Dogs: their management and treatment in disease : a study of the theory and practice of canine medicine

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Webster Family Library of Veterinary Medicine
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ufis University
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am

DOGS:

Management and Treatment

DISEASE

A STUDY OF THE THEOBY AND PRACTICE OF CANINE
MEDICINE.

SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED.

By ASHMONT.

PUBLISHED BY

J. LORING THAYER,
Boston: 1891,

S<=avr
(Mb

PREFACE

The rapid advancement in science has wrought many changes in
the principles and practice of medicine, added new remedies to the
resources of the physician, exploded many old theories, and dissi-
pated countless fancies and prejudices. Well worn paths have
been left, new fields traversed, and discoveries made, which aid not
only in the cure, but in the prevention of disease. Important
lessons have been taught, and the limits of knowledge extended, by
trials of endurance which have developed unsuspected latent
powers, both in man and animals. Further progress will yet be
made, of which speculation is fruitless.

To place before the reader a faithful exposition of medicine, as
it exists at the present time, is the purpose of the author. No
finished treatise is attempted, replete with scientific technicalities,
calculated to confuse and mystify, but in simple, comprehensive
language and expression, on these pages are described the promi-
nent appearances in disease, and the manner of applying remedies,
sustained largely by the results of personal observation.

This book is submitted with the ardent hope it may be found a
source of instruction, and aid in the care of man's true and faithful
friend, the Dog.

ASHMONT.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I.

GENERAL MANAGEMENT.

PAGE

Introduction.— The Care of Puppies after "Weaning.— Feeding.— Exercise.—

Washing.— Kennel Arrangements.— Grooming.— Vermin. ... I

CHAPTER II.

ANTIDOTES AND TREATMENT IN CASES OF POISONING.

General Remarks.— Rules in using Medicine. — Arsenic— Strychnine and Nux
Vomica.— Carbolic Acid.— Phosphorus.— Mercury.— Lead Salts.— Gen-
eral Antidote 15

CHAPTER III.

THE PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINE.

Pathology.— Definition of Health.— Diagnosis.— Reasoning by way of Exclu-
sion.—Prognosis.— Prognostics.— Causation.— Administering Medicine. . 19

CHAPTER IV.

SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS.

Introduction.— Definition of terms Acute, Subacute, and Chronic— Self-limited
Duration of Certain Diseases.— The Expectant Plan of Treatment-
Rules for Estimating the Doses of Medicine.— Examination of a Dog.—
Indications of the Pulse.— Importance of Hygienic Measures of Treat-
ment 23

DISEASES AFFECTING THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

Acute Pleurisy.— Chronic Pleurisy.— Pneumonia.— Bronchitis.— Consumption.
—Asthma. — Acute Laryngitis.— Chronic Laryngitis. — Acute Catarrh.—
Nasal Polypus.— Ozsena. — Influenza. . 25

CHAPTER V.

AFFECTIONS OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE.

Eruption of the Teeth.— Treatment of the Teeth.— Softening of the Gums.—
Cancrum Oris.— Salivation. — Blain.— Inflammation of the Tongue.—
Pharyngitis 49

IV. CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VI.

DISEASES AFFECTING THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Indigestion.— Acute Gastritis.— Chronic Gastritis.— Vomiting.— Colic — Diar-
rhoea.—Dysentery.— Constipation.— Enteritis.— Intestinal Obstruction.—
Peritonitis.— Piles.— Fistula in Ano.— Prolapsus Ani.-Fissure of the Anus. 55

CHAPTER VII.

DISEASES AFFECTING THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN.

Acute Hepatitis.— Chronic Hepatitis.— Fatty Liver.— Jaundice.— Torpor of the
Liver.— Passage of Gall Stones.— Cancer of the Liver.— Affections of the
Spleen.— Diseases of the Pancreas.— Sugar in the Liver.— Digestion of
Starch 83

CHAPTER Vin.

DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.

Nephritis.— Acute Cystitis.— Chronic Cystitis.— Cystic Calculi.— Renal Calculi.

—Retention of Urine.— Hematuria 97

CHAPTER IX.
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

Balanitis.— Paraphymosis.— Inflammation of the Scrotum.— Morbid Growths.
—Prolapse of the Vagina.— Polypi of the Vagina— Acute Metritis.—
Affections of the Vulva. 105

CHAPTER X.

DISEASES OF THE EYE.

Ophthalmia.— Iritis.— Cataract— Amaurosis.— Protrusion of the Eyeball.—

Lachrymal Apparatus.— Affections of the Haw.— Affections of the Eyelids. Ill

CHAPTER XI.

DISEASES OF THE EAR.

Canker.— Otitis, Media or Interna.— Polypus.— Deafness.— Affections of the

Flap of the Ear. 119

CHAPTER XII.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

Eczema.— Sarcoptic Mange. — Follicular Mange.— Prurigo.— Pruritus.— Favus.

—Ringworm. — Erythema.— Erysipelas. 127

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XIII.

INTESTINAL PARASITES.

PAGE

General Remarks.— Giant Strongle. — Wrinkled Thread-worm.— Cruel Thread-
worm.—Ascaris Marginata.— Taenia 143

CHAPTER XIV.

DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Hydrophobia.— Convulsions.— Vertigo.— Apoplexy.— Concussion of the Brain.—
Hydrocephalus.— Compression of the Brain.— Acute Meningitis.— Chronic
Meningitis.— Chorea.— Neuralgia.— Paralysis.— Tetanus 151

CHAPTER XV.

GENERAL DISEASES.

Distemper. — Diphtheria. — Rheumatism. — Lumbago. — Eruptive Fevers. —
Dropsy.— Anaemia.— Plethora.— Obesity.— Rickets. — Scrofula. — Maras-
mus 181

CHAPTER XVI.

SURGICAL AFFECTIONS.

Wounds.— Umbilical Hernia.— Sprains.— Burns and Scalds.— Fractures and

Dislocations 199

CHAPTER XVII.
SEXUAL GENERATION.

Ovulation.— Ovaries.— Size and Appearance of the Eggs.— Their Ripening and
Discharge.— Fecundation of the Germ.— Conditions of their Impregna-
tion.—OUstruation.— Duration —When to Mate.— Enforced Concourse. 205

DOGS:

THEIR

MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT
IN DISEASE.

CHtfPTE® /.

IJYTR OB UCTIOJY.

As the object of this work is to treat of the dog in a state of disease, the
author has deemed it expedient to confine himself to those essential con-
siderations in keeping with his purpose, reserving for a future effort the
subject of Breeding and attendant interests.

The introduction of general management which might seem extraneous, is
yet pursuant of this design, on the assumption that a knowledge of the
prevention of disease, is intimately associated with the study of pathology,
and holds a place scarcely inferior to that of a familiarity with the princi-
ples and practice of medicine.

Many diseases are preventable by removing or obviating their causes;
reforms in ventilation, cleanliness and diet, there is reason to believe,
accomplish much, and are among the most important modes by which
diseases may be prevented.

The care of puppies from the period of weaning, is treated of in a gen-
eral way. In the management of dogs after maturity is reached, minor
details are dwelt upon, it being assumed that, to some at least, their con-
sideration may prove of value.

The number of drugs capable of producing death, under certain condi-
tions, is almost limitless, as medicines, possessing sufficient activity to be
of much value, are always poisons in inordinate or excessive quantities.

2 IXTRODUCTIOX.

In the chapter devoted to the subject, the action of dangerous agents, more
generally encountered, is discussed.

In the consideration of the different diseases, cmises, symptoms, treatment
and prognosis are each of recognized importance, and diagnosis if necessary
to discriminate from one of several diseases with which it has more or
less symptomatic phenomena in common.*

To dwell on pathological anatomy, or the appearances in a morbid or dis-
eased state, must necessarily confuse the reader and reference excepting
in rare instances is avoided.

In the arrangement of diseases convenience is studied. Under general
diseases are considered all unclassified.

It is implied that operative surgery is beyond the capacity of many, and
as an exhaustive treatise on the subject would prove of but little value,
only the simpler operations, and treatment in cases of emergency are con-
sidered.

The final chapter is devoted to reproduction, that very interesting process
being briefly reviewed. Several pages are allotted to ozstruation, and in a
series of hints, rather than in an attempted treatise on the subject, some
practical information is submitted.

The Care of Puppies After Weaning.

One of the greatest essentials in the rearing of puppies, especially the
case in large breeds, is sufficient exercise. Under no consideration chain
them, but allow almost absolute freedom of movement. If kept in a pen, it
should be large and so constructed that they can lie down or stand on all
fours and look between the boards ; for standing on the hind legs to look
over, would invite weak backs and cow-hacks. The sleeping quarters should
be kept scrupulously clean, frequently whitewashed, and free from draughts.
Tn the warmer weather, pine shavings or sawdust is the best bedding; in
winter, use clean straw, and change it frequently.

In feeding puppies, their discharges should be watched, and the diet varied
as the need manifests itself. Milk is one of the most important articles of
food in the earlier weeks after weaning. It may be frequently given;
some caution must be used, however. It should be old or skimmed — never
fresh from the cow. Three or four times a week, sour milk may be given,
as it is an enemy to worms. It will be well to add limewater to sweet milk
when used. The proportion should be nearly one-sixth part.

Sometimes when feeding milk freely to very young puppies, diarrhoea
manifests itself. A change must at once be made to beef tea and broths, into
which may be broken crackers or bread. Too much importance cannot be
given to the early administration of meat, which must be fresh and lean.
Unsound food should never be used in any form. Meat may be given raw or
cooked, — small quantities of the former at first, — and when the age of three
or four months is reached, let it be scraped or finely cut, and given after other
food has been eaten.

Meat may be cooked alone or with vegetables,— onions in small quantities
are especially healthy and palatable, — then removed, and in the liquor, oat-
meal, indian meal, or wheat middlings, should be well boiled and thoroughly
cooked. Then the meat can be chopped up and added with the crushed veg-
etables. Rice and pearl-barley may be given occasionally.

Liver, from its laxative action, must be used guardedly, if at all. Large
bones may frequently be given ; but beware of small bones that may possibly
sliver, for many valuable dogs have been killed by them. Remember always

CAPE OF PUPPIES.

that the great secrets in feeding are, wholesome food and a variety in
diet. Where only a few dogs are kept, the "scraps" from the table,
from their varied nature, cannot he improved upon. Mix potatoes and
other vegetables with a little gravy and small pieces of meat. Until
six months old, feed three times a day, then twice daily until maturity is
reached.

Remain with the pup while eating, and as soon as he turns from his food
remove it at once. Never urge a dog to eat if he shows from his manner that
he has no appetite. Prepare something else and tempt him with it, and if he
still declines, wait until his next regular time of feeding and try again.

As a rule, give as little medicine as possible to puppies. Probably the
most common affection observed among them is indigestion in some form or
other. As castor oil or syrup of buckthorn can do no harm, if an odor to the
breath, a hot nose, sluggish manner, or disinclination to eat is noted, give
either, and watch the discharges. If very offensive, or if undigested matter
appears in them, the cause is apparent. Stop all food for a time, and when
next given, select only the simplest and most easily digestible, — milk and
lime-water preferred.

Vegetables have a tendency to purify the blood and keep the bowels in
good condition. When these cannot be given, other means should be
employed in the form of a mild physic. It is a good plan to give a dose
of sulphur, either alone or with powdered magnesia, if a laxative is needed.
Mix this with the food once or twice a week in summer, and less often in
colder weather. The ordinary dose is one-half a teaspoonf ul of each.

Diarrhoea is usually the result of indigestion — often nature's effort to
throw off the disease. In many cases regulating the diet will suffice. Give
porridge made of boiled milk and flour, baked until slightly brown. If the
attack is severe, first imitate nature by giving a dose of castor oil, it being
desirable that the contents of the intestines should be effectually removed, in
order to prevent their continued passage over the inflamed surface, and to
secure, as far as possible, that important end in the treatment of all inflam-
mations, namely, quietude of the inflamed parts. Paregoric, as the simplest
form of opiate, may then be given in one or two teaspoonful doses, every six
or eight hours.

Worms are a common enemy to pups. The giving of sour milk will do
much to prevent their formation. Their presence may be suspected when
bloating occurs beyond that which the food taken would be likely to produce.
For worms in puppies three months old, give one or two grains of santonine in
butter, after they have fasted twelve hours ; follow this dose, three hours
later, with one of castor oil.

Fleas are a constant source of annoyance. Washing young puppies is
never admissible. Combing with a fine comb dipped in kerosene oil, or
rubbing flea pouder into the hair, are the means to be employed.

DOGS EY HE&LTH.

GEWE<RtfL MtiJY&GEMEWT.

Feeding.

Pages have been written on the origin and ancient history of the dog,
theories advanced, speculations urged, and yet we still remain in complete
ignorance on the subject. Some contend, in the anatomical structure of
certain parts that he resembles the wolf. There are however, differences
to reconcile, before this supposition can be accepted. Others have traced
to the fox, and still others to the jackal, each party being satisfied in his
own mind of the correctness of his theory, and yet the same differences
remain.

A knowledge of the primitive state and habits of the animal might aid'
much on this subject, but that being denied us, we are forced to turn to
the anatomical mechanism and natural promptings for guidance.

It is admitted that the dog belongs to the family of carnivora, or flesh
caters, and a study of his digestive organs verifies this assumption. The
instinctive desire of animals for certain substances is a sure indication
that they are in reality required for the nutritive process, while the indif-
ference or repugnance manifested for others, injurious and valueless, is
an equal evidence of their unfitness as articles of food.

Starch is very abundant in corn, wheat, rye, oats and rice, and in almost
all vegetable substances used as food, and during the progress of digestion
is converted into sugar. That these articles alone are an unfit diet, is
proven by the experiments of Magendie, who found that dogs fed exclu-
sively on starch or sugar perished after a short time with symptoms of

6 GENERAL MANAGEMENT.

profound disturbance of the nutritive functions. On the other hand, ex-
periments have been made by Claude Bernard and others, proving that
carnivorous animals can be kept for an indefinite time, exclusively on a
diet of flesh, and yet the body be maintained in a perfectly healthy
condition.

