GENETALOGV COLLECTION
DOCUMENTS
I,ATIVE TO THE
COLONIAL HISTORY
STATE OF NEW-YORK
PROCURED IN
HOLLAND, ENGLAND AND FRANCE
JOHN ROMEYN BRODHEAD, ESQ.,
AND BY VIETUE OF AN ACT OF THE LEGISLATUKE, ENTITLED "AN ACT TO APPOINT AN AGEKT TO
PEOCUP.E AND TEANSCP.IBE DOCUMENTS IN EUROPE RELATIVE TO THE COLONIAL HISTORY
OF THE STATE," PASSED MAY 2, 1889.
PUBLISHED UNDER AND BY VIRTUE OF AN ACT OP THE LEGISLATURE, ENTITLED " AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE PUBLISHING
CERTAIN DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE COLONIAL HISTORY OF THE STATE," PASSED MARCH 30, 1849, AND AN ACT ENTI-
TLED "an ACT IN RELATION TO THE COLONIAL HISTORY OF THE STATE, AND THE PUBLICATION AND DISTRIBUTION
THEREOF," PASSED APRIL 12, 1856.
EDITED BY
E. B. O'CALLAGHAN, M. D., LL. D.
WITH A GENERAL INTRODUCTION BY THE AGENT.
VOL. I.
ALBANY:
WEED, PARSONS AND COMPANY, PRINTERS.
1856.
Volumes III., IV., V., VI., VII. and IX. of this work were published under the direction of the Governor,
Secretary of State and Comptroller of the State of New- York ; and the publication has been completed
under the authority of the Regents of the University, in virtue of the Act of the Legislature to that effect,
passed April 12, 1856.
The Documents in Dutch and French were translated by E. B. O'Callaohan, M. D., LL. D., who was
employed for that purpose, and to superintend the publication generally.
CORKESPONDENCE.
The Legisktnre having recently placed the publication of the Documents collected by you in Europe, relative to
the Colonial History of the State of New-York, under the direction of the Regents of the University, I have been
instructed by the Committee of the Regents charged with the subject, to request you to prepare a General Introduction
to that work, to be prefixed to the first volume, which is now nearly ready.
Your agency in procuring the Documents of which this publication is composed, and your thorough knowledge of
the whole subject, clearly point you out as the proper person to perform this service ; and the Committee hope that
your well known interest in this work will induce you to comply with their request.
I add my own personal and earnest wishes that you will undertake this task, and am, with great consideration,
Yours most truly,
JOHN V. L. PRUYN,
Chairman of the Commiiiee.
John Romeyn Brodhead, Esq., &c., &c., <Scc.,
New -York.
1136138
New-York, 1 July, 1856.
Sir:
I have received your letter of yesterday, in which, as Chairman of the Committee of the Regents of the
University having the subject in charge, you request me to prepare an Introduction to the " Colonial History " of this
State — commonly so called — to be prefixed to the first volume.
The Committee, in making this request, have done me an honor which I highly appreciate, and for which I beg
you to express to them my acknowledgments. Feeling, as is very natural under all the circumstances, a peculiar
interest in the publication of this work, I shall not decline the flattering duty you have asked me to perform. It
seems to me that the most satisfactory Introduction to the work would be, mainly, a detailed account of the origin,
progress and results of the Historical Agency by which the Documents forming the publication were procured. With
this understanding, I shall set myself about its preparation at once, and execute my pleasant task as promptly as
other engagements will permit.
With high regard, I am, Sir,
Sincerely yours,
JOHN ROMEYN BRODHEAD.
John V. L. Pruyn, Esq., &c., &c., &c.,
Albany.
GENERAL INTEODUCTION.
The Public Records of the State of New -York are, chiefly, in the office of the
Secretary of State at Albany. They are as various in their character as they are
voluminous in their extent. Most of them relate to and illustrate the History of the
State ; and without them no accurate or detailed knowledge of that history can be
gained.
Previous to the American Revolution the seat of the Colonial Government was
the city of New- York, and the public records of the Province were kept there. They
extended back to a very early period after the first settlement of the country. The
most ancient of them were in the Dutch language ; and they related to the affairs of
New Netherland, as New -York was called while it was a Colony and Province of the
United Provinces, from soon after its discovery, in 1609, to its surrender to the English
in 1664. These Dutch records, however, are incomplete. It is known that the early
Provincial authorities recorded their transactions with care ; but, unfortunately, with
the exception of some entries of lands, the oldest of which is in 1630, none of the
records of Director Minuit's administration, from 1626 to 1632, nor of Director Van
Twiller's, from 1633 to 1638, have been preserved. The series of papers, however, is
tolerably complete during the time of Director Kieft, from 1638 to 1647, and of
Director Stuyvesant, from 1647 to 1664.
After the surrender of New Netherland, in 1664, the records of the Province of
New-York were kept in English, and were preserved in much better condition than
the fragmentary archives of the Dutch period. Those relating to lands and local
transactions, however, are generally far more perfect than those affecting the political
history of the Province. This was, no doubt, owing to the practice which prevailed,
to a great extent, with the British Colonial Governors, of retaining in their own
personal custody the correspondence between themselves and their superiors in
vi GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
England. But the chief cause of the deficiencies in the public records of New -York
may be traced to the vicissitudes which marked its annals in the transfer of sovereignty
from Holland to England, and iu the assumj^tion of sovereignty by the Colonists in
the Revolution.
Upon the full organization of the State government the city of Albany became the
capital, and the Colonial and Provincial records — other than those relating to the
municipality of the metropolis — which had formerly been kept in New-York, were
removed thither. The pressing concerns of a new and impoverished Commonwealth
for a long time prevented much thought being given to those silent and fading
memorials which recorded the events of the earlier days of the State.
Yet, there were many who looked upon historical inquiry in its true light, as an
incentive to progress and an aid to patriotism. They felt that too little was known
of the olden times of New -York, and that especially the half century during which it
was a distant dependency of Holland was the " dark period " in its history.
A few prominent citizens accordingly assembled, on the 20th of November, 1804, in
the city of New -York, and agreed to form themselves into a Society, " the principal
design of which should be to collect and preserve whatever may relate to the natural,
civil, or ecclesiastical history of the United States, in general, and of this State in
particular." This was the origin of the New -York Historical Society, which, on
the 10th day of February, 1809, received a special Act of Incorporation from the
Legislature. The members of the Society immediately took steps to accomplish the
high purposes of their association, and soon collected a valuable library of printed
books and manuscripts. At length the time came when it was thought that the
attention of the State authorities might judiciously be drawn to the importance of the
objects for which, especially, the Society had been organized. At its request, De Witt
Clii^ton, then its Vice-President, accordingly prepared the following memorial, which
was presented to the Legislature at its session in 1814: :
" TO THE HONORABLE THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK.
" The Memorial of the New -York Historical Society most respectfully represents :
" That this Institution was established for the purpose of acquiring and promoting a know-
ledge of the natural, civil, literary and ecclesiastical history of America, and more particularly
of this State. The attainment of objects so various, comprehensive and important, requiring
such extensiveness of information, such profundity of research, such exertion of industry and
such liberality of expense, is unquestionably beyond the means and the faculties of any indi-
vidual, however he may be endowed with the gifts of fortune and genius, and whatever may
be the extent of his enterprise, activity and influence. Associations, comprehending a mass
GENERAL INTRODUCTION. vii
of information and talent, and embracing not only the disposition but the ability to promote
knowledge, are essentially necessary to crown with success any important undertaking of this
nature. With these motives, and for these objects, this society was formed. A liberal and
enlightened Legislature, justly appreciating its importance, granted it a ciiarter of incorpora-
tion ; and it now only remains for them to complete the important work which has received
their approving voice, by an extension to this society of a portion of that munificence which,
we are proud to say, characterizes the legislation of this State.
" During the short period of the existence of this society, we have devoted no inconsidera-
ble portion of time, attention and money to collect books, pamphlets, manuscripts, maps,
medals, and other materials, which may tend to illustrate and complete the great outlines of
our history. This collection, on account of the number, the variety and the rarity of its
objects, may be safely valued at ten thousand dollars. If, in the infant state of the society,
without public patronage, and without any other excitement than a desire to be useful, as
humble contributors to the great stock of human knowledge, we have been able to accomplish
so much, what might we not effect if public bounty should be united with individual contribu-
tion, and if the countenance of the Legislature should stamp a value upon our researches, and
enable us to dispel the clouds which envelope the history of our country?
" It is well known to your honorable body that America has been settled principally by the
English, the Dutch, the French, the Spaniards, and the Portuguese. The Swedes at one
period planted a Colony on the Delaware. The Danes also have occupied islands in the West
Indies; and several islands between Asia and America derive their population from Russia
and its dependencies. How important and how necessary is it to procure books which have
been written in those countries, illustrative of the affairs of America. It is well known that
many manuscripts are buried in the archives of State, or in the libraries of public bodies,
which might be transcribed, and which would shed new light on our history. The Biblio-
theca Americana, published in England, imperfect as it is, indicates what invaluable and
unexplored treasures for our historians may be obtained in that country.
" But we would beg leave to solicit the attention of the Legislature more particularly to the
history of this State. It is unnecessary to descant upon the imperfections of its natural
history. Whole departments of this science have been almost entirely neglected ; the powers
of observation and investigation have not been applied to elucidate and explore them; the
destructive hand of time is rapidly sweeping into oblivion many important objects of inquiry;
and what might now with facility be rescued from oblivion, the flight of a few years will place
beyond the reach of human power.
" The civil history of this State may be divided into four parts :
" I. When occupied by the aborigines.
" II. When under the government of the Dutch, which was about half a century.
" III. Its state under England, which continued about one hundred and twelve years, and
which includes the proprietary government of the Duke of York, and its government
under the Kings of Great Britain, excepting about sixteen months, when it was
repossessed by the Dutch.
"IV. And, lastly, its political existence as a member of an independent government.
"Before the lapse of many years, the remnant of the Indian nations which now inhabit the
State will experience the fate of all sublunary things. The few antiquities of the country, the
forts and the tumuli, which may now be easily explored, will be effaced by the extension of
viii GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
cultivation. Tiie natural history of the man of America, disfigured and perverted as he has
been by European intercourse, may still be obtained to a considerable extent; his language
may be put on record, and his traditions may be perpetuated.
"As, before tlie Revolution, the Colonies of France and Great Britain were connected by
vicinity, by treaty, by trade, and by continual and habitual intercourse with the Five Nations
and other Indians which occupied this State, we can obtain valuable materials to illustrate this
important period from the libraries and public collections of those countries. Many learned,
elaborate and interesting works have never been seen in America ; some are so scarce that they
cannot be procured without the expense of transcribing; and papers of great moment have
never been printed.
" The regular minutes of the transactions of the Indian Commissioners for this Colony, from
1675 to 1751, as kept by a secretary employed for the purpose, were bound up in four large
folio volumes. This invaluable collection, and the subsequent Colonial records relative to
Indian affairs, are not now to be found in this State; and they were probably conveyed away
by Sir John Johnson, or his agents, at the commencement of the Revolution. The loss of
these documents would produce a chasm in our history that could not be supplied ; and we
hope that they may still be retrieved. Our concerns and negotiations with the Indians, since
our existence as a State, have not been preserved in regular and complete order. They are
scattered among the bureaus of our chief magistrates or are buried in the voluminous files of
the Legislature.
" To obtain materials for the Dutch portion of our history, comprising an interesting period
of half a century, we must have recourse to the papers of the Dutch West India Company,
and to the archives of the then government of that nation ; to the Dutch records of some of
our counties, and in the ofBce of the Secretary of State ; to the public offices in the neighboring
Colonies, with whose governments the Dutch had negotiations ; and to several books published
in the Dutch and Latin languages, relative to this country, and which are scarcely known to
us. The darkness which hangs over this branch may be perceived in the History of New-
York, written by William Smith, a work which skims lightly over this interesting period,
leaving it almost entirely unnoticed.
" To supply that part of our history when we were subject to Great Britain, the most
valuable materials may be obtained from various sources. From Chalmers' Political Annals it
appears that there are many manuscripts in the Plantation Office, entitled 'New-York Entries'
and 'New-York Papers.' We find in the catalogue of manuscripts preserved in the British
Museum, some writings that refer particularly to this State; and in the catalogue of books
belonging to that institution are preserved many works concerning America, in the Dutch,
English, French, Spanish and Latin languages, affijrding a fund of information important and
inestimable. We also know that there are many interesting books and manuscripts, relative to
this country, in the library of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in America; and,
perhaps, much important information may be obtained from the public offices in Canada.
" The history of our country, since the commencement of the Revolutionary war, is in a
better state of preservation ; but even here, how many interesting events are passing into
oblivion, how many important facts are distorted and misrepresented, how many illustrious
achievements are forgotten or neglected. Documents that may illuminate the obscure, explain
the doubtful, and embalm the memories of the good and the great, may now be drawn from
their dark abodes, where in a few years they will be forgotten or lost. Letters of distinguished
GENERAL INTRODUCTION. ix
individuals, fugitive pamphlets, perishable manuscripts, ought now to be obtained and preserved.
The time is precious, and not a moment should be lost.
" The only history of this member of the Confederacy is that of William Smith, which is
brought down to the year 17;32. Is is too much to say that the most important is the worst or
least described part of the Union?
"Anxious, as we are, to explore these sources of intelligence, and to collect these ample
materials, yet we feel that the want of funds presents an obstacle that can only be surmounted
by the liberality and public spirit of the Legislature. We have done much, and we are willing
to do more, in order to preserve the history of the State from oblivion. We are influenced by
no other motive than that of elevating the character and promoting the prosperity of a
community to which we are bound by every tie that is deemed precious and sacred among
men. And let it not be said that the exigencies of the times and the pressure of a foreign war
render it inexpedient to apply the public bounty to this object. The State is rich in funds,
rich in credit and rich in resources; and she ought to be rich in liberality and public spirit.
Genuine greatness never appears in a more resplendent light, or in a more sublime attitude,
than in that buoyancy of character which rises superior to danger and difficulty ; in that
magnanimity of soul which cultivates the arts and sciences amidst the horrors of war; and in
that comprehension of mind which cherishes all the cardinal interests of a country, without
being distracted or diverted by the most appalling considerations.
" We, therefore, most respectfully solicit the favorable notice of the Legislature, and we
confidently hope that the result will be auspicious to the interests of literature and to the
honor of our country.
"New- York, January, 1814."
Tills memorial of the Historical Society was received with great favor by the
Legislature, which, with a liberality that has always belonged to the State of New-
York, passed two acts on the 13th and the 15th of April, 1814, recognizing, in the
most gratifying manner, the claims of the Institution to the regard of the representatives
of the peojile. Public attention was now drawn more distinctly to the condition of the
archives of the State. They were found to be in great disorder, and the necessity of
some arrangement and classification of them was conceded. The Dutch records,
especially, being in a generally unfamiliar language, provision was made for their
translation, and Dr. Francis Adriaen Vaw der Kemp, a learned Hollander, was
appointed by Governor Clinton to perform this service, which he accordingly did.
His translations, forming twenty-six volumes, are now known and generally quoted as
the "Albany Records." A concurrent resolution was also passed by the Legislature at
their session in 1819, authorizing the Secretary of State, under the direction of the
Governor, to cause to be bound and arranged such of the records as he might think
expedient. On the 4th of January, 1820, Mr. John Van Ness Yates, then Secretary
of State, submitted a Report to the Legislature, detailing the steps he had taken in
^ GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
carrying their resolution into effect, and containing an interesting and elaborate
synopsis of the several divisions and the specific character of the public records in his
custody. To this Keport was appended a general Catalogue, I., of the Dutch Colonial
Kecords ; II., of the English Colonial Records ; and III., of the State Records ; and
from this statement it appeared that there were at that time in the Secretary's oflSce,
altogether, 661 books, 324 maps, and 900 bundles of papers.
But though the Report of Mr. Secretary Yates and the translations made by Mr.
Van der Kemp had undoubtedly served to enlighten the public mind as to the
historical value and importance of the archives of the State, there was still great
misapprehension in regard to their actual extent and character. Apparently unheeded,
and allowed to moulder in neglect, a very large proportion of these records yet
remained in bundles, which were deposited in boxes or hidden in almost inaccessible
corners in the old State Hall, without any proper arrangement or means for their
convenient examination. It is not surprising, under these circumstances, that while,
on the one hand, the public archives were known to be defective in many important
respects, on the other hand the State should have been supposed to be less rich in
historical records than it really was ; and that the attention of those whose minds
had long been given to the subject should have been earnestly directed towards the
best means of securing and increasing the literary property of the people by adding
to it those materials for the illustration of their history which were preserved in the
offices of Euroj^ean governments. The income of the deposit with the State of certain
surplus moneys of the Federal government having then recently been set apart for the
promotion of public education, it was thought by many that a portion of this revenue
might be properly applied towards the accomplishment of the object which had been
originally suggested to the Legislature in 1814, in the memorial of the New -York
Historical Society.
Accordingly, at a meeting of that Society on the 10th of April, 1838, a committee
was appointed to solicit from the Legislature an annual grant, out of the income of the
United States' Deposit Fund, to defray the expenses of procuring materials in Europe
for the illustration of the history of the State. In pursuance of this action, a memorial
was presented to the Legislature in behalf of the Historical Society ; but owing to the
lateness of the period of the session, it was not judged expedient to press the application
at that time. In the following December the Society again appointed a committee to
present the subject at Albany, with a view of procuring an adequate appropriation for
the purpose of obtaining copies of all the documents in the public offices of Holland
GENERAL INTRODUCTION. xi
and England relating to the Colonial history of New -York. On the 8th of January,
1839, Mr. John L. Stephens, from this committee, accordingly reported the draft of
the following memorial, which was adopted by the Society and ordered to be attested
and delivered to the committee to be by them presented to the Legislature.
"TO THE SENATE AND ASSEMBLY OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK.
" The Memorial of the New- York Historical Society respectfully represents :
" That, by the charter received from your honorable body, your memorialists were entrusted
with the performance of certain duties, and particularly were bound to collect and preserve
documents, papers and evidences, and generally all materials relating to or in any way affecting
the history of this State; that, in the prosecution of this object, they have collected, and now
hold in safe keeping, many interesting and important documents and papers, which, but for
your memorialists, would have been destroyed or lost.
"And your memorialists represent that they have been advised by those who from official
station had unusual opportunities and facilities for making researches, and have learned from
other sources on which they can rely, that there are now in the archives and public offices of
Holland and England many documents, letters, correspondences and papers, relating to and
bearing upon and directly connected with the events and prominent persons of our Colonial
history and of our War of Revolution; which said documents, letters, correspondences and
papers contain matters in relation to the views and purposes of those governments in the
treatnientof their Colony; the reports, opinions and advices of their Governors, Military Com-
manders, and other officers then resident here ; the population, resources and general condition
of the country, and the character, temper and feeling of the people; all of which were stu-
diously concealed from the colonists, and to a great extent are still unknown in this country.
"And your memorialists represent that the said documents, letters, correspondences and
papers illustrate and explain many uncertain passages in our Colonial history and our War of
Revolution ; and that without them, or copies thereof, or access thereto, no true and perfect
history of this State can ever be written.
" And your memorialists represent that, under a sense of the importance of the trust reposed
in them, and deeply solicitous to procure this valuable addition to the materials now under
their control, they consider it their duty to make known to your honorable body that their
means are inadequate to undertake the expense attendant thereon. And they represent further
that, even if they did possess the means, they do not believe they could, in their own name,
accomplish this object. The inspection of the archives of governments and the documents in
public offices is not granted on the application of individuals, or even of private associations,
but only on the request of a high power.
" And your memorialists represent that an inspection of the said documents, letters,
correspondences and papers would be permitted, and copies thereof granted, upon formal
application for that purpose, made in the name and by the authority of this State. Your
memorialists entertain the belief, from the fact that such permission has been granted on the
application of other States of our Confederacy ; and that an Agent appointed for that purpose
by the State of Georgia is now in London, receiving every facility from the Departments of
the English government.
Xa GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
" And your memorialists represent tliat the present is a most favorable moment for such an
application. It is a season of general peace, and great good feeling between our respective
governments ; and opportunities and facilities are now afforded, in a spirit of tlie most
friendly courtesy, which, in time of war, or even of a troubled political horizon, would be
peremptorily refused.
"And your memorialists represent that, in all probability, this is the only moment in which
your honorable body will be called upon to give its aid in this matter, for it is only because
of the special trust reposed in your memorialists that they have deemed it their duty to ask
the interposition of your honorable body; and, though all might consider it a proper subject
for the action of this State, its interest is too general and the prospect of success too remote
to occupy the minds of individuals. Your memorialists do not believe that there will ever be
a more favorable opportunity for renewing their request, and in all probability no such attempt
will ever be made by others.
" And your memorialists believe that it is worthy the ambition of the Empire State to have
under its own control the materials for writing its history. Already, in its rapid increase of
population and resources, it stands as a wonder in the history of the world : in a few years
its changes will almost surpass human belief, and then, the smallest scrap which illustrates its
former condition will be regarded as a precious memorial. Indeed, even now it is precious ;
for — with a full knowledge of all that has been attempted upon this subject — your memorial-
ists represent that the History of the State of New-York remains yet to be written.
" To the end that the Historian may come to this work with all the advantages which its
importance demands, your memorialists pray
" That an appropriation be made by your honorable body, at its present session, for the
purpose of defraying the expenses of an Agent, to be sent, under the direction of this Society,
in the name and by the authority of this State, to ask for and procure from the governments
of England and Holland, if possible, the originals, and if not, copies, of all documents, letters,
correspondences and papers in their archives and public offices, which relate to or in any way
affect our Colonial history and our War of Revolution ; and that the same, when procured,
be deposited for safe keeping with your memorialists.
"P. G. STUYVESANT,
[ L. s. ] "President of the New -York Historical Society.
" JOHN C. JAY,
" Rec. Secretary of the New - York Historical Society."
This memorial was communicated to the Legislature, in the following message from
the Governor to the Assembly, on the 5th of February, 1839 :
" I have the honor to transmit a memorial from the New -York Historical Society, praying
for the passage of a law authorizing the appointment of an Agent to visit Europe, to tran-
scribe documents remaining in the public offices of the governments of England and Holland,
illustrating the Colonial history of this State.
" It would advance the cause of free government throughout the world, and it is due to
ourselves, to the memory of our predecessors, and to a just regard for the respect of posterity,
that every important circumstance connected with the rise and progress of our free institutions
should be recorded and illustrated.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION. xiii
" It is believed that we have, hitherto, manifested a singular indifference in regard to this
object. The English government has made a munificent gift to our State Library of records
illustrating the early history of that nation. Massachusetts has taken care to preserve the
resources for her history, during the Revolutionary contest, by causing to be published the
Journals of her Colonial Congress. The State of Georgia has now an Agent in London,
engaged in obtaining copies of the records belonging to that State. This State has certainly
not less interest in rescuing and preserving the memorials of her Colonial condition.
" I respectfully commend the petition of ' The New-York Historical Society' to the favora-
ble consideration of the Legislature.
" WILLIAM H. SEWARD."
This message of the Governor and the accompanying memorial of the Historical
Society were referred by the House of Assembly to a select committee, who, on the
19th of February, 1839, made the following report, by their Chairman, Mr. Chapin:
" That the subject of the communication and memorial has received from the committee
the attention to which the opinion of the Executive is entitled, and which the objects of
the memorialists seem to claim.
" The committee are agreed in believing with his Excellency that upon this subject 'we
have hitherto manifested a singular indifference,' and that ' it is due to ourselves, to the memory
of our predecessors, and to a just regard for the respect of posterity, that every important
circumstance connected with the rise and progress of our free institutions should be recorded.'
Nor are they less united in believing that the annals of our Colonial history, now secured in
the archives of foreign governments, would, if transcribed and made public, reveal facts of the
greatest interest to the State.
" The memorialists constitute the Historical Society of the State of New-York, and were
chartered for the important purpose of collecting and preserving documents, papers, evidences,
and generally all materials relating to or in any way connected with the history of this State.
In discbarge of the duties thus imposed upon them, and in pursuance of the objects thus
intrusted by the Legislature to their care, they have been for many years ardently and faithfully
engaged in securing from the wreck of time numerous and valuable memorials of our early
history, which, but for their laudable efforts, would have been consigned to oblivion. In the
prosecution of purposes so important and ennobling, the memorialists, it should be observed,
have been limited in their researches to our own country, while it is equally remarkable that
a great mass of materials relative to our Colonial history are hid from view and secured within
the offices of transatlantic governments. Separated thus far distant from tlie most fruitful
sources of information on this subject, it is but reasonable to suppose that their efforts have
been materially restricted and their usefulness abridged. Superadded to this, there has ever
existed a great difficulty, if not an impossibility, in obtaining access to the documents, papers,
&c., so valuable in illustrating our history, and which, if sought for, have eluded research from
the want of that legislative sanction and authority now desired by your memorialists.
" Impressed with these considerations, and encouraged by the counsel and inuflence of the
most distinguished of our citizens, the petitioners represent that they are desirous to obtain
^ GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
the passage of a law by this Legislature, authorizing the appointment of an Agent to visit
Europe, and, under the sanction of legislative enactment, to transcribe the documentary papers
there to be found, having reference to the history of this State. They further represent that
they have been advised by many, high in official stations, that there are great numbers of
letters, records and official documents in England, Holland and France, detailing the particulars
of our primitive and Revolutionary history, and those relating to public and private negotiations,
to distinguished individuals and influential associations, to the plans of foreign governments in
their treatment of the Colonies, to the character of our people, and to the nature and resources
of our arts and arms. And it is also represented, with like truth and force, as your committee
believe, that at no period of our history have circumstances been so auspicious for the
prosecution and successful issue of their purposes as those presented at this time. Not only
are the relations between the governments referred to and our own more intimate and better
understood than heretofore, but the increased facilities of intercommunication, and the mutual
dependencies of trade, and reciprocity of public and private favors are such as to render the
present truly propitious for the execution of the designs contemplated by the memorialists.
" The importance of these facts has induced other States and associated bodies to become
enlisted in the extension of similar objects; and it is reasonably inferred, the committee think,
that the State of New-York — behind none in her extent and population, her arts and her
commerce, the productions of her soil, the interest and variety of her historical reminiscences,
and the intelligence and public spirit of her citizens — will not, on this subject, remain unfaithful
to her honor, her interests and her fame.
" Among the early Colonies and the people composing the inhabitants of our newly discovered
country, none were more distinguished than New-York and its enterprising citizens; and up
to the present moment it has continued to develope the elements of its greatness, thus
characteristic of the Empire State. In the drama of our Colonial and National history, she
was, and continues to be, proudly eminent. Her soil, her streams and her people are known
to fame. History, faint as it is, reveals her crimsoned plains, her bulwarks of military and
naval art, and the chivalry of her sons. The virtues, the heroism and the councils of her
citizens were felt and appreciated during the primitive condition of our common country, and
while our united energies were called forth in the cause of freedom. But, though History has
not denied us the evidences of these truths, yet how much more may she not do for the honor
of our State and the glory of our ancestors, when our own historians are admitted to all the
sources of her historic treasures!
"It is worthy of remark that the only ostensive history of the State of New -York was
written by an Englishman, and dedicated to the Right Honorable George, Earl of Stanhope,
Commissioner of Trade and Plantations, &c. The extent and character of this history may
be estimated from the confession and announcement of the author, in his declaration that it
was ' but a narrative,' and that ' it deserves not the name of history.' And further, in his
dedication, that 'it was not presented for his Lordship's information,'' as 'all the world knows
that the aSiiirs of the British Colonies have been for several years past under his principal
direction, and the wisdom of the measures pursued for their prosperity and defence are
indisputable arguments of his acquaintance with their condition.'
"Thus were the details of our Colonial history, and all the 'wisdom' displayed in the
government of the Colonies, presumed to have been condensed within the cranium of his right
honorable lordship.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION. XV
"The further usefulness of the author to this Province and to posterity, it might be added,
was prematurely arrested by his refusal to renounce his allegiance to the Crown at the most
critical juncture of our history — his confinement at the ' Livingston Manor' — his transportation
to New-York by General Washington, and his subsequent shipment to the land of his birth
and of his choice.
"From the Dutch history of 'New Netherland,' a pamphlet published at Amsterdam, may,
in like manner, be gathered the fruitful events of our Provincial history up to the time of that
elaborate work, eschewing, always, the veritable Knickerbocker.
" From a notice of these particulars, it is submitted, by your committee, whether the history
of the State of New-York ought not to rest on higher and safer authority than that referred to,
and whether it should not be written by one of her own citizens possessed of the materials, to
be derived from the sources before mentioned, and from the researches and under the
supervision of the State Historical Society.
"During the period from 1609, when our shores were first discovered and our noble river
ascended by Henry Hudson, to 1614, and while as a Dutch Colony, up to 1664, and
subsequently as an English Colony, from that date to 1776, it was well known that the most
intimate relations existed between the colonists and the mother countries, and that the
numerous records, documents and continuous correspondence of the governmental agents and
others were, as they duly should have been, filed and preserved in the various offices of the
respective governments. These related to the occurrence and cause of successive events, to
public officers and prominent persons among the colonists, to the character and productions of
our new country, and to the feelings and sufferings of our virtuous and heroic ancestors. In
addition to these, they related, at a later and still more interesting period of our history, to the
events that brought about the War of Revolution, to the political views and acts of our people,
to our condition and resources, to our councils, and to the policy of the parent government in
connection with the reports and advices of military and naval commanders and civil and
judicial officers.
" Nor are the particulars here noticed to be obtained alone from the archives of England
and Holland. The government of France is presumed to be in possession of documentary
papers having reference to the part she took in our Revolutionary struggle, to her subsequent
relations to this country, and to ' the French and Indian wars,' which by no means form the
least affecting and important portion of our Colonial history.
" The military operations of the French in our State, their erection of fortifications at
various points, and the events which transpired — often tragical in their character — should be
subjects of lively interest with the descendants from those who braved the toils and dangers
incident to their defenceless condition and the merciless warfare of their enemies.
" While, then, our Colonial history has been unequaled by that of any other Province in its
fruitfulness of incidents and in its relative importance to the Colonies, your committee are of
opinion that it claims to be faithfully recorded ; and that the efforts of the memorialists, to
accomplish a work so desirable and useful, justly merit the sanction and patronage of the
Legislature.
" It may not be unimportant to add that, while the Colonial history of this State is seen to
be thus fraught with local and general interest, it is characterized by the existence of the most
singular relics of art, the origin of which has hitherto baffled the inquiries of the philosophic
and curious, but which reveal the startling fact that, at a period long antecedent to all know-
ledge of our ancestors, it was signalized as the theatre of great aud strange events.
xvi GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
" Many of these, like the chronicles of our own times now sought to be saved fronn the
same oblivious fate, are fast disappearing before the modern ' march of improvement' and the
destructive influence of lime, while others, if known to the early colonists, have sunk into
ruin and forgetfulness.
" It appears to the committee, from a review of the subject submitted to their examination
and opinion, that it would be worthy of the pride and ambition of our citizens to encourage
the enterprise of the memorialists, and to secure for the State the materials for its enlarged
history. And your committee believe that no subject is calculated to inspire us with a
stronger love of freedom and of country than the records of the times and the chivalric deeds
of our fathers — those who gave us life, liberty, and a country made sacred by their blood.
Ingratitude alone must be our apology in failing to cherish the memory and the annals of their
history. Nor is it less an obligation to our predecessors, than a duty to posterity, that we
encourage the perpetuity of their examples of virtue and of patriotism.
" In the execution of the purposes set forth by the memorialists, and commended by the
Governor, it is represented that two years should be employed, and that an expenditure of
$4000 may accomplish the work.
" This amount, though less than that suggested by the inclination of the committee, has
been deemed to be an adequate appropriation, which, while it may insure the successful issue
of the enterprise, will not be thought unworthy the Empire State for the accomplishment of
an object which cannot fail to prove honorable to iier fame.
" With these views of the subject, the committee submit the accompanying bill."
The bill reported by the select committee, having duly passed both Houses of the
Legislature, was signed by the Governor on the 2d of May, 1839, and is as follows:
"AN ACT TO APPOINT AN AGENT TO PROCURE AND TRANSCRIBE DOCUMENTS IN EUROPE
RELATIVE TO THE COLONIAL HISTORY OF THIS STATE.
" Passed Mat 2, 1839.
" The People of the Stale of Ncw-TorJc, represented in Senate and Assemhlrj, do enact as follows:
" Section 1. An Agent shall be appointed by the Governor of this State, by and with the
advice and consent of the Senate, to visit England, Holland and France, for the purpose of
procuring, if possible, the originals, and if not, copies, of all such documents and papers, in
the archives and offices of those governments relating to or in any way affecting the Colonial
or other history of this State, as he may deem important to illustrate that history.
"% 2. The said documents and papers, when procured, shall be deposited in the office of the
Secretary of this State, subject to the use of the State Historical Society.
" >^ 3. A sum not exceeding four thousand dollars is hereby appropriated for defraying the
expenses of said Agent."
The words of this act are very broad and indefinite, and they seem to have been
purposely made so. What was evidently intended was, that the Agent should select
GENERAL INTRODUCTION. xvii
and obtain, in Europe, historical documents and papers, which, when procured, were
to be added to and form a part of the existing records of the State, at Albany. He
was necessarily invested with a large discretion ; he was to procure as much additional
material as he could ; and his scope of selection was limited only by the comprehensive
restriction to such documents "relating to or in any way affecting the Colonial or
other history" of New -York, as, in his own judgment, he might " deem important to
illustrate" that history.
Under this law, the names of sevei'al gentlemen connected with antiquarian
investigations were suggested as fit and proper to execute its duties ; and in March,
1840, the Historical Society, through its President, Mr. Peter A. Jay, addressed an
official letter to the Governor, reminding him that two distinguished citizens of the State
were then representing the United States government abroad — Mr. Henry Wiieaton,
at Berlin, and Mr. Harmanus Blbecker, at the Hague — whose public position would
give them superior facilities for research, and who would no doubt cheerfully superintend
the execution of the contemplated work ; and the Society accordingly recommended
that one or the other of these gentlemen should be appointed Agent of the State.
Various circumstances, however, delayed the execution of the act. At length, on the
15th of January, 1841, nearly two years after the passage of the law, Mr. John
RoMEYN Brodhead was commissioned as Agent. He had resided during the previous
year in Holland, with Mr. Bleecker, attached to the American Legation at the Hague,
and was to some extent familiar with the peculiar duty he was expected to perform.
In order, however, to avoid what was felt to be the chief inconvenience in the execution
of his mission, namely, the procuring of duplicates of documents already in the posses-
sion of the State, the Agent spent several weeks in a careful examination of the prin-
cipal historical records in the Secretary's office at Albany. They were at that time, to a
great degree, in the comparatively unarranged and confused condition already described ;
and the investigation of them was necessarily imperfect and unsatisfactory. There
was no catalogue or abstract sufficient to indicate their dates or contents. Notwith-
standing these unfavorable circumstances, copious notes and memoranda were made by
the Agent, and every precaution was taken to secure the means to assist and guide his
judgment as far as possible, when he should be engaged in his investigations in the
foreign archives.
Previous to his departure for Europe, the Agent received the following instructions
from the Governor:
GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
" STATE OF NEW-YORK; ■>
"Executive Department,)
" Albany, March 2'ttk, 1841.
"To John Romeyn Brodhead, Esquire :
" The Legislature of tliis State having on the 2d day of May, 1S39, passed an act for the
appointment of an Agent to visit England, Holland and France for the purpose of procuring
the originals or copies of such documents and papers, in the archives of those governments,
relating to the Colonial and other history of this State as are important to illustrate that
history, and you having been duly appointed such Agent, and being about to proceed in the
execution of your duties, it seems to be proper that I should communicate to you the views
entertained by the Executive in relation thereto.
" This communication is to be regarded as advisory only. The language of the acts is quite
indeQnite, and was undoubtedly designedly made so, in order to leave the Agent at liberty to
exercise a sound and wise discretion, according to the circumstances affecting the object of his
mission. In recommending those objects to the Legislature, I observed that their successful
accomplishment would advance the cause of free government throughout the world, and that
it was due to ourselves and to the memory of our predecessors, and to a just regard for the
respect of posterity, that every important circumstance connected with the rise and progress
of our free institutions should be recorded and illustrated.
" The general policy of the European governments towards their transatlantic possessions
has been heretofore studied by us chiefly in the acts of their agents here, while its compara-
tive unimportance in the domestic history of those States has caused it to be often overlooked
or superficially treated by European historians. It is represented to us that there are now, in
the archives and public offices of Holland and England, many papers relating to the events
and persons prominent in our local history anterior to and through the Revolution. Among
such papers may be expected to be found reports, advices, and other communications from the
Colonial Governors, Military Commanders, the early colonists, and other individuals resident
here.
" The policy of France, in establishing her military positions upon this continent, is regarded
among the most important and interesting particulars of our history; and her long struggle to
retain those positions exercised a great influence for a long period upon the condition, disposi-
tion and purposes of the people of New-York. It is, I presume, chiefly with a view to obtain-
ing authentic evidence concerning this part of our history tiiat you are expected to visit that
country.
" It would be highly interesting to obtain the originals or copies of the instructions for-
warded to the French and English Governors of Canada ; to learn the views which possessed
them, of a commercial, military or colonizing character; their expectations of the future
growth of their settlements bordering upon the colony of New-York ; their expenditures and
receipts; the nature and extent of their alliance with the Indian tribes; and the history of
their expeditions across the St. Lawrence, and of their posts upon Lake Ontario and the Riv. r
Niagara, so far as developed by official reports, or memorials from the foreign departments
under whose administration these various operations took place.
" It will be equally important to obtain in England the copies of those papers relating to
the occupation of the Colony, which are said to have been removed to the mother country,
GENERAL INTRODUCTION. xix
together with such official documents, memoirs and statistical details as were doubtless com-
municated from time to time to the British government by its agents here. Among these
transactions, the conduct of Sir William Johnson, his agency with the Indians, iiis communi-
cations to his government, and his views as to the extension of the British power, would be
particularly valuable. The expedition of Colonel NicoUs has never yet been known to us in
all its details. The capture of the city of Albany, under his orders, has found as yet but a
few lines on the pages of the historian.
" The Dutch records have furnished us with a vast amount of information relating to the
Colony while in subordination to the West India Company; but the official reports of Govern-
ors Van Twiller, Stuyvesant, Kieft, &c., to the father-land, and the documents which must
necessarily have been communicated from time to time by those zealous agents, are yet to
become a part of the materials of our history.
" Many details in relation to the patents, manorial rights, &c., and much information relating
to the Indian trade, will no doubt be gleaned from the archives which may become accessible.
" All these, as far as the appropriation will permit, after defraying your necessary expenses
and the private charges which will attend you in your various journeys, will become matter of
interest to you in your general investigations.
<'You are advised to proceed first to Holland, to ascertain what documents and papers
require your attention there ; then to proceed to England, and institute a similar examination
there. Having thus ascertained what will be most important in those countries, you will
proceed to solicit the originals, or cause transcripts to be made, as circumstances shall indicate.
While this is going forward in those countries, you will have leisure to proceed to Paris, in
performance of your duties at that capital.
" You will from time to time report to the Executive of this State, and will be at liberty at
all times to seek advice from him in regard to the discharge of the duties of your mission.
You will ship to the address of the Secretary of State any books or parcels you deem it
important to be sent to this country. •
"You will be allowed at the rate of two thousand dollars per annum, payable quarterly, for
your compensation, besides your traveling expenses and disbursements for the purposes of your
mission. You have already received an advance of fifteen hundred dollars. On rendering
accounts for one thousand dollars of that sum, you may draw upon the Comptroller for another
sum of one thousand dollars in advance, in like manner, and so on, accounting and drawing
the extent of the amount appropriated in the bill.
" In testimony whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name, and caused the
[ L. s. ] great seal of the State to be affixed, this twenty-seventh day of March, in the
year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-one, and of the
Independence of the United States of America the sixty-fifth.
" WILLIAM H. SEWARD."
In pursuance of his commission and instructions, Mr. Bkodhead embarked for
Europe on the first of May, 1841. He commenced his investigations in the archives
at the Hague in the following summer ; and for nearly three years was diligently
engaged in prosecuting his labors in the several Record offices of Holland, England and
XX GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
Trance. It was necessary, in the first place, to procure the official authority from the
proper departments of government, without which the documents the Agent was in-
structed to procure could neither he inspected nor copied. In Holland and in France,
the requisite permission was readily and liberally granted. But in England the official
regulations were much more embarrassing.
When, at length, fairly engaged in his researches, the Agent found himself
surrounded with difficulties, which, though to some extent he had anticipated, he had
no means of entirely overcoming. Among much that was altogether new and of
invaluable importance to the American historian, there was also found in the archives,
especially of England, much that was more or less familiar. With the imperfect
memoranda which he had been able to make of papers already in possession of the State,
the Agent was constantly exposed to the chance of copying duplicates ; and the more
so, as he was obliged to make his selections upon a prompt exercise of judgment, and
without proper opportunities for comparison. All documents about which there was
no doubt were at once selected for transcription ; and, on the other hand, such as were
positively known to be in existence at Albany, in a complete form, were passed by.
But the temptation to secure everything in any way illustrating our history, of the
actual possession of which, by the State, there appeared to be any uncertainty, was ever
strong. The duty of the Agent, as defined by the law, was to procure all such
documents, " relating to or in any way affecting the Colonial or other history" of New-
York, as he might " deem important to illustrate that history ;" and in executing this
very comprehensive trust he was instructed to use a " sound and wise discretion." It
was thought that this discretion would be most advantageously exercised by securing,
while there was a favorable opportunity of doing so, all papers coming within the terms
of the law, the suppression or omission of which might, in the judgment of competent
historical authority, leave incomplete the public records of the State. Moreover,
it was always considered that the object of the Agency was to add documents to the
archives of the State, and not to procure and prepare the materials of a work for
publication. Besides, the existence of duplicates of documents from different sources,
in all public collections of papers, is known to be not only universal but oftentimes
desirable, as such duplicates tend to verification. The Agent accordingly thought it to
be his duty rather to risk redundancy than deficiency ; and in all cases of doubt he
preferred to secure papers with a liberal hand, while it was in his power to do so,
leaving the question of their relative importance and their entire publication to be
considered and settled afterwards, when ampler opportunity should be afforded for
comparison and discrimination.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION. xxi
Soon after commencing his investigations in Europe, the Agent found that, owing to
the large number of documents discovered, and the necessary expenses of their
transcription, the original appropriation by the Legislature would be insufficient.
Eeports were from time to time addressed to the Governor, who communicated them
to the Legislature ; and further sums of three thousand dollars on the 11th of April,
1842, and five thousand dollars on the 13th of April, 1843, were voted to defray the
expenses of the Agency. Having at length executed his duty as fully as he could, Mr.
Brodhead returned home in the summer of 1844, and was occupied during the rest of
that year in arranging and indexing the documents he had procured. These formed
eighty volumes, and were deposited in the office of the Secretary of State, at Albany,
where they now remain.
Early in 1845, the Agent presented to the Governor his final report, giving a
detailed statement of his proceedings and of their results, which was communicated to
the Legislature in the following message :
" EXECUTIVE CHAMBER, •)
"Albany, 21 Feb., 1845.5
« TO THE LEGISLATURE.
" Herewith I have the honor to transmit the final report of the Agent of the State, appointed
in pursuance of the provisions of the act of the 2d May, 1839, ' to procure and transcribe
Documents in Europe, relative to the Colonial history of this State.' The report presents a
brief but very clear history of the progress of the Agency, of the difficulties encountered, and
of the general results accomplished, and will be read with the interest belonging to the
suhject.
" My pressing engagements have not allowed me time to make myself acquainted with the
documents which the Agent has secured, or with the expenditures which have been incurred,
beyond the statements of the report now transmitted ; and I cannot, therefore, speak of the
degree of success realized from the establishment of the Agency, or of the economy which
has characterized the expenditure of the moneys appropriated.
" It will be seen, from the closing paragraphs of the report, that the Agent is in advance, to
meet the expenses which have been incurred, over and above his own compensation, for the
last portion of the period of his service. His account is not submitted to me, but will of
course, I presume, be ready for presentation to the Legislature, whenever its action in the
matter shall require it.
" The schedules of documents accompanying the report I have not found it possible to
command the time even to read, although the transmission of the report has been delayed
for some days, in the hope that so much leisure might be found. Any further delay would
only abridge the time which will be allowed to the Legislature to make these examinations,
and to take the necessary action to bring the Agency to a final close and the accounts of the
Agent to a settlement and liquidation. Hence, the report and accompanying papers are
xxii GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
transmitted without the information which enables me to make any recommendation, or
even suggestions, as to the legislation called for or the appropriations required.
" SILAS WRIGHT.
« ' REPORT OF JOHN ROMEYN BRODHEAD.
" ' To His Excellency, Silas Weight,
" ' Governor of the State of New -York.
" ' Sir — I have now the honor to lay before you a final report of my proceedings, as Agent of
the State of New-York, under the act entitled " An act to appoint an Agent to procure and
transcribe documents in Europe relative to the Colonial history of this State," passed May 2,
1839, and of the results of my researches in the archives of Holland, England and France.
"' Before, however, detailing these proceedings, it may not be out of place to refer briefly
to the circumstances which led to the passage of the act of the Legislature by which the
enterprise now brought to a conclusion was sanctioned.
" ' This Agency is the result of the antiquarian spirit that has lately gained so much ground
in our country. That spirit, growing and freshening with the advance of years, has been
greatly strengthened and fostered by the exertions of the New-York Historical Society ; an
institution which, it is but faint praise to say, has more than fulfilled the high hopes entertained
of its future value and influence, by its projectors, in the year 1804. Exerting itself laudably
in times of difficulty — struggling with adversity, and braving obstacles — its important
objects gradually became appreciated by the public ; and in the year 1814 a memoi'ial, drawn
up by the late Governor De Witt Clinton, then vice-president of the society, stating in a
clear and masterly manner the objects of the institution, was presented to the Legislature,
and was so favorably received as to induce the grant of twelve thousand dollars in aid of the
funds of the society. Its library to this day remains a noble monument of the munificence
of the State and of the liberality of individuals.
" ' In this memorial, the prescient mind of Clinton suggested, in effect, the measure which it
was left to after days to see carried into execution. Referring to the gaps and deficiencies in
our own existing records, the papers of the Dutch West India Company and the archives of
the then government of the Netherlands were pointed out as the sources whence materials
for the Dutch portion of our history were to be obtained; and the recoi'ds of the Plantation
Office (Board of Trade) in London, and tlie library of the British Museum, were also alluded
to, as affording an important and inestimable fund of information respecting the period of our
subjection to the Crown of Great Britain. The public offices in Canada, it was also suggested,
might contain much of interest to our historians. But circumstances for a long time
prevented any direct effort being made by the society to obtain the favorable consideration
of the subject by the Legislature, and it was not until the year 1838 that any formal steps
were taken in the matter. In the month of April of that year, upon the motion of Mr. George
Folsom, a memorial was prepared and presented to the Legislature, urging the importance
of an investigation of European archives, for the purpose of procuring those materials for the
illustration of our history which our own State records could not furnish ; and praying
the State to undertake, for the benefit of the people, an enterprise the society of their own
means were unable to carry into execution. This memorial, however, was presented so near
to the close of the session as to render it expedient to postpone further efforts till the next
GENERAL INTRODUCTION. xxiii
year; when, the subject having been clearly and forcibly introduced by a message from the
Governor, and its importance urged upon the members of the Legislature by the zealous and
unwearied attention of Mr. John L. Stephens, the late Mr. William L. Stone, and others, an act
was passed, with great unanimity on the 2d May, 1839, authorizing the appointment of an Agent
" to visit England, Holland and France, for the purpose of procuring, if possible, the originals,
and if not, copies, of all such documents and papers in the ai-chives and offices of those
governments, relating to or in any way affecting the Colonial or other history of this State, as
he may deem important to illustrate that history," and directing that the documents, when
procured, be deposited in the office of the Secretary of State, at Albany, subject to the use of
the State Historical Society.
" ' Under this act I had the honor to receive a commission as Agent, on the 20th of January,
1841. By the general instructions, in which the views of the Executive in relation to the
duties of my mission were subsequently communicated to me, I was advised to proceed first
to Holland, and ascertain what documents required my attention there ; and then to England
and to France. The inspection of the State papers of foreign governments, it is well known,
is not a mere matter of course, but is considered a privilege of a high order; and is granted
in most cases only upon applications backed by high personal or official influence. I had
an interview, accordingly, with the Secretary of State of the United States, for the purpose
of procuring specific instructions to the American Ministers at London, Paris and the Hague,
in favor of my Agency ; but he having declined giving them at that time, I embarked for
Europe on the 1st of May, 1841.
" ' On my arrival at London, on my way to Holland, I had several interviews with Mr.
Stevenson, then American Minister at the court of St. James, and communicated to him, very
fully, the objects of my mission. Mr. Stevenson, though uninstructed by the General
Government on this point, interested himself at once, very warmly, in the subject ; and
advised an application forthwith, to Her Majesty's government, for permission to the Agent to
make selections and transcripts of documents in the British archives relative to our Colonial
and other history. A note was accordingly addressed to the Marquis of Normanby, on the
22d May, 1841, explaining the objects of the State in making the application, and requesting
that the necessary facilities might be affijrded me for accomplishing, with as little delay as
possible, the purpose of my mission to England. This note was referred by the Marquis of
Normanby to Lord Palmerston, Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs ; and on the
20th July following an answer was returned to Mr. Stevenson, that Lord Palmerston felt
some difficulty in acceding to my application, but that if 1 would send to him a list of any
particular documents I wished to obtain, his lordship would have them examined by some
competent person, and, if no objection should be found to their being communicated, they
should be copied for my use, on the usual terms, at my expense.
" 'Upon the receipt of this answer to my application, Mr. Stevenson immediately replied,
explaining that no partictilar docuine7its were asked for by the Agent of New-York ; that the
object of the State was to have its Colonial history written from authentic documents, many
of which were presumed to be in the State Paper Office, but whose particular character could
not be known, and that they could not, therefore, be described ; that the limitations and
restrictions imposed in former cases were of course expected to be observed in the present,
and that the Agent would, in fact, consider himself subject to the control and pleasure of the
department.
xxiv GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
"'It was hoped that, on a review of the subject, Her Majesty's government would have
looked more auspiciously upon the application, and that, so far from perceiving in it anything
objectionable, would rather have viewed the objects of the State as of a purely literary and
altogether praiseworthy character, and, as such, commending themselves to the favorableand
liberal consideration of an enlightened government. But the then ministry went out of
office without having altered or modified their decision, which — considering the impossibility
of my pointing out the particular documents I might wish to have transcribed, without
having the opportunity of learning even the date of one of them — amounted, in fact, to a
refusal of the application of the State. While referring to this subject, I cannot omit
availing myself of the occasion to acknowledge the warm and ready interest Mr. Stevenson
took in the objects of the Agency, and the personal obligations I feel for the courtesies he
extended to the Agent.
" ' Meantime, pursuant to my instructions and to Mr. Stevenson's advice, I had proceeded to
Holland, with a view of investigating the archives of that country for documents relating
to our early Colonial history ; intending, upon the termination of my researches in the
Netherlands, to return to London, and avail myself of the expected liberality of the British
government. Immediately on my arrival at the Hague, I opened the business of my mission
to Mr. Bleecker, then the Charge d' Affaires of the United States near the King of the
Netherlands. The well known interest of this gentleman in the cause of historical research,
induced him to enter, at once, cordially into the views of the State; and I gladly and
gratefully embrace this opportunity to renew the expression of my thanks for those valuable
counsels, and friendly efforts to further the objects of my appointment, which he was always
ready to give and anxious to make.
" ' In order to obtain the necessary facilities for investigating the archives of the Netherlands,
an application was addressed by Mr. Bleecker, on my behalf, to the Baron Verstolk de
Soelen, Minister of Foreign Affairs. Upon my presentation to the King, a few days afterwards.
His Majesty received me in the kindest manner, expressing much pleasure with the objects of
my mission, and a warm interest in its successful accomplishment. The general direction of
the royal archives being entrusted to the Minister of the Interior, the application was
promptly referred to the Baron Schimmelpennick, the head of that department; and an
interview was accordingly had with His Excellency, who at once informed me that he would
give directions to the officer in charge of the archives to afford me all facilities for the
purpose of fully carrying out the objects of my commission, and which had been directed by
the King himself to be as liberal in their extent as the exigencies of the service would allow.
" ' The government records at the Hague are placed under the supervision of an
«' Archivarius," at present Yonkheer J. C. de Jonge, a gentleman of great intelligence and
urbanity, and from whom I received numerous marks of kindness and courtesy, which I am
happy to acknowledge. M. de Jonge, on my presenting myself at the archives, pointed out
the various depositories in which the documents presumed to relate to the subject of my
research were contained ; and gave directions that every book and paper, known or supposed
to contain information affecting our Colonial history, be submitted, without reserve, to my
inspection, and every arrangement made that could facilitate my labors.
" ' The archives of the Netherlands, it is believed, constitute one of the richest depositories
of historical information to be found in Europe ; commencing with the period of the Union
of Utrecht, in 1579, and extending down to the French Revolution. They are contained in
GENERAL INTRODUCTION. XXV
an immense suite of apartments in the old palace of the Binnenhof ; and the documents are,
in general, very well arranged, though not all equally well preserved. The greater part are
contained in parchment-bound volumes, in most instances paged and indexed for convenient
reference. They consist, chiefly, of minutes of the proceedings of the States-General, at their
ordinary and secret meetings, kept by their Grefficrs, or clerks; in which are entered, in detail,
the resolutions of that body on all matters coming before them. These registers commence
with the year 1579, and are preserved in an unbroken series from that date. The diplomatic
correspondence of the government, as well as copies of general letters, and also the
instructions and commissions issued from time to time, are preserved in several separate series
of books. The original papers and memorials, received by tlie States-General from time to
time, are arranged on Liasses, or files, or are tied up in bundles, which are deposited in the
Secrete and Lokei Kits. These papers have suffered much more from the effects of time and
exposure than those in the bound volumes.
" ' It was necessary that careful and laborious researches should be made in all these different
repositories. Aided by the accurate knowledge and long experience of Mr. J. A. de Zwaan,
the " Commis Chartermeester" at the royal archives — and whose enthusiastic and untiring
cooperation, I am proud to acknowledge, contributed in an essential degree to the success of
the research — I was unremittingly occupied during several months in a toilsome investigation,
in the course of which upwards of four hundred volumes and bundles of papers were carefully
examined. Many of the documents were worm-eaten and decayed ; and the circumstance
that most of them were written in the perverse and obscure characters common in the
seventeenth century, increased not a little the difficulty of the research.
"' The results of my investigations in the archives at the Hague, however, strengthened the
impression I had previously entertained, that though a great and valuable amount of
information, on points either entirely novel, or at best but imperfectly known in our history,
was there contained, the records of the Dutch West India Company, which had the supervision
and direction of the Colony of New Netherland, were the grand magazine in which I might
hope to find those more particular details of voyages, discoveries, emigrations, settlements and
personal narratives, which would be of the highest interest to the descendants of the early
settlers, as well as to the historian of New-York. Relying on the information which had
been given me at the Hague, that these records, commencing with the period of the
organization of the company in 1621, were preserved complete at Amsterdam, an order was
accordingly obtained from the Minister of the Colonies, directing the keeper of the old East
and West India Companies' papers, at Amsterdam, to afford me every facility for examining the
documents in his custody. The archives of the city of Amsterdam were also presumed to
contain important information relative to the Colony of " Nieuw-Amstel," which that city
undertook to manage in the year 1656 ; and a letter in my behalf was in consequence
addressed by the Minister of the Interior to the Burgomaster. In further prosecution of my
duty, I accordingly visited Amsterdam.
" ' But, on applying at the West India House, I was, to my infinite surprise and mortifica-
tion, informed by Mr. de Munnick, the keeper, that all the books, documents and papers of
every kind, belonging to the old East and West India Companies, of a date prior to 1700, had
been sold at public auction in the year 1821, by order of the government of the Netherlands.
That nothing should be left undone, however, I instituted a thorough search among the
remaining papers, in the hope that something, however small, might have escaped the opera-
xxvi GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
tion of the order. But I regret to say that this examination was attended with no favorable
result ; and I reluctantly abandoned the cherished hope that the archives of the "West India
Company would have proved a rich mine of historical wealth to our State. Examinations
were also made in the papers of the East India Company, in the hope that something might
be ascertained relative to Hudson's voyage of discovery, which was made in their service.
The only trace found of that voyage is a memorandum in one of the " ship books," which
accidentally escaped sale, stating that the yacht Halve-Maan, of forty lasts (eighty tons)
burthen, had been sent " towards the north," in 1608. Unwilling, however, to abandon all
hope of recovering a portion, at least, of the records which had been sold, I caused adver-
tisements to be inserted in the most widely circulated journals of the country, requesting any
person who might have in his possession any documents relating to the history of the Colony
of New Netherland to have the goodness to communicate with the (then) Consul of the
United States, at Amsterdam, Mr. J. W. Van den Broek. The kind attentions and friendly
exertions of this gentleman, to further the objects of my visit to Amsterdam, have imposed
on me an obligation which I would do great injustice to my feelings if I did not take this
opportunity to acknowledge. It was subsequently ascertained that a portion of the records,
sold at Amsterdam, was in the possession of the original buyer, a person residing at the
Hague. I purchased permission of him to make an examination of this portion, which was
accordingly effected. Nothing, however, relating to our history was found ; and the mortify-
ing conviction is now forced upon us, that the papers of the West India Company relating
to New Netherland — which, until the year 1821, were easily attainable by the State, and
whose destruction has left such a chasm in the original materials for the illustration of our
annals — are now irrecoverably lost!
" ' The application to the authorities of the city of Amsterdam, for permission to examine
their archives, was at once acceded to in the most courteous manner, and prompt arrange-
ments were made to facilitate my investigations of the records in the Stad-Huys. Quite a
number of interesting documents, relating to the City's Colony on the South river, were found
and copied.
" ' Examinations were also made of the valuable collections of manuscripts and pamphlets
in the Royal library at the Hague ; and the most courteous attention was shown by the esti-
mable librarian, Mr. J. W. Holtrop.
" ' The result of my researches, in the various repositories in the Netherlands just referred
to, is the procurement of sixteen volumes of transcripts, containing upwards of four thousand
pages. As a full and accurate catalogue of the documents transcribed is appended to this
report, it is unnecessary to give any particular analysis of their character here. I will only
remark that they commence with the year 1614, and extend down, in a tolerably complete
series, to 1678, consisting chiefly of memorials and papers presented to the States-General
respecting New Netherland, and the proceedings of that body in relation to the various mat-
ters from time to time brought before them affecting the Colony and its inhabitants. The
act of the Legislature directed me to procure, if possible, the originals, and if not, copies of all
documents illustrating our history. I applied for the originals, but the regulations of office
did not allow a compliance with my request ; copies were therefore made of the papers
selected. Not the slightest difficulty, however, occurred in obtaining these, and not a single
objection was made to my having any document transcribed I wished. The most unbounded
liberality was evinced on every occasion by the government of that country to which we
GENERAL INTRODUCTION. XXVU
trace, with such affectionate veneration, the foundation of our State, and the most friendly
and gratifying interest was always exhibited by the gentlemen connected with the different
departments of the administration, with whom the business of my mission from time to time
brought me into communication.
" ' The investigations in the archives of the Netherlands being now terminated, I returned
to London in December, 1841, to prosecute the duties of my mission. A new ministry, with
the Earl of Aberdeen as principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, had come into power,
and Mr. Stevenson had been succeeded by Mr. Everett as Minister of the United States, near
Her Britannic Majesty. At the request of the Governor, and justly appreciating the
importance to the Union, as well as to the State of New-York, of the objects contemplated
by the State in sending an Agent to Europe, the President of the United States had instructed
Mr. Everett to apply to the British government for such facilities as might be necessary for
the successful prosecution of my proposed researches in England.
" ' Directly on his arrival at London, I had an interview with Mr. Everett, and acquainted
him fully with the objects of my mission, and with the previous steps that had been taken.
It need scarcely be said that the views of the State were at once warmly and zealously entered
into by the distinguished gentleman who represents our country in England, and whose
friendly and valuable counsels have laid me under obligations I shall always be proud to
acknowledge ; or that it was fortunate for the cause of literature and historical investigation
that the Earl of Aberdeen was Foreign Secretary of Great Britain when the Agent of this
State made a renewed attempt to obtain permission from Her Majest)''s government to execute
the duties of his mission. No time was lost; and on the 23d December, 1841, Mr. Everett
addressed a note to Lord Aberdeen, recapitulating the steps Mr. Stevenson had taken with
the late ministry, and expressing a hope that the requisite facilities for the attainment of the
objects of my mission would now be afforded by the government of Great Britain ; for which
it is claimed that it has " never permitted itself to be surpassed by any other, in the
countenance which it has at all times extended to every judicious effort for the promotion of
useful knowledge." Some time subsequently, Lord Aberdeen having suggested that though
it might not be possible for me to furnish a specific list of the historical documents desired,
yet, that a general statement of their nature must be practicable, and would facilitate a
decision on the pending application, I prepared a statement of the kind proposed, and as
specific as the nature of the case admitted ; which Mr. Everett transmitted to his lordship,
in a note dated 14th February, 1842, in which the purely literary character and objects of my
commission were again urged, and the hope expressed that the synopsis I had prepared would
remove whatever hesitation may have existed in reference to a compliance with my request.
" ' It is unnecessary to detail the various difficulties that were encountered, and the many
delays that occurred, before the desired permission was obtained. At length, on the 6th of
April, 1842, I commenced my labors in " Her Majesty's State Paper Office." An order was
sent by Lord Aberdeen to the keeper of the state papers, allowing me to inspect the
documents in the office relative to the Province of New-York ; with the understanding that
my examinations were to be made in the presence of an officer of the establishment, and that
I was merely, in the first instance, to indicate, by slips of paper, the documents I might wish
to transcribe, and not to transcribe, or make extracts of any of them, until the papers so
indicated should have been examined and allowed, on the part of Lord Aberdeen.
" ' This order was interpreted by the keeper of the state papers with such strictness as to
cause me serious embarrassment and inconvenience. I was not allowed to make the slightest
xxviii GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
note or memorandum, even of the date of a document; which, under the circumstances — the
mass of papers to be gone over being so large — was desirable, and even necessary, ia order
to avoid the risk of marking duplicates, and the embarrassment of depending on memory alone.
This, and other points — one of which was a permission to employ copyists of my own selec-
tion, by whom the transcripts could have been made at a much less expense than that incurred
by the charges of the regular clerks of the office — formed the subject of a subsequent note
of Mr. Everett to Lord Aberdeen. His lordship promptly replied, giving me the further
permission desired respecting the making memoranda, &c., but declining to accede to the
request that I might be allowed to employ a private copyist. I was obliged, in consequence,
to pay to the clerks of the office 4d. sterling for every folio of 72 words that they transcribed.
" ' Her Majesty's State Paper Office, in London, is strictly a part of the Sovereign's own
private library — an appendage to the Secretary of State's office. Being entirely a government
establishment, it is not considered as on the same footing as the manuscript department of the
British Museum, or other institutions of a like character. No person is allowed to visit the
office, for the purpose of consulting documents, until an order for the purpose has been
obtained from one of the Secretaries of State, who alone have the right of granting the
privilege. This order usually specifies the series of papers to which the visitor is to have
access ; and its directions are strictly and scrupulously followed by the keeper. This office
is the depository of all papers and dispatches that pass through the offices of the Secretaries
of State, which are there arranged under the superintendence of a keeper, deputy keeper,
and other officials ; and the accurate and perfect manner in which this is done reflects the
highest credit on the gentlemen to whom the government entrusts this important duty. The
building in which these papers are contained was erected in the year 1830, in St. James'
Park, near the government offices ; and is, in every respect, well adapted to its purposes.
In addition to the papers from the offices of the Secretaries of State (among which is to be
found a very voluminous correspondence with the Governors and Military Commanders in
America), the State Paper Office now contains the whole of the records of the " Board of
Trade," down to its dissolution, in the year 1782, which were transferred to it by order
of government, in March, 1842. Upwards of two thousand large folio volumes, relating
chiefly to the American Colonies, were thus added, in one mass, to this invaluable repository
of historical wealth.
" ' The general supervision and management of the British Plantations in America, and
elsewhere, was entrusted by King Charles II., by royal commission, dated 1 December, 1660,
to a standing council, who were instructed to correspond with the several Governors, &c., and
in general to dispose of all matters relating to the good government and improvement of the
Colonies. Subsequent commissions were from time to time issued to various individuals, sub-
stantially of the same tenor, constituting them a Council for Foreign Plantations, for the time
being. On the 21st of December, 1G74, the King revoked the commission for the existing
council, and directed their books and papers to be delivered to the clerk of the Privy Council.
By order in council, dated 12 March, 1675, King Charles II. referred whatever matters had
been under the cognizance of the late Council of Trade and Foreign Plantations to a commit-
tee of the Privy Council, consisting of the Lord Treasurer, the Lord Privy Seal, and others,
and directed them to meet once a week, and report their proceedings to the King in council,
from time to time. During the reign of King James II., the afiairs of the Plantations con-
tinued to be managed by a similar committee of Privy Council; and upon the accession of this
GENERAL INTRODUCTION. xxix
monarcli (6 February, 1C85), the Province of New-York having devolved to the Crown, it was
placed under the supervision of this committee. Upon the accession of King William III., in
February, 1689, a committee of the Privy Council continued to manage the affairs of the
Plantations, until their growing importance suggested the necessity of a separate and distinct
department of government for their direction.
" ' The year ] 696 is the era of the permanent organization of what is familiarly known to
our historians as the " Board of Trade." On the 15th May, in that year, King William III., by
royal commission, constituted and appointed the great officers of state, for the time being, and
certain other persons, " Commissioners, during the royal pleasure, for promoting the trade of
the Kingdom, and for inspecting and improving the Plantations in America, and elsewhere."
This board was empowered and required to examine into the general condition of the trade of
England, and of foreign parts, and to make representations to the King thereupon ; to take
into their custody all records and papers belonging to the Plantation Office; to inquire into
the condition of the Plantations ; to examine into the instructions of the Governors, &c., and
represent their conduct to the King ; to present the names of proper persons for Governors
and Secretaries, &c., in the Colonies, to the King in council ; to examine into and consider
the acts passed in the Colonies ; to hear complaints, and make representations thereupon, &c. ;
and with power to send for persons and papers. The Board of Trade and Plantations, as thus
organized, was continued through the succeeding reigns, by royal commissions, until its final
dissolution, by act of Parliament, in July, 1782.
" ' The records of the Board of Trade were kept with much care and system. Their
proceedings on all subjects brought before them were accurately entered in a series of large
folio journals, commencing with 1696 and extending down to 1782; and which, including
the records of the proceedings of the Committee of Privy Council, between 1675 and 1696,
number about 130 volumes.
" ' The documents relating to the affairs of each Province and Colony were regularly and
separately preserved in two series of books ; the one styled " Entries," in which were recorded
all the letters and representations of the board in reference to its concerns ; and the other
entitled " Papers," in which all the original documents received at Whitehall were carefully
bound up. There are 123 large volumes of " Entries " and " Papers," relating to the Province
of New-York, in the Board of Trade series, commencing with 1664 and extending to 1782;
in which are included the documents relating to the proprietary government under the Duke
of York, which were transferred to the Committee for Foreign Plantations, &c., upon the
devolution of the Province to the Crown on the accession of King James II. Documents of
general concern to all the Provinces and Colonies were recorded and preserved in a separate
series of books, amounting to sixty, entitled " Plantations General."
" ' The records of the State Paper Office, properly, are not nearly so perfect, especially in
the earlier periods, as those of the Board of Trade. It was only in matters of great secrecy
and concern that the Provincial Governors were required to correspond directly with the
Secretaries of State ; and it is probably in consequence of this that there are only six volumes
of New-York records from the Secretary's office between 1696 and 1752. These volumes
are composed, chiefly, of letters from the Governors to the Secretaries, which are, in many
instances, almost literal copies of those sent to the Lords of Trade. There are very few
letters from the Secretaries to the Governors during this period. There are no Secretary of
State's records whatever, relating to New-York, between 1752 and 1762 ; but after this year,
XXX GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
and down to 1781, the correspondence is full and voluminous ; that relating to this Province,
aloae, fillino- nineteen large folio volumes, and comprising, as well, the letters of the Secreta-
ries to the Governors. Besides the several series relating to the different Provinces, there is
a set of volumes, numbering eighteen, entitled " Plantations General," in which the general
correspondence of the Secretaries with the Colonies and with the Superintendents of Indian
Affairs, &c., between 1760 and 1781, is preserved.
" ' In addition to the volumes above mentioned, amounting in all to 356, a series of books,
sixty-two in number, entitled " Trade Papers," embracing a miscellaneous collection of docu-
ments relating to trade and foreign plantations from 1542 to 1761, was submitted to my
inspection, agreeably to the terms of the Secretary of State's order. In the course of my
researches I ascertained that there were other sets of books and papers in which documents
relating to our history were contained, but which my order, as it stood, did not allow me to
examine. I was consequently obliged to apply to Lord Aberdeen for further permissions,
which were granted ; and nearly a hundred other volumes and bundles of papers were sub-
mitted to my inspection.
" ' Thus upwards of five hundred volumes and bundles of papers were thoroughly and
carefully examined in the State Paper Office. Each document desired for transcription was
indicated by a slip of paper, and subsequently reexamined by a gentleman connected with the
Foreign Office, under Lord Aberdeen's direction. Such of them only as were not obje(;ted to
were copied. The copies were made by the regular clerks of the office on the terms above
stated ; and in every instance the orthography of the originals was scrupulously followed.
In making my selections, the greatest care and caution were necessary in order to avoid
marking duplicates of papers, which are very numerous ; and the immense number of the
documents themselves, and the unexpectedly high charge for transcribing, were also causes
of considerable embarrassment. I cannot close this reference to my researches in the State
Paper Office, without bearing testimony to the excellent and orderly arrangement of every
part of the establishment ; and I should be greatly wanting to my feelings if I were to omit
an expression of my admiration of the politeness and attention of Messrs. Charles Lechraere
and Robert Lemon, the deputy keeper and chief clerk. To the latter gentleman, particu-
larly, I feel under great obligations, not only for his personal courtesies to myself, but for
the ready and zealous interest he manifested in the success of the undertaking I was charged
by the State to execute.
" ' Presuming that the office of the Privy Council might contain information relative to the
subject of my reserach, I addressed a note to Mr. Greville, one of the clerks in ordinary,
requesting permission to examine its earlier records. A pi-ompt and most courteous answer
was returned, complying with my request ; and I examined the registers under the care of the
librarian of the archives, Mr. Henry Reeve, to whose kindness I am much indebted for
the facilities he afforded me. Very few documents, however, were found relating to our
Colonial history. There are no separate papers whatever, in the Privy Council Office, of a
date prior to 1700 ; but the registers of its proceedings are preserved complete from the time
of Queen Elizabeth.
" ' The library of tlie British Museum, already a magnificent monument of the public spirit
of the nation, is daily becoming more and more worthy the admiration of the world. The
collection of printed books and pamphlets, whose number, though not accurately known,
certainly exceeds 300,000 volumes, is one of the most perfect in existence ; and there are
GENERAL INTRODUCTION. xxxi
nearly 40,000 volumes of manuscripts. The arrangements for the examination of these
literary treasures are very convenient ; and though, in such a metropolis as London, some
regulations are necessary to exclude improper persons, those regulations are so easy to be
complied with that the library may be said to be, in effect, open to the public. Through the
kind and polite attention of Sir Henry Ellis, the principal librarian, I had every facility
afforded me for examining the various printed and manuscript collections, and quite a number
of transcripts were made of papers bearing upon our history. While speaking of this noble
institution, I may be permitted to remark that nowhere else was I more strongly convinced
of the indispensable necessity, to the investigator, of accurate catalogues, both for printed
books and for manuscripts. There is now in course of preparation a systematic alphabetical
catalogue of the printed works, of such comprehensiveness, that the letter "A" alone occu-
pies about twenty large folio volumes. Notwithstanding the active and skilful exertions of
the learned and competent gentlemen who are engaged in this important work, it will be
many years before it can be completed. The manuscripts are already catalogued and their
examination thus rendered perfectly easy. The Harleian, the Lansdowne and the Cottonian
collections, by means of their accurate catalogues, which were published some years ago by
government, are almost as well known to literary men on this side of the ocean as to those
in Europe ; and each addition to the manuscript department, as it is received, is at once
catalogued and thus rendered accessible.
" ' The Archiepiscopal library at Lambeth has also afforded us some interesting historical
materials. My application to the Archbishop of Canterbury for permission to make researches
in the library was promptly and cheerfully complied with ; and it gives me great satisfaction
to have this opportunity of acknowledging the very marked liberality of the venerable
prelate at the head of the English Church, as well as the urbanity and friendly interest dis-
played by His Grace's librarian, the Rev. S. R. Maitland, in making every arrangement for
my convenient examination of the documents in his custody.
" ' From the various repositories in London, to which reference has just been made, I pro-
cured nearly seventeen thousand pages of transcripts of documents relating to our history,
which fill forty-seven volumes. A complete and accurate catalogue of the " London Docu-
ments" is appended to this report, by means of which the character of each paper can be at
once ascertained, and any particular analysis of the series, at present, is thus rendered unne-
cessary. It commences with 1614 and ends with 1782 ; comprising the official correspon-
dence of the Governors of New-York, from its surrender by the Dutch in 1664 to the end of
the Revolution, as well as various documents of interest received from private hands. In
making my selections, the greatest care was taken to avoid procuring papers known to be
already in the Secretary of State's office, at Albany. I was unable to find any traces of the
original books of records of the Indian Commissioners, which are supposed to have been
removed from this State during the Revolutionary war; but copies have been made of all Sir
William Johnson's official letters to the British government, which remain in the State Paper
Office, as well as of the greater part of the proceedings respecting Indian affairs, which were
from time to time sent to London.
" ' It will, perhaps, be noticed that previous to 1674 there are 'no dispatches or
communications from the Duke of York or his secretary to his officers in New-York, and but
few from them to His Royal Highness. The first entry book, or record of letters from the
Duke, commences with 1674, and from that period they are tolerably well preserved. There
XXxii GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
are several deficiencies in the series of letters from Governor Nicolls, and very few of
Grovernor Lovelace's communications were found. There does not seem to have been any
file of Governor Andros' letters, to the Duke or Sir John Werden, handed to the Committee
for Trade and Phintations when the affairs of the Province came under its supervision, upon
the devolution of New-York to the Crown, on the accession of King James II. ; but after
that date the records are much more perfect. After the final organization of the Board of
Trade, by King William III., in 1696, the New-York papers are full and complete.
"' The policy of France in regard to her Canadian possessions — the establishment of her
military positions on our frontiers, and her negotiations with the Indian tribes on our borders,
and within the very limits of our territory itself, are directly and intimately connected with our
Colonial history; and hfer long struggle to maintain her influence in the northern portion of
our continent, affected, in no small degree, the condition, disposition and purposes of the
people of New-York. It was with a view of obtaining authentic historical materials,
illustrating these points, that an examination of the archives of the French government was
made a part of my duty.
" ' Having made some progress in my researches in London, and commenced the transcription
of documents there, I wrote to General Cass, then Minister of the United States at Paris,
explaining the objects of the State, and requesting his intervention with the French government
for the purpose of procuring me permission to examine its archives for papers relating to
Canada and New-York. A simple statement of my object was all that was necessary to
awaken the warmest interest of tiiat eminent gentleman ; and he forthwith applied, on my behalf,
to Admiral Baron Duperre, then Minister of the Marine and the Colonies, for permission to
examine the papers relating to Canada in the bureaus of his department. An answer was
promptly returned, authorizing me to make the researches I wished, without limitation; and
adding, that " all the facilities he can desire will be accorded" to the Agent. I will only
remark, in passing, that this liberality did not prove to be mere formal phrase.
" ' In further prosecution of the duties of my mission, I accordingly went to Paris in June,
1842, and commenced my examinations in the archives of the Marine and the Colonies. The
general management of the French dependencies in America having been from an early period
entrusted to this department, its archives are very rich in materials relating to their history.
They consist chiefly of instructions of the French government to its agents in America ; letters
and dispatches to the King and his ministers, and original papers from the Colonial authorities
to the Home government; correspondence with the neighboring English Colonies; reports of
interviews with the Indian tribes; plans of campaigns and details of battles and skirmishes,
&c., &c.
"' The documents relating to Canada and New-York are contained in two several divisions.
The one is a series of bound volumes, commencing with the year 1663 and ending very
abruptly with 1737. It comprises about 70 volumes, and contains the dispatches and
commissions of the King and his ministers to the Governors and other functionaries in the
French Colonies. It is greatly to be regretted that the volumes subsequent to 1737 appear to
be missing. The other, and by far the most fertile repository, is a series of upwards of an
hundred enormous "cartons" or port-folios, each larger than two ordinary folio volumes, and
in which, at the time of my examination, were placed loosely and without chronological order,
or even the least attempt at arrangement, a mass of original documents relating to Canada,
from 1G30 to the Treaty of Paris, 10th February, 1763. The state of deplorable confusion in
GENERAL INTRODUCTION. xxxiii
which I found the contents of these cartons can scarcely be conceived by any one who has not
made personal investigations, and it must be very evident that it was embarrassing in no
small degree. It not only very greatly increased the labor of the research, but it was found
that in many instances papers of presumed importance were missing from the mass. It is
hoped, however, that under the superintendence of the present competent and intelligent chief
of the archives, M. Davezac, these valuable papers, whose present confusion (one of the results,
perhaps, of the Revolutionary fury of 1793) exhibits such a striking contrast to the system and
order tliat generally prevail in the French government bureaus, will soon be arranged in a
manner consistent with their high importance and worthy the dignity of the nation. Several
months were occupied in a careful and toilsome investigation of these documents, and such as
were found to relate to our history were selected and transcribed.
"'Knowing, however, that tlie archives of the Department of the Marine and the Colonies
was not the only source from which to obtain information, an application was addressed to
the Minister of War, Marshal Soult, Duke of Dalmatia, which was promptly answered by a
letter stating that orders had been given for my admission to the dep6t and archives of the
War Department, " for the purpose of examining and copying all the documents relative to
the operations of the French, in Canada, until the period of the Treaty of Paris, in 1763."
This frank and liberal order, so characteristic of the gallant soldier wiio presides over tiie
Council of Ministers, was very handsomely carried into effect by General Baron Pelet, the
Director-General of the archives of the department, to whose obliging and polite attention I
am very greatly indebted for the facilities he afforded me for examining the documents in his
custody. The archives of the Department of War present a very gratifying contrast, in respect
to arrangement, to those of the Marine and the Colonies. The papers are chronologically
arranged in bound volumes, and their examination was as agreeable and pleasant as that of
the cartons of the Marine was laborious and annoying. The documents selected and
transcribed relate chiefly to the period between 1755 and the treaty of Paris, and comprise
the correspondence of the Military Commanders in America with the French government.
" 'An application was also made for permission to examine the archives of the Department
of Foreign Affairs, for papers relating to the history of Canada, and the intercourse between
that Colony and the Province of New-York ; but M. Guizot, in his reply to Gen. Cass' note,
thus expressed himself: " I would be very happy to comply with your request, if my department
possessed any documents relative to this Colony ; but the Ministry of the Marine, to which
you have already applied, is the only one which can furnish you with information on this
subject, Canada having always been under its supervision, and never having had any relations
with my department."
" ' Researches were also made in the collections in the Royal library at Paris; a most full
and unqualified permission for which purpose was granted by Mr Villemain, the Minister of
Public Instruction, and every facility afforded by the gentleman in charge of this magnificent
institution.
'"My investigations in the several repositories at Paris, just alluded to, occupied me several
months, and resulted in the procurement of seventeen volumes of transcripts, containing
upwards of six thousand pages. A full and accurate catalogue of the "Paris Documents," in
which every paper, its date, and a reference to its page, is indicated, being also appended to
this report, renders any particular reference to their contents unnecessary in this place.
They commence with 1631, and extend to 1763; including selections of the correspondence
xxxiv GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
of the Governors of Canada with the authorities in France respecting Indian affairs, tlie
relations with this Province, &c., as well as the dispatches of the Military Commanders during
the romantic and exciting period in our history of the " French War."
" ' As at the Hague and in London, the reguh tions of the offices at Paris did not allow me
to execute that part of the law, establishing the Agency, requiring the procurement, if possible,
of original documents. Transcripts were made, therefore, of the papers selected, and the
orthography of the originals was followed as accurately as possible. In closing this reference
to my researches at Paris, I cannot forbear the remark, that the proverbial reputation of the
French government, in regard to all matters connected with scientific and literary investigation,
was amply sustained in the courtesies that were extended to the Agent of this State ; and that
the historical treasures which were found in its archives are only equaled by the prompt and
generous liberality with which they were thrown open to my inspection. That much of the
good feeling exhibited was owing to the high standing of our Minister at the French Court,
is unquestionable ; and I feel it a duty, not less incumbent than grateful, again to acknowledge
the marked kindness of General Cass, and the personal and zealous exertions he never failed
making, to render my visit to Paris most advantageous to the State.
" ' The researches in the French archives being completed, I returned to London and was
some time occupied in further investigations, and in making preparations for my return to
America. The documents transcribed at Paris and in London were carefully packed, insured
and shipped for New-York ; and my arrangements having been completed, I embarked for
home on the 7th July, 1844.
" ' From this detail of proceedings, it will be perceived that the execution of my mission was
attended with considerable embarrassment. This occurred chiefly in London, where the
regulations of office were much more stringent than at the Hague or in Paris. In both these
latter places there was no difficulty experienced, either in obtaining access to the archives or
in procuring transcripts at reasonable rates. The price paid for copies was about eleven cents
for eacii page. In London, however, as before stated, my application for permission to employ
a private copyist having failed, I was obliged to pay to the regular clerks in the State Paper
Office 4d. sterling for every folio of seventy-two words, or about twenty-five cents for an
ordinary page transcribed. This circumstance, and the unexpectedly large number of volumes
to be examined, caused me much embarrassment. It became desirable to limit my selections
as much as possible, in order to keep the expenses within the amount of the funds appropriated
for the Agency ; while at the same time my duty did not allow me to pass by a single document
coming under my observation, "important" to illustrate our history. I have before slated
that, in the course of my investigations in the State Paper Office, I ascertained that there were
other series of books and papers than those the terms of my original permission allowed me to
inspect, containing information respecting our history ; and that a subsequent order from Lord
Aberdeen gave me the liberty to examine a large number of additional volumes. I am far
from affirming, however, that everything in relation to our history, in the British archives, has
been obtained ; though I think it may safely be said that the greater and more valuable portion
of the materials there preserved has been secured. Had sufficient funds been placed at my
disposal, I should have pursued my researches until everything accessible had been obtained ;
and should especially have endeavored to procure copies of the correspondence of the British
Military Commanders in America, from the surrender of Canada to the end of the American
Revolution.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION. xxxv
" ' The selection of documents was a point necessarily left to the discretion of the Agent; and
in the execution of this important duty I adopted for my rule a principle which cannot be
better expressed than in the words of the Editors of the "Clarendon State Papers," who say
in their preface — " In so large a collection, there occurred, as might well be expected, some
papers of a private nature, others of no consequence to the public. To separate these from the
rest was a point left to the discretion of the Editors by the Trustees of the late Lord Hyde.
Such, therefore, as appeared to them in either of these lights are rejected from publication.
They have used their best judgment, and the utmost caution, in acquitting themselves of this
trust ; and if there are still any given which may appear to some to be scarce worthy of
publication, they desire it may be considered that men's ideas of such matters are often very
diHerent, and that any particular paper which, upon being perused apart from the rest, may
seem of too little consequence to merit the public notice, would yet have been very improperly
suppressed, either because it may be connected with and tend to illustrate a more interesting
paper, or on account of some other circumstance which may not immediately occur to
the reader."
'• 'Immediately on my arrival in New-York, in August last, I waited on Governor Bouck, and
acquainted him with the results of my mission. As the transcripts made in London and in
Paris were uuarranged, and as it was essential to their usefulness that they should be disposed
in accurate chronological order, bound into volumes, and carefully indexed, before being
deposited in the Secretary of State's oifice, the Governor thought it best that I should
occupy myself with this duty, and report fully to the Executive upon its completion. I have,
accordingly, been diligently engaged in the execution of this work since August last.
" 'The transcripts were all separately made, and in such a manner that they could be afterwards
arranged in proper order. This was necessarily the case, as the originals were not all contained
in one particular set of books or papers, but were scattered through many and various series.
The documents copied at the Hague, and in Amsterdam, were all arranged and indexed by
myself during leisure evening hours, while in London, in the winter and spring of 1843, and
were bound and sent to Albany in the summer of that year. These "Holland Documents"
occupy, as before stated, sixteen volumes, and have been for more than a year in the
Secretary of State's office. In arranging the " London Documents," great care was necessary,
in order to avoid the apparent confusion of dates caused by the use of the Old Style, which
prevailed in England till the year 1752. It is believed, however, that this point has been
carefully guarded, and that the plan I adopted, viz: the use of the Historical year (which
commenced on the 1st of January) instead of the Legal year (which commenced on the 25th
March), and of the Old Style, until 1752, when the act of Parliament took effect, will be found
to have been judicious, and to meet the approbation of the investigator. The " Paris
Documents" are arranged according to the New Style, which was adopted in France in 1-5S2.
" ' The calendars to the " Holland," " London " and " Paris " Documents, appended to this
report, have been prepared with much care, and it is hoped will be found useful. They indicate
the number of each document in the volume, its general scope and character, its date, and its
page ; and thus, persons at a distance will be enabled to ascertain at once the contents and the
bearing of each paper in the whole series of eighty volumes of European transcripts.
" 'By the act of the 2d May, 1839, establishing the Agency, the sum of four thousand dollars
was appropriated towards defraying its expenses. On the 11th of April, 1842, a further sum
of three thousand dollars was appropriated by law for its prosecution ; and on the 13th of
xxxvi GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
April, 1S43, a further sum of five thousand dollars was appropriated by the Legislature. These
several appropriiitions, amounting to twelve thousand dollars, have been drawn from the
treasury and entirely exhausted in defraying the expenses of my mission; accurate accounts for
which have been rendered to the Comptroller. I will only add, that I have advanced from my
own private means a considerable amount, in addition, which has been applied to defraying
the expenses of transportation, insurance, binding, and other incidentals connected with the
arranging and cataloguing of the documents; in which duty, as before stated, I have been
constantly occupied since the month of August last.
" 'I have endeavored to lay before your Excellency as full and as concise a report as possible
of the execution of the duties of the Agency I had the honor to have entrusted to me by the
government of my State. The whole question of this Agency, and of its results, is now before
my fellow-citizens, and to their judgment it is cheerfully submitted. Under any circumstances,
and in any event, and however unworthy the instrument selected to execute her high
commission, it must ever be a source of proud reflection that the State of New-York — not less
faithful now, in her time of power and greatness, to her honor and to her fame, than in her day
of difficulty and oppression to the principles she then so fearlessly asserted — has been among
the foremost of the Confederation to vindicate her self-respect to the world, by rescuing from
obscurity and long neglect the scattered memorials of her Colonial existence, to place them
side by side the records of her independent progress.
" ' I have the honor to be, Sir,
" ' Very respectfully,
" 'Your Excellency's obedient servant,
"'JOHN ROMEYN BRODHEAD.
" 'Albanv, 12ih February, 1845.' "
The message of the Governor, and the Agent's final report, communicated therewith,
were referred to a select committee of the Senate, of which Mr. Folsom was chairman.
On the 5th of May, 1845, that committee made the following report:
" A respect for the memorials of the past may be justly considered as one of the marks
of advanced civilization. Among savage nations the only care is for the supply of present
wants, which, being es*lusively of a physical nature, like those of irrational animals, are
easily satisfied, with equal indifference to the past and the future. But as mankind rise in
the scale of intelligence, a growing solicitude is felt in regard to circumstances and events
beyond the present moment ; the necessity of making provision for future exigencies becomes
more and more apparent, and leads to untiring exertion to accomplish so important an end.
It is reserved, however, for a still higher degree of progress to develope any considerable
interest respecting the past. It is an old utilitarian maxim that makes a dead lion of less
claim to consideration than a living ass ; and the mind requires to be raised above the
ordinary calculations of mere thrift to appreciate the value of what no longer possesses actual
power or influence in the esteem of the busy world. The monuments of history, standing
aside in the seclusion of by-places and deserted spots, or buried beneath what is generally
regarded as the useless rubbish of the remains of antiquity, are passed by with indillerence
GENERAL INTRODUCTION. xxxvii
Tinlil an enlightened desire is awakened to know something of the early foundations of
society, or to explore the sources of national greatness.
" It has been made a subject of reproach to this country, by the enemies of republican
institutions, that no care is taken among us to preserve our ancient records — a charge
implying a semi-barbarous condition of society, and far from complimentary to our national
character. But admitting its truth, to a considerable extent, there is good reason to believe
it will not be long deserved ; for public attention is beginning to be more and more directed
to the importance of rescuing from destruction whatever may tend to illustrate the rise and
progress of our institutions, and exhibit, in bolder relief, the character and labors of the
pioneers of civilization upon the shores of the New World.
" It is the misfortune of this State that its early founders have been held up to the ridicule
of the world by one of its most gifted sons, who has exhausted the resources of his wit and
satire in exposing imaginary traits in their characters, while the most polished efforts of his
graver style have been reserved to adorn the Corinthian columns of the more aristocratic
institutions of foreign countries. A late excellent writer, the author of a valuable History of
the United States, although a stranger to our country, has spoken in proper terms on this
subject; he remarks as follows : ' Founders of ancient colonies have sometimes been deified
by their successors. New-York is perhaps the only commonwealth whose founders 'have
been covered with ridicule from the same quarter. It is impossible to read the ingenious
and diverting romance entitled Knickerbocker's History of New-York, without wishing
that the author had put a little more or a little less truth in it ; and that his talent for
humor and sarcasm had found another subject than the dangers, hardships and virtues of the
ancestors of his national family. It must be unfavorable to patriotism to connect historical
recollections with ludicrious associations.'
" To remove the reproach thus thoughtlessly attached to the annals of our State, it is
only necessary to bring to light the true character of its early colonists, whose father-land
ranked at that period among the foremost nations of Europe in point of commercial wealth
and enterprise, and before all others in the freedom of its government ; a freedom purchased
by forty years' struggle against the bloodthirsty myrmidons of Spanish despotism. The traits
ascribed by the mock historian to the first settlers of New -York can scarcely be supposed
to have characterized such a people ; on the other hand, the manly virtues they displayed
amidst the toils and hardships of colonial life, removed at so great a distance from the scenes
of their early associations, deserve a very different commemoration at the hands of their
descendants and successors.
" The New -York Historical Society — an institution that has done much to preserve the
historical records of our State — first suggested to the Legislature the propriety of searching
the archives of the Netherlands, and other European governments, for documents illustrative
of the early history of the State. In compliance with a memorial from that institution, the
Legislature passed the act of May 2d, 1839, authorizing the Governor and Senate ' to appoint
an Agent to visit England, Holland and France, for the purpose of procuring copies of all such
documents and papers, in the archives and offices of those governments, relating to or in any
way affecting the Colonial or other history of this State.' The sum of four thousand dollars
was at the same time appropriated to carry out the objects of the Agency, which, by two sub-
sequent appropriations, was increased to twelve thousand dollars. On the 15th of January,
1841, nearly two years after the passage of the law, .John Romeyn Brodhead, of the county
xxxviii GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
of Ulster, was appointed to tliis Agency, and embarked for England on the first of May fol-
lowing, for the purpose of entering upon the duties of his mission. A copy of his instructions,
from the Executive of the State, is annexed to this report.
" In pursuance of these instructions, Mr. Brodhead, on his arrival in London, applied to
the British government for permission to make transcripts of such documents in its archives
as related to our Colonial history. The application appears to have been coldly received by
Lord Palmerston, then Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Aflairs, notwithstanding the
kind offices rendered to the Agent by Mr. Stevenson, Minister from the United States near that
government ; and, without losing time, Mr. Brodhead proceeded at once to Holland, where
a very different reception awaited him. Repairing to the Hague, he was presented to the
King by the Hon. Harmanus Bleecker, the American Minister to the Netherlands ; and it
was soon found that His Majesty took a lively interest in the objects of the mission, and was
disposed to grant every possible facility to aid the researcht^s of the Agent. It seems to have
been regarded in that country as a gratifying circumstance, that the descendants of Dutch
ancestors, who had left the father-land two centuries ago, should so far cherish the remem-
brance of their ancient lineage as to dispatch one of their number across the wide ocean to
seek memorials of the olden time ; and a warm feeling of kindness was extended by all
clasps towards the Agent, and liberal arrangements were made to lighten and facilitate his
labors.
" The results of Mr. Brodhead's researches in Holland are sixteen volumes of transcripts
in the Dutch language, an analysis of which is contained in his printed calendar. It will be
observed that these documents comprise a great variety of details relative to the original
discovery and settlement of our State ; commencing with notices of the first navigators who
explored the North and East rivers, and embracing copies of the decrees of the States-Gene-
ral, granting the privileges of trade and further discovery to companies of merchants, which
led to the subsequent colonization by patroons or patentees of lands. One of these grants,
bearing date October 11th, 1614, is accompanied by a descriptive map of the North river and
the adjacent country, executed within five years after the discovery by Hudson. It only
remains that the seal of a foreign language should be taken off from these valuable and
curious records, to render them accessible to all ; and to this end the committee would
recommend that a suitable person be employed to translate them at the public expense.
" Among these documents the committee would particularly notice one that possesses
peculiar interest in its relation to the Dutch Colony on the Island of Manhattan. The precise
year in which that Colony was planted is not known ; the oldest records in possession of the
State, before the receipt of these documents, commence with the administration of Governor
Kieft, in the year 1G38, with the single exception of some grants of land which go back to
1630. But there was found a few years ago among the papers of Governor Bradford, of the
Plymouth Colony, a correspondence between that functionary and the Dutch authorities of
New Netherland, on the Island of Manhattan, bearing date in the year 1627 ; and Bradford,
in a letter written at that time, says of the Dutch, ' that for strength of men and fortifica-
tions they far exceed them and all others in the country.' Until the reception of these fruits
of the Agency, we were thus indebted to another Colony for the first notice of the coloniza-
tion of our own State. It is true, a few trading houses had been established, and forts
erected, both on Manhattan Island and at Albany, several years before ; but no accounts of a
regular settlement of the country by families from Holland at that early date have reached us.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION. xxxix
" The document alluded to, although brief, enables us to show the existence of the Colony-
still earlier than the correspondence with Governor Bradford. The attention of the Legislature
has already been called to it, in a report made to this body during the last session, but for a
very different purpose, and in an incomplete and inaccurate translation ; it is therefore
reproduced here. It is a letter written from Amsterdam by Mr. Schagen, the Deputy of the
States-General at the meeting of the West India Company, to the Dutch Government at
the Hague, announcing the arrival at Amsterdam of a ship from New Netherland, with advices
from the Dutch colonists on the Island of Manhattan ; bearing date November 5th, 1626. The
followinc; is a translation of this document :
« ' TO THE HIGH AND MIGHTY LORDS OF THE STATES-GENERAL AT THE HAGUE :
" ' Mt Lords, — There arrived here yesterday the ship called the "Arms of Amsterdam,"
which sailed from the river Mauritius [the Hudson], in New-Netherland, on the 23d of
September. Eeport is brought that our people there are diligent, and live peaceably ; their
wives have also borne them children. They have purchased the Island of Manhattes from the
Indians for the sum of sixty guilders ; it contains 11,000 morgens of land. They have sown
all kinds of grain in the middle of May, and reaped in the middle of August. I send you
small samples of the summer grains, as wheat, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, canary seed,
beans and flax.
" ' The cargo of the ship consists of 7,246 beaver skins,
178J otter
675 "
48 mink "
36 cat-lynx "
33 mink "
34 small rat "
together with a considerable quantity of oak timber and nut-wood.
" ' Commending your High and Mighty Lordships to the favor of the Almighty,
" ' I am your High Mightinesses' humble servant,
" ' P. SCHAGEN.
" 'At Amsterdam, Nov. 5th, anno 1626.'
" The historical value and interesting character of this document cannot fail to strike any
one who is capable of appreciating the first efforts to introduce the arts of civilized life into a
new and widely extended domain, which has since grown from these small beginnings into
a large and flourishing commonwealth, excelling in population and resources some of the
monarchies of the Old World.
"Some doubt has hitherto existed in regard to the name of the Director-General or Governor
of the Colony prior to the year 1633 ; and although it was generally supposed that the office
was then held by Peter Minuit, yet no official act of that person as chief magistrate was
among our records. The fact is now established by the discovery of an original grant of lands,
signed by Peter Minuit and his Council, dated at Fort Amsterdam, July 15th, 1630. The
original parchment containing this grant was procured by Mr. Brodhead, and is now deposited
xl GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
in the Secretary of State's office. It is the only official act now extant of the first Governor
of the Colony.
" It is not, however, the intention of the committee in this report to pursue the analysis of
the documents procured by Mr. Brodhead from the different archives to which he had access.
The calendars printed with his report are sufficient for this purpose, and exhibit with great
clearness the variety and richness of materiel comprised in the collection.
"The committee will only add, that Mr. Brodhead, having finished his labors in Holland,
returned to London in December, 1841, where in the meantime a change of ministry had
taken place — Lord Palmerston having been succeeded by Lord Aberdeen in the office of Foreign
Secretary. A more friendly policy towards the objects of the Agency was now manifested,
and, with the valuable aid of the new American Minister, Mr. Everett, the preliminary difficulties
were removed, and Mr. Brodhead entered upon the labors of his mission ; not, however,
without encountering many precautions of the government, that contributed to embarrass these
labors and add to the trouble and expense attending them. It will be observed, in the report
of Mr. Brodhead, that he did not confine his researches in England to the archives of state,
but extended them to the magnificent collections of manuscripts contained in the British
Museum, as well as other repositories in London and its vicinity.
"In the summer of 1842, Mr. Brodhead proceeded to Paris, where the active kindness of
General Cass, the American Minister, procured him all desirable facilities. The seventeen
volumes of transcripts obtained in the French capital commence with the year 1631 and
extend to 1763. They are beautifully engrossed, and will be consulted with great interest by
every student of American history, especially in relation to the border wars that led to the
final reduction of Canada and the extinction of French power on this Continent.
"Having completed his researches in Paris, Mr. Brodhead returned to England, and on the
7th of July, 1844, embarked for New -York, where he arrived early in the following month.
Immediately after his arrival, he reported himself to Governor Bouck, and made known to
him the general results of his mission. From that time until the date of his final report, the
12th of February last, he was employed at the city of New -York in arranging the documents
in chronological order, framing indexes, and preparing his report. The documents were at
the same time bound up in eighty distinct volumes, viz : Sixteen volumes of Holland
Documents, seventeen volumes of Paris Documents, and forty-seven volumes of London
Documents, — the latter coming down to the year 1782.
" Should it be supposed that no practical utility will be derived to the State from the
possession of these documents, it may be stated that important references have already been
made to them, in the course of legislation, during the present session of the Legislature. The
following extract from the report of a committee of the Assembly, in relation to lands granted
by the State for military services, shows their value in this respect :
" 'The committee, also, in the spirit of the ruleof rendering justice to whom justice is due,
feel constrained to acknowledge the important aid they have received, in this investigation
and search for the musty records of olden time, from the report and documents of J. Romeyn
Brodhead, Agent to procure and transcribe documents in Europe relative to the Colonial
history of this State. Important papers and references, relating even to this claim, have been
brought to light by his researches, and exhibit the importance of the objects and execution of
his trust.' — Report of Mr. Boug/tton, ^c, Ainil 21, 1845.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION. xli
" The committee cannot better close this account of the fruits of this interesting mission than
by quoting a few passages from a private letter addressed to the Agent by the Hon. George
Bancroft, the American historian. After having consulted the collection, with reference to
the period embraced in the forthcoming volumes of his History of the United States, Mr.
Bancroft remarks as follows :
" ' Your papers I examined very carefully, from 1748 to the close of the series, and was
deeply impressed with a sense of their importance. There is nothing in print like the minute
and exact reports made by the French officers in Canada of their operations on our frontier
during their long struggle for the preservation of Canada. Your papers surround Montcalm
with all the interest of a hero of romance, and trace his overthrow, clearly, to distinct and
inexorable causes.
" ' For the following period, your collections were also most interesting, and were absolutely
necessary to the complete understanding of the politics of New-York during the years before
the Revolution. The less numerous papers in the years of the Revolution contain some of
the most curious and surprising character.'
" In regard to the expenses of the mission, it appears, from the account rendered by the
Comptroller, that there has been paid to the Agent, from the State treasury, the sum of
$12,000, being the amount appropriated by the Legislature to defray the expenses of the
Agency, at three several periods ; to wit : On the 2d of May, 1839, $4000 ; on the 11th of
April, 1842, $3000 ; and on the 13th of April, 1843, $5000. By the Comptroller's books, it
appears that Mr. Brodhead has furnished accounts and vouchers for $12,014.23, including his
compensation to July 7th, 1844, leaving a balance in his favor, to that date, of $14.23.
" It appears, from an abstract of the Agent's accounts, that the Holland documents, exclusive
of binding, cost $ 703 13
The Paris documents, 904 80
The London do., 4,078 01
$5,685 94
Salary of the Agent, two years eleven months and ten days, at $2000 per annum, $5,888 87
Traveling expenses, 439 42
$12,014 23
" It also appears, from the account, that there remains due to the Agent the sum of $1390.98,
including salary, expenses of binding the documents, &c., from the 14th of August, 1844, to
the 12th of February last. The committee have examined this account, with the vouchers,
and recommend that it be paid ; and ask leave to introduce the accompanying bill."
The bill reported by the select committee having been passed into a law on the 13th
of May, 1845, the Agent's accounts were duly settled, and his duty was completed.
The documents thus collected by Mr. Brodhead remained for several years in the
condition in which they had been deposited in the Secretary's office, aflfording light and
aid to historical inquirers, not only of this but of other States. The " Paris Documents"
xlii GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
"were found to be of special interest to the literary investigators of Canada and the
northwestern States, while many of the papers procured in England contained new and
important facts illustrating the general history of the Union. The " Holland
Documents" related more particularly to the local annals of New -York, while it was
the Dutch Pro^-ince of New Netherland. Nevertheless, there were many pajjers found
in that series which had an important bearing upon points of great interest to the
neighboring Colonies, and which explained some uncertain passages, especially in the
history of New England, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland. The documents
procured in Holland and France, however, were in the Dutch and French languages —
the law of 1839 having required the Agent to obtain "if possible the originals, and if
not copies," of papers — and proper translations were necessary in order to render them
generally useful.
In the meantime the new State Hall at Albany had been completed, and the records
of the Secretary of State, together with those of the other State officers, had been
removed thither. A better opportunity was thus affi)rded to ascertain the character
and extent of the historical archives which had remained so long in great disorder, and
almost inaccessible. Measures were afterwards taken by Mr. Secretary Morgan to have
these old papers properly arranged and bound ; and more than two hundred large folio
volumes of original documents were accordingly prepared and placed in a condition for
easy reference. For the first time, the State archives were thus reduced to comparative
order, and a necessary work was accomplished, the want of which had caused many of
the embarrassments already referred to. A general catalogue or calendar of all the
records in the Secretary's office, which shall indicate the date, character and contents of
each document, is still greatly needed ; and it is hoped that it will soon be prepared
and printed.
The attention of the Legislature having been again directed to the subject, an ap-
propriation was made, in the session of 1848, for collecting and translating some of the
documents belonging to the State, connected with its history. In pursuance of this
action, certain papers were compiled, under the direction of Mr. Secretary Morgan,
by Dr. E. B. O'Callaqhan, which, on the 5th of January, 1849, the Legislature ordered
to be printed. In the following April, the Legislature directed the Secretary of State
to cause to be printed a second volume of what was styled the " Documentary History"
of New -York. Of this work, four volumes, in all, have been published. They contain
a miscellaneous compilation, among which are some of the manuscripts procured by the
Historical Agent in Europe.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION. xliii
It was thought by many, however, that such of the documents of the Agency as
were in foreign languages should be translated, and that either the whole collection, or
a selection of the naost important papers in it, should be published, as a distinct work, by
the authority of the State. This proposition was favorably received, and a bill was
introduced into the Legislature, which was passed into a law on the 30th of March,
1849, as follows :
"AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE PUBLICATION OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE
COLONIAL HISTORY OF THIS STATE.
" Passed March 30, 1849, ' three-fifths beino present.'
*' The People of the State of New -York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows:
" Section 1. The manuscript documents relating to the Colonial history of this State, now
in the office of the Secretary of State, which were procured under and by virtue of an act of
the Legislature, passed May 2, 1839, entitled ' An act to appoint an Agent to procure and
transcribe documents in Europe relative to the Colonial history of this State,' or such portions
thereof as the State officers hereinafter named shall deem advisable, shall be translated and
printed for the use of the State.
" <^ 2. The Governor, Secretary of State and Comptroller shall cause said documents to be
prepared, printed, and bound in volumes of such size as they may determine upon, and
for such purpose are hereby authorized to employ some suitable person to translate such parts
thereof as are necessary, at a reasonable compensation to be fixed and certified by them.
" § 3. The said State officers shall issue proposals for the printing and binding of such
number of copies of said documents as they shall deem advisable to cause to be printed, not
exceeding five thousand, in the same manner as proposals are required to be issued for the
printing and binding of legislative documents, and shall make a contract for such printing
and binding with such person or persons as shall have submitted proposals therefor, which, all
things considered, they may deem most advantageous to the interests of the State, provided
any of said proposals shall be by them considered reasonable.
" % 4. The said State officers are hereby authorized to cause such portions of said documents
to be stereotyped as they may deem the interests of the State to demand, and to secure or
sell the copyright thereof, as in their judgment shall be for the interest of the State.
" § 5. One thousand copies of said documents, when printed and bound, shall be deposited
with the Secretary of State, and one copy thereof delivered by him to each member of the present
Legislature, the President of the Senate, clerks and elective officers of the present Senate and
Assembly, and twenty-three copies thereof (being one to each) to the several State officers
who are entitled to bound copies of legislative documents; and the residue of said one
thousand copies shall be by said Secretary of State retained, until disposed of as the Governor,
Secretary of State and Comptroller may direct for the purpose and in the way of literary
exchanges; and the remaining copies which shall be printed under the provisions of this act
shall be sold under the directions of said State officers for such price as shall be determined
by them, not less than twenty-five per cent over the actual cost of preparing, printing and
binding the same, and the proceeds thereof paid into the State treasury.
" ■§ 6. This act shall take effect immediately."
xllv GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
It became a question whether, under the discretion vested by this law in the State
officers therein named, the whole of the documents or a selection of them only should
be published. Mr. Brodhead, who was then Secretary of the American Legation at
London, and about to return home, offered to superintend the publication of such a
selection, if it should be determined upon, without any charge to the State for his
services. It was, however, on full consideration of the subject, deemed best to print
the whole of the documents, and, under the authority vested in the State officers by the
second section of the law, they employed E. B. O'Callaghan, M. D., to make the
necessary translations and to superintend the publication generally. In a communication
to the Assembly, dated the 29th January, 1851 (Assembly Documents, No. 66),
also in a report from the Comptroller to the Senate, made on 1st February, 1853
(Senate Documents, No. 24), and in the annual reports of the Comptroller to the
Legislature, will be found detailed statements of the progress of the work. The
arrangement adopted was, that the publication should consist of ten quarto volumes.
Of these, the first and second were to contain translations of the " Holland Documents ;"
the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth, the " London Documents ;" and the
ninth and tenth, translations of the " Paris Documents." The publication of the work was
commenced in 1853 by the issue of the third volume, or the first of the English series —
the translation of the papers to form the first and second volumes not having been then
completed. The fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and ninth volumes were afterwards
successively issued, all of them accompanied by foot notes by the translator.
It will be observed that no editor's name is attached to the third volume of the work —
the first which appeared as above stated — the note on the back of the title page having
been thought to afford sufficient information as to the manner of its publication ; but in
the subsequent volumes the name of the translator was, by the permission of the State
officers, affixed as editor.
At its session of 1856, the Legislature passed the following act :
"AN ACT IN RELATION TO THE COLONIAL HISTORY OF THE STATE AND THE PUBLICATION
AND DISTRIBUTION THEREOF.
"Passed April 12, 1856, 'three-fifths being present.'
" The People of the State of New -York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows :
"Section 1. The publication of the documents relating to the Colonial history of the State,
pursuant to chapter one hundred and seventy-five of the Laws of eighteen hundred and forty-
nine, shall be completed under the direction of the Regents of the University, who shall
hereafter have the charge of the same, and of all things relating thereto, in place of and with
the same powers as the officers named in said act.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION. xlv
" § 2. If the said Regents shall ascertain that, by the contracts already made in regard to the
said work, the State has agreed to print the whole of said documents, and they shall be of
opinion that portions only of those not yet printed should be published, they, the said Regents,
may, in that event, arrange with the contractors for the publication, in the place of the
documents thus withdrawn, of others in relation to the early history of the State, to an
equivalent extent, so as not to increase the amount of the contract. The Secretary of State
is hereby authorized to permit all proper investigations in his office, and the use of any
documents or books therein, for this purpose.
" '^ 3. Five copies of the said published documents shall be delivered to each member of the
present Legislature, and five copies thereof shall be given to each of the clerks, officers and
reporters of the present Senate and Assembly, and to the several public officers who are entitled
to bound copies of legislative documents. Three hundred copies thereof shall be placed with
the Regents of the University, and two hundred and fifty copies thereof with the Secretary of
State for literary exchanges and distribution, as they may deem proper. The remaining copies
shall be ofl^ered for sale, under the direction of the Regents, on such public notice, and on such
terms and price, not less than two dollars and fifty cents per volume, as they may deem proper;
and such copies as remain unsold, at the end of six months, shall be placed in the custody of
the Regents of the University, subject to future distribution by the Legislature; the proceeds
of any such sales made by the said Regents, after deducting their necessary expenses under
this act, shall be paid into the State treasury. Persons who may have already subscribed
for or purchased said documents, or such of them as may have been published, shall be
credited with the amount they may have paid, and be allowed to complete their sets at the
price fixed by the Regents as aforesaid.
'"§ 4. This act shall take effect immediately."
On inquiry into the progress made in the translations and the condition of the work
generally, it was found to be so nearly completed that it was deemed inexpedient by
the Regents to attempt any exercise of the discretion vested in them under the second
section of the act of the Legislature. All that remained for them to do was to
superintend the residue of the publication, according to the arrangement determined
upon and the contracts made by their predecessors.
TRANSCRIPTS OF DOCUMENTS
EOTAL ARCHIVES AT THE HAGUE AND IN THE STAD-HTTYS OF THE CITY OF AMSTERDAM.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: I-YIIL
1603-1656.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS.
The documents contained in the first and second volumes of this work are translations of accurate
transcripts of originals found in the Royal Archives at the Hague, and in the Archives of the city of
Amsterdam, during the year 1841.
It will be observed that there are several different references at the head of the papers. These relate to
the particular divisions or repositories in the Archives, in which the originals were found ; and it has been
thought advisable to retain them in every case, not so much on account of any particular use they can now
be to the investigator, but rather because they afford a curious and valuable proof of the authenticity of
each document.
ROYAL ARCHIVES AT THE HAGUE.
In arranging the papers — which it will be noticed were separately transcribed — a strictly chronological
order was observed, being the one that seemed to be most judicious.
Each paper has, generally, two memoranda upon it — the day of its actual date, and the day when it was
presented to the States-General.
The Resolutions have, of course, only one date ; but most of the papers and memorials presented to the
States being the subjects of Resolutions of that body, there is a memorandum of the day of reception marked
on each, which corresponds with the date of the Resolution ; and in this manner each paper has been arranged
— not according to the actual date — but according to the order of time in which it was acted on by the
States, and being always found near the Resolution to which it gave rise.
As there are various references in these papers, it is thought that the subjoined statement of the different
repositories from which they were taken may not be altogether useless.
1. Registers or Notulen of the States-General. These books may be considered the most important in
the Archives. They contain the official records of the proceedings of the States-General respecting every
matter that came before them. They were kept by the greffiers or clerks of the States, and commence with
the year 1576.
2. West India Registers. By a resolution of the States-General of 16 April, 1638, all their proceedings in
respect to the affairs of the West India Company are to be kept in separate Registers. These commence with
1688, and extend to 1670, when they were discontinued.
3. Secrete Resolutien. These Registers contain the proceedings of the States General in regard to subjects
which it was deemed proper to record in separate volumes, such as treaties, declarations of war, &c., &c.
The volume 1609-1615 is missing.
4. Imtructie Boeken. These contain the Instructions issued from time to time to officers and agents
of Government.
5. Commissie Boeken. These contain the Commissions issued to officers.
6. Acte Boeken. • Containing the originals of all Laws, Placaats, &c., of the States-General.
G
1 HOLLAND DOCUMENTS.
7. Registers of Uytgaande Brieven. These contain copies of letters from the States to their oflBcers and
diplomatic agents, as well as to Foreign powers. They commence with the year 1646, previous to which the
drafts of letters were preserved on the Liasses — of which presently.
8. Registers of Ingekomen Brieven General. These contain copies of General letters received, commencing
with 1650. The originals are preserved on the Liasses ; and it often happens that the Bylagen or appendi-
ces to the letters are not copied in these Registers.
9. Registers of Ingekomen Brieven uyt Engeland. These hooks contain copies of letters from the Legation
in England, the originals of which are on the Liasses.
10. Registers of Ligekomen Brieven uyt Spanje, containing copies of letters from the Ambassadors in Spain,
the originals of which are on the Liasses.
11. Liasses. Loopende. These are files, on which the originals of all general letters and memorials received
by the States-General are preserved. Each paper is marked with the day of its date, and of its reception by
the States. They are arranged and referred to, according to the latter date. These Liasses also contain drafts
of general letters sent by the States.
12. Liasses Admiraletiet, containing papers relating to maritime affairs, and communications from the
Board of Admiralty.
13. Liasses West Indien. These contain papers relating to the concerns of the West India Company.
They commence with the year 1623 and are arranged in a manner similar to the foregoing.
14. Loket Kas. A large case with pigeon holes and drawers properly labeled, containing bundles of papers
relating to various subjects, which were probably deposited here, on account of their being too bulky to be
conveniently placed on the Liasses.
15. Secrete Kas. A case similar to the foregoing, containing papers relating to matters recorded in the
Registers of Secrete Resolutien.
16. Notulen van de Raad van Staat. These books contain the proceedings of the Council of State.
17. Notulen van Holland ends West Friesland. This is a large series of printed volumes of Proceedings
of these two Provinces. It was usual for the States-General to ask the opinion of the Provincial States on all
questions of great public moment.
ARCHIVES OF THE CITY OF AMSTERDAM.
1. Resolutien van de Vroedschappen. These books contain the minutes of the Acts, Proceedings and
Resolutions of the City Council of Amsterdam.
2. Muniment Register van den Raad. In this series of books are registered, at length, Reports of Commit-
tees, and important papers relating to the affairs of the city. One of the volumes — " Muniment Register B " —
is not now in the Archives, and is supposed to have been lost about thirty years ago.
3. Oroot Memorial. These volumes contain records of Public acts of the City Council, Instructions to
Officers, Contracts, &o.
4. Gemien Missiven. Containing Records of letters sent under the direction of the Council.
5. A bundle of papers, entitled Rekeningen rakende Nieuw Nederland, containing accounts, &c., relating to
the Colony of the City on the South river.
6. A large bundle of papers, entitled, Verscheide stukken rakende de Colonie van Nieuw JVederland. These
papers, relating to the general concerns of the City Colony, including letters and reports received from thence,
&c., ifcc, have all been arranged in chronological order, as nearly as their dates could be ascertained.
CONTENTS.
1603. Faoh.
August 1. Resolution of the States-General appointing Captain Dale to a company of foot 1
December 8. Resolution of the States-General that Captain Thomas Dale's commissiou be expedited 1
December 24. Resolution of the States-General on the subject of Captain Thomas Dale's pay, <tc 2
1606.
Kovember 15. Memorandum that Thomas Dale and Sir Thomas Gates were in garrison service at Oudewater, 2
1608.
April 24. Resolution of the States-General to allow Captain Sir Thomas Gates to be absent from his company, &a.,
in order to go to Virginia 2
1611.
January 20. Resolution of the States-General upon the recommendation of the Prince of Wales, to allow Captain
Thomas Dale to absent himself from his company for three years in order to go to "Virginia in the
English service, 2
January 25. Further resolution of the States-General on the subject of Captain Dale's going to Virginia 3
February 9. Further resolution of the States-General on the same subject 3
February 21. Resolution of the States-General on the subject of furnishing passports, &c., to certain ships about to
set out on voyage of discovery of a passage to China, ifec, &c 3
September 7. Resolution of the States of Holland, &e., upon the memorial of certain merchants about a newly dis-
covered navigation, 4
1614.
March 20. Resolution of the States of Holland, upon the memorial of certain merchants, that the States-Genera!
be recommended to pass a general ordinance in favor of all those who discover new lands, &c.,. . . 4
March 27. Resolution of the States-General, upon the memorial of certain merchants, Ac, to grant the act or
concession derived in favor of all those who discover any new lands, passages, &c., Ac, 5
March 27. General Octroy, or Charter, for all those who may discover any new passages, havens, lands or places,
(fee, i&c. 6
July 18. Resolution of the States of Holland,.upon the memorial presented on behalf of certain merchants, con-
cerning the erection of a general trading company for Africa and America, 6
June 21. Resolution of the States-General upon the same subject, 7
August 25. Resolution of the States-General on the subject of the erection of a West India Company 7
September 2. Further resolution of the States-General upon the same subject, 7
September 27. Resolution of the States of Holland on the subject of a general West India Company, with a draft of
an act proposed to be passed by the States-General 8
August 19. Letter of King James I. to the States-General about Sir Thomas Dale, "Marechal de Virginie," *e.,
dated Newmarket, 9
September 30. Resolution of the States-General upon the foregoing letter, to allow Sir Thomas Dale to continue his
residence in Virginia until their High Mightinesses shall otherwise direct 9
October 11. Resolution of the States-General (upon the report by the Deputies of the United Company of Mer-
chants who have discovered New Netherhind, of the particulars of their discovery), to allow the
said Company the exclusive right to make four voyages to New Netherland, <fec., within the time of
three years from 1st January, 1615 10,
October 11. Original draft of tlie special grant to Gerritt Jacobsen Witssen and others, united in one company, of
an exclusive right of trading, ifec, to New Netherland, for four voyages, within the period of three
years, commencing 1st January, 1615, or sooner (with map), 11
CONTENTS.
leu.
October
1616.
August
August
August 19.
August 19.
September 12.
November 3.
1617.
January 18.
July
January 26.
1617.
December 2.
January 26.
January 26.
January 29.
February 3.
February 6.
February 9.
August 10.
October 4.
1620.
February 12.
Official copy of the above special grant to Gerrit Jacobsen Witssen and others, of an exclusive right to
trade, &c., to New Netherland, from the "Acte Boek " of the States-General -
Minute of the appearance, before the States-General, of Captain Cornelia Hendricksen, <tc., in behalf of
Gerrit Jacobsen Witssen and others, Directors of New Netherland, and of his submitting his second
report of certain discoveries he had made in New Netherland, in a small yacht of eight lasts burthen,
called the Onrust, which the Directors had caused to be built there, &c., &c. ; upon which the States-
General resolve that, before coming to any decision on the special grant asked for, the report be
committed to writing, (fee
Memorial of Gerrit Jacobsen Witssen and others. Directors of New Netherland, to the States-General,
in relation to the discovery, under their direction, by Captain Cornells Hendricksen, of Munnichen-
dam, of certain lands, bay, and three rivers, in the latitude of from 38^ to 40'; with an explana-
tory map, and also a copy of the general charter or ordinance of 27th March, 1614, annexed,
Report of Captain Cornells Hendricksen, of Munnichendam, of his discoveries in New Netherland,
presented to the States-General
Resolution of the States-General thereupon,
Resolution of the States-General upon the foregoing memorial, ifec, postponing a decision,
Resolution of the States-General upon the same, again postponing a decision
Minute of the presentation to the States-General of a memorial of Lambrecht van Tweenhuysen and
others, praying the government for a ship of war, to encourage the fishery, &c., at Terra Nova, etc.,
a decision upon which is postponed,
Resolution of the States of Holland upon the petition of the Directors of the Australian Company, pro-
hibiting William .Tanssen from printing or publishing the journals or maps of voyages made in behalf
of the said Company, Ac, ,
Resolution of the States of Holland forbidding William Janssen to make any corrections upon the globe,
or to publish any map containing the newly discovered passage from the North to the South Sea, <fcc.,
Address of Sir Dudley Carleton, English Ambassador to the States-General, on the subject of Sir Thomas
Dale's petition to their High Mightinesses
Letter of Noel de Caron, the Dutch Ambassador at London, to the States-General on the same subject,
Petition of Sir Thomas Dale to the States-General, setting forth his services in Holland, Virginia, etc.,
with two endorsements of the action of the States-General thereupon
Resolution of the States-General, referring Captain Dale's petition to the Council of State, <fcc
Report and advice of the Council of State to the States-General, upon the foregoing reference
Minute of the States-General, postponing a final resolution upon the report of the Council of State
upon Captain Dale's petition
Resolution of the States-General upon Captain Dale's petition,
Resolution of the States-General, that their determination upon Captain Dale's petition be put into
the hands of the Council of State, in order to be carried into effect
Resolution of the States of Holland, upon the complaint of William Janssen of the interdict against
his publishing maps, <fcc,, allowing him permission to publish
Resolution of the States-General, upon the petition of the Company trading to the Island of New
Netherland, praying for a continuation of their special grant, to examine the same before coming
to a decision,
Resolution of the States-General, upon the petition of Henrick Eelkens, and others, participants in the
New Netherland Company, <i;c., that the petitioners be allowed to send their ship to New
Netherland,
Resolution of the States-General, upon the petition of the Directors of the Company trading to New
Netherland, praying for two shif s of war, in order to colonize that country under the protection and
authority of their High Mightinesses, that before coming to any conclusion thereupon, the opinion
of the Admiralty be taken
Memorial of the Directors of the New Netherland Company to the Prince of Orange,
CONTENTS.
liii
1620. Page.
February 26. Resolution of the States-General, upon the report of the Acimiralty, that before coming to any decision
upon the subject of the foregoing petition, the opinion of the Prince of Orange, be taken 23
March 10. Resolution of the States-General, upon the same subject 24
April 10. Further resolution of the States-General, theieupon 24
April 11. Resolution of the States-General upon the foregoing petition, absolutely refusing its prayer 24
August 29. Minute of the States-General, stating the presentation of the petition of the joint owners of the ship
Blyde Bootsckap, Capt. Cornells Jacobsen May, who had discovered certain new populous and
fruitful lands, and asking for a special grant, &c. ; also, of another petition of Henrick Eelkens, and
others, praying their High Mightinesses to refuse a grant to any persons but the petitioners — and that
thereupon both parties being called in, tlie States resolve that both the parties shall meet together,
and try to arrange matters amicably, . 24
November 6. Resolution of the States-General to reluse the new grant petitioned for, as above 25
1621.
September 13. Resolution of the States of Holland, respecting certain traders to Guinea and Virginia, 25
September 14. Resolution of the States-General, referring to the Admiralty of Zealand the petition of Henrick Allarts,
and others, for permission to send a ship to New Virginia, 26
September 15. Resolution of the States-General, allowing Henrick Eelkens, and others, to send their ship, the Wilte
Duive, to Virginia, Ac, 26
September 24 Resolution of tlie States-General allowing Dierck Volkertse, and others, to send a ship to Virginia,. . . 26
September 28. Resolution of the States-General, allowing Claes Jacobsen Haringcarspel, and others, to send two ships
to New Netherland and the adjoining lands, <fec. 2T
1G22.
March ' 16. Resolution of the States-General, upon the request of Sir Dudley Carleton, the English Ambassador,
that some order be taken upon the memorial he had presented to the States-General about Virginia,
that Burgomaster Pauw be requested to write to the participants in the trade to New Netherland,
that they inform the States-General of the situation of the matter referred to by the Ambassador,. . 27
April 21. Resolution of the States of Holland about the transportation of families, Ac, to the West Indies 28
April 27. Resolution of the States-General, upon the further request of Sir Dudley Carleton, to come to some de-
cision upon his Proposition about Virginia — to look for the same, and also for what has been
printed in Amsterdam on this subject 28
June 18 Resolution of the States-General upon the petition of Claes Jacobsen Haringcarspel, and others, for an
extension of time, etc, to postpone a decision 28
November 29. Resolution of the States-General, that the documents in their office relating to the West India Com-
pany, be delivered to the Directors thereof, upon their receipt, ic, 29
1624.
March 22. Secret resolution of the States-General concerning a proposed union of the West India Companies, ... 29
March 30. Letter of the Committee of the XIX. of the West India Company at Amsterdam, to the States-General,
about the arrest, at Hoorn, of a French ship for Virginia 30
March 29. Letter of the Committee of the West India Company at Hoorn, concerning the ship for Virginia arrested
there , 31
April 6. Letter of the States-General to the Chamber of XIX. of the West India Company, about the above
matter, 32
April 9. Secret resolution of the States-General upon the proposed union of the West India Companies, &c., Ac, 32
May 17. Secret resolution of the States-General upon the same matter, with a draft of a letter to the Ambassa-
dors in France, &c., 33
June 4. Extract of the journal of Messrs. Van Aerssen and Joachimi, the Ambassadors to England, <fec., 33
October 14. Minute of the report made to the States-General by the Directors of the West India Company, 34
1625.
May 6. Resolution of the States-General admitting Mr. Sch.agen to a seat as a Deputy from Holland, etc. 36
1626.
September 4. A statement of the property and effects of the West India Company, in the year 1626 35
October 10. Resolution of the States-General, appointing Messrs. Van Eck and Schagen their Deputies to the meet-
ing of the West India Company, 37
November 5. Letter of Mr. P. Schagen to the States-Gener.T,l, stating the purchase of Manhattan Island from the
Indians, for 60 guilders, &c., &c 37
November 7. Minute of the receipt of the above letter, 38
Ibr
CONTENTS.
1627.
NoTember
1629.
October
November
1030.
July
16. Extr.ict of a letter from the XIX. of the West India Company to the States-General, with news from
New Netherland
23. Letter of the West India Comjiany to the States-General, remonstrating against a peace with Spain,. . .
16. Reasons and considerations offered by the West India Company to the States-General, concerning the
proposed peace with Spain, <fec.,
15. Patent to Samuel Godyn and Samuel Blomraaert, for lands at South Hoeck on the South river, signed
by Peter Minuit and his Council,
13. Patent to Kiliaen van Rensselaer for cert.iin lands, Ac, signed by Peter Minuit and his Council
April
April
April
1.
7.
April
10.
May
5.
May
6.
May
May
March
5.
23.
27.
April
8.
May.
May
1633.
March
June
June
1634.
March
May
May
May
13.
May
22.
June
10.
June
10.
June
10.
May
27.
19. E.\tract from the Pointen van Beschryving ( or points upon which the Deputies of .the States-General
to the XIX. are to obtain information ), for the meeting of the West India Company on 20th March,
5. Letter of G. van Ariihem (one of the Deputies of the States-General to the XIX.), to the States-
General, upon the information of the West India Company, that one of their ships, the EendragI,
coming from New Netherland, had been arrested by the English Government at Plymouth, ic, <tc..
Resolution of the States-General to write to their Ambassador at London, thereupon
Letter of the States-General to Messrs. Joachimi and Brasser, their Ambassador and Deputy at London,
about the arrest of the Eendragt,
Letter of Messrs. Joachimi and Brasser, to the States General, with an account of their interview with
the King, about the Eendragt, <Sre.,
Letter of the West India Company, to the States-General, about the affair of the Eendragt, with a
deduction of their title to New Netherland, &a., &c.,
Resolution of the States-General to write to their Ambassador, itc, at London, and to send a copy of
the above letter, etc., to them
Letter of the States-General to their Ambassador, Ac, at London, thereupon
Letter of Messrs. Joachimi and Brasser, Ambassador, (fee., at London, to the States- General
Memorial of the Ambassadors of the States-General to King Charles I., among other matters, respecting
the arrest of the Eendragt, and stating the purchase of the Island of Manhattan from the Indians, by
the Dutch, <fec.,
Answer of the English Government to the remonstrances presented to the King by the Ambassador and
Deputy of the States-General, in April, 1632 (in which, among other things, the Dutch claim to New
Netherland is denied, Ac ),
27. Letter of Messrs. Joachimi and Brasser, to the States-General, communicating, among other things, that
the Lord High Treasurer had agreed to release the Eendragt, with a proviso, saving any prejudice
to His Majesty's rights, Ac,
23. Extract from the Pointen van Beschryving, for the meeting of the West India Company on the first
of April, 1G33
10. Resolution of the States of Holland, upon the subject of the trade of the East and West India Compa-
nies, Ac, Ac, '.
10. Remonstrance of the West India Company to the States of Holland, against a peace with Spain, con-
taining a general account of the commercial concerns of the Company
18. Extract from the Pointen van Beschryving, for the meeting of the West India Company this day,
13. Resolution of the States-General, appointing a committee to hear and examine the matters in difference
between the West India Company and the Patroons, Ac, of the colonies in New Netherl.ind,
13. Letter of the States-General to the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company on the foregoing
subject
Letter of the States-General to the Patroons of New Netherland, on the foregoing matter.
Resolution of the States-General, referring a letter from the West India Company, asking for a delay,
Ac, to the committee appointed on the subject of the differences, Ac ,
Further resolution of the States-General upon the foregoing matter
Letter of the States-General to the P.itroons of New Netherland thereupon,
Letter of the States-General to the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company thereupon,
Letter of Mr. Joachimi, the Dutch Ambassador at London, to the States-General, respecting a complaint
of some English merchants .ngainst the officers of the Dutch West India Company, in New Nether-
land, for interrupting their trade there, and causing them damage, Ac,
CONTENTS.
Iv
1633. Page.
Nov. l-Y. Various depositions of the sailors, <fec., belonging to the English ship sent to the Hudson river, giving
details of the conduct of the officers of the West India Company in New Netherland 72
1634.
June 13. Resolution of the States-General, referring the letter of the An-bassador Joachimi, with the preceding
depositions to a committee, 82
June 16. Resolution of the States-General, substituting other persons on the committee on the differences between
the West India Company and the Patroons, &e., 82
June 20. Kesolution of the States-General, upon the report of the committee on the subject of the letter of the
Ambassador at London, that extracts of the papers be furnished to the West India Company,
to inform their High Mightinesses of the right of the matter, &a 82
June 21. Resolutions of the States-General, making a further change in the committee on the differences between
the West India Company and the Patroons, <S;o., 83
June Letter of Messrs. Pauw, S. Blommaert, Kiliaen van Rensselaer and Henrick Hamel, Patroons of New
Netherland, to the States-General, setting forth their causes of complaint against the West India
Company, together with their pretension and claim against the Company 83
June 22. Answer of the West India Company to the pretension and claim of the Patroons of New Netherland,. 89
June 22. Replication of Messrs. Pauw, <tc., Patroons of New Netherland, to the answer of the West India
Company, 89
June 24. Resolution of the States-General, postponing a decision on the differences between the West India
Company and the Patroons, <fcc., for twelve days, in order to enable the parties to come to an
amicable settlement, ifec 91
July 18. Extracts from the Pointen van Beschryving, for the meeting of the West India Company on 3l8t July, . . 91
October 24. Memorial of the XIX. of the West India Company to the States-General, in relation to a subsidy, and
to the question of the dilBcultiea with the English in New Netherland, 91
October 24. Resolution of the States-General thereupon, referring the same for consideration, 93
October 26. Memorial of the XIX. of the West India Company to the States-General, upon the subject of the diffi-
culties with the English in New Netherland, and containing a deduction of their rights and title
thereto, from first discovery, purchase, &a., 93
October 25. Resolution of the States-General upon the report of the committee appointed to consider the difficulties
that have arisen between the English and the West India Company in New Netherland 95
Draft of a new project of Freedoms, Privileges and Exemptions, to be granted by the States-General to
all such Dutch subjects as may be thought qualified to become Patrooas, Ac, in New Netherland,
under the West India Company, ifec. 96
1636.
May 24. Extract from the Pointen van Beschryving, for the meeting of the West India Company on June 1,
1636 100
August 30. Resolution of the States-General, referring the memorial of Lubbertus van Dinolagen, Fiscael and Schout
in New Netherland, to the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company, Ac 100
August 30. Letter of the States-General to the Directors of the Amsterdam Chamber thereupon, , 101
October 6. Resolution of the States-General, referring the further memorial of Lubbertus van Dioelagen to the
Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company, and that they make answer in fourteen days, 101
October 6. Letter of the States-General to the Directors of the Amsterdam Chamber thereupon, 101
October 20. Resolution of the States-General to place the answer received from the West India Company in the
hands of Mr. van Dinclagen 102
November 26. Extract from the Pointen van Beschryving, for the meeting of the West India Company on 8th
December, 102
lesY.
April 3. Letter of Mr. van Beveren, Ambassador at London, to the States-General concerning the French fisheries
at Terra Nova, Ac 103
April 30. Resolution of the States-General upon the further memorial of Lubbert van Dinclagen to write seriously
to the XIX. of the West India Company, Ac, Ac 103
April 30. Letter of the States-General to the XIX. of the West India Company about Dinclagen's affairs, Ac.,. . . 103
September 2. Resolution of the States-General approving of the appointment of William Kieft as Director in New
Netherland, in place of Wouter van Twyler, 104
1638.
January 19. Extract from the Pointen van Beschryving, for the meeting of the West India Company on 25th
January, 1638, 105
M
CONTENTS.
1638.
April
April
April
30.
June
14.
June
21.
August
30.
August
30.
September 2.
September 9.
January 17.
16iO.
March
July
July
1641.
February
March
May
July
July
August
August
August
August 23.
September 17.
October 17.
October 25,
Paoe.
Resolution of the States-General, that from this day forward all the resolutions, letters. &c., concerning
the East and West India Companies, shall be kept and registered in separate books, <tc 105
Kesolution of the States-General, referring the memorial of certain participants in the West India Com-
pany, respecting the planting of colonies in New Netherland, to their Deputies to the meeting of the
XIX., &c., 105
Resolution of the States General, instructing their Deputies to the meeting of the XIX to endeavor to
have proper church discipline introduced into Brazil, and also to induce colonization to New
Netherland ; the States undertaking that they shall not be dispossessed by any foreign power, &o., Ac, 106
Report to the States-General in answer to questions proposed by their High Mightinesses concerning the
state of the Colony of New Netherland in the year 1638 106
Letter of Mr. Joachimi, the Ambassador at London, to the States-General about the English complaints
concerning New Netherland, ifec, dated 24th May, 108
Extract from the Poinien van Beschryving, for the meeting of the West India Company on 5th July,
1638, 110
Articles and conditions for the trade to New Netherland, <te., proposed by Mr. de Laet, 110
Resolution of the States-General, referring to a committee certain Articles and conditions, under
which trade to New Netherland may be carried on, proposed by Mr. John de Laet, for the approba-
tion of their High Mightinesses 114
Resolution of the States-General upon the report of the committee charged to examine the foregoing
conditions, Ac 115
Extract from the Pointen van Beschryving, for the meeting of the West India Company on the 27th
September 115
Resolution of the States-General to pay to Kiliaen van Rensselaer his expenses of coming to the Hague, 116
Letter of the Enckhuysen Chamber of the West India Company to the States-General, in answer to the
complaints of the Swedish Minister about the arrest of a ship coming from the West Indies, 116
Resolutioii of the States- General, referring the further memorial of Lubbert van Dinelagen to their
Deputies to the meeting of the XIX, 117
Resolution of the States-General, instructing their Deputies to the XIX. to exert themselves, in order
that the inhabitants of New Netherland may be put in the best condition, <fec., 117
Resolution of the States-General, instructing their Deputies to the XIX. to press for free access to New
Netherland, in behalf of the Count of Solms and others who are prepared to plant colonies
there, ifee., 118
Resolution of the States-General, on a draft of Freedoms and Exemptions for Patroons, &a., in New
Netherland, &c 118
Draft of Freedoms and Exemptions for all Patroons, masters or private persons, who may plant any
colonies, Ac, in New Netherland, itc, - 119
Resolution of the States-General, giving to Kiliaen van Rensselaer venimi lestandi, for his property in
New Netherland 124
Grant of the Stales-General to Kiliaen van Rensselaer of a right to dispose of his property in New
Netherland by last will and testament 124
Extract of a report made to the States-General, of the proceedings of the XIX. for the year 1642, 125
Resolution of the States-General, referring the further memorial of Lubbert van Dinelagen to the
Deputies to the XIX., in order that the arrearages due to him may be settled, Ac 126
Letter of Mr. Joachimi, the Dutch Ambossador at London, to the States-General, about the complaints
of the New England people against the Dutch of New Netherland, &c., 127
Letter of Lord Say and Scale, concerning the intrusion of the Dutch into New England, &o , 128
Resolution of the States-General to send a copy of the foregoing letter to the West India Company, ... 129
Letter of the States-General to the Directors of the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company, . 129
Letter of Mr. Joachimi, Ambassador at London, to the States-General, about the New England
complaints, <tc 129
Extract from the Pointen, <fee., for the meeting of the West India Company, September 15, 1642, 132
Letter of Mr. Joachimi, Ambassador, <feo., to the States-General, about New England, <fec 138
Letter of same to the States-General, about New England, Ac , 1S4
Resolution of the States-General, upon the receipt of the foregoing letter, to look into the Retroacta, . . 135
CONTENTS. Ivii
1643. Page.
February 2. Extract from the Pointen, <te., for the meeting of the West India Company, on February 21, 135
June 19. Extract from the /"oin^en, &c., for the meeting of the West India Company, July II, 136
July 28. Resolution of the States-General upon the further memorial of Lubbert van Dinolagen, formerly Fiscael
in New Netherland, 186
August 20. Letter of the States-General to the meeting of the XIX. of the West India Company, about the com-
plaints of the English concerning New England, &c., 137
November Y. Resolution of the States General, upon the report of the Deputies of their High Mightinesses to the
meeting of the XIX. of the West India Company, in September 137
November 24. Resolution of the States-General, making a change in the committee upon Dinclagen's affairs, 138
December 2. Extract from the Posn^cK, Ac, for the meeting of the West India Company, on December 12 138
December 11. Resolution of the States-General upon the report of the committee charged to examine the matters in
difference between Lubbert van Dinclagen and the West India Company, 138
December 16. Resolution of the States-General, referring the further memorial of Lubbert van Dinclagen to the Depu-
ties to the next meeting of the XIX., ifee 139
November 3. Memorial of the Eight Men in New Netherland, to the States-General, respecting the troubles there,
dated at Manhattan 139
1644.
April 5. Resolution of the States-General to send a copy of the foregoing memorial to the XIX. of the West
India Company, that they may take prompt order thereupon, 140
April 23. Letter of the West India Company to the States-General, upon the subject of the memorial from New
Netherland 141
April 27. Resolution of the States-General to send copies of the above letter of tlie West India Company, <tc., to
the different Provinces, Ac, <fco., 142
October 1. Report to the States-General by the Deputies who attended the meeting of the West India Company
ia April 142
October 8. Letter of Mr. Spieringh, the Swedish Minister, to the States-General, complaining of the exaction of
duties on a ship coming from New Sweden 143
October 15. Resolution of the States-General upon a further memorial of the Swedish Minister, 143
October 20. Resolution of the States-General, referring a letter of Cornells Melyn, Patroon of Staten Island, <tc., to
the Deputies to the XIX., with instructions, <tc., (fee, 144
October 22. Resolution of the States-General, recommending their Deputies to the meeting of the X.X. of the West
India Company to inform themselves about the situation of affairs in New Netherland, ifec 144.
October 29. Memorial of Mr. Spieringh, the Swedish Minister, to the States-General, concerning the imposition of
duties, (fee, on ships coming from New Sweden, &e 146
December 28. Extract from the report of their High Mightinesses' Deputies to the meeting of the XIX. of the West
India Company, in October 148
December 15. E.Ytraet from the minutes of the XIX. of the West India Company, concerning New Netherland
affairs, the recall of Director Kieft, ifec., &c 148
December l.'i. Report upon the affairs of New Netherland, presented to the West India Company by the General
Board of Accounts, 149
1645.
April 21. Letter of the States-General to the XIX. of the West India Company, about the complaint of the
Swedish Minister concerning the detention of the ships Calmersleutel and Fama, coming from New
Sweden, &a., 166
July 12. Report to the States-General, by their Deputies to the XIX., of the principal matters that have
occurred in that Assembly since March, 1645 1S7
July 12. Considerations offered by the General Board of Accounts of the West India Company to the XIX., in
regard to the number of ships, Ac, to be employed by the Company, <fee 158
July 31. Memorial of Mr. Speiringh, the Swedish Minister, to the States-General, about the arrest of the ships
CahnersleiUel and Fama 169
July 6. Statement of the cargo, <fee., of the ships Calmersleuld and Fama 169
July 1. Instructions from the XIX. of the West India Company, for the Director and Council of New Netherland, 160
August 15. Extract from the Pointen, <tc, for the meeting of the West India Company on 2d September, 1645, 163
October 16. Extract from the proceedings of the meeting of the XIX. at MiJdIeburg, from the 9lh of September to
the 16th October, 1645 163
Iviii
CONTENTS.
1646.
May
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
Jiily
164V.
1648.
January
January
1644.
June
1643.
October
February
March 27;
1642.
January
February
1647.
June
June
1644.
Otober
1647.
July
1648.
January
January
Pagk.
26. Letter of the Amsterdam Chamber of the "West InJia Company to the States-General, about a ship
confiscated in New Netherland by the Director and Council there 173
13. Letter of the West India Company to the Stales-General, asking their High Mightinesses to ratify the
commission for Mr. Peter Stuyvesant, as Director in New Netherland 176
13. Resolution of the States-General thereupon, that before taking any action they must be informed what
disposition the Company has made of the complaints from New Netherland, Ac., &c 175
24. Letter of the West India Company to the States-General, again asking that Mr. StuyTcsant's commission
may be expedited 175
24. Resolution of the States-General, further postponing a decision thereupon, 176
26. Letter of the West India Company, again praying that Mr. Stuyvesant'a commission be expedited, &e., 176
26. Resolution of the States-General, that the West India Company send to their High Mightinesses an
authentic copy of Mr. Stuyvesant's instructions 1T7
28. Resolution of the States-General, ratifying and approving Mr. Stuyvesant's commission, <fec., 177
28. Minute of the appearance of Peter Stuyvesant, Director of New Netherland, <fec., before the States-
General, and of his taking the oath, etc., &c., 177
28. Commission of Mr. Peter Stuyvesant as Director-General of New Netherland, ic, Ac 178
28. Minute of the appearance before the States-General of Lubbertus van Dinclagen, Deputy and First
Councillor to the Director in New Netherland, and of his taking the oath, &c. 179
28. Record of the oath of Lubbertus van Dinclagen before their High Mightinesses, &c., 179
Short account of New.Netherland, from the year 1641 to the year 1646, 179
7. Resolution of the States-General, referring a letter of Peter Stuyvesant to their High Mightinesses,
dated October 6, 1647, to their Committee on the affairs of the West India Company, <tc 188
11. Resolution of the States-General, referring the memorial of Jochem Pietersen Cuyter and Cornelia
Melyn, with the appendices, to their Committee on the affairs of the West India Company, ifec 188
Papers concerning the situation of affairs in New Netherland, and the proceedings against Cornelis
Melyn and his adherents, marked letter A. to letter R., viz : 188
21. Excise Laws of New Netherland, 1644, 188
24. Letter of the Ei^ht Men at the Manhattans to the Assembly of the XIX., 1 90
Resolution adopted by the commonalty of the Manhattans, 191
Certificate of the election of the aforesaid Eight Men, 192
Petition of Maryn Adriaensen and others, for leave to attack the Indians, 193
25. Commission to Maryn Adriaensen to attack the Indians at Corlaers Hook 194
, 28. Sundry depositions respecting conversations with Director Kieft^ 194
Interrogatories to be proposed to Fiscal Hendrick van Dy ck, 195
Interrogatories to be proposed to Dr. Johannes de la Montaigne 197
Interrogatories to be proposed to Cornelis van Tienhoven, 198
Interrogatories to be proposed to the Reverend Everardus Bogardus 200
21. Petition of the Twelve Men at the Manhattans, and answer thereto 201
8. Order dissolving the Board of Twelve Men 203
8. Letter of William Kieft to Director Stuyvesant, complaining of Joehem P. Cuyter and Cornelis Melyn, 203
22. Letter of Jochem P. Cuyter and Cornelis Melyn to Director Stuyvesant, in answer to Kieft's charge,. . 205
28. Letter of the Eight Men of the Manhattans to the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company,
describing the sad condition of New Netherland and complaining of Director Kieft 209
25. Judgment of Director Stuyvesant, banishing Jochem Pietersen Cuyter from New Netherland, 213
18. Resolution of the States-General upon the proposition to throw open the trade to New Netherland, <fec., 214
20. Resolution of the States-General that the inhabitants of New Netherland may ship their produce to
Brazil, Angola, ic, 215
CONTENTS.
lix
1648.
February
6.
February
7.
February
10.
February
10.
February
13.
April
9.
April
28.
April
28.
April
28.
April
30.
May
6.
May
6.
August
27.
October
21.
October
22.
November
6.
November 20.
1649.
April
26.
April
June
1.
June
4.
July
3.
September 30.
October
9.
July
26.
October
13.
July
26.
July
26.
July
28.
August
12.
October
13.
October
14.
Pagk.
Minute of tlie approval of the foregoing resolution by Deputy Mortimer of Zealand, 215
Resolution of the States-General, referring two memorials against Directors Kieft and Stuyvesant to
the Directors of the West India Company, 215
Resolution of the States-General on the considerations of the Directors of the Zealand Chamber of the
West India Company, in regard to the interests of the Company and New Netherland, &c., 215
Minute concerning the regulation of tlie trade to New Netherland, &c., &c 216
General report of the Committee of the States-General upon the affairs of the West India Company,
and the means of putting them on a better footing, <fcc., with extracts of papers accompanying the
same 216
Resolution of the States-General, referring the further memorial of Messrs. Cnyter and Melyn to their
Committee on the affairs of the West India Company, &c 248
Resolution of the States-General upon the report of their committee, cliarged to examine the case of
Messrs. Cuyter and Melyn, to grant an appeal to the memorialists, with an interdiction of the
sentences pronounced against them by Director Stuyvesant and Council, on the 25th of July, 1647, 249
Letter of the States-General to the Director in New Netlierland thereupon 249
Mandamus in Case of Appeal, in favor of J. P. Cuyter and Cornelis Melyn, against the sentence of
the Director and Council in New Netherland, with inhibitory clause, &c 250
Resolution of the States-General, approving the draft of the foregoing mandamus 252
Resolution of the States-General upon the further memorial of J. P. Cuyter and Cornelis Melyn, to
grant safeguard to the memorialists, 252
Passport in favor of J. P. Cuyter and Cornelis Melyn, inhabitants of New Netherland 253
Minute of Mr. de Laet, Director of the West India Company, having delivered to the States-General
authentic copies of tlie treaties, Ac, of the Company with Foreign Princes, <te., within the limits of
their charter, 253
Resolution of the States-General, referring to a committee the petition of the guardians of John van
Rensselaer, son of Kiliaen van Rensselaer, &c., 254
Resolution of the States-General upon the report of Mr. van Reinswoode, to whom was referred the
foregoing memorial, &c, that copies of the same and of the appendices be sent to the West India
Company, <tc., before a final disposition is made thereof, &c., 254
Letter of the Amsterdam Chamber of tlie West India Company to the States-General, about a Spanish
barque confiscated in New Netherland, &e 255
Resolution of the States-General, referring back the memorial of Samuel Blommaert and others against
the guardians of Mr. van Rensselaer, Ac. , 255
Resolution of the States-General, referring to the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company the
memorial of the guardians of John van Rensselaer, complaining of Stuyvesant, &c., 256
Proceedings of the States-General in the case of Samuel Blommaert and others against Jolian van
Wiely and Wouter van Twiller, guardians of John van Rensselaer, &c., 256
Further proceedings of the States-General in the above ease 256
Further proceedings of the States-General in the above case, 256
Further proceedings of the States-General in the above case 257
Further proceedings of the States-General in the above case 257
Resolution of the States-General upon a letter of Director Stuyvesant 257
Letter of the Nine Men in New Netherland, to the States-General, stating that they have sent a com-
mittee to Holland to obtain redress, <fee., 258
Memorial of the Delegates from New Netherland to the States-General, asking for the appointment of a
committee of their High Mightinesses, Ac, &c., 259
Memorial to the States-General, signed by Adriaen van der Donck, Augustin Herman, and others, on be-
half of the commonalty in New Netherland 259
Additional observations on the memorial of the commonalty of New Netherland to the States-General, 262
Remonstrance of New Netherland to the States-General, and the occurrences there 271
Letter from Lubbertus van Dinclagen, Vice-Director of New Netherland, to the States-General, about the
Deputies of the commonalty ^19
Resolution of the States-General, referring the foregoing letters, memorials, &c., to a committee, to ex-
amine and report upon the same, &c., 319
Resolution of the States-General in the case of the guardians of Van Rensselaer against Blommaert
and others, 320
CONTENTS.
1649.
November
November
Novenibe
Decembei
December
December
July
December
December
December
1650.
January
Jamiaiy
February
164-
July
May
May
1649.
January
July
August
March
March
March
March
Paoe.
5. Further resolution of the States-General in the above case 320
13. Resolution of the States-General, referring to the XIX. of the West India Company the further memo-
rial of the guardians of John van Rensselaer, &c., &c., 320
10. Letter of Peter Stuyvesant to the States-General, in answer to their High Mightinesses' letter of April
28, 1648, concerning the case of Melyn, &a 321
26. Resolution of the States-General, refening the foregoing letter, 32-4
2. Resolution of the States-General, upon a petition of Cornells van Tienhoven, Secretary of New Nether-
land, as attorney for the Director and Council there, respecting an appeal (Melyn's) 324
13. Resolution of the States-General, referring a further petition of the guardians of Van Rensselaer, <tc.,. . 325
Answer of Cornells vai Tienhoven, Secretary of New Netherland, &c., to'the appeal of Cornells Melyn
from the sentence of the Director and Council there, Ac, <fec., 325
13. Resolution of the States-General, referring the above memorial, Ac, 326
13. Memorial to the States-General, of Joost Teunissen, of New Netherland, baker, complaining of the con-
duct of Director Stuyvesant, (« ith) 326
26. Pelitlonof Joo^t, T uni sen to Peter Stuyvesant, Director of New Netherland, Ac 326
13. Memorial to the States-General, of Sibout Claessen, of New Netherland, house carpenter, complaining of
Stuy vesant's conduct, (fee, 328
13. Resolution of the States-General, referring the above memorials (with another from Augustin Herman)
to their High Mightinesses' committee, to examine the same and report thereon 330
16. Resolution of the States-General, referring two bags of papers, in the case of Blommaert and De Laet,
against Wi' ly and Van Twiller, guardians of Van Rensselaer, to the Provincial Court of Hulland,
i c, to prouo 1 1 ce sentence, <fec 330
Jilemorandum of things necessary to be done for New Netherland, 331
Abstract, by the West India Company, of the Remonstrance from New Netherland 331
27. A short digest of the excessive and very prejudicial neglect that New Netherland has experienced since
it has been under the Directors of the West India Company, <fec 332
31. Answer of the West India Company to the several points contained in the Abstract of the Remon-
strance from New Netherland. ( Note. — The original of this document is in the handwriting of
Cornells van Tienhoven ), 338
1. Petition of the Delegates from New Netherland to the States-General, praying dispatch in the redress
of their grievances, Ac, 346
1. Resolution of the States-General, referring the foregoing petition, Ac 34Y
8. Memorial of Cornells Melyn, Patroon on Staten Island, to the States-General, complaining of Director
Stuyvesant's irreverent neglect of their High Mightinesses' mandamus, Ac, with the following
papers: 348
25. Sentence pronounced by Director Stuyvesant on Cornells Milyn 349
6. Authority to serve the mandamus on Director Stuyvesant, Ac, 351
19. Letter of the Prince of Orange to Director Stuyvesant, admonishing him not to molest J. P. Cuyter and
Cornells Melyn 351
22. Receipt from the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company, of a sealed letter from the States-
General 352
2. Cornells van Tienhoven's certificate that Mr. Melyn had delivered to Director Stuyvesant certain letters
from the States-General and the Prince of Orange, 352
8. Certificate of the service of the States-General mandamus on Director Stuyvesant in the church, in
presence of the commonalty 352
29. Cornells Melyn's " disrespectful protest" handed to Mde Stuyvesant, 353
1. Director Stuyvesant's answer to Cornells Melyn's disrespectful protest, 354
16. Return of service made of their High Mightinesses' mandamus on Vice-Director Lubbert van
Dinclage, and his answer, 355
16. Return of service of the mandamus on the members of the Council and others, and their answers, 355
16. Return of service of the mandamus on Fiscal van Dyck, and his answer, 356
23. Return of service of the mandamus on Secretary van Tienhoven, and his answer 357
23. Return of service of the mandamus on Jan Jansen Damen, and his i
CONTENTS.
August 10.
December 10.
1650.
February 8.
February 22.
Page.
Declaratioa of Vice-Director van Dincklage and Mr. La Montagne, of Director Stujvesant'a hostility to
Mr. Melyn's son-in-law 358
Declaration of William Hendricksen, that he distilled brandy on Staten Island 358
March 3.
March 4.
March 7.
March 12.
March
12.
Ma.ch
19.
March
2.3.
March
24.
March
14.
March
31.
April
'•
April
1.
April
7.
April
8.
April
8.
April
8.
Apr
Resolution of the States-General, referring the foregomg memorial, Ac, &c. 359
Observations on the boundaries and colonization of Kew Nctherland, submitted by Secretary Cornelis
van Tienhoven to the committee of the States-General, Ac, 369
Plan submitted by the Deputies of the West India Company respecting the trade and colonization of
New Netherland. ( The original of this document is in the handwriting of Van Tienhoven) 362
Schedule of public charges in New England ; submitted by Secretary van Tienhoven to the committee
of the States-General 364
Information on the occupation of land in New Netherland for colonies or private bouweries, &c., sub-
mitted by Secretary Tienhoven to the committee of the States-General, 365
Observations on the duties exacted by the West India Company upon goods destined to New Nether-
land, and whether it is best to continue the same, (Sec, submitted to the Committee of the States-
General by the Deputies from New Netherland, 372
Petition of the Delegates from New Netherland, stating the insufficiency of shipping accommodations,
Ac, for the numbers of persons who are desirous to emigrate to New Netherland, Ac, with a certifi-
cate of William Thomassen, master of the ship Valckenier, anne.X'ed 376
Resolution of the States-General on the report of their committee upon the subject of the affairs of
the West India Company, New Netherland, Ac, Ac, 377
Letter of the States-General to the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company, upon the fore-
going resolution 378
Letter of the States-General to all the Chambers of the West India Company, except the one at Amster-
dam, on the same subject, -. 379
Contract lietween the West India Company and Van der Donck and others, for the transportation of
200 persons to New Netherland, Ac 379
Resolution of the States-General thereupon 880
Resolution of the States of Holland and West Friesland respecting the Delegates from New Nether-
land, Ac 380
Letter of the Groningen Chamber of the W^est India Company to the States-General respecting the
trade to New Netherland, 381
Resolution of the States- General thereupon 381
Resolution of the States-General upon the representation of the committee, on the affairs of the West
India Company, that Director Stuyvesant be ordered not to molest the Delegates from New Nether-
land, who are about to return, Ac, Ac 382
Letter of the States-General to Director Stuyvesant 382
Resolution of the States-General to grant Manorial privileges to John van Rensselaer, Ac, Ac 383
Resolution of the States-General to admit Dirck van Suhelluyue to practice as Notary public in New
Netherland 334
Commission of Dirck van Sehelluyne, as notary in New Netherland, Ac 384
Resolution of the States of Holland upon the petition of the Deputies from New Netherland about the
transport of emigrants, Ac 385
Memorial of the Delegates from New Netherland to the committee of the States-General respecting the
state of affairs in New Netherland, Ac, (with) 385
December 17.
November 29.
December 13.
1650
April 11.
April 11.
April 11.
April 11.
Extract of a letter from Janneken Melyn, dated at New Netherland, 386
Extract from the minutes of the Council at New Netherland, 386
Protest of Vice-Director van Dinclagen against Director Stuyvesant, for having exported horses to
Barbadoes, 387
Draft report of the Committee of the States General to whom was referred the Remonstrance from New
Netherland, with provisional articles for the government, Ac, of that country 387
Remarks of the West India Company upon the foregoing report 391
Preamble to the proposed provisional articles, Ac, with remarks of the West India Company, 393
Memorial of Adriaen van der Donck to the Committee of the States-General, demanding that Secretary
van Tienhoven be examined on interrogatories, Ac, 395
J^l CONTENTS.
1650. Pace.
April 11. Resolution of the States-General upon the proposed provisional articles, <tc., 396
April 11. Resolulion of the States-General, authorizing the sending, <tc., of arms and ammunition to Kew Nether-
land, to be distributed under the direction of the government there 397
April 12. Memorial of the Delegates from New Netherland to the States-General respecting the hostilities carried
OQ by the Spaniards, notwithstanding the peace, (with) 397
April 12. Deposition of Wilhelm Noble, respecting the Spaniards, &.C., <fec., 398
April 12. Resolution of the States-General to write to Director Stuyvesant to publish the treaty of peace (of West-
phalia) in New Neflierland, <tc 399
April 1 2. Letter of the States-General to Director Stuyvesant thereupon, 399
April 14. Resolution of the States-General, referring the draft of the provisional order for the government, &c.,
of New Netherland, to their committee, itc, &c 400
May 13. Extract of the Points, upon which the committee of the States-General were charged to report, 400
May 24. Draft of Freedoms and Exemptions, proposed by the West India Company for the approval of the com-
mittee of the States-General, 401
June 8. Resolution of the States-General, upon the receipt of a letter from the Provincial Court of Holland, <tc.,
in the case of Blommaert et al. vs. the guardians of Van Rensselaer 406
June 14. Resolution of the States-General, approving, &c., the sentence (which is inserted at length) of the
Court of Holland, in the case of Samuel Blommaert et al. vs. Wouter van Twiller et al., executors
of the late Kiliaen van Rensselaer, 406
June 30. Resolution of the States-General to grant to Cornells Melyn a passport, or safe conduct, for his return
to New Netherland, &c., 407
June 30. Letter of protection of the States-General in favor of Cornelis Melyn, who is about to return to New
Netherland 408
July 1. Resolution of the States-General, approving the draft of the foregoing, 409
July 21. Resolution of the States-General, instructing their committee upon the affairs of the West India
Company to examine Cornelis van Tienhoven, now at the Hague, upon certain points respecting
matters in New Netherland, &e., 409
July 21. Interrogatories upon which the committee of the States-General is to examine Secretary Cornelis van
Tienhoven 409
July 20. Extracts from the papers of Director Kieft, viz : 414
1641.
August 29. Proposals of Director Kieft to the commonalty, and the election, in consequence, of the Twelve Men,. . 414
1642.
January 21. Resolution of the Twelve Men, on a proposed expedition against the Indians, 415
1643.
February 25. Commission to Maryn Adriaensen to attaet the Indians at Corlaer's Hook, 416
February 27. Petition of the inhabitants of Long Island for leave to attack the Indians, with the answer thereto, ... 416
1650.
August 9. Report of the Committee of the States-General on Mely n's papers 417
August 9. Resolution of the States-General upon the foregoing report, <tc 418
August 17. Letter of Director Stuyvesant to the States-General 418
October 15. Resolution of the States-General thereupon, 420
September 1 3. Letter of the Selectmen of New Amsterdam to the States-General 420
November 18. Resolution of the States-General, referring the foregoing letter, and one from Adriaen van der Donck,
to their committee, <to., 421
November 29. Secretary van Tienhoven's answer to the Remonstrance from New Netherland 422
Extract of the observations by the committee of the Stockholders of the West India Company, respect-
ing
the affairs in New Netherland, &c., 432
January 14. Resolution of the States-General, referring a memorial of Adriaen van der Donck, Delegate from New
Netherland 433
January 14. Resolution of the States-General, ordering their proceedings about the East and West India Companies
to be continued to be kept in separate registers 433
February 7. Order of the Committee of the States-General, that Cornelis van Tienhoven do answer the interrogato-
ries touching the origin of the war with the Indians, 433
March 14. Resolution of the States-General to write to the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company to
send Jan Claessen Damen and Cornelis van Tienhoven to the Hague, &c 434
CONTENTS. Ixili
1651. Page.
March 14. Letter of the States-General to the West India Company thereupon 434
March 21. Resolution of the Stales-General, referring the answer of the West India Company, 436
April 21. Resolution of the States-General to write to the West India Company not to allow Secretary Tan Tien-
hoven to return to New Nctherland, and also that they instruct the captain of the ship Waterhont,
not to receive him on board, 435
April 21. Letter of the States-General to the West India Company thereupon 435
August 19. Memorial to the States-General from certain inhabitants and merchants of Holland, trading to Virginia,
Ac, complaining of the conduct of the English, Ac, 436
November 23. Secret resolution of the States-General, recoinnjending the subject of the trade to Virginia, Ac, to the
serious consideration of their Ambassadors to England, Ac, 437
1652.
February 10. Memorial of Adriaen van der Donck, Delegate from New Netherland, to the States-General, respecting
affairs in that country 438
1650.
December 22. Letter to the States-General from the Selectmen in New Nctherland 44I
December 22. Declaration of Vice-Director van Dinclagen and Fiscal van Dyck, before a notary at Manhattan,
respecting the conduct of Director Stuyvesant, 441
1652.
February 10. Resolution of the States-General, referring the foregoing documents 442
February 16, Report of the committee of the States-General, to which was referred the memorial, Ac, presented by
Adriaea van der Donck, on the 10th instant, and the resolution of their High Mightinesses
thereon 443
February 16. Extracts and copies of letters, journals, Ac, from New Nctherland, viz:
1650.
August 1*7. Extract of a letter from the Selectmen to Adriaen van der Donck— condition of things at the
Manhattans 444
September 10. Extract of two letters from Augustin Herman — Stuyvesant does as he pleases, 444
September 13. Extract of a letter from Jacob van Couwenhoven and Dierck van Schelluyne — Selectmen misrepre-
sented, 445
September 8. Extract of a letter from Vice-Director Dincklage — law is violated 445
September 13. Extract of a letter from the Selectmen, complaining of all redress being postponed, 445
July 4. Extract of the journal kept by order of the commonalty — Stuyvesant appropriates to himself the pew
in the church belonging to the Selectmen 445
September 12. Extract of a letter from Vice-Director Dincklage — abuses as notorious as the sun at noonday, 446
September 6. Extract of a letter from the Selectmen — reliance still placed on their High Mightinesses' promises 446
Extract of a memoir sent by Vice-Director van Dincklage — Stuyvesant violates his promises 446
October 6. Extract of a letter from Jacob van Couwenhoven and Dirck van Schelluyne— condition of the country
worse and worse — Stuyvesant gone to New England, 446
September 13. Letter of the Selectmen of New Amsterdam to the States-General, again applying for redress of the
public grievances, 447
Letter of the Selectmen of New Amsterdam to the committee of the States-General, to the like effect, 448
August 29. Protest of the Selectmen of New Amsterdam against the Director and Council, for refusing to recog-
nize them and for having deprived them of their pew in the church, 448
November 30. Extract from the journal of the Selectmen — guns sold to the Indians of Cannarse (L. I.), 449
December 22. Extract of a letter from the Selectmen — arrival of Melyn — vindicate their conduct 449
November 3. Extract of a declaration of Vice-Director van Dincklage as to what the Fiscal told him, 449
November 3. Extract of a declaration of Jochem Pieters Cuyter — the Chamber of Amsterdam will uphold the Director,
even unto blood, 450
December 22. Extract of a letter from the Selectmen — are nothing but ciphers — ignored by Stuyvesant, whom the
Vice-Director and Fiscal protest against, 450
November 26. Extract of a letter from the Selectmen — visit of Stuyvesant to Hartford— urge Van der Donck to
renewed exertion — Swedes on the South river unresisted— Stuyvesant instructed not to heed any
passport from their High Mightinesses 450
1651.
September 12. Extract of a letter from the Selectmen — they are dismissed from office and menaced with prosecution, 452
October 18. Extract of a letter from Notary van Schelluyne — dare not prepare any more writings — living like
sheep among wolves , 452
Ixiv
CONTENTS.
1651.
September 19.
September 20.
October II.
February 28.
September 17.
1652.
February 16.
February
16.
February
23.
February
24.
March
2.
March
2.
March
1.
March
8.
March
8.
March
13.
March
15.
March
16.
March
6.
April
13.
April
22.
April
22.
April
26.
April
April
27.
April
27.
April
27.
April
27.
April
27.
April
27.
May
May
May
May
May
Page.
Extract of a Latin letter from Vice-Director van Dincklage — the older Stuyvesant gro-ws the worse he gets, 453
Extract of a letter from Augustin Herman — Van Tienhoven returned, and exposed by the basket-
maker's daughter, 453
Extract of a letter from Notary van Schelluyne — continues to be persecuted — protest from Fiscal
van Dyck 454
Extract of a counter protest of Vice-Director van Dincklage against the Director and Council, with a
few of his charges against them 454
Extract of the declaration of Brant van Slechtenhorst, Director of the Colonic Rensselaerswyck — Vice-
Director van Dincklage thrust out the Council and committed to the guard-house 456
E.'itract of a letter from Vice-Director van Dincklage — waste of the public property, 457
Memoir of Adriaen van der Donck respecting the ancient boundaries of New Netherland, as first
occupied in 1609 ; the usurpations by the English from time to time, and what was ceded to them
by Director Stuyvesant 457
News from New England in 1650, 460
Letter of the States-General to the different Chambers of the West India Company, about New Nether-
land— provisional order 462
Letter of the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company to the States-General, in reply, 462
Resolution of the States-General thereupon 463
Letter of the Dordrecht Chamber of the West India Company to the States-General, (with) 463
Observations of the Dordrecht Chamber respecting the government of New Netherland, <S:c 463
Resolution of the States-General thereupon, 465
Letter of the Zealand Chamber of the West India Company to the States-General 465
Resolution of the States-General thereupon, 466
Letter of the Delft Chamber of the West India Company to the States-General 467
Resolution of the States-General thereupon 467
Resolution of the States-General upon the petition of Engletje Wouters 467
Letter of the States-General to the Director and Council at New Netherland thereupon, 468
Letter of the Groningen Chamber of the West India Company to the States-General, 468
Resolution of the States-General thereupon, 469
Resolution of the States-General, upon the petition of John and Charles Gabry, to write to Stuyvesant
in their behalf, 469
Letter of the States-General to Director Stuyvesant thereupon 469
Resolution of the States-General to grant to Adriaen van der Donck, Patroon of Colendonck, in New
Netherland, " veniam ^estandi et disponendi," as formerly granted to Van Rensselaer 470
Patent to Adriaen van der Donck, investing him with a right to make a testamentary disposition of his
property in New Netherland, 470
Resolution of the States-General, recalling Director Peter Stuyvesant 471
Letter of the States-General to Stuyvesant thereupon 472
Letter of the States-General to the West India Company thereupon 472
Resolution of the States-General, on the petition of Jan van Buren, to write to the Director and
Council in New Netherland to sustain Dirck van Schelluyne in his profession as notary in New
Netherland 472
Letter of the Slates-General to Stuyvesant thereupon, 473
Resolution of the States-General, referring to their committee a memorial of Martin Beekman and
Cornelis Melyn, complaining of Director Stuyvesant, &c., 473
Memorial of Adriaen van der Donck to the committee of the States-General, stating his intended
return to New Netherland, <tc., ifec 473
Resolution of the States-General thereupon, 474
Secret resolution of the States-General respecting the answer of the Council of State, in England, to
the Ambassadors of the United Netherlands, upon the 36 Articles of the proposed Treaty 475
Secret resolution of the States-General upon the foregoing matter, 475
Resolution of the States-General, revoking their letter of recall to Stuyvesant, of the 27th of April last,
and ordering Van der Donck to deliver up the eame, &c. 475
Memorial of Adriaen van der Donck to the States-General respecting various matters connected with
hia visit to Holland on behalf of the commonalty at New Netherland, &c 476
CONTENTS.
Ixv
1662, p^OE.
May 24. Resolution of the States-General thereupon 473
May 24. Letter of the States-General to the different Chambers of the West India Company upon the foregoing
matter 4Y8
May 28. Letter of the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company, to the States-General, respecting their
High Migtinesses' resolution of 16th May, revoking Stuyvefaat's ree.ijl, &c 479
May 28. Resolution of the States-General thereupon 4»jg
June 20. Minute of the receipt of a letter from A. V. de Jonge, Accountant-General of the West India Company,
in place of Samuel Blommaert, lately deceased, &e., 4g0
June 22. Resolution of the States-General, referring a letter from the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India
. Company in answer to their High Mightinesses' letter of 24th May, to a committee, &c 480
June 24. Letter of the Dordtrecht Chamber of the West India Company to the States-General, in answer to
theirs of 24th May 4gO
June 24. Resolution of the States-General thereupon 481
July 17. Secret resolution of the States-General on the commencement of the war with England, 481
July 17. Secret resolution of the States-General to send a frigate to New Netherland, &c., 482
July 22. Secret resolution of the States-General ou the subject of the preservation of New Netherland, &c., 482
July 22. Secret resolution of the States-General to write to Director Stuyvesant, that in the present situation of
affairs between England and the United Provinces, he keep a careful watch, and that no person be
employed, of whose devotion to the State he is not assured, &c., <fec .■ 482
July 22. Letter of the States-General to Stuyvesant thereupon, 4g3
July 31. Secret memoir of the Directors of the West India Company to the committee of the States-General, re-
specting the preservation of Brazil and New Netherland, <tc 483
July 31. Secret resolution of the States-General upon the report of their committee, (fee, (fee 484
August 6. Memorial of Adriaen van der Donck to the States-General, asking for speedy action on his memorial
already presented, ifec • 435
August 5. Resolution of the States-General, referring the foregoing memorial to their committee, <fec 486
August 7. Proposals of the Dutch for Free Trade and for the settlement of the boundary of New Netherland, with
the answer of the English Council of State thereto 4gg
August 13. Resolution of the States-General, referring back to their committee the memorial of the West India
Company, of July 31st, respecting the preservation, Ac, of Brazil and New Netherland 487
September 3. Resolution of the States-General on the projected Invasion of New Netherland, Ac, 487
September 3. Letter of the States-General to the Amstesdam Chamber, thereupon 488
September 18. Defence of Hendrick van Dyck, Fiscal in New Netherland, (with) 489
September 18. Letter of Hendrick van Dyck to the States-General, 49I
1646.
July 28. Certificate that Director Stuyvesant hath taken the oath of office 4 92
July 10. Commission of Fetrus Stuyvesant as Director of Curasao, 492
1645.
May fi. Commission of Fetrus Stuyvesant as Director of New Netherland, 492
May 5. Commission of Lubbertus van Dinolage, as Vice-Director of New Netherland 493
June 23. Commission of Hendricks van Dyck, as Fiscal of New Netherland , 494
1652.
September 16. Instructions to the Director and Council of New Netherland, dated 7th July, 1645, with Van Dyck's
comment on each article, 495
Letter of the States-General to the Director and Council of New Netherland, dated 1st April, 1650, with
Van Dyck's commentary, showing how it was not obeyed 502
Instructions to Hendrick van Dyck, as Fiscal of New Netherland, with his observation on each article, 604
March 28. Lampoon on Director Stuyvesant, with explanations 510
March 28. Extract from the Resolutions of the Council and Selectmen of New Netherland, dismissing Van Dyke
from office, with the comments of the latter, 510
March 28. Extract of another Resolution, with Van Dyck's comments 511
September 16. Letter of the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company to Fiscal Van Dyck, dated 9th April,
1652, with the latter's answer 612
1651.
December 6. Declaration of Elizabeth Jans, inn-keeper of Amsterdam, that Cornells van Tienhoven frequented her
house with one Lysbert Jansen Croon 514
Ixvi
CONTENTS.
1651.
December 8.
December 8.
December 11.
16J2.
December 6.
December 20.
December 28.
December 28.
December 31.
January
January
17.
January
February
February
11.
6.
10.
February
March
20.
4.
April
10.
AprU
10.
May
14.
May
14.
May
16.
May
May
May
16.
21.
24.
June
June
August
August
August
August
August
November
November
Page.
Declaration of Louisa Nog that she hired lodgings in Amsterdam for Cornelis van Tienhoven and a
woman, and that he had been caught by the Sheriff, 515
Declaration of Jacob Thomassen to the like effect, 616
Declaration of Margaretta Portus, that Van Tienhoven and Ljsbet Jansen lived as man and wife 517
Resolution of the States-General, referring the foregoing defence and appendices, 618
Resolution of the States-General, referring a memorial of Van Rensselaer, de Laetand others, complain-
ing of the conduct of Director Stuy vesant, to a committee 618
Resolution of the States-General, on the report of the committee, to send the above mentioned memo-
rial to the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company for information upon the matters
therein stated 619
Letter of the States-General to the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company thereupon 619
Letter of the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company to the States-General, in answer, 619
Resolution of the States-General thereupon 520
Letter of the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company to the States-General, ( with ) 520
Points extracted from the memorial of the Patroon, etc., of Rensselaerswyok to the States-General, and
the remarks of the Amsterdam Chamber thereupon, 522
Points against the Patroon, <tc., whereupon satisfaction is to be demanded, 524
Resolution of the States-General, referring the foregoing papers, &a 526
Resolution of the States-General upon the report of the Committee on the foregoing matter, 526
Resolution of the States-General, upon the report of their committee, to send Fiscal van Dyck's com-
plaint against Director Stuyvesant to the West India Company 526
Resolution of the States-General, referring a memorial of Van Rensselaer, &e., to a committee 527
Resolution of the States-General, refusing to interfere in the case of a sentence pronounced in New
Netlierland against the ship Forluyn 627
Resolution of the States-General to grant to Hendrick van der Capelle a writ of appeal, with an
enjoining clause, against a sentence pronounced in New Netherland 627
Writ of appeal granted by the States-General to Hendrick van der Capelle against a sentence of
Director Stuyvesant, cfcc, 528
Letter of the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company to the States-General, recommending
Van der Donck's book, entitled Beschryvinge van Nieu Nederland, 630
Resolution of the States-General, referring Adriaen van der Donck's memorial for a copyright of his
book on New Netherland, Ac, to a committee, 631
Resolution of the States-General, calling on the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company for a
copy of Van der Donck's book, to be examined, <tc., 531
Letter to tlie West India Company thereupon 531
Letter of the West India Company in reply, transmitting Van der Donck's book, 632
Resolution of the States-General, granting Adriaen van der Donck a copyright for fifteen years in his
book, entitled Beschryvivge van Nieu Nederland, 633
Resolution of the States-General, referring to a memorial of John de Laet, against Tausain Muysaert,
respecting Rensselaerswyck, ifec 533
Resolution of the States-General, upon the report of their committee, to send the above ease to the
Provincial Court of Holland, whose sentence the States-General will confirm, 633
Letter to the Court of Holland thereupon 53-t
Resolution of the States-General to send to Van der Capelle a copy o^ 534
Resolution of the States of Holland, <fec., on appeals from sentences in New Netherland, 634
Letter of the States-General thereupon 535
Memorial of Van der Capelle to the States-General, in answer to their letter of 6th August, 635
Resolution of the States-General thereupon 636
Resolution of the States-General on the presentation of papers from the West India Company relating
to the boundary of New Netherland, Ac, 637
Papers on the boundary in America between the Dutch and English 639
Letter of the West India Company to the States-General, praying thatthe boundaries in New Netherland
may be settled, (with) 541
CONTENTS. Ixvii
1651. Page.
February 28. A description of the ancient boundaries of New Netberland, with suggestions of Director Stviyvesant
as to what would be a proper boundary 542
Ifovember 6. Memorial respecting the limits and jurisdiction claimed by the West India Company, in virtue of their
charter, in New Netherlaad 546
1650.
November 26. Extract of a letter of Director Stuyvesant to the West India Company, giving an account of hia visit
to Hartford 643
1653.
November 8. Resolution of the States-General on the receipt of the foregoing papers, &« 549
December 30. Letter of Captain Ivregier and others, a committee on belialf of the people of the Manhattans and Long
Island, to the Burgomasters of Amsterdam, (with) 649
December 11. Petition of the commonalty of New Netherland to Director Stuyvesant, 650
December 30. Short notes, in form of explanation of some points contained in the preceding petition of the colonies
and villages of New Netherland, 553
1654.
July 9. Letter from the Burgomasters of Amsterdam to Director Stuyvesant, notifying the intention to send
some orphans to New Netherland, 556
September 11. Resolution of the States-General to desire the XIX. of the West India Company to send their High
Mightinesses a condensed report on the boundary in New Netherland, Ac, 556
September 29. Resolution of the States-General to send to their Ambassadors in England the memoir and other papers
on the boundary question, furnished by the West India Company, &c 556
September 29. Letter of the States-General to their Ambassadors in England 557
October 9. Letter of Messrs. Beverningk and Nieupoort, Ambassadors in England, to the States-General 557
December 4. Resolution of the States of Holland, &e., respecting the boundary question in New Netherland 569
November 27. Letter of Messrs. Beverningk and Nieupoort, Ambassadors at London, to Mr. Ruysch, the Greffier of the
States-General, in answer to their High Mightinesses' letter of 29th September last, respecting the
boundary question in New Netherland, ( with ) 659
Memorandum prepared by the Ambassadors in London, respecting the,English and Dutch possessions in
America, &c., 561
December 9. Resolution of the States-General upon the foregoing documents, 562
December 9. Letter of the States-General to the West India Company thereupon, 663
December 30. Letter of the West India Company to the States-General, in reply, (with) 563
December 30. Memoir on the English encroachments on New Netherland, 564
1641.
October 10. Articles proposed to the West India Company by Rev. Hugh Peters, 663
October 10. Authority to Rev. Hugh Peters, signed by John Winthrop, Governor of Massachusetts, and John
Haynes, Governor of Connecticut, 568
1655.
January 2. Resolution of the States-General to send copies of the foregoing documents to Mr. Nieupoort, their
Ambassador at London, Ac 568
January 2. Letter of the States-General to Ambassador Nieupoort thereupon 669
1654.
December 28. Letter of the Zealand Chamber of the West India Company to the States-General 569
1655.
January 4. Resolution of the States-General thereupon 570
January 14. Resolution of the States-General, referring a memorial presented on behalf of Van de Capelle, to a
committee, &o. , 67 1
April 3. Resolution of the States-General upon a further memorial of Van de Capelle 571
April 24. Resolution of the States-General to write to Stnyvesant, in favor of Charles Gabry, merchant of
Amsterdam 571
April 24. Letter of the States-General to Director Stuyvesant thereupon, 572
May 1. Tariff of 1655 672
May 20. Letter of the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company to the States-General, respecting the
boundary question in New Netherland, <Src 673
May 24. Resolution of the States-General thereupon, to write to Ambassador Nieupoort, at London, &c 574
May 24. Letter of the States-General to Ambassador Nieupoort thereupon, 674
Ixviii CONTENTS.
1656. Paoe-
May 29. Letter of the Amsterdam Cliamber of the West India Company to the States-General, about the boun-
dary question in New Nelherlaiid 574
May 31. Resolution of the States-General thereupon, to write to Ambassador Xieupoort, 575
May 31. Letter of the States-General to Ambassador Nieupoort thereupon 575
July 10. Resolution of the States-General, upon the memorial of the Spanish Ambassador asking for the arrest of
a piratical vessel in the harbor of New Netherland, &e 676
July 28. Resolution of the States-General, referring to a committee a letter of the West India Company, dated
at Amsterdam, July 26, together with some papers about New Netherland, &c., 576
December 11. Letter of Don Estevan de Gamarra y Contrevas, the Spanish Ambassador at the Hague, to the
States-General, in reference to the arrest of Sebastian de Raefif, &c., alleged pirates, now in New
Netherland, <fec 576
December 11. Resolution of the States-General, referring the above to their committee, <fec. 578
December 31. Letter of Ambassador Nieupoort to the States-General, stating that he has just heard that the Swedes
had been driven out of New Netherland by the Dutch, &c 678
1656.
January 6. Resolution of the States-General thereupon, to write to the^West India Company for information, 579
January 6. Letter of the States-General thereupon, 580
January 6. Letter of Don Estevan de Gamarra y Contrevas, the Spanish Ambassador, to the States-General, again
referring to the case of Sebastian de Raeff, an alleged pirate, in New Netherland, and asking for
letters, &c. , in favor of Juan Gallardo, &c. 680
January 6. Resolution of the States General thereupon, 581
January 10. Further resolution of the States-General upon the memorial of the Spanish Ambassador, 581
January 10. Letter of the States-General to Director Stuyvesant thereupon 581
January 7. Letter of Ambassador Nieupoort to the States-General, referring to the news about the Swedes in New
Netherland, ifec 582
January 13. Letter of the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company to the States-General, in answer to their
letter of the 6th January, respecting the Swedes in New Netherland, &c 683
January 15. Resolution of the States-General thereupon 584
January 18. Further resolution of the States-General thereupon 584
January 18. Letter of the States-General to the West India Company respecting the Swedes, <tc 584
January 28. Report of the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company respecting the Swedes who have
arrived from New Netherland, (with) 585
January 24. Letter of the West India Company to the States-General, (with) 687
January 24. Deduction, or a Clear and precise Aecount of the condition of tlie South river, in New Netherland, and
of the unseemly conduct of the Swedes there, <tc 587
Extracts of letters from William Kieft, formerly Director in New Netherland, to the West India
Company, 1638-1640 692
Deed of sale by the Indians of lands on the Schuylkill, <fec., signed at Fort Beversrede, on the South river, 693
1048.
November 9. Extract of a letter from Adriaen van Tienhoven to Peter Stuyvesant, dated at Fort Beversrede 694
1051.
July 16. Memorial of the inhabitants of Schuylkill to Director Stuyvesant 594
July 30. Declaration of Wappanghzewan, an Indian sachem, respecting Governor Printz' wishes to buy his lands
. on South river, ifec, 696
July 9. Declaration of Mattehoorn and two other Indians, respecting the lands on the South river, itc., dated
Furt Nassau 597
1055.
July 19. Declaration of Amattchooren and other Indians, of the cession of certain lands on South river to Peter
Stuyvesant, " Chief Sachem of the Manhattans," 599
1053.
October 6. Extract of a letter from Director Stuyvesant to the West India Company 600
Extract of a letter from Gerrit Bicker, Commandant at Fort Casimier, to Peter Stuyvesant 601
1654.
July 27. Extract of a letter of Peter Stuyvesant to the West India Company, dated 27th July, 1054, 601
Depositions of various persons respecting the Swedes on the South River, taken before Secretary
van Ruy ven, 1654 602
May 27. Extract of a letter from Governor John Risingh to Director Stuyvesant, 606
CONTENTS.
1666.
September 11.
September 25.
1656.
January 28. Resolut
Capitulation and conditions upon ■which Fort Casimir was sur
Stuy vesaut,
Capitulation between Risiugh and Stuyvesant at Fort Christina,.
ndered by Suen Schuts to Director
February 12.
February 22.
February 22.
February 22.
March 3.
March 16.
March 22.
March 22.
March 24.
March 29.
April 27.
June 30.
July 4.
July 12.
August 1.
August 7.
August 10.
August 10.
August 10.
August 12.
August 12.
August 12.
August 16.
August 16.
October 4.
1655.
October 30.
September 2.
1656.
October 4.
1 of the States-General upon the receipt of the foregoing documents, referring them to a secret
committee, &a
Resolution of the Council of the City of Amsterdam, appointing a committee to consider how trade in
New Netherland could be promoted,
Letter of the Directors of the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company to the States-General,
respecting the boundary question in New Netherland
Resolution of the States-General thereupon, to ratify' the articles of agreement made at Hartford on 19th
September, 1 65(1, &c. , &e.,
Ratification of the Treaty of Hartford by the States-General,
Letter of a Committee of the West India Company to the Committee of the City of Amsterdam,. . . .
Points proposed by the Assembly of the XIX to the States-General, in the year 1654,
Resolution of the Common Council of the City of Amsterdam to purchase a tract of land in New
Netherland
Resolution of the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company, appointing a committee to arrange
with the City of Amsterdam the conditions for planting a Colonic in New Netherland,
Letter of Mr. Appelboom, the Swedish Minister, to the States-General, complaining of the conduct of the
West India Company's officers in New Netherland, in dispossessing the Swedes of the South river,.
Resolution of the States-General thereupon, -
Resolution of the States of Holland, &c., upon the foregoing memorial, <fec
Draft of the City of Amsterdam on the Exchange Bank, in favor of the Waldenses
Letter of the Council of Amsterdam to Director Stuyvesant, recommending Jan Gailardo Ferrara,
Draft of the City of Amsterdam in favor of the Waldenses,
Resolution of the Council of Amsterdam on a plan for colonizing New Netherland
Resolution of the Council of Amsterdam, approving the conditions for planting a Colonie on the South
Draft of conditions offered by the City of Amsterdam to emigrants to New Netherland, witli remarks
of the West India Company
Form of Permit to sail to New Netherland,
Resolution of the States-General, referring an agreement entered into by the West India Company
with the City of Amsterdam, ifee
Letter of the States-General to the XIX. thereupon,
Letter of the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company to the States-General, respecting the
City of Amsterdam's Colonie in New Netherland, &c,,
Resolution of the States-General thereupon,
Letter of the States-General to the XIX. of the West India Company,
Letter of the XIX of the West India Company to the States-General, approving the proposed Colonie
on the South river,
Agreement of the West India Company and the City of Amsterdam respecting a Colonie in New
Netherland, ,
Conditions offered to all those who are to go to New Netherland to settle on the South River
Resolution of the States-General, referring the foregoing papers to a committee, <t-c.
Report of the committee of the States-General, recommending a ratification of the preceding conditions.
Resolution of the States-General, ratifying and confirming the agreement and conditions made between
the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company and the City of Amsterdam, &c,
Memorial of Mr. van de Capelle to the States-General, asking for a commission for some proper person
to be sent as commander by him to bis Colonie on Staten Island, in New Netherland
Extract of a letter from Director Stuyvesant to Mr. van c
of his Colonie on Staten Island
Commission issued by the States-General to the command
!■ Capelle, informing him of the destruction
• of the Island of Tobago, <feo
Resolution of the States-General, referring the foregoing papers to the Directors of the West Indif
Company, &c ,
]xx CONTENTS.
1656. Page.
October 5. Extract from the proceedings of the XIX of the West India Company 640
October 6. Resolution of the States-General upon the reply of the West India Company thereupon, &c., 641
November 1. Report on garrisoning Fort Casimir on the South river, 641
November 4. Resolution of the Common Council of Amsterdam, on the preceding report, 642
November 8. Estimated expense of sending a colony of 150 persons to the Delaware river 643
November 11. Resolution of the Common Council of Amsterdam, authorizing a loan for the Colonic on the South
river , 645
December 5. Commission of Captain Martyn Kryger to command a company at the Colonic on the South river,
belonging to the City of Amsterdam, 646
December 5. Commission of Ale.xander d'Hinojossa to be lieutenant of the same 646
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS
I-VIII.
Resolutions respecting Sir Thomas Dale.
Resolution of the States General.
[From the Eegister of Resolutions of the States General in the Eoyal ArchiTes at the Hague.]
Friday the 1" August 1603.
Folio 24T. On the recommendation of the King of France, Captain Dale is commissioned
Captain Dale provisionally as Captain of the Infantry Company of Captain Condegrave, and
the Secretary is ordered to issue a certificate thereof to him.
Resolution of the States General.
I From the Eegister of Resolutions of the States General in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Monday the 8"= December 1603.
Folio 889. On Captain Thomas Dale's Petition it is granted that his Commission be
captainDaie. expedited, and the desired deduction made after every due attention shall be
paid to his complaint regarding the Eight Soldiers who, he says, were absent through
sickness, with his Excellency's knowledge at the mustering of the Company on the 21" of
October last.
Vol. I. 1
2 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Resolution of the Council of State of the United Netherlands.
[ From the origioal Register of Eesolotioos ol the Coancil of Stale, in the Royal Archives at the Bagae. 1
Wednesday Si"" December 1603.
Thomas Dale. On the Petition of Thomas Dale, an English Captain, this deduction is properly
made, inasmuch as the monies received by him in the Army, were given him on account.
Memorandum that CajJtaitis Dale and Gates we^-e in garrison in Holland.
i From the Original List in the File intituled Loopenda of Novemb : and Decemb 1606. in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
From a list of the stations of the Dutch Garrisons on the 15th November, 1606.
From this List it most clearly appears that Thomas Dayl and S'' Thomas Gaels were in
garrison together on the IS"' November 1606 in the City of Oudewater, which is a small City
in South Holland situate on the River Yssel.
In this list we read as follows : —
{ " Thomas Dayl
Oudewater j g, ^j^^,^^^ q^^^^„
Resolution of the States General granting leave of absence to Sir Thomas Gates.
[ From the Register of Eesolations of the Slates General, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hagae. ]
Thursday, the 24"' April 1608.
Foiio6T. On the petition of Sir Thomas Gates, Captain of a Company of English Soldiers,
ottes.'" ''°™'^ commissioned by the King of Great Britain to command with three other
gentlemen in the country of Virginia in colonizing the said countries, the Petitioner is,
therefore, allowed to be absent from his company for the space of one year, on condition that
he supply his company with good Officers and Soldiers for the public service.
Resohttion of the States General, granting leave of absence to Captain Dale.
[ From the Register of Resolutions of the States General, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, 20"" January. 1611.
Folio 23. On the writing presented by the Honorable Rudolph Winwood, Ambassador
from the King of Great Britain, it is ordered as follows: —
Captain Dale. TheStates General of the United Netherlands hereby consent and allow, on
the recommendation of his Highness the Prince of Wales, that Captain Thomas Dale (destined
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: L 3
by the King of Great Britain to be employed in Virgiuia in His Majestys Service) may absent
himself from his company for the space of three years, and that his said company shall
remain meanwhile vacant to be resumed by him if he think proper. It is understood that his
pay as Captain shall cease during his absence.
Further Resolution of the States General respecting Captain Dale.
[ From the Register of the Kesolutiona of the Stales General, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hagne. ]
Tuesday, the 25"" January, 1611.
Folio 29. It is considerred at the further instance of the Hon"° Rudolph Winwood,
captainDaie. Ambassador of the King of Great Britain, whether Captain Thomas Dale should
be allowed to receive the payment of his salary as captain for the term of three years during
which he is allowed to be absent from his Company, in the service of his Royal Majesty of
England, in Virginia; But it is resolved, in view of the very prejudicial consequences resulting
therefrom to the State, that the aforesaid Captain Dale shall have to be content with what
has been granted him on the recommendation of the aforesaid Ambassador on behalf of his
Highness the Prince of Wales.
Further Resolution of the States General.
[ From the Register of Resolutions of the States General in the Koyal Archiyes at the Hagne. ]
Wednesday, the 9"" February, IGll.
Foiio44. 'I"he Heer Joachimi reports that the Sir Winwood Ambassador of the King
CaptainDaie of Great Britain, General Veer, Governor of Briel, and Conway his Lieutenant,
have again very urgently recommended, on behalf of this Highness the Prince of Wales, the
request of Captain Dale, proceeding for three years to Virginia, that his allowance as Captain
may go on in the meanwhile. It is again resolved, that the aforesaid Captain shall have to
be content with the resolution heretofore adopted in this case.
Resolution of the States General respecting ships going on a Voyage of Discovery.
[ From the Register of the Resolntlons of the States General in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Monday, the 21. February, 1611.
Foiioss. Received and read a letter from the Commissioners of the Admiralty at
foJerVoMheNonh Amsterdam, dated the 19'* Inst, wherein they advise that the Ships destined to
passage. ]qq]. fpj. ^ Northern passage to China, are so nearly ready for the voyage that they
are beginning to embark their crew. Requesting, inasmuch as it is important that the aforesaid
4 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Ships should be provided with Letters from the Lords States General or His Excellency to the
Princes or Kings of the countries at which they may arrive, written in such languages and
characters as may be most useful, that their High Mightinesses would be pleased to have a
draft made of such letters as their High Mightinesses shall think proper to give tiiem, together
with proper Commissions for the captains who will be in command ; leaving the names of these
The Ship ihe Little ^" blank ; the Ships being called the Little Fox and the Little Crane.
^"'^ After deliberation it is ordered, that the required Letters be drawn up, and the
draft sent to the aforesaid Commissioners, to have it translated in such languages, as they
shall consider necessary: And it is further resolved that his Excellency be requested to issue
as High Admiral the aforesaid Commissions for the Captains.
Resolution on a Petition relative to a newly discovered Navigation.
Copy of a Resolution of the States of Holland and Westvriesland, dated 7""
Septemb. 1611.
PeHtion of divere '^^^ Petition presented by divers Merchants and Inhabitants, residing in the
teo«&«.«)'nJ"rnin'g United Provinces, to this Assembly regarding certain newly discovered Navigation,
cove^red Nlvigaifonl being read, the cities Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Hoorn and Enckhuysen request
copy, which is delivered them, to communicate it to their constituents.
Eelative to the Ee-
Resolution in favor of those wlio discover Neto Countries.
Copy of a Resolution of the States of Holland and Westvriesland dated 20"'
March 1G14.
On the Remonstrance of divers IMerchants wishing to discover New unknown
i'TAdSsioSook Rivers, Countries and Places not sought for (nor resorted to) heretofore from these
piace8"or""Trade° parts, it IS, after previous mature deliberation, resolved that the Generality
not hitherto ex- shall accord and grant, that whoever shall resort to and discover such new
plored or resorted to ^
from this couniry. Lg^ds and Places, shall alone be privileged to make four Voyages to such
Lands and Places from these Countries, exclusive of every other person, until the aforesaid
four Voyages shall have been completed ; it being well understood, that on the return of the
first discovery or exploration, a pertinent Report shall be rendered to the Lords States General,
in order that their High Mightinesses may then order and determine, according to the distance
and circumstances of the Countries or Places, within what time the aforesaid four voyages must
be concluded ; and also with this understanding, that whosoever shall find, discover and explore
the same Countries and Places about the same time or season, shall be admitted, at the
discretion and on the decision of the Lords States General, to prosecute the aforesaid voyages
in company ; provided also that this concession shall not prejudice previous concessions
or grants.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : L 5
Resolution of the States General respecting newly discovered Countries.
[ From the Register of the Resolutions of tlie Slates General in the Eoyal Arcliives at the Hague. ]
Thursday the 27"- March 1614.
Foiioss. Read the petition of divers Traders, inhabitants of the United Provinces, requesting
liberty freely to make use of, for the first six Voyages, the passages, countries and islands, as
yet undiscovered or unfrequented, and which shall through God's Mercy and help be discovered
by them ; without any other person, except the Petitioners, having power to sail or resort thither
from these United Provinces, either directly or indirectly before and until, they, the Petitioners,
shall have fully completed and finished the aforesaid six Voyages, etc.
After deliberation it is resolved and concluded, that this solicited charter or concession
shall be, as it is hereby, granted to the Petitioners, for four voyages, on condition that the
Petitioners having completed the first voyage, shall render a pertinent report to their High
Mightinesses of their progress and discovery, in order that their High Mightinesses may then
adjudge and declare in what time the four voyages shall be made. On condition also, that this
concession shall not prejudice other their High Mightinesses' previous charters and concessions ;
and provided, in case two or more Companies shall find out such lands or passage in one year,
they shall then enjoy this benefit and privilege in common. And in case any difference hereupon,
or otherwise, should occur, the same shall be left to the decision of their High Mightinesses.
Those of Zealand declare, that they intend to refer this matter to their principals.
General Charter for tfiose who Discover any New Passages^ Havens^ Countries
or Places.
, [ From the Act Booli of the States General in the Royal Archires at the Hague. ]
Foiio54 The States General of the United Netherlands. To all those who shall see
these presents or hear them read. Greeting. Be it Known, Whereas We understand it would
be honorable, serviceable and profitable to this Country, and for the promotion of its prosperity,
as well as for the maintenance of seafaring people, that the good Inhabitants should be excited
and encouraged to employ and occupy themselves in seeking out and discovering Passages,
Havens, Countries and places that have not before now been discovered nor frequented ; and
being informed by some Traders that they intend, with God's merciful help, by diligence, labor,
danger and expence, to employ themselves thereat, as they expect to derive a handsome profit
therefrom, if it pleased Us to privilege, charter and favor them, that they alone might resort
and sail to and frequent the passages, havens, countries and places to be by them newly found
and discovered, for six voyages as a compensation for their outlays, trouble and risk, with
interdiction to all, directly or indirectly to resort or sail to, or frequent the said passages,
havens, countries or places, before and until the first discoverers and finders thereof shall
have completed the aforesaid six voyages : Therefore, We having duly weighed the aforesaid
matter and finding, as hereinbefore stated, the said undertaking to be laudable, honorable and
6 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCPIPTS.
serviceable for the prosperity of the United Provinces, And wishing that the experiment be free
and open to ail and every of the Inhabitants of this country, have invited and do hereby
invite, all and every of the Inhabitants of the United Netherlands to the aforesaid search, and,
therefore, have granted and consented, grant and consent hereby that whosoever any new
Passages, Havens, Countries or Places shall from now henceforward discover, shall alone resort
to the same or cause them to be frequented for four voyages, without any other person directly
or indirectly sailing, frequenting or resorting, from the United Netherlands, to the said newly
discovered and found passages, havens, countries or places, until the first discoverer and finder
shall have made, or cause to be made the said four voyages, on pain of confiscation of the
goods and ships wherewith the contrary attempt shall be made, and a fine of Fifty thousand
Netherlands Ducats, to the profit of the aforesaid finder or discoverer. Well understanding
that the discover, on completion of the first voyage, shall be holden within fourteen days after
his return from said Voyage, to render unto Us a pertinent Report of the aforesaid discoveries
and adventures, in order, on hearing thereof We may adjudge and declare, according to
circumstances and distance, within what time the aforesaid four voyages must be completed.
Provided that We do not understand to prejudice hereby or in any way to diminish our former
Charters and Concessions : And, if one or more Companies find and discover, in or about one
time or one year, such new Passages, Countries, havens or Places, the same shall conjointly
enjoy this Our Grant and Privilege; and in case any diH'erences or questions concerning these,
or otherwise should arise or occur from this our Concession, the same shall be decided by Us,
whereby each shall have to regulate himself. And in order that this Our Concession shall be
made known equally to all. We have ordered that these be published and affixed at the usual
places in the United Countries. Thus done at the Assembly of the Lords States General at the
Hague the XXVII"" of March XVP and fourteen. Was parapheered — J. van Oldenbarnevelt*'.
Under stood — By order of the Lords States General,
Signed, C. Aerssen.
Orga7iization of a Company to Trade in America^ c&c, proposed.
Copy of a Resolution of the States of Holland and Westvriesland dated IS""
July 1614.
EegardiDg the Ee- On the Remoustrance presented on the part of divers Traders of this country
monstrance present-
ed on behalf of bud- for the formation of a general Company for the promotion of the Commerce,
dry MerchiinUs of o r J r '
ierningth-'Erec'ito'n Navigation and Interest of the Country, to carry on Trade on some Coasts of
t'adi a*ilTn!vi'gate Africa and America where the same may be prosecuted according to the Truce,
Africa anTAmerira. some from Dordrccht, Delft, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Hoorn and Enckhuyzen are
appointed to examine the Remonstrance, to hear those who have sent it in, and the
circumstances being well considered and deliberated on, to render a Report to the Assembly
Which done, and the project being considered laudable and advantageous for the Country
and Inhabitants, It is ordered that the matter be promoted in the General Assembly of the
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: I. 7
States, in a Memorial from some thoroughly versed in the subject, on behalf of the Provinces
of Holland and Westfriesland.
Resolution of the States General on tJie proposed formation of a Commercial Company.
[ From Ihe Register of Resolutions of the Stales General, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Monday, 21. June 1614.
DiverlTraders. Read a Remonstrance of divers Traders of these Provinces in substance for the
formation and erection in this country of a general Company for the West Indies, the coast
weTindie^Afrka of Africa and through the Strait of Magellan, without prejudice to the East India
Miigei'ian. ^'"" °^ Company or infraction of the Truce: Resolved, lliat the deputies present do
advise with the principals on the aforesaid Remonstrance, in order that they may, on this day
four weeks, send some of their Merchants hither, with whom their High Mightinesses may
thoroughly examine the matter contained in the aforesaid Remonstrance.
Resolution of the States General on the proposed formation of a West India Company.
[ From the Register of the Resolutions of the States General in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Monday, 25'" August, 1614.
Folio 229. Resolved, That the business of forming a General West India Company shall
F.rectionofthcWest . ° , , . .
India Company. be Undertaken tomorrow morning; moreover, that to this meeting may come
those deputed from the Provinces, those who will request to promote this work, those who
act on orders, as well those who appear and have seats in the Assembly and at Extraordinary
Meetings of other Chambers, and at the meeting of their High Mightinesses. Aud for this
And for this business are deputed Nicasius Kien and Wilhem Eusselincx.
Further Resolutions concerning the formation of a West India
[ From the Register of Resolutions of the Slates General, In the Royal Archives at the Hague ]
Tuesday, 2""' September 1614.
i 2Sr. Rpsnlvpd. that:
Erection
this afternoon.
8 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Copy of a Resolution of the States of Holland and West Friesland dated 25"'
August — 27"" Septemb"' 1614.
Concerning the for- lu tlis matter of the plan for the erection of a General Company to navigate
wes't'india comp'a- and trade on some coasts of Africa, Terra Australis, America and elsewhere,
trade lo some ooasis gigg t^g Charter for said Company, some were anew appointed from the Lords
traiu, America &c. ^^^^ Cities, to communicate on and further discuss the subject, to examine the
draft of a Charter and its cons(^quences, and to render a report of the whole to the meeting;
and they having first reported, that it was necessary for the promotion of the affair that the
States General should pass an Act including the Trade to Guinea in the aforesaid Charter,
the said Act is finally drawn up and concluded, as follows : —
" The States General of the United Netherlands having understood the difficulty
Act appertainmg a j
thereunto suggestcd on the paragraph of the draft of a General Company for the Coasts
of Africa and America where Trade and Navigation are free by the Truce — to wit, that
it was feared that some may secretly endeavor under that cover to pursue trade to Guinea,
with a General Company, and that it was desired to retain and continue to prosecute this,
notwithstanding the Company and Trade should not prosper in the open parts of America,
either because through some defect or impediment, it may not have been included, or being
included, it may happen to cease tiirough want of good success and profits, or some other causes.
" Therefore, We being desirous to afford sufficient security thereto, as we have proceeded
herein only uprightly, sincerely and in good faith, did and do Declare hereby, that Our intention
was none other than to proceed in good faith, and by means of the aforesaid General Company
earnestly and zealously to cause Navigation and Commerce to be undertaken as well to the
West Indies and the Coasts of Africa as to Guinea; consequently that the Charter which
this General Company will obtain in this regard, shall not convey any power or clause to
enable any person to take advantage thereof against others, in case Trade shall not be
speedily undertaken and prosecuted by said Company as well in the other various Quarters as
on the Guinea coasts, or in case the Trade to the other Countries should, through any
impediment, by want of profit or through any other cause, happen to fail, be interrupted or
cease ; but that in such case and then, the Guinea Trade shall be again free, common and open
to every one as it has been to this day in every respect, as if no Charter had been granted ;
And in order that those at present trading to Guinea may not be injured, it is our meaning, that
those who have gone, or have been sent, to the Coasts of Guinea from this or other countries
previous to the date hereof, or who shall proceed there within the present year 1614, shall
continue their Trade to the sale of their goods and to their return to this country and no
longer, provided that after the 1 January 1615, no person shall have liberty to send out any
ships and goods ; Nevertheless, however, in case the sum of four, five or six Millions of guilders
shall not be subscribed in the year 1615, by this General Company, before the 1st May,
the Traders to Guinea shall have power to send out their ships for that year, and to continue
trading until the aforesaid Capital or such Capital, as his Excellency [Prince Maurice] and
the Lords States General shall declare sufficient to effectually put this project into operation,
shall be subscribed, and until the sale of their goods. And for assurance of the aforesaid. We
have have granted Our Acte to serve as may be necessary."
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : I. 9
Eesnmpiion of the '^^^ resumption of the enacted Charter is further proceeded with, and some
enacted Charter. difficulties are removed in the distribution of the Directors and Equipment
among the Provinces, Quarters and Cities ; in the order of the Salt-traders ; the Limits on this
side and through the Strait of Magellan, and the difficulties started thereupon by the East
India Company, with whose Deputies communication has been had by Deputies on the part
of the Lords States General ; and it is agreed in full Meeting, that this Matter should be
examined at the first Meeting of the Seventeen Deputies, and for that and other considerations,
the aforesaid business is holden for further deliberation and postponed.
King James I. to the States General.
[ From the Original in Royal ArchiTes at the Hague ; File entitled EnQdand. ]
Date 19 August \
Rec" 30 Septemb' ) ^^^*"
High and Mighty Lords, Our good friends and allies !
We cannot but acknowledge the favor, which through regard for Us, you have done to Sir
Thomas Dale, Marshal of Virginia, by permitting him to absent himself for some time from
your Service, to which he should have already returned, had not all of that Colony, where he
has right worthily comported himself, perceiving the necessity of his remaining among them,
to settle and give stability to that enterprize, supplicated Us to interpose again with you,
and to request you to permit his absence for two or three years more, in order that he may
complete the work, so well begun ; which, by his recal, cannot but run great risk of miscarriage.
This We have right willingly undertaken for so good an object, and doubt not but you will
consent with like promptness, not only in this case, but in all that depends on you for the
advancement of so laudable an undertaking; the success of which, as in all probability it
will be productive of advantage to our Realms, will, in like manner, not fail to communicate
the like to your Provinces. Therefore We remain
Your very affectionate Friend
From Our Court at (signed) James R.
Leicester, the 19"" of Aug" 1614
(The Address.)
To the High and Mighty Lords,
The States General of the United Netherland Provinces.
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Letter.
[ From the Eeginter of the Resolutions of the States General, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Tuesday, the last of September 1614.
Great Britain. ■ Rcccived and read a Letter from the King of Great Britain, dated at Leicester
captn Dale. the 19"' of August Old Style, in favor of Captain Sir Thomas Dale, Marshal of
Vol. L 2
10 NE^A'-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Virginia, to tlie effect that tlieir High Mightinesses would please to give leave of Absence to
the said Captain for two or tiiree years more, in order that he may continue his residence in
Virginia meanwhile, to bring affairs there into tliorough security, for which he has laid good
foundation, and commencement. After deliberation, and on the aforesaid high recommendation
by his Majesty and the aforesaid Ambassador, their High Mightinesses have agreed and
consented that the said Captain may continue his residence in Virginia, on the previous footing,
until it shall be otherwise ordered by their High Mightinesses.
Besolution of the States General on the Report of the Discovery of New Netherland.
[ From the Register of the EesolQlions of the States General, in the Royal Archives al the Hagne. ]
Present — President, Mr. Ghiessen.
Mess" Biesmau, Westerholt, Brienen, Oldenbernevelt, Berckenrode, Driel,
Teylingen, Magnus, Moesbergen, Ayloa, Hegemans.
Saturday the 11"" October, 1614.
Foiio263. Appeared at the Assembly the Deputies from the United Company of Merchants
New Netherland. vvho have dlscovered and found New Netherland, situate in America between
New France and Virginia, the sea coasts whereof lie in the Latitude of forty to forty five
degrees. And who have rendered a Report of their said Discovery and finding, requesting, in
consequence, the Grant promised by their High Mightinesses' published placard. Deliberation
being had thereon, their High Miarhtinesses have granted and allowed, and
Grant to the Mer- ^ ^ o <_>
Netheriald"* t^^ hereby grant and allow, the Petitioners that they alone shall have the right to
P""*" resort to, or cause to be frequented, the aforesaid newly discovered countries
situate in America between New France and Virginia, the sea coasts whereof lie in the
Latitude of from forty to forty five degrees, now named New Netherland, as is to be seen by
a Figurative Map hereunto annexed ; and that for four Voyages within the term of three
years commencing the first January XVl^ and fifteen next coming, or sooner, to the exclusion
of all others, either directly or indirectly sailing, resorting to, or frequenting the said Newly
discovered and found Countries, harbors or places, from these United Netherlands, within the
said three years, on pain of Confiscation of the ships and goods wherewith the attempt shall
be made contrary hereunto, and a fine of Fifty thousand Netherland Ducats for the benefit of
the aforesaid discoverers or finders; provided, that their High Mightinesses do not hereby
intend any prejudice or diminution to their previous Charters and Concessions; And their
meaning also is, that in case any difference or misunderstanding happen to arise or proceed
from this their Concession, the same shall then be decided by them. Therefore, they order
and command &c.
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HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: I. 11
Grant of Exdusive Trade to Neio Netherland.
[ From the Mioute on a half sheet of paper, in the Eoyal Arohieves in the Hague ; File, Loopende. ]
The States General of tlie United Netherlands to all to whom these presents shall come,
Greeting. Whereas Gerrit Jacobz Witssen, antient Burgomaster of the City Amsterdam,
Jonas Witssen, Simon Morrissen, owners of the Ship named the Little Fox whereof Jan de
With has been Skipper; Hiins Hongers, Paulas Pelgrom, Lambrecht van Tweenhiiyzen,
owners of the two ships named the Tiger and the Fortune, whereof Aedriaen Block and
Henrick Corstiaenssen were Skippers; Arnolt van Lybergen, Wessel Schenck, Hans Claessen
and Berent Sweertssen, owners of the Ship named the Nightingale, whereof Thys Volckertssen
was Skipper, Merchants of the aforesaid City Amstelredam, and Pieter Clementssen Brouwer,
Jan Clementssen Kies, and Cornells Volckertssen, Merchants of the City of Hoorn, owners of
the Ship named the Fortuyn, whereof Cornells Jacobssen May was Skipper, all now associated
in one Company, have respectfully represented to us, that they, the petitioners, after great
expenses and damages by loss of ships and other dangers, had, during the present year,
discovered and found with the above named five ships, certain New Lands situate in America,
between New F'rance and Virginia, the Sea coasts whereof lie between forty and forty five
degrees of Latitude, and now called New Netherland: And whereas We did, in the month of
March last, for the promotion and increase of Commerce, cause to be published a certain
General Consent and Charter setting forth, that whosoever should thereafter discover new
havens, lands, places or passages, might frequent, or cause to be frequented, for four voyages, such
newly discovered and found places, passages, havens, or lands, to the exclusion of all others from
visiting or frequenting the same from the United Netherlands, until the said first discoverers
and fiuders shall, themselves, have completed the said four Voyages, or caused the same to be
done within the time prescribed for that purpose, under the penalties expressed in the said
Octroy &c. they request that we would accord to them due Act of the aforesaid Octroy in the
usual form :
Which being considered. We, therefore, in Our Assembly having heard the pertinent Report
of the Petitioners, relative to the discoveries and finding of the said new Countries between
the above named limits and degrees, and also of their adventures, have consented and granted,
and by these presents do consent and grant, to the said Petitioners now united into one
Company, that they shall be privileged exclusively to frequent or cause to be visited, the
above newly discovered lands, situate in America between New France and Virginia, whereof
the Sea coasts lie between the fortieth and forty fifth degrees of Latitude, now named New
Netherland, as can be seen by a Figurative Map hereunto annexed, and that for four Voyages
within the term of three Years, commencing the first of January, Sixteen hundred and fifteen
next ensuing, or sooner, without it being permitted to any other person from the United
Netherlands, to sail to, navigate or frequent the said newly discovered lands, havens or places,
either directly or indirectly, within the said three Years, on pain of Confiscation of the vessel
and Cargo wherewith infraction hereof shall be attempted, and a fine of P'ifty thousand
Netherland Ducats for the benefit of said discoverers or finders; provided, nevertheless, that
by these presents We do not intend to prejudice or diminish any of our former grants or
Charters; And it is also Our intention, that if any disputes or differences arise from these Our
Concessions, they shall be decided by Ourselves.
12 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
We therefore expressly command all Governors, Justices, Officers, Magistrates and
inhabitants of the aforesaid United Countries, that they allow the said Company peaceably
and quietly to enjoy the whole benefit of this Our grant and consent, ceasing all contradictions
and obstacles to the contrary. For such we have found to appertain to the public service.
Given under Our Seal, paraph and signature of our Secretary at the Hague the xi*''
of October 1614.
Charter for divers Traders who have discovered certain Nexo Countries,
nth October, 1614.
[ From the Act Book of the States Geaeral, id the Eoyal Archires at the Hague.]
[ This being a Duplicate of the Document immediately preceding, is omitted. — Ed. ]
Resolution of the States General on a Report of fiirtJier Discoveries i7i New NetTierland,
[ From the Register of Resolutions of the State* General, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, the IS"" August 1616.
Foiio2oi. Cornells Henricxs% Skipper, appears before the Assembly, assisted by Notary
Carel van Geldre, on the behalf of Gerrit Jacob Witssen, Burgomaster at Amsterdam,
Jonas Witssen, Lambrecht van Tweenhuyzen, Paulus Pelgrom cum suis, Directors of New
New Neiheriand. Nctherlaud, extending from forty to five and forty degrees, situate in America
between New France and Virginia, rendering a Report of the second Voyage, of the manner
in which the aforesaid Skipper hath found and discovered a certain country, bay and three
rivers, lying between the thirty eighth and the fortieth degree of Latitude (as is more fully to
be seen by the Figurative Map;) in a small Yacht of about eight Lasts, named the Onrust
(Restless.) Which little yacht they caused to be built in the aforesaid Country, where
they employed the said Skipper in looking for new countries, havens, bays, rivers, &c.
Requesting the privilege to trade exclusively to the aforesaid countries for the term of four
years, according to their High Mightinesses' placard issued in March 1614. It is resolved,
before determining herein, that the Comparants shall be ordered to render and transmit in
writing the Report they have made.
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HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: L 13
Memorial of Gerrit Jacobsen Witsen and others. Head \^th August., 1616.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague, in Ihe Loketkas of the Slates General ; attached to a Parchment Map of New Netherland
Letter K., No. 23. ]
To the High and Mighty Lords, the Lords States General &c.
Respectfully represent Gerrit Jacob Witsen Burgomaster at Amsterdam, Jonas Witsen,
Lambrecht van Tweenhuyzen, Paulus Pelgrom cum sociis, Directors of New Netherland,
extending from 40 to 45 degrees, situate in America between New France and Virginia, that
they have, at great and excessive expence, discovered and found a certain country, bay and
three rivers situate in the Latitude of from 38 to 40 degrees, ( as is more fully to be seen by
the Figurative Map hereunto annexed) in a small Yacht of about eight Lasts burthen, called the
Restless, whereof Cornelis Henricksz" of Munnickendam is Skipper — Which little yacht they,
the Petitioners, caused to be built in the country there, and employed the aforesaid Cornelis
Hendricksz" in the aforesaid Countries during the space of three years, in the above mentioned
little Yacht, looking for new countries, havens, bays and rivers. And whereas Your High and
Mighty Lordships, did in March 1614, publish by Placard, that whosoever should discover any
new countries, bays or rivers, the said finders and discoverers should enjoy for their discovery,
the grants to trade and traffic exclusively for four Voyages to the aforesaid countries, on
condition of making a Report thereof to Your High Mightinesses ; Therefore Your Petitioners
turn to Your High Mightinesses, respectfully praying and requesting that You, High and
Mighty Lords, may be pleased to hear the aforesaid Cornelis Hendrickxzen's Report, and to
examine the aforesaid Map and Discovery, and to grant the Petitioners accordingly Charter of
the exclusive trade to the aforesaid Countries, for the term of four years, according to the
accompanying Placard [of the 27"" March 1614. ]
Which doing etc.
(Endorsed) Petition of Gerrit Jacob Witsen, Burgomaster at Amsterdam,
Jonas Witsen, Lambrecht van Tweenhuyzen, Paulus Pelgrom
cum sociis, Directors of New Netherland, etc. 1616.
Captain HendricksenHs Report of his Discoveries in New Netherland.
[ From the Original ia the Royal Archives at the Hague ; File entitled Loopende. ]
Report of Captain Cornelis Hendricxz" of Munnickendam to the High and
Mighty Lords States General of the Free, United Netherland Provinces,
made on the xviii"" August A" J 616., of the countries, bay and three rivers
situate in the Latitude from 38 to 40 degrees, by him discovered and
found for and to the behoof of his Owners and Directors of New Netherland,
by name Gerrit Jacob Witsen Burgomaster at Amsterdam, Jonas Witsen,
Lambrecht van Tweenhuyzen, Paulus Pelgrom and othersof their Company.
First, he hath discovered for his aforesaid Masters and Directors, certain lands, a bay and
three rivers situate between 38 and 40 degrees.
14 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
And did there trade with the Inhabitants; said trade consisting of Sables, Furs, Robes and
other skins.
He hath found the said Country full of trees, to wit: — Oaks, hickory and pines; which
trees were, in some places, covered with vines.
He hath seen, in the said country, Bucks and does, turkeys and partridges.
He hath found the climate of the said Country very temperate, judging it to be as temperate
as that of this country, Holland.
He also traded for, and bought from the inhabitants, the Minquaes, three persons, being
people belonging to this Company; which three persons were employed in the service of the
Mohawks and Machicans; giving for them kettles, beads and merchandize.
Read August 19, 1G16.
Resolution of the States General on the ^'receding Meport.
[ From the Register of the Resolutiona of the States General, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Friday the 19"" August, 1616.
rono203. Read the Report rendered in writing by Captain Cornells Hendricksz. of
Munnickendam, of the countries, bay and three rivers situate between 38 and 40 degrees
of Latitude, by him found and discovered for and to the behoof of his Owners and Directors of
New Netheriand. Nbw Ncthcrland, etc. Rcsolved, to make note thereof; then respecting the further
request of a continuation of the Charter, the consideration thereof is postponed.
Resolution of the States General on the Petition of Gerrit J. Witsen and others.
[From the Register of the Resolutions of the States General, in the Royal Archives of the Hague.]
Monday, the 12. September 1616.
Folio 216. Read the Petition of Gerrit Jacob Witsen, antient Burgomaster of the City
Amsterdam, Jonas Witsen, Lambrecht van Tweenhuyzen and Paulus Pelgrojn cum sociis,
Directors of the Company of New Netheriand, requesting a Charter for
Directors of New i J i o
Netheriand. theiBselves, of the exclusive trade to those Lands from this country for four
years, under the pains and penalties expressed in the aforesaid General Placard, but no final
disposition was made thereof.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: I. 15
Further Resolution of the States General on the Petition of Mr. Witsen.
[ From the Kegiater of Eesolutions of the States O-eneral, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, the S-* of November 1616.
Folio 272. Read the Petition of Gerrit Jacob Wittsen Burgomaster at Amsterdam, Jonas
Wittsen, Lambrecht van Tweenhuysen, Pauwels Pelgrom and partners. Requesting, in as
New Neiheriand. much as they have discovered by their Skipper Cornelis Henricxsen van
jOTnTrieT."^""'"'" Mounickeudam, with a yacht of about Eight lasts, certain countries situate in
Latitude thirty eight to forty degrees, between New France and Virginia, adjoining the
country heretofore discovered by the Petitioners and by them called New Netherland, etc., that
their High Mightinesses would be pleased to grant them the Charter they demand. But the
disposal thereof is again postponed.
Resolution of the States General on the petition of L. van Tweenhmjzen and others.
[From the Register of Eesolutions of the States General, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, 18"" January 1617.
Divers Merchanis. Read the Petition of Lambert van Tweenhuyzen, Jacques Nicquet, Claes Jacobse
Harencarspel, Pieter Evertse Hulft, and company, Merchants and Burghers of Amsterdam,
requesting to be assisted by the State with a ship of war to realize some profit and advantage
TerraNova. in the Celebrated and uscful trade and fishery of Terra Nova; but the disposal
thereof was postponed.
Interdict to print and publish a Journal of Voyages.
Resolution of the States of Holland and Westfriesland, dated 29"" July, 1617.
wiliemjanez.atihe On the pctitiou of the Directors of the Australian Company, it is ordered, and
a letter is written to Willem Jansz. residing on the Water side at Amsterdam,
to interdict him from proceeding any further with the composition and printing
of the Journals, Maps and Charts of the Voyage lately made on the part of the
aforesaid Company, from the North into the South Sea, but that he send over all
the pieces, with declaration from whose hands he hath received them, or come over himself
here with them, without leaving any of them behind or retaining them, on pain of other
proceedings against his person.
Bterdam, is inter.
or printinpthe J(
Australian Compa-
ny Irom the Norlb
into the South Sea.
16 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Interdict to correct existing Maps.
Resolution of the States of Holland and Westfriesland, dated S""* August, 1617.
Map of ihe souih- Having seen the Answer of the Directors of the Australian or South Company
em passage "' ' ' ^^ ^^^ Writing of Willem Jansz. regarding what he proposes to correct on the
New Passage. Globc and to publlsh in the Map in relation to the new found Channel, Strait or
Passage from the North into the South Sea; it is Resolved thereupon to notify the aforesaid
Willem Jansz., that he shall not presume to correct the Globe, or the printed or written
Map, nor in any other manner to publish or cause to be published the aforesaid discovered
Strait, Water, Countries, Islands, or Coasts discovered there, but to keep himself strictly and
specially holden as interdicted, as such is considered for the Public good; on pain of other
proceedings being taken, as may be proper, against him, according as shall be determined
against one who contemns the Supreme Authority's Commands and hath incurred its indignation.
Address of Sir Dudley Carleton to the States General.
[ From Ihe Original in tlie Eoyal Arctiives at tlie Hague ; File entilled Engeland.\
Messieurs!
I have express Orders from the King my Master, to accompany the petition I hold here ready
to present to Your Lordships, with his Majesty's serious recommendations; the petition is
exhibited by Captain Thomas Dale, an English Knight, who having a Company of foot in
Your Lordships' service, absented himself with Your permission granted at the instance of
Henry, late Prince of Wales, of glorious memory, for the space of some years, having command
and authority for planting a Colony of the English Nation in the Country of Virginia, whereof
he hath acquitted himself with reputation and honor to himself, to his Majesty's satisfaction
and to the publick advantage, in as much as by signal patience, diligence and valor, he
overcame divers serious difficulties and dangers and finally established a good and permanent
settlement all along a river navigable for seventy leagues into the interior ; and by that means
hath preserved it to God, by the exercise of Religion which is introduced there, and to Man,
by the augmentation of Commerce.
Several of the nation, as well Lords as other Gentlemen of quality and honor, have
considerably contributed to this design. But two of our Captains (Sir Thomas Gates and this
one of whom I now speak,) have promoted it more than any other.
Chevalier Gates found by the hearty welcome he experienced from Your Lordships on his
return, by the present you made him of the entire amount of his pay during his absence, that
his duties were agreeable to you.
Your Lordships, on the testimony his Majesty bears of Chevalier Dale's good demeanor on
that occasion, and on the recommendation He makes in his behalf, will, if it please You, be
happy to receive his petition and, for. the reasons it contains, do him the same favor.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: I. 17
Which his Majesty will take in very good part, as done out of respect for him, and will
acknowledge with like regard all that will be recommended to him on Your side.
Presented in the Assembly of the States General of the United Provinces, on the
Se"- day of January 1618.
(Signed) Dudley Carleton.
M. Noel de Carcn to the States General.
[ From the Origioal in the Royal Archives at the Hague ; File entitled Engeland. ]
High and Mighty, Potent, Noble and right Discreet Lords.
