seeking other species. However, due to its
abundance and anatomical distinctiveness, the smooth dogfish is commonly used
by biological supply houses for dissection and study (Hi ldebrand and Schroeder
1928).
The smooth dogfish is a viviparous shark and bears embryos which receive
nourishment from the mother by a yolk-sac placenta. Based on examinations of
smooth dogfish caught in the Woods Hole area, females reach sexual maturity by
the time they are 1.1m long and ovulate during the early part of July.
Presumably, mating also occurs at this time, when the sharks are found on
their summering grounds. The smooth dogfish has a gestation period of about
10 months, and young are therefore carried by the female during the fall
migration. Dogfish are typically born in litters of 15-16 "pups" (each fish
approximately 0.3 m in length) between May and mid-July, after the females
have returned northward (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953).
Bottom Trawl Survey Results
The cumulative distributions over the tii;;a series are shown for the
respective spring and autumn periods in Figures 1.1 and 1.2. The plots are an
excellent representation of what is known of smooth dogfish distribution and
movement. The spring plot (Figure 1.1) shows the shark occurring north of the
Virginia capes in waters less than 37 m. This inshore, northward distribution
would not be apparent if the timing of our spring cruises provided more
synoptic coverage (see "Methods"). In Figure 1.3, data have been plotted from
the last four spring surveys (1976-1979) only and thus produce an accurate
picture of spring distribution. The inshore concentrations determined from
surveys conducted during late April and May, remonstrate the rapidity of the
onshore and northward movement of smooth dogfii." in the spring (Figure 1.1).
21
The autumn plot (Figure 1.2) shows some offshore distribution to about the
mid-shelf, but the population is still mainly concentrated inshore.
The grapns of mean weight and number per tow (Figures 1.4-1.7) generally
reflect the importance of the inshore strata areas. The frequent occurrence
of large numbers of fish in strata set 6 is the result of a combination of
offshore overwintering and the first appearance of northerly-migrating smooth
dogfish from south of Cape Hatteras. The extraordinarily high numbers and
weights during 1974 in Figures 1.4 and 1.6 result from a few large tows.
Length frequencies from the strata sets, arranged by seasons, are shown
in Figures 1.8-1.18. These frequencies suggest that, with the exception of
young-of-the-year (YOY), all size ranges were represented in our survey
tows. A spring plot for strata set 4 was omitted because no fish were caught
in that area.
Figures 1.19 and 1.20 show the percentage occurrence by stratum of YOY.
The cutoff length was 32 cm for both the spring and fall series. Very few YOY
smooth dogfish were caught on NMFS surveys because they remain in very shallow
water until they reach 50 cm. Because of the very light catches, no patterns
are discernable in the YOY plots.
Since there is no directed fishery for smooth dogfish, and in fact
fishermen try to avoid areas inhabited by significant numbers, the species has
not oeen extensively studied. The smooth dogfish is a voracious bottom feeder
and the ecological impact in areas of high density must be considered
important .
22
NMFS/NEFC-W0QD3 MCLE LRB3RRT0R
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23
N M FS/ N EF : - WG :~J 0 3 H 0LE LR33R fiT C_F r
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24
il.5
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NMFS/NEFC-WaODS HOLE LfiBORHiORT
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SECTION 2
Spiny dogfish {Squalus acanthias)
Life History Summary
Spiny dogfish can be found on both sides of the North Atlantic, chiefly
in temperate and sub-arctic waters. They occur along our coast from southern
Labrador to North Carolina. In the summer they are primarily found north of
Cape Cod. They begin their southward migration in October and return north in
late spring. At the start of the migration period, the population is centered
north of Long Island, whereas by spring a significant part of the population
has migrated as far south as Cape Hatteras; however, a portion of the
population remains in the Gulf of Maine year round. In the Mid-Atlantic and
Mew England areas, spiny dogfish inhabit waters with bottom temperatures
ranging from 4° to 18°C while optimum temperatures are between 7.2° and 12.8°C
(Cohen 1982).
Spiny dogfish are not as popular in the United States as in Europe, where
they are considered an important food fish rather than a trash or nuisance
fish. They are incidentally caught by the recreational fishermen while
fishing for more desirable species, and the commercial fishermen may suffer
from heavy handline, longline, or net damaye when they encounter a large
school of "dogs" while fishing for groundfish (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953).
Recently, an export market to various European countries has been developed.
Male and female spiny dogfish start to mature at age 9. The females bear
4-6 live "pups" on their offshore wintering grounds after an 18-22 month
gestation operiod. Dogfish school by size until they reach sexual maturity;
43
then they school by sex (Cohen 1932).
Spiny doyfisn are well known for their voracious appetites, ana will eat
anything smaller than themselves, including fish, crabs, squids, worms and
ctenophores (3igelow and Schroeder 19b3). They have few natural enemies,
although large sharks occasionally prey on them (Cohen 1982).
The total biomass of dogfish in the New England area has been estimated
to range between 150, UOU and 225,000 metric tons (Cohen 1982). However, a
sustained and extensive fishery would quickly deplete the resource because the
spiny dogfish produces few young over a long period of time.
Bottom Trawl Survey Results
The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are
shown in Figures 2.1 and 2.2. These plots represent what is known of seasonal
spiny dogfish distribution in the Middle Atlantic Bight. The spring
distribution shows larger catches generally occurring offshore. The inshore
concentration indicated by Figure 2.1 is partially an artifact of the
different timing of the two spring cruises as discussed in the section on
methods. Figure 2.3 attempts to correct this artifact by deleting all cruises
prior to 1976, and is considered a more representative pattern of the spring
distribution, with the dogfish inshore south of Delaware Bay but not yet as
far north as coastal New Jersey or New York. The autumn distribution (Figure
2.2) indicates a southerly movement from northern summer grounds.
Graphs of mean weight and number per tow are shown in Figures 2.4-2.7.
In the spring, catches are consistently larger in the offshore strata sets
44
(Figures 2.4 and 2.6). In the autumn, catches are higher in the northern
inshore and offshore strata sets.
Length frequencies for six strata sets, arranged by season, are shown in
Figures 2.8-2.19. These data show that young spiny dogfish (<32 cm) rarely
occur in the inshore areas (Figures 2.8-2.10) as "pupping" (the term used when
sharks give birth) is exclusively an offshore event. During the autumn,
especially in the middle of the study area (Delaware-Chesapeake strata set),
the offshore catch is still almost exclusively young fish (Figure 2.18), with
only older larger fish inshore (Figure 2.15).
Figures 2.2U and 2.21 show the percentage occurrence by stratum of young-
0f_the-year (YOY), which were defined as fish under the 32 cm cutoff size.
YOY virtually never move inshore. During the autumn, some of the strata in
the mid- and southern areas again show a distinct distribution by size (Figure
2.21).
45
NMFS ' NEFC-WGQOS HOLE
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46
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47
NMFS/NEFC- WOODS HQL!
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48
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SECTION 3
Little Skate {Raja svinaoea)
Life History Summary
The little skate is distributed in the coastal waters and shoaler
offshore banks from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Virginia. Little skates are
similar in physical appearance to winter skates, and individuals under 35 cm
are often misidentified. Little skates are found from the tide line to 110 m
on sandy, pebbly, or mud bottoms (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). Seasonal
inshore to offshore migrations occur in response to temperature variations.
Little skates are of no recreational importance and are often part of the
trash fish landings, although recently "skate wings" (no species
identification) have been marketed commercially (Waring 1982).
Little skates spawn throughout the year, and as with all skates,
fertilization is internal. Their leathery rectangular egg cases, called
mermaids' purses, are laid on sandy bottoms. Often they will partially bury
the pouches to prevent them from drifting (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). After
six to nine months the young skates emerge. Sexual maturity is attained in
three to four years. The fact that little skates have no scales or otoliths
makes age determinations difficult (Waring 1982).
Food favored by little skates include crabs, shrimps, amphipods, annelid
worms, molluscs, and a variety of fish species (Leim and Scott 1966).
Population estimates are not available.
Bottom Trawl Survey Results
The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are
shown in Figures 3.1 and 3.2. These plots clearly indicate overwintering in
67
tne Mid-Atlantic and also northward movement during the summer months. In
Figure 3.3 spring cruises in the time series prior to 1976 have been deleted
(see "Methods") resulting in a changed distribution pattern.
The graphs of mean weight and number per tow (Figures 3.4-3.7) yield no
conclusive information.
Length frequencies arranged by season and strata set are shown in Figures
3.8-3.17. Since there were no little skates taken in strata set 3 (North
Carolina inshore), there are no length-frequency plots for this area. These
graphs indicate that there are no significant changes in distribution by
size. The little skate occurred more frequently in the central and northern
strata sets. ■
Figures 3.18 and 3.19 show the percentage occurrence by stratum of young-
of-the-year (YOY); the cutoff size was 16 cm for both seasons. The relative
occurrence of YOY was low during both seasons, perhaps due to the low sampling
efficiency of the roller rigged trawl for YOY and the possibility that YOY
remain in northern areas all year.
68
NMF5/NEFC-WO0D5 hGLE LfiSQRRTGRT
BOTTOM TRflWL SURVEY CPTCH CfiTfl
LI
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Figure 3.1. Spring distribution, 1968-1979,
69
NMFS/NEFC-WG003 HGLc. _h5!jF~ jF "
BOTTOM TRflWL 5 - IR ■■ E I CRTCH Dfl '-
little skate
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70
NMFS/NEFC-WQQDS HOLE LfiBQRRTGR '
BOTTOM ' r:z H L 3 Li R V E 1 C fi T C H D R T R
LI"LE 3KATS
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71
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SECTION 4
Atlantic herring [CI uvea havengus havengus]
Life History Summary
Atlantic herring (also called sea herring) are found on both sides of the
Atlantic Ocean. During summer in the western North Atlantic, they are found
as far north as northern Labrador and the west coast of Greenland and during
winter as far south as Cape Hatteras (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). There
appear to be three centers of abundance off the eastern United States coast:
off southern Nova Scotia, in the western Gulf of Maine, and on Georges Bank
(Sindermann 1979). Although these three stocks are thought to be separate,
there is evidence that there may be some mixing (Anthony 1982). From December
to April migrating herring may be found in the Middle Atlantic Bight as far
south as North Carolina. These fish apparently are the Georges Bank stock
with possible intermixing of some Gulf of Maine fish. During the spring, the
herring migrate north and east back to Georges Bank. This migration pattern
may have developed to coincide with localized peaks in zooplankton production
(Sherman et al. 1983). The Georges Bank stock remains in the Georges Bank-
Nantucket Shoals area until spawning is over in late September or early
October. During the winter, Gulf of Maine herring may come as far south as
southern New England and the Nova Scotian stock may migrate as far south as
Massachusetts Bay.
The recreational herring fishery is small and relatively unimportant;
however, there is a substantial commercial fishery for Atlantic herring. In
the Gulf of Maine both juveniles (sardines) and adult herring are taken,
whereas on Georges 3ank only adult nerring are caugnt. Recently, however,
88
there has been little commercial fishing for the Georges Bank stock because of
low numbers of fish. Historically, this was the area where the foreign fleets
obtained the bulk of their catches during the autumn. The National Marine
Fisheries Service and Federal Republic of Germany failed to locate any
concentrations of spawning herring during 1977 and 1978 autumn bottom trawl
and larval surveys on Georges Bank. This supports the hypothesis that the
abundance of herring on Georges Bank is depressed severely, relative to a few
years ago when a large fishery flourished. The spring 1979 research surveys
caught primarily 1975 year-class (age 4) and 1976 year-class (age 3) herring.
Since 1971, a significant proportion of Georges Bank herring have matured
at age 3. Prior to that date most herring did not mature until age 4 (Anthony
1982). This is apparently due to an increased growth rate in recent years.
The size of the spawning stock in 1979 will depend on the number of 1976 year-
class fish that mature at age 3. Spawning occurs in discrete areas near
Nantucket Shoals and along the northern and, to a lesser extent, southern
edges of Georges Bank. The eggs are demersal and adhere to gravel or flora on
the bottom. Hatching occurs in id to 15 days, depending on temperature
(Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). The larvae remain in the general hatching
vicinity through the winter months and metamorphose into juveniles during the
spring. Schools of juveniles have been observed to range from the coastal and
estuarine waters of southern Cape Cod to Georges Bank (including Georges
Shoals ).
Larval Atlantic herring feed on copepods, crustacean eggs, developing
Crustacea and nauplii, cirriped larvae and tintinnids. Adult herring, being
plankti vores, feed mainly on chaetognaths , euphausiids and pteropods (Anthony
1982). Atlantic herring are preyed upon by many commercially and
recreational ly important species Sucn as Atlantic cod, haddock, pollock,
39
silver hake, Atlantic mackerel, striped bass, Illex squid and occasionally fin
whales (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953).
Bottom Trawl Survey Results
The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are
shown in Figures 4.1 and 4.2. These plots clearly demonstrate the movements
of Atlantic herring in the Mid-Atlantic. Large numbers of herring moved south
and overwintered in the Mid-Atlantic after spawning in the fall. In Figure
4.3 the data from all cruises prior to 1976 has been deleted, presenting a
different picture from that in Figure 4.1. The distribution difference in
this case was not due so much to the timing of the earlier surveys, but to the
fact that population numbers are much higher during the earlier years,
resulting in a more widespread distribution. The autumn distribution plot
(Figure 4.2) shows small numbers of fish in extreme northern portions of the
study area.
The mean weight and number per tow summaries in Figures 4.4 through 4.7
show the increases in weight and numbers during the 1979 survey by fisn from
the 1976 year-class which may represent some possibilities for the recovery of
the population.
Length frequencies for strata sets, arranged by seasons, are shown in
Figures 4.8 through 4.16. No clear size distribution pattern is evident;
mixed sizes occur in most strata sets, especially during the spring. There
are no plots for inshore spring strata set 3, inshore autumn strata set 2, and
offshore autumn strata set 6 because no fish were caught in those areas.
90
Figures 4.17 and 4.18 show the percentage occurrence by stratum of young-
of-the-year (YOY); cut-off sizes were 9 cm for the spring series and 15 cm for
the fall series. These figures demonstrate that very few YOY herring were
caught in the Mid-Atlantic during our surveys, but substantial numbers were
caught in the spring in southern New England. The catches off Chesapeake Bay
in spring and autumn were not important because frequency of occurrence was
very low and only a few individuals were caught.
91
NMFS/NEFC-WOGDS HOLE LABORATORY
BOTTOM TRflWL SURVEY CRTCH QflTfi
ATLANTIC HERRING
ENSrGRu/i3hr5rCnE
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Figure 4.1. Spring distribution, 1968-1979,
92
70. =
NMFS/NErC-aOQOS HOLE LRBQRflTQRT
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fi T L R N TIC HERRI ''■• G
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Figure 4-. 2. Autumn distribution, 1967-1979,
93
NMFS/NEFC- WOODS J-_E _-5uFh^:j- '
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SECTION 5
Silver hake {Mer>lucoius bilinearis)
Life History Summary
Silver hake (also called whiting) are one of the most abundant demersal
species occurring between Cape Sable, Nova Scotia and South Carolina. Conover
et al . (1961) suggested that morphometric differences separated the population
into two stocks, but recently scientists have identified three stocks: Gulf
of Maine, Georges Bank and Southern New England-Mid-Atlantic (Anderson et al .
1980). Silver hake overwinter in the deep waters of the Gulf of Maine and the
continental slope from Georges Bank to Cape Hatteras. In the summer and
autumrv, they are found in shallow bank waters and coastal areas (Anderson
1974).
In recent years, during late fall or early spring when other recreational
species are not available, shore-based or party boat anglers have enjoyed a
recreational hook-and-1 ine fishery concentrated between New York and New
Jersey. The commercial fishery has a history that dates back to before the
turn of the century. Initially pound and trap nets were used for the coastal
fishery, but as more draggers were built and technological advances in
processing the catch were improved, new offshore fishing grounds were
exploited (Gusey 1976). The foreign fishing fleets, predominantly from the
Soviet Union, started to harvest silver hake in the early 1960 ' s with
estimated landings of over 350,000 metric tons (Anderson et al. 1980). Since
1973, foreign catches have declined significantly as a result of catch
limitations under auspices of the International Commission for the Northwest
Atlantic Fisheries and because of the Fishery Conservation and Management Act
of 1976.
110
Temperature is a key environmental factor governing the distribution and
migration of adult silver hake. As the water warms during the spring they
move shoreward from their deep water overwintering grounds to the 20-80 m
depth range. The sexually mature fish spawn along the southeastern slopes of
Georges Bank, between Cape Cod and Grand Manan Island, around Nantucket Shoals
and south of Martha's Vineyard, and in the Mid-Atlantic south to Cape Hatteras
(Anderson 1982). The spawning season extends from June through August, and
females are capable of releasing eggs three times during the season, thus
allowing them to spawn over such a large area (Sauskan and Serebryakov
1968). Pelagic eggs and larvae drift with the prevailing currents
southwesterly off southern New England and have been collected in dense
concentrations between Nantucket Shoals and Hudson Canyon. This suggests that
the Middle Atlantic Bight is a significant spawning and nursery area for
silver hake. Bigelow and Schroeder (1953) suggested that juveniles remain in
deep water for one year before moving inshore, but based on NMFS surveys in
the Mid-Atlantic it appears as though juveniles are present inshore year
round. These fish reach sexual maturity at approximately age 2 and begin to
spawn at ages 3 and 4. Silver hake growth demonstrates sexual dimorphism,
with females living longer and growing faster than males (Anderson 1982).