Dogs have no natural cravings for vegetables. To be fed chiefly on them,
or on puddings, bread and starchy food continuously, invites debilitated
constitutions and attendant diseases. The writer is Arm in his convic-
tion, that eczema is propagated by this abuse more often than by any other.

Meat, unquestionably, should be the principle article of diet for dogs.
An acceptance of this theory is by no means an indorsement of that ex-
treme doctrine advanced by some— that starchy foods are detestable to the
canine race. On the contrary, saccharine substances in small quantities
are essential, and conducive to the health of the animals (see page 96).

The question arises whether meat should be fed cooked or raw. Both
have advantages. Certain constituents are lost in the process of cooking.
The muscular fibres are almost always more or less hardened by boiling
or roasting, but at the same time, the fibrous tissue by which they are held
together is gelatinized and softened, so that the muscular fibres are more
easily separated from each other, and more readily attacked by the
digestive fluids. The organic substances contained in meat, which are
insipid in the raw state, acquire, by the action of heat and cooking, a
peculiar and agreeable flavor. This flavor excites the appetite and stim-
ulates the flow of the digestive fluids, and renders in this way the process
of digestion more easy and expeditious.

In cooking meat, it is desirable that it be rendered palatable, and the
flavor varied from time to time. This may be done by the addition of
vegetables, which should be well crushed after boiling.

The different kinds ot meal, thoroughly cooked in strong broths, consti-
tute a diet nutritious and inviting. Puddings so made must not alone be
depended upon, but meat should be generously added to them or given
after they are eaten.

• Sheep's heads and the feet of animals may be boiled to a jelly. They are
highly nutritious, and dogs are very fond of them.

Beef flour is a valuable substitute for flesh, is excellent for puppies and
matured dogs alike; it can be added to boiling water, a strong broth
made, and then thickened with a little bread, crackers or meal.

Pork scraps, in pressed cakes, keep for an indefinite time, and may be
fed once or twice a week; they should be soaked for some hours until
soft, and then boiled.

Milk, sweet or sour, can be given freely, and is valuable for a change.
I >og biscuits, so called, have within a few years become very popular in

FEEDING. 7

large kennels; when honestly prepared, they are an excellent diet. The
manner of feeding them should be frequently changed; at times given dry,
at others soaked in milk or broths, or crushed with vegetables.
: I Bones, the dog's tooth brush, are an essential. By their use the muscles
* of the jaws are kept strong, and the pleasure they give the animals is very
evident; their value may be lessened however, by too frequent feeding, as
many a broken well worn tooth testifies.

While the use of vegetables adds flavor to the food and excites the
appetite of the animal, it has still another important action as a gentle
laxative. Liver has the same property, and the conditions of the bowels
should direct its use.

Among the medicinal agents often administered with the food, sulphur
may be properly referred to while on the subject of feeding. It is laxative
and resolvent, and is supposed to be rendered soluble by the soda of the
bile. It is thrown out of the system by the bowels and through the skin,
and for that reason has an influence on cutaneous diseases. Its occasional
use can do no harm, and unless a perfect condition of the animal contra- \
indicates, it may be given once or twice a week in summer, and once or
twice a month in colder weather.

The dose for a fifty pound dog is one teaspoonful, and may be mingled
with the food or given in milk.

Many authors have dwelt upon the dirt-eating propensity of dogs, and
concluded therefrom, that the proper method of feeding is to throw the
food on to the ground. The writer is of the opinion that if such a propen-
sity exists, it is wiser to leave the dogs to nature's promptings and let them
eat dirt when they choose, rather than insist upon its being eaten at every
meal. He therefore prefers to feed his animals from clean dishes, and the
cleaner the better.

The greatest importance is attached to the quality of the food given. It
should be of the very best, and no tainted meat, mouldy bread, or food
changed in its integrity, should ever be used in any form. Many people
consider decomposing meat better for a dog, and attempt to fortify their
arguments, by illustrating with the fact, that the animal will occasionally
bury a bone or part of his food, to be dug up and eaten later. The fact is
true, but the inference an ancient absurdity. A dog never buries meat
when he is hungry, but after a hearty meal will often do so, proving our
supposition that it is his natural food, an evidence of his great craving,
which he will eat in any form, no matter how badly decayed. Give him
sufficient fresh meat and he will never seek carrion.

Chloride of Sodium or common salt, some authors state, "is poison to a
dog." In this the writer cannot agree, but on the contrary deems it essen-
tial to perfect health. It is found throughout the tissues and fluids of the

8 GENERAL MANAGEMENT.

body, exerts an important influence on the solution of various other ingre-
dients with which it is associated, and the blood globules are maintained
by it in a state of integrity. Since common salt is so universally present
in all parts of the body, it is an important ingredient of food. It occurs in
all animal and vegetable food as well, though in smaller amount in the
latter, and acts in a favorable manner as a condiment, by exciting digestion,
and assisting in this way the solution of the food.

In connection with the subject of feeding, reference to the appetite is
pertinent. Remember dogs will eat when hungry. For them to refuse a
meal occasionally, means nothing. Evidence is not wanting where they
have passed days and even weeks in confinement without food, and yet
recovered without injury from their long fast. If food is placed before the
animal and he turns from it, something else should be prepared to tempt
him. If he still declines, it should be removed and another attempt be
made at his next regular time of feeding. If a dog is in good health,
simply dainty, this method repeated again and again, if needed, will prove
effectual, and he will finally eat whatever may be offered him.

Regularity in the hour of feeding should be observed. The number of
times to feed is a disputed question, with the weight of authority on the
side of once a day, at night, and all they can then eat. Owners must decide
for themselves, influenced by what has been their custom, the condition
of their animals, and the amount of work required of them. Where only
one dog is kept, no doubt in many instances it is over fed, especially if
allowed the freedom of the kitchen While the fact is apparent, that once
a day is all a dog actually needs to be fed, the question arises : would it
not be wiser to give him a little less at night, and a mere trifle in the
morning? It would seem thereby that the dangers of indigestion would
be lessened.

It might be said that even of greater importance than good wholesome
food, is a constant supply of good fresh water. The system suffers more
rapidly when entirely deprived of fluids than when the solid food only is
withdrawn. Magendie found in his experiments on dogs subjected to
fasting, that if the animals were supplied with water alone, they lived six,
eight, and even ten days longer than if they were deprived the same time
of both solid and liquid food.

Some will dissent from this theory of feeding, arguing that domestica-
tion has wrought changes in the canine race which make meat no longer
a necessity. To them be it said, that if the dog, since recalled from his
vicious life, has as the companion of man been so changed in nature,
instincts, constitution and habits , if he now, like man, is omnivorous, even
then organic substances found only in animal food are as essential to the
maintenance of the integrity of the body.

GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 9

Exercise.

Exercise develops the muscles of the body, increases their functional
activity, hastens the digestion of food, and renders its assimilation easier.
It improves nutrition by elevating the temperature, opens the pores of the
skin, stimulating its functions, and through the lungs, by the stronger
movements excited, it favors the exhalation of impurities and excesses.

Too much importance cannot be attached to this subject. Keeping a dog
confined with insufficient exercise is cruelty itself, which no excuse can
justify. Never chain a dog should be the rule, but unfortunately it cannot
always be observed. Certain methods may, however, be resorted to, and
a confined animal have greater freedom and still be restrained.

A post can be set up as far from the kennel as the limits of the owner's
premises will allow, a wire fastened to it and passed through a ring, the
other end attached to the kennel and drawn taut. The dog can then be
chained to the ring, which will slide freely the entire length of the wire,
permitting greater latitude and the animal still be held in check. This
means may be employed in cities, and where it is impossible to allow them
to run at large.

When dogs are kept in yards, the plan adopted by the writer can be re-
sorted to. Fences or hurdles can be built entirely across the inclosures.
These must be placed low at first, simply high enough to force the animal
to make an easy jump, then in three or four weeks raised a few inches,
another interval allowed to pass, and raised again. The results from the
employment of this means are admirable, especially in the case of dogs
inclined to be weak in the loins, and needing development behind.

In conditioning dogs, especially for exhibitions, no better exercise can
be recommended than slow walking; the distance being from two to four
miles daily. By this means they will eat more, digest it better, and accu-
mulate flesh more rapidly.

While exercise is imperative, extremes must be avoided and caution
used. If a dog is habituated to following a team, there is less danger oi
over exertion ; if not so accustomed, care must be observed lest the sys-
tem be disordered by too great effort. In winter, if a hard run is taken
and he returns in a heated condition, he must not be shut into a cold' ken-
nel, but be allowed to cool gradually in a warm room.

After a hearty meal the dog retires to his kennel to sleep, as did the
ancients, while the first part at least of digestion is being performed.
Violent exercise should never be allowed until the process is completed.
By unduly great muscular exertion, while the stomach is loaded, the
food is but imperfectly acted upon by that organ, is hurried into the
intestines; diarrhoea and other affections follow.

10 GENERAL MANAGEMENT.

Washing.

Washing is admissible in summer, anil undoubtedly lias its benefits in
colder weather when all influences are favorable, and proper precautions
observed ; unfortunately, neglect results too seriously, and it cannot be
insisted upon, that bathing is an absolute necessity for dogs.

Some breeds take to the water naturally and find pleasure in it, but the
reluctance of others, and the disposition shown by them to conceal them-
selves when the preparation to wash commences, is an indication that the
process will prove a hardship. Where it is possible, it is better to allow
them access to a tub or cistern of water, and leave them to follow their
natural promptings.

Very dirty coats, vermin, and cutaneous diseases sometimes make wash-
ing imperative. If these needs arc not evident, it is wiser to do little or
none of it, for care in the kennel arrangements and thorough grooming
will obviate the necessity.

Washing in cold weather is extremely hazardous, and the animal is
almost certain to take cold unless the greatest care is observed after the
operation. He must be confined to the house until thoroughly dry, then
judiciously exercised before returned to his kennel.

In warm weather the dangers are much less, yet care should be observed.
The method of washing naturally suggests itself, and need not be dwelt
upon. The purpose for which the animal is washed will direct the nature
of the soaps to be used. If mere cleanliness of the coat is the object,
champooing is the better means to employ.

Eggs broken and rubbed into the hair, then sponged off, leave it clean,
soft, and glossy. The sea-foam champoo of barbers is also excellent as a
stimulant and for cleanliness.

Fleas demand the use of soaps which destroy them. Cutaneous diseases
call for carbolic, sulphur, and the varieties of soaps mentioned elsewhere
under skin diseases.

If used properly there is little or no danger of absorption from the strong
carbolic preparations ; the operation must be rapidly performed, and by
a thorough rinsing every trace of the soaps removed.

Washing after a hearty meal is never admissible. Neither cold nor
warm baths should be prolonged. Strong, hardy dogs, after gentle exer-
cise, may be allowed to swim for a short time, but to remain too long in
the water, invites debility and congestive diseases.

For dogs enfeebled or suffering from disease, warm baths only should
be allowed. During convalescence washing is warrantable only when
every precaution against exposure is taken. After an attack of distem-
per, bathing should be delayed several weeks, at least.

GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 11

Kennel Arrangements.

In kennelling, the primary essentials are, good ventilation, perfect clean-
liness, dryness, and freedom from draughts.

Less sickness undoubtedly occurs when dogs are inured to climatio
changes. Those animals accustomed to out -door kennels, are usually far
healthier than those that are allowed the freedom of the house. Again
when a disease like distemper attacks them, it runs a shorter and much
less severe course; their natures, more elastic, seem to throw off the in-
firmities quicker.

In winter dogs suffer as much, if not more, from artificial heat than they
do from exposure to intense cold. Many are allowed in houses and around
the stoves during the day, and are kennelled out at night, or shut into a
cold stable, thus experiencing the greatest extreme in temperature; a
fruitful source of disease.

To kennel out and constantly keep in the open air, the coarser long-
haired breeds, seem the wiser. Their houses should be carefully con-
structed, raised several inches from the ground, and the space beneath
carefully boarded. These should, in winter, face the rising sun, and be
provided with a glass front. The door may be hung on hinges, so that it
can be opened by the dog from within or without, or it may be dispensed
with, in which case a projection should be built around the door-way on
the outside, to prevent rain from entering.

A room within a room in winter is the better. The inner or sleeping
quarters can be easily constructed by partitioning off a pai-t, leaving an
opening as a passage for the animal, then laying a supplementary raised
floor on which the bedding can be placed. This inner kennel can be ren-
dered warm, snug, and free from all possible draughts, by covering the
floor and sides with tarred paper.

Where dogs are housed at night in stables, barns, or large rooms, these
same sleeping boxes should always be used in the colder weather.

The floors of the kennel should be covered with sawdust as it is the
cheapest and cleanest. For bedding, straw in winter, and fine shavings in
summer are preferred.

Cleanliness is of paramount importance. In this connection, the meth-
ods employed by the writer may be of interest. Every week in warm and
cold weather alike, in his kennels, the sawdust and bedding are removed,
the doors and windows closed, and the building purified by introducing a
kerosene stove, and burning sulphur thereon. The walls, even the floors
if necessary, are then thoroughly washed with lime, and if the weather is
damp or very cold, the stove is again introduced and the white-wash dried.
After all dampness is removed, the floors are covered with a disinfectant,

13 KENNEL ARRANGEMENTS.

lime and carbolic acid more often used, tarred paper then laid down, on it
sawdust, and then the bedding. It is important where several dogs are
kept, that they be provided with separate kennels, at least no more than
two be allowed to remain together, as infectious diseases are sometimes
transmitted, in their earliest stages, and may become general before de-
tection. This danger is especially great where the care of the animals is
intrusted to servants.

GROOMING.

In the stable, one often hears the old adage, " a good grooming is better
for a horse than a feeding." The same holds true in the kennel. The
ancient Averrhces gave the sum of the directions by Galen and other
authorities, in his reference to friction applied to the human body. Strong
friction, he said, braces and hardens the body; weak, rarefies and softens ;
moderate, in an intermediate degree. Besides, he added, hard friction
diminishes obesity; moderate, on the other hand, tends to remove emaci-
ation.