My Lords,
Sir Thomas Dale has stated to me that he was permitted about five or six years ago by your
Miglitinesses to proceed to Virginia, and had gone thither. He has returned here about a
year ago : but, as he represents, has since been very sick and feeble, so that he could not
before now present himself to Your iSlightinesses. He requests my letters to you, High and
Mighty, and says he carries with him letters from his Majesty also, to Ambassador Carleton-
He likewise says, he has been long in the public service ; so that [ consider Your Mightinesses
should please to entertain the matter, inasmuch as his voyage was undertaken with Your
Mightinesses' Consent and Knowledge for the space of five years, as he says. And, although I
know his Majesty's letters are fully sufficient to promote his recommendation, yet being
solicited by the Earl of Southampton and him, I could not refuse to accede to his Lordship's
and his own request, well knowing that whatever is reasonable and just will be. done therein.
And so these serve no other purpose. I shall pray God
Higii, Mighty, Potent, Noble, Wise and right Discreet Lords, to maintain You in a prosperous
government.
Your High and Mighty Lordships'
From South Lambeth Humble and obedient Servant,
the ii. December 1617. Old Style. (Signed) Noel de Caron.
Rec. 26 January 1618.
Petition of Sir Thomas Dale^ and the Order thereupon.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal ArchiTes at the Hague ; File entitled Zoopende. ]
To the Noble, High and Mighty Lords, the Lords the States General of the United Netherlands.
S'' Thomas Dad, Knight, Captain of a Company in Your High Mightinesses' service, most
respectfully represents — That he, the Petitioner, having served this country about thirty
Vol. I. 3
18 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
years, first as a Soldier and last as Caplain, Henry Prince of Wales of glorious Memory, wrote
some years ago both to Your Higli Mightinesses and to Ambassador Winwood,i to obtain leave
of absence for the petitioner, which having obtained from Your High Mightinesses, he sailed,
with Commission from the Most Noble Prince, to Virginia in the West Indies, to introduce and
plant there the Christian Religion and God's Word, also to establish a firm market there for
the benefit and increase of trade, he, the petitioner, leaving here his Company which be
received when burdened with great debts and expenses, and departed in the firm confidence
that he might pay some of those debts with his allowance during his absence. But the petitioner
having continued some time in Virginia, in his aforesaid employment, intending to return
here again to his service, the Most Noble Prince came to die. Whereupon his Royal iNIajesty
himself, noting the petitioner's faithful duty performed in the aforesaid Country for the
propagation of God's Word and the promotion of trade, wrote repeatedly to him, commanding
that he should continue in his undertaken work until the last year, sixteen hundred and
seventeen, wiien he, the petitioner, was first released with his Royal Majesty's consent, from
his charge, and immediately repaired hither with letters of recommendation from his Royal
Majesty to his Ambassador here, to be aiding to the petitioner in his request to your High
Mightinesses. In conformity whereunto, the petitioner finding his Company still under the
burden of the above named heavy debts, with which he first received it, and had at his departure
left it, hereby turns to Your High Mightinesses, confidently requesting that, in your bounty,
you would be pleased to make good his ordinary monthly allowance for the period of his
absence, and grant him an Order for his pay, so that he may thereby have the means to relieve
himself, at once, of his great indebtedness here, and to continue as a faithful Servant in Your
High Mightinesses Service.
(Signed) Thomas Dale.
( At the side was:)
Let this petition with the annexed recommendation of his Majesty the King of Great Britan's
Ambassador, made by his Majesty's order, be placed in the hands of the Council of State, to
communicate their advice thereupon to their High Mightinesses, in order to, etc.
Done the xxvi January, 161S.
( Signed ) C : Aerssens.
1618.
(And further.)
The States General of the United Netherlands. Having heard the advice of the Council of
State on the petitioner's request, contained in this petition, and having paid attention principally
to the recommendation of Sir Carleton, the King of Great Britain's Ambassador, made by his
Majesty's Order and presented in writing to their High Mightinesses, their High Mightinesses
have granted and hereby do grant (without the same being drawn into precedent), that the
petitioner shall be remunerated by the indemnity and payment of the half of his wages during
' Sir Ralph Winwood was born about the year loGo, in Northamptonshire, and studied at Oxford. He was Ambassador
successively to France and Holland, and Secretary of State from 1614 to his death in 1617. Memorials of Affairs of State in
the Reigns of Elizabeth and James I, collected principally from his papers, have been published, in 3 volumes, folio, in
1725, by Edmund Sawyer, Esq. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: L 1§
the time of his absence, to wit, seven years, the resolution at the time of his leave of absence
to the contrary notwithstanding. Done the vi. of February 161S.
By Order of the aforesaid Lords States General.
(Signed) C. Aerssens.
(Endorsed) Petition for S"" Thomas Dael, Knight and Captain in the
service of the High and jMighty Lords the States General of
the United Netherlands. 26"' January 161S.
Resolution of the States General^ referring Sir Thomas Dales Petition.
[From the Kegisler of Keaolutions of the States General, in the Eoyal Archiycs at the Hague.]
Friday, 26 January 1615
Folio 18.
Sir Carleton, Ambassador from the King of Great Britain, appeared in the
Ambassador Carle- *
'"I- Assembly, and by his Majesty's Order, first verbally and afterwards in writing
Daei. inserted hereafter, very earnestly recommended the petition of Sir Thomas Duel,
Knight, Captain in the public service, returned from Virginia, whither he was permitted by
their High Mightinesses to proceed some years ago, on the serious recommendation of the
Prince of Wales of glorious memory, in order that their High Mightinesses would be pleased
to allow the Petitioner his ordinary allowance during the time of his absence, and to grant
him an order for the payment, so that he may thereby discharge his debts. And upon
deliberation it is resolved, before disposing thereof, to obtain the advice of the Council of State.
Resolution of the Council of State of the United Netherlands.
[ From the Register of Resolutions of the Council of State, in tho Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Monday, the xxix"" January 161S.
Captain Daei. On the petition of Captain S" Thomas Dael, to advise the High and Mighty
Lords States General, that it is the opinion of the Council, under correction, that the
petitioner may for this once and without forming a precedent, be rewarded with the payment
of half his wages during the time of his absence, being seven years, out of consideration of the
favorable recommendation made and presented by Ambassador Carleton, by order of his Royal
Majesty of Great Britain, in writing, in their High Mightinesses Assembly, and in regard
that the petitioner is a resolute, serviceable person, and what he hath effected in Virginia,
is very remarkable; unless their High Mightinesses may, on account of the aforesaid
recommendation and for other causes, be pleased to take a more favorable view of this case.
2Q NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Resolution of the States General on the Opinion of the Council of State.
I From Ihe Register of Resolutions of the States General, in the Royal Archives, at the Hagae. ]
Saturday, the S'' of February 161S.
i'oiio28. Read the opinion of the Council of State, on the petition of Thomas Dael,
captDaei. Knight, dated 30"" January last, purporting that, for reasons therein set forth, and
especially out of regard for Ambassador Carleton's recommendation, made and presented to
their High Mightinesses in writing on behalf, and by order, of his Royal Majesty of Great
Britain, they consider that, although this matter is of evil consequence to the public in
respect to all other Captains and officers in this country's service, yet the gratification of the
petitioner somewhat on his request cannot be well avoided; and that it is, therefore, deemed
advisable, for this once, and without its ever being drawn forward by any person as a precedent,
that he may be gratified with the payment of the half of his, the petitioner's, wages during
the long period of his absence, being seven years, unless their High Mightinesses may be
pleased to take a more favorable view of the matter, by reason of the aforesaid recommendation
and that the petitioner is a person of resolution and of use, and that it is also very remarkable
what he hath effected in Virginia. But the final resolution thereupon is postponed until Monday.
Resolution of the States General approving the Report of the Council of State.
[ From the Register of Resol utions of the States General, in the Royal ArchiTes at the Hague. ]
Tuesday, the C" February 1618.
Folio 82. The opinion of the Council of State of the 30 January last, on the petition of
Capt. Dael. Captain Thomas Dael, Knight, opened here on the 3"^ ins' being considered, their
High Mightinesses for reasons therein contained, but principally out of respect for the strong
recommendation of M. Carleton presented on the part, and by order, of his Royal Majesty of
Great Britain to this Assembly, have approved that written opinion; and directed accordingly,
that the Petitioner shall be gratified with the payment of half his wages for the time of his
absence, namely, seven years, without it, however, being drawn into precedent.
Further Resolution of tJie States General in the matter of Sir Thomas Dale.
I From the EeEister of Resolutions of the States General, in the Royal Archives at the Hagno. ]
Friday, the 9"' February 1G18.
Fuiioss. -pi^g resolution of the G"- inst., adopted by their High Mightinesses on the petition
CaptDaei. of Sir Thomas Dael, Knight, Captain of a Company in this country's service,
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: I. 21
being reconsidered witli the previous opinion of the Council of State, and special attention being
paid to the recommendation of M. Carleton, Ambassador from the King of Great Britain,
made and presented in writing by his Majesty's Order to their High Mightinesses, also the
relation which the service, performed by the petitioner in Virginia, hath with this country,
their High Mightinesses have agreed and hereby consent that the petitioner shall be gratified
by the payment of his full wages for the time of his absence, to wit, seven years, the
resolution adopted at the time of his absence to the contrary notwithstanding, without, however,
the same being drawn into precedent. Ordering; that for such purpose, this resolution shall
be communicated to the Council of State for execution.
Permission to William Jansen to piMish his Chart.
Resolution of the Lords States of Holland and Westvriesland : dated 10
August, 161S.
Petition of ■wiiiem On the petition of Wiilem Jansz., Burgher at Amsterdam, complaining that he is
Jansz. Burgher at^,.,, li-iii
Araaierdam.iopub- torbidden to publish the chart of the new passaare discovered by the Australian
lish a chart of the '^ fa J
AuTtrS^" "com- Company, and that such was done here by others to his loss; it is concluded,
■""'^' although it were preferable that the chart should not have been published, yet
not to render the petitioner's case worse than others', he is allowed to publish the chart.
Resolution of the States General on the trade to New Netherland.
[ From the Register of Kesolutions of the Stales General, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, 4 October 16 J S.
Folio 267. Read the petition of the Company trading to the island of New Netherland,
New Netherland. requesting the continuance of their charter for some years longer to trade
exclusively to the aforesaid Island. But it is resolved, before disposing thereof, first to see and
reconsider the aforesaid petitioners' charter.
Resolution of the States General on the Petition of Hendrich Elhins.
[From the Register of Resolutions of the Slates General in the Royal Archives at the Hagne. ]
Tuesday the 9"> October 1618.
roiio272. Read the petition of Henrick Eelkins and Adriaen Jansse Engel cum sociis, all
andcompany! '"' merchants residing at Amsterdam, associates and partners in what is called the
22 * NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
New Netlierland Company, which their Higii Mightinesses have incorporated for the term of four
successive years, whereof the fourth and last year hath expired in January last ; requesting
that, in consequence of said expiration and of their, the petitioners', having already prepared
A Shi to New ^ ®'i'P named the Schilt to proceed thither, their High Mightinesses would be
Neiheriand. pjeased to grant them a favorable permission, in order that they may perform the
aforesaid voyage without any opposition from their former partners. Their High Mightinesses
have consented hereunto, because, and by reason, of the expiration of the charter granted to
the petitioners, and therefore permit them to perform their intended voyage to New Netherland
with their prepared ship herein mentioned.
Resulution of the States General., on the Colonization of New Netherland.
[ From the Register of Resolutions of the States General, in llie Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, 12 February 1620.
Folio 45. Read the petition of tlie Directors of the Company trading to New Netherland,
New Netherland ^ r ./ o
^.ompany. situate between i\ew France and Virginia, in thel atitude of from forty to forty-
five degrees, that the aforesaid Island might be peopled under their High Mightinesses'
protection and government, whereunto they request two ships of war. But it is resolved,
before disposing thereof, to procure the opinion of the deputies from tiie Board of Admiralty
who are invited here for the 15"" inst.
Petition of the Directors of the New Netherland Compamj.
[From the Original in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague; File entitled Admirritileit.'i
To the Prince of Orange, &c.
utie!"nueBoa?dor The Dircctors of the Company trading to New Netherland, situate in latitude
4vited'herrf°r fhc ffom 40 to 45 dcgrecs, between New France and Virginia, reverently represent
i2Fe™i62o. (Sign- that they, the petitioners, have, as discoverers and first finders of said countries,
i62i». traded thither nov? several years, in virtue of a certain general Charter from the
High and Mighty Lords States General, dated the lO"" March 1G14; that they, also, have
delivered to their High Migiitinesses their written report, with a map of the situation and
usefulness of said countries. And wiiereas the petitioners' Cliarter has expired, so that every
one is now at liberty to trade there, they have again sent thither two ships, in order to
preserve the reputation of said trade; some vessels liave been likewise sent by other traders
exclusive of the Company. Now it happens, that there is residing at Leyden a certain English
Preacher, versed in the Dutch language, who is well inclined to proceed thither to live,
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: I. 23
assuring the petitioners tliat lie lias the means of inducing over four Iiundred families to
accompany him thither, both out of this country and England, provided they would be
guarded and preserved from all violence on the part of other potentates, by the authority and
under the protection of your Princely Excellency and the High and Mighty Lords States
General, in the propagation of the true, pure Christian religion, in the instruction of the Indians
in that country in true learning, and in converting them to the Christian Faith, and thus,
through the mercy of the Lord, to the greater glory of this country's government, to plant
there a new Commonwealth, all under the order and command of your Princely Excellency
and the High and Mighty Lords Stales General. And whereas they, the petitioners, have
experienced that his Majesty of Great Britain would be disposed to people the aforesaid
lands with the English nation, and by force to render fruitless their possession and discovery,
and thus deprive this State of its right, and apparently with ease surprize the ships of this
country which are there, and are ordered to remain there the whole year; wherefore, they, the
petitioners, pray and request that your Princely Excellency may benignly please to take
all the aforesaid into favorable consideration, so tliat, for the preservation of this country's
rights, the aforesaid Minister and the four hundred families may be taken under the protection
of this country, and that two ships of war may be provisionally despatched to secure to the
state the aforesaid Countries, inasmuch as they would be of much importance, whenever
the West India Company is established, in respect to the large abundance of timber fit for
ship building &c., as may be seen by the accompanying report. On all which
(Endorsed) Petition of the Directors of the Company
trading to New Netherland. 12 February, 1620.
Resolution of the States General on the Report of the Board of Admiralty respecting
the foregoing Petition.
[ From the Eegisler of Eesolutions of the States General, in the Archives at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, the 26"" February 1620.
Folio 63. The Deputies present from the Board of Admiralty have presented to their
New''" Netheriand ^'§^^ Mightiuesses, iu Writing, its opinion on the petition presented by the
Company. Dircctors of the Company trading to New Netherland, hereinbefore inserted ; and
insoriion. ^i,g aforesaid opinion being read, and considered, it is resolved, before disposing
thereof, that his Excellency shall be consulted and his opinion obtained.
24 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Further Resolution of the States General on the preceding Petition.
[ From Ihe Register of Eesolutions of the States General, ia the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Tuesday, the lO"" March, 1620.
FoiioTs. Resolved, that the opinion of his Excellency shall be first obtained on the
Company. Petition presented by the Directors of the Company trading to New Netherland,
before acting on it and on the advice of the Deputies from the Board of Admiralty.
Further lie-solution of the States General.
[ From the Register of Eesolntions of the States General, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Friday, the 10'" of April, 1620.
Folio iia Read the petition of the Directors of the Nevr Netherland Company, that their
que
opinion thereupon.
Resolution of the States General on the Petition of the Neio Netherland Company.
[From the Register of Resolutions of the States General, in the Royal Archives at the Hague.]
Saturday, the 11 April, 1620.
Foiioiis. The petition of tiie Directors of the New Netherland Company, that they.
New Netherland . , ,. <■-,,,, , . , . , , . ,.
Company. tor the peopuug of said Island, may be assisted with two ships of war, is
again rejected.
Resolution of the States General on further Petitions to trade to New Netherland.
[ From the Register of Resolutions of the States General, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Saturday, 29"" August, 1620.
Folio 263. Rgad the petition of the Joint Owners of the Ship named the Glad Tidings (de
The owners of the '^ ^ ° '
di"n'''s """ *''"'' ^" ^h^^ bootsckapj whereof Cornells Jacobsen Mey of Hoorn is commander, who
New found Country, having discovered some new Countries populous and fertile, abounding in all sorts
of Timber and never discovered before, pray that their High Mightinesses maj' be pleased to hear
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: I. 25
the Report of the Skipper who made the voyage, and allow the petitioners the benefit of
their High Mightinesses' Charter, dated 27th March XVI"" xiv, and to declare, moreover, within
what time they shall have to perform the four voyages therein mentioned.
Item, another petition of Henrick Eeikens, Adriaen Janssen cum suis, Merchants at
Chartered to New Amsterdam, having had a charter to trade exclusively to New Netherland,
Netheriand. discovered by them, situate from the thirty-fourth to about the fiftieth degrees,
requesting that their High Mightinesses would be pleased to reject and refuse all grants that
may have been demanded, or still will be demanded of them, regarding the Trade on the Coasts,
or any of the Rivers of New Netiieriand, and to allow the petitioners and other merchants of
this Country to continue in the free trade they are pursuing there, and further to equip some
ships which they have in a sufficient state of forwardness.
The aforesaid Petitions having been read, both parties are called in, and having appeared
with the respective Skippers who made the Voyages and being heard, it is, on question
having been put, resolved, that parties shall consult together and see if they cannot agree
in a friendly manner.
Resolution of the States General refusing the Prayer of said Petitions.
I From the Register of ResolutionB of the States General, in the Royal Arch'iTea at the Hague. ]
Friday, the 6"' Novemb"' 1620.
Folio 329.
New Neiheriand. Mess" Pauw and Fervau reported their proceedings between both parties of
the Merchants claiming New Netherland, endeavoring to reconcile them. But as that could
not be done, it is, after consideration, resolved and concluded that the requested Charter shall
be refused.
Proceedings on the Petition of Traders to Virginia^ &c.
Resolution of the States of Holland and Westvriesland, dated 13 Sept^ 1621.
Petition of the gen- Read a petition from Gerrit van Schoudhoven and other Guinea Traders ; Item,
eral Guinea and Vir- r '
q"e3ting"'''te' at slso, the petition of Traders to Virginia, requesting to be allowed to send out
BhTpsto fet'ch'ihei? some ships to bring their returns thence to this Country, as the trade and
Country hither. commerce thither are not to be lost before the West India Company be formed
and ready.
On consideration, it is unanimously resolved, that the aforesaid petitions shall be voted for
and supported, on behalf of this Province, in the General Assembly, on condition that the
petitioners pledge themselves to be back to this country before the 1" July next.
Vol. I. 4
26 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Resolation of the States General respecting New Virginia.
[ From Ihe Register of Eesolatlons ol the Stales General, in the Eoyal Arcliives at the Hague. 1
Tuesday, the 4"' September, 1621.
Henrick AUartszzn Read the petition of Henrick Allartszzn' cum suis, in which they request
vil^'inla. permission to send a ship to New Virginia to fetch" their people and property
from there; but it is resolved, before disposing thereof, to hear the opinion of the Board of
Admiralty in Zealand.
Resolution of the States General permitting a ship to proceed to Virginia.
[ From Ihe Ecgister of Resolutions of the States General, io the Koyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, 15 September, 1621.
Folio 8G3. On the petition of Henrick Elkens, Hans Jooris Houton and Adriaen Janssen,
™m''6uis^. '^""'°' Engel cum sociis, merchants in Amsterdam, what follows is granted: —
The States General, &c., having communication of the contents of this petition, have, for
reasons submitted with the presentation thereof, granted, and do hereby grant, for disposition
thereof, that the petitioners, according to their request, shall be at liberty to send their ship
named the White Dove, burthen about forty lasts, whereof Wilhem Janssen Houton is
Master, to Virginia, on condition that they shall have returned to this country before the first
of July next, with their goods and ship.
Resolution of the States General permitting another Ship to he sent to Virginia.
I From the Kegister of Resolutions of the Stales General, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Friday, 24"- Septemb% 1621.
Birck Toikertae. On the petition of Dierck Volckertse, Doctor Verus and Doctor Carbasius,
eumsuis. residing at Hoorn, Pieter Nannincx, of Medenblik, Accountant, and Cornells
Volckertse, together with Pieter Dircxzen Schoders, it is allowed as foUoweth:
The States, etc., having communication of the contents of this petition, have, for reasons
therein mentioned, allowed and hereby allow, for disposition thereof, and that the aforesaid
Petitioners may, accordingly, for the purpose aforesaid, send to the Virginias, one ship, laden
with all sorts of permitted merchandise, to trade with and profit by the same; and afterwards
to bring over their cargoes, goods, clerks and seamen, to this country, provided that they
shall have returned home before the first of July, sixteen hundred and twenty-two.
■ Misspelt for " Henrich Elkens," see next resolution. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : L 27
Resolution of the States General lyermitting a Ship to he sent to Neio Netherland.
[ From the Register of Eesolutiona of the Stales General, in the Roynl Archives at the Hague. ]
Tuesday, 25"" September, 1621.
Traders^'to New On the petition of Claes Jacobse Harincarspel, Councillor and antient Schepen
Netherland. ^j. ^j^^ ^j^^ ^j- Amsterdam, Petrus Plancius, minister of the Holy Word, Lambrecht
van Tweenhuyzen, Hans Claessen and company, trading to certain coasts, countries and rivers,
by them discovered, lying between Virginia and New France, between the 40"" and 45">
degrees of latitude, called New Netherland; also, to a great river situate between the
thirty-eighth and fortieth degrees, it is, after deliberation, allowed as foUoweth:
The States General, etc., having considered the tenor of this petition, have, for reasons
therein set forth, granted and do hereby grant, for disposition thereof, that the aforesaid
petitioners, for the purpose aforesaid, may accordingly send to the above mentioned countries,
coasts and rivers, by them discovered, lying between Virginia and New France, in the latitude
of forty to forty-five degrees, called New Netherland, also to the adjoining countries and a
great river lying between latitude thirty-eight and forty degrees, two ships laden with all sorts
of permitted merchandize, the one to the aforesaid New Netherland, and the other to the
aforesaid New River, lying in latitude between eight and thirty and forty degrees, and to
the small rivers thereon depending, to trade away and dispose of their old stock which they
have there, and afterwards to bring back into this country, their goods, cargoes, clerks and
seamen, on condition that they must be home with their ships and goods before the first
of July, 1622.
1621.
Memorandum.
The proceedings of the States General in regard to the erection of a General West India Company, which they chartered
this year, being very proli.\, and having relation principally to Brazil, it was not thought expedient to have transcripts
thereof made, especially as the Original Octroy, together with all the amendments and additions, is contained in the " Gnot
Placaat book" or Book of Resolutions and acta of the States, a copy of which, purchased by me under the direction of the
Trustees, is now in the State Library. J. R. B.
Resolution of the States General on a Communication from Sir Dudley Carleton.
[ From the Kegister of Resolutions of the States General, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, the le"- March, 1622.
Foiio9i. Sir Carleton, Ambassador from the King of Great Britain, recommended that
Great Brilam. . °
their High Mightinesses would adopt a resolution on his proposition relating to
Virginia. Virginia. It is, thereupon, resolved to request Burgomaster Pauw that he would
New Netherland. be plcased to Write to the partners in the trade to the Island of New Netherland,
to the effect that their High Mightinesses desire to be informed of the state of the matter
contained in the aforesaid proposition.'
' For this proposition, see poat. III., 8. — Ed.
^ NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Resolution of the States of Holland and Wesifriesland on a proposed plan of
Emigration.
[ From the printed Register. ]
The'21 April, 1622.
fe'^d'w'm^e^WMt The Directors of the West India Company report that they have examined
^■"^'^'- the paper relative to the Families to be conveyed to the West Indies, and are of
opinion, that it is very advantageous for the Company, and therefore that an effort ought to be
made to promote it, with a promise that they should be employed ; and to postpone it until
the Directors should be formed, if the Assembly thought proper that this promise should be
made to them ; which, being considered by the Lords, gentlemen and cities, it is unanimously
resolved and concluded, that the said promise shall be given with the knowledge of the
Magistracy, and to proceed with it accordingly.
Resolution of the States General on a Communication from Sir Dudley Carleton.
[ From the Register of Resolutions of the States General, in Ihe Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, 27"- April, 1622.
Folio 150. Ambassador Carleton recommended that a resolution be passed on the
Great Britain,
communication he had made on the part of his Majesty, regarding the Island of
Virginia. Virginia; and it is resolved, that the said communication shall be examined,
together with what has been published in print at Amsterdam on this subject.
Resolution of the States General on the Petition of the heir of Rev. Mr. Plancius.
[From the Register of Resolutions of the States General, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Saturday, IS"" June, 1622.
roiio23o. Read the petition of Claes Jacobsen Harinckcarspel, Schepen and Councillor of
the city of Amsterdam, heir of the deceased Petrus Plancius minister of God's word, cum
New Netheriand. suis, praying, for rcasons set forth in the petition, that the time allowed to them,
the petitioners, to bring over their returns from New Netherland to this country, may be
extended six months, but the resolution thereupon is postponed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: L 29
Resolution of the States General respecting the papers of the West India Company.
[ From the Register of EesoIution» of the Slates General, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague.]
Tuesday, the 29'^ November, 1622.
•west^indir^com- Granted, that the papers of the West India Company remaining in the office
P""''- of the General Assembly, shall be inventoried and handed to the Directors of
said Company, on their receipt and promise of restitution.
Secret Resolution of the States General on a proposed Union of the West India
Companies.
[ From the Register of Secret Eesolutions of the States General, in the Eoyal Archires at the Hague. ]
Friday, the 22""J March, 1624.
Folio 63. jjjg Excellency appearing in the Assembly, in his presence are read the points
England. of the further instruction for the Ambassadors to England, left open on the 19""
February last, viz': the fourth, ?"■ and S"" points of said instruction; and, upon consideration,
and vi^ith the advice of his illustrious Excellency, it is resolved and concluded ; first, on the
Mutual cooperation fourth poiut, regarding the West India Company and the letter of the Lords of
■West India Com- c i . • . ,
panics. Langeracq, of the 1" mstant, lately received, mentioning a West India Company
begun to be formed in France, that copy and extract shall be sent to Mess" their High
Mightinesses' deputies at present attending the meeting of the XIX of the West India Company at
Amsterdam, to submit to the meeting, as matters are in such a condition in France and England
at present, that probably a West India Company vpill be formed in one and the other kingdom,
or else some expedition be undertaken, whether they vcill not embrace this occasion and
consider if it would not be prudent to confer on a combination of the Companies, or of some
other equipment to be sent, on both sides, to the West Indies, reflecting that this Company will
not, of itself, be strong enough, without assistance and the aid and cooperation of others, to
resist alone such a powerful force as is put to sea at present by Spain, to the number of fifty
ships, for the purpose of crushing the Company in its infancy ; that it will also be useful to
agree respecting the present and the future ; as the French and the English will not omit,
when this Company shall have sustained the heaviest of the burthen, to frequent the places
which may be incorporated by God's gracious help, and from which they cannot be excluded
without falling into the same difficulty as the East India Company had with them, which
can now be easier obviated, either by a combination of the companies or by some mutual
equipment to be executed hereafter.
On the V"- and Eighth points, it is deemed prudent first to wait for advices from England,
of the success of the afl^air and resolution there, in order, when that is seen, to be able to
resolve thereupon with better foundation.
Presents to the Com- ■^"^ whercas his Excelleucy proposes that the Ambassadors ought necessarily
missioners. y^^ authorized, in case any league be concluded, to make some present to Mess"
30 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
His Majesty's Commissioners who shall be engaged in this league, as is usual in such contracts.
It is resolved to wait the advice of the Ambassadors themselves as to what they should think
best to be done in the case, whilst it is concluded that the gratuity ought to be regulated in
proportion to the advantage and profit to be derived by this country from the league.
Assembly of the XIX. of the West India Company to the States General.
[ From the Original in Ihe Koyal Archives at the Hague ; File West Indif, 1623— 1C29. ]
High and Mighty Lords,
We transmit to you, herewith, High and Mighty, copy of a certain letter, sent to us from
Hoorn, by some deputies of this Assembly. Your High Mightinesses will understand
therefrom, that we (to our regret) are informed of the evil intentions and designs, maliciously
undertaken, by a certain shipper and other persons there, directly contrary to the favorable
charter and amplification granted by your High Mightinesses to this Company; and therefore,
not only in opposition to your High Mightinesses' good intention and meaning, but also
against the welfare and prosperity of this said Company, and consequently against your High
Mightinesses' country and many of its good inhabitants. And whereas, it is of paramount
necessity, for the maintenance of the aforesaid charter and its subsequent amplification, also,
for the promotion of the Company's affairs, and especially for the removal and prevention of
such evil designs and malversations, that provision be made, and such example at once
determined, as will deter others from attempting the like for the future; We could not,
therefore, refrain from communicating this to you. High and Mighty, in the form of a complaint,
and requesting at the same time, that you. High and Mighty, would be pleased so to provide
therein, and so to order, that not only the aforesaid ship should be forbidden and prevented
undertaking its intended voyage, but that the Company may also be put beyond the risk of
such evil practices being in future undertaken and attempted to its injury; and, likewise, to
act further therein as your High Mightinesses shall consider necessary for the greatest
advantage of this Company, and in keeping with your strong affection for its prosperity: And,
whereas, the noble Mighty States of Holland are at present assembled, it is most humbly
requested, that you, High and Mighty, would be pleased on the occasion, to order and direct,
through those of the North Quarter, that the sails and guns be removed from the aforesaid
ship; advising you. High and Mighty, moreover, that we also certainly understand that many
are equipped in that Northern department for the West Indies; and we therefore request you,
High and Mighty, to be pleased, through the said Lords of the North Quarter, also so to
provide, for reasons aforesaid, that the same be prevented and abandoned. Which hoping
we shall.
High and Mighty Lords, commend you, High and Mighty, to the protection of the Most High.
Your High Mightinesses most obedient servants,
The Commissioners at the Assembly of the Nineteen of the
Incorporated West India Company, now in session in Amsterdam.
Amsterdam, this 30"" March, 1624. (Signed) Henr: Feith.
Received 2 April. ' Jan Gysbreght.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: I. 31
Agents of the West India Company at Hoorn, to the Assembly of the XIX.
[ From the MS. received as an Appendix by the States General ; Royal Arcliivea, Hague. File Went Indie. ]
Honorable, Worthy, Wise and right Prudent gentlemen and friends.
Whereas we repaired tiiis morning to the meeting of the Directors of this city, and, after
sundry conversations, explained to their Honors that we understood that a certain shi'p was
fitting out here with design to go to the Virginias under French commission, intending to take
along good carpenters and shipwrights to construct a store, houses and ships there in order to
be employed elsewhere within the limits of the charter. This then appearing to be a matter
of great consequence, we both deemed it proper to wait on the Magistrates of Hoorn, as we
did forthwith, and after e.xplanatory introduction, requested them, as Judges and administrators
of the laws, to maintain us against this contravention of the charter, and its amplification.
Whereupon they answered, that we might certainly rely on them, and they resolved, with our
previous advice, to summon the Skipper, who was busy taking out his ship, and about to sail
forthwith, to demand of him an inventory thereof, and of all that is, or will be received on
board. The Skipper appearing in our absence, refused to comply, saying he wishes to go to
France, wanting to know who acted thus, threatening to complain, as if the King of France's
crown were attacked. The Burgomasters finding him thus obstinate, said that he was then
arrested until he should give satisfaction herein, against which he has protested, and demanded
certificate of arrest. We thought proper that this should be done in the name and on behalf
of the Assembly of the XIX., though we are not expressly authorized hereunto. We request
your advice whether the arrest shall continue, and what further shall be done in the premises.
You may be assured that a certain person of credit is here, who was lately offered a share of
that ship, well knowing that some owners reside here and at Amsterdam : therefore, the matter
ought, in our opinion, be prosecuted, for the sake of example, and thereby to discourage others,
who are disposed to go the same road. Regarding our affairs, we have done nothing, except
to make some preparatory arrangements to facilitate the business as much as possible, expecting
to-day the Deputies of the respective cities. The Directors of Hoorn have informed us, that
they authorized, or wrote to your Commissioners for the opening of their subscription to the
capital, in the assurance that their petition shall be taken into consideration. What relates to
it, your Honors will presently know.
Herewith ending. (Under stood :)
Honorable, worthy, wise, right, discreet gentlemen, praying the Almighty to keep you in
his Holy protection.
(Signed) Your Honors' dutiful Commissioners,
Hoorn, the 29* March, 1624. Rogier Cobbert
Received 2'' April, 1624. Blendricxs',
Alb' Wifrinck.
(At the side stood:) Post. After closing this, the arrested Skipper hath had an attachment
served on us, and summoned us for the next day, which we shall endeavor to meet by
exceptions, etc., until further instructions and advice will be received from your Honors.
The address was :
Right Honorable, worthy, wise and most prudent,
the Commissioners at the Assembly of the Nineteen,
on behalf of the West India Company, at Amsterdam.
32 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
States General to the Assembly of the XIX.
[ From the Minute in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague; File 7»e«( Indie, 1623 — 1624. ]
The States.
David Picters. Honorable : By the annexed petition, presented to us by Captain Bamd. Pieters,
you will be able to learn what he hath communicated and requested on the part of his owners
residing at RochcUe.
And whereas we so regard the matter that the Incorporated JVest India Company ought not to
enter, in the beginning, into a dispute with the subjects of neighboring Kings and Princes, but
much rather observe good correspondence and friendship towards them.
We have, therefore, deemed it proper and necessary to send Your Honors the aforesaid
Petition, and reflecting on theconsequeuces which may arise to the injury of the Company by
disputes with the French, hereby recommend you to endeavor that this matter be arranged
by agreement; either that your Honors receive the ship and cargo by purchase from the
Petitioner, or, should this not be effected, cause him to enter into bonds, that the ship will
not go within the limits of your Charter; or that some other amicable arrangement may be
discovered whereby both sides may be satisfied. Whereunto awaiting.
Done the 6"- April, 1624.
Secret Resolution of the States General on the iproposed Union of the West India
Companies.
[ From the Register of Secret Resolutions of the States General, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Tuesday, the 9"" of April, 1624.
En xlT"^' Mess" van Zoelen, Duyck and Magnus have reported that they have, with
Instruction for the his Excellency, reconsidered the resolution adopted on the 22"^ March last, on the
Ambassadors. pojnts left opeu for the further Instruction for the Ambassadors to England, and
Coalition of theWest '^ '^ , • i t •
India Company. especially the 4"", V"" and S'*" points of the above mentioned Instructions concerning,
^d'i'STc^lTwar! first: the West India Company; secondly: the aid that should be promised from
uiiiiary aiTairs. fj^jg gj^jg {„ g^se the King go to war ; and, thirdly: if some regiments might be
new soidtere." °' exchanged, new levies for old experienced soldiers; and, conformably to the
advice of his Excellency, it is resolved, on the first point: That the declaration of the Assembly
of the Nineteen on this matter must be waited for, to which purpose their High Mightinesses'
Deputies now returning to that Assembly, are directed, moreover, to insist thereon by resolution,
in order to send copy thereof to the Ambassadors. Regarding the second and third points, as
there is no appearance that the King will be willing to bring a formal Army into the field, it
is resolved, that it is, as yet, unnecessary to determine specially thereupon, but prudent to
postpone it until it will be seen what his Majesty will please to resolve in the premises.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: I. 33
Secret Resolution of the States General.
[ From the E( gieter of Secret Kesolutions of States General, in the Rojral Archives at the IlagQe. ]
Friday, the l?"- of May, 1624.
Folio 65. jj^ being reported tiiat his Excellency has been pleased to write the letter
^"" resolved on yesterday to the Ambassadors in France, in answer to their letter of
the S'* instant, it is concluded to let it be sent, as here inserted : —
The States General of the United Netherlands.
Honorable, wise, right prudent Gentlemen: We duly received, on the 10"" inst., your
despatches of the 27"" and last of April. In like manner, was handed to us, on the li""
following, that of the S'"" inst., which you sent express per Stevan van Groeningen; and the
one and the other being considered by us. We find what you require our further resolution
upon consists of the following points; first: of making no Treaty of peace or Truce, except,
&c; 2": of the aid to be furnished by us according to the 4"" and S'*" articles of tiie Treaty of
the year 1608; 3°: of the East and West India navigation ; 4°: of the breaking with those of
Algiers; 5°: of the Judicature, &c.
On the third point, speaking of the East and West India Company, you will, so far as relates
To decline the East ^^ ^^^ East Indies, decline it, with the best reasons you can adduce; and finally*
iDdiatraje. declare that nothing can be done therein without hearing the Company. And
in case his Majesty should please to propose any thing, or make any overtures, in this regard,
that after hearing it, the Company shall be asked to give his Majesty all possible satisfaction;
Combination of the and as far as the West Indies is concerned, We have sent you, by Salais, the
West India Compa- "^ •'
»>'«>• declaration of the Nineteen, to which we refer, in order that you may treat
accordingly. Herewith we send another copy thereof, in case the first should not have come
to hand.
Respecting the fourth point, you shall, etc.
Extract from the Journal of the Dutch Amhas-sadors in England.
[ From the Original in the Royal Archives, at the Hague. ]
Extract of the Journal or Report of the Mess" Francis van Aerssen, Lord of
Sommelsdyk, &c., and Albert Joachimi, Lord at Ostend in Oudekens-
kercken. Ambassadors from the States General of the United Netherlands,
near the King of Great Britain, from February to July, 1624.
4 June, 1624. My lord, the Prince of Wales, sent Mr. Caer, first Lord of his Bedchamber,
some days ago to us, and requested us, through him, that we would believe that Sir Ferdinand
Georges, Governor of Portsmouth, is an honest and honorable gentleman, and that we should
Vol. T. 5
34 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
so consider him, in whatever he had to transact with us, without the above named Caer
knowing any thing of what the above mentioned Sir Ferdinand had to do with us, or the
purport of the aforesaid recommendation.
4"'' June. The aforesaid Sir Ferdinand Georges, came to us and made known, that he and
his being disposed to annoy the Spaniard, one of his sons who is in New England, proposes
some notable enterprizes in the West Indies. And inasmuch as he, seeing the uncertainty
of the resolutions in England, was afraid that his son, having performed the exploit and coming
home, may be complained of in consequence to the King; he prayed that, in case the King
of Great Britain remained in friendship with the King of Spain, his son may be guarantied
by your High Mightinesses, and commission granted him to annoy the King of Spain, in your
name. We praised his good disposition, and said that the exploit, when achieved, could be
best avowed. That otherwise, when Naval commissions were issued by your High Mightinesses
they were formally maintained. He said he made no difficulty as to that. And, afterwards,
put his request in writing, which we have brought over to your High Mightinesses.
We have heard, etc.
Thus done and communicated by us, undersigned,
(Signed) Francoys van Aerssen,
Alb; Joachimi.
Hesolution of tJie States General on tlie Report of the West India Company.
[ From the Register of Eesoluiions of the States General, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Monday, the 14 Octob., 1624.
Folio 429. Albert Koenraets and Philips Doublet, Directors of the West India Company,
Report ft-iim Brazil, '
TirgiDiaand Guinea, appeared before the Assembly, and rendered a report of the present state of
affairs, both in Africa and Brazil, relating that two ships have arrived from the coast of Guinea,
bringing, in addition to their freight of 627 pounds of gold, 1S40 elephants' teeth, and 330 tons
of pepper, news that the General there hath made an alliance and treaty with the King of
Sabou and Acora, not to trade with any one except with those of the Company; and that he is
engaged in a like negotiation with a third King. And that four ships have arrived from the
Bay of All Saints, bringing the Vice Roy and his Son, and the Jesuits prisoners. That
Admiral Willekes is gone to the West Indies with 12 Ships, and the Vice Admiral to Angola,
with 5 ships.
That one ship is arrived from Virginia, bringing some peltries with a number of other
articles. Request their High Mightinesses' resolution on certain points delivered in writing by
them, the disposal whereof is postponed to to-morrow.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: L 85
Resolution of the States General admitting Mr. Schagen to his Seat.
[ From Ihe Begister of Eesolalions of the Slates General, in the Eojal ArchiTcs, at the Hague. ]
Tuesday, the 6'" May, 1625.
Mr. pTschagen. Received a letter from the States of Holland and Westfriesland, of this day's
date, wherein they advise that they have deputed Pieter Janssen Schagen, Councillor and
Magistrate of the City of Alcmaer, to their High Mightinesses' Assembly, in the stead of
the Mr. Albert Sonck, requesting that he may obtain admittance, which their High
Mightinesses granted.
113B133
Effects of the West India Company^ 1626.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague; File, West Indien. ]
Two ships destined for the trade and settlement of the Colony in New Netherland.
Effects of the IncorjJornled West India Company, as they are found at present, after it was
determined, as it indeed is true, that the Sailors and Soldiers of the Fleets of General
Boudewyn Hendrixsen, the Admiral t'Lam, be paid, and can be forthwith paid out of the
Company's previous funds, and all moneys on interest be paid, which are very trifling.
Estimated this 4"" Sept', 1626.
9 ships from 150 to 200 @, 230 lasts, well equipped.
3 large yachts.
In all, 12 ships and yachts destined for the African trade in Guinea, Benin,
Angola, Greyn, and Quaqua coasts, with the exported cargoes and
expected returns, as more fully can be shewn, amount to, according
to cost fl. 1,709,000
1 ship of Dordrecht to Cape Verd, with cargo, 60,000
1 ship ■) destined for the trade of the Amazon and the Coast of Guiana,
2 yachts j with the cargoes, 80,000
1 ship of about 130 lasts, ] well equipped, destined for the trade and
1 yacht j colonization of New Netherland, estimated,
at least, at 120,000
Total, 18 ships and yachts trading to all quarters where the Company hath any
free trade, amounting to 1,969,000
9 large ships of 200 to 300 lasts, ] despatched in May, 1626, under
5 large and small yachts, j Admiral Pieter Pieterzen Heyn,
(whose plan promises to be successful) victualled for 18 months,
having full 1800 men, furnished with metal and iron guns, amounting,
with the equipage, to 700,000
36" ' NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
8 ships and yachts oti divers expediiioiis, under Thomas Sickes flag,
victualled for IS months, amounting to -. fl. l'00,000
33 ships of 200, (a, 300, (aJ, 350 hists, including 9 or 10 big and little yachts
— which the Company hath still lying here in port, provided with
In all 73 metal and iron guns, and all sorts of supplies of ammunition of war,
ships. powder, muskets, arms, sabres, and whatever may be necessary for
the equipment, which can be fitted for sea at the fourth part of their
former cost, estimated, as more fully can be seen, at 1,100,000
The sugar prize lately by Thomas Sickes, and the goods freighted
through the fleet by General Boudewyn Hendrixen, will amount
fully to, 300,000
The wages of the IGOO soldiers allowed to the Company by your High
Mightinesses, and the expense incurred thereupon by the refusal to
pay anything, 150,000
That your High Mightinesses still owe, on the promised 1500"' guilders,
to be paid before you can derive any advantage as partners 150,000
These following moneys are still to be received in cash, which being
in the Treasury, will be applied to keep the foregoing ships at sea,
not only to injure the King of Spain, but also by God's blessing
to do your High Mightinesses and the Company much service, and
the Partners good profit :
From the shareholders what is yet unpaid of the S"* installment; the
third of the 3^ installment, estimated at 458,000
From the shareholders for the 4"' installment, all which is forthcoming,
amounting to 1,467,000
Your High Mightinesses still remain indebted on the 1500" guilders,
besides the 150"" guilders before slated, 750,000
Total, fl. 7,304,000
Further, 5 ships
and 3 yachts which your High Mightinesses promised to indemnify the
Company for in guns, powder, and other munitions of war ; as these
are still wanting to complete the subsidy promised by the 40"" article
of the Charter, and by divers acknowledgments made by your High
Mightinesses, as to be seen in resolutions.
It remains to be stated, that the valuation of the ships and necessaries
of war hereinbefore entered in gross, is not taken at the highest
value, but will doubtless bring more when minutely reexamined.
Then, as to what relates to the state of the trade and the pay of
shareholders, they think they are sufficiently well informed thereof.
N. B. When the Assembly of the XIX. resolved to send the expedition under Admiral
Willekens, the capital of the shareholders of all the chambers, added together,
amounted to, fl, 4,300,000
To which is added what your High Mightinesses promise by the Charter, 1,000,000
In all, fl. 6,300,000
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : I. 37
Thus, the Company's capital is greater at tliis time, by two millions, than it was at that
period; besides, experience has given it more knowledge as to the condition of the places
situate in the West Indies and tiie Brazils; what are useful or useless to the Company in that
country; what can, and what cannot, be defended; all which is of great advantage to tlie
Company and the country.
lie-solution of the States General appointing Deputies to the Assembly of the XIX.
[ From the Origiual Register in the Royal ArcbiveB at the Hague. ]
Resolution of the States General of the lO"" October, 1626, appointing, as their
High Mightinesses' Deputy in the Assembly of the XIX. of the West India
Company, M' Pietcr Janss tichagen, the writer of the earliest information
relative to the Colony of New Netherland, of the 7"" November, 1626.
Saturday, the lO"" Octob--, 1626.
Received from the Directors of the West India Company, Chamber at Amsterdam, a letter
dated the 7"" inst., wherein they advise, that for divers weighty reasons and considerations,
affecling the welfare and prosperity of the Company, they have summoned the Assembly of
the XIX. for the l?"" inst., to proceed to business on Monday, the 19"", requesting their High
Mightinesses would be pleased to send their Deputy thither for the said day, to assist said
Assembly with their authority and wise council. Whereupon, deliberation being had, they
thereunto commissioned Mess" Hendrick van Eck and Schagen.
Mi: Peter Schagen to the States General; the Island of Manhattans purchased.
[ From the Original in the Royal Archives at the Hague ; File, entitled TTes/ Indie. ]
High and Mighty Lords:
Yesterday, arrived here the Ship the Arms of Amsterdam, which sailed from New Netherland,
out of the River Mauritius, on the 23"* September. They report that our people are in good
heart and live in peace there; the Women also have borne some children there. They have
purchased the Island Manhattes from the Indians for the value, of 60 guilders; 'tis 11,000
morgens in size. They had all their grain sowed by the middle of May, and reaped by the
middle of August. They send thence samples of summer grain ; such as wheat, rye, barley,
oats, buckwheat, canary seed, beans and flax.
The cargo of the aforesaid ship is : — 7246 Beaver skins.
17Si Otter^^skins.
675 Otter'skins.
4S Minck skins.
36 Wild cat skins.
33 Mincks.
34 Rat skins.
88 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Considerable Oak timber and Hickory.
Herewith, Higli and Mighty Lords, be commended to the mercy of the Almighty.
In Amsterdam, the 5"" November, A'' 162G. Your High Mightinesses' obedient,
Received 7"" November, 1626. (Signed) P. Schagen.
The address was as follows :
High and Mighty Lords,
My Lords the States General
at the Hague.
Resolution of the States General.
[ From the Register of Resolutions of tlie Stales General, in the Royal Archives at the Hagne. ]
Saturday, the 7"" November, 1626.
Folio ',77. Received a letter from Mr. Schagen, written at Amsterdam, the 5"" inst.,
Mr. Schagen. o '
Arrival of a Ship Containing advice of the arrival of a Ship from New Netherland, which requires
The Assembly of the XIX. to the States General.
[From the Original in the Eoyal Archives, at the Hague ; File West Indie. ]
Extract.
Exhibited the IG"- November, 1627.
To the High and Mighty Lords States General of the United Netherlands.
High and Mighty Lords.
1. We have heretofore communicated to your High Mightinesses the exploits, &c.
4. The last letters from New Netherland bring word, that the English of New Plymouth
threaten to drive away those there, or to disturb them in their settlement and little colony,
notwithstanding our's heretofore had tendered to them every good correspondence and
friendship. They therefore request the aid of forty Soldiers for their defence. We would
rather see it secured by friendly alliance.
In March, last year, our yacht, the Sturgeon, was in the River Gambia.
Your High Mightinesses' obedient
The Committee of the Assembly of the XIX.
(signed) Albert Kounraats,
Michael Paauw,
CORNELIS BiCKEK,
C. Nicolay.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: L
The Assembly of the XIX. to the States General
[ From the Original in the Royal Archlvea at the Hcguo ; File, West Indie. ]
Extract.
High and Mighty Lords,
We have heretofore represented, in writing, to your High Mightinesses, that our constituents,
the respective Chambers of tlie Incorporated West India Company, think and fear that the utter
ruin and dissolution of said Company will be the consequence of the present negotiaiion for a
Trace with tiie Enemy, and have therefore with all submission besought you, High and Mighty,
that you would be pleased to be careful that nothing may be done to the prejudice of its
commenced proceedings, which have been of such benefit to this country ; but that the Company
may, as heretofore, be also in future, strengthened and supported, and continue thus sustained,
in order more and more to be of good service to this state and the stockholders. We have
now considered it further necessary and useful to explain to you. High and Mighty, in all
submission, the reasons of our fear, in order that your High Mightinesses being informed thereof,
may more seriously consider the same; and to answer all such objections as may be brought
forward to the contrary, so as to remove all arguments which may influence you. High and
Mighty, to judge otherwise, of the importance of this matter.
' Your High Mightinesses are aware, and it is not unknown to us, that this Company was in
the commencement, designed principally to increase Trade and Commerce, without which the
great multitude of seamen bestowed by God on this country cannot be employed, and all
occupations maintained in continual action and prosperity; that, also, those who supposed
themselves most conversant with this trade, were of opinion that the West India Countries
were not so exposed to the attacks of our enemies the Spaniards and Portuguese, but that
trade could be carried on with sundry nations and people; colonists transported, and plantations
of various products promoted, from which advantages could be derived equal to those our
aforesaid enemies have realized since many years, to the strengthening considerably of the
King of Spain's finances. And in case of delay or ill success, it was expected to make good a
portion of the loss, by going to Punta del Rey for salt; but in consequence of the tedious
negotiations with the North quarter, we are entirely cut off by the enemy from the Salt Trade at
the Punta; and as regards general trade, experience has now made us wiser, and shown,
that the proposition is founded on grounds altogether too weak ; and that the trade with
those nations and people, who still remain independent of the King of Spain, is very meager
and trifling; and that the countries, yet uninvaded, are for the most part of little
consequence and unproductive, or if good and fruitful, are very difficult of cultivation, especially
for our people, who, being unaccustomed to so hot a climate, can with great difficulty
betake themselves to agriculture; and being unprovided with slaves, and not used to the
employment of them, cannot, like the Spaniards and Portuguese, supply through others,
their own insufficiency. Moreover, the colonizing such wild and uncultivated countries,
demands more inhabitants than we can well supply; not so much through lack of population,
in which our provinces abound, as from the fact, that all who are inclined to do any sort of
work here, procure enough to eat without any trouble; and are, therefore, unwilling to go far
from home on an uncertainty; to this may be added, the doubt of being able to protect it,
40 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
unless at greater and heavier expense than the returns are worth that may probably be derived
from thence. But in order that you, High and Mighty, may be correctly informed herein, and
understand tlie situation of the countries yet uniiivaded by our enemies, we shall explain to
you more particularly the extent and condition thereof, from one end of our boundaries in
West India to the other.
The limits granted to us by Your High Mightinesses, start from, or begin on the iVorth at,
Nova Francia, the bounds whereof were extended somewhat too far by the French ; so that
they have even been inclined to dispute us Ni:w Nclherland, which is the first country occupied
and possessed by our people; and the Company, on that account, have suffered, of late years,
notorious damage by reprisals. Now, this district, which we have named New Nethcrland,
although it ought to be, in point of climate, as warm and as well adapted for the cultivation of
fruits at least, as the furthest frontiers of France towards Spain; yet it has been found much
colder, and as much subject to frost and other inconveniences as these; nay, as more northern
countries. The people conveyed by us thither, have, therefore, found but scanty means of
livelihood up to the present time ; and have not been any profit, but a drawback, to this
Company. The trade carried on there in peltries, is right advantageous; but one year with
another, we can, at most, bring home only Fifty thousand guilders. Proceeding more
southerly, next comes Virginia, possessed by the English ; and Florida, so far as it has
commercial advantages, by the Spaniards. For, although Florida is extensive, the places
occupied by the Spaniards are few, and the harbors, even for middling ships, so rare that there
is but very small probability of being able to execute anything advantageously there. The
large Islands are settled by the Spaniards, etc
Exhibited 23'* October, 1629.
Considerations in regard to the Truce with Spain.
[ From the Origin.M in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; File, Weft Indie. ]
Extract of the Reasons and Considerations submitted by the Directors of the
Incorporated West India Company to their High Mightinesses, the Lords
States, in the present deliberation regarding the truce with the King of Spain.
Exhibited the 16 Novemb., 1629.
High and Mighty Lords,
Although we are confident that you. High and Mighty, can in your usual wisdom, and will,
pursuant to your special regard and favor for us, consider that the security and welfare of our
beloved Fatherland is most intimately connected with the preservation and prosperity of our
Company, yet we have deemed it our duty to lay, with all submission, before you. High and
Mighty, in a summary manner, the principal points which, in these parts, ought to be taken
into consideration.
First: it is to be considered with what longing the Company has been expected, for many
years, by all good Patriots at home, and all good wishers of our state abroad ; and how slowly
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: L 41
it has been brought to maturity, against numerous contradictions and countermines on the
part of others.
Secondly: that you, High and Mighty, have, of your own motion and unasl^ed, incorporated
your subjects, and promised, in the form of a mutual contract and reciprocal connection, to
afford them every help in case of war, and to maintain, in their integrity, all their contracts
with foreigners.
Thirdly : that thereupon, the Capital of this Company was wholly subscribed and sufficiently
paid in, through the several efforts of the Directors appointed thereunto by you. High and
Mighty, by such as you yourselves consider have most at lieart the maintenance of the true
Reformed religion and the liberties of our beloved Fatherland ; so that many have contributed
abundantly thereunto even out of their poverty.
Fourthly: that by means of this Company, even from its very incipiency, a great number
of ships were partly purchased and partly chartered, which otherwise must have lain idle in
consequence of the dullness of trade.
Fifthly: that by means of the same, many large and small vessels, and especially, very fine
and fast sailing yachts have been built, to the great increase of Navigation.
Sixthly: that the number of our vessels has, from time to time, so much increased, that we
have at present over one hundred full rigged ships, of various burthens, at sea, mostly fitted
for war.
Seventhly: that we have employed, from time to time, in said ships, a great number of
seamen and soldiers, so that we had last year 9,000 men, and now, at present, full 15,000 in
our service; whereby the people were wonderfully benefited; many experienced pilots formed,
and so many educated, that the country can always find fit persons to be employed on board
its ships as chief and subordinate officers.
Eighthly: that we have victualled the aforesaid ships, some for 12, some for 15, and even
many for IS months and more.
Ninthly: that we have provided our ships so well with heavy guns, that we had, last year,
on board our marine, full 264 metal pieces, amongst which were many demi-carthouns ; and
nearly 1400 heavy swivels (gotelingen), which number is much increased this year, so that
we have at present over 400 metal pieces on board of our ships, and over 2000 swivels
(gotelingen), besides pedereros to the number of far beyond 600.
And finally: that we have provided them with a great quantity of powder, mostly
manufactured in this country, so that we have expended, this year, on board our ships, over
one hundred thousand pounds of powder. From all which it must at once be seen, what
trade our equipments have created in this country; how many people we have employed, and
with what a remarkable force we have increased Your High Mightinesses' navy, of which Your
High Mightinesses can make use in time of need, as the Company's aid, without boasting, was
particularly well timed in the last public difficulties.
It is now to be further considered what wealth these, our ships, have brought into
this country.
First: omitting what has been imported these previous years in course of trade in gold,
elephants' teeth, pepper, hides, peltries, timber, salt and such like; the silver, coined and
in bars, received in the beginning of this year, in consequence of the capture of the fleet from
New Spain, amounted to so great a treasure, that never did any fleet bring such a prize to this,
or any other country.
Vol. T. 6
42 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Secondly: we have now, during some consecutive years, plundered the enemy and enriched
this country with many large parcels of Indigo, so that over 4000 cases have been received at
the close of the last, and the beginning of this year.
Thirdly : a large quantity of Sugar, so that we have brought in, this year alone, three
thousand chests.
Fourthly : a wonderful large quantity of Raw hides, and have taken 36™ principally this year
from the enemy.
Fifthly : the handsomest lot of Cochineal that was ever brought into this country.
Sixthly : a considerable quantity of Tobacco, which is now an important article of commerce.
And finally, a vast amount of wealth in all sorts of precious stones, silk and silk goods,
musk, amber, all sorts of drugs, Brazil and Log Wood and other wares, too numerous to
mention here; so that we have already brought several millions into this country. All which
wares, sold and distributed among the good inhabitants, were consumed here and conveyed
elsewhere, and therefore enriched your High Mightinesses' subjects, and increased the revenue-
The damage done thereby to our enemies, is easily estimated. We have, moreover,
captured some even of the King of Spain's galeons, hitherto considered invincible, besides
some other of his men of War, exclusive of more than two hundred ships and barks which
we have taken from his subjects, and partly appropriated to our own use, and partly destroyed.
Our ships and fleets also reduced, and for a time kept possession of, the rich and mighty city
of St. Salvador, in Brazil ; sacked Porto Rico; pointed out the way to seize its exceedingly
enclosed harbors, and have destroyed the castle of Margrita.
By all which acts have we not only drained the King of Spain's treasury, but also further
pursued him at considerable expense.
We say, exhausted his treasury —
First, by depriving him of so much silver, which was as blood from one of the arteries of
his heart.
Secondly, by &c.
Your High Mightinesses'
Humble Servants,
The Deputies of the Chartered West India
Company at the Assembly of the XIX.
( Signed ) Ant' Godin, Symon van der Does.
Marcus van Valckenburch, de Moor,
Jo» DE Laet, Diederich Scherff,
PiETERzoNS, Abraham Oyens,
J. Van der Nyenbur«, Wefrinck.'
' The above document will be found entire in Aitzema, Stoat en Oorhgh, folio, I., 902 ; 4to II., 912, -where it is signed by:
Ketnibr Rkael, a. Pietersons, Didrich ScHEKr,
Antoni Godin, Gerbit tan Ktburgb, Abraham Otens,
I. DK Laet, Symon Verdoes, Albert Wtffbinck.
Mabchs van Valckenburgh Johan de Moob, '
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: L 43
Patent to Messrs. Godyn and Blommaert for a Tract of land on Delaware Bay.
[ From Ihe Original ; and from the Eecord in Book G G., in the office of Ihe Secretary of Slate, Albany, N.T. ]
We, the Director and Council in New Netiierland, residing on the Island Manahatas and ia
Fort Amsterdam, under the authority of their High Mightinesses the Lords States General of
the United Netherlands, and of the Incorporated West India Company, Chamber at Amsterdam,
hereby acknowledge and declare, that on this day, the date underwritten, came and appeared
before us, in their proper persons, Queskakous and Eesanques Siconesius, and the inhabitants
of their village, situate at the South cape of the Bay of the South River, and freely and
voluntarily declared, by special authority of the rulers and consent of the Commonalty there,
that they already, on the first day of the month of June of the past year, 1629, for and on
account of certain parcels of cargoes, which they, previous to the passing hereof, acknowledged
to have received and got into their hands and power, to their full satisfaction, have transported,
ceded, given over and conveyed in just, true and free property, as they hereby transport, cede,
give over and convey to, and for the behoof of, Mess" Samuel Godin and Samuel Blommart,
absent; and for whom We, by virtue of our office, under proper stipulation, do accept the
same, namely: the Land to them belonging, situate on the South side of the aforesaid Bay,
by us called The Bay of the South River, extending in length from C. Hinlopen off unto
the mouth of the aforesaid South River, about eight leagues (groole mylen), and half a league
in breadth, into the interior, extending to a certain marsh (leegle) or valley, through which
these limits can be clearly enough distinguished. And that with all the action, right and
jurisdiction to them in the aforesaid quality, therein appertaining, constituting and surrogating
the said Mess" Godin and Blommaert in their stead, state, real and actual possession thereof;
and giving them, at the same time, full and irrevocable authority, power and special command,
to hold in quiet possession, occupancy and use, tanquam Actores et Procuratores in rem
propriam, the aforesaid land acquired by the above mentioned Mess" Godin and Blommaert, or
those who may hereafter obtain their interest; also to do, barter, and dispose thereof, as they
may do with their own well and lawfully acquired lands. Without they, the Grantors, having,
reserving, or retaining for the future, any, the smallest part, right, action or authority, whether
of property, command or jurisdiction therein; but now, hereby, for ever and a day desisting,
retiring from, abandoning and renouncing the same for the behoof aforesaid ; promising further,
not only to observe, fulfill and to hold fast, unbroken and irrevocable, this their conveyance,
and whatever may be done in virtue thereof, but, also, the said parcel of land to maintain
against every one and to deliver free of controversies, gainsays and contradictions, by
whomsoever instituted against the same. All in good faith without guile or deceit. In
Witness is this confirmed with our usual signature and with our seal dependant therefrom.
Done on the aforesaid Island Manahatas, this fifteenth of July, XVP and thirty.
(Signed) Peter Minuit, Director,
PlETEK ByLVELT, ^^
Jacob Elbertsen Wissinck,
Jan Jansen Brouwer,
Symon Dircksen Pos,
Reyner Harmensen.
Jan Lampe,
Sheriff.
44 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Patent to Kiliaen Van Rensselaer for a Tract of Land on HudsorCs River.
[ From the anlhentic Transcript in the Royal Ardiires at the Hagnc ; File, Vent Indie. ]
Anno 1630, adi 13th of August. We, the Director and Council of New Netherland, residing
on the Island Manhatas and in Fort Amsterdam, under the authority of their High Mightinesses
the Lords States General of the United Netherlands and the Incorporated West India Company,
Chamber at Amsterdam, do hereby acl^nowledge and declare, that on this day, the date
under written, feefore us appeared and presented themselves in their proper persons : Kottomack,
Nawanemit Albantzeene, Sagiskwa and Kanaomack, owners and proprietors of their respective
parcels of land, extending up the River, South and North, from said Fort unto a little south of
Moeneminnes Castle, to the aforesaid proprietors, belonging jointly and in common, and the
aforesaid Nawanemit's particular land called Semesseerse, lying on the East Bank opposite
Castle Island off unto the abovementioned Fort; Item, from Petanock, the Millstream, away
North to Negagonse, in extent about three miles, and declared freely and advisedly for and on
account of certain parcels of Cargoes, which they acknowledge to have received in their hands
and power before the execution hereof, and, by virtue and bill of sale, to hereby transport,
convey and make over to the Mr. Kiliaen van Rensselaer, absent, and for whom We, ex officio
and with due stipulation, accept the same; namely: the respective parcels of land hereinbefore
specified, with the timber, appendencies and dependencies thereof together with all the action,
right and jurisdiction to them the grantors conjointly or severally belonging, constituting and
surrogating the said Mr. Rensselaer in their stead, state and right, real and actual possession
thereof, and at the same time giving him full, absolute and irrevocable power, authority and
special command to hold, in quiet possession, cultivation, occupancy and use, tanquam actor et
procurator in rem suam ac propriam, the land aforesaid, acquired by said Mr. Van Rensselaer,
or those who may hereafter acquire his interest; also, to dispose of, do with and alienate it, as
he or others should or might do with his other and own Lands and domains acquired by good
and lawful title, without the grantors therein retaining, reserving or holding any, the smallest
part, right, action or authority whether of property, command or jurisdiction, but rather,
hereby, desisting, retiring and renouncing therefrom forever, for the behoof aforesaid ; further
promising this their conveyance and whatever may by virtue thereof be done, not only forever
to hold fast and irrevocable, to observe and to fultill, but also to give security for the surrender
of the aforesaid land, obligans et renuncians a bona fide. In testimony is this confirmed by
our usual signature, with the ordinary seal thereunto depending. Done at the aforesaid Island
Manahatas and Fort Amsterdam, on the day and year aforesaid. Signed, Peter M:nuit,
Director; Pieter Bylvelt, Jacob Elbertss. Wissinck, Jan Jassen Brouwer, Symon Dirckss. Pos,
Reyner Harmensen, Jan Lampe, Sheriff.
There was, besides: This Conveyance written with mine own hand is, in consequence of
the Secretary's absence, executed in my presence on the thirteenth day of August, XVI'=, and
thirty, as above. Signed, Lenart Cole, Deputy Secretary.
After collating with the Original, dated, signed and sealed as above, this Copy is found to
agree with it. Amsterdam, the 5"" September, 1672.
In testimony, (Signed) Adriaen Lock,
Notaris Publ.
1672.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: I. 45
Subjects for the Consideration of the AssemUy of the XIX.
[ From the Original In the Royal Archives at the Hague ; File, TTasi IndU. ]
Points for Consideration on which all the Chambers of the West India Company
are convoked for the 20"" March, 1632, at Amsterdam ; from which is
extracted so much as relates to New Netherland.
14"- Point.
And observing the misconstructions which occur in the Freedoms and Exemptions to the
Colonists, the adjourned members shall therefore come to resume the same and bring with
them the lists of their receipt, together with the names of those, who are admitted as Planters.
Exhibited 19 March, 1632.
Mr. van Arnhem to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Royal Archives at the Hague ; File, Vest Indie. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
The Directors of the West India Company have informed us that one of their ships, named
de Eendracht, coming from New Netherland and touching at Plymouth, in England, was seized
there; first, on pretence that the cargo of the ship was procured in the English Colonies; next,
tiiat the Company had appropriated some countries belonging to the English; notwithstanding
said trade was prosecuted at such places in New Netherland; to wit, between the North
and South Rivers; which have been always in the peaceable and uncontroverted possession of
the Company; and those of said Company have never encroached on the English. Then, it is
well to remark, that this intrigue was set on foot by the Spanish Ambassador in England; for,
the Company is credibly informed, the said Ambassador will endeavor to lay claim to all their
ships arriving there, in order thus by all possible means to obstruct said trade. Which cannot
but cause great injury to the Company, and, consequently, to your High Mightinesses.
Tlierefore, we cannot forbear hereby respectfully soliciting your High Mightinesses to be
graciously pleased so to recommend these and similar matters which may occur in England, to
your High Mightinesses' Ambassador and Delegate there, that they may afford the Company
all favorable assistance herein; and, especially, in case the Earl of Carlisle (as he hath given
out) may lay claim to the said Company's ships in regard to a certain Island of St. Martyn;
maintaining that it was granted to him by the King, notwithstanding the aforesaid Earl never
had any people there; but it was made use of by the Company. And here ending, we shall
pray God to bless your High Mightinesses' government, and remain,
High and Mighty Lords,
Your High Mightinesses' humble Servants,
From Amsterdam, the S"" April, 1632. (Signed) G. van Arnhem.
Received, 7 April, 1632.
46 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
As M' Olikan is not here, and this must be closed, it is not signed by him.
The address was as follows:
The High and Mighty,
Lords States General,
of the United Netherlands,
in
The Hague.
Resolution of the States General to write to their Ambassador in England.
[ From the Register of Eesolntions of the States General, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, 7"" April, 1632.
Polio 216. Received a letter from Mr. Arnhem, their High Mightinesses' associate Delegate
to the Assembly of the XIX., M' Olican absent, written at Amsterdam the 5"" inst, and
seconded by the verbal petition of Mr. Adriaen Pieterson, Director of the aforesaid Company,
in order to obtain letters to Ambassador Joachimi and Deputy Govert Brasser, with a view
Ship Unity. that, through their intercession, the Ship Emdrachl, coming from New Netherland
and touching at Plymouth, in England, and there seized, should be again released and
discharged ; which, being considered, it is hereby resolved and decided, to allow and grant the
letters aforesaid in the best form.
General to their Ambassadors in England.
[ From the Minute in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; File, West Indie. ]
To Mess" Joachimi and Brasser, their High Mightinesses' Ambassador and Deputy in
England ; the 7"' April, 1632.
The States, etc.
Honorable. The Directors deputed to the Assembly of the XIX. of the West India
Company, at Amsterdam, have represented to us that the Ship Eendrachl, on arriving at
Plymouth, from New Netherland, was, by the Vice admiral and Captains of the Plymouth
Castles, seized on the false information of the provost of said Ship, who was dissatisfied,
because he could not have his earned wages paid to him there, (which he must first receive at
Amsterdam) and of the Pilot, who, in opposition to the Director and Skipper, being on shore
got married. But a settlement being had, with much difficulty, she was released again, and
the aforesaid provost, having received his wages, went up to London, and before the ship
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : I. 47
could depart, brought down a second arresl, in which the ship must remain and be yet detained
with its freight, solely upon ao untrue representation that the Peltries were bought within the
jurisdiction or district belonging to his Majesty of Great Britain, whereas they were, on the
contrary, bartered in New Netherland, under our resort and within the limits of the above
named Company's charter, on the South and North Rivers, where there are not any English
Colonies or Trading Posts. And whereas, by such arrest and detention, in direct contravention
of the Articles of the Fifteen Years' union, and especially of the Concession of freedoms
granted by his said Majesty to the above Company's Ships, said Company is most deeply
prejudiced, and put to excessively great expense, such as loss of wages and consumption of
stores, amounting, daily, to a large sum, besides the loss of the season for the sale of
peltries, which go mostly to Russia, and could otherwise have been sold with the peltries
already advertised. And, moreover, the crew of the aforesaid ship had so much the more time
afforded them to take away, in violation of their oath, great quantities of the peltries belonging
to the Company, and to convey the same stealthily into the interior, or elsewhere. Therefore,
we cannot, neither must we, neglect to request and solicit you hereby, to do the Company
such good offices and kindnesses with the King of Great Britain and other persons, if necessary,
to the end that not only the aforesaid ship and goods may be immediately released from arrest,
free of costs and damages, but, also, that order may be given that hereafter such unfounded
attachments and impediments may be avoided, and the Company freed from such inconveniences,
troubles and annoyances. And in case the aforesaid, or any other ship, may, in consequence
of the unfounded pretensions of the Earl of Carlisle, be troubled about a certain Island, St.
Martin, claimed to have been given him by the King; where, nevertheless, the said Earl never
had any people, but which has been made use of by the above mentioned Company, you will,
on the contrary, allege such reasons as you will consider most applicable in the premises.
Relying on which, we commend you to God's protection.
At the Hague, the T"" April, 1G32.
Messi's. Joachimi and Brasser to the States General.
[ From the Original, remaining in tiie Royal ArctiiveB at tlie Hague ; File, Sngeland. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
My Lords.
Let this despatch be Our last to your High Mightinesses, was of the SS"" of last month. Since then
of "the Lorus of We havc complaiucd through the Lord High Treasurer, of the publication of the
Heemstede and r D O ' r
an^b"r™cu^i"im! ^ook On the cveuts at Amboina; and also, requested that his Lordship would
?onfe?'wfth'hiVEi° prevent the exportation of warlike stores to the enemy ; setting forth the
Md^o7epOT^I)'o°ae advantage which this kingdom might, in time and place, derive therefrom. His
ed) coMt. kv'^B, Lordship said, he had not given any consent to have the book printed ; and that
he well knew the Council had no knowledge of it. That the Bishop, or
Secretaries, were in the habit of giving such licences; that he agreed with us, it were better
48 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
omitted. But that such was permitted in the case of the East India Company, which is much
dissatisfied, because it does not receive any satisfaction for the Amboiiia affair. And in regard
to the export of warlilie stores, that the Council had requested his opinion thereupon, in
connection with his Majesty's finances, and that he had then disapproved thereof. We,
nevertheless, have been, afterwards, informed tiiat the exportation is permitted to Spain
and Italy. His Lordship told us, among other things, that he had copy of the Instruction
given to Don Gunsalva di Cordua, from Spain, to the effect that he should proceed quietly in
all other matters, except in regard to the reconciliation of the King with his mother and brother;
that he should therein proceed zealously and earnestly.
He also said, he had advice from the English Ambassador, resident in France, that such
was the case; and having received no satisfaction therein, he had refused to accept a costly
rapier from the King, and a certain present from the Queen. And his Lordship added,
moreover, that he thought the first news we should receive from Spain, would, also, bring
intelligence that tiie Spaniards from Catalonia had fallen on France; for which purpose great
Naval preparations were making in the Mediteranean.
We likewise addressed ourselves to Mr. Secretary Kooke, whom we found much excited in
the India affair; and soon observed, that he had consented to the publication of the Book.
His Lordship was so violent in the matter, that, when we afterwards spoke to him of Captain
le Clercq's trial, and the wrong suffered therein, he gave us for answer, Amboina. When he
complained of the proceedings of the Admiralty at Rotterdam, in the case of the owners of the
Ship the Kint, (the Child); we answered thereunto, that we should afford his Lordship good
satisfaction, whenever the complaint was laid before us. His Lordship hath since received
the Seals of the Foreign affairs; so that, hereafter, all these matters will pass through his
hands. We have congratulated his Lordship, and expressed our satisfaction that his Majesty
had been pleased to employ him therein, as we were well aware that his Lordship was
always disposed to maintain good correspondence between this kingdom and the United
Countries. Indeed, his Lordship is, also, well disposed towards the Reformed religion, and not
favorable to Spain ; and labors strenuously to establish the English nation in trade and commerce.
As all matters must henceforth pass through the hands of this gentleman, and the expeditions
be advanced by him, your High Mightinesses will please to consider in your great wisdom,
whether it would not be for your High Mightinesses' service to present him some token of
courtesey on his entrance into office. Whatever your High Mightinesses resolve to apropriale
thereto, may be paid here from the balance of the payment of 100,000 guilders which have
begun to be disbursed, on account of the 650,000 for which Mr. Carleton signed; then, should
there be a deficit of 3, 4 to 5, 1000 guilders, nothing, in our opinion, would be thought about
it here.
His Majesty being returned here on the first of April, we requested his answer to our
proposals made at New Market, and, in addition, complained of the seizure since at Plymouth
of a certain ship named the Ecndracht, belonging to the West India Company, and now coming
from New Netherland, where your High Mightinesses' subjects have long peaceably traded,
and, moreover, many years ago planted a colony on a certain island named Manathans, situate
on the river also of the same name, which they purchased from the native inhabitants and
paid for. That your High Mightinesses' said subjects had hitherto, in going and coming,
peaceably made use of the harbors of England, without opposition from any quarter, and that
a ship coming from thence, was now seized for having traded within his Majesty's territories.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: I. 49
The King answered us distinctly on every particular; saying, that the affair of Captain le
Clercq, was, in itself, a trifle; but that he, moreover, well knew that the matters were, in
principle, of great importance. That he, therefore, will fully inform himself about the bringing
in the prizes taken from our enemies, and give us an answer thereupon afterwards; that he
should also take further information relative to the damage inflicted on us by our enemies, in
his roads and harbors. That he had appointed Commissioners to confer with us on the subject
of the published books. And, regarding the detention of the ship the Eendracht, that his
governor at Plymouth had advised him of it, and that he was informed that your High
Mightinesses had, heretofore, on his father's complaint, interdicted your inhabitants from
trading to those parts. But he added, moreover, that he could not positively say what the
circumstances of the case were. Then, that he should take further information thereon ; and
as we urged the provisional release of the ship, his Majesty said, he could not do that so
long as he was not certain of his right. Which answer of his INIajesty, though expressed in
polite terms and with a friendly disposition, did not please us, because the subject of the free
use of the harbors was thereby postponed to the great prejudice of your High Mightinesses and
your inhabitants; also, because his Majesty had appointed Commissioners to speak with us about
the publishing of the books on Amboina, which we could not but suspect was designedly done
to bring up the Amboina question before us on that occasion, with a view to require satisfaction
therefor, and meanwhile to keep everything in suspense. We were afterwards confirmed in
this opinion, because the Lord High Treasurer pretended ignorance of the aforesaid seizure,
which, however, was made by order of the Commissioners of the Admiralty, whereof his
Lordship is the first : Moreover, being desirous to speak about it on another occasion to
his Lordship, he let us know that Secretary Kooke had orders to give us an answer; coming to
the said Kooke, we understood from him that he had heard nothing in the world about
this matter.
We cannot make up our minds to attend the meeting of the Commissioners, for we are not
instructed, nor provided, for the Amboina affair, as we have stated at length in our previous
letter to my Lord, the Prince of Orange. Meanwhile, we all foresee that the farther things
go here, the worse they will become.
A certain public officer here informed us, that, having understood the Council would meet
on the 4"" inst., and intending to promote his own interest, he went to speak to one of the
members about it; from whom he understood that his case would not be taken up, but that
the Council would examine an important question, namely; whether the King of Great Britain
had a right to forbid all foreigners to catch herring in his seas. We are not advised of the
result of the consultation; but according to the information furnished us by the above mentioned
gentleman, the Lord of the Council stated to him, at the same time, that his Majesty was of
opinion he had the power and was at liberty to do so. All this is the eflfect of Spanish
intrigue, which, we fear, will proceed further. We cannot perceive that his Majesty is
indisposed towards us ; sed qui pro nobis intercedat nemo est, because we have neither Saints
nor Festivals, wherein the Spanish nation is very superstitious.
We are still awaiting the papers on Amboina, as well as those relating to the moneys voted
by your High Mightinesses, which we heretofore most humbly requested might be sent to us.
Your High Mightinesses will be pleased to send us, at the same time, everything in support
of the right of Your High Mightinesses' inhabitants to trade in New Netherland, inasmuch as
Vol. L 7
50 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
that will, without doubt, be most sharply disputed here. The ship the Eendracht has over five
tiiousand beaver skins on board.
The Resident Carleton and M" Boshuii,' who is to reside near your High Mightinesses in the
place of the former, have been to visit us, and notified us that they are about to take their
departure, presenting their service. Finally, they requested that we should recommend your
High Mightinesses to furnish the aforesaid Boshuil with a free house, and that your High
Mightinesses would be pleased to interpose a word in favor of the aforenamed Carleton's
family, that they may remain a month or more after May in the old house. The above named
Boshuil hath the reputation here of being a very honest man, and, especially, that he is well
inclined to maintain good correspondence between his Majesty and Your High Mightinesses.
We submit to Your High Mightinesses' wisdom and discretion, whether or not you will furnish
him with a free house. We shall merely observe thus much, that, if not done, it will again
lay open the wound of the refused seat iu the Council, and be interpreted as having been done
through disrespect for his Majesty, whose agents have, heretofore, been supplied by your High
Mightinesses with a free house.
Sir Bronckhorst has also waited on us, saying that he understood your High Mightinesses
were making new levies. And as he had a commission to raise a regiment, he requested us,
whenever your High Mightinesses were enlisting new forces, to acquaint your High
Mightinesess of his offer to raise a regiment and to take it over at his own expense.
We were afterwards informed that application would be made for permission to convey to
Dunkirk a large quantity of Saltpeter, which has arrived from India. And herewith,
commending ourselves, most respectfully, to your High Mightinesses' good graces, we shall
continually pray Almighty God, High and Mighty Lords, that he may bless Your High
Mightinesses' wise government more and more.
Your High Mightinesses'
Most humble and
The lO"- April, 1632 ; Moat faithful servants,
Stylo novo. In London. (Signed) Alb. Joachimi.
Received 1 May, 163JJ. Govert Brasser.
West India Company to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal ArchiTes at the Hague ; f'ile, TI*«rt Indie. \
To the High and Mighty Lords States General of the United Netherlands.
High and Mighty Lords.
We have heretofore complained to your High Mightinesses that our ship the Eendracht,
coming from New Netherland, laden with peltries, &c., was detained at Plymouth by his
Majesty's command, under pretence that our people had traded in countries claimed to belong
to his aforesaid Majesty.
' Boswell. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: I. 51
Whereupon your High Mightinesses were pleased to instruct your Ambassador and
Commissioner to prosecute, vigorously, the discharge of the said ship and goods.
Now, we have received a letter signed by Your High Mightinesses' Ambassador and
Commissioner, dated London the 10"' April, stil : nov:, by which we are advised as follows :
On the third instant, Pieter Minuit of Wesel, Director on behalf of your Company in New
Netherland and Jan Lampo of Cantelbergh, Sheriff on the Island Manhattes, came to us here
and informed us that, on arriving with your siiip, named the Eendrack, in the port of
Plymouth, were there arrested for having traded in countries under the King of Great Britain's
jurisdiction. We thereupon complained to his Majesty; related the circumstances of the case,
and requested that the aforesaid ship maybe provisionally released. His Majesty said, that he
had been advised thereof by his governor of Plymouth, and had been informed that, on a former
complaint, by his father, to their High Mightinesses, of their inhabitants having traded to
those Countries, their High Mightiness had forbidden them so to do ; but he did not know
precisely what the circumstances were, and would inform himself further of it; And,
notwithstanding our repeated demand for the provisional release of tiie siiip, his Majesty was
pleased, on the contrary, to persist, being first desirous to obtain information as to the nature
of his right. We addressed ourselves, with a similar view, to some Lords of the Council, and
received substantially the same answer.
Wherefore, we have deemed it to be our duty to inform your High Mightinesses that,
subsequent to the first discovery, by your subjects in the year 1609, of the North River,
(commonly called the Manhattos, also Rio de Montaigne and North river,) and after some of
your inhabitants had resorted thither, in the year 1610 and following years, your High
Mightinesses had finally, in the year 1615, granted some of your inhabitants a charter to trade
to those countries, to the exclusion of all other persons, and that they established a fort and
garrison there, which were maintained until the charter granted to the West India
Company included these and other countries. That in the year 1606, his Majesty of Great
Britain granted to his subjects by special charter. South and North of this aforesaid river,
under the names of New England and Virginia, on the express condition, that the respective
incorporated parties should remain one hundred miles apart from each other, and leave so much
between them both.
Whereupon, the English began, about the year 1607, to settle by the river Sagadahoc, which
settlement was again afterwards abandoned, and no new plantation undertaken by the English
north of New Netherland, before the year 1620, when one, which they called New Plymouth,
was commenced behind Cape Cod.
The English themselves, according to their charter, place New England on the coast between
the forty-first and forty-fifth degrees of latitude.
But the English began in the year 1606, to resort to Virginia, which is South of our territory
of New Netherland, and fix the boundaries, according to their charter, from the thirty-seventh
to the thirty-ninth degree.
So that our boundaries, according to their own shewing, should be from the thirty-ninth
degree inclusive, to the forty-first degree, within which bounds we are not aware that they
ever undertook any plantation.
52 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
What boundaries your High Mightinesses have granted to your subjects, can be seen by the
charter issued in the year 16J5, which your High Mightinesses will please cause to be
lool^ed into.
We have not the slightest knowledge of his Majesty's further allegation respecting the
demand made by his father, and the result thereof.'
In order to execute this business effectually, your High Mightinesses will be pleased to have
this examined, and cause your High Mightinesses' Ambassador to be duly informed thereof,
and to order the release of our ship and goods to be prosecuted and obtained.
It is further to be remarked : tliat inasmuch as the inhabitants of those countries are freemen,
and neither his Britannic Majesty's, nor your High Mightinesses' subjects, they are free to
trade with whomsoever they please.
That his Majesty may likewise, in all justice, grant his subjects by charter the right to
trade with any people, to the exclusion of all others, his subjects, as your High Mightinesses
have a right to do by yours.
But, that it is directly contrary to all right and reason, for one potentate to prevent the
subjects of another to trade in countries whereof his people have not taken, nor obtained
actual possession from the right owners, either by contract or purchase.
Much more, to lay claim to countries of which your High Mightinesses' subjects have
acquired the property, partly by confederation with the owners of the lands, and partly
by purchase.
And many other reasons which your High Mightinesses' wisdom will better suggest, for the
maintenance of your sovereignty and the freedom of trade by sea, and alliances with distant
nations, who are not, naturally, the subjects, nor have become the property, of any other person,
by conquest.
Exhibited 5 May, 1632.
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Letter.
[ From the EegUter of the Eesolations of the States General, in the Eoyal Archive! at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, the S*"" May, 1632.
westln.ha^^"" C>" ^he complalnt of the West India Company, to the effect that their ship, the
8hi"p'E"nrachL Eendmdd, coming from New Netherland, laden with peltries, &c., is seized at
Plymouth by the King's command, and that his Majesty questioned the said Company's right
to trade to the aforesaid New Netherland. It is, after previous deliberation, resolved and
concluded, that Ambassador Joachimi and Deputy Brasser shall be written to, that they use
and exert all possible means to have the aforesaid ship released from arrest, and the West India
Company in future saved from all similar annoyances, and that the Deduction communicated
by the Deputies of the abovementioned Company in attendance on their High Mightinesses,
be sent to the said Ministers to justify the trade to the aforesaid New Netherland.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : L 53
States General to their A7nhassado7\s in England.
[ From the Minute iu the Eoyal Archires at the Hague ; File, Engeland. ]
To Mess" Joachimi and Brasser, the S"" May, 1632.
The States, etc.
We are sorry to understand from the Directors of the West India Company, that the Ship
Ship the Eendraoht the Ecndraclu, coming from New Nelherland, laden with peltries, etc. and seized
'''.■"^- by the King's order, has not been yet released. And although we, in no wise,
doubt your hearty zeal and duty, yet are we unwilling to stand idle; you are therefore again
admonished to exert and exercise all possible means for the release of the aforesaid ship, and
that the merchant-men of the West India Company may in future be saved from such like
annoyances. And in justification of the trading of said Company to the aforesaid New
Netherland, the said Directors have communicated to us the annexed Deduction, to which
we have appended copy of a certain Charter, granted by us on the 14"" Octob. 1614, to some
private inhabitants of this country, to resort to New Netherland. By all these we intend, that
the right of the aforesaid Company to trade to New Netherland must be maintained. You will
add thereunto such reasons and motives as you shall judge pertinent, according to circumstances.
Done the S"- May, 1632.
Messrs. JoacMmi and Brasser to the States General.
[ From the Original, in the Royal Archives at the Hague ; File, Engdand. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
In our despatch of the 27"' April, My Lords, we gave your High Mightinesses communication
of our transactions with his Majesty's Commissioners. Since then, we endeavored by all
possible diligence, to obtain a written answer to our last proposal communicated to his Majesty,
containing, in brief, the substance of both the preceding. Thereupon, the marked* writing
annexed was brought to our house yesterday, by Mr. Secretary Kooke; notwithstanding we, a
little while previously, had sent for it. The reasons for his handing it himself to us, were, we
think, two.
First, to understand, on this occasion, from us, what secret negotiations were going on with
France; for he began his conversation with an expostulation, saying that we had, in appearance,
fully communicated to his Majesty the subject of the embassy to France, but that we had
carefully withheld the most essential point thereof from his Majesty; that all the world was
aware, that greater matters had been treated of than had been communicated to his Majesty;
that in the time of Queen Elizabeth, we would have been more careful, &c. We answered,
' Aengeteyckende is the Dutch word; it is doubtless an error for ongeteeckend, unsigned, which is the word used in the
Ambassador's next despatch. — Ed.
54 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
that Mr. Vosbergen was not charged with what, report says, has since been negotiated with
France; that we had no knowledge in the world of it; that being, apparently, matters
concerning the direction of the war, his Majesty had no reason to take it ill, that it was kept
secret until completed; with which answer the Secretary seemed somewhat satisfied.
The second reason why he wished to speak to us on the delivery of the answer was, we
think, to communicate to us, in addition, the internal meaning of the answer; namely, that
the intent is, that like satisfaction shall be given by parties on both sides for everything;
that is to say, satisfaction shall be given for what passed at Amboina; otherwise, we cannot
expect that any regard will be paid to our complaints ; for, indeed, matters here are so situated
that we are in great doubt whether or not we shall press for his Majesty's declaration, that
your High Mightinesses' subjects shall be at liberty to bring their captured prizes in and out
again of his Majesty's harbors; for we know, that so long as this stumbling block be not
removed, every thing shall turn to our prejudice.
Regarding the Amboina affair: whilst it pleased your High Mightinesses to commit the
direction tliereof to his Lordship the Prince of Orange and some of the members of your High
Mightinesses Assembly, we repeatedly wrote on the subject to the Prince and represented at
full length and breadth, in what position the affair, in our judgment, stood here. Your High
Mightinesses will please to remind the gentlemen to whom this affair was committed, to
prosecute the aforesaid affair with all diligence; for otherwise, more or less danger is to be
expected from this quarter. We send your High Mightinesses, herewith, copies of said
proposal and answer. The aforesaid answer did not contain any mention of the trial of
Captain le Clercq. Apparently from considerations before mentioned, this affair was dragging
along to the exceeding great inconvenience of your High Mightinesses' subjects who,
meanwhile, dare not approach his Majesty's harbors with their prizes; whereby many, either
through stress of weather, have perished, or through inability to wait for a convoy, have fallen
into the enemy's hands; as has happened, even within four days, to a certain privateer who
had a good prize with him ; understanding, off Plymouth, that Captain le Clercq's ship lay there
still seized, he dare not enter the harbor, and both ship and prize fell into the hands of 4
Dunkirkers. These Dunkirkers, it is reported, are expressly instructed to keep themselves
west of the needle, in order that our ships, not daring to enter the harbors here, might fall into
their mouths. It is to be remarked, that the trial of Captain le Clercq is of great consequence,
as 'twill be a beacon to all those who shall have made any prizes on the enemy, to determine
whether or not they are to have the privilege of entering the harbors of this kingdom. We,
therefore, requested your High Mightinesses heretofore, in our dispatches of the 25"" March
and 17"" April last, to advise us how we should act in case judgment was rendered against the
said Captain; requesting, also, most respectfully, that the aforesaid order might be sent over
to us by the earliest opportunity. We apprehend another difficulty in this matter; namely,
that the Captain's owners, weary of the long and useless proceeding, incline to settle with their
adversaries; which, as regards your High Mightinesses, is almost as prejudicial as the loss of
the suit; for your High Mightinesses' inhabitants understanding that, will not dare to
enter the harbors. We do not fail to encourage the owners, and to dissuade them from that
course; but do not know how far desperation may drive them. We have, therefore,
concluded to suggest to your High Mightinesses, whether it were not better for the State
to negotiate rather with the owners, and to assume the stock for the public, it being
well understood, as 'tis said, that the owners cannot be any longer kept from agreeing with
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: L 55
the opposite party. It is of tlie highest importance to our enemy that this matter be settled
by arrangement, though their inhabitants should derive but little advantage thereby, for
reasons already stated. The aforesaid owners are also much importuned thereunto. Your
High Mightinesses, in your profound wisdom, will best understand what ought to be done in
this matter. We shall most respectfully await your commands, and will most dutifully and
faithfully obey them.
Regarding the inquiry about the little ship taken near the Recolvers, we do not, and cannot
think what is wanting. The long delay in sending that over, does your High Mightinesses'
affairs here no good.
Lieutenant Colonel Ashley has requested us to inform your High Mightinesses, that he has
gone hence, by express orders from his Majesty, to the King of Sweden ; that if your High
Mightinesses require him to join his regiment, he shall do so immediately; he intends to
convey his Majesty's final resolution to his Ambassador, Lord Faen, and entertains no doubt
but the subsidy of 100™ guilders a month will be paid from here to the King of Sweden.
His Majesty seems resolved to dotate his niece, the Duke of Lenox's daughter, and to give
her in marriage to the Lord High Treasurer's son, whose oldest sister is married to the Earl
of Arundel's eldest son. The Treasurer will be not a little strengthened by this connexion with
his Majesty's next of kin, and the friendship between him and the Earl of Arundel, which is
considerable, will apparently be further increased. The aforesaid High Treasurer's son goes
by the first opportunity to Savoy, with a message of condolence on the death of the late
Duke; as the Earl of Lycester goes to the King of Denmark to condole on the death of his
Majesty's wife's mother.
And herewith, commending ourselves, most humbly, to Your High Mightinesses' good
graces, we will pray God Almighty, High and Mighty Lords, that He may bless your High
Mightinesses' wise government more and more.
Your High Mightinesses
Most obedient and
Most faithful servants,
In London, this 23^ May, 1632. (Signed) Alb: Joachimi.
Stylo, novo. Govert Brassek.
Remonstrance of the Ambassadors of the States General to King Charles I.
[ From the MS. In the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; File, entitled Engeland. 1682. ]
To the Most Serene King of Great Britain, &c.
Sire
In the audience which it pleased Your Sacred Majesty to give us at Newmarket, we
represented that their Lordships, the States General, our Masters, aware that the enemy
labored to foment some misunderstanding between Your Sacred Majesty and their Lordships,
endeavoring, for that purpose, to create a belief that their Lordships did not entertain the
respect due to Your Sacred Majesty, and even that they leaned more towards some other Prince
56 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
than towards Your Majesty, had deemed it necessary to send expressly to Your Sacred
Majesty to assure you of their respect for Your person, and of the affection they bore Your
Majesty's Sacred Person and State, and to pray you not to condescend to lend an ear to such
like calumnies, which, tending only to disturb an existing union, they have the greater cause
to fear. That, in confirmation of the respect our said Lords cherish for Your Sacred Majesty,
they had been pleased to communicate to Your Majesty the subject of the embassy they had
sent to France, and that they had, on the earliest notice, ordered that the vessel be sent back
which their Captains had captured near Roculvers ; they pray the aflfection they entertain for
Your Sacred Majesty may be measured by that they manifest towards your nearest of kin.
We besougiit your Majesty, Sire, thereupon to be pleased to continue to our Masters the
honor of Your good graces, and to treat them as good neighbors, friends and allies, by causing
our enemies to give up the vessels they have captured, and especially that it please Your
Majesty to put an end to all seizures and prohibitions against the prizes taken from our enemies
at sea, being brought into your Majesty's harbors, such being contrary to the law of Nations
and the universal law and practice of all the princes of Europe, and contrary even to the
constitution of Your Kingdom and the practice of Your ancestors, and even of Your Majesty,
and finally, to give order for the delivery to Captain le Clercq, of the prize he captured from
our enemy fourteen months ago.
We complained also, Sire, of the publication of two certain books, the tendency whereof is
only to excite the temper of one people against the other, a result altogether contrary to that
desired by our Masters.
Your Majesty was pleased to defer an answer to the foregoing, until you should have
returned to the city of London. Wherefore, Sire, we most respectfully approach Your Sacred
person, that you may be pleased to give us such a reply as may contribute to a firm union
between the two States, so profitable to both. The happy accession of Your Majesty to Your
crown, which we this day celebrate, induces us to hope. Sire, that Your Majesty will render
us this day happy, by the assurances to our Masters of your affection for them. We pray God
that Your Majesty may see many returns of the same day.
Moreover, Sire, we cannot conceal from Your Majesty that we are very sorry to hear that
whilst we labor to cement the good correspondence between Your Sacred Majesty and their
Lordships the States, your subjects, on the other hand, create new difficulties.
Thus it is, that the subjects of their Lordships, the States, have, for a long time, traded in
the river Manathans, now called Maurice, in the West Indies, having purchased from the native
inhabitants and paid for a certain island called also Manathans, where they remain surrounded
on all sides by the Natives of the country, and have, from all time, in coming and going, freely
enjoyed your Majesty's ports and harbors without any objection.
Now it has happened, that a vessel belonging to the West India Company, and coming from
the said island, with quite a number of people, their wives and children on board, arrived at
Plymouth harbor through stress of weather, where she has been seized with very great
inconvenience to the said people.
Wherefore, Sire, we most humbly pray your Majesty to be pleased to give order that the
ship be released, so that the said people may terminate their voyage.
[Found as an appendix to the despatch of Mess" Joachimi and Brasser, received 11""
June, 1633.]
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : L 57
Answer to the Remonstrance of the Dutch Ambassadors.
[ From the MS. in the Royal Archives at the Hague ; File entitled, Sn^jeland. 1682. ]
Answer to the Remonstrance presented to the King and the Lords, his
Commissioners, by their Lordships the Ambassador and Deputy of the
Lords States General of the United Provinces, in April, 1G32.
First: as regards the occasion of this Remonstrance, which is founded on the suspicion of
some misunderstanding, it cannot but appear strange to his Majesty who could not imagine,
by any indication, except by this Remonstrance, that there had been evil designed attempts
made with a view to disunion, nor that offence had been taken to the respect shown by the
said Lords the States to other princes. For although his Majesty might well claim for himself
the preference in the balance of their esteem, he would not object to the good understanding
they cultivate with their other friends, confident that they are in a position to weigh well in
their prudence how much more advantageous is their union with him to that with others.
Now, inasmuch as they have sent expressly to assure his Majesty of the respect and affection
they bear him, the attention they have manifested therein is deserving all praise. These pains
cannot indeed be too great to preserve such a treasure as they possess in the friendship of his
Majesty and his subjects, their antient friends and good neighbors. And the consideration of
that respect towards his Majesty, afforded by the communication of the contents of their last
despatch to France, furnishes, indeed, an evidence of their confidence without, in the least,
prejudicing their affairs; and were this frankness continued, it would, without doubt, have
dissipated all those pretended clouds of disaffection and distrust.
As regards the restoration which they have made of the vessel captured near Reculvers by
one of their ships (mention whereof is made in the second Article) that also deserves praise,
as the result of their justice, especially if the first delinquent had been punished and had
made reparation for the losses and damages they have been always accustomed to demand and
sue for in such case, which also should properly be made to prevent the recurrence of
such depredations.
In the third place: as regards the representation to his Majesty of the friendship they have
manifested to his nearest relatives ; although these personally are well worthy thereof, and may
well merit it, yet his Majesty always willingly shares and feels an interest in whatever concerns
the beloved persons of his brother and sister, and hopes that the Lords States will not have
cause to repent of the kind offices they have done them, which his Majesty acknowledges with
thanks and a cordial affection towards them.
Now, the object of this Remonstrance is to demand of his Majesty a continuation of his
favor, and that particularly in the following points:
1": To cause their enemies to restore, with reparation of damages, their vessels which
they captured in his Majesty's ports and rivers specified, to the number of five. To this we
are enabled to answer, that his Majesty's Agent has earnesly prosecuted this affair in their
behalf, and has now rendered an account of his proceedings in that regard, communication
whereof will be given them, in order that they may advise what will be necessary to be
done therein.
Vol. L 8
58 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
2"* To release from seizure the prizes taken by tiieir people at sea from their enemies, and
brought into our harbors. Herein, we confess that they presuppose many things which do not
appear clear to us, particularly the allegation that this proceeding is contrary to the law of
nations, which many learned jurisconsults do not hold, and there are few of the opposite
opinion ; nay, even they, themselves, will confess that the decision of this point is not clear,
as well as that wherein they say, that it is contrary to the practice of all other princes, which,
nevertheless, is refuted by several instances. And although the puissant Kings of France
and Spain have prided tiiemselves on this practice, their individual laws, however, do not
constitute the public law^. As regards ours, our civilians are in doubt on the matter, and do
not furnish an instance of this case wherein there is not some difference. Moreover, other
considerations present tiiemselves in this connection, of such consequence, that though we
would desire to hold the balance even, witliout prejudicing either the one or the other, yet the
difficulty of the matter may excuse the postponement of the resolution in what relates to
the interests of all our allies, and which must stand as a general and permanent rule.
They require, lii^ewise, the suppression of two books, lately published to embitter, say they,
the animosities between the subjects of the two states, contrary to what they deserved. To
this it may be replied, that nothing save the balm of justice can heal ulcerated hearts. This
his Majesty has waited for a long time with great patience, and should a denial or a delay of
this be persisted in, not only will the King and people, but the whole world, complain
of such misdeeds, and demand redress at their hands.
In the fourth and last place, they demand the release of a vessel seized at Plymouth, returning
from a certain plantation usurped by tiiem in the north parts of Virginia, whicii they say was
acquired from the natives of the country. But, first, it is denied that the Indians were
possessores bona: Jidei of those countries, so as to be able to dispose of them either by sale or
donation, their residences being unsettled and uncertain, and only being in common ; and in the
second place, it cannot be proved, de facto, that all the Natives of said country had contracted
with them at the said pretended sale.
And as to what they say in addition, that the said Natives have their residences around
them, the truth is, that the English encompass them on the one side and on the other, as they
well experienced heretofore when they attempted to maintain their right against them. But,
moreover, the right his Majesty's subjects have in that country, is justified by first discovery,
occupation and the possession which they have taken thereof, and by the concessions and
letters patents they have had from our Sovereigns, who were, for the above reasons, the true
and legitimate proprietors thereof in those parts, where their Lordships, the States, had not
of themselves and did not assume, such pretension, and had not granted any patent thereof to
their subjects, to give them any power or title thereunto. Which turned out to be the case
(severifia), in the year 1621, when the late King of happy memory, on the complaint and
remonstrance of the Earl of Arundel Sirs Fer. Gorges and Samuel Argal, and of Captain
Mason, instructed his Ambassador to apply to the Lords States General to prevent the
departure of certain ships that were preparing to go to the said country, and to forbid
the intrusion of their subjects into that plantation ; for, then they answered, that they knew
nothing of that enterprize, which was likewise very probable, because the said Ambassador after
informing himself more particularly of the matter, certified his Majesty by those letters, that it
was only two companies of Amsterdam merchants, who, whithout the knowledge or advice of the
said Lords States, had begun to trade between the 40"' and 50"" degrees, within the limit of
his Majesty's plantation in the said country of Virginia, and had given to those places the name
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : I. 59
of New Netherland, Texel, Vlieland, and such like, and sent ships of 30 and 40 lasts to look for
furs in those parts; but that he was not aware that they had begun or designed to establish
a plantation there; and, moreover, tiiat a good number of families, inhabiting the United
Provinces, were then soliciting him to procure them a place in the said country where they might
settle among his Majesty's subjects, that if these who are now returned thence, and the others
who have remained behind, wish to make a similar request and to submit themselves to his
Majesty's government, as his subjects, it can be ascertained if he will be pleased to admit them
in that quality, and thus permit them to leave with their ships and merchandise, or else to sell
these here at the highest rate possible; on condition that the said Lords States promise to
prevent them going any more to, or frequenting in any manner those parts. Should they not
consent to that, his Majesty's interest will not permit him to suffer them to usurp and encroach
on, in this manner, one of his Colonies of such importance, which he has great cause to cherish
and maintain entire.
By these answers to the said complaint, their Lordships, the States, may see what little
cause they have of supposing, in his Majesty, any alienation towards his neighbours ; but we,
on our side, make many complaints much more serious and more grave than those; the said
Lords States having never offered suitable satisfaction, can well imagine that nothing but
discontent can remain in his Majesty's breast.
For, without mentioning the crying fact, which it is unnecessary to discuss further, the
extreme injustice they have been guilty of in regard to the Tare had quasi banished all our
trafic from their country, had not some moderation been obtained by the yielding and
accommodation on our side, and not by any mitigation on their part, who retain always the
power to extort hereafter, whatever they please in this regard.
There also continues to be another great complaint with the Board for the depredation and
destruction of his Majesty's subjects in Greenland; the reparation ordered by his late Majesty
for that, remains always unfurnished.
And to pass over all the other complaints, which daily increase, the course they have
pursued in regard to this ship belonging to his Majesty's subjects, now detained by process at
Rotterdam, exceeds all those that can justly be adduced against us, as will evidently be
manifest to them by the relation of the fact, which will shortly be laid before them. In fine,
this is the true statement of the complaints, presented on the one side and on the other. They
complain of damages received from their enemies, the reparation whereof they demand of us;
and of some trifling detentions at our hands which, we say and consider, are well founded; but
we complain of their injustice, committed as well against the goods as against the lives of his
Majesty's subjects; of having wronged us in our trade; of having dispossessed us of divers
countries in the East and West Indies, where our right was indubitable. And if, in fine, in
the excess of the evil, those violences explode, as they appear to apprehend, the remedy which
ought to be applied, on the one side and on the other, is, first: to bring about a termination of
those evils by a better administration of justice; and then, to reestablish by mutual good
offices, that ancient friendship which augmented, and can preserve, both their commerce
and security.
As for us, we shall not fail to render therein all the best offices and services dependent on
us. And as regards his Majesty, the good and gracious disposition of his heart is sufficiently
notorious to them and to all the world.
[Found as an appendix to the despatch of Mess" Joachimi and Brasser, of 23'' May, 1632.]
6Q NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Messrs. JoacTiimi and Brasser to the States General.
[ From the Original in tlie Royal Archives at the Hague ; PUe, Engeland. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
My Lords,
This and the letter We Sent your High Mightinesses, on the 23"* inst., a certain unsigned ' writing.
Sd, XeTiacerfn handed to us on the day before by Secretary Kooke. We have since addressed
the hands of Mr. •' ■; ,„.„,.
Tosbrreen, to ex- ^jjg ^^\^ Secretary and complained of the contents thereof, consisting of nothing
tract the points ot -J ^ o o
fn.mTnd'^to 'J^poH but retorts in place of satisfaction ; we also especially demanded that we should
janM?;, 1682^ " receive an answer in the name of his Majesty, to whom we submited our
m'S".'' 'i632?^°"" proposals, or that at least it might be expressly stated who those were who gave
the answer, and that it might be signed by him as Principal Secretary of State. He evinced
much scruple therein, not daring to take back with him the said writing to submit it to the
Lords Commissioners, but requested us to speak to the Lord High Treasurer about it, as we
have done. His Lordship told us that the writing was no answer, but only the first reply, in
order thence to come into further conference ; all which tends to the agitation of the Amboina
question. Your High Mightinesses know how ill instructed we are on that subject; we
therefore request again, most humbly, that, pursuant to our previous despatches, we receive
by the first opportunity further order on this subject.
We particularly complained to the said Lord High Treasurer of the unreasonable and
unheard of proceeding adopted towards the ship the Ecndracht, which arrived from New
Netherland, and have finally so far influenced his Lordship that he promised us to give orders
for the release of the aforesaid vessel, saving and without prejudice to his Majesty's right.
We have advised the Agent of the West India Company hereof, so that he may retain on
board the ship the crew he had orders to send over.
Tiie said Lord Treasurer hath also informed us that the King hath postponed, until the
next week, the consideration of Captain Daniel le Clercq's case, in consequence of the
occurrence of divers important affairs here, which must be first disposed of. We have already
written at large to your High Mightinesses on the subject of this trial and refer you thereunto.
Yesterday evening the news came of the arrival of an extraordinary Ambassador from
France, who had been excepted.
And herewith commending ourselves, most humbly, to the good graces of your High
Mightinesses, we shall pray Almighty God, High and Mighty Lords, that he may continue to
bless your High Mightinesses' wise government more and more.
Your High Mightinesses'
Most dutiful and faithful Servants,
In London, Alb. Joachimi.
27"' May, 1632 ; new style. Covert Brasser.
Received 11 June, 1632.
' See note, supra p 63. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: II. 61
Subject for the Consideration of the AssemUy of the XIX. 1633.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; File, We^ Ijidie.}
Extract from the Points of Reference whereupon all the Chambers of the West
India Company are summoned to Amsterdam, for the 1st April, 1633, so far
as relates to the affairs of New Netherland. Exhibited SS"* March, 1633.
le"- Point.
And whereas there are some prizes at the islands of Fernando Norenho and St. Martin, it is
to be considered whether the Commanders there, as well as those on the coast of Guinea,
Africa and New Netherland, ought not be authorized by their High Mightinesses and the
Prince of Orange, to adjudicate there, on said prizes; to declare them lawful, and to protect
said prizes from seizure, in English or other harbors.
ion of the States of Holland in regard to the Affairs of the West India Company.
[ From the Register of Eesolutions of the States of Holland and Westfrlesland, in the Eoyal Archives' at the Hague. ]
Resolution of the Noble, Great and Mighty Lords, the States of Holland and
"West Friesland. The lO"" June, 1633.
The Committee appointed to communicate with the Directors of the East and West India
Companies on the subject of the present trade, so far as it concerns the said Companies,
presented a report of the interview which took place this morning with the Directors of the
West India Company; when it was proposed to them. Whether the truce to be concluded
with the opposite party, would be advantageous or not to them. In case they were of opinion
that the truce would be of advantage to them, the limits and whatever depended thereon must
be taken into consideration: in case they should conclude it to be disadvantageous to them, it
must be considered how the aforesaid Company could be best maintained. That the aforesaid
Directors answered thereunto, that they had handed in their reasons in writing, to which they
still adhered; and that the aforesaid Company could not exist, except by war. That the
condition of the Company was such, that it improved from day to day, whereof they shortly
expect intelligence; some of which they had communicated. The aforesaid Committee
communicating their opinions further to the Assembly, were of opinion that the aforesaid
Company could not be well maintained without a war.
62 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Remonstrance of the West India Company against a Peace with Spain.
[From Iha MS. in the Eoyal ArehiTes at the Hague; Lokelkas of the States General: Division, West Indischs CompagnU, No. 4.]
To the Great and Mighty Lords, the States of Holland and Westfriesland.
Great and Mighty Lords.
Your Great Mightinesses were pleased to summon this day the Directors of the Incorporated
West India Company; namely, those of the Chamber at Amsterdam; and to explain to them
what was done, or would still likely be done, in this negotiation with the enemy concerning
the Company, and to ask their opinion thereupon. We had truly wished that all the opinions
of the respective Chambers in these United Netherlands, could be heard on this subject at the
same time, and so considered by the High and Mighty Lords States General and his Highness
the Prince of Orange, that both might thereby advance the interest of Fatherland and the
prosperity of the Company; and that the Company might be maintained, as we heretofore
have humbly set forth in divers Deductions and Remonstrances; and particularly in the year
1629, when like deliberations were held.
But as Your Great Mightinesses have been pleased to call on us specially on the subject, we
shall not remain in default, but well and thoroughly inform your Great Mightiness of every thing
that must be considered in this connection, for the interest of this State, according to our limited
abilities and good disposition.
And, lay before Your Great Mightinesses, first of all, the vast services this Company hath,
from its inception until now, conferred on this State, and what it can further perform hereafter.
For, howbeit, we trust that the enemy's persevering endeavors to be freed from the arms
of this Company in the West Indies, is a clear and irrefragible argument of the service which
it is daily conferring on this State, whilst the latter seems, nevertheless, not to greatly esteem
or consider it ; yet the following Deduction will serve more strongly to confirm those who have
duly comprehended the importance of the Company to this State, and aflford better information
to those who may entertain a doubt thereupon.
Brief deduction of the advantages the Commonwealth derives from the Company.
First: As regards what it consumes.
The Company hath yearly, on an average, one year with another, equipped, victualled and
dispatched over fifty ships.
Hath employed over six thousand, as well soldiers as seamen, and over eight or nine
thousand during the last year.
And for the support thereof, purchased and slaughtered a large quantity of cattle, made great
store of biscuit, hard bread, flour, beans, peas, groats, dried codfish, butter and cheese, and
such like supplies.
Hath, also, sent large quantity of wines, brandies, oil, vinegar, and similar liquors.
Item, a large amount of powder, lead, bullets, and other munitions of war.
Secondly: Regarding duties.
The Company imported an excessively large amount of costly wares, such as Cochineal,
Silk, Indigo, an innumerable quantity of Sugars, Hides, Ginger and other spices. Cotton,
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IL 63
Elephants' teeth, Tobacco, Brazil and other woods, Salt, Gums, etc., from the exportation of
which to other countries the State had the benefit of large duties.
Thirdly: By the increase of the Trade and Wealth of the Commonalty.
The said Company brought into the country a very large amount of gold and silver, both
coined and uncoined; exported a vast quantity of all sorts of manufactures, most of which
were made here ; for the Trade to Guinea alone requires, for all descriptions of manufactures,
an annual outlay of above five tons of gold, and returns yearly into the country over ten tons
of gold.
In like manner, a large quantity of goods was shipped to other parts of Africa and America,
in return for which many other goods were imported, whereby the inhabitants of this country
obtained trade and employment.
Fourthly: By strengthening the Country.
The Company hath, at present, about one hundred and twenty well built ships, some of 400.
and some of 300 lasts; several of 250 200 and 150 lasts and the remainder of smaller
dimensions; all as well supplied with metal and iron pieces, and suitable ammunition, as any
of the enemy's best and largest vessels.
One-third, or in case of need, fully one-half of those can almost always be employed in the
public service.
The Company maintains and employs a large number of seamen, who, otherwise, would not
find any work, and fits them for divers situations, even the highest in the State.
Fifthly: Regarding the aid afilbrded to the Country.
Particularly, wlien the enemy invaded the Veluwe, the Company supplied the common
people with ammunition and provisions, so that its fleet, destined for Brazil, was thereby
detained over three months, whilst it had to maintain above three thousand men abroad doing
nothing, to the great damage and obstruction of its designs.
The Company aided the State, in its necessity, with a handsome sum of ready money.
And so strengthened it by the rich distribution of public and private wealth, that it became
much better able to bear the public charges, and more promptly to discharge them.
Sixthly: Seeing that it has inflicted such excessive damage on the enemy, and caused an
indescribable diversion
Laid waste Bahia, which, independent of the incurred damages, cost the King of Spain over
ten millions to recover it; and, also, captured, plundered and destroyed Porto Rico, Margarita,
Sancta Martha, St. Thomas, Guiana, and sundry other places;
Took and retained Pernambuco and Tamarica, whereby the King of Spain hath lost over a
million and a half of yearly revenue.
Forced the said King to great expence of fleets, to be sent to Brazil, whence his sugars used
heretofore to be brought home without any trouble, and whilst he lay asleep; and his revenue
collected without any cost.
Item. Prevented the Portuguese, by the continual cruizing of our ships on the coast of Brazil,
from bringing over their sugars and other produce; twenty-three per cent of which, when
imported, went to the King; and as much when exported, amounting together to forty-six per
cent, nearly half the sugar; without the loss which is suffered in Brazil wood, from shrinkage.
Also, captured his fleet from New Spain, and thrice made prize of the rich Honduras ships;
took, moreover, in divers parts of Africa and America, over a hundred of his vessels, most of
which had full freights, including several of his best galleons; and burnt and destroyed nearly
as many, if not more, that had ran ashore.
64 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Forced him to dispatch a greater number of galleons and armed ships, than he was formerly
accustomed to send, to convey the fleet from Terra firma and New Spain.
Obliged him to change his usual seasons, and to let his ships come over at unusual and
unfavorable periods of the year, whereby a rich fleet from New Spain was, last year, almost
entirely lost; and (as far as we can ascertain) his last year's fleet, which otherwise ought to
have been in before the winter, hath not as yet arrived up to the present time; by all which
his treasury is so exhausted, and his credit so damaged, that it can with difficulty be repaired;
and he is, in consequence, obliged to apply to this country even for the Truce.
It is also to be considered, that this State hath paid and still pays to foreign princes, heavy
yearly subsidies, the money whereof goes and remains out of the country; and nothing was
obtained in return, except what was effected this last year by the Company, who expend the
subsidies in this country.
From all this, and from what can be more fully set forth, if necessary, your Great
Mightinesses will easily perceive what services the Company hath rendered this State, and
what advantages the country hath derived from it. And more especially this province of
Holland and Westfriesland, because thither flowed six-ninths of the Company's capital, and
here most of the equipments were made; besides all that is above enumerated, the Company
can hereafter effect still more for the public service, and to the enemy's prejudice.
And that with greater ease and much more effectually than heretofore, first, because it now
possesses, in Brazil, the most important points in that country, and the most convenient that
could be selected in all America ; as the entire world, and even the enemy best knows.
Secondly, because it has ascertained by great outlay and long experience, where the King's
power in America is weakest, and how easily he can be deprived of the most valuable of
his revenues.
Whether these services which the Company can confer on the country, and which this State
hath undoubtedly a right to expect for its preservation and for the humbling of the enemy, ought
still be continued and encouraged ; or rather whether, on the contrary, such favorable advantages
ought to be thrown away, are considerations which we leave to commend themselves to your
Great Mightinesses' wise deliberations.
For your Great Mightinesses will easily perceive the advantage the King of Spain hath to
expect it the Company's Ships, and power be lifted off' his neck. And how soon he,
unobstructed in the arrival of his fleets, will be able to recruit his battered finances and credit,
and become, ere long, more formidable to this State and its Allies than he ever has been
before ; and bow easily he will be able to fortify the places which now lie open to us, and to
strengthen those already fortified, so that all our power and knowledge will hereafter profit
us nothing.
We can herein prescribe in no wise to your Great Mightinesses, nor be of use any longer
than is agreeable to this State.
But this we must, in virtue of our office, lay in all submission, before your Great
Mightinesses, that the Company, so far as the interest of its stockholders is concerned, can
without great loss, be easily brought to this negotiation, by money or goods for its contracts,
such as the case deserves. That the Stockholders also would easily forget their losses, if the
State might, by that means, be much benefitted ; but that the Company would thereby, in
time, come to ruin, and be unable to do the State any further service.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IL 65
For unless the war with the King of Spain continue, and liberal subsidies be received from
the State, it can derive scarcely any benefit from the Company, even if any essential injury
done tiie enemy; for, it will be of no consequence to this State, whether the Company, by
negotiation, retain its possessions in Brazil, or restore Ihem to the King for a sum of money.
We willingly acknowledge that this Company was, in the beginning, designed principally
for the augmentation of trade and navigation, without which the great multitude of seafaring
people, with which God has blessed this country, could not be employed, nor the several trades
kept in continual action and prosperity.
Also, that those who, in that operation, pretended to have been most clear sighted, were of
the opinion that the countries of the West Indies were not so thickly settled and planted by our
enemies, but that trade could be established with divers people and Nations ; colonies carried
over, plantations of divers profitable products promoted, and emoluments derived therefrom
similar to what our enemies have now for many years drawn from their's to the manifest
strengthening of the King's finances ; and in case of delay or ill success, it was expected to
make good a part of the loss, by return cargoes of salt ; but, in consequence of the tedious
negotiations with those of the North Quarter, the enemy hath wholly destroyed our Salt Trade
at Punta del Rey.
And in regard to trade, experience hath by degrees, made us wiser, and taught us, that it is
very meager and indifferent with the people and nations who are still independent of the King
of Spain ; also, that the countries still unoccupied, are for the most part unproductive and of little
value, and those which have been found good and productive, being greatly encumbered by
timber, &c., are very difficult of cultivation, especially for our nation, who, being unaccustomed
to so hot a climate, find it difficult to apply themselves to labor, and being unprovided with
slaves and also not in the habit of making use of them, cannot supply their own inefficiency
by the labor of others, as the Spaniards and Portuguese easily do by that of the Blacks
and Indians.
Moreover, the peopling of such wild and uncleared lands, demands more inhabitants than
our country can supply; not so much for want of population, with which our provinces swarm,
as because all those who will labor in any way here, can easily obtain support, and, therefore,
are disinclined to go far from home on an uncertainty.
To which can be added, the uncertainty of being able to protect themselves, unless at a
greater expence than the apparent gains to be derived therefrom, seem to justify. But in
order that your Great Mightinesses may be thoroughly informed herein, and understand the
condition of the countries yet unoccupied by our enemies, we shall, with this view, explain
to you. High and Mighty, more minutely our limits in the West Indies, together with the extent
and condition thereof.
The limits granted to us by your High Mightinesses begin, on the North, at New France,
the bounds whereof were extended so very far by the French, that they would call in question
our New Netherland, which is the first country occupied by our people. Though this district,
in point of climate, ought to be as warm and suitable for fruit culture as the confines of France
adjoining Spain, yet it was found to be nearly colder than the latter, yea, than more northerly
countries. For this reason, then, the people conveyed thither by us have as yet been able to
discover only scanty means of subsistence, and have been no advantage, but a drawback to
this Company. The trade there in peltries is, indeed, very profitable, but one year with another
only fifty thousand guilders, at most, can be brought home. South of this follow Virginia,
Vol. I. 9
96 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
settled by the English, and Florida, so far as it is adapted to trade, by the Spaniards. The
large Islands are occupied by the Spaniards ; the small are difficult of access; their condition
as yet but little known, and some of the best of all the roadsteads are in the possession of the
French and English ; in addition to this, the English lay claim to all the Caribbean islands, by
virtue of a certain grant made to the Earl of Carlisle. Moreover, from the Cape of Florida,
which runs out opposite Cuba, to the beginning of New Spain, there is still more land adapted
for settlement, and people to trade with. Now, from New Spain, Eastward, the whole coast
of Incanata, Honduras and Terra Firma (as the Spaniards call it) to beyond Trinidad, and
not only the coasts, but also the islands, are all settled by Spaniards; except next to these, the
Guiana country, which we call the Wild coast; this Coast and divers rivers are inhabited by free
Indians, and still unsettled ; in these countries are many products which might be advantageously
brought hither ; but what of them ? Those people are so barbarous, and have so few wants
(inasmuch as they feel no desire for clothing, and require no necessaries for their subsistence)
that all the trade which exists there, can easily be carried on with two or three ships a year,
and be maintained with trifling Capital. The country is bounded by the great river of the
Amazons, which also, is not free from Spanish settlements, as our people have experienced to
their damage. Next follows again, an extensive coast unto Ikazil, the greatest part of which
possessing any capability of producing articles of trade or cultivation, is altogether settled by
the Portuguese. Brazil, wholly settled by them, extends beyond the Tropic of Capricorn,
and from thence onward to the straits of Magellan, and is of no value.
Across the Strait, in the South sea, nothing remains unsettled, except the west part of
Magellianica and a part of Chili, and finally, the isolated ( geunageneerde ) wealthy countries
of Terra Australis.
Thus your Great Mightinesses see what remains, within such great limits, in the West
Indies, open to the Company for trade or cultivation; wherefore, from the commencement of
our administration, we preferred to proceed in a warlike manner against the common enemy;
the rather, because we found that even the few nations (whether situate far or near) who are
independent of the King of Spain, could be brought to trade with us in no other way than by
declaring themselves in our favor, and showing themselves to be, in fact, enemies of the
Spaniards; but principally because we found that the expected service, for the welfare of our
Fatherland and the destruction of our hereditary enemy, could not be accomplished by the
trifling trade with the Indians, or the tardy cultivation of uninhabited regions; but, in reality,
by acts of hostility against the ships and property of the King of Spain and of his subjects;
surprizing his possessions and preserving them for the public service; which plan has been so
graciously blessed by God, during these latter years, that great wealth has thereby been
brought to this State, and the enemy's finances thrown into such arrears and confusion, that
no improvement is to be expected therein, except from the cessation of our arms and retaining
our fleets at home, out of those countries. But this prosecution of war, instead of commerce,
has not been undertaken by us, of our own mere motion, but principally by the advice of the
High and Mighty Lords States General, and the concurrence of his Serene Grace, the Prince
of Orange; for your Great Mightinesses will well remember, that from the very inception of
the Company, we have all been solicited by their High Mightinesses' Commissioners, not only
to undertake some hostile expedition against the enemy, but even to dispatch our fleet to
reinforce that which a short time before had been ordered out under the command of Admiral
L' Hermite, and to send the ships we had then by us ready equipped in the Zuyder Zee, which
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IL 67
from good motives and with their High Mightinesses' concurience, were dispatched to Bahia
de Todos los Sanctos. From these beginnings have we proceeded farther and farther into
war; and undertaken, with their High Mightinesses' advice and the approbation of iiis Serene
Grace, divers expeditions which, to the astonishment of the universe, have been crowned, from
time to time, with sucli success; and neglected to plant colonies and to settle countries,
from which as great trade might have followed as we at present possess, or in all probability,
could speedily establish; so that there remains only the trade to Guinea and Africa, which is
trifling in comparison with the Company's large Capital, and had been already diverted and
spoiled, by other nations; and, iu season of truce, still greater hazard is to be expected in that
quarter. We, therefore, confidently, and of our certain knowledge, do assert, that the entering
into a Truce, must be the ruin of this Company; and that your High Mightinesses will for
ever lose the fortunate prop of this State, and the great decrease of your hereditary enemy's
finances; for, let us by means of commerce be much greater than we can yet imagine, not a
straw can the enemy be weakened thereby; nor can the sixth part of our ships be employed;
and, consequently, only a small portion of the Seamen kept in service. We cannot oblige tiie
Indians to trade with us; nor can we trade with them, without circumspection, if we show
ourselves the friends of the Spaniards, and to have intimate relation with them. It were idle
to court the Chilians and to spare the Spaniards. In fine, nothing will remain for us, save a
meager scum of a well fed body; for the Company will be obliged to sell a great portion of
their largest ships and many of their guns, at a heavy sacrifice, and to send the people away
empty or sick; and then, nevertheless, to make further reductions. The stockholders will be
discouraged; the shares will fall in value; many will sell out; as some have already
done, and daily continue to do; even of those who, up to this time, have conferred lustre on
this Company.
We earnestly trust that neither their High Mightinesses, nor iiis Serene Grace, will suffer
this, nor unnecessarily surrender so great an advantage to the enemy; but, rather, that they
will adopt a laudable and firm resolution to maintain the Company in their Charter, and aid
them in prosecuting the war; and that your Great Mightinesses will, herein, set them an
example of zeal equal to what you formerly exhibited.
For, as we have lately at some length submitted to their High Mightinesses, affairs in Brazil
are so shaped that by sending a some what stronger force and an experienced chief thither (as
we now propose to do, if properly encouraged) that place will not only be secured to this
State, but rendered so profitable that its expenses will disappear, and it will produce great
trade and prosperity to this country.
Your Great Mightinesses can determine that the subsidies we have hereunto demanded are
not so great as to embarrass this State; some provinces make no difficulty about them; but
where those subsidies appear to be a little heavier than present circumstances can well justify,
the profit to be reaped therefrom is also so great, and the security which this State will obtain
thereby, so evident, that there ought not to be a moment's hesitation about it.
Foreign princes, whose good successes were both to be desired and feared, were voted these
past years heavier subsidies; these were not grudged to those from whom this State hath
heretofore derived but little advantage, all for the purpose of creating a diversion, and
weakening the enemy; with what excuse then will men be able to cover their neglect or
disregard of a Company, which, out of its own private means, hath wrought such good for the
commonwealth, and which nestles here under your Great Mightinesses' wings, and cannot be
dreaded except by its enemies ?
68 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
If your Great Mightinesses please to examine the deliberations previous to the compleat
establishment of the Company; the Charter which their High Mightinesses offered, unsolicited
hy their subjects; the circumstances which occurred in the course of the Administration, it is a
very questionable point, whether the Directors are not better able to vindicate themselves
before their stockholders for having expended their property so lavishly in the public service,
than the rulers of this State to excuse themselves to posterity for having had such little regard
for the services of the Company, which they had hitherto assisted, as to abandon it at last on
the appearance of the enemy.
It depends on the determination of the Lords to continue the war, or to terminate it by a
peace, or even to suspend it for some years, by a truce. Whichever b(! resolved upon, the
Company must necessarily come into consideration. The enemy who intrudes herein, seems
not disposed to come to any conclusion, before and until the Company be taken off his neck,
and the captured places restored on certain conditions.
We are not afraid that their High Mightinesses will concur with the foe in this ; but, indeed,
that those who most affect the truce, may charge us with being an obstruction to its full
accomplishment. And, although it were in no wise to be tolerated, the consequence will be,
that the resolution of subsidies will be passed late, and carried slowly into effect, so that, in
conclusion, we shall have to pray your Great Mightinesses seriously to consider, first: whether
this State hath to expect any notable relief and profit from the war which the Company is to
continue in the countries of America; or, if it be better to oblige the King so far as to surrender
such considerable advantages, obtained at so great an expense, and to abandon the Company.
And. meanwhile, your Great Mightinesses are humbly requested to take into consideration
the Charter the High and Mighty Lords States General have granted us, which attracted
stockholders not only in this country, but also among many of the confederates, and how it will
be possible to answer the one or the other before the world ; also, to pay due attention to the
placards lately promulgated in Brazil, in the name of their High Mightinesses, according to
which the natives and likewise some of the Portuguese, as we are informed, have already
begun to regulate themselves, and cannot be abandoned without marked infamy and loss
of credit. We pray God, that He be pleased to inspire your Great Mightinesses in such wise,
as shall tend to the dissemination of His honor, and the prosperity of our fatherland.
Subject for the Consideration of the Assembly of the XIX. 1634.
[ From the Original In the Koyal Archivea at the H»gae : File, Vea Indie. ]
Points of Reference on which all the Chambers of the West India Company are
summoned to Amsterdam for the IS"" March, 1634, extracted as far as relates
to New Netherland.
e"- Point.
Inasmuch as the differences with the proprietors of Colonies of New Netherland were
postponed at the last meeting, the members shall be reminded to come with mature deliberation,
in order to terminate this matter at once, according to the Resolution of the T"" and lO""
September, IG"" November, and 17"" and 21" December last.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : II. 69
Resolution of (lie States General on the difficulties lelioeen the Company and the
Patroons.
[ From the Eegi»ter of Resolutions of the States General, In the Royal Archives at the Hagne. ]
Saturday the IS"" May, 1634.
Foiio403. Read a certain memorial presented to their High Mightinesses, setting forth
West India Company ^ , ,.«, , ., ix-v «.
aeainst that some ditierences liave arisen between the Directors of the West India
New Nfiheriand. Company, on the one part, and the Patroons, Planters in New Netherland, on
the other side; and that parties have, according to resolution of the Assembly of the XIX.,
recently held in Amsterdam, mutually referred the said question to their High Mightinesses, or
their committee ; and that their High Mightinesses should therefore nominate some
Commissioners from their body, before whom both parties may'submit and institute their suits,
in order that, after hearing said parties, judgment may be rendered according to equity. Which
being considered, it is hereby resolved and decided to request and appoint Mess" Arnhem,
Herberts de Knuyt, Weede, Lecklama and Haersolte to hear and understand both sides, pro
and con, respecting their differences; and afterwards to decide said differences as, by plurality
of votes, shall be found most agreeable to justice; and in case of the absence of the one
party or the other, their High Mightinesses' said Commissioners are empowered to transact
business with the party present ; and those interested shall be summoned to appear here on
the 21" inst., in order to proceed to business on the day following.
General to the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company.
[From the Minute In the Royal Archives at the Hague ; File, West Indie. ]
To the Chamber of the West India Company at Amsterdam, as presiding Chamber. The
13 May, 1634.
The States.
^'"'agllSt"'""'^ Whereas we have this day deputed some Lords from our Assembly, to hear and
Nethlrrand"" '^^'^ cxamine you and the committee from the principal stockholders on the one side,
and the Patroons, planters in New Netherland on the other side, respecting the differences
which have arisen ; with authority afterwards to determine the said differences as they, by
plurality of votes, shall find most agreeable to justice. And the 22'' instant having been fixed
and appointed by our commissioners for that business; we have therefore resolved to notify you
thereof, requesting that your delegates, together with the authorized principal stockholders,
may be here at the Hague on the evening of the 21" instant, with full powers and instructions,
in order to appear on the following day before our Commissioners above mentioned, who will
then proceed to business. Wherein fail not.
Done IS"- May, 1634.
70 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
States General to the Patroons of JVew Netherland.
[ From the Minute in the Royal Archives at the Hague ; File, Wmt Tndie. ]
To Mr. Michiel Pauw, Lord of Achtienhoven, Co-Patroon ia New Netherland. The
IS"" May, 1634.
The States.
'^^'' cTrnpany"'^'" Whereas we have this day deputed some Lords from our Assembly, to hear
thePatrooMofNew and examine you and the other interested patroons, planters of the Colonies in
Blommert,
laSeurick utmei. differences which have arisen, with power afterwards to determine the said
differences, as by plurality of votes they shall find equitable. And tlie 22'' instant having been
fixed and appointed by the said Lords, our Deputies, as the day for the business; we have
therefore resolved to notify you thereof, commanding you to attend here at the Hague, duly
provided in all things, as the case requires, on the evening of the 21" instant, in order to appear
on the next day, for the purposes aforesaid, before the above mentioned Lords, our deputies,
who will then proceed to business. Wherein fail not; giving notice hereof to the other
patroons, planters, who are also interested in the aforesaid diflTerences.
Done 13 May, 1634.
Resolution of the States General on a letter from the West India Company.
[ From the EcgiEter of Eesolutions of the States General, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Monday, 22 May, 1634.
Folio 480. Read a letter from the Directors of the West India Company at Amsterdam,
West India Com- gf i|-|e gQ"' instaut, requesting, for reasons therein set forth, that the appearance
Planters. before their High Mightinesses' Deputies, whereunto they are summoned for the
22'* instant, may be postponed for eight days or more. Whereupon it is resolved, to hand
the aforesaid letter to Messrs. Arnhem and others, their High Mightinesses' Deputies, who will
fix another suitable day, and notify the aforesaid Directors, together with the masters of the
Colonies in New Netherland, to appear as aforesaid.
Mesolution of the States General fixing a day for hearing the Patroons, &c.
[ From the Register of Kesolutions of the States General, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Saturday, 10 June, 1634.
Folio 4S2. On motion of Mr. Arnhem, the Directors of the West India Company, and the
Westlndia Company , »t . , i , ,, , i i i
against Patroous, planters in New Netherland shall be summoned to be on the evening
the Patroons plant- r *-*
«"• of the 14"' instant at the tavern, in order to proceed to business next day on
the difference between them respectively existing.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: II. 71
States General to the Patroons of New Neiherland.
[ From the Minute In the Royal Archives at the Hague. File, West Indie. ]
To the Patroons, planters in New Netherland. The 10"" June, 1634.
The States.
differences existing with those of the West India Company, respecting the Colonies and their
rights in New Netherland. And whereas the day must be postponed at the request of those of
the West India Company, we have accordingly adjourned it until the 14"" instant, next ensuing,
in the evening, at the tavern. Wherein fail not.
Done lO"- June, 1634.
States General to the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Compamj.
[ From the Minute in the Eojral Archives at the Hogue. File, West Indie, ]
To the Directors of the West India Company, in the Chamber at Amsterdam. The 10""
June 1634.
The States.
■West Indira Company ^6 notified you on the IS"" May last, to appear here on the evening of the
Netherland! '" ^^'^ 21" then ncxt ensuing, on the subject of the differences with the Patroons,
planters in New Netherland. And whereas the day must be postponed at your request, we have
accordingly adjourned it until the 14"" instant next ensuing, at the tavern, in order to proceed
to business on the following day. Wherein fail not.
Done 10"- June, 1634.
Mr. Joachimi to the States General.
[ From the Original, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; File, Engelcmd. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
Mess" William Clobery, David Morehead and Johan de la Barre, merchants here in London,
having fitted out a ship to trade on Hudson's river, as they call it, have been prevented to
traffic there, and in that vicinity, by the Officers of the Dutch West India Company. Deeming
themselves injured thereby, they pretend to demand reparation for their damages. Previous,
72 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
however, to submitting their complaints to the King or to the Lords of his Majesty's Council,
they concluded to speak to me and to place the information in my hands, to see if they could
obtain satisfaction voluntarily for what they claim. Copy of the aforesaid information
accompanies this. I have also sent a like copy to the Directors of the aforesaid Company.
Parties have given nie tlie name of a person who offered them a good sum of money for the
claim, in order, as they say, that these complaints may be added to the other grievances. For
the Spanish Ambassador gathers together ail that can be collected against your High
Mightinesses and your subjects, with a view to provoke and foster misunderstandings among
this nation, against your High Mightinesses and the inhabitants of the United Netherlands.
To this they seem to attach altogether too much credit. Some months ago, disputes about
boundaries broke out here, in presence of the King and his Majesty's Council, between those
who have the King's Charter for Virginia and those who sail to and colonize New England.
A noble Lord, who regrets to perceive that there is any misunderstanding between the English
and Dutch nations, has informed me, that the aforesaid disputes did not arise because the
persons above mentioned were suffering any injury, the one from the other, but in order to
pick a quarrel with the Dutch about the possession of New Netiierland. The aforesaid Lord
was of opinion, that the disputes above mentioned, are forged in the Spanish forge. He asked,
if the Dutch could not be disposed to pay the King of Great Britain some acknowledgment for
what they occupy there? I cut him off from all hope of that. The intrigues of the Spaniards
are many and palpable. They have great advantage, because your High Mightinesses' power
at sea, is looked on with great jealousy here. I humbly crave your High Mightinesses to
make such order, that I may know by the first opportunity, how I shall have to act further in
this matter. The right way would be to leave these people to the law. But I fear, that this
case would not be allowed to be tried in the ordinary manner; inasmuch as the question of the
King's jurisdiction is mixed up with it. The merchant, or factor, of the ship in this case, is
the same person that was factor to the French ship of Caen ; respecting which the Directors
of the East India Company several years ago, had trouble. Your High Mightinesses' letter
of the xvii March, with the M. Oxensterne's proposal, and the pieces thereunto belonging, and
another of the xxi of the aforesaid month, respecting the two Scots skippers, arrived here only
on the xvii instant, through want of conveyance from Zealand. Herewith I shall close this,
commending myself respectfully to your High Mightinesses, and praying God,
High and Mighty Lords, that He may bless your High Mightinesses' Government, more
and more.
In London, the xxvii May, 1634. Your High Mightinesses'
most humble servant.
Received IS"" June, 1634. (signed) Alb. Joachimi.
1634.
Appendix; Received 13. June, 1634.
Pro magro Clobery
et Alio.
1 November 1633.
1. Andrewe Hume of the precincte of Saincte Catherine, London marriner, aged about 32
yeares, sworne before the Wor" William Sames, Doctor of Lawes, Surrogate to the righte
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IL 73
Wor" Sir Henry Marten, knight judge of his Majesties highe Court of the Admiralltye.
To the first interrye : hee sayeth, that the interr'= William Clobery, David Morehead and
John Delabarr, in the monethes of November and December, Anno domini 1632 iaste paste,
did freighte and victual! the interr'* Shippe, called the William of London (vyhereof William
Trevore was Master) and did lade diverse goodes abord her, to be transported in the said
Shippe to Hutsons baye, adioyninge unto Virginia. W'in his Mnjesties dominions there to
be traded w"" and trucked awaye w"" the Natives of those countries for beaver skinnes and
other skinnes or furrs; the premisses hee knoweth to be true, being m" mate of the said
shippe the saide voyage.
To the second hee sayeth, that the said shippe did arrive into Hutsons river upon or about
the thirteenth day of Aprill last past ; and that the mouth or entrance of said river is
about the latitude of ffourtye degrees and twentye minutes, and in longitude sixe and fourtye
degrees or thereaboutes from England, accomptinge twentye leagues to a degree. And sayeth,
that assoone as the said shippe came into harbor within the said river, the Dutch commanded
all her compauye (excepte one boye) to leave the said shippe and to come to theirs forte.
Where they were about halfe an houre, and then wente abord theirs shippe againe ; and
afterwards wente about ffourtye leagues upp into the river. And there Jacob Jacobson Elkins,
the merchants factor, and some others of the Companye wente on shoare and pitchte his tente
and carryed divers goodes with them to trade with the natives of those places for beavers and
other furrs. But the Dutch foUoweth them upp the said river, and would not suffer thsm to
trads there; but went on shoare, and pulled downe ds said factors tent, and carried the goods
and the said factor, and ths rest of the companye, which were on shoare abord the said shippe
the William againe. And as they were carryinge of them abord, sounded theire trumpett in the
boate, in disgrace of the Englishe, and beate twoe Indians, which came and broughte others
with thsm to trade with the said Jacob Jacobson, beinge acquainted with him. And afterwards
the Dutch goings abord the said shippe, they weighed her anchors and inforced her companye
to depte with the said shippe out of the said river, and went downe the river with them to
sea They should not trade there, and the said merchants factor (as he tould this exaidate
and others of the said shipps' companye) desired a certificate from ths Dutch of their carriage
towards the companye of the said shippe, and that they would not lett the englishe trads theire
to shews it to his merchants, when hee came home; which the Dutch refused to give him, and
further he cannot deposs.
To the third interrye : hee sayeth, that by the injury and wrongs, done by the Dutch, as is
aforesaid, the voyage of the said shippe the William was quite overthrowen, and the merchants
that sett her forth, have thereby susteyned losse and dammage (as this deponent beleeveth )
to the value of foure thousand poundes sterlinge att the least with they meighte there have gott
in trade with the natives in those places, if they had bine suffered to trade, and had trucked
awaye all theirs godes, accordinge to the rate as they had trucked for some small quantitis of
the said goodes, before the Dutch inforced them to depte from thence as aforesaid, and further
he cannott depose.
Dicto dis.
2. William fforde of Lyraehouse in the countye of Midd. marriner, aged about 36 yeares,
sworne as afore said.
Vol. L 10
74 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
To the ffirst interrye : he sayeth, that in or about the moneth of November Anno domini
1632 last past the interr'^ William Clobery, David Morehead and John Delabarr of London
merchants, did victuall and set forth the shippe, called the William of London (whereof
William Trevore was Master) and did lade diverse goodes abord her, for a voyage to bee made
by her to Hutson's river, adioyninge to Virginia and New England, within his Majesties
dominions, there to trade and trucke awaye such goodes as shee carryed in her with the natives
of those countryes for beaver skinnes and other furrs; the premisses he knoweth to bee true,
being gunner of the said shippe the said voyage.
To the second hee sayeth, that the said shippe the William arived and entred into Hutson's
river in the moneth of Aprill last past, which is in the latitude of ffourtie degrees and twentye
minutes or thereaboutes, and about three dayes after her arrivall there, the Dutch there
inhabitinge send and commannded all her companye (excepte one boye) to come to their forte,
where they stayed about twoe houres, and whilest they were there, the Governor commannded
his gunner to make ready three peeces of ordnance and shott them off for the Prince of
Orange and to spread the said Princes Colouers, whereupon Jacob Jacobson Elkins, the
merchants factor of the said shippe, the William, commannded this deponent to goe abord
the said shippe and spread her Colouers, and to shoote of theire peeces of ordnance for the
honor of the Kinge of England. And afterwards the said shippe, goinge about three or fower
and fourtie leagues higher upp in the said river, to trade a Spanishe carvell, manned with all
Dutch, and a smacke followeth the said shippe; and after the said marchants factor, and this
exaidate, and some other of the said shippers companye, had carryed divers goodes on shoare,
and pitchte theire tent. And when the Indians or natives of those places came downe to trade
with them, the Dutch did as much as they could disparidge the cloath and other comodities,
that the Englishe did trucke away to the said Indians. But the said Jacob Jacobson Elkins,
being very well acquainted with the said Indians, having often traded with them and speakinge
theire language. The Indians were a greate deale more willinge to trade with them then with
the Dutch, which the Dutch perceavinge they forbadd, and would not suffer the said Jacobson
Elkins and the rest of the Companye of the said shippe the William to trade there any longer,
but inforced her Companye to take theire goodes, which they had landed, to trucke awaye with
the said Indians, and putt as manye of them as the shaloppe, belonging to the said shippe, would
carrye abord that shalloppe, and therein so carryed them abord the said shippe, and the rest of
the said goodes together with the said factor, and the rest of the said shippes Companye, which
were on shoare. The Dutch carryed abord her in theire owne boate, and then weighed her
anchors, and putt her under seale, and commannded the companye of the said shippe to come
downe to theire lower forte. And the said Dutch smacke kepte them companye to see (as
this deponent and the rest of the Englishe did conceave) that they should not trade by the
waye. And hee also sayeth, that about three or foure dayes, before the Dutch carryed
the Englishe and theire goodes abord theire shippe as aforesaid; this deponente beinge in a
shalloppe, neere the upper forte, belonginge to the Dutch, in trade with the Indians for some
fewe beaver skinnes and other furrs. The Dutch commannded him to bee goone from thence
with the saide shalloppe unto the tent, where the rest of his Companye were. Whereuppon
this deponent desired a note under the hand of the Governor of the said forte, that hee was
forced to depte from thence with the said shalloppe. Otherwise (he tould them) the merchants
would not give him his wages. And then the said Governor sett his hand to such a note as
he desired; and then the said Governor and others of his companye came into the said
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IL 75
shalloppe, and did stecke greene bowes about ber, and carryed a trumpetter with them, and
rowed the said shallopp downe to the tent, where this exaidats coinpanye were. And by
the waye the said trumpett was sounded, and the Dutche drancke a bottle of strongwaters
of three or fower pints, and were very merrye. And further he cannott depose, savinge
he sayeth, that the Governors name of the upper forte, belonginge to the Dutch, was one
Master Huntum.^
To the third he sayeth, that by reason of the wrongs and injuries, donne by the Dutch unto
the conipanye of the said shippe the William, the voyage of the said shippe was quite
overthrowne, and the merchants which sett her forth and freighted her, have thereby susleyned
dammage to the somme of foure thousand poundes sterlinge att the leaste (as bee verily
beleeveth) for that theire was a greate quantitie of beaver skinnes and other furrs to be trade
for there. And the natives of those places were a greate deale more willinge to trade with
the English then with the Dutch, and sayeth, that if they had bine suffered to staye and trade
there, and had trucked awaye all the goodes abord the said shippe, att the rate as they had
for the goodes which they had trucked awaye before, the Dutch inforced them to depart from
thence. They could not have made lesse of the said goodes in beaver skinnes and other furrs,
then to the value of four thousand poundes. And this he affirmeth uppon his oath to be true.
Dicto die.
3'^ Richard Barnard of Hull, in the countye of Yorke, marriner, aged about 24 yeares
sworne as aforesaid.
Tho the ffirst interrye : bee sayeth, that the shippe the William of London ( whereof William
Trevore was master) was victualled and sett forth by master Cloberye, master Morehead and
master Delabarr, of London merchants, and they laded diverse goods abord her for a voyage,
to be made by her to Hutsons river in America, betweene Virginia and New England, within
the dominions of the King of England, to trucke awaye such goodes, as shee carryed with the
natives of those places for beaver skinnes, furrs and other commodities. The premisses he
knoweth to be true, beinge one of the companye of the said shippe, the said voyage.
To the second he sayeth, that the said shippe the William, arrived into Hutsons river, righte
againste the Dutch forte there, about the latter end of Aprill or begininge of May last past (: to
his nowe beste remembrance:) and after her arrivall there, the Dutch inhabitinge in the said
fforte, commannded all her companye (: except one boye:) to leave the said shippe, and to come
on shoare att the said fforte. And whilest they were there, there were three peeces of
ordnance shott off from the forte, for the Prince of Orange and his Colours were spred abrod
upon the Castle. And the Governor of that fforte toulde the factor and the rest of the
companye of the said shippe, that they should not trade there. But the said merchants factor,
named Jacob Jacobson Elkins, tould the Governor of the said fforte, that that land was the
King of Englands lande, and they (: meaning the companye of the said shippe) were subiects,
and therefore would trade there. And after they had stayed three dayes by the said fforte by
the commannde of the Governor, they weighed their anchors and wente further into the said
river, to trade and trucke awaye the godes abord the said shippe. Whereuppon the Dutch
manned out three vessells after them viz* a pinnace, a carvell and a hoye, which followeth the
said shippe. And after the said factor had landed a good quantitie of goodes, and had erected
■ Hans Jorrissen Houten, who traded to New Netherland in 1621, was Commissary or Vice-director at Fort Orange, at
this time. — Ed.
76 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
a tente, and traded with the Indians some fewe dayes; the Governor of the upper fforte,
belonginge to the Dutch, cominge to the said tent with other Dutchmen with him, and
perceivinge, tiiat tiie said Jacob Jacobson Eii\ins was very well aquainted with the Indians,
and speake theire language very well, and was much beloved of them; and that they were a
greate deale more willinge to trade with him then with the Dutch: the said Governor envied
att the said merchants factor and the rest of the Englishe, and tould them, that they should
not trade there any longer. But the said factor replyed, that they were the Kinge of Englands
subiectes, and that that land was within the dominions of the Kinge of England. And
therefore they would trade there. Whereuppon the Dutch pulled downe the said tent,
and tooke all the goodes, which were in the said tent, and sente them, together with the factor
and the rest of the Englishe, which were on shoare abord the said shippe the William,
some in their owne boate and some in a shalloppe, belonginge to the said shippe the
William. And then the said Dutch, goinge abord the said shippe, they weighed her anchors
and commannded them to departe. And the foresaid carvell and twoe other small sloopes wente
downe with them to the lower flTorte, to see that they did not trade by the waye; and further
he cannott depose.
To the third he sayeth, that by reason the Dutch would not suffer the Companye of the saide
shippe to trade, as aforesaid, her voyage was quite overthrowne ; and that if the said Dutch
had sustened them to trade freely there, and that they had trucked awaye all the goodes,
which they carried thither, att the rate that they trucked awaye the rest they mighte have had
in trucke for the said goodes, which they were inforced to bringe away from thence in beaver
skinnes, furrs and other commodities, to the value of foure thousand poundes Sterlinge att the
leaste ; and this hee sayeth is true, of vertue of his oath.
Dicto die.
4. Christopher Langham of Wappinge, in the countie of Middex, sayler, aged about 26
yeares, sworne as aforesaid.
To the fSrst interreye : he sayeth, that master Clobery, master Morehead and master Delabarr,
of London merchantes, about a fortnighte or three weekes before Christmas laste paste, did
victuall and sett forth the shippe the William (whereof William Trevore was master) and
did lade diverse goodes abord her, to be transported to Hutsons river, betweene Virginia
and New England, within the dominions of the Kinge of England, to bee traded and trucked
awaye there with the natives of those places for beaver skinnes, and other furrs ; the premisses
he knoweth to bee true, being one of the quartermasters of the said shippe, the said voyage.
To the Second interroye : hee sayeth, that the said shippe arrived att Munhaddons fort in
Hutsons river uppon or about the thirteenth day of Aprill last past, where all the said shippes
Companye (excepte one boye) were commannded to come on shoare att the said fforte. And
after the said shippe goinge further upp in the said river to trade with the natives of those
places, for beaver and furrs. This exadiate and his precontest William Fford and some others
of the said shippes Companye, beinge in trade with the Indians neere fort Oramia, another
fort, belonging to the Dutch. They were by the Dutch forbidden to trade there ; and
afterwards the Governor of the fort, named Master Huntum came accompanyed with other
Dutch into the Challopp, belonginge to the William, and rowed the said shallopp upp to the
place, where Jacob Elkins and otlier of the said shippes companye hat pitched theire tent, and
were in trade with the Indians for beaver and furrs. And as they wente up in the saide
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : II. 77'
shallopp, they sticked greene bowes all about her, and drancke strongwaters, and sounded
theire trumpett in a triumphinge manner over the Engiishe. And when they came upp to the
said tent, they would not suffer the said Jacob Elkins (whoe was well knowne both to the
Dutch and to the Indians) to trade there; but pulled downe a part of his tente, and inforced
the said factor to send part of the goodes, which he had landed for trade, in the said shalloppe
abord the said shippe the William, and the rest of the said goodes together with the said
factor; and the rest of the English, which were there on shoare. The Dutch carryed in theire
owne boate, abord the said shippe (and as he hath heard) did beate some of the Indians for
tradinge with the Engiishe; and hee also sayeth, that the said Dutch, goinge abord the said
shippe the William, weighed her anchors, and commannded her Companye to departe from
thence. Whereuppon the Companye of the said Shippe, to keepe her from drivinge on shoare,
putt her under saile, and sailed downe the said river. And the said Dutch hoye sailed downe
with her. And when the said shippe came to the lower forte, the said Jacob Elkins did
demande a certificate from the Governor to shewe to his merchants of the behavio"' of the
Dutch towards the Engiishe ; but whether that certificate were denyed or given him, he
knoweth not; and further he cannott depose.
To the third hee sayeth, that the voyage of the said shippe the William was quite overthrowne
by reason that the Dutch would not suffer her Companye to trade as aforesaid And the
merchants that sett her forth, are thereby dampnified to the some of foure thousand poundes
sterlinge att the least, as hee verily beleeveth, for (hee sayeth) if they had traded for and
trucked awaye all the goodes, which shee brought from thence unto those Indians, with
whome they were in trade, they mighte have gayned in trucke for the saide goodes soe much
beaver and furrs as would have bine worth foure thousand poundes and upwards ; and this
he affirmeth uppon his oath to bee true.
6 November 1633.
5. William Deepinge of the Parishe of S' Mary Monthawe, London barber, Chirurgeon,
aged about 27 yeares, sworne before the Wor" William Merricke, doctor of lawes, surrogate
to the righte wor" Sir Henry Marten, knight judge of His Majesties highe court of the
Admiralltye.
To the ffirste interreye : hee sayeth, that in the monethes arrived the shippe the William of
London (whereof William Trevore was master) was victualled and sett forth att the charges
of William Cloberye, David Morehead and John Delabarr, of London raerchantes. And there
were diverse goodes, laden abord by them, to be transported in the said shippe to Hutsons river
which is scituate between Virginia and New England, within his Majesties dominions, there to
bee traded with and trucked awaye to the natives of those countries for beaver and other
skinnes and furrs ; the premisses he knoweth to bee true, beinge Chirurgeon of the said
shippe, the said voyage.
To the second interreye: he sayeth, that the said shippe arrived at the mouth of Hutsons
river, uppon or about the twentieth day of Aprill laste paste. And when she came righte
againste Manhuttons fort the in said river, which fort was commannded by the Dutch, This
exaidate was sente to the said fort to intreate the Governor to come abord the said shippe.
But the said Governor would not goe abord, but commannded that all the companye of the said
shippe should come to the said fforte; wente accordinglye, and they all (excepte one boye)
78 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
lefte theire shippe, and the Governor demannded theire merchante, wherefore they came thither.
And he replyed, that they intended to goe upp further into the river, to trade with the natives
of those places, as it was lawful! for them to doe, beinge the King of Englantes subiects.
But the said Governor tould the saide factor, that hee could not suffer them to passe: for (as
hee sayde) it was more then he could answere to his masters att home; and therefore he would
take some time to advise with his counsell about it. And after the companye of the said shippe
had stayed before the said forte five or sixe dayes, expectinge the Governor answere, whether
he would suffer them to passe upp the said river, to trade there or not; and noe answere beinge
broughte they weighed theire anchors, and wente upp the river. And after they had bine in
trade there by the space of tenn dayes or thereabouts, there came upp an officer from the said
fforte with twoe letters from the said Governor, and that officer did commannde them in the
Governors name, to give over tradinge there, and to departe from thence. And presently
thereuppon parte of the goodes, which the merchant and other of the companye had landed
for to trade, were broughte abord the said shippe againe by her owne shallopp, and the saide
merchants factor and the rest of the companye, which were there on shoare, and the rest of the
said goodes were broughte abord her by the Dutch, in theire owne boate; and then the Dutch
weighed the anchors of the said shippe the William, and broughte them abord her by the
commannde of the said officer. Whereuppon her companye to keepe her from runninge on
shoare, putt her under saile, and beinge forbidden to trade there, sailed downe the said river.
And hee also sayeth that there was a note sett upp againste the gate of the cheife forte there,
the effecte of which note (: as a fHemminge that belonged to that fforte tould this deponent :) was,
that the Governor did thereby straightlye chardge and commannde all his people, that uppon
paine of loosinge theire head and all theire wages, none of them should give any certificate to
the Englishe, how they were used by the Dutch, and kepte from tradinge there: and further
hee cannott depose.
To the third he sayeth, that the voijage of the said shippe was overthrowne by the iniuries
and wronges, done unto her Companye, in not sufferinge them to trade there; and the
merchants that freighted and sett her forth, have bine thereby greatly dampnified ; and further
hee cannott depose, savinge he sayeth, that whilest the said shippe was in trade in the said
river, there came some Indians abord hir, which did tell this deponente (:as it was interpreted
by a fHemminge, that belonged to a dutch pinnace) that, if the said shippe the William did staye
there, but one moone longer a nation, called the Maques, would come downe, and bringe with
them fower thousand beaver skinnes. And another nation, called the Mahiggins, would come
downe thither with three hundred skinnes more, every merchantable beaver skinne, beinge
worth twentye shillinges at the leaste.
Dicto die.
6. John Johson of the parishe of Saint Botolphes Algate, London cittizen, and cordwayner
of London, aged about 4-5 yeares, sworne before the wor"" William James, doctor of lawes,
surrogate to the righte wor"" Sir Henry Marten, Knight judge of his Majesties highe court of
the Admiralltye. •
To the ftirstinterreye: he sayeth, that about a moneth before Christmas laste past, the shippe
the William of London (whereof William Trevore was master) was victualled and sett forth
by master Cloberye, master Delabarr and master Morehead of London merchantes, on a voyage
to Plymouth in New England, there to lande some passengers, and from thence to Hutsons
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IL 79
river, betweene New England and Virginia, tliere to truclie awaye such goodes as shea carryed
to the natives of those couutryes for beaver and other furrs; the premisses hee kaoweth to be
true, beinge cooke of the said shippe, the said voyage.
To the second he sayeth, that after the arrival! of the said shippe into Hutsons river, neere
Manhattons forte (beinge inhabited by the Dutch ) the Governor comannded all her companye
to leave their shippe, and to come uppe to the forte, where they stayed about an houre, and then
returned abord theire shippe againe. And afterwards wente further upp into the river to trade,
and there Jacob Jacobson Eikins, the factor of the said shippe (whoe was well knowne to the
Dutch and also to the Indians) wente on shoare together with this deponente and some other
of the said shippes companye, and landed diverse goodes to trucke with the Indians, and
erected a tent for themselves to lodge in, and putt their goodes in, and after they had bine there
in trade some fewe dayes, the Dutch came and pitched a tent there, likewise to hinder the
trade of the Englishe. But yet notwithstandinge the Indians did soe well affecte the said Jacob
Jacobson, that they did resorte unto him, and were more willinge to trade with him then with
the Dutch ; which the Dutch perceavinge, there came about a dozen dutch men, with half pikes,
swords, musketts and pistolls, and forbade the factor, and the rest of the companye of the
William, to trade there any longer; but commannded them to departe and pulled downe their
tent. Whereuppon the said factor and the rest of the Englishe were inforced to give over
their tradinge, and sente parte of their goodes abord theire shippe againe in theire shallopp. And
the Dutch would not stayetill the returne of the said shallopp, but took de rest of the Englishe
goodes out of their tent, and carryed them together with the said factor and this deponente
abord their shippe in a boate, belonging to the Dutch. And afterwards the Dutch weighed the
said shippes anchors, and broughte them abord her, and commannded the companye of the said
shippe to departe the said river; and further hee cannott depose.
To the thirth hee sayeth, that by the injuries and wronges, done by the Dutch as aforesaid,
the voyage of the said shippe the William was overthrowne ; and accordinge as the companye
of the said shippe, after they were putt from theire tradinge, did cast upp the remainder of the
goodes abord her. There were soe many goodes, remayninge abord her, of her outwards
landinge, as would have yeelded, if they had bine trucked ani done awaye to the Indians, att
the rate, they had trucked awaye parte of her outwards ladinge in beaver and other skinnes
and furrs, to the value of fower thousand poundes sterlinge. And to that some ( as hee beleeveth)
the merchants that sett forth the said shippe, have bine dampnified by reason of the premisses;
and that hee affirmeth uppon his oath to be true.
7 November 1633.
7. Jacob Jacobson Eikins, of Amsterdam merchant, aged about 42 yeares, sworne before the
wor"" William Merricke, doctor of lawes, surrogate to the righte wor"" Sir Henry Marten,
Knight judge of his Majesties highe court off the Admiralltye.
To the first interreye. hee sayeth, that within the time interrogate William Clobery, David
Morehead and John de la Barr, of London merchants, att their owne proper costs and chardges
did freighte, victuall and sett forth the interrogate shippe, the William of London (whereof
William Trevore was master) and did lade diverse goodes abord her, with intent, that she
sould goe to Hutsons river in New England, within the dominions of the Kingh of England,
to trade and trucke away such goodes, as she carryed to the natives of those countries, for
beaver skinnes and other skinnes and furrs; the premisses hee knoweth to bee true, for that hee
was factor for the said merchants in that voyage.
80 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
To the second hee sayeth, that the said shippe, the William arrived att the forte, called
Manhatton, als Amsterdam, in the said Hutsons river, uppon the twelvth daye of Aprill,
last past ; and sayeth, that the entrance of the said river is in the latitude of fourtie degrees
and a halfe or thereaboutes, and in longitude aboud one and fortie degrees and a halfe. And
after theire arrival! neere that forte, this deponente sente the Chirurgeon of the said shippe on
shoare to the said forte, to intreate the Governor to come abord the said shippe the William.
Where uppon the said Governor bad the chirurgeon to comannde the master of the said
shippe ; and this axiadate beinge the factor to come on shoare to the fort, and to aske them, if
they did knowe the Prince of Orange. And thereuppon this deponente vfith the chirurgeon
and gunner of the said shippe went on shoare to the fort, where the said Governor and others
were sittinge in counsell together. And the said Governor demannded his deponente, wherefore
hee was come thither, and what his business was. And this deponente replyed : to trade with
the natives there, as hee had formerly done, for beaver and otter skinnes, and other skinnes
and furrs. And then the said Governor asked hira for his Commission, whereunto this
deponente answered, that he was not bound to shewe it, for that he was then within the King
of Englands dominions, and for that he was a servante to the subiectes of the said Kinge; and
desired of them to see what Commission they had, to plante there, within the King of
Englands dominions. And the said Governor replyed, that he had conferred with his
counsell, and that hee found it not fittinge, that they should passe upp the said river for
that that whole countrye did (as he said) belonge to the Prince of Orange, and not to the
Kinge of England. And after the said shippe had stayed there Cve dayes before the said
forte, this deponente wente to the forte, to speake with the Governor, to see if hee
would suffer them in a friendly manner to passe up the said river ; and he tould the said
Governor, if he would not give him his good will soe to doe, hee would goe upp the said river
without it, although it cost him his life. Whereuppon the Governor commannded all the
companye of the said shippe to come on shoare. And in the presence of them all, the said
Governor commannded, that the Prince of Orange his flagge should bee putt upp in the forte,
and three peeces of ordnance to bee shott off for the honor of the said Prince. And then
this deponente comannjed the gunner of the said shippe the William, to goe abord and putt
upp the englishe flagge, and to shoote of three peeces of ordnance for the honor of the King of
England. And then the said Governor badd this deponente, take heede, that it did not cost
him his necke, or his (:the said Governors). And after the premisses this deponente and the
companye of the William wente upp the said river to trade, and comminge neere the fort,
called Orange, the Governor of that forte would not suffer theire shallopp to come to the
shoare, to trade there. Whereuppon this deponente wente a mile belowe that forte, and there
sett upp a tent, and carryed all theire goodes on shoare, and was in trade with the Salvages.
And the Dutch sett upp a tent by the said englishe tent, to hinder theire trade as .much as
they could. But this deponente beinge well acquainted with the Salvages (havinge heretofore
lived foure yeare with them) them all came to trade with him ; and after he hath bine there
in trade about fourteene dayes, there came upp a pinnace from the lower fort, manned with
the souldiers and seamen, to drive this exaidate and companye from tradinge there. And
before the comminge of that pinnace, there were twoe other pinnace, lyinge neere the said
shippe the William, to hinder her trade. And then there came souldiers from both the saide
dutch forts with musketts, halfe pikes, swords and other weapons, and beate some Indians,
which came to trade with this deponente, and commannded this exaidate and companye to
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: II. 81
dep.irte from thence, sayinge that that land was theirs, they havinge boughte it of the Salvages.
And then the Dutch pulled downe the tente of the Englishe, and sente theire goodes abord,
some in a shalloppe, belonginge to the William, and some in a bonte, belonginge to the Dutch;
and then the Dutch weighed the anchors of the William, and carryed them abord her. And
afterwardes the said shippe goinge downe the said river againe, when she came to Manhatlon
fort, this deponente beinge there on shoare. The Governor commannded him to sende all
the beaver and other skinnes on shoare to the fort, which this deponente and companye had
gott in trucks with the Salvages; which this deponente refusinge to doe, the Governor then
demannded a particular of all the skinnes that were abord the said shippe. Which particuler
this deponent gave him ; and he also sayeth, that hee this deponente demannded a certificate
for certeyne Hollanders, inhabitinge neere the said fort, of the hehavio' of the Dutch towards
the Englishe, and howe they had putt them from theire trade, as aforesaid. Which certificate
was denyed him ; and the Governor caused a writinge, to be sett uppon the gate of that forte,
thereby forbiddinge all his people uppon payne of death, to give any certificate to him or any
of the Englishe, howe and in what manner they were used by the Dutch. And he also sayeth,
that the names of some of the Dutch, which were principal! actors in doinge of the wronges
and iniuries aforesaid ; were as followeth, viz' Walter Vertrill,i Governor of Amsterdam ffort,
John van Remont,his Secretaiyr, Martyn Garetson, Courade Noteman^ Ahuddus,^ and Captaine
Jacob Johnson Hesse, Counsellors of the said (Governor, and Hance Jorison Houten, Governor
of the ft'ort of Orange ; and further hee cannott depose.
To the third interreye: hee sayeth, that the voyage of the said shippe the William was
overthrowne by the parties before mentioned, in not sufFeringe her companye to trade there,
as aforesaid. And that there were soe nianye goodes, remayninge abord the said shippe, of
her outwards ladinge ; when they were putt from theire trade, as would have purchased in
trucke with the said Salvages (:att the rate as the rest of her goodes, which were trucked
awaye, were alone awaye : ) five thousand beaver skinnes. And that hee is certeyne, hee should
have had trucke for all the remainder of the said goodes, if the Dutch had suffered them to
trade there; for that there are in the said river usually fifteene or sixteene thousand beaver
skinnes yearly traded lor; and for that the Salvages would not trade with the Dutch, as longe
as this deponente was there. But did all resorte unto him ; and for the reasons aforesaid, hee
sayeth that the said master Clobery, master Morehead and master Delabarr, the merchants that
sett forth the said shippe, have bine dampnified by the wronges and injuries, done by the
Dutch, as is aforesaid, to the value of ffive thousand pounds sterlinge att the least. And this
hee affirmeth uppon his oath to be true.
' Wouter van Twiller. ' Notelman.
' Andreas Hudde. He came to New Netherland in 1629, and after serving the government in various capacities for thirty-
four years, died 4th November, 1663, at Appoquinimy, in the present State of Delaware, on his way to Maryland. — Ed.
Vol. I.
82 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Resolution of the States General referring tlie preceding Documents.
[ From Ihe Eesister of Resolutions of the States General, in tlie Koyal Arcbives al llie Hague. ]
Tuesday, 13 June, 1634.
Folio 493. Received a letter from Mr. Joachimi, written at London on the 27"' May last,
Messrs. Joachimi
andBrasser. also a letter from the same and Mr. Brasser, written conjointly, as aforesaid, the
3'' instant, and besides the said letters, divers appendices containing matters for reflection ;
wliich, being considered, it is resolved and concluded, that both the aforesaid letters, with the
appendices, be placed in the hands of the Mr. Vosbergen, to extract therefrom the points on
which resolution is required.
Resolution of ihe States General changing some of the Members of the Committee
on the differences between the Company and ihe Patroons.
[ From the Eegister of Eeaoliitions of the Stales General, in the Eoyal ArchiTes at the Hague. ]
Thursday, IS"- June, 1634.
F.,iio499. After deliberation, it is hereby resolved and concluded to substitute Mr.
Beaumont in place of Mr. de Knuyt, and Mr. Staackmans in place of Mr. Lecklama,
in consequence of the absence of both of them ; and that, for the purpose of aiding in the
despatch of business, the other, their High Mightinesses' deputies iu the matter in difference
West iniiia Company between the Directors of the West India Company on the one part, and the
15* J''1"'T J °' Patroons, planters of New Netherland, on the other side.
New Netherland. r '
Ttesolution of the States General on the Report on Mr. JoachimiUs last Despatch.
[From the Eegister of Eesolutions of the States General, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague.]
Tuesday, 20"' June, 1634.
Foiiosie. jyjj.. Vosbergen reported that he hath, in virtue of their High Mightinesses'
Joachim.. resolution of the 13"' instant, examined a certain letter from Mr. Joachimi,
written in London on the 27* May last, and found that the said letter sets forth, among other
Injured Englishmen thiugs, that Mess"'' William Clobery, David Morehead and John de la Barre,
in New Nanerianj. njgrchants at Loudon aforesaid, having fitted out a ship to trade in Hudson's
river (as they call it) were prevented trading there and thereabout, by the officers of the
Wf8t India Com- Wcst India Company of this country, whereby they maintain to have been
'"'°^' injured ; claiming damages for their loss. Which being taken into consideration.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IL 83
it is resolved and concluded, that this matter shall, by extract hereof, be communicated to the
present Directors, deputies o( the aforesaid Company, in order that they cause information to be
taken as to the true merits of this case, and instruct the said Mr. Joachimi accordingly, that he
may know how to comport himself In the premises.
Resolution of the States General respecting the Committee on the differences between
the Company and the Patroons.
[From the Register of Kesolutions of the States General, in the Royal Archives at the Hague.]
Wednesday, 21" June, 1634.
Folio 518. After deliberation, it is hereby resolved and concluded, to substitute Mr.
Huygens, in place of Mr. Arnhem, (absent) to assist the other, their High Mightinesses'
deputies, in investigating the questions and differences which have arisen between the
Patroons, planters, on the one part, and the West India Company on the other; and further,
to proceed according to the original Commission.
Patroons of New Netherland to the States General. June, 1634.
[From the Original, in the Royal Archives at the Hague, in the Loketkasof the States General; Division Wfst IndUche Compagnie. Loket K.,
Letter L., No. 6 ; part 5 of Bundle entitled " Stuklten raltende den Vryen handel op en in de Brazils. Ao 163S." ]
High and Mighty Lords.
Whereas, in pursuance of the resolution dated 27th March, 1634, adopted at the Assembly
of the XIX., and the petition presented to your High Mightinesses and posliled {graixisiillecrt),
the Patroons of New Netherland are, by their High Mightinesses' letters dated 13th May
following, cited to appear at the Hague; the Patroons have deemed it expedient to submit to
your High MiglUinesses:
That your High Mightinesses, by Charter dated 3d June, 1621, granted to all inhabitants,
stockholders in the within named Company exclusively, the navigation, peopling and trade to
the West Indies, within the limits therein described, investing XIX. persons with the entire
management thereof; expressly stipulating, that your High Mightinesses, on being required to
prosecute the infraction and contravention of such public resolutions, shall cause the same
to be repaired and maintained.
But the principal stockholders having solicited your High Mightinesses for further
satisfaction, your High Mightinesses, by amplification, agreed and approved that the first two
vacancies in the Board of Directors at Amsterdam and Zealand ; item, the first in the
Maese Chamber, should successively be supplied by the principal stockholders of the respective
84 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Chambers, leaving them to protect whatever regarded lliem and their right, both in the
Assembly of the XIX. and in tiie aforesaid Chambers.
The Company, reduced to this firm order and government, took specially to heart your
High Mightinesses' motives contained in the last part of the second capital article of the
Charter, containing two subjects ; namely, contracting and forming alliances with princes and
natives of the countries within their limits, or promoting the population of productive
and uninhabited regions.
E.xperience has shown that the prudent management of the Company did not attend the
attempts to carry this out in divers quarters, both on the Wild coast and in New Nelheriand ;
the conduct of the people was not regulated; the expenses were excessively high, and the want
of success beyond expectation. The accounts having been frequently reviewed at the
Assembly of the XIX.; the supfilies requisite for the planting having been compared with
the returns received from the Colonies, it was finally decreed and enacted, at the Assembly
of the XiX., on the 10"" March, 162S, in the presence of your High Mightinesses' deputies, the
Directors delegated by the respective Chambers, the Directors and assessors from the principal
stockholders, for the behoof of ail the stockholders in the said Company, by virtue of the
Charter, to draw up Freedoms and Exemptions, for the benefit of the General West India
Company, and advantage of the Patroons, masters and private persons.
2(i February, 1629. Commissioners reported to the Assembly of the XIX., and it was
resolved to make an Order, resuming the draft of the planters, at the next ensuing meeting;
to consider the proposals of certain respectable principal stockholders, to draw out the
differenlial points and refer them to the Chambers.
IS April, 1629. Points of Reference were circulated; in article 2 of which, the respective
Chambers were requested to appear fully instructed to conclude whether the articles of
Freedoms and Exemptions submitted at various preceding Assemblies, with the annexed new
articles, demanded by divers principal stockholders, might be amplified and amended according
to circumstances.
29 May, 1629. Commissioners are named, on resuming the Order in regard to Planters, to
submit the draft to the x\ssembly of the XIX.
7 June, 1629. The Freedoms are enacted in terms as hereunto annexed.
Whereupon some Directors of the before named Company, in addition to the great interest
they possessed with their next friends in the said Company, (who imported [to the value of]
more than two tons of gold;) anim.ited with new zeal to carry out their High Mightinesses'
intention, and hoping in consequence for God's blessing, preceded all the other stockholders by
way of a good example, saving the aforesaid Company from expenses, troubles and heavy
charges, and further involved themselves by undertaking divers Patroonships, the expenses
whereof, incurred and laid out to this day, amount to not far from one ton of gold, cash down,
and are yearly taxed, in addition, with at least 45 thousand guilders for the support of three of
their Patroonships.
The Patroons proceeding on daily, notwithstanding, bought and paid for not only the
grounds belonging to the chiefs and natives of the lands in New Netherland, but also their
rights of sovereignty (Jura Mujestatis) and such others as they exercised within the limits of
the Patroons' purchased territories.
So that on the 2S"' November, 1630, were read at the Assembly of the Directors, the deeds
of conveyance of the lands and jurisdictions purchased from the Saccimaes, the Lords of the
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IL 85
Country, executed for the behoof of the Patroons, their successors; and the new proprietors
were accordingly thereupon congratulated.
On the 2'' December, in tlie year aforesaid, the patents sent to the Patroons from New
Netherland were in like manner also again read, recorded in the Company's Register, ordered
by the Assembly to be ensealed with the seal of New Netherland ; the Patroons were again
congratulated and handed their patents.
IG"* ditto. The Patroons, on resolution of the Assembly, delivered to the Company's counsel,
a perfect list of their undertaken patroonships.
8"" January, 1G31. The Patroons' Colonies were ex supra abundanti confirmed, on submitting
the question to the Assembly of the XIX., holden in Zealand.
Confiding fully in the before related acts and solemnities, the Patroons would never have
incurred any expense, had they ever imagined that the Freedoms and Exemptions, which were
a mutual contract of profit and loss, agreed to by their High Mightinesses' Deputies, the
Directors of the respective Chambers, the Directors and Assessors of the principal Stockholders,
and accepted and entered on by the respective Patroons in all sincerity, would have been at
any time questioned and pulled to pieces; but, on the contrary, they supposed and felt assured,
that their High Mightinesses would, in course of time, maintain the Patroons, and, if necessary,
when requested, provide them with greater privileges, as a reward for their exceeding zeal, in
enlarging the boundaries of these countries and in consideration of the heavy outlays and
perilous dangers which their people and property must experience, and have already sustained,
both on land and water.
But, alas! your High Mightinesses will remark what damage the change of persons and the
unsteadiness of humors have brought on this praiseworthy Company and the good Patroons.
The manifold occupations relating to the planting of Colonies, the articles of Exemptions
and Freedoms, drawn up A" 1628; revised, enlarged and accepted by the Patroons in 1629;
who, A° 1630, were congratulated thereupon; A° 1631, ex superabundanti confirmed, are
secretly undermined on the 30"" October, 1631, when new articles were proposed, thereby the
previous Freedoms and Exemptions were no longer obtainable ; the Patroons particularly
commanded to perform things which experience taught them were impracticable: Yea, all the
Exemptions were drawn into dispute.
2S May, 1632. Some of the principal stockholders suggested to them to bring in gravamina
against the amended freedoms.
1 June, 1632, is drawn up and enacted a certain placard, purporting, as it appears, to be in
favor of the Patroons, against private individuals carrying on the prohibited trade in peltries
in New Netherland ; according to the copy hereunto annexed.
But, converted, through evil council, by resolution of the IS'*" November, 1632, to the injury
and prejudice of the Patroons, whereby the Exemptions and Freedoms, so solemnly enacted
on the ?"■ June, 1629, on which the patroonships were registered, are, it is particularly to be
remarked, disavowed.
And, in order to deprive the Patroons altogether of the trade, the Director in New
Netherland was ordered to appoint commissaries and assistants in all the patroonships, to
affix the placard and in no wise to suffer any of the Patroons to interfere in the fur trade.
The Director had no sooner arrived in New Netherland, than he proceeded against the
Patroons pursuant to the orders given him.
86 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Whereupon the Patroons were under the necessity of submitting their grievances to
the Assembly of the XIX., and it was mutually agreed to refer all differences arising therefrom,
to their High Mightinesses' decision.
The Patroons have accordingly handed in, at the request of the committee of the Directors,
the following points of their pretensions and well founded claim.
Pretension and Claim of the Patroons of New Netherland, delivered to their
High Mightinesses' Deputies on the IG"" June, 1634, against the Directors
the Incorporated West India Company.
1.
That the Freedoms and Exemptions promised and granted to the Patroons and their people
within the limits of New Netherland and the dependencies thereof, must be truly maintained
and observed by the Incorporated West India Company, according to their tenor and
contents; and are to be holden as a mutual contract, binding on both sides, whereby the
Patroons were invited to send their people and goods thither; in consequence whereof, they
claim to enjoy inviolate, the privileges contained therein.
That the Company having up to the 19"^ December, 1633, repeatedly called in question the
conceded Freedoms, are bound to make good the manifest damages caused thereby to
the Patroons.
3.
That in the Exemptions and Freedoms, mention only was made of the property of those lands
of which the Company could, by virtue of its charter, dispose; and such extension is considered
as referring alone to the fertile and uninhabited lands, or lands on which settlements were
found of particular Indians, having no chief, whom the Patroons were bound to satisfy for the
soil : In addition to these, within the limits and extensions of the purchased patroonships,
exist Lordships having their own rights and jurisdictions, which the chiefs of said nations have
ceded to the Patroons, exclusive of the proprietorship of the soil, as can be seen by their deeds
of concession and conveyance. The Patroons maintain that such prerogatives and advantages
in that country, belong absolutely to them ; and that the Company hath no more power over the
Patroons, as purchasers of such lands, than it had over the lords Sachems, the sellers, inasmuch
as their High Mightinesses' intention by the charter notoriously was, not to abridge any person
in what is his, and consequently cannot be burdened with the Venia testandi, justice and police
which are repugnant to the right already acquired by the Patroons.
4.
That under the term goods, mentioned in Articles X., XIII. , XXVI., must necessarily be
understood such merchandise, without which the permitted trade along the coast of Florida and
Newfoundland, cannot be carried on, nor the soil of the Patroonships paid for. Item, shoes
and stockings and other necessaries of the people, not in use among the natives of the country,
ought to be among the indispensable articles for agriculture, of use only to the tenants of the
Patroons; every description of which the Company has promised to convey over for nothing.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : II. 87
That the Company not having ships, or room in their ships, for the use of the Patroons,
cannot, conformably to tlie Xl"" Article, refuse or any longer withhold their written consent from
the Patroons, officially demanding the same, whereby tiie latter would lose the season and
voyage, from which the ruin of the Colonies, or at least great loss, would follow.
That all places in New Netherland, the island of Manhattan excepted, are, by the XIl""
Article, free for the plantation of Colonies.
That the Patroons may sail from the coast of Florida to Newfoundland, paying 5 per centum
recognition; therefore the Patroons cannot be prevented sending ships or yachts, with all sorts
of goods to New Netherland, without which the aforesaid coasts cannot be frequented, nor
prizes taken from the enemy. Art. XIIL, XIV., XVL, XXIU.
Whereas the Company, Art. XV., first absolutely, and afterwards by restriction, reserved the
fur trade every where on the coast of New Netherland and tiie places circumjacent thereto,
the Patroons say, that the inland trade, together with the territories of the patroonships, is
not included therein; and, therefore, that the Patroons are not obligated to pay, within their
limits, one guilder on each merchantable skin. Item, that the Patroons, on payment of one
guilder for each merchantable beaver or otter skin, may procure in trade for goods obtained
there, all sorts of furs, outside their Colonies, and every where about the coasts of New
Netherland, and the places circumjacent thereto, where the Company had no commissaries at
the time of granting the Freedoms. Item; Wampum being, in a manner, the currency of the
country, with which the produce of the interior is paid for, must be considered as obtained
goods, being the representative thereof.
0.
That the Company, pursuant to the tenor of Art. X. and XVL, is obliged here, and by its
servants in New Netherland, to give seasonable notice to the Patroons and their commissaries,
when requested, of the places which remain vacant in its ships, in order that they may
regulate themselves in regard to their people, goods, cattle and implements; and having
accommodation in their ships, it is not at liberty to refuse the Patroons the freighting thereof,
nor charge more than the allowed freight.
10.
That the appeals to the Director and Council, reserved in civil actions of fifty guilders
and upwards, do not prejudice in the least the higher jurisdictions and other privileges of
the Patroons.
11. •
Whereas the Company, Art. XXV., hath promised to take all Colonists of New Netherland
into its safe keeping, to assist in defending them, as well as possible, against all internal and
foreign wars and violence, with the power it may have there; the Company, or its servants.
88 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
failing so to do, are bound to make good the damage which the Patroons' people, cattle and
goods there, have thereby suflTered and still sufler.
12.
That the Freedoms and Exemptions, are permanent for all partners, without the Company
having the power to infringe or restrict them, to the prejudice of the Patroons.
13.
That the expenses of traveling, consultations, fees &c., incurred or to be incurred by the
Patroons, for the maintenance and justification of the Freedoms and Exemptions, for the service
of the Company and advantage of all partners, ought to be defrayed by the Incorporated West
India Company.
14.
That the Company cannot affix, in the Patroons' Colonies, without their knowledge, and
against their will, placards excluding every one from the entire fur trade, nor introduce
Commissaries there to trade; nor constrain the Patroons' inhabitants, by an oath drawn up for
that purpose, not to trade in peltries, wampum or maize.
15.
That the Patroons' Officers and Magistrates in New Netherland may oppose themselves
thereto; and should the Company, at any time, enter by force of arms, and affix such placards,
the Patroons' courts are at liberty to tear down the affixed placards, as being contrary to their
freedoms. And on the Patroons' Superior Officers being arrested therefor, which we protest
against, should it ever be adjudged that their Patroons have lost the granted Freedoms, such
proceedings shall be declared null and void; the Company charged in future to abstain from
such practices, and to make good the damage caused thereby.
16.
Finally, in case the Company seek, by direct or indirect means, to induce the Patroons to
abandon their Colonies, it shall be declared bound to make good all incurred costs and
damages vi'liich the Patroons, for causes aforementioned, should happen to experience or
have experienced.
(Signed), M. Paauw.
S. Blommaert.
KiLiAEN Van Rensselaer.
Hendkick Hamel.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : U.
Answer of the West India Company to the Patroons.
[ From the Original in the Koyal ArchiTcs at Ihe Hagne ; Lok-etkm of the States General, Division West Tndische Compagnie ; Loket K., Letter L.,
No. 6, part 5 of tlie Bundle, entitled " Stukken rakende den Vryen handel oh en in de Brazils. Ao. 1638." ]
Answer of the West India Company to, and against tlie Pretension and Claim of
Michael Paauw, Kiliaen Van Renselaar and Samuel Biommaert, Patroons
in New Netherland, handed in and delivered to tlieir High Mightinesses'
Deputies.
The Directors of the West India Company say, that heretofore eachPatroon of the Colonies
in New Netherland, hath given in his separate remonstrance to the Assembly of the Nineteen,
with request that the aforesaid Assembly dispose thereof; it can therefrom be seen that the
pretensions of the aforesaid Patroons ditfer, and are even erected on different foundations, so
that they cannot be well, nor speedily nor regularly arranged, much less treated of, in one
suit in the name of all the Patroons. The Directors aforenamed, therefore, maintain that each
of the said Patroons shall be bound to institute his suit separately, with vouchers, and therein
set forth what he hath, both in general and in particular, against the Company, and afterwards
draw pertinent conclusion.
And in order that a termination be put at once to said differences, that the above mentioned
Patroons be obliged to mention, in their respective demands all, as well general as particular,
questions of which they have any knowledge, and on which they may intend to institute any
action against the aforesaid Company, on pain, in default thereof, of their being and remaining
nonsuited, as they might be, if the Directors had obtained a mandamus on the motions
(vantisenj of the aforesaid Patroons, to have suit instituted, pursuant to the text in L diffamari
C. de ingen. et manum.
Nevertheless, if the aforesaid Patroons declare that they have no particular claim against the
aforesaid Company, and will not institute any action on account thereof, and desire and expect
only a decision on the general points which concern the aforesaid Patroons conjointly ; the
Directors will not make any opposition to the examining and deciding the claim regarding
the said general points by them conjointly instituted, saving the aforesaid Company's exception
and defence to the contrary.
(Signed), Albert Kounraut Burgh.
Jacques van Horn.
Exhibited, 22. June, 1634.
Reply of the Patroons to the West India Company.
[ From the Original In the Royal Archives at the Hagne ; Lokefk,aa of the States General, Division, West Indiachs Compagivie ; Loket K., Letter L.,
No. 6, part 5 of the Bundle. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
The Patroons of the Colonies in New Netherland having seen the writing delivered on
behalf of the Directors of the West India Company, in opposition to the demand and claim of
Vol. I. 12
90 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
the said Patroons, communicated in writing to your High Migiitinesses, they say in reply to it :
As the foundation of the suit which they may institute, in proper time, against the above named
Directors, for indemnification of such damages and losses as they respectively shall happen
to have suffered, because the aforesaid Directors have not allowed, nor suffered, them to
realize the full effect of the granted Exemptions and Freedoms, mainly depends upon the
force and tenor of said Exemptions and Freedoms ; and your High Mightinesses would
be uselessly detained by the deduction of the damages and losses suffered by the Patroons
in the planting and continuance of their respective Colonies, and the consequences thereof,
in case the above named Directors are not bound to make good the aforesaid losses and
damages, for having failed to carry out the aforesaid granted and accepted Exemptions and
Freedoms ; therefore, in order that they may not rashly enetr into a dispute with the above
named Directors, about the aforesaid indemnity, they have deemed it necessary and essential
to the despatch of business, first and foremost, to request your High Mightinesses (to whom, by
resolution of the 27"" March last, adopted in the Assembly of the XIX., the differences of parties
on both sides are referred ) to determine the force and tenor of the aforesaid Exemptions ; as
the Pretension and Claim of the Patroons is directed to that and to no other end; in order that
such judgment being delivered, the act being one of wrong and affecting all the Patroons in
common, then the Patroons will have to state their respective losses and damages, and adopt
pertinent conclusion thereon; the rather as, after the rendition of the aforesaid judgment,
they shall have conjointly to determine upon the continuation or abandonment of their Colonies,
and as there is no reason for postponing the said judgment until the decision on the Patroons'
respective losses, which by reason of instruction and the distance of place, will experience
some delay; meanwhile the Patroons, in their view of the aforesaid Exemptions and Freedoms,
remain injured and would be further damaged in their means. The aforesaid Patroons are
content, on the rendition of the above mentioned judgment, respectively to deliver in their
declaration of damages and losses, and to proceed further in the matter, by a certain
reasonable time, to be afterwards fixed by your High Mightinesses, according to the
circumstances of affairs and the distance of places. And for these reasons, rejecting
the dilatory notice of the aforesaid Directors, the abovenamed Patroons respectfully request
your High Mightinesses to be pleased to order the aforesaid Directors to answer, peremptorily,
their aforesaid declaration; and in default thereof, that your High Mightinesses would be
pleased to render your judgment on the articles contained in the aforesaid petition, in such
wise as shall appertain to just equity and right, and to the public service.
Which doing, etc.
(Signed) M. Paauw,
S. Blommaert,
Exhibited 22d June, 1634, and furnished Henrick Hamel,
to opposite party for replication. Kiliaen van Rensselaer.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IL 91
Resolution of the States General postponing a Decision on the preceding Pleadings.
[ From tho Register of Eeaolulioni of the States General, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Saturday, 24th June, 1634.
Folio B29. Being heard, the report of Mess" Huygens and others, their High Mightinesses'
Patroons Planters, deputies, who proceeded, pursuant to resolution, in the case of the Patroons,
planters, of New Netherland against the West India Company. It is after previous
deliberation, resolved and concluded, to postpone this mattter for tveelve days; and parties
shall, in the meanwhile, endeavor to settle their differences by agreement and mutual accord ;
and if not, their High Mightinesses will, at the end of the aforesaid time, have the said
difference decided by their Deputies agreeably to the aforesaid resolution of authority
thereunto granted.
Subjects for the Consideration of the Assembly of the XIX, 1634.
[From the Original in the Royal ArchiTes at the Hague ; File, TTmI Indie. ]
Points of Reference, whereupon all the Chambers of the West India Company
are summoned to Amsterdam on the 31 July, 1634; extracted as far as
relates to the matters of New Netherland. Exhibited 18 July, 1634.
S* Point.
As Ambassador Joachimi hath advised the Company of the claims of Jacob Eelkens, who
sailed from England, amounting to 40 (^ 50 thousand guilders, which he pretends to have lost
in New Netherland, the members will be pleased to come prepared to resolve thereupon,
according as it shall be most advantageous to the Company.
The Assembly of the XIX. to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; File, West Indie.^
To the High and Mighty Lords States General of the United Netherlands.
High and Mighty Lords.
The year 1634 approaches now to a close, and the West India Company hath not, up to the
present time, received the vote of the subsidy demanded by the Council of State, many months
since, for its support for that year.
Notwithstanding the Deputies from the XIX. have, with such great persistence, applied to
your High Mightinesses therefor, from time to time.
92 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
And now clearly made manifest both to your High Mightinesses and to the respective
provinces, that it is impossible for the Company to prosecute any longer the expensive war in
Brazil, much less to accomplish any thing of advantage to this State.
Unless your High Mightinesses continue to afford it liberal assistance, and not only promise
the Company that, but also make them sensible of it.
Meanwhile the Company abates nothing in the advancement of its affairs, but has done
more than was expected from it.
With what difficulty that was effected, your High Mightinesses can sufficiently understand,
by comparing the heavy expenses of the war which it has now waged for so many years, with
the subsidies voted us, and the trifling profits it has derived, up to this time, from the conquests.
What the end of this is to be, we leave your High Mightinesses' prudent wisdom
to consider.
Of this we must, with all submission, warn your High Mightinesses; unless your High
Mightinesses procure a vote of the required subsidies, and move the respective provinces, so
that they will be received more promptly than heretofore, we see no prospect of meeting any
longer the heavy expenses of the war. The great work in Brazil, which is now so far
advanced, that an end to it is, in a manner, perceptible, will be interrupted and perhaps
entirely fail, to the serious disgrace and injury of this State.
Much more ought to have been done than the Company ever wished to solicit from your
High Mightinesses, in order to accomplish an undertaking of such vast importance to the country,
and not only to render that work secure, but to give the King of Spain employment elsewhere
by way of diversion, so as advantageously to execute, meanwhile, the affair in Brazil and to
allow this State to taste the fruits thereof.
We have submitted to your High Mightinesses heretofore, many reasons which ought to
move you hereunto, and could add others, were we not convinced that your High Mightinesses
understand them better, and give them as deliberate consideration as they deserve.
We shall, therefore, not detain your High Mightinesses with a longer deduction, but conclude
this, our remonstrance, with an humble request:
That your High Mightinesses, in consideration of the duties lately and still daily performed
by the Company beyond its ability, and of the benefit this State derived therefrom.
May be pleased so to influence the respective Provinces that, finally, the required vote of
subsidies may be obtained, if not more, at least in the same form as was demanded by the
Council, and the effect thereof be realized as promptly as necessity requires.
So that we may prosecute with renewed courage, and complete, with God's blessing,
successfully our begun work, for the benefit of this State, and the humiliation of the
common enemy.
The Deputies of the XIX. are also instructed to explain to your High Mightinesses, certain
difficulties they experience in New Netherland, from the English ; whereof Mr. Joachimi, your
High Mightinesses' Ambassador, hath advised us.
As the matter consists of a long narrative, and many circumstances, which would detain
your High Mightinesses' Assembly too long, they respectfully request your High Mightinesses
to be pleased to appoint a committee from your midst, to whom we may communicate the
said representation, and submit the means whereby further inconveniences may be avoided.
Which doing, &c.
Exhibited 24 October 1634.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IL 93
Re-solution of the States General on the preceding Memorial.
[ From Ihe Eegiatcr of ReaolutioDS of the States GeDeral, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Tuesday, 24'" October, 1634.
Folio 878. Read the remonstrance of the attending Deputies of the Assembly of the XIX.
WMt India Com- ^j. ^^^ West India Company, lately hoiden at Amsterdam, requesting, for the
reasons therein set forth, that their High Mightinesses would be pleased so to influence
the respective provinces, that the West India Company may finally obtain the desired votes of
Subsidy. subsidy for this current year. 1634, as prayed for by the general petition of the
Council of State, for the behoof of the aforesaid Company, so that the latter may, with renewed
courage, prosecute, and with God's blessing, successfully complete its begun work, to the
advantage of this state, and the humiliation of the general enemy.
Secondly, the above named remonstrants are also instructed to explain to their High
Difficulty with the Mightinesses certain difficulties which manifest themselves in New Netherland
English in New °
Netherland. with the English. Whereupon deliberation being had, it is resolved and
concluded, on the first point, that the respective Deputies going to the provinces, with their
High Mightinesses' credentials, shall also be instructed, as they are hereby directed, to encourage
not only the vote and furnishing of the subsidy for the West India Company'for the current year,
to the amount expressed in the general petition of the Council of State, but also the extinction
of the arrears which the aforesaid Company, by previous votes, and otherwise still owes the
respective provinces, and to withdraw. For that purpose, extracts of said arrearages shall be
handed to the Deputies. And as regard the second point in this case, Messrs. Arnhem,
Herberts, Swartsenburch, Marienburch and Schaffer, are requested and appointed to hear the
explanation of the above named remonstrants, and to report thereupon.
The Assembly of the XIX. to the States General.
[ From the Original In the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; Tile, entitled Weat Indie. ]
To the High and Mighty Lords States General of the United Netherlands.
High and Mighty Lords.
The Deputies of tlie Assembly of the XIX. are instructed to complain to your High
Mightinesses, that one Jacob Jacobsen Elkens, having entered the service of Mr. William
Klobery and his assistants, with the ship, the William, whereof William Trevor was master,
did in the past year 1633,
In the month of April, come to the North River, in New Netherland, [opposite the island] of
the Manhattes, in order to exchange his [merchandise] up that river for peltries and
other [products.]
And that under the feigned pretense that said river and adjacent country were in, and of,
the Domain of his Majesty of Great Britain.
94 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Without, however, holding, as far as is known to us, or being willing to exhibit, when
demanded, by our agents, his Majesty's Instruction or Commission, which he might have for
that purpose.
Nevertheless, it is sufficiently notorious to all the world, and he, Jacob Elkens himself
knows best of all, having been employed, even before the year 1614, in the service of those
who then had your High Mightinesses' grant to trade, exclusively, to that river and the
surrounding places.
That said river and adjacent countries had been discovered in the year 1609, at the cost of
the East India Company, before any Christians had ever been up said river, as Hudson testified,
who was then in the service of said Company, for the purpose of discovering the northwest
passage to China.
And that your High Mightinesses' grant hath conferred, from that time down, on divers
merchants, the exclusive trade in peltries there.
Likewise, that one or more little forts were built, also under your High Mightinesses' chief
jurisdiction, even before the year 1614, and supplied with people for the security of the
said trade ;
Further, that after these countries had passed into the hands of the incorporated West India
Company, not only were the above named forts renewed and enlarged, but said Company
purchased from the Indians, who were the indubitable owners thereof, the Island of the
Manhattes, situate at the entrance of the said river, and there laid the foundation of a city.
As also, not only on that river, but likewise on the South river, and others lying to the east
of the aforesaid North river, divers natives and inhabitants of these countries, by the
assistance of said Company, planted sundry Colonies, for which purpose were also purchased
from the chiefs of the Indians, the lands and soil, with their respective attributes and
jurisdictions.
As is to be seen by divers deeds of conveyance and cession, executed in favor of the
Patroons of the Colonies by the Sachems and Chief Lords of the Indians, and those who had
any thing to say therein.
So that said Company had occupied, settled and cultivated those countries, and carried
on trade there from the commencement of their charter, without any one having justly
[complained] of them for so doing, or endeavored by to destroy their trade, except
some [transported ] landers, and namely: Jacob Elkens, who least of all [should do
so: who] lately by false [representations] sought to persuade his Majesty of Great Britain, that
those countries of New Netherland were a part of his domains in that quarter of North America.
And although our Governor and officers there advised the aforesaid Jacob Elkens, in a
friendly manner, to refrain from trading within their jurisdiction, yet he went, notwithstanding,
higher up the river, and having pitched his tent on the shore, begun to trade with the Indians,
the Company's allies.
So that our officers were obliged, after various negotiations and protests, as more fully may
be seen by the writings and authentic copies thereof existing, to weigh said Elkens' anchor,
and to expel him from said river.
And although the Company hath by such arrival, suffered serious damage, and their trade
has been thereby particularly spoiled.
And injurious seeds of division sown between the Indians and our people, who had previously
lived together in good union.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : 11. 95
And other serious mischiefs have proceeded therefrom, such as killing of men and cattle
Whereof we expect fuller information by the next ship, which is now soon expected.
So that we have great cause of complaint against, and serious losses and damages to claim
from, the employers of this Jacob Elkens, of which, on the contrary, they complain against us,
and pretend their losses are very great.
To escape from, and to avoid these difficulties the better in future, the Deputies of the XIX.
submit to your High Mightinesses' wise consideration.
Whether it would not be best to communicate this matter to the Mr. William Boswel, the
King of Great Britain's agent.
In order to discover means whereby, first, this question, which is reasonable, may, by the
intervention of his Honor on the one side, and Ambassador Joachimi on the other, be settled in a
friendly manner; inasmuch as no suit has, so far as we know, been entered, up to the present
time, against the Company, or complaint been made to his Majesty on the subject.
And, secondly, future mischiefs may be avoided by a proper boundary line between his
Majesty's, and your High Mightinesses', subjects.
Inasmuch as the welfare of both depends on mutual good understanding.
And a contrary course will afford an opportunity, whereby not only the Indians will be
emboldened anew to kill the Christians, as the English heretofore sorely experienced in
Virginia, and to [slaughter] our people for a much slighter [cause], but also the King of Spain
[will be encouraged in his efforts] to rivet his chains [on us], i which otherwise
by degrees from
Exhibited 25"' October, 1634.
Mesolution of the States General on the difficulties with tlie English in New Netherland.
[ From the Register of Resolutions of the States General, in the Royal ArchiTes at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, 25"' October, 1634.
roiio875. Mess" Arnhem and the other, their High Mightinesses' Deputies have reported
that, pursuant to yesterday's resolution, they have heard and considered the state of the
Difflcnity in New ^uestion and difference which arose in New Netherland between the English
Netherland. ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^f ^^^ ^^^^ y^j^j^ Company of these United Netherlands, and
have submitted herewith to their High Mightinesses certain Representation on said question,
communicated by the Directors of the West India Company aforesaid. Whereupon, deliberation
being had, it is resolved and concluded that this State cannot by any means interfere therein,
but leave the aforesaid matter to take its course ; but their High Mightinesses permit the
delegated Directors to speak and confer hereupon, on behalf of the Company in particular,
with Mr. Boswell, the Resident of his Majesty the King of Great Britain.
' The portions of the above within brackets or left blank, are not in the Dutch MS., the original of which is represented
as worn or illegible in those parts — Ed.
96 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
New Project of Freedoms and Exemptions.
[ From the MS., wiihout date, in the Eoyal Arcliives at the Hague ; File, entitled We»t Indit, 1680—1635. ]
Freedoms, Privileges and Exemptions, granted by the High and Mighty Lords
States General, ex plenitudine potes/alis, to all persons of condition, inhabitants
of these countries, to be qualified thereunto by their High Mightinesses, as
Lords and Patroons of New Netherland, for the purpose of planting Colonies
and introducing cattle there, all for the advancement of the Incorporated
West India Company, and for the benefit of the inhabitants of these countries.
Persons admissible thereunto by their High Mightinesses, being inclined to plant Colonies in
New Netherland, shall be permitted to send thither, by all of the West India Company's ships
and yachts going thither, three or four persons, to examine the state of things there, on condition
of paying for board and passage out and home, six stuyvers a day, and those wishing to eat in
the cabin, twelve stuyvers.
2.
And in case of offensive or defensive operations, they must lend assistance the same as others;
and if any of the enemy's ships be captured, they shall also receive their share, pro rata,
according to each person's quality; to wit, those not eating in the cabin the same as seamen,
and those who board in the cabin, a share equal to that of the superior officers, calculated one
with another.
3.
Herein shall be preferred such persons as shall be admitted first on their High Mightinesses'
list.
4.
And for Lords and Patroons of New Netherland shall be acknowledged those who will,
within six years from this time, (exclusive of the year of admission) undertake to plant in
New Netherland a Colonic of forty-eight souls, on pain, in case of palpable neglect, of being
deprived, at their High Mightinesses' discretion, of their acquired Freedoms, Privileges
and Exemptions.
5.
No??-.-^'"'' J» But every one is notified that the Company reserves unto itself the Island of
lUdiciJied must be •' *^ •'
oo'mpany • ''^oth*! Mauhattcs, Fort, Orange, with the lands and islands appertaining thereunto,
omftt«d.""° '"^"''' Slaten Island, the land of Achassemes, Arasick and Hobokina, together with the Colonic
of Swanendale.
6.
And from the very moment that the Lords and Patroons of New Netherland have
designated the places where they wish to plant their Colonies, and have obtained admission
thereto from their High Mightinesses, they shall be preferred before all others, for such lands
as they have selected.
But if they are not afterwards pleased with the places, or be deceived in the selection of
the land, they shall have another opportunity to make a selection.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IL 97
8.
And the Patroons of New Netherland may, by Deputy, at the places where they will plant
their Colonies, extend their limits six miles along the sea coast or on both sides of a navigable
river, and so deep landward in, as the Lords and Patroons shall demand, without any one
approaching within seven or eight miles of them, against their will.
And the first occupants shall not be prejudiced in their acquired right, but forever preserve
the command over such bays, rivers and islands, as they shall have settled.
10.
And in propriety forever and always possess all the land situate within the Patroons' limits,
together with all the fruits, superficies, minerals, rivers and fountains thereof, for them, their
heirs or assigns, with high, middle and low jurisdiction, tenths, fishing, fowling, wind and
[water] mills and all other privileges, preeminences and rights, to be holden as free, allodial
and patrimonial property.
11.
And should the Patroons come to prosper in their Colonies, so far as to be able to found one
or more towns or cities, they shall have authority to appoint officers and magistrates therein;
enact laws and police, and make use of the titles and arms of their Colonies, according to their
will and pleasure.
12.
The Patroons shall have the privilege of using for their own benefit, all adjoining lands,
rivers and forests, until they shall be taken up by other Patroons.
13.
The Patroons shall provisionally furnish proper instructions to their Colonies, in order that
they be ruled and appointed, both in police and justice, conformably to the mode of
government observed here.
14.
And they are empowered to send in the Company's ships, all their people and property
bound thither, on paying for board as is hereinbefore stated in Article 1"; for freight of the
merchandise, 5 per 100 cash on what the said goods have cost in this country; not including
herein, however, cattle and agricultural implements, which the Company shall convey over for
nothing; wherefore they shall reserve the fourth part of all ships and yachts which will sail
thither; but the Patroons shall appropriate such vacant places for their fodder, they providing
every thing necessary for the maintenance of the cattle.
15.
And their High Mightinesses shall take care that a ship or yacht shall sail at least yearly
from Amsterdam to New Netherland, about the month of so that
the Patroons here, and their Colonies in New Netherland, may never be obstructed in the
execution of their good intentions.
Vol. L 13
98 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
16.
The Patroons shall, at all times, be privileged to send their own ships to New Netherland;
and in going and returning, to attack, and conquer, offensively and defensively, the enemies of
this state, and to secure thereby the same right as the Incorporated West India Company enjoys.
17.
The Patroons of New Netherland shall have the privilege of sailing and trading along the
whole coast, from Florida unto Newfoundland, and to all the Wild islands of the West Indies.
18.
The Patroons shall likewise be at liberty, everywhere around the coasts of New Netherland
and the places adjacent thereunto, to trade their acquired goods for all sorts of wares and
merchandises to be had there, without any exception.
19.
On the arrival of such wares here in the ships of the West India Company, there shall be
paid for the freight of each merchantable skin, whether otter or beaver, one guilder; and on
all bulky articles, such as pitch, tar, ashes, timber, grain, fish, salt, rosin or such like, tea
guilders per last (estimated at 4000 lbs.), on condition that the Company's seamen shall be
obliged to wheel and bring the salt on ship board; with this understanding, that the Patroons'
own ships shall be always preferred, and on coming to this country, shall enjoy all such
benefits and Freedoms, as are granted to the Company.
20.
All wares not enumerated in the preceding article, and not being bulky articles (Inst waeren)
shall pay for freight 1 guilder per hundred weight, and wines, brandies, vinegars, verjuice, 10
guilders per barrel.
21.
Their High Mightinesses promise the Patroons not to impose on their Colonies, any Custom,
Toil, Excise, Impost or other tax, but allow them to enjoy such Freedoms and Exemptions as
are granted, or shall hereafter be granted by Charter to the Company.
22.
No person shall be at liberty to take from the service of the Patroons any of their Colonists,
whether man, woman, son, daughter, maid-servant, or man-servant, even though solicited by
the Colonists themselves to receive them (except by written consent of their Patroons), during
the term of years for which they are bound to their Patroons; after the expiration of which
time, the Patroons shall be at liberty to send back to this country the Colonists who leave
their service, and then first discharge them ; and if any Colonist run away to another Patroon,
or resume his freedom contrary to his contract, other Patroons of New Netherland shall be
bound, and do promise their High Mightinesses, to cause him, as far as lies in his power, to
be surrendered into the hands of his Patroon or his Commissary, in order that proceedings
may be instituted against such Colonist, according to circumstances.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: II.
23.
The Patroons discovering shores, bays, or places adapted to Fishing, or the manufacture of
Salt, may take possession of them, and have them worked in perfect property, to the exclusion
of all others.
24.
They shall be privileged, also, to send their ships every v?here to fish, and so to go, with
what has been caught, to all neutrals and friends of this State.
25.
And if any Colonist belonging to a Patroon happen to discover minerals, precious stones,
crystals, marble, pearl fishery or such like, they shall remain the Patroon's property, provided
he allow such discoverer, as a premium therefor, so much as the Patroon shall have stipulated
for that purpose.
26.
Their High Mightinesses, together with the Incorporated West India Company, promise to
assist the Patroons' Colonists against all foreign and domestic wars and violence, with whatever
force they have in, and shall bring to. New Netherland.
27.
The Patroons of New Netherland, shall be bound to purchase from the Lords Sachems in
New Netherland, the soil where they propose to plant their Colonies, and shall acquire such
right thereunto as they will agree for with the said Sachems.
The Patroons shall also particularly exert themselves to find speedy means to maintain a
Clergyman and Schoolmaster, in order that Divine Service and zeal for religion may be planted
in that country ; and send, at first, a Comforter of the sick thither.
29.
The respective Patroons shall be privileged to keep an agent at the Island Manhattes, who
shall attend as a member of Council there, and have seat and vote at all the meetings and
deliberations, in order thereby to be able to promote the necessary protection of the Colonies.
30.
Note. Vagabonds Their High Mightinesses shall exert themselves to provide the Patroons with
five oS^afrnVand in persous bouud to service, who shall be obliged to serve out their bounden time, in
idleness and crime, ' °
are hereby meant, all obedience, for their board and clothing only, which being done, on bringing
to this country a certificate thereof from the Patroons or their Commissaries, such persons
shall be here restored to their former state and freedom.
31.
In like manner, the Incorporated West India Company shall allot to each Patroon twelve
Black men and women out of the prizes in which Negroes shall be found, for the advancement
of the Colonies in New Netherland.
300 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
The Incorporated West India Company undertakes to maintain the fort and stronghold on
the Island of Manhatten, in good defence and garrison, and to allow the Patroons to enjoy
peaceably and quietly these Exemptions, Privileges and Freedoms.
33.
All private and poor people (onvermogen personen) are excluded from these Exemptions
Privileges and Freedoms, and are not alloveed to purchase any lands or grounds from the
Sachems or Indians in New Netherland, but must repair under the jurisdiction of the respective
Lords Patroons.
Thus done and enacted.
/Subject for the Consideration of the Assembly of the XIX. 1636.
[ From the Original in tlie Eoyal Archives at the Hague: File, West Indie. ]
Points of Reference whereupon all the Chambers of the West India Company
are summoned to Amsterdam on the 1" of June, 1636, extracted so far as
relate to the affairs of New Netherland. Exhibited 24"" May, 1636.
7"" Point.
They shall also come prepared to resume and, if necessary, amend the order for the Director
of New Netherland, Curasao, Cape de Verde, Senegal, Gambia, Sierra Leone, the Wild Coast,
Fernando Noroncho and the Colonies planted here and there, and for this purpose each in his
place shall bring with him all books and papers for information thereon.
Resolution of the States General on the Petition of Lubbert Van Dindagen.
[ From the Register of Resolutions of the Slates General, in the Koyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Saturday, 30"' August, 1636.
New Serllid. Read the petition of Lubbert van Dinclagen, fiscal and sheriff of the General
Lubbert van Dincia- Incorporated West India Company, in New Netherland, complaining of the wrong
which, he maintains, has been done him in the service of the aforesaid Company, under the
management of the Chamber residing at Amsterdam. Whereupon deliberation being had, it
is resolved and concluded, that the aforesaid petition, with the papers annexed, be sent to
the Directors in the aforesaid Chamber, in order to afford the petitioner satisfaction; or, in
default thereof, to inform their High Mightinesses of the true circumstances and correct state
of the petitioner's case, in order, on seeing it, that further proceedings be had thereon, as to
the same shall appertain.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IL 101
States General to the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company.
[ From the Minute in Hie Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; File, Weet Indie. ]
To the Directors of the Chamber of the West India Company, at Amsterdam.
The States.
LnbbertTanDinck- ^ou wlU 866 what Lubbert Van Dlncklagen, fiscal and sheriff in New
lagen. Netherland, has represented to, and requested of us, by the accompanying
petition and annexed papers, the original of which we have resolved to send you herewith;
requesting that you will cause satisfaction to be given therein to the petitioner; or, in default
thereof, inform us of the correct circumstances and true state of the petitioner's case; in order,
on seeing it, that further proceedings be had thereon, as to the same shall appertain.
Done 30th August, 163G.
Resolution of the States General on another Petition of Mr. Van Dindagen.
[ From the Kegister of Resolutions of the States General, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Monday, 6th October, 1636.
Folio 774. On the further petition of Lubbertus van Dinclagen, late advocate-fiscal
Dindagen.' ' and sheriff in New Netherland, It is, after previous deliberation, resolved and
concluded that this petition shall be sent to the Chamber of the West India Company, at
Amsterdam, in order that they may reply to the petitioner's foregoing request, within fourteen
days after the receipt of the letter.
States General to the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company.
[From the Minute In the Eoyal Archives at the Hagne ; File, West Indie. ]
The States.
Dlncklagen. You Can 866 from the accompanying petition, which we have resolved to send
you herewith, what Lubertus van Dincklagen, late advocate-fiscal and sheriff, hath further
represented to and requested of us; desiring that you reply within fourteen days after the
receipt hereof, to the petitioner's foregoing petition. Wherein fail not.
Done, 6"- October, 1636.
102 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Resolution of the States General on the Ansioer of the Amsterdam Chamber.
[ From Ihe Kegister of Resolutions of the Slates General, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Monday, 20"' October, 1636.
Foiio8i9. Received a letter from the Directors of the Amsterdam Chamber of the West
West India Com- , , _
pany- India Company, in answer to their High Mightmesses' letter, written in the case
of Lubbertus Van Dinclagen, late fiscal and sheriff in New Netherland. Whereupon
deliberation being had, it is resolved and concluded that the aforesaid letter shall be handed to
party, in order to say what he thinks proper thereupon.
Subject for the Consideration of the Assembly of the XIX. 1636.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal ArchiTes at the Hague. File, West Indie. ]
Points of Reference whereupon all the Chambers of the West India Company
are summoned to Amsterdam for the S"" December, 1636, extracted so far
as relates to the affairs of New Netherland. Received 25 Nov. 1636.
lO"" Point.
They shall also come prepared to resume and amend if necessary, the order on the
management of New Netherland, Cura9ao, Cape de Verd, Senegal, Sierre Leone, the Wild
Coast, Fernando, Noronho, and the Colonies planted here and there. And for this purpose
each, in his place, shall bring all books and papers for information thereon.
Mr. Van Beveren to ihe States General.
[ From the Original in the Royal Archives at the Hague ; File, West Indie. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
My last to your High Mightinesses is of the 27"" March. The letters &c.
I fear the delay in terminating the Treaty with France has caused the granting of a certain
patent to Captain Kercke and his associates : to wit, that his Majesty has given to the aforesaid
Captain and Company a patent or charter for the term of twenty-one years, to equip eight fully
armed ships, to erect some small forts in New England or Newfoundland, and to become master
of the fishery of Newfoundland, New France and Virginia, and not to suffer any nation to
come and fish there, except under his license and tribute, where notwithstanding the French
from all remote time have fished and carried on a good trade. Your High Mightinesses can
enquire if any of your subjects are in the habit of going thither with the same design. I have,
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IL 103
in accordance with my duty advised the French Ambassador hereof, and also assured him that
the aforesaid charter was passed.
A certain Italian nobleman, etc.
(Signed) C. Van Beveren.
London, 3"* April, 1637.
Resolution of the States General on a further Petition of Mr. Van DincMagen.
[ From the Ecgister of Eesolulions of the Stales General, In the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, the 30"' April 1637.
Folio 272. The further petition of LubbertVan Dincklagen, late fiscal of New Netherland
Kecommendation.' being again read to the Assembly, It is, after previous deliberation resolved and
concluded that the Assembly of the XIX. of the West India Company be seriously written to,
to satisfy the Petitioner. And their High Mightinesses' deputies, going to the aforesaid
Assembly, are requested to second their High Mightinesses' good disposition and intention
herein with hearty zeal and earnestness.
States General to the Assembly of the XIX.
[ From the Minute In the Eoyal ArchiTes at the Hague ; File, Went Indie.]
To the Assembly of the XIX. of the West India Company ; the SO"" April, 1637.
The States.
LubbertvanDinck- ^^ wrote you at three different times last year, 1636, to pay to Lubbert Van
lagen. Dincklageu his three years salary, as Fiscal of New Netherland, with the costs
thereon, or in case of refusal to show cause to the contrary. We have since received your
letter, written there the 10"" October, in the aforesaid year, 1636, which, after previous reading
and examination, we placed in the hands of the above named Dincklagen, to make his
observations thereupon, and he, Dincklagen, hath represented to us this day, by petition, that
he, having examined your letter, finds that it states:
First, that he, the petitioner, returned from New Netherland uncalled for and without orders.
Secondly, that on demanding his earned monthly wages, the Commissioners of New
Netherland, who had previously thoroughly informed themselves of, and examined all the
documents, allowed him all such sums of money as were afterwards tendered to him, without
making any computation of the amount.
Thirdly, that he, the petitioner, complaining to you, several persons were appointed from
your body with the ordinary Commissioners, to review the whole matter, which was done in
the presence of Mr. Garrard Van Arnhem, Lord of Zeventer, and that the said Mr. Arnhem,
104 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
had informed the ordinary Commissioners, that in his opinion, he, the petitioner, had been
more than satisfied by the allowance of the aforesaid small sum of money.
To which three points, he, the petitioner, makes answer, by the aforesaid petition.
First, that he did not return home without orders, or unrecalled ; but that he considers
the forcible opposition in his office in New Netherland, his illegal removal from his said office,
and other unbecoming proceedings of Wouter Van Tweyler, Director in New Netherland?
together with his command and order to betake himself to Fatherland, as the aforesaid
Dincklagen can prove, to be a recall and order to return home, as indeed it is.
Secondly, that the sum tendered to him is no more than nine months of what is due him.
Thirdly, that neither examination, nor revision, much less reconsideration of the matter has
been made by the Commissioners, but on the contrary, that the petitioner's vouchers and
papers were rejected, and not considered worthy either of perusal or examination by them.
Wherefore, we having further examined the petitioner's case, find the same to be just, and
therefore cannot and ought not omit hereby officially and earnestly to request, desire, and to
exhort you once more for the third time, to cause, and let satisfaction be made him, after such
long unfounded delays and postponements; and shall confidently rely on you no longer
remaining in default herein, so that we may hereafter be freed and relieved from the petitioner's
troublesome, but well founded, solicitations. And with this view, we have requested Messrs.,
our deputies, who are to go and preside over your present Assembly, in our behalf, earnestly
to recommend and urge this matter on you, so that the Petitioner be deprived of cause
of complaint. Done XXX"" April, 1637.
Resolution of the States General to commission Willem Kieft, Director of New
Netherland.
[ From the Register of Eesolutloiis of the States Geoeral, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, 2" September, 1637.
Folio 433. Director Elias de Raet appeared in the Assembly, with credentials from the
Directors of the West India [Company] Chamber at Amsterdam, of the first instant, and
WiiiiimKiefi. prayed their High Mightinesses that Commission do issue, and the oath be
New Netherland. entered of WiLLEM KiEFT, to go in the stead of Wouter Van Twyler, as Director
of New Netherland. Which being granted by their High Mightinesses, the aforesaid
Commission is ordered to be issued, and the aforesaid Willem Kieft was thereupon sworn.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IL 105
Subject for Consideration by the A-s-semhly of the XIX. 1638.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal Archives at the Ilagae ; File, TFes* Indi«. 1
Points of Reference on which all the Chambers of the West India Company are
summoned to Middelburg for the 25"" January, 1638; extracted so far as
relates to the affairs of New Netherland. Received 19 January, 1638.
17"" Point.
They shall come also prepared to consider, and, if necessary, to improve the management of
New Netherland, Curasao, Cape de Verd, Senegal, Sierre Leone, the Wild Coast, Fernando,
Noronha, and tlie Colonies planted here and there ; and with this view, each in his place will
bring all books and papers for information thereon.
Resolution of the States General directing a Register of West India Affairs to be hept.
[ From the Eeglet«r of the West India Affairs, 1633—1651, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Friday, 16 April, 1638.
Folio 1. After deliberation, it is resolved and concluded, that henceforth all resolutions,
letters or other writings, relating to the East India Company and also to the West India
Company, shall be entered and arranged in a book apart from the others.
Resolution of the States General on a Project for Colonizing Neio Netherland.
[ From the Eegistor of the West India Affairs, 163S— 1651, in the Koyal Archives at the Hague.]
Saturday, l?"- April, 1638.
Folio 1. Read in the Assembly a certain remonstrance, presented to their High
Partners and stoct- •' '
holders. Mightinesses in the name and on the behalf of divers partners and stockholders of
NeSLd." ^^^ the West India Company ; also was exhibited, in addition, a certain Project
regarding the planting of Colonies in New Netherland. Whereupon deliberation being had,
it is resolved and concluded, that the aforesaid Remonstrance and Project be placed in
the hands of their High Mightinesses' Deputies to the present Assembly of the XIX., here at the
Hague, to be by them communicated to that Assembly, and further to manage and direct
the affair there, so that proper resolution maybe taken thereupon, one way or the other, before the
Assembly of the XIX. adjourn.
Vol. I. 14
106 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Hesolution of the States General urging the Colonization of Neio Netherland.
I From the Register of the West India AITairs, 16:38-1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ]
Monday, 2G April, 1638.
Folio 1. Whereas their Hifih Mightinesses learn that a sufficient number of good and
Divine Worship in . , , , , , t-. i ■ i i i- i t i
Brazil. pious clergymen have not been sent to L-xbor at Brazil in the harvest ot the Lord ;
di3dpiinr " *° also that church discipline has not been duly introduced, much less practiced
^outh^""" "' ""^ there, nor even order taken for the establishment of schools for the education of
the rising youth, that they may be brought up in religion and piet)'.
Colonies in New Secondly, their High Mightinesses receive additional information that the
Netherland. •' ' o o
Population. population in New Netherland does not only not increase as it ought, but even
that the population which had been commenced is decreasing, and appears to be neglected by
the West India Company, so that the inhabitants of foreign princes and potentates, are
endeavoring to incorporate New Netherland, and if not seasonably attended to, will at once
entirely overrun it.
Therefore their High Mightinesses, after previous deliberation, have resolved and concluded
on the first point, hereby to instruct and authorize their deputies to the Assembly of the XIX.,
that in conjunction with the present delegates from the respective Chambers to said Assembly,
they assist in making and enacting such order, that Divine Worship in Brazil be duly attended
to, church ordinance and discipline introduced and practiced, and the rising youth educated
and brought up in the fear of the Lord and in the Christian Reformed religion.
On the second point, their High Mightinesses have resolved and concluded, that before
the present delegates from the respective Chambers to the aforesaid present Assembly of the
XIX. adjourn, their High Mightinesses' deputies shall assist in making and enacting such
effectual order regarding the population of New Netherland, and thereunto invite all good
inhabitants of these Netherlands by such inducements and pre-eminences as, with the
approbation of their High Mightinesses, they shall resolve to offer to all colonists, so that this
State may not be deprived of the aforesaid New Netherland, by any indirect underhand dealing
of some inhabitants of this country, and the intrusion and invasion of those of foreign princes
and potentates.
Report on the Condition of the Colony of New Netherland, in 1638.
[ From the Original in the Koj-al A rchives at the Hague : Loketkas of the Stales General ; Division, Vest Indische Oompagnie, No. 8. ]
leV^he^Aw^mbiy Whcreas the Lords States General obtain unreliable information on the
h^beenVevS? affairs of New Netherland; that it is retrograding more and more, to the injury
afore Jfd'to'ihe DiS of thls State and its inhabitants, it is demanded:
paties Noortwvfe
Uuyst van Voor
hout, Tienhovei
and &warzenberg.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IL 107
Their High Mightinesses granted, Anno 1614, to Jonas Witzen and Tweenhuyzen, by special
charter, and on the expiration tliereof to the West India Company from Virginia to wit, from
Ci9apoa,' along the sea coast to Newfoundland.
2. Are these limits still in the possession, at the present time, of the West India
Company, and the inliabitants of this country?
We occupy Mauritius or the North River; where there are two forts, Orange and Amsterdam ;
and there is, moreover, one House ^ built by the Company, and that is the most of the population.
3. If not, what nations have seized them; and by what right and under what pretext?
The right, is that of the strongest.
The English extend from the northeast of New England unto the Fresh River.
4. Can the Company retain the remaining territory; and by what means?
If there be people, the remainder can be maintained; from the North river, men can go into
the interior as far as they please.
5. What Christian nations are neighbors, above and below?
The English enclose us from Virginia unto New England; and as much farther as our's
have been.
6. Has the Company realized profit or loss, since the planting of New Netherland?
Loss. But it could afford profit, principally from grain.
7. And in case of loss, and tlieir High Mightinesses consider it advantageous to
preserve the limits of New Netherland, and to establish the population on a better
and surer footing —
The Company cannot people it; because the Company cannot agree among themselves; but
a plan of throwing it open, must be considered.
8. Whether it would not, therefore, be expedient to place the district of New
Netherland at the disposal of the States General?
They have no intention so to do; unless they derived profit by it.
But they hope, now that they have taken some order about Brazil, that it will prove a source
of profit in time.
They propose to surrender the trade with the Indians, or something else. Nothing comes
from NeVY Netherland but beaver skins, mincks, and other furs; considerable grain could be
raised there in course of time.
Note. Tlie questions in the above paper were propounded by the States General, and the answers are by Mr. Rutger
Huygens who, with seven other gentlemen, was appointed by the States General, on the 23d of February, 1638, to preside at
the Assembly of the XIX. of the West India Company, at the Hague.
" Chesapeake. " Meaning, probably, the House of Good Hope, on the Connecticut River; now, Hartford. — Ed.
108 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Mr. Joacliimi to the States General.
[ From tie Original in the Royal ArcliiTes at (he Ilagae ; File, Engdand. ]
High and Mighty Lords!
My Lords !
Your High Mightinesses will see, by the accompanying papers, the resolution of the Lords
of the King's Council on my application to his Majesty respecting letters of reprisal granted to
George Henley and his associates, also to Polhil, and regarding that of the intercourse. I have
added thereunto copy of the answer of the Committee of the council of the ix March 1635. (that
is, of the xix March 1636, new style) quoted by their Lordships in this resolution of the xxv
April 1638, English style. I objected to the aforesaid answer before I went in the year 1636 to
Netherland. On the xviii"" instant, I was told that vessels lay in the river ready to proceed
to sea with letters of reprisal. On which advice I, the next day, requested audience of the
King, and this being granted me on Thursday the xx"", I reminded his Majesty that last April
I had spoken to him, and submitted divers reasons in opposition to the abovementioned
reprisals, and that I had received a favorable answer. I further stated that the matter was
afterwards brought before the Lords of the Council, and that it has come to my knowledge
that ships are ready to proceed to sea, to put the aforesaid letters into execution, without
further answer having been communicated to me. Fori had not seen the aforesaid resolution,
though I knew its contents. And whereas your High Mightinesses' affairs would be incommoded
by the execution thereof; friends scandalized, and the enemy be furnished with cause to rejoice.