Adult silver hake are active swimmers and feed voraciously on a variety of
crustaceans, squid and fish including herring, mackerel, and young of their
own species, while juveniles prey on shrimp and euphausiids. They, in turn,
are preyed upon by pollock, flounders, cod, and mackerel (Anderson 1982).
NMFS data analyses indicate that silver hake stocks are slowly rebuilding
and that there is harvestable surplus with a potential for expansion of the
fishery (Anderson et al. 1980).
Ill
Bottom Trawl Survey Results
The cumulative spring and autumn ai stri cutions over the time series are
shown in Figures 5.1 and 5.2. The plots show quite dramatically that silver
hake were distributed over a large portion of the Mid-Atlantic shelf during
each seasonal survey. The spring distribution (Figure 5.1) shows silver hake
over most of the shelf, with large catches along the 1U0 m depth contour and
north of New Jersey. In Figure 5.3 data from all cruises prior to 1976 have
been deleted. This deletion frequently produces a significantly different
distribution pattern because of the timing of the surveys, however, this is
not evident with silver hake since the basic distribution pattern is the same
in both Figures 5.1 and 5.3. The autumn distribution (Figures 5.2) shows the
•greatest concentration of fish in southern New England waters with some
occurrences along the 100 m contour to southern portions of the area. Inshore
catches were few especially south of New Jersey, indicating the southern
movement from northern summering grounds had begun.
The seasonal plots of mean weight and number per tow by year are shown in
Figures 5.4-5.7. The recovery of the stocks from low population levels in
the late 1960's is apparent.
Plots of length frequencies by strata set and season are shown in Figures
5.8-5.19. During both seasons the adult silver hake were only rarely caught
in the inshore Delaware-Chesapeake and North Carolina strata sets (Figures
5.9-5.10). Large adult fish greater than 40 cm were caught in significant
numbers only in the central and northern strata sets during the spring
(Figures 5.8-5.9 and 5.11-5.12).
112
Young-of-the-year (YOY) plots for the spring and autumn seasons are shown
in Figures 5.20 and 5.21, respectively. The cutoff size for spring was <17 cm
and for autumn <6 cm. The only consistent feature here was the high
percentage of YOY in southern inshore areas in the spring (Figure 5.2)
reflecting the lack of adults in these areas.
113
NMF3/ N ^rC_- W 33D3 ^jLz LflBQ R RT.OR.
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SILVER HAKE
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Figure 5.1. Spring distribution, 1968-1979.
114
NMFSy NEFC- WOODS H0.LE ti-^^RT
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115
NMFS/NEFC-WOODS HOLE LABORATORY
3 0 T : 3 M T R fi N L 5 U R V E Y C fi I H -3 h i ^
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116
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SECTION 6
Red hake {Urophyais ahuss)
Life History Summary
Red hake (also called ling or squirrel hake) are found in the continental
waters from the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the southern part of the Grand Banks
of Newfoundland southward to North Carolina, with the highest concentrations
occurring on the southwestern part of Georges Bank south to the Hudson Shelf
Valley (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). Two stocks of red hake have been
reported; one inhabits the southwestern and southern parts of Georges Bank and
the second extends southwest from Cape Cod (Anderson 1982). Young specimens
sometimes are confused with white hake, but Musick (1973) described several
key field characteristics that separate these two species. Red hake are found
over mud or sand bottoms down to 460 m and exhibit a seasonal offshore to
inshore movement related to changes in bottom temperatures.
There is a small recreational fishery for red hake off New York and a
commercial fishery using hook and line also has existed since colonial
times. Otter trawls are used to take red hake for both food and fish meal
production (Gusey 1976).
Sexually mature (two-three year old) red hake spawn from May through
September in the New York 3ight area. The eggs and fry are pelagic and the
juveniles descend to the bottom when 7-12 cm long (Leim and Scott 1966).
Juveniles have been observed to enter and stay within sea scallop mantle
cavities, possibly to escape from predators; this behavior continues until
they outgrow their "home." Juveniles remain near the scallop beds until their
second autumn and then move offsnore to overwinter (Anderson 1982).
135
Immature red hake feed mainly on amphipods, wnile older fish eat a
variety of fishes including alewives, butterfish, silver hake, and flounders
as well as squids and shrimps.
Latest assessments indicate red hake are increasing in stock size
(Resource Assessment Division 1980).
Bottom Trawl Survey Results
The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series ire
shown in Figures 6.1 and 6.2. These plots show that red hake in the Mid-
Atlantic did not migrate as extensively as other species. In the spring,
large catches were common throughout most of the study area. In the autumn,
some movement to the north was evident with large catches almost exclusively
offshore and north. In Figure 6.3, data from all cruises prior to 1976 have
Deen deleted, however, there was no real change in the distributional pattern.
Graphs of mean weight and number per tow for the time series are shown in
Figures 6.4-6.7. Consistently higher catches have been taken in the New York
Bight offshore strata during the autumn (Figure 6.7).
Length frequencies for six strata sets, arranged by season, are shown in
Figures 6.8-6.19. These plots indicate consistent catches of red hake in
almost all areas during both seasons with the exception of the autumn inshore
set 3 (Figure 6.16). Smaller fish (<20 cm) were usually caught in the inshore
strata.
Figures 6.20 and 6.21 show the percentage occurrence by stratum of young-
of-the-year (YOY); cutoff sizes were 13 and 5 cm, respectively, for spring and
fall series. These figures show YOY were caught most frequently in the spring
and in the inshore strata sets. This distribution is expected because of the
previously described association of young red nake with sea scallops.
136
nmfs/nefc-woqds h::_-
6 C T T 0 M T R A W L :• U n v c I
RED KQKE
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Figure 6.1. Spring distribution, 1968-1979,
137
NMFS/NEFC-WOCDS HOLE LflB3RRT0RT
S 0 T T 0 M T R fl N L 5 U R V E 1 CATCH D fl T ft
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158
NMFS/NEFC-WGOQS HQLE LABORATORY
BOTTOM TRRWL SURVEY CATCH DRTR
FED HfiKE
LN:h::rE/;JFJr5HuRE
SPRING 1376-1373
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139
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SECTION 7
Summer flounder {Paralichthys dentatus)
Life History Summary
The summer flounder (also called fluke) is a highly marketable flatfish
which has been found from Nova Scotia to Florida, with its center of abundance
generally in the Middle Atlantic Bight. South of Cape Hatteras three similar
species (P. albigutta, P. squamilentus, and P. I etho stigma) occur and are
often confused with the summer flounder. North of Cape Hatteras to Cape
Charles, the southern flounder (P. I etho stigma) is present sporadically and is
sometimes also mi sidenti fied.
A significant offshore commercial fishery for summer flounder exists in
the Mid-Atlantic during the spring as they move inshore and as they move
offshore in the autumn, as well as while on their wintering grounds. The
major recreational fishery occurs during the summer when the bulk of the
population is concentrated inshore. Creel surveys indicate that angler
catches reach their peak during early summer, then drop off rather sharply in
August. Summer flounder is a mainstay of the nearshore recreational fishery
along the Mid-Atlantic coast, with larger catches taken from bridges, jetties,
and small boats. As of 1978, recreational catches have been consistently
higher than commercial catches (McHugh and Ginter 1973).
Spawning begins by mid-September in the northern portions of the Mid-
Atlantic as the summer flounder migrate offshore. As the season advances,
spawning moves progressively southward, and by mid-December most spawning
ceases (Smith 1973). Larvae and postlarvae drift and migrate inshore to
coastal and estuarine nursery areas. Juvenile summer flounaer spend their
first year and a half in the inshore estuarine areas, with the heaviest
158
concentrations in southern regions (North Carolina). Length-at-age
relationships nave not been clearly defined, but it appears that they nature
at 3 years (Byrne and Azarovitz 1982 ) -
Summer flounder are active swimmers and predators and feed largely on
fishes, squids, shrimps and other crustaceans, sea worms and sand dollars
(Bigelow and Schroeder 1953).
NMFS statistics for the Mid-Atlantic region indicate that the overall
stock size has increased during the 1970 ' s from lower levels during the
previous decade (NMFS 1979).
Bottom Trawl Survey Results
The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are
shown in Figures 7.1 and 7.2. These plots generally are representative of
what is known of summer flounder distribution and movements. The spring
distribution shows the fish concentrated offshore east of the 100 m contour.
If our spring data were gathered more synoptically, the inshore concentration,
as indicated by Figure 7.1, would not be evident, especially in the northern
half of the area. As discussed under "Methods," the timing of two spring
cruises is the major factor here. In Figure 7.3 data from all cruises prior
to 1976 have been deleted, and the result is considered more representative of
spring (March to April) distribution. The inshore movement south of Delaware
Bay had begun with some larger catches occurring on the mid-shelf area and
smaller catches inshore. South of the Virginia Capes some overwintering in
nearshore waters was possible. The inshore concentrations in Figure 7.1 were
from stations occupied during late April and May, so it seems likely that by
mid-spring many summer flounder had moved inshore in the northern area. The
autumn distribution (Figure 7.2) indicates some offshore movement had begun.
159
If data from a similar time series in summer were available the distributions
would have been concentrated closer to the coast. This demonstrates the
summer flounder's availability to coastal recreational fishermen.
The decline of the summer flounder population in the Mid-Atlantic from
the mid-196U's to 197U and the increase after 1970 are substantiated by the
graphs of mean weight and number per tow (Figures 7.4-7.7). The lateness of
the spring 1973 survey, and the resulting high inshore catches in northern
inshore strata also are reflected. As expected, consistently higher numbers
and weights were obtained in the inshore areas during fall cruises as well as
in inshore southern areas during spring cruises.
Length frequencies for six strata sets, arranged by season, are shown in
Figures 7.8-7.19. These plots indicate the importance of the Delaware-
Chesapeake area (Figures 7.9 and 7.15). Not only were consistent catches made
in this area, but also the largest incidence of summer flounder of less than
20 cm occurred here. Larger and probably older fish occur more frequently in
the northern inshore and offshore strata sets.
Figures 7.20 and 7.21 show the percentage occurrence by stratum of young-
of-the-year (YOY); cutoff sizes were 17 and 27 cm, respectively, for spring
and fall series. The importance of the Chesapeaice Bight to the species is
demonstrated by the fact that almost all of the YOY caught during the spring
series (Figure 7.20) were from this area. Some appeared in the other areas
during autumn (Figure 7.21), but the percentage was very high in the
Chesapeake Bight.
A report prepared by Sissenwine et al . (1979) using these data analyzed
distribution based on depth and water temperature in addition to the
parameters considered in this report. They found that during spring, summer
flounder occurred in depths from 9 to 360 m; during summer and autumn they
160
were found primarily in deptns less than 1UU m, and during winter in depths
greater than 70 m. Spring bottom temperatures for the species range between
8° and 16°C ana in autumn between 12° and 28°C.
From a historical perspective, the survey time series occurs during a
period of generally low abundance of summer flounder; that is, low during the
1960 ' s and recovering during the 1970's. It is important to note that during
periods of high or "normal" abundance the distribution of the species could be
different. One major difference might be the occurrence of more YOY in
northern areas. Regardless of stock conditions, the general inshore-offshore
migratory pattern should remain the same. It is obvious that any large-scale
disruption, on virtually any section of the Mid-Atlantic shelf, could have a
pronounced impact on several phases of this species' life cycle.
161
NMF5/NEFC-W00DS -CLE
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162
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164
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SECTION 8
Fourspot Flounder {paralichthys oblongus)
Life History Summary
This left-handed flatfish is distinguished from summer flounder by its
four conspicuous dorsal spots and fewer dorsal and anal fin rays (Leim and
Scott 1966). It ranges from the eastern part of Georges Bank to Tortuga,
Florida, but its center of abundance is between Nantucket Shoals and Delaware
Bay (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). In the New York Bight, the fourspot
flounder are found during all months, although survey data indicate the
greatest concentrations occur there from September through November.
Historically, there has been no specific commercial or recreational
fishery for the fourspot flounder. Records of landings have been combined
with those of other miscellaneous flatfishes and listed as "unclassified
flounders" (Ralph 1982).
Adult fourspot flounders average 25 to 35 cm total length, with a maximum
of about 45 cm. Females weigh more than males at a given length. The
spawning season of fourspot flounder is from May to October, with a peak
occurring during June and July. Spawning starts in the south and advances
northward corresponding to increasing water temperatures. Three months after
the planktonic eggs hatch, the pelagic larvae complete their metamorphosis and
move down to the bottom (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). Presently, there is no
information available on age composition of the population, rates of growth or
fecundity.
Their diet is similar to that of the summer flounder, and consists of
small fishes, squids, crabs, shrimps, other crustaceans, molluscs, and
innel i ds .
183
Bottom Trawl Survey Results
The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are
shown in Figures 8.1 and 8.2. The distribution patterns during the two
seasons reflect some inshore-offshore movement, but no significant
migration. The spring distribution plot shows the fish were concentrated
offshore along the 10U m contour. The distribution pattern did not change
when the pre-1976 cruises were deleted (Figure 8.3). The autumn series showed
that the fish had moved inside the 100 m contour to the mid-shelf area.
The graphs of mean weight and number per tow (Figures 3.4-8.7) do not
reflect any dramatic change other than some increases after 1977, especially
in the New York Bight offshore strata set.
Length frequencies for six strata sets, arranged by season, are shown in
Figures 8.8-8.19. The consistency of the catches is again an indication that
as an adult this animal is a resident of the mid and outer shelf. It is of
interest that smaller fourspot flounder (<20 cm) were strongly represented in
the inshore strata during the autumn (Figures 8.14-8.15).
Figures 8.20 and 8.21 show the percentage occurrence by stratum of young-
of-the-year (YOY); cutoff sizes were 6 cm for both seasons. YOY were not
caught in great quantities on our surveys but the inshore autumn strata sets
were the most consistent producers (Figures 8.14-8.15).
184
NMFS/NEFC-WOQQS HOLE LfiBGRATflRT
BOTTOM TRflWL SURVEY CfiTCH Dh"
F 0 U R S P 0 I FLO U N D ER
INSHORE /OF "SHORE
SPRING 196S-L979
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Figure 3.1. Spring distribution, 1968-1979.
1S5
NMFS/NEFC-WQODS HOLE LfiBGRfiTGR
BOTTOM TRfiWL SURVEY C-^Z'r DflTF
FOURSPOT FLOUNDER
[N5HJ3RE/OF-SHCRE
AUTUMN 1387-LS79
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Figure 8.2. Autumn distribution, 1967-1979.
136
MFS/NEFC- WOODS HQLE LhBJ
JOTTOM TRfiWL 3L'F_;-': LHlC
F0URSP3T FLuUNDEn
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Figure 8.5. Spring distribution, 1976-1979,
187
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SECTION 9
Windowpane {Saovhthalmus aquosus)
Life History Summary
Windowpane (or sand dab) is a left-handed flounder which lives in shallow
water on sandy bottoms. It ranges from South Carolina to the Gulf of St.
Lawrence, with denser concentrations from Georges Bank to the Chesapeake
Bay. There is little evidence to confirm any inshore or offshore migrations,
although tagging studies show some coastal movement (Moore 1947). Windowpane
are not found deeper than 80 m and are able to tolerate a wide range of
temperatures and salinities.
Because of its thin translucent body that excretes large amounts of
mucous, making filleting difficult, windowpane has usually not been sought
after as a food fish. During World War II, though, a shortlived market was
developed (Bigelow and" Schroeder 1953). Commercially, these flounders had
been considered trash fish. However, since 1975, landings have increased,
probably due to lower yellowtail landings and to an increase in windowpane
abundance (Dery and Livingstone 1982).
Sexually mature windowpane (age 2 to 4) spawn in late spring and early
summer, primarily from Cape Cod to Chesapeake Bay in depths less than 40 m
(Dery and Livingstone 1982). Bottom water temperatures between 8.5° and
13.5°C are conducive to initiating and continuing the spawning season, and the
season can be interrupted if bottom temperatures exceed or fall below this
range (Smith et al . 1975). Windowpane eggs are planktonic; they hatch, pass
through their larval stages, and become juveniles in 1 to 2 months. The
juveniles then move offshore to deeper waters.
206
The large nouth of the windowpane suggests that it feeds on active prey;
mysid shrimp are the predominant food consumed along with sand shrimp and
amphipods. Larger windowpane also feed on molluscs, squids, annelids,
echinoids, round herring, sand lance and silversides.
An estimate of total population size is not available at this time.
Bottom Trawl Survey Results
The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are
shown in Figures 9.1 and 9.2. It is apparent that windowpane were residents
of the inner shelf and estuaries, and showed little seasonal movement. The
distribution pattern does not change when the pre-1976 cruises were deleted
(Figure 9.3).
The graphs of mean weight and number per tow (Figures 9.4-9.7) reflect a
more regular occurrence in the inshore and northern strata sets.
Length frequencies for six strata sets, arranged by season, are shown in
Figures 9.8-9.19. Compared to other finfish, these plots show the least
change. Some small fish were caught inshore in the central and southern
strata sets.
Figures 9.2U and 9.21 show the percentage occurrence by stratum of young-
of-the-year (YOY); cutoff sizes were 8 cm for the spring series and 5 cm for
the fall series. YOY did occur in the inshore strata during the spring,
though very few were caught in autumn, wnen most YOY are probably close the
the beach or in estuaries where the vessels cannot sample.