Not only is the health of a dog improved by grooming, but his changed
appearance well repays the owner for the effort. Again in the operation,
commencing cutaneous diseases and vermin are detected, suggesting the
prompt application of remedies and much trouble and annoyance thereby
averted.

In the use of a comb, care should be observed lest the skin be irritated
and mange propagated.

A clean, fairly stiff hair brush, a bathing hair-glove, or a pad of woollen
yarns, and a chamois skin are all the essentials. Their use can be followed
by hand rubbing, an admirable method of adding a line finish and produc-
ing a gloss.

Sufficient only for the removal of dirt and small scales from the skin,
should tbe hair be brushed or combed in any other direction than that
in which it naturally falls. When preparing for bench shows and hand-rub
bing is indulged in to an unusual extent, too great pressure over the loins
is to be avoided, as weakness in the muscles of that region can be induced
by it. Eoughncss of the coat and a preternatural dryness of the hair, it
must be remembered, is in consequence of internal diseases, or of a
general disturbance of nutrition. That the latter has great influence on
the growth of the hair, is proved by various experiments. Magendie fed
a dog exclusively on cheese; the animal remained apparently healthy
but lost his hair completely, probably because his food did not furnish to
the blood the material necessary for its formation.

GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 13

J'EftMIJY.

Fleas, more especially in warm weather, are the bane of a dog's existence,
and only the most constant care and watchfulness can insure protection
from this unmitigated nuisance.

There are literally two species of this parasite; the common-flea (pulex
irritans.) and the sand-flea (pulex penetrans.) The former bites, producing
papules or wheals; the latter bores into the skin, causing inflammation.

The sand-fleas, as the name implies, are common in sandy districts, and
are very difficult to combat. Even when entirely removed, they are quite
certain to return. Kennels infected, if situated in the sand, should be
moved to a foundation of black earth. If that is impossible, earth should
be drawn and the floors and ground surrounding be covered with it, then
insect powder be blown freely into every crack and crevice, and rubbed
well into the dogs; this will drive them away for a time, but the method
must be repeated or they will return.

The common-flea needs much the same continued effort to suppress him.
Grooming, combing, and washing will do much, but generally other
means must be employed.

}Yhale oil is an effectual remedy but its use is an abomination ; it must be
thoroughly rubbed into the hair of the animal, from tip to tip, and allowed
to remain on, some hours at least, during whi^h time he must be kept in
a warm room, as there is great danger of taking cold; then eggs may be
used as a champoo and washed off, or soap and water alone, followed by
a persistent combing, and after all a hard run be given.

Quassia chips boiled to a strong infusion, or in the form of tincture,
when sponged on freely, will be found efficacious. Carbolic acid and soaps
incorporated with the same are excellent, but must be used cautiously, or
poison from absorption may result ; a mixture of carbolic acid, two drachms
of the crystals to a pint of water, is sufficiently strong. The phenol sodique
is preferable to carbolic acid, as there is little danger of poisonous ab-
sorption, and may be used diluted with the same quantity of water.

The sulphuret of lime used with such success in Belgium for the itch, acts
quite well as a cure of vermin; a weak solution of it can be made by boil-
ing together the flowers of sulphur two pounds, unslaked lime one pound,
water two gallons; slack the lime first then add the sulphur slowly, stir-
ring well, and finally boil down to one gallon. Let the mixture cool and
precipitate, then pour off the clear fluid and apply it freely to the hair of
the dog, allowing it to dry on.

Balsamperu is an agent which has been, in times passed, much valued iix
parasitic troubles. Its efficacy, is unquestioned, but it is rather too expen-
sive for general use.

14 VERMIS.

Kerosene and crude petroleum are used advantageously in many kennels,
the method employed being, to dip a comb into the oils and pass it per-
sistently through the hair, being careful that little or none reaches the
skin, which is likely to become irritated thereby.

Insect powder is an excellent remedy, and can be economically used, by
laying the dog on a paper while being rubbed.

Lice and wood-ticks demand much the same treatment that fleas do, the
preference being given to petroleum oil. A strong infusion of the seeds of
the stavesacre is a sure remedy, but they are not easy to procure. Many
authors advise the use of mercury in some form, the white precipitate the
more common. It should not be employed until all the simpler remedies
have failed, and then be used with great caution, the dog being securely
muzzled.

Where vermin have become troublesome, the kennels should be thor-
oughly cleaned, bedding destroyed, and sulphur burned, after which, all
parts should be faithfully whitewashed.

The continued scratching of animals causes eczema which must be
treated, after the vermin is removed, with external applications of cod-
liver oil, sulphur and lard, or phenol sodique, and possibly the employment
of the usual mange remedies will be demanded.

Straw bedding invites the lodgment of fleas and their removal from it
is exceedingly difficult. The comfort of dogs, occupying cold kennels in
winter, demands its use, and during that season the spirit of turpentine
sprinkled freely about the apartment and over the bedding will do much to
lessen the evil. In summer fine shavings afford a comfortable bed, and if fre-
quently renewed, fleas will be much less annoying. Painting the walls
with kerosene oil is a practice followed by some, from which good results
invariably follow.

CH&<PTE<R II.

ANTIDOTES &JY<D TREATMENT

in

Cases of (Poisoning.

It "would seem, that in the treatment of dogs in disease, some people
draw from a fund of accumulated and transmitted ignorance, and display
the least possible common sense and judgment. Remedies of the great-
est efficacy and virtue, become exceedingly dangerous in the hands of
the careless and incompetent, and many dogs are sacrificed by man's stu-
pidity, as well as destroyed by that fiend incarnate, the dog poisoner.

No where "will that old saying better apply than in connection with the
use of medicine, " a little knowledge makes men foolish."

An article lately appeared in a prominent sportsman's paper, under the
heading, "Treatment of Poisoned Dogs," which well illustrates this. It
said, " The lives of many valuable dogs can be saved by the prompt use
of a very simple remedy. As soon as you know a dog has been poisoned,
inject about an ounce of hydrate of chloral into his back with a hypoder-
mic syringe, the quantity to be governed by the size of the dog and
severity of his symptoms. As long as there is life in him do not despair.
I have known dogs to have been saved by this treatment when in the
death throes."

Nothing could be either more absurd, or more dangerous than this advice.
One ounce of chloral hydrate is four hundred and eighty grains; the dose of
this agent is from five to twenty grains. The rule when medicine is admin-
istered subcutaneously is one half the quantity given by the mouth. In
cases of strychnine poisoning, the need is more urgent, and the usual
closes can be safely increased; twenty grains however would be quite
enough to introduce hypodermically, as it acts quickly, and the need of
a larger close would be readily apparent. The adviser says " the quantity
to be governed by the size of the clog." It is presumed it would matter
little, were anything near four hundred and eighty grains administered.
Again to " inject into the back," an abscess would surely result, leaving an
unsightly scar. While chloral hydrate is indicated in cases of poisoning

7 6" IN CASES OF POISONING.

by strychnine and other drugs producing convulsions, its use would surely
prove fatal in poisoning by narcotics.

Not alone in the care of animals, is shown this same stupid reasoning.
The writer recalls a case he once treated, that of a woman who had effect-
ually used creasote on a pledget of cotton pressed into an aching tooth.
Shortly after on being attacked with earache, reasoning that the remedj*, if
a success in one instance, must surely be good in another, had a quantity
dropped into her ear; the result can be imagined.

The writer had a valuable horse overcome by the heat. His driver much
alarmed, was ready to do anything and everything advised. A bystander
recommended an ounce of the tincture of aconite root, which was at once
secured and administered. At least eight hundred drops were given of the
drag, whereas ten to fifteen drops would have been reasonably large. Man's
stupidity will never allow the limit of illustrations of this character to be
reached.

While on the subject of poisons, certain rules in the use of medicines
are appropriate.

Never undertake to prepare complicated prescriptions, but depend upon
a competent and reliable druggist.

Protect your labels. If one is lost, sacrifice the contents of the bottle
rather than be in doubt.

Use great care in dropping medicine. When uncertain about the accu-
racy of the dose, throw it away and drop again.

Remember that medicine can be repeated if necessary, but cannot be recalled
after once given. Give too small rather than too large doses.

All drugs require a certain time to act in, and must not be repeated until
a proper interval has been allowed.

There is no protection from the poisoning fiend. Apothecaries are by
law foi-bidden to sell poisons. They can easily be obtained however with-
out legal responsibility. Pills of strychnine, mix vomica, arsenic, etc.,
each containing the proper dose can be bought without suspicion, implying
they are for personal use, several of them pressed into meat, thrown into
the vicinity of the hated dog, and the hellish purpose be accomplished.

One author has stated, " as a general rule for distinguishing between the
evidence of poisoning and the symptoms of disease, the suddenness of
the attack must weigh largely, and by tracing where the dog has been,
and what he has or is likely to have picked up, a pretty accurate conclu-
sion can be arrived at."

This is about all that can be said on this subject. At the same time, it is
essential to remember that there are many exceptions to this rule.

Some agents are more readily absorbed than others. Poisons taken into
the stomach when empty, necessarily act much more 9peedily than when

IN CASES OF POISONING. 17

full, thus if that organ is loaded the appearance of the symptoms may be
delayed some hours. Sleep may retard the action of some agents. It
must be also remembered that there are many diseases which commence
suddenly, and rapidly run to a fatal termination. Internal hemorrhages,
severe inflammations of the stomach or intestines, often set in suddenly
and might be taken for poisoning.

The process of diagnosis by elimination, described elsewhere, will aid
much in cases of suspected poisoning.

It would be advisable where valuable dogs are owned, that a few reme-
dies be prepared, and kept in anticipation of possible poisoning. Sulphate
of zinc for an emetic, laudanum or paregoric for pain, chloral hydrate for
convulsions (mixture of one drachm of the drug to an ounce of water).
These, with a glass syringe holding from one to two tablespoonfuls, are of
great use in emergences where delay is fatal.

In cases of poisoning, the methods of treatment indicated are :— Get rid
of the Poison — Stop its action — Remedy the mischief it has done.

A consideration of the more common poisons and their antidotes, is all
that space permits. Aside from drags, other means are sometimes em-
ployed by the destroyers. Powdered glass is often used, and a sponge com-
pressed while wet, then tightly rolled with twine, dried, and introduced
into a piece of meat, is another method, producing certain death by intes-
tinal obstruction. When glass is known to have been taken into the
stomach, never give cathartics, but exclude drinks and give solid food
with the hope of enveloping the particles, and thereby protecting against
internal laceration.

Arsenic:— Symptoms ; constant hawking, caused by burning pain in the
throat; great thirst, tongue and mucous membrane of the mouth becomes
red and swollen ; abdomen enlarged, hard, tense, and painful to the touch ;
severe griping pains; vomiting and purging of brown or bloody matter.
Symptoms grow rapidly worse, skin at first hot, but later cold and clammy,
prostration, paralysis, convulsions, and death.

Treatment ; — If vomiting is not free, give an emetic, then quickly pour
into the animal what may be within reach, either milk, flour and water,
magnesia and oil, or oil and lime water, and send at once for the only true
antidote, the hydrated peroxide of iron, for which, if the druggist has not all
prepared, he can make a substitute on the instant, by adding to diluted
tincture of iron enough bicarbonate of soda, or aqua ammonia, to saturate
it; give freely of this.

Strychnine and JVux' Vomica. —Symptoms; at first restlessness, then
pain, as evinced by the dog's sharp cries, followed by twitchings of the
muscles, jerkings of the head, snapping of the jaws, and foaming at the
mouth ; then convulsions, which may intermit for a short time, during the

18 IN CASES OF POISONING

interval the animal uttering sharp, shrill, ear piercing cries, to be stifled
by a recurring spasm.

Treatment;— If possible, give an emetic. This can, however, rarely be
done after the convulsive stage has set in. Then the dependence must be
on chloral hydrate, from twenty to thirty grains, administered by the rec-
tum. Of a mixture of this agent, (one drachm to an ounce of water), a
tablespoonful contains thirty grains of the chloral. After giving the injec-
tion, pressure should be made against the anus, to prevent its being
evacuated. If in twenty minutes the convulsions have not ceased, repeat
the injection, dose being the same. "When the convulsions are finally con-
trolled, allow the animal to sleep as long and quietly as possible, and when
he arouses up and shows a disposition to move about, give, every three or
four hours, one teaspoonful of aromatic spirit of ammonia well diluted, and
continue at intervals until perfectly conscious.

Carbolic zicid: — Symptoms ; Great depression, trembling, shivering,
and loss of motion, indicative of approaching paralysis, diarrhoea, the dis-
charges at times bloody.

Treatment; —Hot mustard bath, friction, and stimulants of brandy and
ammonia.

IPIiosphorus: — Symptoms; Burning pain in the throat and stomach,
vomiting, purging, great inflammation and tenderness of the abdomen,
convulsions.

Treatment; — Give promptly an emetic, followed with either magnesia,
chalk, or whiting in water. Avoid oils, as they dissolve the phosphorus.

Jfercuty: — Symptoms; Acts much like arsenic, but quicker and more
violent, corrosion of mouth, burning of throat, distress in stomach and
bowels, excessive thirst, vomiting and purging of bloody mucus, skin cold
and clammy, convulsions.

Treatment ; — If vomiting does not occur, induce it with an emetic ; give
freely white of eggs with milk, or flour and water, or flour and soft soap
thinned with water. The protosulphuret of iron is an antidote, but is use-
less ten minutes after the poison has entered the stomach. Mercury, it
must be remembered, occurs in many forms, the more common being
corrosive sublimate, red precipitate, tchiie precipitate, cinnabar, vermillion, and
cyanide of mercury.

Lead Satis: — Symptoms ; Depend on the mode of poisoning. In large
doses, the usual symptoms are irritation, distress, and vomiting, colic,
constipation, cramps, and paralysis.