I prayed his majesty to order the letters to be annulled, and to consider whether the execution
thereof would not be prejudicial to the affairs of the Elector Count Palatine. His Majesty
immediately said, that he should have their execution stopped ; and as I urged him thereto, he
added, that he would not allow the letters to be put in force without my being informed of the
fact. As soon as I had taken my departure, the King spoke to Secretary Coke who was in the
closet, and on next day, it being Whitsuntide, proceeded to the country, where I have waited
on him and understood that he hath given orders to have the ships detained. I respectfully
pray your High Mightinesses not to delay any longer your deliberations on the aforesaid matter,
and to be pleased to communicate to me your resolutions thereupon. It is now reported here,
that Polhil hath long since had two ships at sea to execute his letters of reprisal. It is to be
observed on this point, as well as on the reasons on which the Lords of the Council seem to
found their resolution : —
That in the year 1633, William Clobery, David Morehead and John de la Barre cohiplained,
that they were injured by some Dutchmen resident in New Netherland, who had obstructed
them in their trade in those parts, as they represented. The aforesaid persons have demeaned
themselves to this time very discreetly, and would not have voluntarily brought their complaints
into court. In the following year, 1634, I wrote, and sent the depositions on this subject, to
your High Mightinesses, as your High Mightinesses will please to observe by the copy of my
letter accompanying this. For a good while I have not heard of this matter, and thought that
it was abandoned or had died. On the xiii"" instant, two of the aforesaid persons came to me,
and inquired what had they to expect in their case. From their language, I could infer that
they had spoken with some Lords of Council. More than one suit will arise out of this, if the
matter be not arranged.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IL 109
The Irish Officer, whose house has been hired by Captain Jan Reierssen, has not come near
me any more, since I wrote to your High Mightinesses. If he be in Holland and receive no
satisfaction there, it will be very requisite to send over well verified excuses, or he will be
able to obtain letters of reprisal with very little trouble.
In my last of the xii instant, I wrote that a certain Judge had distinctly advised that, under
present circumstances, the ship money may not be levied off the inhabitants of England,
without consent of Parliament. It is since rumored, that a Divine, who hath a good prebend
and visits the house of one of the aristocracy, had intruded into a chamber at Westminster
where the Judges sat; among the rest Into his whose advice is mentioned above. And the
aforesaid Divine there told the said Judge openly, that he had committed high treason. I
have not since heard whether he hath made public in what the Judge's guilt consisted. The
aforesaid Divine was thereupon arrested. A lord of the Council told me on the xx"" of this
month, that the Scotch Lords, mentioned in a previous letter, have gone to Scotland with some
Bishops, except the Marquess of Hamilton,^ who has remained here on account of the sickness of
his wife, who died on the above mentioned day. The duchess of Chevreuse is still at Court,
whither she was brought at the King's expense. The Landgrave John of Darmstadt, as I
have it from source certain, has had no business here ; he came hither, fearing that an effort
would be made to use him against the Duke of Wymar, his father fvetier), whom he respects.
The Heer Roo^ proceeded hence to Gravesend on Friday, on his way to Hamburgh, and Sir
Richard Keeff to Holland, with money, cannon, and munition of war for the Elector Count
Palatine. Said Roo told me that he is well assured of the good intention of the King, his
master, and that he hopes to make quick business if the other ambassadors are as willing and as
fully authorized as he. There is not so much opposition here to the double toll or custom
which the King of Denmark exacts in the Sound from those who frequent the Bailie, as to the
toll on the Elbe at Glukstad. Of the first it is said, the King hath incurred expense, and that
it is levied only once ; and of the toll on the Elbe, that it is not reasonable that the aforesaid
King, because he hath built a town or. city, should shut up a free river, contrary to the
constitutions of the Kingdom. From intercepted letters here, it is understood that Gallas hath
instructions to occupy the forts he can take between the Weser and the Rhine, with a view
to cut your High Mightinesses off' from Germany. The Spanish ambassador took his leave of
the King to day. The Envoy from Morocco left London on Thursday last. The Lord High
Admiral of England is very sick ; the virtuous wish he may recover.
Herewith will this end and, after my humble salutations to your High Mightinesses, I
pray God
High and Mighty Lords, that He may bless your High Mightinesses' deliberations and
government.
Your Migh Mightinesses'
Most obedient servant
London, the xxii"" May, 163S. (Signed) Alb. Joachixmi
Received, 14"" June, 1638. 1638.
'James, 3d Marquess, and IstDuke, of Hamilton, and 5th Earl of Arran, K. G., was born in 1606 and succeeded to the
title in 1623. He was created a Duke in 1643, and in 1648, had the command of an army that was raised and marched into
England for the relief of Charles I., but was defeated at Preston, when his Grace was taken prisoner. He was beheaded on
the 9th March, 1649, a few weeks after his Royal Master had suffered the same fate, and died with undaunted courage. — Ed.
'Sir Thomas Roe.
110 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Suhject of lieference for the Assembly of the XIX. 1638.
[ From the Original in Ihe Royal Archives at the Hague ; File, West Itidie. ]
Points of Reference on which all the Chambers of the West India Company are
summoned to Middelburg for the 5"" July 1638 ; extracted so far as they
relate to the a'fTairs of New Netherland. Exhibited 12"" June, 1638.
IS'h Point.
They shall come also prepared to consider, resume and if necessary improve the direction of
New Netherland, Curasao, Cape de Verd, Senegal, Sierra Leone, the Wild Coast, Fernando,
Noronho, and Colonies planted here and there. And for this purpose bring along all books
and papers for information therein.
Proposed Articles for the Colonization and Trade of Netv Netherland.
[ From the Original in the Royal Archives, at the Hague ; File, West Indie. ]
Exhibited 30"" August 1638. Articles and Conditions drawn up and
Report 2 Septemb'' 163S. published by the Chamber of Amsterdam, with
the approbation of their High Mightinesses,
Referred to Mess" Arnhem Noortuyn, the States General of the United Netherlands,
Noortwyck, Vosbergen, Weede, Priussen, in conformity to the authority of the XIX ; on
Donkel and Coenders, to view, examine and which the respective Lands and Places in and
report hereon. Their High Mightinesses' around New Netherland shall, from now
deputies shall be empowered to proceed henceforward, be traded to, frequented and
forthwith. Done SO"" August 1638. settled, according to such form of government
Signed, Corn^ Musch 1638. and police as may at present, or shall hereafter,
be established there by the Company or its
agents.
1. The Company hereby retains to itself, and to such officers to whom it shall commit the
execution thereof, all high and low jurisdiction, together with the exercise of this and other
appendages of public affairs ; in order that its Governors, officers and all others employed by it,
may administer, regulate, manage and execute the same, under their High Mightinesses,
according to the instructions to be given thereon from time to time, without it being permitted
to any to oppose them directly or indirectly, on pain of correction according to circumstances,
as violaters and disturbers of the public peace.
2. And inasmuch as it is of the highest importance, that, in the Crst commencement and
settlement of this population, proper arrangement be made for Divine worship, according to
the practice established by the government of this country. Religion shall be taught and
preached there according to the Confession and formularies of union here publicly accepted in
the respective churches, with which everyone shall be satisfied and content, without, however,
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IL 111
it being inferred from this, that any person shall be hereby in any wise constrained or aggrieved
in his conscience, but every man shall be free to live up to his own in peace and decorum ;
provided he avoid frequenting any forbidden assemblies or conventicles, much less collect or get
up any such ; and further abstain from all public scandals and offences, which the magistrate is
charged to prevent by all fitting reproofs and admonitions, and if necessary, to advise the
Company, from time to time, of what may occur there herein, so that confusions and
misunderstandings may be timely obviated and prevented.
3. The Company shall make arrangements through their agents, that all forts, strongholds,
and public places which have been, or may be hereafter, built there, shall be properly
maintained, preserved and improved to the best advantage of the commonalty, and that the
general assessment to be paid for the erection and construction thereof, shall be levied and
collected with the least inconvenience to the respective inhabitants, without it being in the
power of the Director or his Council, to levy any tax before the Company be advised thereof,
and its consent be obtained. Which assessment shall remain specially affected to such
works and charges, for the maintenance whereof, they were at the commencement voted
and granted.
4. And in order that greater attention be paid to the cultivation and settlement of those
countries, and that no one be excluded, by private possession and occupation, from the use of
the public waters, creeks, bays and rivers, and from appropriating any islands, sandspits and
dry marshes therein situate; all these shall belong first to the Company, which promises to
make such arrangements, through the Director and Council there, touching the use thereofi
that all the inhabitants of those parts shall derive therefrom the greatest possible profit and
advantage, unless the Company may, by actual experience, deem it advisable to make other
disposition therein, which resolution and disposition every one shall be bound to observe,
without any trouble or opposition. And if, however, any one happen to contravene the same,
he shall be corrected and brought to his duty by public authority.
5. Equal justice shall be administered, in all civil and criminal matters, to all inhabitants
and others who frequent that country, according to the form of procedure, and the laws and
customs already made, or to be hereafter enacted. Expressly charging every officer to
contribute actively and firmly hereunto in his station, as far as needs may be ; and that without
any regard of person or persons, even though the matter be such as to concern the Company
itself particularly; in which case the judges shall be specially bound to declare on oath, that
they will not follow any other order or law, than such as all private persons are obliged to
obey and respect.
6. And whereas all the population cannot be settled on one place, but must be disposed
according to the inclination of those going thither, and the circumstances of affairs there, each
inhabitant shall be bound willingly to accept, and honestly and faithfully to discharge at his
place of residence, according to his oath and troth and the instructions given concerning the
same, all public burthens and duties, such as the office of magistrate and those of honor or
authority; also, those in any way relating to works of piety, such as churches, without claiming
any recompense or reward for so doing. But such charges and offices as are burdensome, and
demand the occupation of the whole of a person's time, shall be remunerated at the discretion
112 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
of the Director and his Council, on condition of giving the Company notification thereof, and
obtaining its approbation therefor.
7. No public servants, whether Director, councillors, military commanders, commissaries,
skippers, nor any others in the receipt of ordinary wages from the Company, shall, unless
permitted so to do, be at liberty to carry on any trade either for themselves, or as factors, or on
commission for others, much less undertake any farms or bouweries ; but be content with
their ordinary wages. And if they happen to transgress herein, they shall immediately be
deprived of such offices and qualities as they may be invested with, and forfeit, moreover, their
earned monthly wages and any purchased lands and goods which may be discovered contrary
to this article in their possession, or the value thereof, should they have traded or conveyed
those away; and the respective officers and justices are commanded to enforce the execution
hereof, without any connivance.
8. Each householder and inhabitant shall bear such tax and public charge as shall hereafter
be considered proper for the maintenance of Clergymen, comforters of the sick, schoolmasters
and such like necessary officers; and the Director and Council there shall be written to
touching the form hereof, in order, on receiving further information hereupon, it be rendered
the least onerous and vexatious.
9. The inhabitants shall be at liberty to build there for themselves, or for such others as
shall instruct or commission them thereunto, all descriptions of craft, either large or small,
and with such vessels and no others, ascend and descend all rivers, and prosecute their
their lawful trade and barter, as well as trade therewith along the entire coast, from Florida to
Newfoundland. And in case they happen, in the course of such voyage, to take any of the
enemy's ships, they shall bring such to the place of residence of the Director there, to be by him
either distributed, or sent hither; one-third part for the benefit of the Company, and two-thirds
for the captor, provided, if the prize come over here, the proper share for the Company shall
be first deducted.
10. And should any wares or merchandises from any neighboring place there, or from any
other kingdom or country, be landed from any foreign ships on the coast of New Netherland
and places circumjacent thereto, within the limits of our Charter and the Company's
possessions, the said goods shall not be opened nor unloaded until they are duly entered, and
the duties thereon paid; which, in consequence of the heavy expenses and charges the
Company has to meet, and the great burdens lying on the inhabitants of this state, shall be
reckoned at fifteen per cent on the estimated value of the said goods there; and thirty per cent
on whatever shall be exported in said foreign vessels.
11. The Company will take under its protection and safeguard, all those who resort to, or
inhabit, said countries under the obedience of their High Mightinesses, the Lords States
General; defend them against all assaults or attacks, coming either from within or without,
with such force as it may at present have, or hereafter send, there: provided that every one, be
he trader or inhabitant, who happens to be there, freely consent to be employed with others
on such occasion for self defence, under command of the respective officers; and to this end,
shall every male emigrant take with him, at his own cost, a musket and side arms, and be
enrolled, in case of apparent danger, into companies or squads.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IL 113
12. In case any person shall discover or find any minerals, vviietlier gold, silver or base
metals, precious stones, crystals, marble, or such like, they shall, if discovered on the finder's
own land, remain his property, on returning, after five years, one-fifth part of the proceeds,
without deducting any of the expenses; and that, before such minerals or beforementioned
specie shall profit him, or be removed from the place where they may be found; but for such
as may be discovered on another man's property, or in the Company's domain, or on
unappropriated land, the finder shall be rewarded according to the discretion of the Director
and Council, unless they agree among themselves in a friendly manner; which agreement
thus made, shall be observed.
13. In addition to these general Articles, another shall be introduced, to obey and respect
such instructions, manifestoes and commands as have already been, or shall hereafter be
issued, with the approbation of their High Mightinesses, relative to the settlement of the lands
and trade of the country.
West I.ndia Co.mpaxy.
Whereas the Directors of the Incorporated West India Company, Chamber at Amsterdam,
are authorized by resolution of the XIX., to promote and improve the trade and population of
New Netherland; they, therefore, with the approbation of their High Mightinesses, hereby
make known to all and every the inhabitants of this state, or its allies and friends, who may
be disposed to take up and cultivate any lands there, and to make use, for that purpose, of the
harbors of these countries, that they may, henceforth, convey thither in the Company's ships,
such cattle, merchandise and property as they siiall deem advisable; and receive the returns
they or their agents may obtain therefor in those parts; on condition that all the goods
shall first be brought to the Company's store, so as to be put on ship board all at once, in the
best manner, on payment of the following duties and freights; and the Directors will take
care that they shall be sent thither by the safest conveyance: —
On all merchandises going thither, there shall be paid to the Company here, a duty of ten
per cent in money, proportionably to their value; and on those coming thence hither, fifteen
per cent there, in kind or money, at the choice of the Company or its agent; eighty-five
remaining for the owner. And if any one happen to commit an error, in the valuation of his
goods, the Company shall be at liberty to take such goods, paying one-sixth more than they
are entered at; but all concealed and smuggled goods, either in this country or that, which
may be discovered to have been brought on board the Company's ships, by secret plans or
other cunning contrivances, shall be immediately forfeited and confiscated to the profit of the
said Company, without any right of action accruing thereby. For the freight of cattle and
goods, which will be sent hence there, or thence here, the owners or factors, at the respective
places of loading, shall agree with the Company or their agents, according to the value and
condition thereof, until a final arrangement and plan be established; and the freight must be
paid in money, at the place of unloading; and no person shall be permitted to touch or remove
them, before he makes it appear that both the duties and the freight are fully paid. And one
per cent additional for every month that they remain after being discharged, in the Company's
stores; for all which the aforesaid cattle and goods shall be summarily taken in execution, or
the owners personally spoken to, according to the choice of the Directors or their agents.
Vol. T. 1 -3
114 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
And whereas it is the Company's intention to cause those countries to be peopled and
brought into cultivation more and more, the Director and Council there shall be instructed to
accommodate every one, according to his condition and means, with as much land as he can
properly cultivate, either by himself or with his family. Which land, thus conceded to any
person in the name of the Company, shall remain the property of him, his heirs or assigns,
provided he shall pay to the Company, after it has been pastured or cultivated four years, the
lawful tenths of all fruits, grain, seed, tobacco, cotton and such like, as well as of the increase
of all sorts of cattle; of which property a proper deed shall be given, on condition that he
truly undertake the cultivation or pasture thereof. Failing therein, he shall incur, in addition
to the loss of such land, such penalties and fines as shall be rautually agreed on at the time
of the grant. To which penalties and fines his successors and assigns shall be also bound.
And in order to obviate all confusion and lasses, which have formerly arisen therefrom and are
hereafter to be expected in a still graver degree, no one shall henceforward be allowed to
possess or hold any lands or houses in those parts, that have not previously come through
the hands of the Company.
The Company, subject to the High and Mighty Lords States General, shall take care that
the places and countries there shall be maintained in peace and quietness, in proper police and
justice, under its ministers or their deputies, conformably to the regulations and instructions
thereupon already established and issued, or to be hereafter enacted and given, upon a knowledge
and experience of affairs.
All those who will be inclined to go thither, to inhabit the country or to trade, shall severally
declare under their signatures, that they will voluntarily submit to these regulations, and to
the orders of the Company, and shall allow all questions and differences there arising to be
decided by the ordinary courts of justice, which shall be established in that country, and freely
suffer there the execution of the sentences and verdicts, w'itliout any further opposition. And
shall pay, for passage and board in the state room, one guilder, in the cabin (huttc), twelve
stivers, and between decks eight stivers, per diem.
Resolution of the States General, referring the preceding Articles to a Committee.
[ From the Eegister of West India Affairs, 163S— 1651, in llie Eoyal Archives at tlie Hague. ]
Monday, 30"" August, 1638.
aienr (Ui^iuli. Sicur Johan de Laet having presented and exhibited to the Assembly of their
High Mightinesses the Articles and Conditions drawn up for their High Mightinesses'
New Netheriand. approbation, whcreupoH the respective places and countries in and around New
Netherland are, from now henceforth, to be traded to, frequented and settled. It is, after
previous deliberation, resolved and concluded that the aforesaid Articles and Conditions be
placed in the hands of Mess" Arnhem, Noortwyck, Vosbergen, Weede, Pruyssen, Donckel and
Conders, to view and examine them and to report. The said Deputies of their High
Mightinesses may proceed forthwith thereupon.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: II. 115
Re-solution of the States General^ on the precedbig Articles and Conditions.
[ From the Register of West India affairs, 163S— 1651, in the Koyal Archives at the Hague.]
Thursday, 2 September, 1638.
Foiio 9. Heard the report of Mess" Arnhem, Noortwyck, Vosbergen, Weede, Donckel
and Conders ( M"' Pruyssen having gone away) who, pursuant to their High Mightinesses'
Conditions and Ar- resolution of the SO"" of August last, viewed and examined the Articles and
tides, according to
which New Nether- Conditions agreed to by the Amsterdam Chamber, with the approbation of their
land IS to be resort- o j ' r r
®^"'- High Mightinesses, according to which the respective countries and places in New
Netherland and its circumjacents should henceforth be traded to, frequented and inhabited.
Also is submitted and exhibited to the Assembly another New Project,' likewise proposed on
the aforesaid subject. Which being taken into deliberation, their High Mightinesses have
resolved and concluded to hereby declare that the aforesaid Articles, drawn up by the Amsterdam
Chamber, are, in their present form, not adapted to the service and promotion of the Colonies
of New Netherland ; and their High Mightinesses, therefore, resolved that the said drafted
Articles and Conditions be again returned to Sieur Johan de Laet, Director of the West India
Company, to which is to be adjoined the aforesaid New Project, to be communicated to the
Chamber of the West India Company at Amsterdam, and to tell it, on the part of their High
Mightinesses, to send some deputies hither by Monday next, the vi"" instant, in order that the
entire case of New Netherland may be further viewed and examined with their High
Mightinesses' former deputies ; their joint considerations on the aforesaid subject then to be
laid before their High Mightinesses' Assembly, to the end that such resolutions on the planting
of Colonies and stocking Cattle in New Netherland, may be adopted as shall be found to be
most for the service of this State and the advantage of the Company.
Subject for the Consideration of the Assembly of the XIX., 1638.
[ From the Original In the Royal Archives at the Hague. File Witt Indie. ]
Points of Reference, whereon all the Chamber of the West India Company are
summoned to Middleburg for the S?"" September, 1638 ; extracted so far as
relate to the affairs of New Netherland. Exhibited, g"" September, 1638.
17"> Point.
They shall come prepared to attend to, resume, and if necessary amend, the management of
New Netherland, Curasao, Cape de Verd, Senegal, Sierra Leone, the Wild Coast, Fernando
Noronho, and Colonies planted here and there, and for that purpose, bring with them all books
and papers for information.
' See supra, p 90. — Ed.
IIG NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Resolution of the States General, to ixiy Kiliaea Van liensselaer his Accoxmt.
[ From the Register of ResolutionB of the States General, remaining in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Friday, 28"" January, 1639.
Foi. 2s. Presented and read to the Assembly the account of Kiliaen Van Renselaer and
cienck, George Everard Klenck, ordered by their High Mightinesses in February, 1637,
to come hither, amounting to forty-three guilders and four stivers. After previous deliberation,
it is resolved and concluded that an order for the aforesaid sura shall be issued on the
above accoupt,
Directors of the Enchhuyzen Chamber of the West India Company to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Royal Archives at the Hague ; File, Wist Indie. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
Your High Mightinesses' letter, dated 31" December, 1638, with the annexed memorial of
the Hon^'''= M'^ Spieringh, Resident of the Crown of Sweden, was handed to us on the 13""
instant, but the previous one, dated 25"' October, has not been received. As soon as we had
seen the tenor of your High Mightinesses' said letter, we were prepared to obey your High
Mightinesses' order and command, and with that view, sent an express immediately to
Medenblick, which brings us the following information :
That on the arrival of the ship there, our brother Director, wishing to attend to, and take
care of, the import duty, granted and conveyed by your High Mightinesses to the Company,
sent for the skipper of that ship; in whose absence the pilot appeared, and being asked. Where
he came from and what his freight was? answered. From the West Indies, and the cargo,
tobacco. Being further asked, respecting the quantity thereof, said thereunto, that he was not
obliged to give that information, as he did not know who made the inquiry. The quality of
our confrere being made known to hini; he persisted in his previous answer, adding, I am no
skipper, and the ship is going home to Sweden, and had her Majesty's letters; which being
demanded, were refused to be shown. Whereupon, the pilot having departed, he returned
shortly after, saying, Our skipper has just arrived. Which skipper being sent for, he answered.
Whoever wants to speak with, or has any thing to say to me, may come to me; so that the
Director had the said skipper summoned by the city marshal to produce his commission ; this,
however, he would not do, but again answered as above. Such being the case, the ship was
placed under arrest. Notice having been given us thereof, we immediately sent one of our
Chamber thither, who, with the Director at Medenblik, spoken to the skipper. He then
exhibited his commission from the Crown of Sweden. This done, the arrest was at once
removed and he was allowed to depart with the ship, as soon as he pleased ; whereupon, he
took his departure without any discontent or verbal protest. This, High and Mighty Lords, is
the true state and circumstances of the case regarding the above mentioned ship; whereby your
High Mightinesses can perceive how honestly every thing was transacted, doubting not but,
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IL 117
after this information, all cause of dissatisfaction will be removed from the Hon'''* Resident's
mind ; which you, High and Mighty Lords, will please to promote to the best of your power.
Herewith, High and Mighty Lords, we pray God, according to our humble supplication, to
be pleased to grant your High Mightinesses, a prosperous government, for the welfare of our
dear Fatherland.
Your High Mightinesses' Humble Servants,
The Directors of the West India Company, Chamber at Enchuyzen.
(Signed,) Codde Van der Burgh.
Enchuyzen, 17"" January, Anno 1639. Jacob Volckaerts z Sailmaker.
Received, 3L January, 1639.
Resolwtion of the States General on another Petition of Luhhert Van Dindagen.
[ From the Register of West India affairs, 1638—1651, in the Royal Arcliives at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, the IS"" May, 1639.
Foiio27. The further remonstrance presented to their High Mightinesses by and on the
Sage""^"" °'°' behalf of Lubbert Van Dinclageu, late fiscal in New Netherland, in order to
obtain satisfaction from the West India Company, respecting his claims, being read ; It is, after
previous deliberation, resolved and concluded, that this remonstrance be placed in the hands
of their High Mightinesses' Deputies, who are to preside at the approaching Assembly of the
XIX. of the above named Company, at Middelburg, in Zealand, to the end that the petitioner,
by their means and intercession, may be aided in obtaining reasonable satisfaction from the
above named Company, in regard of his aforesaid claims.
Resolution of the States General, instructing their Deputies.
[ From the Register of West India affairs, 1633—1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Tuesday, IS" March, 1640.
Folio 80. The report being read of Mess" Arnhem, Noortwyck, Croock, Amerongen, Walta
and Aldringa, (Mr. Ripperda absent) who viewed and examined, pursuant to their High
Reference of the Mightinesscs' rcsolutiou of the 31" January last, the points of reference of the
xlx. West India Company, sent over by the Chamber at Amsterdam to their High
Mightinesses, to the end that the XIX. of the said Company should meet thereupon within
said city. It is, after previous deliberation, resolved and concluded that their High
Mightinesses' Deputies to the Assembly of the XIX., shall assist in deliberating, advising and
concluding on the aforesaid points, as they shall find for the advantage of the country in
general, and the West India Company in particular. But said Deputies are most especially
enjoined to attend to the fifth point of the aforesaid reference, and to take care that no abuses
be practiced under cover or occasion thereof, nor that any incovenience proceed from it ; also,
that the affairs of New Netherland be not only preserved, but likewise promoted, and that New
Netherland may, by the most favorable conditions, be rendered agreeable to the inhabitants of
118 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
these countries. But as regards the trade of Guinea, no alteration shall be made therein,
without their Higli Mightinesses' previous special consent. Further, their High Mightinesses
have decided, in pursuance of their resolution of the 20"" September 1639, and the renewal
thereof, v^hich follovped on the T"" November last, that the provinces of Guilderland, Zealand,
Utrecht, Vriesland, and Overyssel, shall be again requested to consent to the augmentation of
the capital which the States General invested in the aforesaid Company, and to introduce
their resolution to that effect within the space of two months, or that their High Mightinesses
shall then, after the aforesaid iterated request and prayer, be necessitated to allow the aforesaid
capital to be increased by others, in order that the Company may be assisted by one or the
other ; and the Deputies of the said Provinces have again undertaken to second, by their
respective individual letters, their High Mightinesses' meaning and intention.
Resolution of the States General relative to an offer to send People to Neto Netlierland.
[ From the Register of West India affairs, 1633—1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, 31 May 1640.
roiio 42. Mr. Van Reinswoude hath by express orders from the States of Utrecht dated
Ke™tive°'™sendiD l^"" April last, represented to their High Mightinesses that the Count of Solma
eTvaMlis' fo^Ne^t' 's Well disposed to send to New Netherland some of his vassals, who have been
a cotony there.'""" driveu out of the county of Solms by the war, for the purpose of planting
colonies there, relating besides the offers his Lordship had made to the West India Company and
the result; that the aforesaid company had refused him wiiat it had already granted to divers
private individuals, as well traders as others. Whereupon, after deliberation, it is resolved
and concluded that their High Mightinesses' Deputies, who are to attend the present Assembly
of the XIX, shall there propose and urge free access to New Netherland for the said Count of
Solms and other inhabitants of these countries, and for that purpose, that they bring over
the Conditions which they were heretofore ordered to enact, that they be approved and ratified
by their High Mightinesses, or in default thereof, their High Mightinesses will themselves
give appropriate orders thereupon.
Hesolution of the States General on a New Draft of Freedoms and Exemptions.
[ From the Register of West India affairs, 1633—1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, the 19 July, 1640.
Folio 44. Elias de Raedt, Director of the Amsterdam Chamber, appeared in their High
rreednras°an'd''Ex- Mightiuesses Assembly furnished with a letter of credence dated 17"" instant,
Patro.™ relative to and hath, in virtue thereof, delivered to their High Mightinesses a draft of
NewNliherland.™ Freedoms and Exemptions for all Patroons, masters or private persons who will
introduce any colonies or cattle into New Netherland. Whereupon deliberation being had,
the provinces requested copy thereof, which is granted.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IL 119
Proposed Freedoms and Exemptions for New Netlierland. 1640.
[ From the Original, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; File, VTe^t Indie. ]
Freedoms and Exemptions granted and accorded by the Directors of the General
Incorporated West India Company at the Assembly of the XIX., with the
approbation of the High and Mighty Lords States General of the free United
Netherlands, to all Patroons, Masters, or Private persons who will plant any
Colonies or introduce cattle in New Netherland. Exhibited ID"" July, 1640.
All good inhabitants of the Netherlands and all others inclined to plant any Colonies in New
Netherland shall be at liberty to send three or four persons in the Company's ships going thither,
to examine the circumstances there, on condition that they swear to the articles, as well as the
officers and seamen, as far as they relate to them, and pay for board and passage out and home,
to wit, those who eat in the master's cabin, fifteen stivers per day, and those who go and eat
in the orlop, shall have their board and passage gratis, and in case of an attack, offensive or
defensive, they shall be obliged to lend a hand with the others, on condition of receiving,
should any of the enemy's ships be overcome, their share of the booty pro rata, each according
to his quality, to wit — the Colonists eating out of the Cabin shall be rated with the seamen,
and those eating in the cabin with the Company's servants who board there and have the
lowest rate of pay.
In the selection of lands, those who shall have first notified and presented themselves
to the Company, whether Patroons or private Colonists, shall be preferred to others who
may follow.
In case any one be deceived in selecting ground, or should the place by him chosen
afterwards not please him, he will, upon previous representation to the Governor and Council
then be at liberty to select another situation.
For Patroons and Feudatories of New Netherland, shall be acknowledged all such as shall
ship hence, and plant there a Colonic of fifty souls, above fifteen years of age, within the space
of three years after having made a declaration and given notice thereof, to some Chamber of
the Company here or to the Governor or Council there; namely, one-third part within the
year, and so forth, from year to year, until the number be completed; on pain of losing, through
notorious neglect, the obtained Freedoms and cattle. But they shall be warned that the
Company reserves the Island Manhattes to itself.
All Patroons and Feudatories shall, on requesting it, be granted Venia Testandi, or the power
to dispose of, or bequeath, his fief by Will.
For Masters or Colonists, shall be acknowledged, those who will remove to New Netherland
with five souls above fifteen years; to all such, our Governor there shall grant in property one
hundred morgens, Rhineland measure, of land, contiguous one to the other, wherever they
please to select.
And the Patroons, of themselves or by their agents, at the places where they will plant their
Colonies, shall have the privilege to extend the latter one mile (consisting of, or estimated at,
120 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
IGOO Rhineland perches) along the coast, bay, or a navigable river, and two contiguous miles
landward in; it being well understood, that no two Patroonships shall be selected on both
sides of a river or bay, right opposite to each other; and that the Company retains to itself the
property of the lands lying between the limits of the Colonies, to dispose thereof hereafter
according to its pleasure; and that the Patroons and Colonists shall be obliged to give each
other an outlet and issue, (uytteweeghen ende uyttewateren) at the nearest place and at the
smallest expense; and in case of disagreement, it shall be settled in the presence and by
the decision of the Governor for the time being.
The Patroons shall forever possess all the lands situate within their limits, together with
the produce, superficies, minerals, rivers and fountains thereof, with high, low and middle
jurisdiction, hunting, fishing, fowling and milling, the lands remaining allodial, but the jurisdiction
as of a perpetual hereditary fief, devolvable by death as well to females as to males, and
fealty and homage for which is to be rendered to the Company, on each of such occasions,
with a pair of iron gauntlets, redeemable by twenty guilders within a year and six weeks, at
the Assembly of the XIX., here, or before the Governor there; with this understanding, that
in case of division of said fief or jurisdiction, be it high, middle or low, the parts shall be and
remain of the same nature as was originally conferred on the whole, and fealty and homage
must be rendered for each part thereof by a pair of iron gauntlets, redeemable by twenty
guilders, as aforesaid.
And should any Patroon, in course of time, happen to prosper in his Colonie to such a
degree as to be able to found one or more towns, he shall have authority to appoint officers
and magistrates there, and make use of the title of his Colonie, according to the pleasure and
the quality of the persons, all saving the Company's regalia.
And should it happen that the dwelling places of private Colonists become so numerous as
to be accounted towns, villages or cities, the Company shall give orders respecting the
subaltern government, magistrates and ministers of justice, who shall be nominated by the said
towns and villages in a triple number of the best qualified, from which a choice and selection
is to be made by the Governor and Council; and those shall determine all questions and suits
within their district.
The Patroons who will send Colonies thither, shall furnish them with due instruction
agreeably to the mode of government both in police and justice established, or to be established,
by the Assembly of the XIX., which they shall first exhibit to the Directors of the respective
Chambers, and have approved by the Assembly of the XIX.
The Patroons and Colonists shall have the privilege of sending their people and property
there in the Company's ships, on condition of swearing allegiance, and paying to the Company
for the conveyance of the people, as in the first article, and for freight of the goods
requisite for their bouvvery, five per cent on the cost of the goods here, without, howevei-,
including herein the cattle, on the freight of which the Company shall be liberal.
But in case it should come to pass that the Company have no ships to dispatch, or that there
be no room in the sailing vessels, in such a case the Patroons and Colonists can, upon
previously communicating their determination to, and obtaining the consent of the Company
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IL 121
in writing, send their own ships thither, provided, in going and returning, they shall not
leave tlie ordinary track laid down, and take a supercargo, wiiose board shall be at the
expense of the Patroons or Colonists, and whose wages shall be paid by the Company ; on
pain, in case of contravention, of forfeiting their ship and goods to, and for the behalf of, the
Company, it remaining optional with the Patroons, during the term of the current grant,
and no longer, to convey over their cattle, wares and people in the Company's ships, in their
own or in chartered vessels.
And, whereas, it is the Company's intention first to settle the Island of the Manhattes, it
shall provisionally be the staple of all produce and wares accruing on the North river and the
country thereabout, before they can be sent further, except those which by nature itself are
useless there, or cannot be brought there except with great loss to the owners, in which case
the latter shall be bound to give timely notice of such inconvenience to the Company here,
or to the Governor and Council there, that it be provided for, according as the circumstances
sliall be found to require.
All Patroons, Colonists and inhabitants there, as well as the stockholders in the Company
here, shall be privileged to sail and trade to the entire coast, from Florida to Newfoundland, on
the following conditions:
First, that all goods which will be sent hence for sale there, whether freighted by the Company,
or by Colonists, or the stockholders themselves, must be brought into the Company's stores for
for inspection and payment of the proper duties, to wit: ten per cent on the cash cost of the
article here, besides convoy-freight and average, an agreement being made for the freights of
what may be sent in the Company's ships; and bulk will not be allowed to be broken any
where except at the Manhattes, or such place as the Company here may order, so as to be at
liberty, after proper inspection of their loading and the entry thereof, to depart to whatever
place they think proper.
And on the other wares which will be sent thence hither, shall be paid here, over and
above the convoy duty granted by the State to the Company, five per cent, according to
the valuation to be made here, on such penalty as aforesaid ; but an agreement must be made
with the Governor and Council there, for the freight of any of the goods that are being sent
from there in the Company's ships, as aforesaid ; and on all beavers, otters and other peltries,
which will be sent from there here, shall be paid to the Governor and Council there, ten per
cent, all in kind, and due receipt for the payment thereof, shall be brought along, on pain of
confiscation of all the furs which will be found not to have paid anything for the behoof of the
Company, and with that to be exempt from further duty.
And in case said private ships, in going or coming, or in ranging along the coast from
Florida to Newfoundland, happen to capture any prizes, they shall, in like manner be obliged
to bring the same, or to cause the same to be brought, to the Governor and Council in New
Netherland, or to the Chamber whence they respectively sailed, to be rewarded by them, and
the third part thereof shall be retained for the Company, before deducting his Highness' and the
State's portion, the two other third parts for themselves, in return for their incurred expenses
and risk, all in pursuance of the Company's order.
Vol. I. ] 6
122 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
In like manner they shall not be at liberty to depart thence with their goods obtained in
barter, without first returning to the said place, to enter their goods there and to obtain proper
clearance, signed by the Governor and Council, and they shall be bound to return to this country,
with their ships and yachts, to the place they sailed from, in order to discharge all their freight
into the Company's stores, according to the register and clearance to be brought from thence,
on pain of forfeiting their ship and goods for the Company's behoof, should they go and break,
bulk elsewhere, or have any unregistered goods on board.
The Company promises, during the continuance of the present charter and no longer, not to
burden the Patroons and Colonists in that country, either with customs, toll, excise, imposts
or any other contributions, and after the expiration hereof, at farthest, with no greater duty
than is imposed on goods in this country.
The Company shall not take from the service of the Patroons or Colonists, their man
servants or maid servants, even though some person should solicit it; nor receive them, much
less suffer them to go from their master's service to that of another, during the term of such
years as they are bound for ; and if any man servant or maid servant run away, or take his
freedom contrary to contract, the Company shall, according to its means, cause such to be
delivered into the hands of their masters, to be proceeded against according to the circumstances
of the case.
From all definitive judgments pronounced by the Courts of the Patroons or Colonists, for
an amount exceeding one hundred guilders, or from such as entail infamy, also from all
sentences pronounced in matters criminal, on ordinary prosecution, conformable to the custom
of this country, an appeal shall lie to the Governor and Council of the Company in
New Netherland.
All Patroons, Colonists and inhabitants are allowed free hunting and fishing, both by land
and by water, generally in public woods and rivers in the extent of their lands, according to the
order to be made thereupon by the Governor and Council ; and the Patroons exclusively within
the limits of their Colonies, with the clear understanding that the Governor and Council shall
not be excluded therefrom.
All Patroons, inhabitants or Colonists, are also allowed to send ships along the coast of New
Netherland and the countries circumjacent thereunto, to fish for Cod, &c., and to proceed with
the catch straight to Italy or other neutral countries, on condition of paying to the Company
for duty, in such case, six guilders per last, and on coming here with their freight, it shall be
allowable and sufficient to pay the Company the custom dues alone, without conveying, under
pretence of this consent, any other goods elsewhere, on pain of arbitrary punishment, it
remaining at the pleasure of the Company to put a supercargo on board each ship, on such
conditions and terms as hereinbefore set forth.
If any Patroons, inhabitants or Colonists happen by their industry, diligence or otherwise to
discover any minerals, precious stones, crystals, marbles, pearlfisheries or such like within the
limits of their lands, all such Patroons and Colonists shall give one-fifth part of the nett proceeds
to the Company, which for this purpose shall have the power to appoint one or more inspectors,
at the charge of said mines and pearlfisheries ; but any one finding such without their limits,
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : H. 123
the same shall belong to the Company on paying the discoverer such premium as the merits
of the case shall demand.
The Company shall take all Colonists, whether free or bound to service, under their
protection, defend them as far as lies in their power with the force which it has there, against
all domestic and foreign wars and violence, on condition that the Patroons and Colonists shall,
in such case, put themselves in a suitable state of defence for which purpose each male
emigrant shall be obliged to provide himself, at his own expense, with a gun or musket of the
Company's regular calibre, or a cutlass and side arms.
And no other Religion shall be publicly admitted in New Netherland except the Reformed,
as it is at present preached and practiced by public authority in the United Netherlands ; and
for this purpose the Company shall provide and maintain good and .suitable preachers,
schoolmasters and comforters of the sick.
The particular Colonies which happen to lie on the respective rivers, bays or islands shall
have the privilege (to wit, each river or island for itself) of designating a deputy who shall
give the Governor and Council of that country information respecting his Colonic, and promote
its interests with the Council ; one of which deputies shall be changed every two years, and
all the Colonies shall be obliged to communicate to the Governor and Council there a pertinent
report, at least every twelve months, of their condition and of the lands in their vicinity.
The Company shall exert itself to provide the Patroons and Colonists, on their order, with
as many Blacks as possible, without however being further or longer obligated thereto than
shall be agreeable.
The Company reserves unto itself all large and small tythes, all waifs, the right of mintage,
laying out highways, erecting forts, making war and peace, together with all wildernesses,
founding of cities, towns and churches, retaining the supreme authority, sovereignty and
supremacy, the interpretation of all obscurity which may arise out of this Grant, with such
understanding, however, that nothing herein contained shall alter or diminish what has been
granted heretofore to the Patroons in regard to high, middle and low jurisdiction.
The Company shall, accordingly, appoint and keep there a Governor, competent Councillors,
Officers and other Ministers of Justice for the protection of the good and the punishment of the
wicked ; which Governor and Councillors, who are now, or may be hereafter, appointed by
the Company, shall take cognizance, in the first instance, of matters appertaining to the freedom,
supremacy, domain, finances and rights of the General West India Company ; of complaints
which any one (whether stranger, neighbor or inhabitant of the aforesaid country) may
may make in case of privilege, innovation, dissuetude, customs, usages, laws or pedigrees;
declare the same corrupt or abolish them as bad, if circumstances so demand ; of the cases
of minor children, widows, orphans and other unfortunate persons, regarding whom complaint
shall first be made to the Council holding prerogative jurisdiction in order to obtain justice
there; of all contracts or obligations ; of matters pertaining to possession of benefices, fiefs,
cases of lesas majestatis, of religion and all criminal matters and excesses prescribed and
unchallenged, and all persons by prevention may receive acquittance from matters there
complained of; and generally take cognizance of, and administer law and justice in, all cases
appertainining to the supremacy of the Company.
124 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
liesolution of the States General empowering KiViaen Van Itens-selaer to dispose of
Ids Colonie ly Will.
[From the Register of West India affairs, 1033 — 1051, In the Eoyal Archives at the Hague.]
Tuesday, S"" February 1641.
Folio 43. Read iu the Assembly the petition presented to their High Mightinesses in the
tseiaer. " name, and on the behalf of, Kiliaen Van Renselaer, Patroon of his Colonie called
Rensselaerswyck, situate on the north river of New Netherland ; praying approval of a certain
order entered by the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company on 14"" November 1639
on the margin of the Petitioner's request, to be allowed accordingto article 7, to dispose of his, the
Petitioner's, manor pr feudal estate referred to in the sixth article of the Freedoms granted to
the Colonists in New Netherland. Whereupon after deliberation and consideration of the fifth
article of the abovementioned Freedoms, their High Mightinesses instead of the aforesaid
approbation by him prayed for, have granted and allowed the Petitioner Vcniam te&tandi, in
order to enable him to dispose by last Will, according to his pleasure, of the aforesaid manor
or feudal estate, whereof acte shall issue to the Petitioner in due form.
Power to Kiliaen Van Rensselaer to devise his estate in New NeiJierland.
[ From the AcU boek of the States General In the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Grant empowering Kiliaen Rensselaer to bequeath and dispose, by last will and
testament, of his property situate in New Netherland.
Folio 140. The States General of the United Netherlands. To all who shall see these or
hear them read, Health. Be it Known, that on the humble petition of Kiliaen van
Rensselaer, Patroon of his Colonie named Rensselaers-wyck, situate on the North river of
New Netherland, within the limits of the General Incorporated West India Company of this
country, and having referred to the o'"" Article of the Freedoms, granted by the Assembly of
the XIX., of said Company, to all those who shall plant any Colonies in New Netherland
aforesaid. We have given, granted, allowed and conceded, and do of Our Sovereign power, by
this Our letter, give, grant, allow and concede unto him, the petitioner, authority to dispose of,
bequeath, and give directions concerning the aforesaid his fief, named Rensselaers-wyck, either
by form of testament and last will and codicil, before a notary and witnesses, superintendents
and vassals of the manor where the said property is situate, or otherwise at his pleasure, for
the behoof of his children, if any he hath, friends and relatives or others, strangers, as he shall
please and think proper ; the aforesaid, his manorial estate to his children or other persons to
give, transport, or leave in whole or in part; thereupon to assign rents hereditary, or for life,
or even to give'any one the usufruct thereof, at his discretion and good pleasure. We have,
moreover, given, and do hereby give, the petitioner permission, power, and leave his aforesaid
testament and last will, which he will thus make, or hath previously made, to alter,
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IL 125
enlarge, diminish and revoke by codicil, or other arrangement of last will, whenever and at all
times that he shall please ; which testament, gift and order thus made, or to be made, by the
petitioner. We now, for tiien, have confirmed and ratified, by tliis, Our letter, do confirm,
ratify and will, that it be maintained and perfected, and be valid and of good effect forever,
and that whomsoever the aforesaid petitioner hath given the said manor, or a portion
thereof, or assigned any rents or usufruct thereon to, he shall use the same according to the
laws, statutes and customs of the place wherein situate, in the same manner, and in all forms
and ways, as if the said gifts or grants were made and executed before the General Company,
or others, their agents, whom it may concern. Providtd, that to whomsoever the abovenamed
petitioner shall give, order, or make over the aforesaid fief, whether man or woman, he shall
be bound, within a year and six weeks after the death of the aforesaid petitioner, or his or her
entrance into possession of the above described feudal estate, to do homage unto Us and to no one
else, and pay the rights thereunto appertaining and belonging, all without fraud, guile or craft,
Wherefore We do request and order the aforementioned General Incorporated West India
Company, to instruct and command the Governors, or Commanders and Council, who now are,
or shall hereafter be in New Netherland, and moreover, all others whom it may in any wise
concern, conjointly and each in particular, as it may behoove him, to maintain and perfect the
testament, order and last will of the abovenamed petitioner, as he will have made, or yet will
make it, and as it now by Us is ratified and confirmed as aforesaid ; and whomsoever he, by
his testament and last will, hath given and granted the aforesaid feudal estate, or shall have
made, assigned, or yet may make, give or assign, any rents or usufructs to, the same to allow
and permit the quiet and peaceable use and enjoyment thereof, without causing or allowing
him at any time to experience any let, hindrance or molestation therein to the contrary.
Given under Our seal, paraph, and the signature of Our Greffier, in the Hague, on the 5"> of
February, 1641.
Minutes of the AssemUy of XIX. respecting New Netherland.
[ From the MS. Folio bound in Vellam, in tlie Eoyal Archives at the Hague, among the EeporU of the West India Company. ]
Extract of a Report made to the States General, of the business transacted at
the Assembly of the XIX. of the West India Company, at Amsterdam,
in the year 1642.
Monday, 3"* March, J 642.
Is also opened a paket of letters received from Cura§ao, through New Netherland, wherein
is one from Jan Claessen van Campen, Director at Curagao, without date or place, with
some enclosures.
One from Director William Kieft, from New Netherland, dated 7"" January, 1642.
And another from John van der Hil,i from New Netherland, dated 6"" January, 1642.
' Capt. John Underbill. —Ed.
126 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
And they are referred to the Mess" Looten, de Raet, Loyssen, Halewyn, Loose and van
Royen, to examine said letters and papers, as well as the whole state and condition of New
Netherland, and to report thereon to the Assembly.
Admonition being given, &c.
Thursday, G"- March, 1642.
Read a despatch from Ambassador Joachimi, dated Canterbury, 25th February, 1642, with
certain appendices containing some declarations and complaints of the English in New
England against our people in New Netherland; and placed the same in the hands of the
Commissioners on the affairs of New Netherland.
Friday, the T'" March, 1642.
Read a petition of Cornells van Hoykens, fiscal in New Netherland, soliciting increase of
salary, with good accommodation in his quarters. And resolved to place the same in the
of the Commissioners on the affairs of New Netherland.
Wednesday, 12"> March, 1642.
The Commissioners on the affairs of New Netherland, having reported on the despatch of
the ambassador Joachimi, and the complaints of the English, therein contained, It is resolved,
to place the said despatch, with all papers and maps touching New Netherland, in the hands
of the Advocate, to form a rescript for Mr. Joachimi.
The Committee nominated on the S"* instant to examine the papers from New Netherland
and Curagao, report that they are of opinion still to preserve the said places at the smallest
expense possible, conforming to the letter of the Director there, dated 4"" July, the resolution
of the XIX., and letter of the 20"" September, 1641, sent to the aforesaid Director by the ship
the Brandaris, which the Assembly approves; and resolves, moreover, to postpone the sending
of a Clergyman or Vicar.
Resolution of the States General on a Petition of Fiscal Van Dindagen.
[ From the Eegiater of West India affairs, 1C2S— 1651, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, 2lst May, 1642.
Folio 70. The further petition of Lubbert van Dincklagen, late fiscal of New Netherland,
Lubbert van Dincli- • i .1 j- i 1 . /' • ti • n ^
lagcn. witn the appendix thereunto annexed, is, alter previous deliberation, referred to
their High Migtinesses' deputies, actually presiding at the Assembly of the XIX. of the West
India Company, at Amsterdam, in order that the petitioner may, by their direction and
interposition, obtain his just arrears, which the said Company may owe him on his claims.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : II. 127
Mr. Joachimi to the States General.
[ From the Original in Hie Royal Archives at the Hague ; File, Engeland. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
My Lords,
No notice has been taken in the House of Commons of what I communicated to some Lords
on the xxii. and xxiii., from your High Mightinesses' letter of the twelfth instant, as I have
understood from a Knight, a member of the same house, who is also of opinion that the alliance
with Spain and the trade are wholly opposed to our proposal.
Since my last of the xxv., some more cavalry have made their appearance here; and infantry
are continued to be enlisted by beat of drum. Some of these have been sent to Hull. It was
here considered certain that the King hath some force in the vicinity of this city, with a view
to seize it; that they are not three thousand strong, and that they had burnt some mills in the
neighborhood of the city; but that those inside have received three or four pieces of artillery
and taken twelve or thirteen persons prisoners. The particulars are diversely related.
On the xxvi., the votes and resolutions appeared in print, whereby it was determined to raise
an army of which the Earl of Essex ' is to be General, the Earl of Bedford- to be General of
the Cavalry, as your High Mightinesses will see in the printed paper sent herewith. I find
that the little service I can perform here has been much curtailed by the publication of the
aforesaid resolution.
Letters are received from the Commissioners, who went on the part of both houses of
Parliament to the King, that they had presented, on Saturday evening, the petition with which
they had been dispatched, to his Majesty, who had taken it for examination. I have not yet
learned the answer.
If the Parliamentarians will be reconciled to the King, private complaints of the people
against the Dutch, and petitions for the improvement of trade will undoubtedly be brought
forward and examined in Parliament. It should therefore (under gracious correction) be
seasonably considered, how the issue of letters of reprisal, or the passage of resolutions affecting
the trade, is to be prevented ; from which serious inconveniences must arise.
Among the English complainants, are the inhabitants of New England, as your High
Mightinesses will be able to perceive from a Memorial hereunto annexed, handed me by my
Lord Seie.^ The Earl of Warwick had already handed me a similar one in English. Some of
' RoBEnT Devereux, 3(1 Earl of Essex, was appointed to the command of the army, against the Scotch Covenanters, in
1639; afterwards Lord Chamberlain, and in 1641, Lieutenant of the Kingdom south of the Trent. In the following year he
was dismissed from his office of Lord Chamberlain, whereupon the I'arliament appointed him to the command of their forces.
He was then declared a traitor by the King, against whom he fought with various success, until the year 1645, when he
resigned his commission. He died in September, 1646.
' WiLLLOi Russell, 5th Earl, and 1st Duke of Bedford, K. G., was born in 1614 ; created Marquess of Tavistock and Duke
of Bedford, 11th M.ay, 1649, and died 7 September, 1700. He was father of the celebrated Lord William Russel, who was
beheaded in 1683. Bebrett.
' William Fiennes, 4th Baron, was created in 1624 Viscount, Say and Sele. He was one of the original patentees of
Connecticut After passing harmless through the troubles which at this period convulsed England, he became Lord Privy
Seal after tlie Restoration, which he had been instrumental in bringing about, and died in 1662. Saybrook, in Connecticut,
derives the first part of its name from this nobleman. The latter part from Lord Brook, afterwards a Parliamentary general,
and killed at Litchfield in 1742. — Ed.
128 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
the said complainants have spoken very menacingly and said : — If the matter be not arranged,
our people will be, within the year, expelled from the quarter whence the complaints
proceeded. The Directors of the West India Company have cognizance of the aforesaid
complaints. On the xxiii. instant, I communicated to my Lord Seie above mentioned, information
relative to the aforesaid memorial, copy whereof goes herewith. He requested that letters be
written to the Dutch who are in New Netherland, to the end that our people, who have been
complained of, may comport themselves in a peaceable and friendly manner with the English.
I doubt if he hath correctly seized the meaning of the English.
The Mayor of London is still in the Tower. He cannot be prevailed on to name a Deputy
to fill his place in the City. It is said there is no precedent for the appointment of a Deputy to
a Mayor, except he be sick, or not in his proper mind.
Herewith commending myself humbly to your High Mightinesses, I pray God,
High and Mighty Lords, that He may bless your High Mightinesses' government more
and more.
Your High Mightinesses' most humble servant,
At London, the last of July, 1642. (Signed), Alb. Joachimi.
Received, 9"" August, 1642.
Appendix received from Mij Lord Saye. Read 9th August, 1642.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal Archives at llie Hague ; File, West Indie.]
Many of the English (his Majesty's Subjects) having been incorporated by his Majesty's
letters patent and having, in order to obviate all difficulties, purchased the land from the
natives, the acknowledged and right owners thereof, established divers factories on the river
Coiicclecot, in New England, where they have experienced manifold molestations and insolences
from the Dutch nation, who, having previously erected a small factory on the aforesaid river,
claim, in virtue thereof, the right to the whole, and not only that, but to all the extent of
country from Naragnnset Bay to Hudsons river, which they call by the name of New Netherland,
although it had been granted by his Majesty to divers of his subjects, and is exclusively
inhabited by the English, entered many protests against the peaceable proceedings of the
English, towards whom they have transgressed in various manners and ways, adding thereunto
sundry threats and haughty arguments. All which the English bore, and though no more
than five or six Dutch, at most, reside on the aforesaid river Coaecticot, where there are
exceeding two thousand English, yet the latter have not used any violence towards them, but
treated them with all kindness; yea, have they been the means, under God, of saving
their lives.
The Dutch sometimes, 'tis true, aver that they purchased from the Pequot Indians, a piece
of land lying on the aforesaid river, to which, in virtue of that purchase, they pretend a right.
But if any such purchase has been effected, which has never been proved, it is very well known
that the Pequots had no just, but an usurped, title. And herein is apparent the weakness of
their claim : the English, by divers letters addressed to Governor Willem Kicfi, residing on
Hudsons river, offered to refer the settlement of the aforesaid difference to disinterested
arbitrators, but he would not accept it.
It is requested that they be ordered to demean themselves, in the place they occupy, in
a pcaceal)|p, neighborly manner, and be content with their own limits, or required to leave the
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: II. 129
river; which would tend most to their masters' advantage; it being very probable that the
returns have never repaid, or will never reimburse, their outlays. Moreover, they live there
without rule, in a godless manner, beseeming in no wise the Gospel of Christ. Their abode
there will never be productive of any other effect than expense to their masters, and trouble to
the English.^
Resolution of the States General, referring the preceding Documents.
[ From the Register of the West India affairs, 1633—1651, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Saturday, 9 August, 1642.
Folio 76. Received a letter from Mr. Joachimi, their High Mightinesses' Ambassador in
Heer Joachimi. England, Written at London the last of July; with an appendix containing
complaints of several of the English against the Dutch people in New Netherland. Which
Engush against the ^^Ging Considered, it is resolved and concluded that copy of the aforesaid
S'S^wNetheSli! complaints of the English be sent to the presiding Chamber of the West India
Company at Amsterdam, for information.
States General to the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company.
[ From the Minute in the Eoyal ArchlTes at the Hague ; File, West Indie.]
To the presiding Chamber of the West India Company at Amsterdam, the 9"" August, 1642.
The States, etc.
Complaints of the you wiU Icam from the annexed papers we have resolved to send you herewith
for information (which you will communicate to us with all speed), what Mr. Joachimi, our
ordinary Ambassador in England, hath in his letter, dated last of July past, represented to us
relative to complaints of many Englishmen against the Dutch people of New Netherland.
Done 9 August, 1642.
Mr. Joachimi to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal Archive! at the Hague ; File, Engeland. ]
High and Mighty Lords!
My Lords!
Your High Mightinesses have been able to gather from my despatch of the last of July, the
latest information I possessed respecting the matter I had submitted to some Lords, in
' Mr. de Zwaan says, of the Dutch M3. — " This piece ia evidently a translation from the English." — Ed.
Vol. L 17
130 NEAV-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
accordance with your High Mightinesses' letter of the xii"" preceding. On last Sunday, one
of the best informed Lords, an Earl, came to me, who said a misfortune had occurred; that
the Hollanders had captured and sent to Zealand twelve or thirteen ships that designed to enter
Dunkirk under convoy of a ship of war, which the Earl of Warwick^ had granted them. And
that the said Earl, without waiting the opinion of Parliament, had detained three Dutch
merchant vessels, which were bound for the Mediterranean ; then, that he hoped the aforesaid
three ships would be discharged the next day, and requested that I should represent this in most
favorable terms beyond sea. Thereupon I said to the aforesaid Lord, that I was willing to do
whatever might tend to the preservation of friendship between both States and Nations. But
that I had received neither letter nor complaint respecting what precedes. On the following
day, I acquainted another Lord of the Upper House of what the aforesaid Earl had
communicated to, and requested of, me; and added thereto, that, with his Lordship's permission,
1 should come at noon, or send to inquire what had been done regarding this affair. He
said, I should send and he would communicate the resolution to me. I received the answer
first on Tuesday; and he let me know by the person I had sent, that orders had been given
the day before, without in any wise giving me to understand what had been ordered. I had
dispatched an express to Dover, on Monday, to obtain information of the real state of the
detention of abovementioned three Mediterranean traders, who brought me an answer in
writing from Sieur Cornelis Bos, that twelve ships, mostly English, were taken to Zealand by
Mr. Tromp; and that on the ii. of the month, five Dutch Mediterranean merchantmen were
detained in the Downs; but that these were released on the evening of the fifth. He added,
moreover, that their voyage was scarcely interrupted. No complaints have been presented to
me from these ships, nor from those carried into Zealand. Since, a report has been rendered
by the Commissioners, who had been to the King, at Beverly, from the Parliament, to propose
terms of accommodation to His Majesty, whereby the danger of a civil war might be avoided;
people have been continually occupied in enlisting and mustering troops, both foot and horse.
The city of London will furnish, and maintain for some months, it is reported, five thousand
men. The apprentices who volunteer with their masters' consent, and will be received into
service, will, by their service, shorten their apprenticeship, and be for ever freemen of London.
A great many more are presenting themselves than it is designed to accept. One of the
Commissioners who had been to the King, told me, that Parliament had offered to place
the city of Hull in His Majesty's hands; to restore the magazine that was there; to
regulate the militia by bill ; to discharge the forces enlisted on both sides, at one and the same
time. And he declared, moreover, that those of the Parliament will uphold the King in good
faith, and sincerely in his prerogative, dignity and rank. On the other hand, his Majesty
requires, first of all, that Hull and the magazine be restored. That those of the Parliament do
first dismiss the force they have raised, and place the militia, as well as the fleet, at his
disposal. Moreover, that the Parliament be adjourned, to meet in some other place besides
Westminster or London. This being effected, his Majesty will consider what is necessary to
■ Robert Rich, 2d Earl of Warwick, siicceecled lo his father's title on 24th March, 1618-19; he was a great friend of the
Puritans, and High Admiral for the Long Parliament. After filling various offices, he died May 29, 1659. His nephew
married Frances, youngest daughter of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England. Collin^ Peerage. Ed. 1756. IL, 2S8.
He was, says Clarendon, a man of pleasant and companionable wit and conversation ; of an universal jollity ; ani such a
license in his words and actions, that a man of less virtue could not be found out. The Earl of Warwick -wa* president of
the Council of Plymouth, under which the New England colonies were planted ; and his connexion with the Puritans, with
whom he was very popular, may account for the character of the early emigration to those parts. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: II. 131
be done with Parliament, for the good of the nation. Some of the Commissioners' suite had
heard some Cavaliers of the court wish the said Commissioners much bad luck, should they
wait on the King for the purpose of malting peace. A printed copy of the King's answer
accompanies this, by which your High Mightinesses will perceive, more clearly, the nature of
his Majesty's demands, and that he hath required a full and positive answer thereunto by
Wednesday, the xxvii. of July, old style. How it is received by the Houses of Parliament, I
have not heard for certain. After the departure of the aforesaid Commissioners, the King
went to Leicestershire, where, it is reported, a division has broken out among the people.
And a committee of Parliament is engaged in putting into execution the militia law. The
people had, moreover, refused to deliver up the magazine; but it is as yet scarcely possible to
write with any certainty about such matters as transpire at a distance from here ; seeing, by
daily experience, that things are printed here, under the eyes of Parliament, which have not
the least semblance of truth.
Your High Mightinesses' despatches of the xxvii. July, are delivered to me whilst I am
engaged in writing this. I thank your High Mightinesses for the Rescript,' and I shall make
use of it as occasion demands, and state decidedly every where, when the subject is mentioned,
that your High Mightinesses will not meddle with the domestic difficulties of this kingdom,
and that the government of the United Netherlands keeps itself neutral in this regard. I avoid
as much as possible having any thing to do with the Parliament, and holding any conversation
with the members thereof, in order not to excite any cause of jealousy.
I mentioned in my last of the xxxi. July, that the English in New England complain of
the Dutch in New Netherland, and that some of the English have spoken very boldly and said,
if the affair were not settled, that the Dutch would, within a year, be out of those parts whence
the complaints proceeded. Those who dare threaten in that manner, would perhaps also
venture on putting threats into execution.
What my Lord Seye requests, is ineffectual to keep the English back from New Netherland,
should they design driving our people from their place. I have, therefore, bethought me to
propose respectfully to your High Mightinesses, whether it would not be proper, in order
to obviate inconveniences, that your High Mightinesses should write to the King and request
his Majesty to be pleased to order the English in New England to leave the Dutch undisturbed
in New Netherland and parts adjacent, where they had been before the English arrived in
those countries. For such orders must proceed from his Majesty, who might take it ill that
the Houses of Parliament were applied to for a remedy, whose orders probably would not be
acknowledged in that far distant quarter. In considering the aforesaid point, it is ( with
submission), to be borne in mind, that the winter will be soon at hand, and that opportunities
to go, or to send letters to those parts, do not occur every day.
The Portuguese agent, who remained here after the Ambassador's departure, spoke to me on
Saturday last, to request Vice Admiral Tromp to assist two Commissioners of the King his
master, who had arrived at Dover, in reaching the United Provinces in safety. They were
sent, he said, to your High Mightinesses on business of importance, and which required
despatch. I granted him his request; but I know not whether Mr. Tromp can accommodate
' See Aitzema. Folio. II., 816, for the terras or basis of the Rescript. — Ed.
132 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
him. The Earl of Leicester' left here last week for his government, in Ireland. Herewith
ending, I commend myself respectfully to your High Mightinesses, and pray God,
High and Mighty Lords, that He may bless your High Mightinesses' Government more
and more.
Your High Mightinesses'
London, the eighth of August, 1642. most obedient servant.
Received IG"" of August, 1642. (Signed) Alb. Joachimi.
P. S. The letter was entirely written when 1 received the printed replies to the King's
answer brought over lately by the Earl of Holland.^ A copy of said replies is hereunto annexed.
New JSfeiherland. 1638 to 1642.
In all the Points of Reference for the Assembly of the XIX. of the West India Company, received by the States General
between 9 September, 1638, and 23d August, 1642, no mention is found of New Netherland, though all these points have
been carefully examined twice. J. A. de Zwaan.
March, 1843.
Subject for the Consideration of tTie AssemUy of the XIX.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; File, West Indie. ]
Points whereupon all the Chambers of the West India Company are summoned
to Amsterdam for the 15 Sepf 1642, extracted so far as relates to the
affairs of New Netherland. Read 23 Aug. 1642.
24"' Point.
And in what way to devise an effectual and good plan for the places in New Netherland
regarding the Freedoms and peopling thereof, and, generally, in what manner the aforesaid
conquests shall be resorted to and traded with.
■ Robert Sidney, 2d Earl of Leicester, and brother-in-law of the Earl of Northumberland, was a man of great parts, very
conversant in books, and much addicted to the mathematics ; and though he had been a soldier, and commanded a regiment in
the service of the United Provinces, and was afterwards employed in several embassies, as in Denmark and France, was in
truth, rather a speculative than a practical man. He was, after the death of the Earl of Strafford, in 1641, called from the
embassy in France to be Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and shortly after lost the King's favor and his office, without having
gone to take possession of that government; after which he joined the Parliament, and Cromwell showed his sense of that
step by appointing Lord Lisle, his eldest son, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1648. Clarendon.
' Henry Rich, Ist Earl of Holland, K. G., was the second son of Robert, 1st Earl of Warwick, and brother of Robert,
mentioned in n preceding note. He was created Knight of the Bath in 1611, and in 1618, Captain of the King's Guard;
became Lord Kensington in 1623-4, and Eail of Holland in Lincolnshire, in 1623. He was sent ambassador to France, and
afterwards to the United Provinces, in 162.5, in which country he had already made two or three campaigns, and in 1639, on
the first insurrection of the Scots, was constituted General of the Horse in the expedition into that country. On the break-
ing out of the Rebellion, he endeavored to accommodate matters, and with that view, accompanied the Earl of Bedford ( see
supra, p. 127.) to the King at Oxford. But these efforts becoming fruitless, he took up arms in the Royal cause, was taken
prisoner in July, 1648, condemned to death by the High Court of Justice, and beheaded on the 9th of March, 1649, before
the gates of Westminster Hall. Collins. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: II. 133
Mr. Joachimi to the States General.
[ From the Original in tlie Royal Archives at the Hague : File, EngeUmd. ]
High and Mighty Lords !
My Lords,
My servant, whom I sent on the iii. inst. to Holland with despatches to your High Mightinesses
and his Highness, returned yesterday with a certificate, that he had duly delivered them,
without bringing back any rescript from your High Mightinesses : I shall expect it shortly. I
submitted to your High Mightinesses, in a despatch of the last of July, divers points to which
(under correction) attention ought to be paid. Among the rest, to that of the complaint
which the English of New England make against some of the Dutch Company in New
Netherland. Were these to be once dislodged, they could not return there except with
great difficulty.
On the xviii. of August I also requested your High Mightinesses to be pleased to consider,
in case the war proceed, whether the Ambassadors are at liberty to remain here, where the
Parliament meets, or to repair to the King, without their Sovereigns and themselves being
thereby understood to be compromised ; and what is best to be done at this conjuncture, so that
neither your High Mightinesses nor the State, nor your High Mightinesses' servant may be put,
on this account, to any inconvenience. The French Ambassador hath taken his leave of the
King, and calculates to depart this week. He leaves only one person here, who will send him
over an account of whatever transpires in this place. With my last of the xii., I sent your High
Mightinesses the King's Message to both Houses of Parliament, brought over by the Earls of
Dorset' and Southampton^ and their co-delegates, at the close of last August, with the answer
of the aforesaid houses thereunto of the xxix. Another Message from his Majesty, or a reply
to the aforesaid answer and the declaration made on the fifth of September thereon by the
Lords and Commons in Parliament accompanies this despatch. Adjoined to them are two
Journals of what had been done in the House of Commons during the week last past. In
two or three days, we shall know what resolution the Lords of the Upper house will have
adopted on the subject of the Episcopacy. Those of Scotland also desire that the Church
government may be assimilated and rendered uniform in both Kingdoms. A Parliamentman
told me to-day that the West Riding of Yorkshire hath pronounced for the Parliament, and that
the two Serjeants major who were sent up from Boston with nine or ten Officers, are placed
in separate prisons. News is received here of the siege of Sherborne [Castle] from which the
' Edward Sackville, 4tli Earl of Dorset, K. G., was born in the year 1590. He represented the county of Sussex in the
time of James I.; accompanied the forces sent in 1620, to the assistance of the King of Bohemia, and was engaged in
the battle of the Prague. He was Ambassador to France in 1621, and succeeded to the title, on the death of his brother,
in 1624. In the following year, he became one of the Lords of Trade ; in 1627 he was appointed one of the Commissioners
to conclude an alliance with the States General, and in 1633 one of the Lords of the Admiralty. On the breaking out of
the civil war he adhered to the King; superceded the Earl of Essex as Lord Chamberlain ; in 1646, he, with others of the
Council, signed the capitulation for the surrender of Oxford, and in the following year retired into private life. He died on
the 17th July, 1652. Collins. I., pt. ii., 768. —Ed.
" Thomas Weiothesly, Earl of Southampton, K. G., Lord High Treasurer of En>,'land. The title became extinct on his
death iu 1667. Debrett. — Ed.
134 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Marquess of Hertford' fled. Some great men say, that those besieged have slain between two
and three hundred of the Parliamentarians. From the South we hear, that those who invest
Portsmouth, have captured a fort wherein they have got thirty pieces of cannon. It will
probably follow from this, that this place will surrender to them.
Herewith humbly commending myself to your High Mightinesses, I shall conclude and pray
God, High and Mighty Lords, that he may preserve and protect Fatherland.
Your High Mightiness'
London, the 17"' September, 1642. most humble servant.
Received 27"' September, 1642. (Signed) Alb. Joachimi.
1642.
P. S. News arrived, after this was written, that Portsmouth has surrendered to the Parliament.
The conditions have not been yet received. Dated as above.
Mr. Joachimi to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Royal Archives at the Hague ; File, Engdand. ]
High and Mighty Lords!
My Lords !
Your High Mightinesses could have seen from my last, of the ix. instant, what has been said
here of tlie rencontre which occurred on the previous Saturday, near Worcester, between the
Cavaliers under Prince Robert and some Companies of the Parliamentarians. Your High
Mightinesses will receive herewith the information communicated thereby to the King, and a
book containing an agreement between the nobility and gentry of Yorkshire, mutually pledging
themselves to remain neuter and to abstain, in the aforesaid County, from the proceedings
and quarters of both sides. Against this the Parliament hath published a declaration, which
is attached to the aforesaid agreement, commencing "fourteen articles of peace." Private
letters have also been received from Lancaster stating that six standards have been presented
to the King which were taken, in the rencontre above mentioned, from the Parliamentarians ;
and it is reported that some thousands of the latter have been slain.
A Parliamentman of quality told me, on Saturday last, that the Earl of Essex was with
the army within twelve miles of Shrewsbury ; that place has been fortified by the King, who
keeps his main force there. It is believed that My Lord Strange, now Earl of Derby,^ by the
' William SETiionE, Earl of Hertford, K. G., succeeded to the title on the death of his grandfather in 1621, and was
advanced to the dignity of Marquess on the 3d of June, 1640, and constituted Governor of the Prince of Wales. On the
breaking out of the rebellion, he was made Lieutenant-General of all the King's forces in the counties of Wilts, Southampton,
Dorset, etc., and in 1643 Groom of the Stole. On the Restoration, he succeeded in being acknowledged as Duke of Somerset,
which title was forfeited by the attainder of his grandfather, in the reign of Edward VI., and died on the 24th October, 1660.
His second wife was sister of the Earl of Essex. ( Supra, p. 127.) Collins. I., pt i., 188.
" James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby, was summoned to Parliament by the title of Lord Strange, 13th February, 1628, and
succeeded to the Earldom on the death of his father, 29 September, 1642. His Lordship was highly accomplished with
learning, prudence, loyalty and true valor, whereof he gave signal proofs, on several occasions, in the Civil Wars of England.
On the loss of the battle of Worcester, he was taken prisoner and condemned to die, notwithstanding his plea that, on being
taken prisoner, quarter for life had been granted him. He was beheaded at Bolton on the 15th of October, 1651. The
particulars of his death are very fully det.ailed in Collins, IF., H4. — En.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IL 135
death of his father, has been before Manchester with about three thousand men to invest
the place; and that he hath suffered some loss from those occupying that post. If this siege
should continue I cannot write anything as certain.
Of the Marquess of Hertford it is stated that he has succeeded in getting into one of the Castles
at Falmouth. I have not heard whether the petition, which the Parliament recommended to
the Earl of Essex, is sent to the King. Something has been done here in Church matters.
It is currently reported that the Queen has gone to France, and an ofldcer of the King
hath informed me that his Majesty has sent off two Lords to convey her Majesty thither.
Your High Mightinesses can best tell how much truth is in it. Your High Mightinesses will
please to find, in the accompanying Journals, what has occurred here during the past week.
Towards the end of the aforesaid week, the Duke of Soubisse died here. A distinguished
Knight, who sold his property above eight or nine years ago and removed the proceeds, as
well as his sons, to New England, yesterday renewed to me the complaints against some of
our nation belonging to New Netherland, relative to which I have heretofore written to your
High Mightinesses. It will be necessary seasonably to consider the means of preventing an
attack being attempted on our people. Herewith, commending myself to your High
Mightinesses, I pray God, High and Mighty Lords, to prosper the State and to bless your
High Mightinesses' Government.
Your High Mightinesses'
London, the xvii. October, 1642. Most humble Servant,
Received 25"^ October, 1642. ( Signed ) Alb : Joachimi.
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Despatches.
[ From the Register of 'West India Affairs, 1633—1651, in the Royal ArchiTes at the Hague. ]
Saturday, 25"- October, 1642.
Folio 80. r. • 3 1
Heer Joachimi. Rcceived a letter and appendix from Mr. Joachimi, their High Mightinesses'
ordinary Ambassador in England, written at London the 18"" inst.; the aforesaid letter
New Netherland Containing, among the rest, a notice of affairs that occurred in New Netherland ;
*''^^'"' which, being taken into consideration, it is resolved and concluded, that the
retro-acta relating hereunto shall be examined.
Subjects for the Consideration of the Assembly of the XIX. 1643.
[ From the Original, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; File, West Indie. ]
Points on which all the Chambers of the West India Company are summoned
to Amsterdam for the 21 February, 1643 ; extracted so far as they relate to
the affairs of New Netherland. Read 2 February, 1643.
IS"" Point.
It being found that New Netherland hath been hitherto of great expense and small profit to
the Company, and that the plan of opening the trade to said place, produces no true effect
136 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
according to the intent, inasmuch as many will go thither to trade without acquiring a domicile
there ; and therefore, population scarcely increases there, whilst trade is seriously ruined.
Therefore, the members are recommended to consider whether the internal trade there ought
not to be confined to the inhabitants of that country. And in order to induce a greater number
to repair thither, and to encourage the people there to the culture of the soil, grain and the
fisheries, whether it would not be well to open to the inhabitants who have a permanent domicile,
and oblige themselves to remain there, the trade from that country to Brazil, under proper
orders and duties, for the benefit of the Company; and vice versa, that from Brazil back to
New Netherland.
19.
In like manner, as a supply not only of all sorts of animals and cattle, but especially of salt,
is necessary for that country; and the islands of Curasao, Bonaire, Aruba particularly, furnish
no other supplies, the settlement and cultivation of said islands by private individuals, under
conditions to be thereunto agreed on, shall also have to be considered; permitting the trade
between them, New Netherland and Brazil, and vice versa as above, in the Company's
unarmed ships.
20.
Moreover, that all the Chambers that trade exclusively to one quarter or the other, shall
bring the account thereof with them, in order to determine, after examination of the same, if
it be expedient to continue that course, or to open the trade.
Stibject for the Consideration of the Asseinhly of the XIX. 1643.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal Archives of the Hague ; Pile, Weit Indie. ]
Points on which all the Chambers of the West India Company are summoned
to Amsterdam for the 11 July, 1643 ; extracted so far as relates to the
affairs of New Netherland. Received 19 June, 1643.
g'l" Point.
Proper enquiry shall, moreover, be made, and order also given as to the trade which some
Chambers separately carry on to one quarter or the other, especially how, in accordance with
the IS"" and ig"" points of reference of the last Assembly, the island of Curagao and New
Netherland can best be benefitted; and, in the meantime, to resume the papers lately received
from thence.
Resolution of the States General on a Petition from Fiscal Van Dindagen.
[Frcm the Register of West India Affairs, 163S— 1661, In the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Tuesday, 28 July, 1643.
Foiio99. The petition with the appendix presented to their High Mightinesses by and
ciagen. (,„ the behalf of Lubbert Van Dincklagen, late fiscal of New Netherland, being
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : II. 137
read to the Assembly, complaining that he, the petitioner, hath not been able as yet to obtain
from the West India Company, payment of his three years' services and other claims. After
previous deliberation, it is resolved and concluded, to refer the petitioner hereby to the Courts
of Justice.
States General to the Assembly of the XIX.
[ From the Minute In the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; File, West Indie. ]
To the Assembly of the XIX. of the West India Company, the SO"" August, 1643.
The States, &c.
Complaints o( ihe Whercas [complaints have] come now and again before us from the English
ES|iand. '" '" residing in New England, against the Dutch settled in New Netherland; Therefore,
we have resolved and concluded hereby to request and require you to take care that no acts
of hostility do arise [on any pretence] between the English and Dutch nations; but on the
contrary, that good friendship and harmony be maintained with the English. Expecting which.
Done 20* August, 1643.
The words within brackets, in the above letter, are supplied, as the MS. is imperfect, in consequence of the original being,
as it is stated, partially illegible, from damp. — En.
Resolution of the States General on a Report of the Proceedings of the XIX.
[From the Register of West India affairs, 1638— 1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague.]
Saturday, 7th November, 1643.
Folio 106. The report being heard of Mess" van der Cappelle tho Ryssel and Hogendorp,
sided'at'thl xix?" (Mr. Bickcr being absent) who by virtue of their High Mightinesses' Copimission,
presided at the Assembly of the West India Company holden at Amsterdam, in September and
Eeport,ctc. Octobcr last ; and the said report being exhibited and submitted in writing; It is
upon previous deliberation, resolved and concluded, etc.
Lubbert Tan ^"^^ ^^ *° ^h^t regards the case of Lubbert van Dingslagen, the retroacta shall
Dingsiagen. ^g examined, in order that they be placed together with the petitioner's request,
in the hands of their High Mightinesses' Commissioners. Finally, the Lords of Holland are, at
their request, granted a copy of the aforesaid written report; with recommendation that they
assist in forwarding the mattter therein set forth, so far as their Province is concerned.
Vol. I. 18
138 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Resolution of the States Genei'ol.
[ From the Register or West India affairs, 1638—1651, In the Royal Archires at the Hague. ]
Tuesday, 24th November, 1643.
FoiioioT. Deliberation being had, it is hereby resolved and concluded to delegate Mr.
LabbertTanDinsia- ^^^^g^^ j^ the matter of Lubbertus vau Dinslaken, late fiscal of New Netherland,
in the stead of Mr. Bommel, (in consequence of the latter's departure).
Subject for the Consideration of the Assembly of the XIX. 1643.
[ From the Original, in the Royal Archives, at the Hague. File, Weit Indie. ]
Points whereon all the Chambers of the West India Company are summoned
to Amsterdam, for the 12"" December, 1643; extracted so far as relates to
the affairs of New Netherland. Received 2 December, 1643.
lO"" Point.
Item. Due inquiry ought to be again made and order also given respecting the trade
which some Chambers carry on separately to one quarter and another; whether it can be best
promoted by trading conjointly to several places, or otherwise, each independently; first of all,
praying strict attention to the Island of Cura9ao and New Netherland; both of which cost the
Company considerable annually, without affording any profit or return.
Resolution of the States General in the matter of Fiscal van Dinclagen.
[ From the Register of 'West India Affairs, 1638—1651, in the Koyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Friday, n December, 1643.
Folio io« Having heard the report of Mr. Arnhem and other their High Mightinesses'
Deputies, in virtue of their respective resolutions of the T^ and 24"" November last, and having
viewed and examined the petitions and appendices heretofore presented to their High
Lubbert van Dine Mightinesses by and on behalf of Lubbert van Dincklagen, late Advocate fiscal
'*^^°' and Sheriff of New Netherland, instituting complaint of and against the West
India Company of these parts, in order to receive from it payment of his three years' service
and other claims, which he maintains to be due him from the above named Company. It
is, after previous deliberation, and after examining their High Mightinesses' resolution of
the 28"" July hereupon, in conformity thereunto, hereby again resolved and concluded, to
refer the Petitioner to the Courts of Justice.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IL 139
Resolution of the States Geiieral in the matter of Fiscal van Dindagen.
[ From the Eogister of Wisl India Affairs, 16S8— 1661, lu Ihe Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, 16 December, 1643.
Folio 109. f i-,g further petition of Lubbert van Dinckxlaeen, late Fiscal and Sheriff in New
Lubbert van Dine- '^ °
lagen. Nethcrland, with the vouchers thereunto annexed, are, after previous deliberation,
placed in the hands of their High Mightinesses' Deputies going to preside at the next Assembly
of the XIX. of the West India Company, in order to urge and endeavor that the petitioner
may be deprived of complaint; and their High Mightinesses' resolutions of the SS"" of last
July and xi. instant, respectively adopted in the Petitioner's case, are, in consequence,
hereby altered.
Memorial of the Eight Men at the Manhattans to the States General.
[ From the authenticated copy in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague J File, Wat Indie. ]
Noble, High and Mighty Lords, the Noble Lords the States General of the United
Netlierland Provinces.
Noble, High and Mighty Lords.
As no sacrifice is more acceptable to our God than an humble spirit and a contrite heart, so
nothing should, in like manner, be more pleasing to all Christian princes and magistrates, than
to lend an ear to their complaining, and to extend their hand to their distressed, subjects.
It is then so that we poor inhabitants of New Netherland were here in the Spring pursued by
these wild Heathens and barbarous Savages with fire and sword; daily in our houses and
fields have they cruelly murdered men and women; and with hatchets and tomahawks struck
little children dead in their parents' arms or before their doors ; or carried them away into
bondage ; the houses and grain-barracks are burnt with the produce; cattle, of all descriptions,
are slain and destroyed, and such as remain must perish this approaching Winter for the want
of fodder.
Almost every place is abandoned. We, wretched people, must skulk, with wives and little
ones that still survive, in poverty together, in and around the fort at the Manahatas where we
are not safe even for an hour; whilst the Indians daily threaten to overwhelm us with it.
Very little can be planted this autumn, and much less in the spring; so that it will come to
pass that all of us who will yet save our lives, must of necessity perish next year of hunger
and sorrow, with our wives and children, unless our God have pity on us.
We are all here, from the smallest to the greatest, devoid of counsel and means, wholly
powerless. The enemy meets with scarce any resistance. The garrison consists of but 50
@^60 soldiers unprovided with ammunition. Fort Amsterdam, utterly defenceless, stands
open to the enemy night and day. The Company hath few or no effects here (as the Director
hath informed us); were it not for this, there would have been still time to receive assistance
140 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
from the English at the East (ere all had gone to ruin); and we wretched settlers, whilst we
must abandon all our substance, are exceedingly poor.
These heathens are strong in might; they have formed an alliance with seven other nations;
are well provided with guns, powder and lead, which they purchased for beaver from the
private traders who have had, for a long time, free range here; the rest they take from our
fellow countrymen whom they murder.
In fine, we experience here the greatest misery, which must astonish a Christian heart to
see or to hear.
We turn then, in a body, to you. High and Mighty Lords, acknowledging you as our
Sovereigns and the Fathers of Fatherland. We supplicate, for God's sake, and for the love
your High Mightinesses bear your poor and desolate subjects here in New Netherland, that your
High Mightinesses would take pity on us, your poor people, and encourage the Company
thereunto, and command tiiem (to whom we also hereby make known our necessity) to
forward us, by the earliest opportunity, such assistance as your High Mightinesses will deem
most proper, in order that we, poor forlorn people, may not be left all at once a prey, with
wives and children, to these cruel heathens. And should suitable assistance not speedily
arrive (contrary to our expectations), we shall, through necessity, in order to save the lives of
those who remain, be obliged to betake ourselves to the English at the East, who would like
nothing better than to possess this place. And that an account of the superior convenience of
sea coasts, bays, and large rivers, besides the great fertility of this place : yea, which alone
could of itself provision and supply yearly 20, 25@^30 ships from Brazil or the West Indies
with all necessaries.
(Was underwritten :) Remaining, as we are, your High Mightinesses' faithful servants and
subjects, lawfully chosen and authorized by the Hon*"'^ Director and Council and the entire
Commonalty of New Netherland,
(Signed) Coornelis Melyn, JA^ Evertse Boudt,
ToMAS Hal, Gerrit Wolphertse,
IsAK Alleeton, Barent Dirckse,
Abraham Pieterse, Jochem Pietekse Kuyter.
Dated Manahatan, in New Netherland, this 3'^ November, 1643 ; Stil : Rom°.
This is found, ou collating, to agree with the Minute.
(Signed) Cornelis van Tienhoven, Sec'.
Resolution of the States General referring the 'preceding Memorial.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1653—1651, In the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Tuesday, 5 April, 1644.
FoHoiis. Read in the Assembly a certain Remonstrance presented to their High
Commonatly of New ,, _ i \ -it. t- \ • /~i ^ n t^j
Neiheriaod. Mightiuesses iH the name and on behalf of the entire Commonalty oi New
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : II. 141
Netherland, containing divers complaints respecting tlie inconveniences to which they are there
exposed. Whereupon, deliberation being had, it is resolved and concluded, that copy of the
aforesaid Remonstrance be sent to the Assembly of the XIX. of the West India Company, so
that prompt order may be taken on said Complaints, and for the removal of the aforesaid
inconveniences.
[ Here follo-ws a fragment of the letter of the States General to the Assembly of the XIX., transmitting the foregoing
RcsoIutioD, bnt it is, for the most part, unintelligible. — Eb.]
Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company to the States General.
I From the Original in tho Royal Archives at the Hague. File, West Indie. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
Your High Mightinesses' letter dated the 5"" April, is duly come to hand. Though addressed
to the Assembly of the XIX., we have opened it here at our private meeting, and read it with
particularly grateful acceptance, in regard of your High Mightinesses' paternal and gracious
care for the wretched Commonalty of New Netherland; we have also attentively examined the
petition of the said Commonalty presented to your High Mightinesses. We have resolved, to
write to your High Mightinesses in answer to tiie one and the other, that jointly and
individually, we sensibly feel in the inmost recesses of our hearts^the miserable and desolate
condition of the poor people there, the rather as we find ourselves in such inability that we
not only cannot supply the requisite means to bring this Colony, which is a source of so much
expense for the West India Company, to such a state that we might in time realize the long
looked for fruits thereof; but cannot, at present, even furnish those poor people who have left
their Fatherland, in the hope of obtaining, with their wives and children in that country, an
honest livelihood, with such supplies as are most urgently required for their support and
protection against the barbarous inhabitants of those parts. And we are truly of opinion that
greater and greater difficulties are to be expected from long delays. In order [to prevent]
which, as well in New Netherland as in other distant places where the Company, and
consequently this State, have to fear no less dangers, through the scarcity of divers required
necessary provisions, ammunition, goods, &c., we are obliged respectfully to submit to your High
Mightinesses, that the Company is fallen into both such inability and discredit that it is out of
its power, any longer, without considerable aid from the State, to supply any distant places,
or to continue any further the necessary daily payments in this country. We most humbly
request Your High Mightinesses, therefore, to be pleased to take these untoward circumstances
into such consideration as the constitution of the Company for the welfare of this State
most seriously demands.
High and Mighty Lords, let not the good and willing stockholders who have contributed
such large subscriptions for the advancement of the prosperity of this State, and have already
provisionally adopted an eflectual and advantageous resolution with the East India Company;
let tiiem not be discouraged or dismayed in contributing to such a beneficial work as the
combination of these two notable Companies would prove for this State. The vigorous
142 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
continuance of the Company's maritime affairs, and at least of its daily occurring disbursements
here, would contribute a little to that [prosperity]; and with an immediate grant of about a
million, it can be placed in good, prosperous and profitable condition. We also respectfully
request you, High and Mighty, to be pleased to receive further information from our Deputies,
who will present this to your High Mightinesses, and therein to vouchsafe them favorable
audience and full credit. Thereupon awaiting your High Mightinesses' favorable resolution,
which is most necessary, we shall meanwhile. High and Mighty Lords, pray God for the
continual success of your High Mightinesses' prosperous government.
Your High Mightinesses most humble Servants,
The Directors of the West India Company at Amsterdam,
Amsterdam, this 23 April, 1644. (Signed) Jacob Hamel.
Received 27"' April, 1G44. Marcus de Vogelaer.
Resolution of the States General, referring the preceding Letter.
[ From the Kegisler of West India affairs, 1633 — 1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, 27 April 1644.
Folio 116. Appeared in the Assembly some Directors from divers Chambers of the West
compalf/.^'""""' India Company, and by the moutii of one of the Advocates of said Company
proposed to their High Mightinesses, and subsequently submitted in writing, what is
Proposal. substantially se't forth in the proposition hereinafter inserted. And the aforesaid
Directors also delivered, besides, to their High Mightinesses a certain letter from the Directors
of the abovenamed West India Company, Chamber at Amsterdam, written there the 23^
instant, being an answer to their High Mightinesses' despatch of the S"" of the present month,
Affairs of New respecting the affairs of New Netherland ; which being considered, the Provinces
Neiheriand. dcsired copy of the aforesaid proposition, as well as of the said letter which was
granted them.
Report of the Deputies from the States General to the Asseiyibly of the XIX.
[ From the Original In the Eoyal Archires at the Hague ; File, West Indie. ]
Extract of the Report of Henrick van der Capelle toe Ryssel, Daniel Hoogendorp
Gaio Nauta, Gerrit van Santen, their High Mightinesses' deputies to the
Assembly of the XIX. of the West India Company at Amsterdam in April,
1644. E.xhibited 1" October, 1644.
High and Mighty Lords.
The deputies to this Assembly have found great discord and mutual distrust prevailing
among the Chambers ; and the Brazils with the coasts of Guinea, Angola, etc., were in
consequence, not provided with what those coasts required for support and trade for this State.
Those from Zealand, etc
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IL 143
Mr. Spieringh to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal Archives at tlie Hague: File, DuittcMand. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
Whereas her Royal Majesty's sliip, the Fame, coming from Nova Succia, her Royal Majesty's
possession, freighted with some peltries and tobacco, has arrived in tiiis country, and I, desiring
to have said freight discharged here, gave notice, in the ordinary course of trade, of said cargo
at the customs through my agent at Amsterdam, who apphed for a permit to unload ; but this
was refused him, and he was referred from there to tlie West India Company ; this astonished
me not a little, as I do not know wherefore he is referred from one to the other when the
customs and duties thereof are offered to be paid. Therefore I would hereby request your High
Mightinesses to be pleased to give such orders and instruction to whomsoever has charge and
authority over the customs and duties that they will no longer refuse to allow this her Royal
Majesty's ship to be unloaded and discharged in due course of trade, but that such be done
without hindrance, lest the perishable goods remain on board to their damage ; expecting
which speedily from your High Mightinesses,
I wish you from Almighty God a prosperous government, remaining
High and Mighty Lords,
Your High Mightinesses'
Friend and dutiful
Hfigue, 8"" October, 1644. (Signed) Peter Spieringh Silvercroen,
hereditary Proprietor of North Holm.
[op Norshollem (r/gesetten.']
Resolution of the States General on a further Memorial of the Swedish Residtnt.
[From the Register of Eetolutions relating to West India affairs in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Saturday, 15"" October, 1644.
The shi°' rime Read to the Assembly a certain additional Memorial presented to their High
dii* aldVper^centl Mightincssses by and on behalf of Resident Spieringh, stating in substance, that
he hath seen that their High Mightnesses have been pleased to resolve that copy of his
previous Memorial to their High Mightinesses, presented the 8"" instant, respecting the
discharging her Royal Majesty's ship the Fame, be referred to the present delegated Directors
of the West India Company, in order to furnish their High Mightinesses, at their earliest
convenience, with information regarding this affair. Mr. Spieringh being now aware of the
object of this reference, which can no otherwise be interpreted than as tending to the disrespect
and disparagement of her Royal Majesty, cannot therefore accept such resolution nor send it
it to her Royal Majesty (unless on refusal of any other) as it will surprise her to learn that a
remonstrance from one Sovereign to another should be referred to private individuals, or to a
private Company or Board, or whatever else it may be called, totally unknown, in these
premises, to her Royal Majesty. Their High Mightinesses have placed Mr. Spieringh's aforesaid
144 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Memorial in tiie hands of such as they pleased, but he expects an answer and resolution from
none but their High Mightinesses ; and that speedily, according to the urgency of the case, in
order to discharge the aforesaid ship, after satisfying the customs, according to the usage of
trade in regard to other foreign independent sovereigns ; or that their High Mightinesses will
be pleased to communicate to him the reasons why he has been detained ; referred from one
to the other to the serious damage of the perishable wares which are lying on ship board, and
of others now bearing a high price. Which being considered, it is resolved and concluded,
that the cargo of the said ship the Fame shall be regulated as regards the duties, in the same
way as those of tlie PVench, English, Danish and other foreign nations that bring and
discharge such or similar cargoes here ; to wit, the ordinary import duties, and in addition
eight per cent, both made over among other things to the West India Company of these ports,
in place of subsidies; all in conformity to the S"" Article of their High Mightinesses' regulation
of the 16"" October, 1637, and their confirmatory resolution of the 24"" July 1641 following
thereupon.
Resolution of the States General on a letter from the Patroon of Staten Island.
[ From the Register of TVeat India Affairs, 1633—1651, in the Koyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, 20"' October, 1644.
Folio 181. The letter of Cornelis Melyn, styling himself Patroon at Staten Island, without
Staten Island. (Jato or place, addressed to Mr. van Nederhorst ; also, a certain petition of the
same, dated Manahattas, 6"" August last, regarding the distressed condition of affairs there, is,
after previous consideration, placed in the hands of Messrs. van der Capellen, and other their
High Mightinesses' Deputies to the Assembly of the XIX. of the West India Company, with
power to inform themselves of, and investigate the real merits and state of the aforesaid
representation, and afterwards assist in making such order therein as the interests of the
country in general, and those of the said Company in particular, shall require.
Resolution of the States General to inquire into the affairs of New Netherland.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1633—1651, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Saturday, 22 October, 1644.
Folio 131. Messrs. van der Capelle tho Ryssel and other their High Mightinesses' Deputies
Bembiy'^of "the xix have represented to the Assembly that they have determined and resolved to
Departure. procccd hencc to Amsterdam on Monday next, in order to preside, by virtue
of their High Mightinesses' Commission and authority, at the Assembly of the XIX. of the
West India Company which will meet in the beginning of the next week, requesting to know
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : H. 145
Abuaea. if their High Mightinesses have any further commands for them ; which, being
considered, their High Mightinesses wished the said Lords a favorable journey; recommended
to them the interests of the Country in general and of the aforesaid West India Company in
particular; and requested them to use all due diligence, to the end that the business mentioned
in the report be accomplished, which the aforesaid, their High Mightinesses' Deputies, had
made verbally on the first of this month, and afterwards delivered in writing; whereunto, for
brevity sake, reference is had. Ilem, that generally all abuses and excesses at present prevailing
be remedied and repaired, and specially that, pursuant to their High Mightinesses' resolution
of the 20"" instant, they inform themselves and investigate the true circumstances and
condition of the state of affairs in New Netherland, and assist in making such order as the interest
of the Country in general and those of the above mentioned Company in particular shall
require. Their High Mightinesses further deputed Mr. Viersen in the place of Mr. Nauta (in
consequence of the latter's absence) to accompany and assist them in presiding in the aforesaid
Assembly of the XIX. with and in addition to the aforesaid Mr. van der Capelle and others
their High Mightinesses' deputies.
Mr. Spieringh to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Koyal Archivea at the Hague ; File, Weet Indi6.'\
Mr. Peter Spiring Silvercroon, hereditary proprietor of North Holm, Councillor of Finance
to her Royal Majesty of Sweden, and her Resident near your High Mightinesses, being, at his
request, in conference on the 26"" October with some of your High Mightinesses' Deputies,
proposed that he, the Resident, be furnished with a copy of your High Mightinesses' resolution
of the IS"" October, in answer to the Memorial he presented relative to the discharging of her
Majesty's Ship the Fame, which, coming from New Sweden, had run in to these parts; stating, in
substance, that your High Mightinesses declared the cargo of the above named ship, the
Fame, should be regulated in regard to duties, the same as the ships of the French, English,
Danish and other foreign nations that bring and discharge such or similar loading here, to wit :
the ordinary import duty, and in addition 8 percent, both made over, among other things, to the
West India Company of this Country, in conformity to your High Mightinesses' resolution in
this regard. To which, your High Mightinesses' resolution, he, the Resident, submitted, that
whatever the French, English, Danish and other foreign nations gave or did not give, was not
binding on him as he was suffering on his own merits and demerits, which remained unaffected
and undiminished. Moreover, few or no such examples could be produced ; and even if they
were, they should not be obligations on her Royal Majesty, or even otherwise be drawn into
precedent; that, on examination of their nature and circumstances, it might be found that
such French, English and Danes were mere private persons, and then, still, mere inhabitants
of these countries, who, in comparison with her Royal Majesty's ship, her Royal Majesty's
property, could not come into any consideration or be cited as precedent; and with the same
readiness that Frenchmen and Englishmen are instanced in opposition to her Royal Majesty
can Swedes be equally cited against others.
Vol. T. 19
146 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
The proposition of your High Mightinesses' Deputies, that her Royal Majesty should pay
the same as other inhabitants of these countries, the Resident would consider very strange, as
an attempt to place a Sovereign and Crowned head on a level with inhabitants of this State ;
the Resident expected greater respect would be paid her Royal Majesty than to place her on
an equality with private individuals. If this State, either by its Ambassadors or others, had
made or submitted any request to her Majesty, he, the Resident, was convinced that in such
or like cases, it would be treated with much greater respect. Moreover, the aforesaid
proposition was altogether different in character, inasmuch as its object was to impose subsidies
and contributions on her Royal Majesty and thereby tax her for the benefit of some private
inhabitants of this State; inasmuch as these duties were not contributed to the State, but to
private persons who were simply authorized thereunto, and who were furnished by the State
with a paper cloak; and therefore, if her Majesty is to be treated in all cases in the same
manner as the inhabitants of these countries (none of whom is understood to be exempt),
then her Royal Majesty must even so be released from such duty, or must be acknowledged,
not only to be exempt from, but even must appropriate, such impost, the same as the West India
Company, which consists merely of private individuals. Moreover, your High Mightinesses
had no more right to declare that this her Royal Majesty's ship should pay duty to a West
India Board, than to an East India or a Greenland Company, or any other set of individals,
which would be without end; and levied and extorted with, certainly, as little justice.
Regarding the S per cent in addition to the Import duty : although he, tiie Resident, did not
agree to it, he nevertheless proposed this question ; whether it had reference to the principal,
the risk, the profit, the entire, or what else; also, if the valuation of the goods was to apply to
the place where they were procured, here where they were bought, or there, where they would
be consumed ; your High Mightinesses will be pleased to weigh all the points and justly to
examine this case; and should the West India Company, according to its pleasure and
resolution, increase the value and duty, your High Mightinesses will please to bear in mind,
what, under similar circumstances, had heretofore occurred in Prussia, with her Royal Majesty,
in regard to the licenses, when your High Mightinesses' Ambassadors argued and maintained
that her Royal Majesty could not levy any tolls there, notwithstanding her Royal Majesty had
won those countries by the sword ; and had, moreover, in this instance, especial treaties in
her favor. Although it was then pretended that no duty was imposed on the goods except
according to the entry of the merchant and the place where they were loaded and purchased ;
for if the goods were rated too high, her Royal Majesty must be obliged to take them at that
appraisal, and add as much more thereto for the protection of the merchant; it will now,
on the contrary, be claimed with indeed, less justice, that the West India Company is at
liberty to value the goods as high as it chooses, taking the payment in money or in kind, when
the best would be selected ; whereby all would be converted and drawn to its own profit.
Besides, the West India Company could, with so much the less grace claim any duty,
inasmuch as it had, heretofore, under grant from her Royal Majesty, a share in this Swedish
Company, having also acknowledged it for an absolute and free Company; and, then, ships
from the Kingdom, from New Sweden, having sailed and been loaded and discharged here, ofi'
and on, were never subjected to, much less paid such duty ; and hence, so far from there being
any right and equity for such imposition, it ought, on the contrary, now to be considered in
direct opposition to all right and equity, after the West India Company had surrendered its
shares, and her Royal Majesty had bought it out and exclusively acquired those shares herself;
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IL .147
wherefore nothing similar could now be levied by virtue, and in regard of said purchase: And still
so much the less so, inasmuch as this, her Royal Majesty's ship had traded to, and came from,
a country wliich her Royal Majesty had rightfully imrchuscd, and obtained possession of, from the right
owners; where, previously, her Royal Majesty had found neither ships, commerce, nor trade,
but had established them, and had erected her arms there, and thus had, first, reduced every
thing to order; and, accordingly, no person there was a subject, nor could any duty reasonably
or rightfully be claimed ; further, this Royal ship ran in here for no other purpose than solely
with the intention to revictual, and to sail to the Kingdom, when fully loaded, but in consequence
of the trouble and war which has arisen between the Swedes and Danes, she must remain
here, and is unable to complete her voyage because your High Mightinesses did not observe,
according to the letter and meaning, the well established alliance, the purport of which was
to maintain, against all force, reciprocally and on both sides, the freedom of navigation and
commerce in the East and North seas ; and because your High Mightinesses had acted so
partially herein.
Further, he the Resident had seen by a sealed Acte of the IS"* October ( being your High
Mightinesses' abovementioned resolution of the 15"") which was published by the West India
Company, that the latter had, in quality of sovereign, presumed to place two of its people as
keepers on board the Royal ship, and he therefore desires to know from your High Mightinesses,
whether or not that was done by your High Mightinesses' order and knowledge ; if not, if the
West India Company could of its own authority, will and pleasure hostilely usurp such
pretension, power and jurisdiction, it could not be considered other than an arrogance and
insolence, disrespectful in the highest degree to her Royal Majesty ; if, indeed, it were done
by order, and with the knowledge, of your High Mightinesses (which is scarcely credible) your
High mightinesses will please to consider with what great respect your High Mightinesses'
ships have ever been treated in her Royal Majesty's kingdom and within her jurisdiction ; and
that her Royal Majesty never expected different treatment from your High Mightinesses; that
the ships which had heretofore conveyed your High Mightinesses' Ambassadors to Prussia were
not once inspected, nor detained, nor any people placed on board of them, although they
were laden with merchandise; that even the ships, which went to fetch, or bring, the
Ambassadors back, were not examined ; such ships and goods were also passed free as
the Ambassadors on their voyage requested ; and that from no other motive or view, than simply
out of the respect entertained for your High Mightinesses' Ambassadors and this State ; contrary
to which, this disrespect is now exhibited towards this her Royal Majesty's ship, carrying only
royal freight. But should your High Mightiness entertain no such regard, he, the Resident
nevertheless requests, that those two persons may be again removed from the vessel, so that no
further inconvenience or mischief may accrue to her Majesty's dignity from such prejudicial
acts and hostilities of which, by this remonstrance, he, the Resident, will then be blameless;
and as a further security that no fraud shall be committed on the cargo, he, the Resident, as
her Majesty's Minuter, assures your High Mightinesses that a list thereof shall be delivered in,
if your High Mightinesses require it. Provided, nevertheless, in all things that he the Resident,
be not understood as paying any, even the smallest duty from this her Royal Majesty's
ship, as well for reasons above recited, as because it is prejudicial to her Majesty's dignity ;
contrary to the alliance and opposed to the intimacy and friendship which were therein to
continue between her Royal Majesty and your High Mightinesses ; and therefore expects from
148 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
your High Mightinesses a resolution and good conclusion on this, his Remonstrance. Wishing
you from God Almighty a long and prosperous government.
(Signed) Peter Spieringh Silvercroon,
Done at the Hague on the above day A°, 1644. hereditary Proprietor of North Holm.
Exhibited 29 October, 1614.
Repwt of their Deputies of the States General on New Netherland.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal Archires, at the Hague ; File, West IndUche Compagnie. ]
Extract of the Report of Henrick van der Capellen toe Ryssell, Viersen, Gerrit
van Santen their High Mightinesses' late Deputies to the Assembly of the
West India Company at Amsterdam, holden in October 1644. Exhibited
28"- December 1644.
High and Mighty Lords,
The delegates did, on the fl October etc.
In New Netherland. We repeatedly brought before the Assembly the complaint which was made to
your High Mightinesses respecting the cruel massacre perpetrated on the Indians, so that it
may be provided against, and the punishment for blood unlawfully shed, may be warded ofT
this State. And it was finally resolved, that all papers relating to this matter, be placed in the
hands of the Board of Accounts {Reken Jcamer) to extract therefrom, by the next Assembly,
■what ought to be redressed, as is to be seen, No. 7. It was moreover resolved, to recall the
Director in order that he defend himself, and to send back in his stead with a temporary
commission, Lubbert van Dinslaken who has been formerly there as fiscal, and who is a favorite
with the Indians.
Minerals of copper, iron and lead have been discovered in those countries, particulars of
which are given to this Director, to inform himself thereof, and to send hither the real ore to
be tested. A private individual has brought with him copper ore that is very rich, and hath
also some silver in it; orders have been given to test and investigate it further.
Afpcndix No. 7. Extract from the Minutes of the Nineteen. Received 2Sth December, 1644.
15 December, 1644.
Pursuant to their High Mightinesses' order. Mess" van der Capellen toe Ryssel and van
Santen, informed the Assembly that they had repeatedly requested that the business respecting
New Netherland may be dispatched, which not being done, they had spoken this morning to
the Commissioners thereunto named on the 10"' December last, and were of opinion that the
papers and documents having reference to New Netherland, should be placed in the hands of
the Company's Board of Accounts, to examine the whole subject, to draw up a report and to
submit to the Assembly their opinion, how the decay there shall be remedied ; the population
increased ; agriculture advanced, and that country thoroughly improved for the advantage of
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : 11. 149
the Company, with authority ; that in the meanwhile this Assembly, on its part, shall represent
to the Amsterdam Chamber, what persons, in addition to the Director, ought to be recalled ;
and that Lubbertus van Dincklagen, may be provisionally sent thither in the said Director's
place, with such order and instruction as they shall judge to be provisionally for the best
advantage of affairs there.
Whereupon question being put, the Deputies from Amsterdam declared, relative to the
examination of the matter, and the same to serve for advice, that they would agree to the
proposition, but could not vote to the prejudice of their Chamber; and regarding the person,
Dincklagen, they will endeavor to make him acceptable to their Chamber. Then the members
confirmed the proposition, and consent that Dincklagen shall be furnished with provisional
commission as Director.
Rejyort of the Board of Accounts on Neio Netlierland. 1644.
[ From a MS. in the Royal Archires at the Hague ; in the Loketkas of the States General ; Rubric, West Indische Oompagnie, No 80. 1st Dlrislon.]
Report and Advice on the Condition of New Netherland, drawn up from
documents and papers placed by commission of the Assembly of the XIX.,
dated IS"" Dec' 164:4, in the hands of the General Board of Accounts, to
examine the same, to make a digest thereof, and to advise the Assembly
how the decay there can be prevented, population increased, agriculture
advanced, and that country wholly improved for the Company's benefit.
New Netherland, situate in America, between English Virginia and New England,
extending from the South river, lying in 34J degrees, to Cape Malabar, in the latitude of 41i
degrees, was first frequented by the inhabitants of this country in the year 1598, and especially
by those of the Greenland Company, but without making any fixed settlements, only as a
shelter in the winter. For which purpose they erected on the North and South Rivers there,
two little forts against the incursions of the Indians. A charter was afterwards, on the ll""
October, 1614, granted by their High Mightinesses to Gerrit Jacobsz. Witsen, antient
burgomaster of the city of Amsterdam, Jonas Witsz, Symon Morrisen, Lambert van
Tweenhuyzen, Wessel Schenck and associates, all inhabitants of these parts, to trade
exclusively to the newly discovered countries, situate in America, between New France and
Virginia, and now called New Netherland, to resort thither exclusively for the term of
three years, without any other persons being able, during that time, to frequent that place
from this country, on pain of confiscation of ships and goods, and a fine of fifty thousand
Netherland ducats.
In the years 1622 and 1623, the West India Company took possession, by virtue of their
charter, of the said country, and conveyed thither, in their ship, the New Netherland, divers
Colonists under the direction of Cornells Jacobsz. Mey, and Adriaen Jorissz. Tienpoint, which
Directors, in the year 1624, built Fort Orange on the North River, and Fort Nassau on the
South River, and after that, in 1626, Fort Amsterdam on the Manhattes. In all which,
garrisons were continually maintained, and trade was carried on in those several districts with
150 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
yachts, sloops and other craft. And in the year 1G29, the Freedoms and Exemptions conceded
by the Hon''''' Assembly of the XlX. were published, with their High Mightinesses' approbation.
Thereupon divers Patroons and Colonists resorted thither and endeavored to advance
agriculture and population. For further security, Fort Good Hope was also erected in 1633,
on the Fresh river. But said population did not experience any special impulse until the
year 1639, when the Fur trade with the Indians, which had been previously reserved to
the Company, was thrown free and open to every body; at which time not only the inhabitants
there residing spread themselves far and wide, but even new Colonists came thither
from Fatherland; and the neighboring English, both from Virginia and New England repaired
to us. So that in place of seven Bouweries, full thirty were planted and full one hundred
more expected in a short time from the plantations which were taken up ; insomuch that there
was every appearance that provisions might be furnished in two or three years for ten
thousand men.
Although the hope was now entertained that the country would by such means arrive at a
flourishing pass, yet it afterwards appeared that the abuses attendant on the free trade was the
cause of its ruin —
First: because the Colonists, each with a view to advance his own interest, separated
themselves from one another, and settled far in the interior of the Country, the better to trade
with the Indians, whom they then sought to allure to their houses by excessive familiarity and
treating. By this course they brought themselves into disrepute with the Indians, who, not
having been always treated alike, made this the cause of enmity.
Secondly: in consequence of the proximity to the Indians, whose lands lay un fenced, the
cattle belonging to our people, straying without herdsmen, seriously damaged their corn or
maize. This occasioned much complaint, and no redress following, they revenged themselves,
killing both the cattle and horses.
Thirdly: not only the Colonists, but also the free traders proceeding from this country, sold
for furs in consequence of the great profit, fire-arms to the Mohawks for full 400 men, with
powder and lead; which, being refused to the other tribes when demanded, increased the
hatred and enmity of the latter.
Fourthly: It happened, in addition to this, that the Director had, a few years after, imposed
a contribution of maize on the Indians, whereby they were totally estranged from our people.
Hence arose divers threats and injurious occurrences, which finally broke out into acts of
hostility, so that, first : the Raritan Indians attempted to make away with one of our sloops,
and afterwards killed some hogs on Staten Island. Whereupon the Director dispatched eighty
soldiers thither to avenge the act, who burnt their corn and killed three or four of their people.
Both sides then desisted from further proceedings.
Next it happened that a Wechquaeskeck Indian' murdered, about the year 1640, an old
man in his own house with an axe, for which no satisfaction having been afforded by the tribe,
12 men, chosen from the Commonalty, afterwards resolved, in the year 1642, to revenge the
murder by open war ; but nothing was done at that time in consequence of missing the enemy,
who, observing what was designed against them, sued for peace.
Some time afterwards the Hackingsack Indians designedly shot, with an arrow, a Dutchman,
who sat thatching a house. The Commonalty were very much troubled at this, dreading the
' A Wfcstcheater tribe. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IL 151
recurrence of other such acts. And while tlie Director was seei^ing in vain for satisfaction,
God seemed to have taken vengeance on those of Witqueschaclc, through the Mahikan
Indians, who surprizing, slew full 70 of them and led many women and children away into
captivity. This obliged the remainder to fly to our people at the Manhattans, where they
were received into the houses, and fed by the Director during fourteen days. Shortly after
this, seized with another panic, they fled with the Hackingsacx, fully a thousand strong, to the
vicinity of the fort, and over the river of Povonia. Some of the 12 men perceiving this,
the Director, on the petition of three of them, namely, Jan Janse Damen, Abraham Plangh and
Maryn Adriaense who signed in the name of the entire body, authorized an attack on the
abovementioned Indians, in the course of the night between the 27"" and 28"" of February, 1643,
by a party of soldiers and burghers, who, with cruel tyranny, slew 80 of them, and took 30
prisoners. And although the Commonalty protested against the Director and the aforesaid
three persons, on account of these hasty and severe proceedings, as having taken place without
their knowledge or consent, they were obliged, notwithstanding, to declare open war against
full eleven tribes of Indians, who rose in arms on that account. The consequence was, that
about one thousand of these, and many soldiers and colonists belonging to us, were killed.
Almost all the bouweries were also destroyed, so that only three remained on the Manhattes,
and two on Staten Island, and the greater part of the cattle were destroyed. Whatever
remained of these, had to be kept in a very small enclosure, except in Rensselaers Colonic,
lying on the North river, in the neighborhood of Fort Orange, which experienced no trouble
and enjoyed peace, because they continued to sell fire arms and powder to the Indians even
during the war against our people.
The Company thus experienced the greatest destruction and damage, as well by the
consumption of their ammunition and the ready money expended in purchasing this at a high
rate, as by reinforcing the garrison, by the enlisting of as many Englishmen as could be hired
in that country ; fifty of whom the Colonists solemnly engaged to pay, but the payment not
having followed, remained as a charge upon the Company. Those indebted to the Company
were hereby finally reduced to such a state that they had no means to pay their debts.
To remedy this great decay, various suggestions were made by the Director and
the Commonalty.
First, that to restore peace and quiet throughout the land, the Indians who had waged war
against us, should be wholly destroyed and exterminated. The Director demanded, for that
purpose, one hundred and fifty soldiers, armed with muskets and coats of mail, and provided
with sufficient munitions of war; inasmuch as he estimated the number of the Indians, our
enemies, not to be above three hundred strong. The Commonalty, maintaining that they were
some thousands strong, considered the accomplishment of such a proposal impossible; they
were of opinion that it would be better to secure public tranquillity by a general peace.
They have little hope of this, so long as the present rulers remain there; because the Indians
are in no way to be pacified (as they themselves declare to our's) until the Director is removed
thence, calling daily for Wouter, Wouter — meaning Wouter van Twiller.
Secondly, in order to prevent war in future, the Colonists ought to settle nearer each other, on
suitable places, with a view of being thus formed into villages and towns, to be the better
able to protect each other in time of need. Being separated from the Natives, will prevent
the cattle damaging the corn belonging to the Indians, which, added to excessive familiarity
In associating with them, was the cause of many difficulties. The employment of Indians as
domestic servants will, thus, also be put an end to.
152 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Thirdly, for better security against enemies, and to ensure respect from neighbors, it would
be advisable immediately to construct Fort Amsterdam of stone; for it is now in such ruin that
men pass into it, over the walls, without making use of the gate ; this, according to the
calculation of the Director, would cost only 20 to 25 thousand guilders.
Fovrihly, the settlement of the boundaries between the English and our people by the Crown
of England and this State, ought to be urged in every way, in order to prevent all difficulties
with that nation, inasmuch as they have begun, since the year 1633, to usurp the Fresh River,
notwithstanding the Company had previously taken entire possession of it; and, on the S""
June, Anno 1633 (before any Englishmen had ever been on, or near that river) purchased
land from the Indians twenty miles up the same, and built fort Good Hope thereupon and kept
possession thereof with our people. After which time, namely, on 16"' September, the English
first arrived from New Plaimouth and Mathuses bay, before that fort, and declared that they
wished to erect a lodge three miles above it; which the Commissary residing there, opposed
as long as he could; but was necessitated to permit it under protest, according to instructions.
Meanwhile, divers letters, protests and notices were exchanged between their Governor and
our Director. And it finally came to pass that they came, in the year 1635 and 1636, up the
aforesaid river with sundry families and cattle ; settling themselves down there, far and near ;
even on the land situate around and by our fort, and the property of which belonged to us.
Which land they have parcelled among themselves, endeavoring to prescribe unto us laws ;
because, having built a house or two at the mouth of the river, they pretend thereby to have
the key thereof.
Fifthly, it would be advisable, for the benefit of that country, first of all, to facilitate
emigration to New Netherland, as had been done a long time since ; or at least to credit the
passengers for a time, in order to allure Colonists thither, and afterward to introduce a goodly
portion of farm servants and negroes into that country. By whose labor, agriculture would
be so much promoted, that a great quantity of provisions could be exported thence to Brazil.
Sixthly, the rendezvous of vessels of war could be established in New Netherland, and it is
better adapted than the Island of Curasao, in consequence of its abundance of provisions and of
building timber, and because all parts of the West Indies are safer and easier of access from
that quarter, and the designs against the enemy can be kept better concealed.
Seventhly, it would be advantageous for the Company to keep a well supplied store and cellar
there, in order to accommodate the inhabitants, at a certain reasonable price, either for money
or produce, which will otherwise be overvalued or monopolized by private traders. But if
private individuals are allowed to continue trading, a fixed price ought to be placed on their
imported wares. The system of giving credit ought also be abolished, as the Company suffers
great loss therefrom, and their servants ought to be promptly paid their board money and
monthly wages.
Finally, 'tis proposed that the Council consist of four or five persons for the maintenance of
justice and the authority of the Company, as well as the respect of the neighboring Colonies.
From all this, it is to be seen into what confusion and ruin New Netherland has at present
fallen, all caused by the rash undertaking of so unnecessary a war, without the knowledge,
much less the order of the XIX., and against the will of the Commonalty there ; and what
excessive expenditure is now required from the Company, both for succor and redress; no
apparent profits can be expected there for some years ; but, on the contrary, it is found from
the Company's books in the Amsterdam Chamber, that the district of New Netherland, instead
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: II. 153
of being a source of profit, has cost the Company, from the year 1626 to the year 1644
inclusive, over 550,000 guilders, deducting the returns received therefrom. It would, therefore,
be worth considering if it would not be better for the Company, by abandoning New
Netherland, to rid itself of such heavy expenses altogether, than by retaining it to
continue them.
But inasmuch as the Company has, by its conceded Freedoms, promised to take all Colonists,
as well freemen as servants, under its protection, and to aid in defending them against all
foreign and domestic wars; and as the improvement of affairs by good orders from here, and
better government there, is not altogether hopeless ; so that this place may be preserved, in the
first instance, with small profits, or at least without loss; we are, therefore, of opinion, under
correction, that the Company cannot decently or consistently abandon it.
With a view to come at such orders and redress, we submit to the Honorable Assembly the
following points : —
Boundary. First the bouudary : An agreement ought speedily, and first of all, be made
with the English hereupon, as it is found that, in consequence of their great population,
they daily encroach more and more on our territory. That being fixed, it ought to be
conditioned, that the English who may find themselves within our district, or should desire to
come into it, shall be amenable to our government and acknowledged only as original subjects.
Reconciliation «ith Secondly: the country ought, in every respect, be again reduced to peace and
thBindmns. quietness, and the advice of the present Director, utterly to exterminate all
enemies by force, be, by no means, adopted ; not only because it is impossible and
unchristianlike so to do, but it would not be advantageous to the Company to incur so great
an expense as it requires on so uncertain a result and so small an appearance of profit. And,
therefore, they should not deem it impolitic to adopt the advice of the Commonalty, and to
endeavor, by all possible means, to conciliate and to satisfy the Indians by recalling tlie Director
and Council, who are responsible for that bloody proceeding of the 2S"' February, 1643, that
they may justify and vindicate their government before the Hon*"'* Assembly of the XIX., in
whose stead a person ought to be sent thither as Director, endowed with sufficient qualities to
promote, on the one side, the interests of the Company and the welfare of the Commonalty, and
to maintain, on the other, good correspondence with the neighboring people, and especially
with the Indians.
Beitiement of Colo- Thirdly: it would be advisable to carry out and put into practice the plan of
mats together. ^j^^ Director, already alluded to, that the Colonists should settle, a certain
number of families together, on some of the most suitable places, in the form of hamlets, towns
and villages, as the English are wont to do, who thereby live more securely ; and such was the
Company's intention in the granting of the printed Freedoms and amplification thereof.
Eepair of the fort Fourthly: it will, first of all, be necessary to hasten the repair of fort Amsterdam.
And we are of opinion that this will be effected in a proper and in the cheapest manner, with
good clay and firm sods. The soldiers, by some presents, could be encouraged thereunto and
obliged to keep it, for the future, in good repair. The Director ought to be particularly
commanded to pay strict attention thereto.
Esiabiuhment. Fifthly: we are of opinion, under correction, that for the security of the aforesaid
fort, and of such other place as might require it, the persons specified in the annexed list
would be sufficient, on such allowances as are thereunto adjoined. Superadding, that the
Vol. I. 20
154 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Colonists and their servants should, under certain penalties, be obliged to provide themselves
with good firelocks and other weapons for their own defence. Also, for the purpose of securing
themselves, in time of need, with the assistance of the garrison, against a general attack,
without the Director, Colonists, or any person whatsoever, having the power to enlist any
soldiers, be they few or many, at the Company's expense.
GoTernment. Sixt/ihj : a Council ought be established there to consist of three persons,
namely, the Director as President, the Vice and the Fiscal, as assistants. By which Council
shall be treated and decided all cases relating to tlie police, justice, dignity and rights of tiie
Company. With this understanding, however, that in criminal cases the Commander shall
take the place of the Fiscal, with the addition, also, of two capable members of the
Commonalty. Further, as the respective Colonies are allowed by the 28"" article of
the Freedoms to delegate one or two persons to report their state and condition to the Director
and Council, at least once a year, so are we of opinion that the said delegates should, moreover,
assemble every six months, at the summons of the Director and Council, for mutual good
understanding and the general advancement of the public welfare, to aid in advising them,
besides, upon all affairs relating to the prosperity of their Colonies, the conciliation of the
Indians and neighbors, the maintenance of the Freedoms and Privileges, the removal of all
abuses and the support of the laws and statutes. Also, to observe that the Amsterdam
measure, ell and weight shall be used throughout the entire country.
Population and ag- Seventhly: Particular provision must be made for the vigorous encouragement
ricuiiure. ^^ ^|^g population and cultivation of the soil. It will be promoting this object
to afford as many facilities as possible to emigrating Colonists and freemen, who are inclined to
go thither ; and to cause them to settle down first on the Island of Manhattes. Allowing
them as much land as they will be able to cultivate, whether in raising tobacco, whereunto
that Island, on account of its great fertility, is considered well adapted ; or grain and other
crops from which they will expect to derive the greatest profit.
And for the advancement of the cultivation of the land there, it would not be unwise to
allow, at the request of the Patroons, Colonists and other farmers, the introduction, from
Brazil there, of as many Negroes as they would be disposed to pay for at a fair price ; which
Negroes would accomplish more work for their masters, and at a less expense, than farm
servants, who must be bribed to go thither by a great deal of money and promises.
T'-aJ''. Eighthly: in order to encourage population still more, we would advise that it
were best to confine the trade with the Indians exclusively to the Patroons, Colonists and free
people who reside there, without permitting any commission merchants (commissie vaerders) to
traffic in any manner with the Indians ; but to be satisfied with the exchange of their cargoes
for the peltries, tobacco, wheat and other country produce of the free inhabitants.
But it should be absolutely forbidden that either freemen should sell to the Indians, or
commission merchants to freemen, any arms or munitions of war, on a certain heavy penalty
to be thereunto enacted, lest the Indians, deriving strength from such a trade, may, in course
of time, be encouraged to do us more harm than they can now, in their impotency, inflict.
But it will suffice that each of the free inhabitants shall be provided with a good gun and side
arms, for self-defence, as hereinbefore laid down in the 5"" point ; which arms ought to be
inspected by the Director every six months.
And for the greater encouragement of the good people of New Netherland, it is submitted
that the Hon-'^ Assembly take into consideration whether it would not tend to the advantage
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IL 155
of those possessions to allow all resident Patroons and Colonists to export their produce to
Brazil, under proper duty and toll, as flour, oatmeal, peas, beans, pipe staves, planks, square
and other timber, fit for the building of ships and houses, abound there. Also, for the
encouragement of the fislieries there, that they and none otiier be allowed to sell at the Recief,'
the fish and caviare which are caught, cured and packed in that country. And that those of
New Netherland shall also be permitted to take salt on the coast of Brazil, in the vicinity
of Siara, or in the West Indies, for the purpose of salting green or dry fish. Also to erect pans
in New Netherland to refine salt, and adapt it for use with fish and meat, as fine salt. And on
arriving in Brazil, they shall be bound to deliver every thing into the Company's store, and
on payment of the proper duty and toll, whether in money or kind, to dispose of the same;
without exporting any money thence, but taking, as a return cargo, staves, sugar, confectionary,
ginger, tobacco, cotton and other produce of the country, with proper entries thereof, both as
to quality and quantity; and therewith to sail direct to New Netherland, without touching at
any port on the way, to sell or barter any part thereof, under any pretence whatsoever.
Wiierefore they should receive a supercargo on the part of the Company to make a report of
the whole to it, and to return in the next ship from New Netherland to Brazil. And for the
prevention of all further smuggling, the skippers must be obligated, on pain of loss of the ship
and cargo, to touch at Paraiba, after being inspected at the Recief, in order to be again visited
there on the Company's behalf.
Which trade being thus adjusted, it will not be necessary for the Company to be burdened
with any further equipments or the purchase of cargoes; it will be, moreover, relieved from
numerous servants required therefor. The garrison being to be rationed at their own expense,
will be amply supplied for that purpose with necessaries by the freemen and inhabitants there.
But in order to meet the expenses which the Company has to incur, for the support of the
garrison and the other servants, it will be necessary to keep a sharp eye on the receipt of
the duties, tolls and other dues, already imposed and yet to be imposed on the exported and
imported goods. From which, we are of opinion, that the expenses to be incurred by the
Company can be fully defrayed, with the hope of greater and more ample profit, by the increase
of the population.
Estimate of the expenses which the Company would have to bear in New
Netherland for the following persons to be rationed at their own expense.
1 Director, whose monthly salary should be fl. 250, to board himself, is yearly fl. 3,000
1 Second, and factor and receiver, at fl. 120 per month, as above, 1,440
1 Fiscal, (IL fl. 60 per month, as above 720
1 Secretary, who is also to keep the book of monthly wages, per month fl.60, 720
1 Commissary of the merchandise and store goods @. fl. 60 per month, 720
1 Assistant of the merchandise and store goods, @. fl. 2-5 per month, 300
1 Clergyman, (aX fl. 120 per month, 1,440
1 Schoolmaster, precentor and sexton, @, fl. 30, 360
1 Gunner, (|, 20, 240
1 Provost or Marshal, (S, fl. 15, 180
' Nearly south of the city of Pernambuco, between the river Bibiribe and the sea, is a small tongue of land on which
stood a village called the Reciffe, where all goods were shipped and discharged. De Laef. Verliael van West Indien, 191.
156 NEW-YOEK COLONIAL IktAJTUSCRIPTS.
1 Corporal, with a soldier to clean the arms, being also a smith, (a^fl. 15 per month, fl. ISO
1 Commander, (a. fl. 60 per month, 720
1 Ensign, (a. fl. 4-5 -540
2 Serjeants, (3. fl. 2-5 each, 600
2 Corporals, (a. fl. IS each 432
1 Drummer, (S. fl. 13, 156
4 Cadets, (a. fl- 15 each, 720
40 Soldiers, (a^ fl. 13 each, 6,240
1 Surgeon for the soldiers, (a, fl. 25 300
1 .Skipper on tlie sloop, (1. fl. 25, 300
4 Matrosses, (a. fl. 13 per month each, 624
1 Boy, d- fl. 9 per month, lOS
69 persons, amount yearly to, fl. 20,040
The mills there must be leased.
These officers and servants would be sufficient for the business; and carpenters, masons,
smiths and such like ought all to be discharged, and left to work for whomsoever will
pav them.
Tie States General to the A-ssemlly of the XIX.
r From Uie SCnnle to Ihe Eoyil ArchiTes at the Hagne : Tae, WVji Indit. ]
To the Assembly of the XIX. of the West India Company, the 21^ of April, 1645.
The States, etc.
Two 5»e.iiah swpe. The representations and complaint to us of 3/r. Spieringh iho Norsholm, the
Queen of Sweden's resident here, relative to your proceedings in the matter of interfering with
the cargo of the Royal ships the Calmer sleutd and Fuma, coming from Nora Sutcia, a district
in the possession of her Royal Majesty, which vessels ran in here and broke bulk, you will
be able to see from the annexed papers, copies of the said Mr. Spieringh's memorial and of
the pieces thereunto appended, this day presented to us, which we have hereby resolved to
send to you, desiring and requesting that the said laden goods and merchandise of the aforesaid
two ships, may be discharged without making any further difficulty therein; our previously
repeated resolution and order remaining in force and effect, respecting the eight per cent in
question, hereinbefore imposed and exacted on all other such wares and merchandise for the
benefit of your Company. Whereupon, relying, etc.
Done 21« of April, 1645.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IIL 157
Report on tlie Proceedings of the Assembly of the XIX. 1645.
[ From the Original In the Boyal Archives at the Hagne ; File, Tr««< Indie. \
Summary Report rendered by Mess" Van der Capellen toe Ryssel, Herbers and
Nykerk, of the principal matters that occurred in the Assembly of the
Nineteen, at Amsterdam, since March, 1645. Exhibited IS"" of July, 1645.
1. Order was introduced last December, in the respective possessions of Brazil, Guinea,
Angola, the island of St. Thomas, New Netherland, and answers thereto have been received
by the ships which arrived in June, 1645. Every thing is, by God's blessing, in a good
condition; and in consequence of the employment of the negroes, which were from time to
time introduced from Angola into Brazil, in planting grain, flour is produced in such quantity
that what used to always cost S to 10 guilders, still contintes to be sold at the low rate of six
stivers, wherefore the Supreme Council now have written to send from here half as much flour
as used heretofore to have been conveyed thither.
2. Orders have been made by this Assembly for the aforesaid possessions of the Company;
letters have now been sent over to the Directors in those countries on the subject.
3. Propositions have been made by Directors and principal stockholders of the Amsterdam
Chamber for the opening of the Angola trade to all, to which the other Chambers are
strongly opposed.
It was to be expected that this would create some difference between this Amsterdam
Chamber and the others, to the loss and discredit of the West India Company; which was
prevented by good reasons.
The trade principally to Guinea and Angola, is the life of the Company; and the ruin of the
latter would follow the deduction or diminution thereof.
The Company can neither exist or flourish without commerce ; even though all the public
subsidies were promptly paid.
The receipts herefrom still keep the Company alive, and furnish means for the equipments
and cargoes for these and other coasts.
4. At the request of your High Mightinesses' delegates, something has been proposed by the
General Board of Accounts for the support of the Company; namely, 10'= 63 M. guilders
yearly ; out of which, they say, the six per cent per annum can be paid.
The Chambers have taken the proposition with them in order to resolve thereupon at the
next Assembly of the XIX., in Zealand. (No. 1.)
5. Those responsible to the Company for the domains, provisions, ammunition, will not keep
their accounts henceforward according to the Italian mode, but according to order; the public
receivers and clerks shall account to the Council of state.
6. Something has been done respecting the supreme government in Brazil, agreeably to the
resolutions of the 14''" of December, 1644, and 14"" of April, 1645, Nos. 2 and 3.
Four Councillors have been nominated to the supreme government of Brazil; but they have
given in some considerations whereon they demand explanation.
The nomination and proposing of the President also remain unsettled; all these, as well
as the establishment of the Board of accounts in Brazil, and the departure of the delegates to
the supreme government, will be arranged at the first meeting of the Assembly of the Nineteen,
at Zealand.
158 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
7. The promised subsidies of the state are most necessary for the support of the West India
Company, in this its backward and feeble condition.
The Company's shares had been down to 43 and 44, when your High Mightinesses first
commenced the reform of its abuses in August, 1G44.
And when the Merchants and stockholders perceived the commencement of the reform, the
shares advanced to 5S.
The opponents of the Company brought the shares down again ; namely, to 44 and 45,
when your High Mightinesses extended, in May of this year, the Charters of the East and
West India Companies ; these opponents misrepresenting and giving a false coloring to your
High Mightinesses favor, by reporting at Amsterdam that your High Mightinesses will not
contribute any more to the support of the West India Company ; that such was evident from
the fact that your High Mightinesses had extended both Charters, notwithstanding the
Directors of the West India Company had been so long at the Hague, soliciting the means
of subsistence from your High Mightinesses.
8. Some steps have been taken in New Netherland, to conciliate the Indians, by means of
our forts and Colonies. The trade will now be open to all the Chambers in common ; and to all
the inhabitants of the United Netherlands. Some proposals have been submitted to make use
of Curasao for the improvement of the slave trade from Angola to Curasao.
9. The Chambers intend to fit out some ships for the respective coasts; six to Brazil; two
to Guinea, including the cargoes for St. Thomas; three to Angola; one or two to New
Netherland ; and the Chambers have promised to complete the appointed rotations [tourbeurten),
to the respective possessions, when your High Mightinesses assist them with a liberal portion
of the promised subsidies.
Vessels are expected from Brazil and the other coasts; namely, seven from Brazil, one
from Guinea.
The Hague, the Y July, 1G45.
Extract of Appendix. Exhibited 12''' of July, 1645.
Considerations of the General Chamber of Accounts, delivered in the SS""" of
June, 1645, to the Hon''''' Assembly of the XIX. as to what might be saved
yearlj' here as well as at Brazil and in the other of the Company's possessions.
First: The Company should by reducing the Train bands in Brazil, etc.
But the chiefest of all is the saving in the equipment of the ships, for if the Chambers retain
for themselves only eighteen first class ships, being two for each I, and charter the remainder,
a profit will be realized on each ship of at least 1200 guilders a month.
The ships which are yearly required in the Company's possessions are,
For Guinea, 4
Argyn, Cape Verd, River Gambia, Sierra Leone and the Bight, 4
St. Thomas, 2
Loando, 12
New Netherland and Cura9ao, 2
Brazil, 24
48
Deduct ships retained, 18
Remain ships to be chartered........ 30
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IIL 159
each of which, as above mentioned, will cost the Company 1200 guilders per month less than
those they now fit out, and thus it will derive a profit, in the year, of fl. 432,000.
With which, in our opinion, the six per cent might be yearly divided, or employed in the
purchase of shares, in order to reduce the immense capital or to pay off some of the Company's
liabilities.
(Signed) Abraham Trouwers.
and Gerrit Janssen de Vry.
Mr. Spieringh to the States General.
t From Ihe Original in the Eoyal Archives a' Ihe Hague ; File, TTijs* Indie. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
On the 27"" instant I represented to your High Mightinesses that my factor at Harlingea
was called on by the Board of Admiralty at that place to pay the import duties (convoij) on the
freights of the royal ships the Cahncrslcutcl and Fama, which I have already once paid to
the West India Company at Amsterdam, as appears by the annexed authenticated copy, the
original whereof remains with me; and as my said factor at Harlingen still remains impeded,
and what has once been paid cannot again be craved, I have to request your High Mightinesses
to be pleased to cause the said Board of Admiralty at Harlingen to be forthwith notified to
desist from this or farther pretences, and not to give my factor any further trouble or
inconvenience in this matter. Which expecting,
I wish God Almighty to grant you a long and prosperous reign, remaining.
High and Mighty Lords,
Your High Mightinesses' affectionate
The Hague, (Signed) Peter Spieringh Silvercroon,
31'' of July, 1045. hereditary proprietor of North Holm.
Copy. A-ppendix. Received 3V* of Jtdy, 16i5.
5"" of July, 1645, at Amsterdam.
Sieur Lucas Arentsz, Agent of Resident Spierinck, received here the following parcels of
Tobacco and Beavers which were brought in the subjoined two Swedish ships from the limits
of the Incorporated West India Company in those countries, to wit:
In the Ship the Fame.
10 cases containing 2137 piecesof Beavers, which valued at 7 guilders, amount to, fl. 14,959
Whereof the import duty is 2 stivers on every six guilders' value,.
Item, 105 tubs of leaf tobacco, weighing, together, gross 2S,319 lbs.
Whereof deduct, for tare, being 69 lbs. per tub, 6,300 lbs.
Remains, 22,019 lbs.
160 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
And from the Ship the Calmersleulcl.
783 rolls, 53,100 lbs.
For sticks off, estimated at 6 pounds per roll, 4,698 lbs.
nett, 48,402 lbs.
Total, 70,421 lbs.
Whereof the customs amount to 1^ stiv. per pound, fi. 4,401 6
fl. 4,650 12
Thus done, counted and settled with Sieur Lucas Arentsz, above named, in the presence
of and before the undersigned Directors of the Chamber at Amsterdam and North quarter in
Amsterdam, the 5"" of July, of the year 1645.
(Signed) Marcus de Vogelaar,
Flooris Huych,
Lucas Arentsz.
The four thousand six hundred and fifty guilders twelve stivers, contained in the present
account, are received by us undersigned in our aforementioned quality for the said West India
Company from the hands of Sieur Lucas Arentsz, aforesaid, in the name as above; promising
to guarantee and release him herein from all demands under bond of the property and effects
of the aforesaid Company.
In witness whereof is this signed, in Amsterdam, the 5"" day of July, 1645, and was
subscribed,
Marcus Vogelaar,
Flooris Huych.
Agrees, after collation, with its Original, dated and subscribed as above.
(Signed) J. Havelaar,
Notary public.
Done at the Hague the xxix July, XVI. hundred five and forty. 1645 i^
Insiricction-s to the Director General and Council of Neio Neiherland.
[ From the Commitait-loek of the Stales General, in Ihe Royal Archives at the Hagne. ]
Instruction of the Deputies to the Assembly of the XIX. of the General
Incorporated West India Company, for the Director and Council of New
Netherland, according to which, they are provisionally, and until further
order, to regulate themselves.
Folio 197. The supreme government in the countries of New Netherland, shall consist of
three persons, namely : the Director as President, his Vice and the Fiscal, by whom occuring
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IIL 161
matters appertaining to the police, justice, militia, dignity and rights of the Company, shall be
treated and decided, each, nevertheless, being bound to vindicate his own commission.
With this understanding, however, that in all cases wherein the Advocate fiscal shall be bound
to prosecute, whether civilly or criminally, for the preservation of the right of the supreme
government or the Company, the military command shall succeed to his place, and in criminal
cases, two capable persons from the Commonalty shall, moreover, be joined from the district
or Colonie where the crime or deed was committed.
Regarding the prosecution of the settlement of the limits between New Netherland and the
English, it is not yet determined to proceed therein; but the Director and Council are enjoined
to see that the English do not incroach further on the Company's lands. Meanwhile, they
are to try if the settlement of the limits cannot be arranged yonder with the aforesaid English,
and if these are found so inclined, advice thereof shall be sent here by the first opportunity,
together with pertinent information what extent of the Company's lands the English possess, in
order to be instructed thereupon, when seen; all, with this understanding however, that the
aforesaid English who are at present and have settled, within the Company's district, or who
will be disposed to come and settle therein, must be subject to the Company's government
there, and to that end take the oath of fidelity to the High and Mighty Lords States General
and the West India Cfimpany, and consequently be, at the same time, accounted in no other
wise than as original subjects.
In order to reestablish peace and quietness, in the country, they shall endeavor, by all
possible means to pacify and give satisfaction to the Indians : and the Director and Council are
enjoined to promote, on the one side, the Company's interest and the welfare of the Commonalty,
and on the other hand, to maintain good correspondence with the neighbors, and especially
with the Indians.
They shall endeavor as much as possible, that the colonists settle themselves with a certain
number of families on some of the most suitable places, in the manner of villages, towns and
hamlets, as the English are in the habit of doing, who thereby live more securely; this was
also the Company's intention when it granted the heretofore printed Freedoms, and the
amplification thereof.
The aforesaid Director and Council shall speedily advance the repairs of Fort Amsterdam,
for which purpose it is thought to be best, and least expensive to the Company, to have it
repaired with clay, earth and firm sods, and that efforts be made, by some presents, to
encourage the soldiers thereto, and to oblige them to keep it in permanent repair. Also, as it
is of the highest importance to the colonists to have a good and safe retreat in case of necessity
(which God forbid), they ought to be induced, for this once, to assist the work; and the
Director is commanded to pay strict attention in future to the ordinary repairs.
The persons hereinafter specified, shall be maintained for garrisoning the fort, at such
allowance as shall be most advantageous to the Company, and for greater security, the
Colonists and their servants shall be bound under certain penalty, to provide themselves with
good guns and other arms for their defence, in order to be, with the garrison in time of need,
a watch against any general attack, without the Director, colonists or any other person
whatsoever, having the power of enlisting any soldiers, be they few or many, at the
Company's expense.
Vol. I. 21
162 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Further, inasmuch as tlie respective colonies were allowed by the Freedoms, to commission
one or two persons, to inform the Director and Council, at least every twelve months, of the
state and condition of their Colonies, the same is again confirmed.
The Director and Council shall cause the Colonists and freemen to settle, first of all, on the
Island Manhattes and point out to them as much land as they shall be able to cultivate, either
in planting tobacco or grain or any other crops to which the soil is adapted, and from which
they will expect to be able to derive the largest profit.
And for the promotion of agriculture there, it is deemed proper to permit, at the request of
the Patroons, colonists and other farmers, the conveyance thither of as many Negroes as they
are willing to purchase at a fair price ; and the Director and Council shall notify the Assembly
hereof every year, when further order shall be taken regarding the transport of Negroes thither.
And although it is proposed, for the greater encouragement of the population, to reserve the
trade with the Indians exclusively to the Patroons, Colonists and free farmers resident there,
without permitting any import merchants {pcrmissie merders) to carry on any interior trade with
said Indians, it is, nevertheless, resolved, as regards this, to adhere to the existing practice,
but the Director and Council shall take information hereupon, to serve as advice to the
Assembly.
The aforesaid Director and Council shall pay strict regard that no arms or munitions of war
shall be sold by the freemen to the Indians, nor by the import merchants to the freemen or
Indians upon certain heavy penalties to be thereon enacted, but the freemen who shall require
any thing of the sort, shall be at liberty to procure them from the Company's store, on the order
of the Directors and Council.
And whereas the Company hath now resolved to throw open to private persons the trade
which it hath exclusively carried on with New Nertherland, and to empower the respective
Chambers of the Company to give permission to all private inhabitants of these countries to sail
with their own ships to New Netherland, the Virginias, the Swedish, English and French
colonies, the Bermudas or any other places situate thereabouts, according to the drafted
regulation, they shall, therefore, strictly observe and cause to be obsered, that the contents
thereof shall be attended to, as much as is in their pov^-er, proceeding against the contraveners,
agreeably to the first article of the charter, and the tenor of the regulation already enacted, or
to be hereafter made, and regarding the receipts of duties, tolls, and other customs already, or to
be hereafter, imposed as well on exported, as on imported, goods, for so much thereof as
shall have to be paid in that, and not in this, country.
All which Points and Articles the Director and Council shall be bound to observe and to
follow, as closely as possible, regulating themselves further according to the Instructions
heretofore given for the government of those countries, so far as they are not by these presents
altered, or may not be hereafter changed, which power this Assembly reserves unto itself.
Thus done and resolved in the Assembly of the XIX. of the General Incorporated West India
Company in Amsterdam, in the year IG4o, the 7"" of July. Was paraphed. Hern van der
Capellen toe Ryssel. Under — By order of the same.
(Signed) Gysbert Rxidolpht.
Enregistered in the Acte-hock of the States General, on the 26 July, 1646.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: III. 168
Subjects for the Consideration of the Assemlly of the XIX. 1645.
[ From the Original in ll>s Eojal Archives at the Hague. ]
Points whereupon all the Chambers of the West India Company are summoned
to meet at Middelburg on the 2""* of September 1645, extracted so far as
relates to the affairs of New Netherland. Read the lo'"" of August, 1645.
IS"- Point.
The Chambers will be pleased to instruct their deputies regarding the affairs of New
Netherland, in order to resume the business of the 6"" and 7"" of July, and to resolve afterwards
as shall be most serviceable and most advantageous for the Company.
14'\
What shall be done respecting the island of Cura9ao ; for it is certainly to be presumed that to
maintain it as has been previously done, is too great a tax on the Company. And the
Amsterdam Chamber which hath hitherto had the direction thereof, is requested to send its
deputies prepared to give full explanation to serve for instruction in the resolution.
Proceedings of the Assembly of the XIX. in regard to JVew, Netherland. 1645.
[ From the Copy In the Eoyal Archives at the Hagne ; Loketkaa of the States General ; Division, West Indische Compagnie, No. 17.]
Extracts from the Resolutions of the Assembly of the XIX. of the West India
Company, holden at Middelburg, from the Q"" of September to the 16"" of
October, 1645, as far as tliey relate to the affairs of New Netherland.
Tuesday, the 21^' September, 1G45.
The opinion of the before mentioned deputies being heard, it is, after divers discourses
between the members from Amsterdam and other Chambers, concluded and resolved, inasmuch
as some Clergymen are about to return home from Brazil, that they be permitted to return, and
that the number of those who shall remain there be limited to nine persons, to wit: one for
each ninth part, to be distributed by the President and Supreme Council among the principal
places where the hearers are most numerous, and their services shall be most advantageous.
And that the smaller places shall be served by precentors, comforters of the sick, and
schoolmasters who shall offer up public prayers, read aloud from the old and new testament,
from printed sermons, and tune the psalms.
But inasmuch as the Amsterdam Ciiamber maintains, at its charge, seven of the aforesaid
clergymen, besides one in Curagao, one in New Netherland and one in Loando, making 10 in
all; on the other hand, Zealand and the Maese have only one; Zealand and North Holland
is to send one, and Stadt en Landen^ hath sent one by the last ship; it is resolved that the
' In 1594, Prince Maurice reduced the city of Groningen and united the Ommelanden, or surrounding rural districts, to it
aa one province. Martinet. Beschryving der Nederlanden, II., 148. The province of Groningen was hence aometimee called
Btadt en Landen ; city and country. — Ed.
164 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Supreme government in Brazil shall be bound herein to make an equal repartition of those
who are to remain in the service or are sent out, in order that thus the nine parts hereafter to
be borne by the members, be equally charged.
The Commissioners named on the 9"" instant, etc.
Read a remonstrance from Director Petrus Stuyvesandt, containing divers considerations
relative to the island of Curacao and New Netherland ; also, read the 13"" and 14"' points of
reference, both regarding the aforesaid countries; question having been put, it is resolved to
refer the received remonstrance to the Commissioners who shall examine it, and advise the
Assembly on the points of reference, and thereunto are appointed Mess" Van Hecke, de Laet,
Hamel, Haelewyn, Huigh and Iddekinghe.
Tue.'sday, the SG"- of Sept% 1645.
Read a letter from Willem Kieft, Director of New Netherland, written the 2"^ of August,
1645, from fort New Amsterdam to the Amsterdam Chamber, and it is resolved to place it in
the hands of the Committee on the 13"" and 14"' points of reference, to be made use of
in their business.
Wednesday, the 11"- of October, 1645.
The Commissaries named on the 22-* instant' to examine the 12"" point of reference, speaking
of the Yachts at present within the charter, and which are yet to be dispatched, have found
that, of those sent by the Amsterdam Chamber to the respective places within the Charter,
the following are still in the public service:
The Santvoort, Spreeuw, Gulderee, on the coast of Brazil.
Sloterdyk, Reyger, Heemstee, Vlug, on the coast of Angola.
Reael, Fortuyntjen, on the coast of Guinea.
Neptuynis, Cat, Parquit, in the West Indies.
From Zealand, the Yachts, etc.
Tuesday, the 12"' of October, 1645.
The Commissioners being again assembled on the 13"" and 14"" points of reference, pursuant
to the resolution of the 11"" instant, report, that before they can determine to express their
opinion, the Chambers ought categorically to declare whether they will obey and execute the
resolutions adopted on the 5"" and 7"" of July last respecting New Netherland; whereupon,
question being put, the deputies from the Chamber of Zealand declared, that they are instructed
not to consent to the contribution of any money for the benefit of the aforesaid New Netherland ;
but it may be inquired how such might be eflected on certain conditions to be considered; the
Company reserving to itself the supreme authority. Those of Amsterdam, Maese and the North
Quarter declare, that their Chambers are ready to and will execute the resolutions of the 5""
and 7"" of July aforesaid; those of the city of Groeningen and Ommelanden (say) the
circumstances of their Chambers do not admit of furnishing any money at present for New
Netherland, but that their intention would truly agree with that of Zealand. The
Commissioners having heard this declaration, further report that they are of opinion, that
the dissenting (dificulterende) Chambers shall declare whether they will abstain from all
interference with New Netherland, and leave the management, on such plan as they may
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IIL 165
determine to enact, to those who shall carry out the resolutions, without meddling with that
country again in case the condition of affairs there may hereafter improve. The deputies
from Zealand, being requested, have undertaken to communicate further with their principals
hereupon, in order to be prepared to-morrow, and those of Stadl en Landen will inform the
Amsterdam Chamber within the space of one month, or sooner if possible.
Friday, the IS"" of October, 1645.
Regarding New Netherland: the gentlemen of Zealand being asked, pursuant to yesterday's
resolution, declared their instructions to be, as before stated ; that they cannot resolve to
contribute any thing to New Netherland ; whereupon, the other Chambers in all cases decide
that Zealand is bound to execute the resolution of the previous XiX; and they persisting, it
is resolved and concluded, that the equipment for New Netherland shall be completed according
to the resolution of the previous Assembly, on condition, if any members fail to pay their
contingent to the Amsterdam Chamber, the supreme government in Brazil shall be notified to
charge the deficiency to the account of the Chambers, and to make good the same in sugar,
to Amsterdam.
On the petition of Albert Adriaense Van der Wielen, etc.
It being stated that one Laurents Cornelisen, being banished from New Netherland, requests
permission to be at liberty to go thither whenever the new Director proceeds there, and to
pursue in peace, without being troubled by justice, some other business than that which he
followed when he was banished ; on hearing further explanation of the circumstances of the
case, it is resolved to leave the convict (gesenlentieerde) as he is, and that the petition lie on
the table.
Saturday, the 14"' of October, 1645.
On resuming, the Chamber of Zealand adhering to its declaration rendered yesterday, and
the other Chambers to the resolution, the proposal of the commissioners named on the la"" of
September, and whose report was made on the 10"" of this current month, relative to the 14""
and 13"" points of reference respecting Curasao and New Netherland, was consequently
confirmed, reading, word for word, as follows :
Project how Cura§ao can best be kept under the Director of New Netherland,
and the old people be brought thence.
There were on the aforesaid island, on th% 1"' of September, 1644, in officers, train and
military persons Heads, 116
The ship Swol, carrying 22 guns, 76
yacht Cat, do 14 do 50
Neptuynis, do 10 do 46
Paroquit, do 5 do 30
Heads, 318
166 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
The aforesaid place might be henceforth garrisoned with 116 men, whose pay for a year
would amount to
1 Commandant with a lieutenant, per month, fl- 60
1 Ensign, 36
1 Comforter of the sick, 30
1 Superintendent of the store with an auditor, 22
1 Clerk, 14
2 Serjeants at fl. 18, 36
1 Smith and 1 corporal of the armory, 20
2 Mason and carpenter @. fl. 22, 44
1 Barber (surgeon), 24
1 Barber's mate, 12
1 Baker, 18
I Baker's man, 12
1 Gunner, IS
2 Corporals@, fl. 12, 24
60 Soldiers(a fl. 8, 480
12 Troopers (a, fl. 12, 144
8 Hands for the sloop per month, fl. 10, 80
The yacht, the Paroquit, requires further :
1 Skipper per month, 45
1 Pilot, 28
1 Supercargo, 16
1 Chief boatswain, 18
1 Gunner, 16
15 Sailors, 130
116 persons cost per month, the sum of fl. 1,327
And the pay for 12 months, amounts to fl. 15,900.
For maintenance of the garrison, also for the Indians, it is necessary to send from Fatherland
in provisions, stores, merchandize, etc., to the amount, as per list N" , about the sura
of fl 18,356.
A first class ship and flyboat will have to be sent from Fatherland with 70 soldiers and 20
seamen, for the purpose of conveying the people, provisions, etc., to Curagao, and relieving
the old garrison, on the calculation that 26 men can be selected from the old hands, which
would then make up the 116 persons, as hereinbefore stated.
Which aforesaid ship and flyboat will have to carry out from Fatherland all the necessaries,
agreeably to list number 1, already enumerated, together with the necessaries, according to lists
Nos. ^, 3 and 4.
Having arrived at Cura§ao and landed the people, the first class ship should retain the
necessaries in list No. 2, which amount to the sum of fl. 6,698.14.
And there embark 130 of the old forces, and deliver to the Cat the necessaries in list
No. 3, fl. 3,999.4.
The aforesaid yacht, the Cat, to be manned with 60 of the old forces at Curasao.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : III. 167
And also to deliver over to the yacht Ncptmjnis, the like necessaries, according to list No. 3,
amounting to fl. 3,999.4.
The aforesaid Nepfuynis to be, in like manner, manned with 60 of the old forces.
In the aforesaid first class ship and two yachts, ought to be laden the 2700 first quality
hides, lying there; and thus return home after cruising together through the West Indies, as
long as their provisions permit.
The flyboat and the ship Swol, ought to take on board all the old iron, unnecessary
ordinance and other useless stores, along with as many horses, and as much salt and dried
codfish, as can be stored therein; with which the Director and the remainder of the old forces,
being about 60 persons, should proceed to New Netherland, taking with him the stores, as per
list No. 4, amounting to fl. 779.5.
On arriving in New Netherland, the ship Swol, being old, ought to be sold,' together with
the horses, the salt and old iron ; the soldiers who are to be brought along, should be retained
in garrison there; and the flyboat, with the guns from Curasao, the dried codfish and the New
Netherland soldiers, sent home, with intelligence whether peace has been concluded with the
Indians. If so, it will be necessary to send a fast sailing frigate or boat, to be dispatched
from New Netherland with provisions to Curagao ; to return thence with horses and salt,
which can be sold in New Netherland, especially the horses, at a high price.
Were Cura9ao also placed under the government of New Netherland, the garrison could
be maintained at little expense, and the poor people preserved from the dreadful famine to
which they have sometimes been subject.
It had been much more advantageous for the Company to abandon the island of Curasao;
but this cannot be effected without the coi'iperation of their High Mightinesses and his
Highness; and although it could be accomplished, yet we are obliged to incur the greater part
of the aforesaid expense to bring the people thence.
Meanwhile, their High Mightinesses and his Highness, will be informed of the situation of
the aforesaid Island ; and that, in New Netherland, we can possess all the advantages over
the enemy, except the great quantity of horses, which can be taken from Curagao to the
Continent ; and thus the aforesaid Island must be provided with the said garrison until their
Mightinesses, upon application, shall resolve to abandon it.
List of the provisions, stores and merchandise required for the Island Cura9ao,
including the bark Paroquit, the sloop and large boat, in all 116 persons,
as well marines as train bands, for one year.
25 barrels of beef @, fl. 90 the bbl., fl. 2,250
19 barrels of pork @, fl. 62^ the bbl., 1,187 10
10 cans of oil (a, fl. 80, 800
12 hogsheads of vinegar @^ fl. 20, 240
3G barrels of groats, , 864
26 barrels of beans @, fl. 13, 14 stiv., 336
14 ditto, grey peas, (a, 19, 4 stiv., 268 16
14 ditto, white peas, (a, 19, 4, 268 16
' This vesB«l was sold, in September, 1647, to Mr. Goodyear, deputy governor of New Hayen.
]68 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
7,200 lbs. dried codfish @, fl. 9, per 100 lbs., 648
3,600 lbs. bread at same price, 324
20,000 lbs. meal (a|. fl. 5 per 100 lbs., ■ 1,000
3,000 lbs. cheese (a, fl. 17 per 100 lbs., 510
2 barrels butter (a, fl. S3 per bbl., 166
9 casks Spanish wine (& fl. 70 ea., 630
3 ditto, French wine (^ fl. 40 ea., 120
Spices, mace, nutmegs, pepper, ginger, cloves, sugar and prunes,
for the sick, 250
10,123 6
Stores for the ship Paroquit, sloop, and jolly boat.
2 bales of canvas (a fl. 150 ea., fl. 300
100 lbs. of best bolt rope come to 16
30 lbs. of sail yarn @^ 9 stiv. per lb., 12
12 bundles of assorted thread, 13 12
45 bundles of marline @^ 4 stiv. ea., 9
40 bundles of huisingh (ax 6 stiv., 12
43 bundles of twine @^ 5 stiv., 5 15
600 lbs. light running line, 96
8 tons of tar (a. fl. 12 the ton, 96
2 barrels of pitch @, fl. 12, 24
3 barrels of rosin (S. fl. 30, 90
60 clew lines {douivens werck), @^ 6 St., IS
1 prince's flag, for the fort, 33
100 boards, 200
9 hamburg planks, 63
70 boat planks, 1 11
500 norway deals, 225
50 sawed boards, 30
1,000 assorted spikes, 160
1 hide of pump leather, 12 10
100 lbs. suet, 25
100 lbs. tallow, 24
300 lbs. double medium nails, 48
1,596 17
Ammunition for fort Amsterdam and the yacht Paroquit.
1200 lbs. new powder, fl. 405
50 fivelb.balls, ..' 15
600 lbs. of musket balls, 90
600 lbs. pig lead, 60
4 reams cartridge paper, 60
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : III. 169
20 lbs. cartridge thread, 20
10 kegs of black,
1 keg of red,
1 keg of white, \ paint, 80
1 keg of red,
1 ditto of yellow,;
1 small barrel of linseed oil, 36
Materials for the use of the Salt manufacture and agriculture.
30 barrows for unloading salt (ai 25 stiv., ea, fl- 73
60 bound shovels, (^ 18 stiv., 5-1
40 hollow ditto, @, 8 stiv., 16
100 axes, @. 15 stiv., 90
100 chopping knives, @^ 18 stiv., 90
3 chaldrons of smith's coals, @. fl. 22, 66
2 seins,@,fl.66, 132
Cargoes for distribution among the Indians and Negroes, for clothi
600 ells of white linen, 12 (aX 14 stiv. the ell., fl. 360
300 pairs of shoes, from 7 to 10 sizes, @. 28 stiv., 420
400 ells coarse linen @^ 6 stiv., 120
30 lbs. gray yarn, 30
150 packs linen clothes, 300
1,230
For the office.
5 reams of paper, fl. 25
6 blank books, 42
6 penknives, 3
20 bundles of quilis; 9
Ink powder, 4
83
One medicine chest, well supplied with good and fresh medicines.
Invoice of merchandise necessary to be distributed to the garrisons in part
payment of their monthly wages.
3 ps. of colored everlasting, fl- 96
3 ps. of muslin, 60
3 ps. of colored coarse camlet, 102
3 ps. of colored camlet, 90
Vol. I. 22
170 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
4 ps. of Haerlem narrow stuff, 36
500 prs. of shoes @^ 5 stiv. the pair, 750
2 ps. of mixed cloth, 300
1 pc. of red , 100
900 ells of linen cloth @. 15 stiv., 675
300 ells (a. 25 stiv. per ell, 375
600 ells unbleached linen @. 8 stiv., 240
silk thread, assorted balls, 200
a tin service (a. 230 lbs. tin, 149 10
3 doz. napkins, 36
1 doz. towels, 10
6 tablecloths 24
2,985 10
fl. 17,675 13
The ship that carries the provisions thither, being to be manned with 130 hands,
and cruising through the West Indies on her return home, requires provisions
as follows : —
16 barrels of Beef@,fl. 90 the bbl., fl. 1,440
15 ditto of Pork @, fl. 62J " " 937 10
5J awms of Oil @. fl.80 " awm, 440
5 hogsheads Vinegar @^ fl. 25 ea., 125
18 barrels white peas (S, fl. 19 the bbl., 342
10 barrels grey peas " " 190
6 ditto beans @, fl. 13 14 stiv., " 79 4
18 ditto groats @, fl. 24, " " 432
5000 lbs, dried codfish @, fl. 9 per 100, 450
15000 " bread @, fl. 9 " 100, 1,350
300 Cheeses, being 3000 lbs. (a, fl. 17 the 100, 410
4 casks of Spanish wine, 360
1 ditto Brandy, 100
1 case J wax candles, 50
fl. 6,698 14
List of the Provisions for the Yacht the Neptuynis, having a crew of 60 persons,
to return to Fatherland with them after cruising through the West Indies ;
requires therefor the following provisions, stores, and munitions of War.
7 bbls. of Beef d, fl. 90 per bbl., fl. 630
6 ditto of Pork (a fl. 62J " 375
2 J awms of Oil (3. fl. 80 per awm, 200
2 half casks of Vinegar (3, fl. 32, 64
8 bbls. white peas (a, fl. 19 4 St. per bbl., 153 12
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IIL 171
6 bbls. grey peas @, fl. 19 4 st. per bbl., 96
4 ditto beans (a, fl. 12 14 St., •' 54 16
8 ditto groats @, fl. 24 " " 192
2,000 lbs. dried codfisii @, fl. 9 per 100, 180
6,000 lbs. biscuit @,fl. 9 per 100 540
130 Cheeses, being 1,300 lbs., @, fl. 17 per 100, 221
3 casks Spanish wine, 270
1 ditto Brandy, 100
i awm Train oil, 27
1 cask i wax i tallow candles, 50
Total of the provisions, fl. 3,150 8
1 bale of canvas, 170
100 lbs. of bolt rope, 16
20 lbs. sail yarn @. 10 stiv. per lb, 10
li ton of Tar @, fl. 12 the ton, 18
1 ton of pitch, 12
1 bbl. of rosin 30
40 clew lines @. 6 stiv., 12
400 lbs. running line, fl. 16 the 100, 64
10 ps. linen @. fl. 1 J the pc, 15
20 bundles marline @^ 4 stiv. the bundle, 4
20 bundles huysingh @^ 6 stiv. the bundle, 6
20 bundles hording (S. 5 stiv. the bundle, 6
6 tar brushes (3. 6 stiv. the ps., 1 16
1 prince's flag, 33
10 boat plank @i 5 stiv. the ps., 15
4 hamburg planks @^ fl. 7, 28
60 norway deals, 20
300 lbs. assorted nails @, fl. 15 the 100, 45
100 lbs. tallow, 20
1 hide pumpleather 12
flatheads and pump nails for, 6
fl.542 16
Ammunition.
1 ream cartridge paper, fl. 12
4 lbs. cartridge, 4
500 lbs. good powder, 200
fl. 216
172 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
The ammunition, fl. 216
The stores, 542 1 G
The provisions, 3,150 8
Total of the required necessaries, 3,909 4
And as much for the Yacht the Cat, manned with 60 hands.
The Ship the Swol requires one month's provisions in order, with 60 hands, to convey some
horses, salt and other effects from Cura9ao to New Netherland :
1 barrel of beef, fl. 90
1 ditto pork, 02 10
3 ditto vegetables, 60
300 lbs. dried codfish, 27
900 lbs. bread, 82
60 cheeses, 102
fl. 423 10
Oil, Vinegar, wine, will be had from the other ships.
Stores.
I J bale of canvas for a new mainsail and further repairs of other sails, fl.247
100 lbs. coarse bolt rope, 16
15 lbs. sail yarn, 7 10
8 bundles of assorted line, 12
15 bundles huysingh, 3
15 bundles marline, 3 15
15 bundles boards, 3
2 tons tar, 24
1 ton pitch, 12
i barrel of rosin, 15
1 hide pump leather, 12 10
Stores amount to, 355 15
Provisions, 423 10
fl. 779 5
The Commissioners appointed on 21" of September on the 13"" point of reference, relating
to the resolution of the XIX., adopted the G"" and 7"" of July last, have, after consultation, and
after having deliberated on the aforesaid resolution, resolved to submit to the Assembly their
considerations on said resolutions, and first, on that of the G"" of July, contained in 5 distinct
articles.
On the first, which reads thus: That the enactment of the 4"" of May previous, shall be
entered by form of Instruction to be given provisionally to the Director going thither. Said
Instruction to be confirmed except this Assembly find it expedient to add thereunto by form
of amplification.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: III. 173
On the second, which reads: That the Company shall open the trade and.commerce to New
Netheriand, wiiicii they had exclusively retained and prosecuted themselves, allowing individuals
to sail thither with their own ships, or freight, &c. The Commissioners judge that this opening
and permission, as far as relates to New Netheriand, ought not to be extended farther than to
the Patroons of Colonies and all Colonists having and holding a dwelling in yonder country,
without giving it to those who merely go over and hither, spoil the trade, threaten the Company
on all occasions, and rob both here and there, and by smuggling of contraband goods strengthen
the Company's enemies, and by conveying strong liquors, debauch the Colonists and inhabitants.
To leave unaltered the remainder regarding the Virginias, the Swedish Colony, the
Bermudas, &c. To consider only whether the Assembly should not resolve that one or two
cargoes be sent alternately by the respective Chambers, in the manner as used heretofore to
be done.
Leaving the third point untouched, as it stands, we should only enlarge it with this addition:
That all the goods sent to iVew Netheriand, or parts thereabout, must first and foremost come
to Fort New Amsterdam, before being exported elsewhere, for the purpose of having their permits
exhibited there, to be entered and that the ships may be visited, in order to see that they have
no prohibited or unentered goods on board. In like manner, the return cargoes shall have to
be entered at the same place ; and it must be declared for what ports in this country they are
destined, with the restriction, that the duties and other imposts shall have to be paid into the
Chamber from which they obtained the permit, and they shall be cleared thence for Fort New
Amsterdam : further, they shall be bound to return direct to Fatherland, without being at
liberty to touch at any trading places, on pain of forfeiture of ship and goods, should they
act otherwise.
Finally, leaving the remaining points as they are, also the instruction to be amplified by
new additions of what this Assembly may determine further to resolve on the suggestion of
Director Stuyvesant.
Monday, IG"" of October, 1645.
The presiding Chamber of Zealand, with those of the General Board of Accounts, is
deputed and authorized to execute the resolution adopted by this Assembly, so far as authorized
thereunto by instruction.
2'he Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company to the States General.
[ From Ihe Original in Ihe Eoyal Archives at tlie Hague ; File, West Indie. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
We have duly received you High Mightinesses' postile, of the IS"" of April last, inscribed on
the margin of a certain petition presented to your High Mightinesses in the name, and on the
behalf, of Simon Janssen, of Durgerdam, late skipper of the ship named St. Peter, acting as
agent for his late owners ; the aforesaid postile importing, that we should also communicate
our remarks on the aforesaid petitioner's request presented to your High Mightinesses on the
3'<' of November, of the past year, and sent to the Assembly of the XIX., in Zealand.
174 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
It will serve foi; fulfillment of said order, that a written agreement and contract was made,
on the IS"* of August, of the year 1644, with the aforesaid Simon Janssen, that he should be
at liberty to sail with the aforesaid ship St. Peter, from this city, Amsterdam, to New
Netherland, situate within the limits of our Charter; on condition that he, before loading his
goods, should be bound to bring the same into the Company's warehouses, in order to be
conveyed on board, when inspected and stamped with the Company's mark; and to cause to
be paid thereon the duty of sixteen per cent, in addition to the permits and convoys; also, that
he should not, whilst on the way between this city and the fort Manhattes, in New Netherland,
touch at any other places; but be obligated to discharge his laden merchandise at, and as far
as possible to be of service to, the aforesaid fort; all on pain of forfeiting the aforesaid ship
and property; and although he, Simon Janssen, ought accordingly to have fulfilled the
aforesaid contract according to its tenor, and to regulate himself in conformity to its contents,
yet he is found, in truth, to have violated it in divers instances.
First : having set sail from here and arrived about Durgerdam, without, yea, against our
consent, he received and took on board the ship a quantity of gunpowder, notwithstanding
private individuals are not permitted to trade in that article.
Secondly : he did not proceed from this country to New Netherland, but to the Bermudas,
and there broke bulk ; and trucked, or sold, the greater part of his goods for, or against, West
India hides, and a good many pieces of eight.
Thirdly: on arriving afterwards in New Netherland, it was discovered that he had brought
with him divers contraband and prohibited goods; though it was impossible to make so
thorough an examination, because the said Simon Janssen had sailed from the Texel without
taking with him any invoice from the Company. All which, coming to the knowledge of
Cornells van der Hoyckens, the Fiscal, he prosecuted the said Skipper before the Director and
Council. Duly instituting his action, agreeably to the signed contract, and concluding that the
aforesaid ship and property should be declared forfeited and confiscated to the profit of
the Company; the aforesaid Skipper answered thereto, and the Fiscal replied. Finally, the
Fiscal's demand and conclusion were allowed by judgment of the aforesaid Director and
Council, except the goods which belonged to the sailors, and paid the duties here. And
whereas, your High Mightinesses can, from what precedes, sufficiently infer that the said
Simon Janssen complains unjustly of those of the Company, and that the case of said ship, as
between him and the aforesaid Fiscal, has been now already examined, in New Netherland,
and decided by the definitive judgment of the Director General and Council; we, therefore,
humbly pray you. High and Mighty, to be pleased to dismiss the request contained in the
petition of the aforesaid Simon Janssen, and to order him not to trouble us any more touching
the matter aforesaid. Wherewith ending
We shall pray God for the continued success of your High Mightinesses' prosperous
government and remain
High and Mighty Lords,
Your High Mightinesses' humble servants.
The Directors of the West India Company, Chamber at Amsterdam.
Amsterdam the 26"" of May, 1646. (Signed) Jacob Pergens.
Received 29"" May, 1646. Joannes Ryckaekt.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: HI. 175
West India Company to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Royal Archiyea at the Hague ; File, West Indie. ]
To the High and Mighty Lords States General of the United Netherlands.
High and Mighty Lords.
The Directors of the Incorporated West India Company, supplicate, with all reverence, that
your High Mightinesses he pleased to cause to be issued the commission of Petrus Stuyvesant,
Director of New Netherland, a form whereof is hereunto annexed.
Which doing, &c.
(Endorsed) Memorial on behalf the West India Company, in favor
of the Director to New Netherland. 13 July, 1646,
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Letter.
[From the Register of West India affairs, 1638—1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Friday, 13"" of July, 1646.
Folio S07. Read in the Assembly a certain memorial presented to their High Mightinesses
in the name and on behalf of the Directors of the Incorporated West India Company of this
country, requesting that their High Mightinesses would he pleased to cause to be dispatched
BtuyvesanL » commission for Petrus Stuyvesant, Director of New Netherland, according to
New Netherland. ^j^g formula exhibited and submitted to the Assembly with the aforesaid
memorial. Whereupon, deliberation being had, it is resolved and concluded, before proceeding
herein, that inquiry be made what order and plan are generally adopted on such and similar
occasions, and what disposition the above named Directors of the West India Company have
Complaints of the ^^^^^ 0^ '■^e complaluts presented heretofore to their High Mightinesses, in the
inhabitants thereof. ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^f ^j^^ inhabitants of New Netherland aforesaid, and what
has been done therefor in their High Mightinesses' Assembly, in order that further disposition
be made therein, as shall be deemed meet.
West India Company to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; File, Weet Indie. ]
To the High and Mighty Lords States General of the United Netherlands.
High and Mighty Lords.
The Directors of the Incorporated West India Company had, some days since, respectfully
requested of your High Mightinesses, a patent of commission for the Director Petrus
176 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Stuyvesant, for New Netherland, according to tlie annexed draft, whereunto, pursuant to your
High Mightinesses' then order, Secretary Mus liath looked up the commissions issued iieretofore
by your High Mightinesses. Therefore the above named Directors supplicate your High
Mightinesses with all due reverence, to be pleased to cause to be issued the commission
aforesaid, inasmuch as two ships lie in the Texel ready to sail at the moment your High
Mightinesses' patent shall be sent on board for the above named Petrus Stuyvesant.
Which doing, etc.
(Endorsed) Memorial on behalf of the West India Company. 24 July, 1646.
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Memorial.
[From the Eegister of West India affairs, 163S— 1651, in the Uoyal Archives at the Hague.]
Tuesday, 24"' of July, 1646.
A certain memorial, presented to their High Mightinesses by and on behalf of
the West India Company of this country, for a commission for Petrus Stuyvesande
New Netherland. as Director of New Netherland, being read in the Assembly; it is, previous to
proceeding further herein, resolved and concluded, that their High Mightinesses' resolution
concerning New Netherland, adopted on the 13"" instant, and the other thereunto relating, shall
be looked up and examined, in order to take further action according as it shall appertain.
Folio 207
Stuivesant,
West India Company to the States General.
[ From the Original in the F.oyal Archives at the Hague ; File, West Indie. ]
Noble, High and Mighty President.
May it please your Honor to know, in regard to the application of the Directors of the West
India Company for a commission for the Director of New Netherland, the retro acta have been
lying, for the last 10 or 12 days, in the office of Your High Mightinesses' Secretary, pursuant to
your High Mightinesses' order. We pray your High Mightinesses to cause the patent to be
dispatched, inasmuch as 2 ships are waiting at the Texel only for that, in order to set sail.
Which doing, &c.
(Endorsed) Memorial on behalf of the West India Company, 26"" of July, 1646.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IIL 177
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Memorial.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1638—1651, in the Royal Archives at the Hague.]
Thursday, 26"' July, 1646.
Folio 208. ^ certain memorial, presented to their High Mightinesses by and on behalf of
Director going to , .^. ^ t /-, n a o j
New Netheriaud. the West India Company for a patent of Commission for the Director going to
New Netherland, being read to the Assembly ; it is, after previous deliberation, resolved and
concluded, before proceeding thereupon, that the above named West India Company shall
exhibit to their High Mightinesses an authentic copy of the Instruction for the above mentioned
Director, according to which he will have to regulate himself.
Resolution of the States General approving the Commission of Director Stuyvesant.
[ From the Register of West India affairs, 1638—1651, in the Royal Archires at the Hague. ]
Saturday, 25"" July, 1646.
stuiveLm! ^°^' T'^^ ^'■^^'' '^^ ^^^ commission made out for Petrus Stuivesant, as Director of
New'sSheriand. New Netherland as well as of Curasao and some other Islands, being read in the
Assembly; it is, after previous deliberation, considered as enacted, and further ordered, that
said commission be issued without reconsideration, inasmuch as the aforesaid Director is very
urgent to depart.
Minute of Peter Stuyvesant having been sworn in as Director of New Netherland.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 16S8— 1651, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Resolution of the States General.
Folio 208.
Stuivesant.
Saturday, the 28"" July, 1646.
Petrus Stuivesant appeared before the Assembly as Director of New Netherland
and Directorof Cura9ao, and some other islands mentioned in his commission, and
New Netherland. took, according to a Certain formulary, the proper oath, and amongst other things,
swore specially that he would conform to his Instruction given him by the Assembly of the
West India Company, which Instruction is, pursuant to their High Mightinesses' order dated
the 26"" instant, exhibited at their High Mightinesses' Assembly, and a copy thereof
enregistered in the Act Book.
Vol. I.
178 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Commission of Peter Stuyvesant as Director General of New Netherland.
[ From the Commiasieioeh of the States General in the Koyal Archires at the Hague. ]
Commission for Petrus Stuyvesant as Director on the Coast of New Netherland
as well as the Island of Curasao and the places thereupon depending.
Folio 201. The States General of the United Netherlands to all those to whom these
Presents shall come, or who shall hear them read, Health. Be it Known : Whereas We
have deemed it advisable for the advancement of the aifairs of the General Incorporated West
India Company not only to maintaia the trade and population on the Coast of New Netherland
and the places situate thereabout; also, the Islands Curasao, Buenaire, Aruba and their
dependencies, which have hitherto been encouraged thither from this country, but also to make
new treaties and alliances with foreign princes and to inflict as much injury as possible on the
enemy in his forts and strongholds as well by sea as by land ; for which purposes it becomes
necessary to appoint a person Director; We, therefore, confiding in the probity and experience
of Petrus Stuyvesant, formerly entrusted with Our affairs in, and the government of, the
aforesaid Island of Curasao and the places thereon depending, We, being well pleased with
his services there, have commissioned and appointed, and by these presents do commission and
appoint the said Petrus Stuyvesant, Director in the aforesaid countries of New Netherland,
and the places thereunto adjoining, together with the aforementioned Islands of Curasao,
Beunaire, Aruba, and their dependencies ; to administer, with the Council as well now as
hereafter appointed with him, the said office of Director, both on water and on land, and in
said quality, to attend carefully to the advancement, promotion and preservation of friendship,
alliances, trade and commerce ; to direct all matters appertaining to traffic and war, and to
maintain, in all things there, good order for the service of the United Netherlands and the
General West India Company ; to establish regularity for the safeguard of the places and forts
therein ; to administer law and justice as well civil as criminal ; and, moreover, to perform
all that concerns his office and duties in accordance with the Charter, and the general and
particular instructions herewith given, and to be hereafter given him, as a good and faithful
Director is bound and obliged, by his oath in Our hands to do ; Which done, We, therefore,
order and command all other officers, common soldiers, together with the inhabitants and
natives residing in the aforesaid places as subjects, and all whom it may concern, to
acknowledge, respect and obey the said Petrus Stuyvesant as Our Director in the countries and
places of New Netherland, and in the Islands of Cura§ao, Beunaire, Aruba, and their
dependencies, and to afford all help, countenance and assistance in the performance of these
things, as We have found the same to be for the advantage of the Company. Done in Our
Assembly at the Hague, on the xxviii. July, 1646.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IH. 179
Resolution of the States General.
[ From the EegiBt«r of West India affairs, 1638 — 16B1, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Saturday, 28"' July, 1646.
Folio soa £)r Lubbertus van Dinclaeen appeared in the Assembly as Second, and first
Dr. Lobbertus van u i i j
Dinciagen. Councillor of the Director of New Netherland, and hath sworn that he will observe
ulwNetheriand. the Commission given him by those of the Asssembly of the West India Company,
on the S"" May 1646, as well as the Instruction which has been furnished him on the behalf as
aforesaid, dated 7"' July of the present year ; whereupon he withdrew.
Certificate that Luhhertus van Dinciagen has taken the Oath of Office.
[ From Commiseie^oeh of the States General, in the Bojal ArchiTea at the Hagne. ]
Folio 202. This day the xxviii. July XVI."= and six and forty D"' Lubbertus van Dinciagen
hath, as Vice-governor and first councillor of the Director in New Netherland, taken the proper
oath at the hands of the President of their High iMightinesses' Assembly that he will strictly
conduct himself agreeably to his commission and the Instruction furnished him on the part of
the Assembly of the XIX, and dated 7"" July, 1645.
JOURNAL OF NEW NETHERLAND ;
Written in the years 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645 and 1646.
[From a Mannscript In the Eoyal Library at the Hagne. ]
Brief Description of New Netherland.
New Netherland, so called because it was first frequented and peopled by the free
Netherlanders, is a province in the most northerly part of America, situate between N. England
(which bounds it on the N. E. side) and Virginia, lying to the S. W. Its entire length is
washed by the ocean and has a clean sandy beach resembling very much that of Flanders or
Holland, having, except the rivers, few bays or harbors for ships. The air is very temperate,
inclining to dryness, healthy, little subject to sickness. The four seasons of the year are about
as in France or the Netherlands; the difference being, the spring is shorter, because it begins
later; the summer is hotter, because it comes on more suddenly; the autumn is long and very
pleasant; the winter cold and liable to much snow. Two winds ordinarily prevail, the N. W.
in winter, and the S. W. in summer; the other winds are not common; the N. W. corresponds
with our N. E., because it blows across the country from the cold point, like our N. E. The
180 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
S. W. is dry and hot like our S. E., because it comes from the warm countries; the N. E. is
cold and wet lii^e our S. W., for similar reasons. The aspect of the country is very like that
of France; the land is reasonably high and level, to wit, along the coast, broken by small hills
which are rocky and unfit for cultivation ; further in the interior are pretty high mountains,
exhibiting generally strong indications of minerals ; between those mountains flow a great
number of small streams; there are even in places, some, but not many, lofty mountains of
extraordinary height; in fertility, the country falls behind no province in Europe both as to
excellence and cleanness of fruits and seeds. There are three principal rivers, namely : the
Fresh, the Mauritius, and the South rivers; all three reasonably wide and deep, adapted to
the navigation of large ships twenty-five leagues up, and of common sloops even unto the
falls; a canal extends from the river Mauritius to beyond the Fresh river, and forms an island
forty leagues in length, called Long Island. This is the ordinary passage from N. England to
Virginia, having on both sides many harbors for anchorage, so that people make no difficulty
about navigating it in winter. The country is for the most part covered with trees, except a
few valleys and some large flats, seven or eight leagues and less in extent; the trees consist as
in Europe, of oak, hickory, chestnut, vines. The animals also are of the same species as ours,
except lions and some other strange beasts ; many bears, abundance of wolves, which harm
nothing but small cattle. Elks and deer in vast numbers, foxes, beavers, otters, minx, and such
like. The fowls which are natural to the country, are turkeys, like ours, swans, geese of
three sorts, ducks, teals, cranes, herons, bitterns; two sorts of partridges, four sorts of heath
fowl or pheasants. The river fish is like that of Europe, namely : carp, sturgeon, salmon,
pike, perch, roach, eel, etc. In the salt waters are found cod, shellfish, herring, and so
forth ; also abundance of oysters and muscles.
The Indians are of ordinary stature, strong and broad shouldered ; olive color, light and
nimble of foot, subtle in disposition, of few words, which they previously well consider;
hypocritical, treacherous, vindictive, brave and pertinacious in self defence ; in time of need,
resolute to die. They seem to despise all the torments that can be inflicted on them, and do
not utter a single moan, they go almost naked, except a flap which hangs before their
nakedness, and on their shoulders a deer skin, or a mantle, a fathom square, of woven turkey
feathers, or of peltries sewed together ; they make use now generally of blue or red (duflfels),
in consequence of the frequent visits of the Christians. In winter they make shoes of deer
skin, manufactured after their fashion. Except their chiefs, they have generally but one wife
whom they frequently change according to caprice; she must do all the work, plant corn and
cut wood, and attend to whatever else is to be done. The Indians are divided into various
nations. They differ even in language, which would be altogether too long to be related in
this brief space. They dwell together, mostly from friendship, in tribes commanded by a
chief, who is the General, and usually called Sackema ; he does not possess much authority
and but little distinction, unless in their dances and other ceremonies. They have hardly any
knowledge of God; no Divine Worship, no law, no justice; the strongest does what he
pleases, and the young men are masters. Their weapons are the bow and arrow, in the use of
which they are wonderful adepts. Hunting and fishing, in addition to the maize which the
women plant, furnish them food.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IIL 181
By Whom and How New Netherland was Peopled.
The subjects of the Lords States General, had frequented this country a long time ago,
solely for the purpose of the fur trade. Since the year 1623, the Incorporated West India
Company caused four forts to be erected, two on the River Mauritius, and one on each of the
others; the largest, which their Honors named New Amsterdam, stands on the point formed
by the Mauritius and the other river already mentioned ; six and thirty miles higher up, is
another fort called Orange ; that on the south river is named Nassauw, and that on the Fresh
river, the Good Hope, in which the Company hath since continually maintained garrisons. In
the beginning, their Honors sent thither a certain number of settlers, and caused to be erected
at great expense, three saw mills, which never realized any profit of consequence, on account
of their great charge ; a great deal of money was also expended for the advancement of the
country, but it never began to be settled until every one was permitted to trade with
the Indians, inasmuch as, up to that time, no one calculated to remain there longer than the
expiration of his bounden time, and therefore did not apply himself to agriculture ; yea, even
the Colonie of Renselaerswyck was of little consequence. But as soon as the trade was opened,
many servants who had prospered under the Company applied for their discharge, built houses
and formed plantations, spread themselves far and wide, each seeking the best land, and to be
nearest to the Indians, in order thus to trade with them advantageously ; others bought sloops
with which to sell goods at the north and at the south, and as the Directors gave free passage
from Holland thither, that also caused many to come. On the other hand, the English came
both from Virginia and N. England, on account of the good opportunity to plant tobacco here;
first, divers servants, whose time had expired; afterwards, families, and finally, entire colonies,
having been forced to quit that place, in order to enjoy freedom of conscience, and to escape
from the insupportable government of New England, and because many more commodities
were to be obtained here than there, so that in place of seven boiiweries and two @ three
plantations which were here, thirty bouweries were to be seen as well cultivated and stocked as in
Europe, [and] one hundred plantations which, in two or three [years] would become regular
bouweries, for after the tobacco was out of the ground, corn was planted there without
ploughing, and the winter was employed preparing new lands. The English colonies had
settled under us by patent on equal terms with the others. Each of these was in appearance
not less than one hundred families strong, exclusive of the Colonie of Rensselaerswyck, which
is prospering, with that of Myndert Meyndertsz and Cornells Melyn, who began first. Also the
Village of N. Amsterdam around the fort, one hundred families, so that there was appearance
of producing supplies in a year for fourteen thousand souls, without straightening the country,
and had there not been a want of laborers or farm servants, twice as much could be raised,
considering that fifty lasts of rye and fifty lasts of peas were still remaining around the fort,
after a large quantity had been burnt and destroyed by the Indians, who in a short time
quickly brought this country to nought and had well nigh destroyed this bright hope, in the
manner following.
The Causes and Consequence of the New Netherland War.
We have already stated that the Liberty to trade with the Indians was the cause of the
increase of population in N. Netherland. We shall now show that it also is the cause of Its
182 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS,
ruin; producing two opposite effects, and that not without reason as will appear from
what follows.
This Liberty, then, which in every respect was most gratefully received ; which should have
been used like a precious gift, was very soon perverted to a great abuse. For every one
thought that now was the acceptable time to make his fortune ; withdrew himself from his
fellow, as if deeming him suspected and the enemy of his desire, sought communication with
the Indians from whom it appeared his profit was to be derived, all contrary to their High
Mightinesses' motto.' That created first, a division of power of dangerous consequence; then
produced altogether too much familiarity with the Indians, which in a short time brought forth
contempt, usually the Father of Hate. For, not satisfied with merely taking them into their
houses in the customary manner, they attracted them by extraordinary attention, such as
admitting them to Table, laying napkins before them, presenting Wine to them and more of
that kind of thing, which they did not receive like Esop's man, but as their due and desert,
insomuch that they were not content, but began to hate, when such civilities were not shown
them. To this familiarity and freedom succeeded another Evil: as the cattle usually roamed
through the Woods without a Herdsman, they frequently came among the corn of the Indians
which was unfenced on ail sides, committing great damage there; this led to frequent complaints
on the part of the latter, and, finally, to revenge on the cattle, without sparing even the horses
which were valuable in the country. Moreover, many of our's took the Indians into their
employ, making use of them in their house work ; thus exposing to them our entire
circumstances ; soon becoming weary of work, the Indians took leg-bail and stole much more
than the amount of their wages. This Liberty caused still greater mischief: for the inhabitants
of Renselaerswyck, who were as many traders as persons, perceiving that the Mohawks were
craving for guns, which some of them had already received from the English, paying for each
as many as Twenty Beavers and for a pound of powder as many as Ten to Twelve guilders,
came down in greater numbers than usual where guns were plenty, purchasing them at a
fair price, realizing in this way considerable profit ; they afterwards obtained some from their
Patroon for self defence, in time of need, as we suppose. This extraordinary gain was not
long kept secret, the traders coming from Holland soon got scent of it, and from time to time
brought over great quantities, so that the Mohawks in a short time were seen with fire locks ;
powder and lead in proportion. Four hundred armed men knew how to make use of their
advantage, especially against their enemies, dwelling along the River of Canada, against whom
they have now achieved many profitable forays where before they had but little advantage ;
this caused them also to be respected by the surrounding Indians even as far as the Sea coast,
who must generally pay them tribute, whereas, on the contrary, they were formerly obliged to
contribute to these. On this account the Indians endeavored no less to procure Guns, and
through the familiarity which existed between them and our people, began to solicit the latter
for Guns and powder, but as such was forbidden on pain of Death, and could not remain secret
in consequence of the general conversation, they could not be obtained. This, added to the
previous contempt, greatly augmented the hatred which stimulated them to conspire against us,
beginning first with insults which they everywhere indiscreetly uttered, railing at us as Materiotty^
(that is to say) cowards — that we might, indeed be something on water, but of no account on
land, and that we had neither a great Sachem nor Chiefs. [ Here two •pages are ivanting.'\
' Eendraoht maatt macht — Union is etrcngtU. — Ed.
' Apparently compounded of the Delaware words Malhah, "no;" "without;" and Olee, "Heart" or courage — a Coward.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: III. 183
he of Witqueschreek, living N. E. of the Island Manhattan, perpetrated another murder in the
house of an old man, a wheelwright, with whom he was acquainted (having been in his son's
service) ; being well received and suppled with food, and pretending a desire to buy something,
whilst the old man was talking from the chest the cloth the Indian wanted, the latter took up
an axe and cut his head off; moreover, plundering the house, and then ran away. This outrage
obliged the Director to demand satisfaction from the Sachem who refused it, saying. That he
* Note A. was sorry twenty Christians had not been murdered * and that this Indian had
2i'Aug!"/6«.'°"°'^' only avenged the death of his Uncle who had been slain over one and twenty
years previously by the Dutch. Whereupon, the Commonalty were called together by the
Director to consider this affair; who all appeared and presently twelve men delegated from
tNoteB. among them, t answered the propositions, and resolved at once on war, should
resoiution"""daied the murderer be refused ; that the attack should be made in the harvest
August 29, 1641. ^[^gjj ji^g Indians were hunting; meanwhile, an effort should be again made by
kindness to obtain justice, which was accordingly several times sought for but in vain.
The time being come, many obstacles arose and operations were postponed until the year
1642, when it was resolved to avenge the perpetrated outrage. Thereupon spies looked up
the Indians who lay in their village suspecting nothing, and eighty men were detailed and sent
thither under the command of Ensign Hendrick van Dyck. The guide being come with the
troops in the neighborhood of the Indian wigwams, lost his way in consequence of the darkness
of the night. The Ensign became impatient and turned back without having accomplished
any thing. The journey, however, was not without effect, for the Indians, who remarked by
the trail made by our people in marching, that they had narrowly escaped discovery, sued for
peace, which was granted them on condition that they should either deliver up the murderer
or inflict justice themselves. This they promised, but did not keep their word.
Some weeks after this, Miantenimo, principal Sachem of Sloops Bay, came here with one
Engiiaif "Manifest, '^'"'^'^''^•^ '"6"' P^ssing through all the Indian Villages | soliciting them to a
page 2.
§Note D.
Capl. Patricx letter,
dated 2 Jan'y, 1C42.
or to enchant him by their devilry, as their ill will was afterwards made manifest as well in
fact as by report. Those of Hackingsack, otherwise called Achter Col, had, with their
neighbors, killed an Englishman, a servant of one David Pietersz., and a few days after shot
dead, in an equally treacherous manner, a Dutchman who sat roofing a house in the Colonic
[Note E. of Myndert Meyndertz,|| having settled there agaiiist the advice of the Director and the
Sede°osUionYhl?i "^^^^ "f ^^'^ I'ldiaus, and had caused, by the continual damage the cattle committed,
"P™- no little dissatisfaction to the Indians, and contributed greatly to the War. The
Commonalty began then to be afraid, and not without reason, having the Indians daily in their
houses. The murderers were frequently demanded, either living or dead, even with a promise
of reward; a scoffing answer was always returned by the Indians, who laughed at us. Finally,
the Commonalty, seriously distrusting the Director, suspecting him of conniving with the
iNoteF. Indians, that an attempt was making to sell Christian blood^f and resolvedt
deiegate»°dated 21 that the will of the entire Commonalty was surrendered to him, inasmuch as he
anuary, . would not aveugc blood, they would do it, be the consequence what it may
The Director hereupon advised Pacham, the Sachem, who interested himself in this matter,
warning him that we would wait no longer, inasmuch as satisfaction had not been given.
184 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Meanwhile God wreaked vengeance on those of Witquescheck without our knowledge
through the Mahicanders dwelling below Fort Orange, who slew seventeen of them and made
prisoners of many women and children ; the remainder fled through a deep snow to the houses
of the Christians on and around the Island Manhatens. They were most humanely received,
being half dead of cold and hunger, and supported for fourteen days; even some of the
Director's corn was sent to them. A short time after, another panic seized the Indians, which
caused them to fly to divers places in the vicinity of the Dutch. This opportunity to wreak
vengeance for the innocent blood, induced some of the Twelve men to represent to the Director
that the time was now come ; whereupon, they received for answer, that they should put their
*NoteG. request in writing: which was done, by three, in the name of all,* in a petition
Their prluion, dated 1 O ' J ' r
24Feb.,iM3. to be allowed to attack those of Hackingsack, lying in two divisions — on the
Manhatens and at Pavonia. This was granted after a protracted discussion, too long to be
reported here, so that the design was executed that same night; the Burghers attacked those
who lay a short mile from the fort, and the Soldiers those of Pavonia ; at which two places
about eighty Indians were killed, and thirty were taken prisoners. Next morning, before the
return of the troops, a man and woman were shot at Pavonia, who had come either through
curiosity to look at, or to plunder the dead; the soldiers rescued a young child, which the
woman had in her arms.
Thei/peuiiOT' and The Christians residing on Long Island also requested by petitiont to be
Febr Jrry"2f, lewf** allowcd to attack and slay the Indians thereabout, which was refused; as these
especially had done us no harm and showed us every friendship. (Yea, had even voluntarily
killed some of the Raritans, our enemies, hereinbefore mentioned). Yet, notwithstanding,!
♦ Nnfii. some Christians attempted, secretly with two wagons, to steal maize from
See the information , -, i- i • i i • • i i i i
thereupon. thcsc Indians ; which, they perceiving, endeavored to prevent; thereupon three
Indians were shot dead ; two houses standing opposite the fort, were in return forthwith set
on fire. The Director knowing nought of this, sent at once some persons to inquire the
reason. The Indians showing themselves afar ofT, called out — Be ye our friends? Ye are
mere corn stealers — making them also parties. This induced one of the proprietors of the burnt
houses to upbraid, therewith, one Maryn Adriaenzen, who, at his own request, had led the
freemen in the attack on the Indians, and who, being reinforced by an English troop, had
afterwards undertaken two bootless expeditions in the open field. Imagining that the Director
had accused him, being one of the signers of the petition, he determined to revenge himself.
sNoteK With § this resolution he proceeded to the Director's house, armed with a pistol,
His trial therefor, ig^ded and cockcd, and a hanger by his side ; coming unawares into the Director's
room, he presents his pistol at him, saying. What devilish lies art thou reporting of me? but
by the promptness of one of the bystanders, the shot was prevented, and he arrested. A short
time after. Marine's man and another entered the fort, each carrying a loaded gun and pistol —
the first fired at the Director, who having had notice, withdrew to his house, the bullets passed
into the walls along side the door behind him ; the sentinel firing immediately at the fellow
who had discharged his gun, brought him down. Shortly afterwards, some of the Commonalty
collected before the Director, riotously demanding the prisoner; they were answered, that
their request should be presented in order and in writing; which was done by about 25 men,
who asked the Director to pardon the criminal. The matter was referred to them to decide
conscientiously thereupon ; in such wise, that they immediately went forth ; without hearing
parties or seeing any complaints or documents, they condemn him in a fine of five hundred guilders.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IIL 185
and to remain three months awaij from the Mmihalens ; but on account of the importance of the
affair, and some considerations, it was resolved to send the criminal, with his trial, to Holland,
which
The winter passed in this confusion, mingled with great terror; the season came for driving
out the cattle, which obliged many to desire peace. On the other hand, the Indians seeing
also that it was time to plant maize, were not less solicitous for a cessation of hostilities; so
after some negotiation, peace was concluded in May, A° 1G43, rather in consequence of the
importunity of some, than of the opinion entertained by others, that it would be durable.
The Indians kept still after this peace, associating daily with our people; yea, even the
greatest chiefs came to visit the Director. Meanwhile Pacham, a crafty man, ran through all
the villages urging the Indians to a general massacre. Thereupon it happened that certain
Indians called Wappingers, dwelling sixteeM leagues up the river, with whom we never had the
least trouble, seized a boat coming from Fort Orange, wherein were only two men, and full
*NoteM. four hundred beavers. This great booty stimulated others* to follow the
Their acknowledg- o •'
the"' Rngirshl'*'^°i6 ^xamplc; SO that they seized two boats more, intending to overhaul the fourth
Engiisifkyie. ^^*^' also J ffom which they were driven, with loss of six Indians. Nine Christians,
including two women, were murdered in these captured barks; one woman and two children
remaining prisoners. The rest of the Indians, as soon as their maize was ripe, followed this
example; and through semblance of selling beavers, killed an old man and woman, leaving
another man with five wounds, who, however, fled to the fort, in a boat, with a little child in
his arms, which, in the first outbreak, had lost father and mother, and now grandfather and
grandmother ; being thus twice rescued, through God's merciful blessing, from the hands of the
Indians; first, when two years old. Nothing was now heard but murders; most of which
were committed under pretense of coming to put Christians on their guard.
Finally, the Indians took the field and attacked the bouweries at Pavonia. Two ships of war
and a privateer, were here at the time, and saved considerable cattle and grain. Probably it
was not possible to prevent the destruction of four bouweries on Pavonia, which were burnt;
not by open violence, but by stealthily creeping through the bush with fire in hand, and in this
way igniting the roofs, which are all either of reed or straw ; one covered with plank, was
preserved at the time.
The Commonalty were called together, who were sore distressed. They chose Eight,t
tNnteN. in the stead of the previous Twelve, persons to aid in advising what was best;
1643. but occupied as each one was, in taking care of his own, nothing beneficial was
adopted at that time; nevertheless, it was resolved that as many Englishmen as were in the
country, should be enlisted, who were, indeed, now proposing to depart; the third part of
these were to be paid by the Commonalty, who so promised, but the pay did not follow.
On thieihocwber. Terror increasing all over the land, the Eight men assembled, drew upf a
*"^" proposal in writing wherein they demanded : that delegates should be sent to our
English neighbors, at the North, to request an auxiliary force of one hundred and fifty men,
for whose pay a bill of Exchange should be given for twenty-five thousand guilders; that N.
Netherland should be mortgaged to the English as security for the payment thereof, (one of
Dated gih" Mkrch, the uiost iofl ucutial amoug the Eight men had, by letter, <^ enforced by precedents,
^^^' previously endeavored to persuade the Director to this course; as they had
In thir'^R^so^ve of Tcsolved to do a few days before ||) that the provisions destined for Curiigao
:643. ^^P"^""""^' should be discharged from the vessels and the major part of the men belonging
Vol. I. 24
186 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
to them detained, and that the ships be sent away thus empty. This was not agreed to,
nor deemed expedient by the Director. \_ Here four 'pages are wanting. '^
[An expedition was despatched consisting of soldiers] under the command of the
Sergeant; XL. Burghers under Jochem Pietersen, their Captain; XXXV. Englishmen under
Lieutenant Backster ; but to prevent all confusion, Councillor La Montague was appointed
General. Coming to Staten Island, they marched the whole night ; the huts were found
empty and abandoned by the Indians; they got 5 or 6 hundred skepels of corn and burnt the
remainder without accomplishing anything else.
Mayane, a Sachem, residing eight miles N. E. of us, between Greenwich (that lies within
our jurisdiction) and Stamford, which is English, a fierce Indian who, alone, dared to attack
with bow and arrows, three Christians armed with guns, one of whom he shot dead ; was,
whilst engaged with the other, killed by the third Christian and his head brought hither. It
was then known and understood, for the first time, that he and his Indians had done us much
injury, though we never had any difference with him. Understanding further that they lay in
their houses very quiet and without suspicion in the neighborhood of the English, it was
determined to hunt them up and attack them. One hundred and twenty men were sent thither
under the preceding command. The people landed at Greenwich in the evening from three
yachts, marched the entire night but could not find the Indians, either because the guide had
given warning, or had himself gone astray. Retreat was made to the yachts in order to
depart as secretly as possible; passing through Stantford some Englishmen were encountered
who offered to lead ours to the place where some Indians were ; thereupon four scouts were
sent in divers directions to make a discovery, who, on returning, reported that the Indians
had some notice of our people from the salute the Englishmen fired, but without any certainty;
whereupon five and twenty of the bravest men were at once commanded to proceed thither to
the nearest village with great diligence. They made the journey, killing eighteen or twenty
Indians, capturing an old man, two women and some children to exchange tor ours. The other
troops, on reaching the place immediately in the yachts, found the huts empty.
The old Indian, captured above, having promised to lead us to Wetquescheck, which
consisted of three Castles, sixty-five men were dispatched under Baxter and Peter Cock, who
found them empty, though thirty Indians could have stood against Two Hundred soldiers,
inasmuch as the castles were constructed of plank five inches thick, nine feet high, and braced
around with thick plank studded with port holes. Our people burnt two, reserving the third
for a retreat. Marching 8 or 9 leagues further, they discovered nothing but a few huts, which
they could not surprize as they were discovered. They returned, having killed only one or
two Indians, taken some women and children prisoners and burnt some corn. Meanwhile, we
were advised that Pennewitz, one of the oldest and most experienced Indians in the country,
and who, in the first conspiracy, had given the most dangerous counsel, to wit: that they
should wait and not attack the Dutch until all suspicion had been lulled, and then divide
themselves equally through the houses of the Christians and slaughter all of them in one
night; was secretly waging war against us with his tribe who killed some of our people and
set fire to the houses. It was, therefore, resolved to send thither a troop of one hundred
and twenty men, the Burghers in their Company, the English under Sergeant Major van der
Hyl' (who, a few days previously, had offered his services and was accepted), the old soldiers
' Capt Jno. Underbill ; for en account of whom, see Thompson't Hiitory of Long Island, 2d ed., IL — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : III. 187
under Peter Cock, all commanded by Mr. La Montagne, to proceed hence in three Yachts, land
in Scout's Bay on Long Island, march towards Heemstede, where there is an English Colonic
dependent on us. Some who had been sent forward in advance, dexterously killed an Indian
who was out as a spy. Our force formed themselves Into two divisions, Van der Hil with
fourteen English towards the smallest, and Eighty men towards the largest village, named
Matsepe ; both were very successful, killing about one hundred and twenty men; one man of
ours remained on the field and three were wounded.
Our forces being returned from this expedition, Captain van der Hil was dispatched to Stantfort
to get some information there of the Indians. He reported that the guide who had formerly
served us and had gone astray in the night, was now in great danger of his life from the
Indians, of whom there were about five hundred together, and offered to lead us there to prove
that the former mischance was not his fault One hundred and thirty men were accordingly
dispatched under the aforesaid Gen' van der Hil and Ensign Hendrick van Dyck. They
embarked in three yachts, landed at Greenwich, where they were obliged to pass the night
by reason of the great Snow and Storm ; in the morning they marched N. W. up over Stony
Hills, over which some were obliged to creep. In the evening, about eight o'clock, they came
within a league of the Indians, and inasmuch as they should have arrived too early and had to
cross two Rivers, one of two hundred feet wide and three deep, and that the men could not
afterwards rest in consequence of the cold, it was determined to remain there until about ten
o'clock. Orders having been given as to the mode to be observed in attacking the Indians, the
men marched forward towards the huts, which were set up in three rows, street fashion, each
Eighty paces in length, in a low recess of the mountain, affording complete shelter from the
N. W. wind. The moon was then at the full and threw a strong light against the mountain, so
that many winters' days were not clearer than it then was. On arriving, the enemy were found
on the alert and on their guard, so that our people determined to charge and surround the
huts, sword in hand. The Indians behaved like soldiers, deployed in small bands, so that we
had in a short time one dead and twelve wounded. They were likewise so hard pressed that
it was impossible for one to escape. In a brief space of time, one hundred and eighty were
counted dead outside the houses. Presently none durst come forth, keeping themselves within
the houses, discharging arrows through the holes. Tiie General seeing that nothing else was
to be done, resolved, with Serjeant Major Van der Hil, to set fire to the huts; whereupon the
Indians tried every way to escape, not succeeding in which they returned back to the flames,
preferring to perish by fire than to die by our hands. What was most wonderful is, that
among this vast collection of Men, Women and Children, not one was heard to cry or to
scream. According to the report of the Indians themselves, the number then destroyed
exceeded five hundred. Some say, full 700, among whom were also 25 Wappingers, our God
having collected together there the greater number of our enemies, to celebrate one of their
festivals; no more than eight men in all escaped, of whom even three were severely wounded.
The fight ended, several fires were built in consequence of the great cold ; the wounded
fifteen in number, were dressed and sentinels having been posted by the General, the troops
bivouacked there for the remainder of the night. On the next day, the party set out much
refreshed in good order, so as to arrive at Stantfort in the evening. They marched with great
courage over that wearisome mountain, God affording extraordinary strength to the wounded
some of whom were badly hurt ; and came in the afternoon to Stantfort after a march of two
days and one night, with little rest. The English received our people in a very friendly manner,
188 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
affording them every comfort. In two days they reached here. A thanksgiving was proclaimed
on their arrival. [ The remainder is wuniing.'j
Resolution of the States General.
[From the Register of Weat India Affairs, 1G33— 1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hagoe.]
Tuesday, T^ January 1648.
Folio 804. Received a leter from Peter Stuyvesant written in New Amsterdam in New
p. stuyvesaui. Netherland the 6"" October 1647, and with it some enclosures respecting the
condition and state of affairs there. Which being considered, it is resolved and concluded
hereby to request the Mess" van der Capellen tho Ryssel and the other their High Mightinesses'
Deputies in the matter of the reform of the direction and management of the affairs relating to
the West India Company, with what appertains to, and depends on, them, to inspect and
examine the same and report thereupon.
Resolution of the States General on a Petition from New Netherland.
[Frcm the Register of Weal India Affairs, 1638—1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Saturday, 11"" January 1648.
Folio 806. I"'^^ petition presented to their High Mightinesses in the name and on the
cm't'rand''comen" behalf of Jochcm Pietersen Cuyter and Cornelis Melyn, inhabitants of New
"°'^°" Netherland is, after consideration, placed, with the papers thereunto anne.xed, in
the hands of the Mess" van der Capellen tho Ryssel and others their High Mightinesses' deputies
in the matters concerning the Redress of the decline of the West India Company, for inspection
and examination, to look into what has been done thereupon, to hear the Directors of the
aforesaid Company, and to make a report of the whole.
PAPERS RELATING TO THE CONDITION OF NEW NETHERLAND,
And, the -proceedings against Cornelius MJyn and his adherents; marked from letter A. to letter R.,
1643—1647.
[ From .the anlhenticatcd Copy in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; Loketkas of the States General ; Division Wea IndUche Compagnie, No. 25. ]
Excise Law of 1644.
A. Whereas, the General war which we have been forced to wage against the
surrounding Savages hath obliged us, in order to preserve the country, to employ an
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : III. 189
extraordinary number of soldiers, who must necessarily be paid, as well as other heavy
expenses caused by the war; to accomplish which we have spared none of the available
means of the Honorable the West India Company, but have, in addition, been obliged to raise
as much money as we could obtain on bills of exchange, drawn on the Hon'''' the Directors;
and Whereas, we are now devoid of all means, and despair of immediately receiving any
assistance from Holland, in this our necessity; therefore we are constrained to find out some
plan to pay the soldiers, or else must dismiss them, which according to all appearances, will lead
to the utter ruin of the country, especially as the harvest is at hand whereby people must live
and fodder be procured for the remaining cattle; for neither grain nor hay can be cut without
soldiers. These matters being maturely considered, and all things being duly weighed with
the advice of the Eight men chosen by the Commonalty, no better nor more suitable means
can be found in the premises, than to impose some duties on those articles from which the good
inhabitants will experience least inconvenience, as the scarcity of money is sufficiently general.
We have, therefore, enacted and ordained, and do hereby enact and ordain, that there shall
be paid on each half barrel of beer tapt by the tavern keepers, two guilders, one-half
payable by the brewer and one half by the tapster ; the burgher who does not retail it, to pay
half as much ; on each quart of Spanish wine and brandy, four stivers; French wine, two
stivers, to be paid by the tapsters. On each merchantable beaver purchased within our limits
and brought here to the fort, one guilder; the three-quarters and halves in proportion. All on
pain of forfeiture of the goods, to be prosecuted by the officer or the collector, to be thereunto
appointed ; one-third for the informer, one-third for the officer, and the remainder for the
Hon"' Company. All this provisionally, until the good God grant us peace, or we receive
sufficient succor from Holland. Ady 21 June. A» 1644, in New Netherland.
The above copy written by the Director, is collated and found to agree with the original.
Done, Manahatas, this 2S"' June, A" 1644.
Copy.
From each merchantable beaver purchased within our limits and brought here to the fort,
fifteen stivers, the small in proportion, which shall be immediately marked, and those that will
be found unmarked, shall be forthwith confiscated; and all who have beavers in their
possession, are hereby notified to come to the Receiver of the Company's customs, thereunto
appointed, and to have them marked, or agree upon a commutation, all on pain of confiscation.
Let every one be hereby warned, and protect himself from loss. 24 June, 1644.
The above copy written by the Director, is collated and found to agree with the original.
Done Manahatas, this 28 June, 1644.
(Signed) Jochum Pietersen Kuiter,
the mark p. of Ment Dirks.^
made by himself.
' Sie. Intended for Barent Direks. — Ed.
190 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
The Eight Men to the Assembly of the XIX.
B, Honorable, Wise, prudent Gentlemen of the XIX. of the General Incorporated
West India Company at the Chamber in Amsterdam.
Honorable Gentlemen !
Rightly hath one of the ancients said, that there is no misery on earth however great that
does not manifest itself in time of war. We, poor inhabitants of New Netherland, now complain
that having enjoyed for a long time an indifferent peace with the heathen, Almighty God finally,
through his righteous judgment, hath in this current year kindled around us the fire of an Indian
war in which not only numbers of innocent people, men, women and children, have been
murdered in their houses and at their work, and swept into captivity (whereby this place with
all its inhabitants is come to the greatest ruin); but all the Bouweries and Plantations at
Pavonia, with 25 lasts ' of grain and other produce are burnt and the cattle in part destroyed by
the Indians.
Coming next to Long Island : It also is stripped of people and cattle, except a few insignificant
places, over against the main, which are about to be abandoned. The English who have
settled among us have not escaped. They too. except at one place, are all murdered and burnt.
Slaten Island, where Cornells Melyn settled, is unattacked as yet, but stands hourly expecting
an assault. On the Island of the Manachatas, from the north even unto the Fresh Water, there
are no more than five or six spots inhabited at this date. These are threatened by the Indians
every night with fire, and by day with the slaughter of both people and cattle. Achter Col
where the Honb'' Mr. Van der Horst founded a Colonic, is altogether ruined, so that we have
no other place of shelter remaining for ourselves, our wives and children, than around and
adjoining Fort Amsterdam at the Manahactas. The enemy experiences no resistance, through
want of men, arms, and ammunition with which this place is very poorly supplied. The Fort
is defenceless and entirely out of order, and resembles (with submission) rather a molehill
than a fort against an enemy. These Indians are, on the contrary, strong and mighty ; have,
one with the other, made alliances with more than seven different tribes well supplied with
guns, powder and ball, which they to their hearts' content have procured and still daily receive
from private traders in exchange for beavers, and with which they murder our people. The
woods and thickets are now very useful to them; they have removed all their women, children
and old men into the interior, the rest of the most expert warriors hang daily on our necks,
with fire and sword, and threaten to attack the Fort with all their force, which now consists
of about 1500 men ; this we hourly expect, for all the outside places are mostly in their power.
It is owing entirely to their pleasure if any cattle are found alive throughout the entire country.
Your Honors can easily conceive how wretchedly it fares with us, distressed people, and the
whole country, for the growth and prosperity thereof consists chiefly in men, cattle and houses,
in which we, jointly and severally, have exhausted all the means we have been able to realize.
The population is composed mainly of women and children; the freemen (exclusive of the
English) are about 200 strong, who must protect by force their families now skulking in straw
huts outside the Fort; the cattle are partly burnt and killed, what remains has been conveyed
to the Fort on the Manahates, where for want of food they must starve this coming winter, if
' A lasl is equal to SO English bushels. Holtrop's Dutch Dictionary/. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IIL 191
not immediately slaughtered. The most of the houses have been fired and destroyed, those
still standing are in danger of being also burnt. It is likewise to be apprehended that this will
be but the beginning of our troubles, for, as these Indians with their weapons kill our people,
one after another [it is to be feared] that they will next with guns destroy us, our wives and
children, while the men are ruined, the grain and other produce burnt, very little saved, not
even a plough can be put in the ground this fall, so that not 100 skepels will be sown in this
neighborhood, and consequently much less in the spring, and were any provisions to be obtained
from the English, in the East, we know not wherewith we, poor people, will pay for them,
whilst the private traders have by their unnatural extortions for the last three or four years,
utterly drained us, and impoverished this country ; for such must be the result so long as
industry is obliged to stand still in the land.
Cattle destroyed, houses burnt ; the mouths of women and children must remain shut. We
speak not now of other necessaries, such as clothing, shirts, shoes and stockings, In fine, it is
like to happen, that it will be with us, according to the words of the Prophet, Whoso draweth
the sword, shall perish of hunger and cold.
We turn, then, to your Honors; we humbly pray and beseech you to be pleased to help us
in this distressed plight, and with the first opportunity to assist us with such aid as your Honors
may, in your wisdom, consider best, as we have also by this opportunity set forth in a
Remonstrance and petition to their High Mightinesses' ; so that this place, and all of us, with
wives and children, may not be delivered over a prey to these cruel heathen, whereupon we
rely. Underneath was written. We remain your Honors' faithful subjects, lawfully elected
and authorized by the Hon'''^ the Director and Council, and the entire Commonalty of New
Netherland.
(Signed) Cornklis Melyn, Gerrit Wolphertsen,
Abraham Pietersen, Isack Allerton,
Done Manahatas this 24"" October Thomas Hal, Jan Evertse Bout,
in New Netherland, Anno 1643. Barent Dircksen, Jochem Pietersen.
Resolution adopted by the Commonalty of the Manhattans.
C. We, the undersigned, having appeared at the Fort at the request of the Hon''''
Director and Council, to express our opinions on their proposition, they have required us to elect
five or six persons from among ourselves to weigh maturely the articles laid before us ; wherefore
have we considered it wise on so doing to leave to the Director and Council the execution
thereof; namely, the selection of those persons, provided that we shall be at liberty to reject
the person or persons against whom there may be anything to object, and who are not
agreeable to us.
CoRNELis Melyn, Pieter Linde,
This is the mark /) of Wolphert Gerrits,
4
This is the mark p of Bakent Dircksen,
Jan Snedeker, Sibert Clasen,
Abram Planck, Cornelis Wiletnsen,
This is the mark f of Louis Grain,'
' See cnpra, p. 189. — Ed.
192
NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
This is tiie mark
z
of Cornelis Lambertsen Cool,
This is the mark
+
of Cornelis Jacobsen Stille,
This is the mark
4'
of Abraham Jacobse,
PlETER COLET,
Abraham Pietersen,
Jan Jansen Damen,
Heindrick Heindricksen Kvpe,
CORNELIS VOLCKERS,
GOVERT LOOCKEMANS,
IsACK DE Forest,
IsACK AlLERTON,
This is the mark
^
of Claes Caerlessen,
This is the mark
•X,
of Claes Montelaar,
Jacob Couwenhoven,
This is the mark
■^
of Gerrit Wolpherts,
Barent Jansen
WiLLEM AdrIAENSEN,
Thomas Hall,
Claes Jansen Ruter,
WiLHEIM GaULDERS,
Jan Verbauge,
Tliis is the mark
X
of George Hans [Holmes?]
by me
1, Cornelis Dircksen Hoochlant,
This is the mark
H
of Hans Hansen,
This is the mark
Xi
of Thomas Sandersen,
This is the mark
A
of Ambrosius Loman,
This is the mark
T
of Jan Picces,
Benjamin Pawley,
Richard,
This is the mark
7^
of Pieter Adriaensen,
This is the mark
P
of RiTCHERT COLFECX,
This is the mark
H
of Hevndrick Heyndricksen,
CoKNELis Twits, ^
This is the mark
G
of Lawrens Pietersen,
Tiiis is the mark
X
of Cornelis Souleman,
Jan Pathaway
P. R. GlCHHOUS.
Certificate of the Election of the Eight Men.
D* We, the undersigned, do declare that we have elected Joachim Pietersen, Jan
Damen, Barent Dircksen, Abraham Pietersen, Isack Allerton, Thomas Hal, Gerrit Wolphertsen
and Cornelis Melyn, to consult on and maturely to consider the propositions submitted to us
by the Director and Council of New Netherland, approving hereby what the aforesaid persons
shall treat and determine in the premises.
Phlipe Grave,
This is the mark A of Ambrosius Lonnen,
This is the mark -f of Cornelis Swilwan,
Benjamyn Pawley, William Goulder,
In the next document this name is Tcunis Cray.
Qa J Swits. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: III. 193
This is the mark p of Laurens Pietersen,
This is the mark jg of Jan Haer,
This is the mark X ^ of Thomas Sanderson,
This is the mark ^^ of Isack de Forest,
Albert Jansen, Peter Colet,
This is the mark T of Tevnis Cray,
This is the mark O" — r f,of Jacob Stoffelsen,
CoRNELis Willemsen, Pieter Linde,
This is the mark (S« of Claes Carstersen,
John Pathaway, Ritchert Gebbers,
This is the mark ^ of Piccis,
This is the mark ^ of Abraham Jacobsen,
Jacob Couwenhoven, Reiner Jansen,
Jan Verbrugh,
This is the mark ^ of Wolphert Gerritsen,
Covert Loockemans, Willem Adriaensen,
This is the mark B of Goris Bastelaer,
This is the mark ^ t -^ of Egbert Woutersen,
-h
And whereas, the aforesaid elected men have unanimously resolved, for certain reasons them
thereunto moving, to exclude Jan Damen, they have unanimously determined to choose, as
they do hereby choose, Jan Evertsen Bout to consult with them, in the stead of the said Jan
Damen, upon what they will deem to appertain to the public service.
Petition for leave to attack the Indians.
E. To the Honorable William Kieft, Director General of New Netherland, and
his Hon'''' Council.
The whole of the freemen respectfully represent, that though heretofore much innocent
blood was spilled by the Savages without having had any reason or cause therefor, yet your
Honors made peace on condition that the chiefs should deliver the murderer into our hands,
(either dead or alive,) wherein they have failed, up to the present time; the reputation which
our nation hath in other countries, has thus been diminished, even, notwithstanding innocent
blood calleth aloud to God for vengeance ; we therefore request your Honors to be pleased to
authorize us to attack the Indians as enemies, whilst God hathfuUy delivered them into our
hands, for which purpose we offer our persons. This can be effected, at the one place by the
freemen, and at the other by the soldiers. Lower was written : Your Hono" subjects, and
was subscribed,
Maetn Adriaensen,
Jan Jansen Dames, and
Abraham Planck.
Lower stood: By their authority, (Signed) Cornelis van Tenhoven, Secretary.
Vol. T. 2^
194 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Commission to Manjn Adriaenseyi to attack the Indians at Corlaer's Hook.
F. Whereas the good inhabitants here are obliged to reside on their properties up
to the present time in great alarm, and cultivate with caution the soil through dread of the
Indians who now and again have in a cowardly manner murdered some of our nation (without
having any reason therefor), and we cannot obtain any satisfaction for the blood by peaceable
means; therefore arms must be had recourse to, in order to vindicate the justice of our cause,
so that we may live in peace here, with full confidence that God will give a blessing to our
resolution, the rather, as the good Commonalty themselves solicit its execution ; wherefore we
hereby authorize and empower, as we do hereby authorize and empower at his request, Maryn
Adriaensen and associates, to attack, a party of Indians lying behind Corlaer's plantation,
and to act with them as they think proper, and time and circumstances will permit. The 25""
February, 1643.
(Signed) Willem Kieft.
Agrees with the original, (Signed) Cornelis van Tienhoven, Secretary.
Sundry DeclaratioTis respecting Conversations with Director Kieft,
G-. Before me Cornelis van Tienhoven, Secretary of New Netherland, appeared
Jan Evertsen Bout, aged about forty years, who at the request of Cornelis Leendertsen,
deposes, testifies and declares, as he doth hereby testify and declare in the place, and with the
promise, of a solemn oath if necessary and so required; that it is true, that on Wednesday,
being the first day, he, the deponent, heard the Director Kieft say, whilst sitting on a gun at
the bastion of the fort where the flag staff" stands: "Jan Eversen, how d'ye do?" To
which the deponent answered. "Well, but weak in heart and courage." The Director
replied, " I have wherewith to defend my conscience, namely Maryn Adriaensen, Jan Damen
and the man over there, your neighbor," and divers other remarks, all which the deponent
declares to be true; also, that he hath done this to bear testimony to the truth, through love
or hatred of no man. Done the S?"" March, 1643, in New Netherland, on the Island Manhatans.
Jan Evertsen Bout.
To my knowledge: Cornelis van Tienhoven, Secretary.
H. Before me Cornelis Van Tienhoven, Secretary of New Netherland, appeared
Jacob Stoffelsen, aged about 42 years, who at the request of Cornelis Leendersen, deposes and
declares as he hereby doth, that it is true that he, the deponent, coming in the forenoon of the
day after the attack on the Indians, in company with Gerrit Dircksen and Cornelis Arensen,
across the bastion of the fort, this deponent said to Director Kieft : "You have done fine
work;" the Director gave for answer, "you must blame the freemen." All which he, the
deponent, declares to be fiict and truth; and that he hath done this to give evidence of
the truth, for love or hatred of no man, solely because he hath been requested; thereunto the
deponent adheres. Done the 27"' March, 1643, in New Netherland, on the Island Manhatans.
This Q I ■ is the mark of Jacob Stoffelsen.
To my knowledge, Cornelis van Tienhoven, Secretary.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IIL 195
I. Before me Cornelia van Tienhoven, Secretary of New Netherland, appeared
Cornells Arissen, aged about 36 years, who, at the request of Cornells Leendersen, deposes,
testifies and declares, in the place, and with the promise of solemn oath, if necessary, that it is
true that he accompanied Jacob Stoffelsen and Gerrit Dyrcksen into the fort on the day after
the attack on the Indians, and there heard the Director say: " 'Tis the fault of the freemen
that the Indians were attacked — but your neighbor, Abraham Planck, was well aware of it,
who might have warned you." All which deponent declares to be fact and truth. Done in
fort Amsterdam, the 28"" March, 1643, in New Netherland.
This X P-7 is the mark of
>| CoRNELis Arissen.
To my knowledge, (Signed) Cornelis van Tienhoven, Secretary.
K. Before me Cornelis van Tienhoven, Secretary of New Netherland, appeared
Pieter Cornelissen, aged about 36 years, who, at the request of Cornelis Leendersen, deposes,
testifies and declares, as he doth hereby in place, and with promise of a solemn oath, if necessary,
that it is true that Peter Cornelissen, aforesaid, had a conversation with the Director, respecting
what occurred between our Nation and the Indians. The deponent inquired : " How it
occurred ?" The Director answered : " It was petitioned for in the name of the Commonalty,
by three persons, (without naming any one) being three of the Twelve elected men." To
which this deponent replied — "Your Honor had forbidden them to meet on pain of corporal
punishment; how came it, then?" The Director rejoined — "It is probably so." Which
the deponent declares to be true. Done, the 28"" March, A° 1643, in fort Amsterdam.
(Signed) Pieter Cornelissen.
To my knowledge, (Signed) Cornelis van Tienhoven, Secretary.
Jj. Before me Cornelis van Tienhoven, Secretary of New Netherland, appeared
Gerrit Dircksen Blauw, who at the request of Cornelis Leendersen, deposes, testifies and
declares in the place, and with promise of a solemn oath, if necessary and required ; that it is
true that he, with Cornelis Arissen and Jacob Stoffelsen, met the Director in the fort, the day
after the Indians were attacked, when he, the deponent, addressed his Honor, saying: "You
have now done fine work, in causing the murder of Christian blood;" alluding to his stepson,
who had been killed by the Indians. The Director gave for answer — "You must put
the blame on the freemen, of whom your neighbor Abraham Planck is one." Which the
deponent declares to be true. Done the 28"" March, A" 1643, in New Netherland.
(Signed) Gerrit Dircksen Blauw.
To my knowledge, (Signed) Cornelis van Tienhoven, Secretary.
Interrogalo7'ies to be proposed to Fiscal Heindrick van Dijck.
Article 1.
IM. Is he not well aware that the late Director General Kieft, did, on the night
between the 24"" and 25"" February, in the year 1643, send a party of Soldiers over to Pavonia
by the bouwery of Jan Evertzoon, and behind Curler's plantation on the Island of Manhatans
and cause them to kill a party of Indians, with women and children, who lay there?