207
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208
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209
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SECTION 10
Atlantic mackerel {Saombev scombvus)
Life History Summary
The Atlantic mackerel ranges from Labrador to North Carolina, in the
western North Atlantic Ocean (Berrien 1982). It spends the winter months near
the edge of the continental shelf from Sable Island Bank to south of the
Virginia Capes. Sette (1950) found that there are two different populations
which make up the entire group. The southern population overwinters between
Long Island and Chesapeake Bay, and the northern population overwinters
between Sable Island Bank and Long Island, depending on water temperatures.
The southern mackerel move inshore between Delaware Bay and Cape Hatteras
during March and April, and immediately begin a northerly migration. When
they reach the New York 8ight, usually by May, they spawn. They then continue
into the western Gulf of Maine, where they spend the summer. The northern
population temporarily may join the southern population as they migrate
through New England and over Nantucket Shoals. The two populations then split
as the northern population migrates to the east coast of Nova Scotia and
eventually moves into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where they spawn in June and
July. During autumn, the migration pattern is reversed with the northern
population leaving the Gulf of St. Lawarence during September and October, and
the southern population leaving the Gulf of Maine during October. By the time
both populations reach their respective overwintering areas, the two are again
segregated. Since the populations mix twice a year, it is doubtful that
genetic differences are maintained between the two groups (Sette 1950).
!29
There are both recreational and commercial components to the Atlantic
mackerel fishery; the domestic recreational catch historically exceeds the
commercial catch. Until 1978, the combined domestic recreational and
commercial catch was dwarfed by that of foreign commercial fishermen. For
example, during 1976, the US commercial fishermen landed 2,700 metric tons
(MT); US recreational fishermen landed 4,200 MT; Canadian commercial fishermen
landed 15,700 MT; and commercial fishermen from other countries landed 223,300
MT for a total of 245,900 MT (Anderson 1984). Of the commercial total
approximately 57% was taken in waters west of 70° longitude (Middle Atlantic
Bight and western Gulf of Maine). However, since 1977, regulation of foreign
fishing has reduced the proportion of foreign catch to approximately 10% of
the annual total allowable catch (Anderson 1984).
Essentially all mackerel are mature by their fifth year, although at
least half of them have reached maturity by their third year. The eggs are
planktonic, staying above the seasonal thermocline in the upper 15 m. The
incubation period is temperature-dependent, and takes about 4 days at 16°C.
Juveniles are thought to move inshore, while the larger fish stay further
offshore in deeper waters (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953).
Atlantic mackerel are opportunistic feeders. They feed both on
zooplankton and are active predators on larger organisms as well.
NMFS stock assessments indicated that the total stock biomass (ages 1 and
older) declined from an estimated 2.515.U00 MT in 1969 to 485,000 MT in 1977,
then began rebuilding to about 631,000 MT at the beginning of 1979 (Anderson
1980).
230
Bottom Trawl Survey Results
The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are
shown in Figures 10.1 and 10.2. These plots accurately and dramatically
depict the seasonal extremes of mackerel migration. If the spring data were
gathered synoptical ly, the northern and inshore occurrences would not be
seen. In Figure 10.3, data from all cruises prior to 1976 have been deleted,
and a more representative picture of spring (March to April) distribution
results. Once mackerel begin moving onto the shelf in the spring, the
rapidity of their movement is evident (compare Figures 10.1 and 10.3). The
autumn distribution plot shows some occurrences in northern portions of the
area; these are all young-of-the-year (Y0Y) which frequently inhabit these
waters during the summer. The autumn catches near the North Carolina-Virginia
border were probably chub mackerel {Seombev japoniaue) , a smaller species that
frequents warmer southern areas and is often confused with Atlantic mackerel.
The graphs of mean weight and number per tow (Figures 10.4-10.7) do not
present a very definitive picture. However, the declining population size
during the mid-70's and the beginning of a recovery during 1973 and 1979 are
apparent.
Length frequencies for six strata sets, arranged by season, are shown in
Figures 10.8-10.18. These graphs support the earlier description concerning
the occurrence of Y0Y during autumn. There is no plot for autumn offshore
strata set 5 because no fish were caught in that area.
Figures 10.19 and 10.20 show the percentage occurrence by stratum of Y0Y;
cutoff sizes were 17 and 18 cm, respectively, for spring and fall series.
Once again it is apparent that the autumn catches consisted mostly of Y0Y.
!31
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NMFS/NEFC-WflOOS HOLE LfiBORRTORY
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SECTION 11
Butterfish {?epr"i,lus tv-iaoanthus)
Life History Summary
Butterfish range from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Florida but commonly
are found between Nova Scotia and North Carolina (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953)
with their center of abundance in the Middle Atlantic Bight area (Hildebrand
and Schroeder 1928). Butterfish have a migratory pattern similar to that of
Atlantic mackerel: they spend the winter months near the edge of the Middle
Atlantic Bight continental shelf, and migrate inshore beginning in April.
During the summer, they are found over the entire Mid-Atlantic shelf at
virtually all depths to approximately 183 m. In late fall, butterfish move
southerly and offshore in response to cooling temperatures. South of Delaware
Bay, the migration is not as extensive.
There is no significant recreational fishery for butterfish, but there is
a commercial fishery with both domestic and foreign components. The foreign
fishery is mostly a trawl fishery, with much of the catch taken by Japanese
vessels fishing mainly for longfin squid [Loligo sp.). The domestic fishery
primarily utilizes otter trawls, pound nets, purse and haul seines, although a
few other types of gear have been used. The landings associated with these
other gear types are yery small (Murawski et al . 1978). The domestic catch is
used both industrially and as a food source. During 1975, 2,035 metric tons
(MT) of butterfish were landed domestically, and of this amount, 416 MT were
used for industrial purposes (Pileggi and Thompson 1978). Foreign fishing
vessels (primarily from Poland, Japan, and USSR) reported catching 11,166 MT
during the same year (Murawski and Waring 1979).
252
Butterfish mature by the time they are two years old. Spawning takes
place during the summer months in inshore waters less than 30 m in depth. The
fertilized eggs are planktonic, as are the larvae which are found near the
surface or sheltered among the tentacles of large jellyfish. As the larvae
develop into juveniles, they move into coastal days and other protected
inshore nursery areas, and during the winter the juveniles move into deeper
waters.
Butterfish are primarily plankti vores, feeding on copepods, small fishes,
polychaetes, small jellyfish and amphipods. Butterfish in turn are preyed
upon by many predatory species including haddock, silver hake, bluefish,
swordfish, goosefish, sharks and longfin squid.
Data analysis by Murawski and Waring (1979) indicate that there has been
a steady decline in the abundance of butterfish.
Bottom Trawl Survey Results
The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are
shown in Figures 11.1 and 11.2, respectively. The spring distribution shows
butterfish offshore and primarily south of Delaware Bay. The autumn
distribution covered almost the entire shelf, with smaller catches on the mid-
shelf, except for northern portions of the study area. This discontinuous
autumn distribution pattern was unusual, and a preliminary analysis indicates
tne large inshore catches were mostly young-of-the-year (YOY) and the offshore
mostly adults; the length-frequency plots (discussed later) do support this to
some degree. A further in-depth analysis of length frequencies by year is
required. When the pre-1976 spring cruises (Figure 11.3) were deleted, little
change in distribution was noticed.
25:
Graphs of mean weight and number per tow (Figures 11.4-11.7) show a sharp
increase during autumn 1978 and 1979 surveys. These increases may indicate a
rebuilding of the Mid-Atlantic population.
Length frequencies for six strata sets, arranged by season, are shown in
Figures 11.8-11.9. Smaller YOY and one-year-old fish dominated the inshore
catches in the north in autumn (Figure 11.14); this is the only area where
this pattern occurred. The lack of offshore YOY catches in southern areas
during the autumn (Figures 11.18-11.19), may have been because the small fish
were still in shallow coastal waters or the estuaries. The very small
butterfish in inshore areas during the spring (Figures 11.9-11.10) may have
been spawned early and were caught in the same season.
Figures 11.20 and 11.21 show the percentage occurrence by stratum of YOY;
cutoff size was 13 cm. Two size groups of YOY can be seen in these figures.
In the spring (Figure 11.20) the northern areas contained YOY from last
summer's spawning, these fish were approaching 13 cm; in the south the fish
were around 5 cm and were products of a late winter-early spring spawn which
were captured during the same year.
:54
NMF
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Figure 11.1. Spring distribution, 1968-1979.
255
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SECTION 12
Bluefish {Pomatomus saltatvix)
Life History Summary
The bluefish is a pelagic, migratory species that occurs world-wide in
temperate and semitropical regions. In the western North Atlantic Ocean, it
ranges from Nova Scotia to the Caribbean Sea. In the Mid-Atlantic, bluefish
travel in groups of similarly sized fish. Generally they migrate north and
inshore during the spring and summer, and south and offshore during the
fall. In the New York Bight, bluefish are most abundant in late summer but
usually appear first during May.
The bluefish is one of the most valuable sport and food finfish species
found in the Middle Atlantic Bight. Commercially, fishermen take them in
quantity in all coastal areas of the Bight using gill nets, seines, pound
nets, and otter trawls. Although there is a significant commercial fishery
for bluefish, landings from recreational fishermen dwarf those of commercial
fishermen. According to Boreman (1983), bluefish was the number one
recreational species caught, by weight, in the US during 1970-1982.
Bluefish mature during their second year of life. There appear to be two
discrete spawning populations off the eastern US coast: one wnich spawns near
the inner edge of the Gulf Stream from southern Florida to North Carolina
during the spring (mainly in April and May); and a second which spawns in the
Middle Atlantic Bight during the summer (mainly in June and August). Spawning
for both groups progresses from south to north and the pelagic eggs hatch
about two days after spawning.
Young bluefish which were spawned in the spring spend their first summer
in Mid-Atlantic estuaries, mostly in the New York Bight and southern New
276
England area. Bluefish spawned during the summer apparently remain at sea and
migrate south of Cape Hatteras in early fall and spend the winter offshore,
reappearing in the sounds of North Carolina in the spring (Wilk 1982).
Bluefish are voracious predators that feed predominantly on pelagic
species including a large variety of fishes and invertebrates, and
occasionally on benthic organisms.
During recent years commercial and recreational harvests have been
increasing, as have the abundance indices (Anderson 1980).
Bottom Trawl Survey Results
The spring and autumn distributions over the time series are shown in
Figures 12.1 and 12.2. The plots confirm what is known of seasonal bluefish
movement and distribution in the Mid-Atlantic. The spring distribution plot
(Figure 12.1) indicates that bluefish are rarely caught north of the Virginia
Capes during that time of year. A spring plot (Figure 12.3) from the more
synoptic 1976-1979 series (see "Methods") shows an even more southerly
occurrence. Traditionally, by mid-to-late May, significant numbers of
bluefish are caught by recreational anglers throughout the coastal regions of
the Mid-Atlantic. Occasional offshore winter catches, and the rapidity of
their appearance during May, support the possiblity that they overwinter
beyond the shelf edge in southern portions of the Mid-Atlantic (Wilk 1977).
The autumn plot (Figure 12.2) shows a concentration in coastal areas
throughout the region. The offshore distribution in autumn probably would be
continuous to southern portions of Georges Bank. In recent years, large
catches have been made during summer and autumn east of the study area on
277
Georges Bank, possibly as a result of recent high population levels and a
resulting range expansion.
The mean weight and number per tow summaries in Figures 12.4-12.7 reflect
the recent trends in increased abundance. It must be kept in mind that
bluefish were caught mostly inshore during the surveys, and coverage inside of
28 m did not begin until autumn 1972. Therefore, the low catches indicated by
Figures 12.4-12.7 prior to 1972 can be misleading.
The seasonal length frequencies for six strata sets (Figures 12.8-12.17),
and the percentage young-of-the-year (YOY) plots (Figures 12.13 and 12.19)
show clearly the large numbers of young fish caught during surveys. This
predominance of young fish in survey catches (especially in the autumn) was a
result of the great numbers of young bluefish and their vulnerability to
capture by the trawl compared to the more pelagic and faster swimming
adults. No bluefish were caught in strata sets 1 and 4 during the spring time
series.
278
N MFS/NEFC- WOODS H 0 L E L H_B 0 R fl T OR 1
BOTTOM TRRWL S'JRVE'l CRTlH DfiTR
BLUEFISH
INSHORE /OFFSHORE
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Figure 12.1. Spring distribution, 1968-1979.
279
NMFS/NEFC- WOODS HOLE LABQRRTGRT
B D T ~ C M TRAWL SURVEY CRTCH DATA
BLUEFI3H
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Figure 12.2. Autumn distribution, 1967-1979.
280
NMF3/NEFC- WOODS HOLE LRBORfiTORT
BOTTOM TRRWL SURVEY CfiTCH DATA
BLUEFISH
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SECTION 13
Atlantic croaKer { Miavovogonias undulatus)
Life History Summary
The Atlantic croaker ranyes from Cape Cod to South America but is only
occasionally seen north of New Jersey. During the summer they are found in
and near coastal waters, throughout the estuaries and into fresher waters with
the center of abundance inshore from southern Delmarva Peninsula and
Chesapeake Bay south to the Carolinas (Silverman 1982). During the fall, they
migrate to offshore overwintering grounds, located primarily south of Cape
Hatteras, and return to inshore waters during the spring months.
Atlantic croaker is one of the most important food fishes along the
eastern coast of the US (McHugh and Ginter 1978). At the peak of the fishery
during the mid-1940's, more than 29,000 metric tons were landed. Since that
time landings have been steadily declining. Atlantic croaker is an important
recreational species, and according to McHugh and Ginter (1978) recreational
catches may now exceed commercial landings.
In the Middle Atlantic Bight, Atlantic croakers mature at age 2.
Spawning takes place as they migrate offshore from late August to December,
peaking in late October and November. Buoyant developing eggs drift due to
Ekman transport until hatching occurs (Norcross 1983). Juveniles move into
the shallower areas vacated by the adults and spend their first winter there
(McHugh and Ginter 1978), later joining the adults in the seasonal migration.
Atlantic croakers are bottom feeders that prey on small crustaceans,
annelids, molluscs, ascidians, ophiurids, and fishes (Hildebrand and Schroeder
1928). Croakers themselves are prey for larger predators such as striped bass
and bluefish.
298
There are no population estimates available at this time.
Bottom Trawl Survey Results
The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are
shown in Figures 13.1 and 13.2. The plots clearly show the coastal dependence
and the seasonal appearance (autumn) and virtual disappearance (spring) of
Atlantic croaker from the Mid-Atlantic. The catch during spring surveys north
of 40° latitude (Figure 13.1) is a confirmed, but most unusual, catch. In the
autumn (Figure 13.2), the fish moved out of the estuaries and south along the
coast.
Graphs of mean weight and number per tow (Figures 13.3-13.6) did not show
any consistent trends.
Length frequencies for croaker, arranged by season, are shown in Figures
13. 7-13. lb. Spring catches consisted of overwintering juvenile fish in strata
set 2 (Figure 13.7), or large and older fish (two-three years old) in the
southernmost inshore and offshore strata sets (Figures 13.3-13.10). Autumn
catches show more young fish caught in northern portions of the range (Figures
13.11 and 13.12), with the largest croakers caught offshore and to the south
(Figure 13.14). There are no plots for spring strata set 1 and spring strata
set 5 and autumn strata set 4 because no fish were caught in these areas.
Figures 13.16 and 13.17 show the percentage occurrence, by stratum, of
young-of-the-year (YOY). The cutoff size was 4 cm for both spring and autumn
series. YOY were found in the coastal waters south of Delaware Bay in the
spring but they were too small to be susceptible to the trawls utilized during
NMFS surveys until autumn.
199
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300
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SECTION 14
3 lack sea bass ( Csntropristis striata)
Life History Summary
Black sea bass are commonly found from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to Cape
Canaveral, Florida, and south to Miami, and occasionally in the Gulf of
Maine. South of Cape Hatteras, black sea bass are year-round residents in
depths ranging from 10 to 120 m. North of Cape Hatteras, a seasonal inshore-
offshore migration is observed: in the spring, migrating adults move to their
coastal spawning areas and the juveniles to estuarine nursery areas; in late
autumn they again move offshore. Larger and older fish move offshore sooner
and spend the winter in deeper water (73-165 m) than the smaller fish (Kendall
and Mercer 1980). The seasonal distribution of black sea bass seems to be
influenced by temperature, with 10°C as the lower preferred limit (Kendall
1977). Based on catch records (NMFS) since 1900, it appears that their center
of abundance has shifted southward from the New York Bight to the Chesapeake
3ay region.
Black sea bass are taken in both commercial and recreational fisheries.
Commercially, black sea bass are taken using otter trawls, pound nets, hand
lines and traps. The commercial fishery is predominantly domestic, and during
1975 approximately 2,319 metric tons (MT) were reportedly landed (Pileggi and
Thompson 1978). The recreational catch appears to be larger than the
commercial catch (McHugh and Ginter 1978).
Black sea bass spawn planktonic eggs in depths ranging from 18 to 45 m in
late May off Chesapeake Bay and early summer off southern New England. Eggs
hatch in about three days at 16°C, and fol lowing early larval development, the
young move inshore and become associated with hard bottoms such as oyster beds
3i:
(Kendall 1977). Black sea bass are protogynous hermaphrodites, beginning life
as females and transforming into males, but the sex of individuals remains
functionally distinct at all times. The size and age at which sex reversal
takes place is variable, but it usually takes place after spawning in the
autumn.