Treatment ; — Give epsom salts with milk and eggs freely.
GENERAL ANTIDOTE — In cases of poisoning, when the nature of the
poison is unknown ; — calcined magnesia, powdered charcoal, sesqui oxide of
iron, equal parts of each in a sufficient quantity of water.

CH&<PTER III.

THE <P<RLVCI<PLES OF ME<DICINE.

(Pathology.

If the term health expressed a well defined state, an absolute standard
might be fixed. To define disease is equally as difficult. It is an absence,
or deficiency of health, simply a transfer of the difficulty of definition.

If all the tissues and organs of the body are normal, if all the fluids are
In no respect abnormal, if all the functions of the organical structure are
completely and harmoniously performed, health undoubtedly exists. But
this perfection of health is visionary and never actually exists. An exam-
ination of the healthiest would disclose some deviation, some change, and
these deviations from the normal are not inconsistent with the evidences
of health. Functions of different parts may be disordered to a certain
extent, without sufficient disturbance to constitute disease.

No practical embarrassment can result from this difficulty, to draw the
line with precision. Each owner will fix an individual standard for his
animal. Variations from it will constitute disease.

In a general way, in a healthy dog, we note as follows : — Eyes bright, the
white usually clear, the fine red lines seen at times having no significance,
the lining of the lids a pink rose tinge. Nose, cold, moist and slippery,
except when the animal sleeps, then often hot and dry. Coat soft, smooth,
and in long haired dogs, glossy. Skin soft, easily moulded, and of a gentle
heat. Tongue moist, pink in color, free from coating. Pulse, full and
strong, ranging from eighty to one hundred, varying in different breeds
and natures. The larger animals have a lower rate than the smaller, the
nervous a higher than the less easily excited. Bowels; excretions vary
with the food given, in consistency and color. They should be neither
hard nor thin, free from undigested matter, and not markedly offensive in
odor. Kidneys; urine, pale yellowish, abundant, freely and easily expelled.

20 THE PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINE.

<Dm gnosis.

The term diagnosis, signifies the art of discriminating diseases, to de-
termine their character and situation. It is sufficiently obvious, that a
distinctive knowledge of diseases is of great practical importance in ref-
erence to their management. Treatment cannot he judiciously applied
until a diagnosis has been reached. It may he based on the presence of
characteristic signs peculiar to certain affections alone. Thus the crepitant
sound denotes the existence of pneumonia. But there are very few signs
which are inseparable from a disease, being found in that and no other.
It must be remembered, that all the symptoms typical of a disease will
be but rarely present.

hi some, possibly many instances, the disorder is readily appai'ent, and
the exact location of it detected. Cough, and rapid breathing would point
at once to the chest as the seat of the trouble. In other cases much diffi-
culty will be experienced. Some symptoms may be absent, and others
unduly prominent. Fatient watching, with a careful analysis and study of
each individual case will, however, usually dissipate all doubts.

The previous history is essential in reaching a diagnosis. The duration
of the symptoms materially assist in determining whether we have an
acute or chronic disease to contend with. If the animal were recently to
all appearances in good health, and the attack more or less sudden in its
invasion, the disease is probably the former, whereas, if the dog has for a
long time shown certain signs of ailing, the disease is probably chronic
in character. A highly effective method of reaching the diagnosis of a
disease is called, "reasoning by way of exclusion."

In a case of doubt, the problem is generally to decide between a certain
number of diseases. The existing disease is one of two, three, or more,
which may be suspected. Now if it be difficult to decide which one of these
is the disease present from positive proof, it may be practicable to decide
that there is insufficient evidence of the existence of one or more, and
therefore they are excluded. By this process of elimination, the number
ot diseases is diminished, and may be reduced even to one disease. To
illustrate the application of this method.— ,

Our dog does not respond to the usual call. We seek his kennel for the
cause, find him unable to leave it, and observe the following symptoms.
His breathing is rapid and labored; his manner exceedingly dull; he opens
his eyes only to close them at once; hangs his head, it falls as though he
slept, to be lifted as he seems to waken, or disturbed from time to time by
a dry hacking cough, with an attempt to vomit, occasionally raising a
little colored sputa. Nose and body are very hot. He lays down only to
assume at once a sitting position, with forelegs braced and separated.

DIAGNOSIS — PROGXQSIS. 21

The disease may possibly be in the throat, but is evidently in the chest.
The previous history tells us that the symptoms are acute, therefore we
can at once eliminate all chronic affections, and there are left laryngitis,
bronchitis, asthma, 2)letirisy, and pneumonia.

An examination of the throat dispels the doubt respecting laryngitis. No
knowledge of a previous attack, the absence of wheezing respiration, and
husky, barking cough, and asthma is reasonably excluded.

In bronchitis, so early in the disease, we should not expect such marked
constitutional symptoms; while some fever would probably be observed,
it would scarcely run so high; again, while the breathing is often acceler-
ated, it lacks in the early stages at least, that labored character. Pain in
bronchitis is evident when the patient coughs, and is less apparent in the
interval. His discomfort would tend to make him restless, and on lying
down he would assume no unusual position. These facts considered, ren-
der bronchitis improbable.

Uneasiness of the animal is one of the marked symptoms of pleurisy.
That indication is absent in the patient before us. The breathing too is
different, while in pleurisy it is labored, it is also unmistakably painful,
and inspiration is shortened from that cause. A dog affected with that
disease, would seem to avoid taking more air into his lungs than absolutely
possible. There would be a restraint in the working of the muscles of the
chest, that plainly told of pain. This too would be shown in the cough,
dry and shortened, with little or nothing raised. While fever is present in
pleurisy, it seldom in the early stage, runs as high as observed in this case.

If these differences in symptoms noted are insufficient, an examination
of the chest by the ear will remove what doubts remain.

Pleurisy then excluded we come at last, by this method, to the disease of
the animal before us— pneumonia.

PROGNOSIS.

The art of foretelling results in diseases is called prognosis. To deter-
mine the probable end in many cases, is often important with reference to
treatment. The writer has deemed it wise to consider the signs on which
prognosis is based, incidentally in connection with individual diseases.
Some few obvious appearances which render the prognosis unfavorable,
may here be mentioned :— Continued loss of flesh when connected with
chronic affections is serious. Very feeble, rapid pulse, more especially in
acute diseases, indicates a very grave condition. Among t\\c fatal signs are
a fixedness of the eyes, denoting paralysis; involuntary discharges, indicating
great insensibility. X jerking inspiration if not dependent upon diseases of
the lungs, betokens death.

22 THE PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINE.

C&US&TIOJY.

A knowledge of the causes of disease is highly important as a means of
prevention. When causes are traced to their origin, their influences can
often be obviated. It not unfrequently happens that ignorance of etiology
largely prejudices recovery, when a knowledge of the morbid influences,
still operative, might be removed.

The term traumatic is used to distinguish certain causes. Anything which
occasions an injury or wound of a part, from which disease results, is a
traumatic cause. Certain diseases, the origins of which we are unable to
appreciate, are termed spontaneous.

Predisposing or exciting causes are influences that induce a tendency
or liability to certain affections. They alone may be sufficient to give rise
to disease, or they may only suffice to so influence the system, the condi-
tions will be favorable for the occurrence of it.

£<DMIXISTERING MEDICINE.

It is presumed that the owner, or at least one familiar with the dog to be
treated, will administer the medicine. If kindness and patience is exhib-
ited, little or no trouble will be experienced.

An important object is to concentrate drugs as much as possible. If given
in the form of small pills, they can be pressed into raw beef and thrown
to the animal, after first tempting him with a few pieces.

When medicine is to be given in a bolus or very large pill, this method
should be employed. Grasp the muzzle of the dog firmly with the left
hand, the thumb and fore-finger on either side, pressing in the upper lips
covering the teeth, thus preventing his biting. His mouth being opened,
and head elevated, carry the bolus back into the throat as far as possible
and close his jaws. If he does not swallow immediately, closing his nos-
trils, and stopping his breathing will be effectual.

If the dog is very large or unruly, and liquid medicine of unpleasant
taste is to be administered, an assistant will be needed.

Liquids can best be given from a bottle, the assistant preventing the
jaws closing and breaking it. A spoon is unfit, as much will be spilled in
its use. Making a funnel of the cheek and pouring the medicine in slowly,
is an admirable method, and can be employed if the dog is unconscious
and cannot swallow; care must be observed, allowing but little at a time
to trickle down the throat.

Some medicines can be disguised in milk or strong broths. Ordinarily,
drugs should be given upon an empty stomach, excepting tonics, which
should enter with the food, and be incorporated with it.

CH&<PTE<R IV.

Special pathology

tfJVD

Therapeutics.

Introduction.

Before entering upon the consideration of individual diseases, it may
be well to understand certain points of distinction, interesting and of prac-
tical importance.

Differences as regards severity and duration, constitute a basis of the
division of diseases into varieties. The same disease may be either acute,
subacute, or chronic. A disease is acute when it has a certain degree of in-
tensity, and runs a rapid course. The subacute variety has less intensity ;
a disease of moderate activity. The chronic variety exists when a disease
is subacute, and it is of long continuance. The division into varieties based
on the difference just named, is especially applicable to inflammatory
affections.

A point of distinction of practical importance relates to duration. Some
diseases continue for a definite period, never exceeding certain limits in
this regard. Those which tend intrinsically to end after a certain time,
are distinguished as self limited.

In the list of individual diseases, are some recognized as such for the
sake of convenience, but which in reality, are only effects or symptoms of
disease, as for example, jaundice and dropsy, which are merely symptoms
occurring in connection with different affections.

It will be observed that the term expectant is often used, the treatment
of a disease by expectation, consists in watching carefully its progress,

24 INTR OD UCTION.

and meeting, with appropriate measures, unfavorable events as they arise,
or withholding active treatment until the need is manifest.

It will be noted that in prescribing drugs, simplicity has been observed.
Not the least important is the selection of concentrated remedies, divesting
thernof nauseousness, thereby renderingtheir administration less difficult.

The writer in prescribing medicines, has deemed it wise and more con-
venient to choose some standard, and leave the reader to divide or add to
the doses as the size of the dog may warrant. He has therefore selected
one of about fifty pounds in weight. Where a toy dog is to be treated, the
dose should be lessened one half, and for a mastiff or St. Bernard, or one
approaching in size, the dose should be doubled. For instance, if the dose
one teaspoonful is recommended, that would be proper for a setter or pointer,
in fact any dog of fifty pounds weight; one half a teaspoonful would be the
dose for a terrier or pug, and two teaspoonfuls for the larger breeds.

Sufficiently correct for ordinary purposes — a teaspoon measures one
liquid drachm — a dessertspoon two drachms — a tablespoon four drachms, or
one half an ounce.

An examination of a dog when ill cannot be hurriedly made. By patient
watching some clue as to the location of the disease, may be acquired.
His general appearance, the expression of his eyes, his breathing, his
manner of moving about, should be noted. He should be forced to walk,
and his back be particularly observed, if natural or arched. His way of
lying down, and the position assumed may signify much.

By watching the head, the point of suffering may often be determined.
The ears, mouth, tongue, and throat should be carefullj- examined. To
note the pulse and temperature is of especial importance. The former,
normally runs from eighty to one hundred. The indications from it may
be read thus:— When irregularly intermittent— nervous affections; contin-
uously intermittent — possibly organic disease of the heart; rapid and bound-
ing; fever, or inflammations; soft and easily compressible — debility and
depression; thin and thready — exhaustion and death.

The examination of the abdomen should be carefully made. Observing
if the same is soft and flaccid, or hard and tense. Tenderness beneath the
hand, will be revealed on gentle pressure, by the animal shrinking, or
turning with piteous expression.

As regards nursing, pure air, sunlight, cleanliness and warmth, nour-
ishing and sustaining diet, are the essentials.

In sickness and in health alike, man's true friend and honest comrade
the dog, deserves all the care his owner can bestow upon him.

(DISEASES

OF

THE RESPIRATORY 0&GAJVS.

A cute Pleurisy.

Each lung is invested, upon its external surface, by an exceedingly del-
icate rneinbrane, the pleura, which incloses the organ as far as its root,
and is then returned upon the inner surface of the chest. The inner sur-
face of the pleura is smooth, polished, and moistened by a fluid which
favors the easy play of the surfaces, as the lungs alternately expand and
collapse in movements of respiration.

In inflammation of this membrane or pleurisy, this lubricating fluid dis-
appears, and the surfaces become roughened, hot, swollen, and painful as
they come in contact and rub together with every inspiration. This con-
dition rarely exists longer than twenty-four hours, and oftener a much
shorter time; then follows an effusion into the affected side, the space
being in some instances only partially filled, and in others the amount of
fluid is of sufficient quantity to fill the cavity of the pleura, compressing
the lung into a small, solid mass. In certain cases of acute pleurisy which
pursue a favorable course, absorption of the liquid commences a few days
after the accumulation has reached the maximum. Should the quantity
remain stationary, or the diminution take place very slowly, after the
elapse of two or three weeks, the disease becomes chronic.

Pleurisy is an unilateral disease, that is, it affects the pleura of one side
only. While it may be associated with pneumonia (pleuro pneumonia), it
does not tend to the development of that disease.

Causation. —Acute pleurisy may be produced by contusions, especially
if accompanied with fracture of the- ribs, and penetrating wounds. It is
remarkable, however, that severe injuries of the chest often occur without
giving rise to this disease. Cold resulting from exposure, is tin: more fire.
quent source of pleurisy. It may, however, be spontaneous, that is pro-
ceed from an unknown internal cause.

Symptoms. —The attack is usually sudden. In a certain proportion of
cases, however, some pain or soreness exists one, two, or three days before
the development of acute inflammation. It is sometimes ushered in with
a chill, as shown by shivering. Pain in the affected side attends the onset

26 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

in a majority of cases, and is usually intense. It is sharp and cutting in
character and is felt especially in the act of inhaling. It increases during
inspiration, often becoming so severe that the act is shortened and arrested
before completed. This is due to the pain, caused by the rubbing together
of the inflamed sides of the pleura as the lung expands. The respiration
is consequently quickened, and the animal instinctively multiplies the acts
to compensate for the want of a full inspiration.