195 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
2.
Did Mr. Kieft previously propose this expedition to the Council, and subsequently
communicate it to him as Officer of the Soldiers, which he then was; and did he vote for it?
3.
Were not the Indians much embittered by this act; and did not the general war between
our Christians and these Americans follow the next day, and date its commencement from
that time ?
4.
Is it not also true, that all those Indians had fled to the above described place some days
before, through dread of the Maicanders ; in the hope of being protected by our people from
their enemies?
5.
Did not we, the Dutch, in this country, live in peace with these Indians before and until
this cruel deed had been wrought on them over at Pavonia and on the Island Manhatans?
Interrogatories to he proposed to Mr. Cornells van der Hoykins.
Article 1.
Did he approve the levying of the contributions which the late Director General Kieft
imposed on those Americans in the year 1639?
2.
Was it ever before proposed in Council by the said Kieft, and was it approved by that body?
3.
Did not he (the witness) well remark that this tax had in general excited great animosity
among those natives, so that the Raritans shortly after killed four of our people on Staten
Island ?
4.
Did not Mr. Kieft on the night of the 24th February, 1643, cause a party of Indians, our
friends, to be massacred with women and children in their sleep, over at Pavonia and behind
Corker's plantation ?
5.
Did Mr. Kieft previously propose this expedition to the Council, and was it approved by
■witness, as fiscal at that time, and by the other members of the Council ?
6.
Is it not true that the Indians were much exasperated against us on account of this murder,
so that the general war between them and our people followed on the next day ?
7.
Did not the Dutch nation in this country live in peace with those Indians before this cruel
deed had been committed against them ?
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: III. 197
Did not those Indians fly to those two places above named through fear of their enemies, in
full confidence of hiding among, and of being protected by, us ?
Interrogatories to be proposed to Dr. Johannes dt la Montaigne.
Article 1.
Did he vote for, and approve of, the maize tax in the year 1639 ?
2.
Was it ever before proposed in their Council, and now when Mr. Kieft had imposed
contributions on those natives, did he (La M.) not say in the presence of several persons : — that
by those proceedings, a Bridge had been built, over which War would soon stalk through the
country ?
3.
Does he know from what cause originated the first trouble between our people and the
Raritan Indians ?
4.
Was not that difficulty with the Raritans, as well as the one with these of Wicguaesgeck
again settled, and peace made in the beginning of the year 1642?
Were not we, the Dutch, then living in peace with all those surrounding Indians, the
Yaccinsack murderer excepted ?
6.
Is it to his knowledge that Jan Clasen Daem, Maryn Adriaensen and Abram Planck presented
a petition to the late Director General Kieft, and did he approve of the answer thereto?
Did he not at that time object to the petitioners these and similar considerations — namely,
that such an important matter ought to be more deliberately weighed before it should be
determined on. Also, that the peculiarity of places should be considered ; whether we could
extricate our people who had settled at a far distance ; also, the question of force and munitions
of war ; whether we could indeed defend ourselves and continue the war ?
Is it true that Director Kieft made answer to this in his room, in the presence of Jan Claesen
Daem, Abraham Planck, and Maryn Adriaensen, who had already obtained his written reply
to the petition — " The word has gone forth ; it must remain out?"
9.
By whose order were the Indians, with their wives and children, killed over at Pavonia, and
behind Corlaer's hook on the Island of Manhatans, between the 24"" and 25"' February, 1643 ?
10.
Did he vote for it and was it subsequently resolved in the lawful Council ?
198 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
11.
Were not our surrounding Indians and neiglibors very much exasperated against us on account
of this murder, so that the general war broke out the next day?
12.
Did we not, up to this time, before this deed was committed, live in peace with all those
Americans, the Haccinsack murderer excepted ?
13.
Is it not true, that all those Indians had Had to the two places abovementioned, through fear
of the Mahicanders, in the hope of being protected by our people from their enemies?
Interrogatories to be proposed to Secretary Cornells van Tienhoven.
Article 1.
Can he, the Secretary, not fluently speak the Manhatans language, which was used by the
Indians hereabout?
2.
Did he not, therefore, act as interpreter to the late Director General Kieft, with those Indians?
In what year was he sent to those Natives to collect the contribution of maize from them ;
if he was not employed, who then was?
4.
To how many tribes was this done ; and how are they named?
5.
Did those Indians willingly consent to this contribution ; or did they then protest
against it ; and what were their debates about it ?
6.
Can he report in writing — if not, verbally — the result of this mission, which Mr. Kieft
entrusted to him ?
7.
In what terms did he endeavor to persuade the Indians to consent to the contribution?
In what year was he, deponent, sent by Mr. Kieft to the Raritanus ; and did he not go
there with a party of armed soldiers and sailors under the command of Heindrich, captain of
the Neptunus?
9.
What order did the Director give him, the Secretary, particularly in this case; and how
did he execute it?
10.
Did Mr. Kieft give any different orders to the soldiers generally, when they stood in front of
the Director's house, previous to setting out?
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IIL 199
11.
Were not similar expeditions sent out in the same year against the Raritans; and does he
know what was the reason and object of them; and what was then accomplished?
Did not the Raritans revenge themselves the next year; killing four Christians, on Staten
Island ; and did they not afterwards destroy the houses of David Pietersen ?
13.
Was not that difficulty sometime after entirely settled with the Raritans; so that they have
remained quiet, on their side, to the present time ?
14.
In what year did he, the Secretary, make the peace with the Wicquaesgeckers, at the
house of the late Jonas Bronck?
15.
After the difficulty with the Raritans and with the Wicquaesgeckers had been arranged and
peace concluded, did not our people live in peace, in the year 1642, with all those surrounding
Natives, the Hackinsack murderer exccepted ?
Did he, the Secretary, not write a petition, on 24"' February, 1643, on the subject of this
war with those Natives for Maryn Adriaensen, Jan, Claesen Daem and Abram Planck; and
by whose order, or at whose request, was it sent?
17.
Did he copy the aforesaid petition from another's draft, or did he draw it up himself; was it
conceived by himself, or did he, in accordance with his duty, first submit the draft to the
Director before it was signed?
18.
For what reason, and by whose authority did he, the Secretary, insert the words — "the
whole of the Commonalty or free people and by their order" — in the petition, when he,
indeed, well knew that no person either without, or on, the Manhatans had any knowledge of
it except Director Kieft, he, the Secretary, and those three petitioners ; also, that he should
have considered that an affair of such importance, so productive of heavy loss to the Hon''''
Company and the inhabitants in this country, ought not to have been undertaken on the
simple representation of those three men.
19.
Was not he, the Secretary, sent by Mr. Kieft, on the 24th February, in the year 1643, with
one Corporal Hans Steen, over to Pavonia, to the Indians who lay near Jan Evertsen
Bout's bouwery ?
20.
For what purpose and with what instructions did they go there?
200 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS,
21.
Did they faithfully report at that time to Mr. Keift, how many different tribes of Indians
were then together there ; and can he enumerate them ?
22.
Did not these Indians fly thither through dread of the Maykanders, who were at that time
their enemies, in the hope of being protected by our people?
23.
Is it not true, that a troop of armed soldiers were sent by order of Mr. Kieft, on the next
night to the aforesaid place, and a party of freemen behind Corlear's plantation on the
Manhatans, who slew a large number of these Indian refugees, and afterwards burnt all
their huts ?
24.
Is it not true also, that the general war between us, the Dutch, and those Americans, here
around the Manhatans, first originated from this offense?
25.
Does he, the deponent, also know whether the scheme of the contributions and of this
expedition was ever approved and set on foot in the regular Council ?
Interrogatories for the Reverend Everardus Bogardus, Minister of the flock of Jesus Christ here on
the Manhatans.
Article 1.
Was not your Reverence in the room with the late Director General Kieft when the three
men, namely, Maryn, Adriaensen, Jan Claessen Daem, and Abram Planck, presented their
petition respecting the demand for the war against the Natives ?
2.
Is the conversation between Mr. Kieft and the three men on that occasion still fresh in your
Reverence's memory ?
3.
Can he, the witness, conscientiously and solemnly declare before God, verbally or in writing,
all that then transpired in the room, between these five persons, respecting the War?
Interrogatories for Jan Claessen Daem and Abram Planck, freemen at the Manhatans.
Article 1.
Did not they, the witnesses, in company with one Maryn Adriaensen, present to Mr. Kieft,
in February, 1643, a certain petition respecting the war against our Americans ?
2.
By whose order and by what authority did they do so, and who prompted them thereunto,
that they inserted in the petition the words — Of the whole of the freemen.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : III. 201
3.
Was there any other person in the room with Mr. Kieft when they presented the aforesaid
petition?
4.
By whom was the petition drawn, or did they request the writer to doit; or was he
authorized by any person to that effect ?
5.
Do they, the witnesses, likewise know that the aforesaid petition was copied by another, or
did the writer draw it up of himself?
6.
Did they, the witnesses, get an answer from Mr. Kieft on the same day, or was it when
Councillor Johan de la Montaigne came from his bouwery to Mr. Kieft?
7.
Did not Councillor de la Montaigne remark, on their petition, that they ought to reflect
well before beginning the war, whether we could undertake by ourselves to protect those who
were dwelling afar off; also, if we had men and ammunition enough to defend ourselves, and
to continue until help be received from Holland ?
Also, is it not true, that Mr. Kieft replied to this — " The word has gone forth; it must
remain so" — and had they not then already obtained in writing Mr. Kieft's answer to the
petition?
Petition of the Twelve Men and the Answer thereto.
TotheHouM'^Willem Kieft, Director General
and the Council residing in New
N. Netherland on the behalf of the General
Incorporated West India Company.
i. 1.
We, the undersigned. Selectmen on behalf Orders shall be issued for an Annual muster,
of the Commonalty of New Netherland, for which a plan was agreed on long ago ; but
respectfully represent that it is highly necessary J pound of powder to each man can be ill
that your Honors do order a general Muster to afforded, as provision must be made for the
take place once every year, under arms, on day of need, for which we must, above all
condition that at the muster half a pound of things, prepare. Each Fatroon's establishment
powder shall be given each man on the part must provide for its own defence.
of the Company.
The petitioners respectfully request that Weshould willingly consent, but it is indirect
every freeman be at liberty, once for all, opposition to superior orders, as many of the
Vol. T. 26
202
NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
without any one's consent, to visit, on their
arrival, all sliips, yachts and sloops, coming
here from sea, vrhether they be Dutch,
English or French, &c., after the fiscal shall
have been on board, according to the custom
in Holland.
3.
Also, that the Council of New Netherland
shall from this time be rendered complete in
members, especially as tiie council of a small
village in Fatherland consists of five @^ seven
Schepens ; also, that from now henceforth the
Director and Council do not try any criminals
unless five councillors be present, inasmuch
as the Commonalty talk considerably about it.
Also if your Honors please to choose four
persons who shall have access to the Council
here, as your Honors formerly proposed, we
should be much gratified, so that taxes may
not be imposed on the country in the absence
of the Twelve.
Also that every inhabitant of New
Netherland, be he who he may, shall be
henceforward at liberty to resort, go to and
return from all places in this neighborhood
and to our friends, and allies without notifying
or asking any one ; and to repair to all such
places as he shall derive most advantage from,
on condition of first receiving a regular pass
and clearance from your Honors and paying
therefor all such duties as to the Hon*"'"
Company shall appertain.
In case your Honors choose four of the fittest
to appear in your Council, as stated, it remains
to be noted that two of the four retire every
year and two others be chosen in their stead
out of the 12.
Company's ships will probably come here with
prizes, and it would create great disorder. If
application for the purpose be made, once for
all, to the Director or Fiscal, permission will
be granted unless weighty objections exist.
Letters have been sent to Holland, so that we
expect to receive some persons of rank by the
first ships, and thus have a complete Council.
That the Commonalty should comment
considerably on the smallness of the Council
can well be, but we wish very much to know
whether any one has cause tocomplain of unjust
decisions, and who those are who talk
considerably thereof?
We are fully satisfied to choose 4 persons,
to assist in maintaining the Commonalty in their
right, and whom we will invite to our Council,
when necessity requires ; also to fix upon
certain periods of the year to meet together on
public business and to conclude on some
articles as to the extent of their powers. As
regards the 12 men, we are not aware that
they received fuller powers from the
Commonalty than simply to give their advice
respecting the murder of the late Claes Swits.
Granted, provided the Hon'''' Company
receive their dues and that the goods be not
sent to an enemy.
We are fully content that two of the four
be annually changed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IlL 203
Likewise, as we all aim at and expect, with We shall prevent, as much as possible, the
God's blessing, the increase of the cattle, so it sale here of any English cows or goats,
is, that heretofore the English have sold cows,
bulls and goats, whereby ours have fallen into
disrepute and are not as much valued as
formerly. It is therefore solicited that
henceforth no cows or goats be sold here by
the English ; only oxen and he goats.
Also, that the value of money be raised in We shall raise the currency ; the placards
order that it be retained here and not exported are prepared for that purpose,
hence by foreign nations. All which we the
petitioners pray may be duly considered by
your Honors, and trust that herein shall be
done what will be most beneficial for the
Inhabitants. Done the 21 January, 1642.
Was subscribed by divers persons.
Order dissolving the Board of Twelve Men.
And whereas the Commonalty at our request appointed and instructed these 12 men to
communicate their good counsel and advice on the subject of the murder of the late Claes
Cornelissen Swits, which was committed by the Indians; this being now completed by them,
we do hereby thank them for the trouble they have taken, and shall, with God's help, make
use of their rendered written advice in its own time. The said Twelve men shall now,
henceforth hold no further meeting, as the same tends to a dangerous consequence, and to the
great injury both of the country and of our authority. We therefore, hereby forbid them
calling any manner of assemblage or meeting, except by our express order, on pain of being
punished as disobedient subjects. Done in fort Amsterdam, this eighth of February, 1642, in
New Netherland.
By order of the Hon*"'* Director and Council of New Netherland,
(Signed) Cornelis van Tienhoven, Secretary.
Ex-Director Kieft to Director Stuyvesant.
To Myn Heer General and the Hon"^ Council.
O. Hon""^ gentlemen. Whereas Jochem Pietersen and Cornelis Melyn have sent some
letters to Holland to the Directors, in the name of the Eight men ; amongst others, one dated
28"- October, 1644, containing nothing but libels and lies. To point out all these here, would
take up too much space. I shall enumerate only some few:
1.
First: they say, we could bring into the field 400 men on the arrival of the Blue Cock, and
that we neglected the opportunity to attack the Indians.
204 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
2.
Secondly: that they have not been able to obtain a single man for defence.
3.
That no care is taken any more of the country.
4.
That princely power was usurped.
5.
That the Eight men received foul taunts and reproaches when assembled, and that they
scarcely dare open their mouths.
6.
That they conceded our proposal of the excise.
7.
That the little Book treating of the war, contained as many lies as lines.
That the Indians were previously like lambs, and that men were seized with a rash hankering
for war, and by an accursed act had murdered the Indians.
9.
That 2,500 pounds of powder had been received in store, and not 500 pounds used against
the Indians.
10.
That skipper Laurens could not defend his case, in consequence of the Director's authority, etc.
We are prepared to prove that these are all false calumnies and lies. Your Hon" can well
infer what the rest are. We have, in the writing hereunto annexed, answered in all respects
these two fine gentlemen of whom the Directors have warned us, according to their letters
exhibited to your Honors.
They dispatched in an irregular manner and clandestinely sent off, that libellous letter;
deceived the good people whose names they used; who, according to their own declarations,
were not aware that it contained such scandalous things. Jacob Stoffelse and Jsack Allerton
principally implored the people to sign — yea, even after the letter was off to Holland, they
suborned, according to Melyn's own acknowledgment, the Secretary's clerk, and caused him
also to sign, thus abusing our Lords Patroons, making them believe that the original letter was
subscribed by the Eight men, cheating the good people, and endeavoring with false and bitter
poison, to calumniate their magistrates and to bring them into difficulty; wherefore we demand
justice, in order that our innocence may be known both here and in Holland, and their
falsehood punished, that the Fiscal may prosecute them according to the heinousness of
their crimes; also, that they be required to prove said letter, and to exhibit the copy of it
which they sent off by the Blue Cock, and to which the Directors refer. Which hoping. Ady
IS"" June, 1647, New Amsterdam.
Your Hon" ever ready servant,
(Signed) Willem Kieft.
This is found, on collating, to agree with the original, the 19'*' June, Anno, 1647.
(Signed) Cornelis van Tienhoven, Secretary.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: III. 205
Messrs. Jochem Piclerscn Kuyter and Cornells Mclijn to Director Sluijvesavt.
P, To the Hon'''^ Peter Stuyvesant, Director General of New Netherland, Cura9ao
and the Islands thereabout, and to the Hon"* Council.
Hon"' Gentlemen !
The written demand of the late Director General Kieft was sent to us by the Court messenger
about 9 o'clock 5n the 19"" June of this year, 1644, with express orders to answer thereunto
within twice 24 hours. Coming then to the point —
Mr. Kieft says in his first statement that Jochem Pietersen and Cornells Melyn sent some
letters to the Honorable Directors in Holland in the name of the Eight men, containing nothing
but libels and lies, etc.
It was not under, nor in the name of the Eight men, but by their previously determined
counsel and resolution, word for word, conjointly approved and signed by them. We shall,
therefore, without any glossing or circumlocution, simply answer according to our ability his
Hon" proposed articles.
1. Your Honors will please to know, as regards the 400 men who could be brought into the
field on the arrival of the Blue Cock, that we doubt not but we were informed of it by his
Honor himself and Captain de Vries told us so. They admit first, that 130 soldiers had come
in the Blue Cock, commanded by the aforesaid Captain. 2°. There were yet also at that
time between 40 and 50 old soldiers, exclusive of the English who, according to our best
judgment, were full 50 strong. There were, likewise, at this time, between 50 and 60 sailors
or seafaring people, who were willing to, as they sometime afterwards did, serve the
commonwealth. We do not include the crew of the Blue Cock. 3°. The Hon"* Mr. Kieft
also allowed, in two places, as is to be seen in Carta A. B., for two hundred freemen and
Company's servants, and thus, whenever a calculation in gross is made from what we have
enumerated, it will, without making a very strict examination, be found that probably between
3 and 400 men could be brought before many days into the field against the enemy, as stated
in the letter; and yet they could miss the few opportunities which they still possessed to
restore, through God's mercy, a desirable peace to this country; as Mr. Kieft himself hath
written in a letter of the 21 July, 1644, (marked C.) And whilst that was neglected, our
people were killed and murdered within a few weeks, at divers places without the Fort, by the
Indians who, for all that, gathered in safety their maize and other necessaries in the meantime.
We, on the other hand, continued in the greatest terror, with the cattle which still remained ;
and in the heat of the war complained, and do still complain, to our Lords Patroons, to wit:
to the Noble Lords Majors, but not to foreigners, nor to the enemies of the United Netherlands.
2. Your Honors will please to observe in the two remonstrances or protests of Thomas Hall
and the late Barent Dircksen, what defence or assistance was furnished to any of ours at
that time.
3. The piles of ashes from the burnt houses, barns, barracks and other buildings, and the
bones of the cattle, more than sufficiently demonstrate the ordinary care that was bestowed
on the country, God help it, particularly during the war. We respectfully request your Honors
to institute a rigid inquiry into this matter : How many first class Bouweries and plantations
were abandoned in the war by our Dutch and English, whose houses were burnt, as has been
206 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
stated, and what number of cattle lias eacli individually lost? It is our opinion those will
amount to between 40 and 50, and had they been all preserved, might have been doubled at
this day, and the cattle quadrupled, so that a considerable tenth would yearly accrue to the
Hon"^ Company, and ourselves obtain annually overflowing returns of produce, with which not
only the Hon"' Company's ships — yea, were the whole fleet to amount 30 to 40 in number —
but also the Islands in the West Indies and the Brazil, could be supplied with grain, flour, peas,
pork, beef and other necessaries, which now must be had from the English at the North at a
great expense. ,
4. That relative to princely power is questioned. Thereunto we say, that Mr. Arent van Curler
verbally communicated that information to us as worthy of belief; and that the aforesaid
Curler declared, at the house of the Minister, Everhardus Bogardus, in the presence of Captain
de Vries, that he had heard Mons"' de la Montaigne complain in the tavern to Martin Krygier,
that Mr. Kieft's power in this country was greater and more extensive, as regards his
commission, than was that of his Highness of Orange in the Netherlands ; and thougii, through
lapse of time, it being some years ago, it has slipped our memory who were the others
present when this argument occurred, yet we think that he named, among the rest, Willem de
Key, Jan Jansen Daem, who also should have heard it. Therefore, we respectfully request
your Honors to be pleased to take the trouble to examine the Minister aforesaid. Captain de
Vries, and the other persons, touching this matter. 3. This assertion can also be somewhat
corroborated by the certificate. Carta, D.; also, by the fact itself, that his Honor commenced
this bloody and disastrous war of his own authority, independent of his Council.
5. That the Eight men were treated with contempt and disregard, we, the undersigned
experienced in company with Thomas Hall. On the last of June, 1644, Mr. Kieft sent for us
on the subject of the demanded toll, and left us sitting in the room from eight o'clock until
noon, without asking us a question notwithstanding we frequently notified him by the
messenger of our arrival and of our being there in waiting to hear what his Honor would
please to submit to us, but not a word in explanation did his Honor send us, and leaving the
business unfinished we were under the necessity of returning as wise as we went. Was not
this, now mocking and scoffing them ? Be it borne in mind that his Honor had sent for us by
his messenger. We thus consider our statement uncontradicted. It is also corroborated in
Carta, D., the 8"' June, 1644.
6. The agreeing to the Excise is seen by 3 letters, E. F. G.; by the Acts of the IS, 21, 22
June, 1644, and therefore no further declaration is necessary.
7. The misstatements of the Little Book on the subject of the war, which are referred to in
the letter. We wish, in regard to Mr. Kieft, that we had committed an error on this point
in our communication; but 'tis to be feared that, when compared with other declarations,
something strange will be found in it. But we leave this on one side, and refer to our Minister
and Cornells van Tienhoven, the Secretary, both of whom read it for the purpose of punctuating
it, and who flung it from the table on account of the nonsense they found in it in regard to
the war, so that your Honors will please to hear the Minister aforesaid and Secretary van
Tienhoven hereupon. Also, if his Honor please, this Little Book must be produced in order
to look in it for what, through lapse of time, has been forgotten.
8. It is chiefly manifest from their own act, that the Indians conducted themselves like lambs,
before the melancholy spectacle of which they were the victims in the year 1643 over at
Pavonia and on the Island Manhatas. Be it remarked, that they allowed themselves, their
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : III. 207
wives and children to be slaughtered at that time like sheep, and came (so to speak) like lambs
to lie in our arms. We appeal in this case to the entire Commonalty and to each member of
it individually, who hath survived that time, to say how murderously the Indians were then
treated. Would to God we may be found to be liars on this point. But the truth thereof shall
be more than sufficiently established hereafter before their High Mightinesses.
9. That there was at the time a supply of 2,500 pounds of powder. We shall not assert
precisely if there were 2 or 300 pounds more or less, but merely say, that there ought to
have been a good portion according to Monsieur la Montaigne's own acknowledgment
which he made on the 19 F'ebruary 1645, in presence of Mr. Kieft and Captain de Vries. So
that de la Montaigne, and the Captain will be able to furnish full explanation why and wherefore
there was a conversation at that time about powder. Mr. Kieft also knows how much powder
was seized from Peter Wynkoop, and how much received from the Seven Stars and
elsewhere.
10. That Skipper Laurens Cornelissen could not defend his case in consequence of Director
Kieft's authority. On this point, the above named Skipper complained in presence of divers
persons ; to wit, that he would indeed have obtained declarations from some persons in his suit
regarding pearls, but, through fear and in consequence of the high station of Mr. Kieft, they
dare not give them except two, who, however, had made so bold and gave him a certificate.
We do not corroborate the whole of this matter in our letters; we merely say, that we believe
it. 2. As this point has no relation to the general affairs of the country, but merely regards the
difficulty between Mr. Kieft and the above named skipper, we shall therefore refrain from it
and pass to the conclusion.
His Honor says, first, that all these points of our letter are false libels and lies ; also, that
he hath replied to all the other contents of the letter. We, therefore, respectfully request to
be furnished with a copy thereof; Item, he hath warned the Directors of the above named five
gentlemen; we wish also to see that letter. We cannot comprehend how we ever deceived the
Directors by impertinent papers ; on the contrary we show that we have been esteemed and
respected by them in consequence of the large cargo of live stock which, with the Directors,
we brought hither to New Netherland in the ship the Brant van Troycn; Wherefore, they most
particularly instructed Mr. Kieft (to use their own words) to treat us well .in order the better
to encourage others. Item. They, especially Jacob Stoffelsen and Isack Allerton, cheated the
good people whose names they dishonestly made use of, and whom they imploringly besought
to sign, thus deceiving the Lords Patroons, inducing them to believe that the original letter was
signed by the Eight men. This appears, indeed, clear, be it remarked, that when the letter
was exhibited to them they acknowledged here before your Honors in Council that they signed.
Item. They threatened the good people and sought with bitter poison to calumniate their
magistrates, wherefore his Honor demands justice, so that his innocence may be known both
here and in Holland, etc"
We have already answered in the S"* article and again repeat, that as respects Mr. Kieft we
heartily wish his Honor may establish his innocence before their High Mightinesses touching
this war with the Americans. We are content to be, then, esteemed such as his Honor described
us in his letter, and shall willingly suffer and take it with an honest face; for the wisest man
teaches that the feeble must not speak evil, as anger is not excited against the silent man.
It is said that Diogenes was once asked how he could contrive to live so many years at court?
To which the philosopher answered : I had to bear and endure much injury at court from the
208 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
King, and I always in return said, Thanl^ you. We willingly confess that we have not
experienced what the philosopher here represents, for not an unkind word was exchanged
between us and Mr. Kieft in our intercourse with that gentleman.
His Honor must prove that the Eight chosen men, who were elected by the Commonalty
and approved and authorized by his Honor and his Council, acted unlawfully in communicating
to their High Mightinesses and Lords Majors, the general ruin and necessity of the country, in
order thereby to obtain earlier aid and assistance, as is, God be praised ! now evident. Were
this true, as we trust it is, we think, under correction, that we have not injured Mr. Kieft
in general nor in particular ; and that his Honor ought not so sharply and so severely censure
and reprimand us ; for the ancient Sage was of opinion that a person high in station could not
commit a graver fault than to insult those who durst not answer him. But it had been better
that this matter had been referred to those by whom it could have been brought to a final decision ;
for it Mr. Kieft has yet to prove that his Honor lawfully and of a necessity, commenced the war
in question against those Natives. If lawfully, his Honor will rejoice, and we, on the other hand,
shall remain in shame and disgrace ; if the contrary be established, to wit, that it was urged
forward through his own fancy, let us then once see what the law of nations thinks of it; for
in the exacting of punishment, this law must first of alt be observed, so that no war be ever
again undertaken, unless men are stronger than the opposite party. For not only doth prudence,
or the love of one's own, but even frequently those also who administer justice, demand that
people abstain from a hazardous war, as, from the nature of government, the sovereign is
bound by justice to care for the subject, no less than the subject to obey; so that even a
King, who undertakes a war for a trifling cause, or to exact unnecessary punishment, which
is very hazardous, is bound to indemnify the subject for all damage incurred thereby ; having,
by that means, done him wrong and, for insufficient cause, brought down on him such serious
difficulties. For this reason Linius says — " That is a just war, which is a necessary one."
James, King of Great Britain, in his lifetime admitted this; and Propertius says — " A soldier
must bear arms in order thereby to control arms."
Moreover, even just cause, does not oblige rulers to undertake war for their subjects, except
it can be done without damage to all, or the majority of them. For the office of governor
extends rather over the whole, than over a part ; and where a part is greater, there it
approximates more closely to the nature of the whole; and in regard to Christ's precept, which
wills that we be ready to lay aside all contention and discord ; consequently, still more does it
discountenance war ; and, therefore, says Ambrose — " It is not only generosity in a prudent man
to desist somewhat from his right ; but it is also profitable and advantageous." In like manner
Aristides — " Men must quietly yield and grant a little, for those are prized who will rather
suffer wrong than contention." Xenophon : — •' It becometh even the wise not to commence
a war for a great cause." From all that has been here stated on the subject of war, it can
readily be concluded how prudently we must proceed in the matter; and how hazardous it is
to engage in it, especially with so rude and barbarous a people as these Indians are.
This being now laid aside, let us conclude.
As regards the letter to the XIX. by the Blue Cock, we cannot produce it, inasmuch as we
sent it by Govert Loockemans to Holland, enclosed to a person whose name we, for cause,
would not willingly disclose ; we cannot for certainty say whether Andries Hudden, who drew
up that letter and who also subscribed it with his own hand, still retains the draft or minute
of it.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : III. 209
It appears, then, from what we have answered in this our declaration, that we did not act
as Mr. Kieft is pleased to lay to our charge; hut submit all this to the discretion of your
Honors' wise and mature judgment. It is remarked, that Mr. Kieft demands in his declaration,
which was read to us in your Honor's court on the 1S"» instant, that we be sent to Holland as
pests and seditious persons. We, therefore, respectfully request of your Honors that it be
granted to us, not to go as pestilent and seditious persons, as his Honor represents, but as good
patriots and proprietors of New Netherland ; this, it is manifest we are, from what we have
expended in the country ; and which, in this war, was in a moment laid in ashes, whereby we
have lost ail our property. Whereunto we call God, the Lords Majors and the entire
Commonalty, to witness. Also, that the other four out of the Eight chosen men, may be
likewise sent with us, in order that they may acknowledge their signatures before their High
Mightinesses; moreover, that all who are on their interrogatories may be summoned before
your Honors for the 13"' instant.
Finally and lastly, we respectfully pray the General and Council to be pleased to legally call
together, before the departure of the Princess, all the freemen and Company's servants, who
have survived the war, and ask them conjointly the following question, to wit: If we did not
live in peace with these surrounding Indians before they were slaughtered, in February, 1643,
on Jan de Lacher's hook, near Jan Evertsen's bouwery at Pavonia, and behind Curler's
plantation on the Island of Manhattans ; also, whether each of them, individually, could not
at the time, uninterruptedly pursue their outdoor labor in the bush, as well as in the field, and
live safely in their houses with their wives and children, without any fear of the Indians.
Expecting this, &c., remaining your Hon" faithful inhabitants of New Netherland.
(Signed) Jochiem Piet : Cuyter,
Done at the Manhatans, Ady, this 22'' June, 1647. Cornelis Melyn.
The Eight Men to the Amsterdam Chamber of ike West India Comyany.
Q. To the Honorable, Wise, Prudent General Directors of the Incorporated West India
Company, Chamber at Amsterdam.
Honorable Sirs.
We gratefully learned by your letters per the Macht van Enckhuijzeii, your Honors' disposition
to extend assistance to us in this our truly most unfortunate plight ; we also trust and pray to
God that it be done by the earliest opportunity.
We afterwards again respectfully dispatched by the ship Blue Cock, our general necessity to
the Hon*'"' XIX. We hope your Honors will have favorably regarded the contents thereof, in
which we, in a superficial manner, briefly yet truly, submitted the first origin whence this war
arose, to our universal ruin. Would to God it had not been meddled with.
We were greatly rejoiced at the miraculous arrival of the Blue Cock here with so many of
the Company's people, and therefore hoped that the field would be taken with between three
and four hundred men, (not including the sailors and settlers,) divided into three companies of
one hundred and thirty men each, and by this force, the neighboring savages for 15 (al 20 miles
around, would have had their crops destroyed, and themselves stripped of all their support for
the winter, whereby great injury might have been inflicted on the enemy, in order with a view
Vol. I. 27
210 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
to their easier reduction hereafter to terms. But nothing in the least has been done therein.
In ail that time, scarce a foot has been moved in the matter, nor an oar laid in the water.
The captured Indians who might have been of considerable use to us as guides, have been
given to the soldiers as presents, and allowed to go to Holland ; the others have been sent ofT
to the Bermudas as a present to the English governor. The oldest and most experienced
soldiers, who for several years were acquainted with all the paths here, have obtained their
passport and been allowed to return home. In the meanwhile the Indians secreted without
molestation their fish caught this last summer on the river, of which they had uninterrupted
use at their pleasure.
Our fields lie fallow and waste; our dwellings and other buildings are burnt; not a handful
can be planted or sown this fall on all the abandoned places. The crop, which God the Lord
permitted to come forth during the past summer, remains on the field, as well as the hay,
standing and rotting in divers places ; whilst we poor people have not been able to obtain a
single man for our defence. We are burdened with heavy families ; have no means to provide
necessaries any longer for our wives or children. We are seated here in the midst of
thousands of Indians and barbarians, from whom is to be experienced neither peace nor
pity. We have left our Fatherland, and had not the Lord our God been our comfort, must
have perished in our wretchedness.
There are amongst us, who by the sweat and labor of their hands, have been endeavoring
at great expense, to improve their lands and gardens; others with their own capital, have
equipped with every necessary their own ships, which have been captured by the enemy in
coming hither, though they have continued the voyage with equal zeal, and at considerable
cost. Some, again, independent of tiie Company, have brought hither large numbers of
families in vessels of as great burden, freighted with a large stock of cattle, and have erected
handsome buildings on the spots selected for their people ; cleared the forest and the
wilderness, enclosed and brought their plantations under the plough, so as to be an ornament
to the country and a profit to the proprietors, after their long laborious toil.
All these are now laid in ashes through a foolish hankering after war ; for it is known to all
right thinking men here, that these Indians have lived as lambs among us until a few years
ago, injuring no one, affording every assistance to our nation, and had in Director van Twiller's
time (when supplies had not been sent for several months), furnished provisions to several
of the Company's servants, as they state, until supplies were received. The Director hath, by
various uncalled for proceedings, from time to time so estranged them from us, and so
embittered them against the Dutch nation, that we do not believe any thing will bring them
back, unless the Lord God, who bends all men's hearts to his will, propitiate them. Thus
hath the Antient very truly observed : "Any man can create turmoil, and set the people one
against the other; but to establish harmony again, is in the power of God alone."
A semblance of peace was attempted to be patched up last spring with one or two tribes of
Savages towards the North by a foreigner ' whom we, for cause, shall not now name, without
one of the Company's servants having been present, whilst our principal enemies are left
unmolested. This place hath borne little fruit for the Commonwealth and our Lords' reputation,
and we now daily experience what we observed in the 5"" article of our previous letter to the
Hon*"" XiX. For these savages had no sooner their maize in pits but they began to murder
' Capt John Underbill — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IIL 211
our people in various directions. They continually rove around in parties, night and day, on
the Island of Manhattans, killing our people not a thousand paces from the Fort ; and things
have now arrived at such a pass, that no one dare move a foot to fetch a stick of fire wood
without an escort.
The two bouweries in the Bay, and the three on this Island, one of which belongs to the
Hon*"'' Company, are in great danger of being burnt this winter, for never have these tSavages
shown themselves so bold and insolent. The cause of this is, that they have not experienced
any opposition from us this summer, nor lost any of their crops. And, thus, have they
circumvented us by a strategem under pretense of peace. Had diligence which is most
necessary in time of war, been used, as we requested, with the force of the Blue Cock, during
this season, the Indians would, beyond a peradventure, have made advances themselves, and
some hope would exist of enjoying, against the arrival of a new Governor, a general peace.
But to this very little attention has been paid. The favorable season has been allowed to
go by, and people have busied themselves with private quarrels and law suits, with this one
and that, especially about sending pearls by Louwrens Cornelissen, skipper of the Maccht vnn
Enckhuyze7i, which lasted six weeks, and who on that account has been banished. Through
respect for the Director, we shall not rightly speak of the matter which finally appertains to the
Lords only to pass on, but so much is said and heard here, and it is our opinion, that had it
not been for the authority of the Director the poor skipper might have fortified himself with
divers most respectable certificates ; not only with those which were sent with him but
also with divers others.
Two guides have recently been called from the North with whom Captain De Vries was
sent, on the 22'' instant, with a party on an expedition in that direction. They killed eight*
but as the saying is —
" Whenever we lay one enemy low.
On the morrow another returns the blow."
With those raw and naked soldiers who have resided for so many years in warm climates, we
shall have to wade in frost and snow through rivers and creeks ; but shall probably survive
this and sneak back again into our shells from the winter.
We are again in want of powder. Including that of Peter Wynkoop, it is estimated that
2500 weight was received in the cellar up to this date, five hundred pounds of which have not
been used in that period, against the enemy.
The country here is no longer of any or much account. Every place is going to ruin ;
neither counsel nor advice is taken ; the only talk here is of princely power and sovereignty,
about which La Montaigne argued a few days ago in the tavern, maintaining that the power of
the Director here was greater, as regards his office and commission, than that of his Highness
of Orange in the Netherlands.
For the sake of appearances, Twelve men were called together here, in November, 1642^
pn the subject of the murder of Claes, the wheelwright; the Director submitted to them
whether the blood of the aforesaid wheelwright should not be avenged? Whereupon divers
debates arose on the one side and the other, as the document will show; for at this time a
hankering after war had wholly seized on the Director. But the aforesaid 12 men could
not continue to meet any longer than the 8"" of February following; for such was forbidden
on pain of corporal punishment. Shortly after, he commenced the war against those of
Wesquecqueck, on his own mere motion, as appears by the petition of the Twelve men.
212 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
At the request of the Director, the Commonalty again elected 8 men, in September, 1643;
but this was 6 @^ 7 months after the Director had authorized the execution of the cruel deed
over at Pavonia. They did, indeed, draw up some good and suitable regulations; forbidding
taverns and all other improprieties ; appointed a week's preaching instead, as can be seen by
the order; but it was not executed by the officer.
These Eight men, aforesaid, were never called together again on public business, from the
4" November, 1643, to the IS"" June, 1644; though in that period many things occurred. It
was, indeed, sufficiently manifest how little were these Eight men respected, for no sooner did
they open their mouths to propose anything tending in their judgment to the public good, than
the Director met them with sundry biting and scoffing taunts ; and sometimes had them
summoned, without asking them a question, thus obliging them to return amidst jeers and
sneers, as wise as they went.
We were finally again convoked, on the IS"" June, 1644, as above stated, when the Director
demanded that some new taxes and excise should be imposed on the Commonalty, or he should
discharge the English soldiers. Whereupon we remonstrated, that it was impossible for us to
raise means from the people, as those outside (de huyten huys luyden) were reduced to the
extremest necessity by this war; and we did not conceive that our powers extended so far as
to impose new taxes ; but that such must first be considered by a higher authority (to wit, by
the Lords Majors).
Hereat the Director became much enraged, and with an altered mien said to us, in presence
of the Fiscal and Montaigne: I have more power here than the Company; therefore I may do
whatever I please. He further added : for I have my commission not from the Company, but
from the Lords the States: as by the certificate further can be seen.
We nevertheless consented to the Director's proposition ; but submitted to his Honor that
there was a more suitable means devisable, by which the poor Commonalty could be spared
(to wit), that the private traders, who had drawn excessive profits from the country, by their
injurious usury, should contribute something to the public service. And what further followed
is seen in two different Remonstrances; but the Director was pleased to disregard this;
rejected it, as utterly unworthy, and allowed Gerrit Vastrick to depart with some thousand
skins, without taking a penny from him ; from what motive is unknown to us.
With all that, the Director, a few days before the Blue Cock sailed, had a placard published
without our knowledge, wherein the aforesaid duty was demanded from others, and laid at 15
stuyvers per beaver ; and 2 guilders for every tun of beer, from the brewers as well as from
the tapsters; but the former were allowed in return to charge the burgher a guilder more;
and the tapster to charge one stiver (more) per pot ; so that this will probably have to be
paid by the poor, who are unable to procure beer for the sick and wounded, except by the can.
We understand here, that the Director sent to the Lords, by the Blue Cock, a Book
ornamented with various pictures in water colors, in which he dilates at length on the origin
of the war. On that subject it contains as many lies as lines ; as we are informed by the
Minister and others who have read it; and from our time to his, as few facts as leaves. It is
to be embellished with an oil painting. We shall not question what sort of birds are in the
woods, nor what species offish resort the rivers here; nor the length and breadth of the land.
All tins is more copy, and has been long ago described by others. It may, indeed, be asked,
how it comes that the Director can so aptly describe all localities and the nature of the
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: III. 213
animals, since his Honor in the six or seven years he has been residing at the Manhatans, has
never been, in this country, farther from his iiitchen and bedchamber than half way up the
aforesaid Island.
But laying all the preceding aside, we shall still have to inquire, namely — Were we not at
peace with all those surrounding Indians on the 24"" February, 1643, at the time, we say,
when the Director kept Shrovetide with three of his cronies at one of their houses, on which
occasion Jan Dam proposed a mysterious toast, and a few days after which, this accursed deed
was executed by the murder of so many innocent Indians at Pavonia and at the Manatans.
Should we relate all the circumstances that have occurred in this country in six (^ seven years,
time would fail us, and the perusal would fatigue your Honors. But with your permission we
shall postpone it to a more appropriate time.
Honored Lords ! This is what we have, in the sorrow of our hearts, to complain of; that
one man, who has been sent out, sworn and instructed by his Lords and masters, to whom he
is responsible, should dispose here of our lives and properties at his will and pleasure, in a
manner so arbitrary that a King dare not legally do the like.
We shall terminate here, and commit the matter wholly to our God ; who, we pray and
heartily trust, will move your hearts and bless your deliberations, so that one of these two
things may happen ; that a Governor may be speedily sent with a beloved peace to us ; or, that
your Honors will be pleased to permit us to return, with wives and children to our dear
Fatherland. For it is impossible ever to settle this country until a different system be
introduced here, and a new Governor sent out with more people, who will settle in suitable
places, one near the other, in the form of villages or hamlets, and elect from among themselves
a Bailiff or Schout and Schepens, who will be empowered to send their deputies and give their
votes on public affairs with the Director and Council ; so that the entire country may not be
hereafter, at the whim of one man, again reduced to similar danger. So long as this is not
done, we say, the rural districts can never be cultivated. We respectfully request that the
aforesaid may be taken into consideration. We remain, as we are, your Honors' faithful, poor
and distressed inhabitants of New Netherland.
Done Manatans this 28"" October, A" 1644.
We should have postponed these our multitudinous complaints were we assured that our
previous letter to the Hon*"'' the XIX., by the Blue Cock, had safely arrived.
(Signed) Jochem P" Cuyter, The mark O f "f of
IsACK Allerton, Jacob Stoffelsen,
This is the mark ~~j y of Thomas Hall,
Gerrit Wolffersen, Jan Evertsen Bout,
made by himself. The mark p of
CoRNELis Melyn, Barent Dikcksen,
made by himself.
Judgment pronounced hy Director Stmjvesant on Jochem Pietersen Kmjter.
It. 1647. The 10 August this was sent to my house by the clerk, Jacob Kieft.
Whereas, Jochim Pietersen Kuyter, aged 50 years, a native of Ditmersen, hath presumed
and undertaken to threaten with the finger the Hon'''" Director, his Chief, here in the meeting
214 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
of the Eight men, who were assembled as a Board, and to say — When he had doffed the coat
with which his Lords and Masters had cloathed him, he will then certainly have him: witness
his own confession dated IG"" July last, when he said, in Our court, that he gave some
explanations to this effect: That this could happen only when Mynheer had taken off the coat
his Lords and Masters had put on him ; and the abovenamed Jochem Pietersen, in company
with one Cornelis Melyn, drew up, prepared and wrote a false and libelous letter, dated 27
October, 1G44, which he signed with Melyn and sent over in the name of the Eight chosen
men, to the Hon'"''' Directors of the General Incorporated West India Company, Chamber at
Amsterdam, wherein they clandestinely and most scandalously accuse, injure, criminate and
charge the late Director Kieft, then their lawful Governor and Chief, with divers criminal
misdeeds as is and can still be more fully seen and read in the original and authentic
copy thereof. We and Our Council having inquired and taken testimony as to the truth thereof,
at the request of said Director Kieft, it is, accordingly, found that such libelous letter is in
many parts, false, lying and defamatory, as appears and is proved by experience and by the
evidence of others heard to the number of fifteen ; also, by the confession and answers of
the co-signers ; Therefore, the Fiscal instituting criminal suit and process, accuses and
convicts the aforesaid Jochem Pietersen of having offended against the Director's quality
and falsely injured him in writing. All which being fully examined, weighed and every thing
being maturely observed and considered by the Hon Director General and Council, the
aforesaid perpetrated offence is found to be of great and serious importance, and not to be
tolerated or endured in a well ordered and governed Republic, it being a matter of very evil
consequence. Therefore the Hon''''' Director General Petrus Sluyvesant, with the advice of
his Hon"' Council, administering justice in the name of their High Mightinesses, the Lords
Slates General, his Serene Highness, the Hon'''' Directors of the Incorporated West India
Company, hath condemned, as he hereby doth condemn, the abovenamed Jochem Pietersen,
to a banishment of three consecutive years, and to depart with the earliest opportunity, and in
addition, to pay a fine of one hundred and fifty guilders, to be applied one-third for the Fisc,
one-third for the Church, and one-third for the Poor. Dismissing the Fiscal's further demand.
Thus done and enacted at the Court in fort Amsterdam, in New Netherland, the 25"' July,
1647.
Agrees with the Book of Resolutions.
(Signed) Cornelis van Tienhoven, Secretary.
All the abovewritten Letters, Declarations, &c., are, after due, careful collation, found to
agree with the Originals and principals. At the Hague, the 17"" February, 1650.
To my knowledge, (Signed) M. Beeckman, Notary Public.
Resolutions of the States General on the opening of Trade in New Netherland.
[ From the Ecgiater of West India Affairs, 1638—1651, in the Eoyal ArcliiTea al the Hague. ]
Saturday, IS"" January, 1648.
The seventh am
New Netherland ;
how to frequent
Difference belw
the Chambers there-
Foiio324. rphe seventh and last section of the Management of the Company which treats
; to frequent it. Qf ]\jg^ Netherlaud, is taken up, and resolved to open the trade to that quarter,
and to permit individuals to export thence in their own ships, their country
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IIL 215
produce, grain, flour, fish, and other supplies. But inasmuch as some discrepancy exists
between the members, as to whether this exportation shall be granted alone to Brazil, or
indeed to all of the Company's districts, except Guinea and St. Thomas, they are requested to
consider the same until next Monday, and to come to a mutual understanding.
Monday, 20 January, 1648.
Folio su. Again the seventh section of the Management is taken into consideration, and
export*' t'ire?r'°co'un^ it is rcsoIvcd that private inhabitants of New Netherland shall be allowed to
Iry produce to Bra- ,. _ - .,,,.,. , i..
zii and Angola. export their country produce under suitable duty, in their own or chartered ships,
to Brazil and Angola, on these following conditions: first, that the aforesaid ships, when in
Brazil, shall not be at liberty to return back, with sugars to New Netherland aforesaid, but shall
let themselves be chartered directly hither. Secondly, that the permit to proceed to Angola
above mentioned, shall only be provisionally granted, and that for the time that the
dispensation shall continue in regard to the exportation of Slaves, which was accorded on
Thursday last. Thirdly, that those willing to go to Angola, shall, previous to their departure
from New Netherland, take out commission and permit from here, and also give security,
similar to all other persons trading from this country. Mr. Mortamer alone requested, that
before the passing of this resolution, he may communicate its contents to his Chamber, and
learn their opinion thereon.
Wednesday, 5 February, 1648.
Folio 827. Mr. Mortamer being called on respecting the business of New Netherland,
sp!ctin"''""™New hath declared, that he consents to the resolution adopted on the 20""
Netherland, ap- _ ,
proved by Zealand. January last.
Resolution of the States General on Complaints against Directors Kieft and
St'uyvesant.
[ From the Eegister of West India Affairs, 1638—1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague.]
Friday, ?"■ February, 1648.
Priva^°"c°orpiaint8 ^^^^ two petitions of Jochem "Pieters' C. Melyn, and Michiel Bucquet,
ofNewNet^Miand! Complaining of the Directors Kieft and Stuyvesant, in New Netherland, which
are referred to the Directors [of the West India Company,] to give information thereon.
jResolution of the States General on the opening of Trade in New Netherland.
[ From the Eegister of West India Affairs, 1688— 1661, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Monday, 10 February, 1648.
Folio 836. The considerations of the Directors and principal partners of the Zealand
Chamber of the West India Company, being now submitted to their High Mightinesses,
216 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTa
pursuant to their High Mightinesses' order and letters dated xxx. March, 1647, on the subject
of the redress, management and trade of the Directors, for the preservation and maintenance of
the aforesaid Company. With a view to grant the said Company, with the newly conceded
ciiarter, the following to be executed and maintained according to order. And first the most
principal work, etc
Folia 339. It should bc also understood, that individuals shall be at liberty to export to
New Netheriand. Brazil, in their own ships, fish, flour and country produce, the growth of that
country and no other, in the manner and form granted in the next preceding article, as
stipulated of wines and oil, on such duty as is paid in the country to the Company on the
exportation thereof, on condition that the ships from Brazil must not return to New Netheriand
with any cargo, but come directly hither with their freight; all with this understanding, that
rotation shall be observed among the respective Chambers in the fitting out for the places
within the Company's charter: whereunto proper rules shall be also enacted here to the
satisfaction of the members.
Monday, 10 February, 164S.
Kegniation reapect- ^^w Netheriand Can never be a source of profit for the Company, until the
Kfiheriand' '" ^"'^ population from our country be encouraged more than it has hitherto been, which
can be effected by allowing them, in addition to their present privilege, to export their fish,
flour and produce, the growth of that couutry and no other, to Brazil, in private or the
Company's ships, under the supervision of a commissary, to be placed by the Company on board
the ships, on the usual Brazilian duty payable at the Reciff to those of the Company who are
to be ordered to allow the said goods to be disposed of there, and in return to export, at
certain duty, from Brazil to New Netheriand and not elsewhere, as much merchandise, such as
Slaves, by direction of the government, so that the sugar trade may not, by that means, be
diverted, it being well understood that in loading and unloading, they shall be bound to bring
the goods to the Company's store.
Report on the Affairs of the West India Company.
[ From Ihe Register of West India Affairs, 1633—1651, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Summary Report of what has been done for the improvement of the declining
affairs of the West India Company in January 1648.
Folio 815. Messrs. van der Capellen tho Ryssel, Beveren, Bruininx, Vett, van der Hoolck,
d'r?.s"of"''the''Ve!i Audree, appointed in the place of Mr. Houbois, van der Eyben,
ompany. Coui missiouers on the Redress of the declining affairs of the West India Company,
have reported in virtue of, and pursuant to your High Mightinesses' resolution of the SS* March
1647, adopted before granting the Charter of the West India Company, and made on your High
Mightinesses' letters to the respective Chambers dated W December 1647, to send their respective
deputies to the Hague by the 7"" January, in order to make a beginning of the aforesaid Redress ;
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : III. 217
commenced the conference on the 9"^ of January with the Directors, and demanded of their
deputies the condition of the Company, as well in receipts as disbursements, with their respective
opinions upon the reparation of the decline experienced therein ; and thereupon the five
Chambers of Amsterdam, Zealand, Maaze, North Quarter and Groeningen delivered in their
respective opinions, but they said that the pertinent statement of the receipts and expenditure
of the Company, both domestic and foreign, was not ready.
And thereupon we requested the deputed Accountants Bloemert and Altingh to make up the
Company's aforesaid statement, and, meanwhile, the said opinions of the respective Chambers
were read.
On the 4"" February the Accountant Altingh delivered in a statement of the Company's
expenditures and income in Brazil from January 1647 to January 1648, from which it appears
that the Company's expenses for that year were Eleven to Twelve Tons of Gold,^ and the
income, on the other hand, from an uncertain source is provisionally estimated at four tons of
Gold N" 1 ; from which the total ruin and decline of the Company is to be expected, if prompt
provision be not immediately made against it.
And whereas the present statement was made up at the time of the Portuguese rebellion in
Brazil, in the lowest condition of that conquest, your High Mightinesses' Commissioners also
requested of the Accountants the statement of the Company's receipts and expenditure in Brazil,
previous to the rebellion, in order to ascertain whether, in case of the re-establishment of
Brazil, means are to be found for the support of the Military, which are needed for the
preservation of that conquest, and the annexed statement No. 2, was delivered in by
the Accountants. It appears therefrom, that the public expenses for the re-establishment of
Brazil were not incurred in vain ; especially as that statement does not include considerable
returns yet to arrive from Angola, Guinea, and St. Thomas, if these coasts are properly traded.
Besides that, the Provinces have no better guarantee for the maintenance of peace with the
King of Spain, than in the preservatipn of the conquests in Brazil ; because, from that point can
be invaded and ravaged the King of Spain's possessions in the West Indies and South Sea,
from whence he yearly derives his greatest supplies of Gold and Silver; so that he could not
have sufficient power to molest or endanger these United Provinces with a numerous army.
Your High Mightinesses' Commissioners have held divers Conferences on the subject of the
redress of the decline and the arrest of the farther decay, and thereunto examined the
management of the Company in the matter of
1« Trade.
2""* Retrenchment.
S'^ Support, or regular finance of receipts and expenses for subsistence.
4"' Government, foreign and domestic, for the establishment of a good police, and a regular
force by land and water.
And, hereupon, were divers good opinions brought in, as is to be seen from the report
(No. 3) of the business transacted thereupon, from the 9 January to the ll"" February; the
opinions of the five Chambers of Amsterdam, Zealand, Maaze, North Quarter and Groningen
No. 4 : with, likewise, the general report ( No. 5 ) drawn up from the aforesaid opinions of the
five Chambers, and of the delegates from Holland, with the considerations of the actual
' A ton of gold is equal to one hundred thousand guilders ( $40,000 ) — Sewall.
Vol. L 28
218 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
deputed Directors (No. 6) entered in the margin thereof, and the opinion of the Company's
Chamber of Accounts, No. 7.
But inasmuch as the execution of the orders in said relation contained, requires length or
lapse of time, your High Mightinesses' Commissioners therefore would submit whether some
prompt means ought not to be provided, in consequence of this unfavorable condition of
Brazil, to prevent the further unnecessary and unprofitable decline of the Company.
And in order that the Military, which have now been sent out at great public expense
for the recovery of Brazil, may have the means of maintaining their lives, and thus be the
more encouraged and strengthened, in order, with the help of God the Lord, bravely to execute,
with the old soldiery, what they are sent out for.
And your High Mightinesses' Commissioners hereunto would propose, as prompt means: —
1° A reduction of expenses both at home and abroad, and with this view, the stoppage
and cessation of the yearly allowance of Eighty-eight Directors and their attendants (suppoosteii),
which amounts to about one hundred and fifty thousand guilders, according to the return of
the Accountants General, No. 8.
And in order that the Company may not remain, in the meanwhile, without a government,
the places of the Accountants ought to be increased (suppleren) to six in number, agreeably
to the plan. No. 9, of an honorable Patriot who has long served the Company as Director and
is well acquainted with its condition.
And to carry out the said plan it will be necessary to depute, in place of twelve, nineteen
Directors, to whom, with the six accountants, the management should be provisionally
committed for a year or two, with such instruction as will be found necessary for the redress
and removal of abuses and the maintenance of order.
And hereunto might be appointed, from the Amsterdam Chamber, six Directors, including
two from the outside chambers.
From the Zealand Chamber, four Directors; three from that of Maaze; three from the North
quarter, and three from Groeningen.
The Amsterdam Chamber ought to have the Advocate with two clerks, one porter and two
messengers.
Each of the other Chambers might have one clerk, acting also as Book-keeper, one porter
and one messenger, the expense of which would amount yearly, according to the rate of pay
now given, as by the specification. No. 8, is to be seen.
Tiiese six Accountants and nineteen Directors should have the management and control in
matters of trade, finance, returns, munitions of war and stores, etc., and be bound to render
an account always to your High Mightinesses, or the Commissioner whom your High
Mightinesses, from time to time, may nominate thereunto, of their Administration as well as
of what may be further commanded them.
Of the lesser number of Nineteen Directors, six ought to reside at the Hague for the space
of three months, and then six others, which Directors shall have to communicate and deliberate
with your High Mightinesses' Commissioners upon all that is resolved to repair the Company's
decay, so that by the continual suggestions of the six Directors, the power of the country may
be used in execution of all that is concluded for the Company's advantage.
But if the continued residence of the Directors should not be found necessary, they could
be notified thereof.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: III. 219
And when deliberating on future important affiiirs, the aforesaid nineteen Directors could be
Bummoned to the Hague, in order provisionally for one, two or three years to do the business
which the Assembly of the Nineteen is wont to transact.
The reduction of the Company's foreign expenses in Brazil and other countries, could be
effected according as your High Mightinesses shall resolve upon the preceding advice of these
Accountants and Directors, and hereunto appertains the plan, No. 10, laid by the Chamber
of Accounts in June, 1G4-5, before the Assembly of the Nineteen at Amsterdam. It appears,
therefrom, that the Company at home and abroad might save yearly Ten tons of Gold.
And in the matter of the reduction of unnecessary foreign expenses, the plan is important
which Director Morthamer submitted at the request of your High Mightinesses' Commissioners,
whereby the Company could effect a yearly saving of ninety-nine thousand guilders by the
discharge of useless servants in Brazil.
The best and greatest oeconomy consists in rendering the Company's servants, high and low,
accountable for their respective offices, so that they shall be bound to vindicate the same, and
to send over to the Chamber of Accounts their written return within one month after the
expiration of the year, to be examined, balanced and corrected, according to their respective
commissions, for the settlement of the same ; which, up to the present time, has not been
done either at home or abroad according to order. Thereby has the Company got into this
desolate condition.
2° The second means is, that the Chambers be disposed to forthwith undertake their eighteen
turns a year, according to the regulation of the 29"" April, 1G38, lying in your High Mightinesses'
office, and send to Brazil the ships thereunto required ; and this in conformity to the agreement
entered into between the Chambers, at the Hague, on the sixth July, 1647.
And the better to attract provisions and other necessaries to Brazil, the freights ought to be
reduced one-third for the first two months, and afterwards one-fourth for the two succeeding
months.
The duties on the goods might be left provisionally, at their present rates.
It is necessary that there be added to the turns in rotation, two Galiots at Land's end, to
convey hither the advices respecting, and from, Brazil during the employment of the Military
for the recovery of that place.
3. The third means is, that an effort be made to promote trade to the Caribbean islands,
according to the regulation concluded thereupon, and as it is hoped three or four tons of gold
will be yearly realized from such trade, that the proceeds be applied to the interest of the
principal and obligations which have been raised in ready money for the Company. In this
way new credit is established for the Company, and in consideration of payment of the
interest, no pledges of wares, salaries, &c., of whatever description will follow. The
Accountant ought to make distinct lists of all those obligations.
4. The fourth means: It will contribute essentially to the support of the Company to create
a commercial stock, in conformity with your High Mightinesses' resolution of the 27"" February
1637; whereunto the partners ought to be invited to subscribe the sum of Ten hundred
thousand guilders, for the purpose of trading to the coast of Guinea, St. Thomas, and the north
coast of Africa, both in consideration of the return which, through God's blessing, is to be
expected, whenever [means] are employed according to the annexed plan of the Directors
No. 12, and in regard of the great assistance afforded by your High Mightinesses for the
restoration of Brazil.
220 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
The trade and commerce to Angola is with the special permission of the Chambers, laid open
pursuant to a certain regulation, for two years. From this source a good return may also be
expected for the support of the Company.
The trade to New Netherland is in like manner opened, in order that the grain and produce
of that country may be exported to other places ; the regulation whereof, as well as of the trade
to Angola, is contained in the general advice of the respective Chambers under No. 4.
5. The fifth means is : Assisting the Company in supporting the expenses of the war in Brazil
for one, two, or three years. For this purpose, it would be expedient to invite the Provinces
to aid the Company in this difficulty and dilemma, and for that purpose to cause, through the
Council of State, the Military to be paid from the subsidies which your High Mightinesses
promised the Company to defray the heavy war expenses both by land and water; and which
are still in arrears, according to the statement (No. 13) delivered in by the Accountants, to the
amount of seventy-four tons of gold, and fifty-one thousand six hundred and fifty-nine guilders ;
on which promise, the capital was increased by the stockholders.
And this will not fall so heavily on the Provinces as did the million of money which was
paid in various years for the execution of the designs of the army.
And the aforesaid subsidies would tend to the recovery and preservation of a mighty Kingdom,
to the security of this state against all hostile machinations, and to the enlarging of a wished
for trade in sugars, Brazil wood and other costly wares.
Which Military could afterwards, when Brazil, through the blessing of God the Lord, shall be
reduced, be paid out of the tenths and the proceeds from the farming of the revenues accruing
in Brazil, as is to be seen by the balance sheet of the Brazil receipts and expenses for the
year 1643, No. 2, previously mentioned. From which balance sheet it is to be seen that
the revenue of Brazil was eight tons of gold and sixty thousand guilders, more than the
expenses of that year.
6. The sixth means is : The collection which the Directors have to make from time to time,
of the Company's old outstanding debts in Brazil; these, by rough computation of the
Chambers, should amount to between sixty and seventy tons of gold ; and by the extract of
Pieter van der Hagen, late councillor in Brazil, were estimated at seventy-nine tons of gold
(No. 14). The Accountants can inquire into, and make pertinent report hereupon, according to
the evidence of those who are acquainted therewith, so that such collection may be made from
time to time, when Brazil is restored, and further abuses therein be prevented at the right time.
The required indemnity for damages committed in Brazil by the Portuguese and Rebel
inhabitants in sugars, houses, mills, gold, silver, cattle, etc., since the year 1645, estimated
by the Directors in the conference with the Ambassador of Portugal, at over one hundred
tons of gold, will also help, in its time, as far as its amount goes, to the diminution of the
Company's burdens.
And the undertaken recovery of Brazil being successful, a portion of the Company's old debt
could be paid from this income.
But in order to maintain the Company's credit by some provisional payment of the more
urgent debts, those of the Provinces might demand five tons of gold in diminution of the
arrears of the aforesaid promised subsidy, mentioned. No. 13.
And from the stockholders might, also, be demanded a like five tons of gold ; which aforesaid
five tons of gold, with the ten before mentioned for the trade, might be raised by an installment
from the stockholders of nine per cent.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : III. 221
7. The seventh means is: The prosecution of the Salt trade at Punto del Rey, which might
by inductive means, be facilitated by the Spanish plenipotentiaries before the ratification, by
our plenipotentiaries, of the Treaty of Peace at Munster ; the rather, as the inhabitants of
Spain do not draw any salt from Punto del Rey.
It is necessary that the cultivation of wheat and other produce be promoted for the support
of the inhabitants and soldiers of Brazil, as soon as any provinces shall be reduced ; and it will
be expedient that the Supreme Council be written to immediately on the subject, so as to
advance, as much as possible, the cultivation of the soil, according to the previous resolution
of the XIX.
In like manner, the Directors ought now and again pay attention that agriculture and
population be, from time to time, encouraged in New Netherland as well as in Brazil; pursuant
to the resolution of the Assembly of the XIX., as the same will tend to the public advantage,
and special prevention of the decay of the Company, and relieve the latter from sending
over provisions.
The Commissioners, with this report, deliver the papers therein mentioned, with the
commissions from the respective Chambers, to the deputed Directors with whom they have
acted, as is to be seen by the annexed register.
Eesoiutiod of states Whlch being taken into consideration, their High Mightinesses have thanked
General on Ihe pre- ° o o
ceding Keporu the above mentioned, their Commissioners, for and on account of the trouble
taken in the aforesaid business, and the Deputies of the respective Provinces have requested
copy of the foregoing Report and papers thereunto appertaining, which is hereby accorded ;
and it is unanimously recommended in an especial manner, that they take the trouble to
exert themselves and use all their influence, either verbally, or in writing, with the Lords
their respective principals, in order most speedily to effect the same and to receive favorable
provincial opinions from their respective principals.
Inventory of the Papers delivered in with the Report on the redress of the West
India Company. ( Thus * marked, have not been copied.)
N' 1.* Balance sheet for Brazil, from the year 1647, to the year 1648.
N" 2.* Statement of the year 1643, in Brazil.
N° 3.* Report of the business from the 9"" January, to the 11"" February.
N" 4.* Opinion of five Chambers, to wit, Amsterdam, N° 1 ; Zealand, 2 ; the Maaze, 3 ; North
Quarter, 4; Groningen, 5.
N° 5. General Report drawn up from the aforesaid opinions of the five Chambers.
N" 6. Advice of the Lords of Holland, with remarks of the respective Chambers in the margin.
N" 7. Advice of the Company's Chamber of Accounts,
N" 8.* Statement of the Chamber of Accounts, respecting the salaries of Directors and
their attendants.
N" 9.* Plan of an honorable Patriot on the reduction of the Directors.
N" 10.* Plan of the Chamber of Accounts for the saving of ten tons of gold ; rendered in
June, 1645.
N° 11.* Plan of Director Morthamer, for saving ninety-nine thousand guilders, in unnecessary
services in Brazil.
N" 12.* Plan of the Directors for the trade to Guinea, St. Thomas and the North coast of Africa.
N° 13.* Statement of the Arrears of the subsidies amounting to seventy-four tons of gold and
fifty-one thousand, six hundred and fifty-nine guilders.
222 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
N° 14.* Extract of Pieter van der Hagen's account of debts due the Company, to the amount
of seventy-nine tons of gold.
N° 15.* Commissions of the respective Chambers for the business respecting the redress of
the West India Company.
(No. 5.) Memoir to serve for a general Report of the Directors deputed by the respective
Chambers of the West India Company, in the matter of Superintendence,
Retrenchment, Reform and Support of said Company, compiled from the
special opinions rendered by said Chambers, and some resolutions adopted
since the delivery of the same.
Folio 863. The business transacted and returned by the aforesaid respective Chambers,
General Report. jg founded On a Certain letter of the High and Mighty Lords States General,
dated S"* March, 1847, and referring, according to the tenor thereof, to three points especially:
superintendency, First poiut. Of superiutcndance ; second point. Of retrenchment and reform;
ccoDomy and re- , . , . ^ ^
tmm. third point, Oi support.
First point — Of Superintendenck.
What relates to superintendence. It was heretofore considered, that it had reference
particularly and exclusively to the the trade and commerce prosecuted by the Company, or by
individuals with the Company's permission, within the limits and districts of the charter,
whence have arisen a great many disputes up to this time among the Chambers ; but such
order has at present been provisionally made therein, as can be deduced from the following.
The principal place of trade is Brazil, respecting which, the deputed Directors resolved on
the G"* July, 1647, that said coast shall continue to be frequented and traded to, in the manner
and order heretofore in force, to wit : that the trade shall be free and open to all, on condition,
however, that all wares and merchandises shall have to be brought into the Company's stores,
and exported in ships owned or chartered by the Company, subject to the duties and freights
thereon, all by the respective Chambers in rotation ; it is, however, to be here observed, that
the Chamber of Westfriesland and North Quarter submitted divers sound considerations on
this point, which can be further examined at a proper time, and also be taken up and put into
practice according to circumstances.
Order and Regulation of the General Incorporated West India Company, made
at the Assembly of the XIX., with the approbation of the High and Mighty
Lords States General of the United Netherlands, by and pursuant to which
each and every of the inhabitants of the United Provinces shall be at
liberty to trade to certain parts hereinafter mentioned, within the limits of
the above named Company's charter, whether to attack or injure the
enemy, or to export salt, timber, tobacco, cotton, &c., as well as other wares
or merchandises, the growth thereof.
1.
folio 866. First, we hereby declare that we annul and quash all former orders and
wlJt inTa compa- rcgulatious, by and pursuant to which all ships in the respective provinces,
of the trade. ^"'"^ whether armed or unarmed, offensive or defensive, or engaged in private trade,
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: III. 223
carrying timber, salt, tobacco, cotton or other fruits and wares, the growth thereof, were
empowered to resort to certain parts within the charter of the West India Company, howsoever,
and at whatever time they might have been enacted, published and executed ; and do enact,
decree and ordain anew, that the ships of the aforesaid inhabitants shall be at liberty
henceforth to sail in the West Indies, to wit, from the River Oronoco, westward along the coast
of Paria, Cumana, Venezuela, Carthagena, Porto Bello, Honduras, Campeachy, the Gulf of
Mexico and the coast of Florida ; also, between and around all the Islands situate within the
said district, even to Curasao, Buenaire and Aruba, without being at liberty to go further
eastward on the Wild Coast, much less to the Amasons or Maraigum, nor more northerly than
Cape Florida, nor for any cause or in any wise, to be at liberty to resort to the Virginias»
New Netherland, New France, and other places lying thereabout, or to be able to go to or on
the coasts of Africa, Brazil or elsewhere, wheresoever it may be, where the Company trades,
under a penalty, for whomsoever shall infringe or act contrary to the same, of forfeiting ship
and goods, which everywhere, even without previous prosecution, shall be seized and held as
forfeit for the Company's behoof; and in case such ships or goods be sold, or run into other
countries or harbors, the skippers, owners or charter-party, shall have execution issue against
them for the value of said ships and goods, according to the first article of the charter.
2.
The ships which will repair to the before mentioned permitted parts within the charter, must
be provided with clearance and authority from the General Incorporated West India Company,
at the Assembly of the XIX, which shall be issued to the skippers, owners or charter-party, in
the Chamber from which they shall conclude to send out their respective ships, under the
penalty that those who let their ship or ships sail without the aforesaid clearance and authority,
shall fall within the meaning of the first article of the charter granted to the West India
Company, and be accordingly forthwith treated as contraveners; and, also, before obtaining
such permit, a pertinent return must be made of the name of the captain or skipper, also the
name and tonnage of the ships, with their guns and men ; and as it is not intended to license
the ship or ships, returned in rnanner as aforesaid, merely to trade in or carry timber, salt,
tobacco or cotton, and all other wares and merchandises, the growth of the aforesaid limits,
but it is, also, designed to commit offensively and defensively, every hostility and damage on
the King of Castile's subjects, they shall be also obliged to take with them a commission from
his Highness the Lord Prince of Orange, as Captain Admiral General together with the permit
of the General Incorporated West India Company, and for further security of their precise
observance of the tenor of the obtained commission and of this regulation, they shall be
bound, in addition to the obligation stated in the preceding article, to enter sufficient bail
at the Chamber where they will receive the permit in the prescribed form, on pain, if found
neglecting so to do, of being debarred from all license, in the same manner as if none had ever
been granted them, and of being subject to the fine and forfeit hereinbefore mentioned.
3.
And the aforesaid ships shall be bound to take on board one Supercargo to whom, pursuant
to the resolution of the XIX. adopted the 4 October 1643, shall be given instruction and
commission at the Chamber where the aforesaid ships who shall have his berth
and table in the cabin, at the expense of the ship and her owners, his monthly wages being
224 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
paid by the Company, and the aforesaid Supercargo shall be treated with due respect and
propriety as well by the skippers as their officers and crew; and if any ill treat him in
any wise either by word or deed, the skippers and their officers promise to be aiding unto him
for his protection.
4.
The skippers being desirous to take with them, in the outward voyage, any goods, wares or
merchandise in the aforesaid ships, whether as their own freight, or on commission, shall make
true entry thereof to the Company by notice under their hand, and afterwards break bulk in
their stores, that such goods may be inspected and marked with the Company's mark, and pay
therefor the amount of the public convoy according to the list, before they can take such goods
on ship board.
5.
The aforesaid ships, on perceiving or meeting any vessels belonging to the King of Castile's
subjects and adherents, may attack and master them either offensively or defensively,
but shall not be at liberty to attack or injure any of the Allies, or Inhabitants of the United
Provinces ; they shall be obliged to observe strictly their aforesaid Commissions from the Lord
Prince of Orange, as they are especially bound, in the aforesaid bailbonds to do.
6.
They shall be also bound to strike on meeting with the West India Company's ships, and
to exliibit their permit, authority, and commission, and as long as they remain with the latter
they must submit to the flag, without setting up any claim to either part or portion of the
prizes which may be captured in their presence, unless they be, by the Admiral General or
Commander of the said Company's ships, expressly requested to assist, in which case the prizes
which shall have been captured by the Company's ships and them conjointly, shall be equally
divided according to the ship's equipment, guns and force, and from their portion shall moreover
be paid the Company's share, according to the rate of profit they shall happen to derive from
such prizes, as hereinafter according to Articles ten and twelve.
And in case any of the Company's ships propose to make an attack on any of the enemy's
places or ships, and find some privateers also desirous to make the attempt, the said privateers
must desist and permit the Company's ships to proceed uninterrupted with their expedition ;
or if acting contrary, shall be subject to a forfeit of ship and goods, to be confiscated for the
Company's benefit.
8.
Item ; the aforesaid ships will be at liberty to sell and dispose, within the before described
limits of the charter, the goods, wares and merchandise they take with them, and in return to
buy, obtain and take in others such as Timber, Salt, Tobacco, Cotton, Hides etc., the produce
of those parts, either on their own account, or as freight or on commission, and bring them
over here in their ships.
9.
Further, the skippers, or in their stead the owners and freighters, shall be bound, at the
time of the return of the ships, before they break bulk, to address the Directors at the Chamber
or place from which they sailed, and by manifest under their signature must correctly return
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : III. 225
the quantity or quality of the prizes or goods, wares and merchandises which they will have taken,
traded, or received on charter during the voyage, and then with the consent of said Directors
discharge the aforesaid goods and bring them into the Company's stores to be inspected,
computed and weighed, and shall not be at liberty to remove them thence before the duties
and other the Company's dues shall be satisfied in kind or money, at the choice of the Company,
on pain, if failing herein, to be treated according to the tenor of the first article.
10,
From all prizes they will have captured from the enemy. South or North of the Tropic of
Cancer, either in their voyage out or home, which shall be declared good prizes by the Court
of Admiralty, and that as well in ships, cannon, as in goods, without any exception, they shall
pay, as a recognition, to the Company, in addition to his Highness' right, twenty per cent,
besides all rights to which the same shall be bound and rated as Company's prizes, and that
from the nett proceeds to be realized by sale, without deducting any expenses of equipment
or otherwise ; and the sale of the captured property, munitions of war, with their appurtenances,
as well as of the cargo, must be effected at the privateer's expense.
11.
On the cargo, whether purchased on their own account, taken on freight, or on commission,
there shall, in addition to the right of convoy granted by the public to tiie Company, be paid
in kind or money at the Company's choice at the Chamber or place as aforesaid from which
they cleared, as stated hereinbefore in article ten.
And on all sorts of Red dyewood. Dried Codfish, Campeachy wood, ten per centum.
Brazil wood, seven and a half per cent.
Lignum vitas, yellow wood, five per cent.
On Sugars, one-third part shall be paid in kind.
Imported tobacco shall not pay for convoy and recognition any more than sixty stivers per
hundred pounds, from which one-fourth shall be deducted as allowance for stems, rottenness,
dampness or other damage ; but the foreign tobacco of Marocive shall pay twenty guilders per
pound, with like allowance.
12.
On Salt no more shall be paid than is granted to all inhabitants of this province by agreement
entered into (respecting the difference) between some cities of the North Quarter and the
Company, with this understanding, that they shall pay on the Salt taken from places where
the Company hath establishments, according to the order already made and hereafter to be
concluded thereupon.
13.
Cotton, Hides, and all other wares and produce, the growth of the West Indies, eight per cent.
14.
And in order that the Inhabitants of these United Countries may be at liberty to trade and
sail with strange and foreign ships, so shall, likewise, all strange and foreign vessels bringing
into these countries Timber, Salt, Tobacco, and all other the aforesaid wares, fruits and
merchandises from the West Indies or the Limits of the Charter granted to the Company,
whether on their own account, on freight or on commission, convey and bring the same into
Vol. L 29
226 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
the Company's stores in manner as in article ten is iiereinbefore recited, and accordingly
pay the above named Company the convoy and such other duties as the Inhabitants and ships
of these countries are bound to do, whether such foreign and strange ships come direct to this
country from the West Indies and limits of the charter in order that their freight may be
brought to other countries or kingdoms, from what cause soever that may happen, unless the
goods were obtained in exchange from the owner where they grew, and had paid the duty
there imposed ; which any one alleging, he shall be bound sufficiently to prove on the
importation of the goods, in order that the intention of the State and the Company may not
be frustrated herein.
15.
All skippers, owners and freighters of ships belonging to these countries trading to the
aforesaid permitted Limits of the Charter, shall be bound to return with their ships and all
their cargo, and captured prizes or prize goods, to this country to the Chamber whence they
sailed, under the penalty of the ship and goods, or the value thereof, to be recovered as in
Articles one and two, without being allowed to discharge, diminish, trade or barter by the way
any of the freighted or captured goods, wares or merchandises, much less to bring them over
as freight for others to any where else than this country.
16.
It is further resolved, that the respective Chambers, each among themselves, shall be at
liberty to commission one or more persons to visit and search the outgoing and incoming
vessels ; for which visit and search the general Inspectors in the public service, and each and
every of them, shall be also qualified, on application to the Company, and are hereby qualified,
with authority on finding any unentered goods, to send them up to be declared seized or
confiscated by the respective Magistrates of the Cities, or the Court of Admiralty for the
benefit of the Company.
17.
Which aforesaid deputies shall have power to search any ship or ships entering any of the
ports in this country, to place on board at least two trust-worthy persons as watchmen, so that
the Company may not be defrauded on the way between the aforesaid ports and the destined
places of unloading, and the skippers, officers or crew shall not embarrass the aforesaid
watchmen either by word or deed, nor obstruct them in the proper discharge of their duty,
under a penalty of ^50 flemish, to be received, one half by the officer of the place who shall
levy execution, and the other half by the injured watchman, and the skipper shall be
responsible for his men.
18.
And in order that each and every one shall receive information and notice hereof, we have
resolved to cause the same to be notified by handbills affixed at every place interested therein,
and to have the skippers, owners or freighters furnished, for their information, with a printed
copy of this Regulation, signed by the Directors, together with the Company's permit and
authority, at the Chamber, where the latter are obtained, receipt whereof the skippers, owners
or freigliters shall acknowledge on the Bailbond, also under their signature.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: III. 227
On the return of the ships from the voyage, the skipper, owner or freighter shall be hound
to surrender the permit or authority obtained from the said Incorporated West India Company,
together with the commission of his Highness, the Prince of Orange, if any he has had, back
to the Chamber whence it was received within the space of six days, on pain, in case of failing
herein, of paying a sum of three hundred guilders of XL. groots for the benefit of the poor.
20.
Moreover, in order that this Regulation be observed and enforced by those of the West
India Company, and that no license or authority to trade within the limits of the Charter be
granted except by those of the General Incorporated West India Company at the Assembly of the
XIX., it is expressly declared, that all those who shall sail with their authority to the permitted
Limits of the Charter, shall be instructed and authorized to demand from all ships belonging
to this country, which will be met with, in those parts, their license and commission, and
finding them without that of the General Company to be furnished at the Assembly of the
XIX., the ships provided therewith shall be empowered to drive them from the loading or
trading places, in addition to the penalty incurred by them for the Company's benefit, which
the skippers, owners or freighters thereof shall be empowered to demand again from those
by whom such were licensed and commissioned.
Thus provisionally enacted and resolved by the General Incorporated West India Company
at the Assembly of the XIX., with the approbation of the High and Mighty Lords States
General of the United Netherlands, at Middelburgh, in Zealand, the 14"" October, 1645.
Free Trade, 7. The scvcnth and last place is New Netherland, which the majority consider
will be best benefited by granting individuals there the liberty to convey, in their own ships,
their country produce, grain, flour, fish and other provisions, from thence to other places situate
within the Company's Charter, on proper recognitions ; which liberty some members restrict
to Brazil, others to all the places of the Charter, except Guinea and St. Thomas.
Second point — Of Retrenchment and Reform.
Reform. "™ ° In treating of the second point, the Chambers unanimously declare they are
not aware but this has been studied as much as possible; yet should your High Mightinesses
be conscious of any thing to the contrary, they are most willing to submit to your High
Mightinesses' discretion. In order, however, to afford some opportunity for such action, these
following points were, by one and the other Chamber, submitted for consideration :
1. Whether the Company's own large ships ought not to be sold, or only a certain number
of them retained ?
2. Ought not the Company disembarrass itself of the large quantity of cannon, &c., which
is still here and there among the Chambers ?
3. Ought not the dock yards, rope-walks and drug stores be sold?
4. Could not the number of Directors be reduced ; or salaries which they receive, diminished ?
5. Ought not the Provincial and City Directors be domiciled at the place where the
Chambers to which they belong are located ?
6. Could not the Assembly of the XIX. be held less frequently ; and would it not be better
attended here in the Hague than at Amsterdam and Zealand '?
228 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
7. Ought it not be resolved that all goods be sold for current silver money?
8. Can any better order be made for increasing the gold from Guinea?
9. Must the defective Chambers supply their lists?
10. Ought not equalization be introduced between the respective Chambers?
The third 'point — Of Ways and Means.
Subsistence. In Order to allow the Company to recuperate, and to subsist for the future, the
respective Chambers consider these two means necessary.
1. First, that the Brazilian conquests be purged at the public charge and by the public force;
the petition for six thousand men is to that effect.
2. Secondly, that it ought to receive the East India Company's duties to the amount of
fifteen hundred thousand guilders, pursuant to your High Mightinesses' resolution. In addition
to these general means, the majority of the Chambers add some special means as follows: —
oq recnnsWeratioD, 3. Those of Zealand — that the public ought to pay the arrears of the subsidy
ze'aian!u''"8ay, ih" amounting to about seventy tons of gold.
said supplies only 4. And votc a ucw additional supply of seven hundred thousand guilders yearly
until ihe Company rv J a J J
can subsist i.yiueif. fg^ the term of ths new charter.
5. Amsterdam. — That the State ought to be solicited to assume the responsibility of the
Company's obligations.
6. Maaze — That in addition to the two general means, the State ought to be requested to
aid the Company with a yearly subsidy of three hundred and fifty thousand guilders for the
new Charter, on account of the old subsidies; and these three means being realized,
the stockholders ought to be persuaded to advance ten per cent in order to pay the old debts
and to have a trading fund.
7. West Friesland and the North Quarter are of opinion, if aflfairs be redressed and brought
in train according to their advice, that the Company will be sufficiently able to exist of itself.
8. Stadt en Land' requires only payment of the subsidies in arrear, in addition to the
general means hereinbefore mentioned.
These are, in fact, three points whereupon run the opinions of the respective Chambers each
in an especial manner; except that the Zealand Chamber gave, in addition, its opinion on
the articles of the old Charter, as they ought, in their estimation, be altered and improved.
Advice of the Deputies of Holland, with the opinions of the several Chambers.
N" 6. Advice of the Deputies of Holland.
Redress, Retrenchment, Subsistence
and Trade.
To the Noble, Great and Mighty Lords, the
States of Holland and Westfriesland.
Noble, great and Mighty Lords !
1.
The Members deputed at the Meeting of your The present deputed Directors of the
Great Mightinesses by your resolution of the respective Chambers of the West India
' See Note, mpra, p. 103. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IIL
229
1" July, 1647, to attend to the establishment Company, having pursuant to the order of the
of good and proper order in the government of deputies of the High and Mighty Lords States
the Incorporated West India Company, and
the redress of all such matters and abuses as
might have been found to exist to the prejudice
of said Company, having heard the verbal
information of the present deputed Directors
of the aforesaid Company, and read and
examined the vpritten remonstrance to them
delivered — Item, the respective written
opinions of each of the five Chambers of said
Company in particular, and of all its Chambers
conjointly or in common; also of the deputies
of the General Chamber of accounts of the
abovementioned Company, all delivered in to
the High and Mighty Lords States General of
these United Netherlands in pursuance of their
High Mightinesses' order and letter of the 30""
March, 1647; Find, that for the restoration of
the West India Company, three chief points
are principally to be considered, to vpit. First,
the Management in regard to Navigation
and Trade.
General, examined the annexed advice, have
adjoined thereunto, as their opinions, vphat
stands noted in the margin on each point
thereof.
2.
Secondly, Retrenchment and redress; and
Thirdly, Means of support; and that upon all
these points very good suggestions have been
made in the vs^ritten Memoir of the aforesaid
joint or general advice of the deputed Directors
of the respective Companies whereunto they
refer, except that certain articles relating to
hostility or enmity shall cease in time of peace.
But, under correction of your Great
Mightinesses, they are moreover of opinion,
that the following would be also beneficial and
advantageous to the aforesaid Direction : That
individuals trading to Brazil shall cause the
duties, freights and convoys to be paid in
Brazil to six Commissaries to be appointed
by the respective Chambers, with certain
instruction to be drawn up for said Commis-
saries, and on the plan more fully detailed in
230
NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
the advice of the Chamber of Westfriesland
and North Quarter.
Which Commissaries shall pay the Military
in Brazil on the footing, and according to the
regulation, laid down in the aforesaid advice
of the Chamber of Westfriesland and North
Quarter, out of the duties, freights and
convoys; also, out of about three hundred
thousand guilders to be sent them from
Fatherland, in flour and other dry goods ;
out of the recognitions and convoys of the
country produce exported by permission in
private vessels from New Netherland to Brazil,
and out of the Spanish wines and oils imported
from the Islands, also out of the three per cent
on the goods from Angola, sent from thence
to Brazil, in consequence of want of sale, and
from the 30 and 50 florins per head, on each
slave respectively.
Your Great Mightinesses' deputies being of
opinion that for the tenths of the sugars, duty,
freight and convoy, the Chambers in this
country shall receive, at the lowest calculation,
one half in kind ; that is, of two chests, one.
Also, that no wet wares shall be sent on the
Company's account, but only flour, beef, pork,
oil, butter, dried codfish and cheese, leaving the
aforesaid wet goods exclusively to individuals
who will be at liberty, on permission, or on
excusable reasons and immediate notice, to
export from the Islands aforesaid, Spanish
wines and oils in their own or private ships,
on paying the duty and convoy in Brazil to
the aforesaid Commissaries of the respective
Chambers.
7.
That the Slave trade at Ardra and Calbraye, The Directors are of opinion, that the trade
ought to be reserved to the aforesaid Company, here mentioned, ought to be pursued on a plan
on the regulation made thereupon. there laid down.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS! III.
231
8.
That the north coast of Africa can be
resorted to by the joint vessels bringing the
proceeds of their trade to tbe Castle Del Mina,
in order that it may come pro rata to the
respective Chambers.
The coast of Guinea ought, according to the
enacted regulation, be frequented in turns by
the respective Chambers, but what regards the
remainder of the north coast, the management
thereof shall remain provisionally as it is.
That the inhabitants of New Netherland The trade of the inhabitants of New
only, ought to be at liberty to export the Netherland ought to be permitted to Brazil and
produce growing there to all the Company's Angola, in manner as mentioned on the
conquests, except Guinea and St. Thomas, and opposite side,
that on payment of the duty and convoy in
manner as before mentioned.
10.
ThatnoChambernor anyindividual Director
shall have power to reduce any duty, nor to
rate any goods at less than laid down in the
general list thereof, under the penalty, for the
Directors so doing, of making good the same
themselves, and of being, moreover, removed
from their employment.
The order and penalty enacted on the other
side, ought to be observed;
That the Directors of the respective Cham- As well as what is here enacted,
bers shall not, either directly nor indirectly,
endeavor to overreach one another with the
crew, nor seek to draw trade away from one
city to the other.
12.
That their High Mightinesses' approval And the approval of the regulation respecting
ought to be requested for the regulation more the Caribbean traders, which is requested,
fully contained in the aforesaid Memoir,
respecting the Caribbean Traders.
13.
What now regards the aforesaid second point,
of retrenchment and redress, the aforesaid,
your Great Mightinesses' deputies are, with
submission, of opinion that all old, unserviceable,
unnecessary vessels and yachts, together with
the heavy guns, also the Company's store-
houses, ship yards, rope walks and drug
stores, ought to be sold and got rid of for its
advantage.
The unnecessary ships, yachts and guns, are,
for the most part, already sold ; but what
regards the disposing of the store-houses, ship
yards, rope walks and drug stores, that concerns
exclusively the Amsterdam Chamber, which
hath promised to examine into and give orders
respecting the same.
NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
14.
Also, that all the Company's unnecessary The respective Chambers undertake to
servants; both in this country and abroad, dismiss all useless servants,
ought to be dismissed.
15.
That, in like manner, the factors vphom
the outer Chambers have introduced into
Amsterdam, contrary to the 26"" Article of the
Charter, ought to be dispensed with, because
they draw wages from said Chambers, and pay
separate store rent; and there ought to be such
good correspondence between the respective
Chambers and Directors, that the one transact
the other's business, as is the case with the
East India Company.
In like manner no more factors shall be
employed at Amsterdam by the Chambers,
except by Zealand and Siadt en Lande, on
account of the distance of their places.
16.
That no moneys shall be borrowed on The adjoining article ouglit to be, in future,
interest for the West India Company, except enforced,
with the knowledge and consent of the
Nineteen.
17.
That in matters of taxation, &c., conflicting In the matter of the plurality voting, the
with the Charter, there shall be no plurality tenor of the charter ought to be observed,
voting.
18.
That the aforesaid XIX. shall assemble
ordinarily but once a year, and if necessity
require, shall hold an extraordinary meeting
within the City of Amsterdam if accommoda-
tion only can be obtained.
The place of meeting of the XIX. shall be
as heretofore, and must not be as stated in the
annexed article.
19.
Moreover, said Assembly of the XIX., at its
adjournment, shall appoint certain Commis-
sioners from among the Directors, each in the
city where his Chamber is established, which
Commissioners shall, each in his place, take
care and see that the resolutions of the XIX.
shall be well and punctually executed and
obeyed, and this without expense to the
Company, except their boat and carriage hire,
which shall be charged to the said Company.
The Commissioners ought indeed be appoint-
ed by the Assembly of the XIX., but in regard
to, and in correspondence with, the general
Board of accounts, to which alone, and accor-
ding to their instruction, belongs the superin-
tendence here mentioned.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: III.
233
Resolution hereupon ought to be requested
from their High Mightinesses.
That the Commissioners who appear in the
Assembly of the XIX., on behalf of their High
Mightinesses, shall henceforth travel, board,
and attend at the expense of the State, and
not of the Company.
21.
That the Military or soldiers in the Com- The annexed article is found very useful,
pany's service shall be paid in money in this but is as yet impracticable in consequence of
manner, to wit: of each year on foreign the unfavorable condition of the Company,
service, six months shall be retained ; two for
the wives and children, and the remaining
four months shall remain until the return of
the aforesaid men ; but those who have neither
wives nor children, shall be at liberty to
dispose of the aforesaid two months' pay for
the benefit of such other persons as they shall
think proper, and this for the term of three
years, according to the articles of enlistment.
The Commissioners have no objection to the
diminution of the Directors, and hereby leave
this to the discretion of the Board.
As well as the order which ought to be
enacted respecting these two points.
22.
That the number in the Board of Directors
ought to be reduced on the occasion of death
and of the change which must take place
according to the Charter ; and that to such
amount as the members of the Board shall
agree upon among themselves.
23.
And that each of said Directors shall
henceforth serve nine years instead of six.
24.
And be obliged continually to reside within
the cities where their Chambers are estab-
lished.
25.
And as regards the premised Chief point
respecting the aforesaid means of subsistence,
your great Mightinesses' Commissioners are,
under correction, of opinion —
26.
That besides the provisional aid required fl. 7,500" to wit: fl. 6,300" of money bor-
for the Company, and what is connected rowed on interest, and fl. 1,500" of current and
Vol. I. 30
284
NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
therewith, the aforesaid general Board of
Accounts ought to prepare and deliver in ajust,
subscribed statement of debits and credits ;
also.oflhe effects which the Company I
at home and abroad.
27.
accruing debts; the credits in the country,
independent of the property in storehouses,
yards, ships and cannon, are few or none.
Those of Brazil were included in them.
And the deputed Members submit to your Yes ; the Board ought to be requested to
Great Mightinesses, whether the Board ought consider how the Company shall best be
not seasonably to consider how and in what relieved of its debts,
manner its debts shall best be paid.
28.
And moreover, a pertinent statement ought
to be prepared and exhibited by their High
Mightinesses' Secretary and by the aforesaid
General Board of accounts; also by all the Cham-
bers of the West India Company, respectively,
of the subsidies voted the aforesaid Company
by the Provinces, and of the sum paid thereon,
and consequently of the amount of subsidies
still due by the State or the Provinces.
29.
That further efforts ought to be made in The Company in general ought to request
order that tiie provinces, in consequence of simply to be relieved from all money taken d
their neglect to pay respectively the aforesaid deposito.
voted subsidies, may undertake to discharge or
relieve the Company from the moneys borrowed
on interest on their account.
The votes of subsidies ought to be taken
according to the estimate of the increase and
the petitions of the Council of State consequent
thereupon, that is up to the close and last of
the year of the old Charter, being in ten years
7,000' guilders ; what portion thereof has been
paid by the one or the other province can be
seen by the last statement of the General Board
of Accounts.
30.
That in the foregoing required statement
ought to be noted, what provinces have not
thus far voted subsidies for the Company, nor
paid these when voted as Holland has done;
and the provinces in arrears ought then to be
admonished, to clear up their deficiency so far
as to be on a par, in votes and payments, with
Holland and Westfriesland.
The first part of the annexed article has been
complied with, and what regards the remainder
the Board will act as it deems most proper.
That further the Provinces all together ought Instead of the proposed new subsidy of
to be requested, by petition, to continue hence- fl. 700" a year as long as the war in Brazil
forward the votes and payments of the subsidy continues, the State ought to be requested to
of seven hundred thousand guilders a year for support the entire army there and to pay its
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : III.
the Company so long as the war in Brazil
shall last, and until the Company's affairs
there shall be reestablished, and that such
order be given in the province that the moneys
of each voted instalment be as promptly
furnished.
wages and food until it can be paid fror
tenths and other revenues there.
235
I the
32.
That finally, the stockholders of the West The Directors trust that on the adoption of
India Company ought to be required and a resolution to the effect aforesaid by the Board,
obliged to increase their stock in said Company for the advantage of the Company, the worthy
twelveper cent ; one-third part of said increase Stockholders will be disposed to add a new
payable six weeks after having received notice clause for the negotiation and contents hereof,
so to do; the second instalment in six months
afterwards, and the last instalment six months
Bubsequently.
33.
That one-half the proceeds of this increase
shall be applied to the trade or commerce of
said Company.
34.
Your Great Mightinesses' Commissioners are
further of opinion that the Plenipotentiaries
deputed from this State to negotiate the peace,
ought to be instructed to urge, when opportu- ^
nity offers, on the Spanish Plenipotentiaries,
for the benefit of the West India Company of
this country, the free trade to Ponto del Rey,
or the Salt point, according to said Company's
Charter.
Advice of the Chamber of Accounts of the West India Company.
Considerations of the Board of Audit of the West India Company regarding
the reform of said Company, drawn up pursuant to the order of the High
and Mighty Lords States General of the United Netherlands and delivered
to their High Mightinesses' Commissioners at the Hague, the 27 May, 1647.
chkmbetofAocounto ^he decHue of the Company's affairs and the difficulty in which they are at
Eedresa. present placed, arise on the one hand from divers disorders in this country and bad
management in the foreign conquests (which have for a longtime past impaired the Company),
and on the other, from some unfortunate occurrences in Brazil, Angola and elsewhere, which have
completely prostrated and ruined it. Two-fold means of redress must consequently be
236 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
discovered and applied. First : to reestablish the Company in its lost or disturbed possessions.
Secondly : to enact such firm and good orders that the Company will not only be maintained
in its ordinary course, and continue to subsist, but may in time be brought to a flourishing state.
In regard to the recovery of the conquest of Brazil, we see no other means of accomplishing
that, than what has lately been submitted by the committee of the Directors of the respective
Ciiambers to your High Mightinesses at the Hague, to wit : that in addition to the aid
already dispatched, (which was not found sufficient against such a united body of Portuguese
rebels,) a competent and combined military force be voted anew by the State, and conveyed
to Brazil with ships, ammunition and other necessaries, not only to recover and clear our
frontiers, but also to prosecute further designs either against Bahia, as the chief seat of the
war and of the piratical practices of the Portuguese, or elsewhere. Tiie Company, once
relieved by these means, of its treacherous neighbors, could disembarrass itself of the onerous
charge of the military, and of the support of several fortresses; the freemen would be induced
to establish themselves peaceably in said conquests, without fearing to be again stripped of their
plantations (ingenhos) and goods, and by the increase of population and agriculture, the
Company would be at once set on its legs. Short of this, we see no remedy for the reparation
of the damages the Company has already suffered, except by indemnifying ourselves with the
enemy's full and flourishing plantations fwio-e^jAosJ and lands; inasmuch as it is to be feared
that our entire and wasted district, if not soon redressed, will not supply as much produce and
revenue as will equal the Company's expenses.
Respecting Angola: it must be borne in mind that our people do no not fare much better
there than in Brazil, inasmuch as we are advised by the latest letters, dated last May, that the
Portuguese in the interiorhaving received a great accession of force, had, after a victory
obtained over the Queen Donna Anna Ciuga, united with some tribes of Blacks, to drive our
people wholly from that country. Our folks in Loando are too weak to act in company with
them ; and are very poorly supplied with provisions, and especially munitions of war, none of
which has been now sent them for over a year. Cut off, also, on the land side, and blockaded in
their forts and in the city of Loando, they probably can not make a long stand, but will at last
be forced either to treat with the enemy, or indeed wholly to abandon the country, (as was
the case with Maranhao in the year 1644.) unless they receive prompt succor in provisions and
other necessaries, in order temporarily to maintain these conquests. A plan could be considered,
and arrangements made to dislodge the Portuguese governor, Sotto Mayor, with his troops
either by stratagem or force; for which purpose three or four hundred men ought to be
transported from Brazil after they had completed their designs there.
The recovery of both these conquests is particularly important, as they are partially the
foundation on which the Company must hereafter rest; the commerce with Guinea, St. Thomas
and adjoining trading places, not being sufficient to feed so huge a body. Moreover, they
have cost the Company and individuals so many millions, and can contribute so essentially to
the damage of the general enemy and the security of this State, that your High Mightinesses
will be induced in your wisdom and generosity to contribute further aid, and to vote for a short
period, the oft requested succor, which indeed ought to be done early, if possible, considering
that the number of soldiers and sailors already in Brazil, at great expense to the Company,
will otherwise remain useless and ineffective, and the most favorable season and opportunity
for the execution of any thing worth mentioning, would have passed away, not to be afterwards
retrieved, except at double the outlay.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IlL 237
Tlie aforesaid conquests being thus, with the assistance of God, recovered, further means of
redress, in the matter of superintendence, retrenchment and trade of said Company, could be
taken in hand and promoted as follows: —
First. — Respecting Superintendence.
Buperintcndcnoe. The government of the Company consists as well in supervision by the Directors
in this country, as in the good order and administration to be maintained by the officers and
servants in foreign conquests.
In this country we must treat, first. Of the election of the Board of Directors; secondly, Of
their management and administration. As Directors, ought to be chosen not only men
conversant, active and vigilant in business, but also those who can properly attend to it, and
are not too much engaged in private trade, by means whereof it happens that they frequently
absent themselves from ordinary meetings, and, excusing themselves from duty, the burthen
devolves on some few persons.
Amsterdam,.... 27 Ilercupon it is to be duly considered, that the number of Directors, which with
mmz",.'. ■.■.■■.■.■.". 17 the Supernumeraries, consists at present of 89 persons, could be diminished at
Korth Quarter, .14
Groeningen 14 least one-third, and reduced to two-thirds without prejudice to the business to be
^ transacted by the Company, provided that the Supernumeraries be obliged to
remove their domicil to the place where the Chambers are established, and render effectual
service like the rest, and this particularly, with a view to furnish their respective superiors
and stockholders with information and a knowledge of the Company's condition. And this
reduction should be effected, not only because the great number of Directors frequently produces
confusion and lack of zeal among themselves, but also to save a portion of the salaries received
by the Directors, which, likewise, according to the present condition of the Company, can be
lessened, as will hereafter be stated in the section on Retrenchment. It could be gradually
introduced and put into practice according as the Directors retire, on the expiration of their
term, or upon their death, provided no new ones be chosen in their places, until reduced to
the appointed number.
In order to encourage the Directors the more in their duties in this regard, and that the
Company may not experience any inconvenience from the too rapid change thereof, the term
of their office ought to be extended somewhat longer than by the old charter; or the retiring
Directors ought to be at least reeligible after the expiration of their term, the same as if they
were nominated anew by the chief stockholders, in addition to those whom they by triple
number may put on the ticket; this would have a tendency to excite the vigilance and zeal
of the good, which on the other hand oftentimes becomes faint towards the close of their term.
The administrjition of the Board of Directors consists either in particular Chambers, or in
the general meeting of the entire, or of the half, of the Nineteen.
The Charter fixes the number of Chambers at five ; of these Amsterdam hath the management
of four-ninth parts; Zealand, of two; and Maaze, North Quarter and Groeningen, each of \
part. Again, the Maaze Chamber is divided, after the three cities,^ into three Boards; those
of the North Quarter into two;^ each of which, as well as each Chamber, of 4, 2, and -J-, has
its separate government, with little direct communication with the others; each in particular
hath, also, its own Bookkeepers, Cashiers, storekeepers, houses, yards, stores and whatever
' Rotterdam, DorJreetit, Delft. " Hoorn, Enekliiivzen, — En.
238 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
e]se appertains thereunto, not without confusion and burthensomeness to the Company.
Therefore, it would be well, if the three cities were thereunto disposed, that the three Boards
of the Maaze were united into one, and the two of the North Quarter brought into one
Chamber, which should be ambulatory in their respective districts according to the years the
Charter is continued. For example, residing alternately in each of the three cities on the Maaze
for the term of four years, and each term would come around twice ; and alternating in like
manner every four years in the two cities of the North Qurter, so that each city would have
to arrange its turn by lot or otliervcise ; and when the Chamber resides in the one city for
four years, the Bookkeeper, clerks, storekeeper, with all the adjuncts, must live there ; and
the Directors of the cities in which the Chamber was not, at the then present time established,
or at least some of them, must also remove their residence thither, on condition that such
Directors receive a larger stipend than their associates who do not change residence; and the
others must attend as often as summoned by the Chambers. The ships should also be
equipped and fitted out during the aforesaid term of four years, in that city where the Chamber
resides ; but the purchase of the cargoes and necessaries, as far as it could be effected
advantageously for the Company, might be ordered to be done in the cities where the
remaining Directors reside. And on the expiration of the first four years, they should remove,
with all the attendants, to the second place; in the same manner as the Board of Admiralty
is in the habit of doing in the two cities of Hoorn and Enckhuyzen.
Moreover, the Directors must be obliged'4o attend the weekly meeting, on pain of a
reasonable fine, or the deduction of so much of their salary as that day shall amount to,
inasmuch as it has otherwise occurred that they frequently absent themselves, according to their
own convenience; acquiring no thorough nor connected knowledge of affairs, nor being able to
advise fundamentally on any business that may arise. The details of each Chamber may
be distributed within itself, among different Commissaries, to wit: to take charge of accounts
and the office, the cash; the merchandise; the stores; the wet and dry provisions. In regard
to their administration, they ought to keep a register and books, in order to render an account
at the Assembly, and to furnish at all times a statement without hiring bookkeepers and clerks,
particularly for that purpose, or increasing unnecessarily the number of dependents. This will
be also referred to in the section — Of Retrenchment.
In order that one Commissary may have a knowledge of the other's work, and a thorough
acquaintance with the Company's affairs, it would be useful to change the clerks, sometimes;
nay, without giving notice, in order that the one may not conceal any thing from the other, but
that it may lie plain and open before every one of the Directors. The trouble and commission
imposed on each by his Chamber, especially such as being deputed by the general vote of the
Board to repair to the XIX., or beyond the city, ought to be undertaken and attended to by
every one, without exception, so that each work may be performed by those who are
considered best adapted for it; should such be declined, without sufficient cause, the person so
declining ought, in like manner be mulcted in a portion of his salary, which shall be
appropriated to the benefit of such other as executes his commission ; on returning home, each
ought to render a report in writing of what he hath done, in order that it may always be seen
in what condition the matter stands, so as to be regulated accordingly in the sequel of the
affair. These and similar regulations, which are enforced in the beginning, and afterwards
fallen into desuetude, ought to be introduced and kept up in each Chamber according to the
constitution and administration it may have, so that all may be henceforth directed therein,
with increased knowledge and order.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: III. 239
The Assembly of the XIX., wherein all matters appertaining to the Company must be
treated and concluded, has not for a considerable time, had such speedy despatch and expedition
as the Company's service indeed required ; for, first, the points of reference being drawn up
according to the resolution of a Chamber, which temporarily presides, and frequently not
including all the important points, the members, do not always come instructed thereupon
with thorough knowledge of affairs, nor provided with complete directions from their Board,
and do not appear at the appointed time ; but leave the one waiting in vain for the other, to
the injury and great expense of the Company. On proceeding to business, the points are not
finally disposed of, but frequently referred to the next meeting; incidental matters and mutual
disputes consume the mostof tiie time; and what has been resolved on there, with the general
advice of the members, is frequently, through particular interest or inability of the one or the
other Chamber, neither attended to nor executed.
In order to remedy and prevent these disorders in part, there was established by the XIX.,
in the year 1643, at the instance of their High Mightinesses' deputies, a Board of Accounts,
composed of six persons ; to wit, two from the Amsterdam Chamber, and one from each of
the other Cliambers, who were to prepare and report all the matters to be transacted by the
XIX. against the meeting of that body ; further, keep accounts with all the Chambers in this
country, as well as with the foreign conquests ; and compile from these, general books which
would show the condition of the Company at all times; they were to make a repartition of
receipts and expenses, and decide the disputes arising therefrom, with a view to maintain
equality and proportion as well as good correspondence between the Chambers; also, to attend
to the execution of the resolves of the XIX., as is more fully to be seen by the instruction of
the aforesaid Board of Accounts. But that Board having experienced divers obstacles from its
beginning to the present time, and not being clothed with sufficient authority to hold the
Chambers to their duty ; and the various papers and documents not being even submitted to
it from the respective Chambers, tiie essential knowledge of their administration could not
be obtained.
Nevertheless, we cannot yet see any fitter means of keeping in order the entire body of the
Company and each Chamber in particular, than the establishment of such a general and
permanent body, on a plan similar to that of said Board of Accounts, but furnished with greater
authority for the execution of its office ; which Board must possess, in the absence of the
XIX., the direction and disposition of all ordinary affairs ; the execution punctually at their
time of all incidental matters, not admitting of delay, until further orders from the XIX.;
sending orders thereupon, as well to Brazil as to the respective Chambers; pointing out
the means, how and whereby the Chambers respectively can execute the same. To
which end, the respective Chambers must also be bound to furnish and send over to the
said Board, from time to time, a pertinent statement of their condition, in order that it
regulate itself accordingly; and in case of non-compliance with any of these orders, the
aforesaid Board must be authorized to impose a fine on those Chambers for such failure and
neglect, (unless it appear that they were prevented by potent and unexpected accidents),
and cause their accounts here, or in Brazil, or other places, to be charged with such fine, and
allow them to receive so much the less returns; or, on the commission of grave faults
and negligences, to speak personally to the Directors, who are guilty thereof; which Board,
as possessing constant knowledge of the affiiirs, must also summon the Assembly of the XIX.,
on points to be drawn up by it, giving timely notice thereof both to the presiding and other
240 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Chambers, in order to receive their opinions and embody these in the points of reference, if
necessary, that all the members may be notified and instructed thereupon, so as to afford
satisfaction to others, without referring to, or delaying for, their Chamber, whereby many
good things are left unexecuted.
In like manner, in order to dispose more promptly of the business of the XIX., two persons,
members of the Board, ought to appear at each meeting of the Assembly of the XIX. with
mere advisory voice, for the purpose of reporting to, and advising the XIX. on what passes ;
to obviate stindry disputes between the Chambers and the better to have the orders and
resolutions to be adopted by the XIX. executed conformably to their intention. By this means
frequent and lengthy sessions of the XIX., at vast expense to the Company, might be dispensed
with, and these need not be held more than once, or at most, twice a year, for which time all
business should be prepared by the aforesaid permanent Board, and full information and
explanation given of the circumstances of the foreign conquests, as well as of the state of the
receipts and expenses, and the entire condition as well of the general Company as of each
particular Chamber. Thus all inequality and disproportion between these is remedied, and
principally the troubles and canker of jealousy among the Chambers removed or diminished ;
inasmuch as those proceed mainly from the fact, that the one Chamber does its business
without communicating with the other; each pays more attention to his own Chamber's profit
than to that of the general body; yea, endeavors to defraud the latter. In which case, this
Board, being general and impartial, would study the common interest of the Company and
hold such balance between the Chambers as that the one would not be wronged or oppressed
by the other.
snperintendence in Thus much of the Superintendence in this country.
ihu country. rp|^g government of Brazil being after mature deliberation, recently composed
of one president and four supreme councillors, a Court of justice and Board of Finance, with
other additional high and low officers in the Company's employment, although it costs, on
account of their wages and salaries a considerable sum, yet no fundamental reform can be
introduced therein until it be seen how far the lost conquests will be recovered, and with what
number of officers and servants the business there can be carried on. And especially when
population increases and Brazil becomes inhabited by Netherlanders, many suitable persons
from the Commonalty should be employed at a small stipend in the Company's service.
Meanwhile, the supreme government in Brazil ought to be seriously notified to reduce to the
lowest point the Company's servants and train bands there, in proportion to the low state of
affairs and the condition of trade, and in all things to study Retrenchment, whereof we shall
now accordingly treat.
Second point — Of Retrenchment.
EetreDchment. This point embraces the entire administration of the Company, both in this
country and abroad.
And, first, respecting Retrenchment in this country. It has been heretofore proposed that,
by reducing the number of the Directors to two-thirds, one-third of their salaries could be
saved and the allowances to those still employed, or in lieu thereof the existing pay, be so
modified, according to the present condition of the Company that, they being satisfied with a
tantum to be fixed by your High Mightinesses until the Company's revenues should sensibly
increase, something additional might be again allowed them.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IIL 241
la like manner the employes of the respective Chambers, such as store-keepers, ship-
carpenters, cashiers, bookkeepers, clerks, doorkeepers, laborers, and more of the same
description, who draw yearly wages from the Company, can, also, be considerably decreased,
according as the business and administration of each Chamber may be thought to require. In
all cases, in order to prevent excess, a certain reasonable sum should be allowed for each ninth
part, not to be exceeded in any instance. The attention of the Chambers ought also be
directed to the expenses of house rent, fire, light, office and similar minutias, which amount in
the year to a considerable sum. When better order is introduced, a large amount can also be
saved in clerkhire, traveling expenses, deputations to the Nineteen ; frequent and unnecessary
Assemblies of the XIX., especially, could be dispensed with, in case a general and permanent
Board (whereof mention has been already made) were established, whose expenses would be
sufficiently and abundantly economized, were it only in the matter of multitudinous deputations
and fruitless meetings.
The Company will be principally obliged to get rid of a portion of its ships, which, including
cannon, stores, and appurtenances, amount to much more than chartered vessels; and in our
opinion the Chambers would be sufficiently provided, were each ninth part to maintain two of
its own ships and a yacht, and to hire the remainder at a fitting season. In this way, also,
ship yards, rope walks, and other appendages which drain several thousands yearly, could be
got rid of. When, even on the other hand, the Company requires some first class ships, it will
not be necessary that it should build them ; it can contract for them on suitable charter at the
cheapest rate, and have the old ones repaired and fixed in the same way that private merchants
are in the habit of doing.
The factors introduced at Amsterdam by the outer Chambers, contrary to the 26"" article of
the Charter, might be also dispensed with, as they draw salaries from those Chambers and
pay private storage when the Company's stores at Amsterdam are large enough to accommodate
their goods. Sufficient good understanding ought to exist among the respective Chambers
and Directors to induce the one to attend to the business of the other, as is customary with
the East India Company. More precise recommendations on the point of Retrenchment in the
several Chambers could be submitted, had they condescended to send us, pursuant to the order
of the XIX. and to our letters, the ordinary and extraordinary expenses each has to bear in its
own department ; but having never been able to prevail on the Chambers to furnish us with
a correct account, we hope that each now feeling its own sore, will in future take better care
to relieve itself from all unnecessary expense.
In addition to the excessive salaries of some superior officers, which alone amount, according
to a certain list, to more than ten thousand guilders per month, the Company is mainly
burthened in Brazil by the great number of military, who on account of the rations they draw, in
addition to their pay, are twice as expensive as soldiers in this country. There are a number
of commissaries, assistants and other followers, hired and employed in disbursing the weekly
rations and pay in divers garrisons, who by their frauds, estimates of leakage, and other sinister
practices, swindle the Company of a considerable amount. The greater part of this could be
saved, were the soldiers there paid in money, as we have more fully submitted to the XIX.,
and as would have been put into practice had not it been for the revolt and the cessation
of the Company's incomes and domains in Brazil. But should the soldiers' wages and board
be embodied in one sum, this could, in time, be diminished, and the soldiers receiving their
Vol. T. 31
242 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
pay in cash, could go at their pleasure, to market, in the cheapest manner, and have less to
complain of than now.
What farther relates to Retrenchment in Brazil and the other conquests, must be particularly
recommended to and enjoined on the supreme government and the directors of said districts,
who, being on the spot, can attend better to all such matters which they ought, of themselves,
to introduce, as by instruction they are obliged to do, and are personally bound to answer
specially for all that is intrusted to them.
Third jjoiiit — Of the Trade.
Trade. Comiug HOW to the third point of trade and commerce ; the Company ought
either to carry it on itself or allow private persons to prosecute it, since serious and lengthy
disputes have arisen on the subject among the Chambers to the sensible deterioration of the
Company. 'Twere well an end were at once put to these disputes, yet with such
circumspection that, the trade being regulated for the present according to the actual condition
of the conquests, might, in case of essential change therein, be hereafter modified according to
the urgency of affairs.
If now your High Mightinesses have to learn distinctly from the respective opinions of each
Chamber, the reasons they will produce in support of their pretension, nevertheless, to express
our opinions in general terms and without prejudice to any Chamber, it appears to us, under
correction, that exclusive of the West India islands and continent, which, up to the present
time, have been always frequented by private traders according to certain regulations from your
High Mightinesses and the commission of the respective Chambers granted for that purpose ;
the remaining places within the Charter where the Company maintains government, forts or
quarters, ought to be considered under two divisions, some being of a nature not to demand
any cultivation or population, affording simply trade ; others again, where the lands must
necessarily be first improved by agriculture and population if they are to render any return
of moment.
The first division includes all the places situate on the North Coast of Africa, from Cape
Verde south unto Cape Lopes Gonsalvo, where hides, gum, wax, elephants' teeth, grains of
paradise and chiefly Guinea gold are obtained in trade ; which wares are brought by Blacks
from a distance in the interior, without the aid of cultivation, and trucked with a few
commissaries stationed at posts and in vessels here and there. The Company can prosecute
this trade as well as, yea, better than individuals (who injure each other by misrepresentations),
especially were a certain capital or fund of money employed in it; were the cargoes bought
in good order and sent off in due season, and the greatest economy observed in the fitting out
of the ships. The XIX. adopted, heretofore, right good resolutions and orders on this subject
and on that of the trade to the coast of Guinea, but owing either to inability or jealousy of
the Chambers, they were not observed. That coast is, in consequence, much resorted to by
foreign nations, so that if other arrangements be not, in a short time, adopted in the premises,
it runs great risk of being wholly filched, or at least rendered unproductive for the Company.
There is no other way to prevent this than to appropriate a certain cash capital and fund
sufficient to carry on the trade, which ought to remain specially applied thereunto in the hands
of certain commissaries, or separate accounts kept of it, and all the profit of the trade divided
among the Chambers, and the capital remain always undiminished. By this means the trade
would be quickly reestablished and again attain vigor.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IlL 243
Respecting the separate trading posts at Argyn, Senegal, Cape Verde, Rio Gamliia and
Sierra Leone, to wJTicli eacii Chamber now independentlyresorts with its own stores and ships,
it has been, heretofore, sufficiently demonstrated to the XIX. that all those places had much
better been combined and visited annually by a first class ship, in rotation, or otherwise, and
at joint profit. By this means, a part of the unnecessary outfit can be dispensed with,
and much jealousy obviated among the Chambers which do not participate in the separate trade.
The Island of St. Thomas is indeed of a nature to derive more benefit from cultivation and
raising of produce. Free access and unrestricted trade are considered suitable means to
that end, although our people will not easily settle there on account of the insalubrity of the
climate, and because the best and most productive spots are already sufficiently peopled and
cultivated by Portuguese; so that nothing more remains than to take the sugars and other
produce of these people and to supply them, in return, with all sorts of goods and necessaries,
which do not yearly exceed one hundred thousand guilders. We should, therefore, be of
opinion, that the trade may be properly carried on by the Company, the rather as the four
ships going in turns from Guinea to St. Thomas could easily make the whole of their equipment
with the sugar freights ; yet, in order not to constrain the inhabitants of said Island to give
their sugars exclusively to the Company, and to take goods in return in payment, they could
be allowed to consign the sugars, cottons, ginger, &c., to private merchants in this country, and
to order goods from them in exchange upon Brazilian duties and freights ; but that must be
done exclusively in the Company's vessels for reasons before mentioned.
Much question obtains just now as to whether the Angola trade ought to be reserved to the
Company or thrown open to individuals. This is, in our opinion, as yet, premature, and
cannot be absolutely decided at present, partly because it is not yet known, with certainty,
what is the condition of things there at this moment, and whether the inland trade through
the Portuguese is not altogether closed to private persons as well as to the Company. Secondly :
because Brazil is not yet recovered and reduced to order; according to the condition of which
this entire trade must be mainly arranged.
Brazil being, with God's help, first recovered, and the cultivation of the soil, together with
the establislimeut of so many ruined plantations (ingenhos) commenced, a large number of
slaves would doubtless be immediately required there, especially as the Company, by success
of arms, may yet reduce some of the Southern Captaincies of Brazil beyond the frontiers ;
particular attention must then be paid that slaves be obtained at a reasonable price, otherwise
the Seigniors of the plantations (ingenhos) and freemen might not be able to pay the cost of
those they may require for farm work.
Here it must now be taken into consideration, whether the Company itself ought to furnish
all the slaves in Brazil, either selling them for cash for as much as they may be worth, or giving
them on credit to the inhabitants at a regular rate, payable in produce and sugar. Experience
teaches that slaves, in consequence of the scarcity of money in Brazil, do not fetch as much
cash as the Company expends in goods, outfit and freight inclusive; so that the maintenance
of the garrisons in Angola is mostly become a charge to the Company, and in consequence of
giving credit for the slaves, without getting prompt payment in sugars or other returns from
Brazil, the Chambers have very suddenly ceased and abandoned the sending of new cargoes;
for nofc-a ship has been sent thither by any of the Chambers now within the space of eighteen
months. And though new capital were furnished for the purpose, there is no certainty that the
Company would fare better in future, except yearly cargoes be again provided to be bartered
244 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
in Guinea for two to three thousand slaves to be sold on their own account. The next means
would be to open the Angola slave trade to individuals on these or similar conditions, to wit ;
that they convey cargoes in their own ships to Loando St. Paulo, there to be exclianged for
slaves either by their own factors or by the Portuguese traders who may resort thither under
our obedience, and export those slaves with the Director's knowledge, upon certain duty and
toll in their own ships to Brazil and even elsewhere, to be sold or credited there to the Seigniors
of plantations.
And were this means deemed useful not alone to relieve the Company henceforth from this
disbursement and risk, but also to induce private individuals anew to hazard some more capital
for the advancement of agriculture, and by the benefiting of one country through means of the
other, furnisii the inhabitants and Traders with greater hope of profit; it is apparent that
a greater number of slaves will be introduced by individual traders, who will spread themselves
far and near, than has been as yet done by the Company, which has received only as many as
the Blackamoors (Mouhierse) and the Portuguese brought them from Massangano, on which no
certain calculation can be made ; consequently the duties and tolls for the support of the garrisons
in Angola would produce more than the profit the Company could calculate on from so small
a number of slaves as hath been traded for some time past.
The slave trade to Brazil being opened with the approbation of the Chambers, it is to be
further considered, as slaves during the revolt in Brazil cannot command any especial sale there,
whether it would not be better to permit their exportation directly from Angola or at least from
Brazil, to other places on double duty. But besides other difficulties which manifest themselves
in this point, it must be borne in mind, that in case a way be once opened for slaves, where
greater profits would be realized than in Brazil, then private traders will mostly take that
course, and Brazil thus remain deprived of a due supply of slave labor on the abundance of
which, however, the cultivation and prosperity of our conquest must depend. Also, whenever
private traders could raise the price of slaves elsewhere, the merchants in Angola would begin
to compete among each other and run up the price, and thus ruin all at once the trade at Brazil.
In order to contrive a middle course herein, it is submitted, whether the business could not
be so regulated that the slave staple be provisionally established at Brazil, so that all private
traders from Angola must first touch there, without being able to go directly elsewhere ; expose
the slaves to sale at the Recifl^, or barter them with the Seigniors of the Plantations (Ingenios)
and not be at liberty to export them so long as each slave, one with another, is worth twenty
milreas or one hundred and fifty guilders cash, or so much more or less as the traders might
with a reasonable profit be able to obtain ; acting thus, traders would, in the first place, have
no inducement to enhance the market for slaves in Angola relying upon what tiiey should be
able to sell them for in Brazil ; secondly, the inhabitants of Brazil would not be imposed on in
the price, especially if such order were made in Brazil that Jobbers and Jews, who buy up the
slaves for cash, should not sell thera on credit at a higher rate than one per cent a month,
the slaves being hypothecated to them for the full amount. But whenever Brazil is supplied
with slaves, or otherwise has no need of them, the remainder might be allowed, with the
permission of the supreme government there, and on paying a reasonable toll, to be exported
farther. By this means the slave trade which hath so long lain dormant, to the great damage
of the Company, might by degrees be again revived ; Angola, independent of the Company's
supplies, would be somewhat assisted by the trade of individual merchants ; the country be
cultivated by freemen, who will settle there for the purpose of raising provisions and necessaries,
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IIL 245
and the tolls and duty on the slaves, can contribute somewhat to lessen the burthen of our
Military there. Such at least might be allowed provisionally for some time, until the condition
of affairs, whether in Brazil or elsewhere, otherwise demand.
Coming now to the conquests of Brazil and New Netherland, it is notorious that all their profit
and prosperity must proceed exclusively from the cultivation of the soil, and this cannot be
better promoted than by population. It is, indeed, true that the supply and abundance of slaves,
by whom the tillage of the soil must be accomplished, obviates the necessity of a great number
of people who would otherwise be required for Agriculture. Nevertheless, if slaves are to be
properly treated, they must have their particular owners, each of whom undertakes colonies,
plantations and farms according to his circumstances and means, and endeavors by slave labor
to derive therefrom, either for immediate support or for exportation, whatever can be a source
of profit.
Population in Brazil can be promoted not only by pointing out for its support lands fit for
cultivation, but the common people be induced to settle there especially, provided all necessaries
which do not grow there, and must absolutely be brought from Fatherland, can be procured at
a cheap rate there. Moreover, those who have any means to establish plantations and colonies
[^Inge?ihos'] must be encouraged as well by the concession of privileges for the Seigniors of the
colonies llngen/ios], exemption from tolls for some time, and other advantages, as, mainly, by
the hope of profit they will realize by the improvement and barter of their products. Free trade
will contribute, it is supposed, more to this end than exclusive commerce, especially as the
former is regulated according to the merchant's greatest supply, and burthened with less charges
than the Company's circumstances can at any time justify. The order hitherto observed in
loading the goods of private traders in the Company's ships, hath given them occasion
frequently to complain ; because several Chambers laying on three ships probably each time,
which do not sail before they are full, (a thing that sometimes takes a long while) merchants
cannot make any calculation respecting the arrival of their goods at Brazil ; moreover, the
Chambers whose turn it is to fit out ships, have frequently rejected goods of the greatest bulk
and lowest duty, or left them lying a long time in store to the injury of the merchants, and
sometimes the goods are not accommodated with storage, etc., in the Company's ships to the
satisfaction of the merchants. But the excessive freights of exported merchandise and
particularly imported sugars, have so burthened goods, that not only the inhabitants of Brazil
must pay the highest price for every thing, but the traders of this country, unable to compete
with other nations, are wholly excluded from the trade.
These inconveniences ought by all means be remedied either by issuing an order that the
ships taking turns (tourschepen), must hereafter be put up for a time certain ; for example,
three to four weeks; and not being full in that time, must complete their loading with the
Company's goods, and proceed to sea with the earliest fair wind ; no distinction being made
in receiving and accommodating goods, on condition that the receipt of the recognitions
be equalized among, and effectively paid to, the other Chambers ; that the freights be
proportionably reduced to what the Company might take them in chartered ships. Otherwise,
and if no better order be introduced among the alternating ships than has prevailed hitherto,
private traders ought be allowed to prosecute the trade in their vessels, on a regulated plan, as
proposed by the principal stockholders of Amsterdam and Zealand ; if, indeed, it is desirable
that any merchant continue longer to trade to Brazil, when it is notorious, that the Company
is not in a condition to supply of itself all the Brazilian necessaries for the support of so
many thousand people in addition to those going to keep plantations (Ingenhos).
246 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Should this throwing open the trade to private vessels be distasteful to some Chambers, in
the supposition that the free course of trade which tends more to one place than to another,
would prove prejudicial to their Chambers and cities and diminish their freights, it is
submitted wliether, in such case, those Chambers would not be satisfied by allowing them to
send more vessels to other districts, so that each member may enjoy its proper management,
and the provinces the benefit of the trade which was allowed them respectively on the
establishment of the Company.
Respecting New Netherland : That country is considered to be the most fruitful of all within
your High Mightinesses' jurisdiction, and the best adapted to raise all sorts of this country
produce, such as rye, wheat, barley, peas, beans, etc., and cattle; and that in more
abundance than can be done here, were it suitably peopled and cultivated. The granting of
Freedoms and Privileges, hath indeed induced some Patroons and Colonists to undertake
agriculture there ; but as the produce cannot be sold any where except in the adjacent places
belonging to the English, who are themselves sufficiently supplied, those planters have not
received a return for their labor and outlay. With a view, then, to give greater encouragement
to agriculture, and consequently to population, we should consider it highly advantageous that
a way be opened to allow them to export their produce even to Brazil, in their own vessels,
under certain duties, and subject to the supervision both of the Director in New Netherland,
and the Supreme Council in Brazil ; and to trade it off* there, and to carry slaves back in
return; which privilege of sailing with their own ships from New Netherland to Brazil, should
be exclusively allowed to Patroons and Colonists, who promote the population in New
Netherland, and not to the interlopers, who only carry goods to and fro, without attending to
agriculture. By this means not only would Brazil be supplied with provisions at a cheaper
rate, but New Netherland would by slave labor, be more extensively cultivated than it has
hitherto been, because the agricultural laborers, who are conveyed thither at great expense to
the Colonists, sooner or later apply themselves to trade, and neglect agriculture altogether.
Slaves, on the other hand, being brought and maintained there at a cheap rate, various other
descriptions of produce would be raised, and by their abundance be reduced in price, so as to
allow, when occasion would offer, of their advantageous exportation hither and to other parts
of Europe.
Thus having now treated of the three points of reform in the Company, referred to us by
your High Mightinesses, to wit. Superintendence, Retrenchment and Trade, we shall add a
few words on the subject of the Company's finances, or means of support; as without
amendment herein, the preceding points can never be thoroughly introduced, nor put into
practice by the respective Chambers; it being notorious, that a great portion of the abuses or
•disorders in the Company, principally In the department of trade, proceeds from the want of
means and scarcity of cash ; because each Chamber is under greater necessity to extricate itself
from embarrassment than to pay attention to the general interest. By this means the
conquests of Guinea, St. Thomas and Angola, were not, sometimes since, properly supplied;
yea more, they have been rather a burthen than a profit to the Company.
The decline in the Company's finances is caused, among other things, by the heavy military
force in Brazil ; especially during the war with the Portuguese. For this reason, the
government of this country promised the Company, at the last augmentation of its capital, and
on the issue of the Charter, to pay a yearly subsidy of seven tons of gold. But Its payment
not being forthcoming as promptly as the Company's circumstances demanded, the latter was
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: III. 247
obliged to borrow a considerable sum, the interest whereof it must now daily pay, to its
serious embarrassment. It has happened, moreover, that since the outbreak in Brazil, all
the Tenths, Excise, Revenue and other Domains and Receipts, which might be applicable to the
lessening of this charge, have wholly ceased, and few returns coming over, the current debts
are also remarkably increased by the respective Chambers, so that it is impossible to continue
business any longer in that country; much less to attend to the preservation and trade of the
foreign possessions, unless the Company be succored by prompt means in cash.
The stockholders, to all appearance, will not be induced to subscribe any thing additional
before Brazil be recovered, and, as already stated, placed in its previous condition ; because
it is the principal pledge on which their money has been invested ; and even though restored,
no assurance can be given them, that the ancient difficulty would not hereafter return, so long
as the burthen of the military continues to hang around their neck ; therefore, your High
Mightinesses ought, above all things, vote the extraordinary aid for Brazil, as requested and
already consented to by some provinces; and, consequently, after the accomplishment of the
principal design in Brazil, reduce the military which are required there for the defence
and maintenance of the garrisons in that quarter, to a smaller number, to be continued and
supported at the public expense, at least until Brazil again recovers itself, and the excise
and tenths and similar public revenues, produce sufficient to defray the military expenses.
Should the inhabitants of Brazil, considered as the subjects of this State, receive in this way
that protection and benefit from your High Mightinesses which they might enjoy in this
country, freemen would be encouraged to settle down there quietly under your High
Mightinesses' guardianship, and Brazil being riveted to this country, might not only afford trade
and support for many thousand people in time of peace, but serve as a bulwark for the
security of this State in time of war, and as a point from which the enemy in the vicinity
of his West Indies could be harrassed and kept always more effectually in check.
The fifteen tons of gold receivable from the East India Company would serve to stock
Brazil and Angola with provisions, munitions of war, stores and general supplies, and lit out
ships and yachts both for the conveyance thereof and the defence of the coasts.
For the payment of the salaries of the superior officers in Brazil, which amount, as before
stated, to over ten thousand guilders per month, and of other additional officers in the
respective Colonies, who might be placed to the account of the General Company, the
Commissioners recently at the Hague voted and applied on the tenth of December, the revenue
and duty from privateers and private jmerchantmen trading within the limits of the charter;
with orders that the moneys received be consigned to this Board of Accounts, and that the
preceding salaries be paid therefrom. But in consequence of divers obstacles on the part of
some Chambers which would not willingly surrender the aforesaid revenue, wherewith they
Endeavor to defray their particular expenses, the said order has not been yet obeyed, and thus
the Board of Accounts is unable to satisfy the aforesaid superior officers, who will now transmit
their bills by the first ships. It would therefore be highly necessary that your High Mightinesses
issue orders for the prompt execution of the resolutions adopted by the Chambers, so that the
General Company may experience the benefit thereof, in the lessening of their common burthens.
As regards the remaining charges, such as the current debts of the respective Chambers, the
yearly interest of money in deposit, the accounts payable to those returning home from all
quarters, and other expenses accruing in this country, we see no means applicable thereunto,
as the Company's effects are very few, or none, and the respective conquests are destroyed, or so
248 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
reduced in matter of trade that little or no returns are to be expected from them. In addition
to this, new capital is demanded for the reestablishment of and trading to the North coast of
Africa, St. Thomas, and adjacent commercial posts, on the supposition that Angola be thrown
open to private traders, which otherwise would require a heavy capital. Before being
encouraged by the vigorous aid of the government, it ought to be determined whether the
stockholders could not be disposed to do something on their part, and to furnish a new
subscription or capital loan of ten (^ twelve per cent, payable periodically or in instalments.
Of this loan a million ought to be voted and appropriated to the aforesaid trade to Guinea, St.
Thomas and adjacent places, in order first, to provide these posts with all sorts of cargoes,
and to exclude therefrom the English and foreign nations, and, further, to defray out of that
fund the provisioning and establishment of the coast and the outfit of the ships. Whatever
may remain from the aforesaid new subscription, ought to be applied to the liquidation of the
most urgent debts and incumbrances, which cannot be "deferred. In case the Company be
further aided by a subsidy, and somewhat relieved by your High Mightinesses, at least until its
returns produce sufficient for the payment of the interest of the moneys on deposit, which, as
above stated, were taken up in consequence of the subsidy in arrear, 'tis confidently to be
hoped that affairs, both at home and abroad, may, through (Jod's blessing, he again established,
and the respective conquests brought by degrees into a flourishing condition, in order that they
may be able hereafter, not only materially to reduce the Company's yearly incumbrances, but
bring forth some fruit to the stockholders, to indemnify them for so much sunk capital.
Thus done and drawn up by the Commissioners in the Board of Accounts of the General
Incorporated West India Company at Amsterdam, this 19"" April, Sixteen hundred and
forty-seven.
(Signed) J. Blommaekt
M. Alttngh.
Resolution of the States General, referring the precedi7ig Papers.
[ From the Register of West India affairs, 1633 — 1651, in the Koyal Archives at the Hague.]
Thursday, ix"" April, 1648.
jochu^''" ^iMeters "^'^^ additional petition presented, with divers papers annexed, to their High
cuyte^r and Cornelia Mightinesses, in the name and on behalf of Jochum Pieters' Cuyter and Cornells
Melyn is, after previous consideration, placed in the hands of the Mess" van der Capelle the
Ryssel, and others their High Mightinesses' Deputies for the affairs concerning the Redress of
the Decline of the West India Company, to inspect, examine and to look into the past
proceedings thereupon, and to report on the whole with power to their High Mightinesses'
Deputies who may be present, to proceed to business in the absence of one or the other of the
committee ; to progress therein and to terminate the same.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IIL 249
Resolution of the States General permitting Messrs. Cuyter and Melyn to return to
New Netherland.
[From the Register of West India Affairs, 168S— 1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague.]
Tuesday, 2S* April, 1648.
jochinTpeterss, Cay- '^^^ Fcport of Mess" van A&Y Capelle tho Ryssel and the other their High
Melyn.*'"' ^^"""""^ iV'ightlnesses' Deputies, who, pursuant to their High Mightinesses' resolutions of
the 11 January last, and the 9"" instant, inspected and examined the respective petitions
presented to their High Mightinesses in the name and on the behalf of Jochim Pieters' Cuyter
and Cornelis Melyn, together with the papers thereunto annexed, being heard: It is after
previous deliberation, resolved and concluded to grant the petitioners, hereby, provisional
appeal, with the clause suspending the respective sentences pronouced against them on 25th
Pr stuyvesant. July, of the year 1647, by Peter Stuyvesant, Director of New Netherland, in the
Mandamus. West Indies, with the advice of his Council ; and the petitioners are further
allowed and granted liberty to return to New Netherland aforesaid, and free and unmolested
to use and enjoy their property there, the same as other Colonists and inhabitants, pending
the case in appeal; and letters shall be addressed to the present commander and mutatis
mutandis, to the government there, that they leave the parties unmolested and in the enjoyment
of their High Mightinesses' resolution ; with this understanding that this shall not be drawn
into precedent, to the prejudice of the charter granted to the West India Company of
this country.
States General to Director Stuyvesant.
[From the BegUter of TJUgegant Brieven of the States 0eneral, in the Royal Archives at the Hague.]
To the Director in New Netherland, 28"" April, 1648, and mutatis mutandis to the
government in New Netherland.
The States General, &c.
Folio 88. Honorable, &c. We have this day heard and considered the report of Mess" our
Deputies, who, pursuant to our previous resolutions of the xi January last, and of the 9"" instant,
have investigated and examined the several petitions presented unto us, in the name and on the
Cuyter and Melyn. behalf of Jochum Pieters Cuyter and Cornelis Melyn ; also the papers thereunto
annexed; and after previous deliberation have, consequently, granted the petitioners provision
of appeal, with the clause suspending the respective sentences pronounced against them, on the
24 July, of the year 1647, with the advice of his Council, by Peter Stuyvesant, Director of
New Netherland, within the limits of the West India Company ; and We have, moreover,
granted to and allowed the petitioners liberty, pending the case in appeal, to return hence to
New Netherland aforesaid, and free and unmolested to enjoy and use their property there, the
same as other Colonists and inhabitants ; of all which We have resolved hereby to advise
Vol. T. 32
250 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
you, and to order and charge you, that you shall allow the aforesaid petitioners to act
unmolested and peaceably to enjoy the full effect of these, Our good designs and intentions,
without failing in any way therein. Done 28"" April, 1648.
Mandamus in Case of the Appeal of Messrs. Ciiyter and Alelyn.
[From the AcU-boek of the States General, In the Eoyal Archirea at the Hague. ]
Mandamus in case of appeal with suspensory clause for Jochem Pietersz Cuyter
and Cornells Melyn, inhabitants of New Netherland.
Folio 574. The States General of the United Netherlands to the first marshal or messenger
hereunto requested, who is qualified to act. Health. Know Ye, that We have received the
humble petition presented unto Us, by and on behalf of Jochim Pietersz Cuyter and Cornells
Melyn, setting forth that they, the petitioners, had, by permission and leave of the Assembly
of the Nineteen, of the General West India Company, transported themselves in the year One
thousand six hundred and thirty-nine, with wives and children, and the means of private
citizens, besides a large stock of cattle from this country into New Netherland, so that they,
the petitioners, had in the year 1643, after a heavy outlay, much trouble and indescribable
labor, brought into good order their lands, houses and other improvements, which they were
obliged to abandon in the year aforesaid, in consequence of the war that Director Kieft
illegally and contrary to all public Law, had commenced against the Indians or inhabitants of
New Netherland, and have accordingly lost all their property; wherefore the petitioners,
together with the other six chosen men resolved, in the name of the unanimous Commonalty
in New Netherland, and sent over by the Blue Cock in the year 1644, their complaints on this
point in two letters to the Assembly of the Nineteen, and to the Directors in Amsterdam. The
mischiefs which followed this deed of murder, massacre and other additional abominations,
that Director Kieft, of his own motion, permitted at the time to be perpetrated on the innocent
and guiltless Indians, which must startle the Christian heart that hears of them, may be fully
seen in the original letter to the Nineteen.' The Eight chosen men were not aware that they
had, in thus acting, committed any offence, but hoped that the most favorable construction
would be placed on it by the Directors, who, however, the petitioners find did, on the contrary,
take the letter in the worst part, and accordingly sent it by the new Director Stuyvesant, back
to New Netherland to Director Kieft. The consequence of this was, that the aforesaid Kieft
determined to proceed very severely against the Eight chosen men, especially against both the
Petitioners, and had them prosecuted by the Fiscal, so that Director Stuyvesant, to gratify
the aforesaid Kieft, hath banished the petitioners for some years from the country as they
would not contradict the truth, and persisted in their previous writings. The Petitioners then
turned unto Us, requesting, imploring, praying, for God's sake, that We would please to protect
them in their rights, that they may be able to return to their poor, desolate wives and
children, and be established in their previous condition on their lands, and in case the
'Supra, p. 100. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IIL 251
Petitioners have given offence by any improper papers, tending to injure New Netheriand or
tiie pulilic vpeal (wiiich they in no way desired), they submit themselves here to such
punishment as We shall find appropriate; but it will appear, on the contrary, that the
Petitioners had no other aim in their writings than the promotion of the public good and
the wished for peace in New Netheriand, and the removal of the inhuman cruelties, tyranny and
misgovernment which the servants of the West India Company, and especially Director Kieft,
inflicted from time to time on the Natives of New Netheriand; the consequence whereof is,
that by these barbarous proceedings, the country is wholly prostrate, the settlers hunted, their
lands laid waste, the bouweries and plantations, to the number of 50 or 60 burnt and laid in
ashes, and what is worst of all, the Dutch name is through those cruel acts, despised to a most
sovereign degree, by the Heathens of those parts: And whenever the poor inhabitants
complained to the supreme government of these harsh doings, they were so persecuted by the
Directors there, that the Dutch, in course of time, abandoned the country, and little more than
one hundred men, besides private traders, are found there at this day. It is therefore much to
be apprehended, that the English will endeavor in time, to become masters of it, for they, of
late years, have come near unto the Dutch, and within fifteen years have increased in New
England to fifty or sixty thousand souls, who have now already got a smack of the productiveness
and of the convenient navigable rivers of Our New Netheriand. The Petitioners, then, earnestly
imploring that this, their humble petition, may by Us be taken into consideration, and they be
granted their reasonable and fair request, which, also, the Assembly of the Nineteen itself
promisedin their charter of 1630, to all Patroons and free inhabitants: seeing which, We,
therefore, request and command you, who are hereby deputed hereunto, to summon, in Our
name, at the request of the aforesaid Petitioners, the above named Director Stuyvesant, and
those of the government in New Netheriand aforesaid, with all others required, to come
and appear, or send attorneys, on a suitable day, to sustain and defend the aforesaid sentences
and the tenor thereof before Us, here at the Hague, or to renounce the same if they think proper ;
to see and hear the same adjudged null, void, and of no effect, and accordingly, legally to amend
and correct them according to law, if such be right, on such application as the Petitioners, on
the day appointed, shall present, in order, parties being heard, the Petitioners may by Us, be
provided with such remedy of justice, and also of grace if necessary, as shall be found pertinent
and applicable to the case. Moreover, right stricly forbidding and commanding in Our behalf,
on certain heavy penalties, the aforesaid defendants, and all others whom it may concern, that
pending the matter in appeal, they neither do attempt, nor innovate any thing against the
aforesaid Appellants, but, on the contrary, if any thing be done, attempted or innovated, that
they immediately and without hesitation repair it, and place it in its first and proper position.
Leaving copy hereof and of your summons for the behoof of the Defendants, and reporting to
Us, on the day aforesaid, what you shall have done herein. Given in the Hague, on the
twenty-eighth day of April, XVI' and forty-eight.
252 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Resolution of the States General approving the preceding Mandamus.
[ From the Kegister of West India Affairs, 1688—165), in the Royal Archives at the Hagne. ]
Thursday, 30'" April, 1648.
cuyier and Meiyn. The draft of the Maiidamus in the case of appeal prepared by order of their
High Mightinesses in behalf of Jochum Pieters' Cuyter and Cornells Melyn being read to the
Assembly, it is, after previous deliberation, held as enacted, and it is further ordered to be
dispatched and issued.
Mesolution of the States General to grant Safeguard to Messrs. Cuyter and
[From the Register of West India Affairs, 1633—1651, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, 6"" May, 1648.
A certain other petition presented to their High Mightinesses in the name and
Cuyter and Cornells Melyn, their High
Mightinesses' subjects and inhabitants in New Netherland, is read to the Assembly,
Mandamus. Setting forth, that their High Mightinesses were pleased on the 28"" April last, to
grant them, the petitioners, a Mandamus in case of appeal, with the clause suspending the
sentence which Peter Stuyvesant, Director of New Netherland under the West India Company,
with the advice of his Council, pronounced against them on the 25"" July, 1647, and that their
High Mightinesses, in addition, have granted them, the petitioners, liberty, pending the case in
appeal, to return hence to New Netherland aforesaid, and use and enjoy their property there
free and unmolested, the same as other colonists and inhabitants. They, the Petitioners,
praying their High Mightinesses to be pleased to extend their favor further, so far as to advise
the Assembly of the XIX. thereof, or in its absence, the presiding Chamber of the West India
Company; and further, to grant them, the petitioners, Acte ad omnes Populos, and particularly
to those directly or indirectly under the jurisdiction of this State, so that tliey, the Petitioners
may, with the one and the other, enjoy the effect of their High Mightinesses' kindness and
favorable resolution. Whereupon deliberation being had, it is resolved and concluded, that
agreeably to the Petitioners' request the aforesaid concession shall be notified to the aforesaid
Assembly of the Nineteen, or in their absence to the presiding Chamber of the said
Company; and to them, the Petitioners, shall be forthwith issued, Acte ad omnes Populos, and
particularly to all those who, directly or indirectly, are under the jurisdiction of this State;
so that the aforementioned Petitioners, both one and the other, may enjoy the effect of their
High Mightinesses' resolution and concession aforesaid. And the aforesaid Mandamus shall be
enlarged, as it is hereby enlarged thus far, to wit: that the said Mandamus shall be served not
only by a messenger, marshal or notary, but by such other person, whether public or private,
as they, the Petitioners, jointly or severally may accept and empower.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: III. 253
Passport to Messrs. Cuyter and Melyn to return to New Neiherland.
[ From the Acte-ioek of the States General, in the Eoyal Arcfaires at the Hagne. ]
Act ad omnes Populos for Jocheni Pietersz Cuyter and Cornelis Melyn, inhabitants
of New Netherland.
Folio 277. Tlie States General of the United Netherlands. To all those who shall see or
hear these read, Health : Be it Known, Whereas, We, on the 28"" April last, did grant unto
Joachim Pietersz Cuyter and Cornelis Melyn provision of appeal with the clause of inhibition
(according to the Letters thereof issued) from the respective sentences which Peter Stuyvesant,
Director of New Netherland, in the West Indies, with the advice of his Council, pronounced
against them on the 25"" July, of the year 1647 ; and have, moreover, accorded and granted
liberty to the Petitioners, pending the case in appeal, to return to New Netherland aforesaid,
and there enjoy and make use of their property free and unmolested, the same as other
Colonists and inhabitants ; We, therefore, request all Kings, Princes, Potentates, Republics,
Parliaments, States and Deputies, being with Us and these United Netherlands in friendship,
alliance and neutrality; also, their admirals, lieutenants and vice admirals, captains and
commanders to allow said Joachim Pietersz Cuyter and Cornelis Melyn to prosecute their
voyage to New Netherland aforesaid, they being inhabitants and subjects of this State, and We
shall on that account be and remain at all times, disposed, such to reciprocate towards the
illustrious Kings, Princes, Potentates, the high and honored Republics, Parliaments, States and
Deputies and to acknowledge towards the aforesaid their admirals, lieutenants and vice-admirals,
and captains, and likewise towards their inhabitants and subjects on all occurring occasions.
We further charge and command all admirals, lieutenants and vice-admirals, captains,
lieutenants, commanders and common soldiers and sailors, being directly in Our service, and
in that of the General Incorporated West India Company of this country to afford and lend to
the afore-named Joachim Pietersz. Cuyter and Cornelis Melyn in the prosecution of their
aforesaid voyage to New Netherland, all help, assistance and address, and to this end to convey
and transport them as passengers, and at their own cost, in the respective ships under their
comnaand, if by them thereunto requested; also, to land them whereseover the aforesaid ships
shall have designed to go and their voyage lies, on pain, of acting contrariwise, of incurring
Our highest indignation, for such We have found expedient. Given at the Hague in Our
Assembly, under Our Seal, paraph and the Signature of our Greffier, on the vi. May, 164S.
Resolution of the States General on the Treaties, cfec, entered into ly the West
India Company.
[ From the Begiater of Weit India affain, 163S — 1651, in the Bojral Archives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, 27"» August, 1648.
Folio 424. In fulfillment of their High Mightinesses' resolution of the 14"" instant, and the
letters of the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company consequent thereupon,
254 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Copies of autheniio Directof de Laet delivered unto the Assembly authentic copies of such treaties,
treaties, ponlracts,
Princes^and Pmelf' contracts and capitulations as the said West India Company hath made and
^^^'- concluded with the Kings, Princes and Potentates within the limits of their
Charter. Whereupon deliberation being had, it is resolved and concluded that the aforesaid
authentic copies be locked up and preserved.
Resolution of the States General on the Petition of the Guardians of Johannes
van Rensselaer.
[ From the Register of West India affairs, 1C85— 1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague.]
Wednesday, 21=' October, 1648.
Folio 481. 'Yhe, petition of the guardians of Johan van Renselaer, minor son of Kiliaen
^an^jjinseiaer'!"''^'' vau Reuselaer, being read to the Assembly. It is, after previous deliberation,
resolved and concluded that it be placed, with the papers annexed, in the hands of the Mr. van
Renswoude, to inspect, examine and report thereupon; and this resolution shall be made public
without reconsideration.
Resolution of the States General on the Report in the case of Johannes van Rensselaer.
[ From the Register of West India affairs, 1633—1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hagae.]
Thursday, 22 October, 1648.
Folio 431. Having heard the report of Mr. van Reinswoude who, in virtue of their "High
Mightinesses' order yesterday, inspected and examined the petition, with the papers thereunto
annexed, presented on the same day to their High Mightinesses, in the name and on behalf of
Ta"nEenseia"°''^° ^^^ guardians of Johan van Renselaer, minor son of deceased Kiliaen van
Eenseiaors Wyck. Reuselaer, for Letters of Investiture of High, Middle and Low Jurisdiction over
the Colonic situate in New Netherland and called Renselaers Wyck. It is, after previous
deliberation, resolved and concluded to hereby thank the said Mr. van Reinswoude for and on
account of the trouble taken by him in the aforesaid ; but before proceeding finally in the
matter, it is resolved and determined that copy of the aforesaid petition, as well as of
the papers thereunto annexed, be transmitted to the Assembly of the XIX. of the West
India Company, at present convened in Amsterdam, in order to understand from it, without
delay, whether it have any valid objections against the aforesaid investiture, and to
communicate the same to them in the speediest manner. And the petitioners are, meanwhile,
esteemed diligent.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IIL 255
Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company to the S'ates General.
[ From the Original, in Ihe Koyal ArchiTes at the Hagae ; File, West Indit,']
To the High and Mighty Lords States General of the United Netherlands.
High and Mighty Lords.
The Directors of the Incorporated West India Company at the Amsterdam Chamber having
received your High Mightinesses' letter of the SO"" October last with the copy of the petition
presented on the same day to your High Mightinesses, by or on behalf of Jacob Tafyn, they
state for information thereupon, that they have received advices by letter from Director Petrus
Stuvesant, written in Fort Amsterdam in New Netherland, on the 5"" of August last, that a
Spanish bark, burthen about 70 to 80 lasts, had been sent in there, laden with hides, and
captured by the yacht the Cat conveying some horses from the Island of Cura9ao to the
Caribbean Islands, a portion of which aforesaid hides the said Director had sold there, and
would send the remainder, amounting to about 2000, to this country, as was subsequently
done. And as the aforesaid prize, according to the law of Nations and the treaty of peace
concluded between this State and the King of Spain, is without any gainsay, well and duly
sent in ; without the Company being able, or bound, to know whose property any of the
freighted goods were which, however, by means of that prohibited ship also were rendered
contraband. The above named Directors, pursuant to the Company's order, therefore
considered themselves to be warranted to take the benefit of, and to sell the aforesaid goods
sent over to this country. Then having remarked by the aforesaid letter that your High
Mightinesses had provisionally staid the aforesaid sale, we have deemed it expedient, in addition
to the present information and in consideration thereof, humbly to solicit your High
Mightinesses, that we be at liberty to proceed, on the day appointed by the notices and of
which the merchants are now advised, with the aforesaid sale, and to benefit the most
advantageously by the goods; the rather, inasmuch as the said Tafyn or any one else who
might pretend a claim thereupon, which however cannot be, can and shall retain as much
right to the moneys proceeding from the aforesaid sale, as he hath had to the aforesaid property.
Which doing, etc.
Presented in the name of the Directors of the West India Company at Amsterdam,
the 6"> November, 1648.
( Signed ) Gvsbert Rudolpht.
Resolution of the States General on the petition of Mr. Blommaert and others.
[ From the Eegtster of West India affairs, 1G38— 1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hagae.]
Friday, 20"" November, 1648.
Folio 4«. The petition of Samuel Blommaert, Johannes de Laet, Margriete Reinst,
Samuel Blommart ■ i j- r
cum sociia. widow of Adam Bessels and Toussaint Muyssart, on and against the guardians ot
Colonie in New . « _^ , , . ^_ , . • r^ \ • c i^-r
Netherland. the miuor son of Kiliaen van Renselaer, relative to certain Colonie oi New
Netherland [being read] ; copy thereof is, after previous deliberation, placed in the hands of
said guardians, for the purpose of commenting thereupon in writing.
256 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Resolutions of the States General in the matter of Johannes van Rensselaer^ et al.
[From the Register of West India affaire, 1633—1651, in the Eoyal ArchlreE at the Hague.]
Monday, Se"- April, 1649.
Folio 457. Read to the Assembly the petition presented to their High Mightinesses in the
^aTEiuBeiae?."''" name, and on the behalf of the guardians of Johan van Renselaer, the son of
stuiresant. KIHaeD Van Renselaer, complaining of Petrus Stuivesant, the West India
Company's Director in Fort Amsterdam, situate at the Manathes in Nevs^ Netherland.
Whereupon, deliberation being had, it is, previous to proceeding further herein, resolved and
concluded, that the aforesaid petition shall be sent to the presiding Chamber of the aforesaid
Company resident at Amsterdam for information.
Resolution of the States General.
Monday, 26 April, 1649.
Folio 457. The answer of Johan van Weely and Wouter van Twiller, guardians of Joban
Johan van Weely ■' ^
and 'Woulcr Tan
Twyller.
van Renselaer, son of Kiliaen van Renselaer, to the petition heretofore presented
and'partnlrs"'"""' to their High Mightluesses by Samuel Bloemert and partners. Is, after previous
deliberation, handed to parties to reply thereunto, within the time of fourteen days after
service hereof.
Resolution of the States General.
Tuesday, 1 June, 1649.
Folio 461. The reply of Samuel Blommaert and associates, partners in the Colonie of
pir"«r' "'' New Netherland, to and against Jan van Wely and Wouter van Twiller,
as guardians of Johan van Renselaer, Is, after previous consideration, handed to Mess"
Huygens, Vett and van der Hoolck, to inspect and examine the same, and report thereon ; and
with this exception, parties shall be at liberty meanwhile to rejoin.
Resolution of the States General.
Friday, 4 June, 1649.
Folio 462. On consideration, it is hereby resolved and decided, to enlarge their High
Mightinesses' order of the 31" May last, placed in the margin of the answer presented on the
Samuel^ B^ommert game day to their High Mightinesses by Samuel Blommert and Jan de Laet
jaadeLaet. qualuatc quiL to the efFect that Mess" Huygens, Vett and van der Hoolck, their
High Mightinesses' preceding Deputies, shall be empowered to summon both parties before
them, on a certain day to be prefixed by them for that purpose, in order to accommodate, if
possible, the differences mutually existing between them ; and if not, to reader a report to
their High Mightinesses of their proceedings.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IV 257
Resolution of the States General.
Saturday, 3^ July 1649.
Folio 465. On consideration, it is resolved and decided that Johan van Wely and Wouter
Wcly and Twiler. m-i i- rx nii
Eeniuiaer. Van 1 wiler, guapdians ot Jan van Kenselaer, be notified to repair hither on next
Thursday, the S"" instant, for the purpose set forth in their High Mightinesses' Resolution of
the 4"" June ; and the letter to be written, shall be dispatched without reconsideration.
Resolution of the States General.
Thursday, 30 September 1649.
Folio 488. Read in the Assembly a certain memorial of Samuel Blommaert and Johannes
Eenseiaor. Renselaer's- Wyck in New Netherland, setting forth in effect, that they having
appeared some months ago before their High Mightinesses' Commissioners, the order was
made: that parties on both sides should exchange their papers within the space of fourteen
days, and then deliver said papers with the Advertisements into the hands of said
Commissioners, in order to make further disposition therein, as may be expedient; but so it is,
that they, the Petitioners have long since placed their p.ipers in the hands of their adversaries,
and that fourteen days more than a month have elapsed, without their opponents having
handed in any thing: Wherefore they, the petitioners, most humbly request their High
Mightinesses to be pleased to direct that their opponents be required to obey the aforesaid
Order within a brief space of time and that in default thereof, iheir High Mightinesses'
Commissioners be authorized, by deprivation of the right of defence or otherwise, to put an
end to the case in such manner as the aforesaid Commissioners shall determine, more especially
as the matter cannot suffer any further delay, without prejudice to the plaintiffs. Whereupon
deliberation being had, it is resolved and concluded that the guardians and heirs of Kiliaen
van Renselaer shall be held, as they are hereby expressly ordered again within the space of
eight days after the service hereof, to fulfill and obey their High Mightinesses' preceding order,
on pain of deprivation of their right.
Resolution of the States General on a letter received from Director Stuyvesant.^
[ From the Regiiter of West India Affaire, 1633 —1651, in the Eojal Archives at the Hague. ]
Saturday 9"- October, 1649.
Folio m. Received a duplicate of a despatch from Peter Stuyvesant, Director in New
stuyvesant. Netherland, without date or place, containing an answer to their High
Mightinesses' letter of the 28"" April last, transmitted to him Stuyvesant, in the matter of
'This letter, dated 10th of August, 1649, 13 omitted here, being a duplicate; the origiEal will be found, post, immediately
preceding "Resolvtion of the Stales General" of the 2ffth Noyember, 1649.— Ed.
Vol. I 33
258 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Cornelia Meiyn. Comclis Meljn condemned and relieved. Whereupon deliberation being had, it
is resolved and decided before proceeding any farther herein, that the past transactions shall be
looked up and read to the Assembly, in order to proceed afterwards as may appertain.
TJie Nine Men of New Netherland to the States General.
[ From the Original In'lhe Eoyal Archives at the Hague; Zoi-rftaj of the States General; Kubric West Indisehe C<mpngnie,'So. 30. Divition y
Great, Powerful, High and Mighty Sovereigns.
After our distressed circumstances had forced and obliged us to represent the poor condition
of this country and to pray for redress therein, we considered it proper to delegate also
some persons whom we know and acknowledge to be honorable, honest and trustworthy ;
likewise well experienced in, and acquainted with, the circumstances of this country, in order
that they may furnish your High Mightinesses, if such be your will and pleasure, with further
information and explanation on every subject & circumstance, and also to importune your
High Mightinesses to grant seasonable relief and aid. We, therefore, hereby humbly entreat
and request your High Mightinesses to be pleased to give credence in all things that they may
do or say in the premises, to these persons, to wit, Adriaen Van der Donck, Jacob van
CouwENHOVEN, and Jan Evertse Bout, our Delegates and Agents ; inasmuch as we know
them for persons of honor and of good name and fame, also right well disposed towards the
interest of this Country. With humble reverence we pray your High Mightinesses to be
pleased to grant them a favorable audience, and we are and remain your High Mightinesses'
faithful subjects.
We have, in addition, presumed to send your High Mightinesses a specimen of this country's
products, crops and forage most humbly praying that, according to our straitened circumstances,
it may be graciously accepted, which we pray God also to grant, to whose keeping we ever
commend your High Mightinesses' persons, deliberations and undertakings. Amen.
In the name, and on the behalf, of the Commonalty of New Netherland, Done the
26"" July 1649 in New Amsterdam, on the Island Manhattans in New Netherland.
(Signed) Augustin Herman.
Arnoldus van Hardenberch.
Oloff Stevenss.
Machyel Janssen.
Thomas Hall.
Elbert Elbertsen.
Govert Loockermans.
Received 13 October, 1649. Hendrick Hendrickse Kip.
(Addressed as follows :)
To the Great, Powerful, High & Mighty Lords
The Lords States General of
The United Netherlands residing at the Hague.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IV. 259
Petition of the Delegates from New Netherland to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Eoj-al Archives at the Hague; Loketkm of the States General ; Rubric Wat Indieelie Cmipagnie, No. 30; 3d division
of the Bundle.]
[l. S.]
To the High and Mighty Lords tlie States General of the United Netherlands.
The Delegates of the Commonalty in New Netherland most respectfully represent that
they, the Petitioners, being obliged, agreeably to the annexed request, to lay before your High
Mightinesses the Sober Condition and poor circumstances of New Netherland aforesaid, which
is clearly set before, and demonstrated to your High Mightinesses in said petition and more
minute Remonstrance, the Petitioners presuming that your High Mightinesses cannot well
have leisure as a body, being occupied by other public business, to examine the same, are
therefore under the necessity of addressing themselves to your High Mightinesses, respectfully
praying your High Mightinesses to be pleased to appoint some Members of your Assembly to
examine the said Petition and Remonstance, to hear the Petitioners verbally, and report being
rendered according to their finding, that your High Mightinesses may dispose thereof as to the
circumstances of the case according to your wise discretion, may appertain. Which doing etc.
Petition of the Coynmonalty of Nexo Netherland to the States General.
t From the Original ( on a sheet of paper somewhat thick and large ) in the Koyal Archivea at the Hague ; Locketkat of the States General ;
Rubric Weit Zndische CompugnU; 3d division of the Bundle. ]
To the Illustrious High and Mighty Lords, The Lords States General of the United
Netherlands, our Most Excellent Sovereigns.
Gracious Lords, etc.
Whereas in process of time this Province of New Netherland has attained a very poor and
most low condition, the cause whereof we presume to be First, Unsuitable government; 2°
Scanty privileges and exemptions ; 3° Onerous imposts of duties, exactions and such like ; 4°
Long Continued War ; 5° The loss of the Princess ; 6" A superabundance of Petty Traders
and pedlars (Schotten en Chmczen) and a want of Farmers and Farm servants: 7° Great dearth
in general ; 8° and lastly, the insufferable arrogance of the Natives or Indians, arising from
our smaller numbers, etc.
And having waited long in vain, for aid, redress and assistance from the Directors even in our
greatest need, though we petitioned and begged for it ; We, therefore, unable to delay any
longer, being reduced to the lowest ebb, have determined to fly for refuge to your High
Mightinesses, our gracious Sovereigns and the Fathers of this Province, most humbly craving
and beseeching you to look with eyes of compassion on this your Province, and that your High
Mightinesses would be pleased to order and redress matters so that dangers may be removed,
troubles put at end to, and population and prosperity promoted, as your High Mightinesses in
your illustrious wisdom shall consider best, only we have with humble reverence deemed it
260 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
proper and necessary, respectfully to petition your High Mightinesses for these following points
as advantageous for this Province:
First. We supplicate and beseech your High Mightinesses to supply New Netherland with
sufficient population to enable it to support, sustain and defend itself against Indians and others
who may disturb and invade it; for if this should fail, not only will the direst ruin follow, but
it will easily become a prey to our Neighbors ; and those who already dwell in it will be
forced to use all possible means to return and save themselves from misery, or to submit to
foreign Nations. All which will be remedied, in our humble opinion: I. Whenever your High
Mightinesses will be pleased to take this Province under your gracious safeguard, and allow
your Fatherly protection for this Country and its granted privileges to be made public and
manifest throughout the United Netherlands. Then would many be attracted towards this
country, from which, on the contrary, every one is discouraged by the Company's harsh
proceedings and want of means. II. Consequently were your High Mightinesses pleased for
a few years to send some vessels hither in order that people, principally Farmers and Farm
Servants, may with their poverty be removed and conveyed gratuitously hither, together with
some necessary support until the poor people have something in esse, your High Mightinesses
would not only relieve many embarrassed persons, but also may expect, through their
intercession with God, success, a blessing and prosperity. III. Also were your High
Mightinesses to please order that all vessels proceeding and trading to those Northern parts of
America, should touch first at the Manhattans in New Netherland, and bring with them as
many persons as seasonably present themselves, and they can conveniently carry at suitable
fixed rates, many friends (liefhebbers) would, no doubt, emigrate within a short time to
New Netherland.
Secondhj. We humbly solicit permanent Privileges and Exemptions which promote population
and prosperity and which, in our opinion consist: I. Of suitable municipal (borgerlycJce)
government, such as your High Mightinesses shall consider adapted to this Province, and
somewhat resembling the laudable Government of our Fatherland. II. Exemption from
imposts, tenths and burthens, which, at the first beginning, are disadvantageous and oppressive,
until the country becomes populous and somewhat permanently established. III. That the
returns in Tobacco shipped hence, be exempt from all duties. This would not only afford
great encouragement to the planters who convert the forest into farms, but be better also for
their servants who could thus be supplied with all sorts of necessaries. IV. Also, permission
to export, sell, and barter grain, timber and all other wares and merchandise the produce of
the Country, every way and every where your High Mightinesses have allies and have granted
to the Netherlanders the privilege of trade and resort. V. That your High Mightinesses should
please to grant Privileges and Freedoms to the Inhabitants for the encouragement of the
Fisheries which many suppose were good and profitable heretofore, and would hereafter be of
great importance.
Thirdly. We humbly beseech your High Mightinesses to be pleased to determine and so to
establish the Boundaries of this Country, both north and south, that all causes of difference,
discord and trouble may be cutoff and prevented: that your High Mightinesses' subjects may
live and dwell in peace and quietness and enjoy their liberty in trade and commerce within
the established boundaries. II. Also, that your High Mightinesses be pleased to preserve us
in peace with the neighboring Republics, Colonies, and other your High Mightinesses' allies,
so that we may pursue our country's trade, without let or hindrance, under proper regulations
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IV.
261
from your High Mightinesses, as well along the coast from Terra Nova to Cape Florida, as to
the West Indies and to Europe, wherever the Lord our God shall be pleased to permit ; and,
III. la order to make manifest your High Mightinesses' earnest support of this Province to
those who may be incredulous on that point, we respectfully entreat your High Mightinesses
to be pleased to quarter a company or two of Soldiers here for the defence of those dwelling
outside and in newly added plantations and colonies, until by our increase we shall dread
neither Indians nor other enemies, but even be able to prevent their mischievous acts.
All this have we concluded, with humble reverence, to propose according to our limited
knowledge and understanding, earnestly supplicating your High Mightinesses, for the love of
New Netherland, which now lies at its extremity, as is to be seen at length in our annexed
Remonstrance, to be pleased to direct your attention thereto according to your wise and
provident counsel, and to interpret most favorably this our presumption.
We pray and hope that the name of New Netherland and the conversion of the Heathen,
which ought to be hastened, will move your High Mightinesses hereunto. Awaiting, therefore,
a happy deliverance, we commend your High Mightinesses' persons and deliberations to the
protection of the Almighty, and remain your High Hightinesses' humble and obedient servants.
Written in the name, and on the behalf, of the Commonalty of New Netherland,
the six and twentieth of July, in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ, One thousand
six hundred and nine and forty, in New Amsterdam, on the Island Manhattans, in
New Netherland.
(Signed) Adriaen van der Donck.
AuGUSTiN Herman.
Arnoldus Van Haruenberch.
Jacob van Conwenhoven.
Oloff Stevenss.
Machyel Janssen.
Thomas Hall.
Elbert Elbertsen.
Govert Loockermans.
Hendrick Hendricksen Kip.
Jan Evertsen Bout.
(Endorsed)
Petition for the Committee of the Commonalty
of New Netherland. 13 October, 1649.
262 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Additional Observations on the preceding Petition.
[ From a MS. in the Koj al Archives at the Hague ; Loktikoi o( the States General ; Rubric Wait Indiiche Campagnie, No. 80 ; 5th diTision
of the Bundle. ]
1. Population.
2. Privileges. Further Explanation of, and Observations on the Petition to the Illustrious,
^' FROM^raEs H'S*! ''"•^ Mighty Lords States General of the United Netherlands, Our
4. Protection. Most Serene Sovereigns.
Gracious Lords.
Whereas, in process of time, this Province' of New Netherland has attained to a very poor
and low condition,^ the cause whereof we presume^ to be,
I. Unsuitable Government;^
II. Scanty Privileges and Exemptions;*
III. Onerous imposts of duties,* exactions and such like;'
IV. Long continued war;^
V. The loss of the Princess;'
' It is called a Province because it was invested, by their High Mightinesses, with the Arms of an Earl.
° It will be seen, generally, in the Remonstrance, that New Netherland has arrived at the lowest ebb, so
that if provision be not seasonably made in the premises, it will be wholly abandoned.
' Not that there is any doubt of it ; for it is as clear and notorious as that the Sun emits light. See
Remonstrance passim.
* That is bad and intolerable ; yea, wholly ruinous to the country as administered here by the Directors,
and in New Netherland by their Servants.
^ The Company hath never adhered strictly to any privileges in New Netherland, but always altered those
granted to suit its own convenience {ad proprium commodum). This hath caused decrease of population.
^ Before we can get our goods home we must pay 16. 4^ and 8, making 28|- per cent, besides the loss in the
shifting in and out of the stores. For, besides the trouble and expense, the Company's servants, who inspect
quasi correctly the goods, pay not the least regard, but rather throw them down than lift them up. For, in
Amsterdam, they must first be placed in store and inspected before going on board ; then a poor cargo must
be taken along, and in New Netherland soldiers are immediately placed on board, and a man is no longer
master of his own vessel ; afterwards, the cargo is discharged into the Company's Warehouse, and there it
proceeds so as to be a grief and vexation to behold ; for it is all measured anew, unpacked, thrown about, and
counted without either rule or order ; besides the Company's servants between whiles bite sharp and
carry away.
' Exactions, for they are not at all agreed upon ; remark, the Directors fixed all, as they took the fancy,
prcetextu Societatis, sed reversd ad proprium commodum, without the knowledge of the Patroons or the
Commonalty. But it is. Sic volo, sic juheo, stat pro ratione voluntas. It is very true, that they did not fully
attain, in this case, their object and aim, but blood was very near being shed before it could be prevented, and
then it was: — I'll remember and revenge it.
" As most of the people have lost thereby all they had and expected to get. This war was, also, unjust and
beirun contra jus gentium. Why ? The Americans gave us no pretext for it. Secondly, It was for no
reason nor in any real respect necessary. Thirdly, Those against whom we waged war were ten times, yea,
more than that, stronger than we who commenced hostilities.
^ For in her were lost very exact Maps; fully a hundred different samples of Minerals and numerous
Remonstrances and accounts of New Netherland.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IV. 263
VL Superabundance of Scots and Chinese;" Want of farmers and farm servants;^
VU. Great dearth in general ;
VIIL And, lastly, the insufferable arrogance^ of the Natives or Indians, arising from our
smaller number, etc;
And, having waited long for aid, redress and assistance from the Directors, in vain,'' even in
our greatest need,^ though we petitioned and begged for it;"
We, therefore, unable to delay any longer, being reduced to the lowest ebb, have
determined' to fly for refuge to your High Mightinesses, our gracious Sovereigns
and the Fathers of this Province,^ most humbly craving and beseeching you to look
with eyes of compassion on this your Province,^ and to be pleased so to order and
redress matters that dangers may be removed, troubles put an end to"" and population
and prosperity promoted," as your High Mightinesses in your illustrious wisdom
shall consider best."^ Only we have, with humble reverence, deemed it proper and
necessary respectfully to petition your High Mightinesses for these following points
as of advantage to this Province.'^
' That is, petty traders, who swarm hither with great industry, reap immense profit and exhaust the country
without adding anything to its population or security. But if they skim a llittle fat from the pot, they can take
^gain to their heels.
' Whereby agriculture and many necessary matters remain neglected, and this causes great scarcity and
leaves many things undone.
° This was not the case previous to the war, but the loss of their fathers, mothers, wives, children and
friends, has greatly troubled them. There cannot, therefore, be any permanent peace with thera, until an
increase shall he remarked in the number of our Dutch people in New Netherland. It has been so long
proclaimed, in New Netherland, that more people were coming, that the Indians laugh at it, and say : The
Dutch do nothing but lie.
■* Without, in any way, by words or deeds, if there be good order, directing any thing for the service of
the country.
' When people were in the greatest danger from the war.
* Application for orders and redress was made to the Directors from time to time by petitions, remonstrances,
letters, &c., but neither redress nor order followed, except for their own purse.
' The country has arrived to that state, that if it be not now assisted it will not need any aid hereafter,
because the English will wholly absorb it.
' For the Company neither can nor will give any help, as experience has abundantly taught, inasmuch as
they never took our petitions into consideration.
' Because attached to, and dependant on, the sovereignty of this country.
'" The Directors (of the Company) and their Officers in New Netherland with their dependants are the chief
dangers in that country.
" It will be hereafter shown how it can be done.
" We shall not prescribe any rule to your High Mightinesses, but leave every thing absolutely to your
judgment.
" Inasmuch as we have observed and concluded, after much experience on the spot, that it is impossible
(speaking under correction) to remedy New Netherland and bring it into a state of prosperity without these
following points.
264 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
First, we supplicate and beseecli your High Miglitinesses to furnish New Netherland with
sufficient population' as to enable it to support, sustain, and defend itself against Indians and
others who may disturb and invade it ;^ for in case this should faii,^ not only will the direst
ruin follow^ but it will also easily become a prey to our neighbors,^ and those who already
dwell there* will be forced to use all possible means to return and save themselves and
theirs from misery,' or submit to a foreign Nation.' All which, in our humble opinion, is
to be remedied.'
Of Population.
I. Whenever your High Mightinesses will be pleased to take this Province under your
gracious safeguard,'" and allow your Fatherly protection for this Country" and its granted
privileges to be made public and manifest throughout the United Netherlands,'^ then would
many be attracted towards this Country,'^ from which, on the contrary, every one is
discouraged by the Company's harsh proceedings" and want of means.'*
' Without referring it to the Company or the Directors, for truly nothing will come of it, as the result has
hitherto taught us, though they promise wonders. Besides that, the name alone terrifies the inhabitants ; as
they are scorned and despised by our neighbors on account of their evil tricks, even so is the country
prejudiced against them. ^
' Were there a thousand or fifteen hundred inhabitants in New Netherland, or even more, the Indians or
the Swedes would never think or dream of daring to ofi'er us any insult.
' If your High Mightinesses do not, this time, determine on permanent redress, privilege and population.
* It will lose even the name of New Netherland, and no Dutchman will have any thing to say there.
* The English, fully aware that our country is better than theirs, endeavor to push us out of it and to seize
it for themselves, which they will easily eftect, if no redress be now had.
'^ To wit, Dutch freemen.
' As the tyrannical government of the Company there is intolerable ; for a man in that country is not sure
of either his life or property, if he but say anything displeasing or otherwise oSensive to the Governors who
comport themselves like sovereign tyrants.
* The English or Swedes, of whose subjection there is less appearance.
^ And so prevent men ever dreading the like again.
'° So that people may be no longer harassed or troubled by the Company or its servants, but that the
government, consisting of those interested in the country, may be absolutely dependent on this state.
" To which we hope you will consent.
" By every where affixing notices or orders, or such like, wherein people could be informed of the Generalia,
both in government and privileges.
" When, relieved from the Company's tyranny, it would be dependent on this State, and be favored with
good government and firm, valid and inviolable privileges whereby every man could with honesty be secure
of his life, honor and property in future, which now he is not.
'* Consisting mostly in arrests, imprisonments, banishments, confiscations, harsh prosecutions, blows,
scoldings, reckoning half faults for entire ones and so forth : In a word, in ruining and estranging the country,
offering every one in particular, who doth not constantly please them, as many insults as they can invent or
think of
'^ Its want of means causes it to have recourse to various bad finesses; such as extortions, confiscations and
so forth ; moreover, the neighbors knowing that, complain of it, and ever after disparage not only the country
but the people. We and this State have been challenged with it abroad.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IV. 265
IL Consequently were your High Mightinesses pleased for a few years ' to send some vessels
thither, in order that people, principally Farmers and Farm servants^ may, with their poverty,'
be removed and conveyed hither gratuitously* with some necessaries' until the poor people
have something in esse,^ your High Mightinesses would not only relieve many embarrassed
persons,^ but also may expect, through their intercession with God, success, a blessing
and prosperity-^
HL Also, were your High Mightinesses to order' that all vessels proceeding and trading to
those Northern parts of America'" should touch first at the Manhathans in New Netherland,*^
and bring with them as many persons as may seasonably apply '^ and they can conveniently
carry ,'^ at suitable fixed rates," many friends (liefhebhers) would, no doubt, emigrate in a short
time to New Netherland.'*
' At first, before it be fully under way, sending for two and three years successively, four and five ships
each year.
* For traders and others who have means, can go and come at their own expense, without any one's help.
' That is to say : the Httle they possess, and which is of small value.
* Here arise divers considerations ; for the poor folk that must be sent over for nothing, may, if they come,
be conveyed on and for your High Mightinesses' account and the freight be paid here ; afterwards when
circumstances permit, the money can be repaid from the finances in New Netherland, and the land debited
with it.
* Consisting of these articles as per invoice : Coarse shoes, Friesland stockings, canvas, coarse linen, kersey,
cheap cloth of three and four guilders the ell, farming implements, such as scythes, sickles, hoes, axes, winnowing
fans, spades, ploughshares, and coulters, together with collars, traces, lines, halters, etc. These things are
absolutely requisite, for an advance of fifty per cent must be charged and credit cautiously given for the supplies,
receiving payment as occasion enables the people to bring something in. For it is only in order to assist the
people on their first starting, and should any bad debts accrue by death or otherwise, the fifty per cent advance
can always richly meet the capital with the interest.
' Until they are over two, three and four years in a way of paying, as, with the help of God, no man will fail
of success in New Netherland, who will take his hand out of his mouth and do his best.
' Were those in New Netherland, who sit down in poverty in this country and almost perish of want, yea
have need of bread to eat, and suffer from distress and cold, — and were they industrious, they could honestly
earn their living.
' People are bound to pray for their benefactors, and if they do it not, virtue is always its own reward and
God recompenses it.
' To order by edicts or placards positively and inviolably, under forfeiture of ship and cargo, should any
one infringe it, except through stress of weather or other serious casualty.
'" As well to New England as to Virginia and elsewhere, to pursue the tobacco trade or other traffic, as full
twenty-five and thirty ships of over and under one hundred and fifty lasts yearly do.
" Manhathans is the Capital of New Netherland, and the Staple is there established ; whereunto it is very
well adapted on account of the convenience of the river, and because it is the centre of that Province.
'^ To the skippers or other overseers to be thereunto appointed by your High Mightinesses in order that
everything be done with regularity, for otherwise those skippers who do not want that, will elude your High
Mightinesses' good intention and orders.
" That must not be left to them but to the overseers, as there will always be a great deal more than the
skippers can carry ; for people must not be trusted farther than they can be seen.
" This rate must be fixed by your High Mightinesses and, at farthest, ought not to be more for the voyage than
30 and 32 guilders for a full grown man or woman eating in the 'tween decks [overloop), and 38 and 40 guilders
in the cabin. This money might, as herein before stated, Cap. V., N" 4, be advanced out of the public funds,
and again made good in New Netherland ; and for that purpose it would be very well to cause all those people
who become free of the country or descend from those who have become free, to pay double in favor of the
finances, and in order to induce those to emigrate who are somewhat slow on account of their straitened
circumstances.
" Being allured by the fertility and salubrity of the country, by the good order, privileges, free government,
and by being conveyed over on the first voyage, without disbursing any money.
Vol. I. 34
266 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Of Pkivileges.
Secondly. We humbly solicit permanent privileges and exemptions,' which promote
population and prosperity,' and which consist, in our opinion,^
First. In suitable municipal {borgerlycke) government,^ such as your High Mightinesses will
consider adapted to this Province,^ and somewhat resembling the laudable government of
our Fatherland.'
' Which are not to be altered ad proprium commodum et avarorum optnionibus, as has been already been
done by the Directors.
' Were we, in New Netherland, on an equality in matter of privilege with our neighbors, and were such
made manifest in this country, many would endeavor to repair to New Netherland, and it would not be
lacking in population.
^ As we think, who have resided there a considerable time and have given attention to the'matter from time
to time.
* That those interested in the country may also attend to its government and keep a watchful eye over it,
without its being intrusted to a set of hairbrained people, such as the Company flings thither, but to such as
obtain in New England.
NoTA Bene. — New England is divided into four Colonies, which they style Provinces. Each Colony hath
its Governor, and neither Patroons, Lords nor Princes are known there ; only the People. Each Governor
is like a Sovereign in his place, but comports himself most discreetly. They are, and are esteemed. Governors
next to God by the people, so long as the latter please. In each Province are many and divers villages
[dorpen), some larger and some smaller. But there is one Capital town where the Governor resides. In case
of appeal, the course is as follows : If any one in a town that is not the Capital, considers himself aggrieved by
any judgment, he may appeal, if the sum exceeds the limit each court takes cognizance of. Otherwise, no
appeal lies, and this law was passed with general consent ad utilitatem civium et paganorum, ad diriinendas lites.
Then appeal lies to the court of the Colony, which we would call the Provincial court, and the defeated party
wishing to proceed further, appeals to the General Court. This meets twice a year and continues until all
business, as well public affairs as law suits, is disposed of. Few suits are brought before this court, and those
definitely decided there are not to be again instituted.
' For we are not fit nor qualified to prescribe a rule to your High Mightinesses.
' In form of a State (Staet), like the government of this country, especially as in this case there is no
difference, but fundamentally a similarity between it and our neighbors of New England, apart from whom
we have no neighbors of consequence.
NoTA Bene. — In New England, the government is carried on thus : Each town, no matter how small, hath
its own court and jurisdiction, also a voice in the Capital, and elects its own officers. Few taxes are imposed,
and these only by general consent. In their Capital they have a Governor, a Deputy (that is. Vice) Governor,
a Constable, that is Judge, a Secretary and two Provincial Councillors. In the individual towns, they have a
Constable, a Clerk and Selectmen. They call all these Magistrates, and, though they depend on the people,
treat them with very great respect. Each town chooses, or may choose, its Magistrates annually, yet they very
rarely change them. The Governor and Deputy are chosen annually by the entire province, although some
have been continued from the beginning to their departure, or during their lives ; and even some are yet
continued from the beginning until this time. Nevertheless, the People have a new election every year, and
have power to make a change ; and they would make a change in case of improper behavior, and that they
therefore say is the bridle of their great men. This is the mode of their election or choosing : Each town
consults first by itself and sends then its deputies, and all these delegates choose the Governor, and he is so for
that year, without any longer assurance. In the year following there is a new election, in form as stated, and
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IV. 267
IL In Exemption from duties,* tenths,' and taxes which at the first beginning are
disadvantageous and oppressive,' until the country becomes populous and somevehat firmly
established.*
III. In Exemption of Tobacco, shipped hence, from all duty.* This would not only afford
every time the most votes must carry it; these are collected in writing; but if a Governor retires, he remains
Deputy Governor.
Moreover, this is the practice in their General Court, already mentioned. This Court is held twice a year,
and each time in a particular place where the Governors reside. The oldest has precedence, without his being
president however, for each Governor presides in the Court holden in his own government. As this comes
around every two years, each knows his station, unless there be reason to change the place once or twice,
which the Governors indeed do among themselves, but only on considerations of great moment. At these
Courts appear four Governors and the Deputy of the place, besides the entire Council, if they be not a party in
any case ; together with as many Delegates from the towns throughout each Province as they deem necessary ;
and no business is transacted except what exclusively interests the country at large. Here is commissioned an
Agent for New England to the Parliament ; and this is what we have learned from divers of the English
respecting New England.
In Military affairs they have also some Generalia which we shall pass over with a word or two. All their
inhabitants, burghers, farmers, planters and servants bear arms, and thereto each particular place hath its
arrangement. They are divided into separate companies, and are commanded by their Majors and Colonels,
who are the Governors. In case of invasion or other necessity each town knows, according to its strength,
the quota either in men or money which it must contribute to the member or members in danger, according
to the federation and order agreed upon in the case, among themselves : from this league is excepted only the
difference which the Southern English have with the Dutch, in regard to occupation and settlement of boundaries
and time may determine that one way or other.
' It is to be remarked, that our neighbors pay no duties nor any other charges; not even on the wares
they purchase from us, which amount to considerable ; so that a great deal of fraud is committed in this way,
because several ships go first to New England, and then skulk under our neighbors wings; this they justify,
and say they must do, because they are too much harassed, tyrannized and imposed upon among us. This
not only brings depopulation and loss of character on New Netherland and this State, but also greatly
damages and injures the country. Our neighbors, who usurp our limits, rendered bold and indeed prosperous
thereby, secure also occasions to insult.
* Tenths are claimed there from the people, notwithstanding they have been hunted, expelled and
impoverished by the war. Though many have had their land the full number of years, yet they have not had the
use of it, having been driven off by the war, so that a term of eight or ten years could be beneficially
remitted to the great relief of the inhabitants.
' Sheep cannot well be shorn before the wool grows, and if the people are ever anticipated and retrenched
in their means of prosperity, there can neither now nor hereafter be any hope of deriving any thing
considerable from them ; because men must have before they can give.
* Were the country peopled, and the inhabitants of New Netherland somewhat prosperous, there would be
means here to strengthen the finances by common consent, without embarrassing the people. Meanwhile it
is to be borne in mind, something always can be effected even in its present condition.
* This would be a great advantage for the beginner ; it could be effected without prejudice to this State, and
be thus accomplished. If your High Mightinesses were to cause to be published here, that tobacco entered
and shipped in New Netherland, should not be subject to, but be exempt from all charges, and that all tobacco
arriving from any other port of North America, be it from New England or Virginia, must pay as much as
that received from New Netherland hath paid heretofore, that is, 3 stiv. per pound.
268 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
great encouragement to the planters who convert the forest into farms.i and be better also for
their laborers who could thus be supplied with all necessaries.^
IV. Also permission to export, sell, and barter grain, timber and all other wares and
merchandise, the produce of this country,^ every way and every where your High
Mightinesses have allies, and have granted to the Netherlanders the privilege of trade
and resort.^
V. That your High Mightinesses would please to grant Privileges and Freedoms^ to the
inhabitants for the encouragement of the fisheries,'' which many suppose were good and
profitable heretofore, and would hereafter be of great importance.'
Of Protection.
Thirdly. We humbly beseech your High Mightinesses to be pleased to determine and so to
establish the boundaries of this country both north and south, ^ that all causes of difference,
discord and trouble may be cut off,' that your High Mightinesses' subjects'" may live and
' Tobacco planting is one of the most suitable means of converting the forest into farms. As people in
New Netherland endeavor to have several corn fields and bouweries, it ought therefore be encouraged,
especially as tobacco now rates low.
^ For, all skippers and traders would then be eager for the tobacco, which now they neither can nor -will
regard; for this reason the poor planters, who must perforin the heaviest labor, remain unaccommodated and
recHess. Good and profitable trade would also accrue by fetching tobacco from Virginia and elsewhere, were
privileges granted for so doing, to the great benefit of the inhabitants and the revenue.
' As there are already divers articles, and with population many could be produced there, several handsome
things besides could also be accomplished for the advantage of the inhabitants and the revenue.
* Without that, there is not always an opportunity, and if that be not permitted they are bound to convey
the goods they carry, direct to Fatherland. The Company will readily permit the contrary, but heavy import
and export duties must be paid. So many inspections and exactions must also be endured that no profit is
realized before ambition is destroyed. Our neighbors in New England, on the contrary, trade where they list,
without knowing either duty or inspection.
'^ The fisheries first and mainly placed New England on its legs and, were our people privileged, would be
a source of considerable profit to the country also.
^ That no others should be at liberty to fish there, or participate therein directly or indirectly, except those
interested thereunto specially privileged.
' The rather because we have had some proofs of it, and it is the same sea and facility which render our
neighbors prosperous.
* That the settlement of the boundary be effected. The English in that quarter readily admit that the
country is justly ours; but their pretence [is] the richness of the land and that it lies waste; also,
the Company will do nothing but protest, which they disregard, when admonished. Therefore, this matter
is very urgent, if we are not to be scoffed at by that nation and lose the country. To attack them by force is
too dangerous and inexpedient for New Netherland. But their own offer is not unworthy consideration ;
for they frankly say — We have taken the land which was entirely, or for the most part, waste, and now
occupy it ; ye say 'tis your's. Let us remain friends like our sovereigns, and refer this question to both your,
and our superiors ; what they do or order in the premises, we must admit, and neither of us will gain any
thing by talk.
' On this point the English say — we should live with the Dutch as brothers, were we not, first, too grossly
afi'ronted by the Directors, and secondly, had we not to snarl, like two dogs, for this dainty morsel, or
such like.
'" Both English and Dutch in that country are under your protection.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IV. 269
dwell in peace and quietness,^ and enjoy their liberty, in trade and commerce within the
established boundaries.^
II. Also, that your High Mightinesses be pleased to preserve us in peace with the
neighboring Republics, Colonies, and others your High Mightinesses' allies,^ so that we may
pursue our country's trade without let or hindrance, under proper regulations from your
High Mightinesses,^ as well along the coast from Terra Nova to Cape Florida as to the
West Indies and to Europe, wherever the Lord our God shall be pleased to permit it.^
III. And thirdly, in order to make manifest your High Mightinesses earnest support of this
Province^ to those who may be incredulous on that point,' we respectfully entreat your
High Mightinesses to quarter a company or two of soldiers here, for the defence of those
dwelling at a distance,^ and of newly rising plantations until by our improvements' we shall
dread neither Indians'" nor other enemies," and be even able to prevent their mischievous acts.'^
All this have we concluded, with humble reverence, to propose according to our limited
knowledge and understanding,'^ earnestly supplicating your High Mightinesses, for the love of
New Netherland, which now lies at its extremity,'^ as is to be seen in our annexed Remonstrance,
to be pleased to direct your attention thereto, according to your wise and provident counsel,
' Without quarreling about boundaries.
' Both with Christians and Indians ; the English endeavor to exclude us from the latter, so as, by that
means, to monopolize all the profits of the Wampum trade to themselves. Therefore, inasmuch as the lands,
jurisdiction and navigable rivers are ours, and the English have free trade with us, care ought to be taken
of this.
' Namely, with the English who are beyond our limits, and with New France, Virginia and the Carribean
West India Islands, &c., known to your High Mightinesses better than to us.
" For the Company's regulations are so selfish, onerous and intolerable, yea, so devoid of good faith, that it
is impossible to act with them.
* For if our trade and commerce be more restricted than that of our neighbors, who are at liberty to trade
■with all the world that England traffics with, it will be very disadvantageous to us and the country.
* To exhibit your High Mightinesses' intentions towards New Netherland.
' For our neighbors frequently laugh at us. The works testify, the forts speak and express the earnest
intentions the States bear towards this country. This greatly emboldens them and causes them to despise the
country and its inhabitants.
' For the support of the outside people in addition to the garrisoning of the fortresses ; and as the people
first begin to establish colonies or plantations, these expenses might in the course of time be reimbursed
out of the revenue of New Netherland, but your High Mightinesses must at first meet the outlays. For
the country cannot sink in the beginning into helplessness, and New Netherland will come into condition,
if some gentlemen privately, or what in our opinion would be better, if your High Mightinesses were to make
some disbursements.
' Well understood, by population, good morals and prosperity.
'" The Indians are of little consequence ; were there one thousand or two thousand men more than there are
now, the natives would be obliged to forego and suppress all their arrogance and designs.
" Who may come from out side, or from one side, as Pirates, Englishmen, Swedes, or such like.
" With previous advice and order of your High Mightinesses, Excipiunt tamen suhitce necessarice et
improvises differenticB.
" Not as orders and rules, but simply as our opinions.
"If your High Mightinesses please to believe us, we say, and it is a moral certainty — if we now depart
without the business being accomplished, there will not be another opportunity or season to remedy New
Netherland, for the Enghsh will annex it.
270 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
and to interpret most favorably this our presumption. We pray and hope that the name of
New Netherland ' and the conversion of the Heathen, which ought to be hastened,^ will move
your High Mightinesses hereunto.
Awaiting, therefore, a happy deliverance, we commend your High Mightinesses' persons
and deliberations to the protection of the Almighty, and remain your High Mightinesses'
humble and obedient servants.
Written in the name and on the behalf of the Commonalty of New Netherland,
the 26 July, of this year of our Lord Jesus Christ, XVI"= and forty-nine, in New
Amsterdam, on the Island Manhattans, in New Netherland.
(Signed) Adriaen van der Donck.
AuGUSTiN Herman.
Arnoldus van Hardenberg.
Jacob van Kouwenhoven.
Oloff Stevens.
Michel Jansen.
Thomas Hal.
Elbert Elbertsen.
• - Govert Lokermans.
. ' - : Hbnrick Henricksen Kip.
Jan Evertsen Bout.
' Otherwise it will be a shame and a disgrace for our nation.
' The English and French hare, each in their way, already done their duty in this regard. Nevertheless,
we are older than they in that country, and therefore ought also to begin. Prcestat sero quam nanquam.
REMONSTRANCE
NEW NETHERLAND,
THE OCCURRENCES THERE.
ADDRESSED
TO THE HIGH AND MIGHTY LORDS STATES GENERAL OF THE UNITED
NETHERLANDS,
THE PEOPLE OF NEW NETHERUND,
On the 28th July, 1649.
,.(! yi i:
Tbansceibed from the authenticated copy of the Remonstrance, containing 83 pages, remaining in the Royal Archives
at the Hague, in the Lokttkas of the States General ; Rubric West Indische Compagnie, No. 30; 4th division of the Bundle.
Note. — The figures in the body of the text, within parenthesis, refer to the commencement of the pages of the volume in
the State Library, entitled : Vertoogh van Nieu-Neder-Land Weghens de Gheleghentheydl, Vruchlhaerheydt, en Soberen Staet
desselfs. In 's Graven-Hage, Ghedruckt by Michiel Slael, Bouck-verkooper woonende op 't Buyten-Hof, tegen-over de
Gevange-Poort, 1650. Sm. 4to pp. 49.
=,;jI wM w;;
CONTENTS
REMONSTRANCE OF THE DEPUTIES
NEW NETHERLAND.
Page.
KEPRESENTATION OF NEW NETHERLAND AS REGARDS ITS LOCATION, PRODUCTIVENESS
AND POOR CONDITION, 275
OF TUE AMERICANS, OR NATIVES, THEIR APPEARANCE, OCCUPATION, AND FOOD, 281
BY WHOM NEW NETHERLAND WAS FIRST OCCUPIED, AND HOW FAR ITS BOUNDARIES
EXTEND, 283
OF THE FRESH RIVER, 286
OP THE DUTCH TITLE TO THE FRESH RIVER, 287
OF THE RODENBERGH, BY THE ENGLISH CALLED NEW HAVEN; AND OF OTHER PLACES
OF MINOR IMPORTANCE, 288
OF THE SOUTH RIVER AND THE BOUNDARIES THEREABOUT, 289
OF THE SOUTH BAY AND SOUTH RIVER, 290
OP THE CONVENIENCE AND EXCELLENCE OF THE WATERS, 293
OF THE REASONS AND CAUSE OF THE GREAT DECAY OF NEW NETHERLAND, 295
THE ADMINISTRATION OF DIRECTOR KIEFT, IN PARTICULAR, 304
THE ADMINISTRATION OF DIRECTOR STUYVESANT, IN PARTICULAR, 307
IN WHAT MANNER NEW NETHERLAND SHOULD BE RELIEVED, 317
Vol. I. 35
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IV, 275
(3) REPRESENTATION OF NEW NETHERLAND, AS REGARDS ITS LOCATION,
PRODUCTIVENESS AND POOR CONDITION.
navigable waters and trade, those who bear the name of Netherlanders will very foTforeign naviga"-
easily be able to hold their rank among the foremost, as is sufficiently known to trade.""'"'
all those who have in any wise saluted the threshold of history. It will, in like
manner, be also, confirmed by our following Relation, for in the year of Christ
1G09,
discovered at the expense of the General East India Company — though directing '!> ""'-''
their aim and design elsewhere — by the ship de Halve Mane, whereof Henry
Sbip naive
Netherland
resembles
nd in mauy
Hudson was master and factor. It was aftewards named New Netherland by oui"
people, and that very justly, for it was first discovered, and taken possession of, by
Netherlanders and at their expense, so that even at the present day, the natives
of the country, (who are so old as to remember the event) testify, that on seeing ^hcn the indh
•' ^ ' J ' o fIrBt eaw tlie sh
the Dutch ships on their first coming here, they knew not what to make of them, f{'w!!^°*nie"'irn
and could not comprehend, whether they came down from Heaven or whether wo'rw or people'.'
they were Devils. Some among them, on its first approach, even imagined it to
be a fish, or some sea monster, so that a strange rumor concerning it flew
throughout the whole country. We have heard the Indians also frequently say,
that they knew of no other world or people previous to the arrival of the
Netherlanders here. For these reasons, therefore, and on account of the similarity
of Climate, Situation and fertility, this place is rightly called New Netherland.
It is situate along the North Coast of America, in the latitude of 38, 39, 40, 41, Nel'Knd' ^^
42 degrees, or thereabouts. It is bounded on the North East side by New Bmmdary of Ne
•' Nutlierland.
England, on the South West by Virginia ; the coast trends mostly South West
and North East, and is washed by the Ocean ; on the North runs the river of
Canada, a great way oft' in the interior; the North West side is partly
still unknown.
(4) The land of itself is fertile, and capable of being entirely cultivated by an
abundance of people, were it judiciously divided according to circumstances.
The climate here is pleasant, and more temperate than in Netherland. The The eiimate i> te
' "^ perate ; the noi
winds are changeable and blow from all points, but generally from the South Mivation"'' or' 1
west and North west: The summer furnishes the first of these, the winter the °°°°"'^'
latter, which sometimes blows very sharply, but it is, nevertheless, the preservation
of the country, in regard of the public health ; for, being very bracing and pure, it
drives all damps and superfluous moisture very far from the land, or exhausts
276 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
The coMt of New itself. The Coast is arenerally clean and sandy ; the Foreland doubles or is broken
Nelherland i« clean, o .; J •
o'l'%'rb!'oken''tato into Islands. To the east of the North River lies Long Island, about 40 leagues
islands. j^ length, forming a fine wide river which opens into the Ocean at each extremity
and affords a very convenient passage inside, along the shores, without much
risk from the Sea, on account of the great abundance of safe bays and other
The East river is a anchorage grounds; so that vessels can securely sail through it, both Eastward
and Westward, even in the winter. There are several inlets along the south
coast, before reaching the South River, but they are mostly muddy and sandy;
nevertheless, with proper experience, they could be made use of. Inside these
again, are large bays and valleys, but the bays are for the most part shallow.
The foreland is Qn the Sea side the land is commonly sandy or compact (s'inaelach(ich), not
sandy and arm. _ . r \ o ^'
very high, yet tolerably fertile, so that it is for the most part covered with
handsome trees.
Of the mountains, The Couutry generally is in many places hilly, with some high Mountains,
hills. Hats a»d ■' ° •' ,,, ■
'aiit^ys- likewise many very fine Flats and Maize lands, together with extensive Valleys,
some of which are salt, others again are fresh ; all very good Meadows. With
the exception of the Maize lands, flats and valleys, which have few or no trees
and could with little labor be converted into good tillage land, the soil is
commonly covered with all sorts of timber standing, however, without order as in
other wildernesses.
The Seasons; The SeasoHS hsre are about the same as in Netherland, but the summer is
also the Weather, Warmer and begins more suddenly ; the winter is cold, and far in the interior, or
towards the most northern part, colder than in Netherland ; 'tis likewise subject
to a great deal of Snow which also remains a long time, far in the interior
however, fully 3, 4 @ 5 months on the ground ; but near the Seacoast it
is quickly dissolved by the Southerly wind ; moreover. Thunder, Lightning, Rain,
a-bouithesameasin heavy showers. Hail, Snow, Rime, Dew, Frost and such like are the same here
Netherland. ^
as in Netherland, except that in summer 'tis subject to more sudden tornadoes.
kuiVof'eropVwilh The soil is fit and adapted to the bearing of all kinds both of Winter and
Nmheriand. "''"' ™ Summer crops, and that with less labor and tilling than in Netherland. It
Of the timber fonnd produces sevcral kinds of timber, suitable for the construction of houses and ships,
in New Netherland. ^^ ,, . ^ . ,. , ■ ^ ,
be they large or small, consisting of various sorts of oak, to wit: — Post-oak,
smooth white bark, rough white bark, grey bark, black bark and still another
sort, which, by reason of its softness, is called butter oak ; (5) but it is the poorest
of all, and not very valuable. The others, if cultivated as in Netherland, would
be as good as any Flemish or Brabant oaks ; various sorts of Nut timber, such
ftd'^i'i^N.'NeSlr-' ^s oil nut, large and small ; hickory, also large and small. This timber is very
'"'"'• abundant here, and much used as firewood, for which it is also right well
adapted; Chestnuts, as in Netherland, but they grow wild without regularity;
three sorts of Beeches, such as the water-beech,' common beech and hedge beech,
axhandle wood, two sorts of canoe wood,^ ash, birch, pine, lathwood, Imberen or
wild cedar, linden, alder, willow, thorn, elder, with divers other species adapted
'Sometimes called by farmers, Blue beech. (Carpinus Americanus. )
' Liriodendron Tuli['ifera. Johnson. — Ed.
HOLLAND. DOCUMENTS: IV. 277
to many purposes, but tiie names thereof are unknown to us; we will gladly
submit them to carpenters for further examination.
The fruits which the country naturally produces consist chiefly of acorns, some or ihe fruits indi-
of them very sweet, nuts of various sorts, chestnuts, beechnuts, but not many, ^^y-
muiberrys, plums, medlars, wild cherries and black currants, gooseberries,
abundance of hazel nuts, small apples, a great abundance of strawberries throughout
the entire country with considerable other fruits and roots, of which the Indians
make use. There are also quantities of bill-berries or blue-berries together with
ground nuts and artichokes. Almost the whole country, as well the forests as or the vines, and
the maize lands and flats, is full of vines, but principally — as if they had been
planted there — around and along the banks of the brooks, streams and rivers
which course and flow in abundance very conveniently and agreeably all through
the land. The grapes are of many varieties; some white, some blue, some very
fleshy and fit only to make raisins of; some again are juicy, some very large,
others on the contrary small; their juice is pleasant and some of it white, like
French or Rhenish Wine ; that of others, again, a very deep red, like Tent ; some
even paler; the vines run far up the trees and are shaded by their leaves, so that
the grapes are slow in ripening and a little sour, but were cultivation and
knowledge applied here, doubtless as fine Wines would then be made as in any other
wine growing countries. As for the rest, all fruits which will grow in Netherland
will also thrive in New Netherland, without requiring as much care as must be given
to the former. All garden fruits succeed likewise very well there, but are drier. The larden fruits
sweeter and better flavored than in Netherland. As a proof of this, we may " '" n. Nether-
properly instance melons and citrons or water-melons, which readily grow, in New
Netherland, in the fields, if the briars and weeds be only kept from them, whereas
in Netherland they require particular attention in gardens, either from amateurs
or those who raise them for profit, and yet are not near as perfect nor as palatable
as they usually are in New Netherland. All kinds of pumpkins, or such like,
grow there much drier, sweeter, more delicious, and of better flavor, which is
caused by the temperateness and pleasantness of the climate.
The domestic cattle are (0) here in size and other respects about the same as in of Domestic eattie,
Netherland, but the English cows and swine thrive and feed best; yea, appear to ihnve io n. Nether-
be better suited to this country than those from Holland ; they require also less
trouble, expense and attention, for it is not necessary to look so much after the
inferior stock, such as swine, in winter; but if done in some sort, whenever there
is deep snow, 'twill be so much the better. Milch cows, also are much less trouble
than in Holland, for, most of the time, or when necessity demands, a little hay is
only occasionally thrown to them.
The Wild animals here consist principally of lions,^ but thev are few; bears, orthewiid animals
r ,.,, ,, and wliat thej are.
of which there are many; elks, a great number of deer, some of which are
entirely white and others wholly black, but the latter are very rare. The Indians
say that the white deer have a great retinue of other deer, by which they are
• Cougar or Panther. - In the early settlement of this state, thia animal was believed to be a lion."
Natural History of New-York, part I., Mammalia, 48. — Ed.
Of tho Land birds.
NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
highly esteemed, beloved and honored, and that it is quite the contrary with
regard to those that are black. There are, besides, divers other large animals in
the interior, but they are unknown to Christians ; also, wolves, but dangerous
only to small cattle; likewise beavers, otters, fishers, catamounts, foxes, racoons,
minks, hares, muskrats about as large as cats, martens and squirrels, some of
which can even fly ; there are, besides, woodchucks and divers other small
animals, but for the most part, as we are informed, unknown to the Christians.
The country is in no wise deprived of its share of birds, for there are found
great numbers of birds of prey, such as: two varieties of Eagles, some they name
white heads,' whicii have a white head, white tail and white striking feathers ;
the others are the common. Also, Hawks, Sakers, Sparrowhawks, Duck-hawks,
(steencryters), Chicken-hawks and various other sorts, all birds of prey, and
capable of being trained and used for falconry, though some of them differ
somewhat in shape from those in Netherland. Here is, also, a bird of a white
color with a head like a cat's, and a body like a big owl. We know no name for
it in Dutch. In France they call it Gra?id dux,^ and it is held in high estimation.
The other land birds consist mostly of Turkeys, the same as in Netherland, but
wild, and best and plentiest in winter; also various sorts of Partridges, some
smaller, some larger, than in Netherland ; Plover, wood and water Snipe, Pheasants,
Heath-hens, also Cranes, Herons, Bitterns, multitudes of Pigeons closely
resembling wood pigeons, but a little smaller ; likewise, Quails, Merlins,
Thrushes, Sand-pipers, but differing in some repects from the Dutch species.
There are also other small birds, some of which sing, but the names of most of
them are unknown to us, and woutd also take too long to enumerate.
Of the Waterfowl. Different sorts of water fowl likewise are found there, which are all very good
and fit to eat; such as Swans, similar to those in Netherland, and fully as large;
three species of Geese, to wit, grey geese, which are the largest and best; (7)
Brant geese,^ and White heads ; Ducks of various sorts ; Widgeons, Divers, Coots,
Spoonbills and several other kinds, but not so numerous as the foregoing.
Various Borts of The rivcr Fish here is almost the same as in Netherland, and consists of
Salmon, Sturgeon, Striped-bass, Drum-fish, Shad, Carp, Perch, Pike, Trout,
Roach, Bull-heads, Suckers, Sun-fish, Eels, Nine-eyes or lampreys, but much more
abundant and larger than in Netherland; there are various other species of fish,
of which we know not the names.
Various sorts of sea In the Saltwater are found cod-fish, shell-fish, weak-fish, herring, mackerel,
thornbacks, flounders, plaice, sheeps-heads, (stecnbrnsems,) black-fish, sharks,
(zeehonden,) tamyns^ and divers others, together with lobsters, crabs, concks, from
which the Indians make white and black wampum, abundance of oysters and
' Faleo leucocephalus. White headed or Bald Eagle. Nuttal.
' Slrix Virginiana. Wilson. The Great Horned Owl, often called the Cat Owl. Natural Ilislory of
New- York. Pai-t II., Ornithology, 24.
' Rotganzen. Writing of the Brant Goose, Nuttal says: the navigator Barent, found multitudes sitting on
their eggs about the 21st June, 1695, in tlie great bay called Wibe Janz Water; and to his amazement,
discoveivd them to be the Kotgamev. Oiuiilwlogy — Water birds, 8vo., 301.
^ In the piinted volume 'tis, Jfanyns. — Kd.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IV. 279
muscles, with many other similar sorts of shell fish resembling each other, with
the names of which we are not acquainted. There are, also, both sea and
laud tortoises.
The venomous reptiles found there, consist chiefly of adders and lizards, but or the vennmous
•' repliles.andolwliut
they do little or no harm; there are various sorts of snakes, but not dangerous; ""ey^o'isi-
if they possibly can, they retreat before people (else they are usually killed)
except the rattle-snake, which has a rattle on the tail, wherewith it makes a
very loud noise whenever it is angry, or intends to bite; it grows a joint longer
every year. This snake is very malignant and not inclined to retreat before a
man or any other creature. Whoever is bit by one runs great risk of his life, if
not immediately attended to; but the best of it is, they are not numerous; and
the true Serpentaria grows spontaneously here, which is very highly prized
by the Indians, as being an unfailing cure.
The Medicinal plants discovered up to the present time in New Netherland, or the medicinal
after a little search, are, principally, as far as they have come to our knowledge,
Capelli veneris (Maidenhair), Scholopendria (Hounds tongue), Angelica (Belly-ache
root), Poly-podium, (Fern), Verbascum album (white Mullein), Calceus sacerdotis vel
Marie^ (Moccasin plant), Atriylex hortensis vol marina (garden or marine Orach)
Chordum turriles (tower Mustard), Calamus aromaticus (Sweet flag), Sassafrax
(Sassafras), Roeis virginiarum^ (Sumach), Ranunculus (Crowfoot), Plantago
(Plantain), Bursa pasloris (Shepherd's purse), Malva (Mallow), Origanum
(Marjoram), Geranium (Crane's bill), Althea (Marsh mallows), Cineroton pseudo-
daphne (Spice bush), Viola (Violet), Irias (Blue flag), Indigo silvestris (wild
Indigo), Sigilium salamonis (Solomon's seal). Sanguis draconium (Dragons blood),
Consolida (Comfrey), Millefolium (Milfoil), several species of Fern, various wild
lilies. Agrimony, (wild Leek), Cardmts benediclus (Blessed Thistle), Serpentaria
(Snakeroot), Indian figs, which grow on the leaves, Tarragon (Wormwood),
and numerous other plants and flowers ; but as we are not skilled in those
things, we cannot say much about them. Nevertheless we doubt not but
amateurs would be able to find there divers simples of great and varied virtues
in which we have confidence, principally because the Indians can cure very
severe and dangerous wounds and sores by roots, leaves and other trifles.
It is certain that the Indigo Silvestris grows spontaneously here without any or the wild indigo,
human aid or cultivation. Without doubt, were there (8) people and were
attention turned to it, it could be easily raised ; at least the other species would
grow very well here, and yield a good profit. We have seen proof of this in the
Colonie of Renscelaerswyck, but it was sown entirely too late and upon a barren
rock where there was little earth; though it came well up, but in consequence
of the drought turned all yellow, withered and was neglected. Notwithstanding,
it is evident that, were it well managed, it would perfectly succeed. Planting
of madder would also undoubtedly thrive well, even better than in Zealand, in
regard of the lands and other circumstances.
' Calceolus Marianus Caaadenais. Charlevoix, PI. XXXVT. " Qu! Rhus virginicum. — Ed.
280 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Seyeral specime
Various minerals have also been discovered here, both accidentally and by-
trifling search ; some experiments have been made on these, according to the
limited means of this country, and they have been found good. Attempts have
"■'''"''■ been made several times to send specimens of them to Fatherland ; once by
Arent van Corenss,' by way of New Haven and England ; but the ship foundered,
and no tidings of it were ever received. Director William Kieft again had
several specimens afterwards with him in the ship the Princess, but they were,
also, lost with him. The mountains and mines, however, remain, and can
easily be found again whenever there is any disposition to incur the trouble
and expense.
Ja'lTnon''^""'' *"" They have already progressed so far in New England that they east iron pots,
cannon, shot and similar articles from the mineral they have there ; and we
believe that here it only requires a commencement, for we have, and there are
found in New Netherland two sorts of marcasite, white and yellow ; mines of
quicksilver, of gold, silver, copper, iron, black lead and hard coal, and there is
little doubt but tin and lead are, also, to be found there; but who will look for
them, or who will make any use of them, as long as there is not a larger number
of people.
The variety of earth Fuller's earth is, also, found here in abundance; likewise bole, and white, red,
yellow, blue, grey and black clay, which is very solid and greasy, and would be
suitable for many purposes, together with earth for brick and tiles. Here are also
mountain crystal, glass like that in Muscovy, great abundance of green
Of the Btonea and Serpentine, grey hearth-stone, slate, brown grindstone, flint, pebbles, paving
their purposes. , ■ ■ r r ■ , , r , r
stones, large quantities of every sort ot quarry stone suitable lor the manufactory
of millstones and for the construction of all sorts of buildings. Here also are
plume-alum and divers other mordants, which might be applicable to the service
Of the paints. of man. There are also various descriptions of dyes here, but the Christians
are not experienced in them, though they are seen daily on the Indians who are
conversant with, and also make use of them, to paint themselves of divers
colors. Were it not for lack of explorers, they could be easily discovered
and employed.
' Areut Corssen. Anno 1645, 6. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IV. 281
(9) OF THE AMERICANS, OR NATIVES ; THEIR APPEARANCE, OCCUPATION
AND FOOD.
The natives are generally well limbed, slender around the waist, broad
shouldered; all having black hair and brown eyes; they are very nimble and
swift of pace, well adapted to travel on foot and to carry heavy burdens; they are
dirty and slovenly in all their habits ; make light of all sorts of hardships, being
by nature and from youth upward accustomed thereunto. They resemble
Brazilians in color, or are as tawny as those people who sometimes ramble
through Netherland and are called Gipsies. Generally, the men have very little ^J;;,^"^'!,^"-^'^
or no beard, some even pluck it out; they use very few words, which they
previously well consider. Naturally they are quite modest, without guile and
inexperienced, but in their way haughty enough, ready and quick witted to
comprehend or learn, be it good or bad, whatever they are most inclined to. As
soldiers they are far from being honorable, but perfidious and accomplish all
their designs by treachery; they also use many stratagems to deceive their
enemies and execute by night almost all their plans that are in any way hazardous.
The thirst for revenge seems innate in them ; they are very pertinacious in self
defence, when they cannot escape; which, under other circumstances, they like
to do; and they make little of death, when it is inevitable, and despise all tortures ^'X 'rtakTth™
that can be inflicted on them at the stake, exliibiting no faintheartedness, but S."""" '""'^ ""
generally singing until they are dead. They also know right well how to cure J^ey 'y;"''^oJ7„^
wounds and hurts, or inveterate sores and injuries, by means of herbs and roots "ni ""''idenis.
indigenous to the country, and which are known to them. The clothing as well °'', iadialT™"^ °'
of men as of women consists of a piece of duffels, or of deerskin leather or elk
hide around the body, to cover their nakedness. Some have a bearskin of
which they make doublets; others again, coats of the skins of racoons, wild cats,
wolves, dogs, fishers, squirrels, beavers and the like; and they even have made
themselves some of turkey's feathers; now they make use for the most part of
duffels cloth which they obtain in trade from the Christians ; they make their
stockings and shoes of deerskins or elk hides, some even have shoes of corn husks
whereof they also make sacks. Their money consists of white and black Wampum tii« indinn cm-
•' •' r rmoY is white and
which they themselves manufacture; their measure and value is the hand or wact wampum.
fathom, and if it be corn that is to be measured, 'tis done by the denotas which are
bags of their own making. Their ornaments consist of scoring their bodies, or The Indians ecore
painting them of various colors, sometimes entirely black, if they are in mourning; ""'lie'i'ywayofol'-
but mostly the face. They twine both white and black wampum around their
(10) heads; formerly they were not wont to cover these, but now they are
beginning to wear bonnets or caps, which they purchase from the Christians ; they
wear Wampum in the ears, around the neck and around the waist, and thus in
their way are mighty fine. They have also long deers-hair which is dyed red,
•whereof they make ringlets to encircle the head; and other fine hair of the same
Vol. I. 36
282 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
color, which hangs around the neck in braids, whereof they are very vain. They
frequently smear their skin and hair with all sorts of grease. Almost all of them
Wis th?m8dve8''of can swim ; they themselves construct the boats they use, which are of two sorts:
oTtree".'' ""' ''"'' souie, of entire trees excavated with fire, axes and adzes ; the Christians call
these Canoes; others, again, called also canoes, are made of bark, and in these
they can move very rapidly.
Traces, and nothing more, of the institution of marriage can be perceived
indiam do not amoug them. The man and woman unite together without any special ceremony,
except that the former, by agreement previously made with the latter, presents
her with some wampum or cloth, which he frequently takes back on separating,
chaste"* and^ fr^ ^^ ^his occur any way soon. Both men and women are excessively unchaste and
re"i?'wive3. '''""'^' lascivious, without the least particle of shame ; and this is the reason that the
men so frequently change their wives and the women, their husbands. They
have, usually, but one wife ; sometimes even two or three, but this mostly obtains
among the chiefs. They have also among them different ranks of people, such as
noble and ignoble. The men are generally lazy and will not work until they
become old and of no consideration ; then they make spoons and wooden bowls,
traps, nets, and various other such trifles; in other respects, they do nothing but
Who do the work fish, hunt and go to war. The women must perform the remainder of the labor,
among the Indians, ° . ,,,-,• i i ■ t .
and how. such as planting corn, cutting and hauling nrewood, cooking, attending the
?nJtani',°''»nd°iio''w childreu, and whatever else has to be done. Their dwellings are constructed of
thej remove. hickory poles set in the ground and bent bow fashion, like arches, and then
covered with bark which they peel in quantities for that purpose. Some, but
principally the chiefs' houses, have, inside, portraits and pictures somewhat rudely
carved. When fishing and hunting, they lie under the blue sky, or little better.
They do not remain long in one place, but remove several times a year and repair,
according to the season, to wherever food appears to them, beforehand, best and
easiest to be obtained.
JreV'ea'ch °iribe"of They arc divided into various tribes and languages. Each tribe usually dwells
'"'""" together, and there is one among them who is chief; but he does not possess
indinns know little much power or distinction, except in their dances and in time of war. Some
of God, but haire r ^
devil, loThora iiley ^^^^ scarcely any knowledge of God ; others very little. Nevertheless, they relate
very strange fables of the Deity. In general, they have a great dread of the
Devil, who gives them wonderful trouble ; some converse freely on the subject
and allow themselves to be strangely imposed upon by him ; but their devils,
they say, will not have anything to do with the Dutch. Scarcely a word is heard
here of any ghost or (11) such like. Offerings are sometimes made to them, but
with little ceremony. They believe, also, in an Immortality of the soul; have^
likewise, some knowledge of the Sun, Moon and Stars, many of which they even
know how to name ; they are passable judges of the weather. There is scarcely
Neither law nor auv law or iusticc among them, except sometimes in war matters, and then very
losliee among the "^ '^
Indians. little. The next of kin is the avenger; the youngest are the most daring, who
mmihrergef g"uM mostly do as they like. Their weapons used to be a war club and the bow and
arrow, which they kuow how to use with wonderful skill. Now, those residing
make offer-
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IV.
near, or trading considerably with the Christians, make use of firelocks and
hatchets, which they obtain in barter. They are excessively fond of guns; spare
no expense on them, and are so expert with them that, in this respect, they excel
many Christians. Their fare, or food, is poor and gross, for they drink water. The im
having no other beverage ; they eat the flesh of all sorts of game that the country ?<»■■'?•
supplies; even badgers, dogs, eagles, and similar trash, which Christians in no
way regard ; these they cook and use uncleansed and undressed. Moreover,
all sorts of fish ; likewise, snakes, frogs, and such like, which they usually cook
with the offals and entrails. They know, also, how to preserve fish and meat for
the winter in order then to cook them with Indian meal. They make their
bread, but of very indifferent quality, of maize, which they also cook whole, or
broken in wooden mortars. The women likewise perform this labor and make
a pap or porridge, called by some, Sapsis, by others, Duundare,^ which is their
daily food ; they mix this, also, thoroughly with little beans, of different colors,
raised by themselves ; this is esteemed by them rather as a dainty, than as a
daily dish.
BY WHOM NEW NBTHERLAND WAS FIRST OCCUPIED, AND HOW FAR ITS
BOUNDARIES EXTEND.
That New Netherland was first discovered, owned and settled by Netherlands, The country i» ant
ditiCOTered, taken
has already been stated; but inasmuch as considerable dispute has arisen on this p".""''?" "' »■"*
•* ' ^ settled by Nether-
point, not only with the Swedes, who have little pretense, but principally with '"<'"'•
the English, who have already usurped and settled a great portion thereof; The Engiuh have
o 1 appropriated a large
'twill be, therefore, necessary to treat of each in particular somewhat more P""ionoiit.
precisely and at large. But inasmuch as divers ingenious persons have treated of
this matter in its length and breadth, and as those pretensions are absurd and
require but few arguments, we shall dispose thereof as briefly as is in any
wise possible.
After their (12) High Mightinesses, the Lords States General, were pleased, in
the year XVP and twenty-two, to include this Province within the Charter of the
West India Company, the latter considered it necessary to take complete possession
of this naturally beautiful and noble Province ; this, indeed, did follow in course
of time, but according as circumstances permitted, as in all beginnings; for since
the year of our Lord XV1'= and twenty-three, four forts have been built there by ^°^^ bun^herer
order of the Lords Majors, one on the south point of Manhattans island, at the ""kenofpoiseMion.
junction of the East and North rivers, and named New Amsterdam, where the
' Sapsis seems to be a synonym for Sappaen : Duundare is of the Iroquois stock, and means, literally,
Boiled bread ; from Onnontara, boiled, and i)a<aroA, bread. See Vocabulary, in Gall., 324; also, Transactions
of New-York Ethnological Society, II., 79. —Ed.
284 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
staple right of New Netherland is designed to be. Another, called Orange, is
in the Colonie Renselaerswyck, thirty-six leagues higher up on the west side of
the last named river, three leagues below the Kahoos, or Great falls of the
Mohawk kill; but there never has been, as yet, any difference with foreigners
wTailT'difflTJify about that (North) river. On the South river stands fort Nassou, and on the
about the Nurih p^ggj^ river, the Good Hope. In these four forts there has always been some
garrison from the beginning to the present time, though just now they are all
T.^'^v '"'"ooV* and '" ^ '^^^y P°°'' condition, both as regards themselves and the garrison.
useless. These forts, as well north and south, were located not only to close and command
the said rivers, but as far as property by occupation extended, to possess as well
all the lands comprehended between them as round about them, and on the
opposite side of the river; to declare them the Hon. Company's own, and to
guard them against all nations whether foreign or indigenous, that would attempt
to seize the same against its will and consent. Nevertheless, this has been, but
principally on the North east side of New Netherland, in no wise regarded or
The Enffii^h pav no fesDected bv the English residing to the Eastward; for notwithstanding sufficient
rre>ril lo fori Good ^ J e o ■••.■rr-iiTT
""?"• possession was already taken by the erection and garrisoning ot tort Good Hope,
and no neglect to warn them occasionally has occurred, in order to make known
our right, and to protest against them for usurpation, force and violence, yet
have they, disregarding all this, seized and occupied, and still retain, the largest
and best part of New Netherland, to wit : East of the North river, beginning at
Cape Cod, named in 1600 by our own people New Holland, (whereof also,
Their Tiish MiEhii- possession was taken, if we are correctly informed,^ by the erection of their High
'■i? ^f!":, ^:"^ °' Mightinesses' arms) down to within six leagues of the North river; for the
New Holland. a / "
English have now a village called Stamfort, from which place a man can reach
the North river and return home on a Summer's day, according to the knowledge
Th« English are acquired of the Indian paths. Again, the English of New Haven have a Trading
theXtih'rTvIr?'"^ post situatc to the East or South east of Magdalen island, at no greater distance
than six leagues from the North river; for that island lies on the East side of the
North river, 23J leagues above Fort Amsterdam ;2 and the Trading post is
established with no other design than to attract or wholly to destroy the entire
trade of the North river, where it now passes down entirely free.^ They,
moreover, made repeated efforts eight or nine years (13) ago, to purchase a large
tract of land from the Indians, as we understood from the latter; this would
have been rather with a view to attract the trade than anything else, for it was
situate on the east side, not more than three or four leagues from the Colonie
of Renselaerswyck.
These people will now accuse us of this and similar things, all under the
pretence of an excessively scrupulous conscience, notwithstanding King James,
of most glorious memory, incorporated the Virginia Companies, with a condition
' Soo ons anders de waerlieyt bereclit is. These words are omitted in the printed Vertoogh.
'Magdalen island is opposite the town of Bed Hook, Dutchess county. The trading post was on the
site of the present town of Springfield, Mass.
= The trade on the Rhine and other European rivers, was subject to toll, which system the agents of
the Patroon of Renselaerwyck attempted to establish also on the Hudson. But the attempt was resisted,
and failed. — Ed.
285
one hundred
apiirt from
other.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IV.
that they must remain apart from each other one hundred miles, according to our '^„''„'' ^"s''
reckoning. They are willing to avail themselves of this grant, but in no wise to
comply with the terms stipulated in the patent.
All the islands, bays, harbors, rivers, kills and places, even a great way on the The uiandB and
other side of New Holland or Cape Cod, have Dutch names, which were given '"""'^"•
them, long before they had any others, by our Dutch navigators and traders when
they first began to discover and trade to those parts. The English themselves are
well aware of this, but so long as they can manage it, and things get along to their
liking, they will not admit the fact; for those of the Fresh river desired to enter Those of the Fresh
, 1 I I 1 river have offered a
mto an arrangement, and to pay a yearly acknowledgment, or to purchase the ycarij acknowiedg-
fee. This, indeed, is proof positive, that the right is well known to them, and
they, themselves, had nothing in conscience against it, though they now from
time to time, have forged and invented many things to serve them for a screen
or fence, or indeed as a pretext for delay.