Black sea bass are omnivores and feed on a variety of fish, molluscs,
echinoderms and plants. Adults prefer crabs and fish, while the young eat
shrimp, isopods and amphipods (Kendall 1977).
Based on commercial landings between 1962 and 1972, there was a steady
decrease in the population. However, by 1975 there were indications of
recovery, and the landings have stabilized at about 2,000 MT for the last half
of the decade.
Bottom Trawl Survey Results
The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are
shown in Figures 14.1 and 14.2. These plots are generally representative of
what is known of black sea bass distribution and movements. The spring
distribution shows the fish concentrated offshore along the 100 m contour. If
the spring data were gathered more synoptical ly, the inshore concentration, as
indicated in Figure 14.1, would not be nearly so pronounced. In Figure 14.3,
data from all cruises prior to 1976 have been deleted and what is considered a
more representative spring distribution pattern is evident.
The recovery of sea bass populations since the mid-1970's, indicated in
the commercial records, also can be seen in the graphs of mean weight and
number per tow (Figures 14.4-14.7).
Length frequencies for six strata sets, arranged by season, are shown in
Figures 14.8-14.19. Young black sea bass (<10 cm) were found in all sets
318
during both seasons, and apparently were distributed over much of the shelf
during the winter. Adult fish were caught infrequently inshore in the spring
(Figure 14.3), and offsiiore in the fall (Figure 14.17) in the northern
areas. The larger fish caught inshore in the spring (Figure 14.3) were from
the late pre-iy76 surveys.
Figures 14. 2U and 14.21 show the percentage occurrence by stratum of
young-of-the-year (YOY); cutoff sizes were, respectively, 13 and 9 cm for
spring and fall series. The high numbers of YOY caught in northern strata
during the autumn are an indication of the importance of the northern portions
of the Mid-Atlantic to the successful propagation of year-classes.
319
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SECTION 15
Scup [Stsnotomus ^hrysovs)
Life History Summary
Scup (also called porgy) are found from Cape Hatteras to just north of
Cape Cod (Morse 1978) and, in depths ranging from 73 to 183 m, during the
winter from southern New Jersey to Cape Hatteras. Scup migrate inshore during
the spring, arriving off Chesapeake Bay during April and off southern New
England by early May. There is some evidence that larger fish arrive inshore
first followed by smaller fish (Morse 1978). During the summer, the larger
fish tend to stay within the 37 m contour or near the mouth of larger bays,
while the smaller fish enter the shallow areas of the bays. Late in October
and during November, scup migrate offshore to overwinter.
Scup traditionally have supported both a recreational and a commercial
fishery. In 1970 the recreational catch was estimated at 2,010 metric tons
(MT) (Deuel 1973), about half of the reported domestic and foreign commercial
catch estimates of 4,700 MT (ICNAF 1972). The otter trawl is used as the
primary commercial gear, however haul seines, pound nets, gill nets, and hand
lines are used also.
Scup reach sexual maturity at age 2, and spawning occurs from May through
August, peaking in June. The principle spawning areas ire nearshore ocean
waters and estuaries off Long Island and New Jersey. Scup eggs are buoyant
and hatch in approximately 40 hours at 22°C. Newly-hatched larvae are
pelagic, and become bottom-dwelling when they reach 1.5-3.0 cm (Morse 1982).
Juveniles continue a demersal life style and are generally found in bays and
the more saline areas of estuaries.
341
Scup are bottom feeders, preying upon snail crustaceans, polycnaetes,
coelenterates and molluscs (^orse 1982). Adult scup are <nown to be a prey
species of spiny dogfish and weakfish (Maurer and Bowman 1975).
Since the early 1900's, scup landings steadily increased until 1960,
peaking at about 12,250 MT. Between 1960 and 1971, landings decreased sharply
to a low of about 1,360 MT during 1971. Since that time landings have been
increasing steadily, again probably indicating an increase of abundance
(McHugh and Ginter 1978).
Bottom Trawl Survey Results
The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are
shown in Figures 15.1 and 15.2. These plots are good representations of what
is known of seasonal distribution of scup. The spring distribution shows the
fish concentrated offshore along the 100 m contour. If the spring data were
gathered more synoptically, the inshore concentrations would not occur. In
Figure 15.3, data from cruises prior to 1976 have been deleted, and a more
representative spring (March to April) distribution results. The autumn plot
(Figure 15.2) shows widespread dense inshore distribution throughout the Mid-
Atlantic with the indication of some offshore movement.
The recovery of scup populations since 1971 is reflected in the graphs of
mean weight and number per tow (Figures 15.4-15.7). In the spring, catcnes
were almost exclusively offshore; in the autumn, catches were high in both
inshore and offshore strata sets.
Length frequencies for six strata sets, arranged by season, are snown in
Figures 15.8-15.19. Fish over 20 cm were caught most frequently offshore
except for the northern New York Bight inshore strata set (Figure 15.3). Fish
54:
<20 cm were caught only occasionally in either inshore or offshore southern
strata sets (North Carolina) (Figures 15.13 and 15.16).
Figures lb. 21) and 15.21 show the percentage occurrence by stratum of
young-of-the-year (YOY); cutoff sizes were 12 and 8 cm for spring and fall
series, respectively. Although the inshore frequency of occurrence was low in
spring, the YOY dominate the catches (Figures 15.20). In the autumn, YOY
catches were restricted to northern inshore areas where the fish were spawned
during the past spring and were moving out of the bays and estuaries (Figure
15.21).
Scup is one of the few species endemic to the Mid-Atlantic, and its high
number and availability to both commercial and recreational gear make it one
of the more important species in the region from both an ecological and
fisheries point of view.
34:
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SECTION 16
Weak fish [Cyno scion yegalis)
Life History Summary
Weakfish (also known as gray sea trout or squeteague) are generally found
along the eastern coast of North America from Florida to Massachusetts Bay,
and perhaps stray as far north as Nova Scotia. It is believed that there are
at least two stocks of weakfish, one centered in the Middle Atlantic Bight
from the Virginia Capes to New York (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953), and one off
the Virginia-North Carolina border (McHugh and Ginter 1978). During times of
increased abundance, weakfish are found further north in southern New England
and in Cape Cod and Massachusetts Bays. North of Cape Hatteras, weakfish
migrate seasonally; during summer and early fall they are found in the
northern part of their range, while during the winter months weakfish migrate
offshore and south, generally below Cape Hatteras. Older and larger fish
migrate further north than the general population (Wilk 1982).
Historically commercial catches from Massachusetts through North Carolina
have undergone considerable fluctuation, declining from 19,000 metric tons
(MT) in 1945 to 1,338 MT in 1967, but have been increasing since that time.
The 1978 commercial catch was 9,713 MT, 15» greater than in 1977 and the
highest recorded since the mid-1940's. Recreational catches have exhibited
the same general trend as commercial catches, increasing from an estimated
1,027 MT in 1965 to 7,113 MT in 1970, and to 9,137 MT in 1974. Commercial and
recreational catches have been approximately equal in recent years. During
1978, most of the commercial catch was landed in North Carolina, Virginia, New
Jersey, and New York.
565
Weakfish become sexually mature by age 2, with the majority naturing at
age 1. Spawning occurs in coastal and estuan'ne areas from May to October,
with peak spawning in May and June. The eggs are buoyant and hatch within two
days (at 20°-21°C). Little is known regarding larval dynamics.
Feeding takes place throughout the water column. Young weakfish consume
invertebrates and smaller fishes, while adults eat shrimps, squids, crabs,
worms and clams.
Some weakfish are recruited to the fishery in the first year and strong
year-classes, as indicated by NMFS inshore trawl survey during the mid-1970's,
should continue to support catches for the next several years.
Bottom Trawl Survey Results
The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are
shown in Figures 16.1 and 16.2. The plots are an excellent representation of
seasonal weakfish distribution in the Mid-Atlantic area. Weakfish were, for
the most part, absent from the study area in the spring (Figure 16.1), and
those that did occur were in southern or offshore areas. The offshore
occurrences in the spring, although very limited, support the hypothesis of an
offshore component to the winter distribution of the species. The autumn
distribution (Figure 16.2) clearly shows the preference of a coastal habitat.
The mean weight and numoer per tow summaries in Figures 16.3-16.6 show
the recent increased trends in abundance, especially in the northern strata
sets of the Mid-Atlantic. The inshore strata were not occupied before the
autumn of 1972.
566
Length frequencies for six strata sets, arranged by season, are shown in
Figures 16.7-16.18. The sizeable autumn inshore catches were predominantly
small fish with some larger fish; the infrequent offshore catches consisted
almost entirely of larger fish.
Figures 16.19 and 16.20 show the percentage occurrence by stratum of
young-of-the-year (YOY); cutoff sizes were 25 and 22 cm, respectively, for
spring and fall series. It is quite obvious that the large catches of the
autumn time series are composed primarily of spring-spawned weakfish that had
left the estuaries and begun their southern migration along the coast.
567
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368
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wnJLif
SECTION 17
Tilefish {Lovholatilus ahartaeleontiaevs)
Life History Summary
Tilefish are one of the most abundant bottom-dwelling fish species
occurring on the outer continental shelf. Their wide distribution extends
from the continental slope of the Scotian Shelf to Surinam, South America
(Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). They live in a narrow temperature band (9.4-
14.4°C) with the largest catches taken in depths from 110 to 730 m (Freeman
and Turner 1977). This species shows a concentration pattern between Veatch
and Hudson Canyons in the Middle Atlantic Bight, and a second area of
concentration off southeastern Florida.
Active recreational and commercial fisheries exist for tilefish.
Recently, a significant recreational fishery by party and charter boats has
developed. This recreational fishery is mostly a rod and reel, spring through
fall, fair-weather fishery, while the year-round commercial fishery has had a
longer history. Since 1915, when a massive public campaign was initiated to
introduce tilefish as an alternative food source, the market has fluctuated
erratically. Long-lining has been the traditional method of capture, but
trawling has recently been successfully attempted.
Adult female tilefish are smaller and weigh less than males of the same
age, and nature at an earlier age than do males. Females are in spawning
condition from mid-March to mid-September, with the peak spawning time in late
May to June. An estimated 0.5 to 1 million eggs are produced per kilogram of
body weight (Freeman and Turner ly 77 ) , and it nas been hypothesized that, due
to the various sizes of eggs found during the spawning season, tilefish may be
588
a multiple spawner (Freeman and Turner 19b2). There is no information
available regarding distribution of larval and juvenile stages.
In addition to cannibalism, tilefisn food items include crustaceans,
molluscs, annelids, and a variety of fish species that are indigenous to the
same depth zone. They are prey to large bottom-dwelling sharks, man, and
larger tilefisn (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953).
An invasion of unusually cold water during 1882 caused a major kill of
tilefish. An estimated 500 million tilefisn were seen floating by passing
ships (Collins 1884). It is difficult to estimate tilefish population size
because of their patchy distribution. Temperature variations also influence-
their distribution and abundance. There has been no noticeable change in
catch rate by commercial boats, although the fishing effort has recently
tripled (Freeman and Turner 1977).
For additional information regarding tilefish biology and the commercial
fishery, see Turner et al. (1983).
Bottom Trawl Survey Results
The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are
shown in Figures 17.1 and 17.2. Few tilefish have been caught on NMFS
resource assessment surveys because the number of deepwater stations occupied
were few, and the fish's close asociation with holes or "burrows" into which
they can escape make them unavailable to the roller rigged trawl. The few
fish that were caught have all been taken beyond the 100 m contour with no
apparent seasonal difference in distribution.
The mean weight and number per tow summaries (Figures 17.3-17.5) are of
little statistical value since so few fish wer- caught.
Length frequencies for strata sets, arrangec. by season, are shown in
389
Figures 17.6-17.11. These figures also show few consistent trends except that
small fish (<19 cm) were taken only during the autumn, but since catches have
been so small, it is hard to attribute any real significance to that
observation. No fish were caught in spring or autumn strata sets 1-3 and
autumn strata set 6.
There are no plots for young-of-the-year because so few have been caught.
390
'ii. r
NMFS/NEFC-WaODS HOLE LfiBQRRTQRT
ECiT:;-! Tr-Hv-JL SURVEY CRTCH GRTR
TILEFISH
I MSHCRE/ Ji- F 5HGR I
SPRING 1368-1975
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Figure 17.1. Spring distribution, 1968-1979.
391
NMFS/NEFC-WGQOS HOLE LABORATORY
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392
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SECTION 13
American Lobster {Homarus amevicanus)
Life History Summary
The American lobster is found in the northwest Atlantic Ocean from
Labrador to Cape Hatteras and from the surf zone to the slope of the
continental shelf (Burns 1982). Based on landings, the center of abundance is
in the Gulf of Maine and along southwestern Nova Scotia, although significant
numbers of losters are taken both on Georges Bank and in the Middle Atlantic
along the eastern US coast. In the Middle Atlantic Bight, there appears to be
inshore and offshore populations. While both populations exhibit lateral
movement, only the offshore population migrates inshore and offshore
seasonally. At least 20% of this population migrates inshore during March
through August, and offshore during October through December (Uzmann et al .
1977). One hypothesis explaining this migratory pattern is that temperatures
offshore are not high enough to promote molting, a requirement for subsequent
mating. Movement into shallow waters would provide tne necessary temperature.
The American lobster supports a commercial fishery with inshore and
offshore components and a very small recreational fishery. The inshore
fishery is almost entirely a trap fishery, while in the offshore fishery, both
traps and otter trawls are used. Of 13,698 metric tons (MT) of American
lobster reported landed in the US during 1975 (Burns et al. 1979), 10,085 MT
were taken in the inshore Gulf of Maine trap fishery, 518 MT in the offshore
Gulf of Maine trap fishery and 368 MT in the offshore Gulf of Maine trawl
fishery, for a total of 10,971 MT. The rest, 2,727 MT, was either taken in
the Middle Atlantic Bight or by other methods (diving, fish pots or
dredyes). In tne 'iddle Atlantic Bight, the inshore trap fishery accounted
402
for 376 MT, the offshore trap fishery 1,413 MT and the offshore trawl fishery
414 MT. Over the last 20 years, American lobster landings have averaged
between 13,000 and 14,000 MT. During this same period of time, effort has
been increasing dramatically.
Mating occurs immediately after the female lobster molts and her
exoskeleton is still soft, rendering her defenseless. The sperm are held in
seminal receptacles in the female until the eggs are ready to be fertilized
and extruded. Fertilized eggs are attached to the swimmerets of the tail and
are carried by the female for 10-12 months before hatching as planktonic
larvae. The larvae molt four times and then become benthic. Males tend to
grow faster and larger than females. Also, offshore lobsters grow faster and
larger than inshore lobsters. Females from both groups mature between 4 and 5
years of age; offshore females mature at 85 mm (carapace length) or greater,
while the inshore females attain sexual maturity around 70 mm (Burns personal
communication).
American lobster is both an aggressive predator and a scavenger. Adult
lobster consume many types of marine invertebrates and a variety of fish
species. Predators include most large fish.
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) bottom trawl surveys confirm
commercial catch analyses demonstrating a general decline in American lobster
stocks.
Bottom Trawl Survey Results
The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are
shown in Figures 18.1 and 18.2. In the spring, the lobsters were concentrated
offshore along and east of the 100 m contour (Figure 18.1). The autumn
distribution plot (Figure 18.2) again shows lobsters concentrated near the 100
403
m contour, but some have moved onto mid-shelf areas, especially in the
north. These lobsters were probably part of the offshore population migrating
back to deeper water from inshore summering grounds.
Graphs of mean weight and number per tow (Figures 18.3-13.6) show that
few lobsters are available to the trawl (see "Methods"), and those caught are
normally small in size.
Length frequencies for six strata sets, arranged by season, are shown in
Figures 18.7-18.8. There appears to be little seasonal shift in size between
the different areas; inshore catches consisted mostly of smaller lobsters
(< 10 cm carapace length), while larger lobsters were taken more frequently
offshore.
Young-of-the-year lobsters were not caught in NMFS bottom trawl surveys.
404
NMFS/NEFC- WOODS HQLE LABORATORY
BOTTOM TRflljL, SURVEY CRJCH DflrR
fl M E R f C - N L J E : ! E n
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405
NMFS/NEFC-WdQDS HQLt
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Figure 18.2. Autumn distribution, 1967-1979.
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SECTION 19
Red Crab {Gevyon quinquedsns)
Life History Summary
In the western Atlantic Ocean, the red crab occurs from Nova Scotia to
Argentina. In the Middle Atlantic Bight, they are found in depths ranging
from 110 to 1,460 m, with the greatest concentrations in the 320 to 550 m
depth range (Serchuk and Wigley 1982). There is evidence that red crabs are
somewhat segregated by sex and depth: females are more numerous in depths
ranging from 320 to 500 m, while males predominate in depths exceeding 500 m
(Wigley et al . 1975). However, both sexes are found at all depths common to
the species. There is no evidence of seasonal migration.
The red crab fishery is entirely a domestic commercial undertaking.
Commercial fishing for red crab off New England began during 1973, in response
to declining offshore American lobster stocks. The Mid-Atlantic fishery began
in 1977 and 1978, in response to declining surf clam stocks. Most fishing off
New England takes place near the offshore canyons (Block, Atlantis and
Veatch). In the Mid-Atlantic, effort has been concentrated in the Norfolk
Canyon area. This is a trap fishery, and currently only two vessels are
actively fishing for red crab as a directed effort; one in New England, and
the other off Virginia.