Cough is usually present. The pain in coughing leads instinctively to
efforts to repress it, and its character is termed suppressed.

Fever is coincident with the development of the inflammation, varying
in intensity in different cases.

The usual indications associated with fever are present; restlessness,
thirst, pulse rapid, full, and bounding, nose hot and dry, tongue slightly
coated, -eyes watery, and wearing a pleading anxious look, the whites red-
dened and the lining of the lids deeper in color.

After a considerable amount of effusion has taken place, the symptoms
are materially modified. The pain is notably lessened, the acts of coughing
are less distressing, and the efforts at suppression not so apparent. The
fever diminishes, and the other evidences of constitutional disturbance,
in a manner disappear. The respirations continue, more or less hurried,
their frequency now depending on the compression of the lung by fluid.

If a considerable amount of liquid is rapidly effused, the respirations are
quickened; the animal suffers from a painful sense of the want of breath,
and may be obliged to maintain a sitting posture, with fore legs spread
widely apart. If the quantity is not large and the effusion has not taken
place rapidly, less suffering will be noted while quiet, but exertion will
cause panting and a sense of suffocation.

With a small quantity of effusion, the animal prefers, when lying down,
to lie on the affected side, as in that position he is able to expand more
fully the opposite lung. With a large quantity of fluid present, the breath-
ing becomes more labored and abdominal as shown by the heaving action
of the muscles of the flank. The limbs become dropsical, suffocation is
threatened, and death may result from that cause.

Diagnosis. — In the earlier stages some difficulty will be experienced in
discriminating between the disease under consideration, and pneumonia.
An examination of the chest by inspection, will show restrained move-
ments, caused by the pain. Examination by the ear will determine the
respiratory sound more or less weakened on the affected side, due to the
fact that pain leads instinctively to a diminished use of the lung involved,
while the action of the other lung is increased. No great importance can
be attached to this sign alone, as in some attacks of pneumonia, severe
pain may exist, and the same appearance be present. A pleural friction

ACUTE PLEURISY. 27

sound is a sound of grazing, rubbing, or grating, due to the movements, in
opposite directions of the pleural surfaces with inspiration and expiration.
The sound is more or less intense, dry, and appears to be near the ear,
conveying the idea of friction of roughened surfaces. If this is distinctly
present, its diagnostic significance is important, showing pleurisy exists.

The signs belonging to the second stage manifest themselves without
much delay. Liquid effusion having taken place in sufficient quantity to
be apparent, the diagnosis is easier.

The signs of an effusion are obtained by percussion, auscultation, and
inspection. To determine by percussion, press the palm and fingers of the
left hand firmly against the side of the chest, then tap lightly one finger
with the second finger of the right hand, giving a sharp quick blow.
If the sound given forth is dead and flat, it denotes an absence of air within
the part of the chest percussed. On auscultation the respiratory sound is
either suppressed or but feebly heard, unless the quantity of liquid is
sufficient to compress the lung into a solid mass, then the sound is intensi-
fied, rude, and harsh, like that heard on placing the ear to the neck of the
animal. If the quantity of liquid be large enough to distend the pleural
sac, the depression between the ribs of affected side may be diminished
and even swell out. This complete distension by liquid effusions is, how-
ever, exceptionally rare.

2*rog nost's .—The prognosis in acute, uncomplicated cases of pleurisy,
with but little effusion, is favorable , provided the constitution of the
animal is not enfeebled. The presence of a large liquid effusion is a very
unfavorable sign, and death may result from suffocation or exhaustion.

When recovery takes place from pleurisy, the roughened surfaces of the
pleura come together and are united by adhesion of newly found tissue.

Treatment .— The objects of treatment in acute pleurisy, differ in its
different stages. The purposes in the first, are to arrest, if possible, the
progress of the disease, to diminish its intensity, if it be not arrested, and
to relieve suffering. The indications are essentially the same as in the
earlier period of most acute inflammations.

The remedy of the first importance is opium in some form. It is invalu-
able not only for its palliative, but its curative action. By relieving pain,
it diminishes the determination of blood to the inflamed parts. It also
lessens the constitutional disturbance, and enables the system to tolerate
better the local affection. Conjoined with the use of opium, remedies
addressed to the circulation, may be employed. Aconite is preferred,
because its sedative effect upon circulation is produced without depress-
ion. Blisters should not be applied in this stage. Cloths wrung out of hot
water and bound around the chest will act as a palliative, and afford
marked relief.

28 ACUTE PLEURISY.

Opium and aconite are conveniently combined in the following mixture —
R. Morphiae Sulphatis gr. ij

Tr. Aconiti Iiad. gtt. xxv

Aquae g iij

Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful.
This should be given every three or five hours until the pain subsides
and the animal is inclined to sleep.

While the pain continues, and the fever remains unabated, the sedative
mixture should be persisted in. A mild purgative, in the form of syrup
of buckthorn in tablespoonful doses may be added to the treatment,, to aid
in lessening the fever, and restraining the liquid effusion.

In the second stage after the pain and fever have subsided, the object of
treatment is to promote absorption of the liquid. The kidneys may be
stimulated to increased activity by the following—
R. Potass. Acet. 3 iv

Infus. Digitalis § iv

Aquae g ij

Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose two teaspoonfuls every five or six hours.
Counter irritation may now be resorted to, the tincture of iodine applied
with a brush preferred. The important object is to support and nourish
the animal. Laxatives and external applications must be discontinued if
the general strength seems impaired by their use. The diet should be nutri-
tious and concentrated. Tonic remedies are useful and may be given in
the form of the tincture of iron, twenty drops well diluted, or quinine in
two grain doses, three times a day. Throughout the disease, pure air,
warmth, and cleanliness are absolutely essential.

During convalescence, the object is tore-establish the normal health.
Gentle exercise out of doors is to be encouraged, and the local affection
will disappear in proportion to the rapidity with which improvement in
the general condition takes place.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 29

Omsojvic <Pleu<risy.

Chronic pleurisy occasionally follows the acute form of the disease, hut
in the majority of cases is a sub-acute affection from the first. It is often
developed imperceptibly , those prominent symptoms observed in the
acute form, being absent or lacking sufficient intensity to characterize
the disease.

Anatomically, the conditions existing in chronic pleurisy are essentially
the same as in the acute form. The pleural cavity contains a liquid effu-
sion of serum and lymph , -which in the event of recovery becomes
absorbed. Bands of adhesion are formed uniting the inner surface of the
pleura, and the chest walls become contracted, leaving a depression gen-
erally permanent, more especially in cases of large effusions.

Causation.— The same influences may give rise to chronic that are
involved in the causation of acute pleurisy. It may be induced traumati-
cally, and is sometimes due to exposure. More often it proceeds from
internal causes which are not understood.

Symptoms. — Cough, pain and tenderness are frequently wanting, and
rarely prominent in this disease. The most marked symptom is the in-
creased frequency of the respirations, which may be moderate while at
rest, but become evident on exercise. Here, as in the acute form, the
embarrassment in breathing will depend upon the amount and rapidity
with which the effusion takes place. The pulse generally runs above the
normal, and is small and compressible. Appetite is impaired.

Diarrhoea occurs in some cases, and emaciation may follow, although
the strength is often maintained to a marked degree, and the animal be
out and take considerable easy exercise.

Diagnosis. — The symptoms apparent in this disease will aid much, but
a positive diagnosis can hardly be reached without auscultation and per-
cussion. The signs of liquid effusion are the same in chronic as in acute
pleurisy. In the former the amount is often greater, and the contraction
of the affected side is more marked after absorption.

Chronic pleurisy is often associated with other diseases, among them
pulmonary consumption and dropsical affections, which, by their indi-
vidual symptoms, may be detected.

Prognosis . — Simple chronic pleurisy unassociated with any other
serious disease, and occurring in an animal previously healthy, may be
recovered from, but a permanent deformity, in contraction of the affected
side is quite certain to result. Death often occurs from associated com-
plications. In many cases a breaking down of the lungs follows chronic
pleurisy, and the disease assumes the form of consumption. In other cases
absorption of the effusion may go on to a certain extent, and the animal

30 CHRONIC PLEURISY.

regain good health, even although a portion of the liquid remains.

Chronic pleurisy may end in empyema, in which disease the liquid be-
comes purulent, and from which recovery is very doubtful.

Tre«?j>ie?i?. — T\\e objects of treatment are to remove the effused liquid,
and develop and sustain the general strength of the system. For the first
object, the measures which may be employed, are the same as in the last
stage of acute pleurisy. Small blisters, or the tincture of iodine may be
applied to the affected side, and mild laxatives should be judiciously given
if the general condition and strength warrant their use.

The second object calls for tonic remedies, which should be given three
times a day. A pill, combining several of the more powerful agents, can
be made as follows —

R Quiniaa Sulph. gr. xxiv

Ferri Carb. g ss

Ext. Nucis Vomica? gr. viij
Ft. Pil. No. xxiv. Sig. Dose one three times daily.
Tonics should be persisted in, and may be changed occasionally, as the
animal becomes accustomed to their use. The pills may, after a time, be
discontinued, and the syrup of the iodide of iron in ten drop doses, or the
elixir of calisaya bark, iron, and strychnia in teaspoonful doses, be given.
If the animal be thin in flesh, cod liver oil must be added to the treatment.
Pure air, gentle exercise, and nutritious diet are essential in this, as in
all exhausting diseases.

In extreme cases, where a rapid formation of the liquid effusion threat-
ens death by suffocation, tapping the chest may be resorted to, but a skil-
ful physician, the family attendant, should be employed for the operation,
which, in but few cases, will result successfully, as the fluid generally
returns.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 31

(Pneumonia.

An inflammation of the substance of the lungs, or pneumonia is charac-
terized by an exudation into the air cells, solidifying for a time that por-
tion of the lung affected. The first appreciable anatomical change in this
disease is an abnormal accumulation of blood, due to an active congestion
of the parts involved. This condition lasts but for a short time, and is
speedily followed by an exudation, a material which escapes from the
blood and coagulates within the air-cells. The cells are filled and dis-
tended with this exuded matter and cease to contain air. The lung is
solidified, presenting an appearance not unlike liver, and hence this con-
dition is called hepatization.

If the progress of the disease be favorable, the exudation is removed
mainly or exclusively by absorption, and the recovery of the affected
part is complete. If the disease progresses unfavorably, absorption of the
product within the air cells does not take place, the substance of the lung
softens and breaks down, a condition called purulent infiltration.

The constitutional symptoms then become more marked, the distress
more apparent. The expression grows even more piteous and haggard,
the eyes more sunken. The nostrils dilate, the cough loose, becomes per-
sistent and distressing, and the mouth and lips are covered with a thick
slime. The breath which has a sweet, sickish odor, comes quick and short.
Approaching suffocation is obvious. The sitting position so long main-
tained is still persevered in, until the limbs become dropsical, the skin
cold and clammy, the pulse faint and flickering, finally death ends all.

Causation.— While exposure to cold, is an evident cause of pneumonia
in many cases, it is probably but an exciting influence co-operating with
an existing morbid condition or predisposition, which we are unable to
comprehend. The disease is in many cases developed spontaneously, no
obvious cause apparent.

Symptoms. — The, invasion of the disease is often abrupt. In a large
proportion of cases pneumonia is ushered in with a chill, as shown by
shiverings. Speedily following the chill pain is manifest, in some cases
severe, in others very slight. Cough usually appears soon after the attack
commences. It may be prominent, and is sometimes wanting. The matter
coughed up is at first scanty and thick. In a certain proportion of cases
it soon assumes a character distinctive of the disease termed rusty, from
its reddish tint like iron rust.

Fever follows immediately the invasion of the disease. The pulse runs
high, loss of appetite occurs, great thirst is experienced, and prostration
manifested. The nose becomes hot and dry, the eyes reddened. The res-
pirations increase in frequency, as the disease progresses, until a sense

82 PNEUMONIA.

of suffocation forces the animal to assume a sitting position, with extend-
ed head and protruded tongue.

Diagnosis. — During the early stage, by placing the ear to the affected
side, crepitation can he heard in most cases. This when present is highly
distinctive of pneumonia. The crepitant sound is dry, very fine, crackling,
and heard only on inspiration. This sound is due to the separation or
bursting of agglutinized bubbles, and is much the same as one hears made
by the boot when walking on crusted snow.

In the second stage, after the lung has become solidified, percussion
shows marked dulness, a flat dead sound being emitted. The respiratory
sound becomes exaggerated by the law of transmission of sound by solids,
and the bronchial respiration is distinctly heard. Crepitation may be
present in this stage, and may be wanting.

When recovery from the disease commences, the respiratory sound
grows more natural, crepitation at times returns, and frequently a sub-
crepitant sound is heard. This is fine, moist, and bubbling, carrying the
idea of small bubbles, heard with either inspiration or expiration, or with
both acts.

Dulness on percussion, becomes less and less marked, and finally dis-
appears, but a trace is often left for a time after an examination by the
ear shows the exudation to have been removed. If the disease does not
clear up, but passes into the stage of infiltration, the dulness or flatness
on percussion continues, and coarse bubbling sounds are detected, due to
the presence of pus in the air-cells, heard at times louder just after cough-
ing, and can often be appreciated by placing the flat of the hand to the
chest, when a sensation of fine bubbling will be transmitted.

Prognosis. —Pneumonia is a very serious disease, and is very often
fatal. At times only a small proportion of the lung is affected, the disease
then being termed circumscribed. The extent of the disease in a great
measure indicates the gravity and danger. Accidents and complications
are very liable to invest the cases with greater gravity, and where there
are no symptoms which denote imminent danger, sudden changes often
take place for the worse.

When convalescence in the disease sets in, recovery is generally com-
plete. From purulent infiltration there is very little hope of recovery.

Treatment. —Pneumonia belongs among those diseases distinguished
as self limited. If uncomplicated and not attended with accidents, it runs
a definite course, ending in restoration, provided the powers are main-
tained. The treatment must be supportive and every influence calculated
to depress the system. must be studiously avoided.