In like manner those of Rhode Island, when they were at variance with those The orieinai papers
of the Bay, solicited leave to take shelter under the Dutch, and to be subject to «">'■> with the sec-
•" ■> retary or Directors
them; there are proofs and documents in abundance, with the Secretary or "f ">e company.
Directors of the Company, of all these things, and of what we shall relate in the
following pages.
In short, 'tis thus far with the English, that they are very willing to recognize
the Netherlanders, and make use of them as a cloak in time of need, but again
when this is past, they regard them not and make fools of them. This proceeds
entirely from having neglected to people the country, or to speak plainer and
more correctly, from a desire, through motives of selfishness, to scrape all the
fat into one or two pots, and therefore to continue trade, and neglect population.
Long Island, which is a crown of the province by reason of its great advantage Long uiand is a
of excellent bays and harbors as well as convenient and fertile lands, they have eS?
also entirely usurped, except Breukelen and Amersfoort, two Dutch villages
of little moment on the West end ; and some English settlements, such as
Gravesend, Greenwich, Mespat whence the people were driven away in the There are few peo-
War and which was afterwards confiscated by Director Kieft, but the proprietor ^"^ '"""^
appealed and so it yet remains, and there are very few people in the place now.
Flushing, which is a handsome village and tolerably stocked with cattle; the Flushing is a hand-
fourth and last is Heemstee, which is superior to all the rest, for it is very rich °°'°^'°"°"
in cattle.
But, now, since we have entered on the subject of Long Island, we shall (14) or Long island in
treat of it somewhat more at length, because the English greatly hanker after ^"^""''"'
it. The Ocean on the south, and the East river on the north side form this
Island, which, as we have already remarked, is a crown of New Netherland,
on account of its convenient position, its suitable harbors, and anchorage
grounds. The East river, which separates it from Manhathans Island as far as
the Hellgate, is tolerably wide and convenient. Our freemen have resided on
that Island down from the very first, according as circumstances permitted. In ao. i64o, a scotch-
the year 1640, a Scotchman came to Director Kieft with an English commission, S^^<i'ti'^»w^'"i^"
286 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
and claimed this Island ; but his pretension was not much respected ; he
therefore again departed without having accomplished any thing except
imposing on the lower classes. Afterwards Director Kieft broke up and scattered
the English who were desirous to settle at Oyster bay, and thus it remained for
a while at that time.
Forre«ier, Dowager In the vcar 1647, 3 Scotchman came here who called himself Captain P'orester,
Starling's Goiernor. .' '
and claimed that Island for the Dowager of Starlingh, whose governor he
represented himself to be. He had a commission dated in the XVIIl"" year of
King James, but it was not signed by his Majesty nor by any one else. Dependent
from it was an old seal that could not be deciphered. His commission included
the entire island, with five leagues around, both mainland and islands. He had
also a power of attorney from Maria, Dowager of Stearling, and this was all ;
nevertheless, the man was very consequential, and said, on his first arrival, that
he came here to see Governor Stuyvesant's commission, and, if it was better than
his, he would give way to him; if not, the other must yield. To be brief,
the Director took a copy of the papers, and sent the man over in the ship, the
Valckenier ; but he did not reach Holland, for having touched at England he left
the vessel there, and never troubled the Captain. The English have since
talked loudly of it, and gave out that he had returned to Boston, but he has not
been seen. It is to be feared, were he to come now, that something untoward
might really happen, wherefore it would be very wise to hasten the redress
of New Netherland.
OF THE FRESH RIVER.
The English, with Sometime after the completion on the Fresh River of Fort Good Hope, which
[he"Fr'e3h"'River! was bcgun lu the year 1623, an English schooner arrived there, but Jacob van
contmry to protest. ^-,^^^.1^^.^ ^^^ Company's Commissary, protested against it by order of the Director
Wouter van Twiller ; yet notwithstanding this protest, they came there about
a year or two afterwards with some (15) families, whereupon another protest
The English care ^^g scrvcd ou them ; but it was very evident that these people cared very little
little fir protests, •' ■ ■ .-
u?e Fresh Eiler.™' fof it, for, notwithstanding repeated protests to the contrary, they finally invaded
and usurped the entire Fresh river, and finally sunk so low in shamelessness as
to have seized in the year 1640, the Company's lands around the fort. And when
this was protested against, they paid no attention to it. They have proceeded
The English beat gvcn further, and have severely beaten the Company's people with sticks and
our people and Je- ■' c \ • r •\^\
implements ^"'"'"^ clubs, and whcu the latter were on their land for the purpose of working, forcibly
threw their plow and other implements into the river and impounded the
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IV. 287
horses.' The same thing occurred repeatedly afterwards, and they also took up
the hogs and cows belonging to the Fort, and even frequently sold some of them, ^^« English seii our
for damages as they say. Protests have been made against all these acts and
each of them in particular, but they were mocked at; sundry very severe letters
were written to their Governors in Latin on this subject, minute or copy whereof
remains with the Company's officers, who can furnish a fuller account of this
affair; but all opposition was vain; for they having now a smack of the
excellence and convenience of this river, and remarking the difference between
the land there and that more easterly, will not consent to go back, nor easily The English love
■' o ' J ll,j la^j^ jjnil win
submit to their High Mightinesses' protection unless respectfully invited thereunto, "o'easuy go back,
which it was desirable might have happened from the first.
OF THE DUTCH TITLE TO THE FRESH RIVER.
In the beginning, before the English were ever spoken of, our people, as we
find it written, first carefully explored and discovered the northern parts of
New Netherland and some distance on the other side of Cape Cod. And even
planted an ensign on, and took possession of Cape Cod. Anno 1614, our traders O" v<^°p^e ant
" * ^ took possession of
not only trafficked at the Fresh river, but had also ascended it before any English LoughuSerawi
people had ever dreamed of coming there; the latter arrived there for the first °'""
time in the year 1636, after our Fort Good Hope had been a long time in existence,
and almost all the land on both sides of the river had been bought by our people
from the Indians, which purchase took place principally in the year 1632 ; and
Kievits hook^ was purchased at that time also by one Hans Eencluys, an
officer of the Company. The States' arms were also affixed at this Hook (16) to
a tree in token of possession, but the English, who still occupy the Fresh river, lown^liei^ wgh
threw them down, and engraved a fool's face in their stead. Whether this was M'd''"eDgr"ve'd™a
done by authority or not, we can not say ; such is probable, and no other than an plad
affirmative opinion can be entertained ; this much has come to pass — they have
been informed of it in various letters, which never produced any result ; but they
have in addition, contra jus gentium 'perfiis et ncfas, invaded the whole, because, as
they say, the land lay unoccupied and waste, which was none of their business,
and, besides, was not true ; for on the river a fort had been already erected, which
' The following extract from the Colonial Records of Connecticut illustrates the text : — "Hartford June
ix. 1640. Whereas the Dutch catle are impounded for trespassing the Englishmen's corue, It is the iudgment
of the Courts that the Dutchmen shall be made acquainted wth the trespasse, and satisfaction demanded,
the wch if they refuse to pay, the Cattle are to be kepte in the pound three dayes, and then to be prysed
& sold, and the trespasse to be satisfied, togather with the chardge of impounding, keepeing & tending the
said catle dureiiig their custody." TrumbulVs Public Records of Oontieclkut. Hartford, 1850.
' Saybrook Point, Connecticut. — En.
288 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
continued to be occupied by a garrison. Adjoining the fort, was also a neat
bouwery ' belonging to the Dutch or the Company ; and most of the land was
purchased and owned. Their High Mightinesses' arms were set up at Kievits
Everything possible hooU, which is at the mouth of the river, so that everything possible was done
introducing people, except that the country was not wholly occupied, and the English would have
it so ; forsooth, as if these people, who now by means of their greater numbers
do as they please, were at liberty to dictate the law to our nation within its own
purchased lands and limits, and to order how and in what manner it must settle
the country, and if it do not happen to suit exactly their desire and pleasure, then
they are at liberty to invade and appropriate our waters, lands and jurisdiction.
OF THE RODENBERGH, BY THE ENGLISH CALLED NEW HAYEN; AND OF OTHER
PLACES OF MNOR LMPORTANCE.
kl'es^ ^and"'VeiJ ■^" ^^^ villagcs Settled by the English from New Holland or Cape Cod unto
Buengih. Stamford, within the Dutch limits, amount to about thirty, and may be estimated
at nearly five thousand persons capable of bearing arms; their cattle, including
cows and horses, are computed at thirty thousand ; their goats and hogs cannot
be stated ; it is impossible to ascertain precisely both the one and the other, for
there are divers places which cannot well be put down as villages, and yet are
New Haven a mem- beginnings of them. Among the whole of these, the Rodenbergh or New Haven
land, which consists jg the principal; it has a Governor, contains about thirteen hundred and forty
of four colonies. r r ' j
families, and is a province or member of New England, there being four in all.
(17) This place was begun eleven years ago, in the year 163S, and they have
since hived further out and formed Milford, Stratford, Stamford, and the Trading
House already referred to.
Director Kieft hath caused divers protests, both in Latin and other languages,
to be served on these people, commanding them by virtue of his commissions, in
the name of the Lords States General, his Serene Highness of Orange, and the
Honorable Directors of the Incorporated West India Company, to desist from
their proceedings and usurpations, and in case of refusal, warning them thereby
that satisfaction should be required of them, some time or other, according
as circumstances might allow; but it was knocking at a deaf man's door, for
The English eon- they did uot heed it, nor give it any attention ; but, on the contrary, had
tinue to encroach on ■" i ,
ihe land, moreover rccoursc to Several subterfuges, circumstances, false pretences and sophistical
disregard every pro- o ' ' r r •
themservel bfsub^ arguuicnts, to give a color to their actions, and to cast a doubt and impeach our
lerfuges. lawful claim and valid title to the premises. General Stuyvesant hath also had
repeated differences with them on this subject, but it remains in statu quo. The
' Brouttscrye, in tlie piiuteJ Verloorjh ; evidently a typographical error. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IV. 289
farthest that they have ever been willing to come is, to declare that the matter
could never be arranged in this country, and that they were content and very
desirous that their High Mightinesses should arrange it with their Sovereigns,
and as this is very necessary, inasmuch as the English already occupy and have The Eogiish have
seized nearly the half of New Netherland, which hereafter can well be of great SeriaSd/ ^"^
importance, so it is earnestly to be desired, that their High Mightinesses w^ould
please to press this matter, before it proceed farther, and the breach become
irreparable.
We should now pass from this to the South river, by the English called
Delaware bay, with a view first to describe the boundaries in this way,
consecutively; but we cannot omit, in passing, to say that there was here, both
in Director's Kieft's time and in that of General Stuyvesant, a certain Englishman
New Albion; he represented and claimed that the country from the west side
of the North river unto Virginia, was his, by grant from King James of England,
but he said he did not wish to create any difficulty with the Dutch, though he
was very much piqued at John Prins, the Swedish Governor at the South
river, on account of some affronts he had received from him, which are too
long to relate; he added, that he, at a proper opportunity, should meet that
gentleman, and take possession of the river. In fine, according to the English
reckoning, it comes to this: Nothing remains for their High Mightinesses'
subjects; one must have thus far, and another must have so far, so that between
themselves they never fall short.
whole of N. Nether-
( 18 ) OF THE SOUTH RIVER AND THE BOUNDARIES THEREABOUT.
As we are now about to speak of the South river, and the most Southerly part
of New Netherland, we shall begin from the commencement, though others have
also treated fully of it, and shall state every thing, at the same time, as briefly
as possible. The boundaries, according to our experience, extend at this place
to Cape Hinlopen, four leagues south of Cape Cornelius, in the latitude of thirty-
eight degrees. The coast trends on an average West, South West and Westerly,
and though this Cape Hinlopen is not much esteemed, yet it ought to be taken
into consideration as being favorably situated, not only as regards the convenience
of the country, but also as relates to the trade with the Indians on the South
river, to secure which the English and Swedes are making great efforts, as we The English and
' ° _ O O ' Swedes make great
shall presently show. Were the boundaries here settled, they would
properly, and without any further trouble, deprived of it, and thus the enjoyment "J]
of the produce both of the earth and of the trade, would remain with their High
Mightinesses' subjects.
Vol. I 37
290 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
year 16M by
OF THE SOUTH BAY AND SOUTH RIVER.
The South bay and South river, by many called the second great river of New
situated in latitude 38 degrees 63 minutes; it has two headlands
or capes ; the most northerly is called Cape May, the most southerly, Cape
Cornelius, and the bay itself was named New Port-May, but at the present time,
Godyn's Bay. These names were given to the places about the time of the first
d^co*»?°id ''in'^ The discovery, before they had any others. The discovery itself was made at the
same time as that of the North river, by the same ship and crew, who entered
the South bay before they arrived at the North bay, as is all to be read in its
length and breadth in Johannes De Laet's Nieuwe Werelt.
In the year 1623, at the same time that forts were erected on the North and
Fresh rivers. Fort Nassou was erected upon this river, which, in common
conversation, is called the South river; but it was the first of the four, and for
the same purpose and object as the others, as (19) hereinbefore related. The fort
stands on the East shore fifteen leagues up the river. Yet it would have done as
well on the West bank. The bay trends nearly North and South ; it is called
New Port-May, or Godyn's bay ; it is nine leagues long before coming to the
river, and six leagues wide, so that one shore cannot be seen from the other. It
is somewhat dangerous for inexperienced persons, on account of some bars ;
otherwise, there is water enough for those acquainted with the courses. This
bay and river are compared to the river Amazon, by connoisseurs ; to wit, by
those who have seen both. In general, it is considered by every person one of
the finest, best and pleasantest rivers in the world, on account of its own and
other attendant conveniences. Fourteen streams flow into this river, the smallest
of them navigable for two or three leagues, and every where, on both sides, are
pretty good flats in great abundance. Two leagues from Cape Cornelius, on the
West side of the entrance, lies a certain kill which might well be called an
ordinary river, or stream, for it is wide, navigable far up, and has a fine roadstead
for ships of all dimensions. There is no other in the entire bay equal to it for
goodness and convenience. The direct channel, in sailing up, runs close by it.
This place is called the Whore Kill. What this name is derived from, we know
not. This much is certain, that this place was taken up and colonized by
The States' nrrns Nethcrlauders years before any English or Swedes came there. The States'
erected on Iho South •' J b
ar'riyai of th" Eng! arms Were also set up at this place in copper; but as they were thrown down by
liBh or Swede.. ^^^^ insolcnt Indians, the Commissary there resented it very strongly and
demanded the head of the offender. The Indians, knowing nothing better,
brought a head, saying it was that of the transgressor, and herewith it was
thought the affair was arranged ; but sometime afterwards, whilst our people
were wholly unconscious of the design, and engaged in their field labor, the
Indians came, in the guise of friendship and, distributing themselves all around,
according to the number of the Dutch, overpowered and murdered them. In
The Sonth rlrer is
compared to the
river Amazon by
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IV. 291
this way was this Colony again reduced to nought, howbeit sealed with blood f/, ""» """'''"' •'
and purchased dearly enough.
Wliore Kill, the
Culonie, lor a time,
There is another creek on the East side, called Hogs creek, three leagues
below the mouth of the river. Some English people had settled there, but were
driven away by Director Kieft, who protested against them, having been, in some
degree, assisted by the Swedes. They agreed together to keep out the English.
The Swedish Governor, thinking his opportunity now come, had a fort, called The swedw erect
° '^'^ •' tort EUinburgh.
Elsenburch.i erected at this place, and took great liberties with every one, even
with the Company's yachts, or such as would go up the South river ; for before
this fort must they all strike, none excepted, and two men are here sent on board
in order to ascertain whence the yatchs or ships come. It is nothing less than
searching ; it will probably terminate in that. What right these people have The swede, hwe
to do so, we know not; we cannot comprehend how servants oi other powers, somu river.
(20) as they represent themselves, but by what commission is not known here,
make themselves so much masters, and assume authority, over land and property
belonging to and possessed by others and sealed with their blood, independent of
the Charter.
The Minquas Kill is the first up the river, and there the Swedes have built
Fort Christina.^ This place is conveniently situated, for large vessels can lie
right against the bank, to load and unload. Amongst the rest, is a place up the 8iuf,'[%1t''eMn" o*!!
river called Schuylkill, a fine navigable stream which also was heretofore, in ^0''°" "' °" p"*
possession of the Netherlanders; but what is its condition? The Swedes now
have it also mostly under their control. There are, moreover, several beautiful
and pleasant islands and other places, heretofore also in the occupation of
the Netherlanders and still bearing the names they gave, and various other
circumstances, which afford sufEcient and conclusive evidence that the river
belongs to the Netherlanders and not to the Swedes. Their beginnings can of
themselves convict them ; for one Minnewits, who had previously been Director
at the Manhatans for the West India Company, came to this river eleven years
ago — in the year 1638 — with the ship de KalmerdeuteP and the yacht de
Vogelgryp, representing, on the cpntrary, to the Netherlanders who resided at the
river on behalf of the Company and of Mr. Van der Nederhorst, that he was on a
voyage to the West Indies, and that he wished first to transact some business The swede. com-
there in passing, and to take in a supply of wood and water, when he should so™m river"with''2
depart. A while afterwards some of our people returned thither and still
found them there; but then they already had prepared a little garden of salad, The swedes nmite a
. , ,., J J f f b > liiiie garden ; after.
pot herbs and such like. Our people wondered at this; inquired what it wardsafort.
meant, and if they intended to remain there? They offered divers reasons and
' The name of this fort is still preserved in that of Elsinborough, a township in Salem county, New
Jersey.
' The creek has in consequence obtained the name of Christina creek. It is in the State of Delaware.
'Or the key of Kalmar. Calmar is an ancient town in Sweden, latitude 56° 40', longitude 16° 26';
its fortress was formerly considered the key of the kingdom. It is famous in Swedish history for the
landing of Gustavus Vasa, in 1520, when about to deliver his country from the domination of foreigners. — Ed,
The Company's ser-
Tants can furnish
n formation'
292 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
subterfuges in explanation; nevertheless, some presumed that such was their
design. The third time, 'twas clearly seen by the building of a fort, what their
design and intention were. Director Kieft, on obtaining information of the
The Swedes proiest- matter, protested, but in vain. It was their determination not to depart thence,
ed against, and the *■
Stales' Arme set up. as the sequel of the matter clearly and plainly showed. As a proof of this,
the arms of their High Mightinesses were erected above Machihachansio,' at the
Sankikans,^ by order of Director Kieft, in token that the river with all the adjoining
countries and circumjacent lands and superficies were under the control and in
the possession of their High Mightinesses. But what fruit did that bear, save
down^The' Slates lasting scom and decreased respect? For the Swedes with insufferable
■*""'■ insolence, have thrown them down, and so 'tis allowed to remain; and 'tis
considered, especially by the Governor, a brilliant achievement. 'Tis true that
several protests were made both against this and other matters that occurred,
but they produced as little effect as the flight of a crow (21) overhead, and it is
to be feared that if this Governor had an adequate force, there would have been
more mad freaks with him than with the English or any of their Governors.
And this is, in brief, the case of the Swedes; the Company's officers ought to
be able to make a pertinent report on the subject, as they have in their
th Swedes^'""' "' possession all the papers and documents, to which and to the journals, we refer.
The English have also sought at divers times and places to annex this river,
being, as they say, the nearest to it ; but they have been prevented hitherto
The English evpei- in this, bv divers protests, and also by their being expelled by force, well
led from the South •' r ' J O r J
"""■ knowing that if they but once happen to settle there, the river would be lost, or
cause considerable trouble; for tiiey would swarm to it in great numbers. It is
The English again Currently reported here every day, and we are informed, that the English will
hanker atler the •' ' J J ' o
sonth river. soon repair thither with several families. 'Tis to be borne in mind, that if these
people come to settle there, they will so rapidly spread themselves over every
place, that shortly neither Dutch nor Swedes will have much to say there; at
least, there will be a risk of losing the river, in whole or in part, if some
particular precaution be not taken ; and this, then, would be the fruit of want
The Directors do not of population ; yet with all, the Directors of the Company have not to this day
people iu but Ob- ^ "^ r -^ J
struct population, paid any attention or regard, worth mentioning, to the matter. Though it has
been communicated to them fully and by divers letters, they have been a
serious obstruction and an impediment; for it fares with this as with the rest —
Greed hath befooled Wisdom ; for the report now prevails that the English will
build a village and trading house there ; and, in truth, if they begin, there is no
one here on the part of the Company who can prevent them, or apparently offer
them much opposition. And not longer ago than last year, divers freemen, among
whom were even some of ourselves, and all of whom without exception had or
The Netheriandera could have good employers in Fatherland, requested liberty to make a settlement
request a place on n r J ' 1 J
in^ai'n"'"*'^'^'''"' there; to wit, a trading house, some bouweries^ and plantations, on condition
' Or Miigechqueshou, of the Dutch Maps; supposed to be the creek at Bordentown, N. J.
' Trenton Falls. Acrelius' History of New Sweden.
■ ' Here again the word is, incorrectly, Brouweryen, in the Vertoogh. — Ed.
<.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IV.
and provided some suitable Freedoms and Exemptions were granted ; but this
the General refused, saying, he could not do it as he had no order nor instructions
to that eftect from the Hon"' Lords Majors; but if they chose to make a
beginning there, without Freedoms or such like, that could in some respect be
done. And when we represented to his Honor that such were offered us by the
neighbors all round, if we would only declare our willingness to acknowledge
ourselves members of their government, and that this place ran a thousand
dangers from the Swedes and English ; his Honor replied, that he well knew it,
and that it was as we represented, whereof in fact he was fully aware. Reason
was on our side, but the instructions he had from his superiors were such that
he could not justify it before them. Now we are blind in these matters, but
one of (22) two things must be true ; either it must be the fault of the Director The Director wames
the Company tor tho
or of the Company, or of both. Whichsoever be the case, the one shifts the want oj population.
blame on the other, and between them, all runs to ruin. Strangers possess
the land and fare right well, and mock us if we say any thing. They enjoy siransera enjoy
° J J O J J J Freedoms and Priv-
free Privileges and Exemptions, the like of which, were our Netherlanders to ''«g«s.
possess, they would (with God's help, without which we can do nothing)
doubtless flourish as well as, if not better, than the English. Therefore, the
Company, or its servants, have been, up to this time, the obstruction and There is no hope
•^ •' f^ that 'twill fare bet
the cause that the country does not make greater progress. It is not to be |;^''iong*''iiT8uE
expected that 'twill fare any better, but much worse whilst it is under their J^^""'"* company,
control, such is their greediness and misgovernment ; but the right time to treat
of this matter is not yet arrived.
OF THE CONVENIENCE AND EXCELLENCE OF THE WATERS.
Having treated of the situation of the land and its boundaries, and having
spoken, consequently, of the location of the rivers, it will not be foreign to our
purpose to add a word respecting the goodness and convenience of the waters,
which are salt, brackish and fresh, according to their locality. There are, in New Four chief rivers i
' O J ' New Netherlaud.
Netherland, four prmcipal rivers; the most southerly is commonly called the
South river, the bay, before entering the river, Godyn's bay ; the river is so named
not because its course is south, but because it is the most southerly river of New
Netherland. It is immediately south of another, which is also the principal and
best as regards trade and population, and is called Rio Montanjes, on account of
some mountains, or Mauritius' river, commonly the North river, because its
course is mainly, and for a great distance, towards the north. The third is the
East river, so named because it stretches East from the Manathans. This is The East river, >
esteemed by many not a river but a bay, because 'tis very wide in some places, runs eastS^wJ
and opens at both ends into the sea. We, however, consider it a river, and it is
294 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
generally so reckoned. The fourth is the Fresh river, because its water is, for
the most part, fresh, more so than that of the others. In addition to these rivers,
there are still many and various bays, harbors and inlets, very convenient and
useful, some of vs-hich fully deserve the name of rivers. There is also abundance
of lakes, some large, some small, besides navigable kills, which are very like
rivers, and multitudes of creeks very useful for navigating over all parts of the
country, as the (23) Map of New Netherland will demonstrate to us. There are,
besides, many and various waterfalls and streams adapted for the erection of
ereMmiiuon.*"" ^" sorts of mills for man's use, and innumerable small rivulets and brooks
throughout the whole land, as arteries through a body ; the water of all is fresh,
except of some few at the sea side which are salt and fresh, or brackish, all very
good drink for wild and domestic animals ; discharging their surplus waters into
the rivers or into the sea. In addition to all these, there are fountains and
springs, innumerable, every where throughout the country, even at places where
they would not be expected, as on cliffs and rocks, from which they burst forth
A great many foun- like watcr spouts ; and some are of such a nature that they are worthy attention,
New ^Netherland, not onlv bccausc thev are all, except those in the thickets, very clear and pure.
some of wbich J J r J tr >
from h at''and'"a're ^^^ many havc this peculiarity, that in the winter they smoke from heat, and in
nght cold in sum. gun^mgr are so cool that even in the hottest part of the season the hand can,
with difficulty, tolerate them on account of the cold. And this circumstance
renders them very pleasant for the service of man and beast, by whom they can
be used without danger; for should any one drink thereof, it does him no harm,
even though it be very warm weather. This much being stated regarding the
New Netherund property, couveuience, goodncss and fertility of this province, in which respects it
lactmE^opl""'' need not yield, as far as our limited experience extends, to any province in
New Netherland Europc ; and as relates to trade, wherein Europe, and especially Netherland,
uad"!" '""*^ '" excels, this province not only lies very convenient and suitable for it, but were
there only population, would be found to have exported more commodities by
New Netherland aud of itself to Other countries than it need to import from elsewhere. These
bi'e''h''e'reYner''io"''ihe being Considered, 'twill be very little labor for the intelligent to estimate and to
eran nation, ^^^p^^^ exactly what importance this naturally noble province is to the Netherland
nation, what service it might hereafter be to it, and what a refuge it would be
for all the needy in Netherland, as well of high and middle as of low degree, for
it is much easier for people of industry to obtain a living here than in Netherland.
ThanketoGod for We caunot Sufficiently thank the Fountain of all Goodness for having conducted
having favored the "^ 111-11
Netherland nation ^g [^^q gp good, SO fertile and SO wholesome a land, which we, however, did not
wiiQ tais country. o
deserve, on account of our manifold sins exceedingly increased by us every day in
this country. We are also beholden, in the highest degree, to the Indians, who
not only surrendered this rich and fertile country, and for a trifle made it over to
us, but did, over and above, also enrich us with their valuable and mutual trade, so
that there is none in New Netherland, or trading to that country, but is under
obligation therby. Great is our shame now, and fortunate should we be did we
duly acknowledge this benefit, and in return for what the Indians had shared
with us of their substance, endeavor, as much as in us lay, to divide with them
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IV. 295
the Good Eternal. It is to be (24) feared that for this injury they will stand up
against us at the last day. Lord of Hosts ! forgive us that we have not hitherto
comported ourselves better in this matter ; but grant us the means and direct
our hearts that we in future duly acquit ourselves herein unto the salvation of our
own and their souls, and the glorifying of Thy Holy name, for Christ his sake,
Amen.
'Tis respectfully submitted that the trouble which will attend the adjustment The expense and
r J •> trouble of setlling
of the boundaries, and the expenses to be incurred at first for the increase of {J';^d|;™°;'°de<i"and
the population of this Country ought to be disregarded, and it ought to be borne eoLideredT™""
in mind that beginnings are difficult, and that sowing would be irksome were
men not comforted by reaping. We trust and are confident that your High
Mightinesses' very great experience will accomplish this better than we are able
to suggest ; but it may probably appear strange to your High Mightinesses and
some other friends before whom this may come, that we speak so highly as we
do, and as we know to be true, of this place, and yet complain of its indigence
and poverty and beseech help, assistance, redress, diminution of burdens,
population and other similar benefits for it, and show that it is in a poor and
ruinous condition ; yea, so low, that unless it receive especial aid and assistance
it will utterly fall away and be ruled by foreigners. It becomes therefore
incumbent to point out the true reason and cause why New Netherland is in its
present low condition, which we shall do as correctly, minutely and truthfully as
will be in any wise possible, according to the facts as we have seen, found and
heard them ; but as this relation not only will call forth and experience much The relation of the
reach, not to allow the truth to yield to falsehoods, previously trumped up and
invented ; and not to admit any evidence against it, except of such impartial
persons as have not either directly or indirectly been injuriously affected by, nor
had a hand in, the ruin of New Netherland, nor are otherwise under obligation
to it. And with this observation, we proceed to the reasons and sole cause of
the evil, which we truly, though briefly and indistinctly set forth in the beginning
of our petition to your High Mightinesses.
(25) OF THE REASONS AND CAUSE OF THE GREAT DECAY OP NEW NETHERLAND.
As we shall treat of the reasons and causes by which New Netherland has been
reduced to its present low and ruinous condition, so we consider it necessary first
to enumerate them separately ; and, in accordance with our daily experience as
far as our knowledge extends, we here assert in one word, and none better offers,
296 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
uie*" r^u'in"of"'NVw that tlie causB IS bad govemment with its attendants and consequences. With
Neiiieriand. ^^^ j^^gj. \{g\ii ^g canHot pcrceive any other than this to be the sole and true
The goveromoni of foundation stoue of the decay and ruin in New Netherland. This ffovernment
New Nelherland i« •' °
twofold; ihe orders frgj,-, -which SO much abusc proceeds, is two fold; to wit, in Fatherland by the
'acta Company, and in this Country. We shall first briefly proceed to point out some
of tbe Director. Q^ders and mistakes of Fatherland, and afterwards pass to the others, and see how
they have here grown up and waxed strong.
Sd ^th^lT"^ ""lana I" ^'^^ infancy of this country, the Directors adopted wrong plans and in our
'"°"^- opinion looked more to their own profit than to the country's welfare, and trusted
more to interested than to sound advice. This is evident from the unnecessary
expenses incurred from time to time ; the heavy accounts from New Netherland ;
the taking up Colonies mostly by Directors ; their carrying on commerce, to
which end trade has been regulated, and finally from not colonizing the country.
It seemed at first as if the Company did intend to settle this place with its own
Mrvanta *^gwr"th8 servauts, which must be a great mistake ; for so soon as their time was up, they
couotrjabadnarae. j.gjy^j,g(j ^ome Carrying with them nothing except a trifle in their purse and, for the
country, the bad reputation of great hunger, &c. Meanwhile there was no profit
but heavy monthly bills, as the accounts from New Netherland will testify.
Had the Hon'''^ West India Company attended in the beginning to population,
instead of incurring great expense for things unnecessary, which might be
attended to at more favorable times and then could also be better done, the New
Netherland account would not be so large as it is now ; first, by the construction
of the ship Nieuw Neerlant, at an excessive expense ; of three costly mills, by
making brick, burning tar, manufacturing ashes, salt, and similar undertakings,
which through bad management and calculation, came wholly too little or
nothing, notwithstanding the excessive expenditure. Had this been (26) applied
to colonizing the country, and transporting cattle, the place might now be of
considerable importance.
New Netherland is 'phis countrv and its position are much better and more convenient
much belter and .* ^
SauNewEDsianSl than that occupied by the English, and had not self interest and private
speculation been attended to, assuredly, the North or New England would not
have outstripped us so much.
Had the first Exemptions been honestly carried out, according to their tenor
and not with particular views, the friends of New Netherland would certainly
have made greater exertions to bring out settlers, and to take up land. The other
clauses which were introduced, have always discouraged individuals and kept
them down, so that those of them who had any skill, on becoming aware of
the facts, dare venture nothing. It is very true that the Company hath brought
over some persons, but it did not persevere, so that little advantage followed ;
it had, also, no proper commencement, for 'twas done as if without any plan.
It is impossible to relate and pertinently to describe, in what and how many
instances the Company hath injured and obstructed this country. It was
I^u, j^cob'"wann' unwilling that our own nation should take up land, as appears from the case of
ge^n^ at the Fresh jj^ggj, Walingcn and his associates, at the Fresh river and now recently as
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IV. 297
regards the South river, and in the meanwhile have foreigners intruded there,
and nothing has been done except a prohibition and protest against it. Nothing
else could well be done, for the garrisons are not sent out complete agreeably to The rauu of New
the Exemption, so that the fault of New Netherland's low condition lies as much ^onSrJ.'mlits iiso
at the door of Fatherland, as of this place; yea, the seed of the war was, '"'"' ""''^°"P'"'y-
according to Director Kieft, first sown in Fatherland, for he said that he had
express order to exact the contribution from the Indians; this would have been
very good, had the country been peopled, but in this instance it was premature.
Trade, without which, when lawful, no country prospers, has also fiillen off so L»eiiimate trade in
1 • r ^ y^ , 1 • . • 1 111. ^^^ Nftherland is
much m consequence or the Company s acts, that it is without a parallel, and more '-•^p' 'i"«n ^y ihe
^ r J r ' Company.
slavish than free, owing to high duties and all the inspections and trouble that
accompany it. We highly approve of inspection according to the orders given by JJ„',f ''|^.'^'^ 'fo^'e''
the Company to its officers, and so far as 'tis done to check smugglers, who have coilntry""""* "'°
ruined the country, and now go out from all parts; but it ought, nevertheless, be
executed without partiality, which is not always the case. The duty is high; of
inspection and seizures there is no lack, and thus lawful trade is turned aside,
except some little which is carried on on]y pro formd, in order to push smuggling
under this cloak. Meanwhile the Christians are treated almost like Indians in chrisUans are ttoat-
ed almost like la-
the purchase of necessaries which they cannot do without; this causes great '^'""•
complaint, distress and poverty. Thus, for example: — the merchants sell their
dry goods, which are subject to little loss, at a hundred per cent advance, and
that freely, according as there is a demand for, or scarcity of this or that article;
(27) petty traders who bring small lots and others who speculate, buy up those
goods from the merchants, and sell them again to the common people who cannot
do without them, often at another advance of cent per cent, more or less, according
as they are persuaded or disposed. More is taken on liquors which are subject to
considerable leakage, and those who purchase such from them, pursue a course
similar to that stated of the dry goods, and generally with so much shrewdness, Goods are sow in
that the goods are disposed by the first, second and third hands, at an advance of ^ueTiwo'and't'hreo
one and two hundred, and more per cent. It would be impossible for us to advance.
enumerate all the practices that are had recourse to, for the purpose of promoting
self or individual interest; whilst little thought is bestowed on introducing people
into the country. We intended to be silent. But the people have, moreover,
been driven away by harsh and unwarrantable proceedings; their Honors,
however, authorized this, for they instructed Director Kieft to pick out faults The Directors order
that a partial shoBid
where none existed, and to consider a partial, as a complete, error and so forth. It ""^ c.nsidcred a» a
■^ ' r ' eoraplele error, and
has also been seen how the letters of the Eight Men have been treated, and the ^eipie."'"™'' ""'
result; besides many additional orders and instructions which are not known to
us, and are alike ruinous : but laying this aside for the present, with a word now
and again by way of remark, let us proceed to examine how their servants, and
the Directors and their friends, have fattened here from time to time, having
played with their employers and the people as the cat plays with the mouse. It ^^.^ ^i,'p'ir'°m '''*'^
would, indeed, be very easy to give an account of their management and course laiwhhtmla^.''
from the beginning, but as the most of us were not here at that time, and
Vol. f. 38
NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
consequently not eye witnesses, and as it was long ago and has partially escaped
recollection, and did not seem to us so bad as afterwards when land was granted
free, and the freemen began to increase, we shall therefore pass over the
beginning, and let Mr. Lubbert van Dioglagen, Vice-Governor of New Netherland,
describe the administration of Director Wouter van Twiller, with which he is
known to be conversant, and treat only of the two last sad and senseless
extravagances — we should say, administrations — of Director Kieft, which is
now in truth past, but its evil consequences remain ; and of Director Stuyvesant,
which still stands, if that can be said to stand which lies completely prostrate.
The Directors in this country being at a distance from their masters, looked
close to their own advantage. They have always known how to manage their
The Directors »d- owu affairs handsomcly, with little loss to themselves, yet under plausible
under the 'preienc''o pretexts, such 33 pubHc interest, &c. They have also comported themselves just
««"• as if they were Sovereigns of the country; as they would have it, so must it
always be, and as they desired it, so it was. " The Board of Managers," say
The Director, play they, " are, indeed, masters in Fatherland, but we are masters in this land.
the abaolute maaler. j ■ • •
As they decide, so 'twill go; there is no appeal." And it has not been
difficult for them hitherto to put this in practice ; for the people were few, and
the majority of these (28) very simple and uninformed; they, moreover, had
business with the Directors every day, and if there were any men of intelligence
among them, who could walk on their own feet, efforts were made to conciliate
these. It was impossible at first fully to comprehend their policy, which was
always artful and insidious, especially as it was so often successful in this respect,
Director Kiert gaye and had sometimes quite a long duration. Director Kieft himself said, and
out here that he was ^ °
Sovereign' ""!)«"'J ^'lo^^d othcrs to repeat it, that in this country he was Sovereign and the same
Company"""" ""' "^ ^^ Priucc in Netherland. He was told so repeatedly here, and never made
any particular objection to it. The refusal of appeal and other such acts, prove
it so conclusively, that, in our opinion, it does not require any further evidence.
stnyve»ani ai«o re- This present Director does, also, the same thing, for he too was quite at home
in refusing appeals. He also quotes right readily this maxim, " The Prince is
si.jTesani applies above the law," and applies it to his own case with so much arrogance, as to
to himself ^ Ihe ' rr o ■
taabOTMh^eirwr" make even himself ashamed. These Directors, then, having the power in their own
hands, could do, and did whatever they chose, according to their good will and
pleasure, and whatever was, must be right, because it was agreeable to them.
'Tis well known that those who arrogate to themselves, and exercise power, for
the purpose of issuing such commands as they please, frequently command and
require more than they really ought ; and whether it be proper or not, there are
always some persons there to praise it; some through a desire to witness and
abet evil; others, from fear; and thus do people still continue to complain, with
Jan Vergas, dt dementia ducis, of the clemency of the Duke. But that we may give
no one reason to suspect that we blow too hard, 'twill be proper to illustrate the
uirKteTs admin"! closB of Dlrcctor Kieft's administration, and the government of Director
Stuyvesant a little before our departure by a few examples, but we willingly
admit, that it will not be in our power fully to relate all the particulars, as they
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IV. 299
were transacted so secretly, and with so much duplicity and guile. We shall,
however, expose some of them according to our ability, and let an opinion be
formed of the Lion by his paw.
Casting our eye, then, over Director Kieft's administration, we come first to "ci^asS'' pr'lf-
the Church, and we shall speak, after that, of the public property, both p"'*"
ecclesiastical and civil. But as this man is now dead, and some of his proceedings
and acts are freely discussed by Jochem Pieterss Cuyter and Cornells Moiyn,
we shall dispose of this point as curtly as we possibly can.
Previous to Director Kieft's bringing the unnecessary war upon the country, unnei-cisary war
o o J t J brought upon the
his principal aim and object were to take good care of himself, and to leave """"u-y by Kiefi.
behind him a great name, but without any expense either to himself or the
Company; for he has never yet done anything remarkable for the country by
which it was improved. With that view he considered the erection of a Church
very necessary, being a public work, the rather as it was in contemplation at
that time to build (29) a place of worship in Renselaerswyck. Bearing this in
mind, he communicated his views to the church wardens, of whom he himself ^u"S'^af"|°^"'°
was one, who readily approved of and praised the project. The place where it
should stand was then discussed. The Director wished, and insisted that jE^*,„h';^"h'i'^,J^,t
it should be located in
truly, the location is
small, the fort lies on a point, which would be of more importance in case of
population ; the Church, which ought to be owned by the people who defrayed
the expense of its construction, intercepts and turns aside the Southeast wind
from the gristmill which stands in that vicinity ; and this is also one of the Ji" brmechSJc™"''
causes why a scarcity of bread prevails frequently in summer for want of
grinding. But this is not the sole cause ; for the mill is neglected, and having
been leaky most of the time, it has become decayed and somewhat rotten, so
that it cannot now work with any more than two arms, and has gone on thus for
all of five years. But, returning to the Church from which the gristmill has
for the moment diverted us; the Director concluded, then, to have one built and
on the spot which he preferred. He lacked money ; and where was this to be got?
It happened, about this time, that Everardus Bogardus, the clergyman, gave in
marriage a daughter, by his first wife. The Director thought this a good time for
his purpose, and set to work after the fourth or fifth drink ; and he himself setting
a liberal example, let the wedding guests sign whatever they were disposed to
give towards the Church. Each, then, with a light head, subscribed away at a Every one at iha
o o J wedding BUbscnbod
handsome rate, one competing with the other ; and although some heartily In'thechiTrchlthich
repented it when their senses came back, they were obliged, nevertheless, to gre"ied?%"r''uicy
pay; nothing could avail against it. The Church, then, was located in the fort, """' '"'^'
in opposition to every one's opinion. The honor and ownership of that work
must be inferred from the inscription, which, in our opinion, is somewhat
ambiguous, and reads thus: Anno, 1642. Willem Kieft, Directeur Generael,
hccft de gemeente desen temple doen bouwen. But, laying that aside, the people,
nevertheless, paid for the church.
300 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
There is no church jj- jg ^ow ouF time to spcak of the church property, and to do the truth no
violence, we are not aware that there ever has been any, or that the church hath
any revenue, except what is given to it. Neither the Company nor the Director
ever took the least pains or trouble to obtain or provide any.
The plate im» been The plate has been a long time passed around for a Common school which has
passeil around lur *^ a i
ihescbooi. been built with words; for, as yet, the first stone is not laid; some materials
have only been provided. However, the money given for the purpose hath all
disappeared and is mostly spent, so that it falls somewhat short; and nothing
permanent has as yet been effected for this purpose.
The poors' money MQ\ -phe Poor, who, however, are best provided for, have nothinsr except what
is for the mobt part V / ' ^ or
comp»n°,"aQ7ne'i- 's coilectcd iu the church, in addition to a few fines and voluntary offerings from
ther principal
interest can be got the inhabitants; but a considerable portion of the money is in the hands of the
Company, who took it, from time to time, and retained it. They have long
promised to pay interest, but notwithstanding all that is done in the matter,
neither principal nor interest can be obtained from them.
There is, occasionally, a flying report of an hospital and of asylums for orphans
and for old men, &c., but as yet not a sign of an attempt, order or regulation has
been made about them. From all these, then, it is sufficiently apparent, that
scarcely any proper care or diligence has been used by the Company or its
officers, for any ecclesiastical property ; and, as far as can be ascertained, nothing
in the least has been done from the beginning up to the present time, but on the
contrary, every care and pains have been taken to attach minions closely, or to
make new ones, as we shall hereafter show in its own time, and now
proceed and see, what have been the public resources of the government up
to the time of our departure, so that it may be manifest what pains and diligence
the Directors have used and exercised in this particular.
There was not indeed at first, in Director Kieft's administration, so favorable
an opportunity as since, because the duties on the peltries were collected in
Fatherland, and the freemen had not yet granted any excise, but after the public
on It"" calamity — we mean, the rash war — was brought on us, the duties on the peltries
Neiheriand. began to collectcd in this country, and an effort was made to impose a beer excise,
about which a conference was had with the Eight men, then chosen from
among the people, who did not understand it; but requested to know in what
manner and on what footing it would be established and how long it was to
continue. Director Kieft promised that it siiould continue only until the arrival of
a Company's ship, a new Director, or until the end of the war. And though all
The beer excise was nearly doubted this, and it was not agreed to, yet he introduced it by force. The
iutroduced by force. "^ i i i ■ j • ■ i j
beer belonging to the brewers who would not consent to an excise, was distributed
among the soldiers as a prize, and so it has continued ; but it has produced great
strife and discontent; for from that time forward the Director endeavored to
The Director begins divide the country and to establish a faction ; those who were on his side could
try, and^s very j'eat- not do amiss, howevcr badly they behaved; those who were opposed to him
areiisited. were always wrong, however well they acted, and the order to consider half an
error as a whole one, was then strictly enforced. So great was the Director's
The duties
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IV. 301
jealousy that he could not without suspicion suffer disinterested persons to visit
his partizans.
After the war had been terminated accordins' to the Director's own statement, The war wm not
•-^ oe concludt'u uniii
though in our opinion it will never be finished until the country be peopled, every [■^^'j^.X^y!" ""^ '"
one hoped that this excise would cease ; but Director Kieft postponed that until
the arrival of (31) a new Director, who was very anxiously wished for, and finally
appeared; but like the crowning of Rehoboam ; for, instead of abolishing the
beer excise, his first act was to superadd thereto a wine excise and other ,^^'j^5^7JJ^'„i;''^^:
intolerable burdens ; so that some of the Commonalty, as they then had no <='»«•
advocate, were themselves under the necessity of remonstrating, but instead of J^'^^.f'^^P,''^ p"^""™
the relief they expected, they received a somewhat sharp reprimand from the
Director, and subsequently obtained a written answer which, as was his custom, he
had couched in so lengthy and so diffuse a style, that poor humble people, such as
are here, must inevitably commit mistakes regarding it. And thus have further
attempts been made from time to time to impose new taxes and burthens. In fine,
it is so managed that a considerable sum was received in Director Kieft's time, as
well from duties as from other sources which are estimated to amount, one year Kitft drew from ihe
with another, to 16,000 guilders, exclusive of the customs paid in Fatherland, iM^io s^'W^r. a
which must indeed be also collected from the poor people here, for the goods
are afterwards sold, and are now intolerably dear. The revenue reached a
somewhat higher sum in Director Stuyvesant's time. It is estimated that fuliy^SwiguiW"^
about 30,000 guilders are now drawn from the people, yearly, in duties,
confiscations, excise, &c. ; and yet it is not fair, that the more one has the more
he will have. It was however, allowable, that as much as possible should be
contributed when it was to be employed for the public good ; and inasmuch as it i'!„"'prof;'id^d'''''n,,'
was promised and enacted, in all placards, that all the money was to be employed lZ%t """monry
for commendable and necessary public works, let us now examine for a moment for'" the" %TO°.'ie'a
what laudable public works there are in this country, and what fruits all the
donations and contributions have hitherto borne. But in order not to commit
any error in this matter, we must not be understood to include the goods and
effects of the Hon''''= Company, and which are its property, for whatever belongs
particularly to any person, never was public; and the Company's property in this
country, including forts, cannon, ammunition, farm-houses, warehouses, dwelling-
houses, buildings, horses, cattle, vessels, and whatever else may be, possibly ^cu, ?„"'y.XfhlrI
amount to between 60,000 and 70,000 guilders. And it is very probable that the a°boui Sm"tlv\.
„ , . , . . , II, on" Builders. lis
debts against it are somewhat more. But laying this aside, we shall turn our debts ihere lo some-
° ./ □ ^ ^ (Ijj^g more.
attention to the public property, and see how the money has from time to time
been employed according to the placards. If we are correctly informed, and have
fully investigated and examined all these, we cannot ascertain or find that any
thing — we say any thing — big or little, worth mentioning, was done, built or
constructed, during Director Kieft's administration, in which the people were ^,e"i',«ipie''i'n"Kieiv8
concerned or had any interest, except the Church, of which we have already """'■
spoken. Yea, so much negligence and carelessness prevailed in the matter, that
nothing was proposed, undertaken or done with even an ostensible appearance of
302 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
satisfying the people; on the contrary, whatever (32) was contributed by the
Commonalty was absorbed among the Company's property; and the effects and
The public revenue means Bven of the latter, both in one place and the other, have been squandered
and thp Company's i i p
g^opyiy "« »<i'">°- for the purpose of making friends, securing witnesses, and m order to get rid of
accusers on the subject of the waging of the war. Even the Negroes, which were
obtained with Tamandere, were sold for pork and peas ; something wonderful was
to be performed with this, but they just dripped through the fingers. There are
yet sundry other Negroes in this country, some of whom have been manumitted
on account of their long service ; but their children continue slaves, contrary to all
public law, that any one born of a free Christian mother should, notwithstanding,
be a slave, and obliged so to remain. It is impossible for us to relate every
thing that has occurred. Whoever did not assent and applaud was watched, and
when the opportunity offered, was remembered. We now submit to all intelligent
persons what fruit this has borne, and what a way this was to obtain good
testimony. Man is by nature covetous, and he is especially so who is needy.
But we shall give some few instances of this, when we treat of Director Kieft's
Proceeds to Diref- administration in particular, and now to proceed to that of Director Stuyvesant,
tor Sliivvesanl's aJ- '
minisiraiioD. and to sce what has been its course here, up to the time of our departure,
stuvvetant is un- Mr. Stuvvcsant has been, almost the whole of the time from his first coming
profitably busy in "^ , c
}h?^ C'mpanj'a af- to our leaving, busy building, laying masonry, constructing, breaking up, renttmg
and so forth ; but generally, on the Company's account and little to their
advantage, for on some things more is expended than they are worth ; however
he at first put the church in order, which had come into his hands in very
After the wno.ien bad repair, and shortly afterwards constructed a wooden wharf, each of which
wharr and cljurcli, r ' J
for'ihe" eo^'e ''"°° is of great use and very convenient; but subsequent to this we know of
nothing either done or made, that is entitled to the name of public work.
Notwithstanding, the receipts have been sufficiently ample, as is evident from the
yearly account; yet, like dropsical people, the cry was still incessantly for more.
As a consequence, great discontent arose in a short time every where, not only
among the burghers, who had very little to say, but also even among the
Company's oflScers, so that divers protests passed between them on account of
the expense and waste consequent on unnecessary councillors, officers, servants
and so forth, entirely unknown to the Majores, and by reason of the
appropriation and employment, for private purposes, of funds and means which
were raised from the public; but all in vain ; little or no improvement followed.
And the more people tried to aid, restore and mend matters, the worse has it
been ; for, swayed by pride, a determination entirely contrary was adopted, as
stnyvesant is proud if it were a disgracc to follow advice, and as if every thing should proceed from
and will nol heed ° i i ■ ^ <. i i
adTioe. one head. The fruits of this conduct can speak and testify of themselves.
People have been here now so long, and would beat every bush ; yet not a thing
No reeuiation has had been done concerning weights and measures or the like, previous to the
dueed '"'respecTn'J 23^ July, of the year 1649, at which time the people were notified that an order
sures; " q^ the subject would be issued the ensuing August, which the Fiscal would then
(33) enforce — this was as much as to say: "Water the pigeons." Much
Stuyvesant berates
Ihe principal mcu
among the people
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IV. 303
discontent and division also frequently prevail among the people in regard to
the weights and measures ; and as these were never stamped, there can be no
uniformity. The belief likewise obtains, that some, whose consciences are large,
have two sets of them, but we cannot affirm the fact. The Company's grain
measure has always been suspected ; but who dare say so ? The payment in norrrspeoiingwam-
•' ' J r J p,,^^ though aoliei-
Wampum, which is the currency here, has never been placed on a sure '«''•
footing, although the Select men requested it, and showed how it could be
done, and added conclusive reasons in support thereof. But it has always been
misconceived and distasteful. And when any thing was said to the Director on
these and similar subjects, more than pleased him, a great deal of ill and spiteful
language was received ; even those who were officially brought to speak, with
him of such things, if he were not in good humor, were berated as rascals,
bear skinners, &c.
The Fort under which people will take shelter, and from which, it seems, all The fort is iike a
^ ^ ' ' mole heap, and all
authority proceeds, lies like a mole-hill or a ruin. It does not contain a single order!"""'" "'" "'
gun-carriage, and there is not a piece of cannon on a suitable frame, or on
a sound platform. It was proclaimed, at first, that it should be repaired,
constructed with five bastions, and be made a first class fort. The Select men
were also asked for money for the purpose ; but they excused themselves on the
plea that the people were very poor. Every one was also greatly dissatisfied,
and feared that the Director would be more harsh and severe, could he once rely
on his fort. It remains sticking between these. He will, doubtless, contrive by
various circumstances to throw the blame on the Commonalty, who are innocent,
although the Director desired to have the money from them, and pretended to
have an order to that effect from their High Mightinesses; for had he applied
to that object one-fourth of the money which was collected in his time from the The monej coiiec-
Commonalty, it would, certainly, not have fallen short, as the wine excise was3t expOTTed
•' •' on the foru
was imposed expressly for that purpose. But so it was ; a thousand ways
were sought to shear the sheep before the wool had grown. Thus, in regard
to public works, there is little diffisrence between Director Kieft and Director
Stuyvesant; for after the erection of the Church, the former became negligent The Directors insii-
,.., ,. . , ,,, ., ^"te personal suits,
and instituted personal actions against whomsoever he had a prejudice. The •"" s'-jyvesant is
latter hath had much better and more opportunities to assist the people than "pect than Kieti.
his predecessor; for he had no war. He differs from him also, being more
active and malignant in looking up causes of prosecution against his innocent
opponents, than ever his predecessor had been.
NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
( 34 ) THE ADmNISTRATION OF DIRECTOR KIEFT IN PARTICULAR.
Sufficient has been said relative to what Director Kieft hath done in civil and
ecclesiastical matters; vphether buildings, resources or revenues. It remains for
us to visit the Council chamber and bring out some specimens, according to our
promise. Herein we shall also study conciseness.
The Council consisted, then, of Director Kieft and Monsieur La Montangie ;
the Director had two votes and Mr. La Montangie one; and yet !it was a high
crime to appeal from their judgments. Gornelis van der Hooykens sat with
them as Fiscal, and Cornells van Thienhoven as Secretary. And, moreover,
whenever anything extraordinary came up, the Director had a few additional
invited, according to his pleasure ; these were mostly officers of the Company.
This, however, happened but seldom, yet it produced dissatisfaction. Neither
ElSit^meli™ havt the Twclvc men nor the Eight after them, had voice or opinion in cases before
mueiosay. ^j^^ court; they were chosen in view of the war and some other occurrences, in
order to serve as a cloak and a fcatspaw. In other respects, they were of no
consideration, and little regarded when they proposed anything in opposition to
the views of the Director, who imagined himself, or would fain persuade others,
The Direotora give that he was Sovereign and that it was absolutely in his power to do, or to
so'verei'gna. "'' "" permit, everything; and he heeded little that the safety of the People was the
supreme law, as was clearly manifest in the war ; although an effort was made by
subterfuges and piles of certificates and petitions, to shove the responsibility on
Because everyone others, whcu the spit was tumcd into the ashes. But this was done because
dAorihe blood ihai thinffs Went too far, and every one laid the damage and bloodshed at his door.
was thert, h« en- & ■' , , , . , . ,
?tT°m''hu"b'o"iir. La Montangie said that he protested against it, but that he was mixed up with
^'"- it against his will and to his deep regret ; and afterwards, when it did take place,
that he pretended to assist to the best of his ability. Secretary Cornelis van
Tienhoven also says, he had scarcely any hand in it, and that he had done
nothing in the premises except by the express order of the Director ; but this
was not believed, for there are some who heard La Montangie say, that had not
The Secretary the Secretary brought a false report, the affair would have never happened.
brings false reports. ^^^^.^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ othcrs who know it, and almost every one believes it, to be
so, and indeed it seems very likely. No confidence was placed in Fiscal Van der
Hooykens in consequence of his drinking, in which all his science consisted ;
neither had he any experience in this country, and at the commencement,
frequently cursed the war as being against his will, so that the responsibility
remains and must rest with the Director and Secretary Thienhoven. To the
Director was intrusted the supreme authority; did any one advise (35) him
to the country's ruin, he must not follow such advice, and afterwards endeavor to
throw the blame off his shoulders on people who will excuse themselves although
The petitioners not they are, in our opinion, not wholly blameless. We believe the war to have
entirely innoceni. ^^^^ caused by the exactiou of the contribution, for which the Director said he
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IV. 305
had the order of the Majores, and by his own imprudent expeditions, which
manifested themselves ciiiefly in the mysterious toast ; but there are friends
whom tiiis closely concerns and who have already undertaken it. We shall leave
the matter to them, and give a few specimens of his aspirations after sovereignty, of"'« sovereignty.
omitting several others for the sake of brevity.
At this point we are met by one Franciscus Douthy, an English clergyman here,
and one Arnoldus van Hardenbergh, a free merchant, also of this place ; but as
this will probably come before your High Mightinesses in full session, in the cases
in which they appear, we shall give merely a summary of them. This clergyman,
Franciscus Doulliy, came to New England at the commencement of the troubles or Fmnds Douthy.
in England, in order to escape them, and found that he had got out of the frying
pan into the fire. He betook himself, inconsequence, under the protection of the
Netherlanders, in order that he may, according to the Dutch reformation, enjoy
freedom of conscience, which he unexpectedly missed in New England ; and the
Director granted and conveyed to him an absolute patent, with manorial privileges.
He added some families now to his settlement, in the course of one year; but
the war breaking out, they were all driven oft" their lands, with the loss of some JirTv""' rrom°""his
people, and the destruction of many cattle, of almost all their houses, and
whatever they had ; they returned a while after that, and having consumed more
than they knew how to obtain, they came to the Manathans, whither all the
refugees at that time fled, and Master Douthy was minister there. After the fiame Francis Douthy
was minister at the
of war had died away, and peace had been concluded, in such a manner, Manaihans.
however, that no one had much reliance on it, some returned again to their land.
The Director would fain see this man go back to his land, in order that every
thing should have the appearance of being arranged, but as peace was doubtful,
and Master Douthy had no means to begin with, he was not in a hurry; he
went, however, sometitne after, and resided there half a year, but he again n was expected that
removed, as it was seized ; for in the hope that some others would establish a hive^espatirpeL
village there, a suit was instituted against the Minister, and carried so far, that be'i'ng done^it was
° ° conflacated.
the land was confiscated. Master Douthy finding himself aggrieved, appealed
from the judgment. The Director answered, there was no appeal from his
decision which must be final, and in consequence of his remark, sentenced the
Minister to be imprisoned for the space of 24 hours, and then pay 25 guilders.
We have always considered this act tyrannical, and regarded it as an instance
of sovereignty. Arnoldus van Hardenbergh's case resembles this very much in
its result, for after Seger Theunisse had been murdered by the Indians, at the
Beeregat, and the yacht had returned to the Manathans, the Director and
Council appointed Arnoldus van Hardenbergh and (36) two others, curators of
of the estate, and the yacht was searched. And in it was found some property
which had not been entered, wherefore the Fiscal summoned the curators into
court, and claimed that the property was forfeited to the Company. The Hardenbergh before
curators opposed it, and gave Hardenberch charge of the suit, who after some
proceedings, was cast. As he now found himself aggrieved as agent for the
general owners, he appealed to such judges as the owners would elect. Then
Vol. I. 39
306 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
^e»'i8™anT''a /''a *'''^ game was repeated ; it was a high crime ; the Fiscal made great pretence and
fine of 25 guiidtre. a judgment was pronounced, the contents whereof were as follows: — "Having
Copy of ihe ten- «' seen the written demand of Fiscal Van der Hoeikens of and against Arnoldus
tence. °
" van Hardenburch, and that in relation to the appeal from our judgment, dated
" 28"" April last, as appears by the signature of the above named A. van
" Hardenberch, from which judgment no appeal can lie, as the commission of
" their High Mightinesses the Lords States General and his Highness of Orange,
" proves to him ; therefore, the Director General and Council of New Netherland,
" regarding the dangerous consequences which tend to the injury of the supreme
^ . " authority of the magistracy of this country, condemn the aforesaid Arnoldus
" van Hardenberch in the fine of 25 guilders, payable immediately, or to be
" imprisoned until the fine be paid, as an example to others." If the lion be now
known by his paw, it can be seen that these people make nothing of the name
of your High Mightinesses, His Highness of Orange, the honor of the magistracy,
and have used the words, dangerous consequences, an example to others and
more of the like description, in order to play off their own personages therewith.
Jeifn^uhrS'stoJ ^® have, therefore, placed this act alongside of that perpetrated against the
Douthy. Minister Douthy ; and many more such pieces, or similar ones, are to be found
in the record, if the entries be not altered, which is gravely suspected, as
alterations have been sometimes seen in them. It is, then, sufficiently apparent,
that pretty much every thing has gone amiss, and herewith shall we quit the
subject, and pass on to Director Stuyvesant's administration, with a word,
Of the sinister eianse howevcr, first regarding the clause sinisterly introduced into the patents, as the
In the ground briefs. ' b & J r '
sequel will enable one easily to determine. For by the patents absolute
conveyance was granted to the people who then thought all was safe, and that
they were masters of wh.it they possessed. The patents were next called in, on
pretence that something had been forgotten in them ; but it was not so, only
'twas imagined that something had been surrendered in the grant, and therefore
a clause was added to the patents, which were signed anew ; this conflicts directly
with the patent, so that without distorting its tenor in the least, there is now a
There Is a contra- Contradiction in one and the same patent; for the old deeds read thus: — "And
the same patent. they enter on the land and valleys which appertain thereunto of old." And the
clause says, — No valley to be used before the Company; which can easily use all
of it and have their competency. (37) Another clause is usually inserted in the
patents, which is objected to by every one, to wit : That they must be subject to
all burthens which are already, or shall hereafter be imposed. — That can be
carried out ad infinitum, and it has already been enforced against divers inhabitants,
and has discouraged others from undertaking anything on such conditions.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IV. 307
THE ADMINISTRATION OP DIRECTOR STUYVESANT, IN PARTICULAR.
We sincerely wish we were already through this administration, for it hath been fSonbear8*'h'Md
heavy upon us, and we are conscious of our feeble power; we will, nevertheless,
make a beginning, and as we have already treated of the public property,
ecclesiastical and civil, we shall examine into the administration of justice and
the rendering of judgment between man and man, and demonstrate, as with a
finger, in the first place, the manner of the Director and Council. As regards
the Director, his manner in court has been, from his first arrival unto this time,
to browbeat, dispute with and harass one of the two parties ; not as beseemeth
^ ' SUiyvesanl acts the
a iudge, but like a zealous advocate. This has caused great discontent advocaie and not
Jo' " the judge m tJio
every where, and has gone so far and had such an effect on some, that many '='""■'•
dare not bring any suits before the court, if they do not stand well, or passably
so, with the Director ; for, whom he opposeth hath both sun and moon against
him. In addition to the fact that he hath himself appointed and obliged so
many Councillors, some of whom also are well disposed, so that he can constrain
the others by plurality of votes, he likewise frequently submits his opinion in
writing, and that so fully and so amply that it takes up some side, and then ||i';,^J't^^^°J,y'"^'J,'X!
his word is: "Gentlemen, this is my opinion; if any one have aught to object dicwo" or auvice.
to it, let him express it." If any one, then, on the instant, offer objection, which
is not very easy unless he be well grounded, his Honor bursts forth, incontinently,
into a rage and makes such a to-do that it is dreadful ; yea, he frequently abuses
the Councillors as this and as that, in foul language better befitting the fishmarket
than the Council board ; and if all this be tolerated, he will not be satisfied until
he have his way. To prove this by example and certificates, though possible,
would, however, carry us to too great a length. But, we all say and affirm, that
such has, from the commencement, been and still continues daily to be, the
common practice, and that this is the conduct and bearing in the Council of
the Director who is president and head thereof. Let us now, also, cursorily
speak of each of the other Councillors. Lubbert van Dinklagen, the Vice- ly'S-esS^.*''''*''
Governor, hath for a long time exhibited great dissatisfaction, and on several
occasions, and for divers matters, (38) hath protested against the Director and
his appointed Council, but it is only of late, after some others had offered
opposition. He had been previously so influenced by fear that he durst not
oppose the Director, but was obliged to let many things take their course and
submit to them, to which, he afterwards declared, he had great objection because
they were unjust, but he saw no other way to secure peace; for the Director
himself said, in Council, that he would treat him worse than Wouter van
Twiller had ever done, if he would not obey his wishes. This man is then
overruled. Let us now proceed further. Monsieur La Montanie had been in
the Council in Kieft's time, and was then, by many, greatly suspected ; he hath
no commission from Fatherland ; was, also, driven off his land by the war ; is
308 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
deeply in the Company's debt, and is, therefore, under the necessity of
dissembling; but it is sufficiently notorious, and has been heard from himself,
that he was not pleased with, and disapproved of that administration. Brian
Muyson [Nuton], lieutenant of the soldiers, comes next. This man dreads the
Director, and honors him as his benefactor; besides being very ignorant and
n«mSCnd''o'u? inexperienced in the law, he is totally unacquainted with our Dutch language,
eaj^Tel!'^" ""' SO that he is entirely unqualified to reply to the elaborately written opinions,
except that he indeed must and will say, Yes. Adrian Keyser, the Commissary,
cnmmissary Adri- who cauic here as Secretary, is also sometimes admitted to the Council. This
man hath not forgotten much law, but says, himself, that he lets God's water
run over God's field. This man, then, can say nothing, and dare not say
anything; for so much devolves on him that it is best that he keep quiet. The
The Captains of the Captains of the ships have also a vote in the Council when they are ashore,
ships have a vote m r r J
8iuyTSant°"'aiis''"at such as Jclmcr Tomas and Paulus Lenaersse, who was appointed Naval agent
whi?h they di^'not OH his first arriving here, and has always had a seat in the Council, but he is,
now, a freeman. Every one can easily imagine the amount of knowledge these
men, who have spent all their lives at sea and have been brought up to
ship business, possess of matters of law and of husbandmen's disputes; besides
■which, the Director keeps them so dependent that they dare not speak, as will
appear from this circumstance at Curasao, before the Director ever saw New
-1 Netherland. As they were discoursing about the value of Caracks, the Director
himself said to the minister and others: "Domine Johannes, I thought I had
" bi ought honest sliippers vpith me, but I find that I have brought a pack of
thieves." And this was said of these gentlemen Councillors, but principally
of the Naval officer, for Captain Jelmer was mostly all the time at sea. But they
let it pass unnoticed, a sign that they were dependent ; they did not fare the worse
for it, however, for Paulus Lenaertse hath but trifling wages and yet has built a
better dwelling-house here than any other person. How this is done, is too deep
The Director bear- for US ; for though the Dircctor is aware of these things, he nevertheless observes
Paulus ^ Lraacrjae gjiencc whcu Paulus Lcuaertse begins to get excited, which he would not suffer
from any other person ; and this gives rise to divers unfavorable surmises. To
complete the bench of justice, there still remain the Secretary and the Fiscal
Hendrick van Dyck, who has been formerly here as Ensign. Director Stuyvesant
The Fiscal 29 pvcludcd him twentv-uine (39) months from the Council board, for the reason,
months out of the ^ j \ i
ooaneii. amoug othcrs, as his Honor stated, that he cannot keep a secret, but divulges
whatever is done there. He also frequently declared that he was a villain, a
scoundrel, a thief, &c. And all this is well known to the Fiscal, but he dare not
adopt the right course in the matter ; and, in our opinion, 'tis not advisable for
him to do so ; for he is a man wholly intolerable alike in words and deeds.
What shall we say of one whose head is a trouble to him and whose screw is
TheFisoaMs none joogg, especially when it is surrounded by a little sap in the wood, which is no
rare occurrence, as he is master at home. Cornells Van Thienhoven, the
Secretary, comes next. A great deal might be said of this man ; more even
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IV. 309
than we are ab'ie to set forth. For brevity's sake, however, we shall select here "^^^ tong*"i7 ^h"
and there a few traits. He is crafty, subtle, intelligent, sharp-witted — good adrou?' "wiirthe
gifts when properly applied. He is one of those who have been longest in this iike .™' Indian; he
country ; is thoroughly acquainted with every circumstance relating both to the Machiaveiiist.
Christians and the Indians. With the Indians even, he has run about like an
Indian, with little covering and a patch before him through lust for the prostitutes
to whom he has ever been excessively addicted, and with whom he has had so
much intercourse, that no punishment nor menaces of the Director can drive him
from them. He is a great adept at dissimulation, and even when laughing,
intends to bite, and professes the warmest friendship where he hates the deepest.
To every one who has business with him — and there is scarcely one but has —
he gives a favorable reply, promises assistance and assists scarcely any body, or
leads them continually off on some course or the other, except the Minister's
friends. In his words and acts he is loose, false, deceitful and given to lying;
prodigal of promises, and when it comes to performance, nobody is home. The l^^^ ,?"pMndpiuy
origin of the war was attributed, principally, to him and some of his friends. """•'""='*'" •'''°-
The Director was led astray by his false reports and lies, and this is the opinion
and declaration of both reliable Indians and Christians. Now if the Voice of
the People be, according to the maxim, the Voice of God, of this man hardly any or him nothing
' ° ' J J good can be said,
good can, with truth, be said, and no evil concealed. With the exception of eonceaied!'°^
the Director and his party, the whole country cries out against him, as a villain,
a murderer and a traitor, and that he must quit the country or there will not be
any peace with the Indians. Director Stuyvesant was, at first and also
afterwards, well informed of this ; who, nevertheless, retained him in office,
and gave him so much latitude that everything follows his behest more than if
he were President; yea, who even says, that he is well content to employ him ;
but that stone is still rolling. We are convinced, and do believe, that he
misleads the General in many respects, and causes him to do much evil that
otherwise would not be committed. In a word, he is a proximate cause of his ruin
and of the country's difficulty ; but, it seems, the Director can not, or will not see
it. For, when some persons represented the matter to him, 'twas of no avail ;
but an effiDrt was made to palliate it, and so to manage that no one in Fatherland,
where the truth may be freely spoken, could molest him for the purpose of
getting at the truth, which is by no means their object. The attributes, then, of
the members of the Council having been fixed, it is easy to conjecture that the
(40) Court people stood by each other for the purpose of upholding the imaginary
Sovereignty. And in order to gloze over that matter altogether, Nine men were
chosen as representatives of the entire Commonalty, and it was in the fnTrepreseni'"'ihe
commissions and instruction declared, that what these men did, should be the act *"""* omaionai.v.
of the whole people ; as it, indeed, was when it accorded with the Director's
opinion and views, for they represent the entire people. But when it happened
otherwise, then they were Boobies, usurers, rebels, and such like. But, to
understand this properly, 'twill be best briefly to state, in chronological order,
every occurrence here during his administration, and how unjustly those have
been treated who have sought the good of the country.
310 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
His first arrival — for we speak not here of what passed oa the voyage — was
peacock like, with great state and pomposity ; the report that his Honor wished to
remain here only three years and other boasts induced some to think that he would
not act the father. The word Myn Heer Generael and such like titles, were
taTed P'^""'"^' never known here before. He was busy almost every day issuing proclamations
of various sorts, most of which were never observed and have long since died,
^''Inst '"^"".jochem ^^® w'xQe excise excepted, for that was a source of profit. The proceedings against
hi|^ircensurabi'e.° the Eight men, particularly against Jochura Pieters Cuytter and Cornelis Molyn
occurred also in the beginning, and the Director manifested so much partiality
therein, that he afforded many an opportunity of judging of his character and its
nature, but little to his advantage ; for every one clearly saw and remarked that
Director Kieft had more favor and aid and counsel in his suit than his adversary,
and that one Director was the advocate of the other, as Director Stuyvesant's
siuvvesant exhibits own words imported and signified when he said : " These Boorish brutes would
harsliness, anil ^ °
ibe''fermer's. ''"''^ hereafter endeavor to knock me over also, but I shall now manage it so that
they will have their bellies full in all time to come." And how it was managed
the result of the suit can testify, for they must pay fines and were cruelly banished,
and in order that nothing should be wanting, when Cornelis Molyn pleaded for
'■''-^il ■' grace until intelligence of the result of his appeal in Fatherland should be
■■"' received, he was threatened, as Molyn who is a living man hath himself declared,
in these or similar words: — "Had I known, Molyn, that you would have divulged
our sentence, or brought it before their High Mightinesses, I should have had
Molyn tiireatened to you hanged forthwith OH the highest tree in New Netherland." Now as this
occurred before two pairs of eyes, it can be denied ; it may not be true, but
what is remarkable, it is so confirmed by similar cases as not to admit of a doubt ;
for it once came to pass in the Minister's house, after their departure, when the
Consistory had met there and was risen, that one Arnoldus van Herdenberch
related the proceedings relative to Seger Theunisse, and how he had appealed as
curator, from the judgment, whereupon the Director, who had sat there as an
stuyvesant declared Elder, took up the word and answered: "People may think of appealing during
that he wouid'put my time — should any one do so, I would have him made a foot shorter, pack the
the man to death J J ^ r
ftom hia'j'adlmen^ picces off to Holland and let him (41) appeal in that way." O cruel words!
what more could a Sovereign do "? And all this is still further confirmed, for after
Jochem Pietersse Cuyter and Cornelis Molyn went to Fatherland to prosecute
their appeal, and letters were received here from them, and it was rumored that
they were maintained or would be successful, the Director, speaking of Jochim
Pieterss Cuyter and Cornelis Molyn, openly declared at various times and on
stuyvesant con- many occaslous, both in presence of Inhabitants and strangers, that " Even tho'
th"°nigh °MTghi'y they return and bring a States' order they would be no better off than they were;
I should immediately send them back, unless their High Mightinesses summon
me." His Honor has always maintained that no appeal lay, or could lie from
this country, and that he was sufficiently able to prove it. And when some
would not believe it, especially in cases against the Company or its chief officers,
a great many extracts from divers authorities were quoted, not much to the point
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IV. 311
however. In the beginning, also, when Director Kieft was still here, the English
Clergyman requested permission to depart to the Islands or to Netherland, as he
had lived and labored a long while without proper maintenance, and as his land
was now confiscated ; but he always received an unfavorable answer and was
threatened with this and that. Finally, it came to pass that he may depart on ^J,lT"hJ^' the
condition of promising under his hand that, wherever he should go, he would not u,af'ho ahww'not
mention, nor complain of the manner he was treated here in New Netherland by \rLiKi7
Director Kieft or Stuyvesant. This the man himself declares. Mr. Dinklagen
and Commander Looper, who were then members of the Council, also vouch for
its truth. If the Directors can now justify it to their own consciences, 'tis a
wonder what they will then do with such certificates ; and many other things of
a similar character have occurred, but very secretly.
At first, the Hon'''^ Director also began to condemn very severely the
contraband trade, which indeed was a very commendable act, were the law
passed and enforced; but he would himself do what he forbade to others, and
this the people will not understand. His Honor said and openly maintained,
that it was lawful for him on the Company's account to sell powder, lead and
guns to the Indians, but for no one else ; that he would have a resolution passed stuyvesant eeiu
to that effect and even commence the work. What the purport of the resolution tlSTindiaus. "^
is, we know not; but the character of the action is notorious to every inhabitant,
for through his employes the Director hath publicly carried on trade with the
the Indians; and he hath deprived freemen of one or two guns which they had
brought with them for their own use and amusement; for some of whicli he
paid what he thought proper, for others nothing; and then sold them to the
Indians. But this could amount to nothing, and had little effect; some other
course must be adopted. And with this view, one Gerrit Vastrick, a trader, was
authorized to bring with him a case of guns, as is ascertained, in order, as it atuyvespnt imports
was reported, to supply the Indians with a sparing hand. (42) The transaction "<=''»= °'g""'-
with this case was so public, that not a man at the Manhatans but knew of it,
and people had plenty to do, to quiet the public ; every one made his own
comment, for it was remarked that the vessel, as others indeed before it, had
not been inspected, and it was presumed that a great quantity of guns, powder
and lead were on board the ship for the Governor, but as the first did not succeed
very well, nothing was said respecting the remainder. But this might have
passed off did not every one remark what an excuse and justification the
Director's doing so afforded to all others, both the skipper and trader, who had
early information of it and now were reported to have brought out guns to a
large amount. And greater credit was attached to this, as they proceeded to
the right place and the returns they realized, though dumb, speak. This
created inexpressible dissatisfaction among the common people, and even
among the other officers, and had not the people been both persuaded and
restrained, something serious might have been the consequence. It is also
added: — " The Director is in, and carries on, all sorts of business all over the ™1.u'^ofE
" country, for he hath various stores of his own ; he is a brewer, hath bouweries, '^^^
312 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
" is part owner of ships, a merchant and a trader both in lawful and contraband
" articles." The Director, however, disregards what is said, and exhibits the
Order of ihe Direc- Company's order for so doing, adding that he should receive by the Valckeiiier
Mdieadf" '"''"'" a supply of powder and lead for this purpose. In fine, he who forbids the trade
to others on pain of death, will carry it on himself, both covertly and publicly,
and desires, contrary to all sound principles, that his example shall not be
followed. And if others happen to follow it, which indeed is too often secretly
the case, then away with such people to the gallows. This have we witnessed
jI^r'^'TeyKs in the case of Jacob Ryntgens and Jacob van Schermerhoren, who were capitally
me'rhooni'.'' '*''''*"" prosecuted for this offence, and a great deal of difficulty was experienced before
they could be got off, and even then they were banished as felons and their
property was confiscated. By the repeated interposition of several worthy
citizens, the banishment was revoked, but the property which was somewhat
considerable, they being importers, remained confisrated.
jomitSuK'. We cannot refrain from relating here what happened to one Joost Theuniss:
Backer, as he has complained to us that his case was one of gross injustice, which
it indeed is. For the man, being an honest Burgher here, of good repute, though
•^ moderate means, was thrust into prison, and charges raked up against him from
every hole and corner, on the information of one of the Company's servants, who,
according to the statement of the General and Council, had richly merited the
gallows three times, and for whom even a new one had been erected, which,
however, he had out of mercy, escaped; finally, not a shadow of a charge
being established, the accused was liberated, after 13 days imprisonment, on
giving sufficient bail. If the Fiscal should find anything, he is to institute
his action, but up to this time nothing has been done. A considerable time
having elapsed, we, as organ of the Commonalty, respectfully demanded, at
his request, as his bail was importunate, that the man should have his trial
and be (43) punished according to his deserts, if he were guilty ; if not, that he
be discharged. But it availed nothing, for we received injurious language,
and the Fiscal was allowed to vomit forth whatever came into his mouth, and the
man became the subject every where of dislike, and was abused as a hideous
monster. Did he petition for anything, even if it were just, he received coarse,
angry abuse; his petition was not received, and justice was denied him. These
things cause great dissatisfaction, and excite thoughts of abandoning the country.
Proceedings against Pieter Van der Linden fared no better, but he was not imprisoned, though
Pieter van der Lin- "^ °
'^^°- many were, the most of whom are frightened, and would speak if they dare. Now
as the Company itself carries on the forbidden trade, the people think that it is
no sin for them too to prosecute it, if they can do so with impunity. And this gives
rise to an incredible amount of smuggling and fraud. It does not appear to
Placard for the pro- prevail this year as much as usual. The publication of a placard offering freedom
teciion of e»u doers. ^^^ protection here to those liable to civil or criminal prosecution in New
England, hath also greatly embittered the minds of the English, and it was
TheDircctorisright considered to be by every one of evil consequence. Mr. Stuyvesant's promptness
ready to conflscale. „ ", ,. i-,i- o i-
at confiscatmg, causes also great discontent among the inhabitants, bcarce a snip
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IV. 313
comes in, or near this place, that he does not looii on as a prize, unless it be the
property of friends. Great pretensions will be set up on this subject, though
with slender profit. Their merits we shall not question ; but confiscation hath
made so much noise in New Netherland, that none of those in any way in bad
odor, considers his property secure. Were the noise thereof confined exclusively
to the country, it were well; but he has spread it himself, throughout the
neighboring English, both north and south, even to the West Indies and
Caribbee Islands; everywhere there is such evil report, that not a ship dare
venture here from those parts. Worthy and reliable people who come thence
here by way of Boston, and others trading hence to Boston, assure us that more
than 25 ships would come annually here from the Islands, were they not afraid
of confiscation. This refers only to these places ; the same report flies all over,
and carries similar terror, so that this Vulture is sorely destructive of the prosperity Kumnr of conflsca-
•' r r J tion causes much in-
of New Netherland ; it diverts trade and renders the people discontented ; for {"H^ """^ "*'"*■■'''
other places, not so convenient as this, have more shipping. All permanent
inhabitants, whether merchant, burgher, farmer, planter, working man or servant,
sufTer great damage in consequence; for were there plenty of shipping here, piemj- of shipping
everything would be cheaper, and necessaries more easily obtained than now; °"' "^""
whether goods or articles which the people themselves get through God's blessing,
out of the earth, or otherwise raise, they would meet a more ready and a more
profitable demand. People and privileges create trade. New England and
Virginia especially, afford a clear example that this policy causes prosperity. Now
all the debts and claims are called in which Director Kieft left uncollected, and
which were due for the most part by poor and impoverished people, who
commenced with nothing and who lost their savings in the war, by which they
were compelled to (44) abandon their houses, lands, cattle, and other means;
and when they pleaded, that they were unable to pay — that they had lost their all
by the war; that Master would please only to have patience — they were repulsed,
and the resolution thereupon adopted and indeed put into execution, to the effect
that those who do not discharge the claims of the Company, must pay the interest, The Director caiis
notwithstanding the debts were incurred in and by the war, and the people are ISuse "contracted In
" ' ' the war; and will
unable to pay either principal or interest. Again, he will not pay the just debts °J^„f'°" ^"^ J""
which Director Kieft hath left behind on the Company's account, whether
consisting of earned monthly wages, delivered grain, or any other lawfully proved
liabilities; and when we object to this, that it is identically the same, people
growl and will have it so. We have by petition and remonstrance so far
succeeded, that the collection of the debts is postponed for a time.
In addition, the Company's land is so burdened, taxed and kept down, that the
inhabitants are unable to compete with their neighbors of Virginia or New
England, or to undertake anything. It appears, and all the inhabitants of
New Netherland, as far as our knowledge extends, believe, that the Directors in The Pirectors in
° Holland carr nolh-
HoUand pay no heed or attention to New Netherland, except when something is '"g /"' «■ Neih r-
r J 'I O lanri except to ro-
to be received from it, which is a reason that less is received by them. The c«Te some duties.
extreme distress of war which has prevailed here, clearly demonstrates that they
Vol. I. 40
314 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
never inquired whether New Netherland sank or swam ; for when application
was made to them in such emergency for aid and assistance, which they were
bound by honor and by promise according to the Exemptions to furnish, unasked,
they never attempted to do anything in tiie case at their own expense. We let
the expense go. They never caused any good order or regulation to be adopted
in the matter, although such had been beneficently ordered and recommended by
your High Mightinesses. They never even authorized an investigation to be
made into the causes and true origin of the war, or attempted to punish those
S°tn"ihe mTnag™ ^ho had raslily commenced it. Hence no little suspicion attaches to their order
meDiofihewar. couceming it; 'tis certain, at least, that their officers were chosen more from
favor and friendship, than from merit; this does not improve their affairs, but it
is for the most part the stockholders' damage and loss. Many of the others
doubtless understood their designs. In fine, they fall far too short in the
protection they owe the country, for it bears no resemblance to it. Yet they
Trade is heariiy know Well how to increasc the public burdens, for in the instances in the
taieil and Ihis must »
be^paid byihepeo- Excmptlons, in which they promise not to exceed 5 per cent, they now exact 16.
'Tis an old saying, he scrapes a good deal who scrapes half, but it does not reach
that far. The excuses and evasions they have recourse to, as regards merchandise,
smuggling, &c., which time has taught them in order to give a coloring to their acts,
are of no value nor consideration, for there is nothing in them to be refuted: but
too much of this. Meanwhile, we shall be ready to do so, if necessity require.
There are more of these and innumerable other impositions, which we cannot
detail, though (45) tending to the damage, injury and ruin of the country. When
the inhabitants or we, go to the Director or other of the Company's officers, and
represent the prosperity of our neighbors, and complain of our own desolate
and ruinous condition, we get no other answer from them than that they
effectually see and observe it, but cannot, nevertheless, redress it; for they obey
Tho Directors jay if amj niust adhere to the Company's orders, and if we have anything to say, we
we want anTlhing tr j J a J '
their "High MiphT "^"st petition their masters, the Company, or your High Mightinesses, which we
nesses or the Com- ^j^^ ^^^^ Considered, in truth and in deed to be necessary. It is now more than
a year since the select men concluded and considered it proper to send a deputation
to your High Mightinesses. The Director approved it, and not only assented to
The resolution as to it, but stronglv Urged it also. It was well advanced in the mill, so that already
■ drlegalion ap- ° -' ° _ ■'
rector'^ '"' ""^ ^" "Mention began to be made of a delegate, but, however, nothing came of it.
For this reason: When a commencement was about to bemade, the Director
required that the proceedings should be according to his pleasure, and to this
some who perceived the object, would not consent; the affair went to sleep in
consequence. In addition to this, the English, on whom reliance had been
placed, and who were associated in this business, withdrew from it at the
time when the affair began to be more urgent, and the Nine men were changed
our. the following year, when Mr. Stuyvesant again urged the matter strongly, and
declared that he had already written to inform the Company that some persons
v.'ere about to come over. After the election, then, and before the new
incumbents were sworn, it was verbally, or orally resolved and concluded, that
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IV. 315
the deputation should be proceeded with, whatever the consequences. Some time
elapsed before the Nine men were sworn in anew, on account of some enlargement
of the commission, which was at last issued, recorded and signed ; but we have
never been able to obtain an authentic transcript of it, though the Director
frequently promised it to us, and we have frequently applied for it.
As people had long waited in vain for the action of the Company which, from Final Eesoimion tor
^ I ^ r J ' the rtelppatinn to
time to time, promised improvement but made things worse, the Select men nl.5jes"'^'' ^'s""'"
adopted a resolution to delegate some persons ; this they sent to the Director and
requested permission to speak to the Commonalty on the subject; but their
proposition was not well received and a very long postil was annexed to their
written petition to the effect that they must act conjointly with, and follow the Tba B.ioct m™
r J J . niusl not coufcr
order of, the Director with many other things which scarcely accorded with our "i"" ">« peopi«-
design, and were, in our opinion, impracticable. For various reasons, which we
have set forth in writing, we considered it inexpedient to act conjointly, but
we offered his Honor, if he would permit us to proceed, we should not send any
thing to Fatherland without furnishing him a copy of it ; we should be very glad if
he could, then, vindicate himself, but to follow his directions in this matter seemed
to us not to be founded in reason, but was in direct opposition to the welfare of
the country. Besides, we had never promised nor agreed to do so, and were
bound by oath to seek the prosperity of the country, as we have always been
disposed to do, according to the best of our knowledge.
(46) It is stated in the postil above mentioned, if we read it aright, that we p»stiiof the Direo-
shall inquire how far the people would cooperate with us in this business, and
how the expense should be defrayed, but the Director explained it differently from
what we understood it. Now, as the Director would not convene the Commonalty,
as we proposed, nor allow us to do so, we went around from house to house, and
spoke to the people. From this time forward the General burned with rage,
and in our opinion has never been effectually appeased since, although we were
not aware but that we had obeyed his order in the premises. However, it was The Director u
concluded that the Nine Men should not act in conjunction with him, nor follow his becLL hifdira-
•' tions are not follow-
directions in what appertained to the matter, and that excited in his breast a bitter '*'•
and irreconcilable hatred against them all, but principally against those whom
he presumed were the chief originators of it. And although these persons had
always been his good and cherished friends, and he had even a short time before,
esteemed them the honestest, most capable, most intelligent and most virtuous of
the country,! ygj ^s soon as they did not follow his wishes, they were this and
that, some of them rascals, liars, rebels, usurers; in a word, hanging was almost
too good for them. Heretofore, the expediting the deputation had been earnestly
pressed ; now, it was time enough six months hence, and a sheet of paper could
contain all that was proper or necessary to be stated. Various reports were also varmu» efforts
set afloat among the people, and an effort was made, principally through the B„ard from lu pur-
' The words of their Commission. — Ed.
816 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
were discovered, and when it was perceived that this labor would be vain, an
attempt was made to create a diversion by instituting personal actions against
some who were considered the bell-wethers. ^ Accusations were made
against them and they were prosecuted by the Fiscal and the other subordinate
officers, who made them out to be about the biggest villains in the country, where
they had shortly before been recognized as the best of persons and most deserving
children. To accomplish that, an opportunity now offered which (to use the
Director's own words) was as precious to him as his own life. In the beginning
of the year 1649, we clearly saw and perceived that not only should we have
considerable to do as regarded the delegation, but that we should with difficulty
accomplish it; we therefore considered it necessary to make out a series of
ofthe Rough notes, memoranda in order to draw up a proper Journal from them, when occasion
allowed. This task devolved on one Adriaen Van der Donck who, according to
a resolution which was adopted at the same time, was lodged in a room in one
The notes seized Michiel Janss' house. One day when Van der Donck was abroad, the General
arrested. seized this rough draft with his own hand, placed Van der Donck the day following
under arrest, convened the Supreme Council, accused him of having committed
Crimen lesae Majestatis, and took the matter so seriously that scarcely anything
was to be done — either the delegation must be a joint one, and then (17) it
remained still to be arranged — or sufficient cause of action was furnished by the
Journal, as the gentleman designated the rough notes from which the journal was
to be prepared ; "for," said he, "it contains gross slanders against their High
Mightinesses." And when we would explain it, and requested the draft in order
to correct it, as the writer would not insist upon it, but admitted he was fully
aware that there were mistakes in it, in consequence of hurry and similar causes,
as he had a great deal to do and the most part of it was not revised ; our
petition was defiignated a libel, unworthy of any answer, the writer of which
would be punished as an example to others. In fine, we could not, in any way,
Whatever was pro- manage to make it right. Vander Donck was forbad the Council and our Sessions
mrelie.™ Cihe also, and we were notified officially of the circumstance ; yet, he could not get
a release from his oath, and in order to cut off the proper means of proof, a
Writings forbidden, prohibitory notice was issued to the effect that no testimony nor other document
should be valid, except those written by the Secretary. This was of no service
to any person, and it was a general complaint that no business could be got
forward. Director Kieft did the self-same thing when he was apprehensive that
complaints would be got up against him. And this is their usual course, to do
everything they can think of to uphold their acts. Those who were officially
obliged to take a part in public affairs and did so, were fortunate if they acted
in accordance with the General's will and pleasure; if they did not, they were
Those who speak prosecuted and sued, incarcerated, guarded by soldiers, so that no person might
treated very badly, gpeak to them, angrily abused as all sorts of dangerous monsters, threatened to
be taught this and that and everything was done, and recourse had to every
expedient that could be invented or ripped up against them. We cannot dwell
' Some legal proceediDgs were instituted against Van der Donck. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IV. 317
long on this, but refer to the Journal kept of it, and to the writing which the
Director himself will furnish. Your High Mightinesses, and such other friends
as happen to see it, can easily infer, from the preceding Relation, what trouble
and labor we have had on our shoulders, with which we would have most
willingly dispensed, had it not been for the love of the country and of the truth,
which, as far as we know, hath long lain in the grave. The trouble and difficulty, Thetmihreearding
though wanting no addition, have not wearied us, or rather, will not be to us '""S'
so great a source of grief as is the sorrowful condition of New Netherland, now
lying at its last gasp. But we hope and trust that our affliction and the
sufferings of the inhabitants and people of the country, will excite commisseration
in your High Mightinesses, in order that New Netherland may rejoice.
( 48 ) IN WHAT MANNER NEW NETHERLAND SHOULD BE RELIEVED.
Although we are satisfied and fully aware, that, as respects public reforms, we
are but as children, and that your High Mightinesses are fully competent in the
case, yet we beseech you to pardon and excuse us, if we, according to our
humble conception thereof, make a few suggestions in addition to what we have
already considered, in our petition to your High Mightinesses, to be necessary.
In our opinion this country will never flourish under the Hon"* Company's
government ; on the contrary 'twill waste and decay in itself, unless the
Company be, in consequence, reformed. It would, therefore, be better and more
advantageous for the country and themselves were they rid of it and the remnant
of their property transported hence.
To speak specifically: care ought to be taken of the public property, both
ecclesiastical and civil, which in the beginning can illy be spared or dispensed
with. It is doubtful but Divine Worship must be entirely intermitted in
consequence of the Clergyman's departure, and the Company's inability. There
ought to be also a Public school provided with at least two good teachers, so that
the youth, in so wild a country, where there are so many dissolute people, may,
first of all, be well instructed and indoctrinated not only in reading and
writing, but also in the knowledge and fear of the Lord. Now, the school is
kept very irregularly, by this one or that, according to his fancy, as long as he
thinks proper. There ought to be, likewise, Asylums for aged men, for orphans,
and similar institutions. The clergyman who now returns home, could give
fuller information on the subject. The country must also be provided with moral,
honorable and intelligent rules who are not very indigent nor yet very covetous.
A covetous ruler makes poor subjects, and the mode in which the country is
now governed, is a great affliction and not to be tolerated ; for no one is
unmolested nor secure in his property any longer than the Director pleases,
318 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
who is generally very prone to confiscation. And though men act fairly and
give him his due, yet it is necessary still to continue to please him, if one would
have quietness. Good population should follow good government, as we have
demonstrated, according to our ability, in our petition. And although free
passages and the fitting out of ships, were such requisite, would, at first,
cause expense, yet when the result is considered, such an outlay would be
immeasurably well employed, if farmers and laborers with other people in
straitened circumstances, of whom Fatherland has plenty to spare, were by that
means introduced with what little they may have, into the country. We hope
it would then prosper, especially had it, what we consider to be the mother of
population, good (49) Privileges and Exemptions, which could encourage the
inhabitants; attract navigation and profitable trade, and with the pleasantness,
convenience, salubrity and productiveness of the country, allure everyone hither.
If a Boundary were added in the protection, to what has been already done, then
with God's help everything would, in human probability, go well, and New
Netherland could be, in a short time, a brave place, able, also, to be of service
to the Netherland State, to richly repay expended outlays and to thank her
benefactors.
High and Mighty Lords ! We have taken the liberty to write this
Remonstrance, and to submit the case as we have done, through love of the
truth, and because we have felt bound to do so by our oath and conscience.
It is true that all of us, either together or individually, have not seen, heard or
had a knowledge of the entire contents in every particular; nevertheless it
contains nothing but what some among us well know to be true and credible.
We all know the greatest part of it to be truth ; some are acquainted with
the remainder of it, and have also heard it from trustworthy persons, and
sincerely believe it to be wholly true. We hope your High Mightinesses will
pardon our presumption, and be indulgent to our plainness of style, composition
and method. In conclusion, we commit your High Mightinesses' persons,
deliberations and measures with your people both at home and abroad, together
with all friends of New Netherland, to the merciful guidance and protection
of the Most High, whom we supplicate to grant prosperity to your High
Mightinesses in time and eternity. Amen.
Done this XXVIII July, in New Netherland, 1649.
(Signed) Adriaen van der Donck, Augustyn Harman, Arnoldus van
Hardenbergh, Jacob van Couwenhoven, Oloff" Stevens, (beside whose name is written)
" under protest. Obliged to sign as to the Heer Kieft's administration." Michiel
Janss. Thomas Hall, Elbert Elberts, Govert Lokermans, Hendrick Hendrixs Kip
and Jan Everts Bout.
(Underneath stood)
After collating with the Original Remonstrance dated and subscribed as above,
this is found to agree with it, at the Hague the 13lh October 1649 by me.
(Signed) D. V. Schelluyne, Not. Pub.
1649.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IV. 319
Vice-Director Dincklagen to the States General.
[ From Iho Original in ths Koyal Archives at the Hague ; File, West Indie. ]
Great and Mighty Sovereigns.
Whereas the condition of that most fertile New Netherland is seriously impaired by the
war, and the Commonalty hath resolved on a delegation of three of the Nine Selectmen, in
order that your High Mightinesses may obtain full and thorough information on every point, I
have not been able to dissuade them therefrom. I cannot say but they intend what is right.
These persons are thoroughly conversant with the situation of the country. I hope your High
Mightinesses will be pleased thereby and extend to them a favorable audience, and give them
despatch as soon as your High Mightinesses' more weighty affairs will permit, as the people
will be very anxious.
God preserve your High Mightinesses in continued health and prosperous government.
Your High Mightinesses'
At the Manhatans Most obedient humble servant,
in New Netherland, (Signed) Lubberthus van Dincklaghe,
the 12"" August, 1649. Vice-Director of New Netherland.
Received IS"" October, 1649.
(Addressed)
To the High and Mighty Lords, States General
of the
United Netherlands, &c.,
in
The Hague.
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Papers.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1633—1651, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, 13"" October, 1649.
Folio 498. Received a letter from the Commonalty, in New Netherland, written in New
New Netherland. Amsterdam, on the Island of Manhatans, the 26"" July last, setting forth, in
substance, that they had concluded to depute hither, of their number, Adriaen van der Donck,
Jacob van Couwenhoven and Jan Everts Bout, for the purpose of representing to their High
Lnbberias van Mightinesses the state and condition of affairs. Received, also, a letter from
Dinckiage. Lubbcrtus Van Dincklage, Vice-Director in New Netherland, written at the
Manhatans the IS"- August, ultimo. Likewise, read a petition of the aforesaid three deputed
persons, wherein they pray their High Mightinesses to be pleased to appoint some gentlemen
from their midst in order that they may furnish some further information respecting the
condition and state of the aforesaid affairs in the abovenamed New Netherland. Whereupon
deliberation being had, it is resolved and concluded, that the aforesaid letter and petition be
320 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
placed in the hands of Messrs. Huygens and the otiier, their High Mightinesses' Deputies for
the affairs of the West India Company, for inspection, who are to examine and hear the
aforesaid delegates and to make a report of the result and issue thereof.
Resolution of the States General on a Petition of the Guardians of Johannes van
Renselaer.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1633—1651, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, 14 October. 1649.
Folio 49B. The petition of Johan van Wely and Wouter van Twiller, both guardians of
TwuiI^.^Biommlen Johau Reuselaer, against Samuel Blommaert and Johannes de Laet, cum
and De LaeL
socns.
being read in the Assembly, it is, after previous consideration, resolved and
concluded, that the aforesaid petition be placed in the hands of the opposite party in order to
answer thereunto as to the same may appertain.
Resolution of the States General on a Petition of Messrs. Blommaert and De Laet.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1638—1651, in the Royal Archiyes at the Hague. ]
Friday, 5 November, 1649.
Foi.502. rpi^g petition of Samuel Blommaert and Johannes de Laet, cam socus, against
Laet, cum sociis Jan Van Wely and Wouter van Twyler, both Guardians of Jan van Renselaer
aeainst Jan van J J '
Wely and Wouter
van Twyler, both
Guardians of Johan
after previous consideration, resolved and concluded, hereby, to order and
enjoin parties, on both sides, to furnish their respective papers within the term of eight days,
after service hereof, to their High Mightinesses' deputies for the purpose of examining the
matters aforesaid, in order, such being done, their High Mightinesses may then make further
disposition in the premises.
Resolution of the States General on a Petitiori of the Guardians of Johannes van
Renselaer.
[From the Register of West India Affairs, 1638 — 1651, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Saturday, 13 November, 1649.
Folio 606. p^ certain further petition of thg Guardians of Johan van Renselaer, minor son
va°n"Kenseia"°''*° of KiHacn Van Renselaer, regarding a certain Colonic on the North River of New
certamcoiome. Ngtherland, being read in the Assembly, it is, upon consideration, resolved and
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IV. 321
concluded that the aforesaid petition be sent to the Assembly of the Nineteen of the West India
Company at Amsterdam, with request and order that they shall, pursuant to their High
Mightinesses' letters of the 22 Octo'' 1648 and 26 April last, again answer whether they have
any valid reasons against the request contained in the petitioners' two distinct petitions and
communicated to them, and if so, to send the same hither, and give information in the premises
without being any longer in default, on pain of judgment.
Director Stuyvesant to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; Loketka^ of the States General ; Eabric West Indiache Compagnie, No. BO : 6th division
of the Bundle. ]
Right Honorable, High and Mighty Lords.
My Lords.
I duly received your High Mightinesses' letter dated 2S"' April, by Cornells Melyn, who
has been, on his humble petition, graciously relieved by your High Mightinesses of the
sentence pronounced against him by us and our council on the Fiscal's complaint, prosecution
and proof. But the appellant to your High Mightinesses, meeting no party nor defence, the
papers and documents in support of the sentence having been lost with the ship the Princess,
we, therefore, thankfully acknowledge the prudence of your High Mightinesses, who have,
with the one ear received the appellant in the case of appeal with inhibitory clause, and kept
the other ear open for us. We have, therefore, pursuant to your High Mightinesses'
resolutions and letters, allowed the exonerated appellant to enjoy, unmolested, undisturbed
and in peace, the full effect of your High Mightinesses' despatch ; which we shall, also,
consequently, continue to obey until your High Mightinesses will proceed, with your
accustomed wisdom, to the confirmation or reversal of the sentence, hoping to maintain the
same before your High Mightinesses by conclusive arguments. Yet we would, nevertheless,
desire, and would have been glad to see that with the annulling and untimely extinction of
the (opposite) party, before he could have defended himself, party strifes had remained
extinguished and annihilated. But Melyn, the aforesaid appellant, finding himself sustained
by writ of mandamus in addition to your High Mightinesses' letters, hath, previous to his
return, and constantly since, caused us no inconsiderable uneasiness and trouble, both by
giving communication of those papers, and construing their tenor much more liberally than
your High Mightinesses' intention and meaning justified. For, besides running through New
England among the English people (who are not very friendly to us and our Nation here on
account of old boundary requisitions and claims) proclaiming and parading your High
Mightinesses' aforesaid writ of mandamus and public letters, and His Serene Highness' passports,
even before they were communicated to us, to the scandal of both and to our disparagement,
he greatly discredited the Hon'''' Company to the English, as if it were bankrupt, and
in no repute with your High Mightinesses. He reported, also, among other things, in order
to render this government odious among the English (as letters of advice and the declaration
of passengers state), that he was empowered by your High Mightinesses to send me a prisoner
Vol. L 41
322 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
to Holland; that your High Mightinesses greatly wondered that those of New England did
not dra" me to, and hang me on, the highest tree for having caused the yacht St. Beninjo
to be cut out of their waters, and that we had applied to your High Mightinesses for seven to
ei"-ht hundred soldiers in order to make war on the people of New England. The tendency
of these and similar reports, with the exhibition of the writs of mandamus dragged through
the mud amongst a people who, on the score of possession, are indifferently disposed towards
us, we respectfully recommend to your High Mightinesses' prudence and wise consideration,
assured that the falsehood of the exonerated individual, in all this matter, will be fully exposed.
Should he, contrary to public report and advisory letters, deny this to your High Miglitinesses,
his previous words and deeds in Mr. Kiefl's time — the mutinous and insulting service of the
mandamus on us publicly in the church on the b"" of March, in presence of the entire
population of the Manhatans and adjacent villages, then assembled on the public affairs of
the country, who, therefore, adjourned, leaving the business untransacted, to the great
disparagement of authority and of our commission, and so shaped that massacre and bloodshed
might have been the result, had we not converted ourselves from the highest to the lowest,
and permitted the indecent service of the summons — Nay, ere we could draw up an answer,
he handed in his unfounded demand, in writing, on the 20"' of the same month, and renewed
it on the 25"" of June — his illegal practice of collecting frivolous and secret certificates — his
reports, authenticated in our presence and that of the Council, that the Hon''''^ Company was
bankrupt — that your High Mightinesses had spoken very contemptuously of the Board of
Directors, as being unworthy or unfit to govern your High Mightinesses' possessions — that
the supreme and secret Council of Brazil were imprisoned and had sent little bags with
thousands of pistoles to this one and that of your High Mightinesses— these and similar
disparaging, insulting acts and expressions, seen and heard by myself and many others, give a
semblance of truth to the public reports and advices from New England. In order to avoid
wearying your High Mightinesses' patience by an unreasonably long letter, we shall not
enlarge any further upon this point, the more especially as it hath little or no reference to the
subject matter and reported sentence. It is not brought forward with that design, but merely
in order to exhibit to your High Mightinesses the aforesaid person's disposition, and how
mischievous [he is] in so rude a province.
Right Honorable, High and Mighty Lords. In all humble reverence, it had been more
advantageous and honorable for me never to have been favored with your High Mightinesses'
Commission, or never to have sworn before your High Mightinesses to administer both criminal
and civil law and justice, than pending your High Mightinesses' Commission and our recorded
oath, to be, on a simple petition, so disparaged by neighbors and subjects, and so disavowed
to the degradation of justice, of authority, and of our granted Commission, even before parties had
argued, much less concluded the case before your High Mightinesses. We submit ourselves
in all humble obedience to your High Mightinesses' righteous judgment and strict justice, in
case we can be convinced with reason and truth, that we have committed or done anything
contrary to the common weal, either of beloved and worthy Fatherland, or of this Province^
or its inhabitants, or to the prejudice and disrepute of your High Mightinesses' sovereign
authority. We bow before God's Omniscience and your High Mightinesses' judgment in case
it be shown and proved, that we, in or regarding the pronounced sentence, were impregnated
with any sinister motive, passion or favor. Whoso acquits the wicked and condemns the
righteous man, is equally an abomination to the Lord. We have reconsidered the proofs, and
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : IV. 323
as far as our knowledge permits, have given our opinion thereupon conformably to Divine
and human laws; if we have erred in the application or explication of them, we submit
ourselves to your High Mightinesses' wiser judgment, and to Justinian's memorable saying —
Omnia sapo'e et in nulla 'penilus itcccare lAus dtitalis quam humanitatis est.
Passing by the falsehoods introduced from the appellant's complaints into the writ of
Mandamus, we remark that we are thereby summoned to appear before your High Mightinesses
either in person or by Attorney, at the proper day, or to revoke the sentence. The last we
cannot do consistently with honor and oath, and the right of the successful party. In the first,
we should willingly obey your High Mightinesses' intention and meaning, had it pleased your
High Mightinesses and the Hon''''= Directors to discharge and release me from the oath whereby
I have bound myself at your hands to this service and government. Although no messenger
is better than the person himself, it is necessary, for reasons aforesaid, and in consequence of
the troubles and dissentions which have arisen and been fomented here from time to time,
since the arrival of the aforesaid person, to send an attorney, and thereunto to request and
empower our Secretary, Cornelis Van Tienhoven, with procuration and authority to substitute
such advocate, or attorney and lawyer, as he shall deem expedient for the better dispatch of
business. We shall only request and pray your High Mightinesses, with all respect, to grant
credit and a hearing to the aforesaid, our agent, or whomsoever he shall substitute ; and among
other weighty and important business to be pleased to esteem, as recommended our granted
commission and authority, and to protect these so far as righteousness permits. For, through
the disparaging and false reports of the relieved appellant, and the insulting service of the
Mandamus, the authority and respect of your High Mightinesses' Commission and our quality,
have been so degraded, impaired and trodden under foot, that to our shame, the administration
of justice and the performance of our duty, have thereby suffered shipwreck. This cannot be
repaired save by your High Mightinesses' just support. We call God to witness our sincerity,
that we have never, knowingly or willfully, intended injury or wrong to any man; but a
peaceable and God-acceptable government to be vindicated before your High Mightinesses. In
the meanwhile we apprehend, that this indecent service of summons will have the effect of
withdrawing your High Mightinesses' attention from more important affairs, and of calling
forth many complaints, solicitations and appeals, now and henceforth from this and other
distant places ; even to the degree that it will not be possible to pronounce a definitive
judgment here, from which the losing party, either through hatred of the judge, in order to
insult him, or through the persuasion of others and to create delay, will not claim and demand
an appeal. Your High Mightinesses will please excuse one word — It is, as far as I know, a
case without example, that an inferior judge, deciding the law according to the best of his
knowledge in private cases, whether of debt or damage, should be sued or called on for
restitution of money, instead of the gaining party. But, in order not to interrupt too much
your High Mightinesses' important deliberations on higher and weightier matters, we will not
enlarge farther in this affair, but leave the result commended to God and your far-seeing
judgment; only observing to your High Mightinesses before concluding, that the sentence
pronounced against the appellant Melyn, was, as appears by its tenor, not directed so much
against the remonstrance on the subject of the war and public affairs, as against particular
insulting libels on, and opposition to his lawful Superior.
Duty should oblige us to annex hereunto the situation and condition of public affairs here,
and the necessity of promoting the bour:dary line, population, the establishment of firm
324 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
privileges and the sending hither of a reinforcement of soldiers for the maintenance of
possession and authority against the perversity of the Natives. This, with all respect, we
refer to the verbal information and reports of the bearer hereof, our Secretary. For which
purpose we have also furnished him, by way of reminder, with copy of our previously drafted
opinions, and with an abstract hereof.
Wherewith ending, we commend your High Mightinesses and the rest of your subjects to
the merciful protection of the Most High. We pray the Triune God for your long and
prosperous government, and are and remain, meanwhile,
Your High Mightinesses'
Manhattans the Humble and Obedient Servant,
10"" of August, 1649. Signed, P. Stuyvesant.
Received 26"' Novemb', 1649.
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Letter.
[From the Register of West India Affairs, 1633—1651, in the Eoyal Arohives-at the Hague. ]
Friday, 26th November, 1649.
Folio 510. Received a letter from Commander Stuyvesant, in New Netherland, written at
vesTt!'"''" ®'"y- Manhatans the 10"= of August last, respecting the case entered and instituted
comelis Meiyn. li^re before their High Mightinesses by Cornelis Melyn against the abovenamed
Commander. Whereupon deliberation being had, it is resolved and concluded that the
aforesaid letter be placed in the hands of Messrs. Huygeas and other their High Mightinesses'
previously appointed deputies for the affairs of the West India Company, for inspection and
examination, and to report thereon.
Resohttion of the States General on a Petition of Secretary van Tienhoven.
[From the Register of West India Affairs, 1633 — 1651, in the Royal Archires at the Hague.]
Thursday, 2d December, 1649.
Folio 511. On petition presented to their High Mightinesses in the name and on the
Cornells ran Tien- behalf of Comells vau Tieuboven, Secretary of New Netherland, as attorney of
NewNeireMand. the Dlrector and Council over that country, it is, after previous deliberation,
hereby resolved and concluded to declare that the petitioner shall have to proceed in the
matter in appeal according to the mode usually followed therein.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IV. 825
Resolution of the States General on a Petition of the Guardians of Johannes van
Rensselaer.
[From the Eegiater of West India Affairs, 1688—1651, in the Eojal Archives at the Hague. ]
Monday, 13th December, 1G49.
Poliosis. Read in the Assembly a certain other petition of the guardians of Johan van
Eenseiaer. Rensclaer, niinor son of Kiliaen van Renselaer, again praying their High
Mightinesses to be pleased to dispose of their, the petitioners', previous petition respecting the
solicited investiture of the Colonic Renselaer's Wyck, in New Netherland, and the violence
which Director Stuyvesant is committing against them. Whereupon deliberation being
had, it is resolved and concluded, to place the aforesaid petition in the hands of Messrs.
Huygens and the other, their High Mightinesses' deputies for the affairs of the West India
Company, for inspection, examination and conference with the Directors of said West
India Company, at present here, and to report on the whole subject.
Answer of Secretary van Tienlioven to Cornelis MelyrHs Complaint.
[From the Original in the Eoyal Archieves at the Hague ; LockeOcaa of the States General ; Division West Indiiche, Compagnie No. 2S.]
[l. S.]
To the High and Mighty Lords States General of the United Netherlands:
Cornelis van Tienhoven, specially empowered by the Director and Council of New
Netherland to maintain before your High Mightinesses, in their name, a certain penal judgment
pronounced, on the 17th July, 1647, by the aforesaid Director and his Council against the said
Cornelis Melyn, having had communication of a certain petition and its annexed documents
referred by your High Mightinesses' order to him, Tienhoven, to answer thereunto ; in which
petition the aforesaid Melyn, after a very impertinent and particularly false narrative, simply
requests of your High Mightinesses in substance, inasmuch as your High Mightinesses have
been pleased to admit him in appeal from the judgment aforesaid and as the said Cornelis van
Tienhoven had come over to this country and was residing at the Hague for the purpose of
defending the same on behalf of the abovementioned Director and Council, that your High
Mightinesses would be pleased to assign the said Tienhoven time and place for him to make
his appearance and to take cognizance of such demand and conclusion as he, Melyn, should
present and take against the aforesaid van Tienhoven, in his aforesaid quality.
In order to answer the said petition, the aforesaid Tienhoven says, not only that he does not
assent to the said presented petition, but also even that a request has been already presented
by him to your High Mightinesses to the same effect, which is therefore again hereby voluntarily
renewed, that an early precise day may be appointed by your High Mightinesses on which the
aforesaid Cornelis Melyn, the Appellant in the aforesaid case, shall Le ordered to institute his
action without delay in order that the Respondent may except to, or answer the same, to be
326 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
further respectively replied and rejoined to, according as the merits of the case shall be found to
demand; or in default thereof, that parties shall on the day aforesaid, be mutually at liberty
to demand such advantage as, according to custom and rule, the party in attendance usually
obtains against the party in default. And that the proceedings herein may be in the ordinary
style usually followed in cases in appeal, agreeably to your High Mightinesses' resolution, dated
the 2d December 1649.
Which doing, etc.
Endorsed : —
Cornells van Tienhoven's rescript.
Resolution of the States General on the above.
[From the Kegister of West India Affairs, 1633—1651, in the Eoyal Archieyes at the Hagne.]
Monday, 13 December 1649.
Read in the Assembly a certain petition of Cornelis van Thienhoven, Secretary
of the Director and Council of New Netherland setting forth in substance that he
hath come hither by order of the abovenamed Director, pursuant to the tenor
of the writ of mandamus in case of appeal, granted to Cornelis Melyn by their High Mightinesses
on the 2Sth April 1G48, praying to be informed how and in what manner the proceedings therein
will be commenced and completed. Whereupon deliberation being had, it is resolved and
concluded that the aforesaid petition shall be referred to Messrs. Huygens and other their High
Mightinesses' deputies for the affairs of the West India Company for inspection, consideration
and examination of the rciro acta, and to confer thereupon with the Directors of the West India
Company here, and to report on the whole subject to their High Mightinesses.
Folio 5U.
Cornells van Th
New Netherland.
Petition of Joost Teunissen.
[ From the Original in the Koyal ArchlTes at the Hague ; file 'West Indie. ]
To the High and Mighty Lords, the Lords States General of the United Netherlands.
High and Mighty Lords.
Joost Teunissen, baker, burgher and inhabitant of New Netherland, most respectfully
represents that he, the petitioner, was on the 22"'' May, Anno 1648, nine days before
Whitsuntide, cast into prison by order of Director Stuyvesant, without the presence or
attendance of the Fiscal and without the knowledge even of the Council, and that he, the
petitioner, was accused with having sent to Fort Orange, powder, lead and guns, which articles
were afterwards effectually sold to the Indians. Whereupon the Director threatened to cause
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: IV. 327
him, the petitioner, to be subjected to torture, to which intent he had his, the petitioner's
house, twice searched by the entire Council, himself also overhauling all the barrels, bales,
cases, corners, stores, etc., the petitioner remaining meanwhile, for the space of thirteen long
days, in the aforesaid close con6nement at the gate, and in the place where felons deserving
death are usually imprisoned, without any one, even his own wife, being admitted to him, or
to have any, the least communication with him ; and when, after minute search, nothing was
discovered whereupon the Fiscal could institute proceedings against the petitioner, and detain
him on suspicion, he is finally released, on the iterated request of good friends, on condition
of giving Isaacq Foreest and Sibout Claessen as bail, to answer whatever the Fiscal might from
time to time deem proper to institute against the petitioner ; and after the petitioner was kept
for the space of more than a year and a day in reatu., nothing meanwhile being produced
against the petitioner, and the securities demanded to be discharged, he, the petitioner, was
obliged to apply to the Nine Men, requesting them to intercede for him, that his case may be
taken up or his bail discharged, which they did. But Stuyvesant would not condescend to
answer the written petition of the Nine Men. The petitioner consequently, presented a
petition in his own name, which he would not once notice, wherefore the petitioner presented
another request, copy whereof is hereunto annexed. To this it was answered on the margin
that it must be communicated to the Fiscal, which having been done, the Fiscal replied that
he must have 5 to 6 months time for the purpose, as he knew nothing of the matter; this
happened when the petitioner was on the point of leaving, for which he having asked
permission, the Director refused to grant it, but the skipper connived at it, and consented to
bring him along. It can be easily surmised, that the petitioner was obliged to depart for
Patria, as he could not peaceably carry on his trade there, nor travel hither and thither through
the country to purchase his wheat and grain, which his business required for bread for the use
of the burghers, for, on twice applying to the Director for a pass, he was each time threatened
by him with a caning, so that the petitioner, without effecting either the prosecution of his
case, or the discharge of his bail, notwithstanding Sibout Claessen accompanied him, has been
obliged to repair to Fatherland, and to cast himself in most humble obedience, into your High
Mightinesses' righteous and compassionate arms, respectfully praying that you would be
graciously pleased to make such provision that the Director, who is too powerful for your
petitioner, may be estopped from giving him, the said petitioner, your High Mightinesses'
subject, any further unjustifiable trouble; but that he maybe obliged to indemnify him, the
petitioner, for the losses and damages he, the petitioner, hath suffered by his unlawful
proceedings, and further allow him, the petitioner, to earn his living honestly and honorably
for himself and family, both by his daily labor and trade, and to^ transact, unwatched, the
business necessary thereunto. Wherefore the petitioner will respectfully await your High
Mightinesses' favorable answer.
Which doing, etc..
Signed Joost Teuniss. Baker.
Read IS"- December, 1649.
NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Appendix to the preadiiig Petition.
To the Hon"'' Petrus Stuyvesant, Director of New Netherland, Curagao and dependencies
thereof, and to the gentlemen of the Council.
Joost Teunissen, baker, represents with all due respect to your honors, and humbly prays
the Hon"'' General and Council to be pleased to discharge him from the suit formerly instituted
against him, and herein to release the bail, which falls very onerous on him ; or in case the
Fiscal is still inclined to maintain his pretension, the petitioner had wished, nay hoped,
the case might have been long ago disposed of, and meanwhile, as prayed for in the last petition,
he again requests that his case may be terminated and the bail discharged, so that he, the
petitioner, may pursue his voyage to Patria unhindered, for which he humbly solicits your
Honors' permission to depart in person in the Valckeiiier, as he otherwise, by being prevented,
would suffer great loss. Awaiting hereunto a favorable answer,
Remains your Honors' humble and obedient.
In the margin was: — Copy of the answer given to Joost Teuniss, baker, on 26 July, 1649.
These are to be communicated to the Fiscal, in order to prosecute the case. Ady 26"> July,
1649. New Amsterdam in N. Netherland.
Lower stood: By order of the Hon*"' General and Council of New Netherland: Underneath
was: Cornells van Tienhoven, Secret: Still lower was: — Agrees with the original, which I
certify. Signed A. Keyser.
(Endorsed)
Petition of Joost Teuniss, baker, burger in New Netherland,
to their High Mightinesses, the Lords States General
of the United Netherlands. 13 Decemb' 1649.
Petition of Sibout Claessen to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; File, Weet Indie. ]
To the High and Mightj Lords, the Lords States General of the United Netherlands.
High and Mighty Lords.
Sibout Claessen, house carpenter, burgher, and inhabitant of New Netherland, most
respectfully represents, that he, having married Susanna Janss, at the time widow of Aert
Teunissen, her previous husband, who had entered into a contract with Director Kieft to lease
a certain bouwerie named Hoboquin, situate in Pavonia on the west side of the North river,
for the term of ten years commencing 1^' January, 1641, whereupon Aert Teunissen fenced
the lands, cleared the fields, and erected a suitable brew-house, which is yet standing there,
and brought thither eight and twenty head of large cattle, besides various small stock, swine,
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 337
69. Stuyvesant insists on the payment of tiie debts contracted by individuals during the
war, or that Company be paid interest ; many being impoverished, little or no choice is thus
left them— p. 313.
60. On the other hand, payment is refused of the lawful debts which the Company owes
individuals, such as earned monthly wages, goods delivered, &c — p. 313.
61. With a view to win those back whom he hath offended in the highest degree, Stuyvesant
hath exempted the English, for a long time past, from the duty which the Dutch were obliged
to pay; his caprice may be hence inferred. Great injury was thus inflicted on the trade of
our nation and of our merchants.
CHAPTER V.
OF THE MILITARY.
62. The Directors, in Amsterdam, have given orders to Stuyvesant to sell articles of
contraband, such as guns, powder and lead, to the Indians — pp. 311, 312.
63. The fort is dismantled and allowed to go to ruin ; and a military force hath never been
maintained there competent for the defence and protection of the inhabitants, but sufficient
for their ruin and destruction — p. 303.
64. Kieft falsely laid at the door of the people the blame of the war which had been
enkindled by him and his adherents, especially by Secretary Cornells van Tienhoven by means
of his false reports — p. 304.
65. The war was caused solely by the exaction from and refusal by the Indians of
contributions which they did not owe; the injudicious expeditions and violence against them,
and the cruel slaughter which first manifested itself in a mysterious toast — pp. 304, 305.
66. Jacob Ryntges and Jacob Schermerhorn were banished, and their goods confiscated, for
smuggling: the ban is removed, but the restitution of the property is impossible — p. 312.
67. The Directors, in Holland, have not endeavored, nor used any means, nor given any
orders, to discover the cause of, or to forbid the war, which creates strong suspicion that they
themselves authorized it — p. 314.
68. The St. Beninio, a ship belonging to Benjor, an Italian at Amsterdam, was forcibly cut
out of New Haven, where it lay under the protection of the English, and brought as a prize
to, and confiscated at the Manhattans.
In addition to these, there are divers other excesses too numerous to particularize.
Vol I.
338 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Answer of the West India Company to the Remonstrance from JVeio Netherland.
t From the Original in Che Royal Archives at the Hague ; Loketkaa of the States General ; Rubric West IndUche Compagnie No. 30 ; 7lh division
of the Bundle.]
Answer to the Remonstrance delivered by the Delegates from New Netherland,
on the 27"" January, 1650, to the High and Mighty Lords States General of
the United Netherlands.
It appeareth strange to the Directors (of the \V. I. Company,) that the Remonstrants
commence their introduction with calumnies against the Board, their Patroons, complaining of
excesses and highly injurious neglect, which, if any existed, ought to have been represented
in season to the said Patroons, by them in virtue of their commission dated 27 July, 1649,
communicated for the first time, on the 9'" of December last, full eight or nine weeks subsequent
to their arrival ; and that they addressed themselves to the Lords of the Supreme government
without having ever spoken or made any application on the subject of their commission,
to the Directors, notwithstanding the latter were requested by their general letters to lend them
assistance. And though under correction, the Directors are of opinion that, by virtue of the
Charter granted by your High Mightinesses to the Company, the said Delegates, as they style
themselves, were in duty bound to address themselves to the Directors at the Chamber at
Amsterdam, and in case of receiving no satisfaction there, to the Assembly of the XIX., where
your High Mightinesses preside by your Hon''''' Deputies. Being, with this reservation, disposed
to respond to your High Mightinesses' invitation, we say:
To the first Article.
If the petitioners know of any Directors here, who have preferred their own private interests
to the general advantage of the Company, contrary to their oath and honor, they ought to state
it, or be bound yet to do so. Failing therein it is answered, that the petitioners do in no wise
refer to the Company's government, inasmuch as they speak of matters which transpired
before the major part of them were in the country.
To the 2nd.
The Directors ignore this ; saying, if lands have been refused for purposes of cultivation, the
petitioners ought to indicate who those were that did so, if they know them.
3.
The Exemptions have never been altered without the knowledge of your High Mightinesses
and that of the XIX., and let it be shown who aimed therein at their private advantage.
4.
The Directors are not aware that contributions have been levied off the Indians, much less
that orders to that effect have been issued by them or any other person.
The letter was communicated to the Director with good intentions, in order that he might
see, and purge himself of, the accusation ; without any orders to molest the signers of the letter
for what they had done.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : V. 339
6.
The Directors do not select any agents but such as they consider qualified, and are approved
by their High Mightinesses and by them provided with regular Commission and Instruction.
And as regards the case of Jochim Pitersen and Cornelis Melyn, vfho have been punished for
reasons more fully set forth in their sentence, the Board finds it particularly strange that
these people dare complain that (to use their own language) evil doers and their gross misdeeds
go unpunished, when on the other hand, 'tis notorious that up to the present time, no
application has been made to the Directors. As regards the complaints about the petitions, we
cannot form any other opinion but that the Governor found sufficient reasons to lay them aside,
and hath left them unanswered.
Such placards were never communicated to the Board of Directors.
7.
The Board has no knowledge of what the Directors (in N. N.) say; but this is true that the
latter represent the Supreme government and the Company, administering justice conformably
to Commission and Instruction, in the name of their High Mightinesses, his Highness and of
the Company.
8.
We cannot understand what the petitioners would express by the S"" Article.
9.
We never heard before that the Director spoke harshly to those who treated him respectfully ;
but are now informed that a certain person, who was unwilling to allow his goods to be
inspected, behaved with great opposition towards the Director. Wherefore it may be that the
latter expressed himself as the occasion required, but we know nothing of the matter.
10.
The sentence can explain the grounds of Jochim Pitersen and Cornelis Melyn's punishment.
11.
We say the Director was favorably inclined to promote the interests of the Commonalty,
on condition that he were communicated with. But these men separated themselves from the
well-disposed and secretly induced a few low inhabitants to sign their names, who, also, have
contributed each a few pennies to the delegation, as more fully can appear by the particular
signatures, or procuration affixed to the Remonstrance ; hence, 'tis probable that these persons
abuse the name of the Commonalty, as the Remonstrance is signed by the minority, the mass
of the people not approving of those proceedings, but evincing every satisfaction with the
present government, according to the Remonstrance No. 3, signed by 20 persons residing at
the Manhatans.
12.
The Church was erected, for satisfactory reasons, in the fort.
It cost much more than 8000 guilders whereof it cannot be proved that the people paid
eight hundred; the collection taken up by subscription, hath realized the least.
340 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
14
We request that they declare what they understand by ecclesiastical 4)roperty.
15
The Director hath not the administration of the money that was taken up on the plate ;
but Jacob Couwenhoven, who is one of the petitioners, hath kept account of it in his quality
of churchwarden.
IG.
'Tis acknowledged that the Company is indebted to the Deaconry, nine or ten hnndred
guilders, according to the tenor of the obligation thereof drawn up in New Netherland A" 1649.
The first interest thereupon will fall due A" 1650.
17.
The Company's circumstances admitted of the building neither of an hospital nor orphan
asylum, which are not very necessary there as yet.
IS.
Every one conversant with the Indians in, and around New Netherland, will be able to say,
that it is morally impossible to convert the adults to the Christian faith. Besides, 'tis a Minister's
business to apply himself to that, and the Director's duty to assist him therein.
Chapter IIL Aeticle 19.
The present Board of Directors seeks for proof as to who those are who have given orders to
reckon half a fault for a whole one; they cannot believe that such order emanated from the
Assembly (of the XIX.)
20.
The Charter accorded by their High Mightinesses to the Company shows that the judgments
of the Director and Council are final.
21.
Respecting this article, we refer to the sentence.
22.
This article we refer, as above, to the sentence.
23.
We are informed and therefore say, that the petitioners will not prove that the late Director,
Willem Kieft, hath called in more than one patent ; and he subjoined with his own hand, that
he reserved the valley, not for the Company, but for the town of Breuckelen in general. The
reason of this revocation was, because Jan Eversen Bout, one of the petitioners, who
occupies part of the valley, together with others besides him who undertook to found or
improve the town of Breukelen at their own expense, submitted to the Director how prejudicial
'twould be to the town that one man named Tonis Nyssen should have the exclusive possession
of so extensive a valley, directly contrary to the Freedoms. The Director had signed the
patent on the report of Hudde, the Surveyor, without specifying therein the number of morgens.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 341
And after information had been received from said Jan Eversen (one of the petitioners) and
others, the Director allowed Tonis Nyssen agreeably to the Freedoms, as much of said valley
as he should iiave need of in proportion to his plantation.
24.
The Director being president, gives permission to speak ; but it must be shown that he,
sitting in court, pleaded any one's case as an advocate.
25.
This point demands proof.
26.
Director Kieft did, with the approbation of his superiors, employ La Montagne, a very
learned man, as member of the Council, although not sent from Fatherland expressly in that
capacity, in whicli he is continued by Director Stuyvesant.
Brian Nuton, Captain Lieutenant, having served the Company a long time, is also employed
as Councillor; and it is a great untruth, that he does not understand the Dutch language, but
it will be proved that he speaks it fluently.
27.
The petitioners must show that Commissary Adriaen de Keyser, is unqualified for his office.
28 and 29.
We are not aware "that the Director esteems Jelmer Tomassen and Paulus Leendersen
to be thieves. Jelmer Tomassen is in this country ; if needs be, he will willingly answer
the petitioners.
30.
On proof of this article by the petitioners, the Fiscal will be recalled.
31.
As regards the calumnies against Cornells van Tienhoven, he is prepared to answer the
petitioners, if their High Mightinesses consider it necessary.
32.
No person warned the Director against the Secretary, except those who were seeking for his
situation : that might be proved in New Netherland.
33.
Director Stuyvesant's demeanor towards Jochem Pitersen and Melyn, is to us unknown, and
it must be proved, and not stated through passion.
Francis Douthey being indebted to the Company about eleven hundred guilders, petitioned,
in New Netherland, for permission to depart. The Director and Council are willing to allow
him to do so, but think they ought first of all be paid ; his incapacity so to do, was the reason
why he was not allowed to depart, and it must be proved that the Director required from
him any obligation under his hand.
342 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
35.
We are informed that the petitioners will in no wise be able to prove that Director
Sruyvesant hath confiscated any person's arms; but 'tis very true, that in 1648, a few
snaphaimce were found on board the Valckenier and rynnppel, on arriving in New Netherland,
in the hands of some freemen and sailors, who said they had brought them for their personal
defence. And as they had not provided themselves with a certificate from the Chamber at
Amsterdam, pursuant to general orders, the Fiscal seized the guns, for each of which, though
suliject to confiscation, the Director out of pure kindness, paid two beavers or sixteen guilders,
being nearly double what they cost in this country.
36.
The petitioners ought to have exhibited the declarations, if any they have, to the Board.
37.
Joost Tonissen having been accused, with others, by the Company's Corporal, of having
bought guns, locks and barrels from him ; and as the accusation was true, which said Corporal
repeated against Jacob Reynsen, the Council, with the Fiscal, went to his (Tonisen's) house,
and, making a search, .found one Company's musket, which the Fiscal took away with him.
And as the Director and Council sought further information, Joost Tonissen was imprisoned
and let out on bail.
33.
Wherein was Piter van der Linden refused right or justice?
39.
We are informed that the English in the colony of New Haven, in New England, had,
contrary to ancient custom, protected the Company's servants and freemen who had run away,
and, though requested, would not allow them to return to their Lords and Masters. A
Proclamation was then issued, with the advice of the Council, that whosoever would come
over to us from thence, should be protected in like manner. On Governor Eton letting some
fugitives go, who returned back to us, the proclamation was annulled, tiie dispute about
boundaries between us and the English remaining as before. The latter, however, carry on a
friendly trade with our Nation.
40.
The ships confiscated in New Netherland are the St. Fitter, during the administration of
William Kieft; the :st. Beninjo, and the ship the Prins van Denmarcken, by Director Stuyvesant
and Council, because the first had not observed his contract, and had articles of contraband ;
the other had come without license and without paying either duties or convoy, to trade
within the limits of the charter granted to the Company by their High Mightinesses.
41.
Director Stuyvesant was so informed by Thomas Hall and Michiel Jansen, co-petitioners ;
information having been given of the Journal he seized it, and is ready to communicate
extracts therefrom.
42.
In consequence of housekeepers and other common people in New Netherland coming
frequently before the court, with declarations drawn up by this or t'other sailor, and those
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 343
who had signed the declarations as deponents, when heard thereon, frequently asserting that
the declarations were drawn up quite contrary to their meaning, it was ordered that no
declarations should be of any force in that country unless drawn up by tlie Secretary or
some other public persou qualified thereunto, but by no means with any such view as the
petitioners represent.
43.
The Company's negroes, taken from the Spaniards, being all slaves, were, on account of
their long services, manumitted on condition that tlieir children serve the Company whenever
it pleased. Of all the children, no more than three are in service, viz., one, which Stuyvesant
has with him on the Company's bouwerie ; one at the house, the Hope; one wench with
Marten Krigier, who hath reared her from a little child at his own expense.
44.
It is not true that the Company hath received five per cent, but in reality sixteen per cent,
according to contracts made with merchants in the premises ; they enjoy, in return, trade
which the Company might otherwise retain to themselves agreeably to the charter ; and the
text — five per cent — is incorrectly applied, it having reference to freights and not to duties;
according to Exemptions, article 10.
45.
The merchants are treated agreeably to the regulations made therein.
We know not what the petitioners mean by this article.
47.
We think the Company has done enough, to wit: in conveying over, at the Company's
expense, numbers of people, among whom were Jacob Couwenhoven's father and brothers,
together with cattle and other necessaries.
4S.
We consider their duty to be to receive whatever is to be paid.
49.
This article is answered in the deduction.
50.
'Tis to be considered that, in New Netherland, only a beer and wine-excise is levied,
which is paid by the Tapsters alone ; the rest of the inhabitants are untaxed and do not pay
any excise.
51.
The late Director Kieft, having great need of money, collected, in New [Netherland], in
supplies for the people, the duties which the traders were bound to pay to the Directors at
Amsterdam, as the accounts of the privileged merchants can show; some petty traders
{schotten) paid in beavers or in wampum.
§44 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
52.
The burgher, or other inhabitants of New Netherland, do not pay any beer or wine-excise ;
the inn, or tavern-keeper, alone is obliged to pay the excise, which impost is less than of right
belongs to the Company, and there is no cause for the inhabitants to complain on that account.
53.
We are of opinion that the petitioners are utterly ignorant of the Company's property, and
very improperly make any estimate thereof, that being, in no wise, the petitioners' business.
54 and 55.
We consider that we are fully authorized to employ the Company's revenue as may be
necessary, without being obliged to render any account to the petitioners or such persons;
and demand proof that the Company's property is employed in getting certificates.
56.
Heretofore there has been no currency but Wampum among the common people, in New
Netherland ; the Wampum which formerly passed at the rate of four for a stiver, was reduced
to six. We are not aware of any other but the Dutch ell, measure and weight, being in use;
and an order was issued, last summer, that all tiie inhabitants should bring their weights into
the Company's warehouse, to be stamped anew there.
57.
No complaint has been heard against the Company's grain measure.
5S.
The petitioners ought to prove that the Director trades on his own account, or allows
trading in articles of contraband. If he sell merchandise, or cause any to be sold^'tis his
business and 'twill appear in account, and be charged to the Company.
59.
We are informed that no person is constrained to pay; but those indebted to the Company
are requested so to do. And it can be proved by the books, that the debts were incurred
previous to the war, and accrued from clothing, provisions and other necessary supplies
advanced by the Directors to the people who went from Holland; the most of whom now
can pay. Where the principal is refused, 'tis fair that interest be paid, the rather as the
Company itself pays interest.
60.
'Tis strange that these petitioners should say the Company's debts are not paid, inasmuch
as they think those indebted to the Company ought not to pay their own debts ; as shown in
the preceding article.
61.
Our intention is that no goods from New England, not in the regulation heretofore made
in the case, shall be allowed to enter our district, free ; and if through oversight, any abuses
have been committed by connivance in the matter, we are determined to instruct the
Director to conform himself, for the future, to the order and regulation heretofore made and
enacted thereupon.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 337
59. Stuyvesant insists on tlie payment of the debts contracted by individuals during the
war, or that Company be paid interest ; many being impoverished, little or no choice is thus
left them — p. 313.
60. On the other hand, payment is refused of the lawful debts which the Company owes
individuals, such as earned monthly wages, goods delivered, &c — p. 313.
61. With a view to win those back whom he hath offended in the highest degree, Stuyvesant
hath exempted the English, for a long time past, from the duty which the Dutch were obliged
to pay; his caprice may be hence inferred. Great injury was thus inflicted on the trade of
our nation aud of our merchants.
CHAPTER V.
» OF THB MILITARY.
62. The Directors, in Amsterdam, have given orders to Stuyvesant to sell articles of
contraband, such as guns, powder and lead, to the Indians — pp. 311, 312.
63. The fort is dismantled and allowed to go to ruin ; and a military force hath never been
maintained there competent for the defence and protection of the inhabitants, but sufficient
for their ruin and destruction — p. 303.
64. Kieft falsely laid at the door of the people the blame of the war which had been
enkindled by him and his adherents, especially by Secretary Cornells van Tienhoven by means
of his false reports — p. 304.
65. The war was caused solely by the exaction from and refusal by the Indians of
contributions which they did not owe; the injudicious expeditions and violence against them,
and the cruel slaughter which first manifested itself in a mysterious toast — pp. 304, 305.
66. Jacob Ryntges and Jacob Schermerhorn were banished, and their goods confiscated, for
smuggling: the ban is removed, but the restitution of the property is impossible — p. 312.
67. The Directors, in Holland, have not endeavored, nor used any means, nor given any
orders, to discover the cause of, or to forbid the war, which creates strong suspicion that they
themselves authorized it — p. 314.
68. The St. Beninio, a ship belonging to Benjor, an Italian at Amsterdam, was forcibly cut
out of New Haven, where it lay under the protection of the English, and brought as a prize
to, and confiscated at the Manhattans.
In addition to these, there are divers other excesses too numerous to particularize.
Vol L 43
NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Answer of the West India Company to the Remonstrance from New Netherland.
[ From Ihe Original in the Eoyal Archives at the Hagne ; Loketkas of the States General ; Kubric We6t IndUche Compagnie No. 30 ; 7th division
of the Bundle.]
Answer to the Remonstrance delivered by the Delegates from New Netherland,
on the 27"" January, 1650, to the High and Mighty Lords States General of
the United Netherlands.
It appeareth strange to the Directors (of the W. I. Company,) that the Remonstrants
commence their introduction with calumnies against the Board, their Patroons, complaining of
excesses and highly injurious neglect, which, if any existed, ought to have been represented
in season to the said Patroons, by them in virtue of their commission dated 27 July, 1G49,
communicated for the first time, on the 9'^ of December last, full eight or nine weeks subsequent
to their arrival ; and that they addressed themselves to the Lords of the Supreme government
without having ever spoken or made any application on the subject of their commission,
to the Directors, notwithstanding the latter were requested by their general letters to lend them
assistance. And though under correction, the Directors are of opinion that, by virtue of the
Charter granted by your High Mightinesses to the Company, the said Delegates, as they style
themselves, were in duty bound to address themselves to the Directors at the Chamber at
Amsterdam, and in case of receiving no satisfaction there, to the Assembly of the XIX., where
your High Mightinesses preside by your Hon""'' Deputies. Being, with this reservation, disposed
to respond to your High Mightinesses' invitation, we say:
To the first Article.
If the petitioners know of any Directors here, who have preferred their own private interests
to the general advantage of the Company, contrary to their oath and honor, they ought to state
it, or be bound yet to do so. Failing therein it is answered, that the petitioners do in no wise
refer to the Company's government, inasmuch as they speak of matters which transpired
before the major part of them were in the country.
To the 2nd.
The Directors ignore this ; saying, if lands have been refused for purposes of cultivation, the
petitioners ought to indicate who those were that did so, if they know them.
The Exemptions have never been altered without the knowledge of your High Mightinesses
and that of the XIX., and let it be shown who aimed therein at their private advantage.
4.
The Directors are not aware that contributions have been levied off the Indians, much less
that orders to that effect have been issued by them or any other person.
5.
The letter was communicated to the Director with good intentions, in order that he might
see, and purge himself of, the accusation ; without any orders to molest the signers of the letter
for what they had done.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : V.
The Directors do not select any agents but such as they consider qualified, and are approved
by their High Mightinesses and by them provided with regular Commission and Instruction.
And as regards the case of Jochini Pitersen and Cornelis Melyn, who have been punished for
reasons more fully set forth in their sentence, the Board finds it particularly strange that
these people dare complain that (to use their own language) evil doers and their gross misdeeds
go unpunished, when on the other hand, 'tis notorious that up to the present time, no
application has been made to the Directors. As regards the complaints about the petitions, we
cannot form any other opinion but that the Governor found sufficient reasons to lay them aside,
and hath left them unanswered.
Such placards were never communicate'd to the Board of Directors.
7.
The Board has no knowledge of what the Directors (in N. N.) say; but this is true that the
latter represent the Supreme government and the Company, administering justice conformably
to Commission and Instruction, in the name of their High Mightinesses, his Highness and of
the Company.
8.
We cannot understand what the petitioners would express by the 8"" Article.
We never heard before that the Director spoke harshly to those who treated him respectfully ;
but are now informed that a certain person, who was unwilling to allow his goods to be
inspected, behaved with great opposition towards the Director. Wherefore it may be that the
latter expressed himself as the occasion required, but we know nothing of the matter.
10.
The sentence can explain the grounds of Jochim Pitersen and Cornelis Melyn's punishment.
11.
We say the Director was favorably inclined to promote the interests of the Commonalty,
on condition that he were communicated with. But these men separated themselves from the
well-disposed and secretly induced a few low inhabitants to sign their names, who, also, have
contributed each a few pennies to the delegation, as more fully can appear by the particular
signatures, or procuration affixed to the Remonstrance; hence, 'tis probable that these persons
abuse the name of the Commonalty, as the Remonstrance is signed by the minority, the mass
of the people not approving of those proceedings, but evincing every satisfaction with the
present government, according to the Remonstrance No. 3, signed by 20 persons residing at
the Manhatans.
12.
The Church was erected, for satisfactory reasons, in the fort.
13.
It cost much more than 8000 guilders whereof it cannot be proved that the people paid
eight hundred; the collection taken up by subscription, hath realized the least.
340 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
14
We request that they declare what they understand by ecclesiastical property.
15
The Director hath not the administration of the money that was taken up on the plate ;
but Jacob Couwenhoven, who is one of the petitioners, hath kept account of it in his quality
of churchwarden.
16.
'Tis acknowledged that the Company is indebted to the Deaconry, nine or ten hundred
guilders, according to the tenor of the obligation thereof drawn up in New Netherland A" 1649.
The first interest thereupon will fall due A" 1650.
17.
The Company's circumstances admitted of the building neither of an hojspital nor orphan
asylum, which are not very necessary there as yet.
IS.
Every one conversant with the Indians in, and around New Netherland, will be able to say,
that it is morally impossible to convert the adults to the Christian faith. Besides, 'tis a Minister's
business to apply himself to that, and the Director's duty to assist him therein.
Chapter III. Article 19.
The present Board of Directors seeks for proof as to who those are who have given orders to
reckon half a fault for a whole one ; they cannot believe that such order emanated from the
Assembly (of the XIX.)
20.
The Charter accorded by their High Mightinesses to the Company shows that the judgments
of the Director and Council are final.
21.
Respecting this article, we refer to the sentence.
22.
This article we refer, as above, to the sentence.
23.
We are informed and therefore say, that the petitioners will not prove that the late Director,
Willem Kieft, hath called in more than one patent ; and he subjoined with his own hand, that
he reserved the valley, not for the Company, but for the town of Breuckelen in general. The
reason of this revocation was, because Jan Eversen Bout, one of the petitioners, who
occupies part of the valley, together with others besides him who undertook to found or
improve the town of Breukelen at their own expense, submitted to the Director how prejudicial
'twould be to the town that one man named Tonis Nyssen should have the exclusive possession
of so extensive a valley, directly contrary to the Freedoms. The Director had signed the
patent on the report of Hudde, the Surveyor, without specifying therein the number of morgens.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 341
And after information had been received from said Jan Eversen (one of the petitioners) and
others, the Director allowed Tonis Nyssen agreeably to the Freedoms, as much of said valley
as he should have need of in proportion to his plantation.
24.
The Director being president, gives permission to speak ; but it must be shown that he,
sitting in court, pleaded any one's case as an advocate.
25.
This point demands proof.
26.
Director Kieft did, with the approbation of his superiors, employ La Montagne, a very
learned man, as member of the Council, although not sent from Fatherland expressly in that
capacity, in which he is continued by Director Stuyvesant.
Brian Nuton, Captain Lieutenant, having served the Company a long time, is also employed
as Councillor; and it is a great untruth, that he does not understand the Dutch language, but
it will be proved that he speaks it fluently.
27.
The petitioners must show that Commissary Adriaen de Keyser, is unqualified for his office.
28 and 29.
We are not aware that the Director esteems Jelmer Tomassen and Paulus Leendersen
to be thieves. Jelmer Tomassen is in this country ; if needs be, he will willingly answer
the petitioners.
30.
On proof of this article by the petitioners, the Fiscal will be recalled.
31.
As regards the calumnies against Cornells van Tienhoven, he is prepared to answer the
petitioners, if their High Mightinesses consider it necessary.
32.
No person warned the Director against the Secretary, except those who were seeking for his
situation : that might be proved in New Netherland.
Director Stuyvesant's demeanor towards Jochem Pitersen and Melyn, is to us unknown, and
it must be proved, and not stated through passion.
34.
Francis Douthey being indebted to the Company about eleven hundred guilders, petitioned,
in New Netherland, for permission to depart. The Director and Council are willing to allow
him to do so, but think they ought first of all be paid ; his incapacity so to do, was the reason
why he was not allowed to depart, and it must be proved that the Director required from
him any obligation under his hand.
§42 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
35.
We are informed that the petitioners will in no wise be able to prove that Director
Sruyvesant hath confiscated any person's arms; but 'tis very true, that in 1648, a few
snaphaiince were found on board the Valckenier and Pynnppel, on arriving in New Netherland,
in the hands of some freemen and sailors, who said they had brought them for their personal
defence. And as they had not provided themselves with a certificate from the Chamber at
Amsterdam, pursuant to general orders, the Fiscal seized the guns, for each of which, though
subject to confiscation, the Director out of pure kindness, paid two beavers or sixteen guilders,
being nearly double what they cost in this country.
36.
The petitioners ought to have exhibited the declarations, if any they have, to the Board.
37.
Joost Tonissen having been accused, with others, by the Company's Corporal, of having
bought guns, locks and barrels from him ; and as the accusation was true, which said Corporal
repeated against Jacob Reynsen, the Council, with the Fiscal, went to his (Tonisen's) house,
and, making a search, found one Company's musket, which the Fiscal took away with him.
And as the Director and Council sought further information, Joost Tonissen was imprisoned
and let out on bail.
38.
Wherein was Piter van der Linden refused right or justice?
39.
We are informed that the English in the colony of New Haven, in New England, had,
contrary to ancient custom, protected the Company's servants and freemen who had run away,
and, though requested, would not allow them to return to their Lords and Masters. A
Proclamation was then issued, with the advice of the Council, that whosoever would come
over to us from thence, should be protected in like manner. On Governor Eton letting some
fugitives go, who returned back to us, the proclamation was annulled, the dispute about
boundaries between us and the English remaining as before. The latter, however, carry on a
friendly trade with our Nation.
40.
The ships confiscated in New Netherland are the St. Fitter, during the administration of
William Kieft; the 6^ Beninjo, and the ship the Prins van Denmarcken, by Director Stuyvesant
and Council, because the first had not observed his contract, and had articles of contraband ;
the other had come without license and without paying either duties or convoy, to trade
within the limits of the charter granted to the Company by their High Mightinesses.
41.
Director Stuyvesant was so informed by Thomas Hall and Michiel Jansen, co-petitioners ;
information having been given of the Journal he seized it, and is ready to communicate
extracts therefrom.
42.
In consequence of housekeepers and other common people in New Netherland coming
frequently before the court, with declarations drawn up by this or t'other sailor, and those
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 343
who had signed the declarations as deponents, when heard thereon, frequently asserting that
the declarations were drawn up quite contrary to their meaning, it was ordered that no
declarations should be of any force in that country unless drawn up by the Secretary or
some other public person qualified thereunto, but by no means with any such view as the
petitioners represent.
43.
The Company's negroes, taken from the Spaniards, being all slaves, were, on account of
their long services, manumitted on condition that their children serve the Company whenever
it pleased. Of all the children, no more than three are in service, viz., one, which Stuyvesant
has with him on the Company's bouwerie ; one at the house, the Hope; one wench with
Marten Krigier, who hath reared her from a little child at his own expense.
44.
It is not true that the Company hath received five per cent, but in reality sixteen per cent,
according to contracts made with merchants in the premises; they enjoy, in return, trade
which the Company might otherwise retain to themselves agreeably to the charter ; and the
text — five per cent — is incorrectly applied, it having reference to freights and not to duties;
according to Exemptions, article 10.
45.
The merchants are treated agreeably to the regulations made therein.
46.
We know not what the petitioners mean by this article.
47.
We think the Company has done enough, to wit: in conveying over, at the Company's
expense, numbers of people, among whom were Jacob Couwenhoven's father and brothers,
together with cattle and other necessaries.
48.
We consider their duty to be to receive whatever is to be paid.
49.
This article is answered in the deduction.
50.
'Tis to be considered that, in New Netherland, only a beer and wine-excise is levied,
which is paid by the Tapsters alone ; the rest of the inhabitants are untaxed and do not pay
any excise-
Si.
The late Director Kieft, having great need of money, collected, in New [Netherland], in
supplies for the people, the duties which the traders were bound to pay to the Directors at
Amsterdam, as the accounts of the privileged merchants can show; some petty traders
(schotten) paid in beavers- or in wampum.
344 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
52.
The burgher, or other inhabitants of New Netherland, do not pay any beer or wine-excise ;
the inn, or tavern-keeper, alone is obliged to pay the excise, which impost is less than of right
belongs to the Company, and there is no cause for the inhabitants to complain on that account.
53.
We are of opinion that the petitioners are utterly ignorant of the Company's property, and
very improperly make any estimate thereof, that being, in no wise, the petitioners' business.
54 and 55.
We consider that we are fully authorized to employ the Company's revenue as may be
necessary, without being obliged to render any account to the petitioners or such persons;
and demand proof that the Company's property is employed in getting certificates.
56.
Heretofore there has been no currency but Wampum among the common people, in New
Netherland ; the Wampum which formerly passed at the rate of four for a stiver, was reduced
to six. We are not aware of any other but the Dutch ell, measure and weight, being in use;
and an order was issued, last summer, that all the inhabitants should bring their weights into
the Company's warehouse, to be stamped anew there.
57.
No complaint has been heard against the Company's grain measure.
58.
The petitioners ought to prove that the Director trades on his own account, or allows
trading in articles of contraband. If he sell merchandise, or cause any to be sold, 'tis his
business and 'twill appear in account, and be charged to the Company.
59.
We are informed that no person is constrained to pay; but those indebted to the Company
are requested so to do. And it can be proved by the books, that the debts were incurred
previous to tlie war, and accrued from clothing, provisions and other necessary supplies
advanced by the Directors to the people who went from Holland ; the most of whom now
can pay. Where the principal is refused, 'tis fair that interest be paid, the rather as the
Company itself pays interest.
60.
'Tis strange that these petitioners should say the Company's debts are not paid, inasmuch
as they think those indebted to the Company ought not to pay their own debts; as shown in
the preceding article.
61.
Our intention is that no goods from New England, not in the regulation heretofore made
in the case, shall be allowed to enter our district, free ; and if through oversight, any abuses
have been committed by connivance in the matter, we are determined to instruct the
Director to conform himself, for the future, to the order and regulation heretofore made and
enacted thereupon.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : V. 345
Chapter V. Article 62.
Tt is not known, and proof is demanded, tiiat orders have been given by us to trade in
articles of contraband.
63.
Tine fort belonging to the Company has, for want of means, not been properly repaired ; the
petitioners, though requested, would not aid in repairing it, although 'twas designed for their
own defence; and the additional embarrassments of the Company prevented soldiers being
sent thither. If any one hath suffered annoyance from the soldiers, he ought to have
complained thereof to the officer.
64.
We know not to whom Willem Kieft, now deceased, attributed the war; but 'tis, indeed,
true, that the freemen (accompanied by Covert Loockermans, one of the petitioners), made
the attack on the Indians at Corlaer's Hook, and the soldiers on those at Pavonia.
Previous to these expeditions and before war was decided on, in the Council Chamber,
where the Reverend Mr. Bogardus was present, Cornells van Tienhoven and Hans Steen were
commanded by the Director and Council to repair to Pavonia, and to examine the position of
the Indian huts; whereof they made a report.
We never authorized nor countenanced the war; but on all occasions, ordered that every
possible attempt be made to preserve peace.
66.
Jacob Reyntjes and Schermerhoorn were not banished for smuggling; but because they
purchased the Company's arms from its Corporal, and traded them away to the Indians; as
can be proved by their letters, signed with their own hands.
67.
That we have been the cause of the war, requires proof; on the contrary we have written,
by every opportunity, to endeavor by all means to restore peace.
68.
The ship Beninjo, belonging to Sieur Bensio, being come within the limits and charter of
the Company, without permit, or consent of the Chamber at Amsterdam, much less without
having paid duty, was taken out of the bay in front of New Haven, and confiscated in New
Netherland. The owner is in Amsterdam ; had he thought that he suffered any wrong, he
should long since have brought it before the court. And it is worthy remark, tliat some of
the petitioners offered a reward for the seizure or arrest of this interloper. The grounds
of the confiscation appear in the judgment.
We cannot discover from the Remonstrance of the delegates from New Netherland, with
what view these people have come hither, inasmuch as the entire of their complaints is filled
with calumnies, not only against the Director, but especially against us, their Patroons, who,
therefore, cannot presume otherwise but that these people intend, on the one hand, to rid
themselves of all government, or on the other, to pay in this wise the Company, what many of
Vol. I. 44
346 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
them are for a long time indebted to it; and principally to escape the tenths of their incomes
now due by many for several years, and which, on account of their iterated complaints of the
losses they had experienced, were remitted up to the year 1648, when the Director first
mentioned them. The consequence was, the people being under covenant in this case,
requested to be exonerated for still another year from the aforesaid tythes. In this they were
again favored, and it seems as if, in return for all this, they intend to pay their Patroons as
already stated. We are respectfully of opinion that, if these people have anything to represent
or to request, they, as has already been said in the beginning, ought to have applied to the
Board of Directors, in conformity to their credentials, addressed to this Chamber. Done at
the Hague, the 3P' January, 1650.
(Signed) P. Marcus de Vogelar.
Jacob Pergens.
ISAACK VAN BeECK.
Petition of the Delegates from New Netherland.
[ From the Original in the Royal Archives at the Hagne ; Lokakaa of the States General : DiTision, West IndMche Oampagnie, No. 25. ]
[ L. S. ]
To the High and Mighty Lords, the Lords States General of the United Netherlands.
High and Mighty Lords!
The Delegates from New Netherland represent with due respect, that they delivered into the
Assembly here, on the 13"" October, 1649, a certain petition and commission, setting forth
the sober, and utterly ruinous condition of New Netherland ; and, moreover, have communicated
to the committee divers other papers, together with a perfect map of the country, and its
situation, as well as some samples of the fruits and peltries produced there; also, furnished
full verbal information on every subject in particular; performed, likewise, all the duties they
could remember, according to the directions and instructions of their principals in New
Netherland, in order to obtain thorough redress. Whereupon some of the Board of Directors
were inclined to act inconsiderately, as is their usual custom, and to criminate and countermine
what the petitioners have done, accusing them of being unworthy of all credit, demanding
unseasonably further proof of matters, in order, as the petitioners cannot but apprehend, thus,
by controversy, to delay and protract the good work.
Independent of the petitioners and their constituents being public, and for the country's
interests, sworn individuals, who therefore in such case deserve full credit, their proofs are as
palpable as the sun at clear noon, inasmuch as they have asserted, that disorder and an
insufferable government, with their consequences, in conjunction with the covetousness of
some individuals, are the sole cause and parent of all that ruin and mischief, as the injurious
fruits thereof amply testify, because Heaven has not visited New Netherland with any
extraordinary, unavoidable calamities, except such as have originated with the Company and
its agents. Again, that country is more favored, and better situated than New England ; the
Dutch also commenced planting their respective lands many years before the English, yet,
notwithstanding, New England is populous, rich, prosperous, driving an immense trade and
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : V. 347
commerce almost with the entire universe ; yea, is flourishing, whilst New Netherland, on the
contrary, is a desert, usurped on the east side by the English, and on the southwest side by
the Swedes, despite of first possession taken by this State; and is, moreover, impoverished,
harassed and afflicted ; yea, reduced to utter ruin by the aforesaid bad government. Pending
the war, remonstrances and complaints against it were addressed, in abundance, both verbally
and in writing to the Amsterdam Chamber of the XIX. Finally, when hope and help there
was none, the matter was communicated to your High Mightinesses. The entire country hath
long felt the evil effects of the war ; and felt it the more through the danger of Indian revenge ;
and it will continue to experience it, until those in that country who are responsible for the
mischiefs, and were instructed and sworn by your High Mightinesses to correct the evil by
strict justice, are recalled home; until Cornells van Tienhoven, Secretary of New Netherland,
now here at the Hague, also a chief cause of the ruin (as is to be seen by the copy of a
petition hereunto annexed), be removed out of the country, and until population be encouraged,
of which there is little appearance, unless your High Mightinesses will please to assume the
supervision and protection of the country absolutely to yourselves, and to favor it with a good
civil government, composed of those interested in the country; unalterable Privileges and
Exemptions together with a settlement of the boundaries, which is very necessary for the
country and its peace. Such is, also, very just; for it was taken possession of from Cape
Hinlopen to Staten Hook or Cape Cod, by your High Mightinesses' subjects and this State, in
the year 1609, before any English or Swedes had tho.ught of coming thither.
Wherefore we, the petitioners, in our quality aforesaid, have recourse to your High
Mightinesses, humbly praying and urgently beseeching, as the Spring is at hand, and the
season for preparation daily approaches, and the Delegates are here at heavy expense, that
the affairs of New Netherland and its Redress be favorably considered, and that it be
provisionally encouraged by the enactment, at an early day, of a good ordinance.
To the end that the worthy patriots and the well meaning people in that country may no
longer be frustrated in their hope, but entirely relieved and released from oppression and
slavery ; and that this State may not be wholly dispossessed of that fine country, which alone
is of greater extent than the Seventeen Dutch Provinces, and which, in the hour of need, will
be found a strong arm, by the assistance it will render in people and provisions; for after
population shall have increased, your High Mightinesses will carry on a very large trade from
the one to the other of your own countries — hinc inde et inde hinc — without any save your
High Mightinesses' having control or authority overy it. Which doing, etc.
(In the margin.)
The States General of the United Netherlands have, after previous deliberation, placed this
Remonstrance in the hands of the Lords Aertsbergen and the others their High Mightinesses'
Deputies for the West India Company's affairs, to investigate and examine it; to extract the
important points therefrom, and report on the whole.
Done in the Assembly of the most noble the States General, the 7"^ February. 1650.
(Signed) Johan van Reede, V.
By order of the same, in the absence of the Secretary,
(Signed) J. Spronssen.
(Endorsed)
Petition of the Committee from New Netherland to their High
Mightinesses the Lords States General of the United
Netherlands. 1650, t-
348 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Petition of Cornelius Melyn^ Patroon on Staten Idand, with accompanying
Documents.
[ From tde Notarial copy remaining in Ihe Kojal Archives at the Hague ; Lokeikas of the Statefl General ; Division, Went Indiscke Cotnpagni^ No 25. ]
[ L. S. ]
To the High and Mighty Lords the Lords States General of the United Netherlands.
High and Mighty Lords !
Cornelis Melyn, Patroon on Staten Island in New Netherland, your High Mightinesses'
humble servant, respectfully showeth: That he repaired to New Netherland with your High
Mightinesses' Mandamus in case of appeal and favorable letter, obtained here in the year 1648,
against the sentence pronounced by Director Petrus Stuyvesant and his Council, on your
Petitioner, and caused due service of said Mandamus on the abovenamed Director and his
Council, as well as on all others in any wise concerned, pursuant to the tenor of your High
Mightinesses' addition endorsed on the aforesaid Mandamus. Petrus Stuyvesant, the Director,
treated the service of the Mandamus with very boisterous disrespect, tearing it in the presence
of all the People, out of the officer's hands, so that your High Mightinesses' own seal fell off,
and had the Mandamus not been written on parchment but only on paper, it would indeed have
been lorn in pieces; all which will further appear by the return of the officer in the copy
hereunto annexed, the original whereof is in Petitioner's possession. And notwithstanding
the Petitioner hath not been able to obtain, either before or after judgment, nor even after
service was made of your High Mightinesses' Mandamus, nor after his indispensable protest,
aught or any of the papers and documents against him whereby the judgment is claimed
to be well sustained, nor sufficient copies thereof; notwithstanding the declaration of Vice-
Director Lubbertus vail Dinclagen, a Doctor of Law, as by the return can be seen, that he
(the petitioner) is wronged by Director Petrus Stuyvesant and his advisers detaining the
papers which are favorable to the petitioner, and otherwise apply to the vote on the judgment;
notwithstanding also, that Henrick Opdyck, the fiscal, in answer to the petitioner, denied
being a party in the suit against him, and other councillors ofler olher excuses and subterfuges —
yet he, your petitioner, cannot obtain in fairness from Director Stuyvesant, according to
the tenor of the abovementioned Mandamus, any revocation of the judgment, nor reparation
of suffered defamation and loss ; but inasmuch as the aforementioned Director, about fourteen
days previous to your petitioner's last departure from New Netherland, did dispatch hither
his Secretary, Cornelis van Tienhoven, who, when summoned, obstinately refused to answer on
service of your High Mightinesses' Mandamus, your petitioner hath finally found himself
obliged immediately to ibllovv him.
Therefore, in order to complain of the abovementioned frivolous, unfounded judgment, as
well as to institute his further action which he hath against the abovenamed Secretary, the
petitioner humbly applies to your High Mightinesses, respectfully requesting that you would
be pleased to appoint time and place for the said Secretary to appear and to hear such demand
and conclusion as your petitioner shall make against him as principal, and as attorney, as the
same shall then be found requisite.
Wherefore the petitioner, most respectfully, and with all humility, prays that your High
Mightinesses will be pleased to help him, for once, to the speedy expedition of his good right,
and to take into consideration that your petitioner hath now groped such a length of time,
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V, 349
since the year 1643, in tins labyrinth without any error or fault of his, for the advancement
of the public interests, being, in the meanwhile, obliged to neglect, for so long a time, his
private affairs and family, being burdened with six children, and to encounter, to his excessive
cost and great injury, all sorts of vexation and trouble in iiis private affairs, on account of a
public matter so entirely just ; therefore the petitioner will respectfully expect your High
Mightinesses' favorable postil and speedy conclusion, inasmuch as the time for returning back
draws nigh. Which doing, &c.
(Tn the margin was:)
The States General of the United iNetherlands have, upon previous deliberation, placed this
petition, with the papers annexed, in the hands of Mess" van Aertsbergen and other their
High Mightinesses' Deputies for the West India Company's aff'airs, to inspect and to examine
them, and to hear and understand the petitioner and Secretary van Tienhoven, who is at
present here at the Hague, again and again, and to make a report on the whole matter to
their High Mightinesses.
Done at the Assembly of the Noble States General, the S"" February, 1G50.
(Signed) JoHAN van Reede, V.
By order of the same.
(Signed) Corn' Musch, 1650.
(Endorsed) Cornells Melyn.
Schedule N" 3.
Sentence pronounced hj Director Stuyvesant on Cornelius Melyn,
Whereas Cornells Melyn, born at Antwerp, aged about five and forty years, inhabitant and
burgher of the city of New Amsterdam, in New Netherland, hath dared, on the 2'^ May, 1645,
and did (according to the sworn affidavit thereof being) set himself in opposition and
contravention to justice, threatening the Honorable Director Kieft, at the time his lawful
Governor and superior, with the gallows and the wheel; or, as the delinquent, according to
his confession, without torture, perverted the words to the Fiscal and other officers ordered
to execute the judgment, and said — Let those who have given you orders, look to it, that they
do not reach the gallows and the wheel — and hath further resisted justice and the order of the
Hon'''' Director Kieft aforesaid, so that the Fiscal was obliged to enter a protest of contumacy
and opposition against him, Melyn, according to divers other affidavits taken and sworn to at
the time he, Melyn, was convicted of slandering justice and the law here, saying — Here be
no justice ; he was not a subject of the Hon'''' Director ; the Hon'''' Director may occupy
himself with the Company's servants — he is a headstrong fool {een duyvcls kop), with many
other mutinous and seditious words uttered against this one and that, as well soldiers as
freemen, advising the Company's servants to leave its service, as they could receive neither
money nor pay ; that the Director, like the biggest liar in the country, gave fair words and
plenty of promises, which bore no fruit, &c. ; in order to instigate the freemen not to pay
anything, as is apparent to us by divers collected affidavits and credible testimonies, with name
and surname, duly read in his presence ; also, that he, by his servants, endeavored, even
before, or in the beginning of the war, to purloin either secretly or forcibly, the maize
belonging to the Indians of Long Island at that time not yet at war with our nation, for which
they even killed an Englishman ; whereof, contrary to two witnesses, he knows nothing. It
350 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
appears, however, by his own confession made in our presence, on the 16"" July of this year,
without torture or iron bands, that he had a knowledge thereof; confessing that his servants
with soldiers had so attempted, but contrary to order and command, whereof he, however,
hath neither since nor before complained nor given any information, which is proof enough
that he connived at, and silently assented to it: Moreover that he exacted and took by force
from the Indians, when they were hunting on Staten Island, a portion of their game, according
to the sworn affidavit dated the last July A" 1G45; all which matters are of very dangerous
consequence, tending to mutiny, defamation of justice and supreme authority, to force,
[violence] and exaction. To this is also to be added, that he, Melyn, with one Jochim Pietersea
Cuyter forged, conceived, drafted, and wrote on the 25"" October 1G44, in the name of the
Eight Selectmen, a most false and calumnious letter and caused it to be transcribed and sent
to the Hon"'' Chamber at Amsterdam, thereby clandestinely, most scandalously charging,
defaming, criminating and accusing the Hon'''' Director Kieft then in loco their governor and
superior, of divers grave and culpable errors, as is and can be further seen and read at length
in the original, and in the authentic copy thereof.
Which We and our Council having investigated and inquired into, at the request of said
Director Kieft, said calumnious letter has been found to consist in many points of false and
defamatory lies, as is apparent and proved by experience itself, by the testimony of others
heard to the number of fifteen, also by the declaration and answers of the co-signers.
Whereupon the Fiscal instituting criminal action and suit, charged, accused and
convicted said Melya of having here committed in writing against the Hon'''* Director
Kieft the crime of insult, defamation and falsehood, and consequently is declared guilty of
LcsscB Majestalis.
Which documents and proofs having been examined, investigated and inquired into by the
Director General and Council, and everything material having been duly weighed, the case
was found to be of very bad consequence, and ought and cannot be tolerated in a law abiding
and well regulated government, but must be punished as an example to others.
Wherefore, the Hon'''*' Petrus Stuyvesant, Director General, with the advice of h^s Council,
administering justice in the name of the High and Mighty Lords States General, his Serene
Highness the Lord Prince of Orange, and the Hon'''"' Directors of the General Incorporated
West India Company, hath sentenced and condemned, as he doth hereby sentence and
condemn, the aforesaid Cornells Melyn, to be banished for seven years from the district
and jurisdiction of New Netherland, and also to depart by the first ship, revoking all previous
granted benefits, actions and pretensions which he may have obtained, or yet claims from the
Hon'"'" Directors; and, moreover, to pay a fine of three hundred Carolus guilders, to be
applied, one-third for the Poor, one-third for the Fiscal, and one-third for the Church;
dismissing the Fiscal's further demand.
Thus done and enacted at the Assembly, in Fort Amsterdam, in New Netherland, the 25th
July, A" 1647.
(Signed) P. Stuyvesant, L. van Dincklage,
Brian Neuton, Paulus Leendertsen van der Grift,
and Jan Claessen Bol.
After having been collated, this is found to agree with its original, the 16"" of August, 1649,
by me, in the absence of the Secretary.
(Signed) Jacob Kieft, Clerk.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : V. 351
No. 4.
Mandamus in case of the Appeal of Messrs. Ciiyler and Meli/n.
[ Omitted ; being already printed, supra, p. 250. ]
Endorsement on the ensealed Mandamus: —
The States General of the United Netherlands, To all those who shall see or hear this
read, health. Be it known.
That we, having looked into the further petition presented to us this day, in the name and
on the behalf of Jochem Pietersen Cuyter and Cornells Melyn, our subjects and inhabitants in
New Netherland, have enlarged, as we do hereby enlarge, the Mandamus on the other side
hereof, to wit, that it may be served not only by a messenger, marshal, notary, but by such
other person, either public or private, as the aforesaid petitioners together, or one of them,
shall accept or permit. Charging and commanding all and every whom it may in any wise
concern, to regulate themselves precisely conformably hereunto, the same as if the aforesaid
augmentation had been inserted, word for word, in the Mandamus aforesaid.
Done at the Hague, on the sixth of May, 1648.
( Signed ) T. van Gent, V.
(Lower stood)
By order of the Most Illustrious Lords States General.
(Signed) Corn' Musch.
Further endorsement on the aforesaid copy. No. 4.
Copy of their High Mightinesses' Mandamus in case of appeal against the sentence which
Petrus Stuyvesant and his Council pronounced on the 25"' July 1647 in New Netherland on
the Manhattans respectively against Jochem Pietersen Kuyter and Cornells Melyn.
No. 5.
Slates General to the Director in New Netherland, and (mutatis mutandis) to the Administration there.
[Omitted; being already printed, supra, p. 249.]
No. 6.
To Peter Stuyvesant, Director of New Netherland, the IQ"" May, 1648.
The Prince of Orange.
Honorable, prudent, and discreet, specially dear.
You will receive by the bearers hereof, Joachim Pietersen Kuyter and Cornells Melyn, the
commands which the High and Mighty Lords States General have resolved to communicate to
you, to the end that you allow these people to enjoy their property free and unmolested
there, by virtue of provision of appeal granted by their High Mightinesses unto them, with
352 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Inhibitory Clause respecting the sentence pronounced by you against them on the 25th July
1047; though we do not doubt but you will understand duly to respect and obey those
commands, yet we are disposed earnestly to admonish you hereby, in addition, expressly
notifying that you shall have to allow said petitioners, peaceably and without objection to enjoy
the effect of their High Mightinesses' aforesaid resolution.
And herewith,
Honorable, &c.
(Signed) William,
Prince d'Orange.
(Endorsed)
Copy of his Highness' letter to Peter Stuyvesant Director in N. Netherland, 1G48, 19 May.
No. 7.
This day, 22"* May 1648, Cornells Melyn handed in to the Assembly of the Directors of the
West India Company in Amsterdam, a sealed letter from their High Mightinesses the States
General of the United Netherlands.
Done the day as aforesaid.
(Signed) Guysbert Rudolphy.
This day, the 2'^ January A" 1649, Cornelis Melyn handed to the Director General Petrus
Stuyvesant and the Council of New Netherland, a letter from their High Mightinesses directed
to the Hon"' Director & Council ; one from his Highness to the Director General exclusively,
two letters from Mr. Capelle to the Director General only. Ady as above.
By order of the Hon"^ Director General and Council.
(Signed) Corn" van Tienhoven,
Secretary.
(Endorsed)
Receipt for the delivery by C. Melyn of their High Mightinesses' letters, &c., addressed
to the Directors at the Amsterdam Chamber. Also to the Director and Council of
New Netherland.
No. 8.
On the 8"" of March, 1649, when the People were assembled in the Church by order of the
Hon'''^ Director General Petrus Stuyvesant, Cornelis Melyn requested that the Mandamus
granted by their High Mightinesses may be read and served there by the Nine Men, and that
it may be read particularly by Arnoldus van Hardenbergh.
Whereupon, alter some discussion and obtained consent, it followed that Cornelis Melyn
handed the aforesaid Mandamus to the said Hardenbergh in order that he may read it. Then
the General demanded. If he wished to have it served now "? Cornelis Melyn answered yes.
The General said. Then I must have the copy ; and snatched the Mandamus from the
abovenamed Hardenbergh's hands, so that their High Mightinesses' seal fell almost entirely off,
hardly hanging to a small strip of parchment. Cornelis Melyn said, The copy is annexed to
it; so that on the interposition of some persons, it was returned by the General. Then was it
received and out of respect for their High Mightinesses the Noble Lords States General and
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 353
their Commission, read by me Arnold van Hnrdenbergh who summoned his Honor by virtue
thereof, to appear, by the first opportunity, at the Hague before their High Mightinesses, there
to hear such demand and conclusion as Cornells Melyn shall desire to institute or make against
his Honor.
Whereunto his Honor made answer, to the best of our recollection — / honor the Slates
and their Commission, and will obey their Comma7ids, and send an Agent to maintain the Judgment,
as it was ivell and legally pronounced. I demanded to have the answer in writing, but the
(leneral said. Whenever you deliver me an authentic copy of the Mandamus, I will give it to you. I
then requested Secretary Tienhoven, there present, whose duty it was, to be pleased to do so
and to authenticate it, but he refused to do so, saying, You may do it yourself, which I afterwards
did, and should have placed it in the General's hands next day, but a rumor prevailed that the
Indians had killed a Dutchman, and Melyn aforesaid had gone to Staten Island; so I brought
his Honor the copy of the Mandamus first on the 15"" ditto, accompanied by Augustyn Heerman
and Jacob van Couwenhoven, and then requested his Honor's answer in writing, but he refused
it, saying. Their High Mightinesses' award I shall regard.
Thus done and transacted on the day and date aforesaid, at the Manhattans in
New Netherland.
(Signed) Arnoldus van Hardenbergh.
Augustyn Heerman, Witness.
Jacob van Couwenhoven, Witness.
(Endorsed)
Certificate of the service made on Monday the S"" March 1649 on Director Petrus Stuyvesant,
of their High Mightinesses' Mandamus in case of appeal in the matter of the judgment
delivered the SS"" July 1647, in New Netherland, against Cornells Melyn ; by which will
be seen
Stuyvesant's disrespect of their High Mightinesses' Mandamus, and his tergiversation and
all sorts of subterfuges, on frivolous and unfounded foundations.
No. 9.
It is now about seven months since I arrived here with their High Mightinesses' Mandamus
and Order, which, on the 8"" March, were served on you Petrus Stuyvesant, Director, and
afterwards on the other members of the Court.
Accordingly on the twentieth of March I demanded reintegration, pursuant to the tenor of the
Mandamus, and observing neglect, on the 20"" June, insisted and at divers times applied
verbally, for the most part, in these terms — Pursuant to the Mandamus and your obligation to
honor their High Mightinesses and their Commission (I demand) reintegration and such
satisfaction as that brings with it; I have now borne long enough with postpone. nent and
fruitless promises; time is short and the vessels are making ready; if your Honor designs to
make restitution or reparation, let it be done quickly, according to the tenor of the Mandamus ;
if not, I hereby protest against you.
And if your Honor intends to maintain what, if you have yet any conscience left, you cannot
deny to be your Honor's pronounced sentence, you must appear personally, or by another
qualified to represent you and will so stand and suffer aud bear what is charged against you,
as if you were yourself there; you shall also permit the other member of the court, who
Vol. I. 45
354 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
is subject to you, to depart in person, or some other individual for him ; for one delinquent
cannot defend the other; and in case such be not done, 1 do hereby again protest.
I demand, according to your Honor's promise, that all copies both of judgment, affidavits,
acts and proceedings which have been heretofore refused, be seasonably furnished me, in order
that I may also summon the deponents; for the affidavits which Mij'ii heer, or his like, take here
from their subjects, who must say what you please, are, in my opinion of no value and, as I,
therefore, conclude, of no force in law. In case, then, all the documents proceedings and
declarations, or one or any of them, which are to be used in law against me, are detained from
me ; and in case they are refused me, and copies of the papers and documents are not furnished,
as heretofore has been the case, I declare that I am deprived of, and excluded from the right
and proper means of justice and legal evidence, against rules and order to you well known.
In like manner I do declare null, void, and of no effiict all acts, proceedings, affidavits and
declarations whereof I have not obtained copies here, and of which use shall hereafter be made
against me, being utterly unworthy of consideration on account of the suspicion of being
acknowledged in bad faith ; and, thirdly, against you, Petrus Stuyvesant, Director, individually,
and against all the members of the Court generally, do I protest for and on account of all
damage and losses already suffered or yet to arise, from the omission and neglect of orders
and instructions to do what is right ; and their High Mightinesses command and expressly
order you, in case you do not repent, to wit, sincerely and indeed, and not in fine phrases, as
has hitherto been your case.
Dated Manahatans, New Netherland, this 29"' July, 1649.
(Signed) Cornelis Melyn.
Answer to Cornelis Melyn's disrespectful Protest handed to my Wife, as she
says, by Adriaen van der Donck and A. Hardenbergh.
We hear and see, but protest against the disrespectful discourtesies contained in the protest,
especially against the seditious service of the Mandamus, at an unsuitable place, in the Church,
and with much disparaging language in presence of the entire Commonalty. Nevertheless,
we esteem the service valid, and say, as before, that we shall honor and regard whatever our
Sovereigns will decide. We are no ways bound to restitution, since we have not received
anything; nor to any reparation so long as the case is in appeal, and no additional injury done
the protestor. We grant and allow him peaceable use of his lands and effects; what I have
promised I shall perform; namely, to send an Attorney to hear, and to witness the confirmation
or annulment ; what other officers, councillors, will do, whether to go or to stay, we leave at
their discretion and pleasure. Therein we have nothing to command ; neither does it quadrate
with the tenor of the Mandamus.
Who the delinquent is, God and the law have to decide. The protestor has never been
refused copy of the judgment. The party must apply for the other papers in the suit and
appear before the Judge who will have prudence and knowledge enough to decide what and
which affidavits ought to be produced ; whether they have been legally taken before
Commissioners or whether they were given clandestinely and by inducement to affront and
asperse the Judge, on which points tiie opinion of the protestor himself is of no avail. Of
damage and losses we deem ourselves guiltless, since we do not oblige the protestor to pay
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 355
any costs, or to return anew to Fatherland. We give and grant him, pending the matter in
appeal, the quiet possession and peaceable use of his lands, houses and property.
Done Manhattans this P' August, 1049.
(vSigned) P. Stuyvesant.
(Endorsed)
Protest on behalf of Cornells Melyn against Director Stuyvesant, and the Answer of
Stuyvesant that he would send an Attorney; refuses the Protester's demand for copies of the
papers to be used against him, as they must be applied for by the party.
No. 10.
We, the undersigned, at the request of Cornells Melyn, and in virtue of certain Mandamus
granted him by their High Mightinesses, did, on the sixteenth of March, 1G49, summon the
Hon''''' Lubbert van Dincklage, Vice-Director of New Netherland, to appear by the first
opportunity at the Hague, before their High Mightinesses, there to hear such demand and
conclusion as Cornells Melyn shall institute or make against him ; and copy of the aforesaid
Mandamus is left with the defendant.
Whereunto he made answer: That he was led into error, and consequently induced to vote
for such sentence, by not having communication of divers affidavits and other p:ipers and
documents, which, as he now discovers, were essential to the defence of the condemned ; also,
by its being resolved, at the meeting of Director Stuyvesant and other persons, called to the
Council for that occasion, that Jochem Pietersen Kuyter and Cornells Melyn, were not
qualified, and therefore had no power to write about public afiairs; whilst affidavits and
papers tending to their prejudice and injury, were, on the contrary, duly exhibited to him in
the council.
Done as above, on the Manhatans, in New Netherland, etc.
(Signed) Arnoldus van Hardenbergh.
Adriaen van der Donck.
(Endorsed)
Anno 1649, 16 March. Return of service made on Lubbert van Dincklage, Vice-Director of
their High Mightinesses' Mandamus, in case of appeal from the sentence pronounced in New
Netherland, on l?'"" July, 1647, against Jochem Pietersen Kuyter and Cornells Melyn.
Whereunto he made answer that he was deceived: —
1° That he had not communication of divers papers essential to the defence of those
condemned.
2'' That Director Stuyvesant and others called by him to the Council for that occasion,
resolved that Joachim Pietersen Kuyter and Cornells Melyn, were not qualified to write on
public affairs.
3'* That he was misled and brought to vote for the aforesaid sentence by affidavits produced
in court, prejudicial to the condemned persons.
No. 11.
On the le"- March, 1649, at the request of Cornells Melyn, and in virtue of certain
Mandamus granted him by their High Mightinesses, have I, the undersigned, in presence of
Adriaen van der Donck and Jacob van Couwenhoven, summoned the following persons to
356 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
appear at the Hague before their High Mightinesses, by the first opportunity, there to hear and
answer such demand and conclusion as Cornelis Melyn shall then make or institute against
them, viz' —
1" Monsieur La Monlagne: And his answer was — that Cornelis Melyn should first give
reasons for summoning him, and he should then communicate his answer. Done as above,
on the Manhattans, in New Netherland.
2° Brian Nuton, Captain Lieutenant: And he gave for answer — he did not understand it
and will answer to-morrow. Done as above.
S"* Panlus Lfinihrlsrn: And he gave for answer — that he will appear, or send an attorney,
provided Cornelis Melyn give security here in this place, for the costs which will accrue
thereon. Done as above.
4"" Abraham Plancke: And he made answer — that he knew nothing about when the
war commenced.
Tlius done, on the day and date as above ; and left copy of the aforesaid Mandamus for the
benefit of the defendants, in presence of the undersigned witnesses, at the Manhattans, in
New Netherland.
(Signed) Arnoldus van Hardenbergh.
Adeiaen van der Donck.
Jacob van Kouwenhoven.
(Endorsed)
Return of service, made the 16"" March, 1649, on the undernamed persons, in virtue of their
High Mightinesses Mandamus, in case of appeal on the judgment pronounced on the 25"^ July,
1047, against Cornelis Melyn ; who made answer as foUoweth : —
Jean La Montague, demands cause of summons, and he would then answer.
Brian Nuton, Captain Lieutenant, does not understand it, and will answer to-morrow.
Paulus Leendersen, that he will send an attorney or appear himself, when Melyn will give
security there for the costs.
Abraham Plancke, one of those who had signed the petition to make war on the Indians,
says; he knew nothing about when the war began.
No. 12.
On the sixteenth of March, did I, the undersigned, accompanied by Adriaen van der
Danck and Jacob van Couwenhoven, at the request of Cornelis Melyn, and in virtue of
certain Mandamus granted him by their High Mightinesses, summon the Fiscal, Hendrick van
Dyck, to appear, by the first opportunity, before their High Mightinesses, at the Hague, and
there to hear such demand and conclusion as Cornelis Melyn shall make or institute against
him, and left copy of aforesaid .\Lindamus for tiie behoof of the defendant. Whereunto he
wrote to me as follows — Henrick van Dyck, Fiscal of New JVetherland, in answer to the
Mandamus, served on him by me, at the request of Cornelis Melyn, says, that he is not a
purty in the suit.
Thus given, in the presence of the undersigned witnesses, dated as above. Anno 1649, at
the Manhattans, in New Netherland.
(Signed) Aknoldus van Hardenbergh.
Adrian van der Donk.
Jacob van Kouwenhoven.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : V. 357
(Endorsed)
Jleturn of service of their High Mightinesses Mandamus, in the case of appeal on llie
judgment pronouced against Cornelis Melyn, made on Fiscal Hendrick van Dyck, who
instituted tiie suit, A" 1647. Whose answer was: —
Anno 1649, March 16. He was not a party to the suit.
No. 13.
On the 23"^ March, 1649, did we, the undersigned, at the request of Cornelis Melyn,
and in virtue of certain Mandamus granted unto him by their High Mightinesses, summon
Secretary Cornelis van Tienhoven, to appear by the first opportunity, before their High
Mightinesses, at the Hague, there to hear such demand and conclusion as Cornelis Melyn,
on the occasion, shall institute; but the aforesaid Tienhoven refused to answer thereunto
and to accept the copy of aforesaid Mandamus, until he should see that we had special and
written order from Cornelis Melyn to summon him.
And as we had it not with us, we brought it to him on the next morning, with copy of
aforesaid Mandamus; tiien the aforesaid Secretary, said that he would give us his answer in
writing; in the afternoon ; but we did not get it. We applied to him for it repeatedly
afterwards, but could never obtain any correct information in answer, as he always sought
evasions and delays. Finally, he said he would not give any. So that we took no farther
action, after that, in the matter.
The 25th May, 1649, at the Manhattans, in New Netherland.
(Signed) Arnoldus van Hardenbergh.
Adriaen van der Donck.
(Endorsed)
Return of the service of their High Mightinesses' Mandamus in case of appeal from the
sentence pronounced on Cornelis Melyn the 25"' July, 1647, in New Netherland, made on
Cornelis van Tienhoven Secretary, the 23 March and 25 May, 1649.
Tienhoven refuses to make any answer to it.
No. 14.
On the 23'' March, 1649, did I, the undersigned, at the request of Cornelis Melyn, and in
virtue of certain Mandamus granted by their High Mightinesses unto him, summon Jan Jansen
Damen in the presence of Adriaen van der Donck, to appear by the first opportunity before
their High Mightinesses at the Hague, there to hear such demand and conclusion, as Cornelis
Melyn shall have occasion to institute.
Whereupon the aforesaid Jan Damen gave for answer, that whenever Cornelis Melyn
exhibited to him their High Mightinesses' order wherein his name appeared, that he then is
perfectly ready to come whether by night or by day ; provided he (to wit, Melyn) give security
for the loss and damages to be incurred thereby.
Thus done on the day and date aforesaid at the Manhattans in New Netherland,
(Signed) Arnoldus van Hardenbergh.
Adriaen van der Donck.
358 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
(Endorsed)
Return of the service and summons made on Jan Jansen Damen, on the 23'' March, 1649, in
virtue of their High Mightinesses' Mandamus in case of appeal from the sentence pronounced
in New Netheriand, on 25"' July, 1G49, against Cornells Melyn.
1649, 23 March. Answer: Is ready to come whenever he is served with their High
Mightinesses' Mandamus, containing his name, and Melyn gives security for the costs.
No. 15.
We the undersigned, Lubbertus van Dincklage and Johannes la Montagne, declare that
a petition was delivered to the Director and Council at the meeting in Fort Amsterdam in
New Netheriand from Jacobus Loper, late Captain Lieutenant at Curasao, requesting permit
to trade and barter, along with other freemen, in the South river of New Netheriand, and that
the Hon'''^ Director said — He had received express orders from his superiors to keep an eye
on Melyn.
The Council demanded — Shall the sins of the father then be visited on the son ? The Director
said further, It cannot be otherwise this time; he shall not go.
We declare the above to be true and trustworthy on our manly troth in place of oath which,
if necessary, we shall tender. This 10"" August, 1649. Manhatans, New Amsterdam, New
Netheriand.
(Signed) L. van Dincklage.
La Montagne.
(Endorsed)
Declaration of Vice-director Lubbert van Dincklage and La Montagne, from which it
appears —
That Director Stuyvesant said he had received express orders from his Masters to have an
eye on Melyn, which Stuyvesant stretched so far as to refuse a license to trade to Jacob Loper
ex-Captain Lieutenant and son-in-law of Melyn.
No. 16.
This day the 10"" December Anno 16J9 before me Cornells Toun, resident of Amsterdam
and admitted Notary public by the Court of Holland, in presence of the undersigned witnesses,
appeared William Hendricks, aged 42 years, residing at Weesp, who, at the request of
Cornells Melyn residing in New Netheriand, on Staten Island, testifies, declares and attests
by true words, in place and under offer, of solemn oath, that it is true that he, the witness,
being in the latter part of the year 1640, on the island called the Manhatans, also situated in
New Netheriand, was engaged by the month, by William Kieft, Commander of New Netheriand,
to distil Brandy, and at the house of the requirant in this case.
That he, witness, accordingly in the beginning of December of the aforesaid year 1640, did
begin to distil Brandy at the requirant's house, but having continued therein six or seven months,
he, the witness, must give up that work, as the aforesaid Kieft and the requirant found it
expedient to let the Brandy be.
He further declares that the aforesaid Commander Kieft himself paid and made good to him,
witness, his wages at five and twenty guilders per month, and that he, witness, did, also, during
the six or seven months aforesaid, convey some kegs of brandy and other liquors from said
Staten Island to the Manhathans, and delivered the same to the aforesaid Commander Kieft.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 359
All truly done at Amsterdam, in the presence of Hannen Harmensen Cruyer and Cryn
Cornelissen, mason, witnesses, who have likewise signed, with the aforesaid deponent, the
original minute hereof remaining with me notary,
Quod attestor
(Signed) C. Tou Notar. Publ.
(Endorsed)
Declaration of William Hendricksen for Cornells Melyn, in opposition to the denial of
William Kieft, that the deponent distilled brandy for C. Melyn and Kieft in Company.
All these aforesaid acts and declarations have I, the undersigned Notary, found,
after comparison to agree with their originals; at the Hague the 5"" February A°.
1650. Me teste.
(Signed) M. Beeckman, Notar Publ.
Resolution of the States General, referring the preceding papers.
[ From the Kegiater of Weal India Affairs, 1633—1651, in the Enyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Tuesday, S"' February, 1650.
Folio B29. The petition of Cornelis Melyn, patroon on Staten Island in New Netherland,
Cornelia Melyn. is after previous deliberation placed, with the pieces thereunto annexed, in the
hands of Mess" van Aertsbergen and other their High Mightinesses' Deputies for the West
India Company's affairs, in order to inspect and examine them, and to hear again and again
the petitioner and Secretary Cornelis van Tienhoven actually here at the Hague, and to render
a report of the whole to their High Mightinesses.
Secretary van Tienhoven''s Observations on the Boundary and Colonization of
New Netherland.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal Archivea at the Hague ; Locketkas of the States General ; Division, West ItidisOu! Compagnte, No. 30 ; 8th division
of the liundle. ]
Observations on the settlement of the boundary, and on the colonization of New
Netherland. Furnished 22** February, 1650.
The settlement of the boundary is highly necessary, in order to avoid, in future, all difficulties
with those of New England and Virginia ; it will also promote the quiet of the Dutch Nation
in New Netherland, as many would be thereby encouraged to undertake Colonies, Bouweries
and Plantations, in that country.
This settlement of the boundary was, in my opinion, not easy to be obtained before the
present time, in consequence of the troubles in England ; the rather, as those of Virginia
declare for Charles the Second, and those of New England for the Parliament.
360 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
In order then to block the further progress of the English, I would suggest (under
correction), that we should provisionally set about hitching on to New Nelherland tlie most
distant lands lying between the Dutch Nation and the English, which are yet vacant and in no
one's possession, by the occupation thereof in manner hereinafter described.
1st. Having been plainly tricked by the English out of the Fresh River, notwithstanding a
block iiouse, called the Hope, had been erected 21 leagues up the river, in the year 1633, long
before the English had been there, — a sign of first and earliest possession — nothing could, at
first, be done in that quarter, except to repair said house, the Hope, and keep it as heretofore
occupied by a suitable garrison, for the purpose of maintaining prior possession of the most
remote boundary.
2nd. The village of Greenwich belonging to their High Mightinesses', being the furthest
place where the Director and Council exercise authority, in the name of their High
Mightinesses the States General and of the West India Company, is separated from the
English village Stamford, by a small stream ; so that the English along the main north coast
cannot approach nearer New Nelherland, without being obliged to settle between Greenwich
and New Amsterdam, where there is an interval of about seven leagues of country : And to
prevent that. Director Stuyvesant purchased these lands last summer from the native and rigiit
owners thereof, and paid for them, on account of the West India Company.
3d. For the security of the beautiful North river, on which New Amsterdam stands, it
would not be unwise to take possession first of the land situate on the west bank of the East
river, between Greenwich and New Amsterdam, establishing villages, bouweries and plantations
there ; this done, there need be no dread of the further progress of the English on that side, and
the North river, whence most of the peltries are brought down, would also be protected. The
North river is about eight leagues west of the East river at Greenwich.
4th. Long Island which extends in length from the heights opposite Staten Island, is washed
on the south side by the Great Ocean ; on the north, by the East river, which divides it from
New Amsterdam and the aforementioned lands. It is full thirty leagues long from the west to
the northeastern point, and at the west end 2, and further eastward 4, 8, 12 and 15 leagues
broad. It is the levelest and finest soil in New Netherland ; very well adapted for agriculture
and the rearing of all sorts of cattle; furnished with beautiful valleys, navigable harbors,
rivers and bays, the chief of which are Hempstead bay, Martin Gerritsen's bay. Oyster bay, the
Cromme gouw,' being a considerable inland sea,^ (Iwhose shores are inhabited by Indians,) and
in which are various other fair and fertile islands. The greatest part of the Wampum, for
which the furs are traded, is manufactured there by the Natives.
The English of the Colony of New Haven settled two villages at the bight of the aforesaid
inland sea, about three leagues from the East point of said Island ; one called Southampton,
containing about 10 @^ 12 houses, [the other] Southold, about 30 houses.
The undernamed towns are planted on said Island, and are all under the jurisdiction of
their High Mightinesses the Lords States General of the United Netherlands, viz'
Hemsteede, Gravesend, Flushing, Amersfoort, and Breukelen, with divers bouweries
and plantations.
The further progress of the English on Long Island would, in my opinion, under correction
be prevented and estopped, without the settlement of the boundary, by the following means: —
' The Crooked country or district. ' Gardiner's bay. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 361
First, by purchasing from tlie natives tlie lands situate on tlie East point of Long Island,
not already bought; that done, by taking possession of the East point which is al)oul tiiree
leagues from Southampton, and by securing its possession, at first by a Redoubt and a small
garrison, or settling it by means of a Colonie. The west point of the aforesaid sea being taken
possession of in like manner, the villages of Southampton and Southold would be shut in ;
after this is accomplished, Siketeu Hacky, Oyster bay and Martin Gerritsen's bay must also
be taken possession of. The whole of Long Island would be thereby secured to New Netherland,
and the design of the English in regard to the domination of said convenient harbors, be rendered
fruitless and null.
The South river, situate thirty leagues south of the Great Bay of the North river, as
computed along the coast, has been possessed and frequented by the Dutch more than
twenty-eight years before any foreign nation had been there. Ten years ago the Swedes
lined said river with four forts, and, by means thereof, endeavor to seize on the entire river.
The further progress of the Swedes, could be prevented and neutralized by planting a
Colonie at Swanendael, otherwise called the Whorekill, on the west side of the Bay ; another
on the east side; and one on the west bank, at the Company's Redoubt, named Beversreede,
about seven leagues above Fort Crislina. This being done, the Swedes could not take up
any more land, either above or below, nor extend their pretended jurisdiction any farther.
No difference has arisen between the Dutch and the English of Virginia on the subject of
boundary, because they have not owned what we, Netherlanders, possess. However, it would
not be impolitic to determine the boundary between Virginia and New Netherland, so that all
future misunderstandings and differences on this head may be prevented.
The settlement of the boundary by possession can never be effected, except by sending out
working people and disbursing money necessary for such work ; and in order to encourage
those who are able to make disbursements, firm and permanent privileges should be granted,
consistent with the right accruing from the charter granted to the West India Company.
For the conveyance of farmers and their families, and of handicraftsmen,
are required: —
A large fly-boat of 200 lasts, which would be chartered for the voyage out, for fl. 6000.
A vessel of 200 lasts, would probably carry over 250 persons, exclusive of the ships crew;
they would require for food, for the voyage, each at least 30 guilders, fl. 7500.
Every 250 farmers would require a superintendent.
A clergyman; or, in his place provisionally, a Comforter of the sick, who could also act as
schoolmaster.
A surgeon, provided with medicines.
A blacksmith, who is conversant with the treatment of horses and cattle.
Three or four house-carpenters, who can lay brick.
One cooper. ,
One wheelwright.
Other tradesmen, such as tailors and shoemakers, follow with time.
A necessary supply of munitions of war, for the defence of the Colonists, in case of
misunderstanding with the natives.
Vol. I. 46
362 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Farming implements, such as axes, adzes, mattocks, spades, rope, ploughsliares, &c.
These people arriving in New Netherland would require to be victualed for at least a year;
for little produce is to be expected the second year, from the newly cultivated land. It is not
necessary to send the food from Europe, since it can be supplied by the Dutch and the
English. Oil and vinegar alone must come from here.
Cattle, such as horses, cows, hogs, need not be sent from this place, in consequence of the
great expense, as they can be be got at a reasonable price from the Dutch, and principally
among the English, who have plenty of them.
The foregoing is what I, with all submission, briefly, and according to my imperfect
knowledge, communicate on paper to your High Mightinesses on the subject of the settlement
of the Boundaries by possession, such as peopling it with one or more Colonies in New
Netherland. I pray the All-wise God, to preside over your High Mightinesses' Assembly, and
to be pleased to permit your resolutions to redound to the honor of his name, the prosperity
of his Church and to the peace of your High Mightinesses' subjects.
Done at the Hague, the 22'' February, Anno 1650.
Your High Mightinesses' subject,
(Signed) Cornelis van Tienhoven.
Plan for the Colonization of New Netherland.
[ From the M8. In the Eoyal Archives at the Hagoe ; Loketkas of the States General ; Eubric West Inditche Cmnpagnie No. 80; 8lh dlrlslon of
the Bundle.]
New Netherland.
The Directors deputed by the West India Company do not deem it expedient to conjointly
advise your High Mightinesses in the present instance on the affairs of New Netherland, and the
places thereunto belonging, inasmuch as the superintendence thereof has hitherto been with
the Chamber at Amsterdam, which, also specially declares its opinion thereupon, as to the
manner that superintendence ought to be directed in future for the greatest advantage. The
other Chambers have merely requested copy thereof, to be communicated to their constituents,
with the understanding, however, that the aforesaid Amsterdam Chamber shall, meanwhile,
remain and continue invested with the aforesaid superintendence, and provisionally put in
practice, as far as possible, the following advice : —
Provisional Plan for the Trade, Colonizatian and advantage of New Netherland,
and of the Island of Curasao, Bonayro and Aruba, dependent on the said
government.
Which places have been managed exclusively by the Chamber of Amsterdam from the year
1645 up to the date hereof, although it was resolved in the Assembly of the XIX., on the 6""
July of the same year, that they should be under the superintendence of the Chambers in
common. With this view, an estimate was computed of the expense of Director Stuyvesant's
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. . 363
outfit, which was divided according to the quota to be furnished by each Chamber respectively.
In the meantime, the Chamber at Amsterdam undertooli. to fit out at its own cost two ships,
namely the Princcsse and Groote Ge/rit. Afterwards, however, in October following, at the
meeting of the XIX., in Zealand, it happened that some Chambers found it difficult to share
the expense, and thus this superintendence has remained exclusively to this date with the
Chamber at Amsterdam.
Again, the Committee of the Amsterdam Chamber considered 'twould be better that those
countries should remain bound to all the Chambers in common, but as trading to these places
in rotation could not conveniently be carried into execution, the Commissioners, subject to a
better decision, were of opinion, that^t would be best, that the outfitting should remain with
the Amsterdam Chamber, and be done through its Commissioners, to be appointed for that
purpose, to whom likewise all returns must be consigned under bond that they be responsible
to the respective Chambers, to appropriate to each its contingent proportion.
Now, in order to be able properly to provide good order and necessaries for those coasts, and
to supply them with troops for the defence of the four forts in New Netherland and one at
Curasao, we consider that the garrisoning of the first four requires 100 men under the
command of sub-officers, as the country is at peace ; 12 soldiers only need be sent to the last
place under a commander at low wages.
To carry out the above, we judge the sumoffl to be necessary. As the
respective Chambers might consider this amount burdensome, it must be decided whether it
shall be raised on interest at 4 per cent, pledging for both principal and interest all the
effects and returns coming thence, together with the whole Territory still belonging to
the Company, and not conveyed to Colonists; and especially the Island of Manhatans.
As the islands of Curasao, Bonaire and Aruba have been found for many years to be only
a burden to the Company, not producing any profit, we have, therefore, considered whether it
would not be well to request permission of the Supreme government to give up said Islands:
but if such were not feasible, 'twould, in our opinion, be best, to permit every one to establish
Colonies on said Islands, to distribute and concede the land free of rent, and to allow all to
cut Logwood on paying a duty of ; that every one, no matter of what nation,
shall be at liberty to bring from said Island, as many horses and as much salt as he may think.
proper on payment of duty, namely, for the horses fl per head ; and for each
^as^ofsaltfl ; provided neither horses nor salt be conveyed to any other place
than New Netherland.
As for the last mentioned country, we consider little or no change necessary in regard to
Colonists who have planted Colonies there already, but to permit them to enjoy the Freedoms
granted on the in the year 1630.
But as those Colonists formerly complained that they were not allowed to export the products
of their' lands for their own benefit beyond the territory of New Netherland, they were permitted
to export such produce in their own ships to Brazil, on condition that they should not return
thence to New Netherland again with any Brazilian products.
This should in our opinion be enlarged ; so that said Traders on disposing of their produce
and crops in any of the Company's districts, shall be privileged to come back with their
ships and returns to the place whence they sailed, on condition of paying the duties to be
imposed thereon.
364 . NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Also, tliat the Inhabitants of New Netherland shall be at liberty to purchase Negroes
wheresoever they may think necessary, except the coast of Guinea, and bring them into New
Netherland to work on their bouweries, on payment of a duty of fl . . . . per head.
We should above, all things consider it necessary to provide ways and means ; we are of
opinion that permission should be obtained from the Magistrates of some Provinces and Cities,
to take from the alms-houses or orphan asylums 300 (ai 400 boys and girls of 10, 12 to 15 years
of age, with their consent, however, and that their passage and board could be procured for fl. 50
or 60 per head. With that recognition a large ship might be chartered, suitable for the
conveyance of horses and salt from Curasao and afterwards return hither with a cargo of
Logwood. It must be, further, declared that said children shall not remain bound to their
masters for a longer term than 6 or 7 years, unless being girls, they come, meanwhile, to marry,
in which event they should have the option of hiring again with their masters or mistresses,
or of remaining wholly at liberty and of settling there, on condition that they be allowed so
much land as the Director shall consider it proper each should have for the support of her
family, free from all rents and exemptions for the term of 10 years after entering on such land ;
but the inhabitants shall have, after the lapse of the aforesaid term of years, the tenth of
their incomes.
Now, it will be in the highest degree necessary, to endeavor some settlement of Boundary
with the English on any terms whatsoever; and as no opportunity might offer for the negotiation
of any Boundary line either in the name of King or Parliament, or of existing Powers, in
consequence of violent interruptions in the government of England, we should not deem it
unwise to empower the Director to agree provisionally, with our neighbors the English on
some line of Boundary, for which they themselves have made overtures, subject to the
approbation of each of the principals.
Public Charges in New England.
[ From the Original in the Royal Archives al Ihe Hague; Loketkan of Ihe States General ; Rubric Weit Indische Compagnie, No. 30; 8th division
of the Bundle. ]
Taxes payable by the English in New England. Delivered in by Secretary
Tienhoven, 3"> March, 1660.
In New England all the property and means of the people, as well of the highest as the
lowest, are appraised by the Magistrates, and taxed according to each one's ability ; for the
Pay of the Governor, Deputy Governor, Magistrates, Secretaries, Marshals and Constables.
Pay of Military Officers who exercise the inhabitants continually under arms. The military
officers are Majors, Captains, Lieutenants, Ensigns, &c.
Salary and residence of the minister and schoolmaster.
Erection of churches and school-houses, and repairs thereof.
For all city and town edifices.
For the construction and repairs of all bridges over the rivers along the highways.
For the erection and repairs of all ordinaries for travelers.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 365
For the maintenance of the University at Boston, and its accessories.
The people must also defray the expenses incurred by the General Assemblies which are
held in each province respectively, four times a year, and the General Court once a year. This
Assembly continues a long time.
In the event of war occurring, as was the case a few years ago against the Pequatoos and
other Indians, all the towns are obliged to furnish as many soldiers at their expense, at the
place of rendezvous, as the General Court indicates, on condition of the latter providing their
pay, rations and ammunition.
The foregoing are the burthens which New England has, to my own knowledge, to defray.
Ady, 2'' March.
Information respecting Land in New Netlierland.
[ From the Original la the Koyal Archives £
Information relative to taking upland in New Netherland, in the form of Colonies
or private bouweries. Delivered in by Secretary van Tienhoven, on the 4"'
of March, 1050.
If any one be disposed to begin either by himself or others. Colonies, Bouweries or
Plantations in New Netherland, which lies in the latitude of one and forty degrees and a half,
he shall first have to inform himself fully of the situation of the lands lying on the rivers,
havens and bays, in order thus to select the most suitable, and particularly the most convenient
grounds: It is therefore to be borne in mind, that the lands in New Netherland are not all
level and flat, and adapted to raising of grain, inasmuch as they are, with the exception of
some few flats, generally covered with timber, in divers places also with large and small stones.
In order, then first to describe those lands which are actually the most convenient and
the best and ought to be occupied the earliest, where and how located, I shall enumerate
the following places, and commend the remainder to the consideration of proprietors of
this country.
I begin then at the most easterly corner of Long Island, being a point situate on the Main
Ocean, inclosing within, westward, a large inland sea,' adorned with divers fair havens and
bays, fit for all sorts of craft; this point is entirely covered with trees, without any flats,
and is somewhat hilly and stony, very convenient for cod fishing, which is most successfully
followed by the natives during the season.
This point is also well adapted to secure the trade of the Indians in Wampum, (the mine of
New Netherland,) since in and about the abovementioned sea and the islands therein situate,
lie the cockles whereof Wampum is made, from which great profit could be realized by those
who would plant a colonic or hamlet at the aforesaid Point, for the cultivation of the land, for
raising all sorts of cattle, for fishing and the wampum trade.
' Gardner's Bay. — Ed.
366 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
It would be necessary, in such case, to settle on the aforesaid land some persons thoroughly
conversant with agriculture, and others with the fishery.
Oijstcrbiiy, so called from the great abundance of fine and delicate oysters which are found
there, is about a short league across, or in width at the mouth ; deep and navigable, without
either rocks or sands, runs inland nearly west, and divides itself into two rivers, which are
broad and clear, on which lie some fine maize lands, formerly cultivated by the Indians, some
of which are still worked ; they could be had for a trifle. This land is situate on such
beautiful bay and rivers, that it could, at little cost, be converted into good farms, fit for the
plough ; there are here, also, some fine hay-valleys.
Martin Gerrkseii's bay or Marthinehouck, is much deeper and wider than Oyster bay, and runs
westward in, divides into three rivers, two of which are navigable; the smallest stream
runs up in front of the Indian village, called Martinne houck, where they have their
plantations. This tribe is not strong, and consists of about 30 families. There were formerly
in and about this bay, great numbers of Indian Plantations, which now lie waste and vacant.
This land is mostly level, and of good quality, well adapted for grain and rearing of all sorts
of cattle ; on the rivers are numerous valleys of sweet and salt meadows ; all sorts of river
fish are also caught there.
Schout^s bay, on the East river, is also very open and navigable, with one river running into
it; on said river are also fine maize lands, level and not stony, with right beautiful valleys.
Beyond said river is a very convenient hook of land, somewhat large, encircled Ly a large valley
and river, where all descriptions of cattle can be reared and fed, such convenience being a great
accommodation for the settlers, who otherwise must search for their cattle frequently several
days in the bush.
The country on the East river between Greenwich and the island Manhattans, is for the
most part covered with trees, but yet flat and suitable land, with numerous streams and valleys,
right good soil for grain, together with fresh hay, and meadow, lands.
Wiequaeskeck, on the North river, five leagues above New Amsterdam, is very good and suitable
land for agriculture, very extensive maize land, on which the Indians have planted — proceeding
from the shore and inland 'tis flat and mostly level, well watered by small streams and running
springs. It lies between the East and North rivers and is situate between a rivulet of Sinlinck
and Armonck.i
In the Bay of the North river, about two leagues from Sandy Hook, lies an inlet or small bay;
on the south shore of said bay, called Neysivcsinck, there are also right good maize lands which
have not been cultivated by the natives for a long time. This district is well adapted for
raising and feeding all sorts of cattle, and is esteemed by many not ill adapted for fisheries; a
good trade in furs could also be carried on there, and 'tis likewise accessible to all large vessels
coming from sea, which are often obliged to lie to or anchor behind Sandy Hook, either in
consequence of contrary winds, or for want of a pilot.
The district inhabited by a nation called Raritangs, is situate on a fresh water river, that
flows through the centre of the low land which the Indians cultivated. This vacant territory
lies between two high mountains, far distant the one from the other. It is the handsomest and
pleasantest country that man can behold, and furnished the Indians with abundance of maize,
' This tract exteuds across the couDty of Westchester, from Sing Sing to the Byram river. Bolton's History of Weslehester
County, L, 2. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 367
beans, pumpkins, and other fruits. This district was abandoned by the natives for two reasons ;
the first and principal is, that finding themselves unable to resist the Southern Indians, they
migrated further inland ; the second, because this country was flooded every spring like
Renselaer's colonic, frequently spoiling and destroying their supplies of maize which were
stored in holes under ground.
Through this valley pass large numbers of all sorts of tribes, on their way north or east; this
land is therefore not only adapted for raising grain and rearing all description of cattle, but
also very convenient for trade with the Indians.
On both sides of the South bay and South river also lie some handsome lands, not only
suitable, but very convenient for agriculture and trade.
I have already stated where the first Colonists should, in my opinion, settle, regard being
had to the convenience of those lands in the possession of which other nations being anticipated,
they would not be able to extend their pretended limits further, and great peace and security
would be afforded to the inhabitants. I shall here further state the time when those emigrating
hence, to and arriving in New Netherland will take up land, and how each will afterwards
earn a living and settle in the most economical manner according to the fashion of the country.
Boors and others who are obliged to work at first in Colonies ought to sail from this country
in the fore or latter part of winter, in order to arrive with God's help in New Netherland
early in the Spring, in March, or at latest in April, so as to be able to plant, during that summer,
garden vegetables, maize and beans, and moreover employ the whole summer in clearing land
and building cottages, as I shall hereafter describe.
All then who arrive in New Netherland must immediately set about preparing the soil, so
as to be able, if possible to plant some winter grain, and to proceed the next winter to
cut and clear the timber. The trees are usually felled from the stump, cut up and burnt in
the field, unless such as are suitable for building, for palisades, posts and rails, which must be
prepared during the winter, so as to be set up in the spring on the new made land which is
intended to be sown, in order that the cattle may not in any wise injure the crops. In most
lands is found a certain root, called red Wortel, which must before ploughing, be extirpated
with a hoe, expressly made for that purpose. This being done in the winter, some plough
right around the stumps, should time or circumstances not allow these to be removed ; others
plant tobacco, maize and beans, at first. The soil even thus becomes very mellow, and they
sow winter grain the next fall. From tobacco, can be realized some of the expenses incurred
in clearing the land. The maize and beans help to support both men and cattle. Tlie farmer
having thus begun, must endeavor, every year, to clear as much new land as he possibly can,
and sow it with such seed as he considers most suitable.
It is not necessary that the husbandman should take up much stock in the beginning, since
clearing land and other necessary labor do not permit him to save much hay and to build
barns for stabling. One pair of draft horses or a yoke of oxen only is necessary, to ride the
planks for buildings, or palisades or rails from the land to the place where they are to be set.
The farmer can get all sorts of cattle in the course of the second summer, when he will have
more leisure to cut and bring home hay, also to build houses and barns for men and cattle.
OF THE BUILDING OF HOUSES AT FIRST.
Before beginning to build, 'twill above all things be necessary to select a well located spot,
either on some river or bay, suitable for the settlement of a village or hamlet. This is
358 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
previously properly surveyed and divided into lots, with good streets according to the
situation of the place. This hamlet can be fenced all around with high palisades or long
boards and closed with gates, which is advantageous in case of attack by the natives, who
heretofore used to exhibit their insolence in new plantations.
Outside the village or hamlet, other land must be laid out which can in general be fenced
and prepared at the most trifling expense.
Those in New Netherland and especially in New England, who have no means to build
farm-houses at first according to their wishes, dig a square pit in the ground, cellar fashion,
six or seven feet deep, as long and as broad as they think proper, case the earth inside all
round the wall with timber, which they line with the bark of trees or something else to
prevent the caving in of the earth ; floor this cellar with plank and wainscot it overhead for
a ceiling, raise a roof of spars clear up and cover the spars with bark or green sods, so that
they can live dry and warm in these houses with their entire families for two, three and four
years, it being understood that partitions are run through those cellars which are adapted to
the size of the family. The wealthy and principal men in New England, in the beginning
of the Colonies, commenced their first dwelling-houses in this fasiiion for two reasons; first,
in order not to waste time building and not to want food the next season ; secondly, in
order not to discourage poorer laboring people whom they brought over in numbers from
Fatherland. In the course of three @ four years, when the country became adapted to
agriculture, they built themselves handsome houses, spending on them several thousands.
After the houses are built in the above described manner, or otherwise according to each
person's means and fancy, gardens are made and planted in season with all sorts of pot-herbs,
principally parsnips, carrots and cabbage, which bring great plenty into the husbandman's
dwelling. The maize can serve as bread for men, and food for cattle.
The hogs, after having picked up their food for some months in the woods, are crammed
with corn in the fall ; when fat they are killed and furnish a very hard and clean pork ; a good
article for the husbandman who gradually and in time begins to purchase horses and cows with
the produce of his grain and the Increase of his hogs, and instead of a cellar as aforesaid,
builds good farm-houses and barns.
OF THE NECESSARY CATTLE.
The cattle necessary in a Colonie or private bouwery in New Netherland, are good mares
and sound stallions.
Yoke-oxen for the plough, inasmuch as in new lands, full of roots, oxen go forward steadily
under the plough, and horses stand still, or with a start break the harness in pieces.
Milch-cows of kindly disposition, and good bulls, sheep, sows, etc. Fowls are well adapted
to bouweries.
These cattle are abundant in New Netherland, and especially in New England, and to be
had at a reasonable price, except sheep, which the English do not sell, and are rare in
New Netherland.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : V.
PRICES OF CATTLE.
Li New Ncthcrland.
A young mare with her 2'' or third foal, costs fl.l50 to 160
A 4 to 5 year old stallion, about 130
A milcli cow with her a"* or S** calf, 100
A year-old sow, 20 (^ 24
A sheep, being an ewe, 20 (3. 24
In New England.
A good mare sells for 100 (3x 120
A stallion, 100
A milch cow, 60 @^ 70
A yearling sow, 12 @; 14
Sheep are not sold there.
Tt is to be observed that in a Colonie each farmer has to be provided by his landlord with at
least one yoke of oxen or with two mares in their stead, two cows, one or two sows, for the
purpose of increase, the use of the farm and the support of his family.
If the above cattle multiply in course of time with God's blessing, the bouweries can be
fully stocked with necessary cattle, and new bouweries set off with the remainder, as is the
practice in Renselaer's Colonie and other places, as so on de novo, so as to lay out no money
for stock.
All farming implements necessary for the land must be also procured, except wagon and
plough which can be made there.
And as it is found by experience in New Netherland, that farmers can with difficulty obtain
from the soil enough to provide themselves with necessary victuals and support, those who
propose planting Colonies, must supply their farmers and families with necessary food for at
least two or three years, if not altogether, it must be done at least in part.
NECESSARY SUPPLIES FOR THE FARMER.
If no wheat or rye can be had for bread, maize can be always had in season from the Indiana
at a reasonable price. The skepel costs ordinarily 10 @^ 15 stivers when bought from
the Indians.
Beef, Vinegar,
Pork, Peas and
Butter or oil instead; Beans.
Salad oil and vinegar are not easy to be had in that country except at an excessively high
price from the Dutch traders.
All this being arranged it must be noted what description of people are best adapted for
agriculture in New Netherland, and to perform the most service and return the most profit in
the beginning.
First, a person is necessary to superintend the working men ; he ought to be acquainted
with farming.
Vol. I. 47
370 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Industrious country people, conversant with the working and cultivation of land, and
possessing a knowledge of cattle.
It would not be unprofitable to add to these some Highland boors from the Veluwe,»
Gulick,2Cleef,=' and Berg.^
Northerners are a people adapted to cutting down trees and clearing land, inasmuch as they
are very laborious and accustomed to work in the woods.
Northerners can do almost anything; some can build much, others a little, and construct
small craft which they call yawls.
Carpenters who can lay brick.
Smiths conversant with heavy work, curing cattle and provided with suitable medicines.
One or more surgeons, according to the number of the people, with a chest well supplied
with all sorts of drugs.
One or more coopers.
A clergyman, comforter of the sick, or precentor who could also act as schoolmaster.
A wheelwright.
All other tradesmen would follow in time ; the above mentioned mechanics are the most
necessary at first. In order to promote population through such and other means, the people
must be provided with Freedoms and Privileges so as to induce them to quit their Fatherland,
and emigrate with their families beyond the sea to this far distant New Netherland. And as
poor people have no means to defray the cost of passage and other expenses, it were desirable
that wealthy individuals would expend some capital, to people this country, or like the English
of New England, at their own expense remove themselves with funds and a large body
of working men, and provide those without means with land, dwelling, cattle, tools and
necessary support; and that, until they could derive the necessary maintenance from the soil
and the increase of cattle, after which time they would be able to pay yearly a reasonable
quit-rent to their lords and masters from the effects in their possession.
By the population and cultivation of the aforesaid lands those who will have disbursed
funds for the removal of the laboring classes, the purchase of cattle and all other expenses,
would, in process jof some years, after God had blessed the tillage and the increase of the
cattle, derive a considerable revenue in grain, beef, pork, butter and tobacco, which form at
first the earliest returns, and in time can be improved by industry, such as making pot
and pearl ashes, clapboards, knees for ship building, staves, all sorts of pine and oak plank,
masts for large ships, square timber and ash and hickory planks; in which a staple trade could
be established. The English of New England put this in practice, as is to be seen, after the
land had been first brought to proper condition; they sell their provisions at the Caribbean
Islands, staves at Madeira and the Canaries, masts and fish in Spain and Portugal and
bring in return all sorts of commodities; so much of these returns as they do not consume, are
again distributed by them throughout all the islands known and inhabited in the Northern
part of America. Thus, through the variety of the returns which of necessity were received,
a prolitable trade is already established in New England, which can also be right well set oa
foot by the Netherlanders, if the population of the country were promoted.
' Tlie district of Arnhem, in the Province of Geldeiland. ' A German town -vreet of Keulen.
' Between the Rhine and the German frontier.
' The Duchy of Berg is about four or five miles southeast of Arnhem. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : V. 371
The following is the mode pursued by the West India Company in the first
planting of Bouweries.
The Company, at their own cost and in their own ships conveyed several boors to New
Netherland, and gave these the following terms: —
The farmer, being conveyed with his family over sea to New Netherland, was granted by the
Company for the term of six years a Bouwerie, which was partly cleared, and a good part of
which was fit for the plough.
The Company furnished Ihe farmer a house, barn, farming implements and tools, together
with four horses, four cows, sheep and pigs in proportion, the usufruct and enjoyment of which
the husbandman should have during the six years, and on the expiration thereof, return the
number of cattle he received. The entire increase remained with the farmer. The farmer
was bound to pay yearly one hundred guilders and eighty pounds of butter rent for the
cleared land and bouwerie.
The country people who obtained the above mentioned conditions all prospered during their
residence on the Company's lands.
Afterwards the cattle belonging to the Company in New Netherland were distributed for
Some years among those who had no means to purchase stock.
The risk of the cattle dying is shared in common, and after the expiration of the contract
the Company receives, if the cattle live, the number the husbandman first received, and the
increase which is over, is divided half and half; by these means many people have obtained
stock and, even to this day, the Company have still considerable cattle among the Colonists,
who make use on the above conditions of the horses in cultivating the farm ; the cows serve
for the increase of the stock and for the support of the family.
The foregoing is what is necessary to be communicated at present respecting the
establishment of one or more Colonies and relative to supplies. What regards the government
and preservation of such Colonies and what persons ought to be in authority there and who
these ought to be, I leave to the wise and prudent consideration of your noble High Mightinesses.
Meanwhile I pray the Creator of Heaven and Earth to endow your High Mightinesses with the
Spirit of grace and wisdom, so that all your High Mightinesses' deliberations may tend to
the advantage of the Country and its Inhabitants.
372 NEW-YORK COLONIAL RL^NUSCRIPTS.
Observations on the Duties levied on Goods sent to New JSfetherland.
[ From the OrigiDal in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; Loketkas of the Slates General ; EnbriCj West IndiscTie Compagnie^ No. SO ; 10th Divieion of
the Bundle. ]
Considerations on the subject of the duty which the Hon*'' West India Company-
levies on the goods exported to New Netherland, and whether it were better,
in regard to this State, the Company itself and New Netherland to continue
them, to reduce them in any degree, or wholly to abolish them. Received
from the Delegates from New Netherland, 7"" March, 1650.
The duty is 16 per
What duty the Company exacts.
In course of time, for it was not the custom to give so much, 16 guilders
per cent are paid to the West India Company, at the Amsterdam chamber, on
the goods exported to New Netherland; that is, whoever hath a hundred guiideis' worth of
property must give sixteen additional to the Company; the convoy used to be 3J, but this is
offered to be taken off".
2. When people return from New Netherland they must again pay there, on the goods, eight
per cent, according to their value in that countrj'. Now, in this way, the cost in New
Netherland is, and must be, doubled if expenses are in any way to be realized. Again,
16 per cent, the same as on exportation from Netherland ; twice 16 make 32. This is a sum
One hundred guu- Certain, which must be paid to the Company before a hundred guilders,
c-mfany ^" before transmltt-cd from Netherland, can be reimbursed exclusive of the convoy, which
received?"™ " the Hon''''^ Company now offers to take off".
Aui^raentaMon of ^- Tliis 32 per Cent is considerably increased, fully equal to ten per cent more;
the 32 per cent. thus: The fipst 16 guilders must be paid down here before goods can leave; so
that these 16 pay, also, interest and insurance ; yea, are counted as capital. Again, a person's
goods must be sent to the warehouse at Amsterdam before being shipped ; that counts so
much. A supercargo must be supported on board in the cabin ; that is also so much. But
the worst of all is, that on the arrival of the ships in New Netherland, they are burdened with
soldiers, so that the skipper himself is not, and does no longer remain master of his own ship.
Loss experienced And then all the goods are again removed to the public store, broken open,
bv the depreciation , iii -i i, ,• <..
ohhe goods. examined, remeasured, unpacked, thrown aside and damaged in a way that 'tis
painful to behold. Frequently they are also detained so long that the best season for selling
or trading them off" is lost. When, then, they are sold and returns come to Fatherland, such
returns must again remain a long time in the public store, and convoy must be paid. All
The dut adds 60 ^'^'^ cxpeuse. Salvage and duty, the merchants include in the capital; were
percent. j[^gy rgijeved thereof, they would be able to sell their goods fifty per cent cheaper.
4. This duty is paid, partly, in Fatherland ; partly in New Netherland, but all
The dnfTi« raid to J V ^ V J' ' f J '
their offiTrs"'^ "' ^°^ ^^^ Company's benefit, and to it and its officers, without bearing in any way
the expenses which accrue there, and the people make good.
Who pays this duty.
Having stated how much duty is paid, and to whom, and where the charges are paid, 'twill
The merchants do P^*^ ^^ foreign to add who they are who pay it. The Company will say, the
not pay ute duty. merchants pay it, but we, under correction, are of a diff"erent opinion.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : V. 373
2. 'Tis very true that the Company receives the money from the traders; yet it cannot be
said to pay it out of its pocket. But here must be considered that the disbursements of
How the mercharis duty, the Cartage to and from the public store, tlie abovementioned loss of time,
cap'W- and other troubles, are computed by the merchants and skippers as capital, the
same as the prime cost of the goods. Nov? all traders wish to gain, or they discontinue their
business; they must also gain, or they cannot continue merchants. They, therefore, charge
their goods not only according to the prime cost thereof, but according to the cost,
disbursements and charges which accrue thereon. And, by this means, what cost one guilder
in Netherland, they order sold for two, two and a half, and often and most frequently, for
withont snuiKgiins three guildcrs; and if they do not smuggle, or help themselves by contraband,
6o°gr"a'i! °anli"'iht thcv caunot retain so much clear profit, as all will testify who have ever traded
goods are ear. ^^ ^^^ Netherland,
The inhabitant pays ^' ^^'® Conclude thenjustly that the merchants do not pay the duties and other
theduty. charges, but disburse at Cent per Cent profit; for after allowing for all costs and
trouble caused them by the Company or its officers, they will gain, notwithstanding. The public
now cannot do without them; neither can New Netherland be peopled, nor flourish, without
shipping; therefore duties and charges are not paid by the merchants but by him who buys from
them ; and this is the citizen who requires supplies, and who pays and bears all costs and charges
which accrue thereon. Therefore, to take off, or reduce the duty, would not be a relief
exclusively for the merchants, but also for the poor Commonalty.
What goods pay duty, and does the Company receive duly on all.