Female red crabs become sexually mature at about 80-91 mm carapace
width. The size at which males become sexually mature is unknown, but it may
be as small as 51 mm (Haefner 1977). Female egg-bearing red crabs are taken
throughout the year, however, the percentage of females carrying eggs
increases during the summer and peaks in late autumn. Apparently, most
hatching occurs between January and June (Haefner 1978). The preponderance of
423
small crabs at yreater depths (> 64U m) , suggests that larvae settle to the
bottom in the deeper area to assume a benthic life style, and tney appear to
migrate upslope as they mature.
Little is known about the feeding habits of red crao; however, haDitat
and morphology suggest that it is both a scavenger and a predator on smaller
benthic organisms. Under laboratory conditions, they have eaten molluscs,
coelenterates and fishes.
Bottom Trawl Survey Results
The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are
shown in Figures 19.1 and 19.2. Due to the type of gear used (roller sweep),
and limited deepwater sampling, catches of red crab were small for both
seasons.
Graphs of mean weight and number per tow are shown in Figures 19.3-19.6.
Length frequencies for strata sets, arranged by season, are shown in
Figures 19.7-19.11. These plots are of minimal value because of light
catches. There are no plots for inshore spring and autumn strata sets, and
offshore autumn strata set 6.
Youny-of-the-year red crao have not been caught during bottom trawl
surveys.
Haefner (1978) conducted an extensive study of red crab distribution and
aDundance in the Norfolk Canyon area, but differences in survey design did not
allow incorporation of his data into this report.
424
NMFS/NEFC-WGQDS HOLE LfiBQF
BOTTOM TRPWL SURVE7 CATCH
RED CRPB
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Figure 19.1. Spring distribution, 1968-1979.
425
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426
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SECTIUN 20
Sea Scallop {Flaocveaien magallanicus)
Life History Summary
The sea scallop is found in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean from northern
Newfoundland to the Virginia Capes with the largest concentrations on Georges
Bank and the Mid-Atlantic shelf (MacKenzie 1979 and Posgay 1982) in depths
ranging between 4U and 100 m. In the Middle Atlantic Bight, sea scallops are
restricted to depths where water temperatures do not exceed 20°C. There are
apparently no directed movements or seasonal migrations, even though sea
scallops are active swimmers.
The fishery for sea scallops is almost entirely commercial and, with the
exception of foreign (Canadian) fishery on the eastern end of Georges Bank, it
is entirely domestic. During 1983, the sea scallop fishery ranked first in
value on the east coast of the US, and fifth nationwide. During that year,
9,289 metric tons (MT) of meats, valued at $111.5 million, were landed in the
US (Thompson 1984). The sea scallop fishery has exhibited considerable
variability. During 1973, approximately 2,4UU MT of meats were landed, while
during 1978, approximately 14,4b0 MT of meats were landed, making sea scallops
one of the most valuable East Coast commercial species of that year. This
catch variability is due to unusual success or failure of a given year-class.
Sea scallops become mature during the spriny when they lay down their
third annuli at a length of about 7b mm (Posgay 1982). Spawning in the
southern part of the range of the sea scallop occurs in July, and proceeds
northward, in a wave-like manner, so that spawning on Georyes Bank occurs in
late September and early October (MacKenzie et al . 1978). All scallops in a
localized area spawn at the same time for about a week. Gametes of both sexes
436
are released directly into the water column where fertilization takes place.
Eggs and larvae are planktonic. Fertilized eggs hatch in approximately 30 to
40 hours, undergo the usual molluscan larval stages of development (Culliney
1974), and the larvae remain planktonic for a month. As they metamorphose
into spat they attach to such objects as broken and whole shells (including
live scallops), bryozoa, red algae, pebbles, metal, and wooden objects
(Mackenzie 1979). After a year the spat descend to the bottom to live as
unattached benthic organisms. During their planktonic stage they are at the
mercy of the prevailing currents. It is thought that, with the exception of
Georges Bank, the "down current" areas are probably populated with larvae from
"up current" populations due to a semi -persistent gyre which may retain the
larvae until they become benthic (Posgay 1982).
The sea scallop is a filter feeder, consuming phytoplankton and some
organic detritus (Posgay 1982).
At present, the 1972 year-class still dominates the population. Survey
abundance indices show that, with the exception of eastern Georges Bank and
the Virginia-North Carolina area, recruitment from the 1973, 1974, and 1975
year-classes continues to be poor. Landings remain high, but this is due to
increased fishing effort rather than an increased stock size (Serchuk et al .
1979).
Bottom Trawl Survey Results
The cumulative spring and autumn di strubutions over the time series are
shown in Figures 20.1 and 20.2. Since scallops are mobile, but do not
migrate, the seasonal distributions are similar.
The graphs of mean weight and number per tow (Figures 20.3-20.6) indicate
some seasonal sampling inconsistencies. Trawls with roller sweeps decrease
43:
the sampling efficiency for scallops, and large or small catches probably can
be related to bottom type as much as the actual distribution. Also, the
overall sampling scheme was designed for finfish populations and not for
shellfish.
The autumn and spring length frequencies by strata sets (Figures 2U.7-
20.13), are consistent from area to area; growth is too slow to show any
seasonal difference with this method of presentation. There are no plots for
spring strata sets 2-4 and autumn strata sets 2 and 3 as no scallops were
taken in these areas.
Young-of-the-year scallops do not appear in the bottom trawl survey
sampling gear.
The mid-shelf, non-migratory distribution, combined with high economic
value, make scallops one of the more important species to be considered when
evaluating man's activities on the shelf. Since scallops are filter feeders,
they can be used as test animals for indicators of toxic elements.
458
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SECTION 21
Shortfin squid {lllex illecebfosus)
Life History Summary
The shortfin squid is found in the western Atlantic Ocean, from Greenland
and Labrador southward to Florida with the center of abundance in the
Newfoundland area, though they are moderately abundant as far south as New
Jersey (Wigley 1982). On the eastern side of the Atlantic Ocean, these squid
are found from Scandinavia to southwestern England and westward to Iceland.
In winter, Til ex are found over the entire shelf from near coastal waters to
the edge of the shelf; in late fall (November and December), shortfin squid
migrate offshore.
While there is no recreational fishery, there are both domestic and
foreign commercial fisheries for ill ex. From 1975-1981 domestic commercial
fishermen have landed only 1,100 metric tons (MT) per year, while foreign
fishermen have averaged approximately 20,000 MT per year. However, with
increasing regulation of joint venture operations with foreign fishermen, U.S.
catches rose to 5,900 MT in 1982 and 9,950 MT in 1983, while foreign catches
fell to 12,350 MT and 1,780 MT in 1982 and 1983, respectively (Lange, personal
communication ) .
The life span of III ex is approximately 1 year, with some living as long
as 2 years (Tibbetts 1977). Mesnil (1977) proposed a ltygyear life cycle.
There are apparently two spawning seasons each year, one during January and
February, and the other in July and August. Shortfin squid that hatch in
January or February spawn 1 V2 years later, during the summer spawning
season. Those that hatch during the summer, spawn 1 V2 years later during the
winter. They are believed to die shortly after spawning, as has been observed
452
in other squid species. Spawning probably takes place near and off the edge
of the continental slope (Wigley 1982); Fedulov and Froerman 1980).
Shortfin squid prey upon crustaceans, fishes and other squids. Illex are
preyed upon by marine mammals, numerous pelagic and demersal fish species as
well as other squid.
Trawl survey indices remained high through 1980 (Lange 1980).
Bottom Trawl Survey Results
The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are
shown in Figures 21.1 and 21.2. During winter and early spring most shortfin
squid were distributed in deepwater areas well east of the 100 m contour.
Many, in fact, are east of shelf waters to the Gulf Stream boundary. In the
autumn, the movement inshore to mid-shelf areas is apparent in the
distribution plot (Figure 21.2).
Graphs of mean weight and number per tow are shown in Figures 21.3-
21.6. These figures support NMFS assessments which show increases in illex
abundance in the Mid-Atlantic since the mid-197u's (Lange 1980).
Length frequencies for six strata sets, arranged by season, are shown in
Figures 21.7-21.17. Since so few Illex were caught in the spring and autumn
inshore strata sets (Figures 21.7-21.3 and 21.12-21.14), no interpretation can
be made. As they moved offshore in the autumn, an increase in their size as
well as their widespread distribution is obvious (Figures 21.2,21.15-21.17).
There is no plot for spring strata set 3 (North Carolina inshore) because no
squid were caught in that area.
453
Figures 21.18 and 21.19 show the percentage occurrence by stratum of
young-of-the-year (YOY); cutoff sizes were 15 and 13 cm for spring and autumn
series, respectively. YOY predominated in all offshore strata (>55 m) during
both seasons although, in the autumn, they were found up to the 28 m
contour. As discussed in "Methods", the spring surveys occur prior to any
major inshore movement of Illex. The variability in these indices may reflect
differences in distribution rather than abundance.
454
NMFS/NEFC-WOODS HOLE LflBOPflTQRT
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455
NMFS/NEFC-W00D3 HOLE LfiBGRRTQF '
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SECTION 22
Longfin Squid {Loligo pealei)
Life History Summary
Longfin squid are found from New Brunswick, Canada to Georgia, with the
center of abundance located between Georges Bank and Cape Hatteras. Longfin
squid migrate seasonally during the late spring and summer months. Loligo are
distributed over the continental shelf to depths as shallow as 3 m, while
during the winter months, they tend to concentrate along the edge of the
continental shelf (Lange 1982). Serchuk and Rathjen (1974) found that few
large catches of Loligo are taken from areas where the bottom temperature is
8°C or less. The largest catches during the spring bottom trawl surveys were
in waters where the temperature was between 10° and 12°C, and during the fall
in waters between 10° and 14°C.
A few Loligo are taken by recreational fishermen, primarily by jigging,
but the recreational fishery for squid is insignificant when compared to the
commercial fishery which has existed since the 180U's. Prior to 1964, the
fishery consisted only of domestic vessels; thereafter foreign fleets from
Japan, Spain, Mexico, Italy and other European countries began to harvest the
squid off the Atlantic coast (Cohen 1976).
Large spawning concentrations of 1-1 Vj? year old longfin squid are found
inshore (3-30 m) from Cape Cod to Delaware Bay from May to Septemoer. The
fertilized eggs are attached to seaweed or any other immobile bottom object.
Mesnil (1977) suggests that the young that are spawned in the spring, hatch in
June, and reach spawning maturity in the late summer of the following year.
The young that are spawned and hatch during August and September will, in
turn, not spawn until after their second winter. Depending on temperature,
474
Loligo eggs hatch in 11 to 27 days. The newly-hatched planktonic young
closely resemble the adults, and do not undergo metamorphosis. Summers (1971)
has made laboratory observations that demonstrate significant female mortality
after mating.
In spite of their relatively small size, longfin squid are aggressive and
have voracious appetites. They feed primarily on euphausiid shrimp and small
fishes (especially young butterfish and silver hake). During the spawning
season, smaller squid are preyed upon by the adults. Both young and adult
Loligo are in turn preyed upon by at least 48 different species of fish,
including bluefish, fourspot flounder, spiny dogfish and silver hake, as well
as marine mammals (Lange 1982).
Serchuk and Ratnjen (1974) attempted to estimate population size but
discrete analysis is hindered due to seasonal migrations of this squid.
Bottom Trawl Survey Results
The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are
shown in Figures 22.1 and 22.2. In spring, the longfin squid we-e primarily
concentrated near and deeper than the 100 m contour; in autumn, the squid were
found over the entire shelf. The striking difference in distribution between
spring and autumn reflects a real increase in Loligo biomass found inshore
during the autumn (Serchuk and Rathjen 1974). A likely explanation for this
is the availability of both spring and summer spawned longfin squid to the
autumn surveys.
Seasonal graphs of mean weight and number per tow are shown in Figures
22.3-22.6. The dramatic increase in fall catches is also reflected in these
plots; this is especially true with greater increases in relative numbers
475
(Figures 22.5-22.6). This supports the previously offered explanation for
larger fall catches.
Length frequencies for six strata sets, arranged by season, are shown in
Figures 22.7-22.18. During the spring in the northern areas, larger adult
squid were caught inshore as they moved there to spawn (Figures 22.7-22.8).
Younger and smaller squid more frequently were caught offshore (Figures 22.10-
22.12). In the autumn, small young squid appeared in all areas especially
inshore (Figures 22.13-22.15).
Figures 22.19 and 22.21) show the percentage occurrence by stratum of
young-of-the-year (YOY); cutoff sizes were 15 and 8 cm for spring and autumn
series, respectively. YOY occur in all strata during both seasons. In spring
they seemed to be more common offshore, and in autumn they occurred with
greater frequency inshore.
The occurrence of all sizes of squid in most of the shelf areas during
most of the year, combined with their importance as prey to many species of
fish, indicates their great ecological importance to the Middle Atlantic Bight
area.
476
NMFS/NEFC- WOODS -OLE LfiB ORATORY
BOTTOM TRfiWL SURVEY CfiTCH OflTfl
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477
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ANNUAL CYCLE UF GONAU-SOMATIC INDICES AS INDICATORS OF
SPAWNING TIMES FOR FIFTEEN SPECIES OF FISH COLLECTED
FROM THE NEW YORK BIGHT, JUNE 1974 TO JUNE 1975
Stuart J. Wilk
497
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 50:
STUDY AREAS 503
STATION SELECTION 504
MATERIALS AND METHODS 508
RESULTS 509
LITERATURE CITED 565
498
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Middle Atlantic continental shelf with outlines of the New York
Bight and the survey areas within the Bight.
Figure 2. Ocean study area divided into depth strata where finfish were
sampled during an otter trawl survey, June 1974 to June 1975.
Figure 3. Bay study area where finfish were sampled during an otter trawl
survey, June 1974 to June 1975.
Figure 4. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for alewife {Alosa pseudohavengus)
collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975.
Figure 5. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for offshore hake {Mevluccius
albidus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975.
Figure 6. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for silver hake {Mevluaaius
bilineavis) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June
1975.
Figure 7. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for red hake (Uvophyois ahuss)
collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975.
Figure 3. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for spotted hake {Urophycis regia)
collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975.
Figure 9. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for ocean pout {Maavozoavces
amevicanus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June
1975.
Figure 10. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for black sea bass [Centvopvistis
striata) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975,
Figure 11. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for butterfish {Pepvilus
tv-iaaanthus) collected in the .ew York Bight, uune 1974 to June
1975.
499
Fiyure 12. Monthly gonaa-somatic indices for northern searoDin {Prionotus
cavolin-us) collected in the New Yor'< Sight, June iy74 to June
197b.
Fiyure 13. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for striped searoDin {prionotus
evolans) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975.
Figure 14. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for summer flounder [Paraliehthys
dentatus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975.
Figure 15. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for fourspot flounder {Pavaliahthys
oblongus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975.
Figure 16. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for windowpane {Saovhthalmus
aquosus) collected in the Nav York Bight, June 1974 to June 197b.
Figure 17. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for yellowtail flounder {Limanda
fevrmginea) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June
1975.
Figure 18. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for winter flounder
{Pseudopleuronectss ameriaanus) collected in the New York Bight,
June 1974 to 1975.
500
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Summary of collecting intervals sampled during trawl surveys of New
York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975.
Table 2. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for alewife [Alosa
pseudohavengus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June
1975.
Table 3. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for offshore hake {Mevlucaius
albidus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975.
Table 4. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for silver hake (Mevlucoius
bilinearis) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June
1975.
Table 5. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for red hake {Urophyois
ahuss) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975.
Table 5. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for spotted hake {Uvophyais
regia) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975.
Table 7. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for ocean pout [Maavo zoavc es
americanus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June
1975.
Table 8. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for black sea bass
{Centvopvistis striata) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974
to June 1975.
Table 9. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for butterfish {Pepvilus
triaaanthus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June
1975.
501
Table 1U. Monthly summary of yonad-somatic data for northern searobin
[Pvienotus cavolinus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to
June 1975.
Table 11. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for striped searooin
[Prionatua svolans) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to
June 197s.
Table 12. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for summer flounder
[Paraliahthys dentatus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974
to June 197b.
Table 13. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for fourspot flounder
{Paraliahthys oblongus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974
to June 197b.
Table 14. Monthly summary of yonad-somatic data for windowpane ( Scovhthalmus
aquosus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975.
Table lb. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for yellowtail flounder
[Limanda fsvr^uginea) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to
June 1975.
TaDle 16. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for winter flounder {Pseudo-
pleuvonectss amevicamus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974
to June 197b.
Table 17. Summary of published literature relative to reproductive cycles as
well as results of the 1974 to 1975 Middle Atlantic Biynt study.
502
INTRODUCTION
The Sandy Hook Laboratory of the National Marine Fisheries Service began
a systematic survey during June 1974 of benthic fishes occurring in the New
York Bight and Sandy Hook, Lower, and Raritan Bays. This study was designed
to provide a comprehensive life history data base for current and anticipated
research needs. This report summarizes gonad-somatic data as indicators of
spawning times for the following 15 species of fish: alewife, Aloea
pseudoharengus; offshore hake, Mevlucoius albidus; silver hake, Mevluccius
bilineavis; red hake, Uvophyais ahuss; spotted hake, Uvophyais vegia; ocean
pout, Maavozoavaes ameviaanus; black sea bass, Centvopvistis striata;
butterfish, Pepvilus tviaaanthus; northern searobin, Pvionotus aavolinus;
striped searobin, Pvionotus evolans; summer flounder, Pavaliahthys dentatus;
fourspot flounder, Pavaliahthys oblongus; windowpane, Saophthalmus aquosus;
yellowtail flounder, Limanda fewuginea; and winter flounder, Pseudo-
pleuvoneatss ameviaanus. In addition, the literature pertinent to this study
is reviewed to provide a basis of comparison throughout their range.