In the first stage, the object should be to relieve symptoms, to diminish
the intensity of the inflammation, and prepare the system to bear the

PNEUMONIA. 33

severe strain forced upon it. Many authors advise the use of blisters, but
this the writer cannot endorse, considering their employment injudicious.

Other authorities recommend flaxseed meal poultices, and warm fomen-
tations. These arc objectionable from the fact that the animal is liable to
become chilled while the applications are being removed and changed.
The object is to prevent the air coming in contact with the chest, and no
better means can be devised than the cotton jacket. Many thicknesses of
cotton batting can be quilted on to cloth, cut with holes for the fore legs,
aiid roughly shaped to envelop the chest from the neck to the loins. Tin's
when basted on to the animal is a sure protection, and contributes to his
comfort, by keeping the skin moistened with perspiration , and all the
advantages of a poultice are thereby secured.

Opium should be given in the first stage to subdue the pain and to quiet
the system. If the pulse is full and boun*ling and the animal in good
health previous to the attack, sedatives may be combined with the opiate,
and the morphine and aconite prescription, recommended in acute pleu-
risy be used. If pain is not severe, and fever runs high, the tincture of
aconite root may be given every two hours, alone, or in the following
mixture —

R Tr. Opii Camphoratse 5 i

Tr. Aeoniti Rad. gtt. xxv

Potass. Chloratis 3 ij

Amnion. Muriatis 5 i

Syr. Simplicis § i

Aquae ad. § iij

Ft. Mist. Shake well. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful from four to six hours.

A room of equitable temperature should be chosen, and good ventilation
be maintained. Never wait in pneumonia until trouble comes; rather
anticipate it, and be prepared for emergencies. Commence early with
supportive measures, and insist upon it the animal takes nourishment
at regular intervals. Select the concentrated and most sustaining nutri-
ment such as raw eggs, beef juice, and beef exti-acts.

To support and sustain the vital powers and to prolong life beyond the
limit of the disease, is the general indication in the second stage. Opium
if indicated may still be persisted in, and stimulants and stimulating tonics
should be commenced. Given moderately at first, but pushed if the need
becomes manifest. Quinine in two grain doses should be given every four
hours, and two teaspoonfuls of brandy may be administered in milk at
intervals, and the effects watched. Shouldthe pulse weaken, the stimulant
must be increased to a tablespoonful dose, and given every two or three
hours. If failure of the powers seems imminent, one teaspoonful of the
aromatic spirit of ammonia must be added to each dose of brandy.

34 PNEUMONIA.

If the limit of the disease is reached, and resolution commenced, recov-
ery promises to he rapid, and there is little or no danger of a renewed
attack. In the stage of resolution, tonic remedies are indicated, the quinine
can be discontinued, and some combination of iron be substituted. The
elixir calisaya bark, iron and strychnine, in teaspoonful doses before feed-
ing, is an admirable tonic. It is sometimes difficult to secure a reliable
preparation however, in which event the following mixture will be found
useful —

R Ferri et Ammonise Cit. Siss.
Tr. Nucis Vomicae 3ij

Tr. Cinchona) Comp. giv

Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful three times dailj- before feeding.
Cod liver oil should be added to the treatment, and given in tablespoonfnl
doses after eating or mixed with the food. As soon as the animal is fairly
convalescent a solid diet may be allowed, meat raw or cooked as he seems
to prefer, in fact anything within reason that he will eat, and the quantity
need not be much restricted. Exercise in the open air in pleasant weather
should be early encouraged.

In event the lung breaks down, and the disease passes into the stage of
purulent infiltration, there is little or no hope for the animal. The only
treatment is to crowd the stimulants and nourishment.

Recent authorities have advised the use of chloral hydrate, to combat
the pain in pneumonia. The writer feels that there are decided objections
to its use, from its peculiar depressing action on the heart, which organ
throughout the disease needs to be stimulated and strengthened.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 35

(BRONCHITIS.

An inflammation seated in the lining membrane of the larger bronchial
tubes constitutes the disease called bronchitis, a very common affection
among dogs. It is generally ushered in by an inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the nasal passages, which commencing in the nostrils travels
downward, to the lungs.

The disease may be divided into two stages, which can be conveniently
termed the dry and the moist. From the occurrence of the first symptoms
in the nose, in from one to three days the disease makes the transit to the
larger bronchial tubes, the mucous membrane of which becomes dry, red-
dened, swollen, and sensitive. In the progress of the affection, after two
or three days, the mucous secretion , which has been absent or scanty,
reappears and is abnormally increased.

Bronchitis may be primary or secondary, that is it may occur as a distinct
affection or be developed as a complication of certain diseases, such as
pneumonia, or consumption.

It maybe either acute, sub-acute, or chronic, as based on the differences
as regards the severity and duration of the inflammation.

Causation. — Exposure to damp and cold; violent exercise, and subse-
quent confinement in draughty kennels; changes in the weather, and
some special atmospheric influence not understood. This is to be inferred
when the disease prevails as an epidemic.

Symptoms. — Shivering, and the common evidences of catarrh, are the
primary symptoms noted, followed by some fever, higher pulse, thirst,
loss of appetite, dulness and general lassitude. The cough is at first dry
and painful, but not suppressed. This changes as the mucous secretion
becomes abundant, then the pain abates, the cough loosens and has a softer
tone. Respiration is usually unaffected, rapid breathing being observed
only in exceptional cases, in which the mucous secretions accumulate, and
obstruct the bronchial tubes. The expectoration is at first small and scanty,
later copious and frothy. The eyes are reddened, the nose hot, and glued
with a thick mucus which becoming free and thin, is accompanied with
frequent sneezing.

These symptoms are present in ordinary bronchitis. An unfrequent and
graver form is developed when the inflammation affects the smaller tubes.
This is termed capillary bronchitis, and differs widely from the ordinary
acute disease. It is an exceedingly grave affection, and the danger proceeds
from obstruction to the current of air to and from the air-cells. This
obstruction is due to the small size of the affected tubes. The 'swelling of
the mucous membrane, and the presence of the muco-purulent liquid,
which in the larger tubes do not interrupt the free passage of air during

36 BRONCHITIS.

respiration, here occasions serious interference. In the capillary form of
bronchitis, all the symptoms of suffocation are present and death usually
results from that cause.

"Diagnosis . — Acute bronchitis is to he discriminated from pleurisy and
pneumonia, more especially the latter. The absence of severe pain and
rapid breathing, the presence of a copious expectoration, which is not
rusty, are negative points, which, with an examination of the chest, will
render a diagnosis easy.

On percussion nothing abnormal is detected. On auscultation coarse
mucous rattles are heard throughout the chest. Their presence and diffu-
sion over both sides are distinctive of the disease. The gravity of the
symptoms will indicate whether capillary or simple acute bronchitis is
present.

^Prognosis. — Ordinary bronchitis when unassociated with other diseases
is dangerous only in very young puppies and old dogs. A mild attack is
soon recovered from. In the capillary form, there is little or no hope for
the animal so affected.

Treatment. — A very important item is to guard against changes in the
temperature. The patient should be kept in a room well ventilated and
comfortably heated. In the earlier stage, an attempt should be made to
abort the disease, with from five to ten grains of Dover's powder at night,
and an application of mustard and vinegar, or kerosene oil to the chest,
anointing the parts afterwards with fresh lard. This treatment should be
followed the next morning with a dose of castor oil or syrup of buckthorn.

The effort if unsuccessful will at least lessen the severity of the disease.
For the cough in the earlier stage the following is recommended —

R Syr. Scillae I i

Spts. iEth. Comp. gi

Syr. Tolu g ij

Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful every three or four hours.
If the cough becomes a distressing symptom, opium can be wisely com
bined with expectorant remedies, as in the following—

R Sol. Morph. Sulph.
Syr. Scillae
Vini Ipecac
Syr. Senegas a a §i

Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful every three or four hours.
In the second stage, nutritious diet and tonic remedies are measures
which assist in recovery ; two grains of quinine may wisely be given two
or three times a day.
The chlorate of potassa is :i remedy of great value in all diseases of the

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 37

mucous membranes, more especially when the secretions arc scanty. Jt
will he found efficacious in all stages of bronchitis, and may be added
freely to the water the animal drinks, or given in the following mixture —
R Potass. Chloratis 3 ij
Syr. Scilloe § ss

Syr\ Tolu. gij

Aquse ad. giv

Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful every three or four hours.
If the disease involves the smaller bronchial tubes, and suffocation is
threatened, an emetic should be administered and a stimulating expecto-
rant given as in the following —

R Ammonia? Carb. 5 i j
Syr. Senegse § iij

Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one half a teaspoonful in a tablespoonful of pepper-
mint water every two hours.

When danger of sinking is evident, whiskey or brandy may be added to
the treatment and given in dessertspoonful doses, as often as the urgency
demands.

If the disease tends to pass into the chronic form, cod liver oil two or
three times a day should be given, with an iron tonic of elixir calisaya
bark, iron, and bismuth, close one teaspoonful.

As a rule expectorant remedies are not indicated in chronic bronchitis,
and do harm by their depressing effect, and by disturbing the appetite and
digestion.

38 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

Consumption.

The term consumption, wasting of the body, strictly speaking, implies
pulmonary tuberculosis, an affection characterized by the presence in the
lungs of a morbid product called tubercle. This deposit eventually under-
goes softening, becomes liquefied, ulcerations follow, and destruction of
the lungs result.

Causation. — Every influence which appears to affect the health has
been alleged to be a cause of consumption, by impairing the nourishment
of the body and inducing poverty of the blood. Bad air, deficiency and
poor quantity of food are prominent factors. Poor food injures the mucous
membrane of the stomach and intestines, and produces repeated attacks
of irritation in those parts. That the seeds of consumption are planted by
breeding in and in, is quite probable.

Antecedent diseases of the respiratory organs may induce the affection
directly, and other serious derangements tend to its development. Jacobi
reports that a dog which ate the sputa of his master, ill with the disease,
died of consumption; an evidence of communicability.

Some authors include asthma among the causes of consumption. This
is not the case however, as the presence of asthma seems to afford protec-
tion against pulmonary tuberculosis.

Symptoms. — In many cases, latent symptoms exist without sufficient
prominence to excite suspicion, and a cough dates the beginning of the
disease. The number of respirations is somewhat increased, the heart's
action irritable, and the pulse accelerated. The loss of flesh is perceptible,
the appetite somewhat diminished, the coat becomes staring and the hair
falls out. Fever sets in and runs at intervals. The strength is obviously
impaired. Emaciation gradually becomes extreme, diarrhoea sets in, the
animal becomes exhausted and dies. The symptoms and course of the
disease are modified by complications, or as other organs are involved.

Treatment. — In the earlier stages certain agents may be employed with
a hope of arresting the disease; the results will however in the majority of
cases prove negative. The compound syrup hypophosphites may be given
in teaspoonful doses before feeding, and cod liver oil in tablespoonful
doses two or three times daily with the food. The diet should be nutri-
tious and concentrated. Pain and distress demand the administration o'v
opiates.

Apparent to all is the utter hopelessness of recovery after the lungs are
materially affected. When the disease is suspected, but the symptoms are
insufficiently pronounced to sustain a positive diagnosis, a radical change
of air should, if possible, be tried. If improvement does not follow then
an abrupt ending of the animal's sufferings is in mercy justified.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 30

tfSTHMti.

The term asthma should properly he limited to one morbid condition.
Veterinarians distinguish between the congestive and spasmodic forms.
The congestive and more common affection observed among dogs, is due
to an inflamed state of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes. In
a great majority of cases bronchitis exists, and the susceptibility to the
exciting causes is increased by its presence. The disease is more common
in old age, and among obese, over fed, house dogs. The predisposing
causes are derangement of the circulatory system, such as heart and lung
diseases, and chronic indigestion.

Causation. — The existing causes are many; cold from exposure, acute
bronchial inflammation, and certain inhalations are particularly liable
to bring on an attack.

Symptoms.— Labored efforts of breathing prompted by a sense of suffo-
cation, croupy respirations not increased in rapidity, and at times less in
number than normal. Inspiration jerking, expiration accompanied with
a wheezing sound. Distress and greater difficulty in breathing on exertion.
Nostrils dilating, expression piteous and anxious. Cough in many instan-
ces exists prior to, or manifests itself during an attack of asthma. A
dilatation of the air cells is generally associated with this disease if severe
and of long standing.

Diagnosis. —The diagnosis is not difficult; the disease has such distinct-
ive differences, it need not be confounded with other affections in which
labored breathing is a prominent symptom.

iProgn os is.— The significance of the disease depends upon the causes and
conditions which induce it. In itself, asthma is not an affection likely to
prove fatal, but it must necessarily shorten life.

Treatment. —During an attack a prompt emetic of the sulphate of zinc
twenty grains, or ipecac thirty grains, will afford relief. This should be
followed with a cathartic of syrup buckthorn and castor oil, of each one-
half a tablespoonful. If the violence of the attack does not subside, the
animal should be shut into a closed room, and on a pan of coals, stramo-
nium leaves be burned, to an ounce of which, a drachm of nitrate of
potassa has been added. This measure will relax the spasm, and induce
expectoration. To relieve the co-existing bronchitis, should next be
attempted, and the following given —

R Potass. Chloratis Jij

Tinct. Belladonnae 3 iss

Tinct. Cinchonas Comp. gij
Aquas § ij

Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose a dessertspoonful four times a clay.

40 ASTHMA.

If the animal is too fat and gross, exercise should be insisted upon, the diet
simplified, and a laxative he given daily unless the condition of the Dowels
contra-indicate. The following pill will he found efficacious. —
R Ext. Aloes Aq. gr. xv

Ext. Colocynth. Comp. gr. xv
Podophyllin gr. iv

Ext. Nucis Yomicre gr. iv

Ft. Pil. No xij. Sig. Dose one daily.
in the treatment of asthma the laws of hygiene should be observed in
kennelling and all exciting causes removed.