■Whatever gnes All goods which are entered and not smuggled pay duty, no matter whether
openly t.> ST. Ni-lh- oo i ./ ./
eriaod pays dmy. the cargo is for Indians, or dry goods or liquors. If the cargoes for the Indians
only paid, there would be no reason for complaint ; if liquors even were somewhat taxed, it
were allowable ; but to tax the dry goods without which the Colonist cannot live, tends to the
ruin and depopulation of New Netherland, and to the diversion of trade.
The Company does 2. Here the questiou arises, does the Company receive duty from all that is
quarter ""Vf"'^ the brought to New Netherland? We answer, by no means; and our opinion is that
it does not receive duty from more than the fourth part of the goods consumed
there ; which happens thus:
3. In consequence of the duties being heavy, a great many goods are smuggled, for the most
Petty traders smug- P^''' ^Y *^^ petty traders who run the risk without entering much at the Custom
giemoat. house, evcu of such goods as go off readily when they pay duty. Now this
advantage by no means satisfies the public; for these petty traders spend freely which on the
other hand small capital cannot justify. Again, they say: if we smuggle anything, that is our
own gain; we run our risk, for if we be caught, we lose all; therefore if we gain anything,
we wish to enjoy it alone.
4. As the greatest profit arises from powder, lead, guns and similar articles, the sale of
which to the Indians being contraband, is prohibited on pain of corporal punishment, yet as
Profit derived from the gain derived therefrom is stimulating, and as a small capital is always
greauhltit is'pur- realized, through these and such finesses, by people of small means, the country
Bta'^nding the prohi- is ovcrrun with them. The yearly amount is considerable from which the
Company derives no duties, the transaction being concealed from it. In a
374 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
general letter to the Director and government in New Netherland, in the year 1649, the
Company permitted the Director to supply the Indians sparingly with powder, lead and guns.
MHny s'l'.rt. cnme 5. in addition to this, a large amount of goods is introduced from New England
and Virginia. ° and Virginia, and the most is made on these goods : for they are imported there
free of duty and nothing coming thence into New Netherland pays duty. Thus considerable
English wares are consumed in New Netherland, and many goods from Holland by way of
England and New England also come into New Netherland, which practice will probably so
obtain in 2 or 3 years, that even if the duty remain, the Company will get nothing. Thus the
Company receives the fourth part of the duties, but not of the goods which are consumed in
The pui.iic mini New N<-therland. And nevertheless the public must pay for the goods, the same
ruiidutiea. as if all the duties were levied; for what the traders gain by their business they
reserve entirely to themselves, offsetting the profit against the trouble and risk, which they run.
Whether the removal or continuance of the Duties would be of advantage to
this State.
Even thing in New 1. New Netherland will never advance in its condition or in population, if the
NetherlBUd i» very '^ ^
J*^'"'. duties continue as at present ; the reason is: — everything there is so high, as to
be beyond the reach of the people. And this, in addition to bad government, creates a bad
name and deters people from going thither to settle ; for with the traders 'tis somewhat different.
The siaie will never 2. As New Netherland, with the present duties cannot be populated, so this State
rrun'rN.'w'Ne'i'her' must uo morc expect those benetils which would in course of time accrue from
■"a'o- thence, such as, first ; from population, provisions and a continual trade which, if
the duties were removed, would amount to six times more than it now is, and also increase
from year to year and be of very great consideration reciprocally from their High Mightinesses
to every one else. But on the contrary, this State will inevitably be subject to contempt and
derision on tlie part of the English, (who in course of time will absorb the country) for suffering
so very advantageous a position and so profitable a province as New Netherland to slip through
its fingers, on account of some particular interests ; and for still lacking means, with a knowledge
of the superiority of the country, to retain it and render it prosperous.
3. Were the duty taken off, and good government established. New Netherland would
do well, and the people might properly be encouraged to go thither ; population might then be
advanced in an orderly manner and with little trouble, and this State would, with poor and
Beyr-nd Netherland wllHug people, who are iu each other's way here and almost perish of want,
r*":ir another Neth- , -mr . i t i i i*,t • i i ■ n* i i
eriand. rear up another Netherland beyond Netherland at a trifling expense, and those
going thither would be afforded opportunities and means for wealth and state. Secondly, the
Heatlien in that country would be brought to Christianity by our Nation. What blessings
would be drawn down on this Land by relieving a number of poor and impoverished people
and bringing them into good circumstances, and by converting or calling the Heathen, I leave
to wiser heads than mine to determine.
Whether the removal or continuance of the Duties be advantageous to the West
India Company, and in what way.
1. We suppose that the Directors will maintain that it will be best for the Company to
continue the duties. We are, nevertheless of a contrary opinion and say, that it would be
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : V. 375
It would be better would be best for the Company in general to remove at once the New Netherlands
tbatiiK-re w.'.ui.rbu dutv. But US this simple position may not, perhaps, be admitted bv tliem, we
no duly, than the "^ . i r ^ ' r r ' J '
contrary. shall submit further reasons in support of it, and show in what respect it is of
advantage to the Company that the duty should not be collected any more.
2. There is not a man in New Netherland who does not believe, that the duly is tiie cause
The duty preTents °^ ^^^ intolerable Scarcity, and of the disorder and want of population there,
popuiatiun. Many reproaches and curses have been in consequence heaped upon it, which
will not cease, but continue so long as the duty lasts.
The doty diverts the "^^ ''^''^ exacting of duties diverts trade from here, for were the imposts removed,
"'*''°" a greater and a larger business would be transacted at New Netiierland ; and this
renders the duty with good reason unsavory to, and hated by all maritime cities, adapted to
commerce, such as principally Amsterdam and similar places, which in this conjuncture do
not require them.
4. Where the curse of every man is now directed against the Company, numbers of people
The Company would be bound to bless it were New Netherland peopled, which cannot be so
drawa down every- *■ *
body'scurse. long as the customs duty continues.
New Netherland is 5. New Netherland is every year a burthen, not a benefit to the Company, which
no advantage lo the j i i "
Company, aith-uirh cxpends more on, than is received from it, without, however, at all benefiting
itrxp.-n.l3cunsidur- °
ttbioihere. New Netherland. Now, were the duty abolished, the Company could, with a
The Company could 8°°^ grace, put 3. stop to all its present expenditure there, leaving only one person
the'^'r^'enUs*'' of to manage their revenue in that country, and to command the people. Whilst
New N^tlierland. ° . , r j ,
you now give us nothing, you must detend yourselves; we cannot maintain any
soldiers for you; if you will have them, pay them yourselves Again, as we cannot support
any government for you, if you want any, you will have to provide means to pay it, or get
those who will work for nothing for you. By the above plan, the CompMuy would derive so
much profit certain; inasmuch as it would only receive the income of the property it possesses
in that country, and avoid all loss which it now annually incurs by New Netherland.
6. By abolishing the duty, the Company would also do a service to this state, and therefore
If the duty continue, merit an indemnity, which at this time would not come amiss to it. In case the
there is no h.-Ip for , . ',-. ._. , . ,
New Netherland. duty remain, your High Mightinesses, however willing you may be, cannot secure
nor populate New Netherland; and if this do not happen, it will bring you into great
disrepute with the English and Swedes. Again, your High Mightinesses will be continually
troubled and disturbed by public and private petitions, until the entire country will become
exclusively English.
7. Now, should the Hon'^'^Company answer to this: Whence shall we be paid back our arrears?
We reply by stating, how 'tis possible or practicable. First, the Company would get the nett
receipts of all the income of its property in that country, as already stated. Further, it must
well know, that in its present state, or in that to which it can be brought by such management,
there is hardly any hope or prospect of realizing any thing considerable; for even though the
revenue were increased, it will nevertheless accrue and melt for the benefit of the Company's
Plan or means servants. But, Subject to better judgment, this must be done — first, it must be
panTmisM make' arranged that the country remain for some years, bound and pledged to pay
garrt' "t""'^ New annually to the Company, a certain sum nett. And this, in my opinion, is the
Bclherland. , . , . , , , ^ ,....,
best and only way to help the Company to what is its right, and lo retain the
country. For, if it be retained by the Company on a different plan, the latter will, from year
376 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
to year, get into more intricate labyrinths, and finally the English and Swedes will make
away with the Province.
Whether the removal of the duty be advantageous to New Netherland.
The abolition, modification or alteration of the duty is, in our opinion, in the greatest degree
advantageous to New Netherland. But, as every one familiar with that country ought to be
aware of this, 'twill be unnecessary to enter upon a long explanation of it. We shall
merely point out some effects which would accrue to New Netherland, leaving the rest to
better judgments.
By the abolition of the duty, New Netherland would obtain and acquire: 1, population ; 2,
great trade; 3, reasonable profit on all goods and wares ; 4, internal peace; 5, security from
all foreign and domestic attacks ; 6, settlement of boundaries and peace with its neighbors, in
addition to all the advantages which flow from these principal points.
Mejiorandum.
We are now and always ready, when 'tis your High Mightinesses' pleasure, to exhibit and
produce the papers and letters, mentioned on the fifth instant, in your High Mightinesses'
Assembly, 7 March, 1G50.
Received 12 March, 1650.
Petition of the Delegates from New Netherland.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; Lokelkas of the States General ; Eubric West Indlsche Compagnie, No. 30 ; Uth divleion
of the Bundle. ]
To the Honorable Mighty Lords, the Lords Alexander van der Cappellen of Heraertsbergen
and the other their High Mightinesses' deputies on the redress of New Netherland.
Honorable, Mighty Lords.
The Delegates of the Commonalty in New Netherland respectfully represent: as the ship
de Valckenier now lies ready to sail on her departure for New Netherland, and full one hundred
and forty persons have offered to emigrate to that country at their own expense, and have
been accepted, and as still upwards of thirty persons additional have solicited and requested
a passage in said ship, who must be refused, because there is not accommodation in the vessel
for them, she being not more than a hundred and sixty lasts burthea or thereabouts. The
skipper and owners of said vessel further declare that, had they six times more accommodation
or ships, they would all be filled; so that in the hope of better government, more passengers
begin to set their faces towards New Netherland, according as passage and opportunity offer.
As this tends greatly to the peopling and prosperity of that Province, we, therefore, are
unwilling to neglect directing your Mightinesses' attention to it, requesting you to be pleased
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 377
to take this into consideration for the salie of New Netherland, to the end that speedy order
and direction be given that sufficient accommodation thither may be furnished.
Which doing.
(Endorsed)
Remonstrance of the Delegates from New Netherland to the
Most Mighty Lords their High Mightinesses' Deputies on
the redress of New Netherland. Received 12"' March, 1G50.
Appendix.
Before me, Jan Colterman, admitted by the Court of Holland, a notary public, residing in
the city of Haerlem, and the undernamed witnesses, appeared the worthy Willem Thomassen,
skipper of the ship named de Valckenier, lying in the harbor of Amsterdam, ready to sail for
New Netherland ; who, at the request of the delegates from New Netherland, testifies and
declares by his troth, in place and with tender of an oath, if requisite and required, that it
is true that he, deponent, agreed about two weeks ago, to convey as many people in his
aforesaid ship to New Netherland, as he can in any way accommodate; and that he has
been, every day since, applied to by several other persons, for passage in his, deponent's, ship.
And that he, deponent, hath rejected fully as many as thirty persons, for the aforesaid reason,
that he cannot accommodate any more people in his vessel ; further deponent saith not. Thus
executed within the city of Haerlem aforesaid, on the fifteenth of March XVI" and fifty, in
presence of Mathys Arentsen Zuyck and Govert van Liphorst, witnesses, invited for the
verification hereof, and who, with the deponent and me, the notary, have also signed, in
testimony, the original draft hereof.
Quod Attestor.
(Signed) J. Colterman, Nof Pub.
Resohition of the States General concerning Neiv Netherlands &c.
[ From the Eegister of West India Affairs, 1638 — 1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Saturday, 12 March, 1650.
Foiio542. Messrs. van Aertsbergen and other their High Mightinesses' previous deputies for
the affairs of the West India Company, have proposed to their High Mightinesses and requested
Eedress and (Eoon- '^''^*' ^^^^^ ''^^ Provinces should pronouHcc on the following points: — On the
°™^' Redress and CEconomy drawn up for the West India Company and heretofore
transmitted to the Provinces. Secondly, that extract of a Writing transmitted on the yV instant
by the Chamber at Amsterdam to them, their High Mightinesses' Deputies, respecting the
Tradeto New Ne- trade to be carried on with New Netherland from other cities of the United
theriand. Netherlands besides Amsterdam, be sent to the respective Chambers of the
West India Company, with request that the said Chambers speedily send some person hither
Vol I. 48
378 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
from among them, charged and authorized to confer with their High Mightinesses' deputies on
the entire subject of New Netherland. Thirdly, that a letter be written to the President and
President and su- t'up''eme Council in Brazil, also to the Lieutenant General of the Military there,
Kif. ^""""^ '" in answer to the news and despatches of the 13"" December last, to encourage
LI. Geni. schoppe. jj^g,^ jg jj^g defence and maintenance of the forts and country there, with notice
Defence and mam- , ''
InTiandl'^n B^- '■'^^^ their High Mightinesses have sent a reinforcement thither of twelve ships,
"'' . . . provisions, money for the pay of the soldiers, and supplies of shoes and stockings
oiher Buppiies. ^^ be delivered to the Military, at such price as they are purchased here; all
amounting to one hundred and twenty thousand guilders cash, and thirty thousand guilders in
the aforesaid necessaries purchased in this country.
Whereupon deliberation being had, it is hereby resolved and determined on the first point —
to request the deputies of the Provinces present to be so good as to communicate the provincial
opinion of their respective principals, regarding the aforesaid points for Redress and (Economy
in the affairs of the aforesaid Company. On the above mentioned second point it is resolved
and concluded, that extract of the aforesaid writing shall be sent to the respetive Chambers of
the above named Company, with request and desire, that each of them shall depute hither one
or two directors against the 25"" instant, fully empowered and authorized to confer in the
aforesaid case with the Lords their High Mightinesses' deputies over the whole subject of New
Netherland. On the abovenamed third point, it is resolved and concluded, that agreeably to
the plan therein proposed, the President and Supreme Council in Brazil, and, mutatis
mutandis, Lieutenant General Schoppe shall be written to and be respectively encouraged to
the defence and maintenance of the forts and countries of Brazil.
States General to the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company.
[ From the Register of Uilgenanc Brieven of the Stales General, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hagne. ]
To the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company.
The States General, etc.
Foiioss. Honorable, &c. We have had an extract made, as annexed hereunto, of the
information you sent on the ll"" instant to the Lords, our Committee, for the affairs of the
West India Company of these parts, so far as mention was made, in the aforesaid information,
Nevr Netherid. of frequenting New Netherland and of its trade, and transmitted said extract to
the other Chambers of said Company respectively, with request that they will depute hither
one or two of their Board against the 25"' inst., fully empowered and authorized to confer with
said Lords, our Deputies, on the whole subject of New Netherland; Whereof we have
resolved to notify you hereby, and likewise to request and desire you to depute hither by the
abovementioned prefixed day, one or two of your Board fully empowered and authorized for
the end aforesaid. Wherein fail not.
Done IS"- March, 1G50.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 379
Slates General to the other Chambers of the West India Company.
[ From the Register of UUgegane Brieven of the States Genera], in the IZoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
To all the Chambers of the West India Company except that at Amsterdam.
The States General, etc.
Foiioss. Honorable, &c. Herewith is sent an extract from written information which
the Directors of the West India Company, at Amsterdam, transmitted on the IJ"" instant to
New Netheriand, our Committee in the matter of the West India Company of these parts. As
mention is made in the aforesaid information of the resort to New Netherland and its trade,
we, therefore, hereby request and require you to depute one or two of your Board hither by
the 25"" instant, fully empowered and instructed on the whole New Netherland business, to
confer thereupon with our Committee. Wherein fail not.
Done 12'" March, 1650.
Draft of a Contract to convey Emigrants to New Netherland.
[ From the Minute in the Eojal ArchiFes at the Hague ; File, West Indie, ]
This day, the 19"" of March, 1G50, the Committee of the Amsterdam Chamber of the West
India Company on the one part, and Adriaen van der Donck, Jacob van Couwenhoven and
Jan Evertsen Bout, on the other part, have mutually agreed and concluded, in the presence
of their High Mightinesses' Deputies :
That the aforesaid Van der Donck, Couwenhoven and Bout will undertake, as they do
hereby contract to charter a suitable fly-boat of 200 lasts and therein to go to sea before the
first of June next, and convey to New Netherland the number of 200 passengers, of which
100 are to be farmers and farm servants, and the remaining 100 such as the Amsterdam
Chamber is accustomed to send over, conversant with agriculture, and to furnish them with
necessary supplies for the voyage on the condition that the aforesaid Committee of the
Company shall allow the New Netherland contractors here to have, or to draw from the duties
which, after this date, will be paid to the Company on freights for New Netherland the sum
of four thousand guilders cash, to pay present expenses; the subject of duty, redress, and
New Netherland freedoms remaining for the more full disposition of their High Mightinesses
and the Directors of the West India Company. The Committee of the Company shall
immediately make an assignment of such funds, together with seven thousand guilders
additional, to be drawn in New Netherland from the peltry revenue, amounting, in all, to the
sum of eleven thousand guilders, the further sums derived from board and passage, if any there
be, remaining for the profit and behoof of them the New Netherland, contractors, without they,
or the aforesaid hundred gratuitously conveyed persons, demanding anything further from the
Company, or taxing them not even one stiver beyond the said eleven thousand guilders. The
contractors shall, also, bind the aforemeotioned two hundred conveyed persons to remain
there at least three years, unless some of them, for pregnant reasons, may obtain, from ths
380 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Council in New IVetherland, permission to return earlier, and not allow them to depart without
first paying double the amount of the passage, and in case it come to pass that the aforesaid
two hundred persons be not put on ship-board within the aforesaid time, so as to be able to
go to sea, the aforesaid Van der Donck, Couwenhoven and Boudt, shall forfeit to the Company,
from their private property, in addition to the restitution of the 4000 guilders received for
present expenses, the sum of two thousand guilders at once, without the Company being
further bound for the aforesaid passage or board money. And the West India Company shall
be privileged, whenever said 200 persons are brought on board, to cause to be inspected the
ship and the people, if these be qualified as aforesaid. And the New Netherland contractors
declare that they do not intend to derive any profit beyond the return of cost which must be
disbursed to obtain the passengers; they also bind themselves, the costs being deducted, to
leave any overplus there may be, to be applied next year to the like conveyance of farmers or
farm servants; whereunto they each oblige themse\\es in sotiditm and under renunciation of
division, and also subject their goods to all courts and judges. Thus agreed and concluded,
and signed by the Contractors, on both sides, at the Hague, on the day and year aforesaid.
Hesolution of the States General on the preceding.
[ From the Eegister of West India Affairs, 16a9 — 1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, 23"' March, 1650.
Folio 545. The report of Mess" van Aertsbergen and other their High Migtinesses'
New Netherland. previous Committee for the affairs of the West India Company in treaty with
pa^ngere^hithe"r?° the actual delegates from New Netherland relative to the conveyance to that
country of two hundred passengers, and the conditions thereof, and the remarks of the
Directors of the West India Company present, being heard, the Lords of Holland requested
copy thereof, and the matter is meanwhile postponed.
Resolution of the States of Holland and Westfriesland.
Dele atesfromNew '^^^ Assembly is advised that some Delegates from New Netherland having
Netherland. come here with power to convey from this country to that, a considerable number
of farmers and other people, but that the aforesaid district being under the West India
Company's jurisdiction, the Directors of said Company intend to draw some duties from the
aforesaid country of New Netherland.
Whereupon deliberation being had, it is resolved that the Directors of the aforesaid
Company shall be heard on the aforesaid work ; and the gentlemen from Amsterdam are
allowed copy of what the above mentioned Delegates have communicated to the General
Assembly (ter Gcneraliteit), and that meanwhile the aforesaid matter shall be left undisposed of.
24 March, 1650.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 381
Chamber of Groningen to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Royal Archives at the Hague ; Loketkm of the States General ; Division, West Iiulische Compagnie, No. 80.]
High and Mighty Lords.
We learn from a reliable source, that by your High Mightinesses' order, the Amsterdam
Chamber of the West India Company is authorized to lay on a ship for Brazil ; and we have
lying at Amsterdam a lot of forty barrels of beef, each weighing 500"", well packed in iron
bound barrels, which through want of opportunity cannot be cleared nor conveyed to Brazil,
and even did occasion present, no one would be willing to receive the aforesaid beef unless
the freight were previously paid, which it is impossible for us to do. And considering that
provisions will be in the greatest demand in Brazil, we request your High Mightinesses to be
pleased to order that the aforesaid forty barrels be shipped in this vessel now put on, and
be therein conveyed to Brazil.
Further, we duly received your High Mightinesses' letter of the 12"" instant slilo loci, that
we should confer at the Hague with your High Mightinesses' Committee on the 26"" March,
on the subject of the resort to New Netherland and of its trade, upon certain information
transmitted by the Amsterdam Directors to your High Mightinesses' Committee for the afiairs
of the West India Company, we would not willingly fail to depute thither some one of our
Chamber, but inasmuch as we possess very little knowledge thereof, having never traded to
that place; and as in these ham times every e.xpense must be avoided, we therefore request
your High Mightinesses will be pleased to excuse us in this instance. We will, meanwhile,
conform ourselves to whatever your High Mightinesses' Committee, with the assistance of the
Directors delegated from the other Chambers, shall do and determine in the premises.
Herewith concluding, we will commend you. High and Mighty Lords, to God's
Holy protection.
Your High Mightinesses' obedient friends.
The Directors of the West India Company
at the Chamber of Stadt Groningen and Ommelanden.
Done, Groningen, the 14"' March, 1650. (Signed) Rengers.
Received 31 March, 1650.
Resolution of the States General.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1638—1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Haguo. ]
Thursday, 31" March, 1650.
Folio 54S. Received a letter from the Directors of the West India Company at the
Chamber at Gronin- Chamber of the city of Groningen and Ommelanden, written at Groningen,
Provisions for Bra- the 14"" iustant stilo loci, regarding the sending provisions to Brazil, and also the
New Netherland. affair of New Netherland. Whereupon, deliberation being had, it is resolved
and concluded that the aforesaid letter shall be placed in the hands of Mess" van Aertzbergea
and other their High Mightinesses' deputies for the affairs of the West India Company, to
inspect, examine and to report upon it.
382 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Resolution of the States General.
[From the Register of West India Affairs, 163S — 1651, In the Eoyal ArehWea at the Hague.]
Friday, the 1" April 1650.
Folio 543. On representation made to the Assembly by Mess" van Aertsbergen and other
their High Mightinesses' deputies for the affairs of the West India Company, it is, after
Pieter stuyvpsanL previous deliberation, resolved and concluded that Pieter Stuyvesant Director and
the other Councillors in New iVetherland, shall be written to that their High Mightinesses are
engaged in deliberation with the Directors of the West India Company on subjects appertaining
Affairs or New *° '■'^^ population and prosperity of New Netherland aforesaid, and meanwhile
Neiheriand. j^^^^ licensed somc persons delegated hither from the Commonalty there, to return
home, requiring him, Stuyvesant, and the other Councillors there not to trouble nor molest
such persons, who came from New Netherland and will again return thither, for representations
which may have been made here. And whereas it is considered necessary that the population
now under consideration be favored and encouraged in every way, their High Mightinesses
charge him, the Director, and Council to take care that the country be not divested of
Guns, horses, cows, horses and cows, also that provisions be retained to supply arriving Colonists,
and the inhabitants generally furnished with arms necessary for their defence, and the guns
stamped ; the aforesaid New Netherland delegates being to that end allowed to purchase and
carry over two hundred guns for distribution according to the order to be issued thereunto by
their High Mightinesses; and to that end all inhabitants shall be forbidden henceforth to sell
stamped guns and to export, or cause to be exported, any horses or cows without the permission
of the Council.
Further, that said guns shall be distributed among the inhabitants of the city of ^evf
Amsterdam and those who are capable of bearing arms, and also to other families spread
throughout the Country, who shall be expressly ordered and obliged to keep their guns in good
condition and to supply themselves with necessary powder, causing pertinent record to be kept
of the guns distributed as aforesaid, in order that they be inspected and examined every three
months; and should any guns remain over, they must be secured in the public store, and this
conclusion is proposed by Mr. van Renswoude.
States General to the Director^ c6c., of New Netherland.
[From the Eegiater of Vitgegam Brieten. of the States General, in the Eoyal Archives at the Ilague. ]
The States General, etc.
Folio 47. Honorable, etc. We continue daily to turn our attention to the prosperity of
New Netherland interests, and are therefore occupied in deliberations with the Directors
Population of New °^ '•'^'^ Wcst India Company, on the peopling of said New Netherland and its
Netheriana. dependencies. Meanwhile, we have permitted some persons delegated hither
from the Commonalty of that place, to return there requiring you, therefore, neither to trouble
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 383
nor molest those who came from New Netherland, and are about to return thither, on account
of any representations that may have been made here ; and whereas we deem it expedient, that
the population, which is now needed, should be favored and encouraged in every way, we direct
and order you to take care that the country be not divested of horses and cows; also that
supplies of provisions be reserved for the arriving colonists, and that the inhabitants be
furnished with arms necessary for their defence, and the guns stamped, wherefore the delegates
from New Netherland are allowed to purchase and convey thither two hundred guns, to be
distributed according to the order by us given. And that, therefore, all inhabitants shall
be forbidden henceforth to sell any stamped guns, and to export or cause to be exported, any
horses or cows without permission of the Council. You shall, moreover, distribute the aforesaid
guns among the inhabitants of the city of New Amsterdam, and to all those who are capable
of bearing arms, and to other families scattered throughout the country, with express command
that they shall be obliged to keep their guns in good order, and to provide themselves witii
requisite powder, keeping correct register of the guns distributed as aforesaid, so that they
may be inspected and examined every three months, and should any guns remain over,
they shall be stored in the warehouse. Done the first April, 1650.
Resolution of the States General to invest Mr. van Rensselaer with Manorial
Pr
[ From the Register of Wcat Imlia Affairs, 1633 — 1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, 7"" April, 1650.
Folio 350. The report being heard of Messrs. van Aertzbergen and other their High
Mightinesses' Committee for the affairs of the West India Company, who pursuant to their
High Mightinesses' resolutions looked into and examined certain petition of the guardians of
johan Tan Rens- Johan Van Renssclacr, minor son of Kiliaen van Renselaer deceased, whereby they
laer's guardians. requcst their High Mightinesses to be pleased to grant the aforesaid Johan van
Renselaer patent of investiture of High, Middle and Low jurisdiction over a certain Colonie in
New Netherland, called Rensselaer's-Wyck, together with fishing, fowling, and milling to the
exclusion of all others; it is after previous deliberation hereby resolved and concluded to
allow and accord the Petitioners' request, on condition that they shall previously designate the
bounds and district of the aforesaid Colonie called Rensselaer's-Wyck, in order that after the
same is seen and examined by their High Mightinesses, further disposition shall be made as to
the issuing of the aforesaid patent of investiture.
384 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Resolution of the States General admitting D. ran Schelluyne to be Notary in
New Netherland.
[From the Eegister of West India Affairs, 163S — 1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hagne.]
Friday, S"- April, 1650.
Folio 850. On the petition of Dirck van Schelluyne Notary here in the Hague, it is, after
Kyneadmuied''Nl' previous deliberation, hereby resolved and concluded to admit the petitioner
MiLd.^*" '*""" peaceably and quietly, in all loyalty, to exercise the office of Notary at the
Manhatans, and further throughout the entire of NevF Netherland in all existing and future
Colonies where the Petitioner elects his domicile, or by request or occasion may repair,
without opposition or contradiction of the Director or any others, for the benefit of the
Commonalty there; whereunto a commission in due form shall be issued for the petitioner.
Commission of Dirch van Schelluyne as Notary in Neto Netherland.
[ From the Aete-Boek of the States General, in the Royal Archives at the Hagne. ]
Commission to Dirck van Schelluyne, Notary here in the Hague, authorizing and
appointing him to exercise said office of Notary in New Netherland.
Folio 29. The States General of the United Netherlands. To all those who shall see
these or hear them read, Health. Know Ye : Whereas We have received the humble petition
to us presented by Dirck van Schelluyne Notary here at the Hague, to empower him to
exercise said Notarial profession at the Manhattans, and further throughout the whole of New
Netherland in all existing and future Colonies thereof. Therefore, on account of the good
report made to Us of Dirck van Schelluyne aforesaid, and of his utility and fitness, fully
confiding in his industry and fidelity. We, the aforesaid Dirck van Schelluyne have appointed
and authorized, and do hereby appoint and authorize, to e.xercise the aforesaid profession of
Notary at the abovenamed Manhatans and further throughout the whole of New Netherland,
in all actual and future Colonies, where the petitioner keeps his domicile, or may on request
or occasion, repair, giving him full power, to draw up all Declarations, Testaments, Codicils,
Instruments, preliminary Informations, Mercantile and Marriage Contracts, and other acts,
stipulations necessarily of use to the Commonalty, and moreover to do all things that a good
and faithful Notary may and ought to do, on condition that he shall be bound to take at Our
hands the usual oath for the due e.xecution of his office, which being done. We request and
command the Director and Council, and all other Our subjects in the aforesaid Countries of
New Netherland, who are now or may be hereafter commissioned thither, whom this may in
any wise concern, to acknowledge the aforesaid petitioner for Notary, and to offer him no let
or hindrance.
Done at the Hague, the eighth of April XVP and fifty.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : V. 385
Resolution of the States of Holland and Westfriesland.
s-Mi Neiheriand ^^ ^^^ report of Mr. Paats that strong efforts are making in the General
Dtiegaies. Assembly to get their Great Mightinesses there to cause to be introduced some
Provincial motion on the petition of the delegates from New Netherland relative to the conveyance
of two hundred or more farmers or other persons required in that country, and other matter
appertaining thereunto.
Whereupon deliberation being had, the members from Amsterdam are requested to
communicate their opinions, as it is, in like manner, understood that the Chamber of the West
India Company at Amsterdam shall be heard, thereupon.
Delegates from Nero Neilierland to the Committee of the States General.
[ From the Original in the Royal Archives at the Hague ; LoketJcas of Iho Slare 8 General ; Euhric West Indische Compagnie, No. 30 ; Ulh division of
Iheljundle. ]
To the Honorable, Mighty Lords Alexander van der Capelle of Heraesbergen, and the other
their High Mightinesses' Committee on the Redress of New Netherland.
Honorable Mighty Lords.
The delegates from New Netherland respectfully represent, that on the 30"" of March, they
received letters from New Netherland, dispatched the 17"" December 1G49, copy whereof is
hereunto annexed, together with certain protest and vote of Mr. L. van Dincklagen, Vice
Director in New Netherland, signifying that everything in that country is in a very indifferent
condition, and that the Commonalty there longs greatly for our good success and return, which
are so highly necessary. Also, that ¥' Stuyvesant, the West India Company's Director, had
exported to Barbadoes 20 horses in the vessel belonging to the Danish crown, which he
had confiscated when we were in New Netherland. Also that he had purchased on credit at a
high price payable in the Spring, all the provisions which were on hand and necessary there,
as the rivers are closed by the ice, and prevent approach ; whereby the poor people are reduced
to extremity and great scarcity. And as these matters are of very bad consequence and produce
many inconveniencies for New Netherland, as we could specifically enumerate at large but
which for brevity sake we shall here dismiss with only one word.
Passing over the confiscation of the Danish ship, although it, too, is of dangerous consequences,
we observe, as regards the loss of the horses, that it tends to the prejudice and great injury of
the country and its population. This also appears from the protest of tiie [Vice] Director L.
van Dincklagen, whom the Director, as appears by the accompanying letters, berated as a
vagabond, though an honorable man and a Doctor of Law, and eventually excluded from the
Council Chamber, for proposing something for the Country's good and the Company's
advantage. Secondly, the exportation of the provisions, consisting in most part of grain
and flour, is likewise injurious to the country and the people; for when the rivers in that
country are closed, which commonly happens in December, no transportation can take place ;
Vol. I. 49
386 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
so thnt a sliip load of provisions amounts to a great Heal among so few people, more especially
as mimy farms wliich were devastated by the war, are yet unsown by farmers and laborers and
lie waste ; ail which cause want and scarcity. These being noted, as your Noble Mightinesses
will furtiier see by the accompanying documents, the Delegates again most humbly turn to
your Noble Mightinesses respectfully beseeching your noble Mightinesses to be pleased to hasten
the Redress of New Netherland, and to issue and make such order therein as you shall find
for the advantage of that country.
Which doing, etc.
Apjpendix. A' 1650.
Extract of a certain letter addressed from New Netherland, the 17"" December,
[1649,] to Cornells Melyn.
But should no change be made here, and God not please to improve our condition, we, who
have come to New Netherland, are unfortunate men, for it grows from bad to worse. But the
trumpet sounds so loud, that poor people have scarcely enough to eat, for no supplies of bread,
butter, beef and pork can now be had, except for beaver or silver coin. And Stuyvesant, who
promised the people either beavers or silver coin, or cargoes in the spring, hath acted thus, in
order to victual the vessel in which Rodenberch will accompany Korrelaer to Barbadoes, with
about 20 horses. This is a good beginning for the peopling of New Netherland. Mynheer
Dincklagen, hath protested against it, but they heed it not, and treat him with harsh words.
When he spoke in behalf of the interests of the Company and the Country, Sluyvesant said,
he should not sit wiih him, that he is a fomenter of sedition, and a vagabond ; and other similar
tilings too numerous to be detailed here. Therefore, assistance is very much desired, for things
begin to come to a crisis; we wish, then, that God would be pleased to send the delegates
back quickly with business accomplished, for here matters continue so bad, as to excite
murmurs against Heaven. This day, the l?"", the vessel sailed, but the wind being south, she
was obliged, by the stiffness of the breeze, to come to anchor. It is so cold here, that the ink
freezes in the pen.
And was subscribed,
Janneken Melyn.
Appendix. A" 1650. Extracts.
Advice of the Honble L. van Dincklagen, on the petition presented by Arent
van Corlaer, to the Council, the 29"" November, 1649, in fort Amsterdam.
I neither consent nor vote that petitioner's request be granted, inasmuch as grain is scarce
here, and bouweries lie unoccupied, and horses will now and hereafter be in greater demand,
an accession to the population being expected from time to time. Date aforesaid.
(Signed) L. van Dincklage.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : V. 387
On the 13 December, Anno 1649, the Hon'''* Mr. Dincklagen protests in Council against the
Hon''''= Director Stuyvesant and Arent van Corlaer, in the name of their High Mightinesses,
the Lord Prince of Orange and the Hon'''* West India Company, for having exported horses
by the ship, the Prins, to Barbadoes, as Corlaer exhibits no license from their High
Mightinesses, or the Hon'''* Lords Majors. Dated as aforesaid.
(Signed) L. van Dincklagen.
Agrees with the Book of Resolutions of the Council holden in fort Amsterdam,
by the Hon'''' Director General and Council of Nevp Netherland.
(Signed) Jacob Kip, Clerk.
Heport of the Committee of the States General on the Affairs of New Netherland.
[ From the MS. in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; Lokftkas of the States General ; Eubric West Indische Oompagnie, No. 30 ; ICth divisicn of
the Bundle. 1
Provisional Order respecting the Government, Preservation and Peopling of
New Netherland.
Messrs. van Aertzbergen and the other your High Mightinesses' Committee on West India
affairs, having been for some months in conference with the Directors delegated by the
Chamber at Amsterdam and others of the West India Company, on matters brought before
your High Mightinesses, both by the Delegates from New Netherland and tlie Directors there,
from and on behalf of the People, in divers written and verbal remonstrances and memorials,
have, at the request of the Directors of the Amsterdam Chamber, consented to pass over
divers matters contained in the Great Reeonstrance of the People, and to apply themselves
to the principal points, on the express assurance from the aforesaid Directors that they would
receive all just and respectful representations. And to this end, having inquired into the
system of government hitherto maintained in New Netherland, the heavy burtlieiis which
the Company hath in con.sequence borne, and the small profii. derived therefrom, the destruction
of the population, the neglect in applying remedies to errors and excesses; and, considering
that your High Mightinesses cannot, and ought not any longer approve of the perverse
administration of the privileges and benefits granted by charter to the stockliolders of the
West India Company; of the commissioners of New Netherland, under the authority of
the Chamber at Amsterdam, neglecting or opposing the good plans and offers submitted for the
security of the boundaries and the increase of the population of the country: And whereas
your High Mightinesses, as sovereigns over your subjects, are well qualified, nay, bound to
see that the property of the latter, (still in a condition to be saved and improved if no time
be lost and good care be taken) shall not be allowed to go to ruin or fall into the hands of
others ; Therefore, we, your High Mightinesses' Committee, are of opinion that the preservation
of those countries and benefits, which were originally granted by your High Mightinesses not
to the Directors of the Chamber at Amsterdam, but to all the stockholders of the West India
Company scattered throughout the Provinces, demands other orders than those issued
388 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
lieretofore for the government thereof, the increase and establishment of the population, raising
and bearing of necessary taxes, the prevention of dangers and general ruin similar to what
has been bitterly experienced for a few years ; and further, for the effectual removal of all sorts
of evils and troubles, which have been elaborately submitted to your High Mightinesses:
And in order that the complaints of the Nation's subjects, now heard and examined for the
space of five months, may be deferred no longer by conferences and objections, but remedied
by good resolutions.
We would, therefore, be of opinion that your High Mightinesses do, with the advice and
communication of the Directors now summoned from all the Chambers of the West India
Company, the major part of whom are in attendance, permit the Delegates from New
Netherland to return this season, to encourage and animate all the innaoitants there sedulously
to attend to the cultivation of the soil and to the improvement, security and increase of the
population within their limits. And, accordingly, that the offer respecting the conveyance of
passengers and farmers which they made, ought to be speedily accepted and executed; and,
further, that this Provisional Order be enacted and also furnished them.
1.
First. Whereas their High Mightinesses have received the strange and unexpected
in elligence that contributions have been demanded from the Aborigines of the country and,
such having been refused, that the late Director Kieft, under pretense that the people so
demanded by petition, signed, however, by merely three persons, had waged against those
Aborigines an unnecessary, bloody and ruinous war, the instigators whereof have not been
duly inquired after, or punished, the Director and Council shall in future be careful that [no
war] be undertaken against the Aborigines of the country or neighbors of New Netherland,
without their High Mightinesses' knowledge. And in case any misunderstanding and trouble
may arise between or with said Aborigines or neighbors, all possible means shall be made use
of to remove the same, before matters come to extremities, and advice shall be sent at once to
their High Mightinesses of what might transpire in the premises.
Secondly, Jan Jansen Damen and Abraham Planck, having presented the petition,
whereupon the war was commenced, shall be sent to their High Mightinesses, that information
may be obtained from them from what occurred, and who had induced them to present the
aforesaid petition.
3.
Thirdly, that those who, contrary to express orders and prohibition, have undertaken to sell
and barter articles of contraband, such as guns, pistols, powder and lead to the Aborigines, and
thus exposed themselves, with all those who actually reside, or hereafter may come to New
Netherland, to the imminent danger of being suddenly attacked, massacred and driven ofT,
shall be punished for the excesses herein committed, especially for what occurred during the
war, when subjects of this State dared to strengthen their enemies by the sale of prohibited
articles of contraband. And whereas this evil has now reached that stage that the trade in
the aforesaid contraband goods cannot easily be cut short or forbidden, without evident danger
of new war and trouble between the subjects of this State and the Aborigines, the Council of
New Netherland shall be notified, and ordered to take care that none of the aforesaid articles
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 389
of contraband shall be hereafter traded and sold either by colonists or other inhabitants, except
with its knowledge and by its order, the guns to be eiiarged at 6 guilders, the pistols at 4
guilders, the pound of powder at six stivers, all for the benefit of the public interests there; so
as in time, when it can, in their opinion, be safely done, to forbid the trade altogether, under
heavy penalties to be thereunto enacted.
4.
Fourthly, whereas their High Mightinesses learn that the people of New Netherland either
are not obliged, or have themselves forgotten to possess and make use of arms necessary for
their own defence, therefore, the inhabitants generally, shall be bound each to provide himself
with a good gun and the requisite powder and lead, and be enrolled and formed into
companies, have the said guns stamped and inspected, with a prohibition against the sale of
such stamped guns, on pain of himself or family being deprived thereof.
5.
The forts shall all be well maintained and taken care of at the places where, for the
occupation of the country, they have been, or shall by order hereafter be erected ;
the magazine therein provided with necessary munitions of war, the houses and court yards
built either within the walls or at a short distance around them, without, however, impeding
the defence which must be made therefrom ; causing the inhabitants to dwell so close and
compact together, that they be able to help, aid and defend each other.
6.
New Netherland being at present provided with only one clergyman, orders shall be given
forthwith for the immediate calling and support of at least three preachers; one to attend to
Divine service at Ilenselaer's colonic; the second in and about the city of New Amsterdam,
and the third in the distant places; and the Commonalty shall be also obliged to have the
youth instructed by good school-masters.
7. -^
Whereas it is found that greater pains have generally been taken to promote the fur trade
than the agriculture and population of the country, the Supreme Council there, shall, in
consequence, above all things, provide that cattle be not exported, but be as much as
possible retained and reared there; also that a good quantity of grain be kept in store, to be
furnished and sold at a reasonable price to newly arriving immigrants, who are to be assisted
and favored in every manner, and be located on good lands, suitable for cultivation, taking care
therein that they shall dwell as close and as compact together as possible on such lands and
places as shall be considered best and most suitable for homestead, bouwerie, plantation
and security; the Patroons of colonies remaining at liberty to improve their own lands as they
think proper, they being likewise obliged to settle their colonists in the form of villages.
8.
The Council shall also provide for the establishment and continuance of a good trade and
commerce in provisions and other commodities between New Netherland and the national forts
in Brazil, permitting the merchants to take in all sorts of wares there, and to bring back
whatever they shall deem proper.
390 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
9.
The propositions as they are drawn shall be amplified for the relief of the Directors of the
Amsterdam Chamber and the increase of the public revenue, without embarrassing the Slate
or West India Company, in such wise that instead of 20,000 guilders or thereabouts, which the
Amsterdam Chamber now draws annually, it shall be able to derive fifty thousand guilders and
by degrees increase further to the essential advantage of the worthy stockholders, and to that
end, the Supreme Council shall be written to and instructed to have the Colonists or
their Patroons, and the people of New Netherland convoked, and to endeavor to induce them
to consent to, assume and bear the aforesaid charges, causing them to collect and manage the
funds and to pay the taxes in such proportion as they shall themselves enact.
10.
The request for Freedoms and Exemptions shall be more fully examined, with the
considerations moved thereupon.
11.
The Council of New Netherland shall consist of a President or Director; a Vice Director and
of three Councillors, one of whom shall be appointed on the part of their High Mightinesses
and the West India Company, and the other two selected from the inhabitants of that country.
12.
For which purpose the Director and Council shall be bound to call a meeting of the Patroons
of Colonies, or their agents, and of the deputies of the Commonalty, to be held within the city of
New Amsterdam for the purpose of nominating four qualified persons from whom two shall be
selected who shall be thereunto qualified by their High Mightinesses and those of the West
India Company. These two elected Councillors shall serve four consecutive years, but on the
expiration of the aforesaid four years, one of the two may by lot continue two years more and
the other retire in order to present two others in future, biennially, by a new nomination, in
manner as aforesaid.
/ 13.
The Advocate-fiscal shall haveboth seat and vote in said Council, in matters not appertaining
to his office.
14.
Petrus Stuyvesant, the present Director, shall be instructed to return home and report.
15.
And a suitable person conversant with Agricultural matters and the nature of soils, shall be
forthwith dispatched and sent by the first opportunity to New Netherland to take charge of the
lands situated on both sides of the Great North river, extending southerly to the South river,
and northerly to the Fresh river, with instruction based on the Considerations exhibited
conjointly by the Directors and the Delegates from New Netherland.
IG.
On the increase of the population and the augmentation of the inhabitants, a Court of Justice
shall be established in the province.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 391
17.
And within the city of New Amsterdam a municipal government, consisting of one Sheriff,
two Burgomasters and five Schepens.
IS.
Meanwhile shall the Nine Selectmen continue three years longer, and have jurisdiction over
small causes arising between Man and Man, to adjudicate definitively on suits not exceeding
the sum of fifty guilders and on higher amounts under privilege of appeal.
19.
All inhabitants now there, or arriving hereafter in the country, shall take an oath of fidelity,
according to the form to be sent to the Supreme Council.
20.
Private vessels proceeding to the north parts of America and the islands thereabout, shall
be obliged to convey over all passengers who will present themselves to be taken to New
Netherland, to the number at least of persons for every ship whose burthen is and
more in proportion.
21.
Finally, the sum of fifteen thousand guilders at least shall hereafter be annually appropriated
from funds pointed out by the Delegates from New Netherland, for the conveyance of families,
or those who will apply themselves to agriculture, and are not able to pay their passage and
expenses. And for this purpose, two ships shall, agreeably to concluded arrangements, be
chartered and provisioned, with this understanding, that double the expense of passage
and provisions shall be exacted from all immigrants who will, after the expiration of four yearsi
have the means of payment, or otherwise desire to quit the country.
Observations of the Chamber at A^nsterdam on the preceding Report.
[ From the MS. in the Eoyal Archives at the Hagae ; Loketkas of the States General ; Eubrio West Indische Compagnie, No. 30 ; 16th division
of the Bundle. ]
To the Noble Mighty Lords, the Committee of the High and Mighty Lords States General
of the United Netherlands for the affairs of the West India Company.
The Directors of the Incorporated West India Company of the Chamber at Amsterdam,
having communication of the annexed writing, and being ordered to submit their opinion
thereon, state, under correction, as their conclusion on the first, — That they most respectfully
request to know how, and by what means it appears to their High Mightinesses that the war
against the Indians was undertaken solely on the petition of three persons, especially as they
the Directors are otherwise informed, as can be seen from a certain report sent over by the
late Director.
2.
This article relates to the statement in the first.
392 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
3.
The trade in articles of contraband has been always forbidden ; and we cannot consider it
wise to give private persons, yet, so much latitude. But if some of the aforesaid wares must,
however, to avoid offence, be sold with a sparing hand, such shall be permitted by the
Director and Council, with knowledge of circumstances and only when necessary. This small
charge is also wholly unnecessary, inasmuch as the Indians will readily purchase guns in the
spring, (a, 120 guilders, and a pound of powder, (3, 10 or 12 guilders.
6.
Those of the Colonie Rensslaers-Wyck must pay their own clergyman, and are busy
inquiring for a person. New Amsterdam is provided, and none is yet required in the
out-lying places.
8.
This point is fully treated in the Freedoms.
The purport of this article ought to be made clearer in order to render it intelligible. In
all cases we cannot understand how the inhabitants can be brought to bear the expenses,
inasmuch as it is already stated that they complain about a small impost on beer and wine,
which is, however, paid only by the tapsters.
10.
The subject of the Freedoms forms a particular report, which will be approved by us when
the copy thereof is ready.
11.
The Council ought to remain constituted as lately enacted by the Assembly of the XIX.; it
can then be conceded, for the satisfaction of the people, that two of their number shall be
adjoined to the aforesaid Council, to be selected by the Company here from a nomination of
a triple number to be previously made by the aforesaid Commonalty.
12.
This article is co-dependent on what has been already stated.
14.
The Directors consider this coming over to be entirely unnecessary, unless some reasons
to the contrary be alleged. And in case some information be required on the affiiirs in New
Netherland, in addition to what Secretary van Tienhoven can furnish, the Vice Director might
come home.
15.
They consider this to be co-dependent on the preceding.
18.
The judicature ought to be left as established, both in the Company's lands and in
the Colonies.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V.
393
This order is in regard of some private ships, impracticable and useless for the Company.
Only this can be enacted, that all ships entered for New Netherland shall be obliged to convey
over as many persons as they have lasts burthen.
21.
So long as the Company continues in its present straitened condition and want of money, it
cannot pledge itself to these 15,000 guilders per annum. And neither would the creditors
of the Company allow its money to be employed for such a purpose, whilst their debts
remain unpaid.
(Endorsed)
Remarks of the West India Chamber at Amsterdam on the
Provisional Order on the government, preservation and
peopling of New Netherland. 11 April, 1650.
Provisional order respecting the govern-
ment, preservation and peopling of
New Netherland.
Messrs. van Aertsbergen and the other your
High Mightinesses' Committee on West India
affairs having been for some months past in
conference with the Directors delegated by
the Chamber at Amsterdam and others of the
West India Company on matters brought
before your High Mightinesses both by the
Committee from New Netherland and the
Director there, from and on behalf of, the
people, in divers written and verbal remon-
strances and Memorials, have at the request
of the Directors of the Amsterdam Chamber
consented to pass over divers matters contained
in the Great Remonstrance of the People,
and to apply themselves to the principal
points, on the expressed assurance from the
aforesaid Directors, that they would receive all
just and respectful representations. And to
this end, having inquired into the system
of government hitherto maintained in New
Netherland, the heavy burdens which the
Company hath in consequence borne, and the
small profit derived therefrom, the impeding
of the population, the neglect in applying
remedies to errors and excesses; and con-
VoL. I. 50
Remarks of the Amsterdam Chamber.
11 April, 1650.
The Directors of the West India Company
Chamber at Amsterdam being ordered to
make their observations on the annexed
writing, state their opinion thereupon as it is
here inserted.
The Directors of the Amsterdam Chamber
respectfully deny that they made the request
mentioned, but indeed that they on the contrary
were requested to refute those people's
abusive representations; who 'tis notorious
were not willing to subscribe their written
deduction in presence of their High Mighti-
nesses' deputies.
The Directors request proof wherein or
whereby population has been impeded
or hindered by them.
394
NEW- YORK COLONIAL JLINUSCRIPTS.
sidering that your High Mightinesses cannot,
and ought not any longer look approvingly on
the perverse administration of the privileges
and benefits granted by charter to the
stockholders of the West India Company, and
that the good proposals and offers submitted
for the security of the Boundaries and popu-
lation of the country have been slighted or
opposed by the Commissioners of New
Netherland under the authority of the Chamber
at Amsterdam.
And whereas your High Mightinesses, as
Sovereigns over your subjects, are well quali-
fied, nay bound, to see that the property of
the latter, still in a condition to be saved and
improved, if no time be lost and if good care
be taken, shall not be allowed to go to ruin
or fall into the hands of others; Therefore,
they, your High Mightinesses' Committee, are
of opinion that the preservation of those
countries, and advantages granted originally
by your High Mightinesses, not to the Direc-
tors of the Chamber at Amsterdam, but to all
the Stockholders of the West India Company
scattered throughout the provinces, demand
other orders than those issued heretofore for
the government of the country, the increase
and establishment of the population, the
raising and bearing of necessary taxes, the
prevention of mischiefs and general ruin
similar to what have been bitterly experienced
for a few years ; and further, for the effectual
removal of all sorts of evils and troubles
which have been fully submitted to your High
Mightinesses ; And in order, with that view,
that the complaints of the Nation's subjects
now heard and examined during the space of
five months, may be deferred no longer by
conferences and objections, but be remedied
by good resolutions; It is, therefore, con-
cluded that your High Mightinesses do, with
the advice and communication of the Directors
now summoned from all the Chambers of
the West India Company, the major part of
whom are in attendance, permit the New
The Directors have never done anything in
administration and management except in
presence of their High Miglitinesses' deputies
to the Assembly of the XIX.
The Commissioners of New Netherland have
no knowledge that such Boundary proposals
have been made ; but it can be proved by all
the letters written by this Chamber to Director
Stuivesant that the boundary is therein
particularly recommended ; provided it be
approved by their High Mightinesses.
The Directors will not believe that their
High Mightinesses will repudiate the adminis-
tration of this Chamber, as it was accorded
to them by the Assembly of the XIX. in the
presence of their High Mightinesses' Deputies.
These mischiefs have occurred without our
knowledge and order; and when we had
advices of them we called the late Director
Kieft home to defend himself.
These people are themselves the cause of
their delay, as they did not apply to the proper
quarter nor deliver their credentials before,
and until they had sojourned a long time at
the Hague.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 395
Netherland Delegates to return this season, to The Directors understand that these people
encourage and animate all the inhabitants are not fit to contribute anything to the popu-
there to sedulously attend to Ihe cultivation of lation and its advancement, inasmuch as tiiey
the soil, the improvement, security and increase have set themselves up against the Company
of the population within their limits. And and its officers,
accordingly that the offer respecting the con-
veyance of passengers and farmers, which
they made, ought to be speedily accepted and
executed; and further, that this Provisional
Order be enacted and also furnished to tliem :
Adriaen van der Donch^ to the Committee of the States- General.
(From MS. ia the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; Loketkat of the Slates General ; Eubric Vest Indische Compagnie, No. 30 ; 16th division of the
Bundle. ]
To the Noble Mighty Lords, the Lords of Heraertsbergen Loo, Velt, van der Hoick and others,
a Committee on the Redress of the ruined affairs of New Netherland.
Noble, Mighty Lords.
The very laudable zeal which their High Mightinesses and you, Noble Mighty, have been
pleased to evince as well for the preservation of whatever yet remains by God's especial
blessing in ruined New Netherland as for the restoration of the sad and prostrate affairs there,
supplies me with confidence and courage to lay before you. Noble Mighty, some means which
will be highly necessary, and, according to all' human calculation, advantageous and profitable
to their High Mightinesses' design herein.
The affairs of New Netherland assumed in the beginning a favorable appearance of good
progress and especial advantage from individuals and particularly from the State ; but the hope
which everyone there entertained of the proximate establishment of some improvement in that
quarter, hath been well nigh destroyed, the work being almost smothered in the birth by
misgovernment on the part of the officers there as well in oppressing private citizens, as
by waging unlawful and unnecessary war on their own authority.
What damage New Netherland hath suffered in consequence of the aforesaid unlawful and
unnecessary War, which brought it to the brink of ruin — and how much innocent blood, as
well of heathens as of christians and even of sucklings, hath been unnecessarily and barbarously
shed, your noble Mightinesses will be able to ascertain from the annexed Points and Articles,'
which I present to you, not from any particular object I might have against Cornelis van
Tienhoven, but that your noble Mightinesses may have a foundation for the inquiry as to what
constituted the cause of the country's ruin. The few inhabitants that may still be in New
Netherland have all along hoped that their High Mightinesses would have passed some
' This document is without name or date; 'tis almost certainly by Adriaen van der Donok. — J. A. dk Z.
' For these points and articles, see post, p. 409. — Ed.
396 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
animadversion on those wlio were the authors of the aforesaid mischiefs. Knowing that the
abovenamed Tienhoven is not only one of the principal authors thereof, but that he actually
hatii sojourned some time here in Fatherland, those people, if they see him arrive yonder from
Fatherland without being either censured or corrected as the joint author of the aforesaid
mischiefs, will not only wholly despair and probably in desperation depart thence, perceiving
that no blame follows in a case so grave, so notorious and familiar to the entire country ; but
the aforesaid Tienhoven will in consequence be encouraged to aid in strengthening the rule
over the inhabitants still there, tanquani bellicas, but more stringent, according to the lust
and appetite of the rulers, as has already unreasonably happened.
In order not to deprive the inhabitants there wholly of heart, and to afford the
abovemenlioned Tienhoven [an opportunity to defend himself,] as well as [to furnish] your
Mightinesses particular information and knowledge of the truth of the inhuman transaction
there, your Mightinesses might hear the aforesaid Tienhoven, and cause him to answer the
annexed interrogatories. If the said Tienhoven will truly answer these questions, the axiom
quod in cotifilente nulla restant alio paries judicis quam in condemnando, must be put in force against
him. If, on the contrary, he should obstinately and shamelessly deny the truth thereof, or
otherwise render it obscure by amphibological, double-meaning or indirect answers, I, through
the humble duty I owe their High Mightinesses and the love I feel for the preservation and
prosperity of the present people of New Netherland, am always ready to furnish your
Mightinesses, or whomsoever their High Mightinesses shall be pleased to empower, ad causam
Jisci ogendam, with such documents and information as shall fully convict the abovementioned
Tienhoven of notorious falsehoods in his denial. But all this, with the understanding that in
such matter as concerns the public, I, in no wise intend to enter into a law suit with said
Tienhoven, in my individual capacity, but, in fact, should said Tienhoven deny the charges, to
supply such documents as shall be demanded even for his conviction and confusion,
n April, 1650.
Re-solution of the States General on the Provisional Order respecting New
Netlierland.
[From Ihe Register of West India Affairs, 163S — 1651, ia llie Eoyal Archires at the Hague.]
Monday, U"" April, 1G50.
Folio 551. Messrs. van Aertsbergen and other, their High Mightinesses' deputies, for the
affairs of the West India Company, have submitted and laid before the Assembly, a certain
ProTisionai Order Written Provisional Order respecting the government, preservation and peopling
'"'''"'**'""""'"'• of New N'etherland. Whereupon, deliberation being had, it is resolved and
concluded, that the aforesaid Provisional Order shall be read to the Assembly on the day
after to-morrow.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 397
Resolution of the States General auihorizing the sending of Arms and Ammunition,
to New NetJierland.
[ Prom the Eegisler of Weal India Affairs, 168S — 1651, in the Royal Arcbires at Ihe Hague. ]
Monday, 11 April, 1650.
Folio 551. Heard the report of Messrs. van Aertsbergen and other their High Mightinesses
deputies engaged in the affairs of the West India Company ; also read certain memorial
r)eieK.itM from iiie presented by the Delegates from the people of New Netherland, purporting in
People of New Ne- „ , , , , , , , . xx. . 'f f O
theriand. etlect that they have ready, agreeably to their High Mightinesses' order, one
Guns to be sent to hundred of the two hundred guns in question, with powder and lead in proportion;
New Netherland. Requesting hereby that Jacob van Kouwenhoven, Captain of the Burghery in
Netherland, be authorized to distribute the aforesaid guns there at a reasonable price, with the
knowledge of the Director, Council and Select men, according as the government shall think
proper. Whereupon deliberation being had, it is resolved and concluded hereby to permit
and allow the aforesaid Jacob van Couwenhoven to distribute among the people in New
Netherland, on the aforesaid conditions and modification, the abovementioned hundred guns
with their accoutrements and appendages, and the petitioners shall be at liberty to send the
remainder of the guns to New Netherland by another opportunity.
Delegates from New Netlierland to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Rojal Archives at the Hague ; File, West Indie. ]
To the High and Mighty Lords States General of the United Netherlands.
High and Mighty Lords.
The Delegates from New Netherland respectfully represent that they this day, the 12""
April, 1650, received and had communication of a certain deposition of William Nobel, late
Surgeon of Captain Blaeuw's yacht La Garse, stating that the Spaniards in the West Indies were
ignorant of the peace, and both sides still continued hostilities in those parts; also that peace
has never been proclaimed in New Netherland. And whereas some valuable prizes remain still
there, the delegates therefore request instruction as to what manner they shall be disposed of,
being otherwise of opinion that they may act v?ith them according to circumstances. The
said deposition states and mentions besides, that Petrus Stuyvesant, the present Director does,
and disposes of, every thing according to his will and pleasure, without acknowledging, or
paying any respect to Lubbert van Dincklagen, the Vice Director who is Doctor ulrivsque
iiiris, or to the Nine Select men ; yea, has dared to act and actually does proceed in direct
opposition to their will, advice and protest, as quite recently demonstrated to their High
Mightinesses in the sending of horses to Barbadoes. The abovementioned Delegates therefore
observing the mischiefs to be apprehended in consequence, for this State and the people of New
Netherland cannot omit remonstrating hereupon most respectfully to your High Mightinesses and
398 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
ia addition humbly to request them to notify Lubbert van Dincklage, the Vice Director, specially
— inasmuch as the Director usually retains the general letters to himself or refuses copy or
sight thereof — that his commission from your High Mightinesses is still in force, and to instruct
him to adhere to and continue thereby, and not to abate any part thereof out of respect for
any man. In like manner, that your High Mightinesses may resolve that the Board of the
Nine elected Select men, whose commission, order and instruction have been exhibited to
your High Mightinesses, shall, until your High Mightinesses' further commands, remain in full
force as it was, or ought to have been at the time of our departure from New Netherland, in
order thus by peaceful means at once, to be able to obviate mischief if contrary to expectation
any may happen; for the Delegates are of opinion that the people will not, otherwise, be
contented, of which fact, abundant verbal information, remonstrance, complaint and memorials
have been furnished. Requesting your High Mightinesses' speedy action herein, as the vessel
lies in the Texel, ready to sail, and the Delegates are about to take their departure.
Appendix, read 12'* April, 1650.
On this day the 12"" April, of this year Sixteen hundred and fifty, before me Martin Beeckman
admitted Public Notary by the Court of Holland and resident here, and the undernamed
witnesses, appeared the worthy VVilhelm Noble, of Alckmaer, aged eight and twenty years,
late Surgeon of Captain Blaeuwvelt, sailing the yacht La Gurse belonging to New Netherland,
who declared and certified, as he hereby doth, on his manly troth, in place of an oath which
he offers to take at all times, when required, that there had been no intelligence nor
publication of the peace among the Spaniards in the West Indies, as the captain, skipper,
surgeon, carpenter, steward, gunner and all the seamen on board the said yacht La Garse, have
declared on oath, as appears by further Minute thereof remaining with Director Stuyvesant;
and that consequently, they captured on the 22""* April, 1649, up in the river Tabasco a bark
laden with grains of paradise. On the fifth of July, after a long fight they took a ship of four
guns, laden with logwood ; afterwards, on the 19lh July, of the same year, seeing a ship that
they took to be the prize from which they had been separated, they overtook her about eleven
o'clock at night and hailed her, crying " Lie to. Pilot," without attempting any thing else.
But after they understood she was an enemy's ship, they cried out " Strike to the Prince of
Orange!" and thereupon the man fired five charges of canister shot at us, wounding the
captain and another, as per the declaration of two impartial passengers, one a Spaniard from
Canaria, and the other a Frieslander. From these 'tis palpable and clear to be seen that
there is no knowledge of peace there. Coming subsequently, on the 21"' September, 1649,
after divers rencounters to New Netherland with our aforesaid bark, having in a storm lost the
prize which was driven by wind and weather into New England, we applied to Director
Stuyvesant, who took our declaration under oath, as already stated, promising to write to
their High Mightinesses on this subject. Wilhelm Nobel hath further declared it to be true
that public affairs in New Netherland have come to that point that neither the people nor the
Select men chosen on their behalf, have anything to say, and dare not say anything, but must
observe silence and hold their peace, as if every thing went on well and to their liking;
alleging as a reason for his knowing the circumstance, that the Select men did not speak and
dare not participate in all this affixir. The deponent terminating his declaration here, further
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : V. 399
saith not; offering to renew all that is stated above, when required, before ail lords,
courts, judges and justices. Thus attested, on the day aforesaid, at the Hague, in presence
of Jacob van Couwenhoven and Jan Evertss, hereunto required as witnesses.
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Papers.
[ From the Kegister of 'WeBt India Affairs, 1638 — 1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Tuesday, 12"" April, 1650.
Folio B52. Presented to the Assembly, a petition from the Delegates of New Netherland, in
Ne'Sand."' ^^^ substance purporting that on this day, 12"" April, they received a certain
deposition of William Nobel, late surgeon on board Captain Blaeuw's yacht La Garse,
Spaniards in the representing that the Spaniards in the West Indies were ignorant of the peace ;
West Indies igno- r O r o r 7
rant of the peace that both parties continued hostilities there; and, also, that the peace had never
which has never r ' > ' r
Ne™ &'eTSnd.'° ^ecn proclaimed in New Netherland. And whereas many valuable prizes remain
Priietthere. there, the above named Delegates request a decision how they are to be dealt with.
Secondly, that the aforesaid deposition states and mentions besides that Petrus Stuyvesant,
Director stuyvesani. the present Director, does and disposes of, everything according to his will and
Vice Director Dinck- pleasure, without acknowleding or showing any respect to Lubbert van Dincklage,
the Vice Director, who is a Doctor utriusque juris, or to the nine Select men ; yea,
dared-to act and actually does proceed in direct opposition to their will, advice and protest,
as quite recently demonstrated to their High Mightinesses in the sending of horses to
Barbadoes. Whereupon deliberation being had, it is resolved and concluded on the first
point, that the Director and Government in New Netherland, shall be jointly written to by a
despatch in triplicate, to publish the peace in every part of that district under the jurisdiction
of this State, and for this purpose some proclamations with divers copies of the treaty of
peace, in both languages, shall be sent thither; and that they shall accordingly have to let
everything be in statu quo. And on the second point, it is resolved that the abovenamed
Director and Grovernment of New Netherland shall be instructed in aforesaid letter to allow
the Vice Director and Board of the Nine men to provisionally continue in the respective
commissions, instructions or offices, until other dispositions shall be made herein by their
High Mightinesses.
/States General to Director Stuyvesant.
[ From the Register of Uitgegaive Brieven of the States Genera], in the Royal Archlyes at the Hagae. ]
To the Director and Government in New Netherland, the XH April, 1650.
The States General, etc.
FoiiosT. Honorable. Whereas we are informed that the peace has not yet been published
, publish the '" ^6^ Netherland, and that, therefore, some prizes are still detained there,
"^^ notwithstanding we sent you already, on the 19"" May, 1648, some copies of the
400 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Treaty. We, therefore, have resolved hereby again to direct and command you, that you
cause on sigiit hereof, the Peace aforesaid to be proclaimed every where in that district, under
the jurisdiction of this State, without remaining any longer in default herein ; and accordingly
some proclamations with divers copies of the aforesaid Treaty of peace in both languages, go
herewith. And you shall allow the Vice Director and the Board of the Nine Men provisionally,
to continue in their respective commissions and instructions, or offices, until we shall have
made other dispositions therein. Done xii April, 1G50.
Resolution of the States General on the Provisional Order respecting New
Netherland.
[ From Ihe Eegiater of West India Affairs, 1638 — 1651, In Ihe Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, 14"' April, 1650.
Folio 634. Mr. van Aertzbergen hath again exhibited and laid before the Assembly, the
Order for the rot. Provlsioual Order respecting the government, preservation and peopling of New
NTiherland". '" Netherland. Whereupon, deliberation being had, it is resolved, that the aforesaid
order shall be placed in the hands of the abovementioned Mr. van Aertzbergen, and the other
their High Mightinesses' previous deputies, for the affairs of the West India Company, for
inspection and examination, and to report in writing thereupon.
Snhjects for the Consideration of the Assembly of the XIX. 1650.
[From the Original in the Eoyal Archiyes at the Hagae; Loketkas of the States General; Rubric WeA IndUche Compagnie, No. 30; Division 21,
Document 6. ]
Extract from the Points of Reference remaining from previous business, on
which a determination ought to be taken, extracted as far as they have
reference to New Netherland. Adopted 13 May, 1650.
On the subject of the management of the Company in this country.
1. That it be resolved, etc.
Abroad.
7. That the Freedoms and Exemptions for the people going to New Netherland, be approved.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : V. 401
Draft of Freedoms and Exemptions for New NetJierland.
[ From the Draft on a half sheet in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; Loketkas of Ihe Slates General ; Division, West Indisdie Compagnie, No. 30.
Freedoms and Exemptions granted and allowed by the Incorporated West India
Company to all those who shall be willing to repair to New Netherland.
Exhibited 24 May, 1G50.
That all inhabitants of these United Provinces and other neighboring countries, shall be at
liberty to repair to New Netherland in the ships of the Company, or even of private persons
trading under the Company's commission, on condition that they be bound previously to hand
in their names to the Directors, to be enregistered, and to agree with the skippers for their
passage money and board, for which purpose the Directors shall take care that said skippers
shall be ordered to take as many freemen along with them as they can conveniently
accommodate, and not to overcharge them for passage money and board.
The aforesaid freemen shall be accepted according to the order of their application, so that
whoever comes first shall be accommodated first, without any difference; and should it occur
that more persons present themselves than can be conveyed in the ship or ships lying ready to
sail, those remaining shall be preferred in the next succeeding vessel ; with this understanding,
however, that it shall be done forthwith and without any delay in case those remaining over
be in such number that, with their passage money and board, a ship can be freighted and
their maintenance provided on the voyage.
On the arrival of the aforesaid persons in New Netherland, they shall be allowed and
granted the privilege of choosing and taking up, under quit rent or as a fief, such parcels of
land as they shall in any way be able to cultivate for the production of all sorts of fruits and
crops of those parts, on condition that they shall be bound to commence the same within the
year, on pain of being again deprived of said lands.
Said persons shall enjoy Exemption from Tenths of all the aforesaid fruits and crops for the
term of years, and thenceforth one additional year's Exemption for every legitimate
child they shall convey thither or get there.
And should any among the aforesaid persons have an inclination to pasture animals, horses
or cattle, and to support themselves in that way, they shall be shown clean and good pasture
lands, as far as circumstances will in any wise admit.
And they shall be at liberty, gratuitously, to cut and draw, and to cause to be cut and drawn,
from the public forests as much firewood, and as much timber as they shall require for the
construction of houses and vessels.
And they shall also enjoy freedom of hunting and fishing in the public woods and streams,
subject to the regulations to be made therein by the Director and Council.
And if any one be disposed to settle on a spot not as yet the property of the Company but
belonging to the natives of the country, he shall be obliged to satisfy them for the soil, which
can be effected very reasonably and for a few trifles, in presence of some person representing
the Company. •
Vol. L 51
402 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Whoever will desire to erect, as Patroon, a Colonic in New Netherland, sliall be also at
liberty to do so, and for that purpose to look out, either himself or by others, according to
circumstances ; on condition that he declare that he will undertake to plant therein within
the space of four years, after giving notice to any of the Company's Chambers here, or to the
Commander or Council there, a Colonic of one hundred souls above fifteen years old, one
fourth part thereof within the year, and to ship hence, within three years after sending out of
the first, making, in all, four years, the balance to the full amount of one hundred persons, on
pain of losing, by notorious neglect, the freedoms obtained. But he shall be advised that the
Company reserves unto itself the island of the Manhattes.
And from the first moment that he shall have signified the places where he intends to plant
his Colonic, he shall be preferred before all others in the free possession of such lands as he
shall have selected there ; but in case such places shall not be afterwards agreeable, or a
mistake occur in the choice of the ground, another opportunity shall be granted to make
a second selection upon Remonstrance having been previously presented to the Director
and Council.
And Patroons shall be at liberty, through their agents, at the place where they intend
to plant their Colonies, to extend their limits four leagues along the coast, or on one side of a
navigable river, or two leagues along both sides of one river, and as far inland as the
circumstances of the occupants will permit; which circumstances shall be considered by, and
be at the discretion of, the Director and Council there; but as regards the lands situate
without the bounds of the Colonies, the patroons shall not be entitled to claim any authority
thereupon, on one pretense or the other, but remain contented with the lands pointed out to
them, leaving the disposal of the additional lands at the Company's discretion, either to grant
them to other Patroons or to be possessed and cultivated by private Colonists, in which case
the Patroons of the respective Colonies, or individual occupants shall be bound to observe
good neighborhood, and to afford each other free outdrlft and issue at the nearest place and
smallest expense, appealing, at all times, in case of difference, to the decision of the Director
and Council to be appointed for the time being by the Company.
All the land situate within the limits aforesaid, together with all the fruits, superficies
minerals, rivers and fountains thereof, shall the Patroons possess for ever in propriety, with
high, middle and low jurisdiction, hunting, fishing, fowling and milling, the lands remaining
allodial ; but the jurisdiction be held as a perpetual hereditary fief, fealty and homage for which,
when it devolves, shall be renewed to the Company by a pair of iron gauntlets, redeemable
with 20 guilders within a year and six weeks.
And should any one in course of time happen to prosper in hisColonie to the degree that he
would come to plant one or more towns, he shall be authorized to appoint officers and
magistrates therein, and make use of the title of his Colonic according to the pleasure and quality
of the persons, all, however, with the knowledge and consent of the Assembly of the XIX.
Venia testandi, or patent to authorize the disposal of the aforesaid feudal estate by will, shall
also be granted to all Patroons who request it.
The Patroons shall also be at liberty to make use of all adjacent lands, rivers and woods of
any use to them, until! the same be alloted by this Company to other Patroons or individuals.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 403
Whoever shall send colonists over shall furnish them with proper instructions in order that
they may be ruled and governed both in police and justice, conformably to the manner of
government in use here, which instructions they shall previously submit to, and cause to be
approved by, the Assembly of the XIX., on pain of forfeiting their obtained right and jurisdiction.
The Patroons and Colonists wishing to prosecute trade, and to send, for that purpose, any
cargoes by the Company's Ships, shall pay thereupon the same duties as other private,
merchants ; but as regards the necessaries for the Colonists, and implements necessary for
agriculture, they may be conveyed over for a trifling gratuity, or even for nothing, at the
discretion of the Board of Directors.
But in case it be not convenient, or suitable for the Company to send any ships, or if there be
no room in the sailing vessels, then the Patroons, and also all other private persons, shall be at
liberty, after having previously communicated their intention to the Company, and obtained
its written consent, to send thither their own ships or yachts, provided that in going or returning,
they do not diverge from their ordinary course; and give the Company security to that effect,
and take an assistant along to be boarded at the expense of the Patroons or of the private
individuals, and to be paid his monthly wages by the Company; on pain, if acting contrary, of
forfeiting their obtained right and title to the Colonic.
And whereas it is the Company's intention to colonize the island of the Manhattes first, the
staple of all produce and wares accruing on the North river and the country thereabout, shall
be provisionally there, before they can be sent further, with the exception of those which are
naturally useless there, or cannot be brought thither without serious damage to the owners;
in which case, the owners thereof, shall be obliged to give timely notice in writing of such
inconvenience, to the Company here, or to the Director and Council there, in order that the
same may be remedied as to the circumstances of the case shall appertain.
All Patroons, colonists and inhabitants of New Netherland, shall be at liberty to sail to, and
trade along the entire coast from Florida unto Newfoundland, provided they return with all
the goods they obtain in barter, first to the island of the Manhattes, and pay five per cent duty
to the Company, in order, if possible, to be sent thence to the aforesaid countries after proper
inventory of all the cargo.'
Said Patroons, colonists and inhabitants, shall be also at liberty to trade their goods obtained
there, everywhere on the coast of New Netherland and parts circumjacent thereunto, for all
sorts of merchandise to be met with there, conditioned that such traders shall be obliged to
bring to the island of the Manhattes, if it be anywise possible, all the goods that they will be
able to procure, in order that the Company's dues may be paid, and further that said goods
be sent by the ships hither, with the knowledge of the Director and Council, or of their
agents; or if they come to this country, without such having been done, that they be
discharged, with the Company's knowledge, under proper inventory and payment of the duty
accrued thereon, on pain of forfeiting said goods or the value thereof.
The Company promises that it will not take from the service of the Patroons any colonists,
whether man or women, son or daughter, man servant or maid servant ; and should any desire
' Om 600 het mogelyck is, van daer naer beboorlycke inventarisatie tbd alle ingelaJen goederen, na de voorsehreven landen
gcsonden te werden.
404 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
the same, that it will not receive, mucli less permit them to leave the service of their Patroon for
that of another, except by previously written consent of their Patroon ; and this during such
term of years as they are bound to their Patroon ; at the expiration whereof, the Patroons
shall be at liberty to cause the colonists, who may be unwilling to continue in their service, to
be brought hither, to be then for the first time restored to their freedom ; and should any
colonist run away to another Patroon, or resume his freedom in violation of his contract, the
Company also promises to have him, as far as lies in its power, surrendered into the hands of
his Patroon or his Commissary, to be there proceeded against according to the circumstances
of the case, agreeably to the practice and uses of this country.
An appeal shall lie, conformably to the custom of these countries, to the Company's Director
and Council in New Netlierland, or to such government as shall be established there, from all
definitive judgments pronounced by the courts of the Patroons, exceeding the sum of one
hundred guilders, or such as attach infamy; and, also, i'rom all judgments, in criminal cases on
ordinary prosecutions.
Whosoever, whether Colonists of Patroons for their Patroons, or Freemen for themselves, or
other individuals for their masters, shall discover shores, bays or other places suitable for
fisheries, or for the erection of salt-ponds, may take possession thereof and work them as their
own absolute property to the exclusion of all others. And the Patroons of Colonists are
allowed to send ships along the Coast of New Netherland for the fishing of cod, and to proceed
with their catch directly to Italy or other neutral countries, on condition of paying the
Company in such case six guilders per last duty; and should they touch here with their cargo,
they shall be free [to continue their voyage] but they shall not, under pretext of this, or
the Company's consent carry any other wares to Italy on pain of arbitrary punishment, the
Company remaining at liberty to place a supercargo on board of each ship.
The aforesaid Colonists and free men shall also be at liberty to export and convey all the
products and crops of the country in their own, or in chartered ships free of duty, to Brazil and
other places situate in the West India Company's territory, the coast of Guinea excepted.
But they shall be bound to pay the same duties as the inhabitants of this country on the
returns which they will obtain for them in trade and import into New Netherland or here ; but
on Negroes they shall not pay more than 20 guilders per head.
And in case it happen that the ships of the aforesaid Colonists and Freemen should in going
or returning overpower any Portuguese prizes, they shall be obliged to convey them forthwith
either to Brazil, or to New Netherland, or to this country, in order to receive the benefit thereof
and that they be declared good prizes, on such duty as is paid by other inhabitants of
this country.
And in case any of the Colonists should by his industry and diligence happen to discover
any minerals, precious stones, crystals, marble or such like, also, any pearl fishery, the same
shall remain the property of the Patroon or Patroons of all such Colonic, on condition of
allowing the finder such reward as the Patroon shall have, beforehand, stipulated with such
colonist by contract ; and the Patroons shall be exempt from all such recognition to the
Company for the term of eight years, and pay for bringing them hither only two per cent;
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : V. 405
and after the expiration of the aforesaid eight years, for duty and freight, the eighth part of
what they may be be worth in this country.
The Company will request the High and Mighty Lords States General of the United
Netherlands to take all Patroons, colonists and inhabitants, whether free or bond, under their
protection in like manner as the Company, as far as it lies in its power, is doing; and
accordingly promises to assist in defending as far as it will be able, with the force it hath there,
the aforesaid Patroons, colonists and others against all foreign war and violence, on condition
that said persons shall, on such occurrence, properly defend themselves; for which purpose
every male person going over there shall be obliged to provide himself, at his own expense,
with a firelock or musket of the usual calibre.
The Patroons and Colonists, shall also, particularly endeavor to devise, in the speediest
manner, some means among themselves whereby they will be able to support a Clergyman and
School-master, that the service of God and zeal for religion may not grow cool among them ;
and they shall provide at first for a comforter of the sick there.
The Company reserves unto itself all great and small tithes, all waifs and estrays, the right
of establishing mints, highways and forts, declaring war and making peace, all wildernesses,
planting cities, towns and churches, and all according to the Charter and under the supreme
sovereign rule of the High and Mighty Lords States General of the United Netherlands ; and
that, saving unchanged and undiminished whatever is heretofore granted to the Patroons in the
matter of high, middle and low jurisdiction.
Accordingly, the Company shall appoint and keep there a Director, competent councillors,
officers and other ministers of justice, for the protection of the good, and the punishment of the
wicked; which governor and council, now, or hereafter to be, appointed by the Company, shall
take cognizance, in the first instance, of affairs appertaining to the freedom, dignity, domain,
finance and rights of the General West India Company ; of the complaints which any one, as
well strangers, neighbors of the aforesaid countries as inhabitants thereof, may make in cases
of privilege, innovation or disuetude of customs, uses, statutes or descents ; with power to declare
the same corrupt and to abrogate them as vicious, if such should be found equitable ; of matters
appertaining to minor children, widows, orphans and other unfortunate persons who complain
first to the Council in order to obtain justice ; of all contracts or obligations; holding prerogative
jurisdiction, of personal property, possession of benefices, fiefs, of crimen lesae majestatis, of
religion, and of all criminal cases and excesses being prescribed and unchallenged ; and may
by prevention receive all persons to be purged of matters brought in accusation against them
there, and generally take cognizance of, and administer law and justice in every case afiecting
the dignity of the Company.
Thus done by the Committee of the General Incorporated West India Company in the
Hague the
The States General of the United Netherlands having seen and considered the preceding
Freedoms and Exemptions, have approved and ratified, as their High Mightinesses do hereby
approve and ratify the same. Requiring and ordering the Director and Council of New
Netherland to regulate and conduct themselves agreeably thereunto. Done at the Assembly
of the aforesaid States General, etc.
406 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Mesolutmi of the States General in the case of Blommaert et al. against Van Rensselaer.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1638 — 1641, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, 8"" June, 1650.
Folio 567. A. certain letter from the Provincial Court of Holland, Zealand and Friesland,
Holland. is exhibited and delivered to their High Mightinesses' Assembly, being attached
to a sealed bag full of papers relating to the New Netherland case between Samuel
cum'socii?'""""' Blommert cum sociis, plaintiffs against the Guardians of the minor children of
The GuaVdians of KiHaen vau Renselaer, Defendants ; Whereupon deliberation being had, it is
LrrchiiJr"en.*'"°'' Tcsolvcd and concluded that the aforesaid letter and bag shall remain sealed and
deposited in the office of their High Mightinesses' Secretary, until the costs and charges
which have accrued in the aforesaid case shall have been paid and defrayed.
Resolution of the States General confirming the Judgment in the case of Blommaert
et al. against Van Rensselaer.
[ From the Kegister of West India Affairs, 1633 — 1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Tuesday, 14 June, 1650.
Folio 569. Received a letter from the Councillors of Holland, Zealand and Friesland,
written here at the Hague on the first instant, being, in effect, an answer to their High
Mightinesses' letter of the 16"' December, 1649, communicating, pursuant thereunto, a draft
of judgment prepared by them in the suit instituted before their High Mightinesses between
Samuel Blommert Samucl Blommcrt cum sociis, plaintiffs on the one side, and Wouter van Twiller,
cum sociu ^j^^ ^^^^ sociis in the quality in which they act, defendants on the other side ;
ai6o"cumsociiZ' "' WhereupoH, deliberation being had, their High Mightinesses have resolved and
Dictum ofjudgment. concluded that the aforesaid draft of judgment shall be pronounced, as it is
inserted here below, and be communicated to parties in the case in this form :
Judgment. In the suits pending before the High and Mighty Lords States General of the
United Netherlands between Samuel Blommaert, Mr. Johannes de Laet, for himself as well
as in the name and on the behalf of and as attorney for his sisters and brothers, and Jacomo
Wessels for himself as well as attorney for his mother, brothers and sisters, and Toussaint
Moussart, plaintiffs on the one side, and Wouter Van Twiller, acting for Jan
seiaer's Executors. Yg|(5^ both exccutors of KiHaeu van Renselaer, defendants, on the other side.
Their High Mightinesses having seen the proces-verbal, with the other papers and proofs
delivered in to them have, after previous mature deliberation and counsel, condemned, as they
do hereby condemn, the defendants in the quality in which they act, to render to the plaintiffs,
■ called Een- ^^ partucrs in the Colonie called Renselaers-Wyck, more fully mentioned in the
aelaerfr-Wyck.
SUI
t, pertinent and due account, proof and reliqua, not in gross, but in detail,
according to the tenor of the contract of management and administration of the Colonie
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : V. 407
aforesaid, and its appurtenances possessed by the above named Kiliaen van Renselaer, deceased,
in his lifetime, and by the defendants, qiiuUtate qud, after his death, as weW as of ail its fruits,
avails, profits and emoluments by them respectively had and enjoyed ; and to tender and pay
to each of the four plaintiffs one just tenth part of whatever the defendants shall be found,
by balance, to be indebted to them ; also, to bring to a neutral place and exhibit to the
plaintiffs all books, letters and papers in any v?ise concerning the aforesaid Colonic and its
direction, none excepted, so that they may be preserved there for the behoof of the partners
of the Colonic aforesaid.
And further, to regulate themselves strictly, in future. In every particular relating to the
management of said Colonic and its dependency, and whatever appertains thereunto, agreeably
to the contract or agreement in the premises, entered into and signed on the first of October,
le*" and thirty, between Samuel Godyn, Samuel Blommaert, Kiliaen van Rensselaer and
Johannes de Laet in the place of Albertus Conrad Burch ; and that, accordingly, when the
fief shall be taken up in the name of Kiliaen van Rensselaer's son and his successors, it be
well and faithfully expressed in the Patent, that to the aforesaid Kilaen van Rensselaer's son
and his successors, belongs no greater superiority or authority than to the aforesaid plaintiffs,
his equals and partners in the aforesaid Colonie, except simply the title of Patroon, provided
always, that the management of the aforesaid Colonie shall consist, according to the aforesaid
agreement, of four persons or votes, to wit, the defendants presenting two votes, and the
aforesaid Blommaert or Moussart one vote, and the heirs of Johannes de Laet, deceased, or
the widow and heirs of Adam Wessels, the fourth vote ; and to pay the costs of this suit, for
reasons their High Mightinesses thereunto moving.
Thus resolved and pronounced, in the Assembly of the High and Mighty Lords States
General, on the li"" June, XVP and fifty.
(On one side was written)
I, the undersigned, have removed from the office of their High Mightinesses' Secretary, the
bag of papers between Samuel Blommert and Johannes de Laet, cum sociis, plaintiffs against
Jan van Wely and Wouter van Twiller, as Guardians of the children of Kiliaen van Renselaer*
defendants. Done the l?"" June, 1650.
C. SCHENCK.
I, the undersigned, have removed from the office of their High Mightinesses' Secretary, the
bag of papers of the Guardians of the minor son of Kiliaen van Rensselaer, defendants
against Samuel Blommert cum sociis, plaintiffs. Done the 7"" October, 1650.
Henrice Bernantz.
Resolution of the States General granting Letters of Protection to Cornells Melyn.
[ From the Eegiater of West India Affairs, 163S — 1651, in Ihe Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, 30"= June 1650.
Folio 573. Read in the Assembly the petition presented to their High Mightinesses in the
oomeus Melyn. Dame, and on the behalf of Cornells Melyn, colonist on Staten Island in New
408 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Netherland. It is hereby resolved and concluded after previous deliberation, for reasons therein
^^^ set forth, to grant to the petitioner proceeding to New Netherland, letters of
Director stajreennt. protection against what Director Stuivesant or any other person, be he who he
may, might bring forward in virtue of the aforesaid sentence of banishment, against the
abovenamed petitioner. And the letters of protection aforesaid shall remain in force and be
valid so long as the suit which the abovenamed Petitioner hath instituted against the
abovenamed Director Stuivesant shall remain pending and undetermined before their High
Mightinesses here.
Letter of Protection in favor of Cornells Melyn.
[ From the Acte-Boek of the Stales General, in the Eojal Archives at the Hague. ]
Letter of Protection and Safeguard for Cornells Melyn, Patroon and Colonist on
Staten Island in New Netherland, permitting him to return thither.
Folio 112. The States General of the United Netherlands. To all those who shall see
these or hear them read. Be it known : That We have granted on the 28"" April 1648, unto
Cornells Melyn, Patroon and Colonist on Staten Island in New Netherland, provision of appeal,
with inhibitory clause from the sentence which was pronounced against him by Peter
Stuyvesant, Director of New Netherland under the jurisdiction of the West India Company,
with the advice of his Council, on the 25'*' July of the year 1647. And whereas the aforesaid
suit is not yet terminated and the actual circumstances of the petitioner do not by any means
admit of his longer sojourn in this country, Therefore, We, after previous deliberation, have
granted and accorded, as We do hereby grant and accord unto him, safe conduct and passport
to repair freely from this country back again to New Netherland aforesaid, the abovementioned
suit notwithstanding ; and he shall be accordingly at liberty to dwell there on his property
unmolested and undisturbed by any person whatsoever, during the time that the suit remains
here undecided ; the petitioner having empowered a person here to defend his right in or out
of court against the said sentence. Wherefore We order and command all and every person
being in our service and under our obedience, whom this may in any wise concern, either in
this country, on the passage, or in New Netherland, and especially the abovenamed Stuyvesant
and his Council that they shall cause and allow the abovenamed petitioner to enjoy the full
effect hereof, and accordingly, not to molest him in his person nor in any wise to be hindering
unto him, on pain of incurring our highest indignation. Given at the Hague, under our seaj,
paraph and signature of our Secretary, the SO"" June XVI" and fifty.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 409
lution of the States General approving Hie preceding Letter.
[ From the Register of Weet India Affairs, 1638 — 1G51, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Friday, 1« July,' 1650.
Foiio572. The draft of the letters of protection prepared pursuant to their High
Comeiis Meiyn. Mlghtiucsses' Order of yesterday, for the behoof of Cornelis Melyn, going to
New Netherland, being read in the Assembly, it is, after previous deliberation, considered as
enacted, and moreover ordered to be issued.
Resolution of the States General ordering Secretary van TienJioven to be examined.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1533 — 1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ]
Thursday, 2P' July, 1650.
Foiio577. After previous deliberation, it is hereby resolved and concluded, to request and
authorize Mess" van Aertsbergen and the other, their High Mightinesses' deputies for the
affairs of the West India Company, to take the trouble to cause Secretary Cornelis van
Tienhoven, at present here, to be heard and examined by M"^ Hariiian van Zuylen van Nyevelt,
in their presence and that of some of the Directors of said Company, and to answer
New Netherland. catcgorically ou Certain points and articles relating to New Netherland, exibited
and shown this day to the Assembly; which shall accordingly be placed in the hands of
Mess" their High Mightinesses' deputies.
And their High Mightinesses shall report at their convenience, on said subject. Then the
deputies, on behalf of the Province of Friesland, gave notice hereupon, that they are not
concerned in this matter.
Interrogatories to he proposed to Secretary van Tienhoven.
[ From the Original in the Royal Archives at the Hague; Loketkas of the States General ; Division, West Indische Conipa^jnU^ No. 25. ]
Points and articles to which the High and Mighty Lords States General, or their
deputies should instruct, and consequently order and command Secretary
Cornelis van Tienhoven to render categorical answers. Exhibited 21
July, 1650.
1.
Can he, Cornelis van Tienhoven, understand and speak the Indian language?
2.
Was he not usually employed in Director Kieft's time, as the medium through whom
comuiunicationa were made to the Indians r
Vol.. I. 52
410 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
3.
Hath he, the Secretary, not exacted tribute from the Indians?
By whose order did he do so ; by the Directors at Amsterdam, or by order of Kieft only ?
5.
Was it not done with the knowledge and approbation of the entire Council in New
Netherland ?
6.
When did it occur?
What debates and controversies took place on both sides between the Indians and our
people; did the Indians allow or refuse such tribute, and how many tribes had notice of it?
7.
In what year was he, Tienhoven, sent down to the Raritans by Kieft ?
Did he not go thither with a party of armed soldiers and sailors, under the command of
Hendrick Gerritsen, skipper of the Neptunus?
By whose order, and with what result was he there ; and was not the supercargo of the
Neptunus, named Ross, killed by the Indians in that expedition ?
10.
Did not the Raritans, in the course of the following year, avenge themselves at Staten
Island, by killing four tobacco planters of David Pietersen de Vries, whose house they burnt?
11.
Did not the Raritans afterwards make peace with our people?
12.
Did not the Raritans, after the peace, keep always quiet, and abstain from all acts of
open hostility against our people, even during the general war with the other Indians?
13.
Did not one of the Wickwaskeck Indians kill one Claes Cornelissen Switz in revenge
for the murder of one of his relatives, who was slain by three of Commander Binnewitz' '
farm servants?
14.
Did he, Tienhoven, not assist in making peace for that affair with those of Wickwaskeck at
the house of Jonas Bronck?
'Sic. Minuit — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : V. 411
Was any proposal made to the 12 men by, or in the name of Director Kieft, to
commence, on account of that murder, a war against those Indians?
16.
Did not the Twelve men advise not to commence a war on account of the murder committed
on the aforesaid wheelwright?
17.
Did not Director Kieft subsequently forbid the Twelve men to hold any more meetings,
saying they were of dangerous tendency, injurious to the country and the Director's authority?
18.
Did not the Indians live thenceforward in peace with the Dutch up to the year 1642
inclusive, except a Hackquinsack, who killed Gerrit Janssen, M' van Nederhorst's servant?
19.
For what reason did the Hacquinsack kill the abovenamed Gerrit Janssen ?
20.
Did he, Secretary Tienhoven himself, not draw up and write a petition in the name of the
people of New Netherland, wherein Director Kieft was solicited to allow war to be
proclaimed against the Indians ?
21.
Did all the people ask him, Tinehoven, to do this? If not, why did he use the name of
all the people ?
22.
Was not the petition signed by all those who requested him to draw it up ? If not, why
did he not permit all to sign it?
23.
Let him state the names of those who requested him to draw up said petition ; especially,
if they were not Maryn Adriaensen, Jan Claessen Damen and Abraham Planck?
24.
What relationship exists between him, Tienhoven, and Jan Damen and Abraham Planck?
25.
What are the terms of the petition and of the postil or order upon the petition, and the tenor
or contents thereof?
26.
Were not he, Tienhoven, and Corporal Hans Steen sent on the 24"" February, 1643, to
the Indians, at Pavonia, near Jan Evertsen Bout's bouwerie, before and previous to any
attack on them ?
27.
For what purpose and with what instruction and result, was he there ?
412 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
28.
How many tribes were there at that time and what report did he make of them to
the Director"?
29.
Had not the Indians at that time fled there from the Maykanders, their enemies, in the
hope of being protected by our people?
30.
Was not a mysterious toast drank at an entertainment at the house of Jan Damen, by some
few, though not by all then present, without the major part having been aware what it meant?
31.
What was this mysterious toast, and what was its purport?
32.
On the request e.\pressed in the aforesaid petition, was not a troop of soldiers dispatched
by Director Kieft's order, in the night between the 25*'' and 26"" February, 1643, to Pavonia,
near Jan Evertsen Bout's bouwerie, to the place where the Indians lay? Also, another
party under the command of Maryn Adriaensen, behind Curler's plantation, for the
purpose of falling on the Indians there, whilst they slept, and acting towards them as they
found expedient?
33.
Did not both these expeditions attack, shoot and slay in their sleep a large number of these
Indians with their wives and children, including even innocent sucklings, and set fire to
their huts?
34.
Had the Dutch residing at the Flat land any warning to be on their guard?
35.
Did the people, especially those dwelling at the Flat land, not immediately express
dissatisfaction at this sudden and unexpected slaughter?
36.
Was it perpetrated after previous deliberation of the entire Council in New Netherland and
with its approbation?
37.
Did not the general war follow these acts when the Indians sought to avenge themselves?
When the heads of certain slain Indians were brought to the Manhatans, did not Secretary
Tienhoven's mother-in-law exult over the circumstance, and with her feet kick the heads
which were brought in?
39.
Was she not then upbraided by the women that her husband and brothers-in-law had
originated this war, and also caused their husbands to be in consequence daily slain by
the Indians?
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : V. 413
40.
Did not the soldiers, in cold blood, and before all the world, cut and stab with knives, one
of the two Indian prisoners at the guard-house who had been brought from Heemstede, and
were not living slices cut from the other's body, and whilst he was still alive, were not his
privy parts cut off in the Beaver's path where they afterwards cut off his head?
41,
Were not Kieft and La Montagne also present when the slices were cut from the living
body?
42.
Have the Indians taken any occasion to do the like to those of our people whom they
took prisoners
43.
Hath not Director Kieft kept scouts who showed our soldiers the Indians that lay scattered
far and wide, and whose abode was not known to our people ?
Did not Director Kieft with gross neglect and inattention allow some favorable opportunities
to slip, when he brought the war on the people ?
45.
How many head of cattle were lost by the war?
46.
How many houses, bouweries and such like property burnt and destroyed ?
47.
How many Indians and how many Christians lost their lives in this war?
4S.
Did not Director Kieft endeavor to throw the responsibility of this war on the people,
especially on the petitioners ?
49.
Did not Maryn Adriaenssen, an old freebooter and one of the abovementioned petitioners,
endeavor to shoot Kieft with a pistol, which he presented at his breast, for the very reason
that he, Kieft, accused him of being one of the originators of the war ; and was he not
prevented by Jean de la Montagne, Kieft's Councillor, who let the hammer snap on his thumb ?
50.
Was not Maryn Adriaenssen imprisoned, and what happened to him subsequently?
Whilst Maryn Adriaenssen was imprisoned, did not Jacob Slangh come into the fort with a
gun on his shoulder, demanding of Kieft, whether he will liberate Maryn Adriaensen or not ?
and aiming at the same time at Kieft, did not Slangh fire at him as he stood at his door?
414 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
52.
Was not said Jacob Slangh thereupon forthwith shot as an enemy, and his head stuck on
a post ?
53.
Did not Jan Damen also tell Kieft to his face and in the presence of the Eight men and of
him, the Secretary, that he was not a cause of the war, and that he had signed the petition
through Kieft's misrepresentation, which declaration was made when the other seven Select
men refused to sit with him ?
54.
Did not Jan Damen at the time state in public, that Kieft had suggested to him under a
mysterious toast, the necessity of such operations, and place the responsibility of the mischiefs
openly on Kieft's own suggestion and proposal ?
55.
Did not the Select men complain to the Board of Directors in Fatherland of the injuries they
had suffered from this war?
56.
Was not their letter sent back by Director Stuyvesant?
57.
What order did Stuyvesant take over, and from whom?
58.
What inquiry or proceeding did Stuyvesant hereupon make and institute?
59.
Finally, what was the cause or foundation of the commencement of this war?
(Endorsed)
Interrogatories on which Cornells van Tienhoven is to
be heard.
Extracts from the Papers of Director Kieft.
[From copies in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague; Loketkas of the States General; Division, Westlniimhe Compagnie,'So. 25.]
Extracts from the papers in Director William Kieft's copy book which he hath
taken with him to Holland. Received -J-f Julyi 1650.
Proposals of the Honorable Director and Council to the Commonalty.
First. Is it not right and proper to punish the scandalous murder lately perpetrated by a
savage on Claes Swits ; and in case the Indians do not surrender the murderer to our demand
is it not right to destroy the whole village to which he belongs?
Secondly. In what manner and at what time should it be done?
Thirdly. By whom shall it be executed ?
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 415
The Commonalty of New Netherland assembled by the Director's order, to
answer three Articles proposed by him, do say thereunto as follows :
To the 1". We deem it in every respect expedient that the murderer should be punished as
the Director proposes, but subject to God and opportunity ; and meanwhile, everything necessary
ought to be provided and the Director ought, especially, to get 200 coats of mail (malj rocken)
from the North as well for the soldiers as for the freemen who will pay for their own share
of them.
On the 2^. And that a friendly traffic be carried, in the meantime, yea, until the maize trade
be over, and until an opportunity and God's will be made manifest; also, that no one, be his
rank what it may, commit any hostility on land or water, against the Indians, the murderer
excepted ; meanwhile, let every one be on his guard; that when the Indians are out hunting
we shall divide ourselves into two parties, to wit, one to land about the Archipelago,' and the
other at Wyquaesquec in order to harass them in this wise, from two directions ; and that the
Director shall employ hereunto as many of the strongest and most active of the Negroes as he
can conveniently spare and provide them with a small ax and half-pike.
To the 3"*. The people say, as they know no other superior than the Director, who is as well
their as the soldier's commander, that to prevent all disorder, the Director shall personally
lead the expedition, in which case the people are resolved personally to attend him.
Finally, for the purpose of lulling the suspicions of the Indians without using any threats,
we consider it prudent that the Director send a sloop again 1. 2. (jL 3 times, peaceably to
demand the murderer, in order then to put him to death.
The Commonalty have, moreover, chosen the undernamed twelve persons, and empowered
them to resolve on everything with the Director and Council ; they also took the oath,^
namely — (Signed,) Jacques Bentyn, [Maryn Adriaensen], Jan Damen, Hendrick [Jansen],
tailor, David Pietersen [deVries], Jacob StofTelsen, Abraham Molenaer, Frederick Lubbertsen,
[Jochim Pietersen], Jacob van . . . ., Gerrit Dircksen, George Rapalie, Abraham Planck.
Ady 29"" August, 1641, in fort Amsterdam.
Resolution adopted by the Twelve Men empowered by the whole of the People.
Whereas we, burghers and inhabitants of New Netherland, previously invited and requested
by Willem Kieft, Director General and the Council of New Netherland, and with the consent
of all the rest of the inhabitants, our fellow-brethren, have been unanimously elected to answer
the proposition of the Hon'"'* Director and Council, and to give our advice according to our
best knowledge and understanding; Therefore, three articles were then proposed to us,
whereupon we gave answer and expressed ourselves according to the best of our opinions and
belief, to which we unanimously refer.
And whereas, the most favorable time and opportunity for our nation now offer, which,
according to previous resolution ought to be considered; we, therefore, request the Hon'''*
Director, Willem Kieft, to proceed, whereunto we offer our persons to follow him faithfully,
' The Norwalk Islands.
' "to keep their advice secret." New -York Colonial Manuscripts, IV., from which we addthe names in brackets. — Ed.
416 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
and it is necessary he himself accompany us to prevent all disorder; the Hon'"'^ Director shall
also provide powder, ball, and the provisions necessary I'or the expedition, such as bread and
butter, together with a steward, so that everything may be in order, and the rations served ;
and if any one require more than bread and butter, he must provide it himself.
Also, if it happen, which may God Almighty please to forbid, that one or more of the
freemen be seriously wounded in the expedition, or in the attack on the enemy, the Honble
Director and Council shall remain bound, on the part of the Hon'''" West India Company, to
support him or them, that they may live comfortably with their families; and to have a simple
wound cured at said Company's expense.
Ady, 21" January, 1G42, in New Netherland.
Extract from the Register of Resolutions kept by Director Willem Kieft and
Council, in New Netherland.
Whereas the good inhabitants here have occupied their property up to this time in great
alarm, and cautiously cultivated the soil through fear of the Indians, who have in a treacherous
manner murdered some of our nation without any provocation, and we, by indulgence, cannot
obtain any satisfaction, recourse must therefore be had to arms for the purpose of defending
our right, in order that we may live here in peace, with full confidence that God will bless our
resolution, the rather as the people themselves on the 22°'' February, 16J3, requested that they
may put the same in execution. Wherefore, we hereby authorize and empower Maryn
Adriaensen, on his petition, to attack with his company a party of Indians lying behind Curler's
Hook or plantation, and to act with them as they shall find expedient, as time and
circumstances will permit.
Done 25'" February, 1643.
Petition of the Inhabitants of Long Island.
We, the undersigned, inhabitants and subjects residing on Long Island, under
the jurisdiction of the Hon'''* Lords, the Mighty Lords Slates General
of the United Netherlands, the Serene Prince, his Highness, and the
General Incorporated West India Company, and under your Hon*"'*
government.
Request with all humble submission — whereas, a short time ago the scum' of this place,
which is justly called our fatherland, hath revolted against the righteous side, our common
friends; and whereas, we see their preparation for hostilities tending to the ruin and
destruction of the inhabitants there who are under the necessity of earning, by steady labor,
in fields and woods, food and support for their wives and children, each for himself, and
conjointly for us all, regarding the inconveniences which must spring therefrom, do request
as above, and humbly pray, in all respectful obedience — that we, in general, may be granted
and allowed such public enemy to ruin and conquer, and, further, from time to time, unto the
' The word io the text is " bescherminge," prolcclion ; but being unable to make sense of the passage with that word, 'tis
presumed to be an error of the copyist for '* beachuimm^e." — Ei>.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : V 417
establishment of our common peace and welfare, so that at once the previous and much wished
for peace of this place, may be and remain permanent. Tliis doing in the name of us all
(Signed) Gerrit Wolffersex. Jacob Wolfersen.
DiRCK WOLFFERSEN. HaNS HaNSEN.
and Lambert Huybertsen Mol.
We cannot at present resolve to attack the Indians at Mareckkawich, as they have not given
us hitherto any provocation, and as it would draw down an unrigliteous war on our heads,
especially as we are assured that they would be on their guard and hard to beat, and apparently
excite more enemies, and be productive of much injury to us, whilst we trust that it will,
through God's mercy, now result in a good issue.
But in case they evince a hostile disposition, every man must do his best to defend himself.
Meanwhile each must be on his guard and arm himself, as is done here according as time
and circumstances shall best determine.
In presence of the Hon'''' Director, the Fiscal, Everardus Bogardus, preacher, Hendrick van
Dyck, Ghysbert Op Dyck, and Oloff Stevensen.
Done the 27"" February, A" 1643, in fort Amsterdam, New Netherland.
Extract from the Register of the resolutions of the High and Mighty Lords States
General of the United Netherlands. Tuesday, the g'*" August, 1650.
[ Omitted, being a duplicate of Document post, p. 418. ]
Iiepo?'t of the Committee of the States General on Melyn''s Papers.
[ From Ihe Original In the Royal Archives at the Hague ; Loketkas of the States General ; Division, West Inaisehe Oompagnie, No. 25. ]
Your High Mightinesses' deputies for the affairs of the West India Company, having
examined the petition and papers thereunto annexed, delivered in by Cornells Melyn, and
being instructed to extract therefrom the matter for consideration, have reported that the
points therein set forth are of two sorts : private and public.
The private points consist in the suing and prosecuting of a Mandamus on appeal, obtained
by the abovenamed C. Melyn against Peter Stuivesant, Director in New Netherland, and
Cornells van Tienhoven, Secretary, for a certain sentence pronounced by the Director
and Council against him, the petitioner.
Thereunto the aforesaid Cornells Tienhoven duly presents himself in writing, and requests
that your High Mightinesses would fix a certain early day when the appellant in the case
should be obliged to enter his complaint, &c.
The public points contained therein are principally, the provoking and undertaking an
unnecessary and bloody war against the natives of New Netherland, friends there of the
Vol. I. 53
418 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
subjects of these United Netherlands, to the destruction of the infant settlements and
population of New Netherland ; therein he accuses the abovenamed Cornelis van Tienhoven
to have been the chief fomenter and party in provoking and fostering the destructive
war aforesaid.
The inquiry as to the cause, the authors and management of the aforesaid bloody and
ruinous war is considered by your High Mightinesses' Deputies and the associate Directors, to
be necessary and essential, and with this view, that the aforesaid Cornelis van Tienhoven be
ordered not to depart for New Netherland until he shall be heard in the matter aforesaid on
certain interrogatories committed for that purpose to paper and annexed hereunto, nor until
this case be disposed of.
liesolution of the States General on the preceding Report.
[ From Ihe Register of West India Affaire, 163S — 1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Tuesday, g"" August, 1650.
Folio 579. The report being heard of Mess" van Aertsbergen and others their High
Mightinesses' previous deputies for the affairs of the West India Company, having in virtue of
Secretary Cornelis the resolutlon of the 21" of Julv last, causcd Secretary Cornelis van Tienhoven
Tan Tienhoven. •' •'
to be heard and examined by the advocate M' Herman van Zuylen and Nyevelt,
in presence of themselves and some Directors of said Company ; also to answer to certain points
^1? d° ^"'^ ^'"'" ^'^^ articles respecting the war in New Netherland, submitted and exhibited to
their High Mightinesses on the day aforesaid ; it is, after previous deliberation,
resolved and concluded that copy of aforesaid points and articles be furnished, at his own
expense, to the aforenamed Secretary Cornelis van Tienhoven, who shall be obliged to answer
and file his reply thereunto within eight days after the receipt thereof; and meanwhile remain
here at the Hague without departing. The Lords of Friesland have hereupon repeated their
previously made declarations.
Director Stuyvesant to the States General.
[From the Original in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; File, Wett Indie.\
Right Honorable High and Mighty Lords.
My Lords.
Your High Mightinesses' letters have been duly received by us. Your High Mightinesses
were pleased to advise us in the first, of your continual care for peopling and advancing this
place, being yet engaged through your High Mightinesses' deputies, with the Directors of the
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 419
Incorporated West India Company in establishing a permanent arrangement in the matter.
Meanwhile your High Mightinesses have permitted some persons belonging to the Commonalty
sent hence to return here, with inhibition to disturb or prosecute them for what they have
represented. We first of all tender your High Mightinesses all possible thanks for your
precaution under so many weighty troubles. Respect for that and for your High Mightinesses'
sovereign authority obliges and induces us to observe your High Mightinesses' orders in
regard of the other, Rendering unto your ,High Mightinesses' letters full credit and
obedience; meanwhile the returned Remonstrants bring with them, as they report and also
exhibit to strangers, an authentic copy of the signed resolution of your High Mightinesses'
deputies whereby we are, among other things, commanded to appear before your High
Mightinesses to answer some charges. Although we have demanded copy of that resolution
which has been communicated and read to some officers and inhabitants of this city, and even
to foreigners, yet hath it been refused us up to the present time, so that we know not what to
answer thereunto, much less what to do.
Right Honorable, High and Mighty Lords — On being released by those to whom we are bound
by oath, we shall not fail to appear before your High Mightinesses, on your summons, being
ourselves conscious of not having committed anything worthy of punishment, either against your
High Mightinesses' grandeur, oragainst the tenor of yourCommission, or contrary toour recorded
oath, or to the injury or preji'dice of the public interest. We can therefore object nothing
against the accusation presented by our inveterate opponents, who, we understand, are many and
powerful, but a reply in the negative, together with an humble prayer that our secret accusers
may appear personally before your High Mightinesses with their suborned witnesses, in order to
convict us, in the usual course of law to our shame, disgrace and confusion, or in default of
proof, to revoke the charge and to indemnify us for the damage and disgrace we have sustained.
The first, which is vouchsafed, saving your High Mightinesses' authority and judgment, to the
meanest offenders, belongs also to us, a freeborn citizen of a free State ; the last as a public
functionary, favored and intrusted with your High Mightinesses' commission ; though aiming
at or desiring as a Christian, no man's damage or disgrace through a spirit of vengeance,
yet as a man and public officer we cannot, without personal degradation, permit suffered insults
to go unreproved, according to the instruction of Seneca: Ad calumnias tacendum non est. ut
contradicendo nos ulciscamur sed 7ie taccndo menducio nos offensum jffogressum pcrmittarnus. It pains
us, therefore, that former pretending friends who, on their departure and setting out from this
place, freely and unsolicited thanked us as their father, swearing with an oath, as well to our
face as behind our back, that they had nothing, either against us or against our government,
nor would they trouble themselves with any private affairs, should afterwards, when
contradicting their own oath and conscience, not be obliged to answer legally for their
calumnious and unfounded accusations. Nevertheless your High Mightinesses' good intention
shall serve us, in these and other commands, as a rule to govern ourselves under them with
patience and obedience until the Almighty grant another result.
Your High Mightinesses' commands regarding the exportation of cattle shall be observed as
far as possible, but time will determine whether it will not create disgust among the English
people residing under our jurisdiction, inasmuch as they live only by trade in grain and cattle.
In order to avoid trouble, we shall use all possible moderation ; were we provided with money
and goods to enable us to purchase all the grain and cattle that might be offered, we should
have it in our power to enforce your High Mightinesses' orders with greater rigor.
420 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
As soon as we received the proclamations of tlie Peace, we caused them to be published and
posted in all the towns and villages of this our government, and had previously ordered a
cessation of hostilities on the strength of public rumor and on the advices of our superiors.
Herewith, Right Honorable, High and Mighty Lords, we commend you to the grace and
favor of the Most High, and shall be and remain.
Your High Mightinesses' obedient
and faithful servant.
Dated Manhatans, In Fort Amsterdam, (Signed) P. Stuyvesant.
in New iNetherland, this l?"- August, 1G50.
Addressed as follows :
Noble, High and Mighty Lords, the Noble Lords States General of the United
Netherlands, at the Hague.
Resolution of tlie States General on the foi'egoing Letter.
[From the Eegisler of West India Affairs, 1688 — 1651, in the Eoyal Archives at Ihe Hague. ]
Saturday, 15«'' October, 1650.
Folio 60S. Received a letter from Director Stuivesant, written at Manhatans, in Fort
Director siuyveaam. Amsterdam, in New Netherland, the IV"- August last, in answer to their High
Mightinesses' previous despatch. Whereupon no action was had.
Selectmen of New Amsterdam to the States General.
[ From the Eegister of Ingekomen Br^ieven of the States Oeueral, in the Royal Archives at the Ilagne. ]
High and Mighty Lords. Gracious Sovereigns.
Folio 6«). Our associates, Jacob van Couwenhoven and Jan Everts Bout, who were
delegated last year, 1649, to your High Mightinesses, by our Assembly, in consequence of the
extremely urgent necessity of tiie poor distressed people of this country, returned here, through
God's mercy, on the 28"" June, bringing with them an authentic copy of the Report, or
Provisional Order, drawn up and submitted to your High Mightinesses, by your Committee
deputed for the affairs of New Netherland in the matter of the Redress, Preservation
and Population.
That we have not, as yet, received your High Mightinesses' ratification thereof is, we
confidently trust, owing solely to the tedious and dangerous voyage, for we have seen and
found your High Mightinesses to be our beloved fathers, who have been pleased to take to
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 421
heart the sorrowful condition and extreme necessity of tiiis poor, distressed people. We
cannot express nor render sufficient thanks to our Gracious God and your High Mightinesses,
which the love and affection exhibited towards us, can sufficiently do. And perceiving that the
Redress has not yet arrived, and that your High Mightinesses' letters have been handed, on
said 28"" June, by our aforesaid associates to Director General Stuyvesant and Council, who
are pleased, as yet, not to obey your High Mightinesses' said order, except only in proclaiming
Peace with the King of Spain, which iiath been done here at the Manhatans but nowhere
else, to our knowledge; and as the distressed state of this country remains unchanged —
except by getting from bad to worse, as we have informed our associate, Adriaen van der
Donck, — we are, therefore, to our grief and sorrow, obliged to apply to your High Mightinesses
in this wise, and to implore your favor. We pray you. High and Mighty, to be graciously
pleased to remove our suffering, for so long as we are here without the Redress, we cannot be
relieved. Hoping, therefore, that it will soon arrive to comfort and console us, we, in
conclusion, shall commend you, High and Mighty, generally and individually, and your
prosperous and good government to God's protection, remaining your High Mightinesses'
most humble and most faithful subjects,
(Signed) Augustin Hermans. Magchiel Jans.
Jacob van Kouwenhoven. Thomas Holl.
Elbert Elbertsen. Oloff Stevens.
Hendrick Hendricksen Kip. Govert Loockermans.
Lower stood,
By order of the Selectmen,
(Signed) D. v. Schelluyne.
(In the margin was, )
At the Assembly of the Selectmen, the IS"" September, 1650. New Amsterdam, Manhatans,
New Netherland.
Resolution of the States General on a Remonstrance of Adriaen van der Donck.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1C3S — 1651, in llie Royal Archives at the Uague. ]
Friday, IS"" November, 1650.
Folio 616. Read to the meeting the Remonstance of Adriaen van der Donck, a delegate
Donck." "° "' from the people of New Netherland.
Received, also, a letter from the Selectmen there, written in New Amsterdam the 13"" of
Redress in the mat- last September, both praying Redress in the matter of the disorders which exist,
i"NewNeii^wi'and! prevail and manifest themselves more and more in New Netherland aforesaid.
Herewith were, likewise, exhibited two sealed private letters addressed from said country to
M' van Aertsbergen, at present absent, and to other their High Mightinesses' deputies.
Whereupon deliberation being had, it is resolved and concluded that the aforesaid
remonstrance, with said public and private letters be placed, altogether, in the hands of Mess"
Huygens, and other their High Mightinesses' Deputies for the affairs of New Netherland to
inquire into the business relating hereunto lately under consideration here, and to look further
422 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
therein, to examine the aforesaid remonstrances and letters, and to report on the whole. In
tlie absence of, or in case of inconvenience to, the one or the other of the Lords, those present
may proceed and dispatch the aforesaid business.
Secretary van Tienhoveus Ansiver to the Remonstrance from Ne^o Netherland.
[ From Ihc MS. In the Koyal Archives at Ihe Hague ; Loketkas of the States General ; Rubric Wait Indliche Compagnie, No. 80 ; 161h division of
the Bundle.]
Brief Statement or Answer to some of the points contained in the written
Deduction laid by Adriaen van der Donck cum sociis before the High and
Mighty Lords States Genera! : Drawn up by Cornells van Tienhoven,
Secretary to the Director and Council of New Netherland.
In order to present the Answer succinctly he. Van Tienhoven, will allege not only how illy it
becomes the said Van der Donck and other private inhabitants to challenge and abuse, in such
harsh and general terms, the administration both of the Directors in this country and of their
officers yonder; and that they would have performed their duty much better, had they first
submitted to their Lords and Patroons whatever Observations they might intend to offer.
But passing this by, and leaving the consideration thereof to your High Mightinesses'
discretion, it must be remarked preliminarily and generally, that those persons make a great
many assertions and prove nothing, so that what they shamefully state, can be as easily denied
and with greater truth. Coming then to the point, we shall only notice those parts wherein
either the Board (at Amsterdam) or the Director is accused ; and we say to the 1st Point:
It is denied, and will never be proved that the Company hath refused our nation land for
purposes ^of cultivation, and willingly allowed foreigners to occupy it.
Tlie Company's order to act on the defensive was better and more prudent than to have
recourse to hostilities, inasmuch as it had not the force to resist its hypocritical friends, and
coujd^prolect its rights only by protest.
Trade has long since been opened to every one and is as profitable as ever; no property has
been confiscated except of those who violated their contract or the order whereunto they were
bound ; and if any one thinks he has been wronged by confiscation, he can come and speak for
himself. At all events, 'tis not these people's business.
They complain that Christians have been treated like Indians; to wit, in the sale of goods.
But, observe, that such was not the act of the Company nor of its Director, because they —
God help them — have not, and for several years have not had, anything there to sell.
The fault lies at the door of the majority of those Remonstrants who are merchants or
factors, and who charge there for what costs fl. 100 in this country, one, two hundred per cent,
and more advance over and above first cost, assurance, duty, laborers' wages, freight &c., all
which are added to the first cost. 'Tis evident these people accuse the Board of Directors audits
officers of the very fault they themselves commit, and never will they prove that the Company
had sold goods, during the time, it kept its store and magazines stocked there, at an advance of
more than fifty per cent, agreeably to the Exemptions. The Director there cannot prevent
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 423
this one and that forestalling and seeking his own profit, particularly as the trade is thrown
open to the little as well as to the big.
'Tis a pure calumny that the Company ordered half a fault to be accounted a whole one.^
What instruction or order the Patroon gives his Director is noaffair of the Colonist : forsooth
'tis for the purpose of inventing prosecutions. These people then would fain live subject to
no person's censure or discipline, which, however, they doubly require.
The instance wherein the Director exercised and usurped Sovereign power, must be specified
and proved. It, too, is in general terms.
That the Colonists had need of the Directors is evident from the account books which will
show that the Company supplied all freemen, some few excepted, with clothing, provisions and
other articles for the construction of houses, at an advance of 50 per cent, on the just cost in
Fatherland; which supplies have not yet been paid for; and people by their complaints would
fain filch the country from the Company, and pay nothing.
'Tis ridiculous to accuse Director Kieft of saying that he was Sovereign like the Prince in
Fatherland. But in regard to the refusal of appeal to Fatherland, it arose from the circumstance
that the Island of the Manhatans was reserved, in the Exemptions, as the Capital of New
Netherland, and that all the Colonies round about should bring their appeal to it, as the
Supreme Court of that quarter.
'Tis to be, moreover, borne in mind that the Patroon of the Colonie Renselaerwyck causes
all his tenants to sign, that they will not appeal to the Manhatans, in direct contravention of
the Exemptions, by which the Colonists are bound to render to the Director and Council
at the Manhatans an annual Report both of the Colony and of the Administration of Justice.
The Directors have never had any administration of, nor concerned themselves with
ecclesiastical property ; 'tis also denied and cannot be proved, that any of the inhabitants of
New Netherland have, either voluntarily nor when requested, contributed or given anything
for the building of an Asylum for orphans, or for the aged. 'Tis true that the Church in the
fort was built in Willem Kieft's time, and a subscription list was signed which amounted to
fl. ISOO. The accounts of most of the subscribers were debited accordingly, but they have
not yet paid the money. Meanwhile the Company disbursed the funds, so that it was not the
Commonalty (some few excepted) but the Company that paid the workmen. If the people
require institutions as above stated, they must contribute towards them as is the custom in
this country; and were there Asylums for orphans and the aged there, revenues would be
necessary, not only to keep the houses in repair, but to support the orphans and the
aged people.
The Remonstrants will, if any one can, be likely to prove that money, or real or personal
property has been bestowed by will or donation, by any living person, for such or any other
public works; but there is no instance of the kind in New Netherland ; and the charge is
uttered or written through passion. When the Church, which is in the fort, was proposed to
be built, the Church wardens were content; but it is these people who make a to-do, because
they consider the Company's fort not worthy the honor of a Church. Before the Church was
erected, the grist-mill could not work with a southeast wind, because the wind from that
quarter was shut off by the walls of the fort.
Although the new School-house, towards which the Commonalty contributed something, has
not been yet built, it is not the Director, but the Church wardens, who have charge of the
' Het is een puyre calomnie diit de compagnie geordonneert lieeft, halve faute voor lieele te rebenen.
424 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
funds. The Director is busy providing materials. Meanwhile a place has been selected for
a School, of which Jan Cornelissen has charge. The other teachers keep school in hired
houses, so that the youth are not in want of schools to the extent of the circumstances of the
country. 'Tis true there is no Latin school nor academy; if the Commonalty require such,
they can apply for it and furnish the necessary funds.
As regards the deacons' or Poor- fund, the deacons are accountable for that, and are the
persons of whom inquiry should be made as to where the money is invested which they have,
from time to time, placed at interest; and as the Director never had charge of it, such not
being usual, the deacons, and not the Director, are responsible for it. 'Tis, indeed, true that
Director Kieft, being at a loss for money, had a box suspended in his house ; of that box the
deacons had one key, and all the small fines and penalties which were levied on court days,
were deposited in it. He opened it with the knowledge of the deacons, and took on interest
the money, which amounted to a handsome sum.
'Tis admitted that the Excise on beer was imposed by Willem Kieft, and that on wine by
Petrus Stuyvesant; and that such excise was collected up to the date of my departure. But
'tis to be observed here, that the Remonstrants have no cause to complain on that score, for
the trader, burgher, farmer and all others except the vintners, lay in as much wine and beer
as they please, free of excise. They are merely obliged to enter it, so that the quantity may
be ascertained. The vintners pay three guilders per tun on beer, and one stiver per can on
wine; they receive this back from those who daily resort to their houses, and from the
traveler from New England, Virginia and elsewhere.
No other internal taxes have been imposed, up to the present time, on the Commonalty,
except the excise already mentioned, unless the voluntary offering which was applied two years
ago to the erection of the church, be accounted a tax, of which Jacob Couwenhoven, also one
of the Church Wardens, will iiave to render an account.
In New England there is no impost or duty on imports or exports, but every one is assessed
by the local government according to his means, and must pay to the extent of his property
and as the magistrates tax him, for
Building and repairing of Churches ;
Support of Ministers ;
Erection of Schools and Salary of Teachers ;
All city and town improvements;
Construction and repair of all highways and roads, many miles of which are made in that
country, so that horses and wagons can be used and journeys made from one place to the other ;
Construction and repair of all bridges across rivers on the highways;
Erection of public houses for travelers ;
Salaries of Governors, Magistrates, Marshals and constables; and
Pay of Majors, Captains and other officers of the Militia.
A general Court is held quarterly in each of the New England Colonies, consisting of all the
magistrates within such province, and there is, annually, a general assembly of all the provinces,
from each of which a Deputy attends with his suite ; this meeting continues a long time. All
expenses, allowances and wages are also proportioned there among the people. The support
of the poor is not included.
The accounts ought to show the amount of duties received annually in Kieft's time, but it
will not appear as much, by far, as they say. 'Tis not the Company's nor the Director's fault
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 425
that the Commonalty have to pay so much, but that of the traders, who charge 1. 2 and
3 hundred advance ; and the people must submit, because there are few merchants.
It can, neither now nor hereafter, be shown that 30,000 guilders a year have been collected
from the Commonalty in Stuy vesant's time ; for nothing was received but the beer and wine
excise, which, at the Manhatans, yields about 4000 guilders a year ; little or nothing is received
from the other neighboring towns, because they have no taverns, except one at the Ferry and
one at Flushing.
If any confiscations have taken place, they have not been of property belonging to colonists,
but of imported contraband goods, and no person's property has been confiscated without
sufficient cause.
The question is, are the Company or the Directors obliged to have constructed any buildings
for the people out of the duties paid by the trader in New Netherland on exported goods,
particularly as their High Mightinesses granted those duties to the Company to facilitate
garrisons, and the payment of the expenses attendant thereupon, and not for building Hospitals
and Orphan asylums, Churches and School-houses for the people.
It cannot be substantiated that the Company's property has been squandered for the purpose
of securing friends.
The provisions received in exchange for the Tamandare Negroes, were sent to Curagao,
except a portion consumed at the Manhatans, as the accounts will show. But all these are
matters which do not concern these people, especially as they are not responsible for them.
In regard to the letters of manumission which the Director was so good as to grant to the
Negroes who had been the Company's slaves : They were set free in return for their long
service, on condition that the children remain slaves ; these are treated the same as Christians;
at present there are no more than three of these children in service ; one at the House of the
Hope ; one at the Company's bouwerie, and one with Martin Crigier, who, as everybody
knows, brought up the girl.
'Twas Mr. Stuyvesant's duty to construct, caulk and repair the Company's property. He
will answer for the profit or loss the Company has in consequence incurred.
The burghers on the Island of Manhatans and thereabouts ought to know, that no one comes
or is admitted into New Netherland (it being a conquest), except on this condition — not that
he shall have anything to say, but — that he shall acknowledge the sovereignty of their High
Mightinesses the States General, the Directors as his Lords and Patroons, and obey the
Director and Council for the time being, as a good subject is bound to do.
Those who complain of Stuyvesant's haughtiness are, such I think, as wish to live without
government or order.
The complaint that no regulation has been made concerning wampum, is unfounded. In
Director Kieft's time, good Wampum passed for four, and loose beads at six, for a stiver. The
reason for not prohibiting unstringed wampum was, because no money was in circulation, and
mechanics, farmers and the rest of the Commonalty, having no other currency, would suffer
serious loss ; and had it been cried down, doubtless the Remonstrants would have booked the
circumstance among the rest of their grievances.
No one will prove that Directoror Stuyvesant hath berated as rascals, or made use of foul
language to, any persons of respectability, who treated him courteously. If the Director hath
made use of any harsh language, it must be that some profligate hath provoked him to it.
Vol. I. 54
426 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
The Fort not being properly repaired, is no concern of the colonists; 'tis not their domain,
but the Company's. They would fain be protected by good forts and garrisons belonging to
the Company, without affording any aid, assistance in labor or money for those objects. But it
seems they do not wish to see a fort properly fortified and duly garrisoned, from the
apprehension that the ill-disposed and seditious might be the more effectually punished ; this
they call, cruelty.
The fort had, doubtless, been already completed, had the Director not been obliged to supply
the garrison of New Netherland and Cura§ao with provisions, clothing, and money.
With whom had Director Stuyvesant an unprovoked and unjustifiable personal quarrel?
They call a present of Maize or Indian corn, a contribution ; a present has never been received
from the Indians without double as much being given in return; for these people being very
covetous, throw a herring in order to catch a cod; as every one acquainted with the Indians
can testify.
Francis Douthay, Adriaen van der Donck's father-in-law and an English Minister, was
granted a colonic at Mespacht, not for himself alone as Patroon, but for him and his associates
whose Agent he was, and who at the time were residing at Rhode Island and at Cahanock
and other places. Mr. Smith was one of the leaders of these people, for said Minister had
scarcely any means of himself to build a hut, let alone to plant a colonie at his own expense.
He was merely to be employed as a clergyman by his associates who were to prepare a
bouwerie for him in that Colonie, in return for which he should discharge the duty of preacher
among them, and live on the proceeds of the bouwerie.
Coming to live at the Manhatans during the war, he was permitted to officiate as Minister
for the English in and around that place, who were bound to maintain him without either
the Director or Company being liable to any charge therefor. And as the English did not
afford him a sufficient support, two collections were taken up among the Dutch and English,
on which he lived at the Manhatans.
The Mespacht Colonie was never confiscated ; that is proved by the actual residence on it of
the owners, who had an Interest in it as well as Douthey ; bat as the latter wished to obstruct
its settlement and to permit no one to build in the colonie unless on paying him a certain sum
down for each morgan of land, and a yearly sum in addition in the nature of ground rent, and
endeavored thus to convert it into a domain, against which those interested in the Colonie,
especially Mr. Smith complained, the Director and Council finally concluded that the
copartners should enter on their property, and the bouwerie and lands in the possession of
Douthay be reserved to him, so that he hath suffered no injury or loss thereby. This I could
prove, were it not that the documents are in New Netherland and not here.
I have treated already of the appeal. No clauses conflicting with the Exemptions are
inserted in the patents; but the phrase — '•■ 7ioch teheramen" [hereafter to be imposed] — can
be omitted from them, if found objectionable.
Stuyvesant hath never pleaded any causes in court, but spoke and proposed questions to
parties, as president, and, with advice of the Council, administered justice whereof the
malevolent complain ; but that Stuyvesant withheld justice from any one remains to be proved.
As to what appertains to the Deputy director, Dinclagen, let him plead his own case.
It can be established that Brian Nuton not only understands, but speaks the Dutch language,
so that their accusation, that Nuton does not understand Dutch, is a falsehood. All the other
slanders and calumnies uttered against the rest of the officers, ought to be proved.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 427
'Tis true that it was said in New Netherland, in the course of conversation, that no appeal
lay from a New Netherland judgment, pronounced on the Island Manhatans ; this was founded
on the Exemptions where that Island is established as the Supreme Court of all the circumjacent
Colonies, and on the fact that no precedent existed of their High Mightinesses' having ever
received those in appeal who, coming from New Netherland, had applied for that purpose
here — viz'. Hendrick Jansen the tailor, Laurens Cornelissen and several others, who were
banished many years ago from New Netherland. 'Twould be a very strange thing if the
officers of the country could not banish anybody from it, whilst the authorities of the Colonie
Renselaers wyck, who are subordinate to the Company, absolutely banish whomsoever they
please and the welfare of the Colonie requires to be excluded ; And they do not allow any
person to reside there except at their pleasure and upon certain conditions, some of which I
submit here — First, No person up to the present time in the Colonie possesses a foot of land
of his own, but is obliged to take all the land he cultivates upon a rent-lease ; where a
dwelling-house is built, he is obliged to pay some beavers annually as ground rent, which
all the farmers likewise are required to pay; in return they are allowed free trade, as 'tis
called. Where is there one inhabitant under the Company's jurisdiction charged or taxed in
any way for either trade or lots? All lands are conveyed in fee subject to this clause —
beraemt ofte nock te beramen. [Taxes imposed or to be hereafter imposed.]
Francis Douthey, the English minister, hath never been employed by the Company,
wherefore it owes him nothing; but his English congregation is bound to pay him, as can be
proved in New Netherland. The Company has advanced to the said minister from time to
time, in goods and necessaries, to the amount of about fl.UOO., as the colonial account books
might show ; this he has not yet paid, and he complains because he is unwilling to pay. I
know not whether the Director hath required a promise from Douthey.
Director Stuyvesant, on his arrival in New Netherland, endeavored, pursuant to his orders,
quietly to put a stop to the contraband trade in guns, powder and lead. On perceiving which,
the Colonie Renselaers wyck itself, sent a letter and petition to the Director, wherein they
requested moderation the rather, they said, if the trade be wholly abolished, all the Christians
in the colonie would run great danger of being murdered — as by the tenor of said petition
may more fully be seen. The Director and Council, taking the petition into consideration,
and reflecting further on the consequences, resolved to barter sparingly a few guns and a little
powder through the Commissary at Fort Orange on the Company's account ; taking good care,
moreover, that the sloops navigating the river should not convey any quantity up. This was
provisionally only, and until further order. 'Tis to be observed in this place, that the Director
dreading one of two evils, permitted some arms to be bartered in the Fort in order to preserve
the Colonie from danger. Neither will any one prove that the Director hath sold, or allowed the
sale of, any articles of contraband on his own private account. The seizure of some guns by
leave of the Director, happened because they were not accompanied by any permit, as ordered
by the Company. Under such guise many guns could be introduced. The Director
ordered sixteen guilders to be paid for each gun that was seized, although it could not have
cost more than 8 @^ 9 in this country.
'Tis true that Vastrick brought over, by Director Stuyvesant's order, a case containing 30
guns, which the Director, with the knowledge of the Deputy and Fiscal, permitted to be landed
in open day. These guns were transferred to Commissary Keyser with instructions to sell
them to the Dutch who were unprovided with arms, so that they might, in the hour of need,
428 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
have wherewith to defend themselves. If there v^ere any more guns in the ship, 'twas
without the Director's knowledge. The Fiscal whose business it was, should have seen to it,
and inspect the vessel ; and these accusers are bound to prove connivance and neglect of
proper inspection.
Jacob Reynsen and Jacob Schermerhoorn are petty traders, natives of Waterland ; one of
them — Jacob Schermerhoorn — resided at Fort Orange and Jacob Reynties at Fort Amsterdam ;
the latter purchased powder, lead, guns and salt and sent them up to Schermerhoorn who
disposed of them to the Indians. So it happened that Goert Barent, the Company's corporal
who had charge of whatever of the Company's arms required to be repaired or cleaned, sold
guns, locks, barrels, &c., to Jacob Reynties aforesaid ; as can be proved by his own confession
contained in letters written to his partner long ere this transaction came to light, and by the
information of the corporal. Seduced by Jacob Reynties' solicitation, the corporal sold him
arms as often as he applied for them, though the former was well aware that the guns and
barrels were the property of the Company and not of the corporal. A parcel of peltries was
therefore confiscated, as may be seen in the accounts ; most of those furs having, as
appears from the letters, been purchased with contraband goods. And as Jacob Reyntjes has
been back in this country since the confiscation, he would have readily complained had he not
felt guilty, especially as he had been sufficiently urged to do so by the enemies of the Company
and of the Director ; but his own letters can be produced in evidence against him.
Joost de Backer, being accused by the aforesaid Corporal of having also purchased locks
and barrels of him, and the first information being found correct, legal search was made in
Joost's house, where a gun belonging to the Company was found, which he had obtained from
the Corporal ; he was, therefore, placed in confinement until he gave security for the
Fiscal's suit.
As the English of New England harbored and employed all fugitives, whether persons in
the Company's service or freemen, who fled to them from the Manhatans without a pass,
which is required by the custom of the country. Commissioners endeavored to induce the
English to restore the fugitives according to a previous agreement entered into with Governors
Eton' and Hopkins.^ But as the former declined to surrender the runaways to us, although
earnestly solicited so to do, the Director and Council, pursuant to a previous resolution, issued
a proclamation, by way of retaliation, to the effect that all persons who should come to New
Netherlaud from the province of New Haven (all other places being excepted), should be
protected ; and as the Governor delivered up to us some fugitives, the Director and Council
revoked the proclamation, and since then matters have gone on peaceably, the dispute about
the boundaries remaining in statu quo.
No person's property is confiscated in New Netherland without just cause, and if any one
feel aggrieved on this point, the Director will be ready to answer. 'Tis probable the ships
' Theophilus Eaton, first Governor of New Ilaven Colony, was born at Stony Stratford, in Oxfordshire, his father being
tht minister of that place. He was bred a merchant and was for several years agent for the King of England at the court
of Denmark; and after his return prosecuted his business in London with high reputation. He accompanied Mr. Davenport
to New England in 1637, and soon after his arrival was chosen one of the magistrates of Massachusetts. He was one of the
founders of New Haven in 16X8, and was annually elected Governor till his death, Jan. 7, 1657, aged 66. AUtn.
' Edward Hopkins, Governor of Connecticut, and a benefactor of Harvard College, was an eminent merchant in London,
and arrived at Boston in the summer of 1637 and soon removed to Connecticut. He was chosen a magistrate in 1639, and
Governor of Connecticut every other year from 1640 to 1654. He afterwards went to England, where he was chosen warden
of the English fleet, commissioner of tlie Admiralty and a member of Parliament He died in London in March, 1667,
aged 67. AUm.—Eo.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : V. 429
or the skippers are afraid of confiscation, and tiierefore do not resort to New Netherland, for
nobody can resort there without a permit. Whoever is provided with that, and does not
violate his contract and has duly entered his goods, need not be afraid of confiscations ; but
all smugglers and persons sailing under double commissions may well dread them.
All those who were indebted to the Company were notified to pay up the debts left
uncollected by the late Willem Kieft, and as some could, and others could not pay, no one
was constrained to liquidate their account ; but this debt, amounting to about fl.30,000,
rendered many who were disinclined to pay, insolent and illdisposed, especially as the
Company had, now, nothing to sell in that country on credit, and it appeared that some
endeavored to pay, Brazil fashion. The petitioners requested that the Commonalty should
not be oppressed. This has never been done ; but they would gladly see the Company
dunning or suing nobody, and yet paying its creditors. The Company's books will show
that the debts were not contracted during, but long before the war. Those who were poor
and burdened with wives and children, have been assisted by the Company with clothing,
houses, cattle and land, &c., which were, from time to time, carried to account against them,
in the hope that payment would be made sometime or other.
If the New England taxes, already mentioned, be compared with those of New Netherland,
'twill be found that the people of the former country are more heavily taxed than ours. The
taxes in New Netherland are :
An excise on wine of one stiver per can, first imposed in the year 1647.
An excise on beer of three guilders per tun, laid on by Kieft in the year 1644,
Which excise is paid by the Tapster and not by the Burgher.
A duty of eight per cent on exported beavers, which falls, not on the colonist, but on the
merchant, who is bound to pay it, according to contract.
The Director always manifested a desire, and was pleased to see a delegation, from the
Commonalty, which should seek in Fatherland from the Company, as Patroons, and the Lords
States, as Sovereigns, the following, viz':
Population ; settlement of boundaries ; reduction of the duties on New Netherland tobacco,
&c. ; facilities for emigration ; permanent and solid privileges, &c.
He always offered to assist in the promotion of these objects, but the Remonstrants had
recourse to underhand ways ; they excited some of the Commonalty, from whom they obtained
clandestine and secret certificates, and aimed at nothing less, as their Remonstrance proves, than
to render the Company, their Patroons, and the officers in New Netherland, (except such as are
devoted to them, ) odious before their High Mightinesses, so as by that means to deprive the
Company of the Jus Paironatus, and inflict on it further injury.
The Remonstrants assert that we had courted the English in order through them to distract
the Board, as they call it. This statement is untrue, as appears by the propositions submitted
to them. 'Tis worthy of remark here, however, that the English residing under the protection
of the Dutch, have taken an oath of fidelity, and are domiciliated and settled in New
Netherland ; they are therefore to be accounted fellow citizens of the country, which these
persons have always opposed, because the English would, as well as they, have had some
voice in the delegation, and would not subscribe to all the calumnies and slanders, but aimed
solely at the good of the country and of its inhabitants. No postil was ever affixed to the
petition, authorizing them to go and speak privately to the Commonalty. The intention of
the Director was, to have the people convoked at his own time and when the proper season
430 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
arrived, when they might be addressed publicly on the subject of the delegation. The
Director was not obliged, as alleged, to have the people called together immediately ; he must
be the judge of the time, and when every one could leave home conveniently, and without
serious loss, especially as some lived far in the interior, etc.
The unwillingness of the Remonstrants to communicate, arose from the circumstance, that
all whom they now paint in such ugly colors, could have provided themselves with means of
defence, and have the contrary proved, and in that case would be able to produce something
even from some of those very persons. And as the Director and those belonging to the
government in New Netherland are sorely wronged and defamed, I request time, in order to
await, if necessary, documents to the contrary from New Netherland.
Verdonck and his colleagues say, that the Director had instituted personal actions against
some. The Director arriving at the house of one Michiel Jansen, a co-signer of the
Remonstrance, was notified by said Michiel and by Thomas Hall, saying: — " A scandalous
Journal of Adriaen van der Donck is within there." The Director took this Journal away with
him, and on account of the calumnies and aspersions it contained, as well against their High
Mightinesses as against individuals. Van der Donck was confined to his lodgings, and required
to prove what he had written; he was released, however, on the intercession and at the
request of others.
The publication and posting of a notice in Kieft's and Stuyvesant's administrations, to
the effect that no declaration or other public writing should have any legal force in New
Netherland, except written by the Secretary, did not proceed from any design to prevent the
preparation of evidence, but from this consideration: — Those living in New Netherland are, for
the most part, country people and seafaring men, who summon each other frequently before
the court for mere trifles; many of them cannot read or write, and several produce no
intelligible papers or evidence; and if anything were brought forward, 'twas written sometimes
by a sailor or farmer, oftentimes wholly indistinct, and entirely repugnant to the meaning or
declaration of the person who had caused it to be written. The consequence was, the Director
and Council could not learn the facts of the case properly, and in accordance with justice, &c.
No persons have been arrested, during Stuyvesant's administration, but Verdonck for
writing the Journal and Augustyn Heermans, Gabri's clerk, for having refused to produce
the writings which were drawn up for circulation among the Nine men. This was told to the
Director, who had been repeatedly for them, like a little boy.
On the 1st point of the Redress, as they term it, these Remonstrants advise that the
Company ought to abandon the country, and decamp. Can there be a more frivolous
suggestion?
The Company conveyed thither, at its own expense, cattle and a number of people ; built
a fortress, succored many persons who, on arriving from Holland, were poor and in distress,
and furnished them with clothing and provisions, and now that some of them possess a little
more than they can consume in a day, they would fain be released from the authority of their
benefactors; and, if possible, even without paying — a sign of gross ingratitude.
The country has been, up to the present time, nothing but a source of expense to the
Company, and now when 'lis in a position to provide henceforward for itself, and there is
some hope that 'twill be a source of profit to the Company hereafter, these people are
unwilling to pay the tenths they honestly owe at the end of ten years, according to the
Exemptions which they invoke.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : V. 431
On the 2nd point they say: that provision ought to be made for ecclesiastical and municipal
property, divine service, and for an asylum for orphans and aged people. If they are such
patriots as they appear to be, let them be leaders in generous contributions for such laudable
objects, and not complain when the Directors requested a collection towards the erection of
a Church and school. What complaints would there be, were the Director to demand a
collection for an asylum for aged people and orphans. Divine service will not be interrupted,
by the absence of D^ Johannes Backerus, who, however, has been there only 27 months.
The place is again supplied with a learned and godly clergyman, who requires no interpreter
when defending the Reformed Religion against any minister of our neighbors, the
English Brownists.
The preceding are, in fact, the points requiring any answer. We shall add thereunto
only some particulars respecting the persons who have signed the Remonstrance. They are
as follow :
Adriaen van der Donck has been about 8 years in New Netherland ; he originally
went thither as sheriff, in the employ of the co-proprietors in the Colonic of Renselaers wyck,
but did not long hold that office ; he resided in the Colonic, however, until the year 1646.
Arnoldus van Hardenberch accompanied Hay Jansen, in 1644, to New Netherland, with
a cargo for his brother, where he never suffered any let or damage, to our knowledge ; but
he knows how to charge the colonists well for his wares.
AuGUSTYN Heermans Went out in the Maecht van Enchmjsen, being, as he now is, clerk to
Gabri, in the trading business.
Jacob van Couwenhoven having, when a lad, accompanied his father to that country, was
taken by Wouter van Twiller into the Company's service as an assistant, and becoming
afterwards a tobacco planter, the Company helped him, as is to be seen by the books, with
necessaries; but they have been paid for.
Olof Stevensen, brother-in-law of Govert Loockermans, went out in the year 1637, in the
ship the Haring, as a soldier in the Company's service ; was promoted by Director Kieft and
finally appointed Commissary of the store; he has profited by the Company's service and is
endeavoring to give his benefactor the pay of the world ; that is, evil for good. He has
signed under protest, saying he was obliged to sign, which can be understood two ways;
either that he felt obliged to subscribe to the truth, or that he was constrained thereunto.
If he intends the latter, he must prove it.
Michiel Jansen went out in the capacity of farm-servant in the employ of the partners of
the Colonie of Renselaers wyck, in New Netherland. He made his fortune in a k\7 years
in the Colonie, but not being able to agree with the authorities there, finally removed to the
Island Manhatans in the year ]646. He was to have come hither, but accounts not being
settled between him and the Colonie, as he has a claim which the partners do not admit,
Jan Evertsen came over in his stead.
Thomas Hall came to the South river in 1635, in the service of an Englishman named
Mr. Homs, who intended at the time to rob us of the South river of New Netherland,
including fort Nassouw, and ran away from his master there; arriving at the Manhatans, he
hired himself as farm-servant to Jacob van Curler. Becoming a freeman, he made a tobacco
plantation on Wouter van Twiller's land ; he has also been overseer {bouwmeesler). Twiller
knows the man. Thomas Hall resides, at present, on a little bouwerie belonging to the
Company.
432 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Elbert Elbertzen, arriving in the country as a farm lad, was about 10 or eleven years in
Wouter van Twiiler's service, and has never had any land of his own. About three years
ago he married the widow of Gerrit Wolphertsen (brother of the abovementioned Jacob van
Couwenhoven), and is, therefore, up to the present time, in the Company's debt, from the
payment of which he would apparently like to be relieved.
GovERT LoocKERMANS, brother-in-law of Jacob van Couwenhoven, went to New Netherland
in 1633, as cook's mate in the yacht Sc. Martyn; was taken by Wouter van Twiller into the
Company's service ; having realized some profit in it, he became a freeman, and finally took
charge of the trade of Giliis Verbruggen and company, in New Netherland. This Loockmans
ought to show his gratitude to the Company, under God, for his prosperity, and not plot to
deprive it of the country.
Hendrick Kip is a tailor, and has never suffered any injury in New Netherland to
our knowledge.
Jan Evertsen Bout, formerly in the Company's service, went over the last time in
the year 1634, in the ship the Eendracht, in the employment of Hon*"'^ Michiel Pauw ;
resided at Pavonia until the year 16-13, and prospered somewhat; and as the Hon'"'" Company
purchased Mr. Pauw's property, the said Jan Evertsen got on right well in its service,
it having acquired M' Pauw's interest. And as his house and barn, at Pavonia, were burnt
in the war, which he seems to make a pretext for his complaint, 'tis proper to observe
here, that the Hon'''' Company having paid fl.26,000 for Mr. Pauw's Colonie, made a free gift
to the said Jan Evertsen, long after the house was burnt, of the land whereon his house stood
and of the bouwerie, which produced good wheat. Michel Jansen purchased that farm and a
poor, unfinished house, with some few cattle, for fl.8000.
In fine, these people, glozing over their acts, say they are bound by oath and obliged by
conscience ; but, had this any force, they would not thus assail the Company and others, their
benefactors, nor seek to strip them of this noble country by advising a conveyance of it, now
that it begins to assume some shape; promises to make the Company some return, and when
many of the colonists find themselves in better circumstances than ever. Ambition, apparently,
prompts many, &c.
Ady 29. November, 1650. The Hague.
Mctract of Observations on the West India Company's Affairs.
[ From the MS. In the Eoyal ArchireB at the Hague ; Loketkaa of the Stalea General ; Rubric Went Indiache CompagnU, No. 80 ; Brazilian part
of the Bundle, jf.]
The Committee of the principal Partners of the West India Company at
Amsterdam, having heard the report of the business at the Hague, have
resolved to communicate their opinion thereupon as follows: —
5. As regards New Netherland, they are of opinion that the trade ought to be encouraged
with the same freedoms, and the charges thereon ought to be on the same footing, as in New
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 438
England ; and that all possible means ought to be taken to place the fisheries on the Coast on
an equality with those of Newfoundland, with liberty to transport the fish either to Brazil or
elsewhere, according to the pleasure of the owners.
[Without any year, but found with papers of the year 1G50. ]
Resolution of the States General on a Petition of AJriaen van der Donch.
[ From the Register of West Imlia Affairs, 1633 — 1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Saturday, 14"" January, 1651.
Folio 627. Read to the Assembly the Petition of Adriaen van der Donck, delegated by the
Neihirian.f*'' People of New Netherland, again praying that a speedy and necessary redress
Eedresa. may be concluded on in regard to the affairs of New Netherland. Whereupon
deliberation being had, it is resolved and concluded that the aforesaid Petition be placed in the
hands of Messrs. Aertsbergen and the other their High Mightinesses' deputies for the West
India affairs, in order to examine the same and to make use of its information and advice.
Resolution of the States General on the Reco7'ds of the India Companies.
[From the Ecgister of West India Affairs, 1638 — 1651, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague.]
Saturday, 14"" January, 1651.
Foiio62T. On motion of Secretary Ruysch, it is, on deliberation, resolved and concluded
Motion ot Secretary that their High Mightlncsses' Resolutious respecting the East and West India
Eesoiution of the Companies be continued to be kept in separate Registers pursuant to their High
dirco'SpaniM. " Mightinesses' resolution of the 16"" April, 1638.
Order to Secretary van Tienhoven to answer Interrogatoi-ies.
[ From the Minutes in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; File, 7r««( Indie. ]
The Deputies of the High and Mighty Lords States General of the United Netherlands, for
the affairs of the West India Company, hereby order Mr. Harman van Zuylen van Nyvelt
to serve Secretary Cornells van Thienhoven with a duplicate of certain points and articles
touching the origin of the war in New Netherland, submitted and exhibited to their High
Mightinesses on 21st July, 1650, and the aforesaid Thienhoven shall be obliged, pursuant to
Vol. I. 55
434 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
their High Mightinesses' resolution of the 9"" August, of said year, to answer and enter his
reply thereunto, within the space of eight days after the receipt and service hereof; and
meanwhile to remain here at the Hague, without leaving.
Done at the Hague aforesaid, 7 February, 1651.
By order of the aforesaid Lords, their High Mightinesses' Deputies.
Resulutlon of the States General summoning Secretary van Tienhoven and Jan C.
Damen before them.
[From the Eegister of West India Affairs, 1C33 — 1C51, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague.]
Tuesday, U"" March, 1651.
Folio 657. On the report of Mess" Van Aertsbergen and the other their High Mightinesses'
NerhVJfa'n"" ^°'' Deputies for West India affairs, it is, after previous deliberation, resolved and
concluded, that the Chamber of the West India Company residing in Amsterdam shall be
Thienhoven. written to, to direct Jan Claes' Damen and Cornelus van Tienoven, Secretary
in New Netherland, to come hither by the first opportunity, and to appear before
the abovenamed Mess" Aertsbergen and the other their High Mightinesses' Deputies, and not
to depart for New Netherland before and until they will have been here. And said Tienoven,
on coming here, shall be summoned and notified promptly to answer before the said
Deputies the interrogatories heretofore communicated to him. And this their High
Miglninesses' resolution, as well as the letters consequent thereon, shall be dispatched and
sent off witliout reconsideration.
States General to the Chamber of the West India Company at Amsterdam.
[From the Register of Vitgegan-e Brieven of the States General, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
The States, etc.
Folio 65. Honorable, &c. We have this day heard and considered the Report of Mess"
van Aertsbergen and other our Deputies for West India affairs, and have accordingly, after
previous deliberation, resolved to request and require you hereby, to direct Jan Claesz
Damen Damen and Cornelis van Thienhoven, Secretary of New Netherland, to come
Thienhoven. hither by the first opportunity to appear before the said Mess" van Aertsbergen
and the other our Deputies, and not depart for New Netherland before and until they shall
have been here, whereon relying. Done 1-4 March, 1651.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : V. 435
Resolution of the States General nf erring a Letter of the Amsterdam Chamber.
[ From (he Register of West India Affairs, 168S — 1651, in (he Royal Archives ot the Uaguo. ]
Tuesday, 21 March 1651.
Folio 660. Received a letter from the Directors of the Incorporated West India Company
Chamber at Amster- ^^ ^^^ Chamber at Amsterdam dated 2S"" instant, being an answer to their High
Damenand Mightinesscs' letter of the ll"" of this month, to the effect that Jan Jans' Damen
Tienhoven. ° , , , r-, ^ .- ,r,. > ■
has returned to New Netherland, and that Secretary Cornells van fienhoven is
on his way hither, and that they are not aware but he will afford their High
crrn™* New Ne"h- Mightincsscs information on all points. Whereupon deliberation being had, it is
""=""'• resolved and concluded that the aforesaid letter shall be placed in the hands of
Mess" Aersbergen and the other their High Mightinesses Deputies for West India affairs to
inspect and examine it and report thereon.
Resolution of the States General foi'hidding Secretary van Tienhoven to depart.
[ From the Register of Resolutions of the 8(ate8 General, in the Royal Archives at the Hagoe. ]
Friday, 21st April 1651.
Folio 836. The petition of Martin Beeckman in the name and on the behalf of Mr. Harman
hoven"'' '*"' van Zuylen van Nyevelt, setting forth in substance that Secretary Cornelis van
Tienhoven did intend to leave for New Netherland, and praying that the same may be prevented,
New Netherland. being read to the Assembly; it is, upon deliberation resolved and concluded that
the Chamber of the West India Company shall be again requested to detain the abovenamed
Tienhoven and not allow him to depart; also that they write to the skipper of the ship
Waterhont not to receive the aforesaid Tienhoven before and until he, Tienhoven, hath received
and exhibited their High Mightinesses' consent for his departure.
States General to the Chamber of the West India Company at Amsterdam.
[From Register of Uitgegane Brieemaf the States General, In the Royal Archives at the Hague.]
The States, etc.
Folio 113. Honorable, &c.. Whereas we are certainly informed that Secretary Cornelis van
Thienhoven is intending to proceed on an early day to New Netherland, we have resolved to
request and require you hereby again to detain said Thienhoven and not to allow him to depart,
and for that purpose you will write to the skipper of the Ship the Waler/ionl not to receive the
abovenamed Thienhoven before and until he hath received and exhibited our consent to his
departure. Done 21^' April 1651.
436 NEW- YORK COLONIAL JLVNUSCRIPTS.
Fdiiion of certain Dutch Merchants to the States General.
[ From the Original id the Koyal Arcliires al the Hagoo ; File, West Indie. ]
To the Noble, High and Mighty, the Lords States General of the United Netherlands.
The resident merchants of these United Netherlands respectfully and with reverence
represent that they have traded for upwards of twenty years past, to all the Caribbean islands
and to Virginia, by which commerce the aforesaid places have, from very feeble beginnings and
appearances — yea, utter inability of themselves, — so improved from time to time, and been
brought to such condition as to be at present a source of astonishment to the whole world.
This trade has been prosecuted with considerable profit for the inhabitants of this Province,
though not without great risk, because they must always invest and intrust a heavy capital to
people of the aforesaid places, whom they have frequently assisted in their misfortune and
great necessity, and brought, with food and raiment, out of extreme ruin. This trade was
formerly prosecuted by all nations freely and unincumbered, and notwithstanding the
inhabitants of the aforesaid places and islands, have, by means of our supplies and liberal
credits, had the opportunity to improve and advance their Colonies to their incalculable
advantage, and to such a flourishing state, yet an attempt is now being made, regardless of
what we have contributed to their prosperity, to exclude us from the trade to said places, and
those of the Parliament of England have issued a certain notice to that effect, prohibiting the
trade to Islands where they or their nation have any Colonies, and particularly to the Virginias,
on pain of the forfeiture of ship and goods, and of being treated as enemies. 'Tis indeed true
that they have fixed some time in their proclamation, but it is so short that 'tis impossible to
obey it, and utterly impracticable to get in from thence our ships, unsold goods and outstanding
debts within the said time, we being allowed for that purpose, only from the S"" October,
1650, the day of publication, until the 20"" March, 1651; after which day, our ships found
returning thence, or trading anywhere else, on or near those places, are declared good prizes.
All the merchants interested in said trade, are, therefore, obliged to address themselves
respectfully to you. High and Mighty, with due reverence, humbly praying your High
Mightinesses to be pleased to take into serious consideration, this matter, which is of such
importance and advantage to this state, so that they may not only be freed from the rigor of
the aforesaid proclamation, but be also maintained and continued in the privilege of trading
to the abovementioned islands and places; and to be pleased to give extraordinary instructions
for that purpose, and, if possible, at the earliest moment, to the Noble, High and Mighty Lords
Commissioners, whom your High Mightinesses have appointed to treat with the Ambassadors
from England, as we have been informed, for a certainty, that a considerable number of men
of war lie in the harbor of Falmouth, prepared to enforce that proclamation, and 'tis reported
that they have already sailed thither; so that your petitioners may be saved from loss, and not
deprived of a trade so advantageous to all the inhabitants of this Province. For, independent
of the profit accruing from ship-building and what is connected therewith, our cargoes, which
are exported thither to the value yearly of several millions, consist, not of gold, silver, or any
description of coin, but exclusively of all sorts of domestic manufactures, brewed beer, linen
cloth, brandies, or other distilled liquors, duffels, coarse cloth, and other articles suitable for
food and raiment for the people inhabiting those places, in return for which are imported all
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: V. 437
sorts of eastern commodities, as from Virginia, beavers and otiier eastern furs, considerable
tobacco, and from tiie Caribbean islands a large quantity of sugars, tobacco, indigo, ginger,
cotton, and divers sorts of valuable wood, affording extensive trade by the exportation of said
wares to countries and places far and near; contributing to the support of several thousand
people, independent of the profit of common stock.
(Signed) Jean Gabry, Goycken Elber, W" Watson, Giiles Verbrugge and Son,
Jean Schuyl, Egbert Dolm , Pieter Bert, Abraham van Susteren,
Adam van Germez, Jaques de la Rue, Wiiiem Reyerssen, Solomon van
der Burch, Jan Jansen van Dinter, H. Colyn, Jan Claese Langedyck and
ComP^, Willem KalfF, Hendrick Stocqman, Pieter de Lageur, Joan
Kley, Isac Foucquier, D. Strycker, Geraert Smitos, P' Goethais, Jooris
V . . . ., and C. Massa, Egbert Senit, Jeremia van Collen, Guiliiaem
Momma, Rombout Lefer, Gasparo van Collen, Joan van den Velde,
Andries Pols, Jacques Tliiery, D. Haen Jun', A. Boelens, Joannes Faes,
Jacob van Eschwiler, Watt B'uls, Jeronimo de Haze Jun'., Balf
Schouten, Egb' Cor' Schouten, Godefridt Wassenbergh, Guyl"""
Bartolott, Rouan Ben Isaack de Neufviele, Balthy Jan Coymnn, Dierck
van de Perre, Justus Baeck.
/Secret Mesohitian of the States General.
[ From the Register of the Secret Reaolutions of the States General, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, 83 November, 1651.
roiio46. M' Veth, president of the Assembly, hath suggested to their High Mightinesses
England. whether Mess" the Ambassadors Extraordinary, proceeding hence to England,
ought not to be recommended by further and express resolution, to endeavor, by all possible
Trade to the carib- meaus and appHanccs, that the inhabitants of this country may resort to, and trade
b.>an Islands and ,-, . , , J J
Virginia. with the Caribbean islands and places m Virginia, in the same manner as they
have hitherto resorted and traded thither, irrespective of whether said islands or places were
first or should be hereafter occupied or possessed by the inhabitants and subjects of the
Parliament of the Republic of England, or of those United Netherlands, any prohibition made
or published by the one party or the other, to the contrary notwithstanding. Whereupon,
deliberation being had, it is resolved and concluded, hereby seriously to recommend to the
said Ambassadors, in addition to the performance of the other articles of their instruction,
the negotiation of the aforesaid 11"" article.
i<Ieration,
438 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Memorial of Adriaen van der Donck.
[ From ihe MS. In the Boyal Archives at the Hague ; Loketkas of the Slates General ; Division, West IndtMcIie Oompaffiti^ No. 86. ]
To the High and Mighty Lords States General of the United Netherland Provinces.
The SLUM General Adriaen Van der DoHck, agentof the Commonalty of New Netherland, represents
of the United Nelh- ° •' "^
"po" respectfully, to your High Mightinesses that on reiterated complaints,
remonstrances and representations to your High Mightinesses in this regard, such
capc'neihi K^"', progress has been made that not only a written report has followed, but, with a
Hiirh Mightinesses' vicw to maintain better order in that country and in this matter, divers good and
previoas deputies,
'a°nd"Jrort there™ wholcsome resolutions have been adopted by you, High and Mighty, on the 1"
Ero^&igHii and H"- April, 1650, and on U"" March and 21" April, 1651, so that the entire
Generai^"t'he*'iorh Commoualty there, on seeing the written report and aforesaid orders which were
( Parap'hed'f ^' communicated by the Delegates whom you. High and Mighty, permitted to go
''^s'-''ned")"'''°'"°' thither, entertained now very high hopes, and each and every of them promised
N.KuTsoe. themselves the enjoyment of the good and long wished for fruits thereof, and to
be able to thank your High Mightinesses for them.
But with grief, regret and sorrowful eyes must they witness and behold that, to the country's
ruin and their own exceeding great damage and derangement, Stuyvesant, Director in New
Netherland, and a few French and English Councillors, appointed neither by your High
Mightinesses nor by the Hon"" West India Company, but by him, the Director, according to
his own pleasure, in opposition to the protest of the other officers known to, appointed by
your High Mightinesses and the Hon"« West India Company and possessing jurisdiction with
the Director in that country, have so ill-received your High Mightinesses' authority and orders
that the said orders not only have been disregarded and passed over, but the direct contrary
thereof has been put into practice without any member of the government being at liberty to
make an objection thereunto, unless at the risk of being affronted by every means, direct and
indirect, and banished, as your High Mightinesses will be fully able to perceive from the
annexed protest and following examples.
The Director was not willing to communicate to the other Councillors appointed by your
High Mightinesses and the Hon''" Company, your High Mightinesses' general letters dated
the 1st and 11"" April, and given to the Delegates on their departure, so that such refusal was
protested against, as is to be seen by the document hereunto annexed.
The guns which were sent over, are not stamped and distributed according to order, but the
Director first took possession of all of them, sold some of them to the Indians or Natives of
the country, and refused to leave the remainder at the disposal of Jacob van Couwenhoven
thereunto qualified by your High Mightinesses' resolution dated ll"" April, 1650, so that the
whole affair has got into confusion.
The Commonalty are not only not disciplined nor armed, pursuant to your High
Mightinesses' order, but when such was repeatedly demanded by the Select men pursuant to
your High Mightinesses' issued commands, they were dismissed with hard words, by the
Director who only answered — I shall do so when I please ; so that this matter has been treated
with contempt up to the present time, contrary to your High Mightinesses' order.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : VI. 439
By said letter dated 11"" April, 1650, your High Hightinesses also command that Vice
Director Dincklagen and the Select men be continued until further order ; but this has not
been obeyed, the direct contrary has been done, for in opposition to this your High
Mightinesses' instruction; in violation of their settled right of nomination signed by the
Director himself, and contrary to all reason and equity, the Select men were altogether
suddenly and unexpectedly dismissed by Director Stuyvesant, and again received back,
according to his humor.
Vice Director Lubbert van Dlncklage has in the presence and before the eyes of
Director Stuyvesant been forcibly removed by soldiers from the Court vphere he sat as joint
Judge, and was for several days confined in the military guard-house, after which he was not
suffered to go unmolested, but finally deposed without your High Mightinesses' knowledge,
though appointed and qualified by your High Mightinesses, whifst foreigners, such as
Englishmen and Frenchmen, neither nominated nor known by your High Mightinesses, are,
on the contrary, employed and continued.
Your High Mightinesses have, also, by resolution of the 14 March, 1651, commanded
Secretary Cornelis van Tienhoven and Jan Claessen Daman not to depart for New Netherland
before, nor until, they had furnished your Hon''''= Committee with information on some
important points respecting the war, and had obtained your High Mightinesses' consent; but
Jan Claessen Damen went off immediately after the receipt of the notification, not regarding
it in the least.
And Secretary Tienhoven, who was accused and proved before your High Mightinesses, to
have been the chief cause of the cruel, injurious, unnecessary and even provoked \^geoffecleerde']
war with the natives of New Netherland who was sent hither by Director Stuyvesant to
defend his causes pending before your High Mightinesses, with which, however, he gave
himself little or no trouble, having, in the meanwhile debauched an honest man's daughter
here, under promise of marriage, (notwithstanding he had a Wife and Children in New
Netherland) lived with her here in continual dalliance until he, too, took his departure for
New Netherland, on the 5'*' May 1650 in violation of your High Mightinesses' iterated resolution
and letters in company with this female whom, with the consent of her friends, and under a
promise of marriage, he took along with him on ship board.
Your High Mightinesses were also pleased, for the accommodation of the people there to
license Derek van Schelluyne as a Notary who hath commenced the exercise of his profession
there with the consent of the Director and Council, but it being no longer pleasing to the
Director, he forbade him the exercise of said office, regardless of your High Mightinesses'
commission, which is in direct opposition to such an act.
Your High Mightinesses will clearly see from all this and from the annexed petition of the
people to you, High and Mighty, and from the protest of the Vice Director and Fiscal who,
with the Select men constituted in that country the Magistracy on behalf of your High
Mightinesses and the Hon'''* West India Company up to the present time, that everything in that
quarter goes on contrary to your High Mightinesses' direct order, in great confusion, according
to the will and pleasure alone of the Director and his foreign Council ; the country, without
population, is reduced to the greatest ruin and brought under foreign nations, English and
Swedes. Therefore nothing is more necessary than a good Redress, which we have zealously
and industriously solicited and importuned now for more than two years on behalf of the people.
440 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Since the Select men and the Magistracy are dismissed contrary to your High Mightir
commands, and contrary to all right and reason, we again humbly pray and request that they
be, in conformity with your High Mightinesses' granted order, again commissioned and that
they continue until further directions from your High Mightinesses ; also, that your High
Mightinesses would be pleased to confirm by resolution the Report made to your
High Mightinesses' Assembly on the ll"" April 1650 by Mr. van Aertsbergen and the other
your High Mightinesses' Committee for the affairs of New Netherland, and privately
communicated to us in writing, and by us sent, with the knowledge and approval of your High
Mightinesses' committee, to the people of New Netherland —
So that all confusions and troubles being cut off thereby, the country may, by means thereof,
be brought into a state of peaceful prosperity in population and trade, as New England, though
commenced several years after us, hath now arrived to a high degree of population and
commerce by a similar mode of government to that laid down and contained in said report.
And as no demand was made by the aforesaid on your High Mightinesses for money, as in
the case of the redress of Brazil, but merely an order of government and maintenance against
violent infraction of privileges granted to the people and Colonists of New Netherland; so the
said delegate of the Commonalty of New Netherland again humbly prays and requests your High
Mightinesses to be pleased to dispose favorably of the aforesaid, in order that he, the delegate,
may leave by the first ship this spring on his return for New Netherland, with your High
Mightinesses' good resolution, and make a report of his commission to the great comfort and
joy of the people there, who will be thereby encouraged to supplicate God Almighty more and
more for the prosperity of your High Mightinesses' administration.
Which doing,
(Signed) Adriaen van der Donck.
Select men of Neio Amsterdam to the States General.
[ From a MS. In llie Royal Archives at Ihe Ilagoe ; Lokelkaa of the Stales General ; Division, West Indische Compagnie, No. 86. ]
To the High and Mighty Lords States General of the free United Netherland Provinces, our
Most Illustrious Sovereigns.
Gracious Lords.
The sorrowful and utterly prostrate condition of this country and its poor inhabitants, have
we been obliged to make known, in their name, to your illustrious High Mightinesses, last
year, 1C49, by our committee and delegates, truly and plainly, according to our ability. Your
High Mightinesses' condescension in listening to our sad and truthful complaints was a source
of exceeding great joy to us and the people, for which we cannot sufficiently thank you ; but,
notwithstanding we fully believe and are assured that your High Mightinesses are again
preoccupied with highly important affairs, we make bold, and our universal imperious
necessity presses us humbly to approach your High Mightinesses once more, being forced to
complain principally of great scarcity, excessively onerous duties, exactions and such like, and
the grievous inconvenient government over us in these parts. The annexed protest of the
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VL 441
Vice Director and Aiivocate Fiscal (wlio alone with the Director constitute the government
here) can assure your High Mightinesses thereof and how it fares here at present. What
further occurs here touching the decay of the country and the ruin of the inhabitants, would
be too great a tax on your High Mightinesses' patience. Adriaen van der Donck, the delegate
on behalf of the Commonalty from our Assembly, to your High Mightinesses at the Hague, will
furnish your High Mightinesses with fuller and more ample information on every point. We
most humbly pray and implore your High Mightinesses to be pleased to reform and to redress
the sorrowful and utterly prostrate condition of this country, according to the plan of your
High Mightinesses' Deputies, or as you will please and determine to be proper for our relief,
so that we and our neighbors may live. We shall expect with great confidence to receive
next year from your High Mightinesses, the effect of our tendered duties, as our service for
the Commonalty expires according to our commission and instruction on next New year's
day, and the Director, not obeying your High Mightinesses' order, gives out that he will not
act on our nomination of other Select men to be elected in place of the six who retire, so that
we can, or would, not dare to attempt to meet as a Board and continue in the transaction of
the public affairs of this country any longer. We have thus represented the matter to your
High Mightinesses clearly and distinctly, in conformity with the strictest truth, through dread
that we may be harassed, as others have been heretofore with suits at law, where no cause
of action lies and with counting half errors for whole ones. After wishing luck and happiness
on the New year, we shall herewith commend to God's protection your High Mightinesses'
persons, government and the preservation of this country. Remaining High and Mighty
Your faithful, obedient and humble servants,
(Signed) Augustin Herman.
Jacob van Kouwenhoven.
Oloff Stevens.
Machiel Janss.
In the Assembly of the Select men, Thomas Hall.
New Amsterdam, Manliatans, Jan Everts Bout.
New Netherland, 22'' December, 1650. Elbert Elberts.
And by order of said Selectmen,
D. V. Schelleuyne, Scribe, 1G50.
Declaration respecting Director Sluyvesant's Conduct.
•
Before me, Derek van Schelluyne, created and admitted, by the High and Mighty Lords
States General of the United Netherlands a Notary Public, and residing in New Amsterdam,
Manhattans, in New Netherland, appeared this day, the xix. December, XVP and fifty.
The Hon'''* Mess" Lubbertus van Dincklage, Vice-Director, and Henricus van Dyck,
Advocate-Fiscal of New Netherland, declaring, in form of complaint, that Director Petrus
Stuyvesant said, in substance, on the fourth of July last, in full court, that the Directors of the
General Incorporated West India Company had notified him not to communicate to us any
general letter either of their Honors, of their High Mightinesses the Lords States General, his
Highness or others relating to the affairs of this country. They, accordingly, declare that
his Honor, pursuant hereunto, has not been pleased to exhibit or to communicate to us, up to
Vol. I. 56
442 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
this day, any letter relating to public affairs either from the Company, from their High
Mightinesses, or from his Highness. Item, that his Honor was pleased to treat on public affairs
witli the English of New England without any resolution or concurrence of our Assembly,
notwithstanding both the one and the other of us protested against it at divers times. That
his Honor conveys a great deal of land, mostly to the English, and deeds thereof are issued
in the name of the Director General and Council, without our having any knowledge thereof;
that his Honor delivers many orders, replies to petitions, judgments and sentences which his
clerk, Jacob Kip, issues, without our knowledge and advice ; that his Honor, also, disposes of
the ship's stores independent of us ; that his Honor, likewise without us, appointed and
commissioned, as Lieutenant of a company of soldiers consisting of 23 men, an Englishman
named Brian Nuton, who does not understand the Dutch language, and pronounces judgment,
with his Honor, on political and all other matters. Item, he retains, as councillor, a Frenchman
named La Montague, on like footing, who is indebted to the Company fully ten thousand
guilders ; and now, again, adjoins as Councillor and Commissary one Carel Verbruggen, also
an Englishman, all without our knowledge and against our will ; against all which have we
and the entire Commonalty protested, not being subject, as freemen, to any Military council ;
the Director hath sold the Company's guns and cannon, with all sorts of munitions of war, to the
English at Boston ; he retains our salary, and does not pay our just share in the captured
prizes and confiscations, and thus the country is exposed, by such rule and government, to the
imminent danger of going to ruin, and ere long to fall into foreign hands ; wherefore, we are
under the necessity of ignoring all those occurrences and the mischiefs which are impending
over the country, and expressly to protest before their High Mightinesses, his Highness, the
Hon*"'' West India Company and the entire world, holding ourselves pure, clear and innocent ;
consenting that record hereof be made by me. Notary, and delivered in due form, in order to be
used as shall be deemed advisable to witness the truth hereof. Signed in New Amsterdam,
Manhatans, New Netherland. Dated ut supra. (Signed) H. van Dyck, fiscal, L. van
Dincklage, and in presence of me, D. v. Schelluyne, Not. Publ. Underneath was: Agrees
with the Original remaining with me. D. v. Schelluyne, Not. Publ. 1650.
ution of the States General referring Van der DoncMs Petition.
[ From Iho EegiBler of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, ia the Eoyal ArchiTes at the Hague. ]
Saturday, lO"- February, 1652.
A. van der Donck. Thc petition of Adriacu van der Donck, deputed by the people of New
Netherland, being read to the Assembly, submitting divers points to their High Mightinesses,
it is, after deliberation, resolved and concluded, that the aforesaid petition shall be placed in
the hands of Mess" Capelle tho Ryssel and other their High Mightinesses previous deputies,
in order to inspect, examine and report on it.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VI.
443
Report to, and Resolution of, tlie States General.
[ From the Eegistcr of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, In the Eoyol Archlvet at the Hague. ]
Friday, the IG'" February, 1652.
Folio 4, Mess" Capelle tho Ryssel and
other, your High Mightinesses' deputies, have
reported, that pursuant to resolution of the
10"" of this current month, they examined the
remonstrance and papers submitted by Adriaen
van der Donck, delegate of the Commonalty
of New Nelherland, and found the following
points of consideration to result from them.
The States General of the United Nether-
lands having looked through, examined and
weighed the annexed points, have, after
previous deliberation, by resolution declared
as is affixed beside each of them :
The abovenamed delegate recites the com-
plaints of the deputies from New Netherland,
made since October, 1649, and your High
Mightinesses' resolutions for the removal
thereof, adopted the 11"" April, 1650, and the
14''" March and 2P' April, 1651, with request
that they may be carried into effect.
Presents a petition from the people of New
Netherland, dated Manhattans, in New Nether-
land, the xxii December, 1650, signed by six
men of the Commonalty.
Complains of Director Stuyvesant's excesses
contrary to your High Mightinesses' express
orders in writing, and letters dated the 11""
and 21" April, 1650. Hands in, also, a pro-
test of the Deputy or Vice-Director Lubbert
van Dincklage and Hendrick van Dyck,
Advocate-fiscal of New Netherland, dated lO""
December, 1650, against these excesses of
Director Stuyvesant.
The Petitioner is ordered to submit, as soon
as possible, what he objects against Director
Stuyvesant, and he shall have to duly verify
the complaints.
States that Director Stuyvesant hath agreed The Petitioner shall have to make a draft
on a boundary with the English, subject to of the old boundary line of New Netherland,
your High Mightinesses' approbation, by which designating what is surrendered to the English
as much land is surrendered to the English, subject to the approval of their High Mighti-
444
NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
out of the old bounds of New Netherland, as
could form 50 colonies, of 4 leagues square, each.
nesses, in order that further action may be
taken on seeing it.
Requests that the report on the provisional
order of government, drawn up by Mr. van
Scheraertsbergen, in presence (met verhoor) of
the Directors, may be converted into a resolu-
tion.
The Provinces are requested to give their
opinions — the sooner the better — on this
provisional order of government, and it is
further resolved to send a copy of it to the
respective Chambers of the West India Com-
pany, with order to communicate their
considerations thereon, at the earliest moment.
The delegate requests that he may be
discharged, in order to his return to New
Netherland with the aforesaid provisional
order of government.
When final disposition shall be made of the
5"" article, due regard shall be taken for the
petitioner's discharge.
Extracts of Letters, Journals, Resolutions, &c., from New Netherland.
[ From Ihe Notarial copy in the Royal Archires at the Hague ; Loketkat of the States General ; Division, West IndUche Compagnie, Ho. 86. ]
Extracts and Copies of Letters, Memoirs, Journals and Resolutions sent by the
Select men of New Netherland in the years 1650 and 1651, to Adriaen van
der Donck, corroborating the petition; (furnished) pursuant to their High
Mightinesses' Order dated le"" P'ebruary, 1652.
Extract of a letter of the Select men dated 17"" Agust 1650 to Adriaen van
der Donck.
You will learn from our letter to the Noble Mighty Lords their High Mightinesses' deputies
on the affairs of New Netherland, the time of our arrival here and in what condition we found
the Board and the Commonalty.
The people are greatly imposed on ; men will fain hang and burn the Select men, and
moreover, whilst duly observing our honor and oath, &c. The affliction in which the poor
Commonalty here live, cannot be any longer endured ; they are more and more oppressed.
E.xtracts of two different letters from Augustin Herman, dated 10 September, 1650.
Further., whatever you have done there for the public interests, I, for my part, do especially
approve; hope also 'twill terminate well, although the opposite party jeer at it, saying, when
they do anything — Go, and complain to the States. We are anxiously expecting the approval
of the Redress and a change, about which we [can talk] in covered terms; but if it endure
longer, I fear 'twill terminate badly, which God forbid.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VL 445
The Director hath seized three ships, because he will have from each one hundred pounds
of powder, harbor duty; though neither Mr. Dincklagen nor the Fiscal knows anything of it,
nor was it determined on in Council, yet he will have it by force ; but Vastrick and Bloemert
are gone free, or are paid for it. It appears that the Company backs him up strongly. I had,
indeed, brought a flag with me for the Burghers, but Stuyvesant will not allow it to be carried.
He does as he pleases.
Extract of the letter of Jacob van Couwenhoven and Dierck van Schelluyne,
Notary, dated the I3th September, 1650.
The Director and his partizans work secrectly among the people and make them believe
that we have done nothing but brought expense on the Commonalty; that their High
Mightinesses will never introduce reforms into the country; that the Directors write, they will
maintain him ; that the gentlemen from Amsterdam will steadily oppose the Redress ; and
thus he attracts to him most of the people who derive some profit thereby. For the rest, we
and others who mean well, are aware and will yet find (God help us) that we have done
harm ; shall be eventually ruined and run aground, if the Redress do not arrive speedily.
Extract from an authentic copy of a letter from Vice Director Dincklage to the
Hon*"'^ Directors of the Amsterdam Chamber, dated the S"" Septemb'' 1650.
I have already addressed two letters to your Honors, but have not received any answer to
them. At present, I write only this: — Here the law is violated.* Profit is loss; and public,
is private property; resources are wasted and diverted without advantage to the Hon*"'*
Company and the country; I cannot help it, as Director Stuyvesant says, 'tis none of my
business ; that he will answer for it all at Amsterdam.
Extract of a letter from the Select men, dated 13"" Sept' 1650.
We have described the sad condition of this Country in the accompanying letter to their
High Mightinesses and their committee on the affairs of New Netherland. Things proceed
daily, in truth, as related in the letter. We are obliged to listen every day to scoffs and sneers
from many because their High Mightinesses have done nothing in the matter of the Redress,
which several have flung so far off' that it could not come to life.
Extract of the Journal kept by order of the Commonalty to which they refer in
letters to us.
4 July, 1650. Friends report and complain that they have not only not been recognized by
the Director and Council during the absence of the delegates, but that contumely and
reproaches have been cast on them by the Director, from whom they were obliged also to
listen to divers calumnies, insults and contumelious words; they also complain that the Director
' Hier gaet men met den rechten wog.
446 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
was pleased on the S"* of April last, with a view to insult and affront the Select men, to cause
the benches in their pew in the Church to be torn up, and to take possession of it himself.
About this time the Fiscal received a settlement of his share of the confiscations, and being
referred therewith to the Directors, he showed it to the Commonalty and reported also abroad,
among others to Oioff Stevense and Schelluyne, that the Director swallows everything; that
he will prove him a perjured villain and that he hath robbed the Company of fully one
hundred thousand guilders.
Extract of a letter from the Vice-Director, dated 12"" September, 1650.
The people here are somewhat solaced on learning from the despatch that the affairs of
New Netherland are beginning to be thoroughly and truly considered by their High
Mightinesses, but they anxiously expect absolute Redress. Seeing they are so harassed and
plagued in every way, it surprizes me that they have endured it so long, and I cannot easily
help it. Several affidavits, to be annexed hereunto, should make some commotion. I have
enough to do to keep the people quiet. The abuses and faults are as notorious as the sun at
clear noon.
Extract of the letter from the Select men to Van der Donck, dated the 6""
September, 1650.
Among other things, some individual Directors of Amsterdam have written by Vastrick to
the Director General that they will uphold him with all their might and means; that they
shall be dismissed before him ; that the Burgomasters of Amsterdam will effectually oppose
the Redress, &c. But the Board and I shall all confidently rely on their High Mightinesses
and the Lords of the Committee abovementioned, and depend on their words and earnest
zeal, and e.xercise patience in all things, although wholesale ruin of ourselves and of the
people and country, stares us in the face, and the water reaches almost to our lips.
Extract of a Memoir sent by Mr. van Dinclage to Van der Donck.
Petrus Stuyvesant, Director of New Netherland, Curasao, &c., did nothing in this country
and Cura9ao during the last four years, from the year 1646 to this current year, 1650, for the
benefit of the Incorporated West India Company, this Burghery or the inhabitants,
notwithstanding he, himself, declared in the year 1647, before the entire Commonalty under
arms, when he came into office and Kieft retired, that he should govern, and be, like a father
over his children, for the advantage of the Incorporated West India Company and this Burghery
and country. The aforesaid Memoir being, further, of the same tenor and purport, but too
long to peruse.
Extract of a letter from Jacob van Couwenhoven and Dirck van Schelluyne, the
Notary, to Van der Donck, dated e"- October, 1650.
I embrace the opportunity afforded by the departure of the ketch called the Voorlooper, for
the Caribbean Islands, to advise you, by way of Barbadoes, that we have not as yet received the
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : VI. 447
Redress of New Netherland nor any improvement liere, but find the sorrowful condition of
this country to be worse and worse, and in a short time we shall have to feel the smart; this
urges on me to recommend to you particularly the despatch of affairs. On motion made by
himself in Council, but on which no resolution followed. Director Stuyvesant departed on the
17"' September last for New England, with an intention, according to said motion, of which I
have a copy but dare not undertake to send it over herewith, to transact some public business
there at the meeting of the General court. What he will propose in that quarter, time
will determine.
Should Secretary Thienhoven come here with people and troops, as is reported, we shall
again have war with the Indians, and they fear it; and if he come here before the Redress, it
can easily occur, for the Indians have no confidence in him, and should he come, they will not
imagine anything else. In fine, adding this to what has been written to you by the Valckeiner,
you can well imagine our condition and anxiety.
The Select men of New Amsterdam to the States General.
High and Mighty Lords, Gracious Sovereigns.
Jacob van Couwenhoven and Jan Evertsen Bout, the two delegates sent commissioned by
our Board to your High Mightinesses last year, 1649, in consequence of the imperious
necessity of the poor suffering people of this country, arrived here again through God's mercy
on the 28"" June, bringing with them an authentic copy of the report or Provisional Order, on
the subject of the Redress, Preservation and Peopling of this Country, drawn up and
submitted to your High Mightinesses, by your High Mightinesses' Committee, acting in the
affairs of New Netherland. We confidently trust that nothing but the tedious and dangerous
voyage has prevented our receipt to this time, of your High Mightinesses' approval thereof,
for we have seen and found you. High and Mighty, to be our dear fathers, who have been
pleased to take to heart the sorrowful condition and urgent necessity of this poor afflicted
Commonalty. We are unable to evince or to proffer sufficient thankfulness to the good God
and you. High and Mighty; the love and affection shown to us, can amply supply this. Your
High Mightinesses' letter being handed by our delegated associates to Director General
Stuyvesant and Council, on the said 28"" June, they have in consequence of the non-arrival of the
Redress, been pleased to disregard your High Mightinesses' orders up to this time, with
the exception alone of the proclamation of the peace with the King of Spain, which has been
made here only at the Manhattans and no further, to our knowledge. The wretched
condition of this country continues, meanwhile, unaltered, and has even become worse, as we
have communicated to our associate delegate Adriaen van der Donck. We are, therefore, to
our grief and sorrow, under the necessity of troubling you in this manner and of again
imploring your favor, and pray you, High and Mighty, to be pleased to be indulgent towards
us, for so long as the Redress is not here, we cannot refrain from so doing; therefore, hoping
that its speedy arrival will comfort and console us, we, in concluding, shall commend you,
High and Mighty, both generally and in particular, and your prosperous and wholesome
Government unto God's protection, remaining your High Mightinesses' most humble and
most faithful servants.'
' Dated 13 September, 1650. See duplicate, supra, p. 420. — Ed,
448 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
The Select men of New Amsterdam to the Committee of the States General.
Noble Mighty Lords.
On the arrival here, namely, on the 23"" June last, of Jacob van Couwenhoven and Jan
Evertse Boutt, delegates sent commissioned by our Board last year to their High Mightinesses,
and on the delivery of the letters from their High Mightinesses and others, to the Director and
Council of New Netherland, we wrote to their High Mightinesses, and summarily related in
brief, that the Director and Council did not observe their High Mightinesses' order. The
melancholy condition of this country remains unchanged, and even has become worse ; His
Honor does not recognize any Select men, and regards not our Board ; he considers not of the
least account the copy of the report and Provisional Order. '". the matter of the Redress,
preservation and peopling of New Netherland, &c., with great labor and pains drawn up,
proposed and submitted by you. High and Mighty, for the advantage of this country and its
inhabitants, and which we were under the necessity of communicating to the Commonalty, in
order to animate and encourage them, notwithstanding his Honor never deigned to look at it.
The Commonalty live in fear and anguish, not knowing with whom to associate. They dare
not now, as we fully know, make any declaration of what they are cognizant of. Terror
possesses them, thinking he can still injure us. But we hope that their High Mightinesses and
you, Noble Mighty, will give full credit to all that we have represented and written, all
which (God help us) is too true — We gladly saw, and it was fortunate that the drainage of
the people had ceased, and that they could earn an honorable livelihood. God grant that the
country may this year be redressed ; it would cheer and console the people and set them on
their legs, otherwise we and the entire country are in danger of going to ruin, and of falling
into foreign hands. But we shall wait patiently, and cannot but hope that a matter in which
their High Mightinesses have taken so much trouble and interest, hath already, or will soon,
come to perfection. We cannot conceive, let alone express, words sufficient to convey our
gratitude to you, Noble Mighty. We have written to our delegate and agent, Adriaen van der
Donck, all the particulars; we request and pray you. Noble Mighty, to be pleased to attach
credit to it all, which is the strict truth, and to continue to support and uphold the cause, and
to look with indulgence on, and to excuse our plain and humble style. Herewith shall we
commend you. Noble Mighty, in general and in particubr, and your prosperous and good
government to God's protection, remaining, Noble Mighty, your most humble and most
faithful servants.
(Addressed:)
To the Noble Mighty Lords, the Lords
van Aertsbergen and the other their
High Mightinesses' deputies, occupied
witii the affairs of New Netherland.
Copy of an extract from the Register of the resolutions of the Select men of
New Amsterdam, Manhattans, the SQ"" August, 1650.
Honorable Gentlemen.
Whereas the High and Mighty Lords States General of the United Netherlands, by letters
delivered to the Director General on the 28"' June last, resolve to continue our Board, and you,
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VL 449
regardless thereof, have not been pleased to recognize us, up to the present time. Item, whereas
tiie Director General hath caused the benches in the Select men's pew in the church, which
was conferred on us by his honor and the churchwardens, to be torn up, and took possession
thereof himself, to the derogation, derision and contumely of our Board ; which, though it
concerns not us individually, but regards the Board, who represent the people, therefore, are
we necessitated under protest, to declare such derogation and affronts unjustifiable and
unauthorized. Done at the meeting of the Select men, in New Amsterdam, Manhattans, New
Netherlands the 29"' August, 1G50.
(Signed) Olof Stevensse.
Beneath was.
By order of the Select men in New Amsterdam.
(Signed) D. van Schelluvne.
Extract from the Journal of the Select men. 3 November, 1G50.
The English of Gravesend among others, having, with the Director's consent, given the
Indians of Cannarse some stamped guns, in payment for their land, the latter came with them
on the 6"" ditto to Couwenhoven's house. Couwenhoven complained of it to the Fiscal, and to
Mr. Montagne who, too, hath seen the guns ; but without any result. 'Twas allowed to pass so.
Extract from the letter of the Select men to Van der Donck, dated 22""*
December, 1G50.
We observe, with surprise, that the directors of the affairs of this country have made a
representation to the Burgomasters of Amsterdam accusing us most unjustly of endeavoring to
divert the trade of this country, and that they believing the statement, are pleased so powerfully
to protect and encourage their Honors in their error, when our aim and endeavor never had
any other object than the Company's and country's welfare.
Cornells Melyn arrived here on the Jy"" instant, having been nineteen weeks at sea, and in
great peril. Their High Mightinesses having granted him an order and protection so as not to
be molested by any person, places us under dutiful thankfulness to their High Mightinesses;
but the Directors, or some others having on the contrary instructed their Officer here, not to
respect any safeguard granted, or to be granted, by their High Mightinesses to any inhabitant
of New Netherland, as appears by declaration, an opinion can be formed as to the cause of the
troubles and ruin of this country and its inhabitants, and of the insulting resistance to their
High Mightinesses' orders.
Extract from a declaration of the Vice Director as to the answer he received
from the Fiscal, when he inquired about the news from Holland ; dated S"*
November 1650.
The Fiscal answered, Myn Heer Stuyvesant told me the Directors write, that their High
Mightinesses have referred the affairs of New Netherland to tliem, as that country belongs
exclusively to them, and 1 shall remain some years longer. They also write that we should
Vol. I. 57
450 NEAV-YOKK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
not consider of any value, nor regard in the least, the protections and passes which their High
Mightinesses had already granted and given, or should hereafter grant to any inhabitants of
New Netherland, &c.
Extract from a declaration of Joachim Peters Cuyter in the matter and case
aforesaid ; dated as above.
Myn Heer Stuyvesant had received several letters ; among others, from Mr. Pergens and
other individual directors of the Hon''''' West India Company, and that M' Pergens had written,
that the Committee had from their body stated to their High Mightinesses in the matter of New
Netherland in their High Mightinesses' meeting, that New Netherland did not belong to their
High Mightinesses ; that the Lords Majors had purchased the country ; that it was their property
exclusively, and also that such was true. He said further, that they will uphold the Director
with all their might and means, even (they write) unto blood.
Extract from the letter of the Select men to Van der Donck, of 22""* December 1650.
At present we are nothing more than ciphers and esteemed as a scoff, and Stuyvesant
moreover threatens us with utter ruin, for which purpose he applies every means, and we
already behold with pain its approach from a distance. This, it appears, will be the end and
reward of our honest labor for the public good, unless God and their High Mightinesses
otherwise seasonably provide, as we, nevertheless, hope and trust they will. We have, among
other things, submitted to the Director and Council on the 12"" of this month, pursuant to our
Commission and instructions, the nomination of a double number in order to elect six other
Select men in place of those retiring, but he himself reports, that he will not act on it ; he says,
that we have exceeded our Commission and instruction, and ignores the amplification granted
to us, which he, nevertheless, signed in his Register of resolutions in the presence of us all, and
his Council afterwards approved and also signed.
The Vice Director and Fiscal entered the annexed protest against the Director principally
because his Honor hath without their knowledge negotiated with the English at the North, and
in that transaction hath without doubt committed an error, for the version of the news from
New England is for the most part true ; and moreover, because his Honor was not willing to
communicate anything about it to them. There is one circumstance regarding this protest,
worthy of remark, viz'. The Vice director and Fiscal are continued of the Council, and not
discharged or dismissed, yet, though everything is kept secret and concealed from them, all is
done and executed as if they assented thereunto.
Extract of a joint letter of the Select men to Adriaen van der Donck, dated
26 November, 1650.
To be brief, you will be able to understand everything from the accompanying. It grieves
us exceedingly that we, in the observance of our oaths and honor, are still daily subjected to
gross scoffs, jeers and misrepresentations, to our serious private loss respectively, as has been
stated to you in the extract from the Journal, &c. So far is it gone, that the Director, instead
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VI. 451
of obeying their High Mightinesses' order, acts directly contrary to it. His Honor has been
with the Englisli at the North, and negotiated with them about the boundaries, &c., but i\eeps
it all, as yet, a secret from his Coupcil. The annexed news from New England, wiiich has
been brought here and thrown in to a certain English house, where the English themselves
laugh at the Director, is, we fear, too true, as it is, also, confirmed by daily rumors. We hope
and request that you, at least, will do your duty so that it may attract the attention of our
Sovereigns when the Treaty of the Director and the English may come up for ratification.
We know not what the Director will effect by such a mode of proceeding, especially as it
happens that the stamped guns, distributed among the people, are sold to the Indians with his
consent, and those guilty of such acts are not sought for ; whereby, and as his Honor will not
permit the inspection of the arms, still further opportunity is afforded. Those persons would
be soon found out were the Director pleased to follow their High Mightinesses' order;
certainly if he will permit those who have charge of the distribution, to obey it ; but that may
not be. 'Tis now all of two years, last Amsterdam fair, since the citizens were under arms;
and under these circumstances we fear, that as long a time will elapse again; that for divers
reasons and from daily experience, the Indians will anticipate the Director and exact from us
a woful inspection of our guns, and may God grant that the weakness of the citizens and
people may be ready in their own defence. The past and the present impress on you the
advancement of matters more strongly than our pen can herein recommend. We entertain no
doubt of your devotedness, and, being disinclined to make further complaint, we hope that
their High Mightinesses will at once put an end to the affair, and forthwith determine the
intolerable disunion, confusion and jarrings; whether these are now again set on foot by
Directors in Fatherland, or whether they are fomented among the people on the invention of
the Executive and Fiscal here, we leave others to infer from the annexed papers. For, the
Director being still in his sovereign power, we dare not write any more to their High
Mightinesses, as he again obtains copies of everything; and we dread that the effects of his
daily menaces will light suddenly on our heads, and that the country will, moreover, if
seasonable provision be not made by their High Mightinesses in the premises, soon fall into
the hands of foreigners, an event rendered the more probable by the non-resistance the Swede
meets with in the South river, and the high favor the English experience. So much
transpires for the ruin of this country that it makes our heads ache to think of it. His
permitting the Vice-Director and our Board to continue until further order, pursuant to the
commands of their High Mightinesses, is too far away. A somewhat different result will be
easily witnessed next New -Year ; and the Director still represents, that he is anxious to be at
the Hague to vindicate himself but that it may be done here. If their High Mightinesses be
not easily imposed upon by falsehoods and frauds, it will not be difficult for us to prove and
establish, according to the Remonstrance and daily experience, the melancholy condition to
which the people here is reduced by mismanagement and niisgovernment. We think it
strange that no better attention is paid to the Vice-Director's repeated letters to the Board of
Directors informing them that their public property in this country is becoming private, and
that the public good is not studied here. It grieves us extremely that the Hon'''' Company
itself is defrauded, the people oppressed, and that even such persons are still found as
counteract the public interest. You can readily conceive what grief it causes among the
people here when the Fiscal announced that the Directors (in Amsterdam) had written to
Mr. Stuyvesaut, among many other things, to pay no regard nor attention to any safeguard or
452 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
pMsport of their High Mightinesses. Mr. Pergens and others know best whetlier it be so. It
grieves us to be obliged to listen to such things; high euiogiums on the Hon'"'* Company and
ridicule of the States and the Ship of state (whereof we have never made mention), is greatly
in vogue with the Director and his adherents, and recourse is had to every expedient to
influence our Board and to insult us in particular, so that we may by our errors in some way
afford a pretext for confiscations and banishments. But we bope that the good God will
preserve us against this craftiness, and that their High Mightinesses will quickly bring matters
to a close, for our release from this wearisome business.
Extracts of the last letters of the year 1651, written to me since the Select men
and the V'ice Director have been dismissed, contrary to their High
Mightinesses' order; serving also for the justification and verification of the
petition, as proving clearly the points set forth therein.
Extract of the letter of the 12"" September, 1651, signed by the Select men.
In order to avoid any error on our parts, and pursuant to our instructions, which are equally
binding on the Director as on us, we submitted last New Year to his Honor (although he,
contrary to their High Mightinesses' Instructions, would not condescend to recognize us) a
nomination of a double number, to choose from it six new Select men in the place of those
retiring, whom his Honor was pleased in this wise to discharge, &c., doing his best, for all
that, to prosecute us on account of the Remonstrance to their High Mightinesses, and in the
meantime to institute proceedings against us. We are fully aware of that, by means of this
Board, which dare not oppose the Director and all his illegal actions, or maintain justice.
Notwithstanding, we finding ourselves overpowered and out of office, dare not meet together
without getting into difficulty, yet have we contrived to communicate these to you. 'Twill
not be in our power after this, to watch over the public interests. The matter being
thoroughly understood in Fatherland, it remains with you to deliberate and to ascertain
whether the Redress and the expense thereon, are to be furnished by their High Mightinesses
or in what other manner, &c.
Extract of a lengthy letter from Schelluyne, being wholly a complaint of the
violence experienced by him. Date, IS"" Octob', 1651.
The favor in which Tienhoven is still received by him (Stuyvesant), and his false tongue,
to which credit is given, cause no little trouble. I dare not prepare any more writings. I
commend matters to God.
You will be able to see from mine and other persons' letters, how we are lorded, and how,
with his illegally appointed Select men, we live like sheep among wolves, one friend not being
able to speak to another without suspicion. 1 greatly desire to communicate verbally with
you and others. I had willingly assisted Melyn in sending over his documents, but with my
inhibition it could not be; however, the most important are forwarded. In my opinion,
'twill be decided that very spoil has been made of another man's property. Whilst almost
every one is harassed by all sorts of practices, power, force and undue means, as Melyn,
myself, Dyckman, the bookkeeper, and others, have just reason to complain, I hope, and
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VI. 453
justice demands, that when requisite, such be talien into consideration, and no person be
condemned unheard. It grieves me that the representative sovereignty of their High
Mightinesses should be abused here, as appears by the annexed furnished to me; otherwise,
people would be ashamed to obstruct everybody's complaints before their High Mightinesses
and the Hon''"' Company, &c. Sic passim.
Extract from a Latin letter, addressed by Van Dincklage to Van der Donck, 19""
September, J651.
To describe the state of this government to one well acquainted and conversant with it, is
a work of supererogation ; 'tis to wash a blackamoor. Our great Muscovy Duke goes on as
usual, with something of the wolf; the older he gets the more inclined is he to bite. He
proceeds no longer by words or writings, but by arrests and stripes. We daily expect Redress
and a remedy.
A letter from Govert Loockermans, dated SS""" September, 1651, states, in substance, that
he was prosecuted capitally by the Director and banished for three years; that the suit in this
case continued only 5 days; that execution will be issued, unless Loockermans will sign a
certificate that he knows and can say nothing of the Director and his government, but what
is honest and honorable.
Extract from a letter of Augustin Hermans, dated 20"" September, 1G51.
I wish I felt authorized to advise you of better news. The Redress remaining still behind,
contrary to our expectation, we are not only threatened, plagued, obstructed and affronted, but
shall be also totally ruined. Govert Loockermans is totally ruined, because he will not sign
that he knows and can say nothing of Director Stuyvesant, but what is honest and honorable.
I fear we, too, shall experience a like fate; whether we have safeguards from their High
Mightinesses or not, 'tis all alike; the Directors have written not to pay any attention to
their High Mightinesses' safeguards or letters, but to theirs; and every one can see how
prejudicial that is to us. We are turned out and dare scarcely speak a word, etc. In fine,
matters are so situated, that God's help only will avail; there is no trust to be placed in man.
That infernal swaggerer (hlasegeest) Tienhoven, has returned here and put the country in a
blaze. Things prosper, they report, according to their wishes, to which I know not what
to answer, etc.
The baskelmaker's daughter of Amsterdam, whom he seduced in Holland, on a promise of
marriage, coming here and finding he was already married, hath exposed his conduct even in
the public court, &c. Your private estate, is going all to ruin, for our enemies know how to
fix all this and to attain their object. There is no use in complaining; we must suffer
injustice for justice. At present, that is our wages and thanks for our devotion to the public
interests. Yet we still trust in God, etc.
454 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Extract of a letter from Dirck van Schelluyne, dated 11"" October, 1G51, sent by
way of the Caribbean Islands.
I have written you per Joost Michielsen's ship and communicated to you my experience
here, which is that I am forced, contrary to my oath, to divulge what I have written, or what
has been executed in my presence, against public or private persons generally and individually ;
also, in what a painful position I find myself, on account of another's act, &a. Relying on
you, I shall expect, on the first opportunity, your favorable diligence to avert my ruin. If the
Redress be not confirmed, and if it do not arrive by the first vessels, I shall be obliged to sell
my little property and go back with my wife and children. Otherwise I must waste it
altogether in poverty, inasmuch as every effort is made use of here to ruin me and to take
the bread out of my mouth.
I should have sent the papers in the case of Melyn altogether, but as nobody would consent
to collate them with me, not even Allard Anthony, notwithstanding I had requested him to
do so, and I dare not trust the documents in my house through fear that Stuyvesant would
remove all my papers as he proposed and threatened, it was therefore out of my power to send
them over. Had he been willing to permit me to go, I should have carried them with me. I
doubt not but such unheard of mode of proceeding will be taken into consideration, and we
released at once from this dreadful yoke. I have had every intention to build on a lot that
I had purchased from Mr. Dincklage; also, to undertake a bouwerie, but dare not commence
so long as things continue thus, dreading and anticipating the moment I had any real estate
here, that a false suit would be thrown around my neck and my property be swallowed up ;
according to all the examples I have seen of those who do not submit to haughty humor, and
cannot say — Yes, My lord.
Had I been able to go over, I should indeed say, what now I dare not write.
A Protest of the Fiscal Hendrick van Dyck, states in substance.
That the Director molests and injures him, the Fiscal ; making seizures by his own authority;
cites him before the Lords Majors in Fatherland; protests against it before God and the
entire world.
An Interrogatory for Secretary Tienhoven, who departed hence from the Hague
contrary to their High Mightinesses' order, sets forth : —
That he debauched Lisbeth van Hoogvelt, under a promise of marriage, kept house with
her some months, and that they conversed together as man and wife; the said Tienhoven
having been previously married in New Netherland, where his wife is still living.
Divers Extracts from the papers of the year 1651, received from New Netherland.
Extract from the counter protest of Lubbert van Dincklage, dated SS""
February, 1651. ^
Their High Mightinesses' letters have bean scandalously slighted by you, especially by the
Director, instead of communicating them to me, and obeying their High Mightinesses' orders,
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VL 455
as ought to have been done. That this is incontrovertibly true and truthful, is more than
manifest, for the Director and Council are cliarged by the said letter, dated 12"' April aforesaid,
to permit the continuance of the Board of Nine Men until their High Mightinesses' further
orders: that is not only disobeyed and slighted, but the instruction and its amplification,
granted them by our court, is by you set at nought.
The hundred muskets which Jacob van Couw^enhoven brought with him, two or three
unstamped ones of which the Director seized and apparently sold the whole to the Indians, were
not only not distributed among the people, with the knowledge of tiie Director and Council
and the Select men, pursuant to their High Mightinesses' orders and letters, dated 1" April
aforesaid, but the Burghers' arms were not inspected every three months, as their High
Mightinesses had directed, so that the contempt shown thereto, is incontrovertible, especially
as it happened that the officers of the Burgher companies, through good disposition for the
public service, requesting the Director to allow them to bring the corps once under arms, in
order that they might send a list thereof to their High Mightinesses, received for answer from
His Honor: — "When I want you for that purpose I shall send for you." So that 'tis now the
third half year since the Burgher companies have been mustered underarms, and 'tis certainly
to be feared that they will be unable properly to defend themselves in time of necessity —
Whilst your Honors' disrespect caused both the stamped and other guns to be sold to the
Indians, who were seen running all over the Manhattans with some of them.
Wherefore will you with too fluent a pen, multitudinous false accusations, and divers highly
embellished fruitless writings, after the ancient custom of the Director away elsewhere, oblige
me, as it were, to demonstrate to you the monopoly and imposition which the Director and
some of the Board in Amsterdam, and not the Board in general as you by perversion falsely
accused me of saying, have so long carried on, to the prejudice of the Hon'''' Company's charter
and contrary to your oath and bounden duty. Some instances thereof I shall lay before you,
as it appears I must refresh your Honors' memory with the truth.
Is it not monopoly in the Director when, having sailed in the year 1646 from Fatherland for
New Netherland with the ships the Princess and Groote Gerrit, on arriving in the latitude of
the Canary Islands, he altered the course to New Netherland, the destined place, and set
towards and ran to Curasao, by which means the traders having freight on board, knowing
no better than that they should proceed direct to New Netherland, suffered serious loss and
damage, as everybody in Amsterdam was advised by public printed notices; a statement
whereof has been made: and many people, who were engaged in the Hon'''" Company's service
in New Netherland and nowhere else, and would not consent to go to any other place, were
with other free men, deceived in their good designs and intentions, and reduced to such grief
and discouragement that many of them died of broken hearts on the voyage and at Curasao?
Is it not monopoly in the Director at Cura9ao, where skipper Jan Smal made one voyage
from Holland contrary to the Hon'''" Company's commission, to dismiss Fiscal Hendrick
van Dyck's suit, when he wanted to prosecute said skipper to confiscation, for having returned
thither a second time to trade?
Is it not monopoly in the Director, on skipper Adriaen Blommert's arrival at New Netherland
from Holland, to destine and send him to Cura9ao and Aruba, to take in horses there, which
he sold in Antigua?
Is it not monopoly in the Director to send horses by Arent van Curler from New Netherland
to Barbadoes in the ship denJongen Prins van Dennemarquen, to be sold there, which were required
456 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
in New Netherland for the cultivation of the soil and for the benefit and advantage of the
Hon'"'' Company's domain in these parts?
Is it not monopoly and are they not fraudulent papers, when the Director grants lands
(mostly to the English,) and issues patents thereof in the name of the Director and Council,
as if the Fiscal and I had voted for them, when we, nevertheless, had no knowledge of them ?
Is it not monopoly and are they not private conventicles, when postils, judgments and
sentences are pronounced in the name of the Director and Council, unknown to me
and the Fiscal?
Is it not monopoly in the Director to distribute and absolutely grant away in fee to
individuals, lands and lots acquired at great cost by the Hon*"'' Company, and among the rest
wild woodland ?
Is it not monopoly for the Director to visit the English at the North, and there, without the
Fiscal's or my order and consent, to confer and make treaties, and not render any report
thereof to the Council, notwithstanding he was thereunto frequently invited?
Is it not monopoly in the Director to alienate and sell the Company's shot and munitions of
•war, without the Fiscal's and my consent ?
Is it not monopoly in the Director to dispose of ship's stores without the Fiscal's and my
knowledge?
Is it not monopoly for the Director not to pay either the Fiscal or me our share of the ships
legally confiscated, but to retain the whole to himself?
Is it not monopoly to keep to himself, and not to produce their High Mightinesses' letter,
dated 19"" May, 164S, written to the Director and Council, wherefore the publication of the
peace was not made before the receipt of their High Mightinesses' second letter, bearing date
1" April, 1650 aforesaid, and prizes are still so long detained here?
Is it not monopoly for the Managers ( bcwinthcbbcrcn ) to write to the Director, as the latter
asserted in jtleno coll/gio on the 4'*' July, not to communicate to the Fiscal or me, any letters
either from their High Mightinesses or from his Highness, or from the Hon"' Company; and
that he hath concealed and detained, and still detains said letters, notwithstanding copies
thereof have been requested by me in the Council ?
Here, in the first place, are thirteen instances to the dozen. If more be required, more can
be produced, and if demanded, can be proved on request being made.
From all the aforesaid, your Honors can best infer, and in your consciences and hearts
bethink yourselves what grave faults and mistakes have been committed and perpetrated
against your Hon" oath and bounden duty, by illegal proceedings, slighting their High
Mightinesses' orders, and the abuse of the Hon*"'' Company's charter, &c.
Extract from the attestation of Brant van Slichtenhorst, Director of the Colonic
Renselaerswyck, dated in New Amsterdam, Manhattans, New Netherland,
20 May, 1651.
And Dincklagen not being willing to depart (that is, from the Council) before and until he,
the Director, exhibited authority therefor, Director Stuyvesant called the Serjeant and two
soldiers (who placed their guns beside the door), also. Lieutenant Neuton and Ensign Baxter,
who came to his assistance and seized Dincklagen by the body, pushing him thus, together,
by force, out of the house, notwithstanding Mr. Dincklage warned them to take good heed
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VL 457
what they did ; on the way to the guard-house, when they stood still a short time, he again
warned them, but they proceeded with him, and took him to the guard-house.
Extract of the copy of a letter sent by Vice-Director Lubbert van Dincklagen,
to the Directors at the Chambers at Amsterdam, and dated 17"" September,
1651, speaking of Director Stuyvesant.
It were yet more commendable, were attention paid to those who, on the means of the Hon'"'*
Company, or of the stockholders support, in foreign parts, great pomp and expensive style;
retrieve, moreover, their wretched affairs in a remarkable manner; consume by thousands, and
are not content with a second, but again take everything at the expense of the Company, a
second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, &c. 'Tis a plague, a punishment, the
total ruin and confusion of the Hon'''' laudable West India Company, that such a man ( meaning
the Director), who dares to alienate, convey, sell and give away, not only their movables, but
even their domain, real estate, &c., to make unto himself friends of this unrighteous Mammon,
should still be upheld and protected with soul and body by some, as I see with my eyes.
What stupid boors feel for and grope after, the children on the street understand : non sunt fahulcz
Tieque auguria.
I, the undersigned. Notary at the Hague, certify that having carefully examined
and compared all the aforesaid copies and extracts, with the originals, piece by piece,
they are found strictly to agree with the same, so far as the aforesaid extracts are
concerned, in words and dates, this xxi April, 1652. Hague.
(Signed) M. Beeckman,
Noty Publ.
Memoir on the Boundaries of New JSfetherland. By Adriaen van der Donck.
[ From B Notarial copy in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; Loketkas of the States General ; Division, West Indische ConpagnU, No. 88. ]
Memoir respecting the ancient Boundaries of New Netherland, as first occupied
in the year 1609 ; the usurpations, from time to time, of the English, and,
finally, what has been ceded by Director Stuyvesant to the English, subject
to their High Mightinesses' ratification, as indicated in letters and memoirs
from New Netherland, drawn up pursuant to their High Mightinesses' last
resolution, dated 16"" February, 1652.
Albeit the ancient original Boundaries are very fully treated of at page 11 to page 22 ' of the
Great Remonstrance made by the people of New Netherland and presented in October, 1649,
by their Delegates to their High Mightinesses, and afterwards published in print, to which
'Pp. 283, 293, supra. — Ed.
Vol. I. 58
458 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
their \obIe Mightinesses are respectfully referred; it will be higlily necessary briefly to
review atid explain what has occurred since the Remonstrance has been prepared.
That paper relates that iNew Netherland was casually discovered in the year JG09; that the
Netherlanders were the first finders and occupiers thereof; that the English came to those
parts, for the first time, some years after due possession had been taken thereof by the Dutch;
that the former had been protested against, from time to time, and that they had continued to
advance by force, and not of right, &c.
But in order to be more precise, we shall say a word generally of the progress of the affair.
'Tis, then, thus : — The English remarking from time to time more closely and particularly
that the lands within the territory of New Netherland were much better and more fertile than
those in New England ; and perceiving, at the same time, that they lay mostly vacant and were
taken possession of merely by setting up arms and a fort here and there, took occasion in
consequence to creep gradually nearer to us, and first to come around Staten hook or Cape
Cod, through Rhode Island, afterwards to occupy the Fresh river, and finally the Red Mountain^
or New Haven, with the adjacent places and villages; but they were never peaceable
possessors, and it was always admitted that the boundary must be determined, and that this
must be by superior autiiority ; as is to be seen in the last instruction given conjointly to the
Director and Council.
Now, the case is, that the Director went to the General Court of New England on the 17""
September, in the year 1650, and treated there with deputies from the Provinces respecting
the boundary, and finally the arbitrators mutually made and came to a decision and award,
subject to tiieir High Mightinesses' ratification ; but we have uo precise copy of it, as it still
remains with the Board of Directors.
All the arbitrators were English and friends of the English; and in this affair they pulled
the wool over the Director's eyes; for, according to our information from New Netherland,
he hath ceded to the English as far as Greenwich, inclusive, on the Main, together with a
portion of Long Island. Now, New Holland, or Staten hook, called by the English Cape Cod,
and Greenwich are si\ty leagues apart, and include many fine bays, kills, rivers and islands,
namely, Stamfort, Straefford, the Red Mountain, Totolet, Gilfort, Kieft's hoeck and the beautiful
Fresh river, where full fifty Colonies or more might be planted; also the river Pequatoos and
divers fine islands, bays, kills and places ; if the tenor of the Exemption be adhered to, which
prescribes four leagues along a navigable creek, bay or river, and so far landward in as
circumstances admit, it can be seen by the map that the ceded territory will admit, not of
fifty, but of a much greater number of Colonies. Long Island, which is included, hath full two
hundred leagues of navigable coast, not in one continuous stretch, but calculating the bays,
rivers and shores, as can easily be demonstrated to your Mightinesses on the map. 'Tis,
indeed, true that this country was occupied by the English in part, but not the whole of it;
the whole of it, then, ought not to be theirs; not that we would deprive people of what
belongs to them, but the sovereignty ought to remain with this State; at least of the whole
of Long Island, and so northerly along Sequins river. We should thus, retain something, and
also leave something to the English; for 'lis full thirty leagues from the latter river unto
' Korlli of \ew Haven are two Mountnins, now called Eiist and West Uocks, consisting of trap, hornblende and feldspar-
Iron enters considerably into their coniposilion ; consequently, during their decomposition, iron rust grudually covers the
exterior of the stone, thus giving it a reddixh brown appearance. Barber's Uislorical Culleelionn of Connecticut, 149. Uence
•■He 1 Mountain," the significant and appropriate name which the Duich gave New Haven. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VI. 459
Staeten hook. Were it so arranged, New Netlierland could be thus bounded, and the trade
remain as it is; otherwise tlie trade will suffer great damage, because the Englisli will retain
all the Wampum manufacturers to tliemselves and we shall be obliged to eat oats out of
English hands. The country will, likewise, always lie open, exposed and common to
the neighbors.
This is briefly what is to be observed hereupon. I shall now annex hereunto the extracts ,
and news in order that your High Mightinesses may see how the work has been managed.
Extract from the copy of the Journal of the Select men in New Netherland, sent
to Van der Donck.
1G50. l?"" September. The Director has gone to the North to negotiate with the English,
according to his written communication to the Council, which was not fullowed by
any resolution.
12"" Octol)er. Tlie Director, who was entertained with great pomp in New England, returned
home last night.
13"" ditto. The Director and Council met, and the Vice-Director requested a report
of what had been done and transacted by the Director General in New England. His Honor
postponed it until the arrival of Carel Verbruggen, when he should have it all translated
from the English. He also said that nothing special had passed or occurred.
Note— Baxter was November S"*. Oleff Stevens conversing with George Baxter respecting the
tors. Treaty between the Director and the English, understood from him, Baxter, that
the Director hath surrendered Greenwich to the English, and the differences between the
Director and the English were arranged by him and three other selected arbitrators.
December 14"". Schelluyne conversing with Westerhuysen's wife regarding the confiscation
of their ship the Slnte Bcninio, or the Nieuiv Swol, she said: 'Tis easy to see what the result
will be. My husband has a writing from the English Commissioners whereby Director
Stuy vcsant acknowledges that he never had, nor has at present, any pretensions to New Haven.
14"" ditto. The Director and Council being assembled, the Vice-Director again demanded
to be informed respecting the negotiations of the Director with the English ; who gave for
answer that nothing special was transacted and that Mr. Schaep of Amsterdam who was going
Ambassador to England, would treat there, by orders of the Lords Majors, touching the
boundary between New England and New Netherland.
Extract of the letter written by the Select men to Van der Donck, dated 26"'
November, 1650.
His Honor has been to the North with the English and there entered into a Treaty respecting
the Boundary, &c., but keeps everything concealed from us and from his Council. We fear the
news from New England, (a translation whereof is annexed,) which was secretly brought and
thrown into a certain house here, is too true, inasmuch as 'tis confirmed by daily rumors. We
at least hope and request that you will be particular in calling the attention of their High
Mightinesses our Sovereigns thereto, whenever the Treaty between the Director and the
English comes up for ratification.
460 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Translation of News from New England, 1G50.
The Governor of New Netherland has been received and treated like a Prince wherever he
passed ; for which he expressed himself very grateful. On arriving at the Court of the New
England Commissioners, he meant that the matters in dispute should be discussed and debated
there ; wherefore his Honor submitted divers charges and grievances. He particularly asserted
the Boundary to extend from Cape Cod to the Fresh River and so forth, and dwelt on the
usurpation of territory, lands &c.; but they answered him that they had not come to question
or to be questioned; excusing themselves and declining his premises as they could not admit of
such pretensions which, as far as they were concerned, were mere idle talk without proof. They
finally drew and got him so far along by a sweet and right subtile line, in order, howbeit, to reach
the matter itself, that they have mutually referred their differences about boundaries, &c., to four
Arbitrators. The English chose their own people, and instead of Dutchmen the Governor of
New Netherland named Mr. Willet and George Baxter, two Englishmen. The matter remaining
under their consideration, and the English meanwhile, continuing to entertain and treat him
like a Prince, knowing that he was pleased therewith, the decision of the Arbitrators finally
followed, to wit: not only were the aforesaid Governor's pretensions declared null and of
no avail, but the English limits are four leagues West of Greenwich, and are to include
Greenwich ; the remainder is to constitute New Netherland. Thus East of the Manhattans,
the limits of New Netherland will be about four leagues, and in addition to that, from
Oysterbay east on Long Island, is to be New England, and west. New Netherland. The
English lay claim to the South river against which the Dutch Governor warmly protested, but
the English have answered that they should persist in, and retain possession of what they
claim. In fine, it looks as if everything would shortly be English, for experience shows that
the boundary line four leagues west of Greenwich encroaches as it goes into the interior of the
country and that the English will in a short time be in the neighborhood of Fort Orange and
the trade. The Dutch Governor is absolutely stripped of the Fresh river and New Haven,
especially and particularly of New Haven, on which he declares he has not, nor ever had, any
pretensions. And then his former various protests and menaces were read to him, and among
the rest, his letter that the blood should be on their own heads, which he denied, saying: that
such was an error of his Secretary. The English will not trouble him, at present, respecting
the capture of Westenhuysen's ship which lay at New Haven and was confiscated by the Dutch
Governor, as he has requested, and obtained from the English Commissioners, permission to
pass and repass. But time will tell what circumstances will bring about on the next opportunity,
for the Commissioners have given Weslenhuysen a writing under their hand that the Dutch
Governor has not, and never had any claim to New Haven. Moreover, at the meeting of the
Colonies a firm alliance was entered into between both Nations, the English and the Dutch, to
the effect that they shall help to defend each other, as good neighbors, against all enemies, and
mutually entertain good correspondence and trade, the Indian trade excepted, which remains
unchanged; also, the Dutch governor shall be at liberty to assist at the meetings of the
Commissioners. The English declare that they have nothing to do with Rhode Island, therefore
the Governor may seek satisfaction as best he can for the prize permitted there. When the
four Arbitrators abovementioned had made their report, and it was brought to the ears of
the Governor, he made a great complaint against his two chosen agents, crying out: I've been
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VI. 461
betrayed; I've been betrayed! Which hearing, some of the English who were waiting outside,
supposed that he had run mad, and were disposed to go and fetch people to tie him. It seems
he never imagined that such hard pills would be given him to digest. New England is
thoroughly united with the Dutch Governor to her satisfaction and is well content with him ;
speaks of him in terms of great praise, especially because he is so liberal and hath allowed
himself to be entrapped by her courtesy and hath conceded Greenwich. Valid, perfect copies,
and verification of the whole have been made and the Governor with his two Commissioners
hath subscribed the entire negotiation. But as regards the surrender of Greenwich and the
other limits concluded upon, he hath voted and signed as Governor, subject, however, to
the approbation of his Council, under promise to persuade them thereunto as much as possible.
Finally, 'tis resolved to send the aforesaid Treaty to the West India Company, the States
and Parliament, in order that it may be ratified as early as possible.
Extract of the Resolutions of New England, translated from the English.
Know all men by these presents, that the ship St. Bcninio, commanded by Mr. Wilhelm
Westerhuysen came to trade, and was about three years ago taken out of the harbor of New
Haven, which is a part of New England, granted by patent from the King of England, received
by the English and actually settled by them, and no part of New Netherland. So that on
what pretence or by what order the abovementioned seizure was made, we the Commissioners
of the United Colonies of New England leave to the consideration of each and every, before
whom the matter may come in suit ; the Governor of New Netherland acknowledging that
such was not done under pretence of having a claim to that place. Dated at Hartford, the
23"* of September, 1650, Augustan style. (Signed) Edward Hopkins, president, Simon
Brasster,' Will Halkorne,^ Philpp : Prence,'' John Prowne,^ Ge. Haynes, Theoph : Etson,*
Stepsen Goodjeare,*
(Lower down was): —
Agrees with the Original.
Doughty.
Some agreement was also to be entered into with the Swedes on the South river; but all
the particulars thereof have not transpired. They remain in the West India Company's
Chamber at Amsterdam. These Swedes, as the Remonstrance will show, are not lawfully in
possession, but have merely purchased what they hold there, from some subjects of this State,
who in our opinion could not alienate the supreme jurisdiction or sovereignty. Pro memoria.
The above extracts and copies, as far as the transcripts are concerned, are, upon
collation, found punctually and substantially to agree with the respective originals.
xxi" April, 1662. Hague.
Quod affirmo.
(Signed) M. Beeckman, Not. Pub. 1G52.
' Brewater. ' Hawthorne. ' Tliomas Prince. ' Browne. * Eaton. ' Stephen Goodyear. — En.
462 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
States General to tlie West India Comjyany.
[From llie Eegisler of UUgeyant Britven of Ihe Ststes General, la the Eoyal Archives al Ihe Hagoe.]
To the respective Chambers of the West India Company.
The States, etc.
Foiio40. Honorable, etc. Herewith goes copy of the Provisional Order of government
GnremmentinNew in New Netherland, which we have resolved to transmit to you and the other
Chambers of the West India Company, requesting and commanding that you
and they shall transmit immediately your opinions thereon without fail, it being considered
that the matter demands dispatch. Done IG"" February, 1652.
Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company to the States General.
[ From the Register of In{/ekomen Brieven of the States General, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
High and Miglity Lords.
We have duly received your High Mightinesses' despatch of the 16''' instant, with the
annexed draft of the Provisional Order, respecting the government of New Netherland, and in
compliance with your High Miglitinesses' command sent us therewith, we cannot omit
observing, that we have already communicated our opinion in writing on the aforesaid draft,
on the So"" May, 1650, and have conferred, at divers times since, with the Lords, your High
Mightinesses' deputies, so that we concluded that your High Mightinesses had designed laying
aside the unfounded complaints of the Delegates and ill-affected Committee of some
malcontents in New Netherland, and we are at present surprised at a draft being now brought
up, which for so long a time has been considered as disposed of Your High Mightinesses will
please not to take any aciion in the premises until fully informed of the circumstances of the
case, which information cannot be furnished by any of the other Chambers, as the management
of that district is referred and given up specially to us. Herewith ending, we pray God
Almighty to be pleased to preserve your High Mightinesses in a prosperous government,
and remain,
High and Mighty Lords,
Your High Mightinesses' humble servants,
The Directors of the West India Company, Chamber at Amsterdam.
Amsterdam, the SS"' February, 1G52. (Signed) Johax le Thor,
Received 24"" February, 1652. David van Baerle.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VL
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Letter.
[From tho Register of WesHndla Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in IheEoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Friday 24"' February, 1652.
Folio 6. Received a letter from the Directors of the West India Company, dated
Chamber at Amsterdam, 23'' instant, in answer to their High Mightinesses' despatch of the
orrtsr about the 10"" of Same month, respecting the draft of the Provisional Order, relative to
ijetheriand. the government of New Netherland ; which being taken in consideration, it is
resolved and concluded, that said letter shall be referred to Mess" Capelle tho Ryssel, and the
other their High Mightinesses' deputies herebefore occupied in the nfliiirs of New Netherland,
to inspect and examine, to inquire what has been done heretofore thereon, and afterward to
report on the subject.