These data, when compared with similar time series, contribute ultimately
to a significant portion of the material needed to detect and understand
natural and man-induced changes in the reproductive cycles of fishes occurring
in the New York Bight.
STUDY AREAS
The New York Bight is that portion of the Atlantic continental shelf
between eastern Long Island, New York, and Cape May, New Jersey (Figure 1).
503
This study was conducted in the northern section of the New York Bight where
the Long Island and New Jersey coastlines are nearly perpenaicul ar.
Two study areas, ocean and bay, were designated to facilitate sampling
and data handling. The ocean study area was delineated oy two sets of
imaginary lines and the 28- and 366-m isobaths (Figure 2). The first set of
lines extends seaward from points on Long Island and New Jersey to the 28-m
isobath; the second set from the 28-m isobath to the edge of the continental
shelf (366 m). The bay study area included Sandy Hook, Lower, and Raritan
Bays (Figure 3) .
STATION SELECTION
Station locations in the ocean survey area were selected by a stratified
random sampling design (Steel and Torrie I960). Strata boundaries were
determined by depth, i.e., 0-10, 11-19, 20-28, 29-55, 56-110, 111-183, and
184-366 m (Figure 2). A minimum of two stations per stratum were selected
randomly for sampling during each cruise. Inshore strata (0-28 m) were
sampled at a rate of approximately one station per bib km and offshore strata
(29-366 m) at a rate of approximately one station per 1,030 km2. Grosslein
(1969) described additional details pertaining to this sampling method and
desi gn.
Tne bay survey area was divided into 103 sampling blocks. Except where
interrupted by land, each block measured 1' of latitude by 1' of longtitude,
i.e., l.d km x 1.4 km (2.b km ) . Trawl stations for all bay cruises were
selected randomly from these blocks at the beginning of the study and were
retained as permanent stations throughout the study.
504
40C
/^ NEW
i JERSEY
OCEAN
STUDY
AREA
s
40°-
0 SO 100
Iciiomefers
FIGURE 1. Middle Atlantic continental shelf with outlines of the New York Bight (solid
lines) and the survey areas (dashed lines) within the Bight.
505
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research vessels used during this study were the lU.4-m xiphias and 19. d-
m Rorqual from the Northeast Fisheries Center, the 47.2-m Delaware II and
57.0-m Albatross IV from the National Ocean Survey, and the chartered 27.4-m
Atlantic Twin. Xiphias and Rorqual were used exclusively in the bay areas,
Delaware II was used in both the ocean and the bay, and Albatross 17 and
Atlantic Twin were used only in the ocean.
LORAN A navigation was the principal method used for positioning on ocean
stations. Radar, land ranges, and visual sightings of buoys were used to
position vessels on bay stations and some of the inshore ocean stations.
Fish collections were made with otter trawls towed at approximately 5.b
km/h for 15 minutes at bay stations and 30 minutes at ocean stations. The
trawl used aboard Xiphias and Rorqual had a 9.1-m footrope, a 7.6-m headrope,
and 7.6-m legs. A Yankee #36 trawl with a 24.4-m footrope, an 13.3-m
headrope, and 9.1-m legs was used on Delaware II. The Albatross IV also used
the #36 Yankee trawl as well as a #41 trawl with a 30.5-m footrope, a 24.4-m
neadrope, and 19.8-m top and 18.3-m bottom legs. The Atlantic T'Jin used a 3/4
Yankee trawl with a 16.5-m footrope, an 11.9-m headrope, 11.6-m legs, and
16.5-m ground cables. All trawls were fitted with 12.7-mm stretch mesh cod
end liners.
At the conclusion of each tow, the trawl was retrieved and emptied onto a
sorting table where all fish species were separated and identified. All
specimens of each species were weiyhed to the nearest whole pound and measured
from the snout to the middle caudal ray in centimeters. Usually all specimens
of each species were measured except when subsamples of very large catches
were taken. In such cases, an expansion factor (weight of total catch/weignt
508
of subsample) was applied to the number and length frequency of the total
catch.
Samples of each bony fish species, up to 35 specimens, were frozen from
each trawl station for subsequent laboratory study. If the total catch of a
species exceeded 35 specimens, a size-stratified sample of 25 to 36 specimens
was frozen.
At the laboratory each specimen was measured to the nearest millimeter
(middle caudal ray) and weighed to the nearest gram. In addition, each mature
specimen was sexed, development stage determined, and ovaries weighed to the
nearest one-hundredth of a gram (0.01 g). Gonad-somatic indices were
calculated for each fish (ovarian weight/fish weight x 100).
Data were recorded on appropriate data processing forms, transferred to
punch cards, and incorporated into sorting, listing and statistical systems to
simplify data recall and analysis.
RESULTS
Results pertinent to reproductive cycles are given in the form of figures
and tables for each of the 15 species. Figures 4-18 illustrate monthly mean
gonad-somatic indices over the entire 13-month survey for each species.
Tables 2-16 give monthly summaries of gonad-somatic data for each species.
These tables include number of observations; specimen size range; and mean,
variance, standard deviation, and range of the gonad-somatic index for each
month data were collected for a particular species.
In addition, Table 17 gives a summary of published literature relative to
the reproductive cycles for each of the 15 species and contrasts these
published results with those found during the present study.
509
TABLE 1. Surrmary of collecting intervals sampled during trawl survey of New York
Bight, June 1974 to June 1975.
No. of
Study
Date
Vessel
Sta.
Gear Type
Area
1974
June 3, 4, 6
Xiphias
15
9.1-m trawl
bay
June 3
Delaware
II
3
#36 trawl
bay
June 3-17
Delaware
II
43
#36 trawl
ocean
July 23-25
Xi.phi.as
15
9.1-m trawl
bay
July 24
Delaware
II
3
#36 trawl
bay
July 24-29
Delaware
II
41
#36 trawl
ocean
August 14, 15, 21-23
Rorqual
16
9. 1-m trawl
bay
August 16-21
Delaware
II
45
#36 trawl
ocean
September 23-25
Xiphias
12
9.1-m trawl
bay
September 23
Delaware
II
3
#36 trawl
bay
September 23-28
Delaware
II
40
#36 trawl
ocean
October 22-24
Xiphias
19
9.1-m trawl
bay
October 22
Delaware
II
3
#36 trawl
bay
October 22-28
Delaware
II
40
#36 trawl
ocean
November 18-20
Xiphias
19
9.1-m trawl
bay
November 18
Delaware
II
3
#36 trawl
bay
November 18-25
Delaware
II
37
#36 trawl
ocean
1975
January 3, 6, 9
Rorqual
14
9.1-m trawl
bay
January 31; February 3, 4
Rorqual
14
9.1-m trawl
bay
January 31
Delaware
II
3
#36 trawl
bay
January 31; February 1-6
Delaware
II
51
#36 trawl
ocean
March 6-8, 10
Albatross IV
19
#41 trawl
ocean
March 20-24
Atlantic
Twin
27
3/4 Yankee trawl
ocean
April 1, 2, 7
Rorqual
15
9.1-m trawl
bay
April 1-3, 5-10
Albatrosi
! IV
48
#36 trawl
ocean
May 5, 6, 8
Xiphias
16
9.1-m trawl
bay
May 5
Delaware
II
3
#36 trawl
bay
May 5-12
Delaware
II
60
#36 trawl
ocean
June 3, 9
Xiphias
9
9.1-m trawl
bay
June 2-9
Delaware
II
64
#36 trawl
ocean
TOTAL
700
510
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511
TABLE 2. Monthly summary of gonad- soma tic data for alewife (Alosa pseudoharenous)
collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June i975. A dasn [-)
indicates no data available.
GONAD- SOMATIC INDEX
Survey
Month
Number of
Observations
Specimen Size
Range (mm)
1974
June
1
232
July
-
-
August
-
-
September
-
-
October
-
-
November
3
156-167
1975
February
83
168-345
March
19
208-298
April
29
154-269
May
40
142-289
June
6
236-273
Mean
Variance
Standard
Deviation
Range
1.45
0.77
0.01
4.04
7.26
3.85
7.52
4.99
24.20
3.54
24.38
1.88
2.15
1.45
0.09
0.72- 0.37
2.69
0.13-12.44
2.74
0.75-11.78
4.92
0.41-15.00
4.94
0.46-15.67
1.46
0.96- 4.83
512
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513
TABLE 3. Monthly surmary of gonad- soma tic data for offshore hake (MerTuccjus albidus)
collected
in the
New York Bight,
June 1974
to June
1975. A dasn
(-) ind"i-
cates no data available.
Number
of
Specimen Size
G0NAD-S0MATIC INDEX
Survey
Standard
Month
Observations
Range (mm)
Mean
Variance
Deviation
Range
1974
June
-
-
-
-
-
-
July
6
317-483
5.70
23.24
4.82
0.36-11.93
August
11
230-393
1.73
13.64
3.69
0.46-12.86
September
6
302-337
0.70
0.08
0.28
0.50- 1.18
October
20
289-540
1.77
4.56
2.14
0.43- 8.80
November
20
269-504
1.64
5.26
2.29
0.20- 8.00
1975
February
30
249-529
1.51
2.44
1.56
0.20- 5.53
March
10
293-575
3.01
15.40
3.92
0.17-10.94
April
31
268-495
2.61
10.02
3.17
0.25-11.32
May
16
286-433
6.00
28.47
5.20
0.30-18.72
June
6
383-522
7.71
11.39
3.38
3.95-12.15
514
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(001 * 1H0I3M HSU /1H0GAA AUVAO)
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515
TABLE 4. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for silver hake (Merluccius bi linearis)
collected in the New York Bight,
no data available.
June 1974
to June
1975. A dasn
(-) indicates
Number of
Observations
Specimen Size
Range (mm)
GONAD-SOMATIC INDEX
Survey
Month
Mean
Variance
Standara
Deviation
Range
1974
June
29
202-415
3.37
6.15
2.48
0.47-11.35
July
15
241-420
4.17
11.49
3.39
0.40-11.58
August
12
222-374
3.49
10.30
3.21
1.62- 8.37
September
4
313-341
4.87
14.82
3.85
1.03- 8.72
October
19
214-463
3.54
9.42
3.07
0.44- 9.65
November
55
219-508
1.08
0.74
0.86
0.25- 6.07
1975
February
298
167-513
0.81
0.21
0.46
0.22- 6.39
March
264
241-565
0.91
0.26
0.51
0.25- 4.43
April
183
253-590
2.10
45.43
6.74
0.32-38.38
May
272
263-562
2.15
3.80
1.95
0.29-13.35
June
98
228-507
2.69
8.88
2.98
0.36-14.37
516
.
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1-
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o
1974
SEP
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3
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z
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1
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CM
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H3
or red ha
1 to June
1
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1
•
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CM
Hi
ndices
June 19
I
o
i
IT)
o
nad-somati
York Bigh
o
o
Monthly go
in the New
in
•
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o
to m Tj- co cm
(001 x 1H0I3M HSU / 1H0I3M AUVAO)
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517
TABLE 5. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for red hake (Urophvcis chuss) collected
in the New
available.
York
Bight, June 1974
to June
1975. A da
sh (-) indicates no data
Number of
Observations
Specimen Size
Range (mm)
G0NA0-S0MATIC INDEX
Survey
Month
Mean
Variance
Standard
Deviation
Range
1974
June
18
270-409
4.94
10.82
3.29
0.50-
•13.77
July
31
224-453
5.36
13.62
3.69
0.81-
•14.86
August
46
224-431
5.63
7.29
2.70
1.34-
•13.70
September
19
243-397
3.58
7.90
2.81
0.23-
• 8.16
October
9
248-506
0.65
0.08
0.29
0.30-
•1.29
November
51
231-521
0.64
0.05
0.22
0.26-
•1.37
1975
February
125
245-533
0.75
0.05
0.23
0.25-
•1.59
March
123
188-476
0.91
0.12
0.35
0.15-
• 2.04
April
102
212-529
1.39
0.76
0.37
0.19-
• 2.69
May
223
221-521
2.25
2. 36
1.69
o.n-
■15.15
June
79
169-505
5.25
15.29
3.91
0.10-
21.31
513
T
z
=5
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<
2
EC
SS
o
to
*- cc
<
•
5
V
m
UJ
u.
Z
<
—5
o
UJ
Q
s
5
o
o
<
-J
D
z
3
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o
o
in
CO
o
o
CO
o
in
CM
*^
O Ts
O ^
O
UO
O
O
o
in
3
S_
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(J
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0)
c
3
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IB ■!->
-=
■a r>.
o ai
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in 3
S_
o -
4- ■(->
1/1 CT
aj •<-
u a
-o -*
c s.
i- o
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(J
— 2
*J 0)
e
O 0)
</i -e
■ — >
■a
«3 C
C f-
o
CTT3
0)
r— U
j= ai
■u i—
c r—
o o
CO
UJ
u_
in
(001 * 1H0I3M HSld /1H3I3M AdVAO)
X3CN/ ouvwos-avNoe
519
TABLE 6. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for spotted hake (Urophycis reqius)
collected
indicates
in
no
the
data
New York Bight,
available.
June 1974
to June
1975. A dasn
(-)
Number o*
Observatii
F
)ns
Specimen Size
Range (mm)
GONAD- SOMATIC INDEX
Survey
Month
Mean
Variance
Standard
Deviation
Range
1974
June
1
252
0.60
_
_
0.60
July
14
191-338
1.64
1.19
1.09
0.44- 4.04
August
29
178-346
3.20
6.35
2.52
0.41-10.12
September
44
183-360
4.20
16.32
4.04
0.37-22.09
October
77
206-333
2.99
6.05
2.46
0.32-13.75
November
78
204-340
0.97
0.41
0.64
0.26- 3.60
1975
February
4
318-355
2.57
12.60
3.55
0.57- 7.37
March
3
283-333
5.01
14.98
3.87
0.76- 8.34
April
7
291-386
3.09
8.70
2.95
0.33- 8.03
May
12
299-368
0.69
0.02
0.15
0.48- 0.99
June
13
288-367
0.85
0.40
0.20
0.73- 1.26
520
Z
; 1 1 1 — r-
"T
=>
•
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•
cc
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le <
•
1 '
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5
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ffl
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en
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ps
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CO
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13
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3
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o
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en
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o ««
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C:
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d-somat
the Ne
o
<T3 C
o
r-
O
01
>>•!->
F— <_)
-e a;
-t-i (—
C r—
O O
O
s: o
lO
ai
UJ
cc
Z3
O
lO ^ CO CM *-
(001 x 1H9I3M HSId / 1H0GM AUVA0)
*3a/V/ 0I1VM0S-QVN0Q
521
TABLE 7. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus
CO
no
llected in the
data available
New York Sight,
June 1974
to June
1975. A casn
(-) indicates
Number of
Observations
Specimen Size
Range (mm)
GONAD-SOMATIC INDEX
Survey
Month
Mean
Variance
Standard
Deviation
Range
1974
June
1
458
1.58
_
-
1.58
July
4
299-373
0.57
0.06
0.25
0.29- 0.89
August
2
380-409
3.13
14.05
3.75
0.48- 5.78
September
2
349-440
1.45
1.04
1.02
0.73- 2.17
October
-
-
-
-
-
-
November
3
341-455
0.50
0.001
0.04
0.46- 0.53
1975
February
76
310-631
0.47
0.02
0.13
C.29- 0.98
March
24
284-586
0.46
0.02
0.12
0.12- 0.68
April
57
269-663
0.51
0.06
0.24
0.05- 1.53
May
64
360-659
0.79
0.44
0.55
0.07- 3.43
June
14
242-558
0.45
0.05
0.22
0.05- 1.04
52:
12
UJ
Z
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o
UJ
Q
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O
O
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\
5
•
cc
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•
cc
<
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o
o
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in
CO
13
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10
s.
a.
o
c
at
o
LfJ
I —
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1/1 3
i/l ""3
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4-1
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a> >3-
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tfl f"s
m
CM
U
-3 3
-3
o
Vw
on 31
CM
UJ
0) —
*i
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«r
■a -^
c fc.
J—
•r- O
>-
O
u
— 3
lO
■•-> aj
2
5 a
i *->
"D
fl3 C
C — ■
O
ai-a
I— (J
-C 01
4-1 I—
c —
c o
UJ
O
10 *T CO CM *"
(001 * 1H0I3M HSU / 1H9I3M AUVA0)
X3QNI DllVi\'0S-aVN0D
523
TABLE 8. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for black sea bass (Centrooristis
striata) cc
dash [-) ir
illected
idicates
in the New Yo
no data avail
rk Bight,
able.
June 1974
to June 1975
. A
Number of
Observations
Specimen Size
Range (mm)
GONAD-SOMATIC INDEX
Survey
Month
Mean
Variance
Standard
Deviation
Range
1974
June
1
264
5.20
_
_
5.20
July
16
208-401
5.60
1.44
1.20
3.42- 8.07
August
25
219-368
2.48
1.10
1.05
0.71- 4.61
September
20
189-353
1.07
0.66
0.81
0.16- 2.71
October
15
224-305
0.53
0.02
0.13
0.26- 0.78
November
8
246-452
0.55
0.04
0.20
0.28- 0.89
1975
February
2
316-349
0.65
0.14
0.38
0.38- 0.92
March
-
-
-
-
-
-
April
1
243
1.22
-
-
1.22
May
25
221-389
1.91
1.12
1.06
0.68- 4.87
June
52
173-365
2.23
3.53
1.88
0.33- 3.05
524
o
o
3
S
o
to
CO
c
u
C)
<
cc
CO
LU
u.
z
<
o
LI)
o
>
o
z
H
O
o
5 a.