A radical cure is doubtful, but much can be done to mitigate the disease.
With a possible chance of success, the iodide of potassium shordd be faith-
fully tried in all cases, and persevered in for some weeks. It may be given
in the following mixture. —

R Potass. Iodidi 5 ij

Spts. Ammonia? Arom. 5 i
Tinct. Quassias
Aquas aa gij

Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful three times daily.
In the purely spasmodic form of asthma, the burning of stramonium
and saltpetre will be found especially efficacious, and the fluid extract
of grindelia robusta in one half teaspoonful doses may be given every hour
until relief is manifested.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 41

&CUTE LttftYJYGITIS.

The larynx is the organ of voice, placed at the upper part of the air
passage. It performs a double function, oiie part of which is connected
with the voice, the other with respiration. It is situated between the base
of the tongue and the windpipe at the upper and fore part of the neck.

The general character of laryngitis varies according to the extent and
severity of the inflammation. The disease may run a mild uncomplicated
course or it maybe accompanied with an exudation of lymph, a condition
distinguished as croup.

Causation. — Faulty kennel arrangements and consequent exposure to
cold and wet. Extremes in temperature so often experienced by petted
house dogs, which are by their habits, particularly predisposed to inflam-
mations of the air passages. Mechanical irritations from prolonged bark-
ing and from foreign bodies not at once removed. Injuries to the neck,
such as continued tugging at a chain may be sufficient to induce the dis-
ease. Inflammations of the adjacent parts, as is frequently the case in
catarrh of the nasal mucous membranes, extend to the throat, involving
the larynx.

Symptoms. — A hoarse, barking cough, excited by external pressure
over the windpipe, is one of the diagnostic characters of acute laryngitis.
In the earlier stage the expectoration is scanty and of thick mucus , later
it becomes abundant, and is more easily expelled.

Fever may be more or less intense, or it maybe wanting. If the swelling
of the membrane be not great, the breathing is not notably increased.
With a greater amount of swelling, labored respiration and difficult
breathing are added. Inspiration and expiration are both affected by the
obstruction, but more especially the former. It is harsh or noisy.

There is frequently more or less difficulty in swallowing, and a light, bub-
bling discharge from the nose. In cases where great obstruction exists the
suffering is intense. The eyes are congested and expressive of the great
distress the animal is experiencing. The suffering is at times rendered
more violent by spasm, and the respiratory acts are less frequent than
normal. With these symptoms, the disease ha a large proportion of cases
will end fatally, and the mode of dying be by suffocation.

Diagnosis. —The diminished frequency of the respiratory acts, and the
absence, on auscultation and percussion, of signs denoting pulmonary
disease. The peculiar husky character of the cough. The suffering in-
creased spasmodically, with intervals of comparative ease. The tender-
ness over the larynx, and the reddened swollen appearance of the mucous
membrane of the throat. The presence of these symptoms excludes all
other diseases which might be confounded, and render a diagnosis easy:

42 ACUTE LARYNGITIS.

IProg n os is.— The prognosis depends essentially upon the severity of
symptoms and efficiency and promptness of the treatment. When there
is little or no infiltration of the sub-mucous tissues as inferred by the com-
parative ease in breathing, the chances are favorable. If the obstruction
aside from that due to spasm, be sufficient to interfere greatly with respi-
ration, a fatal result may be anticipated.

Treatment \ —The injurious influences of changes in the air, should be
avoided by maintaining a uniform temperature in the room in which the
animal is placed. A sponge should be wrung out in hot water, and applied
to the neck, being frequently changed. Five grain doses of Dover's powder
will greatly relieve the discomfort, and in the milder cases its use is admis-
sible. Opiates, in the severer forms of the disease, should be given
guardedly, and not carried so far as to blunt the perception of the want of
breath. A full dose of castor oil should be given early in the affection, to
draw the blood to the intestines. Spasms in breathing are often relieved
by emetics, and twenty grains of ipecac can be wisely given during an
attack. The oil of copaiba is admirable in its action, and when inflamma-
tion of the larynx first manifests itself, doses of fifteen drops may be given
from three to six hours as the severity of the symptoms indicate. It will
be well to emulsify it in this way; add a teaspoonful of the oil to a raw
egg, and beat well with a fork ; give one fourth of the quantity at each
dose. The following mixture is also very efficacious in this disease. —
R Potass. Chloratis 3 i
Ammon. Mur. 5 i

Syr. Tolu. g i

Aquae 5 ij

Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful in mild cases, every two hours. In
very severe attacks, the same dose every fifteen minutes.

If the disease assumes a severity threatening suffocation, the dog should
be made to inhale steam or medicated vapors. If the room be too large
to moisten the entire atmosphere, a tent can be made by placing a sheet
over two chairs, under that the dog be placed, and a hot iron or stone be
thrown into a pan of water. To medicate the steam add a tablespoonful
of the compound tincture of benzoin for every quart of water. "When
death from suffocation is imminent and all other means prove futile,
tracheotomy is the only hope remaining.

It is important to remember that a symptom which is considered highly
characteristic of rabies, and one which frequently appears early in the
disease, is the peculiar alteration in the tone of the voice. The bark is
described as a sound between a bark and a howl uttered in a rough,
hoarse tone, which might be called croupy, and is attributed by some to a
swollen condition of the pharynx and larynx.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 43

Chronic Laryngitis.

Chronic inflammation of the larynx often occurs without having been
preceded by the acute form of the disease. It more commonly begins
either as an acute catarrh, which from exposure and neglect assumes a
chronic character, or in an insidious manner with insignificant symptoms
at first, it by degrees develops more marked disturbances and eventually
reaches a severity even in some cases affecting respiration. Hoarseness
and a dry husky cough, which manifest increased severity at times, are
among the characteristic symptoms.

The expectoration may be slight or more or less abundant; usually it is
whitish gray, and frothy. The affection in many cases occurs in connection
with consumption, and much the same treatment is demanded as in that
disease. Cod liver oil should be given two or three times a day in table-
spoonful doses, and if no gain is observed the compound syrup of hypo-
phosphites in teaspoonful doses three times daily should be tried. The
iodide of potassium in cases where no pulmonary disease exists, is an
agent of value and may be given in the following mixture. —
R Totassii Iodidi 5 i j

Ammon. Carbonatis 3 ij
Tinct. Hyoscyami § i
Aquae Camphoras 5 iv

Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful three times daily in a little water.
It must be remembered that no immediate effect from the iodide of po-
tassium is ever experienced in any disease, its efficacy depends upon its «
prolonged administration. In all inflammations of the mucous membrane
where the natural secretion is lessened, no agent has a more marked
effect than the chlorate of potassa. An ounce may be diluted in a pint of
water and a tablespoonful of the mixture be given every two hours, until
the cough loses its dry husky character and becomes moist.

External counter-irritation to the neck by means ot blisters and mercu-
rial ointments, is of doubtful eflicacy. Painting with the tincture of iodine
daily instead, will have a happier effect.

A perfect and permanent cure of chronic laryngitis is a rare occurrence.
The prognosis will of course be influenced by the associations or compli-
cations with other affections.

Ulceration within the larynx may be anticipated if the disease is of long
continuance. As the vocal cords become affected by the process, the
cough is less audible, shorter, more frequent and provoked by each in-
halation. The disease at this point is utterly hopeless. The constitu-
tional symptoms are now aggravated, emaciation is rapid, exhaustion
and death speedily follow.

44 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

&CUTE C£T£R<RH.

To use the term catarrh alone, as indicative of an individual affection
seems unwarrantable, from its intimate attachments to a whole family of
diseases, distinctively classified.

The literal meaning of the word is "to flow down," and originated in the
idea the ancients had with regard to that secretion especially which
escapes from the nose. It was believed by them that the secretion flowed
down out of the brain, and the theory existed until Schneider, Professor
in Wittenberg, published in 1 6 6 0 his treatise " De Catarrhis," showing the
falsity of this supposition. The term catarrh denoting inflammation of the
mucous structure accompanied by an abundant secretion of mucus , has
been used superadded to the name of the organ or parts involved. As
the plan of distinguishing inflammatory affections by the suffix "itis" has
become general, it is superfluous to use the terms bronchial catarrh, intes-
tinal catarrh etc ., when bronchitis and enteritis express as much and
identically the same disease.

Acute catarrh or in plain language "a cold," is a frequent complaint
among dogs and often engenders the most serious diseases.

Causation. —Physiologically the practice of "catching cold" is yet to
be explained. This fact has been noted as tbe result of experiments, that
when animals are subjected to a high degree of heat and then suddenly
changed to the ordinary temperature, the heat of the body sinks, not to
the normal degree but below it, the cause being accepted that the blood
vessels are paralyzed for a time by the high temperature. It will be seen
by this that dogs which are in winter allowed to remain in the house near
hot stoves, and then to go out into the cold air, show a decided predisposi-
tion to the disease.

Allowing a dog a hard run and then shutting him into a cold stable or
kennel, his body over-heated and perspiring, it will be appreciated, is a
fruitful source of the disease. Damp, draughty kennels, and exposure in
rain storms, and similar injurious influences are often immediately fol-
lowed by the onset of the disease under consideration. The exertion of
these influences is materially greatest at times when the weather is cold
and moist. It is easy to understand that when these causes extensively
exist, the disease must also be prevalent.

Symptom s.— Lassitude, dull and heavy manner, appetite lessened,
shiverings, dryness of the nose, and frequent sneezing are the earliest
symptoms observed. Redness and swelling of the nasal mucous mem-
brane soon supervene, and an increase of the secretion begins. The eyes
become reddened and watery, the nose hot. Fever is often associated with
these symptoms, and the pulse runs above tbe normal. In simple uncom-

ACUTE CATARRH. 45

plicated catarrh, these are the prominent manifestations. "When cough,
changed respiration, and other symptoms appear, the affection has ex-
tended, its identity is lost and immerged into other diseases.

Treatment. — A simple cold should never be neglected. Uncomplicated,
it is self -limited and naturally tends to recovery. The dog should be placed
in warm comfortable quarters, and a dose of castor oil or syrup of buck-
thorn be given. If much fever is observed obtain the following mixture. —
R Tr. Aconiti Rad. gtt.xij

Spts. iEtheris Nit. § ss
• Liq. Amnion. Acet. § iss
Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose two teaspoonfuls every three hours in water.
At night five grains of Dover's powder should be administered. If the
nasal secretion becomes thick, viscid, and not easily expelled, the fluid
extract of hamamelis diluted with four parts of water may be injected
into the nose.

Milk and broths for the first day or two will be all and possibly more
than the dog will care to eat. Should his appetite not return soon how-
ever, scraped raw beef should be given in small quantities, three or four
times daily with two grains of quinine in pill form.

Nasaz <Pozy<pus.

' Occasionally mucous polypi of the nasal cavity are seen in dogs. These
tumors retain the elements of the mucous membranes from which they
arise. Certain catarrhal symptoms are associated with their formation,
but their presence can rarely be positively determined until they can be
plainly seen. They are soft jelly like masses which in time fill up the
entire nasal passage, closing the opening. Polypi arise and run their
course without pain.

Treatment. —One author says, " the treatment is simple, and consists
in the removal of the polypus, by tying a strong silk thread or piece of
fine silver wire round the neck. This must be tightened daily for a few
days till the neck is cut through and the tumor drops off." Very excellent
advice and apparently a ready solution of the whole matter. But let the
operation be undertaken, and the difficulty between theory and practice
will be at once appreciable.

The writer advises when a polypus exists, that its removal be entrusted
to a physician, who will in many cases need all his skill and experience
in performing the operation.

46 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

It is stated by some authors ' ' that ozsena is an affection rarely seen in
the dog." While the severest forms of the disease are certainly seldom
met with, the milder types it is believed are more common.

Causation. — A low state of the system, impoverished by neglect or
disease invites the affection. Under such conditions, the cause is usually
found in successive attacks of catarrh, and sometimes in distemper.
Diseases of bone, ulcerations, foreign bodies, and abnormal growths, like
polypus within the nose are commonly associated with ozsena.

Symptoms . — The secretion in this disease varies much in quantity and
appearance. The amount in some instances is profuse, in others scanty.
The discharge is of a purulent character which decomposes, and a peculiar
stench is produced giving rise to the name of the disease. The discharge
has a tendency to crust formations deep within the nose, as well as about
the outer openings, which are usually found coated with a greenish deposit.
Constant sneezing is a marked symptom and the breathing through the
nose is considerably obstructed.

Prognosis. —If the disease is of recent origin it can be cured but the
gain will be slow. Much will depend upon the general state of the system
and its reparative powers.

Treatment. —Efforts must be directed to restore the mucous membrane
to its normal condition. Local treatment is the first essential. The nose
should be injected every day with the following mixture.—
R Acidi Carbolici gr. xx

Acidi Tannici gr. xx

Glycerinse § i .

Aquae g iij

Ft. Mist. Sig. Inject.

In some instances the frantic struggles of the animal will render nasal
injections impossible. In such cases suppositories must be used. Each
of these should contain one grain of iodoformum incorporated in cacao but-
ter. The druggist consulted to prepare them,can use the common " rectal
molds" in their manufacture. One suppository should be introduced
daily, into each nasal passage for two days, then for a day omitted. They
should be gently forced back, by some round, smooth instrument, as far
as possible without causing pain, and there allowed to melt. For a few
moments the dog may need restraint.

Quinine, iron, or cod liver oil should be given internally as the case
demands, and a generous diet allowed. The importance of pure fresh
air and sufficient exercise cannot be exagerated.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 47

LYFZUEJYZ&.

Influenza is an epidemic disease, which is characterized hy catarrh of
the respiratory, and often also of the digestive organs. Its attack is sudden,
great and rapid weakness is developed, and fever of greater or less inten-
sity is associated. The disease may occur among dogs, uninfluenced by
the age of the animal or the season of the year.

Causation . — Of the exciting causes of influenza little is known. It has
not been established that there is any connection with atmospheric condi-
tions. An essential difference is noted between this and the non-epidemic
catarrh, since the latter affection is traceable to "catching cold," and
follows exposure. Influenza on the other hand, prevails when catarrhal
affections are rare, and it may appear in any season of the year, hot and
dry, or cold and damp. Some authors assume it to be contagious, others
refute the theory, and the question has remained a mooted one.