Dordrecht Chamber of the West India Company to the States General.
[From the Original in the Koyal Archives at the Hague; Loketkas of the States General ; Division, West IndiecJie Crnnpagnie, No. 86. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
We have duly received your High Mightinesses' despatch, dated the 16"" of February,
together with the Provisional Order respecting New Netherland thereunto annexed, whereupon,
according to your High Mightinesses' instructions and command, we have drawn up our opinion
in manner, as your High Mightinesses shall see noted in the margin; respectfully and humbly
requesting your High Mightinesses to be pleased to persevere in matters so good and wholesome
for the State, and especially to order that the committee proceeding further therein, may
receive despatch by the Chambers whom it most concerns. Wherewith ending,
We remain. High and Mighty Lords,
Your High Mightinesses humble servants.
The Directors of the West India Company at Dordrecht.
Dordrecht, 2 March, 1652. (Signed) D. Hoeufft,
Received 5 March, 1652. Gerhardt Noey
Observations of the Chamber at Dordrecht on the Provisional Order respecting Nexo
Netherland.
[ From the MS. in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; LockeUcaa of the States General ; Division, West Itulische Compagnie, No. 36. ]
Whereas it is stated in the text thereof that their High Mightinesses did not grant the
exclusive benefit of New Netherland to the Directors of the Chamber at Amsterdam, but to all
the Partners of the West India Company dispersed throughout the Provinces, and that it cannot
464 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
any longer be tolerated that such fertile countries should lie neglected in consequence of bad
administration, which up to this time, has been exercised through Commissioners of New
Netherland under the direction of the Amsterdam Chamber, the Directors of the Maase
Chamber at Dordrecht therefore respectfully request their High Mightinesses to be pleased,
respecting this and other important matters concerning the Company, to call together at
the Hague a half-Nineteen for the purpose of there adopting, under their High Mightinesses'
eyes and observation, some good and beneficial resolutions, and particularly, that it may
be expressly enacted that all the Chambers shall from now henceforward be at liberty
to trade to New Netherland, and to grant commissions to individuals to that efiect, under such
orders and regulations as shall be issued by their High Mightinesses.
3.
On the third point, where mention is made of the sale of contraband goods ; inasmuch as it
cannot be put an end to suddenly and at once, they submit to their High Mightinesses whether
instead of such articles being sold with the knowledge of the Council there, it were not best that
the sale be made by the Council itself according to the circumstances of affairs and times,
inasmuch as 'twill be clearly impossible to maintain individuals in such order as that they
would not, without the knowledge of the Council, run the aforesaid merchandise, which is so
much sought for.
8.
They submit to their High Mightinesses whether it were not better that the duty herein
laid down be imposed in this country, and that a fixed regulation be made, not only for the
goods sent hence thither and from that country here, but also for whatever may be conveyed
thence to Brazil and other places.
9.
They request their High Mightinesses to be pleased to undertake it forthwith, so that those
who are inclined to go thither may thereby be more encouraged.
10.
They submit to their High Mightinesses whether the Vice Director should not be appointed
by their High Mightinesses and the Company, inasmuch as in case of the demise of the
Director, the administration of all affairs would devolve provisionally on the Vice Director.
13.
They request their High Mightinesses in case of Director Stuyvesant's recall, that the
administration should be meanwhile committed to a competent person, conversant with civil
and military affairs.
14.
Although the Boundaries of New Netherland may, in virtue of first possession, be extended
somewhat further, it will be highly necessary that they be at once settled as well as can
be agreed upon with England, requesting that their High Mightinesses shall give such in
command to their Ambassador, and in all cases to include therein Long Island which lies
right opposite the Main.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VL 465
Rewlution of the States General on the pncedlv<] Papers.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1688, In llie Kojal ArcliiviB al the Hague. ]
Tuesday, S"- March, 1652.
Folio 7. Received a letter from the Directors of the West India Compnny, Chamber at
Dordrecht, dated at that place the 2'' instant, containing an answer to their High Mightinesses'
despatch of IG"'" February last and, in conformity thereto, also their iriformalioii and observations
Provisional order 0" ^^e Provisional Order respecting New Netherland. Which being considered,
onNewNutheriand. jj j^ resolved and concluded that the aforesaid letter and documents shall be
placed in the hands of Mess" Verbolth and the other their High Mightinesses' Deputies for the
affairs of New Netherland, to look over, examine and report thereon.
Chamber at MidJelburg to the States General.
[From the Original in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; Lokctluis of the States General ; Division, West Indische Oompagnie, No. 80.]
High and Mighty Lords.
In obedience to your High Mightinesses' order and despatch of the 16"" February last
requesting our suggestions on the part of the Zealand Chamber on the report of Mess"
Aertsbergen and other their High Mightinesses' Deputies on the I'rovisional Order in New
Netherland, we cannot express ourselves otherwise thereupon than to thank your High
Mightinesses for iFie care you are pleased to take for the government, preservation and peopling
of that district in New Netherland, lying within our common patent; we gladly beheld
all such good order and resolution introduced and applied thereto as your High Mightinesses
really and effectively consider serviceable. Heretofore our Commissioners have submitted
their particular suggestions on this matter to your High Mightinesses, to the effect for the most
part substantially, that population and agriculture there may be encouraged by the granting of
such Freedoms and Exemptions whereby every one, may be encouraged by the opportunity to
transport themselves thither with their means, and in order that such persons may find occasion
thereto in all the Provinces, let these concessions be drawn up on an impartial basis and granted
by all the Chambers to such as may happen to present themselves, which we readily conclude
and hope shall be so determined by your High Mightinesses, for we, being alike incorporated and
interested, are of opinion under correction that such district of country lying within the limits
of our Charter, ought not to be left exclusively to the Chamber of Amsterdam. 'Tis true,
that Chamber hath heretofore repeatedly offered to admit us and other Chambers, but always
with the Clause and Condition, that they should be reimbursed the expenses incurred since
some years, well knowing that we stood in such position as to make it impossible for us to
accept that; and therefore have they, to this date, monopolized that government, to the great
prejudice of their High Mightinesses' design, the sole object whereof is the promotion of the
population, as can be inferred from all the proceedings. In order then not to act contrary to
the nature and right of a company, to the partners whereof profit and loss ought to be in
Vol. L 50
466 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
common, we are prepared, as we have always been, and even as it was determined in the last
Assembly of the Nineteen held at Amsterdam, that men should liquidate and equalize among
each other, wherein we shall gladly admit whatever claims of the Chamber of Amsterdam
will be found just, expecting for this and other reasons that we shall be admitted by your
High Mightinesses to the right which according to the Charter appertains to us. In regard to
the other additional particulars regarding the reform of the government, etc., we shall willingly
agree to whatever will be found most reasonable and most expedient, wherewith ending, we
shall pray God to be pleased to bless your High Mightinesses' Government and
We are
Your High Mightinesses'
Humble and faithful servants.
The Directors of the West India Company, in Zealand.
Middelburg, first of March, 1G52. (Signed) D. Bante.
Received S"" March, 1652. Joh. Pelletier.
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Letter.
[From the Register of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Eoyal Archiyes st the Hague.]
Friday, 8'" March, 1652.
FoUoB. Received a letter from the Directors of the West India Company, Chamber of
Zealand, written at Middelburgh 1" inst., containing the answer to their High Mightinesses'
ProTi.ionai Order despatch of the IG"" February last, relative to the Provisional Order of government
eramcot"^ iH'^ Few in New Netherlaod. Which being considered, it is resolved and concluded that
the aforesaid despatch shall be placed in the hands of Mess" Capelle tho Ryssel
and other their High Mightinesses' Deputies, to look over, examine, and to determine what has
already been done and to report thereon.
Chamber at Delft to the States General.
[ From the Original In the Koyal Archlrei at the Hague ; Loketkai of the States General; Division, Weal IndUche CompagnU, No. 86. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
We duly received your High Mightinesses' despatch with a Provisional Order respecting the
government, preservation and population of New Netherland, requiring our opinion and
suggestions thereupon. We have been unwilling to neglect this, but on consultation together,
find that this Provisional Order is the same that in the months of March and April of the year
1650 was drawn up by Commissioners from all the Chambers of the West India Company in
the presence of some Lords, your High Mightinesses' Deputies in the Hague, when we
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : VI. 467
conjointly delivered in our opinions and further communicated our thoughts and considerations
to the Lords, your High Mightinesses' Committee in two separate memorials on the 30"" March
and 28"" May of the said year 1650, by Deputies of the Chambers of Zealand, Maase and
North quarters, whereunto having nothing further to add at present, we shall again refer
thereto ; and should your High Mightinesses conclude to resume and further inquire into
these matters, when the deputies from all the Chambers appear again at the Hague, which
will apparently he soon, we shall direct and instruct those of our Chamber of the Maase to
arrange all things for the public advantage on the resolution of Your High Mightinesses, in
order that so magnificent a country may not go to ruin by bad government and management.
Remaining herewith,
High and Mighty Lords,
Your High Mightinesses' most humble Servants,
The Directors of the West India Company, Maase Chamber at Delft.
(Signed) Joost van Lodensteyn, 1652.
Delft, 8"" March, 1652. N. ten Hove..
Received 13 March.
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Letter.
[ From the Register of 'West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, 13 March, 1652.
Folio II. Received a letter from the Directors of the West India Company, Chamber of
Provisional Order ^-'i^ Maase at Delft, dated the 8"" inst., in answer to their High Mightinesses'
emment"^of°New despatch of the February last relative to the Provisional Order respecting
the Government, preservation and population of New Netherland. Which being
considered, it is resolved and concluded that the aforesaid letter shall be placed in the hands
of Mess" Huygens and other their High Mightinesses' Deputies for the affairs of the West
India Company to look over, examine and to report thereon.
Resolution of the States General.
[ From the Eegiater of the Resolutions of the States General, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Friday, IS"- March, 1652.
FoUo204. The Petition of Engeltje Wouters, widow of the late Hans Woutersse, draper and
Engeitje wouters. burgeress at Amsterdam being read, it is, upon deliberation resolved and concluded
hereby to allow and to grant the Petitioner letters recommendatory to the Director and Council
of New Netherland to dispatch the suit at law and business which she hath outstanding there
against Eva Lucas, shopkeeper at Bruckel.
4G8 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Ihe States General to the Director^ cCv;., of New Nbtheiland.
[ Prom (he Register of Uitgegane Brieven of the States Geoeral, id the Koyal Arcblres at the Hague. ]
To the Director and Regents of New Netherland.
The States, etc.
roiioTo. Honorable, etc. The representation and request to us of Engeltje Wouters,
Engtiije Wouters. wiiiovv of the liite Hans Wouters, draper and burgeress at Amsterdam, your
Honors will understand from tlie annexed petition, which we have resolved to transmit to you,
and to charge and command you to let the petitioner receive good, quick, pron)pt and full
justice and dispatch in the matter which she hath outstanding on and against Eva Lucas, late
shopkeeper at Bruckel, and actually resident in New Netherland, which shall confer on her
particular expedition, and on us pleasure, and therein fail not. Done 15''' March, 1652.
Chamber at Groningen to the States General.
[ From the f >rijfinal in the Royal Archives at Iho Hague ; Loketkaa of the Stales Geoeral ; Division, West IndUcht Ccmpagnie, No. 86. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
Your High Mightinesses were pleased to send us, with a despatch of the 16 February last,
copy of the Provisional Order of government in New Netherland, with a view to receive our
opinions tiiereupon.
We have been unwilling to be wanting therein, and answer: — Whereas the management of
said NfW Netherland, with the places dependent thereon, has hitherto devolved on the
Amsterdam Chamber, which consequently possesses the most reliable information thereof, we
shall rely on, and defer to whatever representation said Amsterdam Chamber makes on the
subject, without, however, in any way prejudicing our right, in order both to participate in
the profits on liquidation, and even hereafter to fit out for, and trade to New Netherland. And
without dwelling any longer hereupon, we commend your High Mightinesses to God's
protection.
Your High Mightinesses' Humble servants.
The Directors of the West India Company, Chamber Stadt en Lande.
(Signed) J. de Sighers, V.
Dated Groningen, " H^Z'"' 1G52.
Received 13'" April, 1652.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : VI. 469
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Letter.
[ From the Eeglfller of West India Affairs, 1552 — 1663, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Saturday, 13 April, 1652.
Folio 17. Received a letter from the Directors of the West India Company, Chamber of
i)irector. at oro- ^tadt en Landen, written at Groningen, G"" March last, being in answer to their
mngen. jjj^j^ Mightinesses' despatch of the IG"- February last, requiring them to send
Opinion on the or. their Opinion on the draft of a Provisional Order of government in New
der of government ^
inNewNetheriand. Nethcrland, wherein they submit and refer to whatever the Amsterdam Chamber,
which hitherto had the management of New Netherland, should advise thereon, without
prejudice, however, to their right both to participate in the profits, and hereafter to fit out for
and trade to New Netherland. Which being considered, the aforesaid letter is accepted as
notification and, saving said right, the opinions both of the Amsterdam Chamber and of the
other Chambers of the West India Company, will be expected.
Resolution of the States General on a Petition of Messrs. Gahry.
[ From the Register of West India AITairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
^""o "• Read the petitions presented to their High Mightinesses in the name and on the
John and Cbarlek ^ ^
Gabry. behalf of John and Charles Gabry, merchants at Amsterdam, praying their High
Mightinesses' favorable letters and recommendation to Petrus Stuyvesant, Director General in
New Netherland, to lend a helping hand to the Petitioners or their attorneys, that they may
receive from Augustin Herman, their factor in those parts, due account, proof and remainder
of the goods which he hath had to dispose of from the Petitioners and their co-partners.
Which being considered, it is resolved and concluded, that the aforesaid petitions shall be
transmitted to the Director General abovenamed, with request and requisition to be aiding to
the Petitioners, and to assist them in such manner and way as shall be proper, so that they
may receive due satisfaction in all equity and good justice.
States General to Director Stuyvesant.
[ From the Register o( Vitgegane Briecm of the States General, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
To Peter Stuvesant, Director General, in New Netherland.
The States, etc.
Foiio95. Honorable, &c. You will be able to understand what John and Charles Gabry,
John and Charles merchants at Amsterdam, have represented and requested, from their annexed
petitions this day presented in our Assembly, which we have hereby resolved to
470 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
send you, requesting and requiring you to aid and assist the Petitioners in such wise as may
be rigiit, so that they may receive due contentment and satisfaction in all equity and good
justice against Augustin Herman. Done 2tl April, 1652.
He-solution of the States General to grant Adriaen van der Donck Venia testandi.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in theUoyal Archives at the Hague.]
Friday, 20'" April, 1652.
Folio 19. Read in the Assembly the petition of Adriaen van der Donck of Breda, Patroon
Adriaen Tan der of the Colouie of Ncperhaem, called by him Cokendonck, situate in New
Netherland, requesting that he may be granted Venia testandi ct disponendi, as
heretofore granted unto Kiliaen van Renselaer in quality aforesaid. Which being considered,
it is resolved and considered hereby to consent to the aforesaid petition, and such grant shall
accordingly be issued for the behoof of the Petitioner.
Patent empoioering Adriaen van der Donck to dispose of his Colonie hy Will.
[ From the Acte-Boek of the States General, in the Bojal Archives at the Hague. ]
Patent granted to Adriaen van der Donck, Patroon of the Colonie Colendonck,
situate in New Netherland, empowering him to dispose by will of said Fief
of Colendonck.
Folio 401. The States General of the United Netherlands. To all who shall see these
presents or hear them read. Greeting : Be it known : That We, on the humble supplication of
Adriaen van der Donck of Breda, Patroon of the Colonie Nepperhaem, by him called
Colendonck, situate in New Netherland, within the limits of the General Incorporated West
India Company of this country, and having carefully looked into the fifth article of the
Freedoms granted by the Assembly of the Nineteen of said Company, to all those who shall
plant Colonies in New Netherland aforesaid, have by these our letters unto him, the Petitioner,
sovereignly given, granted, allowed and conferred, do give, grant, consent and confer, power
to order, testate and dispose of his aforesaid Fief, called Colendonck, either by form of
testament and last will, codicil before a notary and witnesses, superintendents and vassals
where said property lies, or otherwise at his pleasure, for the profit of his children, if any he
have, friends and kindred or others, strangers, according as it shall please and seem good to
him, the aforesaid, his manorial estate to his children or other persons to give, transport or
leave in whole or in part, thereupon to assign rents hereditary, or for life, or even to give any
one the usufruct thereof, at his discretion and good pleasure. We have, moreover, given, and
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VI. 471
do hereby give, the Petitioner permission, power and leave, his aforesaid testament and last
will, that he shall thus make or hath previously made, to alter, enlarge, diminish and revoke,
by codicil or other arrangement of last will, whenever and at all times that he shall please;
vehich testament, gift and order thus made or to be made by the Petitioner, we now, for then,
have confirmed and ratified, confirm and ratify by this our letter, and will that it be
maintained and perfected, and be valid and of good effect forever; and that whomsoever the
aforesaid Petitioner hath given the said manor or portion thereof, or assigned any rents or
usufruct thereon to, shall use the same according to the laws, statutes and customs of the
place in which they are situate, in the same manner and in all forms and ways, as if the said
gifts or grants were made and executed before the General Company or other their agents,
whom it may concern. Provided, that whomsoever the abovenamed Petitioner shall give,
order or make over the aforesaid Fief to, whether man or woman, shall be bound, within a
year and six weeks after the death of the aforesaid Petitioner, or his or her entrance into
possession of the above described Fief, to do homage unto us and no one else, and pay the
rights thereunto appertaining and belonging, all without fraud, guile or craft. Wherefore We
do request and order those of the aforementioned General Incorporated West India Company
to instruct and command the Governors or Commanders and Council, who now are, or shall
hereafter be in New Netherland, and moreover all others whom it in anywise may concern,
conjointly and each in particular, as it shall behoove him, that they maintain and perfect the
testament, order and last will of the abovenamed Petitioner, as he shall have made, or yet
shall make it, and as it now by Us is ratified and confirmed as aforesaid ; and whomsoever
he, by his testament and last will hath given and granted the aforesaid Fief, or shall have
made and assigned, or yet may make, give or assign any rents, or usufructs to, the same to
cause and permit the quiet and peaceable use and enjoyment thereof, without causing or
allowing him at any time to experience any let, hindrance or molestation therein to the
contrary. Given under Our seal, paraph, and the signature of our Greffier in the Hague,
the six and twentieth day of April, XVP and fifty and two.
Uesolution of the States General^ recalling Director Stuyvesant.
[ Prom the Register of West India Affairs, 1652 —1663, in the Koyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Saturday, 27"' April, 1652.
Folio 19. Upon consideration, it is resolved and concluded to write to Petrus Stuyvesant,
Director Stnyresant. ' ,,i .,-i -cii
Kecaii. Director General in New Netherland, to repair hither on receipt of the despatch,
in order to give their High Mightinesses circumstantial and pertinent information of the true
and actual condition of the Country; also, of the boundary line between the English and
Dutch there; extract of this, their High Mightinesses' resolution, shall be sent to the presiding
Chamber of the West India Company at Amsterdam, for its information.
472 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
States General to Director Stuyvesant.
[ From the Register of Uit^egane Brieven of the Stales General, In the Bojal Archives at the Hague. ]
To Petrus Stuyvesant, Director General in New Netlierland,
The States, etc.
Folio 100. Honorable, etc. We have, in view of the public service, considered it necessary
Eecaii. to require you, on sight hereof, to repair hither, in order to furnish us
circumstantial and pertinent information, as to the true and actual condition of the country
and affairs; also, of the boundary line between the English and Dutch there. Done 27
April, 1652.
States General to tlie Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company.
( From the Register or ntgegam BrUven of the Stales General, In the Eojal ArchlTea at the Hagne. ]
To the Chamber of the West India Company at Amsterdam.
The States, etc.
Folio 101. Honorable, etc. You will be able to see what we have resolved respecting
Director Peirus ^^^ retum of Pctrus Stuyvcsant, Director General of New Netherland, in the
BiujveaanL accompanying extract of our resolutions, which we have thought proper to send
you herewith, lor your information. Done 27 April, 1652.
Resolution of the States General on Jan van BurevUs petition.
[ From the Eegisler of Eeaolotlons of the Slates General, In the Eoyal Archlies at the Hague. ]
Saturday, 27"' April, 1652.
Folio 846. Read in the Assembly the petition of Jan van Buren, chief of the fire
department (brantmeester J, of the Noble Mighty Lords, the States of Holland and Westfriesland,
and Dirck van Schoonderwoort. Notary here in the Hague, respectively father-in-law and uncle
Dirck ran sohci- of Dirck Van Schelluvne, Notary residing in New Netherland, complaining of the
lujne, Notary in J J o r o
New Netherland. Director and Council, who are obstructing the abovenamed Schelluyne in
the exercise of his Notarial office, &c. Which being considered, it is resolved and concluded
to write to the aforesaid Director and Council, to maintain the abovenamed Schelluyne in his
aforesaid office and right.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VL 473
States General to Director Stmjvesant.
[From the Eegislcr of Uitgegane Brieven of the SUtes General, in lh« Koyal Archivos at Iho Hague. ]
To Petrus Stuyvesaut Director General, and to the Council of New Netherland.
The States, etc.
Foiioioo. Honorable, etc. Whereas we have heretofore qualified Dirck van Schelluyne
to reside there as Notary, and are informed, that he experiences divers obstacles and difficulties
Derek T»n Schei- ^"^ ''^'^ exercise of his said Notarial office. We have, therefore, resolved to liereby
'"^■'' order and command that you maintain the abovenamed Schelluyne in his said
office and right, its consequences and appurtenances. Done 27 April, 1652.
Resolution of the States General.
I From the EegUter of W«8t India Affairs, l(i52 — 16(3.3, in ilie Royal Arcliivos at tlie Hague. ]
Saturday, 27"' April, 1652.
Folio 19. Read in the Assembly,. the petition, presented to their High Mightinesses, of
Martin Beekman as Attorney of Cornelis Melyn, Patroon on Statea Island in New Netherland
D^recior''Vln'M- containing a continuation of the complaints against Director Petrus Stuyvesant;
""'■ which being considered, it is resolved and concluded that said petition shall be
referred to the Mess" Aersbergen and the other their High Mightinesses' deputies for the aflairs
of the West India Company, to examine and inspect the same and to report thereon.
Memorial of Adriaen van der Donck.
I From the Original in the Royal Archives at the Hague; Loketkai of the States General; Division, Wesi Indudie (bmpagnU, No. 36.]
Memorial for the Lord van Seraertsbergen and other their High Mightinesses'
Deputies for the affairs of New Netherland.
As the ships lie ready to sail in Texel and the Petitioner hath embarked all his goods
and also divers people therein, he most humbly requests an open dismissal with the clause
de non offendendo, and that the Director and whosoever it might further concern, may allow
the Petitioner again to hold peaceably the office of President of the Commonalty in New
Amsterdam, which the Petitioner was filling at the date of his departure, as he is not able,
otherwise, to leave without direct contravention of your High Mightinesses' resolution of the
14"' of March of this year, and he offers, should your High Mightinesses think proper, to appear
again in person at the Hague next winter.
Vol. I. 60
474 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
The Petitioner to this end, also, most humbly prays your High Miglitinesses to write to the
Commonalty of New Netherland, that the settlement of the boundary, population and
reduction of duties shall be taken into early consideration by your High Mightinesses,
wherefore they have resolved to recommend my return hither ; also that the Director, Council
and Select men shall not practice evasion or delay respecting the incurred expenses and
vacation during this delegation, which the Petitioner is obliged to demand as he has certain
information that the Director intends anew, through him, by lack of pecuniary support, to
crush the good and needful work for the Commonalty in New Netherland.
Which doing.
( Endorsed )
Memorial of Adriaen van der Donck, delegate from the
Commonalty in New Netherland 13 May, 1652.
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Memorial.
[ From the Eeeinter of West India Affairs, 1C62 — 1663, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Monday, 13 May, 1652.
Fuiio 20. Read in the Assembly the petition of Adr : van der Donck, Delegate from the
Adr : van der Donck. Commonalty of Ncw Netherland addressed to Mr. van Aersbergen and other their
High Mightinesses' Deputies, praying, substantially, that as the ships lie ready to sail in Te.xel
and he, tlie Petitioner hath embarked therein all his goods and also divers people, he may be
granted an open dismissal with the clause dc non offcndcndo, and that the Director and those
whom it may further concern, be ordered to allow the Petitioner peaceably to hold the office
of President of the Commonalty of New Amsterdam, which the Petitioner was filling when he
took his departure; the Petitioner not being able, otherwise, to leave without directly
contravening their High Mightinesses' resolution of the li"" of March ; further offering, should
their High Mightinesses think proper, to appear again in person here at the Hague next winter.
Secondly, the Petitioner most humbly prays also, to this end, that their High Mightinesses may
write to the Commonalty in New Netherland that the settlement of the boundary, the population
and reduction of duties shall be taken into early consideration by their High Mightinesses,
wherefore they liave resolved to recommend his, the Petitioner's return here ; that, also, the
Director, Council and Select men shall not practice evasion or delay respecting the incurred
expenses and fees during this delegation, which the Petitioner is obliged to demand, as
he has certain information that the Director intends anew, through him, by lack of pecuniary
support, to crush the good and needful work for the Commonalty in New Netherland. Which
being considered, the Lords of Elolland have taken the matter aforesaid into their bauds to be
more fully communicated to their constituents.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VL 475
Secret Resolutions of the Slates General on the Negotiation with England.
[From Ihe Register or Secret Eesolutions of the States General, In the Royal Archives at the Hague.]
Monday, 13 May, 1652.
Folio 59. The written considerations on the answers returned by the Council of State
in England to their High Mightinesses' Extraordinary Ambassador at present
Considerations on there, OH the Thirty-six Articles in question, which were to serve as a basis of a
the 36 Articles. '' ^
Treaty to be concluded between the Republic of England aforesaid and this
State, being again brought up in the Assembly; it is, after deliberation, resolved and
concluded, hereby to draw up the aforesaid considerations in manner and form as is hereinafter
inserted, word for word.
Mess" the Ambassadors shall be careful, &c.
Folio 60. They shall make use of all imaginable reasons and arguments to the end
that the contents of the eleventh Article may be obtained. At the same time the settlement
of the Boundary mentioned in the twelfth Article shall be postponed until a more
favorable opportunity.
Tuesday, 14 May, 1652.
Folio 68. On resuming the written considerations drawn up yesterday by their High
Mightinesses on the answers returned by the Council of State in England to Mess" their
Ambass-idors in High Mightinesses' Ambassadors Extraordinary at present there, on the Thirty-six
England. .7 J r i J
Articles in question which were to serve as a basis of the Treaty to be concluded
between the Republic of England aforesaid and this State, it is resolved and concluded, that
Farther Instruction, a further lustructiou sliall be sent, by Mr. Willem van Nieupoort, who is going to
England with a commission from their High Mightinesses', to the said Ambassadors
Extraordinary, to aid them as to the contents of the eleventh Article of the Points delivered by
their Excellencies to the government there, in order to be employed and made use of, whenever
they should happen to perceive that the aforesaid eleventh Article cannot, to all appearance,
be obtained, as if said instruction were inserted in the aforesaid written considerations after
the abovementioned eleventh Article; whereunto their Excellencies are hereby empowered
and authorized.
Resolution of the States General revohing the Recall of Director Stuyvesant.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1655 — 1663, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, 16 May, 1652.
Foiio2i. Upon deliberation, it is resolved and concluded that the Letter of Recall
Letter to the Direc- Written on the 27"" April last, to Director Stuyvesant, in New Netherland, and
Toked. already issued, shall be revoked and retained, until the matter be maturely
examined by the previous Lords Deputies, when their High Mightinesses, after report being
received, shall make further disposition herein; and Adriaen van der Donck is hereby ordered
and commanded to restore the aforesaid letter.
471^ NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Petition of Adriaen van der Donch to the States General.
[ From Ihe MS. In Ibe Koyftl ArchlveB at Ihe Hngue ; Loketkaa of the States QcDerol ; Division, We9t IndUcfte CompagnU, No. R6. J
To the High and Mighty Lords, my Lords the States General of the United Netherlands.
High and Mighty Lords.
Adriaen van der Donck, Delegate of tlie Commonalty in New Netherland, respectfully
represents, that he, the Petitioner, has been for over two years and a half continuously in this
country in quality of Delegate from the Commonalty in New Netherland, of the Manhattans
or New Amsterdam, Amersfort, Breukelen and Pavonia, the Delegates being first three in
number, whereof two, namely Jacob van Couwenhoven and Jan Inverts Bout, were discharged
by your High Mightinesses on the first of April, 1650, so that the Petitioner alone hath
remained liere in commission.
And first, namely, on the 27"" of January, IGOO, and 10"" and IS"", and principally on the
SG"" February of said year, they, the Delegates, at the Hon*"'' Directors at the Chamber at
Amsterdam, in presence and before your High Mightinesses' Commissioners, being severely
reproached by the Hon'''' Directors who were unwilling to acknowledge their commission or
constituents (commiitcntr.n), delivered to your High Miglitinesses' Commissioners for the affairs
of New Netherland, copy of their commission and of the commission of their constituents
(committcnien), which, notwithstanding said opposition of tlie Directors was, afterwards, on the
1 1"" April, confirmed by order of your High Mightinesses, as is to be seen by the annexed
paper No. 1. The Select men, their constituents, were, however, afterwards on a sudden, very
unhandsomely dissolved by the Director, contrary to your High Mightinesses' order of the ll""
of April and contrary to their own right and privilege of nomination, after they had, on
foreseeing the occurrence from afar, by complaint and letter made known and forewarned your
High Mightinesses of what was to happen, according to the Director's expressed words
and threats.
And as the Petitioner's own affairs in New Netherland are going fast to ruin, and the
common Redress is here by divers means kept back, the Petitioner repeatedly besought your
High Mightinesses, most humbly, to dismiss him, principally in his petition of the tenth of
March, and now lately, he proposing from day to day to depart, by your High Mightinesses'
consent, with his wife, mother, sister, brother, servants, maids, and in that design had packed
and shipped all his implements and goods. Whereupon the Petitioner proceeded to Amsterdam
to arrange his other affairs at that place ; but he understood here, before he left, that the
Hon"' Directors of Amsterdam had forbidden all the skippers to- receive him, the Petitioner,
or his, even though exhibiting your High Mightinesses' express orders and consent. All which
came, at the last moment, most strangely and unexpectedly on the Petitioner, as he was not
aware that he had given any cause therefor.
He consequently resolved to speak to the Directors privately and also at the Assembly, under
the impression that this arose from some misunderstanding or other, and that the affair would
go well notwithstanding; making use, with this view, of influential friends at Amsterdam to
facilitate matters as much as possible, which at first had the appearance of a happy result, as
Mie Petitioner took great trouble and pains ; yea, to such a degree, that the Directors themselves
acknowledged nothing more could be expected of an honorable man.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VI. 477
But the Petitioner afterwards found the dispositions of the Directors much estranged, when
they learned that the Petitioner's dismissal stuck here on reconsideration, and they became
inclined to dispute with him —
First. The Petitioner's commission and his constituents' legitimacy, which they at once
wholly rejected ; saying they were a lawless and mutinons rahble, whereof he, the Petitioner,
was one of the most notorious ringleaders, representing himself as Delegate of the Commonalty,
and their late president; that, therefore, they, the Directors, did not mean, but were even
unwilling that he should depart ; also, that the matter now rested no longer with them,
but in the hands of the Lords Burgomasters of Amsterdam, without whose order and advice
they were not doing anything; that the resolution to recall the Director, was the Petitioner's
underhand work ; and much more of a like nature, too voluminous to relate.
Moreover, that they, the Delegates from New Netherland, had very improperly applied to
the States General ; that people must come only to them — meaning thereby the Amsterdam
Chamber — that their High Mightinesses had not the least authority over New Netherland ;
that they could do nothing therein, as it depended alone on the Chamber at Amsterdam ; that
their High Mightinesses' safeguards or letters demissory, were of no avail ; that even liad he
such letters or safeguard, the Directors would not allow him, the Petitioner, to go, or to remain
unmolested ; that such letters were of no value in New Netherland, but, on the contrary,
whoever went thither so armed, should be prosecuted more rigorously than others, in case of
any complaint against him.
All which the Petitioner answered according to circumstances and his imperfect knowledge,
but nevertheless without being more successful. Nor could he obtain any permission to leave
with his wife, mother, sister, brother, servants and other members of his family,
notwithstanding every effort was made, and the Petitioner clearly and plainly showed that it
absolutely involved his ruin, and proposed and offered everything thai could in any way be
required for the Directors' satisfaction, in order that he might depart with his dear and valued
pledges and friends, who encouraged by him to emigrate, had, with that intent, also sold and
parted with their real estate, worth thousands of guilders, for less than its value ; but no
attention was paid, no matter how plain, clear and submissive were his remonstrances, and
no matter what offers he made.
But the Petitioner without any debate or any knowledge of his adversaries, contrary to what
appears to be his right, must, without any form of procedure or anything resembling thereto,
remain separated from his wife, mother, sister, brother, servants, maids, family connections,
from two good friends, from his merchandise, his own necessary goods, furniture and also from
his real estate in New Netherland. The Petitioner cannot designate this proceeding other
than an extraordinary or civil banishment, invested with no other justification or formality
so far as he knows, than — Such is our pleasure and in this case we are our own masters;
herein we have no superior according to the Charter granted to us.
Wherefore the Petitioner wholly disheartened and cast down, as Delegate of the
Commonalty of New Netherland and also as a native freeman of this country, whose mother's
father by the capture of the city of Breda with the turf-boat, whereof he was exporter and
part owner, participated in the acquired freedom, addresses himself to your High Mightinesses,
and most respectfully prays that your High Mightinesses may be pleased again to approve
the Petitioner's commission and the legality of his constituents, as heretofore by your High
Mightinesses' order of the II"' April, 1G50, hereunto annexed, and to grant certificate of the
same, or to revoke or annul it.
478 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Secondly. Tliat your High Mightinesses would be pleased to declare at the same time whether
the Petitioners, as Delegates and inhabitants of New Netherland, which is a conquest of the
Company in general, as your Petitioners are informed, have improperly applied to your High
Mightinesses, after, however, the same Commonalty had, some years ago, presented lo the
Directors their complaints respecting the bloody War authorized by Director Kieft, and other
excesses in the government there, without experiencing any benefit thereby, except that on the
coming to that country of the present Director, the Eight men, who had made the complaints,
authorildte jiubliai, were separately put in prison, locked up, banished or hunted and utterly
terrified, which ail at present in New Netherland have seen with their eyes and can exhibit
affidavits thereof.
In order, should they have improperly or illegally applied to your High Mightinesses, and
their Commission and the legality of the constituency have been found to be, or yet is, null,
that they, the Petitioners may change their course and address in time and, if possible, arrest
and prevent their utter ruin.
Which doing,
( Signed ) Adriaen van deu Donck.
Memlution of the States Genei'ol on the Petition of Adriaen van der DoncTc.
[ From the Kcglsler of West Imiia Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Friday, 24"" May, 1652.
Folio 22. Read at the Assembly the Petition of Adriaen van der Donck, Delegate of the
Adriaen van der y-, ' ,
Doncii. Commonalty in New Netherland, containing divers points. Which being
considered, the Provinces have requested copy of said Petition, which is hereby granted, and
saving this, it is resolved and concluded that copy of the aforesaid petition shall be sent to
the respective Chambers of the West India Company for their information.
States General to the West India Company.
[ From Iho Ueglsler of Vitgegane Brietm of the States General, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
To all the Chambers of the West India Company of these countries.
The States, etc.
Folio 121. Honorable, etc. By the accompanying copy of the petition of Adriaen van
Done"" '"" ""^ der Donck, Delegate of the Commonalty in New Netherland, presented to us this
day, you will perceive what he has represented to, and requested of us, earnestly
requesting and no less requiring you with all speed to inform us thereupon.
Done 24"' May, 1652.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VL 479
Chamber at Amsterdam to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; Loketkas of the States General j Division, WmI IndUche Campagnie, No. 86. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
Our Deputies who lately returned from the Hague, have communicated to us, among other
matters, your High Mightinesses' resolution of the 16"" instant, wliereby it was resolved and
concluded that the letter of recall written on the 27"' April last to Director Stuyvesant,
and already issued, shall be revoked and retained until the matter, being thoroughly examined
by the Deputies abovementioned, shall then be disposed of by your High Mightinesses, after
report thereupon shall have been received; inasniuch as your High Mightinesses have by said
resolution prevented the disorders and confusion which by such recall of the Director were
encouraged to break out and rise in New Netherland, we cannot neglect most humbly to thank
your High Mightinesses therefor, and by this occasion further to request that we may have the
honor to be heard betimes, before such Deputies as shall examine the matters aforesaid ;
trusting that we shall give them such satisfaction respecting the division of the Boundary and
all other points that will be proposed to us, as to obviate the necessity of recalling the Director
aforesaid. Whereupon awaiting your High Mightinesses' order, we shall here terminate, and
pray God Almighty for lasting prosperity of your High Mightinesses' happy government;
remaining
High and Mighty Lords,
Your High Mightinesses' humble servants,
The Directors of the West India Company at Amsterdam.
Amsterdam, the 27 May, 1652. (Signed) Isaack van Beeck.
Received 28 May. Ferdinand Schulenborch.
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Letter.
[From the Eegister of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Eoyal Archirea at the Hague.]
Tuesday, 2S"' May, 1652.
Folio 28. Received a letter from the Directors of the West India Company, Chamber of
Amsterdam, dated 27''' instant, praying in substance to be heard betimes whenever the subject
Director stuyye- °^ '^'''" Stuy vesant in New Netherland shall be examined by their Higii Mightinesses'
"°'' Deputies for the affairs of the West India Company; which being considered,
it is resolved and concluded, that the aforesaid letter shall be placed in the hands of the said
Lords, their High INIightinesses in order to pay due attention thereto in the examination
and investigation of the matters aforesaid, and to notify the said Directors of the time the
investigation shall take place, to hear them on the whole and report thereupon as soon
as possible.
480 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
liesohition of the States General on the death of Samvel Blommaert.
[ From Ihu Kigisler •f West India Affairs, 16S2 — 1663, In the Royal Archlrea at tbe Hague. ]
Tliursdiiy, 20 June, 16-52.
r..iio24. Received a letter, written at Amsterdam the IS"" instant by Abraham de Deckere,
dewa^J. ""°"'°' " junior, filling the ortice at present of Accouiitaiit fJeiieral of the West India
Company in the place of Samuel Blommaert recently deceased, and two accounts therewith etc.
liesolation of the States General on a Letter from the Chamber at Amsterdam.
[From Ihe Ecgisler of Wesl India Affairs, 166S — 16C3, in the Koyal ArchiTes at Ihe Hague.]
Saturday, 22 June, 1652.
Folio 26. Received a letter from the Directors of the West India Company, Chamber at
West India Cham- Amsterdam, written there on the 21" instant, with some documents annexed, in
ber at An..ierd.m. j^^g^^^ j^ fj^gj^ jjjgh Mightinesses' letter of the 24"' May last,' and consequently
information on the petition the same day presented to their High Mightinesses, in the name
and on the behalf of Adriaen van der Donck, styling himself Delegate of the
Adnfien Tan der ./ tj o
^'""'''- Commonalty in New Netherland. Which, being considered, it is resolved and
concluded, that the aforesaid letter and documents be placed in the hands of Mess" Huygens
and the other, their High Mightinesses' Deputies, for the afi'airs of the West India Company,
to examine, look over, and to report thereon. Such is the aforesaid conclusion formed by Mr.
van der Hoolk, in his capacity of president last week.
Chamber at Dart to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Royal Archives at the Ilagne ; Loketkas of the Blales Goncral ; Division, West Indiacht OompagnU, No. 86. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
Your High Mightinesses' letter dated 24"" May, duly reached us with the petition of Adriaen
van der Donck inclosed, whereon your High Mightinesses require our advice upon that petition.
We respectfully answer thereunto — inasmuch as the acquired country of New Netherland has
been heretofore administered by the Chamber of Amsterdam, we have very little knowledge
of it and of the situation of the people there ; therefore, cannot form any correct opinion of
the legality or illegality of the commission or person of the aforesaid Adriaen van der Donck,
which we judge can be most properly done by your High Mightinesses' Commissioners
appointed for the affairs of New Netherland, who from time to time have taken thorough
' Supra, p. 478. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VL 481
information on the matter aforesaid. However, we cannot perceive wherefore the aforesaid
Van der Donci< should he forbid to leave for New Netherland with his wife, mother and entire
family, nor why his application to your High Miglitiuesses was improper, inasmuch as your
High Migiitinesses, in ratifying the Charter, have retained and reserved the chief authority
to yourselves. Wherewith ending, we remain.
Your High Mightinesses'
Humble servants.
The Directors of the West India Company, Maase Chamber at Dort.
(Signed) Gerhardt Noey.
A. Halewyn.
Received 24 June, 1G52. Anthonie Repelaer Huygens
Folio 26.
West Ind
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Letter.
[From theEegUter of West India AflUirs, 1632 — 1663, in (he Royal Archives at the Hague.]
Monday, 24"' June, 1G52.
Received a letter from the Directors of the West India Company, Chamber on
iJordrecht. the MaasB at Dordrecht, being in answer to their High Mightinesses' despatch of
the 24"" May last, and opinion on the petition presented to their High Mightinesses on
the same day, in the name and on the behalf of Adriaen van der Donck, delegate from the
Commonalty in New Netherland : Which being considered, the Lords of Holland have
requested copy of the aforesaid letter, which was hereby granted.
Resolution of the States General on the commencement of War with England.
[ From the Register of the Secret Resolutions of the Slates General, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, 17 July, 1652.
Folio 23. After deliberation it is resolved and concluded that whenever the frigate shall
Notice of English be got ready by the Board of Admiralty in Zealand, she shall be sent to the
hostilities for the ° J J •> ,,,.-.
^rNew''Neth'e''r'. Caribbean Islands, there to give notice according and agreeably to their High
'=■"•■ Mightinesses' previous resolution, which being done, the frigate shall proceed to
New Netherland, to give similar notice there.
Vol. I. 61
482 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Secret Resolutions of the States Gevei-al on the crpenivg of the War tvith England.
[ From Iho Kogistcr of Ihe Secret Kesolulionj of Iho 8lalcs General, In the Roynl Archives at the Hngoe. ]
Wednesday, 17'" July, 1652.
Foiio23. Upon consideration it is resolved and concluded that Commander Cats shall
Sier c.^. ^"°'"' be written to, informing him that reliable advice has been received here that
nJhsmyrn""iice"®' soHie richly laden English ships from Smyrna are proceeding to Leghorn, where
they await other similar vessels, also, as is reported, some convoy, and that, therefore, he
the Commander shall keep a watchful eye on them, and consequently repair to and remaia
at such place as he shall consider best adapted for the capture of the aforesaid English ships;
and on meeting, act towards them according to the directions in the Instruction sent him
heretofore and again in duplicate and triplicate, to be annexed to the despatches to be then
written, and according as soldiership and seamanship shall demand ; with this understanding
that the despatch arising herefrom shall be sent off both by express and by the ordinary post.
Monday, 22 July, 1652.
Foiio26. After deliberation it is resolved and concluded hereby to request Mess"
oTr'aT Braz^! Huygeus and other their High Mightinesses' Deputies for the affairs of the West
IheS.'''" **" India Company, to consider at the earliest moment with the Directors of that
Company who may be here and convenient, how the Coasts of Brazil, Guinea and New
Netherland shall be best preserved, and the English about those parts annoyed.
Secret Resolution of the States General tlutt none hut trustworthy Persons he employed
in New Netherland.
[ From the Eegistet of the Secret BesoIuUons of the States General, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hagne. ]
Monday, 22 July, 1652.
Folio 26. After deliberation, it is resolved and concluded that Peter Stuyvesant, Director
Peter 8tuyve«mL of Ncw Netherland be instructed to take good care, and keep a watchful eye in
the present rupture between this State and England, that no person be employed either in the
cinbhe.n Wands political govemmeut or Militia in that country, except those whose fidelity and
'-'"'■ affection to this State can be fully relied on. And the despatch to be written
shall, without reconsideration, be sent to the Board of Admiralty in Zealand, to be transmitted
by the frigate destined for the Caribbean Islands and New Netherland aforesaid.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VL 483
States General to Director Stuyvemnt.
[From tho Ecgiatcr of CUgtgane Brievm of lUo Stales General, in the Royal Archives al the Hague. ]
To P. Stuyvesant, Director General in New Netherland.
The States, etc.
Folio 210. Honorable, etc. In this present rupture between this State and England, we
have resolved hereby to write to you and to charge and order you to take good care and keep
a watchful eye so that no persons be employed either in the political government or Militia
of that country except those whose fidelity and affection for this State may be fully relied on.
Done 22 July, 1052.
Secret Memoir of the West India Company respecting Brazil and New Netherland.
[ From the Original in the Royal Archives at tho Hague ; SecreUkas of Ihe Stales General ; Division, West Induche Oompagnie, No. 8. ]
To the Honorable Mighty Lords, the Deputies of the High and Mighty Lords States
General for West India Affairs.
Honorable and Mighty Lords !
The undersigned Directors of the Incorporated West India Company having communication
of the extract of their High Mightinesses' resolution hereunto annexed, have in their affliction
learned with some joy from its tenor, that the deliberations of the Government in lliese critical
times have been extended over the utterly wretched affairs of said Company,- and as they
assume it as a token of their High Mightinesses' good inclination, so they hope and pray that
it may be so far continued that such effects may follow the aforesaid deliberation as both the
intention of the State and the constitution of the aforesaid Company demand.
And here, in order to obey your Honorable Mightinesses' command and to make some
suggestions thereon introductory to the needful deliberation, the aforesaid Directors shall
observe the order prescribed by said Resolution.
Brazil hath no communication with those of England except that the Portuguese, when
occasion presents, are accustomed to charter some of their ships. Therefore no injury can be
done there by the English, and consequently 'twould be unnecessary to make any reflection on
the abovementioned district in connection with them, unless the Directors anticipated another
difficulty, which on this occasion cannot be omitted. It consists in this, that the Company is
very apprehensive of the important deliberations in which the respective Provinces are now
engaged ; and is therefore of opinion that it will not be convenient for their High Mightinesses,
who have their hands full of work at home, to take any order principally on the restoration of
Brazil. Nevertheless, whilst, on the other hand, it appears very necessary, not only on
account of the evident danger to which the conquest is exposed, but also in regard that some
Provinces are disinclined to continue in the provisional superintendence to which hitherto
they attended, therefore the aforesaid Directors are uncertain how to proceed in such case,
484 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
being under the necessity of asking, only that it may be considered and determined either one
way or the other. And, accordingly, in case the settlement of the chief point is not probable,
then that order at least be taken, whilst waiting for more favorable opportunity, provisionally
to preserve and secure the coast, so that the stores which must be sent successively hence,
may arrive in safety there. The Portuguese ships which come from Cape St. Augustine or
other adjacent places to the Ileciffe and, whilst it is unprotected by any of our marine, capture
the aforesaid vessels arriving with provisions and other supplies, efl'ectually blockade, both by
Water and by land, that port, which necessarily must fall into the hands of the enemy, to his
exceeding great joy and to the irreparable damage and dishonor of this country. To prevent
this, a trifling aid of eight or ten ships of war, with some small craft, is required. Otherwise,
the coast, which is at present destitute of all naval force, is wholly and utterly abandoned
to the mercy and pleasure of the Portuguese.
In like manner, that their High Mightinesses would please to provide money for the
payment of the 2S00 soldiers in service there, so that they may not become dissatisfied on
account of the want of their pay, and desert as many have already done, and the Reciff and
other places belonging to the country experience great annoyance, damage and ruin by means
of the deserters.
In regard to the Coast of Africa, wherein Guinea comes specially under consideration; the
Castle of Elmina and the other fortresses of the Company are thought to be sufficient for
their own defence ; and the English thereabout can be somewhat annoyed by the privateers
of this country, to whom commissions will be granted for that purpose, pursuant to their
High Mightinesses' resolution of the IS"" instant, according to a regulation prepared by the
respective Chambers.
New Netherland is the only place from whence the English in various parts, and especially
in the Caribbean Islands, can be attacked. For this purpose, should the Government be
agreeable, 5 or 6 ordinary, but well manned, frigates could be employed, the expenses
whereof could doubtless be easily defrayed out of the property taken as prizes. But in case
the Commonwealth be no wise disposed thereunto, the matter must be kept a profound
secret; otherwise, the English in those parts, being very strong, must not be troubled, but
those of the Company remain altogether on their guard.
Thus handed in and delivered on the 30"" July, 1G52, pursuant to the Command of the
Honorable Mighty Lords Deputies.
(Signed) JoHAN le Thor.
ISAACK VAN BeECK.
N. Ten Hove.
Secret Resohdion of the States General on the preceding Memoir.
[ From the Regl>lcr of the Secret Eesolutlons of the Slates Genernl, In the Royal Archives at the Hague.]
Wednesday, 31 July, 1G52.
Folio 35. Heard the report of .Mess" Huygens and the other their High Mightinesses'
Deputies for the affairs of the West India Company, pursuant to the resolution of the 22''
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VL 485
West India Com- instant, the attending Directors of the West India Company being, also, conferring
omn'™. on the preservation of the coasts of Brasil, Guinea, and New Netherland, and
how to annoy the English thereabouts; and a certain opinion of the Directors
to that effect, was submitted in writing to the Assembly. Whicii being considered, the
Provinces have requested copy tliereof, and such is liereby granted.
Petition of Adriaen van tier Donch to the State-<} General.
[From a MS. In Ihe Royal Archivea at the Hague ; Lohttkat of the States General j Division, West Indie, No. 36. ]
To the High and Mighty Lords States General of the United Netherlands.
Adriaen van der Donck, Delegate of the Commonalty of New Netherland, humbly showeth,
that he, the Petitioner, was, to his great damage and regret, when on the point of departing to
New Netherland, on the IG"" May, 1G52, detained by the Directors of the Amsterdam Chamber,
as he, the Petitioner, on the S-S"" May following, submitted at length to your High Mightinesses,
with the knowledge of the Directors ; wiiich remonstrance was communicated to all the
Provinces, and copy of it sent to the respective Chambers for information thereon, as well as
to the Chamber of Amsterdam, which seems to claim the affairs of New Netherland as its
exclusive right, and sent its answer to your High Mightinesses on the 22'' June, whereunto he
was referred, without any further postil, when he again solicited permission to depart.
Wherefore, he, as Delegate, respectfully applies to your High Mightinesses, humbly praying
that, pursuant to your High Mightinesses' resolution, dated the 16"" March of this year, the
Commissioners over the affairs of New Netherland, whom your Migh Mightinesses have
been pleased to appoint thereunto, may proceed to business, make a report, and take into
consideration the Petitioner's dismissal, then and heretofore also frequently requested.
Which doing,
(Signed) Adriaen van der Donck.
(Endorsed)
Petition of Adriaen van der Donck, Delegate from
New Netherland. Exhibited 5 August, 1652.
Resoliition of ihe States General on the preceding Petition,
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Monday, 5 August, 1652.
Folio 81. Read at the Assembly, the further petition of Adr" van der Donck, Delegate
r.van er o"" • from the Commonalty of New Netherland, again praying disposition on the
petition heretofore delivered in by him. Which being considered, it is resolved and concluded,
486 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
that the aforesaid petition shall be placed in the hands of Mess" van der Capelie tho Ryssel,
and the other their High Migiitinesses' Deputies for the affairs of the West India Company, to
investigate, examine and report thereon.
Ansioer of England to the Proposal of the Dutch for Free Trade and Stttlement
of the Kew Netherland Boundary.
[ From Iho Original Vtrhad van cU Ambamade naar Engdandt, 1652, Id the Eoyal Archives at tlie Ilagne. ]
Extract from the XXXV^I articles, submitted to the Council of State of the
Republic of England. 21 February, 1652.
The inhabitants and subjects of the aforesaid Republic of England, and of the States
General of the United Netherlands, shall sail and trade to the Caribbee Islands and to Virginia,
free and unmolested, in the same manner as they have hitherto resorted to and traded with
these places, without any distinction as to whether those islands and places were first or last
occupied or possessed by the inhabitants and subjects of the aforesaid Republic, or of the
United Netherlands, any prohibition published or promulgated to the contrary notwithstanding.
12.
And with a view, in like manner, to maintain friendship, peace and good neighborhood
between both the Nations aforesaid on the continent of North America, a just, certain and
immovable Boundary line there shall be settled and determined as soon as possible.'
Extract.
The Councell hath considered the Thirty six Articles exhibited by your
Lordships to their Commission" the i-y February, and have returned answer
thereunto in the following particulars —
11. For answere to the Eleventh wee say. That the people of the Commonwealth of England
having beene alwayes strictly forbidden Trade in all Plantations & places belonging to the
people of the United Provinces that are not within the Netherlands; Wee shall acquiesce
therein and shall therefore forbeare to sayle or trade with any of their plantations abroad ; and
shall not interrupt or disturbe them in their saylingto them. — And as for their tradeing to any
of the English plantations it is forbidden by the late Act for Encrease of the Navigation of this
Nation, from which wee thinke not fit to recede.
12. To the Twelfth wee say that the English were the First Planters of the Northerne firme
land of America, and have plantations there from the Southermost part of Virginia in thirtie
seven degrees of North latitude, to Newfoundland in Fiftie two degrees; and not knowing of
' These two arliclcs are translated from the Latin. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VL 487
any plantation of tlie Netherlanders there, save a small number up in Hudson's River, Wee thinke
it not necessary at present to settle the limits, which maybe done hereafter in convenient tyme.
These things wee have thought fit to Exhibite to yo' Excellencies, upon those
things you propounded in yo' paper of Thirtie six articles. What remaynes further
to be offered on our part for consuraating the treaty shall in convenient tyme be aisoe
exhibited to y" Excellencies.
Signed in the name and by order of the Councell of State appointed by Authority
of Parlament.
(sd) P. Lisle president '
Whitehall.
15 March 165J.
Resolution of the States General.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Eoyal Archlyes at the Hague. ]
Tuesday, 13"" August, 1652.
Folio 82. Mr. van der Capelle tho Ryssel hath again brought before the Assembly
pany. and had read, certain written opinion of the Directors of the West India Company
here in attendance, exhibited on the 31 July last, concerning the preservation of the Coasts of
English. Brasil, Guinea and New Netherland, and how the English thereabouts can be
annoyed. Which being considered, it is resolved and concluded, that the said written opinion
be again placed in the hands of the abovementioned Mr. van der Capelle tho Ryssel and the
other their High Mightinesses' preceding deputies, in order to investigate, examine, to submit
their views as to the finding of means and ways whereby the affairs of said West India
Company in the Countries aforesaid may be restored and preserved in good condition, and to
report on the whole to their High Mightinesses.
Resolution of the States General on the preceded Invasion of New Netherland.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Bojral Archives at the Hague. ]
Tuesday, Z^ September, 1652.
Folio 85. Whereas their High Mightinesses are certainly informed that New Netherland
Mew Netherland.
is in great danger and imminently exposed to invasion, surprisal and to the
' Philip Sidwet, Lord Lisle, the eldest son of the 2d Earl of Leicester, was a zealous republican. He had in his youth
been trained up as a diplomatist, attending on his father to the States General and the Courts of Denmark and France, and
in 1648 was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, where he remained, howerer, but a short time. He next became president
of the CounoiL He died in 1698, and was succeeded by his son, with whom the title became extinct in 1743. Burke, — Ed.
488 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
besieging of the cities and fortresses there, by the English, it is, therefore, upon consideration
resolved and concluded, that a letter be written to the presiding Chamber of the West India
,^ Company of this country, to notify the Director, his council and those of the
Bcounlr against Ihe I ^ J ' •>
EngianJ. government of the Commonalty in New Netherland aforesaid thereof, and earnestly
recommend them to garrison, provision and complete the fortresses in New Amsterdam and
elsewhere in the speediest and strongest manner, also to muster their militia and other forces
in as large a number as is in anywise possible, and to be generally on the alert, for the obviating
of all dreaded misfortunes.
States General to the West India Company.
[ From Ihe Eeglsler of Ultgegane ^riecen of the Slates General, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hagae. ]
To the presiding Chamber of the West India Company of this country.
The States, etc.
Folio 5M. Honorable, etc. We have this day taken into consideration the present
Kew Netheriand. condition of affairs in New Netherland, and thereupon adopted the resolution,
extract whereof is annexed hereunto, earnestly requesting and requiring you to regulate
yourselves according to the tenor thereof, and moreover to order the arrangement of everything
relating thereunto. Done, 2,^ September, 1G52.
DEFENCE
HENDRIK van DYCK,
FISCAL
NEW NETHERLAND.
Dated 18™ September,
Received 6 Decemb",
[From the antbcnticnted Coi>y in Hie Koyal Arcbives at the Hague ; File, Wett Indie, 42.]
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VI. 49I
Ilendrich van Dijch, Fiscal of New NetlierlanJ,^ to the States General.
[From Ihe Original in the Royal Archives at the Hague; File, Weat Jiulie.]
To the High and Mighty Lords States General of the United Netherlands.
My Lords.
I cannot forbear complaining and making known to your Migh Hightinesses, that Petrus
Stuyvesant, the Director of this place hath been pleased on his own authority, without the
assent of his appointed Superior Council, namely an English Lieutenant of Regulars and one
Lnmontanie, a Frenchman, and of the Select men, through passion, prejudice and party spirit
exhibited towards me during six years, did, contrary to his orders and oath write me on the
'28"" of March of this year, after I had served your High Mightinesses and the Company for
the space of about 13 years, both as Fiscal and Ensign Commandant according to the certificate
of the preceding Director, dismissing me from mine office of Fiscal on a false, concocted,
unsigned and undated pasquinade which the entire country believed was written by a clerk
of the perjured, godless Cornells van Tienhoven. In the same manner, the Director hath
deposed Mr. Dincklage from his office also for a filse pasquinade which was stuck in the
Poor box in the Church. I send herewith to your Higli Mightinesses the Di-fence of mine
office, likewise the behavior of the Director, also proofs of the godless, forsworn Cornelia
van Tienhoven who brags here that your High Mig^.tinesses had forbidden him to leave, and
even has gone so far as to despise your High Mightinesses' authority. 1 should have gone
over in person, but am burdened with a wife and four children, and advised even by the public
not to depart; I have resolved to remain until further order praying your High Mightinesses
to be pleased to pay attention to my Defence. Should no provision be made for the
government here, many of the most excellent citizens will have to go away. Should the
Director remain, and the perjured Tienhoven who is a second Grandvelle' to the Director, 'tis
to be feared that the country will at once be ruined; which God forbid. Referring further to
the annexed Defence aforesaid, I remain,
Your High Mightinesses'
Most Obedient Servant,
( Signed ) H. van Dvck, Fiscal.
I pray God Almighty to be pleased to continue your High Mightinesses in a long and
blessed government.
Manathans, IS'" 7"" A" lG-52.
' Antoisk Pereenot, Cardinal de Granvelle, was Minister to Charles V., and afterwards to Philip II., Kin? of Spain; also,
Prime Minister of Margaret of Parma, Regent of the Low Countries. So great was liis influence over Phi ip, that the King
could do nothing without him. Divers autliors accuse him unju.stly of being partly the cause of the trouhles in the Low
Countries. He died at Madrid, 21 September, 1586, aged 70 years. Moreri. Gravde Dictionnaire HUtmique, V., 137. His
connection with the historj of the United Netherlands, and his influence over Philip, will explain tlie familiar use of his
name in the text. — Ed.
492 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Commissions, Instuuctions and Orders of tlie High and Mighty Lords States
General and lion""'' General Incorporated West India Company of tiie
United Netherlands, to which I'etrus Stuyvesant as Director, Lubbertus
van Dincklage, Deputy, and Hendricus van Dyck as Fiscal, of New
Netherland and places lying thereabout, are respectively bound by oath,
together with the Gravamina on the several Instructions and Orders drawn
up by the said Fiscal for liis Defence before the August, Noble, High and
Mighty Lords and Masters.
Commission of Pclrus Sluijvcsanl as Director of New Netherland.
[Omitted; being alrsaJy priuted, supra, p. 178.]
Oath of Petrus Stuyvesant as Director.
This day, the 28"" July, 164G, hath Petrus Stuyvesant, as Director, named in the blank
hereof, taken the proper Oath, at the hands of the Lord President of their High Mightinesses'
Assembly, punctually to conform himself to his Instruction, both in regard to New Netherhuid
and other Islands mentioned in his Instruction. Was signed in my presence.
Corn' Musch.
Commission for Curasao.
The Directors of the General Incorporated West India Company in the United Netherlands.
To all those who shall see these presents or hear them read. Health : Whereas, for the
government and promotion of our affairs at Curasao and the Islands dependent thereon, and
of the ships and yachts heretofore sent and to be hereafter sent thither by us. We had need
of a capable qualified person. Be it know.v: That We, confiding in the probity, experience
and prudence of Petrus Stuyvesant, heretofore in charge of the Government aforesaid, etc.
Done in our Assembly, at Amsterdam, this lO"" July, 1646. Underneath was (Signed)
BoNAVENTURE Broen. And lower down, (Signed By Order of the same) Gysbert Rudolpux.
TFest India Company^s Commission to Director Stuyvesant.
The Commissioners on behalf of the General Incorporated West India Company in the
United Netherlands. To all those who shall see these presents or hear them read. Health :
Be it known: Whereas, We have deemed it advisable for the promotion of the afTairs of the
General Incorporated West India Company, not only to maintain the trade and population of
the Coasts of New Netherland and the places situate thereabouts, together with the Islands
of Cura^oa, Buenaire, Aruba and their dependencies, hitherto encouraged thither from this
country, but also to endeavor to make new treaties and alliances with foreign princes, and to
inflict as much injury as possible on the enemy, in his forts and strongholds, as well by sea as
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : VI. 493
by land; for wliich purposes it becomes necessary to appoint a person Director: — We
therefore, confiding in the probity and experience of J'etrus Stuyvesant, formerly intrusted
with our affairs at, and tiie government of, the aforesaid Island of Cura^oa and places
thereunto depending, being well pleased with his services there, have commissioned and
appointed, and by these presents, do appoint and commission the said Petrus Stuyvesant,
Director over the aforesaid countries of New Netherland and the places thereunto adjoining,
to administer, with the Council as well now, as hereafter to be, appointed witii him, the said
office of Director, both by water and land, and, in said quality, to attend carefully to the
advancement, promotion and preservation of friendship, alliances, trade and commerce; to
direct all matters appertaining to traffic and war, and to maintain in good order everything
there for the service of the United Netherlands and the General West India Company ; to
establish regularity for the security of the places and forts therein; to administer law
and justice, as well civil as criminal ; and, moreover, to perform all that concerns his
office and duties in accordance with the charter, and the general and particular Instructions
herewith issued, and to be hereafter given to him, as a good and faithful Director is
bound and obliged to do by his oath taken at the hands of the president of our Assembly :
which done. We order and command all other officers, common soldiers, together with
the inhabitants and natives residing in the aforesaid places as subjects, and all whom it
might concern, to acknowledge, respect and obey the said Petrus Stuyvesant as our Director
in the countries and places of New Netherland, and to afford all help, countenance and
assistance in the performance of these presents, as We have found the same to be for the
advantage of the Company.
Done in our Assembly of the XIX., on behalf of the General Incorporated West India
Company in Amsterdam, this o"" May, 1645. (Signed) Henricus van der Capelle, tho'
RyssEL, ". Beneath was, By Order of the same, (Signed) Gysbert Rudolphi.
Commission of Luhherlus van Dinclage as Deputy Governor of New Netherland.
The Commissioners of the General Incorporated West India Company in the United
Netherlands. Whereas We, for the direction and management of the affairs of New Netherland,
have considered it proper and necessary, there to establish a court consisting of a Director, a
Vice-Director, and a Fiscal, and therefore not only the office of Director, but also that of Vice,
with a fit and capable person to furnish : — Therefore, We reposing confidence in the good report
made to us of Dr. Lubbertus van Dinclage, of his Otness, experience and capacity, have
acknowledged, appointed, and deputed, and hereby acknowledge, appoint, and depute the said
Lubbertus van Dinclage as Second to, and first Councillor of, the Director in New Netherland,
in such quality to proceed to and reside at Fort Amsterdam, the said Director to respect as his
chief, with him over all occurring questions of war, police and trade, to deliberate, and to fill
his place in the absence of the said Director; to attend to the preservation and increase of
contracts, all alliances, friendship and commerce; to assist in the administration of law and
justice as well criminal as civil ; all disorders, abuses, and irregularities, which have already
crept in, or may hereafter arise, to redress and remove, and further to perform all that a good
and faithful Director is bound to do, according to the Instructions already given or yet to be
given. They desire, order and command, therefore, the aforesaid Director and all Captains,
Commissaries, and Skippers, and whomsoever this may in any way concern, that they do,
494 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANTJSCRIPTS.
tlierefore respect .'ind uphold the aforesaid Luhbt-rliis Dint-Inge, and in the fuifiilinent of these
to afford him all help, support and assistance, each so far as to him appertains; on pain of the
coiitraveners or disobedient incurring our indignation, as we have found such to be fitting to
the service of tlie Company.
Given in our Assembly of the XIX. in Amsterdam, this 5"" May, lG-15.
Was paraphed.
He.nricus van der Capelle tiio Rvssel, '".
Beneath was, By order of the same.
(Signed) GysBEiiT Rudolphi.
Commission of Ilcnriciis van Dijck as Fiscal
The Directors of the Incorporated West Inciia Company at the Chamber of Amsterdam. To
all those who shall see or liear these presents read, Health. Be it kxow.v : Whereas We, for
tlie maintenance of all good order, regularity and discipline among the people in New Netherland,
and the places situate thereabout, under the command of our beloved, faithful Director there
residing, liave found it necessary at the said place to appoint a good Fiscal, to make complaints
against all delinquents and transgressors of the military laws and all other our Instructions and
commands, the same to arraign anil cause to be punished; and for such office has been proposed
to us I he person of Hendrick van Dyck, Therefore, We confiding fully in his fitness and diligence
for the performance thereof, have deputed, autliorized, and a[)pointed, and hereby depute,
authorize, and appoint tiie said Hendrick van Dyck as Fiscal over the aforesaid countries of
NewNetherland, and the places situate thereabout ; giving him full power, charge and autliority
tlie said office to fill and attend both by land and water; to take congnizaiice and information
on all forfeits, excesses and crimes; all delinquents, contraveners, and transgressors of the law
martial and all other Instructions and orders, as well of the aforesaid Assembly of the XIX. as
of the aforesaid Director, to summon and, according to demand and circumstances, to prosecute :
to proceed to definitive judgment ; to execute the same, ami delinquents to cause to be punished,
pursuant to the contents thereof, and moreover to do and observe all that it behooves a good
Fiscal to perform, following and observing, in his proceedings and complaints, all proper
formalities in conformity to the placards and ordinances which have been promulgated here,
and moreover conformably to wrttten laws. We, therefore, order and command all officers, as
well political, military as naval, together with all common mariners, soldiers, and all other
inhabitants under our obedience there, or who shall hereafter come thither, to acknowledge
and respect the said Hendrick van Dyck as our Fiscal, and him in the prosecution ol his office
in no way to inierrupl, but in support ofjustice all help and furthermore by deeds to show and
atfird ; therein shall our earnest intention be met.
Given at the Assembly in Amsterdam this 2S"' June, 1G45.
Was paraphed SiMO.v van der Does '^.
Beneath By Order of the same.
(Signed) Gysbert Rudolphi.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VL 495
Instruction of the Commissioners at the Assembly of the XIX. of the General
Incorporated West India Company for tiie Director and Council of New
Netherland, according to which they shall provisionally and until further
order regulate themselves.
I, as Fiscal, have never seen, nor been furnished with, nor had directly or indirectly, any
communicatioa of, any further or other than this general provisional, and my own particular,
Instruction.
1.
The Supreme Council in the Countries of New Netherland shall consist of three persons,
namely : The Director a« President, his Vice and the Fiscal, by whom all occurring
affairs relating to police, justice, militia, the dignity and just rights of the
Company, shall be administered and decided, each remaining bound, nevertheless,
to vindicate his own Commission.
The Supreme government in the Countries of New Netherland in all occurring cases is, and
was undertaken and administered hy the Director alone, on his own authority, accordino- to
his pleasure, in granting comtnissions, forming new alliances, treaties with foreign potentates,
fitting out of ships, trading and negotiating, granting patents for land and lots, appointments,
resolutions and other business, relating to my office of Fiscal, not acknowledging me therein
except so far as he in such cases considered to suit his convenience, and craftily resolved, as I
was aware, from particular motives. As regards justice, militia, the dignity and rights of
the Hon'"'* Company, he did not hesitate to transact a great deal of business in the name of the
Director and Council without the Deputy's advice or mine, and in matters wherein I was
recognized, which only seldom happened, his Honor was pleased frequently to burst into a
violent rage both against the Deputy and ine, if we in our advice did not fall in with his
humor, scolding and berating us in open Court, in the hearing of all the contending parties
and applicants both within and without the Council Chamber, as rogues and robbers of the
Hon'''' Company, etc., threatening to beat and break us. And this we could not prevent,
notwithstanding the many protests we made against such mode of proceeding, severii! of which
his Honor forbade the Secretary at the meeting to enter in the Register, and of some that were
recorded we could rarely obtain extract or copies; his Honor always said he would vindicate
everything in Holland.
2.
With this understanding, however, that in all cases in which the Advocate Fiscal shall
be obliged to proceed as conservator of the rights of the Supreme Authority, or of
the Company, be the same Civil or Criminal, the Military Commandant shall sit
in his stead, and if the charge be criminal, two capable persons shall moreover be
adjoined from the Commonalty of that district where the crime or act was
committed.
The Commander of the Soldiers, who is an Englishman named Brian Nuton and
understands little or no Dutch, who can when necessary sign his name, receives his wages
and support at the Director's hands having no other means of livelihood, hath continual seal and
496 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
vote in tlie Council. Also a Frencliman named La Montagne who is burdened with a large
family and is greatly in want of provisions; who is indebted several thousand guilders to the
Company and derives his support from the Director. In place of two capable persons to be
adjoined in criminal cases from the Commonalty of the District or Colonie where the crime
or act is committed, which God be praised was of rare occurrence, the Director keeps these
two persons at the expense of the Company and with them and the Minister Megapolensis' and
as many other private persons as he approves and expect his favor, deliberates, resolves and
dispatches business all in the name of the Director and Council ; they, especially Montagne
and Nuton, must always conform to the humor of the Director, and say nothing else but Yes;
otherwise the purse is closed, all favor missed and they get beaten in addition, if the Director's
head be not well, or he be not sufficiently well pleased. We have frequently asked and tried
to see their qualification as Councillors, but were told it was none of our concern.
3.
As regards the promotion of the settlement of the Boundaries between the people of New
Netherland and the English, it is not considered necessary to proceed therewith at
present; but the Director and Council are instructed to take care that the English
do not encroach further on the Company's lands ; in the meantime they are to try
if a boundary can be determined on yonder, with the aforesaid English, and the
inclination thereunto appearing, they are instructed to send forthwith advice
thereof hither, with pertinent information after due inquiry, how much of the
Company's lands the English possess ; all with the understanding, nevertheless,
that the aforesaid English who are at present in the Company's district and have
settled there, or shall come and settle therein, shall be subject to the Company's
government there, and to that end shall take the oath of fidelity to their High
Mightinesses the Lords States General and the West India Company, after which
they shall not be regarded otherwise than as original subjects.
In respect to the division of boundaries between the people of New Netherland and the
English, the Director hath, without any advice and joint resolution, not only repaired to New
England, in September, 1650, but hath there, also, on his own authority, so far proceeded in
the matter of the boundary, that he and ihe English mutually referred" the differences thereon
to four arbitrators, two of whom were chosen on each side. The Director named on his side,
instead of Dutchmen, one M"^ Thomas Willet,^ a merchant residing at Plymouth, in New
' Rev. Johannes Megapolexsis, Junr., son of the minister of Coedyck, in Holland, wag born in the yenr 1603, and at the
time of leaving his native country, was in charge of the congregation of Schoorel and Berge, under the Clossis of Alkmaer.
He came to America in the summer of 1642, with Matheld Willemsen, his wife, and Hellegond, Dirck, Jan and Samuel, their
children. He was the 6rst minister in Fort Orange, now Albany, wliere he officiated until lC-1'.', when he was called to tako
charge of the church in New Anibterdam, on the departure of Dominie Backerus. It is supposed that he returned to Holland
on the surrenJer of New Netlierland to the English, in 1664. Rev. Mr. Megapolensis wrote, in 1644, while minister of
Kensselaerswyck, a tract on the Mohawk Indians entitled, Kort Onticerp van de Mahakuase Indianen in Nieuw Ntdrrlandt,
kafr Lant, Stature, Drachl, Manieren en Magittralen, betchreven in V jaer 1644; which was printed without his consent, in
1651. A translatinn of it is to be found in Hazard'* Slate Papen, I.. 17. He also wrote a religious tract entitled,
" Examination and Confession for the Benefit of those who arc inclined to approach the Table of the Lord." — Ed.
' TnosiAS WiLi.ETT, afterwards first Mayor of Ncw-Vork, arrived, wliilct yet a young man, at Plymouth, in IC29, from
Lcyden in Holland, where he had been sojourning with other Puritans. He was sent the following year to Penobscot,
to superintend a trading house, but returned soon nflcr and engaged in the carrying trade between Ihe New England
Colonies and New Amsterdam, where he is found posocsding some laud interests in 1646. He was, in subseiiaent j'earB, au
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VL 497
England, and one George Baxter, appointed heretofore by the Director here, Ensign over the
soldiers, both of whom were Englishmen, whose decision being highly injurious to this
Province, the Director declined, though repeatedly requested, to make public his adventures
and transactions with the Englisii, and even though we, at the request of some Select men
appointe'd by himself, have demanded a report and explanation thereof, inasmuch as very
strange reports are abroad among the people, that the Director had sold the country to the
English, he gave us for answer: "I must give an account of my commission, and regard
nothing else," etc., as appears by the statement of the Deputy and myself, dated xii. April,
1(551, so that we have not been able to obtain any other or further assurance and explanation
of the agreement with the English, than a simple writing from New England, entitled
"Translation of News from New England," being the substance of what is confirmed by daily
reports, both of public and private trustworthy persons from those parts.
In order to reestablish peace and quietness once more throughout the country, they
shall endeavor, by all possible means, to pacify and give satisfaction to the Indians;
and the Director and Council are therein charg^ to advance, on the one side, the
interests of the Company, and on the other to maintain good correspondence with
their neighbors, and especially the Indians.
The country is more and more disquieted and disturbed ; for, the Indians not only complain
that they receive no satisfaction for the land but they hesitate not to kill on the bouweries the
settlers who are dispersed throughout the country, as happened lately on the 17"" May last to
Peter Cornelissen, one of the Select men appointed by the Director, and three persons whom the
Indians killed on his bouvv^erie near Hellgate. Jochim Pieters Cuyter, Willem Beeckman,
Michiel Jansen, Geurt Coerten, and many others are by the Indians threatened to have their
bouweries fired should no satisfaction be given. The Deputy and 1 have repeatedly inquired
what lands were bought and how were they paid for, but we never could learn. We must
always be satisfied with the word and say-so of Secretary Cornells van Tienhoven and the
Director. I cannot omit stating here that the late Commissary Adriaen Keyser and Augustin
Heerman going hence to Rhode Island in New England, on the 14"' April, Ensign George
Baxter gave them a letter for William Coddington,' Governor there, which letter the Court or
Assembly of the people of Rhode Island intercepted and opened, accusing the bearers of it with
the Governor and their Director, the abovenamed Tienhoven and Baxter, of conspiracy and
treason against the State of New England, inasmuch as, among other things, the Director
active friend to (he Dutch, whom he more than once seasonably notified of the designs of the English. He wnsa Magistrate
of Plymouth from 1651 to 1664, when, at the request of Colonel Nichols, he accompanied the expedition against the Dutch
Colonj'. On the change of the Charter of the city of New-York to an English form, in 1665, Captain Willett was appointed
its first Mayor, and held that office again in 1667, in the course of which year, 'tis presumed, be returned to New England
and settled at Rehoboth or Swansey, ( now in the town of Seeconck, ) Mass., where he died on the 3d August, I6T4. {£a;//ies'
Historical Memoirs of Plymouth, II., 235, 236 ; New Englatid Genealogical Register, IX., 318 ; Valentine's Manual ) A plain
monument marks the spot where his ashes repose.
' WaLiAM CoDDiNGiON was a native of Lincolnshire, England, and arrived at Salem, Massachusetts, in the Arabell.i, 12 June,
1630. He continued in the Magistracy until 1637, and in the following year relinquished his advantageous position as
Merchant, at Boston, and removed to Rhode Island, of the settlement of which place he was the principal instrument. He
was chosen Governor of that Colony in 1640, and for the seven succeeding years. He went to England in 1651, and was
commissioned Governor of Aquetneck Island, separate from the other part of the Colony, about the period referred to in the
text. As the people were opposed to such an office. Governor Coddington resigned and retired to private life, where he
continued until 1674, when he was again elevated to the Chit-f Magistracy. He was ro elected in 1675, and died November 1,
1678, aged 77 years. AHou — Ed.
Vol. L b3
498 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
in said letter oflered Governor Coddington some soldiers to be employed against the Inhabitants
of Rhode Island. Wherefore the bearers of the letter were obliged to give hail in the sum of
lOOlb. sterling until their innocence should be proved. Whereupon the aforesaid persons
returning hither with copy of the letter, complained to the Director and Council of the aforesaid
Baxter's writing. They were illy received, finally obtaining, after great trouble, a certificate of
their ignorance from the abovenamed Council and Select men. And instead of the Director,
Tienhoven and Baxter purging themselves as being innocent of disturbing the peace between
our neighbors, or at least punishing the writer of the letter, the matter was disregarded and
the Director, Tienhoven and Ba.xter still remain great amigos and companions daily resorting
each other's company to the great suspicion and probability of what is above related. The
High and Mighty Lords and masters have to consider how the advantage of the Company, the
welfare of the people, and the maintenance of good correspondence with neighbors and with
Indians are promoted.
5.
They shall do all in their power to induce the Colonists to establish themselves at some
of the most suitable places, with a certain number of inhabitants, in the manner of
towns, villages and hamlets, as the English are in the habit of doing, whereby they
will dwell in greater security, according to the intentions of the Company in the
granting of the already printed Freedoms, and the amplifications thereof.
The Director proceeds so rigorously against the Commandant of the Colonie Renslaerswyck
and the Patroon of Staten Island, that it is to be deplored and is a scandal for neighboring
Christians and heathens, causing him to be dragged forcibly by soldiers out of the Colonie,
and to be detained a prisoner at the Manhatans ; and so terrifying Cornells Melyn, on Staten
Island, that he dare not leave the place, nor entirely expose himself; the Director managing
all this with his needy Council, where, nevertheless, differences are settled by other appropriate
means, and such violent proceedings prevented without any diminution of the Hon*"'^
Company's right and authority. The Ditector hath, on his own authority, begun to plant a
hamlet in the Flat bush, on Long island, between Amersfort and Breukelen ; he named it
M'uldclwout, where Jan Snediker, one of his Select men hath settled. The Indians complaining
that they were not compensated for that land, no attention was paid to them. Being
dissatisfied, they threatened Jan Snediger to burn his bouwerie, who, complaining thereof to
the Director, the latter, with his good friends, arranged on the 2'"' of June last, with the
Indians, respecting the payment for the land. The Director was to pay, but nothing has been
done in the matter, so that the man continues in danger, and the village does not prosper; the
Director will not pay, neither will he suffer others to pay for the land.
6.
The Director and Council aforesaid, shall use dispatch in the repairs of Fort Amsterdam,
for which purpose 'tis considered best and least expensive to the Company, to
build the same of good clay, earth and firm sods, and to encourage the soldiers
to that work by some presents, and bind them to keep it in continual repair. And
whereas it is of the highest importance to the Colonists to possess a good and safe
retreat in case of necessity (which God prevent), they should be induced to aid in
the work for this once, and the Director is commanded to attend closely for the
future to the ordinary repairs thereof.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : VL 499
In the year 164:5, the Director, independent of the Deputy and me, requested the Select men
to lend a hand to finish the fort, who gave for answer, that they understood nothing ahout it,
but maintained tiiat, as the people pay the duties, tiie wine and heer excise and the toil at the
mill, the fort could be easily finished with that money. Wherefore the Director became much
irritated against them. For this and other reasons, and because the Director acted like a
Sovereign, and would not recognize us in our quality as he ought, the Delegates from the
Commonalty went to Holland ; after which, in the year 1651, the Director, also unknown to
us, after he had, contrary to your High Mightinesses' letters, dismissed the Board of Select men,
and installed others according to his whim and caprice, had the outside of the fort faced with
flat sods by the Company's Negroes. But as the soil is sandy and the foundation weak, the
sods mostly sagged and fell to pieces, so that the inhabitants' swine damaged the fort,
whereupon the Director ordered the soldiers to shoot whatever hogs came there. This was
accordingly done ; a collection was afterwards made among the people on behalf of the
Director, and over eight hundred guilders contributed into the hands of Paulus Leendertsen,
late naval officer, and now one of the Select men. After that, the Director through Willem
Beeckman, also one of his Select men, borrowed firewood here and there, with which the fort
is now set off. The Director has to answer for the distribution of the moneys drawn from the
Commonalty for the purposes aforesaid, for the building of a school, etc. The fort hitherto
is used to torment, rather than to defend several of the inhabitants and Colonists.
7.
The persons hereinafter specified, shall be maintained to garrison the fort, on such pay
as shall be found most advantageous for the Company, and for greater security the
Colonists and their domestics shall be holden, under certain penalties, to provide
themselves with good muskets and other weapons for their own defence, so as
to be able, in time of necessity, with the garrison to resist a general attack, without
the Director, Colonists, or whosoever it may be, having the power to take into the
pay of the Company any soldiers, be they few or many.
The Director garrisons the fort according to his pleasure without mine or the Deputy's
knowledge ; he discharges and enlists soldiers ; gets some out from Fatherland. Since he
hath shoved me and the Deputy out of our offices, and appointed his beloved Cornells van
Tienhoven, Fiscal, we do not know precisely how many soldiers he hath in pay.
One hundred muskets have been distributed among the people, which had been brought
over by Jacob van Kouwenhoven; without the assistance and accommodation in wheat,
furnished by this individual, the Company's servants at Curasao and here, would have perished
of hunger, according to the representation of the Director, who repeatedly borrowed grain of
him, and treated him tyrannically notwithstanding. 'Twill hereafter be shown, on your High
Mightinesses' order, how the people were bound to keep their arms in good condition.
Further, inasmuch as the respective Colonists have been allowed by the Freedoms to
delegate one or two persons to give information to the Director and Council at
least once a year of the state and condition of their Colonies, the same is hereby
confirmed.
500 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
This has never been done to my knowledge, and I refer to the answer to the S'*" article
which can be taken into consideration here.
9.
The Director and Council shall, first of all, establish the Colonists and freemen on the
Island of Manhattans, and grant to them as mu( h land as they will be able to
cultivate, either as tobacco plantations, or with grain and all otber crops to which
the soil is adapted, and from which they may expect to derive the greatest profit.
I have no knowledge of any bouwerie having been formed on the Island of Manhatans during
Director Sluyvesant's administration. Some have been abandoned ; others not begun.
Jochem Pieters Cuyter whom the Director did heretofore, for the affair of the Select men,
publicly banish the country, with ringing of the bell, and whom he now has re-established
in the same office and appointed Elder of the Church, hath again commenced his bouwerie in
company with the Director, and many others should be begun. Many other persons would
fain undertake bouweries but the matter sticks and the country remains uncultivated, partly,
in addition to other reasons, through dread of the Indians and their threats; partly also,
through fear that the patents are invalid, inasmuch as the Director executes and issues them
in the name of the Director General and Council, without my knowledge and advice or that of
the Deputy ; as appears by the protest which we have signed dated the ig"" December, 1650.
The Director shall vindicate all this.
10.
And in order to promote the cultivation of the land there, 'twould be well to permit at
the request of the Patroons, Colonists and other farmers, the introduction of
as many Negroes as they are willing to purchase at a fair price ; and the Director
and Council shall notify the Assembly hereof every year, when further order shall
be taken respecting the transport of Negroes thither.
No request for Negroes has been presented from Patroons or Colonists here to my
knowledge. But in the year 1651, the Director inducing and advising the Commonalty
through special regard, to make renewed efforts to get people, &c., from Fatherland hither,
the Lords Majors advised his Honor and his Select men for good reasons, to the effect that it
was not acceptable.
11.
And although 'tis proposed for the further encouragement of population, to reserve the
trade with the Indians exclusively to the Patroons, Colonists and freemen residing
there, without permitting any private traders to carry on any commerce with said
Indians, 'tis nevertheless resolved as far as regards these, to adhere to the existing
practice, but the Director and Council shall take information thereupon to serve as
advice to the Assembly.
The private traders carry on traffic with the Indians the same as the Freemen, according
to the old custom, and nothing in regard thereto has ever been mooted or proposed by the
Director in the Council.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VI. 501
12.
The aforesaid Director and Council shall pay strict regard that no arms nor munitions
of war shall be sold by the Freemen to the Indians, nor by the private traders to
the Freemen or Indians, upon certain penalties to be enacted therefor; but the
Freemen who require any, may obtain the same from the Company's store on an
order of the Director and Council.
The Director allows his commissaries at Fort Orange to trade fusils and articles of
contraband to the Indians, according to his Honor's acls.nowledgment and avowal in the
Council, to wit, that he had Mess" the Directors' order thereunto, which Jacob van
Schermerhorn and Jacob Ryntjes reproached him witli in full Court, in 1G49, when the
Director on my demand, ex officio confiscated their goods. Whereunto his Honor answered,
that he would do it, and will not allow them to do it. The Deputy observed that such did
not accord with the General instruction. The Freemen have never had, to our knowledge,
any guns out of the store, where indeed none are kept for them.
13.
And whereas, the Company hath now resolved to open to private persons the trade
which it has exclusively carried on with New Netherland, and to empower the
respective Chambers of the Company to give permission to all private inhabitants
of these Countries to sail with their own ships to New Netherland, the Virginias,
the Swedish, English and French Colonies, Barmudas or any other places situate
thereabout, according to the drafted regulation, they shall carefully observe or
cause to be observed, that the contents thereof shall be attended to as much as is
in their power, acting against the contraveners, agreeably to the first article of the
Charter, and the tenor of the regulation already made and to be hereafter enacted,
and regarding the receipts of the duties, tolls and other rights already imposed
and to be hereafter imposed, as well on the exported as on the imported goods, for
so much thereof as shall have to be paid in that and not in this country.
The Director never showed tlie Charter or Regulation to me nor to the Deputy, though
repeatedly requested. Nevertheless, the contracts entered into by the skippers with the
Hon'''^ Company were closely observed by me as far as I was recognized and employed.
The Director alone has to answer for the receipt of the duties, tolls and other dues, as he
never acknowledged me in the matter, nor ever paid my salary nor my part of the
confiscation, and on the contrary, upheld by his needy, unlawful Council aforesaid, he hath
had and undertaken the management of all things, without recognizing the Deputy or me
therein ; and when we inquired of him about the matter, we received ill treatment and the old
answer: I shall defend it all.
All which points and articles the Director and Council shall be holden to observe and
to follow, as much as possible, regulating themselves further according to the
instructions, heretofore given for the direction of those countries, so far as
the same are not hereby already altered or may not be hereafter changed; which
power the Assembly reserves to itself.
502 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
The High and Mighty and Hon'"'' Lords and Masters can judge how we have been
domineered over, and how tlie Director lias to answer for everything, and I doubt not they will
hold us excused in the premises, respectfully and most humbly requesting the payment of
our salaries, and offering our further service in our respective capacities. Under present
circumstances or with the present government, 'tis impossible for the country to exist; with
sinister and seditious practises, all means have been employed to force us out of the service,
and notwithstanding all frivolous actions have been sought, the aid of pasquinades must be
called in and had recourse to. Were an honorable gentleman put in my place, the false
accusation which the Director made and sent over against me long ago, might have some
semblance of truth ; but his perjured Secretary, Cornells van Tienhoven, who returned hither
contrary to the prohibition of their High Mightinesses; who is known, and can be proved to
all the world, to be a public whoremonger and perjurer; who is a disgrace to, and the sole afliiction
of Christians and heathens in this country and whom the Director hath always managed to
shield; this is the person whom the Director hath, of his own authority, appointed Fiscal. A
fuller account shall be hereafter given hereof. And we have patiently borne and endured
everything up to this time. Had we in the slightest degree opposed the Director's usurped
Sovereignty, the country would have easily been deluged with blood, which (God mend it!) is
even yet to be apprehended.
Thus done and resolved in the Assembly of the XIX. of the General Incorporated West
India Company, in Amsterdam, in the year 1645, the 7"" of July; was paraphed
Henr. van der Capelle tho Ryssel (and was signed) By order of the same.
Gi'SBEKT IIUDOLPHI.
My gravamina for vindication in the premises to the High and Mighty and Hon*"'' Lords and
Masters, thus done and represented in New Amsterdam, New Netherland, the IG"" September,
A" 1652.
(Signed) H. van Dyck.
I concur in the preceding gravamina for my defence, in my quality as Deputy. Done as above.
(Signed) L. van Dixcklage.
(Duplicate.)
States General to the Director and Council of New Netherland.
Honorable. We continue daily to turn our attention to the prosperity of New Netherland
interests, and are therefore occupied in deliberations with the Directors of the
West India Company on the peopling of said New Netherland and its dependencies.
Meanwhile we have permitted some persons delegated hither from the Commonalty
of that place, to return there, requiring you, therefore, neither to trouble nor molest
those who came from New Netherland and are about to return thither, on account
of any representations that may have been made here; and whereas we deem it
expedient that the population, which is now needed, should be favored and
encouraged in every way, we direct and order you to take care that the Country
be not divested of horses and cows, also that supplies of provisions be reserved for
the arriving Colonists ; that the inhabitants be furnished with arms necessary for
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : VI. 5O3
tlieir defence and that the guns be stamped. For which purpose tlie Delegates
from New Netherland are allowed to purchase and convey thither two hundred
guns to be distributed according to orders by us given. And that, therefore, all
inhabitants shall be forbidden henceforth to sell any stamped guns and to export or
cause to be exported any horses or cows without permission of the Council. You
shall, moreover, distribute the aforesaid guns among the inhabitants of the City
of i\ew Amsterdam, and to all those who are capable of bearing arms, and to other
families scatterd throughout the Country, with express command that they shall be
obliged to keep their guns in good order and to provide themselves with requisite
powder, keeping correct register of the guns distributed as aforesaid, so that they
may be inspected and examined every three months, and should any guns remain
over, they shall be stored in the warehouse. Done the first April 1650. Was
paraphed Johan Van Reede "'. Underneath was. By order of the High Mighty
Lords States General.
(Signed) Corn. Musch.
(Addressed.)
Venerable, Honorable, Valiant our right faithful, the Director
and Council in New Netherland.
Was sealed with their High Mightinesses' Seal in Red wax covered with paper.
Notwithstanding divers petitions and requests, I have not been able to see nor read, nor
have communication of this despatch; but have received copy thereof from the duplicate of the
Select men. To what the Director hath turned his attention and his acts, will best appear from
this and from his defence. The complaints of old and new comers testify how population and
■whatever appertains thereunto, are promoted. How the delegates from the Commonalty
and others returned hither have been treated and in every manner of way persecuted by sinister
practices, on account of matters represented to your High Mightinesses, themselves can tell, for
every one of them knows. The Director hath sent Arent van Cuelen ' with horses to the West
India Islands, which he hath sold at Antigua. The Director threatened to retain the brewers'
grain in store, in place of keeping a supply himself, and, in order to feed the Company's
servants both here and at Cura§ao, goes to borrow and haul Jacob van Kouwenhoven's corn,
who for peace sake, dare not object; but may be, that does not help him any. Jacob van
Kouwenhoven brought over a hundred muskets for the Commonalty, which were stamped and
distributed among them, but were sold to the Indians the same as those not stamped ;
and with the consent of the Director two stamped guns were given by the English of Gravesend
to the Indians in payment of their land. The stamped guns were not inspected every three
months; indeed, no inspection has ever taken place. The Director accused me of connivance,
■when he himself was the cause and made all the trouble and disorder. Jacob van Kouwenhoven
once brought an Indian to me with a stamped gun, but it was not the Director's pleasure that
I should perform my duty, in order to find out who might have sold it to the Indian.
' Sic. Van Curler. — Ed.
504 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Instkuction for Hendrick van Dyck, Fiscal of the General Incorporated West
India Company in New Netherland and adjoining places.
Gravamina for the vindication of this Instruction, by me as Fiscal of New Netherland and
adjoining places, to the High and Mighty and Noble Lords and Masters.
1.
In the first place, lie shall be holden with zeal, diligence and activity to protect, preserve,
and defend tiie public and Company's rights, domains, jurisdiction, dignity and
authority, as well in as out of Court, without dissimulation or regard to any private
favor or hate.
On the voyage hither, or first to Cura(,-ao, with the Director, his Honor confiscated in the
roadstead of (St.) Christopher the yacht called the LiV/rie whicii sailed from Schiedam; this
was done without desiring to have any demand from me ofhciaily to that effect; refusing me
free access and seat, contrary to the Instruction, saying: Get out, whenever I need you, I'll
call you ; addressing to me this rude language — Who allowed you to come into the Court ? In
regard to the protecting, preserving and defending the Company's lands, rights, domains,
jurisdiction and authority, the Director hath continually treated me in like manner, recognizing
me no further than he thought proper now and then, and as his liking or disliking dictated,
as he strutted along In his sovereign mood.
. 2.
He shall consequently be and form a party when necessary, in all questions of
police, justice and finance, before our Director and Council resident in New
Netherland, and before the Military and Naval Courts there, or which shall resort
under the authority of the aforesaid Director and Council, to any forts, roads or
havens in and on the Coast of New Netherland, and the places thereon adjoining,
at all wiiich he shall have free access and seat, but no vote.
When I arrived in the harbor of Cura(,ao, I offered my service according to the Instruction
to attend to the Company's rigiits in discharging the ships, the Gruote Geriit and the rrinca
which his Honor did not permit, though there was no oilier Fiscal there, saying : You are no
P'iscal of Cura5ao; refusing me there free access and seat, as long as we remained, and
keeping me in the ship some three weeks, ere I was permitted to go ashore, notwithstanding
all the other officers, nay, even the soldiers had leave immediately on their arrival. In New
Netherland he admitted me and gave me a seat according to his pleasure, not hesitating to
exclude me from Court for the space of 29 months, afterwards detaining me a prisoner in my
house 4 days, with a sentinel before the door who had express orders not to permit any person
to speak to me, and then releasing me when his hastiness was over and his passion had abated.
Thus hath his Honor endeavored, from the beginning, to drive me from the service.
3.
To his care are committed the direction and management of all actions, as well civil as
criminal, thereabout; to institute, defend, arrange and draw up tlie same, and
prosecute them to a termination in such manner as he shall, on his sworn oath
tind proper, or consider best.
HOLLAND DOCUINIENTS: VI. 505
4.
It being well understood, that he shall not undertake any actions having reference
to our rights, domain or finance, except by order of our Council aforesaid.
The direction and management of all business, both Civil and Criminal, have been
undertaken by the Director himself, who employed me very rarely and mostly as liis boy ;
ordering me to look to the hogs and to keep these from tiie fort, which a negro could have
easily done. In court he was at once Judge, party and even fiscal; confiscating several ships,
such as the St. Btninio, etc , without my demand ; some at my suit and pleas drawn up by the
Director himself, some of the drafts still remaining in my bands, as he never intrusted me
with instituting suits or was willing to hear a word from me in the case.
5.
And he shall not criminally arraign any man before the respective courts of justice,
nor cause him to be arrested, but upon previous information, which however he
shall not take himself, except by order as aforesaid, or in such cases as he might
have personally been witness to, when they took place, and wherein the delinquent
might be prosecuted on the instant occurrence of the deec.
God be praised, no criminal cases occurred in my time deserving of corporeal punishment,
except one prisoner who broke jail, and Johannes Rodenburch, who was pardoned by
the Director.
6.
In the taking of informations, he shall exert himself honestly and legally to scrutinize
matters to the utmost, with all their circumstances, to establish in writing the
truth thereof in the strictest and purest manner, noting therein, as well the points
of defence of the prisoners and accused persons, as the accusations against them ;
provided always that what most concerns the interest of the Company therein
must first of all be inquired into.
So far as I have taken information, I have, without boasting, acted honestly and legally
therein; the informations, among others, taken by me against Cornells van Tienhoven, who
hath brought from Holland to this country a young woman named Lysbeth Hoochvelt, under
promise of marriage, and had carnal conversation with her, both in Holland and on board of
ship, notwithstanding he has here a married wife ; and against the skipper of the Wattrhond, in
which Tienhoven and the above named Lysbeth came over together, for having opened the
sugar prize rather freely. This, the Director, the Minister Megapolensis and the Director's
needy Councillors have endeavored and sought to oppose in every way and by all sinister
practices, and so well were their mouths sweetened out of the said sugar prize, that Tienhoven
is become so sweet to them that they cannot taste any bitterness in him, for to uphold his
character they have made him Fiscal; but the poison now making itself manifest in this
sweetness, it appears that they will experience a heavy and severe purgation. I hope God
will yet punish the presumption of the notoriously wicked, and the oppression of the innocent
and guileless. In other cases where the interests of the Hon"" Company were concerned,
such as, among the rest, that of Cornelis Melyn and the ship the Forluyn, I must take the
Vol. I. 64
50G NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
informations of the ship's crew in confinement in the Tavern, according to the draft and order
of the Director, in tiie presence of his aforesaid illegal Councillors, and whether I have done
well or ill, his order must be followed and not be exceeded, so as to avoid trouble and blows.
Thus, his Honor has to answer for everything. 'Tis not strange that his Honor hathjaccused
me of negligence to the Hon*"" Directors of the Chamber at Amsterdam, as I have understood
from their despatches; for his Honor is accustomed to throw his misdeeds on other men's
heads and to asperse them therewith. Whoso obeys orders, doth well ; though he doth ill,
'twill be defended in tiie despatch.
7.
He shall strictly cause to be observed the placards, ordinances, resolutions, military
regulations and commands of the High and Mighty Lords States General and
the General Incorporated West India Company, and see that nothing be done
contrary thereto.
Their High Hightinesses' and tlie Honorable Company's placards, ordinances, resolutions,
instructions and commands were never shown to me by the Director, much less was copy
communicated thereof, but when requested hath always been refused ; and it was stated in full
Assembly on the 4 July, 1650, and afterwards, that the Lords Directors wrote to him not to
communicate anything either to me or to the Deputy, and to keep all letters secret from us;
which he hath done. 'Tis a strange and lamentable thing still to continue the Fiscal in this
manner as Councillor.
8.
To this end he shall take good care, and use all diligence in finding out and obtaining
information of the ill conduct and delinquencies of officers and of all persons who
are in the general or special pay, by water or on land, of the General Incorporated
West India Company; for which purpose he shall pay strict regard when the
Commissaries come to the Manhattans from their trading posts; Item, when ships
arrive from or leave ibr Patria, and to the loading and discharging of the same,
without neglecting anything in the prosecution of the confiscations, and other
penalties and fines, whether on the goods or persons of those who shall be at
any time found guilty, according to our aforesaid Resolutions, ordinances and
Military regulations, or in default thereof, the written laws directing the
proceedings and prescribing the style and manner thereof; to the proper
phraseology of all writings and proofs, until these shall be brought to a
determination, after which he shall prosecute the same to a conclusion, all in the
speediest manner without delay to parties.
I refer to the answer to the G"' and 12"" articles of the general Instruction, as far as I was
employed, whether in visiting the ships arriving from Patria and returning thither, I have done
my duty. But divers ships, such as the Si. Bcninjo, the hide prize, the Vakkcnier, were
unloaded without me, the Director employing as Inspector, Paulus Leendertsen, late naval
officer, whom he heretofore pronounced to bean open robber, and who is now one of his Select
men ; the Director retained the invoices, as Paulus Leendersen also did in the case of the prize
at Cracos, without my knowledge. The Director and Paulus Leendersen, obtaining goods
from Holland by the Vakkcnier above named ; these must not be put in the store, but be brought
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VL 507
to their houses without examination. Neither was I informed of the receipt of the duties on
the returns of the beavers, &c., the lists of which I could never lay an eye on ; this was
attended to by Jacob Kipp, a clerk, and others who had the receipt thereof, and were appointed
to that duty by the Director on his own authority. Although I could not get a sight of their
High Mightinesses' and the Hon''''' Company's ordinances, resolutions, instructions and
commands, I have, nevertheless performed my duty as well as possible and as well as I knew
how, according to written laws; but to no purpose as regards those whom the Director
favored or hated. On the smallest pretext, the latter must suffer, as the old Select men who
were dismissed by the Director, are daily obliged to feel.
9.
And in order to enjoy more freedom in all cases, he shall not take from any person
whomsoever, any salary, pensions or gifts, and shall content himself with the civil
fines or penalties which shall be adjudged to him ; and as regards the criminal fines,
confiscations of wages, monthly pay and such like, he shall make no further
claim than shall be permitted to him at the discretion of our beforementioned
Director and Council, who should endeavor so to manage thereupon, that the
Fiscal's part, according to circumstances, shall not exceed for any one person, 25,
30, or at the utmost 50 guilders.
I declare never to have received anything to the prejudice of the High and Mighty and
Noble Lords and Masters, but have been content with whatever the Director and Council have
allowed me, which was very seldom and little. In respect to criminal fines and confiscations
of wages, monthly pay and such like, it never happened, except as above.
10.
But from prizes or captured goods nothing shall be received or claimed, under any
pretence by him; he shall only pertinently inform himself of all sorts of prizes
which may be captured anywhere within his jurisdiction, by the ships or yachts of
the Company or private persons, of the time, place and persons, nations and causes,
whereby these should be holden and declared to be good prizes, and obtain all
accounts regarding the quantity and quality of the captured property, and cause
the same, after previous valuation, to be declared good prizes by our Director and
Council there.
I have neither received nor claimed anything from prizes or captured goods, but the Director
has to answer for the proceeds thereof; namely, of the prizes at Caracos, the hide prize, the
three prizes brought by Captain Blauvelt, the Portuguese sugar prize captured last year, 1G51,
by the IValerhond, of which the Director and Cornells van Tienhoven, with the Lords, have
disposed according to their pleasure. The Director only allowed me a trifle of sugar.
11.
He shall likewise aid in observing that in cases carrying with them loss of life and
property, the Judges shall be duly qualified, and be at least five in number, and he
shall equally assist to procure the enforcement of the same rule, wheresoever
criminal judicature shall be holden thereabout.
508 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
The Director hath, on liis own autliority, qualified and admitted as many and such counciliora
as he thought proper; who were under obligations to him, and he well knew would not be
opposed to him in the occasion of confiscating ships, and who had not capacity to penetrate a
question, such as his present Select men, who are in his good graces, as they are devoted to
him ; and whenever 1 contradicted him, I got a growl just as if he would eat me up.
12.
In case extensive Colonies shall come there, in order that all may proceed regularly,
the Commanders of said Colonies thereabouts, shall endeavor that from time to
time, the judgments delivered within their jurisdiction, whether civil or criminal,
with the informations and answers taken thereupon shall be sent to him, that he
may examine and see if any excesses have been committed, and in case of any
such, to cause the same to be corrected in future ; also if particular malice shall be
anywhere observed, to proceed as before, on communication earnestly and
rigorously against the malfeasors.
I refer to my answers to all the preceding; this article can be satisfied thereby.
13.
He shall transmit hither by ships coming here, copies both of the judgments and
informations sent to him and of those taken and obtained by himself, and allow
the institution of all judicial acts necessary to defend the same here.
I have observed this as far as I was able, but the Director must chiefly defend himself.
U.
He shall take care that the criminal matters and judgments decided by our said
Director and Council t-huU, after communication with them, be promptly executed.
The Director hath caused the sentences to be executed according to his pleasure, but no
criminal cases occurred except as related.
1-5,
He shall also take care that such as are in prison with the knowledge of the Director
and Council aforesaid, shall not remain long thereat the expense of the Company,
without special cause, but so expeditiously prosecute them, that their trials shall be
dispatched, and therefore advise the Director and Council as frequently as possible
what prisoners are in keep at his suit, or otherwise and on what charges.
The humor of the Director is followed in the apprehending, detaining and discharging of
prisoners. Whether properly or improperly done, the Director is to answer; according to his
orders have I acted ; otherwise he would have effectually imprisoned me or bastinadoed me
with the rattan.
IG.
In fine, he shall be holden in all places and in all matters to be diligent and faithful,
as a good and trusty Fiscal is bound and obliged to be, in return for such allowances
and emoluments as are allowed to him by the Honorable Company.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VL 509
In fine, had the Director's pride and imaginary sovereignty not so played the factotum, I
could have better attended to my office and better satisfied tiie High and Mighty and Noble
Lords and Masters in the fulfillment of my instructions, which, indeed I was desirous of doing.
The emoluments are very trifling, and the payment of the salary has been withheld from me,
so that I remain with wife and children without earning at present a single stiver. I hope
and trust that the Lords will be pleased to pay my salary, which I respectfully request.
17.
And for the better execution and performance of his duty and office, the Secretary of
the aforementioned Director and Council shall as we hereby charge him, assist the
Fiscal, in the taking of any preparatory information, such as judicial acts, and all
other previous matters and papers i?i J udlcio and out of the same, which shall be
necessary for the performance of his duty.
Secretary Cornells van Tienhoven, the clerks and other writers in the service of the Hon''''"
Company here, have not been willing to assist me and, as well as the Director, would not
acknowledge me except in whatever accorded with the Director's humor, nor assist me to
defend myself against the Director's false accusations made behind my back ; others had a
taste of the Director's disfavor who were in any way serviceable to me in transcribing or writing,
for such, as well as myself and the Deputy were esteemed by the Director rebels against the
government of New Netherland, though entirely innocent, and compassing in my opinion
nothing else than peace and a united good government.
18.
He shall also employ a sworn or such officer as the aforesaid council is accustomed to
make use of, to serve all such summonses, citations, or any other commands or
mandamuses necessary to the performance and execution of his office and duty.
The marshal of the court was at my service according to the pleasure of the Director, but
when the latter or his council affected displeasure, the officer durst not do any business for me
or serve any process, in order to retain the Director's good graces.
19.
All this provisionally, the Directors of the West India Company reserving to their
General Assembly of the XIX., these Instructions to add to, or diminish from,
according to circumstances, or otherwise to order, as to them shall seem proper.
Thus done &c. Below was: Agrees with the original, ( signed) Gysbeut Rudolfi.
The alteration, diminution or enlarging of this Instruction has never been communicated to
me, notwithstanding I have repeatedly besought the Lords Masters to be supported in my
office, on account of the trouble the Director gave me in the performance of my duties. And
finally I have received from the Hon'''' Lords Directors of the Chamber at Amsterdam, a letter
sent by the Director to my house, from which with sorrow I understand, that the Director
and others his sycophants, who were lately in Fatherland, receive more credit than the truth
itself; this will be demonstrated hereafter by the defence against the letter. Though I'm
neither recalled nor dismissed thereby, the Director hath, nevertheless, discharged me, and in
my place put his dear, notorious, profligate and perjured Secretary, Cornells van Tienhoven.
510 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Lampoon against Director Stuyvesant.
Tliis circulated Lampoon afforded tiie Director a pretence to deprive me of
n:y office.
Myn lieere Generael. 'Tis impossible for me to conceal from your Honor, that I heard
you berated and cursed on the ll"" of ^hlrch at Mr. Fyn's house, as a rogue and a
tyrant, with many other slanderous defamations, which cut me to the heart. Thou
art a God appointed of God. I pray you for Ciirist his sake, to prevent it or I
shall again come to great misfortune thereby, for I can no longer listen to it, and
dare not acquaint you of it by word of mouth. Krestman Vyn and two women
heard it also. I wish the Fiscal would bestir himself. No one is better. Was
neither signed nor subscribed, nor collated with the discovered scrap, this 28''' March
1652 in New Amsterdam. Signed Cor van Tienh: Secref.
Respecting the Lampoon.
Whoso does not call the Director, "General," is not his friend. In all Commissions and
Patents he styles himself thus: — Petrus Stuyvesant, on the helwlf of the High and Mighty
Lords States General, and the General Incorporated West India Company of the United Netherlands,
Director General of New Netherland, Cura(-ao, Bonaire, Aruba and the dependencies thereof, Cajitain
Admiral over the Ships and Yachts cruizing in the North parts of America.
The words in the Lampoon, " Thou art a God appointed of God," and the halberdiers whom
the Director keeps as his body guard, greatly augment his pride. This Chrislman, who came
heretofore into the country as Supercargo, was appointed by the Director, clerk to Tienhoven,
and by his informing and tattling whilst a resident here, hath rendered himself very obnoxious
to everybody and was strongly suspected of having circulated this Lampoon. Francis, his late Captain
in Brasil who was here in the year 1650, and applied, on returning to Fatherland, for my place,
as some of the Directors know, is also a. witness against me, as well as a woman,- one widow
Lammertje by name, with whom Christman cohabited when here, and was to be stewed into a Fiscal
by the Director and Tienhoven, if the pot be kept closely covered ; these were to have heard
me curse the Director. 'Tis to be considered whether this be not a conspiracy of these persons
to drive me from my place. I have frequently said and complained that the Director never
treated me otherwise than as his boy, and that he allowed Van Tienhoven to deceive him,
which is well known to all men here, but nothing else. However, what he is, will be best
known by his defence and report.
Extract from the Resolution of New Netherland, 28* March, 1652.
The Honorable, the Director General, having submitted at the meeting to the Hon*"''
the Councillors and the summoned Select men, the frequent misbehaviors and
connivances of Hendrick van Dyck, to this date Fiscal of New Netherland,
wherefore the said Lord General represents it to be for the advantage of his Lords
Superiors, and for the public peace and good, to supersede the said person from his
office and quality, and to audit his account, which is this day done in presence of
the Hon'''' Councillors, and undersigned invited Select men. Wherefore, the
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VI. 511
aforesaid Hendrick van Dyck is dismissed from his office and trust, and notified by
the Hon'"'' Director General in the Assembly, not to trouble himself henceforward
in such capacity. Thus done in the Assembly, present La Montagne, Brian Nuton,
David Provoost, Willem Beeckman, and Paulus Leendersen van den Grift, this 28""
March, 1652. In Fort Amsterdam, in New Netherland. Was signed. By order of
the Hon'''' the Director, Cornells van Tienhoven, Secretary.
The Director here asserts my misbehavior so confidently as if it were not to be gainsaid. I
have demanded declaration thereof from his Select men, who by their resolution of the 21"
August, 1652, declare, that no complaints of misbehavior were ever made to them by the
Commonalty, and that they, themselves, have nothing to say against me or my conversation.
In respect to his accusation of connivance, it is still worse. His placards and ordinances, which
he, himself, violates, he will have me enforce, without being willing to support me therein.
His Honor deprives me of my office for the good of his Lords Superiors, and for the public
peace and benefit, as he says : A?id on his own authority hath appointed and qualified, as Fiscal,
Cornells van Tienhoven, tvho, as already stated, is a public perjurer, and a jicst to the country. The
Lords and Masters have to consider, whether their service, peace and public welfare is promoted
thereby, and whether the Director hath thereby secured their Honors' service, peace and the
public good. The Director here deprives me of my office, with consent of the Hon"' Council
and the undersigned invited Select men ; as if they had advised and voted for it. But the
Select men say, by the abovementioned declaration, that the Director hath done so on his own
authority, and requested them to consent to it, but that they refused to do so. Thus hath
Cornells van Tienhoven, as Secretary, acted faithlessly and falsely in the drawing up and
publication of resolutions, and he is esteemed by the Director to be the fittest in the country
for the Hon'''* Company's service, as in addition to the office of Fiscal, he holds that of Secretary
in fact, and Carel van Brugge, that of Secretary in name, for this Englishman is not qualified
for it, and allows himself to be used by the Director and Tienhoven as an instrument.
Extract of the Resolution of the date above mentioned.
The Fiscal, Hendrick van Dyck, appears in the Assembly, where he is informed by the
Hon*"'* Director General, that he, Hendrick van Dyck, hath injured the General in
his honor and fame, which he hereby expressly denies, and therefore protests
against his dismissal, and demands copy hereof, and the discovered paper.' Done
as above. Beneath was — Agrees with the Register of Resolutions.
(Signed) Cornelis van Tienhoven, Secretary.
In place of Lampoon makers being punished and instead of search being made, as it ought
to be, to discover them, the Director believes, on the contrary, that the Lampoons are of use to
him, as in this case, so as the better to play his card. The Director observes indeed here, that
I have wounded him in his honor and reputation, of which he has long since been bereft ; but
he does not say that it is demonstrated to him or proved to me, so that his usurped sovereignty
really smacks of force and violence, and the Lords can judge how matters go here.
' whioli he, Van Djck, calls a Lampoon. New -York Cvlonial liecords, V. — Ed.
512 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Letter of the Hon'''' Directors of the West India Company Chamber at Amsterdam,
to Hendrick van Dyck, Fiscal.
Honorable, Valiant, Beloved, Faithful.
We are in receipt of your letters of the 28"" December 1G50, LS"" and IS'*" September of
this last year, wherein you complain on the one hand of Cornells Melyn in these
express words: — that he hath grossly slandered the Hon*"'' Directors and that it
were desirable that such rascals had never come there; and, on the other hand you
complain of the Director's anger against you. We shall state briefly in answer,
that the Directors are very little surprised at the calumnies of dishonorable men,
and it makes little ditterence whether bad men are there or here, but we had wished
that as you had such opinion of those people, that you had performed your duty,
and had in season a strict watch at Stalen Island on the ship in which he went
over, as that was the place where you could fall in with all the contraband goods
that he hath run on shore there during the night and at unseasonable times; and
we cannot put such smuggling on any other than your shoulders.
We know not in what the Director's anger against you consists; yet we suppose
he does not put you to any inconvenience without great cause. But whilst you are
free, on your side, to complain, neither can we omit to inform you, sir, of the
reasons of our dissatisfaction, independent of the complaints of the Director and
Council respecting your disorderly life and dissolute conversation. We shall
therefore tell you frankly from the mouths of many honorable people arrived from
those parts, all of whom declare, that you ordinarily pass your time in drunkenness,
that you scarcely pay any attention to your office, which we cannot tolerate. Out
of respect for your friends, many of your faults have been overlooked, but for all
that, no change for the better has been observed. We are, therefore, constrained
to recommend you to attend to your bounden duty; otherwise, we shall be
obliged to make such provision in the premises as shall be proper. Herewith, we
commend you Honorable, Beloved, Valiant, Faithful, to God's protection and remain
Your good friends,
The Directors of the West India Company, Chamber at Amsterdam,
Amsterdam, 9"" April, 1052. (Signed,) F. Schuylenborch.
Eduard Man.
(Addressed)
Honorable, Valiant, Beloved, Faithful
Hendrick van Dyck, Fiscal,
in New Netherland.
Mr. van Dyck's answer to the preceding Letter.
My Lords. Thecomplaints I have made, in my quality as Fiscal, against Cornells Melyn, in
the despatch of the 28"" of December 1650, I was obliged to make, as appears by the Journal
of the Supercargo, for the protection of my Lords and Masters. The complaints in my letters of
IS"- and 12"" September 1651 of the Director's anger against me, I, to my sorrow, have been
obliged to make, and you can infer from all the foregoing, whether I had and still have not,
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : VL 5X3
good reasons to address you in this manner ; I doubt not but 'twill grieve and greatly astonish
you that there are bad men here and that they administer their government to your injury and
the vexation of the Commonalty. 'Twere desirable that early provision v^'ere made therein.
The ship with which Melyn came, anchored with the flood before Staten Island about noon, so
that I could not sail down there much before evening, when I did my best with the watch on the
ship until she should come up to the harbor, according to the declaration hereunto annexed.
Had my recommendation to the Director to institute my suit against Melyn and the Skipper
conjointly been attended to, such disorder had not occurred in the proceedings, nor would the
judgments of the Director and Council have conflicted with each other. But I had nothing
to say, but was obliged to do the Director's pleasure.
'Tis already stated wherein the anger of the Director against me consists, and your Honors
can conclude whether he was justified in thus ill treating me, and I can show by the
accompanying certificates that he, on his own authority, expelled me from the service and
bestowed my office on the perjured Tienhoven. I regret to learn that your Honors are
displeased with me. Inasmuch as you give credit to the reports of my disorderly conduct and
dissolute life; I am certain that those who informed against me, willingly accept my office
and are devoted to the Director ; for the latter having labored so hard to remove me, it does
not appear strange to me that I am unjustly accused and slandered in all manner of ways.
The loss of time by running about in drunkenness, if it must needs be, and notwithstanding
the contrary is best known to me, is a trivial circumstance ; yea, in my opinion, demonstrates the
envy and hatred entertained by such informers against me. I willingly acknowledge my
faults, and pray God daily to remove them and to amend my life. Such persons with their
own troubles, and on perceiving their own short comings, might well remain silent. I am fully
aware that drunkenness ill accords with my office, but 'tis easily remarked in me, yet not in
Tienhoven ; though he come out of the Tavern so full that he cannot walk, it must be
hushed. The Director has been so long favored and upheld here by the Company, but with
what improvement in return, appears hereby. I thank you extremely for the recommendation
of my bounden duty, assuring you, whenever the Director's violence shall cease, or order shall
be introduced herein, that I shall demean myself in the discharge of my duty, as an honorable
Fiscal ought to do; but this is impossible for me under the present administration.
High and Mighty and Noble Lords.
The treatment I have experienced here hath given me occasion thus to present my
gravamina for my vindication, declaring according to proofs &c. confirmed by oath in the
matters of my office, that the whole is true and truthful ; not doubting, yea, assuring my Lords,
that the Director's defence of his administration will establish his usurped Sovereign rule,
and that his unheard of rigorous and passionate proceedings will be confirmed by the complaints
of the inhabitants, and I trust, that no idle evasions nor frivolous accusations against this one
and that, will excuse the Director, whilst others who have not eaten of the roast meat are to
be beaten with the spit. May God preserve the High and Mighty and Noble Lords and
Masters in a prosperous and pious government. Done New Amsterdam in New Netherland,
the IS"" September, 1G52.
Your Servant at command,
(Signed) H. van DrcK, Fiscal.
514 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Appendix, received Gth December, 1G52.
This day G"" December, 1G51, before me Joliannes Vrosse by the Court of Holland admitted
a i'ubiic Notary residing at Amsterdam and in presence of undernamed witnesses personally
appeared Elizabeth Janns, innkeeper, widow of Bastiaen Nalsman, residing at the Arms of
Haerlem at the dam ( ocertoom) outside the Holy road gate of this City, aged about 60 years,
and hatli declared by true Christian words, on her conscience in place and under offer of a
solemn oath, if necessary, at the request of Marritgen Ommers, widow of Jan Franssen Croon
of Hoochvelt deceased, late basket maker in this city, that he testifies and attests that it is
true and well known to her that, last winter and in the beginning of this current year 1551,
without being certain of the precise time, a person named Mr. Cornells van Tienhoven came
divers times to the house of the deponent keeping open tavern at the Ocertoom aforesaid, with
Lysbet Janssen Croon of Hoogvelt, daughter of the requirant iierein, and have there at difTerent
times, now and then eaten fish and showed and manifested towards each other great love and
friendship such as is the custom among sweethearts; moreover, she the deponent on such
occasions distinctly heard and understood that the abovenamed Van Tienhoven hath
represented himself as a suitor and a single unmarried person, whereupon she, the witness, said
toVanTienhoven,If yoube a single man why do you not marry her, (meaning the abovenamed
Lysbet.) To which question and observation the aforesaid Van Tienhoven hath answered,
I will not marry in this Country, but so soon as we have arrived in New Netherland, I will
then marry. Thus done without the City of Amsterdam aforesaid in presence of Mr. Abram
Caspars and Martyn Luych, witnesses. Subscribed. Quod attestor rogatus Joanx\is Crossis,
Nu ary Public.
Upon collation this agrees with its original, dated and signed as above, in New
Amsterdam in New Netherland. Signed \,"2','' D. V. Schelluyne, Notary Public.
Agrees (after collation ) with the authentic copy by me.
(Signed) D. V. Schelluyne,
Notary Public 1652i\
Appendix, received 6lh December, 1 652.
Singnoor, as I have found good quarters where I have been formerly lodged, be so good as
to come with the bearer hereof, who will show you the way. I expect you, sir.
Your humble Friend,
M' Kip hands you this letter. (Signed) C. V. Tienhoven.
Upon collation with its original, signed as above, this is found to agree therewith ;
in New Amsterdam, New Netherland, 31" July, A" 1652. Beneath was (signed)
D. V. Schelluyne, Notary Public. Agrees (after collation by me,) with the authentic
copy. (Signed) D. V. Schelluyne, Notary Public. 1052,-8.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VL 515
Apjicndix, received 6th December, 1652.
We, tlie Schout, Burgomasters, Schepens and Regents of the Hague, make known to each
and every, that before us came and appeared Louisa Noij, wile of Arien Pietersz : Bock,
undertaker, inhabitant here, who beitig duly summoned to give evidence of the truth at the
request of Maertyn Ommers, widow of John Franssen Croon, of Hooghvelt, in his lifetime
basket maker, in Amsterdam, and she the deponent declares by solemn oath administered to
and taken by her, that her declaration or deposition, made before the Notary, Martyn
Beekman, and certain witnesses, on the viii. December, XVI'' and fifty-one, to be word for
word true and truthful, as foUoweth : —
This day, the viii"" December, XVI'' and fifty-one, before me, Martin Beeckman, admitted
Public Notary, by the Court of Holland, residing at the Hague, and before the undernamed
witness appeared Louisa Noe, wife of Arien Pietersz Bock, undertaker, who hath hereby
certified and declared, pursuant to the letter of Elysabelh van Hooghvelt, written from
Manathans, in New Netherland, whereby she requests to hear the aforesaid Louisa in this matter,
and that she speak by her woman's troth, instead of an oath, at the requisition of Martjen
Ommers, widow of Jan Franssen Croon, of Hooghvelt, in his lifetime basket maker, within the
city of Amsterdam, that about a year ago, not being certain about the precise date, a certain
corpulent and thickset person, of red and bloated visage and light hair, who she afterwards
understood was called Van Tienhoven (and who on her frequently asking him for his name,
refused to give it), requested her to engage a room for him and a certain young lady or woman,
as she, the deponent, was accustomed to do. She, according to such request, first engaged
and bespoke a room in the TVageslraat here, wiiich said Thienhoven not liking, he gave her
three guilders for her trouble, saying he wished a room in a house with a shop. Whereupon
the deponent says, she was again employed to look up another room, and bespoke one in the
house of a grocer here in the Pootcn, opposite the Bagynesimat, at the sign of the Universal
Friend. She, the deponent, says that for her trouble on this second occasion, she received
from Van Thienhoven, three guilders more. She the deponent, further sailh, that before
bespeaking the room, she inquired of the aforenamed Thienhoven, what relation he stood in
to the abovenamed woman ; whether she should hire it for a young man or for a married
person ; that he, Tieniioven, then said, that he was a single man, and that she, the deponent,
should say, that he had run away with the woman, against the will of her parents, but that
he intended to marry her on the first opportunity, which he frequently repeated to her, the
deponent, and that friends were employed to obtain her parents' consent, and that he should
then marry her. Further, she, the deponent, attesting and declaring that the abovenamed
person whose name she heard was Thienhoven, came a few days after to her house with the
aforesaid young woman and complained that Sheriff Pauw had caugiit him, saying aloud, he
presumed that she, the deponent, had brought it about; at which, the deponent being
displeased, she repaired and complained thereof, to the Bailiff who consented to investigate
the matter. He Thienhoven understanding this, prevailed on him to desist from such
investigation. She, the deponent, terminating her deposition herewith, offers, if necessary and
when demanded, to renew and with solemn oath to repeat and affirm all the aforesaid. Thus
done and executed at the Hague aforesaid, in presence of Jacob Thomass. van Kessel, burgher
here, and P' Kitsenburgh, being invited hereunto as witnesses, who have signed the minute
516 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
hereof, with the aforesaid deponent and me, the Notary, at the above date. Below was Quod
ita esse afTenn : and was signed M. Beeckman, Notary I'ubiic. In testimony wiiereof, we
have confirmed these presents with the impression of our Common City Seal, the second
March, XVP and fifly-two, was signed G. Graswinckel. Having on the margin a seal
impressed in green wax, covered with paper.
After collation with its orginal, signed and sealed on the date above, is this copy
found to agree therewith, in New Amsterdam, in New Netherland, on the 31" July,
A° 1652. Signed by me, D. V. Schelluyne.
Agrees (after collation by me,) with the authenticated copy.
(Signed) D. V. Schelluyne, Not. Publ\ 1052,2-,.
Appendix, received 6 December, 1652.
We, the Sellout, Burgomaster, Schepens and Regents of the Hague, make known to
each and every, that before us came and appeared Jacob Thomassen van Kessel, burgher and
inhabitant here, who being duly summoned to testify the truth, on the petition of Maritjen
Ommers, widow of Jan Franssen Croon, of Hoogvelt, in his lifetime basket maker within the
city of Amsterdam, and he, the deponent, declares by solemn oath, duly proposed to and taken
by him, that his declaration or deposition made before the Notary, Martin Beeckman, and
certain witnesses on the 8"" of December, 1651, is true and truthful, as follows:
This day, the S"" of December, 1C51, before me, Martin Beeckman, Public Notary, admitted
by the Court of Holland and residing at the Hague, and the undernamed witnesses, appeared
Jacob Thomassen van Kessel, who, on further request and requisition of Maritjen Ommers,
widow of the late Jan Franssen Croon of Hoogvelt, in his lifetime basket maker within the
city of Amsterdam, and agreeably to the letter of Elizabeth van Hoogvelt, written at the
Manathans, in New Netherland, the abovenamed Requirant, specially mentioned therein,
prays, that the deponent should be requested to testify in this matter, as he hath full cognizance
thereof, who, on his veracity and conscience, instead of oath, hath certified and declared as he
N. B. doth hereby that it is true, that Secretary van Thienhoven having slept at his hoxise a
cnnmlerable time u-iih a certain Ehjsahcth ran Hooghvdt, was caught by the respective sherilTs of
the Hague; first by Sheriff Paauw and afterwards by Pellenburch, and that when said
Thienhoven and the aforesaid Elysabeth van Hooghvelt were ejected from his, deponent's
house, had afterwards gone to a grocery here in the Pooten, opposite the Bagyncstraai, at the
sign of the Universal Friend ; he, the deponent, giving good reasons for his knowledge of
the aforesaid, that he hath heard it all from the mouth of the abovenamed Thienhoven
when the latter opened his heart to him, at the time he returned once in a while to sleep at
his, deponent's house; he did, also, learn particularly from said Thienhoven's mouth, /Art/ /;e
was obliged to pu>j to the abovenamed two Sheriffs, as a Jinc, the sum of eighlij-two Rix dollars, in two
several divisions, because he had been caught with the abovenamed Elysabeth van Hooghvelt ;
and that over and above the two divisions of the above fine, he, 'I'hienhoven, had provided
some oysters and a drink for the two Sheriffs, Paauw and Pellenburgh, abovenamed ; he,
Thienhoven, having repeatedly told him, the deponent, that he, Thienhoven, should have been
thus fined, had he kept in his lodgings in his, the deponent's house, which was then the Three
Little Doves, and was situate at the Sluice ; he, Thienhoven, having said, that he was sorry for
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VI. 5^7
having been ejected from his, the deponent's house. The deponent terminating his statement
here, otfers at all times when necessary and. requested, to renew, and by solemn oath aflirm tlie
same. Thus done and executed at the Hague aforesaid, in presence of Willem Janssen and
Hendrick Jacobse, hereunto invited witnesses, who the minute hereof remaining with me have
signed with the deponent, the day, month and year as above. Beneath was— With which
minute this punctually agreed. Quod attestor; and was subscribed M. Beeckman, Notary
Public. And whereas men are bound, when required to give testimony of Ihe truth, we have,
therefore, confirmed this with an impression of our Common City Seal, on the second March,
A° 1652, was signed G. Grasvvinkel ; having on the margin a seal impressed on green wax,
covered with paper.
After collating with its original, signed and sealed as above, this copy is found to
agree therewith. New Amsterdam, in New Netherland, 31" July, A" 1652, was
signed by me, D. V. Schelluyne, Notary Public.
Agrees, after collation by me, with the authenticated copy.
(Signed) D. V. Schelluyne, Notary Public, 1652 ^V
Appendix, received G December, 1652.
This day, the 11"" December A° 1651, before me Martin Beeckman Public Notary admitted
by the Court of Holland residing at the Hague, and before the undernamed witnesses,
appeared Margareta van Eeda, widow of Isaack Portus, at that time Tavern Keeper in old
Haerlem at the Sluice here, who hath declared and testified upon her veracity and conscience
instead of oath, at the request of Maritjen Ommers, widow of deceased Jan Franssen Croon of
Hooghvelt, in his lifetime basket maker at Amsterdam; that over a year ago there came to
lodge at her house a likely person, of ruddy face, corpulent body and having a little wen on
the side of his cheek who she afterwards understood was from New Netherland, having with
him a woman towards whom he evinced great friendship and love, calling her always. Dearest,
and conversing with her as man and wife are wont to do, slecjnng in one bed, so that she,
deponent, did not know but that they were married people, having treated and regarded them
as honest folks, whom she placed at her table along with other honest and decent persons, and
had she considered them anything else, she would not have received them; and said person
being very particular would make conditions, some days after, to eat with her at noon and
in the evening, and to have two rooms ; one of which his Dear should occupy, when some
gentlemen and friends came to speak with and inquire for him, and another in which such
people could be received and entertained, but that they could not agree upon the price;
whilst hesitating to give anything for such treatment, they were ejected from her house,
and went to the Pooten, to a grocery at the sign of the Universal Friend, opposite the
Bagynestraat. She, the deponent, further declares, that the above named person came
repeatedly afterwards to her house, among the rest, late one evening, a few days after he had
gone from her house; he came with his abovenamed Dear, and going up to a room where he
asked for a fire and a drink, he complained to her, deponent, that he was affronted and caught
by the Sheriffs and must satisfy them, saying, moreover, that he had wished he had remained
at her house ; the woman whom he called Dearest, asking, in addition whether the Sheriffs had
any business to interfere with free people. Whereupon she, the deponent, inquired whether
518 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
they were married people, and that the abovenamed person answered: We are not yet
married. Finally, deponent offers to renew and CQnfirin her abovewritten declaration by oath
if needs be and is requested. Thus done and executed at the Hague aforesaid, in presence of
Willem Janssen and Hendrick Jacobsen who are invited as witnesses hereunto, who, with
the deponent and me the Notary have signed the minute hereof remaining in my hands,
on the day, month and year above written. Signed. Quod affirmo. M. Beeckman Notary
Public. Beneath was : —
After collation with its original dated, and signed as above, this copy is found to
agree therewith. In New Amsterdam in New Netherland the 31 July anno 1652.
By me (Signed) D. V. Schelluyne Notary Public.
Agrees (after collation by me,) with the authenticated copy.
(Signed) D. V. Schelluyne, Notary Public. 1652iV>
He-solution of the States General referring the preceding Defence.
[ From Ihc Register of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Eoyal Arcliive8,at tlie Hague. ]
Friday, 6"" December, 1652.
Folio 43. Received a letter from Fiscal van Dyck, written in Marihatans, the IS"" of
isca Tan yc . ggptember last, complaining of Director P. Stuivesant, which being considered.
New Netherland. it is resolved and concluded, that the aforesaid letter shall be placed in the hands
of Mess" de Huygens and others, their High Mightinesses' Deputies for the affairs of the West
India Company, to inspect, examine and report.
Resolution of the States General on a Memorial of the Patroon of Rensselaer-sivyck.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1632 — 1663, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Friday, 20'" December, 1652.
Folio «. Read at the Assembly the petition of Johan van Renselaer, Patroon, Mr.
Johan de Laet and the widow and heirs of the late Samuel Blommaert, co-director of the
Colonists in New L'olonie named Renselaerswyck, in New Netherland, containing divers points, and
Netherland. amoug others complal ots agaiust Director Stuyvesant. Which being considered,
it is resolved and concluded, that the aforesaid petitions be placed in the hands of Mess" Turk
and the other, their High Mightinesses' Deputies for the affairs of the West India Company, to
inspect, examine and report thereon.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : VII. 519
Resolution of the States General referring Memorial of the Patroon of Rensselaerswyck.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1052 — 1663, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Saturday, the 28"' December, 1652.
Folio 44. Read the report of Mess" Turk and others, their High Mightinesses' Deputies
Colonists in New ^o"" the affairs of the West India Company, pursuant to their resolution of the
Netheriand. go"" instant, having inspected and examined the petition presented on the same
day to their High Mightinesses in the name and on the behalf of Johan van Renselaer,
Patroon, Mr. Johan de Laet, and the widow and heirs of the late Samuel Blommaert,
co-directors of the colonic named Renselaers-wyck, in New Netherland, containing divers
points, and among the rest, complaints against Director Stuyvesant. Which being considered,
it is resolved and concluded, that the aforesaid petition shall be sent to the Chamber of the
West India Company at Amsterdam, to give information to their High Mightinesses thereupon,
within the space of 2 days from the receipt of the letter, or to send hither some one of their
body for that purpose.
States General to the Chamber at Amsterdam.
[ From the Register of VUgegane Brieven of the States General, in the Rojal Archives at the Hague. ]
To the Directors of the West India Company at the Chamber at Amsterdam.
The States, etc.
Folio 402. Honorable, etc. You will perceive from the accompanying petition which we
have resolved hereby to send you, what Johan Renselaer, Patroon, Mr. Johan de Laet and the
„, . . widow and heirs of the late Samuel Bloemaert, co-directors of the Colonic called
Colonie named
Eensiaerswycii. Renselaerswvck, situate in New Netherland, have represented to us, requesting
and requiring that within the space of two days from the receipt hereof, you will communicate
to us information thereupon, or else send some person hither on your behalf for that purpose.
Relying thereupon, etc. Done 25"" December, 1652.
Chamber at Amsterdam to the States General.
[ Register of Ingekomen Brieven^ in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ] ■
High and Mighty Lords.
Folio a. We yesterday duly received your High Mightinesses' letter of the 28"' instant,
Patroon and co-di- together with the petition of the Patroon and co-proprietors of the Colonie
rectors of the Ciiio- ,^, ,_ |.| in ••n
Die Eenseiaerswjii. Rensclaers-wyck thereunto annexed, la answer to which we shall provisionally
520 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
observe, that we immediately gave orders to examine the aforesaid petition, point by point,
and to draw up accordingly a rescript thereupon as far as will be necessary for the defense
of the Company's right; then as the points set forth against us are very numerous, and
necessitate the examination and review of divers papers and documents, we have hereby
humbly to submit to you. High and Mighty, that 'tis impossible not only to accomplish this
in two days, but to have it done even in two weeks. We, therefore, respectfully request that
ample time be afforded us, to make answer unto all according to demand and circumstances,
the rather as the aforesaid Patroon and co-directors suffer no prejudice herein, the ship having
sailed eight days ago for New Netherland, and as no opportunity will offer until the spring, in
the month of April or May, when the vessels are accustomed to take their departure for that
quarter. Relying thereupon, we shall.
High and Mighty Lords, etc.
Your High Mightinesses' Servants,
The Directors of the West India Company, Chamber at Amsterdam.
Amsterdam, this 31 December, 1652. (Signed) Eduard Man.
Received, 2 January, 1653. Isaack van Beeck.
Resolution of tlie States General on the preceding Letter.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, 2 January, 1653.
Folio 45 Received a letter from the Directors of the West India Company, Chamber at
Amsterdam, written there the 31" December last, in answer to their High Mightinesses' letter
of the 2S"' of said month, with intelligence that it was impossible for them to furnish their
Cnionists ia New High Migh tinesscs, within the space of 2 days, the requisite information on the
petition of the Patroon and co-directors of the Colonie Renselaerswyck, requesting,
therefore, that proper time be afforded them to give an answer upon all points according to
demand and circumstances.
Whereupon no action was taken.
Chamber at Amsterdam to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; file West Indie. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
After we received on the 30"' December last your High Mightinesses' letter of the 2S"'' of the
same month, and briefly and provisionally submitted on the following day to your High
Mightinesses that it would be impossible for us to give an answer within the space of two days
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIL 521
to the petition presented to you, High and Mighty, by Johan van Renselaer, patroon, Mr. Johan
de Laet and the widow and heirs of Samuel Biommaert, co-directors of the coionie, named
Renselaers-wyck, we daily occupied ourselves in the examination of the aforesaid petition and
in comparing with it what the Director General of New Netherland has addressed to us by
letters, and also what was received by reports and informations of other qualified and reliable
persons. So large a quantity of these papers had to be examined that we have not been
prepared, before now, to send your High Mightinesses the requisite information; herein we
have avoided taking notice of anything except solely what was required by the aforesaid
information and some circumstances connected with said points ; reserving the further deduction
of this, and of the right which we claim therefrom on and against the aforesaid Patroon
and co-directors, to a future opportunity, when your High Mightinesses will be pleased
either to cause this matter to be examined by deputies, or to let it be determined in due course
of proceeding and to summon both parties in order that deliberation may be had thereupon
velo levato, and that it may be disposed of with full knowledge of the circumstances in such
wise as to its merits shall appertain.
Had not the aforesaid Patroon and co-directors so great an itching to dispute continually
with the Board in this country, as their servants do with those of the Company in New
Netherland, it had been unnecessary to trouble your High Mightinesses with this matter, and
to interrupt your most important deliberations with these sought-for disputes. For even if
those of the aforesaid Coionie in New Netherland had imagined that they are not always
treated by the Company's Director General and Council according to their phantasy,
nevertheless, the aforesaid Patroon and co-directors should — yea they were in duty bound —
not to apply so directly to your High Mightinesses nor enter their complaints, for the most
part of an odious character, and sometimes contrary to the truth, both against the said Director
General and the Board of Managers, inasmuch as such a course, in our opinion, must not be
adopted except the aforesaid complaints be not received nor redressed by the Company in this
country; and then with such respect and decency as a vassal justly owes to those from whom
he hath received his benefice. As this duty has not been observed in this instance we intend,
in its proper time, to draw from that and other acts, which are not free from felony, such
conclusions as, perhaps, will not be entirely pleasing to the aforesaid Patroon and co-directors-
Suffice it at present, that we say, and with truth, that they are not willing to wait for any
satisfaction ; and that they, having caused a certain written notice to be delivered to our
Assembly, did not once think it worth their while to ask for an answer, much less for any
conference in the premises. This, however, we do not allege as if with a view to create
difficulty in order to demonstrate our right to your High Mightinesses, but merely to let these
people know, that 'twas just as well not to expostulate with so much vehemence against those
whom they are bound to honor, and of whose favor they daily stand in need ; and that they
may be advised, that, from such proceedings, they have nothing to expect but that the Company
will insist on its right, without henceforward granting any further indulgence, as they pretend
that their Freedoms were not observed with precision. We cannot deny but complaints have
been heretofore made and even sent into the Assembly of the Nineteen by the Patroon, but
never by the co-directors; the latter cannot be ignorant why an answer was not given to those
complaints. We could, if necessary, readily adduce the reason thereof for our justification did
we not prefer to leave unattacked the memory of their predecessors herein, and we know not
whether we had ever been cited before your High Mightinesses' Deputies on the subject of the
Vol. L 66
522 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
aforesaid complaints. If such has been the case, we doubt not but we have satisfied your High
Migiitinesses, and shall willingly refer ourselves in tiie premises to your knowledge thereof.
We readily confess we cannot perceive how the alleged acts of the Director General can be
called attacks, unless the Patroon and co-directors had judged that the best course to adopt
was to take up the case de ylano and without any examination, because such would indeed be
the most profitable for them who otherwise have no right; but as it is unauthorized by your
High Mightinesses, we hope 'twill not be of any weight. And as we, iu accordance with
preceding submissions and resolutions, acknowledge your High Mightinesses herein as judges,
so we, likewise, promise that we shall not attempt anything prejudicial to your commands
whose authority we have always acknowledged and observed with more respect than even
those of this Colonie, which shall be made apparent in the deduction of the case at the proper
time. We only pray your High Mightinesses to be pleased to provide that no conclusion be
taken herein to the prejudice of the Company without full knowledge of the case ; and with
this view, that a plan be adopted on which your High Mightinesses will decide this suit shall
be ordered, prosecuted and determined. Wherewith ending.
High and Mighty Lords, we shall pray Almighty God for the uninterrupted success of your
High Mightinesses' prosperous government.
Your High Mightinesses' humble servants.
The Directors of the West India Company, at the Chamber at Amsterdam,
Amsterdam this 15"" January, ") Abr. Wilmerdonx.
Received l?"" January, j ' Eduaed Man.
Appendix, received 17 January, 1653.
Points extracted from the petition of Remarks by the Chamber at Amsterdam
the Patroon and co-directors of the on the anne.'ied Points.
Colonie Renselaers-Wyck.
First. Coming into the Colonie of Renselaers Directors are truly ignorant of the place
Wyck aforesaid, and there causing the Peti- where the Petitioners' flag was pulled down,
tioners' flag to be hauled down in opposition and consequently cannot furnish any informa-
to the will and protest of their officers. tion on this point, unless on further advice.
2.
Secondly. Publishing there, by placard, that This placard is published at the place where
timber might be cut in, and removed from, the Company exercises jurisdiction, and the
the Petitioners' woods, without the knowledge woods from which the timber was to betaken,
of the Petitioners or their officers, or applying are so defined that no person can be in any
to them on the subject. wise injured by removing such timber; also,
no one hath legally any pretention thereupon.
3.
Thirdly. Publishing, as aforesaid, that the The title of Fort Orange existed in the Com-
right of jurisdiction and of soil appertained to pany long before the Colonie Uenselaers-
the aforesaid Company to the extent of one Wyck was ever granted, and the limits of the
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : VII.
523
hundred and fifty rods around the aforesaid
trading house causing the same to be staked
off by the Petitioners' own inhabitants whom
they conveyed over to the aforesaid Colonie at
great expense, notwithstanding the ground
was bought by the Petitioners from the previous
owners, and is notoriously their property,
together with the jurisdiction there, thus
depriving tiie Petitioners of their right, and a
small bouwerie.
aforesaid Colonie were corisequently computed
above and below the fort. The Petitioners
were afterwards prfcrtrio allowed to come under
the cannon of the fort, in order to be secure
from the insolence of the Indians. No title
can accrue from this. How far the limits of
a fort ought to be computed, the Directors will
hereafter willingly examine.
Fourthly. Releasing the Petitioners' subjects
there inherited from the oath taken to the
Petitioners and its consequences, and binding
them by an oath to the aforesaid Company.
Fifthly. Conceding on a ground rent the
lands and lots aforesaid taken from the
Petitioners, attempting to make there a village,
already called Bevers-Wyck.
Sixthly. Erecting a court of justice in the
aforesaid trading house.
7.
Seventhly. Forming from the inhabitants of
the aforesaid Colonie, a company of men as it
were of the said West India Company, whom
they incite not only against their fellow
inhabitants, but also against their lawful Lords
and the contracts entered into with them.
On the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh points,
the Directors ignore and consequently deny,
in good faith, that anything was done against
the Petitioners' subjects ; but these people are
free inhabitants, bound in no way to those of
the Colonie.
Eighthly. Releasing on his arrival at the
Manhatans, Gerard t Swart, who was sen t Sheriff
to the aforesaid Colonie, from the oath taken to
the Petitioners, and forcing him to take an
oath to the aforesaid Company.
As far as we know, this person was not
released by the oath taken to the Company,
from the oath previously taken to the Petition-
ers, but remains bound to both in their
respective qualities.
Ninthly. Requiring communication of the
rolls, protocols, sentences, resolutions and
suits relating to the Colonie and its affairs.
The Petitioners are expressly bound by the
Freedoms to make this communication, and it
was accordingly well and legally demanded.
524
NEW-YOEK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
As the Director of the Colonie refused, on
being asked, to voluntarily permit this publi-
cation to be made, it became necessary to take
assured order therein.
10.
Tenthly. Causing, by force, the bell in the
house of the Director of the aforesaid Colonie,
to be rung by Johannes Dyckman, Commis-
sary at the aforesaid trading house, assisted
by soldiers with loaded muskets, burning
match and open pans, for the purpose of
publishing the aforesaid pretensions.
11.
Eleventhly. Arresting within the Petition- This mode of proceeding became finally
ers' jurisdiction, with eight armed men. Brant absolutely necessary, in order to obviate and
van Slichtenhorst, the aforesaid Director of prevent this individual's intolerable insolences,
the Colonie, and so bringing him to the perverseness and vexations.
Manhatans, and there detaining him.
12.
Twelfthly. Giving notice that he shall
demand tenths of tlie planks and other of the
Colonie's revenue.
13.
Thirteenthly. Attempting to take possession
of the cannon belonging to the Petitioners on
Beren Island, refusing to restore the same.
14.
Fourteenthly. Allowing and permitting emi-
grants from the aforesaid Colonie, to sell
articles of contraband to the Indians.
15.
And fifteenthly. By means of the aforesaid
pretended right, which he exercises there, de-
priving the Petitioners of the power of enforcing
due payment from their debtors, or their bail.
Inasmuch as the years of exemption are
long since expired, the Company must finally
look to the collection of their rights.
The Directors wish first of all to know,
what right the Petitioners have to lay claim to
Beren Island.
All inhabitants, and especially those of the
fort, are by recent placards forbidden to sell
articles of contraband, but as it was thought
that the strict observance of that law would
be construed unfavorably by the Indians, it
was at the request, and for the interest of the
Colonie, allowed that now and then something
might be sparingly permitted with the know-
ledge of the Director.
This is expressly denied ; on the contrary,
good order is provided in such case in the
instruction for the court of justice.
Now follow the Points against the Patroon and co-directors, whereupon
satisfaction shall be demanded from them:
Those of the Colonie Renselaerswyck, have far exceeded the limits granted them by the
Freedoms, and were consequently again required duly to fix the boundaries aforesaid, and to
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIL 525
cause the place of beginning and the point of termination thereof, to be recorded at the
Company's office, or else the Company will be obliged itself to take order therein.
Those of the Colonie aforesaid have endeavored, against all law and contrary to the good
intention of the Company, to establish a monopoly of the trade throughout the entire North
river, both within and without their limits, and for that purpose obstruct and prevent other
individuals engaged in the trade.
They caused their people to promise not to permit any ship or vessel to sail by or pass a
certain house called Renselaers Steyn, but to bring them all to.
And with this view claiming certain unfounded staple-right.
In like manner, they would extort from divers private persons a duty of 7 stivers on each
beaver, and five per cent on other goods, making use, in support of this and other claims,
of some guns and firing with them througii the sails of passing craft.
Those of the Colonie have tried by indirect and undue means to deprive the Company of
Fort Orange, and afterwards to concede and build on the lots situate thereabout, to the
prejudice of the aforesaid fort, contrary to notice and protests.
They have presumed to give private persons commissions to trade to the coast of Florida.
They have enacted and published divers ordinances not only without the knowledge and
communication of the Company, but even to the direct prejudice of its service: among
the rest —
That none shall be at liberty to remove, under the Company from the Colonie, under pain
of corporal punishment, forfeiture of goods, and to be banished as perjurers.
They forbid, even on pain of corporal punishment, any wood to be cut or hauled for those
of Fort Orange, and a certain man named Claes Jansen of Boeckhoven was by great favor
amerced in a fine of 50 guilders solely because he had carted some firewood for one Lambert
van Valckenburg, an inhabitant of the aforesaid Fort.
They forbid their Colonists to pay their debts to those of the aforesaid Fort.
The prohibit appeals from judgments above 50 guilders, which are, therefore, appealable.
They refuse extracts of their proceedings and judgments.
Likewise, they will not permit any benefit to accrue from any writs of appeal, which are now
and then granted, nor suffer the Director and Council's proclamations to be published and
posted, but forcibly snatch them out of the marshals' hands and tear off the seals.
And in case the aforesaid writs or other summons are executed and served by aid of the
Company's power, the summoned parties are incited not to appear.
The oath which the Colonists are obliged to take, is in some points seditious and mutinous,
and acknowledges neither their High Mightinesses nor the Company.
Moreover, those of the Colonie have never made a report of the condition of their
circumstances, as they, nevertheless, are obliged, annually, to do.
In like manner, they have never communicated the instructions drawn up by the
Patroon and co-directors on the subject of the government of the Colonie; whence has arisen.
Great insolence and tyranny on the part of some of their commandants towards
the inhabitants;
Intolerable protests, insults, threats, vexations and challenges against the Company's
Ministers.
And finally, a general disobedience of all the Company's commands and ordinances, even to
that degree that they will not suffer the Director and Council to issue a proclamation for a
day of humiliatioa and prayer in the Colonie, as was done for the entire of New Netherland.
526 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
llesolution of the States General referring the preceding Letter^ c&c.
[From Ihe Register of West India Affairs, 1659 — 1663, in the Eojal Archives at the Hague.]
Friday, 17"- January, 1653.
Folio 47. Received a letter from the Directors of the West India Company, Chamber at
Amsterdam, written there on the 15"" inst. And, pursuant to their High Mightinesses' letters
of the 2S"' December last, also information on the points contained in the petition of the
Colonists of New Patroou and co-directops of the Colonie Renselacrswyck. Whereupon deliberation
Notheriand. being had, it is resolved and concluded that the aforesaid letters, together with
the annexed information shall be placed in the hands of the Messrs. Huygens and other their
High Mightinesses' Deputies for the affairs of the West India Company, for inspection,
examination and report.
Mesolution of the States General on the Report of the foregoing Committee.
[From the Register of 'West India Affairs, 1652—1663, in Ihe Eojal Archiyes at Ihe Hague.]
Thursday, e"- February, 1653.
Folio 49. Heard the report of the Messrs. Huygens and other their High Mightinesses'
Deputies for the affairs of the West India Company, pursuant to the resolution of the 17""
Colonists of Mew January last, having inspected and examined the letter of the Directors of the
West India Company Cliamber of Amsterdam, written there on the 15"' of
the same month and also, in obedience to their High Mightinesses' resolution of the 25""
December last, information on the points contained in the petition of the Patroon and co-
directors of the Colonic called Renselaers Wyck. Whereupon deliberation being had, it is
resolved and concluded that copy of the aforesaid letter shall be placed in the hands of the said
Patroon and co-directors, to reply thereunto.
Resolution of the States Genei'ol on Fiscal van Dyclcs charges against Stuyvesant.
[ From the Kegister of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, In the Eoyal Archires at the Hague. ]
Monday, 10"' February, 1653.
Folio 60. Having heard the report of their High Mightinesses' Deputies for the affairs of the
West India Company, who pursuant to the resolution of the 6"" December, 1652, further
New Neiheriand. inspected and examined the letter of fiscal Dyck, written at the Manathans on
the 18'* September last, containing various complaints, and amongst others, against Director
Biredor. Stuyvesant, It is, upon deliberation resolved and concluded that copies of the
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VII. 527
aforesaid letter and appendices shall be sent to the presiding Chamber of the West India
Company, in order that pertinent information may be furnished their High Mightinesses on the
contents thereof.
Resolution of the States General on a Petition, of the Proprietors of Rensselaerswyck.
[ From the Eegiater of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Eoyal Archirea at the Hague. ]
Thursday, 20"- February, 1653.
Folio 51. The petition of Johan van Renselaer, Patroon, Mr. Johan de Laet and the widow
Colonista in New i i • /■ ^i i ^ l-i , r»i t
Netheriand. and heirs of the late bamuel Blommaert, co-directors of the Colonic called
Renselaerswyck. in New Netherland, against the Directors of the West India Company at
the Chamber at Amsterdam, being read in the Assembly, it is after deliberation resolved and
concluded, that the aforesaid petition shall be placed in the hands of the Mess" Huygens
other their High Mightinesses' Deputies for the affairs of the West India Company, in order to
inspect, examine and report on them, to the end that the same being heard aitd considered,
such disposition be made thereon as shall be found proper.
Resolution of the States General.
[ From the Register of the Resolutions of the States Qeneral, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Tuesday, 4 March, 1653.
Folio 193. The petition of Nicolaes Anthony, Notary here in the Hague, as agent and
?he°OT^w %£? attorney of the owners of the ship named the ISlicuw Nctherlanduche Fortuyn,
landsch, Fortuyn. praying a writ of appeal from a judgment pronounced in New Netherland, being
read to the Assembly, it is after deliberation resolved and concluded, that nothing can be done
in the matter of the aforesaid petition.
Resolution of the States General.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1653 — 1663, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, lO"- April, 1653.
folio 69. The petition of Mr. Hendrick van der Capelle tot Ryssel, ordinary Delegate to
Mr. HeniirickTaQ *'^^"' ^'8^ Mightinesses' Assembly, beingread, complaining of a certain judgment
de Capelle. pronounccd in New Netherland to his prejudice, who prays on the contrary for
writ of appeal, with inhibitory and defensive clause and relief against the indebite interjection,
528 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
the issue and prosecution of aforesaid appeal, together with injunction directed against
Director Stuyvesant, Wilet his attorney and all others who will make themselves party
herein, all in due form : Whereupon deliberation being had, it is hereby resolved and
concluded, to grant the aforesaid request and accordingly the required writ shall be dispatched.
The Deputies from the province of Zealand have hereupon given notice that they have no order
to consent to the grant of writ of appeal from judgments pronounced in the West Indies or
within the West India Company's district.
Wni of Apiyeal in favor of Mr. van der Capelle.
[ From the Acte-Boek of the States General, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Writ of Appeal sued out by Mr. Henrick van der Capelle tho Ryssel against
Director Stuyvesant cum suis, with clause of injunction.
Folio 31. The Slates General of the United Netherlands. To the High Constable or
Marshal impowered to serve ; also to the Notary or such other person whether public or
private, as shall be hereunto required, Greeting: Be it Known: That we have received
the petition of Jonckheer Henrick van der Capellen tho Ryssel, Lord of Esselt and Hasseltand
ordinary deputy in our Assembly from the principality Gebre and County of Zutphen, setting
forth in substance, that he had, in the year XVl'^ fifty, with God's help, and pursuant to the
charter and amplification thereof granted to the stockholders of the West India Company,
undertaken to settle a Colonic on Staten Island, in New Netherland ; that he had thereunto,
engaged seven farmers with a superintendent and carpenter, now deceased, with women,
children and servants in number exceeding twenty, but by him augmented to seventy persons ;
and that he was advised by Patroons and Merchants to purchase a ship for that purpose with
an offer to take one-half interest thereof, which a worthy merchant at Amsterdam, named
Gerrit van den Voorde and partners did ; having thus purchased one-half the ship called the
Ni(uw Nelherlandsche Forluyn, according to the deed of sale executed before the Burgomasters
and Regents of the city of Amsterdam, dated the eighteenth May XVI' and fifty; which being
equipped, the said farmers were sent over with their farming implements and some goods, to
be sold and used there for their support; this vessel having arrived in New Netherland after a
difficult voyage was confiscated, together with its cargo, by Petrus Stuyvesant the Director
of that quarter, on a pretended judgment of the two and twentieth of April XVP one and
fifty, under pretext of some fraud said to have been committed, though denied by Cornells
Melyn, who went over in said ship and was found to have complained to us of the
exorbitant government of said Director, and on that account, esteemed his greatest enemy.
And though the fiscal had, at the suggestion of the Director, instituted his action at first
against the aforesaid Melyn, he was cast at that time, but yet, in order to attain his object, he
subsequently sued the skipper and by collusion and want of defence, obtained the required and
previously fabricated confiscation on the same forced and contradictory evidence which he had
produced against Melyn, although by the said pretended judgment, the skipper was declared
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VII. 529
entirely innocent, and to have been overruled, and was allowed his recourse against Melyn,
against whom he, the Director, caused execution to issue also on account of his default (reelictj,
and his houses and lots at the Manhatans to be sold, and, by an unheard of stratagem, hath made
himself master of, and appropriated, not only the aforesaid ship and goods, but also the
proceeds of the aforesaid houses and lots — the ship having been, pursuant to the aforesaid
pretended sentence, sold to one Thomas Wilet, a merchant residing at Plymouth, in New
England and on her arrival here, was seized by the appellant, who in the prosecution of that
seizure is obstructed by the aforesaid judgment. Tlie fact being, that he, Mr. van der Cappellen,
not in the capacity of a merchant, but as Patroon, in Staten Island, had sent the said ship
thither, as stated, with only his farmers and what was necessary for their support, and nothing
more ; moreover, was not guilty, nor accused, of any fraud, and consequently flagrant force and
violence were committed against him in the witiiholding and seizing his ship and goods
aforesaid; the said pretended judgment, being, also, null and unjust in itself, both in regard of
the Council mentioned therein, whereof one is a Frenchman and the other an Englishman,
with exclusion of the Vice-Director Dincklagen, and of the Select men, three only of whom
were present instead of nine, who ought to have assisted ; all contrary to the Commission and
Instruction prescribed to him, the Director, by us, for the administration of justice, and upon
which he hath taken his oath ; in addition whereunto, the aforesaid judgment was pronounced
on untrue, false, yea self-contradictory data, as he, the appellant, will, at his own timet
sufficiently prove. And, inasmuch as he, Mr. van der Cappellen, has been most seriously
itijured and endamaged, contrary to the aforesaid Charter and Freedoms of New Netherland,
granted by us to the stockholders of the West India Company, Patroons and Colonists there,
of which and of the infringments thereon, arising between the judge and the Patroons,
cognizance and adjudication belong exclusively to us, and as we have tffften cognizance of, and*
granted writ of appeal in, similar cases, he, tiierefore, trusts, as no person can be denied justice
in the United Provinces, that it will be accorded also to him ; he constitutes himself
accordingly for himself and the aforesaid Van de Voorde cum suis, appellant from the aforesaid
pretended judgment and forcible execution consequent thereupon, respectfully requesting that
he may to this end, be granted writ of appeal with inhibitory and prohibitory clause, also
relief against the indebit interjection, with issue and prosecution of aforesaid appeal ;
also, order directed to the aforesaid Stuyvesant, Wilet, his agent, and all others who would
make themselves a party herein ; all in due form. Which being considered, we, therefore,
require and command you, thereunto, hereby commissioning you, that at the request of the
said Mr. Henrick van der Capelle tho Ryssel and Gerrit van de Voorde cum suis, you do, in our
name, summon the aforesaid Director Stuyvesant, his councillors aforesaid and in the judgment
mentioned, Wilet, his agent, and all others who would make themselves party herein, to come
and appear, or to send attorneys at a suitable day before us here in the Hague, to sustain and
defend the aforesaid judgment and its contents, or to renounce the same if they think well ; to
see and hear it adjudged null, void and of no effect, and therefore to amend and correct it
according to law, if such be proper ; to answer such demand as the aforesaid Mr. van der
Capellen tho Ryssel and Gerrit van de Voorde cum suis, on the day indicated will make
in order that parties being heard, such remedy in justice and even grace, if necessary,
.may be by us provided, as shall be found pertinent. Further strictly forbidding and
commanding in our name, the aforesaid respondents and all others whom it may concern, on
certain heavy penalties, that they, pending the case in appeal, do not do, attempt, nor innovate
Vol. I. 67
530 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
ao-ainst, nor to the prejudice of it, nor of the appellants, whom we, for reasons, have relieved of
the indebita interjection, issue and prosecution of said appeal ; but were anything on the contrary
done, attempted or innovated, that he immediately and without delay repair, and put it in
its original and most proper place, without failing in any part thereof. And whereas|some of
the aforesaid persons may sojourn at present without these United Provinces and the
jurisdiction thereof, you shall make service hereof at their last place of abode, and on their
factors, attorneys or the agents of their property, if any they have subject to our^authority ;
if not, at the uttermost parts of this country where such writs are admitted, and the nearest
to their places of residence, notifying them thereof by letter and authentic copy hereof, to the
end that they may not plead ignorance hereof, which service being performed by you, we
shall esteem as valid as if it were personal, leaving copy hereof and of your service for the
behoof of the respondents, reporting to us at the day aforesaid, what you have done in
the premises. Given at the Hague, under our seal, paraph, and signature of our Secretary,
on the tenth April, XVI' three and fifty.
Chamber at Amsterdam to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal ArchiTes at the Hague ; File, West Indie. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
Adriaen van der Donck, having heretofore resided in New Netherland, a place situated
within the Company's Charter, hath submitted to us a certain little Book, entitled :
Beschryvinge van Nieu-Nederlant, begrJJpende de Nature, Aerl, gelegentheyt en vruchlbaerheyt van
het selve Lant ; mitsgaders de proffijlelljcke ende gewenste toevallen, die aldaer tot '' s-menschen onderhoul,
soo uyt haer selven ah van huyten ingebracht, gevmiden werden. And the same being examined by us,
we have judged it by no means out of the way, in regard to the conveniency of the place.
And as he intends to apply to your High Mightinesses for a copyright therefor, and hath
requested us to furnish him a letter to your High Mightinesses in regard to the communication
made to us; we are unwilling to refuse, but have willingly granted it to him, in order
that it may avail him according as your High Mightinesses, in your profound wisdom may
think proper.
Herewith, High and Mighty Lords, we shall pray God Almighty for the lasting welfare of
your High Mightinesses' prosperous government and remain
Your High Mightinesses' humble servants,
The Directors of the West India Company at the Chamber at Amsterdam.
Amsterdam, this 2 May, ] ^ (Signed) Eduard Man.
Received 14 May, J ' ' Joannes Ryckaert.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIL 531
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Letter.
[From the Eegialer of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in tlie Koyal Archives at the Hague.]
Wednesday, the li"- May, 1653.
Folio 65. Read at the meeting, a petition of Adriaen van der Donck, seconded by letters
Adriaen van der of recommendation from the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company,
Book respecting dated the 2'^ instant, praying copyright for a certain Book, entitled Beschryvinge
van Nieu-Nederlandt. ; which being considered, it is resolved and concluded that
the aforesaid petition, letter of recommendation and Book shall be placed altogether in the
hands of Mess" Huygens and others, their High Mightinesses' Deputies for the affairs of
the West India Company, to inspect, examine and report thereupon.
Resolution of the States General calling for a copy of Van der BoncTHs " Beschryvinge^
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Friday, the 16'" May, 1653.
Foiio65. On the representation made to the Assembly, it is resolved and concluded,
that the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company, shall be written to, to transmit to
Donck." ""^^^ their High Mightinesses for examination the Book entitled Beschryvinge vati
NewNethXnd."^ -^*"' ^ederlartdt, whereof Adriaen van der Donck hath, on the 14"' instant, prayed
copyright.
General to the Amsterdam Ghaniber of the West India Company.
[ From the Eegister of Uitgegane Brieven of the States General, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
The States, etc.
Foiioiso. Honorable, etc. We have duly received your letter dated the 2^ instant,
Book respecting respecting the little Book entitled Beschryvinge van Nieuw Nederlandt, whereof
New Netherland. . .
AdriaenvanderDonck prayed copyright, which being considered, we have resolved
to request and require you, hereby, to transmit to us without loss of time the Book aforesaid,
for examination here. Wherewith ending, etc. Done, le"" May, 1653.
532 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Chamber at Amsterdam to the States General.
[ From Ihe Original, in the Royal Archives at the Hague : File, Wett Indie. ]
High and Mighty Lords !
We have received your High Mightinesses' agreeable letter of the lb"" instant, and have
noted your High Mightinesses' request, that we transmit without loss of time to your High
Mightinesses the little Book in our hands, entitled Bcsckryvinge van Nieuw Nederlandt, written
by Adriaen van der Donck;' pursuant whereunto the same accompanies tliis letter, that your
High Mightinesses make such disposition thereon as you in your profound judgment shall
deem proper. Herewith,
High and Mighty Lords, we shall pray God Almighty for your High Mightinesses' persons
and prosperous government, and remain, your High Mightinesses' humble servants,
The Directors of the General Incorporated West India Company, Chamber at Amsterdam.
Amsterdam the 19"' May, ) ,„,„
„.,„,-. >■ 1653. (bigned) Abr. Wilmerdonx.
Received 21 May, j v & /
' Adeiaex VA^ DER DoxcK, was, as he himself states, a free citizen of Breila, and a lineal descendant of Adriaen van Bergen,
part owner of the famous turf-boat in which a party of Dutch troops were clandestinely introduced, in the year 1699, into
the castle of that city, whereby that stronghold of Spanisli tryanny was reduced. After graduating at the University of
Leyden, and pursuing a course of legal 8tud3', Van der Douck ^-eceived the Degree of Juris ntriitsque Doctor, that is of the
civil and canon law. Ue was subsequently admitted to the practice of an Advocate in the Supreme Court of Holland, and
enjoys the distinction of having been the first lawyer in this country. He came here in tlie fall of 1641, as Slieriff of the
Colonic of Rensselaerswyck, and during his term of office, evinced always a disposition to protect the colonists. A few years
afterwards he made an unsuccessful attempt to purchase a tract of land at Catskill, and in 1647, his term of office having
expired, he removed to the Manhattans, where, in consideration of the assistance he had afforded in negotiating a treaty with
the Mohawk=, and in return for advances he had made to enable the government to purchase presents for those Indians, he
obtained a grant of a large tract of land in Westchester, now known as Tonkers. This was erected into a Colonic or Uanor
in 1652, of which Van der Donck became the Patroon. The misgovernment of the country had, in the mean time, excited
considerable complaint among the people, and a delegation was sent to lay the matter before the States General. In the
discussions which arose in consequence. Van der Douck took a prominent part. The Petition of the People of New
Netherland {supra, p. 271), of which Van der Donck is generally admitted to have been the author, was printed at the
Hague, in tlie year 1650, under the Title of Vertoogh van Nieu-Nederland weghens de GheUgentheydt, Vruchtbaerhydt en
Soberen staet dessdfs. sm. 4to. pp. 49, by which means the advantages of this country, and the justice of its complaints were
brought prominently before the Nation. As a consequence, emigration was encouraged, the colonists were admitted to
participate in the foreign trade, and a municipal government was conceded for the first time to New Amsterdam, now New-
York. In the labors attendant on procuring these reforms. Van der Donck could not fail to secure the ill will of the Company,
which had taken possession of New Netherland merely for commercial purposes, and had made colonization only a secondary
object. Accordingly, in 1652, when his business w.as concluded and he was on the eve of returning to this country, with his
family, the Directors at Amsterdam instructed their ship captains not to receive him on board any of their vessels. In vain
he procured *he interference of influential friends and represented the cruelty of separating him from his wife and children,
who had already embarked; in vain he pleaded the ruin that would overtake him were he not permitted to proceed.
He was told he could not go; his family was obliged to sail without him, and he returned to tlie Hague He now employed
his leisure in writing another work on his adopted country, for which he obtained, as stated in the text, a fi teen years'
copyright and returned in the fall of 1653 to America, with leave to practice his profession "as far as giving advice,"
as the Directors "could not see what advantage his pleadings before the court would have, especially as there
were, no doubt, some lawyers already in New Netherland who could be engaged on the other side." He evidentiy
contemplated an adlition to the last mentioned work, embracing a history of the Province, for he had applied for permission
to examine the Colonial records. Unfortunately, the application was fruitless, and his second book was published in 1655,
without the proposed addition. It is entitled:
BE3CHRIJVINGE | van | NIEUVV-NEDERLANT, | ( (5f)tls:k \ti it^tn'maaMi^ in Statt ia) | Begrijpende de Nature,
Aert, gelegentheyt en vrucht | baerheyt van het selve Lant; mitsgaders de proffijtelijcke en- | de gewenste toevallen, die
aldaer tot onderhoiit der Mensehen, ( soo | uyt hiier s.dven als van buyten ing.-liracht ) gevonden worden. | ALS 5IEDE | fit
martitrt tn onsbtmtjnt isgenstijapptit | ian tit WLiXtinx aitt Natuttlttn baniicn HLaitlJt. | Enit 1 Een bysonder verhael vanden
wonderlijoken Aert | ende het Weesen der BEVERS. | DAER NOCH BY GEYOEGHT IS | ioJrt biSCOUXS oijM it Jjtlt^tntlnjt
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIL 533
Resolution of the Slates General granting Copyright to Adriaen van der Donch.
[ From the Eegister of West India Affairs, 1C52 — 1663, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Saturday, the 24"' May, 1653.
Folio 66. Upon consideration, it is resolved and concluded hereby to allow and grant to
NewNeiheriacd. ° Adriaen van der Donck, author of a certain Book entitled Bcschnjvinge van Nieu
Nederlandt, the exclusive right for the term of 15 consecutive years to permit the printing
Copyright., and distribution thereof throughout the United Provinces, and the territories
thereunto belonging, (provided the permission of the respective Provinces wliere he will have
said Book printed and sold be requested,) whereof due acte of copyright shall be issued to him.
Resolution of the States General referring a Petition of Johannes de Laet.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Eojal Archives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, the ig"" June, 1653.
Folio 69. Read at the Assembly, the petition of Johan de Laet, respecting and against
johan de Laet. one Muijsaert, in relation to Petitioner's fourth vote in the superiority,
government and direction of the Colonie in New Netherland, named Renselaerswyck ; which
being considered, it is resolved and concluded that the petition aforesaid shall be placed in
the hands of Mess" Iluijgens and the other their High Mightinesses' Deputies for the affairs of
the West India Company, to inspect, examine and report thereupon.
Resolution of the States General referring the above case to the Court of Holland.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1668, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, the 25"' June, 1653.
Foiio 70. Heard the report of Mr. Huygens and the other their High Mightinesses' Deputies
for the affairs of the West India Company, who pursuant to the resolution of the 19"" instant,
ban Nieuw NeJerlandt, | tUSScf)£lT tm Nederl.indts P.itriot, | mbt Ctit | Nieuw Nederlander. | Beschreven door | ADRIAEN"
Tander DONCK | Beyder Rtcliten Doetoor, die tesjenwoor- | digh noch in Nieuw Nederlandt is. | t'AMSTELDAM. | Bj Evert
Nieuwhof, Botcfe-ijtrltooptr, ixioontnilt op 't | ilusIanJlt iit't Scf)ri|'fio«fe | Anno 16.5fi.
Description of New Nttlierland { such as it vow is ), Compreheitding the Nature, Character, Situation and Fmitfulness of that
Country ; together with the profiUible and desirable opportunities which it offers for the support of people { whether natives or
foreigners ) Also the Maimers and peculiar characteristics of the Indians or aborigines of the Country. And n particular account
of the wonderfid nature and habits of the Beaver ; to which is also added a Discourse on the situation of New Netherland, between
a Netherlands Patriot and a New Netherlander. Written by Adriaen van der Doocli, Doctor of Laws, who is still in New
Netherland.) 4to. Title, viii a. 104 pages.
A second edition of tliis Tohime was published in ]65fi, with a map, and a transl.ation of it, by General Jeremiah Johnson,
printed in the Collections of the New-York Historical Society. Adriaen van der Donck died in this country in 16.35, and left
his Colonie, in Westchester, to his wife. This lady, whom he married in 1645, was the daughter of the Reverend Francis
Doughty, of Long Island. She afterwards married Hugh O'Neal, of Patuxent, Maryland, whither she and her father removed.
Copies of Van der Denck's works are in the State Library, Albany. — Ed.
534 NEW-YORK COLONIAL >IANIJSCEIPTS.
johan deLaec inspected and examined the petition of Johan de Laet, residing here at the Hague,
respecting the matter which he hath against Thausin Muvsaert in regard to the Colonie
Renselaersvryck in New Netherland; which being considered, it is resolved and concluded,
that the petition aforesaid shall be transmitted to the Provincial Court of Holland, to consider
and examine it with the documents to be delivered in by parties on both sides, and to prepare
a judgment thereupon, which is to be sent to their High Mightinesses and then to be pronounced
without anj alteration.
FoBo US.
Ktiy^an.
States General to the Court of Holland.
[ Frran tte Ses-liier of Uli^^jam Srieren of Uie Siaies General, in the Eojil Art±iTes ai the Ha^e. ]
The States, etc.
Honorable. You will please to see from the accompanying petition presented to
^ us in the name and on the behalf of Johannes de Laet,i residing here at the Hague,
what he hath represented to us respecting the matter which he hath unsettled
with and against Tousain Muysart, in regard to the Colonie Renselaerswyck
in New Netherland, which petition we have resolved hereby to refer to your Honors,
with friendly request that you would take the trouble to consider and examine it together with
the documents to be delivered by parties on both sides, and to prepare a judgment thereupon
to be sent afterwards to us, which shall then be pronounced without any alteration,
Wherewith ending, etc. Done, 26^^ June, 1653.
Resolution of the States General on Appeals from Ke^x Netherland.
[From the EegUier of West India Affairs, 1552— 16o», in the EotsI ArchiTea at the Hagae.]
Wednesday, the S** August, 1653.
**" '^*- The Deputies from the Province of Holland have brought in to the Assembly
Afpai feoa jndf- its provincial opinion in manner and form as is hereafter inserted, word for word,
Ss^sethoiaAd. to the effect that no Writs of Appeal from Judgments pronounced in New
Netherland ought to be granted by their High Mightinesses even with the clause of inhibition;
' JrssiSWB DE T.»Fr v»s bom at Antwerp abont the eloee of the XYIth Centory. He -was a prominent Director of the
West India Company, and dislingnished himself in the -trorid of letters by his knowledge of the langnages, history and
geography. He is elsewhere represente-i as ha-sing died towards the end of 1649 or in the be-dnning of le-SO. See tupra, p. 407 ;
also the Bio^aphU VnxtxrtdU, where a list of his worts is given. Of these following only have relation to this Country:
L The yew Worid, or a description of the West Indies, which was published in Dntch in 1625 and 1630 ; in Latin in 1633
and in French in 1640, all in folio. IL Aecotmt of the Transactions of the West In.iia Company ( in Dntch. ) Leyden,
1644, folio, m. Sots ad Dissertatione Hngonis Grotii de Origine gentiom Americanamm. ParU, 1643. 8to.
rv. BespoQsio a-i dissertationem secnndam Hngonis GrotiL AmOerd/wt, 1644. 8to. V. An Edition of Piso's Histoire
Saiorel de Breil, with learned Xotes. Xeyifen, 1648. folio. His widow married Johannes de Holler and afterwards Jeremias
Ebbing with whom she Tieited this eoimtzy. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCOIKSTS: YU. 535
Which being considered, it is resolved and concluded that copy of the opinion aforesaid shall
be sent to Mr. van der Capelle tho Ryssel, with request that he within the space of 14 days after
receipt of the letter, shall answer in writing what he deems fit thereon, in regard to the Writ
of Appeal obtained by him on the 10"" of April last from their High Mightinesses, in
similar circumstances.
Resolution of the States of Holland and Westvriesland, dated the 4"" August, 1653.
Ho Appeal
On the requisition of Mess" the deputed Councillors is read in Court a certain
Judgments pro Qoinion rendered by the Attorneys General Paats and strven on the petition
DoDDCt^ m yew r - - • *
Heiheriand. lately presented to their Honorable Great Mightinesses by Jan Klaasz. Heukelum,
cvm ruit, owners of the ship called the Vaarwel. and it is besides stated that Mess" the deputed
Councillors had approved of said opinion, which therefore might be regarded as the opinion
of the abovementioned deputed Councillors, in fulfillment of their Hon'''* Great Mightinesses'
order bearing date the 20^ June last.
Which being considered, it is resolved and concluded that Writ of Appeal from Judgments
pronounced in >'ew Xetherland can not be properly, and ought in no case be granted by their
High Mightinesses, and that, therefore, care shall be taken at the General Assembly to revoke
such writ of appeal as Mr. Hendrick van Cappelle tho Rhyssel obtained on the 10"" April last
from their High Mightinesses in similar circumstances, the same having been issued without
authority and contrary to all good order.
States General to Mr. van der CapeUe.
[From the Ee^ister of VUfff^ana Bri^en of the Stales General, in the Eoyal ArchiTes at the Hasne. ]
The States, etc.
Fouosis. Honorable, etc You will be able to observe from the accorripanying copy of
its provincial opinion which we have hereby resolved to send you, what the Deputies of the
fr^ST*"" jad^ml Pro\nnce of Holland have, this day, brought in to our Assembly, concerning the
KcJTa^.'"^^'' ^^'rit of Appeal granted on judgments pronounced in New Netherland, requesting
you within the space of 14 days after receipt hereof, to answer in writing what to you may
seem fit touching the Writ of Appeal obtained by yoa on the 10"» of April last. Wherewith
ending, &c. Done e"" August, 1653.
Mr. van der Capelle to tJie Stute-s General, with Draft of Besolution.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal Ar^hires at the Hague : File, West Indie. ]
Exhibit. 21 August, 1653.
Yonkheer Henrick van der Cappellen tho Ryssel, ordinary Deputy to your High Mightinesses'
Assembly, having communication of what the Deputies of Holland have submitted to your
536 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
High Mightinesses' Assembly on the 6"" of August, against the Writ of Appeal which he
obtained on the 10"" of April from your High Mightinesses against Director Stuyvesant, being
in your Higii Migiitinesses' oath, commission and instruction, desires with becoming respect to
thank your High Mightinesses, for having communicated it by resolution and letter of the 6""
August aforesaid, in order that he may state what he has to say thereupon, before your High
Mightinesses dispose thereof. But inasmuch as relation is had, in this resolution of the Lords
of Holland dated the 4'" of August, to the opinion of the Advocates Polts and Stryen,
whereupon the resolution is founded, and he requires to have a knowledge of the petition and
reasons, whereon the Advocates have based their opinion ; he, Mr. van der Capelien doth
therefore with dUe respect, pray your High Mightinesses to be pleased to intercede with the
Lords of Holland, that the aforesaid opinion with the petition and whatever relates thereunto,
may be communicated to him, in order tiiat he may act as is necessary in the premises ; and
that in the meantime {ddiberanie principe) no alteration be made either by your High
Mightinesses or the Court of Holland, before which were brought the cognizance and adjudication
of the arrested New Netherland ship issued by Director Stuyvesant, and if, on the error to be
moved by party, some alteration happen to be made in his absence, that the same remain
stationary and unexecuted, until your High Mightinesses shall be further informed of the
matter. Which being considered, it is resolved and concluded hereby to request the
abovementioned Lords of Holland not to have any scruples against allowing said Mr. Henrick
van der Capelien tho Ryssel copy of the said opinion and petition respectively, that he may
make use of the same as to him shall seem meet.
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Letter.
[ From the Eegialer of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Royal ArchiTes at the Hague. ]
Thursday, the 21" August, 1G53.
Folio T5. Read a Memoir of Yonckheer Henrik van der Capelle tho Ryssel, ordinary
Mr. Tander capeiie Deputy to their High Mightinesses' Assembly, to the effect, that he hath seen
what was submitted by the Deputies of Holland to this Assembly on the 6""
•Writ respecting a August last, in oppositlou to the Writ of Appeal which he had obtained on the
Juiigmenl pronoun-
red in New Nether- iQ"" of April, of the Current year, from their High Mightinesses against
Director Stuyvesant, holding on oath their High Mightinesses' Commission and
Instruction ; that he respectfully thanked their High Mightinesses for having been willing, by
their Resolution and letter of the 6"" of August, aforesaid, to give him communication thereof,
in order that he might say what he thought of it, before any disposition be made thereon by
their High Mightinesses; but inasmuch as relation is had, in the resolution of the Lords of
Holland, dated the 4"" of August, aforesaid, to the opinion of the Advocates Palts and Stryen,
whereupon the resolution is founded, and he requires to have a knowlege of the petition and
reasons whereon the advocates have based their opinion, he Mr. Van der Capelle, doth,
therefore, respectfully pray their High Mightinesses to be pleased to intercede with the Lords
of Holland that the aforesaid opinion, with the Petition of Jan Claesz. van Heuckelom
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VII. 537
cum sociis presented to their High Mightinesses and whatever relates thereunto, may be
communicated to him, in order that he may act as is necessary in the premises; and that
meanwhile (ddiberante principe) no alteration be made by their High Mightinesses nor by the
court of Holland, before which were brought the cognizance and adjudication of the arrested
New Netherland ship, issued by Director Stuyvesant ; and if, on the error to be moved by
party, some alteration happen- to be made in his absence, that the same remain stationary and
unexecuted, until their High Mightinesses be further informed of the matter. Which being
considered, their High Mightinesses have consented to and granted the aforesaid petition, and
it is hereby accordingly resolved and concluded to request the abovementioned Lords of
Holland not to have any scruples against allowing said Mr. Henrick van der Capelle tho
Ryssel copy of the aforesaid opinion and petition respectively, that he may make use of the
same as to him shall seem meet.
Resolution of tlie States General relating to the Boundary of New Netherland.
[ From the Eegister of West India Affaire, 1653 — 1663, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, the 6"- November, 1653.
Folio S2. On reading the petition of the present Directors of the Incorporated West India
Company, representing the Assembly of the Nineteen, here at the Hague, and who therewith
New Netherland. exhibited three documents annexed, relating to the division of the Boundary in
Boundary. IVew Netherland, between the West India Company aforesaid and the English
Nation in those parts, the subject is postponed until to-morrow.
Vol I.
WEST INDIA COMPANY.
DIVISION
BOUNDARY IN AMERICA
BETWEEN THE
WEST INDIA COMPANY AND THE ENGLISH.
Read 6th November, 1653.
[ From the MS. In the Boyal Archirea at the Hague ; Lokelkaa of the States General ; Divuion, West Indiaehe CompagnU, No. 83.
HOLLAND DOCaMENTS: VIL 541
West India Company to the States General.
[ L. s. ]
To the High and Mighty Lords States General of the United Netherlands.
The Directors of the Incorporated West India Company now present representing the
Assemby of theXIX. met here at tlie Hague, most respectfully submit: That the English nation
bordering on our territory of New Netherland on the North, have for some years been
endeavoring by undue practices and means to invade, on unfounded pretences, our lands and
jurisdiction; many protests have been made against such proceedings, but remarking that
they, relying on their numbers, having more people than we, and we being apprehensive of
further invasions from time to time, in order to obviate all troubles between them and us, the
Directors had resolved to instruct their Governor to employ all means, to induce that nation
by all fair oti'ers to come to a neighborly, good correspondence and provisional settlement of the
Boundary, which order he hath obeyed, and accordingly, so far succeeded that the English
consented to confer thereupon with our Governor, which conference also followed.
On the invitation of that English nation of New England, the Governor did, in the year 1650,
proceed to Hartford, and attend the Meeting of their deputies, called for that purpose, where,
in friendly negotiation, a provisional Boundary was agreed upon, subject to the approval of
their respective superiors, as your High Mightinesses can see by the extract of Governor
Stuyvesant's despatch dated 26"" November 16-50. Since that time the aforesaid Directors
had requested your High Mightinesses, to instruct Mess" Cats' and others, your High
Mightinesses' extraordinary ambassadors, on their departure for England, to ratify, in the
negotiation with the government of England, this boundary line, which we doubt not would
be done, had not God the Lord been pleased, on account of our sins, to cut short for a time,
the thread of that negotiation, and we are now informed that some extraordinary ambassadors
have gone thither, to renew negotiations, whereunto the Almighty will grant his gracious
blessing for his honor and the welfare of these countries, the aforesaid Directors ex-otficio,
could not omit humbly praying your High Mightinesses, that the aforesaid extraordinary
ambassadors may be intrusted in their commission with this settlement of the boundary, not
only as regards those of New England, bordering on our territory on the North, who are now
agitating unfounded questions, doubtless by order of the government of England, but also on
the other side, to the South, with the English of Virginia. Although these exhibit, as yet,
every inclination to continue good neighborly correspondence and commerce with us, we,
' Jacob Cats, the national poet of the Dutch, was born at Brouwershaven, in Zealand, on the 10th November, 1577. Having
lost his mother at an early age, he passed under the guardianship of his uncle, who sent him to school at Zierikzee. Hence
he went to Leyden, and next to Orleans, in France, where he obtained the degree of Doctor of Law. On his return to his
native country he was offered and declined the Law chair at Leyden, having been appointed Pensionary of Middelburg. He
held this high office two years, and was then unexpectedly elected Pensionary of Dordrecht. In 1627, he was sent Ambassa-
dor with Mr. Joachimi to England, and in 1036 was appointed Grand Pensionary of Holland. He became Keeper of the Great
Seal in 164.5, and in 1651 was again sent to England as one of the Ambassadors to negotiate a peace. On his return home, he
resigned his public offices and retired to his seat near the Hague, where he devoted the remainder of his valuable life to
elegant literature and the Muses. He departed this life on the 12th September, 1660, aged nearly 83 years. Cats occupies
, one of the first positions among those who have restored, or rather created, Dutch poetry, and is not inappropriately called the
La Fontaine of Holland. Several Editions of his Works have appeared in Dutch, and most of his Poems have been translated
into other European languages His portrait will be found prefixed to the Edition of his Works, printed at Amsterdam in
1828, which also contains a brief sketch of his life, whence these particulars are borrowed. A statue was erected to his
memory in his natise town in 1823, — Ed
542 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
nevertheless, doubt not but your High Mightinesses will, in your customary profound wisdom,
conclude how extremely necessary it is, that those boundaries be settled once for all, to the
end tliat our nation already inhabiting those parts, may remain assured of life and property
and many people be induced thereby, in consequence of such security, to remove thither. And
whereas, it is the opinion of every person conversant with the subject, that this country can in
a few years, derive from New Netherland many necessaries of use here, which we omit so as
not to trouble your High Mightinesses with prolixity, we therefore, finally, once more humbly
pray and beseech, what is hereinbefore stated, and that the premises may be commended to
Mess" the extraordinary ambassadors, agreeable to the draft of the division of the boundary
hereunto annexed.
Which doing, etc.
(Signed) Ab: Wilmerdonx.
ISAACK VAN BeEK.
Description of the Boundaries of New Netherland.
New Netherland, lying in the Northern part of America, in Latitude 41 J degrees north
of the Equator, was frequented by the subjects of the United Provinces long before the High
and Mighty Lords States General had granted the West India Company a Charter not only
further to explore and trade at that quarter and Coast, as was done by individuals before
the Charter, but to take possession, to inhabit and, as circumstances permitted, to people the
country.
Immediately after obtaining the Charter, the Hon"^ Directors sent divers ships to New
Netherland with people and cattle, which people, being for the most part servants of the
aforesaid Company, purchased many and various lands; among others, on the North
(alias Maurice) river, Staten island, Pavonia, Hoboocken, Nut Island and the Island of
Manhattans with many other lands thereabouts ; on which Island of Manhattans was built
Fort Amsterdam and subsequently the City of Amsterdam. A very extensive tract of country
was also purchased from the Natives, being Mahikanders, 36 leagues up the North river, where
Fort Orange was founded on behalf of the Company, and afterwards the Colonic of
Renselaerswyk.
From the Southern Indians a large tract of land, called Swanendaal, was purchased on
the West sliore of the South bay, not far from Cape Hindlopen, and taken possession of by the
building of a small fort, where 28 men were, one day, treacherously murdered by the Indians.
On the East bank of the South river is built Fort Nassau, and on the West bank, the Redoubt
Beversreede, situate at the Schuylkil. These above described lands, forts and rivers were taken
possession of, inhabited, built, traded at and frequented on the account of the abovementioned
Company, and the same is continued up to this date.
In the year 1633, Wolter van Twiller, at the time Director in New Netherland, purchased
the territory called Conittekock, situate on the Fresh River of New Netherland, long before
any other Christian Nation had been there. Van Twiller, immediately after the sale, payment
and conveyance, caused possession to be taken of that land, and there for the account of the
Company had Fort Hope built, which is continually to this date occupied by a garrison who
also made a bouvverie there and cultivated the soil.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : VII. 543
This aforesaid land, called by the Natives Conitte kock, lies about 20 to 21 lengues up the
river, being situate in the jurisdiction of the Chief Sequeen, which Chief or Sakima was, in his
time, Lord and right owner of the entire river and the lands thereabouts. But inasmuch as a
difficulty arose between the Chief of the Pequatoos, named Meantioni and the Sequeen,
respecting the jurisdiction and propriety of said river, these Sakimas or Chiefs agreed to meet
and fight in the field, each with his entire force, on condition that whoso remained conqueror
should, himself and his successors be and remain forever. Lord and right owner of said Fresh
river. After three several pitched battles, Meantinomy, Chief of the Pequatoos, remained the
victor, and the Sequeen, so beaten and defeated that he is become subject to the Pequatoos,
with whose consent he and his remaining people repaired under the protection of the Dutch,
and for greater security, the Sequeen and his tribe on the Conitte Cock, went to dwell close
by Fort Hope, which is also expressly conditioned in the purchase of Conitte kock, as can
be proved by Sonqassen the son of the late Sequeen, who is still living.
This land Conittekock was purchased from the Pequatoos as conquerors, with the free will
and consent of the Sequeen, who as well as Meantinomy aforesaid lawfully conceded ail the
right he possessed, to the Company, so that the Hon"'* Directors aforementioned have acquired
their right to this Country and jurisdiction from the Natives and just proprietors, by purchase,
free conveyance and payment.
Conittekock which is a very extensive and beautiful flat, extending along the river and so
inland in a westerly direction, is situate on the West bank of the Fresh river. In spring 'tis
daily overflowed back to the hill in consequence of the rising of the river, like the Nile.
In the year 1G35 one Mr. Pinsen established a trading house and plantation ' on said Fresh
river above Fort Hope, against which Director Twiller protested through one Andries Hudde,
in the name of the Company.
The English proceeding, notwithstanding, have founded about a small gunshot from Fort
Hope, the town called Hertfoort, and other settlements on the Company's purchased lands,
contrary to previous protests ; so that the English of Hertfoort left to Fort Hope scarcely
ground enough to supply the corn and vegetables necessary for the people of said fort ; of those
lands they robbed the Company by force, contrary to all public law.
Apprehensive that they might experience hereafter some inconvenience on account of the
aforementioned proceedings, the English of Hertfoort sent down three Deputies to enter
into some arrangement with the Director of New Netherland, with which view they submitted
some points, whereof the Governor of Hertfoort was to communicate the ratification ; this has
not been done to this date, and the difference has remained in statu quo.
We have, thus far, spoken of the right whereby the aforesaid West India Company, in
virtue of the Charter, have taken possession of those lands, to wit : by its lawful and voluntary
sale and conveyance by the natives, which can be proved by Christians and Indians
still living.
Having heretofore mentioned the lands which the Hon'''* Directors caused to be purchased
by their servants on the South bay near Cape Hindlopen, on both sides of the South river, on
the North bay, the North river, and on the Fresh river, whereof they took possession by forts
and hamlets, long before any Christian nation had settled on said lands ; which places have,
since the origin of the Company, continued garrisoned at its expense, unto this day —
'Now Springfield, Mass. — Ed.
544 NEW-YOEK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
We shall now state how long and how wide the limits of New Netherland can be asserted
alon" the coast, inasmuch as it has been discovered and frequented by the Dutch nation,
in virtue of the abovementioned charter, long before any of the English visited that coast, as
can be demonstrated by old maps whereon the islands, bays and rivers stand recorded by
Dutch names.
The limits of New Netherland, as claimed then, would be from Cape Hindlopen, on the
south, to Cape Cod, on the east, including therein Long Island, situate right in front of New
Netherland, whence it is separated by an arm of the sea, called the East river, which begins
at Coney Island, in the North bay of the North river, and runs again into the sea at the
eastward, near Fisher's Island, opposite the Pequatoos river, together with all other bays,
rivers and islands situate westward of Cape Cod, and especially the island named Quetenis,
lying in Sloop bay, which was purchased, paid for and taken possession of in the year 1637,
on the Company's account. These lands aforesaid, were esteemed the boundaries of old, and
because the difficulties under which the Hon*"'' Company has labored of late years have not
allowed it to occupy the aforesaid pretended limits, the English of Boston and Plymouth, in
New Netherland,^ situate one hundred leagues from the Manhatans or New Amsterdam, did,
contrary to every law of nations, come some few years ago inside the boundary and Fort Hope,
on the Fresh river, against numerous notifications and protests, as far as Greenwich, situate
about eight leagues from New Amsterdam, and have planted on the usurped lands divers
towns, villages and hamlets, thus retaining the Company's land by force and violence. Not
content with that, the said English have formed on Long Island, two little villages, called
Southold and Southampton, although their High Mightinesses' subjects had long before taken
possesion of that island, and founded thereon divers towns and hamlets, with many bouweries
and plantations. Tliese villages and hamlets are named Amersfoort, Vlissingen, Heemstede,
Gravesande, Breuckelen, Mispaecht and Gauwanes, &c., so that Long Island rightfully
belongs, both by first purchase, possession and ancient resort, to the Dutch nation and not to
the English.
In order then to establish a good, firm and irrefragable boundary with our neighbors, the
English of New England ; and as their High Mightinesses' subjects will not be able to retain
pretended jurisdiction over the lands aforesaid; and in order to somewhat gratify, as far as
is possible and reasonable, the neighbors of New England, so as to live in future with them, in
North America, in peace and good neighborhood, I subjoin some suggestions respecting the
division of the boundary in that country.
First : I insist that the boundary of New Netherland along the sea coast, should be calculated
from the South bay, beginning at Cape Hindlopen, and including the South river, unto Godyn's
point, being the South hook of the North bay, or beginning of the North river, extending from
said North bay 30 leagues southward along the coast unto Cape Hindlopen.
It is to be remarked that the English never inhabited nor purchased, much less took
possession of any laud south of the North bay or Godyn's point to Cape Hindloopen, so that in
this quarter there is no dispute between our nation and those of New England, nor with those
of Virginia, who lie south of, and are in good terms with them ; there is, therefore, no trouble
on that side with those of Virginia, inasmuch as they never committed any usurpation on the
Dutch bounds.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VII. 545
From Godyn's, or Sandy Hook eastward along Long Island 30 leagues in length along
the great Ocean, unto the east end thereof, wiiicli lies right opposite Fisher's Island and the
Pequatoos river; from this river, both outside and inside Long Island through the East river,
the limits of New Netherland might be computed, should they be arranged in a friendly
manner, in which case over 60 leagues of country from Cape Cod westward to the Pequatoos
river, for many years included within the Hon"*'' Company's limits, are left to our neighbors,
so that from Amsterdam along the East river inside, would remain not more than 30 leagues,
wherein must be included Long Island and the islands thereunto belonging situate in the
Cromme gouw, Fisher's Island and all others lying in the East river, such as the Archeppela,
and those between New Haven and Stamfort.
Here 'tis to be further observed, that long before the English came to dwell beyond the river
Pequato, the Dutch nation, by Director Kieft, caused possession to be taken of the lands
situate on said river, both on the mainland and on Long Island, by the setting up of the arms
of their High Mightinesses the Lords States General, which arms were at divers places torn
down by one Lieutenant Houst, and the lands, contrary to all right and protest, afterwards
taken up by the English, in which district they have founded many villages and hamlets, so
that they have encroached on the lands as far as Petucquapoch, otherwise called Greenwich,
in such wise that there is not more than eight leagues distance between that place and New
Amsterdam, whereby of 90 leagues to the East, the Dutch at present peaceably occupy
no more than 8. 'Twould, therefore, be fair and honorable that the West India Company
should possess the lands and bounds from the river Pequato Fokets, or at least from the East
bank of the Fresh river, which was long since taken possession of, and has been occupied by
a fort and garrison from the year 1633 to this day.
But in case any discussion arise respecting the towns of Hertfoort and New Haven, with
the villages and hamlets on them depending, which towns and villages He westward of Fort
Hope and the Fresh river, as far as Greenwich, these places should be left their laws and
magistrates, only swearing allegiance and fidelity and paying the Company, as Patroons, such
acknowledgment as may be agreed on, whether Tenths or other Royalties.
Should, however, the abovenamed towns and villages, not consent to come under the
obedience of the States General, and of the Company, 'twould, for the sake of the peace of
both nations, not be unwise to agree, if possible, to the following Boundary:
From Cape Hindloopen along the sea coast unto Godyn's point, and thence proceeding along
the Mainland inside Long Island, through unto Stamfort, which is separated from Greenwich
by a little river; and the islands thereunto belonging, together with Long Island, must
remain entirely with the Dutch ; because, as before stated, they were taken possession
of and inhabited long before the English came to lodge thereon ; the two little villages of
Southampton and Southold must, in such case, repair and pass under this State.
The Company might agree that Fort Hope and the Fresh river lands be held as a Manor,
on condition that the Flat which extends east from the hill to the river should belong to and
remain forever for the use of the house the Hope, as the land already does, having been
obtained by lawful purchase and conveyance from the Natives and right owners.
In like manner, should the Fresh river happen to fall to the English on the settlement of the
Boundary, care ought to be taken that all vessels, whether large or small, should be free to
sail up and down said river to Fort Hope and trade there, without let or hindrance or being
subject to search or inspection ; also, be free from all tolls and imposts, which it is to be
Vol. I. 69
546 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
apprehended the English would establish, the rather as they have built a stone Redoubt at the
mouth of the river; but here it is to be understood, that none other than those vpho would
come there commissioned by the Director in New Netherland or by Mess" the Managers from
Fatherland, should be exempt from the burdens aforesaid.
This is what I have been able to propose for the service of the Hon'''"=, the Company,
touching the Boundary. I pray God, that the wished for limits of New Netherland may be
once settled, so that trade may improve, and the farmer cultivate his fields with pleasure.
Thus done at the Hague, the last of February, 16-51.'
(Endorsed) No. 2.
Well founded title claimed by the West India Company to the
territory now called New Netherland, situate in the Northern
part of America, in latitude 38 to 41 J degrees.
Memoir respecting the well established boundaries and jurisdiction claimed by
the Incorporated West India Company, in virtue of its Charter, over the
territories situate in the Northern part of America, in latitude from 38
to 41J degrees.
Which lands they have many years since possessed, according to the Description hereunto
annexed. No. 2, before any other nations had come thereabout, or discovered them ; but on
tile favorable accounts received here from those parts, the English sent some ships and people
thither, whom they settled to the Southward of us. That country they named Virginia. In
like manner they, also, have planted Colonies to the North of us, which country they called
New England, whither they conveyed so many people that they in a short time greatly
outnumbered our nation. Becoming presumptions in consequence, they began to encroach
on our limits, and invaded many lands contrary to our formal interdicts and protests,
so that at the North this Nation did not hesitate to make themselves masters of the
greater part of the Fresh river, notwithstanding we had there erected a trading house and
fort called the Hope, which we, likewise, occupied and garrisoned. Regardless hereof, the
English, on their side, have proceeded to extend their Colonies over many of our lands
purchased from the Indians, and would have done their best to usurp the largest and finest
portion of our territory.
Had not the Managers concluded to order their Director to prevent either by force or by
friendly agreement as far as possible, any farther encroachment.
The consequence thereof is, that he presented himself in the year 1650, at an Assembly of
the Colonies, holden at Herfort, on the Fresh river, where in divers conferences and negotiations
it was so far mutually arranged and agreed upon, that from that hour forward neither should
encroach on the other, and this Treaty should be consdered a Provisional Boundary, subject
to the approbation of their respective principals, as is to be seen by the despatch of Petrus
Stuyvesant, Director of New Netherland, dated 26"" November, 1650. Although we herein find
ourselves considerably aggrieved, for the reasons above set forth, whereunto we might with great
■ The above paper seems to have been drawn up by Director Stuyvesant, in 1649, and sent then by him to Holland, as is
inferred from the conclusion of his letter to the States General, Supra, p. 324. — En.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VII. 547
justice adhere especially in case hostilities were commenced here in Christendom against the
English, as the English Nation in that country make such demonstrations as if they meant to
surprise our lands there by force, having already not only forbidden all trade, correspondence
and transport of provisions to our colonies, but also endeavored by evil practices to seduce the
inhabitants (mostly English by birth) of divers villages under obedience and sworn fidelity to
their High Mightinesses and the Company, to throw off these obligations as being of no force,
and that on a false supposition and unfounded calumny; yet, in the hope that a desirable peace
might be concluded between this State and the present government of England, said Directors
are of opinion that 'tis highly necessary that the ambassadors gone to England, be instructed to
commend this boundary to the actual government of England, so that the same may be
confirmed agreeably to the Description aforesaid. But duly considering that that nation cannot
be easily removed from the lands of which they have, for so long a time been in usurped
possession, and that it were unwise in the Company, unless driven thereto by extreme necessity,
to come to contention or hostilities with that nation, inasmuch as they are much stronger in
point of numbers than our people, the Directors therefore, regardless of our well-founded
pretensions, would deem it more necessary to agree with that nation even to the extent of
assenting to the Provisional Boundary concluded by our Director with them at the Meeting
of the Colonies at Herfort, in the year 1650, as is to be seen by the despatch dated 2G"'
November, from which it can be noted, that the only condition mutually agreed to, is, that they
will no longer encroach on each other; this was so stated on account of the straits our nation
find themselves in at present in that country.
Neither can we omit on this occasion to remark the great importance to the Commonalty
and subjects of those countries, of the trade to the Barbadoes, and other circumjacent places,
which trade was prosecuted by our nation many years ago with great profit, until the English
by direction and order of its present government, went thither with a powerful fleet, and
reduced those Islands partly by force and partly on terms, and contrary to capitulations
and promises, would oblige the inhabitants there not to trade with any, except themselves.
All which is in direct opposition to the conditions agreed upon as aforesaid, which plainly set
forth that those inhabitants shall be at liberty to trade with all nations and particularly with
ours, as they also try to do, up to this time, with all the ships that arrive there from these parts,
whenever no English ships are on the coast, or our cruizers happen forcibly to keep the English
ships in check.
We consider it (under correction) unnecessary to represent at any length what riches can
yearly be introduced here from those countries, and what prosperity this trade hath conferred
on the inhabitants of these parts, which might still further increase hereafter, the importance
of this matter being submitted to the Lords of the Supreme government in divers lengthy
remonstrances, so that we had rather refer thereto than to prolong this affair by
tedious repetitions.
We shall presume to add only this one word — that, in the opinion of those who claim to
possess full knowledge of the subject, this trade is so important that the riches and prosperity
it will bring to this country would equal the treasures yearly received from the East Indies,
and the Directors consequently pledge themselves, to represent this matter in a short time, in
548 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
a true light, not doubting, but so important a subject will be considered by their High
Mightinesses in the Instruction to be given to Mess" the Ambassadors.
(Signed) Ab. Wilmerdonx.
ISAACK VAN BeEK.
(Endorsed)
Memoir to serve, with the approbation of their High Mightinesses,
as an Instruction for their Excellencies, the Ambassadors at
present in England, respecting the affairs of New Netherland
and the Caribbean Islands.^
Extract from the despatch of Petrus Stuyvesant, Director in New Netherland,
addressed to the Chamber of the West India Company at Amsterdam, dated
26"" November, IGoO.
In my last by the ValcJcenier, I mentioned my intention to meet the Commissioners of
the English Colonies in their appointed meeting at Herford on the Fresh river, for the purpose
of proposing a Provisional Boundary. The following will serve as a brief account of
our transactions.
In regard to our official character wherewith you have been pleased to invest us, we have
experienced, both in going and returning, much honor, respect and friendship from the English
Colonies and Villages, as well as from Messrs. the Commissioners assembled as States.
Some charges were brought in against the late Director Kieft and satisfaction demanded
therefor; they were principally that Director Kieft had obstructed their trading houses and
possession on the South river and on Long Island in Schouws bay, whence they were expelled
and removed. This was easily answered.
We have held divers meetings and consultations respecting the limits, which was the chief
occasion of my proceeding thither.
And have so far progressed provisionally, until further meeting and subject to ratification
by the principals on both sides, that no encroachments shall meanwhile be put in practice or
committed on either side, either on the mainland between Stamfoorl and Greenwich, or on
Long Island at Oysterbay. In the meantime we shall be guided by whatever we learn from
your Honors respecting the negotiations of Ambassador Schaep.
Finally, a discussion ensued respecting the formation of a neighborly union in form of a
league or guarantee against the offensive insolence and arrogance of the Barbarians and
Natives, whereunto they appeared to us disposed. But as the English nation is so much
stronger than ours in these parts, I proposed that the Commissioners in such extremity,
whether defensive or offensive, ought to bring a double number at least to our single quota.
To which they replied, that they then ought to have a double vote in declaring the lawfulness
of the defence, or offence ; this their High Mightinesses and the Company might consider
disreputable. Its conclusion was therefore postponed until the opinion of the principals on
both sides be received. This, it strikes me would be a needful and desirable matter for this
State and the only means to reduce the insolence of the Mohawks, and to prevent the Indians
attempting anything against either the one or the other Nation, and at once prevent all further
' It is styled, post, p. 556, " Memoir of the Committee of Directors of tlie West India Company, representing the Assembly
of the Nineteen."
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIL 549
invasion and usurpation on the lands situated within this jurisdiction, which I have considered
necessary to communicate to your Honors, awaiting your advice thereon.
(Endorsed)
"Provisional Boundary between the English and our Nation
" agreed upon at the Meeting of the Colonies at Herfort
" A° 1650, respecting the lands situate in the North part of
" America ; whereof our portion under the Director and
" Charter of the West India Company, is now named New
" Netherland, and that portion belonging to the English,
" namely, the Country at the South, is by them called
"Virginia; the other Countries taken up by them are
" named New England."
Read 6 Novb. 1653.
Resolution of the States General on tlie preceding Papers.
[ From the Eegister of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Koyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Saturday, the 8"" November, 1653.
Foiioss. Read at the Assembly a certain Remonstrance of the attending Directors of the
West India compa- West India Company, representing the Assembly of the Nineteen, and with it
New Netherland. a Description of the Boundaries of New Netherland, requesting that their High
Mightinesses' Deputies in England may among the other negotiations with England be
particularly instructed also respecting the settlement of the boundary there. Which being
considered, the Deputies of the Province of Gelderland have requested copies of the one and the
other, which are hereby granted them.
Captain Martin Krygier and others to the Burgomasters of Amsterdam.
[Prom the Bundle entitled, Versclieide stukken rakende de Cblonie van Nieuw Nederlandt, No. 1 ; in the Stad Ilitys, Amalerdam. ]
Holland Documents, The dangerous and perilous conjunction of this present time, the continual
dread in which we live of being at some moment surprised, the little means we
thesr^two^" whe^n See prepared for protection in time of need, added to the zeal we all feel for the
authenticated to be
placed in the hands Welfare of this couutrv, forcc US, at present, to take pen in hand, and to address
of the Directors of J ' r r
compl^yfchamber ourselves to you. Right Worshipful, and in all humility to beseech you to be
eiaminl'tht''Mm'^ pleased to prevail on the Directors of the Incorporated West India Company, to
' To preserve the chronological arrangement adopted in the publication of each series of Documents in this work, it baa
been deemed advisable to print the translation of the papers contained in Volumes XV. and XVI. of the Holland Documents,
in the order of their dates. To facilitate reference to the Dutch MS., the number of the volume and the page is prefixed in
the margin, at the beginning of each document thus transposed. — Ed,
550 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
fora^ihl'Bureoraasr whom wc also have applied by letter, that they, as Fathers and Patroons of this
u ApriUGSi^"''' country, have the goodness, in their wonted wisdom, to concert good and suitable
f-'ba^niIjck cocQ. means, tending to the protection and security of this state, to wit: Right
Worshipful, the danger to which we are exposed is great and alarming; bitter foes without,
and suspected neighbors round about, within discontented citizens and a government by no
means as ample as the present conjuncture of affairs particularly demands. The character of
the discontent of the citizens and inhabitants, you, Right Worshipful, can learn, if you will
take the trouble to read the accompanying Remonstrance, the original whereof has been
presented to the Director-General, Petrus Stuyvesant, who hath rejected it, as if it proceeded
from an illegal Assembly. For the elucidation and support thereof, we have made some notes,
which we annexed thereunto. Right Worshipful ! You will be able to observe from that
Remonstrance and the subjoined observations, the faults wherewith this New Netherland
government is polluted: (we respectfully honor the rulers personally:) and in your experienced
wisdom, understand what remedies, especially in this dangerous time, ought to be applied to
the removal thereof. This we hope, this we pray, this we expect from your Right Worshipful
wisdom, and the favorable disposition which we trust you feel towards this country and this
new city, which hath the honor to bear the name of that praiseworthy and renowned one,
whose fathers you. Right Worshipful, are. Meanwhile, we shall not omit to contribute, as far
as lies in our power, whatever shall be necessary for the service and advantage of this country.
We pray God to take you. Right Worshipful, your city and citizens, into His holy protection,
and remain,
Right Worshipful, Most Wise, Prudent,
Your most humble, obedient, and well-affected servants,
(Signed) Martin Kringier.
Done New Amsterdam, P. L. van die Grift.
in New Netherland, this Geo. Baxter.
30 December, A" lG-53. Frederyck Lubbertste.
Petition of the Commonalty of Neio Netherlands cGc, to Director Stuyvesant.
To the Right Honorable, the Director-General and Council of New Netherland, on the
behalf of the Noble High and Mighty Lords States General of the United Provinces.
X, The Humble Remonstrance and Petition of the Colonies and Villages in this New
Netherland Province.
Humbly sheweth.
Holland Documenis, First. We acknowledgc a paternal government which God and Nature have
XV., iM. established in the world for the maintenance and preservation of peace, and the
good of mankind, not only agreeably to Nature's laws, but in accordance with the rules and
precepts of God, towhich we consider ourselves bound by His word, whereunto we submit.
God, the Lord, having intrusted the States General as His Ministers, with the High and
Mighty power, which we gratefully acknowledge, to promote the welfare of their subjects, both
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIL 551
of those within the United Provinces and in the foreign settlements thereunto belonging, and
these having by their power and authority, commissioned, for the same purpose, some subaltern
magistrates, such as the Directors of the Incorporated West India Company, whom we
acknowledge as Lords Patroons of this place, with you as their representatives.
We therefore humbly conceive our privileges to be the same, harmonizing in every respect
with those of Netherland, being a Member dependent on that state and not a conquered or
subjugated people, but settled here on a mutual covenant and contract entered into with the
Lords Patroons, with the consent of the Natives, the original proprietors of these lands, from
whom we purchased the soil with our own money. A portion thereof which we now possess,
have we with immense labor and trouble and at our particular cost, transformed from a
wilderness of woods and erected into a few small villages [with several bouweries], by
a strict observance of the Freedoms and Privileges already granted.
Expecting every enlargement and amplification, but no abridgement thereof, and deeply
honoring and respecting the government of the Netherlands, made up of various Nations from
divers quarters of the globe, leaving at our own expense our country and countrymen, we
voluntarily repaired under its protection or shelter, being now incorporated, as it were in one
2» body, under our Sovereigns, the High and Mightij Lords Stales General, lohorn we
acknowledge as our Lieges, with due subjection to the general laws of the United Provinces of
Netherland, and all other new orders and ordinances which, by virtue of the power and
authority aforesaid, will be enacted here conformably to the customs, Freedoms, grants
and privileges of the Netherlands.
3« This being premised, we humhhj -pray that this our Remonstrance and Petition he received
and construed favorably, and interpreted not sinisterhj, but advantageously. We shall, therefore,
frankly declare, with all humility, our apprehension and alarm which for some time have
crushed our spirits and disheartened us, in our labors and callings, so that we, being in a
wilderness, are unable to promote the good of the country with the same zeal and inclination
as heretofore; the reasons whereof are as follow:
/^, First. Our apprehension of the establishment of an Arbitrary Governmerit among xis. 'Tis
contrary to the first intentions and genuine principles of every well regulated government, that
one or more men should arrogate to themselves the exclusive power to dispose, at will, of the
life and property of any individual, and this, by virtue or under pretense of a law or order he,
or they, might enact, without the consent, knowledge or election of the whole Body, or its
agents or representatives. Hence the enactment, except as aforesaid, of new Laws or orders
affecting the Commonalty, or the Inhabitants, their lives or property, is contrary and opposed
to the granted Freedoms of the Dutch Government, and odious to every freeborn man, and
principally so to those whom God has placed in a free state on newly settled lands, which
might require new laws and orders, not transcending, but resembling as near as possible,
those of Netherland. We humbly submit that 'tis one of our privileges that our consent or
that of our representatives is necessarily required in the enactment of such laws and orders.
Secondly. We have been expecting, usually every year, that a new war will be again begun
by the Natives of this country, from the murders they have committed under -pretext that they
5« have not been paid for their lands. This is the cause of many mischiefs and
discouragements to the country, besides great loss and interruption to the inhabitants in their
labor. We have been unable, thus far, to arrive at a precise knowledge thereof, or to
C ascertain to what nation these murderers belong ; but their acts are commonly
disregarded, as those of Indians living at a great distance which fills us with daily anxieties, so that
552 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
ly, we are compelled to stand on our own defence, and cannot discover any prepared
way to protect our lives and property except by our ov^'n means.
g. Thirdly. Officers and Magistrates, though by their personal qualifications deserving
such honors, are appointed, contrary to the laws of Netherland, to divers offices without the
consent or nomination of the people whom the matter most affects or concerns.
9, Fourthly. Many Orders or Proclamations have been made heretofore by the authority
alone of the Director and Council, without the approbation of the Country. We are wholly
ignorant which are or are not in force, and consequently know not when we transgress these,
but commit many offences in our ignorance, to the injury and ruin of ourselves and families.
\Q^ Fifthly. On the promises of Deeds and a General Patent of Freedoms and Privileges,
various plantations have been made at great expense and trouble to the inhabitants, through
building of houses, erecting fences, &c., tilling and cultivating the soil ; for example that of
Middelborgh ' and Midtwout,^ with their dependencies, besides several other places and
individual bouweries, which have applied for general and particular deeds, but to their
serious expense, having made various journeys from time to time and been put off, which
excites suspicion of innovations, or that other conditions will be introduced, different from
former stipulations.
11, Sixthly. A quantity of land is given or granted to some person or persons, for their
private profit, on which a whole village or hamlet of about 20 or 30 families might have been
established. This must cause an immense loss to the Patroons and their future income
or revenue, and at present greatly impair the strength of the Province, being under
such circumstances ourselves incapable of defence, unless villages or settlements be planted
or formed.
Having reduced, for easy reference, our complaints or grievances under six heads or articles,
we shall renew our allegiance, in the hope that satisfaction will be granted to the country
according to established justice and all secret pretentions and received injuries terminated
and arranged. Wherefore, having unfolded the hardships under which we labor, we shall
apply ourselves to your Wisdom for the remedy. That effected, we shall remain thankful,
all further application being unnecessary, whereunto, otherwise, we shall be compelled.
Humbly praying your Honors' answer on each particular point or article, so that we may be
accordingly satisfied, or proceed farther, as God shall us direct. Done this 11''' December,
1653, in Amst. Below was —
Your Honors' humble servants,
(Signed) Arent van Hattem. Martiiv Krigier.
P. L. VAN DER Grift. Wil Wekman.^
PlETER WoLFERSEN. GeO : BaxTER.
J. J. Hubbard. John Hickes.
Tobias Eke.^ Egbert Coo.
ToMAs H. Hassard. William Wasborn.
John Seaman. Thomas Spicer.
Elbert Elbertsen. Frederick Lubbertsen.
Paulus van der Beecke. Tomas Swartwout.
and John Stryker.
■ Newtown, L. I. " Flatbush, L. I. ' Tobias Feecx. * William Beeckman. iVew-rorfc Co^omai jWan««cny)(s, V., 26. The
worda within brackets, in the above petition, are added from the Eecord in the New-York Colonial Manuscripts, V., 22. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : VIL 553
Short Notes in form of Explanation of some Points contained in the
Remonstrance of the Colonies and Villages of the New Netherland
Provinces, under the Sovereignty of the Noble, High and Mighty Lords
States General of tiie United Netherlands and Obedience of the Incorporated
West India Company, presented to the Hon""'" Director General and Council
of New Netherland, in the name and on the belialf of the Burgomaster and
Schepens of tiie City of New Amsterdam and the respective Deputies of
the Villages of Gravesend, Flushing, Middelborgh, Heemstede, Amersfort,
Breuckelen and Midwout on the 12"' Dec"" A" 1653.
1.
HotondDocumenta, rpj^j^ Rgmonstrance was drawn up and written in English, by the Deputies
from the English villages under the jurisdiction of the High and Mighty Lords States General
and Incorporated West India Company and the Burgomasters and Schepens of this City of
New Amsterdam, who, with Deputies from the Dutch villages, were, with the knowledge and
cognizance of the Director General, invited to advise on the writing of a letter to the Lords
Majors on the state of the country; and as the Burgomasters and Schepens have examined that
Remonstrance together, and could find nothing in it prejudicial to the country and its
inhabitants, nor to the abridgment of the power and authority of the said High Lords States,
or of the West India Company abovementioned, they and the other their co-delegates thought
proper to present the same, translated from English into Low Dutch, to the Difector
General and Council, as they have done on the ll"" Dec" 1653, in the hope and expectation
of receiving an answer on the points contained therein ; but in vain. On the aforesaid day
the Director General and Council first charged that the Remonstrance was obscure and badly
translated ; next declared the aforesaid Assembly illegal, and protested against it ; also rejected
the same on account of this title: Address to the Director and Council ; lastly, charged and
commanded the Burgomasters and Schepens aforesaid with the respective Deputies to
assemble no more in manner as aforesaid, but to disperse forthwith, on pain of the highest
displeasure and arbitrary correction.
2.
Under our Sovereigns the High and Mighty Lords States General, whom we acknowledge
as our Lieges — without, however, excluding the Directors of the Incorporated West India
Company, whom we honor, as already stated, as our Patroons, ready and willing to show
them and their servants all due submission, honor and respect.
3.
We pray that this our Remonstrance and Petition may be received and construed favorably,
and interpreted not sinisterly, but advantageously. As we declare that it has no other design
than the good of the country and defense and preservation of the property and Freedoms
of its inhabitants ; not to commit any unlawful usurpation on any person's power and
authority, to whatsoever office or service he may be lawfully appointed, but to prevent
illegality and to remove and to anticipate troubles and mischiefs which have already overrun
the country, or are yet to be apprehended ; therefore, though some obscurity may be apparent
in this petition, it might be favorably interpreted, and should anything be found wanting, it
may be graciously supplied.
Vol. I, 70
554 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS
4.
First. Our apprehension of the establishment of an arbitrary government among us.
Whetlier this apprehension be founded can appear from tiiis : — The entire government of
this Country is directed and controlled exclusively according to the pleasure and caprice of Dr.
Stuyvesant or one or two of his favorite Sycophants; in divers cases decisions were given
without the knowledge, yea, frequently without summoning his adjoined Councillors, who
have no further power to decide except as the Director permits them, his will being a Law
absolute, whereby everything is controlled ; even if the Burgomasters and Schepens were
sometimes summoned to the Council when occasions presented, to dispatch business with the
Director General and Council, it is, in fact, rather to approve of his plans than to assist in
consultation upon them ; for notwithstanding the Burgomasters and Schepens may dissent and
differ from his opinion, the Director decides without them, declaring it must be so ; moreover,
if any resolution be adopted with the consent of the Burgomasters and Schepens, 'tis changed
and altered, without their knowledge, at the pleasure of the Director; and lastly, to show how
great an appearance there Is of the establishment of an arbitrary government among us, 'tis
considered sufficient that a Director, a fellow-subject of a Free State, though filling a high and
honorable office, with arrogant words disclaims his fellow subjects who are assembled with his
previous knowledge for the good of the country, and are thereunto convoked beforehand by
the lawful Rulers of the first and most important City in this country, and present an humble
Remonstrance, declares their Assembly illegal, protests against it, forbids the Members and
Deputies thereof to meet again, orders and commands them to disperse forthwith on pain
of his highest displeasure and arbitrary punishment, as if they were, by their acts, guilty of
resisting authority and had conspired to revolutionize the State and reduce it under another
Ruler and government.
5.
Under pretext that they have not been paid for their Lands : That such are the complaints
and threats of the Indians is notorious, and divers persons have felt the effects thereof, in the
loss of their lives; and as the present Director, as well as his predecessors, hath purchased
divers lands from the Natives, as these daily pretend, but have never paid for them as yet, the
consequence is, that discontent is excited among the Indians and a thirst for vengeance, which
they wreak when opportunity offers.
6.
But their acts are commonly disregarded as the acts of Indians living at a great distance.
Such was the excuse whenever complaints were made to the Director, instead of finding out
proper means to secure the Inhabitants, and to save them from continual apprehension, some
good dispositions being already evinced, but without any result.
7.
To stand on our own defence. Which defence cannot avail anything for the good of the
country, unless we be permitted to assemble at proper times and concert together proper
measures therefor.
8.
Officers and Magistrates, etc. The meaning and intention of this article is, that the
nomination ought to belong to the people, the selection to the Director or to the Director and
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIL 555
Council, for such municipal offices and places as this city and the villages respectively require
for their government; that a Common Council ( Vroclschup) ought to be organized in this Cily
to consist of a number of such persons as should be found in this place fit to fill such an office
and to represent the body of the Commonalty; that in the villages which have hitherto had
no Court of justice, one ought to be established, so that the people there maybe governed with
greater order than heretofore, and each, on occurring occasions, be judged by his competent
Judges; but all this is left to the discretion of the Lords Majors.
9.
Many orders or proclamations, etc. It is a certain and notorious fact, that many ordinances
which concern the country at large are enacted without its knowledge; 'tis strange that Laws
are made in a Free Land, binding on all and each of the inhabitants also without convoking
such people to consider them, who belong to the country and are persons of considerable
substance and must also help to protect and defend the province; that no person is admitted
at the reading of the enacted orders, nor allowed copies thereof, though demanded, whereby
we are utterly ignorant of our duty. This might easily be remedied were such Rules and
ordinances brought and preserved in one place where we might be allowed duly to examine
and read them.
10.
On the promises of Deeds, etc. These promised Deeds are refused to divers and many
persons, notwithstanding repeated and earnest applications have been made for them, and they
are still refused to the great discontent of those who would rather resolve to abandon their
undertaken bouweries, than expend much labor and money on lands, the possession and
propriety whereof cannot be established.
11.
A quantity of land is given or granted to some person or persons. This article has
reference principally to the fact that the Director conveyed last year, 1652, to Mr. Cornells
van Werckhoven, a certain considerable tract of valuable and clear land, situate within the
jurisdiction of Gravesend, which land had been previously granted in the year 1647, by
Director Willeni Kieft, deceased, to divers persons, and divided by lot in 21 parts, whereof the
Poor of this place had 2 parts and every other person 1 part.
And this is what we have thought proper to append to the present Remonstrance. Hoping
that, hereby cleared of obscurity, its meaning and intention will be easily understood.
Done this SO"" December, 1653, New Amsterd"", in New Netherland.
(Signed) Martin Krigier.
P. L. VAN DIE Grift.
Geo. Baxter.
Fkederyk Lubbertse.
556 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Burgomasters of Amsterdam to Director Stuyvesant.
[ From the Books entitled, Gem6en Missivefn^ Deel 2, in the Stad Ifuys, Amsterdam. ]
To Petriis Stuyvesant, Director General of New Netherland and Curasao, at the Manhattans,
in Fort New Amsterdam. 9 July, 1654.
Honorable, wise, prudent, right, discreet Sir !
Holland Documents, Being informed by the governors of the aims-house of the vast number of poor
^^■'^^' people wherewith they are burdened and charged, we have concluded to relieve
them and so do the Company a service, by sending some of them to New Netherland.
We have, therefore, sent over in the ship belonging to the bearer hereof, 7 @^ 28 boys and
girls, requesting you, in a friendly manner, to extend to them your kind advice and assistance,
and to advance them if possible; so that they, according to their fitness, may earn their board.
If you consider that the population of that country could be advanced by sending over such
persons, we shall, on being informed, lose no time to have some more forwarded. Meanwhile,
we shall he much obliged by the aid and assistance you will extend in this instance.
Hesolution of the States General calling for information respecting the Boundary
of New Netherland.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1662 — 1663, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, 17 September, 1654.