*» CO
C3
D
<
\
I
/
3
-3
3
-3
/
a
o
CO
o
ID
CM
a
o-g
o ^
CM Uj
O
O
o
o
Q.
a;
a.
3J
c
3
"73
<o m ^ co cm
(001 * 1H0I3M HSU /1H0I3M AUVAO)
x3oni oiivnos-avNOD
a
•r- «r
<*- r*.
s- en
<1J I—
4-S
*J <u
3 C
-O 3
S-
0 -
</) CD
0) —
<J S3
■a .*:
c s-
•r- O
>-
u
•-- 2
= Z
5 a)
00 JZ
1 — '
<a c
c •<-
o
en "a
a
>)■*->
i — u
*j .—
C r—
O O
s: u
UJ
CC
UJ
525
TABLE 9. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for butterfish (Peorilus triacanihus)
collet
cates
:ted in the New York Bight,
no data available.
June 19"
^4 to June
1975. A dasn
(-) inai-
NumDer of
Observations
Specimen Size
Range (mm)
GONAD-SOMATIC INDEX
Survey
Month
Mean
Variance
Standard
Deviation
Range
1974
June
90
119-215
4.07
8.07
2.84
0.53-12.71
July
24
141-196
3.20
2.62
1.62
0.65- 5.93
August
26
139-205
1.43
2.28
1.51
0.33- 6.32
September
16
142-199
0.76
0.01
o.n
0.63- 0.96
October
30
147-216
0.76
0.02
0.14
0.40- 1.10
November
21
155-220
0.76
0.07
0.27
0.14- 1.12
1975
Feoruary
1
190
0.83
_
_
0.83
March
22
126-242
1.29
0.10
0.31
0.79- 1.82
April
20
126-213
1.64
0.55
0.74
0.73- 3.20
May
79
127-230
4.42
5.71
2.39
0.70-10.40
June
99
122-215
5.74
9.61
3.10
0.42-12.38
526
o
o
T
</\
o
3
-hi
U)
o
3
CO
c
o
-5
•^=
O
s_
*-»
a.
>_»^»
r«.
o
c a\
o
-Q
co
n searo
t, June
o
s- x:
a) en
OJ
nort
rk B
'"N
V)
o
is
i. >-
CR
o
o
"0
°— 2
o
v-»
CN
Uj
5
dice
the
K
c
o
u
in
4->
(1)
o
o
o
«3 •*->
E U
O <U
on . —
T3 O
c
o ~—
en ui
3
*J o
c s-
O T3
LU
c:
<o m ^ co cm
(001 * 1H0I3M HSU /1H0I3M AUVAO)
X3QNI 0I1VW0S-CIVN0D
o rr
527
TABLE 10. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for northern searobin (Prionotus
carol
dash
inus
(-)
) collected in the New
indicates no data avai'
York B-
able.
ght, June 19
74 to June
1975. A
Number of
Observations
Specimen Size
Range (mm)
GONAD-SOMATIC INDEX
Survey
Month
Mean
Variance
Standard
Deviation
Range
1974
June
14
228-275
5.53
5.52
2.35
2.57- 9.94
July
21
204-270
7.63
2.53
1.59
3.86- 9.92
August
19
182-318
5.43
13.59
3.70
0.32-10.23
September
48
143-297
2.76
4.75
2.18
0.33- 7.04
October
16
214-341
1.41
0.25
0.50
0.46- 2.27
November
15
221-330
1.06
0.26
0.51
0.55- 2.25
1975
February
11
241-318
1.27
0.12
0.35
0.59- 1.33
March
5
259-340
1.74
0.32
0.57
0.74- 2.10
Apri 1
11
242-300
2.05
0.40
0.63
1.34- 3.54
May
12
238-308
5.18
8.41
2.90
1.40- 9.37
June
39
192-280
3.31
5.71
2.39
0.73-12.40
52S
J-
'
3
-3
>-
<
2
cc
.« Ck
s<
O)
*- cc
<
S
CD
111
U.
z
<
-3
o
Ul
o
>
o
z
H
o
o
R o.
5 w
<»- CO
c
~
<
-viva on-
-v±vaoN-
»v±va on-
z
-3
-O
to
r P O
A3
^
r—
o
>
0)
Ul
O
3
- m
o
n
c
o
•
■^
LO
«_>■—
o
*
o
.a 3
co
d searo
74 to J
o
-
IT)
o.
+J C
i/l 3
/-s
■"3
WJ
S-
&s
o -
(0
M- -4-»
o •§
o w
(U i-
CM uj
u ca
•
5
ind
York
1
o
4_. QJ
#
m
2 z
■v
£
O 0)
1
-a
•
re e
c •«-
O
o
a>"0
^^r
- o
oj
%^
T—
Monthly
collect
o
" in
UJ
cc
=3
, — i
Jo
U-
CO
CO
to m "tf
(001 x 1H0I3M HSU /1H0I3M AbVAO)
X30NI DIlVWOS-aVNOD
529
TABLE 11. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for striped searobin (Prionotus evolans)
collected in
no data avai
the
lablf
New York Bight,
June
1974 to June
1975. A dasn (-) indicates
Number
Observat
of
.ions
Specimen Size
Range (mm)
GONAD-SOMATIC INDEX
Survey
Month
Mean
Variance
Standard
Deviation
Range
1974
June
2
348-373
9.87
12.96
3.50
9.61-10.12
July
16
225-364
7.35
35.28
5.94
0.23-21.32
August
11
204-346
3.19
16.24
4.03
0.50-13.35
September
19
238-414
0.82
0.04
0.29
0.33- 1.35
October
36
214-403
0.83
0.10
0.31
0.18- 1.36
November
30
294-372
0.85
0.15
0.39
0.12- 1.68
1975
February
-
-
-
-
-
-
March
•
mm
-
-
-
-
April
-
-
-
as
-
-
May
2
338-348
3.49
1.19
1.09
2.72- 4.26
June
10
289-353
8.16
10.76
3.28
3.57-13.07
550
(001 * 1H9I3M HSId /1H9I3AA AfcJVAO)
X3QNI OIlVl'JOS-OVNOO
U
If)
en
IB
CL
O
■a ai
c e
O -3
+J
w —
SJ CD
= co
</> ^
S-
5- O
O 9-
3
O) Z
u
-r- <U
-3 J=
C -t->
e
o ••-
3 T3
a o
(/) 0J
■a r—
« o
c <->
c
CV — -
1/1
>> 3
<— +->
+J +J
c c
a ai
S "3
531
TABLE 12. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for summer flounder (Paral ichthys
dentatus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. A
dash (-) indicates no data available.
GONAD-SOMATIC INDEX
Survey Number of Specimen Size Standard
Month Observations Range (mm) Mean Variance Deviation Range
1974
June 62 309-692
July 69 257-650
August 44 353-537
September 97 265-540
October 81 283-660
November 40 301-716
1975
February 17 346-540
March 14 406-630
April 12 382-547
May 63 255-594
June 116 276-651
0.63
0.11
0.55
0.04
0.57
0.03
1.29
1.80
1.77
4.16
1.68
1.46
1.98
15.13
0.84
0.10
0.81
0.15
0.52
0.07
0.70
0.28
0.33
0.31- 2.26
0.19
0.27- 1.27
0.17
0.29- 1.01
1.34
0.23- 5.59
2.04
0.13-11.53
1.21
0.18- 6.35
3.39
0.24-13.17
0.32
0.51- 1.78
0.38
0.46- 1.91
0.27
0.15- 1.22
0.53
0.17- 4.94
532
o
o
T
>
in
un
>-
r~
JZ
en
■*->
p—
j=
o
u
IT)
f_
3
CO
-3
fQ
O
OL
■>->
<te^
«3=
u, r*>.
O
o
c
co
ot flou
t, June
o
in C7>
m
U -p-
CM
3 CO
O
it- .*
*"«\
S_
«o
s- o
x
o >-
etj
n-
O
*G
2
O
N^
CM
sa
u
•t- <u
5
•o .e
!-
c
U -f-
o
•r-
m
t—
nad-soni
collect
o
o
o
in
Monthly
oblongu
o
w
in
Lti
a.
<-3
<o in ^ co cm
(001 « 1H0I3M HSld/lHOQM AdVAO)
X3QNI OllVWOS-aVNOQ
TABLE 13. Monthly sumnary of gonad-somatic data for fourspot flounder (Paral Ichthys
oblonous)
dash {-)
collected in the
indicates no data
New
avai
York Bi
lable.
ght, June 1974 to June
1975. A
Number of
Observations
Specimen S
Range (itot
ize
)
GONAD-SOMATIC INDEX
Survey
Month
Mean
Variance
Standard
Deviation
Range
1974
June
6
244-330
6.19
2.34
1.53
4.63- 8.87
July
28
153-318
6.22
2.92
1.71
3.45-10.07
August
31
224-347
4.05
2.31
1.52
1.53- 7.54
September
25
233-356
2.45
1.28
1.13
1.35- 6.23
October
36
240-374
1.75
0.42
0.65
1.15- 4.90
November
82
194-386
1.32
0.21
0.46
0.37- 2.11
1975
February
64
214-403
1.52
0.29
0.54
0.48- 2.73
March
33
202-405
1.92
0.62
0.79
0.69- 3.27
April
41
251-395
2.35
1.39
1.18
0.59- 5.72
May
81
242-419
4.59
4.45
2.11
0.53-12.38
June
34
208-359
7.34
13.32
3.65
0.40-13.98
554
(O
COOt X1H9SM HSU / 1HOGM AdVAO)
X30NI OIIVWOS-CIVNOQ
535
TABLE 14. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for windowpans (Scophthalmus aquosus)
collected in the New York Bight,
cates no data available.
June
1974 to June
1975. A da
sn (-) indi-
Number of
Observations
Specimen Size
Range (mm)
GONAD-SOMATIC INDEX
Survey
Month
Mean
Variance
Standard
Deviation
Range
1974
June
63
227-330
4.98
8.76
2.96
0.90-12.73
July
106
213-332
3.43
3.96
1.99
0.55-10.14
August
133
218-323
2.87
1.93
1.39
0.53- 6.96
September
151
176-356
6.37
8.76
2.96
0.69-16.63
October
162
164-340
4.32
5.90
2.43
0.63-13.36
November
246
178-341
2.16
1.28
1.13
0.20- 5.72
1975
February
230
186-352
3.08
2.82
1.68
0.52-10.92
March
127
180-343
4.54
5.66
2.58
0.59-11.52
Apri 1
172
195-369
5.08
10.76
3.28
0.52-18.57
May
175
149-366
7.00
20.79
4.56
0.24-16.13
June
151
179-341
5.74
7.84
2.80
0.39-12.90
536
2
5
<
CD
UJ
u.
2
<
o
UJ
a
>
o
2
O
O
liu
o
<
=3
2
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L
\
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J I L.
o
o
•
^
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cu
o
c
3
in
ra
-3
CO
E
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(001 * 1H0I3M HSU / 1H9I3M AdVAO)
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CM
537
TABLE 15. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for yellowtail flounder (Limanda
ferruainea
A dash (-J
) collected in the
indicates no data
New York Bi
available.
ght, June
1974 to June
1975.
Number t
Qbservat-
ions
Specimen Si 2
Range (mm)
GONAD-SOMATIC INDEX
Survey
Month
:e
Mean
Variance
Standard
Deviation
Range
1974
June
10
263-363
2.61
0.94
0.97
0.58- 3.98
July
2
335-346
2.81
0.31
0.56
2.41- 3.21
August
4
136-384
1.90
0.74
0.86
0.96- 2.96
September
20
173-381
1.81
1.96
1.40
0.34- 3.94
October
12
291-382
4.05
1.77
1.33
1.38- 6.30
November
36
224-380
5.00
2.99
1.73
0.44- 8.21
1975
February
220
204-422
12.00
22.47
4.74
0.39-23.35
March
48
269-401
15.81
45.56
5.75
2.25-27.09
Apri 1
120
254-420
12.37
82.63
9.09
0.47-30.23
May
113
189-409
5.13
35.2S
5.94
0.26-27.04
June
47
274-393
3.28
1.44
1.20
0.39- 5.57
533
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X30NI DIlYi'JOS-OVNOO
CM
539
TABLE 16. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for winter flounder (PseudopTeuronectes
americanus) coll
(-) indicates no
scted in the New York
data available.
Bight, June
1974 to June
1975. A dasn
Number of
Observations
Specimen Size
Range (mm)
GONAD-SOMATIC INDEX
Survey
Month
Mean
Variance
Standard
Deviation
Range
1974
June
120
175-375
1.47
0.48
0.69
0.42- 3.70
July
58
177-362
1.45
0.41
0.64
0.38- 3.06
August
16
196-344
1.61
0.46
0.68
0.25- 2.98
September
19
173-346
2.57
2.82
1.68
0.96- 6.16
October
107
174-397
5.11
7.02
2.65
0.45-12.48
November
174
99-393
7.35
14.44
3.80
0.41-17.21
1975
January
5
218-316
16.25
15.78
3.97
12.29-21.40
February
128
192-416
12.52
37.24
9.34
0.18-28.77
March
35
211-399
3.20
16.24
4.03
0.09-21.27
April
89
132-370
2.71
15.76
3.97
0.48-20.34
May
158
163-361
1.80
0.92
0.96
0.36- 4.41
June
164
137-399
1.33
23.72
4.87
0.25- 3.91
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551
REFERENCES
Introduction
Berrien, P. 1982. Larval fish distribution synopsis. In: Fish
Distribution. M.D. Grosslein and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight
Atlas Monogr. 15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Bowman, M.J. and L.D. Wunderlich. 1977. Hydrographic properties. MESA N.Y.
Bight Atlas Monogr. 1. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Briggs, J.C. 1974. Marine Zoogeography. McGraw Hill, New York, NY.
Gross, M.G. 1976. Middle Atlantic continental shelf and the New York
Bight. Spec. Symp. Vol. 21 Amer. Soc. Limnol. Oceanogr. 441 p.
Grosslein, M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz (eds.). 1982. Fish distribution. MESA
N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr. 15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Hazel, J.E. 1970. Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States-
-ostracod zoogeography in the southern Nova Scotia and northern Virginia
faunal provinces. U.S. Dep. Int. Geol . Surv. Prof. Paper 529-E.
McHugh, J.L., and J.J.G. Ginter. 1978. Fisheries. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas
Monogr. 15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Section 1: Smooth dogfish
Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish.
Bull. (U.S.) 74(53) : 1-577.
Hildebrand, S.F., and W.C. Schroeder. 1928. Fishes of the Chesapeake Bay.
Fish. Bull. (U.S.) 43:1-388.
552
Section 2: Spiny dogfisn
Bigelow, H.3., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish.
Bull. (U.S.) 74(53):l-577.
Cohen, E. 1982. Spiny dogfish synopsis. In: Fish Distribution. M.D.
Grosslein and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr. 15.
Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Section 3: Little skate
Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish.
Bull. (U.S.) 74(53) :l-577.
Leim, A.H., and W.B. Scott. 1966. Fishes of the Atlantic Coast of Canada.
Fish Res. Bd. of Can. 155:1-485.
Waring, G. 1982. Little skate synopsis. In: Fish Distribution. M.D.
Grosslein and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr. 15.
Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Section 4: Atlantic Herring
Anthony, V.C. 1982. Atlantic herring synopsis. In: Fish Distribution.
Grosslein, M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr.
15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish,
Bull. (US) 74(53): 1-577.
Sherman, K., J.R. Green, J.R. Goulet, and L. Ejsymont. 1983. Coherence in
Zooplankton of a Large Northwest Atlantic Ecosystem. Fish. Bull., U.S.
81(4): 355-862.
553
Sindermann, C.J. 1979. Status of Northwest Atlantic herring stocks of
concern to the United States. NMFS, NEFC, Sandy Hook Lab. Tech. Ser.
Rep. No. 23.
Section 5: Silver Hake
Anderson, E.D. 1974. Comments on the delineation of red hake and silver hake
stocks in ICNAF subarea 5 and Statistical Area 6. Annu. Meet. Int. Comm.
Northw. Atl. Fish. Res. Doc. 74, Ser. No. 3336 (mimeo).
Anderson, E.D. 1982. Silver hake synopsis. In: Fish distribution.
Grosslein, M.O., and T.R. Azarovitz, eds . MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr.
15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Anderson, E.D., F.E. Lux, and F.P. Almeida. 1980. The silver hake stocks and
fishery off the Northeastern United States. Mar. Fish. Rev. 42(1): 12-
20.
Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish.
Bull. (US) 74(53): 1-577.
Conover, J.T., R.L. Fritz, and M. Viera. 1961. A morphometric study of
silver hake. U.S. Fish. Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rept. Fish. 368.
Gusey, W.F. 1976. The fish and wildlife resources of the Middle Atlantic
Bight. Shell Oil Company, (p. 1-532). Houston, TX.