Folio 116. On consideration, it is resolved and concluded hereby to request and require
the Assembly of the Nineteen of the West India Company actually together here at the Hague,
to communicate to their High Mightinesses as soon as it can possibly be done, a pertinent
New Netherland report ou the Bouudarv in New Netherland between the English and tiiis State,
Boundary. f J S '
with the addition of all the necessary Maps and other Documents relating and
applicable thereto.
liemlution of the States General to forward information on the Boundary to their
Ambassadors in England.
[ Prom the Eegister of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1653, in the Rojal Archives at the Hague. ]
Tuesday the 29"' September, 1654.
Folio 120. Read at the Assembly, a certain Memoir of the committee of the Directors of
the West India Company representing the Assembly of the Nineteen, who have exhibited,
besides, agreeably to their High Mightinesses' Resolution of the 17"" instant. Pertinent
New Netherland Information on the subject of the division of the Boundary in New Netherland,
Boundary. •' ■'
between the English and this State, along with a figurative Map illustrating the
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VH. 557
same; which being considered, it is resolved and concluded that the said information and Map,
with the other documents, be sent to Mess" their High Mightinesses' Ambassadors in England,
for the purpose of promoting the aforesaid settlement of the Boundary in conformity thereto,
pursuant to their High Mightinesses' preceding Resolution.^
States General to the Ambassadors in England.
[ From the Uegiater of lltgegane Bi-ieven of Iho Stales General, in the Eoyal ArcWves at the Hague. ]
To Messrs. their High Mightinesses' Extraordinary Ambassadors in England.
The States, etc.
Folio 2S7. Honorable, etc. We send you herewith the accompanying papers, respecting
the Boundaries between the English and this State, in New Netherland, together with a
figurative Map relating thereunto, with request that you will promote the settlement of the
Boundary aforesaid agreeably thereto, pursuant to the preceding Resolutions, whereon
relying, etc. Done SO"" September, 1654.
Amlassadors Beverningh and Nievpoort to tTie States General..
[From the Verbaelvan Beverninffk, Gil. }
No. 147.
High and Mighty Lords
My Lords.
We have, in our last, advised your High Mightinesses that we presented on the 29"" of
September, a Memoir, requesting that some commissioners may be assigned us to concert
together a Marine Treaty, and can assure you hereby, that we not only have fully prepared
ourselves since on this matter by an examination of what has been heretofore done, and by
drawing up some articles extracted therefrom, but that we have daily, without intermission,
both by our Secretary and by letters to Mr. Thurloe,^ solicited some action, or even some
' The documeots referred to in preceding Resolution are, Letter, supra, p. 54], Description, p. 542, and Memoir, p. 546. Tliey
■were received by tlie Ambassadors in England, 8th October, 1654, and are printed in full in Verbael van Beverningk, 602.
' Jobs Thurloe, son of Rev. Thomas Thurloe, rector of Abbots Rodiug, Essex county, England, was born in 1616. Having
been called to the bar, he obtained the protection of Oliver St. John, afterwards Chief Justice of the Common Pleas and
Secretary to Commissioners from the Parliament, at the treaty of Uxbridge. In 1651, Thurloe was appointed Secretary to
the Embassy to Holland; in 1652, Secretary of the Council of State, and in 1653, Secretary of State under Cromwell, the
Lord Protector. In 1655, he was at the head of the Postal department; in 1656 was returned to Parliament from Ely; in
1657, was appointed a privy councillor, and after the Protector's death continued Secretary of State under Richard Cromwell,
until January, 1660. In April following, he offered his services to Charles IL, and was sent to prison by the House of
Commons in May, on a charge of high treason, but was soon after set at liberty, when he retired to Great Milton, Oxfordshire.
He was offered several posts in the administration, after the Restoration, but declined them all, and died suddenly at Lincoln's
Inn, on 21 February, 1668. Biographic UniverselU. His State Papers, published by Dr Birch in 1742, 7 vols., fol, form a vast
repository of most important documents relating to the History of England during the Protectorate, and contain some
interesting papers on the projected invasion of New Netherland. — Ed.
558 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
answer, yet to this hour have not been so fortunate as to meet with any dispatch, the Lords
of the Council being, either through the uncertainty of their position, whereof they will first
see a final result, or in consequence of their continual occupation in Parliament, of which
almost all of them are members, so embarrassed, that they have met only twice, and then but
for a short time since the meeting of Parliament, as we believe we can with certainty state.
Meanwhile, having received your High Mightinesses' subsequent resolution of the 19
September, respecting visiting the ships, we accordingly somewhat modified our drafted articles,
and shall also endeavor to fulfill your High Mightinesses' intentions expressly on this head, as
much as possible; we shall likewise, when occasion presents, make use of the letters sent to
us, and regulate ourselves according to your High Mightinesses' resolution of the 24"^ September,
respecting the remaining matters and complaints which, pursuant to the 30"' article of the
Peace, might be referred to the Swiss Cantons. And touching the further resolution of
the twenty-fourth September, we shall, with your High Mightinesses' permission, not engage at
present to give any notice on the direct infraction of the Proclamation of the Q"" October, 1651,
here promulgated, as your High Mightinesses were pleased to instruct us, in the iiope that, in
some conferences with the Commissioners on this side, we may be better informed as to the
considerations that may occur on this subject, or respecting the expectation which may be
apparent on this side ; in other respects we will not neglect to obey your High Mightinesses'
commands on this point, to the best of our ability, and to fulfill your good Intention touching
the affair of the Boundaries of New Netherland, your High Mightinesses' resolution of the 29""
September, on that subject, having been received yesterday. The affair of the ship Eeiidraght,
mentioned in our last, and in your High Mightinesses' resolution of the IS"" September,
received for the first time on the 5"' of this month, could not be advanced by reason of the
aforesaid want of opportunity, the non-meeting of the Lords of the Council. In like manner
we tried every means all day yesterday, but in vain, to procure the release of the eleven ships,
whereof the list is inclosed, which were captured off Havre de Grace, and brought into
Portsmouth and this river. We shall, however, unremittingly and zealously follow this matter
up, and not only contend for the release of the ships and indemnification of the freight, which
the skippers say was offered to them, and they were disposed to receive, but also of the cargo
itself, in accordance with your High Mightinesses' resolution of the 16"" September last.
Being further under the necessity of submitting to your High Mightinesses the complaints of
the inhabitants of Yarmouth, which you will please to learn from the accompanying
transcribed and translated affidavits; they were placed in our hands yesterday afternoon by
Sir Strickland, in the name and by order of his Highness and the Council, and we have
promised to write to your High Mightinesses by this occasion, with the assurance that you are
favorably disposed to prevent and forbid in every way, all excesses and imposition, and that
you would also effectually provide against the same, having even resolved to write to the
Commander of the Fishing fleet, to send up circumstantial and particular information on
the subject. Wherewith we shall pray God mercifully to bless your High Mightinesses'
laudable government, and remain.
High and Mighty Lords,
Your High Mightinesses'
Westminster, 9"' October, 1654. Humble servants.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIL 559
P. S. After having written tlius far, we fortunately learned from a Lord of tlie Council,
that an order is to l)e issued on the earliest occasion for the release of the above ships, and
that the Captains or Commanders of the ships of war will be expressly instructed to abstain,
in future, from the capture of such ships, whereof we hope to advise more fully in our next.'
Resolution of the States of Holland and Westfriesland, dated 4"" December,
1654.
Boundary ia New The Grand Peusionary^ hath communicated to the Assembly a despatch from
Neiheriand. Mcss" Bevemingk and Nieupoort, extraordinary Ambassadors from this State to
England, written to him from Westminster, the 27"= of last month, with an appendix
containing ample information of what they have done in the matter of the Boundary in New
Netherland, between the subjects of this State and those of England.
Which being considered, it is resolved and concluded, that it be sent to the States General,
in order that their High Mightinesses may transmit copy of said Despatch and Appendix to the
Presidial Chamber of the West India Company here, with request to be furnished at the earliest
date with its conclusions and opinion thereupon and to receive pertinent information on all the
points more fully detailed in said letter.
Ambassadors Beveriiingh and Nieupoort to Secretary Buysch.
[ From the Original in the Royal Archives at the Hague ; File, Eagdand ; No. 18. Verbad van Beverningk, p. 693. ]
Sir.
In answer and reply to their High Mightinesses' letter and Resolution of the 29""
September, respecting the Boundary between the English and those of this State in New
Netherland, they will be hereby respectfully informed, that among the documents relating to this
matter we have found no other Instruction than the Memoir numbered 1,^ touching the Limits
and Jurisdiction claimed there; a Description of the Limits there. No. 2,' and two Extracts, of
letters written by Director Stuyvesandt, the first of the 29"' November, 16-50,* and the other
' The source from which the above dispatch is derived, is not stated. It is printed in the Verbael van Bevemingk, p. 611.
Messrs. Bevemingk, Nieuport and Jongstal were Ambassadors to England at this date.
'John de Witt, one of the greatest statesmen that Holland ever produced, was born on the 25th September, 1625, in the
city of Dort, Having received the degree of Doctor of Laws, he traveled some years, and on returning home was appointed
Pensionary of Dort; next elected in 1653 Grand Pensionary of Holland, Inteudant of the Fiefs and Keeper of the Great
Seal. The war with England was very trying to his Administration, and he put forth all his powers to restore the National
fleet. The partizans of William HI., Prince of Orange, demanded his appointment as Stadholder which De Witt
opposed, believing it fatal to the liberties of the country. An act followed excluding his Royal Highness forever from that
office. This exclusion and the misfortunes that overtook Holland in 1672, caused the ruin of this pure and able Magistrate.
He was arrested, accused of being in league with the enemy, stripped of all his offices and sentenced to perpetual
banishment. On the 20th of August, 1672, and in the 47th year of his age, he was seized, with his brother Cornells, on
leaving the prison to obey this sentence, and massacred by the populace of the Hague, after which the bodies of both were
most grossly insulted. Moreri. — Ei>.
» Supra, p. 546. ' Sujjra, p. 542. ' Supra, p. 541.
560 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS
of the 27"' July last; with a figurative IVIap of the situation of these Countries. And, howbeit
we have clearly understood from the aforesaid Map and Memoir, the intentions of Mess" the
Directors, regarding the pretended Limits; yet as regards the Title and right thereunto, we
do not (with respect) find ourselves so well provided with the irrefragable reasons and
arguments which are requisite in dealing with such a Nation as tiiis, and in such a matter,
consisting entirely of facts ; the first occupation and possession as well as the purchase of the
grounds and lands being merely in general presupposed, but nothing in the world has reached
us in support either of the one or the other. Yet, according to the letter even of Director
Stuyvesandt, the English there made this objection to him: That their High Mightinesses'
subjects in those parts, had not any patent from them, nor any proof of purchase. Wherefore
we have taken the trouble not only further to inform ourselves by those who may have fuller
knowledge of this matter but to look up attentively the descriptions by the English themselves,
in order to learn therefrom what we consider applicable to our purpose. Yet we cannot in all
this, satisfy ourselves as to the unsoundness of the position of those on this side who allege
not only the right of purchase but also of notorious prior possession in divers parts, as we are
informed by them. Having also been unable to learn aught of any Provisional agreement
concluded at Hartfort in the year 1G50, mentioned in Stuyvesandt's first letter, above referred
to, or to find any other proof thereof among the papers than the mere mention of it, when an
authentic extract, or something similar, in a matter of such importance ought to be exhibited ;
and, moreover, having observed in the answer which the Lords of the Council gave heretofore
to the 12"" of the 36 articles,^ that they seem entirely to ignore their High Mightinesses having
any Colonies in those parts ; nay, they waive defining the Boundary entirely as of no
consideration; and having seen from the letters aforesaid of the abovementioned Stuyvesandt,
first, that he is of opinion that the English cannot be removed from what they occupy, and
that they are in possession as the strongest, they having crawled within eight leagues of the
Manhattans and the North River; and secondly, that he is everywhere of opinion that we
ought to hold what we have, though at the loss of what is already taken away, in order to
exclude the English at least from the district lying between the aforesaid North and South
Rivers, presupposing that by far the best lands are to be found there; and that he appears
convinced that nothing final will ever be concluded here in Europe between the two States
respecting the Boundary, without the consent of those English who are on the ground ; we
also being of this last opinion — that the most we have to expect here will be a reference to the
Governors and Council there for information, whilst according to the nature and interest of
this government, we cannot see that they will engage in it otherwise as principals, and that
by such reference with writing hither and thither so much time is lost; we have, under
correction, considered it our duty respectfully to submit to their High Mightinesses, whether
they would not be of opinion that we should so direct this matter, that authority be sent from
both governments to the Governors aforesaid to come mutually to an agreement in that
country in the best and most friendly manner, subject to the approval and ratification of both
governments. Hereupon we shall expect their High Mightinesses' orders by the first
opportunity, having meanwhile prepared the inclosed Memorandum in order, at the first
Conference, to expose our intention and in respect to the alternative, to forward the work
' Supra, p. 486.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VII.
561
according to their High Mightinesses' good intention and subsequent resolutions. We
remain,
Sir,
Your affectionate servants,
Westminster -Jt November. (Signed) H. V. Beverningk.»
Received 5 December, 1654. Wil" Nieupoort.
Appeiidix, received 5 December, 1654.
Memorandum.
Cum primo itidem articulorum pacis etc. Whereas in
conventum et praecautum sit, ut firma et
invioiabilis pax, sincera intimior atque arctior
afRnitas confoederatio et unio sit inter utramque
rempublicam, terrasque regiones, civitatesque
sub utriusqueditione, sine distinctione locorum
positas, eorumque populum et incoias.
Et secundo uti utraque pars omnibus
lassionibus direptionibus, depraedationibus
injuriisque per terram mare et aquas dulces,
in omnibus suis Terris, regionibus, dominiis
locis et prsefecturis, quibuscunque deinceps
abstineat.
Et non vanis rumoribus dominis ordinibus
ke manner by the first of the
Articles of Peace &c. it has been agreed and
provided that there should be a firm and invio-
lable peace, a sincere, more close and intimate
connection, confederation and union between
the two republics, and the countries, provinces
and cities under their respective jurisdiction,
together with the people and inhabitants of the
same, without distinction of place.
And by the second, that each party should
henceforth abstain from all injuries, plunder-
ings, depredations and wrongs, whether by
land, by sea, or by fresh waters, throughout
all their respective lands, provinces, dominions,
places and governments, whatsoever.
And by good authority it has become known
ge[ne]ralibus innotuerit quod in continenti sep- to our States General that on the continent of
North America a firm friendship and sincere
confederation are not so observed between the
subjects of the two republics there resident,
but that they do not altogether abstain from
injuries and wrongs.
And whereas in a convention at Hartford in
the year 1650 between the Directors and
Councillors of each nation, it was, by a pro-
visional decision, agreed to follow this rule:
tentrionalis Americre plaga, non adeo firma ami-
citia sinceriorque confoederatio, inter utriusque
reipublicffi populos ibidem commorantes obser-
vetur: quin et a laesionibus injuriisque non
omnino abstineatur.
Cum tamen Hartfordiensi conventu anno
1650 inter utriusque nationis directores et
assessores, provisionali decreto in banc regulam
conventum esset: uti possidetis ita possideatis
' Jerome van Beverninok was born at Tergou, in Holland, on the 25th of April, 1614, whence he was sent in 1646, as a
Deputy to the Provincial Legislature. The States of Holland eeut him in 1650, to invite those of Utrecht to the extraordinary
Session of the States General in 1651. He represented his native town in the States General, in 1653, in which year he was
sent Ambassador to England, and concluded a treaty of peace with that country in April, 16.54. Whilst Ambassador, he
was appointed Treasurer General of the Uaited Provinces; he resigned that office in 1655. Exclusive of the negotiations
with England, he was also one of the Plenipotentiaries in the peace concluded by the Dutch with the Bishop of Munster, with
the French and Spaniards, and finally with the Elector of Cologne ; after having filled with honor many difiioult commissions,
he was finally sent to Nimcguen, as Ambassador Plenipotentiary, to expedite the peace which was signed there on the 10th of
August, IBIS. After this, he retired to his farm in the vicinity of Leyden, where he devoted himself to agriculture. Mr.
Beverninck died of a violent fever on the 30th October, 1690, aged 76 years. Mureri. — En.
Vol. I. 71
562
NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
donee utriusque reipublicas proceres aliter
convenerint aut prcecidaneara banc conven-
tionem ratihabuerint.
A sua parte ita etiam proponunt et condu-
cere posse existimant unitarum provinciarum
extra ordinem legati.
Uti recti, certi, immotique limites ibi quam-
priinum constituantur, quos excedere, aut
transgredi in posterum neutri nationum liceat.
Parati quovis tempore subditorum suorum
et incolarum ibi proprietates jurisdictiones et
immotas limites in mappis figuratis ad oculum
demonstrare, aliisque documentis astruere.
Vel etiam, si ita potius visum sit, totum hoc
negocium ad arbitrium eorum Gubernatorum
et assessorum referre, qui in iisdem septentri-
onalis Americfe plagis, nomine et auctoritate
utriusque regimine prfesident: ut amicissima
qua fieri poterit via, meliorique modo inter se
conveniant, conventionisque suae tabulas
transmittant a Serefi: sua celsitudine domin-
isque Grdinibus Generalibus ratihabitione
reciproca, si ita conducere existimant, con-
firmandas.
that each party should keep what it possessed
until the authorities of the two States should
determine otherwise, or should ratify this
convention.
On their part, accordingly, the Ambassadors
Extraordinary of the United Provinces propose
and recommend.
That as soon as possible, there be established
there, right, certain and immovable boundaries
which neither nation shall be allowed to exceed
or pass over.
Being prepared at any time to show by maps,
and to sustain by other documents, the pro-
prietorships, jurisdictions, and unchanged
boundaries of their subjects and of the inhabi-
tants there resident.
Or even, should it be preferred, to submit this
whole affair to the arbitration of those Govern-
ors and Councillors who preside in those same
provinces of North America, in the name and
authority of the two States: that by the most
friendly way possible they may the better
agree among themselves, and send the records
of their convention to be confirmed by the
mutual ratification both of his Serene Highness
and of the States General, if they shall see fit.
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Papers.
[ From the Register of West India AfTairs, 1652 — 1668, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, 9"" December, 1654.
Folio uo. The Assembly again had under consideration the despatch of their High
Mightinesses' Ambassadors in England, written in Westminster, the 27"' of the last month,
addressed with an appendix to Secretary Ruysch, containing full information of what they had
Boundary of New "^""^ '^^ ^^^ matter of the Bouudary in New Netherland, between the subjects of
Neiheriand. j.]^jg gf^j-g and thosc of England. Which being considered, it is resolved and
concluded, that copy of said letter and appendix be sent to the presiding Chamber of the West
India Company, at Zealand, and to that of Amsterdam, requesting and requiring them to
communicate their opinions and advice thereupon at the earliest period, together with pertinent
information on all the points more fully set forth in that letter.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VII. 563
States General to the West India Company.
[Prom the Register of Uiigegane Brieven of the States General, In the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
To the presiding Chamber of the West India Company at Middelburgh, in Zealand. Item,
mutatis muta?idis to the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company.
The States, etc.
Folio 357. Honorable, etc. Herewith we transmit you the accompanying extract from our
resolutions adopted on the despatch of our Ambassadors in England, dated S?"" November last.
Boundaries of New respecting the Boundaries of New Netherland, together with copy of said letter,
Netheriand. ^^^ ^y^^ documents thereunto, requesting and requiring you to regulate yourselves
precisely according to the tenor of our resolution aforesaid. Relying whereupon, etc. Done
9"" December, 1G54.
Chamber at Amsterdam to the States General.
[From the Original in the Eoyal Arehires at the Hague; File Engeland, ]
High and Mighty Lords.
Your High Mightinesses' despatch of the 9"" instant with the accompanying copy of the
letter of Mess" your High Mightinesses' Ambassadors, dated the 27"' November last, was duly
handed to us. In answer thereunto we have to say, that we have further e.xamined the entire
circumstances and condition of matters in New Netherland and found them, as your High
Mightinesses will be able to perceive from the annexed compilation, to which we have only to
add that, in our humble opinion the negotiation in England will be best directed if the
Boundary be settled according and conformably to the Provisional Agreement concluded at
Hartford, in the year 1650, and in case this proposition cannot be carried out, then to proceed
with the second plan, namely to allow the Boundary to be arranged in New Netherland subject
to the approval of the principals on both sides; we, nevertheless, refer ourselves to your High
Mightinesses' wise consideration and conclusions.
Wherewith, terminating this letter, we pray God Almighty to be pleased to bless your
High Mightinesses' persons and government and remain,
High and Mighty Lords,
Your High Mightinesses' humble Servants,
The Directors of the West India Company Chamber at Amsterdam.
Amsterdam 30"" December, 1654. (Signed) Isaack van Beeck.
Received 2 January, 1655. Paulus Timmekman,
564 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Memoir of the Englisli encroacliments on Kew Keilxerland.
[From the MS. in the Eoyal ArcliiTea at the Hague; File, Engekmd. ]
Memoir, drawn up from divers letters, papers and documents comprising the
situation of New Netherland, who its first discoverers and possessors were,
together with the unreasonable and violent usurpations committed by the
English there on the lands lying within the limits of the Incorporated
West India Company. Appendix, received 2 January, 16-56,
New NETHERLA^^) is situate on the North coast of America, in latitude 38 to 41i degrees
or thereabouts along the coast, being bounded on the Northeast by the countries now called
New England, and on the Southwest by Virginia,
This district or country, which is right good and salubrious, was first discovered and found,
in the year 1609, by the Netherlanders, as its name imports, at their own cost by means of
one Hendrick Hudson, Skipper and Merchant, in the ship the Hah-e Maaie sailing in the service
of the Incorporated East India Company ; for the Natives or Indians on his first arriving
there, regarded the ship with mighty wonder and looked upon it as a Sea monster, declaring
that such a ship or people had never before been there.
That this country was first of all discovered and found out by Netherlanders, appears also
from the fact that all the islands, bays, harbors, rivers and places, even a great way on either
side of Cape Cod, called by our people New Holland, have Dutch names which were given by
Dutch navigators and traders.
In the year 1610, some merchants again sent a ship thither from this country and obtained
affterwards from the High and Mighty Lords States General a grant to resort and trade
exclusively to those parts, to which end they, likewise, in the year 1615, built on the North
River, about the Manhattans, a redoubt or little fort, wherein was left a small garrison, some
people usually remaining there to carry on trade with the Natives or Indians. This was
continued and maintained until their High Mightinesses did, in the year 1622, include this
country of New Netherland in the Charter of the West India Company.
This Province of New Netherland was, then, immediately occupied and taken possession
of by the said Company, as circumstances permitted, as is the case in all new undertakings.
For which purpose they caused to be built there, since the year 1623, four forts, to wit: two
on the North River, namely, Amsterdam and Orange ; one on the South River, called Nassouw,
and the last on the Fresh River called the Hope. From the beginning a garrison has been
always stationed and maintained in all these forts.
The aforesaid Company had erected these forts both Southward and Northward, not only
for the purpose of closing and appropriating the aforesaid rivers, but likewise the lands around
them and within their borders, (being then about sixty leagues along the coast,) and on the
other side of the rivers so far as title by occupation tends to possession, to declare as their own
and to preserve them against all foreign or domestic nations who would endeavor to usurp the
same contrary to the Company's will and pleasure.
And for greater quiet and security and in order lawfully to confirm their possession, the
Company caused their servants to purchase from the Natives there, many and divers lands
situated on various places, the deeds and conveyances whereof remain with the Directors in
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIL 565
New Netherland ; Boundary posts were erected thereupon and to these were affixed the arms
of their High Mightinesses in order to notify other nations coming there, that the country is
owned and possessed.
The subsequent circumstances of the country alone prevented the occupation by forts of the
rivers of Pequatoos focket and Marinkansick,' otherwise called Sloops Bay, these being situate
this side of Cape Cod.
Which circumstances being perceived by the English of New Plymouth in New England,
they began to build some leagues above the Company's fort, the Hope, a trading house ^ of
which one Master Prinsen was the first commander.
Wouter van Twiller, the Company's Director duly protested against this in the year 1635,
and admonished the said Prinsen to remove without the Company's possessed jurisdiction,
who, refusing, placed himself on the defensive. This Prinsen remained in possession, though
unlawfully, because the Company's servants were not authorized to show any hostility to
the English.
The latter becoming bold from time to time in their country, increasing in numbers in
consequence of the troubles in England, encroached towards the west below Cape Cod on the
Dutch limits, absorbing Rhode Island, Biocx Island, Martin's Vineyard, Sloops Bay, howbeit,
possession had been taken of it, in the year 1636, for the Company by one Abraham Pieterssen
of Haerlem on the Island Quetenis situate in front of said bay, and Pequatoos river which they
pretend to have conquered by force of arms from the natives, inasmuch as they have wholly
subjugated that Nation.
The English not satisfied with the foregoing usurpations, though situate within the New
Netherland limits, continued these improper proceedings, and have, contrary to the law of
nations (inasmuch as all the lands thereabouts were purchased by the Company's servants)
and against a multitude of protests, founded a comely city, called Hartford, about a gunshot
from Fort Hope on the Fresh River, together with divers other towns and hamlets.
The English afterwards perceiving no consequence or obstruction to follow those protests,
went on and six leagues to the westward built a handsome city called New Haven with some
villages and hamlets. Divers protests were made against this, as aforesaid.
Long Island which is encompassed Southwardly by the Great Ocean and Northwardly by
the East River, and is about 30 leagues in length, was, before the English had any pretension,
or ever made any claim to it, taken possession of by the Dutch by planting the villages
of Amersfoort, Heemstede, Flushing, Gravesend and Breuckelen with a goodly number of
bouweries and plantations, the inhabitants whereof are all subjects and vassals of their High
Mightinessses and of the Company.
Notwithstanding which the English of New Haven, (called Rodenbergh by the Dutch of
olden times) have planted on the East end of Long Island two little villages named.
Southampton and Southold.
[In like manner] in the Krommegou which is an inland sea in Long Island, have they
usurped what is called Garnaets Island, which belongs to Long Island, and lies very convenient
for the Cod fishery.
The Company remarking that no benefit was derived from protests, but that the English
proceeded boldly and continuously in their unrighteous usurpations there, wrote, in order to
stay further encroachment, to their Director Stuyvesant whom they authorized to agree on a
' Sic. Now Naraganaet ^ Springfield, founded by Mr. Pj-nclieon. — Ed.
566 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Provisional Boundary with the English. He, accordingly, repaired to a certain meeting of
Commissioners summoned by the English at Hartford, where they mutually agreed and
concluded on a Provisional Boundary subject to the ratification of t!ie principals on both sides,
as can be more fully seen by the letter dated 26 November, IGoO, of the aforesaid Director with
whom the agreement thereof remains.
Yet the aforesaid English cannot respect this Provisional Boundary which was concluded at
such a sacrifice and to such prejudice of the Company's established right, obtained by prior
possession and purchase of the lands, as already stated; for sometime afterwards, and now
lately, they have not hesitated to commit fresh usurpation on the lands situate within the
aforesaid Provisional Boundary, purchased from the natives or owners and paid for by
the said Director some years before, as can be seen by his letter dated the 27"" July, 1G54.
All which insufferable usurpations by neighbors and allies, are in every part a violation of the
law of nations, and consequently ought not and cannot be longer endured, unless by wantonly
abandoning and giving up this Noble Province of New Netherland, which is of such great
importance to this State. As such abandonment would be highly disreputable to this country
and detrimental to its inhabitants, we will trust that their High Mightinesses will maintain the
Company in their good right, and moreover take care that a mutual Boundary between
the nations in those parts shall at once be concluded and determined. The sooner this is
effected the better, ere the rupture become irremediable.
In this manner, then, have the English by unrighteous usurpations, made themselves masters
of all the beforementioned places, aud especially of the beautiful Fresh river. They well
knew that the Company had not only ratified the possession of the aforesaid river by the
construction of its fort and some bouweries besides, but that it had, particularly in the year
1G32, purchased from the natives and proprietors many lands thereabout, which were
accordingly conveyed to it, long before the coming thither of any English, who first arrived
there in the year 1 636.
Neither is it unknown to them tliat the Company did, about the same time, cause to be
purchased by one Hans van der Sluys, a certain place called Kivitshoeck, as their High
Mightinesses' arms were affixed to a tree, at that place, in token of possession; the English not
only pulled them down, but even carved a buffoon's face in their stead, in gross contempt and
disrespect of their High Mightinesses ; and although satisfaction was repeatedly demanded for
this, nought has resulted or could be obtained. Subsequently, and about the time the troubles
between the King and his Parliament broke out in England in acts of hostility, the English
who have so unlawfully usurped the aforesaid Fresh river, made an offer to the Company's
servants in those parts to pay a yearly acknowledgment or buy them out, for which purpose
they also sent hither one Mr. Hugh Peters, a minister at Salem, whom they empowered and
authorized to agree with the Company about this matter; which, indeed, is a sure sign and
proof that they are conscious of occupying not their own, but the Company's lawful lands.
In like manner did the English usurpers of Rhode Island, when at loggerheads with those
of the Bay, also apply to the Company's servants there to permit them to hide, and even to
settle among the Dutch, of all which the pieces and documents remain with the Directors of
New Netherland.
But since the change occurred in the government of England, they have, in order to gloze
over their actions, had recourse to divers subterfuges, circumstances, forged pretenses and false
arguments, to obscure and overthrow the Company's lawful claims and just right, so that
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : VIL 567
the Company's servants have had various differences with tliem on tiiis Iiead, and (before the
Provisional Boundary was concluded,) the most the English could be brought to, was to
declare that the matter could not be arranged in that country, and that they were fully content,
and wished that their High Mightinesses should settle the difference with their Sovereign here.
Proposals of Mr. Peters' to the Amsterdam West India Company, 1G41.
1° That the Plonorable Company will please to devise some expedient for the settlement of the
Boundaries between New England and New Netherland, or at least to define for us their limits.
2° That their Honors will wholly abstain from molesting our people on the Fresh river,
alias Coniecticutt, since we are willing that our title should be investigated by indifferent
persons, if any such can be found.
3° That said Company set a price on their plantation, if they have any intention to part
with it.
4" What conditions would the Company require if any Englishmen remove from our
district to the West India Continent, being provided therefor with all necessaries except ships
and ordinance which the Company should furnish?
■5° The Company being aware that the English in America are about 50,000 inhabitants
(manneii)^ will please inform us in what manner can we, who are of the same religion
with themselves and, we hope, trustworthy, be employed in advancing the great work there,
'The Reverend Hugh Peters, the descendant of a wealthy and ancient English family, was born in 1599, and graduated
at Cambridge, England, in 1622. He received holy orders from Dr. Mountain, Bishop of London ; but in consequence of the
active part he took against the bishops, he was forced to leave the country, and to retire to Holland, where he ofBciated
as minister to an English congregation at Rotterdam. He proceeded to New England in 1634, and was there elected minister
of the church at Salem, and officiated afterwards in the great meeting-house in Boston, at which place he enjoyed a high
reputation and was much respected. After a residence in New England of seven years, he was sent by the colonies as their
Ambassador to the Parliament of EngLind, for the purposes mentioned in the text, and also to obtain some favorable com-
mercial privileges. On his arrival, he found the civil war at its height, and attached himself to the Parliamentarians with a
"zeal which overwhelmned his judgment." He visited Holland in 1643, in several cities of which country he preached so
violently against Charles I. that the English Ambassador, Boswell, was under the necessity of complaining of him to the
States GeneraL He delivered a series of discourses to the English congregation at Amsterdam, in which he accused the king
of exciting the Catholics of Ireland against Cromwell and his partisans in that country; and such effect had these sermons,
that crowds of women, it is said, gave their wedding-rings to supply the English malcontents with funds. The Dutch
connived at the whole of these proceedings. Peters was subsequently appointed chaplain to Cromwell, of whom he was so
thorough a partisan, that he gave God thanks for the Drogheda massacre, where between three and four thousand people
were put to death in cold blood. In the part he took against Charles I., his opposition assumed the character of the bitterest
passion, and ho is represented as having uttered the most terrible denunciations against that imfortunate monarch in the
sermon which he preached before his majesty previous to his execution. "Bind fast your king with chains, and your nobles
with fetters of iron," were the words which he is said to have taken for his text, when he compared Charles to Barabbas,
and the red-coats to saviours and saints, "not inferior to those who surround the throne of God." But it is to be hoped that
in this particular the accusation is overcharged, for Dr. Lingard says, "it should be recorded to the honor of that fanatic.il
preacher," that it was at the request of Hugh Peters, that Dr. Juxon, Bishop of London, had been permitted to attend on
Charles preparatory to his death. After the Restoration, the Reverend Mr. Peters was accused as a regicide. His trial was
a scene of fliigrant injustice. He was allowed no counsel, aud was sentenced to die, though even false witnesses did not
substantiate the charges on which he was condemned. He was hanged on the 14th October, 1660, exhibiting, even at the
gallows, the most indomitable courage. "You may do your worst," was his last address to his unfeeling executioner; and
with these words, " the first freeman of Massachusetts who lost his life for opposition to monarchy," was launched into
eternity. His course and his character have been differently appreciated by friends and enemies. Those praise and these
asperse, according as bias has swayed their judgment. Whoever wishes to arrive at a just conclusion, may consult Bancroft's
United Stales, L, ;i83 ; II., 32; Aitsema, II., 936; Von Reauyner's PoKlkal History of England, II., 399; and Lingard's History
of England, X., 257. —Ed.
' The population of the English Oolonieb, iu 1660, was estimated to be eighty thoUoaud. Holmes' Anniils.
568 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
and furnish us with an excerpt of such government as they, on our uniting with them there
would desire.
6° That the Company may be pleased in all things to consider the inhabitants of New
England, who number about 40,000, as a people covetous on their side of peace and of
the propagation of the Gospel above all worldly things, and no ways desirous of causing the
Company either trouble or loss.
Authority to the Reverend Mr. Peters to treat with the West India Company.
Whereas Mr. Hugh Peters, Minister of Salem, the bearer hereof, is sent at the public request
to England, to negotiate with the present Parliament respecting such matters as concern us
which we confide to his care and fidelity,
This is to authorize him, if occasion permit him to go to the Netherlands, to treat with the
West India Company there, concerning a peaceable neighborhood between us and those of
New Netherland, and whatever he shall further think proper touching the West Indies, to the
end that we may have union and intercourse with one another, God willing, in a matter of
such great importance the details to be negotiated are referred to such propositions as shall be
presented on meeting together.
(Signed) John Winthrop,'
The lO'*" October, 1641 Governor of Massachusett.
In the bay of Massachusetts John Haynes,'
in New England. Governor of Connecticutt.
Resolution of the States General on the Treaty at Hartford.
[From Iha Register of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Eoyal ArcliiTes at the Hague.]
Saturday, 2 January, 1655.
Foiioi43. Received a letter from the Directors of the West India Company, Chamber at
Amsterdam, dated the SO"" ultimo, together with some inclosures, in answer to their High
' John Wistheop, first Governor of Massachusetts, was born at GrotoD, in Suifolk county, January 12, 1587, and was bred
to the law. Having converted a fine estate of 6 or 700/. per annum into money, he embarked for America, in the 43d year
of his age, as the leader of those persons who settled the colony of Massachusetts, and with a commission as Governor. He
arrived at Salem June 12, 1630, and soon removed to Charlestown, and afterwards crossed the river to Shawmut or Boston.
In the three following years he was reohosen Gevernor, for which ofiice he was eminently qualified. He was reflected in
1637, 1638 and 1639, and in 1642, 1643, 1646, 1647 and 1648. He died, worn out by toils and depressed by afilictions, March
26, 1649, aged 61. He kept an exact account of occurrences and transactions in the colony down to the year 1648, which was
of great service to Hubbard, Mather and Prince. It was not published till the year 1790, when it was printed in 8vo. A
manuscript of the third volume of Winthrop's history was found in 1816, in the ^''ew England library, kept in the tower of
the old South church. Mr. James Savage transcribed it, and, adding notes to this and the work already printed, published a
new edition in 2 vols. 8vo., 1825. Allen.
'' JoBH Hatnes, Governor of Massachusetts and of Connecticut, was a native of Essex, in England, and arrived at Boston
in company with Mr. Hooker in 1633. He was soon chosen an assistant, and in 1635, Governor. The next year he was
succeeded by Mr. Vane. In 1636 he removed to Connecticut, of which colony he was one of the principal founders. He
was elected its first Governor in April, 1639, and was replaced in this office every second year, which was as often as the
coQBtitutiou would permit, till his death in 1654. Allen. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VII. 569
West India Com- Mightinesscs' despatch of the Q"" of the same month, and consequently
Bu"nd'a^ry."'''°''' information respecting the situation and constitution of affairs in New Netherland.
Which being considered, it is resolved and concluded that copies of the aforesaid despatch and
inclosures shall be transmitted to Mr. Nieupoort, their High Mightinesses' Extraordinary
Ambassador in England, with a request that he will so manage the matter that the New
Netherland Boundary in question may be adopted agreeably and in conformity to the
Provisional agreement concluded at Hartford in the year lG-50, and in case this abovementioned
plan could not be accomplished, that it may then be agreed that the aforesaid Boundary be
arranged in New Netherland, subject to the approval of the principals on both sides. Mess"
the Deputies from Friesland renew their former frequently made remark respecting the
employment of the Ambassadors.
States General to Ambassador Nieupoort.
From the Begister of Uitgegane Bi'ieveih of the States General, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
To Mr. Nieupoort their High Mightinesses Extraordinary Ambassador in England.
The States, etc.
Folio 1. Honorable, etc. Herewith we transmit you copy of the letter of the Directors
of the West India Company, Chamber at Amsterdam, as well as of the inclosures sent us
Boundary of New therewith, together with the accompanying extract of our resolutions, all relating
Netherland. ^^ ^^^ Boundary in New Netherland, requesting you to regulate yourself
according to the tenor thereof. Relying on which, etc. Done 2 January, 1655.
Cliamher at Middelhurg to tlie States General.
[ From the Original in the Royal Archives at the Hague ; File, West Indii. J
High and Mighty Lords.
In answer to your High Mightinesses' despatch and resolution, both of the 9"" of this month
of December, and the inclosures respecting the negotiations between your High Mightinesses'
Ambassadors in England and those of that Republic in relation to the Boundary in New
Netherland, we who at present preside, can only repeat with due submission, what we have
heretofore frequently stated, that we are wholly and entirely excluded from the superintendence
of that so notable and important a province, included within our Charter; because we are so
poor that we cannot contribute our quota of the incurred expenses. And, therefore, the
supervision thereof hath always been unjustly assumed and retained by the Amsterdam
Chamber, in spite of us and the other Chambers. So that we must acknowledge, according to
existing circumstances, that we are unable to advise your High Mightinesses and off"er you such
opinion as we should wish ; inasmuch as all the old papers and documents in support both of
Vol. I. 72
570 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
our first occupation of those countries and the successive purchases of grounds, and further
particular contracts there entered into and performed, remain in the office of those of
Amsterdam, to wliom we must refer. But surely as Presiding Chamber, at least as yet, we can
respectfully submit so much as our opinion to your High Mightinesses, that we have come to
the conclusion that in justice every reasonable means and argument ought to be used, but in
case nothing is obtained, we think it wisest, then, to try what is next considered reasonable.
And so consequently not for what we desire and will, but for what can be effected. Wherefore,
with submission, we consider their Excellencies' last plan the best; namely, to refer these
conflicting matters to the respective representative chiefs and commissioners at the place in
dispute, to the end that they may meet together and arrange everything there, subject to the
approval of their Lords principals on both sides. The country and consequently the Company
would derive the greatest advantage from such a course. We shall not hesitate to submit these
and other additional reasons concerning our confraters of the Chamber at Amsterdam and to
be careful thus respectfully to serve your High Mightinesses with uniform opinions;
and shall further continually pray God to bless your High Mightinesses' government and
undertakings.
High and Migty Lords,
Your High Mightinesses' humble Servants,
The Directors of the Incorporated West India Company, Chamber in Zealand,
Middelburgh, 28 December, A" 1654. (Signed) P. Mortamer.
Received 4 January, 1655. D. Bant.
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Letter.
[ From the Eegister of West India AfTairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Monday, 4"" January, 1655.
Folio 143. Received a letter from the Directors of the West India Company, Chamber of
Zealand, written at Middelburgh the 25"" December last, in answer to their High Mightinesses'
despatch of the 9"" of this month, and accordingly with opinion respecting the Boundary in
New Netheriand. New Netherlaud between the subjects of England and this State. Which being
considered, reference is had to what has been already resolved in the premises and, with that,
the matter was laid on the table.
Resolution of the States General in the suit of Mr. van der Capelle.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1652 — 166S, in the Koyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, 14 January, 1655.
Foiio 145. Read at the Meeting, the petition of Martin Beekman, Notary, attorney for Mr.
Hendrik van der Capelle tho Ryssel, co-deputy from the province of Guilderland to their High
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VII. 571
Mightinesses' Assembly, praying that notice may be taken of the service made by him the
Notary, of a certain Writ of Appeal, heretofore granted by their High Mightinesses to the said
M.vanderCapeiie. Mr. Van der Capellc and Gerrit van de Voorde, merciiant at Amsterdam cum
Director siuyvesant. sociis, respecting a certain judgment pronounced by Petrus Stuyvesant, Director
in New Netherland and the other Councillors there against the appellant cum suis, in the
matter of the siiip named the Nieu Nederlandscke Fortuyn, sent thither with people and
agricultural implements; all to the eflect that party should not set up any appearance,
but on the contrary default be granted. Which being considered, it is resolved and concluded,
that the petition aforesaid be referred to Messrs. van Ommeren and other their High
Mightinesses' Deputies for the affairs of the West India Company, to inspect, examine and
report thereupon.
Resolution of the States General hi the suit of Mr. van der Capelle.
[ From the Eegister of West India Affairs, 1652 —1663, in the Koyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Saturday, 2fi- April, 1655.
Folio 159. Read at the Assembly, a certain memoir of Mr. van der Capelle tho Ryssel,
Capelle iho Eyssei. purporting in substance, that he with those interested, had, on the 10"' April,
1653, obtained from their High Mightinesses on just complaint, a Writ of Appeal against
Petrus Stuyvesant, Director-General in New Netherland, and that the said writ was served
Stuyvesant. on tlic aforcsaid Stuyvesant and those wiioni it concerned, the prosecution
whereof at law was stayed on negotiation and in hope of a friendly settlement; whereof he
Mr. van der Capelle thought necessary to acquaint their High Mightinesses' Assembly, that
they may act accordingly and to the end that this matter may not be hereafter deemed to be
prescribed. Which being considered, their High Mightinesses accepted the foregoing as a
notification, to serve according to law.
Resolution of the States General in favor of Mr. Gahry.
[ From the Eegister of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Saturday, the 24"' April, 1655.
Folio 162. On the petition of Carel Gabry, merchant and resident at Amsterdam, it is on
Card Gabry. Consideration resolved and concluded to hereby allow and grant the Petitioner
letters to Director-General Stuvesandt in New Netherland, for the promotion of the
business he hath outstanding there.
572 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
States General to Director Stuyvesant.
[ From the Eegister of Uitgegane Brieven of Ihe Stales General, in the Eoyal ArchiyeS at the Hague. ]
The States, etc.
Polio 90. Honorable, etc. Carel Gabry, merchant and resident at Amsterdam, hath
Carol GabrT. represented to us that he proposes to visit New Netherland, in order to obtain
payment from several of his debtors there; we have, therefore, resolved hereby to recommend
and order you to afford iiim a helping hand, to the end that he may meet with good, quick,
prompt redress, and full justice in the matters he has outstanding there. Whereon relying,
&c. Done 24'" April, 16-55.
Tariff of 165.5.
[ From the Bundle entitled Teraclieide Stukken rakende de CoUmie nan Nitww NeSerlandt, in the Stad Buys, Amsterdam, No. 81. ]
Holland Documents, The Import duties according to following list corrected on the first of May, 1655,
are as follow, to wit :
Fdtnj. Beavers, Otters, Bears skins, etc. One stiver on the value of six guilders
and one-third advance; together per pound Flemish fl 1. 5J
Elk hides. Four stivers each and one-third advance ; in all per piece, 2 . 10§
Tobacco. Six stivers on the value of six guilders and one-third advance; together
per pound Flemish, S.
Ox hides and Dry hides. Three stivers each and one-third advance ; together, each, 4.
Wheal. Two guilders the last and one-third advance; together per last, 2.13. 5^
Barley. One guilder and five stivers per last and one-third advance; together
per last, 1.13. 5^
Peas and Beans. One guilder and five stivers the last, and one-third advance ;
together per last, 1.13. 5J
Lintsced. Two guilders and eight stivers the last and one-third advance; together
per last, 3. 4. 0
Rape seed a7id Hemp seed. One guilder per last, and one-third advance; together
per last, 1. 6.10§
Flax. Four stivers per hundred pounds and one-third advance ; together per
100 lbs.,...„ 5. 5J
Hemp. Nine stivers per 300 lbs. weight and one-third advance ; together per
300 lbs., 12.
Po/ash. Six stivers per hundred pounds and one-third advance; together per
100 lb., 8.
Timhcr from. Sweden and Norway. Eight stivers per last and one-third advance ;
together per last, 10.10§
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIL 573
Wainscotting. Three guilders per hundred and one-third advance; together
per hundred, fl 4 .
Pipe staves. Two stivers per one hundred and twenty-two pieces and one-third
advance; together per 122 pieces, 2.10§
Oak plank of 30 (Sl 40 feet. Two stivers per 25 feet and one-third advance ;
together each twenty feet, 2-10§
Fire wood. Three stivers for six guilders value and one-third advance ; together
per pound Flemish, 4.
Pilch; single bound. One guilder five stivers per last of 12 small tons and one-
third advance ; together per last, 1.13. 5^
Fitch; double bound. Two guilders ten stivers per last and one-third advance;
together per last, 3. 6.10|
Tar. One guilder per last and one-third advance ; together per last, 1 . 6 . 10§
Oil from round and flat seed. One guilder and five stivers per tierce (aem) and one-
third advance ; together per tierce, 1.13. 5 J
Fork. Nine stivers per three hundred pounds and one-third advance ; together
per 300 lbs., 12.
Barrel beef. Four stivers for the value of six guilders and one-third advance ;
together per pound Flemish , 5 . 5;V
Chamher at Amsterdam to the States General.
[ From the Eegister of Ingef:omen JSt-ieven, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
Folio 265. We have been for some months in daily expectation that Mr. Nieupoort,
Mr.NieapoorL Ambassador from your High Mightinesses near the Lord Protector of England
might have eflfected something in the matter of the Boundary in New Netherland between
those of this State and England aforesaid, but we have not as yet learned anything thereof.
And as the aforesaid matter demands dispatch and cannot be postponed without great
prejudice and injury to the Company, we have therefore resolved humbly to request your
High Mightinesses hereby, to be pleased, pursuant to the order hereinbefore made, and for
reasons above set forth, again seriously to recommend the forwarding of the matter aforesaid
to the abovementioned Ambassador, so that the aforesaid Boundary may be determined
without any longer delay; or in case what is above stated cannot be effected, then that the
matter may be so ordered, that the Governors or Servants on both sides in those parts may
be commissioned and authorized thereunto. Wherewith ending, we pray God Almighty that
He would be pleased to bless your High Mightinesses' persons and government ; and remain
High and Mighty Lords,
Your High Mightinesses' humble servants
The Directors of the West India Company Chamber at Amsterdam,
Amsterdam, 20"' May, ] (Signed) David van Baerle.
Received 24"" May, j ' Jacob Pergens, M^
574 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Letter.
[From the Register of West India Affairs, 1652— 1663, in the Royal Archives at the Hague]
Monday, 24'" May, 1655.
Folio 165. Received a letter from the Directors of the West India Company, Chamber at
Amsterdam, dated the 20"" instant, stating in substance that they have been for some months
Boundary of New '" daily expectation that Mr. Nieupoort, their High Mightinesses' Extraordinary
Netheriand. Ambassador to the Protector in England might have effected something there
in the matter of the Boundary in New Netlierland between those of this State and
England, but tliat they had not yet heard anything concerning it. Which being considered,
and it being observed that the aforesaid matter demands dispatch and cannot be delayed
without great prejudice and injury to the aforesaid West India Company, it is resolved and
concluded, that the said Ambassador Nieupoort shall be again written to, that he still duly
perform all good and effectual duties and offices, pursuant to their High Mightinesses' previous
orders, to the end that the aforesaid Boundary may be determined there without further delay,
or in case the abovementioned should not be effected, that then the matter may be so directed
that the Governors or Servants in New Netherland aforesaid may be commissioned and
authorized thereunto on both sides.
States General to Ambassador Nieupoort.
[ From the Register of Uitgega/ne Brieven of the States General, in the Eoyal ArehiTea at the Hague. ]
The States, etc.
Folio 110. Honorable, etc. We herewith send you both the accompanying extracts of our
Nethertand? "'" Resolutious, as well respecting the Boundary between those of England and those
of this State, in New Netherland, as regarding the superscription or placing the name of the
Lord Protector upon the letters which His Higliness should write to us; together with some
accompanying authentic copies of a few letters written to us at the time by the King of
England; requesting you to regulate yourself precisely in strict accordance with the tenor
of both the aforesaid our resolutions. Whereupon relying, etc. Done 24"" May, 1655.
Chamber at Amsterdam to the States General.
[ From the Original, in the Royal Archives at the Hague ; File, 'Went Indie. ]
High and Mighty Lords-!
Whereas, we have learned since writing our last to your High Mightinesses, on the SO""
instant, for the dispatch of the Boundary in New Netherland, that some Commissioners are
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VII. 575
expected immediately here from England, from the Lord Protector there, for the consideration
and completion of ail remaining and unfinished business between this State and his Highness,
we, therefore, could not omit by this opportunity most humbly requesting your High
Mightinesses to be pleased to write to Ambassador Nieupoort, at present there, and to instruct
him, to make linown there the said Boundary of New Netherland along witii the other points
which remain open, and to have the Lord Protector's Commissioners, who are coming here,
authorized there fully to dispose of and to terminate the said Boundary here, which we
ardently desire. Herewith,
High and Mighty Lords, we shall pray Almighty God, for the enduring welfare of your
High Mightinesses' prosperous Government, and remain
Your High Mightinesses' humble servants.
The Directors of the West India Company, Chamber at Amsterdam.
Amsterdam, 29 May, ] ^ (Signed) Eduard Man.
Received 31 May, j '^' Jacob Pergens.
Hesolution of the States General on the preceding Letter.
[ From Iho Kegisler of West India Affaira, 1652—1663, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Monday, the 31 May, 1655.
Folio 166. Received a letter from the Directors of the West India Company, Chamber at
Amsterdam, dated the 29"" instant, stating in substance that they had learned since writing
their last of the 20"" of this month to their High Mightinesses for the dispatch of the
New Netheriand Boundary in New Netherland, that some Commissioners from England are
expected immediately here from the Lord Protector for the consideration and
completion of all remaining and unfinished business; requesting, therefore, that Mr. Nieupoort,
their High Mightinesses' Extraordinary Ambassador in England aforesaid may be written to,
that he may endeavor so to direct matters there that the Lord Protector's Commissioners
■who are about to come here may be authorized fully to dispose of and to bring to a close
here the aforesaid Boundary and the other unfinished points. Which being considered, it is
resolved and concluded, that Mr. Nieupoort be written to for the end aforesaid.
States General to Ambassador Nieupoort.
[ From the Register of Vitgegane Brieven of the States General, in the Royal Archives at the Haijiie. ]
The States, etc.
Folio 116. Honorable, etc. We send you herewith the accompanying extract of our
West India compa- Resolutions adopted on the letter from the Directors of the West India Company,
Boundary of New Chamber at Amsterdam, dated the 29"" instant, with request that you regulate
Netherland. a ,
yourself accordingly. Wherewith ending, etc. Done 31 May, 1655.
576 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Resolution of the States General on a Letter from the Spanish Amhassador.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Eoyal Arctiives at the Hague. ]
Saturday, 10"" July, 1655.
Folio 1-3. Read at the Assembly, a certaia Memorial from the Spanish Ambassador,
sponish Ambasaa- requesting that the Magistrate of the city of Amsterdam be written to, to apprehend
SL-bastiaa Eaef. and seize the goods of Sebastian Raef, a Captain or privateer committing piracies
in the West Indies on the subjects of the Most Illustrious King, and who is at present
sojourning at Amsterdam, aforesaid; also, that the Government of New Netherland be
instructed to arrest in their harbors Joan van Kampen, his lieutenant, together with his ship
and effects, that law and justice be administered to the one and the other, for the behoof of
the interested, with infliction of exemplary punishment for the piracies they have committed.
Which being considered, it is hereby resolved and concluded to request the Lords of Holland
to recommend to the said Magistrate to administer good, brief and prompt justice in the
premises aforesaid; also, to afford the interested full justice.
Resolution of ilie States General on a Letter from the Chamber at Amsterdam.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, the 28"- July, 1655.
Folio 176. Received a letter from the Directors of the West India Company, Chamber at
Boundary of New Amsterdam, dated the 26"" instant, together with some inclosures, relating to the
Nethuriand. Bouudary in New Netherland, between the English and this State. Which being
considered, it is resolved and concluded, that the aforesaid letter and inclosures be placed in
the hands of Messrs. van der Capelle to Ryssel, and the other their High Mightinesses' Deputies,
for the affairs of the abovenamed West India Company, to inspect, examine and report thereon.
Don Estevan de Gamarra y Contreras to the States General.
[ From th« Origlaal, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; File, Spanje. ]
[TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH.]
The undersigned Ambassador of Spain, represents to Messrs. the States General, that
notwithstanding their Lordships were pleased, on the request he had made in his Memorial of
the 10"" of July last, to order the Magistrate of the city of Amsterdam, to apprehend the
person and effects of Captain Sebastian de Raeff, who, on his own confession, (exhibited
at the same time to their Lordships in an authenticated form,) acknowledged having
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VII. 577
committed piracies in the West Indies on the subjects of the King, his master, and that his
Lieutenant Jan van Campen continued the same robberies with his ship, and by his orders ;
having among other things captured near the Island of Jamaica, after a bloody engagement, a
Spanish ship which he carried into and sold with all its cargo at. New Netherland, according
to the allegations of divers authentic affidavits; and Juan Gallardo Ferara, a native of St.
Lucar de Barrameda, and pilot of said ship, was particularly interested in said prize, having
lost, exclusive of many articles of considerable value, nine negroes, his own property, and
thirty-six others, the property of Antonio de Rivera, who were under his care. Yet their
Lordships' just resolution was of no avail, inasmuch as the said Pirate, having been released
by the Magistrate of Amsterdam from the prison in which he had been confined for 4 or 5
months on his own sworn security, contrary to all form of law, notwithstanding the objections
of his Majesty's Consul, resident at Amsterdam, without any punishment for the robberies
and crimes he confessed he had committed, returned in the month of April to New Netherland,
doubtless for the purpose of their continuing his piracies with his Lieutenant, or at least
withdrawing himself from the chastisement he knew he merited ; so that the said Juan
Gallardo has not been able to obtain any other satisfaction than an act, copy whereof is
annexed, from Sieur Grand Escoutette of the said city, who promises to have justice done him,
when the Pirate will return thither. But having been notified, apparently, by his wife or
friends of this promise, he will take very good care not to return to these Provinces, where
said Gallardo has been, in vain, waiting several months for him at considerable expense, their
Lordships are most earnestly entreated and required to be pleased to dispatch requisitory
letters in favor of said Juan Gallardo, addressed to the Governor or Magistrate of the said
New Netherland, to arrest said Captain Sebastian de RaefF(aIias Martin Bastiaenssen), with
his Lieutenant Jan van Campen, on their arrival at the port of said country, where 'tis stated
they ordinarily retire with their plunder; to seize their ships and effects for the satisfaction
and indemnification of said Gallardo, and other his Majesty's subjects interested in their
prizes, and afterwards to send both those Pirates prisoners to these Provinces for trial and
exemplary punishment as disturbers of the public peace, with orders, in case the Pirates should
not be found there, to cause to be restored without delay to said Juan Gallardo, (as law and
justice dictate, leaving to the purchasers their recourse against those Pirates,) his nine Negroes,
and all the others he will recognize there belonging to the said prize, especially the thirty-six
the property of Antonio de Rivera, devolved to his Majesty in consequence of Rivera dying
intestate, having been killed with several others in the attack on said Spanish ship; and to
furnish said Gallardo with the means to enable him to transport himself with said Negroes
to Havana, or some other neighboring port belonging to his said Majesty; a demand so
equitable that the said Ambassador will not doubt but their Lordships will most willingly grant
it, as a proof that they do not approve such piracies, and to prevent the impunity thereof being
an encouragement to other new ones, to the serious prejudice of the security of commerce,
and to the disturbance of the public tranquillity.
Done at the Hague, the ll"" December, 1655.
(Signed) Gamarra.
Vol. L 73
578 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Resolution of the States General ov, the Spanish Ambassador's Letter,
[ From the Begister of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in llie Boyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Saturday, the ll"" December, 1655.
Folio 197. Read at the meeting a certain Memoir from the Ambassador of Spain,
B anish Atnbaa- Complaining of and against one Captain Sebastian RaefFand his Lieutenant Jan
'^''"'■- van Campen, for committing piracies in the West Indies on the inhabitants and
Captain Eaeff. subjects of the King of Spain, and especially for having robbed and plundered
Jan Gallardo Ferrara, at sea, of some Negroes and other goods on his voyage to Spain from the
Indies. Which being considered, it is resolved and concluded, that the aforesaid memorial be
placed in the hands of Messrs. Huygens and others, their High Mightinesses' Deputies for
conferring with the abovementioned Ambassador, to inspect, examine and report thereupon.
Amlassador Nieupoovt to the States General.
I From the Original in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; File, Enyeland. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
My Lords.
I saw a letter a few days since which was written in Plymouth the 22'^ instant, stating that
three Dutch ships, coming on private account from New Netherland, were obliged by stress of
weather to run into that port, and that in them arrived Mr. John Risen with several Swedish
soldiers, who report that three forts and whatever they possessed thereabouts had been seized
by the Dutch in those parts ; that the Savages or Indians had, at the same time, made a descent
on the Dutch Colonies, but were repulsed, and that they killed only about 30 Dutchmen and
burnt some few mean farm-houses. The aforesaid Risen had given out that it is his intention
to apply to the Swedish Ambassador here, but has not yet made his appearance. Those
three ships which are homeward bound, will be able to give the most correct information of what
has occurred. Letters have also been received from the city announcing the arrival of a frigate
called the Namptwich, which, with a man-of-war named the Assurance, had, after conveying some
merchantmen as far as the Latitude of the river of Lisbon, captured three French ships-of-war
coming from the bay of Cascais. The Namptwich frigate being the best sailer, engaged the
flagship of 30 guns, commanded by Collaert, who, previous to this, had been in the service of
the King of Spain, at Dunkirk; and the Assurance, not being as good a sailer as the other two
French ships, and knowing that the other frigate would have a difficult task, came to its
assistance, whereupon Collaert being unwilling to surrender, the English sunk the ship, but he
and 6 or 7 men were saved and brought to Plymouth. The ship the Assurance having lost her
bowsprit and foremast, went into Lisbon for repairs. The above engagement took place before
the publication of the Treaty, and consequently before the cessation of hostilities. A man-of-
war of 10 guns, commanded by one Captain Turner, under a commission from the Duke of
York, was brought into the same harbor by one of the frigates belonging to this State. With
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIII. 579
these' exceptions we have not received any news here from sea since my last despatch. The
Theologians who were appointed to give their opinion on the proposals submitted by Manasseh
Ben Israel regarding the Jews, and had not yet spoken at the previous conference, pronounced
their opinion on Tuesday last, and, as I am informed, were, for the most part, in favor of the
Jews being admitted as Merchants, but considered the public toleration of their Synagogue
to be of grave consequence. I cannot learn that anything is as yet decided, as the Lord
Protector, having heard the opinion of others, does not yet think proper to let his own
be known.
In a church of which Mr. John Simpson was formerly the Pastor, one Cornet Day did, a
short time since, in the presence of a number of people who were assembled to hear the
sermon, ascend the pulpit, and read to the Congregation a very abominable pasquinade against
the Government, which he attacked with the bitterest expressions that can be thought of; the
abovenamed Simpson afterwards climbed into the pulpit and read a text, and directed
the whole of his sermon according to the contents of the pasquinade already read by the former ;
he was thereupon arrested, but the other is not to be found ; he and Mr. Feach were formerly
detained a long time prisoners in Windsor Castle ; he was liberated on his promising to
remain quiet.
The fleet was got in readiness here with the greatest dispatch, and many are of opinion that
General Blake ^ might easily put to sea with the largest of the ships in a few weeks.
Wherewith concluding, I shall at the end of the year wish from the bottom of my heart
your High Mightinesses' laudable government, in the beginning of the New Year, all prosperity,
and ever be and remain.
High and Mighty Lords,
Westminster, Your High Mightinesses'
the last day of the year 1655. most humble Servant,
Received 6"" January, 1G5G. (Signed) Will" Nieupoort.
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Letter.
[ From the Register of 'West India Affairs, 1652 — 1G03, in the Koyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, C"- January, 1656.
Folio 193. Received a despatch from Mr. Nieupoort, their High Mightinesses' Extraordinary
Hienpoort. Ambassador in England, written at Westminster the 31 December last, together
with two letters from him of the same date to Secretary Ruysch, along with an inclosure
Swedes expelled advising amoug other things that some Swedish Soldiers had arrived in England
laad. from NewNetherland, who were expelled thence by those of this nation. Which
being considered, it is resolved and concluded that the Presiding Chamber of the West India
Company shall be written to, to transmit information without delay, on this point to their
High Mightinesses.
' Admiral Robebt Blake. He died in IBS'?, on his return from defeating the Spanish galleons, on their way from Peru, and
was buried with great pomp in King Henry the Seventh's ChapeL See Clarendon, VI., 2843. — Ed.
580 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
States General to the Chainber at Amsterdam.
[ From the Register of UUgegane Bri&Ben of the States General, in the Royal Archives at the Hague.]
To the Presiding Chamber of the West India Company residing at Amsterdam.
The States, etc.
Folio 4. Honorable, etc. We transmit you herewith the accompanying extract of
c"ne''''over°'''fr'oS Ambassador Nieupoort's despatch, dated 31" December last, concerning the
New Netheriand. gwedish soldicrs who have come over from New Netherland, requesting and
requiring you, without delay to convey to us your information thereupon. Wherewith
ending, etc. Done, 6"" January, 1656.
Don Estevan de Gamarra y Contreras to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal Archives at the Hagoe ; File, Spanje. ]
[TEANSLATED FROM TUE FRENCH.]
The undersigned. Ambassador of Spain, not having yet received any answer from Messrs.
the States General to a Memoir he presented on the 11"" December last, requesting your
Lordships to be pleased to dispatch requisitory letters in favor of Juan Gallardo, a Spanish
Pilot, addressed to the Governor or Magistrate of New Netherland to arrest Captain Sebastiaen
de Raeff and his Lieutenant, Jan van Campen, when they will arrive at the ports of said
country, where they usually repair with their prizes, and to seize their ships and effects for the
indemnification of the said Juan Gallardo and the other his Mnjesty's subjects interested in
tiieir robberies, with orders to send them prisoners to these Provinces for trial and exemplary
punishment; and in case the said two pirates be not found, that he cause free restitution to
be made to said Gallardo, of his nine Negroes and of all the others he will recognize belonging
to the same prize, principally the thirty-six of Antonio de Rivera, devolved to his Majesty by
the decease of said Rivera intestate, leaving to the purchasers their recourse against the
pirates ; he finds himself under the necessity of renewing his urgent entreaties to your
Lordships to be pleased to accede to that request, which is founded on all justice and equity,
the more especially as the Magistrate of Amsterdam, having set the said Captain de Raeff at
liberty on simple security under oath, contrary to all form of justice, has deprived said
Gallardo and the other interested parties of the means of prosecuting their right against him
and of thereby obtaining satisfaction, in consequence of his fleeing these Provinces, and as
this poor man having exhausted his means in expenses, has not wherewithal to subsist
much longer.
Done at the Hague, the 6"' January, 1656.
(Signed) Gamarra.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIIL 581
Resolutions of the States General on the Spmiish Ambassador'' s Letter.
[ From the Eegister of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. 1
Tliursday, the e"- January, 1656.
Fouoios. Read at the Assembly, a certain additional Memoir of the Spanish Ambassador,
Spanish Ambaesa- touchiug the case of Johan Gaillardo, a Spanish pilot, against Captain Sebastian
johan Gaiiiardo. Raeph and his Lieutenant Jan van Canipen, who took from said Gaillardo his
ship and some Negroes and repaired to New Netherland ; from which (charge) the aforesaid
Raeph was set at liberty, at Amsterdam, under sworn bail. Which being considered, it is
resolved and concluded, hereby to request Messrs. the Deputies from Holland, to take
information at their convenience, upon the matter aforesaid, and acquaint their High
Mightinesses thereof.
[ From the Register of Resolutions of the States General, in the Eoya! Archives at the Hague. ]
Monday, the 10"" January, 1656.
Folio 11. The additional Memorial of the Ambassador of Spain, presented to their High
^^'""mra, Mightinesses, on the 6"" instant, respecting the case of Johan Gaillardo, a Spanish
Eaeff. pjJQj^ against Captain Sebastiaen RaefF and his Lieutenant Jan van Campen,
who took from the abovenamed Gaillardo his ship and some Negroes, and proceeded to New
Netherland, whereof the abovementioned Raeff is discharged at Amsterdam, on sworn bail, is
again brought before the Assembly ; and the same being considered, it is resolved and
concluded hereby to request and commission Mr. Vogelsangh to inform the Ambassador that
the said Captain was duly and legally discharged at Amsterdam ; copy of the aforesaid
Memoir and of that presented to their High Mightinesses on the same subject on the 11"'
December, shall be transmitted to Director-General Stuyvesant with orders, in case he find,
on due inquiry, the matter to be as narrated in the aforesaid Memorial, to send the abovenamed
Jan van Campen hither, fede ligato, and, moreover, to allow those interested in the reclaimed
slaves, to obtain good, brief, prompt and full justice.
States General to Director Stmjvesant.
[ From the Register of Uitgegane Briemn of the States General, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
To Director-General Stuyvesant, in New Netherland.
The States, etc.
Folios. Honorable, etc. We herewith send you the accompanying copies of the
Memorials presented to us by the Spanish Ambassador on the 11"" December last, and on the
Johan Gaillardo, 6"' of this mouth, respecting the case of Johan Gaillardo, a Spanish pilot, against
panis pilot. Captain Sebastiaen Raeff and his Lieutenant Jan van Campen, and we transmit
you, besides, the annexed extract of our resolutions adopted on the aforesaid Memorials, with
582 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
order and command, that you regulate yourself precisely according ^to the tenor thereof,
without in any wise failing therein. Relying whereupon, etc. Done 10 January, 165G.
Ambassador Nieitpoort to the States General.
[From the Original in the Royal Archives at the Hague; File, Engeland. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
My Lords.
A certain merchant here in London, attending to the business of the West India Company,
communicated to me, a few days ago, a letter from Mr. Stuyvesandt, Director-General of New
Netherland, handed to him by Mr. Johan Rising, late Governor for the Crown of Sweden, on
the South River of New Netherland aforesaid, wherein the abovenamed Stuyvesandt writes
that he had, on the express order and instructions of the Directors of the Incorporated West
India Company, lately reduced the said South River, under that Company's obedience; with
a formal Capitulation, whereby it was stipulated, that the skipper with whom the abovenamed
Johan Rising and the factor Henrick Elswyck, should sail, was instructed to land them In
France or in England, and that Director-General Stuyvesandt was to loan or furnish the former
exchange for the sum of three hundred pounds Flemish, for the prosecution of his voyage,
&c., which the abovenamed Rising coming here to London from Plymouth, at once demanded
from the said merchant.
No news has been received here from sea since my last, from any quarter, nor from Scotland
or Ireland, and nothing worth mentioning has occurred since Christmas day. Vice-Admiral
de Ruyteri is highly praised for having befriended the ships of this nation, and so valiantly
attacked the enemies of all Christendom. The Lord Protector with the Council held a special
day of Fasting and Thanksgiving on the day before yesterday, and I am assured that about forty
first class ships will be ready for sea within a month, among which will be the large frigate
the Naschij and the ship Resolution, each carrying over eighty guns and five hundred men. I
am informed that General Blake will go in the first, and Vice-Admiral Lawson in the second ;
Major Bourne is to be employed as Rear-Admiral of the aforesaid fleet. I am, moreover,
' Michael Adriaensz, Duke de Rujter, Lieutenant-Admiral-General of the United Provinces, was born at Flushing, in 160*7.
He entered the navy at the early age of 11, and from being a common sailor rose to the head of his profession. Whilst only
captain he defended'Dublin against the Irish ; made several voyages to the West Indies and Brazil, and being Rear-Admiral, waa
sent in lfi41, to aid Portugal against Spain, where he acquitted himself with much distinction. He next defeated the Barbary
pirates at Salee, and in 1653, commanded under Van Tromp, the Duteh fleet, with which he three times engaged the English.
In 1655, he proceeded to the Mediterranean, where he captured and hung the famous renegade, Amand de Dias. In 1659,
he served against Sweden in the war between that power and Denmark, and so highly did the latter State appreciate
De Ruyter's services, that it conferred a pension on him, and ennobled himself and all his family. In 1661, he captured a Tunis
vessel, and liberated eighty Christian Slaves whom he found on board ; so high did he stand in 1665, that he was elected
Lieutenant-Admiral, and in 1666, after having gained a great victory over the English, was promoted to be Lieutenant- Admiral-
General, the highest rank he could reach, the Governor of Holland having been ex-officio Admrial of the Dutch Navy. He
continued to distinguish himself by many brilliant actions until 1676, when he was mortally wounded in an engagement with
the French off Sicily. His remains were conveyed to Amsterdam, where the States caused a superb monument to be erected
to his memory. Moreri. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIII. 583
informed h.y reliable authority, that full fourteen or fifteen good ships are gone quietly from
time to time, some before some afterwards, to the West Indies with all sorts of stores, so that
they hope to have their fleet in those parts sufficiently reinforced to make head against any
hostile demonstration. I am told that a hundred and twenty cavalry, selected froni all the
regiments of horse, entered the city on the day before yesterday, who are to serve under a
cornet, as a mounted guard to the Lord Protector; they are all disciplined men, who have
served at least seven years, and each of them, as I'm informed, is allowed a servant and four
shillings sterling a day. The Lieutenant of the former body guard, consisting of forty persons,
mostly gentlemen, is appointed Captain of the corps. The Majors General in the respective
Provinces, continue according to their instructions, to provide against new disturbances,
whereby many have been brought into great difficulties. Nothing further has been done
respecting the proposals of the Jews.
Wherewith ending, I wish your High Mightinesses all happiness and prosperity, and shall
always be and remain,
High and Mighty Lords,
Your High Mightinesses' Most humble servant,
Westminster,?)
^ . 1 .<, >• January, 1656. (bigned) Wil"" Nieupoort.
Received 13 I •' \ d /
Chamber at Amsterdam to the States General.
[ From th9 Original in the Koyal Archives at the Hague ; File, West Indie. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
We yesterday received your High Mightinesses' letter of e"" instant with the accompanying
extract of Ambassador Nieupoort's despatch dated the 31 December last. In answer thereunto
we state, that in the month of May, 1654, one John Ryssen who represented himself
as being commissioned by the Crown of Sweden, arrived, with a certain ship and some people,
in the New Netherland province of the Incorporated West India Company of this country ;
and there, contrary to the law of nations, made himself master of the aforesaid Company's
fortress named Casimier,^ situate on the South River, and thus dispossessed us of a place which
we had occupied for many years in peace and quietness. Being advised thereof by the
Director-General, we chartered the ship the Waeg last year from the Worshipful Burgomasters
of this city, and sent off some soldiers in her to recover the aforesaid fort from the said Jan
Rysen, and to bring it under the Company's obedience. This being accomplished, he
resolved to repair hither with some people, and embarked on board one of the three ships,
which having sailed from New Netherland, first ran into Plymouth in England by contrary
winds, and now have arrived in the Texel. The papers and documents were handed us, for
the first time, to-day, so that we have not yet had any opportunity to examine them.
Notwithstanding, we could not omit advising your High Mightinesses of what precedes in order
that pursuant to your request, the earliest information may be furnished ; yet we offer to be
prepared to submit to your High Mightinesses a full report of what has occurred, should you
consider it necessary. Wherewith,
= Now, New Castle, Del. — Ed.
584 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
High and Mighty Lords, we shall pray God Almighty for the continual welfare of your
High Mightinesses' prosperous government, and remain
Your High Mightinesses' humble Servants,
The Directors of the West India Company, Chamber at Amsterdam.
Amsterdam, this 13 1 ^ (Signed) J. Bontemantel.
„ . , , . y January, 1656. \ o > , „,
Iteceived 15 j ■'' Abr. Wilmerdonx.
Resolution of the States General on the jyreceding Letter.
[From the Register of West India AtTairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague.]
Saturday, the 15"" January, 1656.
Folio 199. Received a letter from the Directors of the West India Company, Chamber at
Swedes in New Amsterdam, dated the 13"" instant, in answer to their High Mightinesses'
Neiheriand. despatch of the G"" lustant, and consequently information relative to the expulsion
of some Swedish soldiers from New Neiheriand. Which being considered, the Provinces have
requested copy of said letter, and the same is hereby granted them.
Resolution of the States General calling for a Report on the Expulsion of the Sioedes
from the South River.
[ From the Eegister of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Tuesday, the IS"" January, 1656.
F0110199. Upon consideration, it is resolved that the Directors of the West India
Company, Chamber at Amsterdam, shall be written to immediately to draw up
Pwedes in New r j ' j r
Netheriaud. ^^^ transmit to their High Mightinesses, the report or relation respecting some
Swedish soldiers arrived from New Netherland, more fully mei>tioned in their last letter of the
• . . . instant.
States General to the Chamber at Amsterdam.
[ From the Eegister of Uitgegane Srieven of the States General, in the Eoyal Arohives at the Hague. ]
To the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company.
The States, etc.
Folio 11. Honorable, etc. We have resolved hereby to request and require you to
prepare immediately and to transmit to us the Report or Relation respecting the expulsion of
6w?dUh""'eoidTr8 some Swedish soldiers from New Netherland, more fully mentioned in your last
from New Nether- jgj.^gj. g^^^ ^^ yg_ Relying whereupon, etc. Done 18 January, 1656.
[SECRET CASE.]
WEST INDIA COMPANY
EEPOET
AMSTERDAM CHAMBER OF THE WEST INDIA COMPANY,
PAPERS AND CORROBORATIVE DOCUMENTS THEREUNTO BELONGING,
RESPECTING
THE SWEDES
WHO HAVE ARRIVED FROM NEW NETHERLAND.
Received the 28th January, 1C5C.
[Case L. A., Locket U., No. 9. ]
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIIL 587
Extract from the Register of the Secret Re-solutions of the High and Highly Lords
Slates General of the UniUd Netherlands.
Friday, 28 January, lG-56.
[ Omitted; being duplicate of Resolution, post, p. 609. ]
Chamber at Amsterdam to tlie States ^General.
[ From the Original In the Eoyal Archives at the Hagne ; Sicretekaa of the States General ; Division, West Indische CompagnU, No. 9.]
Secret.
High and Mighty Lords.
In our provisional answer of the IS"" of this current month to your High Mightinesses
despatch of the 6'"' instant concerning the Swedes who have arrived from New Netherland, we
offered to furnish a further Report of what occurred there, which we have since had prepared
with the proper verifications; and have resolved to transmit herewith to your High
Mightinesses with an humble request, that on considering them, the circumstances of the case
and the reasons thereunto appertaining, you will please not to take it ill of the Company, that
it had so far regarded the honor of this Slate as to evince at last some resentment at the several
affronts, injuries and damages perpetrated against us by the Swedes in the aforesaid district,
and that we have provided, as far as it lay in our power, that the unheard of and hostile
usurpations of that nation be afforded no new occasion to attempt, unhindered and at their
pleasure, similar invasions of the Company's possessions, as daily experience hath sufficiently
taught. We farther pray your High Mightinesses to allow yourselves to be persuaded to grant
the Company the needful assistance, so that this noble Province which hath begun to prosper
right well in trade and agriculture, and would, under other circumstances, be very useful, and
serve even as a granary to this State, may not come to decay, and thus be only a burthen
which otherwise would be a means of such notable profit. Wherewith praying God Almighty
to be pleased to bless your High Mightinesses' persons and government, we remain
High and Mighty Lords,
Your High Mightinesses' Humble Servants,
The Directors of the West India Company, Chamber at Amsterdam.
Amsterdam, this 24 ) ^ (Signed) J. Bontemantel
r> ■ A OQ r January, 1656. r. n
Received 28 •' Dauid van Baerle.
Secret.
Deduction or Clear and precise Account of the Condition of the South river,
situate in New Netherland, and of the unseemly proceedings of the Swedes
there: presented to the High and Mighty Lords States General of the
United Netherlands. Received SS"" January, 1656.
The Incorporated West India Company of this country took possession, in the year 1626,
among other places, of the South river situate in New Netherland, and there erected or
588 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
caused to be built, two posts or fortresses ; the one and the largest called Nassau, 16 leagues
up the river on the east bank, being their southern frontier; and the other named Bevers
reede, down the river on the west bank, about the lands of the Schuylkil ; a place wonderfully
convenient and so called on account of the Beaver trade which was prosecuted there to a
considerable amount with the natives and Indians.
The Company also bought, or caused to be bought from the natives and owners, about
the same time, many lands, in order thus to be able, as first discoverers and possessors, to
settle this river more peaceably, quietly and with greater right.
This South River was deemed the finest of all North America, being wide, deep and
navigable ; also greatly abounding in fish, especially in plenty of sturgeon, from the roe of
which caviar in vast quantity can be manufactured.
The soil hereabouts, and on both sides of said river, is very fertile and the most part of it
exceedingly well adapted for tillage and grain ; it also produces various descriptions of fruits.
Thousands of Beavers can be bought here and around the Schuylkil, or Bevers reede, the
Company's constructed Redoubt, which are brought down in great abundance by the Southern
Indians (called Minquas) and by the Black Indians, so that this river has been always held in
great esteem and repute by the Company and its Agents, on account of its fitness and great
convenience both for Trade and Agriculture.
This River had been for many years in the peaceable and quiet possession of the Company
until, at length, a certain person named Pieter Minuyt, forgetful of the benefits conferred on
him by the Company, whose Director he had been in New Netherland, cast his eye upon it.
But not knowing under what pretence to go there, he proceeded to Sweden and having, as
'twas asserted, obtained a Commission from that Crown, transported himself thence forthwith to
the South River with one or two ships and some Swedes, the most of whom were banditti, where
in the year 1633, and consequently full twelve years after the Company had come there, he
had a fort erected called Christina, about five @^ six leagues below the Company's fort Nassau,
notwithstanding as first discoverers and possessors of the aforesaid river, the latter had caused
its Servants to protest repeatedly against them ; as appears by divers letters of their Director
Willem Kieft, extracts whereof are hereunto annexed under N° 1.
The land named the Schuylkil, where, as already mentioned, fort Bevers reede stands, was
purchased from the right owners and principal Indians in the year 1633, by Arent Corssen,
the Company's Servant, and conveyed to the Company, which conveyance the aforesaid Indian
Chiefs did also, in the year 1648, renew and confirm, as can be seen by the Deed and
conveyance annexed, N° 2. The Swedes, notwithstanding, have erected a fort on these
grounds and streams so indisputably belonging to the Company, namely, on the point of the
Shuylkil aforesaid, by them called Kievit's hook, and moreover built there also a trading house
right in front of the gate of the Company's fortress Bevers reede, not a rod from the gate,
whereby our people were wholly shut out from the sight of the road, so as the better to deprive
the Company of the Beaver trade, whereunto they directed all their efforts, and so ruined the
trade, that it has become unprofitable to the Company, to its serious damage and loss. And
although the Company had, on account of these intolerable and insufferable proceedings,
sufficient cause to drive the Swedes thence, which could then have been easily effected, yet
neglecting so to do for peace sake and in order to obviate any trouble between both nations,
it only protested, as before.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIIL 589
The Swedes, disregarding all our protests, have abused, scoffed and arrogantly treated this
forbearance on the part of the Company's Servants ; for, having erected a third fort, named
Elsborgh, on the eastern bank of the river, they became so insolent, that they not only
overhauled there the sloops and boats provided with the Company's commission, and obstructed
them on their voyage, but even, under pretence of inspection, took therefrom the best [skins]
to the serious damage of the people and the gross contempt of this State and of the Company,
who, by virtue of first discovery, had so righteously possessed and owned this river ; and John
Prints, the Swedish Governor, did not hesitate repeatedly to say, that the aforesaid little fort
Elsborg was placed there for the purpose of shutting up the river.
The Swedes, who were daily increasing in numbers and arrogance, have not only charged
their people not to trade with the Company's settlers nor to pay them their debts, but also
strictly forbade our settlers aforesaid to make any bouweries, plantations or gardens between
their trading house and the Company's fort Bevers reede, though it was many years before the
arrival of the Swedes there, the Company's own and indisputable land, purchased from tlie natives
and right owners, and by Deed conveyed to the Company as aforesaid. Which, notwithstanding,
their intolerable insolence became so excessive, that contrary to all public law, they by force
broke down and wholly destroyed the houses, plantations and gardens already erected and
made on the aforesaid Company's own lands, to the further contempt of this State and Company,
and to the serious injury and damage of those who, as subjects, had repaired and settled there
under their High Mightinesses' and the Company's protection ; as more fully appears by divers
papers and documents received from New Netherland, and among the rest by a certain
Remonstrance presented there by the said subjects to Petrus Stuyvesant, the Company's
Director; copy whereof is annexed, N° 3.
It is sufficiently apparent from all these unheard of and insufferable proceedings, that their
intention was thus to dispossess and unseat the Company from the entire river. Wherefore,
Director Stuyvesant was under the necessity of proceeding thither in person in the year 1G51,
for the preservation and protection of the Company's right and jurisdiction, and for the
maintenance of its inhabitants ; where being arrived, he, by letters and messengers made
known and caused to be communicated to Johan Printz, the Swedish Governor, the right the
Company had, by virtue of first discovery and taken possession, generally to the aforesaid
river, confirmed and rendered indisputable by the purchase of divers lands, including the
Schuylkil district, which purchase and conveyance was effected many years before the coming
there of the Swedes, as is to be proved by deeds and conveyances; requesting him, therefore,
to show in like manner by similar evidence, what lands there had been purchased by him or
his, and vrere, consequently, conveyed to them by the natives and proprietors.
The result was only a simple writing, wherein the aforesaid Governor designated the
Swedish limits wide and broad enough ; but without any justification or proper proof; having
recourse to the subterfuge that the deeds of the purchase and conveyance of the acquired
lands there, were not at hand, but in the Chancery at Stockholm, where, he said, he had
indeed seen them.
'Twas shortly after made manifest, that these subterfuges were destitute of truth, for said
Governor then for the first time tried to buy from a certain Sachem or Indian chief, named
Waspangzewan, such lands as he already occupied, and insisted were included within his
limits. VVhereunto the said Indian chief not being willing, refused because, as he said, the
Swedes had so long occupied the aforesaid, his lands, partly against his will and by force,
590 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
without having ever given him the least satisfaction ; as said chief had himself, in presence of
divers respectable persons declared both verbally and in writing to Director Stuyvesant; to
whom he then presented, and in due form conveyed for the Company, as a perpetual and
hereditary possession, his lands aforesaid, with their kills and superficies, so unjustly
and forcibly occupied by the Swedes, situate both on the east and west shores, and on the
east shore beginning from the Naricon creek, extending in a westerly direction down the river
unto iMaetsingsing, and on the west shore beginning from a certain creek called Neckatoesing,
extending from the river westward unto Seltoen scene, otherwise called the Minquaas kill,
where the Swedish fort Christina stands. All which can be more fully and clearly seen in the
aforesaid written declaration, and in the deed and conveyance of said lands; authentic copy
whereof is annexed hereunto, N" 4
Notwithstanding all this, and for still further peace and security, the said Director Stuyvesant
sent for all the other Indian chiefs yet dwelling about the aforesaid river, and who were owners
of the lands situate thereabouts, and in presence of divers persons, according to their annexed
written declaration No. 5, proposed to them some questions ; among the rest, he divers times
distinctly and in express terms, had the question put to them, Whether they had ever sold or
given any lands there to the Swedes, as these alleged? All of whom thereupon unanimously
and positively answered, No ; only the ground on which the Swedish fort Christina stood, and a
certain garden to plant tobacco. Declaring further, that they gave the Company all the land,
from the aforesaid fort Christina down to Boomijes hook, being some leagues, to do therewith
as it pleased. Politely thanking them therefor, the said Director preferred making them
satisfaction and a present in return, which they also have specially and as satisfaction accepted,
as may be seen by the deeds thereof, executed in due form under the signature of their own
hands; copy of which is hereunto annnexed, N° 6.
This being thus done for the prevention of further trouble and for the removal of all possible
pretexts the Swedes might set up, Director Stuyvesant found it necessary for the greater
security of the Company's jurisdiction and the protection of its people, to build another fort on
the said river, and to raze Fort Nassau, which lay too high up and at too inconvenient a
distance. And selecting for that purpose a tolerably suitable spot on the Company's own
land, conveyed by deed as aforesaid, about a league from the Swedish fort Christina, and
havingcompleted the fort which he called Casimir, and provided it with a garrison and munitions
of war, according to circumstances, the aforesaid Director before his departure, had divers
verbal conferences with Johan Printz, the Swedish Governor, and they mutually promised
not to commit any hostile or vexatious acts against one another, but to maintain together all
neighborly friendship and correspondence, as good friends and allies are bound to do.
Afterwards, this Swedish Governor being gone, and the affairs of the Swedes there goino-
to decay, in consequence of not having received any assistance, those who were still
remaining in those parts caused application to be made to Director Stuyvesant that the
Company would protect and take them under its care and guardianship, offering for that
purpose to behave as inhabitants and subjects of this State ; as is to be seen by the annexed
extract of said Director's despatch, dated 0''' October, lb53, N" 7. And although many would
have seized that opportunity thus to be rid of them and to be master of those who, by force
and contrary to repeated protests, had settled there, and at whose hands they had, in addition,
suffered so many affronts, injuries and losses, yet such was not done, but the. said Director
even did not want and was unwilling to accept this their offer of removing under the
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIII. 591
Company's obedience, merely in order to prevent and obviate all difficulties and complaints
which might be made and put forth in this country about the matter.
This civility and peaceable proceeding done with so good and upright a meaning and intention,
met wfith a very ill return; for afterwards in the month of May of the year 1654, came a
Swedish ship full of people into the aforesaid South River, with a new Governor who, contrary
to all right and reason, forcibly made themselves masters of the Company's newly erected fort
Casimir, stripped the Company's people and soldiers, who were but few in number, of their
ariiis and thrust them forth, and obliged and forced the free men to take the oath of allegiance to
the Swedish Governor, as they were not resolved to leave all their property there ; as further
is to be seen by the copy of the collected affidavits thereof made, and by the annexed extracts
of the letters of Director Stuyvesant and Gerrit Bicker, late commandant of said fort Casimir,
N-S.
Making themselves, in this wise, wholly masters of that fine and navigable river, to wliich
they never had any pretention nor right, inasmuch as the Company had, before the arrival
of any Christian Nation there, taken and caused to be taken possession thereof full 12 years
before the coming of the Swedes; which possession was further confirmed and rendered
indisputable by prior and legal purchase of many and divers lands made over to them by
proper deeds and conveyances, as already sufficiently proved ; so that the Swedes cannot justify
this atrocious and unheard of action by any just pretext or appearance in the world, as the
new Swedish Governor also seems sufficiently to admit in his letter which he wrote on this
subject to Director Stuyvesant; for he says, that this is a matter of greater importance than
will be able to be adjusted by servants who as he observes — and this is to be remarked —
must only obey orders ; excusing this his improper proceedings by the commands which he
had hereunto received from the Crown of Sweden ; as is to be seen by the annexed extract of
said letter, N" 9.
The Director-General of New Netherland (who was, at first, greatly pained by this affair,
as he received nothing but threats in reply to Iiis friendly demand for restitution.) found it
expedient to resent this wrong last year, on receipt of the reinforcement sent hence. And
thereupon departed with his supplementary force for the South river, and with God's help,
reduced, without bloodshed, the aforesaid fort Casimir again under the obedience of this State
and Company, on the 11"" September, 1655, according to the annexed Capitulation, N" 10.
And as the Governor of Fort Christina, named John Rising, so unjustly filched the
possession of the aforesaid fort in the year 1654, from this State and the Company, as already
narrated, and as nothing was to be expected but that he would undertake a similar attempt
after the departure of the aforesaid Director-General, the latter, therefore, summoned the
aforesaid Fort Christina, and obtained possession thereof in like manner, without any
bloodshed, on the So"" of the same month, according to the capitulation hereunto annexed,
N" 11.
And though the aforesaid action, according to the law of nations and for divers reasons,
could be maintained and defended, the Company, nevertheless, in order to show and to declare
before all the world that it does not seek enmity with any one, nor ask aught belonging to
another, but only endeavors to maintain and defend its own, allowed on the same day an offer
in writing to be made, to restore the said surrendered Fort Christina to the said John Rising
on honorable and reasonable conditions to be sworn to and solemnly fulfilled by him and his
officers as Agents on the behalf of her Royal Majesty of Sweden on the one part, and the
592 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Director-General and Council, as Agents of this State and the Company, on the other. But
this offer was rejected by said John Rising, on pretence that the matter was not within his
attribute, and he preferred to adhere to the Capitulation which had been concluded.
Appendix 1. Received 28 January, 1656. Secret.
Extracts of divers letters written by Wiilem Kieft, late Director in New-
Netherland, to the Managers of the Incorporated West India Company,
Chamber at Amsterdam, viz' : —
Of a letter dated 2S«'' April, 1638.
The assistant of Fort Nassau writes that Minuyt was at the South river and had sent his
sloop above the fort. He would, afterwards, again go up, which our people prevented. And
Peter Mey sailed down aboard of him, demanding to see his commission which he refused to
exhibit, saying he will build a fort there, and his Queen had as much right there as the
Company. I have sent Jan Jansen, the Commissary of tlie fort tliither, and instructed him,
in case Minuyt should attempt anything to our prejudice to protest against him in due form.
I hourly expect news from there, etc.
Of a letter dated 31 July, 1638.
Minuyt erected a fort on the South River five leagues from ours; attracted all the peltries to
himself by means of liberal gifts ; departed thence with his two attendant ships, leaving 24 men
^^^^^;;^^^c;-. in the fort provided with all sorts of goods and provisions ; had posts set up with
C. R. S. these letters. Jan Jansen, the Commissary at Fort Nassau had protested
by my orders, to which he gave an answer, copy whereof is annexed hereunto. We
subsequently sent from this place thither a draught of a protest which was read to him,
whereunto he would not answer. This proceeding is highly prejudicial to the Company, etc.
Of copy of a certain letter, without date.
In regard to the South River, affairs remain in the same position as last year. Trade there
is of small amount, because the Swede, by underselling, had depressed, and continues still to
keep down the market; to behold this contentedly, to be thus hectored, deprived of the trade
and robbed of our land, is a vast annoyance, &■".
Of a letter dated 2 October, 1639.
Fort Nassau in the South River is a heavy charge to the Company; both on account of the
strong garrison and the sloop. We see no means of lessening it on account of the Swedes who
have settled five leagues from there, within our jurisdiction, though they well know that the
mouth of the river is sealed with our blood, and that possession has been taken of it, above
and below. Since their arrival there, we have fallen short full 30,000 in the trade, and still
daily suffer through their means. Should they move off, which they must soon do, if not
reinforced, we will never consent to, if we are strong enough to prevent, the settlement of any
fine within our limits, which ought to have been the case in this instance.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIIL
Of a letter dated the last of May, 1640.
The Swedes in the South River were resolved to move off and to come herp. On the day
hefore their departure, a ship arrived with a reinforcement; they have greatly injured, and
still do harm to the Company; the trade is wholly i^iined, etc.
Of a letter dated the 15"" October, 1640.
The Swedes on the South River were last spring reinforced with a ship, and fresh settlers
and goods. Otherwise, tljey were entirely agreed to come over here with our people, &e.
We shall treat the Swedes with all civility, although they are beginning to exhibit much
hostility, such as forcibly sailing up past our fort, trading, threatening to run off with our sloop,
and so' forth.
Appendix 2. Received 28 January, 1 656. Secret.
We, the undersigned, namely: Amattehooren, Alibakinne, Sinquees, Sachems over the
district of country called Armenveruis, situate around and on the Schuylkill, declare well and
truly to have sold to Arent Corsen, the Schuylkil and adjoining lands, for some goods, which
were not fully paid us, but as we are now fully satisfied therein, therefore we, the abovenamed
Sachems, do hereby fully and irrevocably convey and cede the same, confirming the aforesaid
sale, and are ready on all occasions to maintain and defend against all pretension and claim
to be set up to it by whomsoever, etc. Thus done, and in testimony of the truth signed by
us natives, in the presence of the undernamed witnesses. Done in fort Bevers reede in the
South river of New Netherland. Signed, marked in this manner, thereby written:
L. I the mark of Mattehooren.
the mark of Sinquees ;
the mark of Alebackinne :
(_^/^ the mark of Mechecksouivebe
(Jy the mark of Quironkehouck ;
\/\ the mark of Kaute and
[/'^ Y the mark of Wacpacvack.
Below stood : In presence of us, the underwritten witnesses, and was signed Augustyn
Heermans, Covert Loockermans, Jeuriaen Blanck, Cornells Jansen Coele, Sander Leendertsen,
all cognizant of the first contract. Lower stood. In presence of us, the Committee of the
Council, and was signed L. van Dincklage, La Montague. Beneath was: By order of the
Honorable Council, and signed : J. Hudde. Underneath was : Agrees with the original, and
signed : Cornells van Tienhoven, Secret^.
After collation, this is found to agee with the original copy, being sewed at
N° 23, in a>3ertain letter book from New Netherland, remaining in the office of the
West India Company, beginning September, 1648, and ending with September, 1650.
Vol. I.
594 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Appendix 3. Received 2S January, 1656. Secret.
Extract of a certain letter written from the South River of New Netherland, by
Adriaen van Tienhoven to Mr. Petrus Stuyvesant, Director-General of New
Netherland, dated Fort Bevers reede, 9"" November, 1648.
'Twere desirable that your Honor had once resolved to come here in person, to look once
into the condition of this river, for the Indians' do here whatever they please. The house
they erected at Fort Beversreede, is the greatest insult in the world ^at can be offered to the
Director of the General Incorporated West India Company, it has been placed about 12 @^ 13
feet from our palisades, and thereby shut us out from the sight of the water or kill. Secondly,
they have occupied all the land round about us, whereupon they have this year planted maize;
so that we, at present, have not, adjoining the fort, as much land as will this year make a little
garden; 'tis a shame for them to act thus. I trust, Sir, you will provide against it. Symon
Root hath begun to build his house, but 'tis again thrown down under foot by violence and
force, etc.
To the Valiant Mr. Peter Stuyvesant, Director-General of New Netherland, Curagao and
dependencies thereof, etc.
The undernamed good vassals and subjects, residing under the sovereignty of their High
Mightinesses the Lords States General of the United Netherlands, the patroonship of the
General Incorporated West India Company, and the government of the honorable and
valiant Director-General Peter Stuyvesandt, on the Island Ahruraime in the Schuylkil, in the
South River of New Netherland; humbly represent — Whereas, in the month of March last
we, by humble petition have set forth to your Honor the losses we have suffered by the
proceedings of the Swedes, on which petitions your Honor did not scruple, at great trouble to
repair hither for the relief of us your ever faithful subjects, which affection and as it were
fatherly care, we thankfully acknowledge. But though we with full confidence assure
ourselves of being able to dwell here on this South river aforesaid with greater security in
future, to maintain our families by our industry and diligence, yet we are, nevertheless, up to
this day, by open force and general violence obstructed in your honored commission, chiefly,
(coming to particular facts): — *
I, the undersigned Symon Root, -most humbly request dse indemnity for incurred losses
and damages; iirst, for the opposition the Swedes offered to dry building at Wigquakoing^ in
the year 1647 ; inasmuch as the throwing down the Hon*"' Company's arms, and the
destruction of the building erected by Commissary Andries Hudde, rendered it sufficiently
apparent, that further occupation there would be prevented by them.
In like manner also, in the year 1649, Lieutenant Swem Schoete and his assistants, by force
of arms, regardless of friendly remonstrances and legal protests, utterly ruined, broke in pieces
and entirely annihilated the house brought to the Mastemaeckers hook, of which the foundation
timbers were laid and the ties set up.
' Sie. Quare? Swedes.
' Now, Wicacoa, in Philadelphia. Metnoirt of the Pennsylvania Historical Society, III., pt. i., 46, 98. It is called
Wiohquaeo^g on Linstr6m's Nova Suecias Oarlfi, in T. Campanius Holm's Nya Swerige uti America, 86, 37. — Eii.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIIL 595
In like manner, I, Cornells Mourisen, have been afraid to settle, according to lawful
commission, authority and deed, on my designated place west of the Mastemaieckers hook.
Also, in June of the year 1649, Governor John Printz, with his force, hath seized by
violence the sloop called the Zeepaerl, belonging to me Juriaen Planck, and prevented my voyage.
On the last of December, in the year 1647, the aforesaid John Printz, did in like manner,
with force and violence, seize me, Jan Geraet, with my boat called the Siraen, visited the
yacht, and handled the goods in an unchristianlike manner and to the great loss and damage
of me Jan Geraet, turned them upside down ; took out my munitions of war, which consisted
of about 60 lbs. of powder and six guns, but on my promising to use them only when obliged,
returned me some powder, about 47 lbs. and three guns; the remainder he kept for himself.
Pursuing the violence aforesaid : Commissary Hudde did, in the year 1651, on the equitable
petition of the inhabitants of Fort Bevers rede, namely, Cornells Mourissen, Symon Root and
Philip Jansen, allow and point out at a certain place behind Fort Bevers rede, a small piece
of ground to plant somejgarden stuif in, which being approved by us, was utterly and at once
destroyed by an express sent down by Mr. John Printz, and the fence for the'preservation of
the'seed publicly burnt.
In like manner, did we, Peter Cornelissen and Reynier Dominicus, about the middle of
April, on the showing of the abovenamed Commissary, make preparation to build on the
abovementioned Island Harommuny, west of the Swede's plantation, and laid-^ljpe grotind
timbers and set up the ties, which are destroyed ; yea, all the entire work was cift up into
fire-wood.
In the same way, we Sander Leendertsen also had land granted to us by express command
and order of the Director-General Peter Stuyvesant oti the aforesaid Island of Aharbmmuny,
with Abraham Staets and Gerrit Hendricksen ; the land was measured by the said Commissary
on the 22°"* May, to which I Sander Leendertsen have brought my clapboards ; but the building
was forcibly prevented about the 24"' May, by the Swedish Governor's Deputies, Hendrick
Huygen and Jan Papegay, fully armed.
For wlffeh force and hindrance of our necessary business, resorted to by the Swedes, do
we, Ijoth inhabitants and sloop traders, hereby complain to your Honor and demand due
reparation for tiie same, and each for his suffered damages done him. In like manner, we
also complain to your Honor, for inasmucl> as we, the aforesaid Symon Root and Cornelia
Mourisen, have been refused payment by the Swedish subjects, on the ground that, being
subjects, they need not to pay us. In like manner, we also declare that the Swedish subjects
have stated to us, that they have been forbidden by their Governor, John Prints, to trade in
any way with us, which, also, was manifest on divers voyages. We, the undersigned do
declare all what is above written to be true and truthful, and if necessary will confirm the
same by solemn oath before all courts and judges. In testimony of the truth we have signed
this in pres^ce of the undernamed witnesses. Done in Fort Bevers rede, the 16"" July, 1651.
Was signed S R, the mark of Symon Root, Cornells Mourisen bont, Pieter Cornelissen,
Jeuriaen Planck, Philip Janssen, Jan Gerardy Ihd Sander Govertsen. Lower stood : We, the
subscribing witnesses, acknowledge and declare that the foregoing subscribers have signed,
each for himself individually, for so -much as concerns him severally. Dated as above.
"Signed, Morten Cryger, A. Hudde, L. Jansen, Abraham Staets. •
'^*
596 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
• Ajipe7idix 4. Received 23 January, 1656. Secret.
We the undersigned hereby declare and testify, with offer to confirm the same by oath on
the requisition of the valiant and honorable Mr. Peter Stuyvesant Director General of Curagao
and New NetherlSnd for and on behalf of the High and Mighty Lords States General and the
General Incorporated West India [Company,] that on the date hereof, in presence of the said
Director, did come and appear in proper person a certain Sachem or Chief well known to us,
called Wappanghzewan, who hath declared to us, who are well versed in the Indian language,
and at the same time besoughtus to interpret and make known the same to the said General, that
he Wappanghzewan about 6 days ago, was sent for by Mr. John Prints, the Swedish Governor,
who requested him to sell his lands, situate both on the east and west shores of this South River,
described and named as followeth : On the east bank Matit Conghsingh beginning at the
Nariticon Kill' and extending westerly down the river unto Maetzingsingh, and on the west
shore beginning at a certain little Kill, named Neckatoensingh, exrending westerly from the
river unto Sittoensaene, otherwise called the Minquaas Kill, where Fort Christina stands; all
which lands with their kills and superficies both on the west and on the east shores, have
always been the property of, and still belon"g to him Wappingzewan, as he declares and offers
to j)rove by the Natives; also, notwithstanding partly occupied on the west side by the Swedes
and within his, the owner's knowledge or c«nsent, partly settled, although never purchased,
nor attempted to be bought, except now 5 or 6 days ago, since we landed and began to build
here. Which aforesaid lands he, the Sachem now was not inclined to sell nor to convey tp the
Swedish^ Governor because said Governor, without acknowledging him as proprietor, had
taken the land and had, against his, the Sachem's will, and without asking permission, settled
it in part without offering him any satisfaction ; but being more favorable to the much respected
General, the great Sachem of the Manhattans, he is willing to present him the land and the
property thereof, as his friends Mattahoorn, Aquahoorn, Pemenatta and Sinquees had done
with their lands, called Taniicongh ; which, also, the aforesaid Sachem Wagj^angzewan
effectually and indeed hath performed, in the presence of all of us, giving and conveying, by
solemn shaking of the hand {hanttastinge) and signature, to the respected Mr. Petrus Stuyvesant,
his lands aforesaid, with all right and title thereof; accordingly substituting in our presence
the aforesaid gentleman in his real and actual possession by a free donation and gift, in further
assurance promising before us all, the aforesaid donation and free gift at all times for him and
for his successors, to uphold as valictand to maintain against all gainsay and contradiction, and,
according to (tie deed, that he will not transport nor sell to any other Nation the lands aforesaid ;
in further assurance, in order to prevent all misunderstanding thereof, he offers to go himself
in person and to point out to those whom the General may be pleased to order, where the
aforesaid lands lie ; where they begin and how far they extend ; all which we, the subscribers,
do certify to have .been, in the presence of us all, before the respected General, spoken,
executed, given and conveyed by the aforesaid Sachem Wappinghzewan, without any persuasion,
guile or craft ; and as a fyther security by Uie Sachem himself confirmed by the subjoined
mark affixed by his own hand, at Tamecongh this 30 July, 1651. Lower stood :
'^^^^ yf^~~y^ '^ ^^^ mark of the Sachem Wappanghzewan made by himsg^f.
' Raccoo'a Creek. — Ed
. HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIII. 597
(Signed ) brJkn Newton, Geo. Baxter, Daniel Litschoe, Caspar Steynmets, Reynier Dominicus,
Pieter Harmensen, the H mark of Harmen Janssen, the ^ mark of Hans Lodewycx, made
by himself.. iS- •
Beneath was: Upon collation, by me, found to agree with the original (dated and signed as
above) and
( Signed )P Cornelis van Ruyven, Secretary.
Appendix 5. Received 28 January, 1656. Secret.
\^e, the subscribers, all of competent age, namely, VVilhelmus Grasmeer, V. D. M. Cornelis
de Potter, merchant, Isaack Allerton of Suffolk, merchant, Brian Neuton, Captain-lieutenant,
George Baxter, Ensign, Isaack de foreest, Select man, do hereby certify a^d declare on the
requisition of the Noble, Valiant and Honorable Petrus Stuyvesant, Director-General of
Cura§ao, New Netherland^hat on Saturday, being the Q"" of July, new style, of this curren*.
year 1651, in our presence and view, before the said General, in their proper persons, freely
came and appeared with other natives, . inhabitants of New Netherland, three, so named
Sachems or Chiefs, by name Mattehoorn, Pemenatta and Sinquesz, who in our prjesence, on the
propositions submitted to them by the General, through the Interpreter Sander Boyer, in
presence of the undernamed witnesses, all of whom are well versed in" the language of the
Indians on this river *namely,"Andries Hudde, commissary, RoelofF de Haes, Jan Andriesz.
and Pieter Harmensen, all four free inhabitants and traders on the river, residing at Fort
Nassau, have answered substantially a^ollows and, after the same was read, confirmed it by
solemn shaking of the hands of the General and of us the undersigned.
First, the said General caused the Interpreter to ask namely Matthehoorn, Pemenattha and
Sinquessen, whether they were Chiefs and Proprietors of the lands situate on the west side of
this river at present partly incorporated and settled by the Swede? Whereunto, Matthehoorn
in the name of all, answers, that they were great Chiefs and Proprietors of tlie lands, both by
ownership and by descent and appointment of Minquaas and River Indians ; wherefore they
had power to sell and to make over the lands; and what they did, that should be done
and remain.
Secondly, it being proposed and asked by the General, through the Interpreter, what and
how much land the Swedes had bought from the Sachems or Chiefs on this river?
Mattahoorn, the Sachem, answered by asking another question. „ Why was not the Sachem
of thi Swedes present that they might ask himself, and hear him? The General's reply was,
that being invited, he was apparently unwilling to come.
The Chief Mattehoorn answered, secondly — that all Nations coming to the river were
welcome to them, and that they sold their land indiscriminately to the first who asked it.
ThiriTly, the Chief Mattehoorn declared that the Dutch nation have been the earliest comers
and discoverers of the river, who also, first of all, settled thereon among them, and that th^
have always maintained good friendship and commerce with the Dutch ; adding thereunto an
account of presents which were exchanged between them and the Dutch Nation. As a further
evidence and declaration, he also added, that one Cornelis with one eye, or a film on his eye,
was the first who joming here, made his dwelling on the river.
598 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
N. B. The aforesaid did^ot fully answer the proposition of the General, wKo then, through
his Interpreter, repeated and renewed the question in the following manner; that it was
neither his nor his nation's custom to buy or occupy any lands which were rightfully-bought
and occupied by any other nation ; he, therefore, requested, before proceeding to purchase any
more lands, first to know what lands the Swede had bought, and of whom, and what lands
were now free, and who were the ri|;ht owners. The question thus put, the Sachem
Mattehoorn made the following declaration : That when Munuit came to the country with a
ship, he lay before the Minquaas Kil, where he the Sachem then had a house and lived ; that
Minuyt then presented him with and gave him a kettle and other triffes, requesting of him as
much land as Minuyt could set a house on, and a plantation included between 6 trees, which
he, the Sachem, sold him, and Minuyt promised him half the tobacco, that would grow on
the plantation, although it was never given to him. He 'declared further, that neither the
Swedes nor any ether nation had bought lands of them as right owners, except the patch
on which Fort Christina stood, and that all the other houses of the Swedes, built at
-"Tinnecjpngh, Hingeesingh' in the Schuylkil and at other places W^re set up there against the
will and consent of the Indians, and that neither they, nor any other natives had receivecj^
anything therefor.
But that the present Swedish Governor had 3 @ 4 years ago, bought from the Mantas Indian
named Siscohoka, still living and from Mechekyralames, now dead, some land on the west
shore and set his fence thereupon, to wit, from Wychquahoyngh,^^ named by our people
Creveceur, unto about Mechechasau,^ of which lands they were not Chiefs nor Proprietors, but
one Kyckesycken, in our tongue Live Turkey.* It is confirmed by the aforesaid Sachem's
declaration, that the land which the Swede at present occupies, was bought neither by him
nor by any other nation, except where Fort Christina stands and the Schuylkil, heretofore
conveyed to Arent Corssen.
The General further asked through the Interpreter whether they, the Sachems were, then,
right owners of that land at present occupied by the Swede on the west shore, and further
westward to the Bay or mouth of the river, and whether they will sell the aforesaid land that
still remains unsold. The answer of the aforesaid Sachems was : If we sell the Great Sachem
of the Manhattans the land from the Schuykil down to the Bay, where then will the houses of
the Swedes remain? Will the Sachem of the Swedes, then, not do us harm, on that account,
or put us in prison or beat us ; thus making, through fear, some scruple to sell the intermediate
jands occupied by the Swede. Whereupon the General made answer, that they need expect
little or no difficulty therefrom, inasmuch as the Schuylkil lands were given and conveyed 17 @
18 years ago to Arent Corssen,- which deed he, the Sachem did renew and confirm in
the years 1648, and again confirmed, so that there was no question on this head. Therefore the
aforesaid Sachems were again informed by the General, that he was not disposed to make any
trouble nor to buy any lands that were purchased by the Swede or any other nation, but what
were free and unsold. He, therefore, had the question once more put to them, whether the
lands from the west point of the Minquaas Kill down to the Bay or the mouth of the river were
free and unsold, and would they sell them to the General ? To which the Sachem answered :
Why, Sachem, do you, ask that question so often? We told you the lands are not sold to
any person.
*
' KingscsBiDg. " See note 2, supra, p. 594. ' Compare note 1, supra, p. 292.
' The Indian name seems to be a compound of the Delaware words, St/ckenem, a Turkey, and Chieke, Alive. Memoir) of
Pennsylvania Historical Society, III., pt L, 146, 149. — Ed.
• HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : VIIL - 599
After a little consultation together, the three Sachems aforesaid rose up, to wit — Mattehoorn
Pemenatta and Sinquesz, and Pemenatta spoke, saying: The Swede builds and plants, indeed,
on our lands, without buying them or asking us. Wherefore should we refuse you, Great
Sachem, the land ? We will rather present than sell the Great Sachem the land, so that, should
the Swedes again pull down the Dutch houses and drive away the people, you may not think ill
of us, and we may not draw down your displeasure ; which the General having promised and
consented, they presented him the aforesaid land*, and the Sachems^ave him and the remaining
bystanders the hand, in sign of conveyance and free gift ; to wit — the land from the west point
of the Minquaas Kil, where Fort Christina stands, called in their language Supeskongh, unto
Boompgens hook, in their language called Neuwsings. And Pemenatta, the present and ceding
proprietor, stipulates that whenever anything is the matter with his gun, it shall be repaired for
noth'ing, and when he come empty among our people, they shall remember [to give] him some
maize, and again a token of friendship. This we, undersigned, declare substantially thus
occurred before us, and by the Interpreter Sander Boyer, present with four others versed in the
Indian tongue, who confirm the same, being ready, when necessary and on being required, to
ratify this on oath. Thus done at Fort Nassau, on the South river of New Netherland, this
9 July, 1651. (Signed) Wilhelmus Grasmeer, clergyman, Cornells de Potter, Isaack Alderton,
Bryan Neuton, George Baxter, A. Hudde, Alexander Boyer, as Interpreter, Rde Haes, the ^
mark of Jan Andriesen made .by himself. Lower stood. We the undersigned declare that in
our presence the named witnesses have signed with their own hand and all are of competent
age and credible witnesses. 'Signed : Marten Cregier, Captain Lieutenant of New Amsterdam
burghess company; Abraham Staats, Surgeon and elder of Renslaers Wyck.
Under was :
Upon collation by me, this is found to agree with the original, dated and signed as
above ; and was signed —
CoRNELis VA\ RuYVEN, Secretary.
Appendix 6. Received 28 January, 1656. Secret
We Amattehooren, Peminackan, Ackehoorn and Sinquees, Sachems and right owners of the
lands situate on the west shore of the South River of New Netherland, do hereby certify and
declare, that we, for ourselves, our heirs and co-heirs of free will and weH advised inclination,
fiave this 19 July, given and voluntarily presented to Peter Stuyvesant, Chief Sachem
of the Manhatans, a certain portion of land named Tamecongh, situate on the west shore of
the aforesaid river, beginning at the west point of the Minquaas Kil, called in the Indian
tongue Suppeckongh, unto the mouth of the bay or river called Boompjes hook, and in the
Indian language Canaresse, and so far landward in as our right extends. To wit, to
the bounds and limits of the Minquaes country ; which lands were never before sold or
conveyed to any nation in the world. "» »
We, the abovanamed Sachems and proprietors, Amattahoorn, Peminackan, Ackehoorn and
Sinquees do, on the date underwitten, duly cede and convey the same, with all appendices
and dependencies thereof, unto the Sachem of the Manhatans, named Peter Stuyvesant,
Director of New Netherland for the General Incorporated West India Company, surrendering,
therefore, in presence of the undernamed witnesses. Sachems of the Minquas, to wit: Jonnay
600 • NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS:
and Tonnahoorn, Pimadaase and Cannowa Rocquaes, and the undersigned Christian witnesses,
for the behoof and at the request of the Honorable P. Stuyvesant, for the West India Company,
all actual and real possession, property, right and jurisdiction, not only for ou''selves, but also
for all our heirs and co-heirs, hereby surrogating and constituting him right Sachem and
proprietor in our place, without we, the grantors, reserving any part, right or jurisdiction in
the aforesaid lands, streams,.kills and superficies thereof, the hunting and fishing excepted. In
further assurance and testiriiony thereof, we declare before and in the presence of the
undernamed Christian witnesses and aforesaid Sachems, that we, the grantors, have, in full
satisfaction and contentment, and as a recompense and return for our lands aforesaid,
Received twelve coats of duffels, twelve kettles, twelve axes, 12 adzes, 24 knives, 12 bars of
lead, and four guns with some powder, and on condition and express terms that we shall from
now henceforth, leave the aforesaid lands, trees, fruits, kills and rivers, solely and absolutely
(the hunting and fishing excepted), to the disposal and pleasure of the aforesaid Sachem. or
Director, Peter Stuyvesant, or whomsoever shall obtain his action with express stipulations
and promise that we will not hereafter sell or transport the aforesaid lands, in whole or in
part, to any other nation, nor plant corn thereupon, except with his consent. Whereupon
we have received and enjoyed the aforesaid cargoes. All done without any guile or deceit,
and signed with our customary marks, on the land Camecouck itself; this 19 July, 1G55.
Lower stood:
-z^
this mark is made t)y Amattehoorn himself;
^^ this mark is made by Sinquees himself;
|-|-^ this mark is made by Ackehoorn himself.
Understood: We, the undersingned, all of competent age, do hereby certify and declare,
that this deed and conveyance aforesaid, was done and executed and signed by the abovenamed
Sachems in our presence, and thereupon the beforementioned cargoes were given in payment,
and received by the grantors, and we are ready to confirm the same on oath. Done as above.
(Signed,) Cornelis de Potter, Abraham Staes, Martin Kriegier, Gysbert Opdyck, Abraham
Verplanck, Adriaen Dircksen Coen, Adriaen van Thienhoven, this is the mark
Egbert van Borsum, Peter Caspersen, Joost Michielsen, Jacob Janssen buys, Wilhelmi
Grasmeer, clergyman, Daniel Michielssen.
Beneath was: Upon collation by me, is found to agree with the original, dated and signed
as above, and was
(Signed) Cornelis van Ruvven, Secretary.
of -UZ
mus^
Appendix 7. Received 28 Jaimary, 1656. Secret.
Extract of the letter written by the Director, Petrus Stuyvesant, Director General
of New Netherland, to Messrs. the Directors of the West India Company,
Chamber at Amsterdam. Dated 6 October, 1653.
The Swedes on the South river would be well inclined to repair among us, in case we will
take them under our safeguard. Hitherto and until we receive further information from your
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIII. 601
Honors, we decline their proposal, inasmuch as we know not whether it would be well or ill
received. I only request your Honors to take this matter into your further consideration, and
to communicate to us your opinion thereupon by the earliest opportunity, etc.
Appe?idix 8. Received 28 January, 1656. Secret.
Extract of the letter of Gerrit Bicker, Commandant of Fort Casimier, to Petrus
Stuy vesant, Director General in New Netherland, without date and signature.
Yesterday, the 7"" June, your Honor's very welcome letter was handed to me by Lourens
Hansen, to which this shall serve as answer.
On the last of May, I descried a sail, but not knowing what it was, sent Adriaen van
Tienhoven in company with some free men to ascertain the particulars; who unexpectedly
returned hither on the next day about two hours before the ship, with intelligence, that she
was a Swedish vessel full of people with a new Governor, and that he will have this place and
fort, as it stood on ground belonging to the Crov^n, as they alleged ; about an hour after this
news, came Captain Swen Schote with the ship's boat and about twenty soldiers, who on coming
up, I welcomed as friends, judging that if he wished to attempt anything, he would at least
give notice. But on the contrary, he made his men come quickly in with him, and at the
point of the sword, demanded the surrender of the river and of the fort. Though I complained,
I could, with difficulty obtain respite enough to send two Deputies on board to demand of the
Governor his commission and a little time for consultation ; but before the messengers had
got on board, two shotted guns were fired over the fort, as a signal ; whereupon the people
immediately were deprived of their side arms, and aim was taken to fire at them, because
they did not surrender their pieces, which were immediately torn from their shoulders; and
the guns at the bastions were forthwith manned; the messengers returning, brought word
that he would not give an hour's delay, and that he had his commission on board the ship
and that we should soon see its bullets; and the soldiers were forthwith driven out the
fort and their property detained as well as mine, and I could scarcely induce him, by
prayer, not to be turned out naked with wife and children ; and all the property in this
fort was confiscated by them; yea, the very grain, and they have hardly left me enough to
live with, etc.
The Governor asserts that Her Majesty of Sweden, hath permission from their High
Mightinesses to take prompt possession of this river.
Extract of the letter written by the Hon"' Peter Stuyvesant, Director-General
in New Netherland, to the Directors of the West India Company, Chamber
at Amsterdam. Dated 27"' July, 1654.
A ship arrived last May, in the South River of New Netherland, said to belong to the Crown
of Sweden, with some considerable reinforcements; about, as is stated, three hundred souls,
with a new Governor; who lying in front of our Fort Casimier fired two (^ three guns as a
salute. Whereupon 20 @. 30 armed soldiers landed from the ship and were duly welcomed
Vol. I. 76
602 NEW- YORK COLONIAX MANUSCRIPTS.
on shore, in front of the gate of the fort by our Commandant there, named Gerrit Bicker;
thereupon conducted through the gate, which stood open, into the fort, where being come,
they immediately divided themselves, so.ne to the bastions or bulwarks of the fort, others
overpowered the few men belonging to the Company, being at the time 10 or 12 soldiers,
and in this manner made themselves masters of the fort. Seven or eight of the Company's
soldiers have come hither with Adriaen van Tienhoven. The remainder, with Commandant
Bicker and almost all the freemen, have remained there, and taken the oath of fidelity to the
new Swedish Governor.
The fuller details of this scandalous surrender of the abovementioned fort, and the truth
thereof, your Honors can deduce from the annexed copies of depositions and unsigned letter
of the abovenamed Bicker in answer to mine, which we have received overland, etc.
Depositions.
Before me, Cornelia van Ruyven, admitted Secretary in the service of the "West India
Company, in New Netherland, appeared Adriaen van Tienhoven, aged 36 years, a native of
Breuckelen, late Clerk of the Court of Justice in the South river, who at the requisition
of Cornells van Tienhoven, Fiscal, in presence of and before the Hon"' Nicasius de Sille, first
Councillor of New Netherland, testities and declares, in place and on promise of a solemn oath,
if necessary, that it is true and truthful that by him, the deponent, and other inhabitants as
well belonging to Fort Casimier as freemen thereabout, was seen on the evening of Saturday,
being the 30"" May, a ship, without knowing whether it \vas Dutch or English, or of other
nation. Whereupon Commandant Gerrit Bicker hoisted the Prince's flag on said fort and
commanded this deponent accompanied by four freemen, namely, Egbert Gerritse, Cornells
Teunisse, Cornells Mauritz and Peter Harmans to proceed to the ship aforesaid, in order to
ascertain whence she came. And on Sunday forenoon, about S o'clock, he, the deponent,
with the four freemen, returned ashore, reporting that she was a Swedish ship, having on
board a new Governor of the Swedes, and many other people; also, that the Swedes intended
to surprize and capture said Fort Casimier for the Crown of Sweden. Thereupon, all the
freemen and the Hon'''' Company's servants addressed themselves to Commandant Bicker, and
requested him to give orders ibr defending the place. To which Bicker answered: What
should I do? there is no powder. He neither gave nor issued any order, and about eleven
o'clock in the forenoon, the Swedes landed armed, to the number of about 30 men, whereupon
Bicker went to meet them, saluting and welcoming them and led them into the fort, of
which they immediately took possession, stripping the soldiers of all their arms including their
side arms. He, the deponent, seeing that Commandant Bicker stood still, not once
demanding or asking for their Commission or order for such proceeding, turned to the
Captain of the Swedes, named Swens Schoote, and inquired of him, where his Commission
or order was? To which he, deponent, received for answer: I have nothing to do with
you ; let your commander speak. Further, he, the deponent, asked Gerrit Bicker there
present, whether he may not go aboard to see whether he might not get a sight of the Governor
John Rysingh's Commission or order; which Bicker allowed him to do. Thereupon went he,
the deponent, accompanied by Peter Ebel, Burgher Serjeant, on board and requested of the
new Swedish Governor copy of any Commission or order he might have to take forcible
possession of Fort Casimier, situate in the South river of New Netherland, and the lands
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIIL 603
belonging to the Hon""'' West India Company. Whereunto he received for answer from the
Swedish Governor, that he did so by orders from Her Mnjesty in Sweden, who, said he, had
sent Ambassadors to their High Mightinesses, to ascertain whether their High Mightinesses
had given orders and instructions to build Fort Casimier on this place, and to usurp the bounds
of the territory belonging to the Crown; whereunto, as the Governor stated, tiieir High
Mightinesses had answered, that Her Majesty must inquire of the Hon'''^ West India Company
about it; the Directors of which had also given for answer, that they had not issued any
orders for overstepping the Swedish bounds, much less for the erection of Fort Casimier;
and that they had further told the Swedish Ambassadors: If our people are in your way there,
drive them off. Thereupon, the Governor slapped him, deponent, on the breast, and said :
Go, tell your Governor that. He, the deponent, coming ashore with his companion, Peter Ebel,
found the fort beset with Swedish sentinels, as well near the guns as on the walls, and could
not enter the fort without their consent. All which he, the deponent, declares to be true and
offers to verify the same on oath, whenever necessary and on being required. Ady, ll"" June,
A" 1654. New Amsterdam, New Netherlaud. (Signed) Adriaen van Tienhoven. Lower:
Nicasius de Sille.
In Court. Adriaen van Tienhoven late Clerk of the South river of New Netherland being
legally summoned by the Fiscal, and the above written his declaration dated 11"' June A°
1654, being distinctly read to him, word for word, and being asked, on the requisition of the
Fiscal, if the aforesaid his deposition is, in all its parts true and truthful, and whether he is
prepared to confirm it, with a good conscience, by solemn oath. Thereupon Adriaen van
Tienhoven, in presence of the Fiscal Cornells van Tienhoven answered : So truly help me
God Almighty. Done Amsterdam in New Netherland, ady 16"" March A" 1655. Lower
stood. In my presence.
(Signed) Corxelis van Ruyven, Secretary.
Before me, Cornells van Ruyven, Secretary of New Netherland residing in Fort Amsterdam in
New Netherland, appeared the worthy Peter Ebel of Meckeienburch freeman, aged about 40
years, who, on the requisition of Cornells van Tienhoven, Fiscal of New Netherland, in presence
and before the Hon"- Mr. Nicasius de Sille, first Councillor, testifies and declares in place and
on promise of a solemn oath, if necessary, that it is true and certain that by him, the deponent
and other inhabitants both of Fort Casimier and freemen thereabout was seen on Saturday
evening, being the SO"" of May, a ship without knowing whether she was Dutch, English, or of
some other Nation. Whereupon the Commandant Gerrit Bicker had the flag of said fort
hoisted, and commandeed Adriaen van Tienhoven, accompanied by four freemen to proceed
to the ship, to ascertain whence she came. The abovenamed commanded person returned
from on board on Sunday forenoon, about eight o'clock, and reported that it was a Swedish
ship on board which was a new Governor of the Swedes and many other people ; also, that
the Swedes intended to surprize and capture the aforesaid Fort Casimier for the Crown of
Sweden. Thereupon all the freemen and the Hon""'^ Company's servants, or at least, a
majority of them, (he, the deponent, especially, being Sergeant of the burghers) addressed
themselves to the Commandant and requested that he would give orders for defence. To
which Bicker answered: What should I do ? He did not give nor issue any order; the
deponent requested the Commandant to allow the gates to be locked, which he did not.
About eleven o'clock in the forenoon, the Swedes, with about 30 men armed, landed from on
G04 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
board the sliip which fired shotted guns over the fort. Although advised of the designs of the
Swedes, and seeing the armed soldiers land with a Captain and Lieutenant, the Commandant,
without giving any orders to the soldiers, nor directing them to see to their arms, nor
providing them with powder, which he said he had not, went out of the fort to welcome,
receive and conduct the Swedes into the fort, of which they immediately took possession and
disarmed the soldiers to such a degree that they could not retain their side arms. This being
accomplished, the beforenamed Commandant Bicker commanded Adriaen van Thienhoven,
and requested this deponent, to go to the Swedish ship and the newly arrived Swedish
Governor to inquire and ask the reasons, and by what authority his men forcibly took
possession of, and invaded Fort Casimier, situate on the South' river of New Nelherland, for
and in the name of the Crown of Sweden. The Swedish Governor, whose name is John
Rysingh, answered that he did so by authority of her Majesty in Sweden, who, he also stated,
had sent Ambassadors to their High Mightinesses to ascertain if their High Mightinesses had
authorized and ordered to locate Fort Casimier at this place, and to encroach on the limits of
territory belonging to the Crown. To which, as t4ie Governor alleged, their High Mightinesses
answered, No. Also, that iier Majesty had addressed the West India Company, whose
Directors had given for answer, that they had not authorized the encroachment on the
Swedish limits, much less the building of Fort Casimier in the South river, and that they had
further told the Swedish Ambassadors: If our people are in your way there, drive them off.
Moreover, the Governor, thereupon, slapped Adriaea van Tienhoven on the breast with his
his hand and said : Go your way and tell your Governor that. Adriaen van Tienhoven and
he, the deponent, coming ashore, found the fort occupied, Swedish sentinels by the guns on
the walls, without whose permission they could not enter the fort. This, the deponent
declares to be true and certain, offering to verify the same by an oath if necessary and when
required. Ady. 1 1"- May A° 1G54 ; New Amsterdam. Lower stood : This is the mark P. E of
Peter Ebel made by himself in presence of the subscribing persons. Lower : Nicasius de Sille.
Before, etc., appenred Cornells Jansen Coelen, skipper of the yacht V Vliegende hart, who
deposeth and declareth the same as Peter Ebel, except that he does not know that Bicker was
requested to give orders, and that he did not hear the conversation Adriaen van Tienhoven
had with the Swedish Governor. Also, he heard the Swedish officers say ; if the soldiers will
not willingly surrender their arms, fire on them. All which he declares to be true, and
promises to verify the same on oath, if necessary. Ady 12"" June, 16-54. New Amsterdam,
Signed, Cornells Janse Coelen. Lower: Nicasius de Sille.
Before me, Cornells van Ruyven, etc., appeared Elias Emmens of Swol, aged 37 years, who,
on the requisition of the Fiscal, Cornells van Tienhoven, and in presence of the Hon'''' Nicasius
de Sille, first Councillor, deposed and declared, that he and another did, on the 30"" of May
last, see a ship, not knowing what ship she was, and that, by orders of the Commandant
Bicker, one Adriaen van Tienhoven and some free men, were sent thither to inquire what
vessel it was; who, returning, related that she was a Swedish ship, and that she had come to
seize fort Casimier, situate on the South river of New Netherland, which the Commandant
learning, he left the people with whom he then was standing, consisting of some freemen and
servants of the Company, and turning about, went away without giving or causing to be given,
any orders for the occasion. After the Commandant had surrendered the fortress, he, the
deponent, as a servant of the West India Company, requested his arms of the Commandant,
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIII. 605
which he repeatedly refused, and said, that they had fallen to the Crown of Sweden. He
declares that he does not know anything more, as he was at the time without the fort, ahout
his business. All which he declares to verify on oath when necessary and if required. Done,
New Amsterdam, 11 June, A" 16-54. Declares further, that not a handful of the grain last
sent, was distributed to any of the soldiers. Signed, Elias Emmens ZwoUang. Lower:
Nicasius de Sille.
Before me, Cornelis van Ruyven, admitted Secretary in the service of the West India
Company in New Netherland, appeared Corporal Jan Adamse, aged 28 years, a native of
Worms, who, on the requisition of Cornelis van Tienhoven, Fiscal of New Netherland, in
presence of and before Mr. Nicasius de Sille, first Councillor, testifies and declares, in the stead
and with the promise of a solemn oath, that by him, the deponent and others, both inhabitants
of fort Casimier and freemen thereabout, was descried on Saturday, SO"" May, a ship,
without knowing whether she was Dutch, English or other nation. Whereupon the
Commandant, Gerrit Bicker, had the Prince's flag hoisted, and commanded Adriaen van
Tienhoven, in company with some freemen to board said ship. Who returned and reported,
that she was a Swedish ship, and that she came to seize the fort for the Crown of Sweden,
whereupon some of the garrison repaired for orders to the Commandant for the defence of the
fort. To whom he gave for answer: What shall I do? there is no powder: although there
was plenty of ammunition, for he on a certain previous occasion, had heard Bicker's wife
say: Wherefore will people give that fine powder to the soldiers; 'tis better to barter it for
Beaver; and each got only 3 tin spoonfuls of powder. The Swedes, lauding, meanwhile,
Bicker went out of the fort to the shore, and welcomed the Swedes, whom he conducted to
the fort, offering them the precedence, which the Swedish Captain declined, and he Bicker
went before, conducting him into his quarters. And all the posts and guards were then
occupied by the Swedes, and all the soldiers disarmed to their side arms inclusive. Moreover,
Bicker caused his own boy to haul down the flag, and Bicker, himself took from him, the
deponent, all his remaining ammunition, and threw it in the garret, saying : That is now
forfeited to the Crown. When departing. Bicker requested him, the deponent, not to say
anything bad behind his back. All which he declares to be true. Signed Johannes Adams.
Lower stood: Nicasuis de Sille. In the margin is — Adi 11 June, 1G54. Amsterdam in
New Netherland.
Jan Adamse, late Corporal in the South river of New Netherland, being legally summoned
to Court, and the annexed his declaration dated 11 June, 1C54, being distinctly read to him
word for word, and being asked on the requisition of the Fiscal whether the aforesaid his
deposition is true and certain in all its parts, and if he be ready to confirm the same on oath,
with a good conscience. Thereupon Jan Adamse, in presence of the Fiscal answers. — So
truly help me God Almighty. Done, Amsterdam in New Netherland, this 16"" March A"
1655. Lower stood : In my presence, and
(Signed) Cornelis van Ruyven, Secretary.
Appeared, etc. Hendrick Siliacquis of Groeningen, aged 44 years; testifies to all that Jan
Adamse hath declared, except that he did not hear Bicker's wife say, that it was better to trade
the powder for Beaver, than to give it to the soldiers. Item, that his arms were not taken
away by Bicker. He declares further, that he knows, that divers munitions of war, consisting
of powder, lead, iron, etc., were sent and received from time to time, inasmuch as he, himself,
606 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
as soldier of tbe fort, did help to bring it up; which the deponent declares to be true, under
offer of oath. This 11 June, 1654; New Amsterdam. Signed: Hendrick Siliacques. Lower:
Nicasius de Sille.
Hendrick Siljaques, a soldier, being legally summoned to Court, to whom the annexed, his
declaration, dated ll"" June, 1654, is distinctly read, word for word, and being on the requisition
of the Fiscal asked, if his deposition be, in all its parts, true and certain, and if he be ready
with a good conscience to confirm it by oath? Thereupon he, in the presence of the Fiscal
Cornells van Tienhoven answers: So truly help me God Almighty. This 16"" March, A"
1655. Amsterdam, in New Netherland. Lower stood: In my presence, and
(Signed) Cornelis van Ruyven, Secretary.
Before me, Cornelis van Ruyven, etc., appeared Godefried Cloeck, of Aldernag, aged 30
years; Symon van Straten, of Nimwegen, aged 31 years; Mathys Beusyne, of Calls, aged
28 years; Jan Hendrickse, of Struckhausen, aged 25 years; Hans Aelbertss, of Brunswick,
aged 24 years, declaring, word for word, all that Jan Adamse hath declared, except that none
of them hath heard Bicker's wife say : 'Tis better that such fine powder were sold for Beaver, than
to be given to the soldiers. Tlem, that their arms were not taken by Bicker, but by the
Lieutenant of the Swedes. All which they, the deponents, will verify by oath when necessary
and on being required. This 11'" June, 1654. New Amsterdam. Signed, Godefriedt Clue,
Symon van der Straten, Matthys Bensien, Jan Hendrickse, Hans Albertss. Lower stood:
Nicasius de Sille.
Matthew Boucheine, a soldier, being legally summoned to Court, to whom the preceding,
his declaration, dated ll"" June, A" 1654, is distinctly read, word for word, and being, on the
requisition of the Fiscal asked, if the aforesaid, his deposition, be true and certain in all its
parts, and if he be ready with a good conscience to confirm it by oath? Thereupon he, in the
presence of the Fiscal Tienhoven answers: So truly help me God Almighty. This 16""
March, A" 1655. Amsterdam in New Netherland. Lower stood: In my presence, and was
(Signed) Cornelis van Ruyven, Secretary.
Apjiendix 9. Received 2S January, 1656. Secret.
Extract from the copy of a letter written by the Swedish Governor, Johan Rysing,
to M' Petrus Stuyvesant, Director-General in New Netherland, dated 27""
May, A" 1654, in the South river.
I cannot neglect acquainting your Honor that I, being safely arrived some days since in the
Royal ship the Aren, with a goodly number of people from the Kingdom of Sweden, have by
the judgment and in the name of Her Royal Majesty of Sweden, my most gracious Queen,
summoned the fort erected at the Sand point, which, after exclusion of further delay, was
voluntarily surrendered with the adjoining Colonists, who learning the reasonable conditions
offered them, together with the liberty of going or remaining, repaired under the obedience of
Her Royal Majesty aforesaid, and afterwards took the oath of allegiance and fidelity at our
hands. As this is a matter of greater consequence than can be decided among Servants, who
must only obey orders, the Sovereigns on both sides have to settle this matter among themselves,
and agree among themselves about it, etc.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : VIII. 607
Appendix 10. Received 28 January, 1656. Secret.
Capitulation and Conditions on which Fort Casimier is surrendered into the
hands of the Hon"= Director Petrus Stuyvesant by the Commandant
Swen Schuts.
First. The Commandant shall, whenever he pleases and has an opportunity by the arrival
of Royal or private ships, be at liberty to remove from this Fort Casimier, the guns belonging
to the Crown, both large and small, consisting, according to the return of the Commandant, of
four iron 14 pounders and five guns for canister shot {schroot stiicken) ; to wit, four small and
one large.
Secondly. As a body guard to the Commandant, twelve men fully accoutred and with the
Royal Ensign, shall march out of the fort, the remainder only with their side arms; on
condition that the guns and muskets belonging to the Crown, shall be and remain at the
disposal of the Commandant, to remove, or have them removed from the fort, whenever the
Commandant shall have an opportunity.
Thirdly. All his private movables shall be delivered undamaged to the Commandant, to
take away with him, or to have them removed whenever he pleases, together with the property
of all the officers.
Conditional that the Commandant remains on this day to deliver into the hands of the
General the Fort Casimier, with all the guns and ammunition, material and other effects
belonging to the General Incorporated West India Company. Done, concluded and signed
by the contracting parties on the 11"" September, 1655. On board the ship the Waeg riding
at anchor near Fort Casimier.
Appendix 11. Received 2S January, 1656. Secret.
Capitulation between the Hon'''* Valiant Johan Rysingh, Governor of New
Sweden on the one part, and the Hon''''' Valiant Petrus Stuyvesant,
Director-General over New Netherland, on the other part.
First. All guns, ammunition, material, provisions and other effects belonging to the Most
Illustrious Crown of Sweden and the South Company, at present in and about Fort Christina,
shall be and remain to the above Crown and South Company, and it depends on the pleasure
of the Governor to take them with him or to deliver them to the said General Petrus
Stuyvesant, on condition they being demanded, shall be restored without any delay.
Governor Johan Rising together with all superior and inferior officers, servants and
soldiers shall march out with drum beating, fife playing, colors flying, match lighting,
bullets in the mouth, with hand and side arms, first to Timber Island,' whither the people,
after they will have left the fort, shall be safely conveyed, and lodge in the houses there until
the departure in the ship Waeg of the Governor who with his suite and property shall at
furthest within the space of fourteen days, be safely and certainly conveyed and brought to
' Near Wilmington, Delaware. Its precise location is laid down in plan of the town of Christina, in T. Campanius Holm's
ifya Swerige, 81, and in Memoirs of Pennsylvania Historical Society, III., pt. i., 84. —Ed,
608 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Sandyhook, situate five leagues outside the Manliatans. Meanwhile Governor Rising and
Factor Elsvvyck shall be allowed to remain with four or five servants, so long in the fort, for
the purpose of arranging their affairs.
3.
All writings, letters, documents and actes belonging to the Crown of Sweden, the
Southern Company or to private persons, found in Fort Christina, remain untouched,
undisturbed and unexamined in the Governor's hands, to carry them away whithersoever
he pleases.
4.
None of the officers, soldiers, servants or freemen of the Crown of Sweden or of the Southern
Company, sliall be detained against their will, but be allowed to depart with the Governor,
free and unhindered, if they please.
5.
All ministers, ofl[icers, soldiers and freemen of the Crown of Sweden and Southern Company,
shall retain their proper movables, unhindered and uninjured.
6.
Should any servants or freemen be willing but not ready now, to depart with the Governor
and his suite, they shall be allowed one year and six weeks to dispose of their real and
personal property, on condition that they take the proper oath of fidelity for the time that
they remain on the river.
7.
Should there be any Swedes or Fins disinclined to depart, Governor Risingh shall be at
liberty to admonish them to leave, and if inclined to accompany him on such admonition,
they shall not be detained or prevented by the General, and those who will, then, remain
here, and earn their living in the country, shall enjoy the freedom of the Augsburgh Confession,
and one person to instruct them therein.
8.
Mr. Johan Risingh, Factor Elswyck with other high and low officers, soldiers and freemen
who will now depart with their proper movables, shall be provided for that purpose by the
General with a proper ship, which shall receive them at Sandyhook from the coming vessel
and convey them to the Texel, and thence directly with a hoy, sloop or other suitable craft, to
Gottenburgh, without any charge ; but such sloop, or ship shall not be detained at Gottenburgh,
for which Mr. Risingh is responsible.
9.
Should Governor Risingh, Factor Elswyck, or any servants of the Crown of Sweden or the
Southern Company, have engaged themselves on behalf of said Crown or Company for any
debts, they shall not be arrested therefor within the said General's government.
10.
Governor Risingh shall be at liberty to inform himself of the conduct of the late
Commandant Schute, his officers and other soldiers in the surrender of the fort on the
Sand point.
11.
Provided the Governor engage himself to cause the people under his command to quit Fort
Christina, and deliver it up to the General on this day, the ff of this month of September.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIII. 609
Done and subscribed on the yf aforesaid, of the year 1G55, at the place of parole, between
fort Christina and the General's encampment.
(Signed) Johan Risingh.
P. Stuyvesant.
It is further capitulated that the skipper with whom the Hon'''* Governor Johan Risingh
and Factor Hendrick Elswyck will depart, shall be expressly ordered and instructed to land
said Messrs. Risingh and Elswyck in person, either in England or France, and that the General
shall loan Mr. Johan Risingh in cash or in bills of exchange, the sum of three hundred pounds
Flemish, which the said Governor Johan Risingh undertakes to repay in cash or exchange at
Amsterdam to the General or his order, within the term of six months after receipt of said
moneys. Meanwhile, hypothecating for the moneys aforesaid, an equivalent in the Crown or
the Southern Company's effects to be left, under receipt, in the hands of the General;
corresponding duplicates hereof, to be made and to be signed on both sides. Ady If September,
1655, on the place of parole, between Fort Christina and the encampment of General
Petrus Stuyvesant.
(Signed) Johan Risingh.
P. Stuyvesant.
Secret Resolution of iJie States General on the preceding
[ From the Register of Secret Eesolulions of the States General, In the Royal Archives at the Hague. ]
Friday, SS"* January, 1656.
Folio 168. Received a letter from the Directors of the West India Company, Chamber
West India Com- ,
pa"y- at Amsterdam, dated the 24"" instant, and therewith in accordance with their
High Mightinesses' iterated letter, a Deduction with the papers and corroborative documents
Deduction relative belonging to the Same, and relating to the Swedes who have come over from
to the Swedes from SO O
NewNeiheriand. New Nctherland. Which being considered, it is resolved and concluded to refer
the aforesaid letter, deduction, papers and corroborative documents, to Messrs. Huygens and
other their High Mightinesses' Deputies, for the West India Company's affairs, to inspect,
examine and report thereon. Secrecy thereupon was most particularly recommended.
Resolution of the Common Council of the City of Amstei-dam.
[ From the Reaolittien van de rroedachappen, A., p. 63 ; in the Stad Huys, Amsterdam. ]
la"- February, 1656.
Holland Documents, Messrs. Spiegel, Witscn, Geelvinck, Van Loon, Bontemantel and Hasselaar are
Promotion of Trade Hjouested and appointed a Committee, on the occasion of the present war in
in NewNeiheriand . , , ^^ . , , , . ivt ivt i i i , i
and benefiting the Poland, to cousidcr With the Presidents, how trade in New JNetneriand could
West India Oompa-
"^ be increased and the West India Company benefited; and to report their
information and opinion.
Vol. I. 77
610 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS
Chamber at Amsterdam to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Boyal Archives at the Hague ; File, West Jndie. ]
To the High and Mighty Lords States General of the United Netherlands.
High and Mighty Lords !
The Directors of the Incorporated West India Company, Chamber at Amsterdam, did, in the
year 1654, call your High Mightinesses' attention to the necessity then existing to conclude
and ratify in the countries of New Netherland a certain and assured Boundary between
tliose of New England and this State. And as tlie Directors aforesaid are content that certain
Provisional Boundary concluded, yonder, in the year 1G50, be included therein, they
accordingly requested your High Mightinesses' Ambassadors then in England, may be
instructed to apply to the Lord Protector either that the aforesaid Provisional Boundary may
be approved, or the Directors on both sides be authorized to agree on and arrange a new one
subject to your High Mightinesses' and his Highness' approval. If a pertinent proposal has
been drawn up by the said Ambassadors on this subject, it has been witiiout any result, as far
as the said Directors are advised. Since that time, the case has been that, in New Netherland
some private Englishmen have not hesitated to usurp the possession of some of the Company's
lands. Nevertheless, the chief and principal men of that nation give out and declare to be
well satisfied with, and inclined to remain within the limits of the aforesaid Provisional
Boundary, in case Director Stuyvesant could obtain your High Mightinesses' approbation
thereof, or else a general authorization. Therefore, the aforesaid Directors have deemed it
necessary to apply again to your High Mightinesses and humbly to request you to be pleased
to cause to be issued and handed to the Company, the aforesaid Acte of approbation, and
authorization, that they may use either the one or the other, as circumstances may direct
and the public service may demand. Which doing, etc.
Delivered in the name and on the behalf of the Directors aforesaid, the 22'"' February, 1656.
(Signed) Gysbert Rudolphy.
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Letter.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1C63, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Tuesday, the 22"'' February, IfiSG.
Folio 300. Read at the Meeting a certain Remonstrance of the Directors of the
Incorporated West India Company, Chamber at Amsterdam. Which being considered, it is
Baiifioation of the resolved and concluded to issue a suitable Acte of Ratification of certain Articles
Boundary iu New
Netherland. of agreement made and concluded at Herford, in Cannitticot, on the 19""
September, 1650, between the arbitrators of the Commissioners of the United English Colonies
and Petrus Stuyvesant, Director-General of the Netherlands Colonies, respecting a Provisional
Boundary there. The abovenamed Directors have to take care that a similar Acte of
Ratification of the aforesaid Articles be also issued by the Lord Protector of England, Scotland
and Ireland.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : VIII. 611
Ratification of the Treaty of Hartford hy the States General.
[ From the Acte-Boek of the States General, io the Royal ArchiTe8 at the Hague. ]
Act of approbation of the therein inserted Extract of an Agreement made and
concluded at Hartford, relative to the Boundary line between New Netherland
and New England, &c.
Polio 839. The States General of the United Netherlands. To all those who shall see these
presents or hear them read. Greeting. Be it Known: Whereas there hath been delivered
unto us, by order of the Directors of the Incorporated West Company at the Chamber at
Amsterdam, the Extract of the Articles of Agreement hereafter set forth, made and concluded
at Hartford in Conitticot, the nineteenth of September, XVI' and fifty, relating as well to the
Line of Division between New Netherland and New England as to other matters, in
the words following,
Extract of the Articles of Agreement made and concluded at Hartford, situate in
Conitticot, the 19"" September, 1G50, between the Arbitrators of the Hon'''*
Commissioners of the United Colonies and Petrus Stuyvesant, Director of
New Netherland.
With respect to the Boundary line between the United English Colonies, and the Dutch
Province of New Netherland, we agree and conclude as follows :
1. That on Long Island, a line drawn from the westernmost part of Oyster bay, and thence
in a direct and straight course to the sea shore, shall be the Boundary between the Dutch and
English on Long Island ; the Eastern part for the English, and the western part for the Dutch.
2. The boundary on the Mainland shall begin on the west side of Greenwich bay, being
about four miles from Stanford, and thence run inland in a northerly course Twenty miles,
provided it shall not come within ten miles of the North river; after that as it shall be agreed
upon by the two Governors — i. e., of the Dutch and New Haven; and 'tis agreed that the
Dutch shall not at any time hereafter build any houses within six miles of the said line ;
the inhabitants of Greenwich to remain until further order and consideration under the
government of the Dutch.
3. The Dutch shall hold and occupy the land at Hartford which they now actually possess,
known by divers marks and tokens, and all the remaining lands on both sides of the Fresh
river to belong and remain to the English there. And it is in like manner agreed that the
aforesaid Boundary both on the island and mainland shall be observed and kept inviolate both
by the United English Colonies and the Dutch Nation, without any further extension or trouble
on either side, until there be a final conclusion determined upon in Europe, by the mutual
consent of both the States of England and Holland.
Respecting Fugitives.
It is agreed that the same method shall be observed between the United English Colonies
and the Dutch Nation in this country of New Netlierland, agreeably to the eighth Article of
the confederation between the United English Colonies, in that case provided.
612 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Concerning the proposition of a closer union and friendship between the English and the
Dutch Nation in these parts, especially against a common enemy: We judge it to be worthy
of good consideration by the United Colonies, and in like manner, desire it may be communicated
and recommended to them, that a resolution therein may be taken at the next annual meeting of
the Commissioners. And in testimony of our unanimous consent to the foregoing several
conclusions, have we signed these with our own liands, this nineteenth September, Anno XVI*
and fifty.
Lower stood: Symon Bkoadstreete. Tomas Willet.
Thomas Prence. George Baxter.
Therefore have we, after mature deliberation approved and ratified, as we do hereby approve
and ratify the Articles mentioned in the foregoing extract; requiring and ordering, that the
contents thereof shall take effect according to its form, and be observed and maintained by all
and every residing within our jurisdiction whom it may in any wise concern, without doing or
suffering anything to be done to the contrary, on pain of incurring our highest displeasure.
For such we have found to be for the greatest advantage of the country. Given at the Hague
under our seal, paraph and the signature of our Clerk on the two and twentieth of February,
XVI'= and fifty-six.
Gomrnittee of the We-st India Company to the Coynmittee of the City of Amsterdam.
[ From the Bundle endorsed Yersclwide Sliikken rakeilde de Colonie van Nieiiw Nederlandt, Nos. 2, 8, in the Stad Buys, Amsterdam. ]
To the Honorable the Committee of the City of Amsterdam for the affairs of the West
India Company.
Honorable gentlemen.
Holland Doeamenta, The auswers ofthe Committee of the Directors of the West India Company in
XV., 184. yesterday's Conference to the questions proposed by you, are in substance briefly
as follows :
First. Concerning the acquisition in New Netherland.
That as the superintendence of that district is left by the respective Chambers exclusively
to the management ofthe Directors here, the occasion fitly presents itself to attach and affix
that land to this City.
That the Directors aforesaid will willingly undertake to communicate to the Regents here
the orders which might be successively made for the prosperity of the aforesaid Country, and
to do nothing without their knowledge.
That the climate there is very mild and healthy, entirely agreeable to the constitutions of
the inhabitants of this country, also by nature adapted to the production of all sorts of Eastern
fruits and crops, besides the conveniency of Trade which daily increases, in divers respects,
both with the Natives of those parts and the neighboring English.
That in order to maintain the aforesaid acquisition and to reap the fruits thereof in their
time, what is particularly, yea solely required is, that it be properly peopled.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIIL 613
That such population cannot be sufficiently promoted by the Company on account of its
unfavorable circumstances, and it is consequently desirable that the government of this City
could be induced to expend annually for some time a certain amount of money in the conveying
over and transportation of people.
That such people should be provided, exclusive of passage, with one year's support, ( the
voyage included) after which they would be in a condition to maintain themselves.
That the Company will assign to such people sufficient and suitable land ; and in case the
Regentsof the City conclude that those people should settle on the South river, where the soil
is richest but the population smallest. Fort Casimier can be placed provisionally in the hands
of the City for better defence and security.
That the expenses to be incurred in the transportation and support of the aforesaid people,
should, after the lapse of a certain time, be made good by them in installments, or else by the
payment annually of a reasonable tax.
For the payment whereof, the land assigned to each shall be mortgaged to the City, and no
one shall be allowed to leave the country except on payment of what he had received.
That the aforesaid expenses of transportation may be provisionally somewhat diminished
in case it could be resolved to charter the ships hence thither, and on arriving there, to set
them up for freight and loading, with which they might return here.
Secondly. Concerning the improvement of the Company in general.
Divers points on that subject were, in the year 1654, submitted to the Supreme Government
of this country, copy whereof is hereunto annexed, to the end that your Honors may see how
far existing circumstances will permit the undertaking of the one or the other.
That in addition to the abovementioned points, the reduction of the Island of St. James is
highly important; this can be accomplished with a very small force; such is also proper,
in order to bring the entire Coast of Guinea, again, under this City.
It would be equally advantageous that the Company be relieved of the Train bands which
have served with the Military in Brasil, and consequently that orders be issued that the one
and the other be paid by the country.
Finally and lastly, that the respite provisionally allowed by the State until the eighth day
of their Great Mightinesses' present term, may be continued for some time, as otherwise the
Directors would be put to such inconvenience in their administration, that they, in the long
run, cannot resist.
Points drawn up by the Assembly of the XIX., to be submitted to the Supreme
Government of this country. [1654.]
Holland Document,, l" ^.s the King of Portugal hath, by the unjust seizure of the countries of
xv.,is9. Brazil, not only seriously diminished your High Mightinesses' glory and respect,
but even inflicted on your inhabitants great and incalculable damage, your High Mightinesses
are again requested to consider of the means whereby said King could be brought to reason,
and especially to examine what satisfaction he ought to give the Company.
2. In like manner, as the State is in arrears to the aforesaid Company, a considerable sum
of money in the matter aforesaid in unpaid subsidies, and that the said Company hath, on the
other hand, incurred great debts in consequence, your High Mightinesses are, therefore,
614 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
requested to issue orders that the account may once for all be liquidated, satisfied and paid
on moderate terms.
3. Thirdly, your High Mightinesses are requested to alter the ordinary letters of reprisal
according to the circumstances of the times, and to the actual condition of affairs, in the form
thereof drawn up.
4. Finally, your High Mightinesses are requested to grant or allow to the Company,
provisionally or until its circumstances shall be improved, the import duty on all sugars and
other products which shall be brought hither by another route from Brasil, in regard that they
are products of the Company's district, and the Board of Admiralty ought not to derive any
profit from the misfortune that hath overtaken the Company there.
Re-solution of the Common Council of the City of Amsterdam.
[ From the Hesolutien van de VroedacMppen, A., p. 76, in the Stad Huys, Amsterdam. ]
2.^ March, 1656.
Holland Documents '^^^ Burgomastcrs havo also further represented, that the Committee appointed
^^••^- and requested on the IS"" of February last, to consider what should be done for
the promotion of the affairs in New Netherland, had first consulted thereupon with some
Directors of the West India Company only, and secondly with them in presence of their
Honors, who request, as some of the committee must leave the city and as their Honors had full
knowledge of the matter, to report thereon in their name, and the Burgomasters have
therefore reported :
That, in brief, it had been proposed and as it were concluded in the Conference, that in
case people enough were sent from this country thither, all the products that come at present
from the Baltic, masts inclusive, could be found and raised in New Netherland.
That all the lands the Company possess there had been purchased from the Indians or
Inhabitants, under proper and voluntary conveyance executed before the Supreme Magistrates
there, according to the Deeds thereof remaining with them, so that they owned those lands
justo titulo, both as regards the aforesaid Indians and all other circumjacent Europeans.
That, also, the administration of New Netherland, as far as the possessions of the West India
Company and the alienation thereof are concerned, was, with the knowledge and approbation
of their High Mightinesses, fully and specially assigned, to wit, by the Assembly of the 19, to
the Chamber at Amsterdam, which might properly resolve to sell a parcel of land to the City.
The Council having heard the aforesaid report and judging it highly expedient to promote
the trade in New Netherland, in the present conjuncture, in order not to be always dependent
exclusively on the Baltic, authorizes the Burgomasters and Treasurers to negotiate with the
To bay some land Said Dircctors of this Chamber for the purchase of a certain tract of Land in New
in New Netneriand. Netherland whercof the Company is lawfully possessed titulo emjjtionis, and the
agreement respecting the same being made, to bring it into this Assembly; further, to dispose
thereof, and to appoint Commissioners from themselves, to manage and to improve that country
with requisite Colonies and whatever is demanded for the encouragement of commerce.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIII. 615
Resolution of the Amsterdam Chamhir of the West India Company.
[ From the Bundle endorsed VerscheifU StukJcen rahende de Oolonie van yiewio Kederlandt^ No. 5 ; iQ the Stad Suys, Amsterdam. ]
Thursday, 16"" March, 1656
Holland Documents, Mess" Man, Wilmerdoncx and Van Beeck having made a report at length of the
^^''^''' further conference they have had yesterday afternoon, pursuant to the resolution of
the 21*' February last, vyith three of the Right Worshipful Burgomasters at present officiating,
and Treasurers*van der Pol and Dronckelaer, a Committee of the Council, respecting the
circumstances of New Netherland, the title of this Chamber to that place, also tiie charges on
the goods exported hence thither and imported theuce here. Also, whereabouts would be the
fittest places for the formation of Colonies ; And that their Right Worshipful had advised this
Chamber to appoint a Committee with full power to negotiate with them all matters whatsoever
relating to the circumstances of that District; after the question was put, the abovementioned
gentlemen, with Mr. Pergens, are fully authorized to meet the said Right Worshipful
Burgomasters and Treasurers this afternoon, when they appointed again to see them, and to
agree with them upon such Conditions as they shall judge most advantageous for the peopling
of New Netherland and this Chamber.
Agrees with the Register aforesaid. In absence of the Advocate.
(Signed) E. van Seventer.
Ambassado?- Harold Appellooin to the States General.
[From the Original in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague; F\le, DuitschUjmd.'\
The undersigned Resident Minister of iSweden finds himself, by special instructions, obliged
to represent hereby to your High Mightinesses that the Commander in New Netherland for
the West India Company of this country had, this last summer, attacked the Swedish
Company occupying the South river of Florida most unexpectedly and with force of arms,
seized on its forts, drove out the inhabitants, and thus wholly dispossessed the Swedish Company
of its districts. 'Tis true and beyond dispute that the said Swedish Company hath acquired
the lands they occupied on the aforesaid South river optima titulo juris and bought them from the
Indians themselves as the right owners thereof, and accordingly have had peaceable possession
of said lands for many years past, without the West India Company of this country having put
forth, or even lawfully had any claim to it. Therefore, the aforesaid Resident does not doubt
but that these hostilities will call forth your High Mightinesses' especial displeasure, and request
hereby in a friendly manner in the name of his Royal Majesty, his most gracious Master,'
that your High Mightinesses will be pleased to issue such order for the redress of such indecent
proceedings of the West India Company aforesaid, as equity, justice, mutual friendship between
both Nations and the importance of the matter itself demand, and is expected from your
' Gharlbs Gustavus X. succeeded Queen Christina of Sweden, in June, 1654, and died 13th February, 1660, in the 38th
year of his age. — Ed.
616 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
profound wisdom, whereby the abovementioned Swedish Company may be indemnified. As
for the rest, the aforesaid Resident wishes your High Mightinesses a fortunate and prosperous
government. At the Hague the 22 March, Anno 1G56.
( Signed ) H. Appelboom.
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Letter.
[From the Regislerof West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in tlie Royal ArehiTCs at the Hague.]
Wednesday, 22'' March, 1656.
Folio 203. Read in the Assembly a certain Memorial of Mr. Appelboom, Resident from the
Appelboom. King of Swedeu, complaining that the Commanders in New Netherland of
the West India Company of this country had last summer attacked the Swedish Company
inhabiting the South river of Florida, most unexpectedly and with force of arms, reduced their
forts, expelled the inhabitants and wholly dispossessed the above named Swedish Company
from its district; requesting, therefore, that prompt order may be issued for the redress of the
aforesaid proceeding, and that the said Swedish Company may be indemnified. Which being
considered, it is resolved and concluded to examine further the information on the same
subject, heretofore sent in by the Directors of the West India Company of this country to their
High Mightinesses, in order when such is examined, further resolution may be adopted in the
matter aforesaid, as shall be deemed proper.
Resolution of the States of Holland^ cfr., on Mr. Appelhooin^s Memorial.
Resolution of the States of Holland and Westfriesland, dated 23 and 24""
March, 1656.
Read in the Assembly, a certain Memorial presented to their High Mightinesses, by Mr.
Appelboom, Resident of the King of Sweden, to the effect that he, the Resident aforesaid,
found himself obliged by express command, to represent to their High Mightinesses, that the
eJei
the capturi
Company dwelling in the South river of Florida, seized its forts, expelled the
Complaints from ^^^ Commanders in New Netherland of the West India Company of this country
Sweden __re3pectmg ^^^^ j^^^^ gummcr, attacked unexpectedly and with force of arms the Swedish
inhabitants and thus wholly dispossessed the said Swedish Company of its districts ; requesting
their High Mightinesses, for reasons set forth in the aforesaid Memorial, to be pleased to
issue, for the redress of such indecent proceedings of the aforesaid West India Company of
this country, such prompt order as equity, justice and mutual friendship between both Nations
and the importance of the matter itself, demand.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIII. 617
Which being considered, it is resolved and concluded that the aforesaid Memorial, together
with certain ample information heretofore furnished by the said West India Company of this
country on the foregoing subject, and the documents thereunto belonging, be further examined
and investigated by a Committee of their Great Mightinesses and a draft of an answer to the
aforesaid Memorial be by them prepared, and a report thereof, and of their opinions regarding
the said subject, be made as soon as possible to the Asssembly here ; to which end the
gentlemen from Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Hoorn are requested and appointed, as they are
hereby requested and commissioned.
Subscription of the City of Amsterdam to the fund for the Waldenses.
[ From the Groot Memoriael, Part IV., p. 96 ; in Iho Stad Huys, Amsterdam. ]
Hn'iandDocnment., The Burgomasters and Regents of the City of Amsterdam authorize Messrs.
the Commissioners of the Exchange Bank, to pay to Mr. Johan Berkel, Receiver-
Money for theWai- General of Holland, the sum of Fifty Thousand Guilders, towards the fund collected
for the distressed Waldenses. Done March 29, 1656.
By order of their Worships.
(Signed) J. Corver.
Council of Amsterdam to Director Stuyvesant.
[ From the Oemeene Mhaiven, IT., in the Stad Utiys^ Amsterdam. ]
To the Governor and other officers of Justice in New Netherland, on the part of this State.
27 April, 1656.
Holland Documents, Honorable, Wise, prudent, right discreet Gentlemen.
XV., 186. j^^ Gaillardo ferrara, a native of Saint Lucas of Barameda, a subject of his
Royal Majesty of Spain, hath represented to us that he, some years ago, sued for the restitution
of several slaves and other property, taken from him by a certain privateer and brought into
New Netherland without his being able, up to this time, to procure satisfaction therefor,
requesting our letters recommendatory thereunto ; wherefore we have consented to recommend
the matter hereby to your Honors, to the end that you may render prompt and expeditious
justice to the abovenamed Gaillardo. Which will insure our friendship, and we shall be
always ready to reciprocate.
Herewith, etc.
Vol. I.
618 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Order in favor of the Waldenses.
[From Iho Groot ifsmoriael, Part IV., 106 ; in the Stad Ilitys, Amsterdam. ]
Hniiand^Djcumenis, BuFgomasters aiid Regents of Amsterdam, hereby authorize the Commissioners
Mnn^ri collected of the Exchange Bank in the said city, to give and pay to Mr. John van Berckel,
for the waidenssa. j^gggjygr-General of Holland and West Friesland, the sum of seventeen thousand,
five hundred and sixty-six guilders, eleven stivers and eight pence, say fl.l7,566:ll:S, which
sum, on producing receipt therefor, shall be allowed said Commissioners in rendering their
account of the moneys collected within this city for and on the behalf of the Waldenses.
Done the SO"" June, 1656.
Resolution of the Council of Amsterdam on a Plan to colonize New Netherland.
[ From the ReiolutUn van <U Troedschappen, A., p. 113, iQ the Stid JTar/e, Amsterdam. ]
4 July, 1656.
Hojiand Documents, ^ Certain draft of a plan for the encouragement of the trade in New Netherland,
Draft respeciinE the jj referred to Messrs. van Polsbroeck, Witsen, Valckenier, van Hoorn and Burgh,
trade of Ni-w Neth- °
rrland rtfe
Committee.
tterred to f^j. examination, and to report to the Council their opinion and advice.
Resolution of the Council of Amsterdam on the Conditions for the Encouragement
of Emigration to New Netherland.
[ From the Eeaolutien van da Vroedschappm, A., p. 121, in the Stad Iluyt, Amsterdam. ]
12"> July, 1656.
Holland Documents, fj^g Committee appointed on the 4"" July of this year, from the body of this
Draft of an agree- Couucil, to examine the Conditions to be agreed upon between this City and the
city and the West West India Company respecting Trade and Colonies in New Netherland, and to
India Com[iany. re- V J v o
^"on°f3 ^IT^-s^l look into a certain draft connected therewith, caused the said draft prepared by
Ketheriand. \^\^Qny and cnregistercd in the Muniment Register, B,, f" IIS, et seq. to be read in
Council. Which being considered, the gentlemen of the Committee are thanked for their
trouble, and the draft thus prepared is approved.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIII.
619
Draft of Conditions offered ly the City of Amsterdam to Emigrants to New Netlierland.
[ From the Bundle endorsed Veracheidt Stakken rakende de Ojlonie van H'iemo Nederlandt, No. 26, in the Stad ITuya, Amaturdam. ]
Draft of Conditions to be Remarks of tlie Directors of the West
India Company on the opposite Draft
Hol'ftnd Documents,
^^^•'^^- offered to those who may
be sent as Colonists to
New Netherland.
of Conditions.
1. 1.
That the Colonists should go thither in Fiat. Provided it be in ships that sail with
suitable ships with their families, requisite the Company's permit,
household furniture and additional necessaries.
2.
The City of Amsterdam may make the best
bargain it can with the skippers for the trans-
portation of both people and goods.
Fiat.
Said City is to advance the passage money
on condition that it be hereafter repaid to the
City in manner hereinafter mentioned.
Fiat.
To the end that the said Colonists may gain Fiat,
their livelihood there safely, honestly and
prosperously, the City aforesaid doth before-
hand guarantee as follows :
First. Said City shall provide and assign a
fruitful soil in a healthy and temperate climate,
watered by and situated on a fresh water river,
which can be navigated by large ships.
Fiat. Provided it be not any place or lands
still belonging to the Indians or natives, wliich
if selected, the fact shall be made known to
the Director and Council there, in order that
the lands may be received from their hands,
after the Indians are satisfied.
6.
Here the City shall lay out a proper piece
of land on a river side for a safe habitation
and residence of the Colonists, and fortify it
with a ditch without and a wall within ; and
divide the inclosed land into streets, a market
and lots suitable for the use as well of traders
and mechanics as of farmers, and all this at
the expense of the City.
Fiat.
C20
NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Said City shall cause to be erected about the Fiat.
Market or iu a more conveuient place, a public
building suitable for Divine service; item,
also a house for a School which can likewise be
occupied by the person who will hereafter
be Sexton, Psalmsetter and Schoolmaster;
the City shall, besides have a house built for the
Minister.
8.
The City aforesaid shall provisionally pro- Fiat,
vide and pay the salary of a Minister and
Schoolmaster, unless their High Mightinesses
or the Company think otherwise.
The City of Amsterdam shall cause to be
erected at the place aforesaid, a large magazine
or warehouse, wherein it shall keep all sorts of
articles both for clothing and the subsistence
of the people and supply them with seed grain.
1 shall likewise keep a Factor there, who shall
furnish everything necessary for clothing,
housekeeping and farming, and sell these, at
the same prices they are sold here, the Com-
pany's custom excepted.
The City of Amsterdam might provide the
Colonists here, before their departure, with
clothing and other subsistence for a year ;
and further have built at the place aforesaid a
magazine or warehouse wherein it will keep
every sort of article necessary for agriculture,
together with all sorts of seed grain, to be sold
by its factor there at the price aforesaid.
Fiat. Except the custom or duty payable to
the Company there from peltries, and pro-
vided it be done by the person or government
appointed there by the Company.
11.
Concerning the Company's custom, the City
shall agree therefor as favorably as possible,
and especially that the duty to be paid in New
Nethetland shall be employed in building and
maintaining public works.
11.
The said fortified place allotted for the Fiat. With this addition : And in regard to
residence of the Colonists, whether called a descents, specially to observe the law of
city or town, shall be regulated in matters of Aasdom^ and in justice, the practice and
police or justice in the same manner as here in custom of the City of Amsterdam.
Holland.
' Inheritnnee, in case of Intestacy, has been from old times in Holland of two kinds ; either according to the law of
Aasdom or Schependom. The rnle of the first is, "the next of blood inherits the goods or property;" of the second, "the
property must revert to the source from whence it came." Van der Linden's Institutes of the Laws of Holland, 157. See
also, Van Leeuioen's Commentaries on the Roman Dutch Law, pp. 288, 297, for a full explanation of the Aasdom-reght and its
incidents. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIII.
621
12.
They shall first have one Schout or officer
as the head of Justice, instructed as is the
custom here.
13.
Who shall be appointed by the Deputies of
the City of Amsterdam or by the West India
Company in the name of their High Mighti-
He shall be appointed by the West India
Company in the name of their High Mighli-
14.
There shall be three Burgomasters to be
appointed by the common Burghers, from the
honestest and fittest.
Fiat.
15.
And 5 or 7 Schepens to be chosen by the
Burghers, or else a double number to be
named, in order that the selection be made
therefrom by the Commissioners of the City
of Amsterdam.
16.
The City or town being increased to 200
families or upwards, they shall choose a
Common Council of 21 persons, who shall
meet with the Burgomasters and Schepens
and resolve together on all matters relating to
the City government.
15.
And a double number to be named by the
Burghers for 5 or 7 Schepens, in order that
the selection be made therefrom by the Director
General and Council.
16.
Fiat. With this addition : Which Common
Council shall, also, have the absolute election
of Burgomasters and Common Councilmen,
together with the nomination of Schepens, in
order that the selection as above may be made
therefrom.
17.
The Schepens shall give judgments for all
gums under one hundred guilders, but in cases
exceeding 100 01. the party aggrieved shall be
allowed an appeal to the President and court
of Justice of New Netherland.
18.
Said Schepens shall also pronounce sentence
in all criminal cases, but an appeal therefrom
shall be provisionally allowed.
19.
The City of Amsterdam shall, also, pro-
visionally cause to be built 3 houses or resi-
dences; namely, 1 for a smith, 1 for a wheel-
wright and one house for a carpenter.
17.
Fiat. To the Director-General and Council
of New Netherland.
Fiat.
Fiat.
18.
19.
G22
NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
20,
The City of Amsterdam aforesaid shall
divide all the lands round i\bout said town or
city into suitable fields for plough land, pasture
and meadow land, laid out on proper roads for
going to, and coming from, them.
21,
Every person who will follow farming shall
have in free, fast and durable property, as many
mmgens as well of plough land as of pasture and
meadow, as he and his family will be able to
improve and will require for grazing, be it
twenty, thirty or more morgens, provided all
such lands, which will be given and conveyed in
fee to each of the Colonists, shall by them
in two years from the conveyance, be brought
under cultivation, on penalty of the same being
taken from them and given to others.
20.
21
Fiat.
22.
Each of the Colonists shall settle and use his
land freely, without paying poundage, horn
money, or salt tax ; and be exempt from tenths
for 20 years, to be counted from the year in
which the land is first sown.
22,
The Colonists shall, like others in that
country, settle and use their land freely and
be exempt from 10"" for the term of fifteen
years, to be counted with the year that the
lands shall have been first sowed, after the ex-
piration of which time, the Company shall
receive half the 10"".
23.
The City of Amsterdam shall make arrange-
ments that ships shall be continually and
consecutively sent from Holland to load and
bring over the grain, seed, timber and all sorts
of produce most profitable to the Colonists, who
shall, also, be at liberty to charter private
vessels, provided such be consigned to the
City of Amsterdam.
24.
For which purpose the City of Amsterdam
shall have proper storehouses here, for the
storage of the grain and other property of
the Colonists, which shall be sold for the benefit
of the same ; and shall return the proceeds
thereof in such articles as the owners shall
23.
Fiat. Provided such ships shall go agreeably
to the annexed regulation, enacted by the
Company in the premises.
Fiat.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIII.
623
direct, deducting therefrom only two per cent
for commission and one-tenth of the net pro-
ceeds in payment of the disbursements made
by the said City for the freight and passage of
the persons and goods of the Colonists ; and
that until the aforesaid disbursements are
refunded and no longer.
25.
The Colonists in New Netherland shall be at
liberty to take out of the City's warehouse
whatever they may require at the fixed price;
provided the account thereof be transmitted
with the Colonists' goods, in order to be
deducted therefrom.
25.
The Colonists in New Netherland requiring
anything for the culture of the land or the
support of their bodies, shall, etc.
26. 26.
The Colonists shall, for building houses. Fiat Provided it be done agreeably to the
vessels and for otiier purposes, be at liberty to order and regulations made or to be made
cut down in the nearest and most convenient thereon by the Director-General and Counci.
forests, as much timber as they shall require,
without paying anything for it.
27.
The Burgomasters as founders, patroons and
possessors of the Jurisdiction, shall appoint the
Secretary, Messenger and other inferior officers.
27.
Fiat.
Hunting in the woods and fishing in the
waters and rivers, &c., not heretofore owned
by other persons, shall be free to each of the
Colonists, under certain regulations to be made
respecting them, under the authority of the
Company, or their High Mightinesses.
29.
The City of Amsterdam shall provide for
the transportation of all tools and farming
implements free and without paying any duty.
30.
Fiat. Under certain regulations made or to
be made by the Director-General and Council.
Fiat. Free of duty.
30.
And in regard to articles which go as mer- And in regard to articles which go as mer-
chandise, an agreement and firm regulation chandise, they shall pay such duty as is speci-
respecting them shall be made with the fied in the annexed list.
Company.
624
NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
CoxDiTioNS to be agreed upon with
llie West India Company.
The West India Company shall approve,
and, as far as lies in its power, give efiect to
the accompanying agreement, basis and regu-
lation on which the City of Amsterdam is to
plant Colonies in New Netherland.
Fiat.
A firm regulation should be made respecting
the duty on their own products sent over by the
Colonists.
Their High Mightinesses or the Company
should cede and grant to the City of Amster-
dam as founders and planters of the place,
high, middle and low jurisdiction, in order the
better to maintain the requisite authority
among their people.
All fruits and products raised there and
cultivated by the Colonists shall be free of duty
and on coming here pay only the convoy to
the Company.
3.
Fiat.
The City shall possess the jurisdiction afore-
said in form of a Fief, successively appoint-
ing to that end, a person on whom the Fief
shall be conferred on payment of certain
Seignorial dues. (Heer gewaden.)
Fiat.
The Sovereignty and supreme authority, or
whatever else depends thereon, remaining,
nevertheless, in their High Mightinesses or the
Company so far as it is authorized by the
Charter.
And as the government of Amsterdam hath
no intention to extend any authority or
power abroad, but merely designs to promote
commerce, which is the life of this City, so
will it be content to make over and convey
everything to the Company aforesaid, in case
their High Mightinesses or the Company afore-
said be inclined to reimburse, within the first
ten years, to the City of Amsterdam, the
Fiat.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIIL 625
moneys disbursed, with simple interest at 5
per cent yearly, on condition that the said
Company, in such case, remain bound to make
good to the Colonists the Agreement heretofore
drawn up and hereunto annexed.
Amplification.
Any of the Colonists who by himself or his
family or any person in his service, shall
discover any minerals, crystals, precious stones,
marble, &c., of whatever nature soever the
same may be, may possess and keep them as
his own, without paying any imposition or duty
for them, for the term of ten years; but after
the expiration thereof, he shall be bound to
pay the Company one-tenth of their proceeds.
[Here follows a Tariff of Duties, whicli is omitted, as it is a Duplicate of the Table printed, post, p. 634. ]
Foi^m of Permit to sail to New Netlurland.
tFrom the Bundle endorsed VerscJietde Stukken rakende de Cotanie van Kieuw Kederlandt-, No. 29; iu the Stad Hays, Amsterdam, j
Holland Documents '^'^^ Directors of the West India Company at the Chamber here in Amsterdam
XVI., 43. have allowed and agreed, as they hereby allow and agree that . . • . .
Skipper of the ship .... may make a voyage vijith said ship under his command to
New Netherland within the limits of the Company's charter, on condition and terms made and
entered into with the aforesaid skipper in manner as follows, to wit: That he shall be bound
to bring all his goods and merchandise to be carried by him, (before he takes them into
the ship aforesaid) into the said Company's warehouse here to be inspected, marked with
Company's mark, and to be paid thereon to the Company, prompt, sixteen per cent on the
Indian goods such as duffels and blankets, and ten per cent on all other goods and
merciiandise, all according to the true value thereof, exclusive of the licenses and convoys;
that he, after fulfilling hereof and sailing from Texel, before he can touch at any place, shall
be obliged to come with his ship to the roadstead before Fort New Amsterdam, on the Island
of Manhattans, in order, after delivery of our letters and exhibition of his commission to the
Director there, that the aforesaid ship may be discharged and all the goods and merchandise
on board may be brought out of her into the Company's warehouses at said place, when the
aforesaid Skipper or Factor shall be free again to remove them in order to sell them within
the district of New iNetherland, New England and Virginia and to do with them as he shall
deem good and proper, according to the invoice or bill of lading here. Further, that he shall be
Vol. I. 79
626 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
bound to come back with his said ship and the full return of the aforesaid exported goods and
merchandise, or should any part of said return be left behind, he shall be bound to have it
brought to this country to the place he sailed from, in order that it be all discharged and
brought into the aforesaid Company's warehouses here, and to pay thereon to the Company
aforesaid eight per cent in kind or ad valorem, at the choice of the Company, and that in like
manner exclusive of the permits and convoy hereinbefore mentioned, and the state duty of
^our stivers imposed on each beaver. And as regards the Tobacco which the aforesaid Skipper
may have traded, or received as freight, in New Netherland, English Virginias, New England
or elsewhere, it is expressly stipulated and by him agreed to pay thereof here to the Company
80 stivers per hundred pound of Virginia, and 20 stivers for the New Netherland, tobacco ; The
Skipper, moreover, must take on board as many Soldiers, Free persons, men, women and children
as he can conveniently accommodate in his aforesaid ship and as the Company shall order, whom
he shall provide with meat and drink and serve up the same according to the Company's Tariff
of Rations, on condition of paying for each head, to wit : For the soldiers, thirty-six guilders
and for the free persons forty guilders, those under ten years, half that rate, and children at
the breast, nothing ; without his being at liberty to convey any person either from here
thither, or from there here, without obtaining therefor a special permit signed by the Directors,
or the Governor in New Netherland under a penalty of fifty guilders for each person he shall
have conveyed from here thither, and six hundred guilders for whomsoever he may bring
thence here without special consent. And he, the Skipper, shall be, further, bound to take a
supercargo on board his ship, on the Company's wages, whose board and lodging in the cabin
shall be at the Skipper's expense ; all under forfeiture of the ship, tackle, and the freighted
and traded goods or the value thereof, in case the Skipper or any of his people shall be found
to have contravened these presents. He, the Skipper, consenting under his own hand-signature
hereunto affixed, to subject himself to all courts and judges. All agreed and undertaken
rightfully and in good faith, in Amsterdam, tiie
Resolution of the States General, on an Agreement hettveen the West India Company
and the City of Amsterdam.
[ From the Eegister of West India Affairs, 1052 — 1668, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Tuesday, 1 August, 1656.
FoUo 219. Read at the meeting the petition of the Directors of the West India Company,
Chamber at Amsterdam, requesting the approval of a certain agreement concluded between
New Netherland. them and the Burgomasters of the City of Amsterdam abovenamed, for the
mm. °^'"''' "^ planting of Colonies in New Netherland. Which being considered, it is resolved
and concluded that the aforesaid petition and the documents thereunto belonging, shall be
transmitted to the Assembly of the Half-Nineteen, met at Amsterdam, for information and
advice. The aforesaid Petition shall, however, without prejudice to it, be placed in the hands
of Mess" Van der Capelle to Ryssel and the other, their High Mightinesses' Deputies for the
affairs of the said West India Company, to inspect, examine and report thereupon.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIIL (327
States General to the West India Gomjyanij.
I From the Itegiater of Uitgegane Bnemn of the Slalea General, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
To the Assembly of the Half-Nineteen, at Amsterdam.
The States, etc.
Folio 139. Honorable, etc. We transmit, herewith, the accompanying petition of the
West India [Com- Directors of the West India Company, Chamber at Amsterdam, tojrther with
p.iny J Chamber at r ./ ' c
Amsterdam. j^e Papers thereunto belonging, requesting and requiring you to communicate to
us your information and advice as soon as possible. Whereunto relying, etc.
Done first August, 1656.
Chamber at Amsterdam to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal Archives at the Uague ; File, Wait Indie. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
We have been unexpectedly informed by our brother, Mr. Abraham Wilmerdonx, that your
High Mightinesses have been pleased to send to the Assembly of the Deputies from the respective
Chambers in the City of Amsterdam the petition and appendices presented to your High
Mightinesses by this Chamber for the approval and ratification of some Colonies to be planted
in New Netherland by the Worshipful Burgomasters of Amsterdam, which are immediately
and extremely necessary for the augmentation of the population and the maintenance and
security of those countries, in order that said Assembly may communicate to your High
Mightinesses, without delay, its information and advice; notwithstanding that place hath been
many years under the particular disposition of the Amsterdam Chamber, and by numerous
resolutions of the Assembly of the XIX., is left to that Chamber; so that your High
Mightinesses made not the least objection in the year 1651, to grant similar approbation
and ratification to Mr. Cornells van Werckhoven, late Councillor in the Common Council and
ancient Schepen of Utrecht, deceased, who at that time obtained his Colonie only from this
Chamber; besides 'tis still the practice that the respective Chambers, each in their particular,
but for the common interest, may grant Colonies in places generally at the disposal of the
respective Chambers, as fully appears by the granting of the Colonie at Tobago last year, by
the Zealand Chamber to Mess" Lampsoens, which obtained your High Mightinesses' approbation
without the least objection. Wherefore we shall most humbly request your High Mightinesses
to accommodate this Chamber with the approval of the aforesaid Colonies also, for the
postponement thereof can only enure to the greatest inconvenience of the Company and of
the inhabitants of New Netherland, who with heart and soul are longing for such and similar
augmentation and increase of people for their relief. Wherewith
628 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
High and Mighty Lords, we shall pray God Almighty for the continual welfare of your
High Mightinesses' prosperous government and remain
Your High Mightinesses' humble servants,
The Directors of the West India Company Chamber at Amsterdam.
Amsterdam, the 7 August, | (Signed) Isaack van Beeck.
Received lO"- August, J '^ ' Paulus Timmerman.
The address was as follows :
High and Mighty Lords the States General of the United Netlierlands
at the Hague.
Resolution of the States General on the preceding Letter.
[From Ihe Register of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, io the Eoyal Archives at the Hague.]
Thursday, the lO*'' August, 1656.
roiio22o. Received a letter from the Directors of the West India Company, Chamber at
Population of Colo- Amsterdam, requesting approval of the contract concluded by them with the
Burgomasters there, for the peopling of some Colonies in New Netherland ;
New Netheriand. which being Considered, it is resolved and concluded, that the Assembly of the
Nineteen at present met at Amsterdam, be again written to, that they without delay, yea,
within 8 days after the receipt of the letter, shall communicate to their High Mightinesses
their information and advice on the Petition of said Directors respecting the subject aforesaid,
transmitted some days since to them. The aforesaid letter shall, without prejudice, be placed
in the hands of Mess" Van der Capelle to Ryssel, and the other their High Mightinesses'
Deputies for the affairs of the said West India Company, for inspection, examination and report.
States General to the Assembly of the XIX.
[ From the Register of Vitgegane Brieven of the States General, in the Eojal Archives at the Hague. ]
To the Assembly of the XIX., convened at Amsterdam.
The States, etc.
Foiiowi. Honorable, etc. We have resolved again to request and require your Honors,
hereby, to transmit to us on the earliest day; yea, within eight days after the receipt hereof,
your information and advice on the petition presented to us, some days ago, in the name and
on the behalf of the Directors of the West India Company, Chamber at Amsterdam, on the
popuiaii n of some subiectof a Certain contract concluded with the Burgomasters of that city, for
Colonies in New •* t, J
Naheriand. the populatiou of some Colonies in New Netherland, which we at the time
resolved to transmit to you with the letter inclosed. Wherewith ending etc. Done lO""
August, 1656.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIIL 629
Assembly of the XIX. of the West Indii Company to the States General.
[ From the Original in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; File, V/eit Indie. ]
High and Mighty Lords.
Your Lordship's despatch of the 1st instant with the annexed petition and papers, presented
to your High Mightinesses by the presiding Chamber of Amsterdam, to obtain your High
Mightinesses' approval and ratification of the Conditions agreed upon by said Chamber
with the Right Worshipful Burgomasters of the City of Amsterdam, for founding of Colonies
in New Netherland, was handed to us in due course, and read to our Assembly, and we have
therein seen your High Mightinesses' request and requisition, to communicate to your High
Mightinesses thereupon our information and advice, which we cannot neglect to send
forthwith, together with our rescript, that we, after perusal and examination of said Conditions,
cannot judge or find the establishment of such Colonies on this footing and conditions to be
otherwise than in the highest degree profitable and advantageous for the Company ; wherefore,
we, also, most humbly request your High Mightinesses to be pleased to approve and ratify said
Conditions (which are again transmitted herewith), agreeably to the previous petition of the
Amsterdam Chamber, so that a commencement of that laudable work may be made before
the winter, by the City of Amsterdam, for which the inhabitants of New Netherland, who
will be encouraged thereby, are longing with heart and soul, particularly at this present
season of difficulty. Expecting which, we shall pray Almighty God, High and Mighty Lords,
for the continued welfare of your High Mightinesses' prosperous Government, and remain
Your High Mightinesses' humble Servants,
The Committee of the respective Chambers of tiie West India Company,
Representing the Assembly of the XIX. in Amsterdam.
(Signed) D. Bante.
Eduard Man.
ISAACK VAN BeeCK.
N. Ten Hove.
Amsterdam, the 10"" August, ") Jan van Loosen.
Received 12 August, j ' ' Gerhart Swartte.
Agreement between the West India Company and the City of Amsterdam respectimj
a Colonie on the Delaware Miver.
Conditions to be agreed upon with the West India Company. Received 12
August, 1656.
1.
The West India Company shall approve, and as far as lies in its power, give effect to, the
accompanying Agreement, basis and regulation on which the City of Amsterdam is to plant
Colonies in New Netherland.
C30 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
2.
Their High Mightinesses and the Company are to cede and grant to the City of Amsterdam,
as founder and planters of the place, high, middle and low jurisdiction, in order the better to
maintain the requisite authority there.
3.
The City shall possess the jurisdiction aforesaid, in form of a fief, successively appointing
to that end a person on whom it shall be conferred, on payment of certain seignorial
dues. (Heergewaden.)
4.
The sovereignty and supreme authority, with whatever depends thereupon, remaining,
nevertheless, in their High Mightinesses and in the Company, so far as the same is authorized
by the Charter.
5.
And whilst the government of Amsterdam hath no intention to extend any authority or
power abroad, but merely designs to promote commerce, which is the soul of this city, so it
will be content to make over and convey everything to the Company aforesaid, in case their
High Mightinesses and the Company aforesaid be inclined to reimburse, within the first ten
years, to the City of Amsterdam, the moneys disbursed with simple interest at 5 per cent
yearly, on condition that the said Company, in such case, remain bound to make good to tlie
Colonists the Agreement heretofore drawn up and hereunto annexed.
Conditions offered by tlie City of Amsterdam to Settlers on the Delaware River.
Draft of Conditions to be oflered to those who may be sent as Colonists to
New Netherland. Received 12 August, 1656.
1.
The Colonists should go thither in suitable ships with their families, requisite household
furniture and additional necessaries; for which purpose license shall be applied for and obtained
from the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company.
2.
The City of Amsterdam may make the best agreement it can with the skippers for the
transportation of both people and goods.
3.
Said City is to advance the passage money, on condition that it be hereafter repaid to the
City in manner hereinafter mentioned.
4.
To the end that the said Colonists may gain their livelihood there safely, honestly and
prosperously, the City aforesaid doth beforehand guarantee as follows :
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIII. 631
5.
First. Said City shall provide and assign a fruitful soil in a healthy and temperate climate,
watered by and situated upon a fresh water river which can be navigated by large ships; for
which purpose an agreement shall be previously made with the West India Company for a
place at its disposal and to which no other persons have any claim.
Here the City shall lay out a proper piece of land on a river side for a safe habitation and
residence of the Colonists, and fortify it with a ditch without and a wall within ; and divide
the inclosed land into streets, a market, and lots suitable for the use as well of traders and
mechanics as of farmers ; and all this at the expense of the City.
7.
The City of Amsterdam shall send thither a proper person for Schoolmaster, who shall also
read the Holy Scriptures and set the Psalms.
8.
The City of Amsterdam shall provisionally and until further opportunity provide the salary
of said Schoolmaster.
9.
And to the end that the Colonists going thither, may be provided with all proper necessaries,
as far as possible, the City of Amsterdam shall furnish them for one year with clothing and
all sorts of seed grain ; and, moreover, shall build, in the place aforesaid, a large magazine or
warehouse, wherein it shall keep all sorts of articles, both for clothing and the subsistence of
the people and supply them with all sorts of seed grain ; it shall, likewise, keep a factor there,
who shall furnish everything necessary for clothing, housekeeping and farming, and sell these
at the same prices they are sold here, the Company's custom excepted.
10.
Concerning the Company's custom, the City shall agree therefor as favorably as possible
and especially that the duty to be paid in New Netherland, shall be employed in building and
maintaining public works by those thereunto to be authorized by the West India Company
and the City.
11.
The said fortified place allotted for the residence of the Colonists, whether called a city or
town, shall be regulated in matters of Police and the administration of justice in the same
manner as here in Amsterdam, whereof the practice and custom, particularly in regard to
descents, shall be adhered to.
12.
They shall first have one Schout or officer as the head of Justice, instructed as is the
custom here.
13.
The Schout shall be appointed in the name of their High Mightinesses and the West India
Company, by the Deputies of Amsterdam, who, for this purpose shall give authority to the
Director by a power of attorney.
NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
They shall, moreover, have three Burgomasters, who shall be appointed by Lhe common
Burghers, from the honestest, fittest and richest.
15.
And five or seven Schepens, to vrhich end the body of the Burghers shall nominate a double
number, in order that the Director, by power of attorney, as mentioned in Article 13, may
make an election from them.
IG.
On the increase of the city or town to two hundred families or upwards, these shall
choose a Common Council of XXI. persons, who shall meet with tlie Burgomasters, and
resolve together on all matters relating to the City government ; but this Common Council,
once instituted, shall thereafter have power, in case of the death of one or more of its
members, to fill vacancies by a new election, unanimously, or by plurality of votes; in like
manner the said Common Council shall annually choose the Burgomasters in manner as
aforesaid, and also have the nomination of a double number out of which the Schepens shall
be chosen in manner as already mentioned.
17.
The Schepens shall give judgments for all sums under one hundred guilders; but in cases
exceeding one hundred guilders, the party aggrieved shall be allowed an appeal to the
Director-General and Council of New Netherland.
IS.
Said Schepens shall also pronounce sentence in all criminal cases, but an appeal therefrom
shall be provisionally allowed.
19.
The City of Amsterdam shall agree with a smith, a wheelwright and a carpenter to go and
live there for the convenience and service of the Colonists.
20.
The City of Amsterdam aforesaid, shall divide all the lands round about said town or city,
into suitable fields for plough land, pasture and meadow land, laid out on proper roads for
going to, and coming from, them.
21.
Every person who will follow farming shall have in free, fast and durable property, as many
morgens, as well of plough land as of pasture and meadow, as he and his family will be
able to improve, and will require for grazing, be it 20 @^ 30 or more morgens; provided all
such lands which will be given and conveyed in fee to each of the Colonists, shall by them
in two years from the conveyance, be brought under cultivation, on penalty of the same being
taken from them and given to others.
22.
Each of the Colonists shall settle and use his land freely, without paying poundage, horn
money or salt money, for ten years, reckoning from the year in which the land is first sown or
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIIL 633
pastured ; which ten years being expired, they shall not be taxed higher than those who are
taxed lowest in any other district under the government of the Directors of the West India
Company, in New Netherland. They shall, also, be exempt from tenths for the term of twenty
years, reckoning from the year in which the lands will be first sown ; and on the expiration of
said 20 years, the tenths shall then be paid to the City of Amsterdam ; with the understanding
always, that half of these tenths shall be expended for the support of the public works and of
the persons employed in the public service there. In like manner, also, whenever any
poundage or other taxes shall be paid, the money shall be employed in constructing public
works and keeping them in repair, and in defraying the salaries of persons in service in
that country.
23.
The City of Amsterdam shall make arrangements that ships shall be continually and
consecutively sent from Holland to load and bring over grain, seed, timber, and all other
produce most profitable to the Colonists, who shall, in like manner, be at liberty to charter
private vessels, provided they be consigned to the City of Amsterdam.
24.
Wherefore, the City of Amsterdam shall have proper storehouses here for the storage of the
grain and other property of the Colonists, to be sold for the benefit of the same, and shall return
the proceeds thereof in such articles as the owners shall direct, deducting only two per cent for
commission, and one-tenth of the net proceeds in payment of the disbursements made by the
said City for the freight and passage of the persons and goods of the Colonists; and that until
the aforesaid disbursements are refunded and no longer.
25.
The Colonists in New Netherland shall be at liberty to take out of the City's warehouse
whatever they may require, at the fixed price, provided the account thereof be transmitted
with the Colonists' goods, in order to be deducted therefrom.
26.
The Colonists may, for building houses and vessels and carrying on trade, cut as much
timber as they think fit, without paying anything therefor, not only in the nearest and most
convenient forests, but also in any other places situate in the district, and under the jurisdiction
of the Company in New Netherland, and not already granted to and owned by any private
person, provided they submit to the regulation in that behalf made, or hereafter to be made,
as in Article 28.
27.
The Burgomasters of Amsterdam as founders and Patroons, and as possessors of the
jurisdiction, shall appoint the secretary, messenger, and other inferior officers.
23.
Hunting in the woods and fishing in all the waters and rivers, not heretofore owned by
other persons, shall be free to each of the Colonists, under certain regulations to be made
respecting them, by authority of the Company or their High Mightinesses.
Vol. I. 80
634
NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
The City of Amsterdam shall provide for the transportation of all tools and farming
implements, free and without paying any duty.
And in regard to articles which are sent as merchandise, they shall pay to the Directors of
the West India Company, as duty, according to the specification in the subjoined
For 100 guilders Duflels 2J pieces,
Table.
Convoy; 8 stivers each with i advance.
Duty, @^ 12 per cent,
In New Netherland 4 per cent fl.4 light money, to wit : the rix dollar @^ 03 stivers, .
For 100 guilders, Blankets 28, i ^""^"^ ^' "^°^^' '^''^ ^'^^^»^^'
[ Duty (aX 12 per cent,
N. B. The duffels and blankets aforesaid, pay in addition to the convoy, a duty
of 12 per cent to the said Company, Chamber at Amsterdam. All the following
goods 6 per cent, but with a heavier rate of convoy.
f shirts, stockings, shoes, pedlars'"! Convoy 4 stivers per pound flem-
For 100 I wares, hats, Nurenburg wares and I ish, and J advance, fl. 4. S.S
guilders, j goods not included in the convoy | Duty there, 4 per cent; here, 6
[list. J percent, 6.
F 100 ( "^°°''^" cloths, says, serges and ^ Convoy with the advance,..
hJ other silk, woolen or worsted h Duty there 4 per cent ; here,
guilders, ] , a- ^■ ^ ., I
° [ stufts, hnen cloths. )
For 100 f ] Convoy about
., ] i Oil and Spanish wine, fr>. a i^
guilders, ( '^ j Duty 4 and 6,
T^ ,^„ .,, ■.,. ,.111 { Convoy with the advance,..
For 100 guilders, vinegar 6 hogsheads, J •'
^ I Duty 4 and 6 per cent,
T^. ,„„ ., , r- 1 ■ A \ I J f Convoy with the advance,..
tor 100 guilders, French wine 4 hhds., { •'
D uty 4 and 6 per cent,
10.
. 8.8
1.
.10.
6.
7.
.10.
2.
.15.
6.
8.
1-5.
8.
6.
14.
1.
13.
6.
7.
13.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIIL 635
hogshead, I Convoy, etc......
( Duty there 4 per i
For 100 guilders, Brandy, 1
T-V..L .1 ' cent; here 6
1.13.
7.13.
For 100 guilders, distilled waters, 12 anchors, | S°"^°y ^^ ^^o^^' 3.6.8
( Duty 4 and 6 per cent, 6 .
9. 6.8
For 100 guilders, Nails, 900 lbs., | Convoy, ut supra, 3.12.
I Duty 4 and 6, 6.
9.12.
For 100 guilders, Rice, Spices and groceries,, i *^°"^°y ''*' ^^°^"
[ Duty 4 and here
Convoy as above, about 2. 8.
6.
For 100 guilders. Hops, 300 pounds weight, . i ^""^"^ ^'^'^ ^^^ '*^^^°'^«' '^ ' *"
* ( Duty there 4, here, 6.
13. 4.
All materials and necessaries for farming and the exercise of trade and handicraft are free
of duty.
All products of New Netherland imported hither are free of duty. Item. All kinds of salted
or dried fish, caught there.
Peltry such as beavers, others, &c., pay eight per cent.
Amplification of the aforesaid draft of Conditions.
Any of the Colonists who by himself or his family or any person in his service, shall discover
any minerals, crystals, precious stones, marbles, etc., of whatever nature they may be, may
possess and keep them as his own, without paying any impost or duty for them, for the term
often years ; but after the expiration thereof, he shall be held to pay the Company one-tenth
part of the proceeds.
The following was exhibited with the 2 drafts of Conditions, and refers to Article 9.
The City of Amsterdam shall cause a convenient warehouse to be prepared wherein shall
be deposited all the goods the said City intends to send to its Colonie in New Netherland,
where they may be inspected, in the presence of a person appointed for that purpose by the
City of Amsterdam, by any one authorized by the Directors of the West India Company, and
marked with the marks of the City and Company, the duty thereon being paid to the Company
according to the list hereof to be made and agreed on.
Which goods may, then, be laden with the Company's knowledge, in any vessel or vessels
the said City will be able to obtain.
If the City of Amsterdam shall ship any goods or freight in ahy vessel going to New
Netherland, it shall submit to the same regulations as others.
(535 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
But if the City of Amsterdam shall send away its own, or any chartered ship, laden only
with its own goods, it shall send that ship or ships directly to its own city, town or Colonie,
provided that all the goods put on board be opened in the City's warehouse there in the
presence of some person belonging to the Company appointed for that purpose, to whom also
the letters and commission from the Company shall be delivered.
In like manner all wares, produce or merchandise imported from the City's Colonie must
be brought whole into the City here and opened in the City's warehouse in the presence of
a person appointed for that purpose by the Company, and the duties due to the Country and
the Company must be paid thereon.^
He-solution of the States General on tlie preceding.
[ From the Eegister of West India Affaire, 1652 — 1663, in the Royal irchives at the Hague .]
Saturday, the 12 August, 1656.
roiio22o. Received a letter from the Committee of the respective Chambers of the West
New Netheriand. India Company representing the Assembly of the Nineeen convened at Amsterdam,
dated there the lO'" instant, together with some appendices in answer to their High
Mightinesses' despatch of the 1" of this month, and in conformity thereto, information and
advice on the Petition and Papers presented by the presiding Chamber of Amsterdam to their
High Mightinesses in order to obtain their approbation and ratification of the Conditions
entered into by said Chamber with the Burgomasters of the City of Amsterdam for planting
Colonies in New Netheriand. Which being considered, it is resolved and concluded that the
aforesaid letter shall be placed in the hands of Mess" van der Capelle to Ryssel and others
their High Mightinesses' Deputies for the affairs of the West India Company, to investigate,
examine and report thereon. Then is the foregoing conclusion formed by Mr. vanRenswoude.
Report of the Committee of the States General on the foregoing Conditions.
[ From the Otiginal in the Eoyal Archiyes at the Hague ; File, Weift Indie.]
Memorandum of the Report. Wednesday ^ August, 165G.
The Committee have read and examined the letter of the Assembly of the Nineteen from
Amsterdam the 10 August with the Agreement concluded between the West India Company
Chamber at Amsterdam and the City of Amsterdam for the peopling of New Netheriand by
planting Colonies there on the Conditions therein stipulated.
Also read the draft of articles to be granted to Colonists by the City of Amsterdam ;
And find the stipulation of the City of Amsterdam and the draft of the articles contain
nothing prejudicial to the public interests.
'Compare the Documents supra, yip. 619, 623. — Ed.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : VIII. 637
Therefore, would find it serviceable that this agreement should be ratified on the part of
their High Mightinesses, saving the right and possession of the Colonies heretofore given out,
and of the property purchased in their district.
Their High Mightinesses have thanked the Committee for the trouble they have taken,
confirmed the report and ratified the agreement entered into respecting the population. But
when there are 200 families or thereabouts, a preacher and consistory shall be installed without
any expense to the Company {geiieraUceil).
Ratification hy the States General of the Conditions for the Colony on the Delaware
River.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Eojal ArchiTcs at the Hague.]
Wednesday the 16"" August, 1656.
Folio 221. Heard the report of Mess" Van der Capelle to Ryssel and other their High
New Netheriand. ]\iightinesses' Deputies for the affairs of the West India Company, having, pursuant
to the resolution of the IS"" instant, investigated and examined the letter of the Committee of
Directors of the respective Chambers of the West India Company representing the Assembly
of the Nineteen convened at Amsterdam, dated the lO"" instant, together with some appendices
in answer to their High Mightinesses' despatch of the l" ditto, and consequently, information
and advice on the Petition and Papers presented by the presiding Chamber of Amsterdam to
their High Mightinesses to obtain their appi'obation and ratification of the Conditions entered
into by that Chamber with the Burgomasters of said City of Amsterdam for the planting of
Colonies in New Netheriand. Which being considered, their High Mightinesses have thanked
the Gentlemen of the Committee for the trouble they have taken, and it is further Resolved
and concluded, hereby to approve and ratify the aforesaid agreement or conditions entered into
by the abovementioned Chamber with the Burgomasters of Amsterdam, all nevertheless saving
and without prejudice to the right, jurisdiction and possession of the Colonies heretofore given out
in the aforesaid countries and of the property purchased in said district ; with this understanding
also, that whensoever there shall be in that place two hundred families or thereabouts, a
preacher and consistory shall be installed there without any expense to the Company. And
all this saving also the division of the districts which may be made among the respective
Chambers. It is hereby recommended to the aforesaid Chamber at Amsterdam so to moderate
the public duties that the population there may be encouraged, and not obstructed.
Remonstrance of Mr. Henrick van der Capelle tho Ryssel.
[ From tho M3. in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague ; LokeOcas of the States General j Rubric, Wat Indische Compagnie, No. 42. ]
To their High Mightinesses the Lords States General of the United Netherlands.
Joncker Henrick van der Capellen tho Ryssel, Lord of Issel and Hasselt, Burgomaster of
the City of Zutphen, ordinary Deputy to your High Mightinesses' Assembly, humbly showeth:
G38 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
That in May 1650 he forwarded people to Staten Island in New Netherland, in conformity
with the Charter thereunto granted by tiie West India Company, Chamber of Amsterdam,
and hath since that time unto February, 1G55, sent thither so many agricultural laborers,
superintendents and carpenters that in August, 16-55, his Colonie had a population of over ninety
souls, with eleven bouweries in progress, which he, Van der Capellen, had also stocked with
tiie necessary oxen and cows, so that in November, 1655, he was in expectation of a large crop
of seed and an increase of cattle.
But in consequence of violence unexpectedly committed by some belonging to the City of
New Amsterdam, together with beating and shooting some Indians, natives of that country, the
latter, being unable to revenge themselves on the Burghers of New Amsterdam, set fire to all
the bouweries first on the Manhattans around New Amsterdam, and afterwards on Staten Island,
and killed all the people that did not make their escape.
Wherefore, Van der Capellen hath lost by this burning all his houses and the barns
appertaining to these bouweries on Staten Island ; and in this resistance fifteen of his people,
including one superintendent and two carpenters innocently lost their lives, who had never
given the least offence to the Indians, by whom over twelve thousand schepels of grain were
burnt in the straw. The most of this loss falls on your remonstrant, as appears from the
original letter of Mr. Stuy vesandt, Director-General of New Netherlandt, dated New Amsterdam,
30"" October, 1655, an extract whereof is annexed.
And as he. Van der Capellen, intends, by the blessing of God the Lord, to prevent such
murder of his agriculturists, burning of houses, seed crops and plunder of cattle, he has instructed
Captain Adriaen Post, his agent, to collect together the surviving agriculturists, women and
children, who are still more than seventy in number, and to erect a fort on said Island pursuant
to the order sent over; into which he and they can retire, in case of another such hostile
attack on the part of the Indians. A Bill of exchange has, also, been sent to him to keep those
people in provisions, until they can have another crop.
And for the prevention of such hostile attack, the remonstrant is inclined to send out a
Commander with some soldiers and matrosses to the fort on the island, as well to defend and
assist his agricultural laborers and freemen as to maintain and carry on the true reformed
Christian Worship of God, good order, police, justice and contracts.
He, therefore, with due respect humbly prays your High Mightinesses to be pleased to grant,
for a capable person of the Christian Reformed Religion, whom he proposes to accept and to
present in your High Mightinesses' Assembly to be sworn, a Commission similar to that your
High Mightinesses heretofore, and now lately granted to Mess" Adriaen and Cornells Lampsin»
for the islands Tobago and St. Martin, on the 2""* September, 1655, copy whereof is annexed ;
the said Commander remaining bound to take oath to the West India Company, whenever the
Assembly of the Nineteen shall think it proper, all in conformity with the Charter granted to
the West India Company.
(Signed) Henr: van der Capellen toe Ryssel.
In the margin was: —
This Remonstrance is referred to the Directors of the West India Company in
attendance here, to examine and report.
Done in their High Mightinesses' Assembly, the 4"" October, 1656.
(Signed) J. ScHULENBORCH, v.
By order of the same,
(Signed) N. Ruisch,
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIII. 639
Appendix, ith October, 1656.
Extract of a letter of Mr. Stuyvesant, Director General in New Netherland, dated
New Amsterdam, the 30"' October, 1655, to the Mr. van der Capelien
tho Ryssel.
Which expedition, blessed by God, was brought to a close in 3 @. 4 weeks, when it pleased
God to temper this our Victory with such an unfortunate and unexpected accident as New
Netherland never witnessed, inasmuch as in less than 3 days over forty of our nation were
massacred by the barbarous Natives; about 100 mostly women and children taken prisoners ;
bouweries and some plantations burnt and laid in ashes, and in and with them over 12,000
schepels grain yet unthrashed. In this loss you have been the greatest sufferer in the Colonic
you have begun.
May the good God please to apply a remedy. Who was the original cause of this great
misfortune and scandal, I cannot particularly say, as it occurred in my absence.
Appendix, ith October, 1656.
Commission for
as Commander on the Island of Tobago, situate and included in the
Caribbean Islands, and consequently within the jurisdiction of the West
India Company of this country.
The States General of the United Netherlands.
Whereas the General Incorporated West India Company of the aforesaid United Netherlands
hath represented to us, that they have resolved to grant charter and freedom to Adriaen and
Cornells Lampsins, residing at Flushing in Zealand, and partners, to repair to and reside for a
certain time at the Island of Tobago, situate and included among the Caribbean Islands, and
consequently within the jurisdiction of the Company aforesaid, to provide it with a proper
garrison of sea and land forces, and that they had, for the advancement and direction of their
affairs there, need to employ a capable and qualified person as Commander, and to this end
have recommended the person of and accordingly
requested that we will furnish him with our Commission necessary thereunto.
Know Ye, that we having the same in consideration as tending to the promotion of the
general trade and prosperity of this country, and being moreover informed of the fitness,
fidelity and experience of the aforesaid him have
appointed and commissioned and do hereby appoint and commission as Commander to make
arrangements for the security of the lands, fortresses and places in the aforesaid Island, to
direct the affairs of trade, police, and war, to command the soldiers, sailors and other persons,
so far as their Charter permits, and to do everything for the service and prosperity of the
abovementioned Island of Tobago, that a good and faithful Commander is bound and obliged
to do ; all in conformity with the instruction and commission already given or yet to be given
by the West India Company aforesaid.
Ordering and commanding, therefore, all officers, soldiers and seamen of the aforesaid
places, and whomsoever this in any wise may concern, the abovenamed
640 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
to hold, honor and respect as their Commander on the Island of Tobago, and moreover to
obey whatever he, in the quality aforesaid, shall command them for the service of the State of
this country in general and of the West India Company in particular.
Given at the Hague under our counter-seal paraph and the signature of our Greffier, the
second of September, 1655.
Resolation of the States General on Mr. van der CapelUs Petition.
[ From the Register of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1653, in the Eoyal Archives at the Hague. ]
Wednesday, the 4'*' October, 1656.
Folio 223. Read at the meeting a certain Remonstrance of J"' Hendrick van der Capelle
to Ryssel, Lord of Essel and Hasselt, Burgomaster of the City of Zutphen, Ordinary Deputy
Commander at New ^"^ ''^^''' High Mightiuesses' Asscmbly, requesting that a Commission be issued
^''"'"'^'"'' for a proper person of the Reformed Religion, which he would send as
Commander to his people of Staten Island in New Netherland, as was granted last year, 1655,
to Mess" Adriaen and Cornells Lampsins for the Island of Tobago and St. Martin. Which
being considered, it is resolved and concluded to refer the petition aforesaid to the Directors
of the West India Company here, for advice.
■ Resolution of the Assembly of the XIX. on Mr. van der CapelWs Petition.
[ From the MS. tu the Eoyat Archives at the Hague ; Loketkas of the Slates General ; Ruble, West India Compagnie^ No. 42. ]
Extract from the resolutions of the Committee of the respective Chambers of the
Incorporated West India Company, representing the Assembly of the XIX.,
holden at the Hague.
Thursday, the fifth of October, 1656.
Read at the meeting a certain petition presented by Mr. Hendrick van der Capelle tho Ryssel,
Lord, etc., to their High Mightinesses, together with their High Mightinesses' postil thereon,
dated fourth of October, 1056, that the Directors in attendance, from the respective Chambers
representing the Assembly of the XIX., may furnish their advice on the said opinion presented
as above.
It is resolved and concluded, that the petition concerns exclusively the Chamber of
Amsterdam with which the said gentleman hath specially contracted; that the Directors of said
Chamber in attendance are earnestly requested, as well out of respect for the case as for his
Honor, to bring this petition before the Chamber of Amsterdam, and to second and recommend
it in the most favorable manner, which, also, they have undertaken to do on the earliest
opportunity. Agrees with the Register aforesaid.
(Signed) L. van Seventer, 1656.
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIIL 641
Resolution of the States General.
I From tho Register of West India Affairs, 1652 — 1663, in the Royal Arcliives at the Hague. ]
Thursday, S"" October, 1656.
Polio 235. Read at the Meeting, a certain Resolution of the attending Committee of the
Directors of the West India Company representing the Assembly of the Nineteen of this day's
Mr. oapeiie. '^^'^6' '" substance that Mr. Van der Capelle to Ryssel's remonstrance presented
cnSmlndTriaNew yesterday, to obtain a Commission for a Commander to be sent by him to his
Netheriand. people of Statcn Island in New Netherland concerned exclusively the Chamber
of Amsterdam, with which that Gentleman had specially contracted, and consequently they
the Directors in attendance had earnestly requested said Chamber to bring, out of respect for the
case and his Honor's person, the petition before said Chamber of Amsterdam and to recommend
it most favorably ; which they have undertaken to do at the earliest opportunity. Whereupon
no resolution is adopted.
Report on Garrisoning Fort Casimir^ on the Delaware River.
[ Prom the Bundle endorsed Verscheide Stukkem rakende de CoUmie van Nieim Kederlandt, No. 6 ; In the Stad Huya, AmBterdam. ]
Report exhibited and proposed to the Right Worshipful the Burgomasters on
some points. 1 November, 1656.
Holland Documents, Whereas, we had noticed in the Instruction which your Worships were
pleased to draw up for this Board, that you intended to occupy Fort Casimir,
we, therefore, for the advancement of matters, have made out an estimate and calculation, and
considered the number of soldiers necessary in our opinion for the occupation aforesaid, to be
a Company of 60 strong, under one Captain, Lieutenant and Ensign, &c., in order to impose
thereby greater respect on the natives and neighbors in those parts. Which Company of
Soldiers would cost yearly, in wages and rations, economy being studied as much as possible
herein, as follows: —
1 Captain, monthly pay, A- 50.0.0
1 Lieutenant, " " 30.0.0
1 Ensign, " " - 25.0.0
2 Sergeants, each 15 guilders, • 30.0.0
1 Captain of arms, - 10.0.0
2 Corporals, each fl.l2, - 24.0.0
6 Cadets, each 10, 60.0.0
2 Drums, each 9 IS. 0.0
44 Soldiers, each 8,.
Vol. I. 81
352.0.0
599.0.0
Multiplied by 12 months
642 NEW- YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Yearly wages, fl. 7,1S8
The yearly allowance for rations amounts
For 1 Ccvptain, yearly, fl. 150
For 1 Lieutenant, 120
For 1 Ensign, 100
For 2 Sergeants, each fl.SO, 160
For 55 Rank and file, each fl.60, 3,300 3,S30
Total wages and allowance for rations yearly, fl. 11,015.
To officer the aforesaid companies, one Martin Kryger had offered himself as Captain and
Alexander Hinojossa as Lieutenant; no Ensign satisfactory to us having come forward, we
recommend both those gentlemen to your Worships agreeably to your Instruction, as persons
who, we trust on this occasion, are capable of doing good service. The first having resided
many years in New Netherland and given proof enough of his qualifications, and especially of
his knowledge of the country and of the South river, and the other on account of his long
service in Brazil and other capacities, having been employed there as Lieutenant and
Captain-Lieutenant.
In case your Worships may conclude on choosing and accepting both these persons, in
aforesaid quality, 'twill be necessary then to instruct them immediately to look up soldiers
and, lest the enlistment thereof consume too long a time, as the season is quickly passing and
therefore cannot permit of it, we are of opinion that the drum ought to be beat for them, in
order that they may be sent away by the end of this month.
Also, that we have warned and shall notify all persons who have had themselves registered
as free Colonists, handicraftsmen, &c., already amounting to a respectable number, that they
must be prepared and ready, by the aforesaid time ; and finally,
That for divers reasons we have thought it fit and more profitable to hire or freight a ship
of 160 (a, 170 lasts burthen here, to convey all the aforesaid people and their requisite
necessaries, to New Netherland.
Hesolution of the Common Council of Amsterdam on the preceding Report.
[ From the Besohitim van dfi VroeSscliappen A., p. 151 ; In the Stad Iluya, Amsterdam. ]
Extract of the Resolutions of the Common Council of the City of Amsterdam.
• 4 November, 1656.
n.flandDoenmenu, -pj^g Burgomasters have further informed the Council that their Worships had.
Colonies in New ^"^ ^^^ promotion of the New Netherland business, considered among other
Netherland. things: \w what manner Fort Casimir, which is situate on the South river and is
conveyed to this City by the West India Company and destined to be the first abiding place of
the new Colonists, should in future be guarded and defended against foreign attack, as the
present Garrison is to be removed thence by said Company, and quartered in other of their
forts lying higher up on said river, and that their Worships had principally taken into
consideration these means, to wit: To send over 60 to 70 Boors from the Gulick country and
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS : VIIL 643
surrounding neighborhood, who, by the daily quartering of soldiers are not much less qualified
for war than they, in order to mount guard on certain conditions and penalties, and to attend
to agriculture the remainder of the time ; or, else, a certain number of soldiers to garrison
specially said Fort.
Then, their Worships considering that these means would be a source of more or less
expense to the City, had resolved before proceeding therein, to request the advice and orders
of this Council.
Which being considered, and the maintaining of soldiers or of those who perform such duty,
being adjudged one of the most fundamental requisites for the security of many embryo cities
and towns,
It is unanimously resolved and concluded hereby to request and authorize the Burgomasters
to act in the premises, as they may consider most advantageous to the projected Colonies.
Estimated Expense of sending a Colony of 150 persons to the Delatoare Eiver.
i Frotn the Bundle endorsed Venc/teiJe Stukken rakende de Coloms van. Memo Nederlandt, Nos. T, 8, 9, 10 ; in the Stad H.tys, Amsterdam. ]
Amsterdam, 20 October, A" 1656.
(.Hand Documents ^^^^ 0^ Clothing and whatever appertains thereto, required for those who will
'^•'^°'- go to New Netherland as Colonists, estimated at 100 persons for 1 year.
400 pairs of shoes for men, women and children, average (S^ 25 stiv. per pair, fl. 500.
200 pairs of Iceland stockings, @^ 5 stivers the pair, 60 .
50 pairs Prussian blue stockings, (^ 15 stivers the pair, 37.10
50 pairs cloth hose for women and children, average (aX 15 stivers, 37.10
50 pairs wool dyed hose for women and children, average (^ 20 stivers,... 50.
200 shirts for men and women, (9. 36 stivers, 360.
600 ells coarse flemish linen, &c., for making children's shirts, 10 stivers, 300.
50 men's hats, fl. 2, 100 .
50 boys' hats, fl. IJ, 75.
100 red Rouen caps, 4 stivers, , 20
150 ells coarse colored cloth, for making 50 suits of men's clothes, @^ 45 stivers, 337 . 1 0
500 ells Russia cloth for overcoats and children's clothing, (^ 6 stivers, 120.
200 ells duffels and some woolen strings for women and children's petticoats,
@, 30 stivers, 300 .
100 neckcloths (dassiers), (al 5 stivers, 25 .
20 pairs of thick leather boots, fl. 6, 120.
Hooks and eyes, buttons, white, gray and colored yarn, together with
pay for making men's clothing ; total estimated, 300 .
50 blankets for covering, (^ fl. 4, fl- 200
100 double carpets (carpetten^), (a!). 2i stivers, 120
320.
Add hereunto clothing for 50 persons, which would amount to 1,526 . 5
Total for clothing for 150 persons yearly, 4,578 . 15
^ Quere ? Carpoetien, cape. — Ei>.
644 NEW-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
And for the purchase of cattle which are necessary for agriculture, at first
cargoes must be sent out, which are taken by the neighboring
English, viz'.
Duftels, shirts, stockings, shoes and distilled waters, for the sum of fi. 3,000.
Amsterdam, S"" November, Anno. 16-56.
Iv'^i99^°™"*°"' ^^^^ °^ Liquors and provisions required for 100 people for one year :
16 barrels of Beef, each weighing 500 lb. @ 70 fl., fl. 1120.
9 do. pork, " " 300 42 fl., 378.
4 tierces Spanish wine, per awm., 80 fl., 320 .
4 " Brandy, " 80 fl 320.
6 " French wine, " 28 fl., 168.
8 firkins Vinegar, per firk., 34 fl., 272.
4 tierces oil, per awm., 85 fl., 340.
4 " train oil, " 30 fl., 120.
20500 lbs. meal, including the toll, &c., 560.
8 tons salt, per ton, 3 fl., 24.
10 bags groats, per sack, 4^ fl-, 475.
72 "peas, " 4 fl., 288.
25 "beans, " 3 fl., 75.
4 firkins butter, per firkin, 65 fl., 260.
25U lbs. cheese. per lb. 25 st., 437.10
6200 lbs. dried codfish, per ct. 6 fl., 312.
2 schepels mustard seed, per sch., 3 J fl., 7 .
150 lbs. candles, per lb. 6 st 45 .
15 hams, @ fl. 2, 30.
12 ps. smoked beef, 2 fl., 24.
30 smoked tongues, 12 st., 18 .
fl. 5593.10
Casks required for the above :
76 meat barrels, fl. 7J, 120.
36 pork do. and tierces, 6 fl., 216.
8 firkins, 10 fl., _ 80.
140 dry casks, 2 fl., ' 280.
8 kegs, 16 St., * 6. 8
24 cases, 30 st., 36.
fi. 6331.18
Add hereunto provisions for 50 persons amounting to, 3166.00
Total for 150 persons for 1 year, fl. 9497.18
HOLLAND DOCUMENTS: VIII. 645
Amsterdam, 8"" November, A" 1656.
iv!^i93°"™'"™''' Li'^'' °^ ^'i^ munitions of war required for 150 men, to be sent to the South river
of New Netheriand.
75 muskets, (3, H. 4 J each, fl. 337 . 10
75 firelocks or snaphance, @^ S , 600 . 00
75 bandoleers, (a), 22 stiv., ^. 82.10
75 cartridge boxes, (a), 28 stiv., 105.00
75 swords, fl. 2i 187.10
75 hangers, fl. 2^, 187.10
75 sword belts, 25 stiv., 1 00 . 00
75 sabre belts, fl. 1, 75 . 00
70 chests, @. 28 stivers, 98.00
70 straw beds, fl. 1, 70.00
1,843.00
2000 lbs. powder, (a, fl. 45 per cwt., 900.00
600 lbs. lead, 10 " 60.00
400 lbs. musket balls, 11 " 44.00
2,843.00
Holland Documents Calculation or estimate of the first cost of the following necessaries which are
^'^■>"^- required for New Netheriand.
For 2 months' wages for the crew, fl. 600.00
For 5 months' supplies for the ship, 750.00
For 2 months' in hand for 40 soldiers 800.00
For 150 persons rations, 9,500 . 00
For cloathing and other necessaries, 4,500 . 00
For cargoes in duff'els, &c., 3,000.00
For materials and agricultural implements, 3,000.00
For powder, lead, guns and other munitions of war, 2,800.00
fl. 24,950.00
Resolution authorizing a Loan for the Colony on the Delaware River.
i From the JBesoluUen mn de Yroedschappen, A., p. 162 ; in the Stad Buys, Amaterdara. ]
Extract from the Resolutions of the Common Council of the City of Amsterdam.
11 November, 1656.
Holland Docnmenta The Commissiouers appointed for the affairs of New Netheriand are authorized
xv.?V , ji^g Council to borrow the sum of Twenty-five thousand Guilders, for setting
Commissioners ni J *' -i i • j i j /•
SoS to^borrow "P t'^e Colouie and the purchase of divers goods required by it, and to pledge lor
86,000 Gi. gjj^jj Yq3xi the revenues, means and effects of the City.
g46 ~ NEAV-YORK COLONIAL MANUSCRIPTS.
Commission of Captain Martin Kryger.
[ From the Oroot Memoriad, IV., 119, in the Stad Euys, Amsterdam.]
Holland Docomenu, The Burgomusters and Regents of the City of Arastelredamme being resolved
■' ■ to send a Company of Soldiers to their Colonic in New Netherland, and therefore
requiring to appoint an experienced and proper- person to command those Soldiers as Captain,
the person of Martin Kryger was proposed as ^uch to them, Make known: That they, on the
good report rendered them of the fitness, fidelity and experience of the abovenamed Martin
Mariin Krygers Kryger, have accepted, appointed and commissioned him, do hereby accept,
Commission as Cap- .... y-i . i i /• • i n\
tain of a Company appoint and commissioD him, as Captain, to command the aforesaid Company
of Soldiers in New rr ' r i ./
Netherland. gf goldiers, and to employ them in New Netherland aforesaid, and wherever it
shall be necessary as he shall deem most serviceable, according to the letter of instructions
and further orders which their Worships shall consider good and proper ; wherefore, we
order and command all officers and soldiers belonging to the aforesaid Company to hold,
acknowledge and respect the aforesaid Martin Kryger as their Captain, and, moreover, to
obey all whatsoever he shall command them on the part of the aforesaid City for its service,
for such is their Worships' pleasure. In witness' whereof, the Seal of the said City is affixed
hereunto, the S"" December, 1656. (Was signed) J. Corver. Having impressed the seal in
green wax.
Commission of Lieutenant Alexander d^Hinojosa.
[From the Oroot Memoriael, IV., 119, in the Stad ITuys^ Amsterdam.]
Holland Documents, The Burgomasters and Regents of the City of Amstelredamme having resolved
'' ' to send a Company of Soldiers to their Colonic in New Netherland, and therefore
requiring to appoint a suitable person, who as Lieutenant, may command under the Valiant
Martin Kryger, Captain of said Company, the person of Alexander d'Hinojosa was proposed
as such to them. Make known: That they, on the good report rendered them of the fitness,
Alexander d'Hino- fidelity and cxpericHcc of the aforesaid Alexander d'Hinojosa, have accepted,
J03a as Lieutenant .ti ..iii, . , ..,.
in New Netherland. appointed and commissioncd, do hereby accept, appoint and commission him,
as Lieutenant, to command in good correspondence and unity the said Company, under the
Captain aforesaid, and according to his instruction and orders, given and to be given by their
Worships, to promote our service; wherefore, we order and command all officers and soldiers
of said Company, the aforesaid Alexander d'Hinojosa to acknowledge, respect and obey as
their Lieutenant, for such is their Worships' pleasure. In witness vphereof, the Seal of the
said City is affixed hereunto, the 5"" December, 1656. (Was signed) J. Corver. Having
besides a seal impressed on green wax.
FOR GENERAL INDEX TO THIS WORK, SEE THE LAST VOLUME.
9 707
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