Sauskan, V.I., and V.P. Serebryakov. 1968. Reproduction and development of
the silver hake [Merlueaius bilineavis Mitchil 1 ) . Am. Fish. Soc. 8(3):
398-414.
;54
Section 6: Red Hake
Anderson, E.D. 1982. Red hake synopsis. In: Fish distribution. Grosslein,
M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr. 15.
Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish.
Bull. (U.S.) 74 (53): 1-577.
Gusey, W.F. 1976. The fish and wildlife resources of the Middle Atlantic
Bight. Shell Oil Co. (p. 1-582). Houston TX.
Leim, A.H., and W.B. Scott. 1966. Fisheries of the Atlantic coast of Canada.
Fish. Res. Bd. of Can. 155: 1-485.
Musick, J. A. 1973. A meristic and morphometric comparison of the hakes,
Uvophycis ahuss and U. tenuis (Pisces, Gadidae). Fish. Bull. (US)
71(2): 479-488.
Resource Assessment Division. 1980. Summary of status of the stocks. NMFS,
NEFC, Woods Hole Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA. Lab. Ref. No. 80-37.
Section 7: Summer Flounder
Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish.
Bull. (US) 74(53): 1-577.
Byrne, C.J., and T.R. Azarovitz. 1982. Summer flounder synopsis: In: Fish
distribution. Grosslein, M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight
Atlas Monogr. 15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
McHugh, J.L., and J.J.C. Ginter. 1973. Fisheries. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas
Monogr. 16. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
National Marine Fisheries Service. 1979. Summary of stock assessments,
September 1979. NMFS, NEFC, Woods Hole Lab. Ref. Doc. No. 79-14.
555
Smith, W.G. 1973. The distribution of summer flounder, ?a.r>alichthys dentatus ,
eggs and larvae on the continental snelf between Cape Cod and Cape
Lookout, 1965-1966. Fish. Bull. (US) 71(2): 527-548.
Sissenwine, M.P., R.R. Lewis, and R.K. Mayo. 1979. The spatial and temporal
distribution of summer flounder {Pavaliahthys dentatus) based on research
vessel bottom trawl surveys. NMFS, NEFC, Woods Hole Lab. Ref. Doc. No.
79-55.
Section 3: Fourspot Flounder
Bigelow, H.8., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish.
Bull. (US) 74(53): 1-577.
Leim, A.H., and W.B. Scott. 1966. Fishes of the Atlantic Coast of Canada.
Fish. Res. of Can. 155: 1-485.
Ralph, D. 1982. Fourspot flounder synopsis. In: Fish distribution,
Grosslein, M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr.
15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Section 9: Windowpane
Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish.
Bull. US. 74(53): 1-577.
Oery, L., and R. Livingstone, Jr. 1982. Windowpane synopsis: In: Fish
distribution. Grosslein, M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight
Atlas Monogr. 15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Moore, E. 1947. The sand flounder, Lovhopsetta aquosa (Mitchell), a general
study of the species with special emphasis on age determination by means
of scales and otoliths. In: Studies of Marine Resources of southern New
England VI. Bull. Bingnam Oceanogr. Coll. 11(3): 79 p.
556
Smith, W.G., J.D. Sibunka and A. Wells. 1975. Seasonal distributions of
larval flatfishes Fleuroneati formes on the continental shelf between Cape
Cod and Cape Lookout, North Carolina, 1965-66. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SRF-
691, 68 p.
Section 10: Atlantic Mackerel
Anderson, E.D. 1980. Status of the Northwest Atlantic mackerel stock -
1980. NMFS, NEFC, Woods Hole Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA. Lab. Ref. No.
80-29.
. 1984. Atlantic mackerel synopsis. In: Status of the
fishery resources off the Northeastern United States. NOAA Tech. Mem.
NMFS-F/riEC-29: 132 p.
Berrien, P. 1982. Atlantic mackerel synopsis: In: Fish distribution.
Grosslein, M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr.
15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish,
Bull. (US). 53(74): 1-577.
Sette, O.E. 1950. Biology of the Atlantic mackerel {Scomber saombrus) of
North America. Part 2. Migrations and habits. U.S. Fish. Bull.
51(49): 251-358.
Section 11: Butterfish
Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish.
Bull. (US) 53(74): 1-577.
Hildebrand, S.F., and W.C. Schroeder. 1928. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Fish.
Bull. (US) 43: 1-388.
55:
Murawski, S.A., D.G. Frank, and S. Chang. 1978. Biological and fisheries
data on butterfish, Pepvilus tviaaamth.ua (Peck). NMFS, NEFC, Sandy Hook
Lab. Tech. Ser. Rep. No. 6. 39 p.
Murawski, S.A., and G.T. Waring. 1979. A population assessment of
butterfish, Pepvilus tviacanthus , in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean.
Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 108(b): 427-439.
Pileggi, J., and B.G. Thompson. 1978. Fishery statistics of the United
States 1975. Statistical Digest No. 69. NMFS, Washington, DC. 418 p.
Section 12: Bluefish
Anderson, E.D. 198U. A preliminary assessment of the status of bluefish
{Pomatomus saltatvix) along the Atlantic coast of the United States.
NMFS, NEFC, Woods Hole Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA. Lab. Ref. NO. 80-30.
Boreman, J. 1983. Status of bluefish along the Atlantic coast. NMFS, NEFC,
Woods Hole Lab. Ref. Doc. No. 83-28: 3b p.
Wilk, S.J. 1977. Biological and fisheries data on bluefish, Pomatomus
saltatvix (Linnaeus). NMFS, NEFC, Sandy Hook Lab. Tech. Ser. Rep. No.
11.
Wilk, S.J. 1982. Bluefish synopsis. In: Fish distribution. Grosslein,
M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr. 15.
Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Section 13: Atlantic Croaker
Hildebrand, S.F., and W.C. Schroeder. 1928. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Fish.
Bull. (US) 43: 1-388.
McHugh, J.L., and J.J.C. Ginter. 1978. Fisheries. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas
Monogr. 16. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
558
Norcross, B.L. 1983. Climate scale environmental factors affecting year-
class fluctuations of Atlantic croaker [Micvopoconias undulatus) in the
Chesapeake Bay. Ph.D. Dissertation. School of Marine Science, College
of William and Mary in Virginia. 388 p.
Silverman, M.J. 1982. Atlantic croaker synopsis. In: Fish distribution.
Grosslein, M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr.
15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Section 14: Black Sea Bass
Kendall, A.W., Jr. 1977. Biological and fisheries data on black sea bass,
Csntvopristis striata (Linnaeus). NMFS, NEFC, Sandy Hook Lab. Tech. Ser,
Rep. No. 7.
Kendall, A.W. Jr., and L.P. Mercer. 1980. Black sea bass synopsis. In:
Fish distribution. Grosslein, M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz eds. MESA N.Y.
Bight Atlas Monogr. 15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
McHugh, J.L., and J.J.C. Ginter. 1978. Fisheries, MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas
Monogr. No. 16. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Pileggi, J., and 8.G. Thompson. 1978. Fishery statistics of the United
States 1975. Stat. Digest No. 69. NMFS, Wash., DC.
Section 15: Scup
Deuel, D.G. 1973. 1971) salt-water angling survey. NMFS, Current Fisheries
Statistics No. 6200.
ICNAF. 1972. Statistical bulletin for the year 1970. Int. Comm. for the
Northw. Atl. Fish. Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Can.
Maurer, R.O., and R.E. Bowman. 1975. Food habits of marine fishes of the
Northwest Atlantic. NMFS, NEFC, Woods Hole Lab. Ref. Doc. No. 75-03.
18 p.
559
McHugh, J.L. and J.J.C. Ginter. 1978. Fisheries. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas
Monogr. 16. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Morse, W.W. 1978. Biological and fisheries data on scup, Stenotomus chvysovs
(Linnaeus). NMFS, NEFC, Sandy Hook Lab. Tech. Ser. Rep. No. 12.
Morse, W.W. 1982. Scup synopsis. In: Fish distribution. Grosslein, M.O.,
and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr. 15. Albany,
NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Section 16: Weakfish
Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish.
Bull. (US) 74(53): 1-577.
McHugh, J.L., and J.J.C. Ginter. 1978. Fisheries. MESA N.Y. Bight Altas
Monogr. 16. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Wilk, S.J. 1982. Weakfish synopsis: In: Fish distribution. Grosslein,
M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Altas Monogr. 15.
Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Section 17: Tilefish
Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish.
Bull. (US) 74(53): 1-577.
Collins, J.W. 1384. History of tilefish. United States Commission of Fish
and Fisheries. Rep. of the Comm. for 1382. Part 10, Appendix 11, 237-
294a, 2 pis.
Freeman, B.L., and S.C. Turner. 1977. Biological and fisheries data on
tilefish. Lovholatilus ahama&leontieevs Goode and 3ean. Tech. Ser. Rep.
No. 5, 41 p.
560
Freeman, B.L., and S.C. Turner. 1982. Tilefish synopsis: In: Fish
distribution. Grosslein, M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. 31 ght
Atlas Monogr. 15. Albany NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Turner, S.C, C. B. Grimes, and K.W. Able. 1983. Growth, mortality, and
age/size structure of the fisheries for tilefish, Lovholatilus
ahamaeleontiaeys, in the Middle Atlantic-Southern New England region.
Fish. Bull. (US) 81(4): 751-763.
Section 18: American lobster
Burns, T.S., S.H. Clark, V.C. Anthony and R.J. Essig. 1979. Review and
assessment of the USA offshore lobster fishery. Inter. Coun. for the
Explor. of the Sea. CM. 1979/K: 25, Shell. Comm.
Burns, T.S. 1980. Personal communication. National Marine Fisheries
Service, Northeast Fisheries Center, Woods Hole Lab., Woods Hole, MA.
Burns, T.S. 1982. Lobster synopsis. In: Fish distribution. Grosslein,
M.D. and T.R. Azarovitz eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr. 15. Albany,
NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Uzmann, J.R., R.A. Cooper, and K.J. Pecci . 1977. Migration and dispersion of
tagged American lobsters, Homavus amern.aanus, on the southern New England
continental shelf. NMFS Tech. Rep. SSRF-705. 92 p.
Section 19: Red crab
Haefner, P. A., Jr. 1977. Reproductive biology of the female deep-sea red
crab, Gevyon quinquedens, from the Chesapeake Bight. Fish. Bull.
75(1): 91-102.
561
Haefner, P. A., Jr. 1978. Seasonal aspects of the biology, distribution and
relative abundance of the deep-sea red crab, Gevyon quinquedens Smith, in
the vicinity of the Norfolk Canyon, western North Atlantic. Proc. Nat.
Shellfish. Assn. 63: 49-62.
Sercnuk, F.M., and R.L. Wigley. 1982. Red crab synopsis. In: Fish
distribution. Grosslein, M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight
Atlas Monogr. 15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Wigley, R.L., R.B. Theroux, and H.E. Murray. 1975. Deep-sea red crab, Gevyon
quinquedons, survey off northeastern United States. Mar. Fish. Rev. (US)
37(3): 1-21.
Section 2U: Sea Scallop
Culliney, J.L. 1974. Larval development of the giant scallop Placopeatsn
magellaniaus (Gmelin). Bio. Bull. (Woods Hole, MA) 147: 321-332.
MacKenzie, C.L., Jr., A.S. Merrill, and F.M. Sercnuk. 1978. Sea scallop
resources off the northeastern U.S. coast, 1975. Mar. Fish. Rev.
4U(2): 19-23.
MacKenzie, C.L., Jr. 1979. Biological and fisheries data on sea scallop,
Placopeaten magellaniaus (Gmelin). NMFS, NEFC, Sandy Hook Lab. Tech.
Ser. Rep. 19.
Posgay, J. A. 1982. Sea scallop synopsis: In: Fish distribution.
Grosslein, M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr.
15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Serchuk, F.M., P.W. Wood, J. A. Posgay and B.E. Brown. 1979. Assessment and
status of sea scallop (Plaaopeaten magellaniaus) populations off the
northeast coast of the United States. Proc. of the Nat. Shell. Assn.
69: 161-191.
562
Thompson, B.G. 1984. Fisheries statistics of the United States 1983. Curr.
Fish. Stat. Mo. 8320. NMFS, Wash., DC. 121 pp.
Section 21: Shortfin Squid
Fedulov, P.P. and U.M. Froerman. 1980. Effect of abiotic factors on
distribution of young shortfin squids, Illex illecebvosus (LeSueur
1821). NAFO Sci . Counc. Mtg. - June 1980. NAFO SCR Doc. 80/VI/98, Ser.
No. N153 (mimeo).
Lange, A.M.T. 1980. Status of the squid {Loligo pealei and Illex
illecebvosus) populations off the northeastern USA. NMFS, NEFC, Woods
Hole Lab., Woods Hole, MA. Lab. Ref. No. 80-12.
Lange, A.M.T. 1984. Personal communication. National Marine Fisheries
Service, Northeast Fisheries Center, Woods Hole Lab., Woods Hole, MA.
Mesnil, B. 1977. Growth and life cycle of squid, Loligo pealei and Illex
illecebvosus, from the northwest Atlantic. ICNAF Sel . Pap. No. 2: 55-
69.
Tibbetts, A.M. 1977. Squid fisheries {Loligo pealei and Tllex illecebvosus)
off the northeastern coast of the United States of America, 1963-74.
ICNAF Sel . Pap. No. 2: 85-109.
Wigley, R.L. 1982. Short-finned squid synopsis. In: Fish distribution.
Grosslein, M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr.
15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Section 22: Longfin Squid
Cohen, A.C. 1976. The systematics and distribution of Loligo (Cepholopoda,
Myopsida^i in the western North Atlantic with descriptions of two new
species. Malacologia. 15(2): 299-367.
563
Lange, A.M.T. 1982. Long-finned squid synopsis: In: Fish distribution,
Grosslein, M.O., and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr.
15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute.
Mensil, B. 1977. Growth and life cycle of squid, Lologo pealei and Ill@x
illeaebvosus from the Northwest Atlantic. ICNAF Sel . Pap. No. 2: 55-69.
Serchuk, F.M., and W.F. Rathjen. 1974. Aspects of the distribution and
abundance of the long-finned squid, Loligo vealsi, between Cape Hatteras
and Georges Bank. Mar. Fish. Rev. 36(1): 10-17.
Summers, W.C. 1971. Age and growth of Loligo pealai, a population study of
the common Atlantic coast squid. Biol. Bull. 141: 189-201.
564
Appendix
Barans, C.A. 1969. Uistribution, growth and behavior of the spotted hake in
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Virginia, 53 p.
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spotted hake, Uvophyais regius. Copeia 1972: 188-190.
Bigelow, H.B. 1917. Explorations of the coast water between Cape Cod and
Halifax in 1914 and 1915, by the U.S. Fisheries Schooner Grampus.
Oceanography and plankton. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. 61(8):
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Clayton, G., C. Cole, S. Murawski , and J. Parrish. 1978. Common marine
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Fahay, M.P. 1974. Occurrence of silver hake, Meviucoius bilinea-ris, eggs and
larvae along the Middle Atlantic continental shelf during 1966. Fish.
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565
Gross! ei n, M.D. 1969. Groundfish survey proyram of BCF Woods Hole. Commer.
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Gusey, W.F. 1976. The fish and wildlife resources of tne Middle Atlantic
Bight. Shell Oil Company. Houston, Texas, 582 p.
Herman, S.S. 1963. Planktonic fish eggs and larvae of Narrayansett Bay.
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Hildebrand, S.F., and W.C. Schroeder. 1928. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. U.S.
Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 43 (Part 1): 388 p.
Kawahara, S. 1978. Age and growtn of butterfish, Pspvilus tviaaanthus
(Peck), in ICNAF Subarea 5 and Statistical Area 6. ICNAF Selected Papers
3: 73-78.
Kendall, A.W. 1977. Biological and fisheries data on black sea bass,
Centvopvistis striata (Linnaeus). U.S. NMFS, Northeast Fish. Ctr., Tech.
Ser. Rep. 7: 29 p.
Kissil, G.W. 1974. Spawning of the anadromous alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus ,
in Bride Lake, Connecticut. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 103: 312-317.
Leim, A.H., and W.B. Scott. 1966. Fishes of the Atlantic coast of Canada.
Fish. Res. Board Can., Bull. 155, 485.
Leonard, S.B. 1971. Larvae of the fourspot flounder, Hipvoglossina oblonga
(Pisces: Bothidae), from the Chesapeake Bight, western North Atlantic.
Copeia 1971: 67b-681.
Murawski, S.A., U. G. Frank, and S. Chang. 1978. Biological and fisheries
data on butterfish, Pepvilus tviaeanthus (Peck). U.S. NMFS, Northeast
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Musick, J. A. 1969. The comparative biology of two American Atlantic hakes,
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566
Norden, C.R. 1967. Age, growth and fecundity of the alewife, Alosa
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Udell , T.T. 1934. The life history and ecoloyical relationships of the
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Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 64: 118-126.
Pearson, J.C. 1941. The young of some marine fishes taken in lower
Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, with species reference to the gray sea trout,
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Perlmutter, A. 1939. An ecological survey of young fish and eggs identified
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28th Annu. Rep.
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Roberts, 3.C. 1978. Biological and fisheries data on northern searobin,
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Rohr, B.A., and E.J. Gutherz. 1977. Biology of offshore hake, Mevluccius
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567
Smith, W.G. 1973. The distribution of summer flounder, paraliahthys
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Smith, W.G., J. 0. Sibunka, and A. Wells. 1975. Seasonal distributions of
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568
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