In 1872 an influenza prevailed widely among horses, and in New York
alone attacked about sixteen thousand; no special causes for it were
ascertained.

Symptoms. — The frequent location of the disease is upon the mucous
membrane of the respiratory organs, it being more rarely affected than
that of the stomach and intestines.

The onset of the disease is generally sudden, marked by lassitude and
shiverings, indicative of a chill. In severe cases fever soon manifests
itself assuming a remittent type. The pulse varies in character being full
and frequently irregular. The affection of the mucous membrane of the
respiratory organs is indicated by symptoms essentially of a catarrhal
nature. Most frequently is observed at first sneezing, the eyes reddened
and watery, the nasal membrane swollen and reddened.

In some cases the throat becomes sore, and the catarrhal inflammation
extends to the larynx and bronchi, the invasion of these parts being evinced
by hoarseness and a tendency to cough. Not unfrequently in the very begin-
ning, a cough sets in dry and disturbing, occurring in paroxysms frequently
inducing vomiting. The expectoration is usually scanty but sometimes
becomes more abundant later in the disease. "While the physical exami-
nation of the chest is negative, the breathing frequently becomes hurried
and at times the restlessness of the animal will indicate pain, probably of
a pleuritic character. The digestive organs are very often affected. Loss
of appetite, a coated tongue, thirst, and not infrequently vomiting and
diarrhoea accompany the disease. At times however, constipation exists.

Prostration is often very marked, the animal is dull, heavy, and sleepy.
It will be frequently noted that in walking about he will act stiff and lame
and sometimes his movements will appear painful.

48 INFLUENZA*

The expression of the eyes is changed in a marked degree, wearing a
depressed anxious look. Late in the disease there is a tendency to dropsy
of the lmihs, and sometimes an effusion into the chest.

Diagnosis. —To distinguish between other affections resembling influ-
enza should not be difficult; the existence of an epidemic, other dogs
being attacked at the same time; the great prostration from the first; the
fever of a remittent type ; the peculiar cough and absence of signs indica-
tive of disease of the lungs. A consideration of these facts should make
a differential and positive diagnosis easy.

Prognosis. — If uncomplicated, the disease commonly ends in recovery.
In old dogs and in very young puppies it runs a more severe course. The
existence of other diseases, and a weakened and impoverished system
would render a prognosis more unfavorable.

Treatment. — The animal should be placed in a room of even tempera-
ture and well ventilated, but free from draughts. In mild cases the
medicinal treatment need not be especially active. The congestion of the
head can be relieved by gentle laxatives, but purgatives are contra-indica-
ted. If the fever runs very high, quinine in three grain doses should be
given every four or five hours. "When the temperature has become normal
the quinine may be continued in two grain doses, twice or three times
daily for a time. If the laryngeal inflammation is severe, hot applications
should be made to the neck, or the same rubbed well with the ammonia
and camphor liniments in equal parts, and afterwards swathed in cotton
or flannel.

In extremely severe cases where the breathing becomes difficult, the
animal may be made to inhale steam ; the water from which it is generated
should be tinctured with carbolic acid, two drachms to the pint. An admi-
rable method of keeping the air the animal breathes constantly disinfected,
is to use some form of lime and carbolic acid mixed together.

An important consideration in treatment is to guard against possible
failure of the vital powers, especially in old dogs and others weakened
by diseases. Quinine or iron should be persisted in, and the following
mixture be given.—

R Ammonia? Mur. 3 ij

Ext. Glycyrrhizae Pulv. 3 ij
Aquae § iij

Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful in water every three hours.
The diet should be easily digestible ; milk, broths, and if needed, eggs
added to the former.

During the convalescent stage, the animal should be judiciously exer-
cised in the bpeu air, but guarded against exposure,

CHti<PTER V.
AFFECTIONS

OF

THE MOUTH &JY<D TONGUE.

The Eruption of the Teeth.

The first or milk teeth of a puppy "begin to appear soon after birth, and
within a month the first process of dentition is completed. The perma-
nent about the fourth month, begin to replace the temporary teeth, and
are usually through the gums before the eighth month. They are forty two
in number and the following is the recognized formula. —

Upper jaw — Incisors 6 ; Canines 1 — 1; Molars 6 — 6=20

42

Lower jaw— „ 6; ,, 1—1 ; „ 7 — 7 = 5

Occasionally supernumerary teeth appear and are irregularly placed.

It has been supposed that \>y the teeth of the dog his age could be deter-
mined ; a mistake in many instances as is very evident. Disease will cause
them to decay, certain medicines promote their early destruction, the too
frequent feeding of bones wear them away, and a young dog may have
poor teeth, and those of an old one be well preserved.

It will be observed by the arrangement of the teeth that their purpose is
to bite, tear, and crush. Nature makes no provision for grinding or mastica-
tion. In this the construction is identical with that of all carnivorous or
flesh eating animals. The food is bolted, and passes into the stomach
without meeting with either a mechanical change from the teeth, or a
chemical influence from salivary secretions of the mouth.

50 AFFECTIONS OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE.

TREATMENT OF THE TEETH.

Generally but little trouble is experienced by puppies in sbedding tbeir
temporary teetb. It would be wise, bowever, to examine tbeir mouths
occasionally, and if any are loosened remove them, which can easily be
done by pressing on tbe side of the tooth.

Fits are sometimes attributable to teething. When they occur, if the
gums seem swollen, it would be wise to remove all doubts by lancing.

If a tooth becomes decayed and evidently painful, the dog should not be
tortured by the unskilful use of primitive " tools, " but rather a trifling
expense be incurred and the operation left to a professional dentist.

If the diet of dogs is properly chosen and bones are judiciously fed, tbe
animals will clean their own teetb and obviate the need of their owner's
intervention.

Tartar is an earthy matter deposited on the teeth from the saliva. If
suffered to accumulate, it causes inflammation and absorption of the gums
and gradual loosening of tbe teeth. Wben any quantity has accumulated
it should be removed with the blade of a pen knife, and for a time tbe
teeth cleaned daily with a tooth brush and charcoal ; then bones allowed
once or twice a week, tbe gnawing of whicb will insure protection from
tbe deposit.

Softening of the Gums.

This condition may be the consequence of an accumulation of tartar,
or of a congested state of the liver and bowels.

The gums are swollen, spongy and tender, and bleed at the slightest
touch. In such cases the breath is usually very offensive, and other
evidences of bilious and digestive disturbances are apparent.

Tbe affection is more commonly met with in bouse pets, over indulged
and deprived of sufficient exercise. The dispositions in such cases become
materially changed, the animals growing obstinate and sulky. A condi-
tion absurdedly attributed to tbe giving of meat, whereas, it is due to
confinement and an absence of common sense in feeding. Such dogs it
will be observed, bave very little appetite, preferring dainties and condi-
ments rather than wholesome food.

2'reaiment. —Dietetic influences are the first to be observed. In a recent
publication one author states: "it used to be the custom of the older
practitioners to commence the treatment of such cases by two or three
days, starvation. This treatment is terribly cruel, and any one who should
prescribe such should be punished by law." The writer believes the " old
practitioners " did not go so very far astray in their treatment. Two days"

AFFECTIONS OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. 61

denial of food, in such cases, is far from " cruel " but rather merciful. Few-
indulgent owners can be convinced of this however, and the extreme must
be modified.

The treatment may be wisely commenced with a dose of castor oil or
syrup of buckthorn or both. No more than two meals daily at the utmost
should be allowed, and at each a little milk be given at first. This may be
followed bjr broths, and raw meat occasionally.

Exercise must be strictly enforced, the animal being walked a mile in
the beginning, then two miles a day, later run behind a carriage. As he
becomes stronger and more active the diet may be more generous, meat
in some form entering largely into it.

The teeth should be looked to, tartar removed, and the gums rubbed
with a little tincture of myrrh. Patience and common sense are certain to
overcome the affection unless the dog be too old.

CajvcftUM Oftis.

. Canker of the mouth is an individual affection induced directly by a
decayed tooth, or a diseased state of the jaw bone.

Symptoms . — Attention is usually first attracted by a swelling on the jaw
over or beneath the part diseased. This swelling finally bursts, discharging
matter and blood of a very offensive odor. The parts affected are very
painful, and usually much difficulty will be experienced before a thorough
examination is made.

After the abscess has burst, a fistulous opening remains that will never
permanently close until the diseased bone or tooth is removed. A dis-
charge wrill persist having the same offensive character. Eventually, a
fetid ulcer forms on the gums and cheek of a gangrenous character, bleed-
ing easily at the slightest touch. The pain and difficulty in eating tend to
exhaust the animal which becomes weakened and emaciated.

Treatment . — Whatever the cause it must first be removed. If a decayed
tooth and it is extracted, the trouble will probably disappear. If the bone
of the jaw be diseased, then the dog should be etherized, the gum laid open
and the affected portion removed. The bleeding growths and ulcerations
may then be well burned with the nitrate of silver and afterwards be
treated with the tincture of myrrh. The general health must not be over-
looked. The diet should be generous; milk, broths, raw eggs, meat, and
if need be, tonics must be administered; cod liver oil in tablespoonful
doses, is advised if the animal is emaciated. If digestive disorders are
present, the elixir of bark, pepsin and bismuth, one teaspoonful three
times daily, is indicated. If glandular enlargement under the jaw remains,
the syrup of the iodide of iron is an appropriate remedy.

62 AFFECTIONS OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE.

Salivation.

Salivation or an increased flow of saliva, may be caused by a too liberal
use of mercury, by a sudden cbeck to tbe cutaneous secretion, by cold and
damp, or by any influence that suddenly lowers the system. The disease
may also arise from decayed teeth. It is commonly associated with can-
crum oris and may be induced by some irritation of the salivary glands
alone. Probably the more common cause of salivation is the improper
use of mercury, either taken internally or used too freely externally. In
prescribing the drug to dogs, it must be remembered that natures vary-
Some are far more easily affected by its action than others, and a suscep-
tibility of salivation and tendency to certain diseases often go together.

Symptoms . —Swelling and inflammation of the salivary glands, tongue
and throat, with a flow of peculiarly fetid saliva. Shallow ulcerations of
the surface of the gums and of the inside of the cheeks. The gums are
red, swollen and spongy. The teeth loosened and discolored. In the
severest cases, the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines takes
on much the same ulcerative action observed in the mouth.

The failure of strength and loss of flesh depend upon the exciting agency
of the affection as well as the severity of the symptoms.

Treatment. —Decayed teeth should be extracted; the bowels kept open
and a generous diet be allowed. For a local application the tincture of
myrrh, a saturated solution of chlorate of potassa, or brandy and water
is sufficient.

If the cause of the salivation is mercury, the iodide of potassium in three
grain doses, three times daily, should be administered. If no cause for the
affection other than debility is apparent, tonics of iron, quinine, or cod
liver oil should be persisted in, with the local applications.

<8l&IJV.

Blain, manifested by an eruption of blisters on the tongue, is compara-
tively rare among dogs.

The cause is generally attributable to improper feeding, neglect, and
exposure, and other influences impoverishing and debilitating the general
system.

Symptoms.— The blisters occur on the sides and the under surface of
the tongue, continue as such for a short time, then burst, leaving ulcers to
occupy their place. These ulcerations throw off a purulent, bloody dis-
charge having a peculiar fetid odor. Some degree of salivation is
associated, and the tongue is swollen and inflamed. Often the tissues
forming the floor of the mouth are involved in the inflammation, and

AFFECTIONS OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. 53

abscesses result. In many cases the glands of the neck become enlarged
and painful.

Treatment. —Chlorate potassa is a remedy of the greatest efficacy in
this disease. As debility, if not the cause, will very likely result as a
complication, the early administration of tonics is advised. Chlorate
potassa and iron are combined as follows. —

R Potass. Chloratis 5*j

Tinct. Ferri Chloridi 3i
Syr. Aurantii %i

Aquae 5 iij

Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful every one or two hours.
Equal parts of the flowers of sulphur and white sugar should be mixed in
fine powder, and after sponging out the mouth, this powder should be dusted
over the ulcerations three or four times a day. Abscesses if occurring
should be lanced when ready.
Nourishing and concentrated food of a liquid character is demanded.

IJYFZtiMMtiTZOJY OF THE TONGUE.

This affection is known by great swelling of the tongue, tenderness and
difficulty in swallowing. It generally accompanies severe salivation, but
it may occur in an acute form independent of this cause.

In convulsions the tongue is often bitten and severe inflammation follows.
The disease may run a rapid course and abate without the formation of
"matter;" on the other hand, abscesses may form under the tongue, suffi-
cient in size to threaten suffocation.

Treatment . — The bowels should be freely acted upon by aperient med-
icine. Applications of ice or ice water made continually for hours promise
relief. Chlorate of potassa or borax should be added to the water making
a strong solution. If suffocation is threatened, a surgeon should be called
to make an incision in the seam running along the middle of the tongue
on the under surface.

In event abscesses1 form, they should be opened when the proper stage
is reached. A skilled hand alone should undertake the operation, or severe
hemorrhage may result.

The food must necessarily be liquid and concentrated. A cup of milk
into which has been beaten a raw egg may be given every three or four
hours as the need of support is apparent.

In exceptional cases the amount of swelling will be sufficient to prevent
swallowing; rectal feeding must then be depended upon. Injections of beef
tea and extracts, milk, eggs, etc., should be administered.

64 AFFECTIONS OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE.

(pHtift YNGITIS.

The pharynx, a part of the canal through which the food passes, is placed
behind the mouth, nose, and larynx.

Inflammation of the pharynx, or pharyngitis, is an affection very rarely
occurring alone, hut is usually associated with some other disease. When
it does appear as an individual affection it is commonly caused by the
lodgement of foreign bodies, such as sharp pieces of bone. When any
substance becomes fixed in the pharynx, about the larynx, or in the top of
the passage into the stomach, it may produce a sense of choking and fits
of suffocative coughing, or symptoms less severe. A peculiar throat cough
with frequent hawking is often the prominent manifestation at first.

Later on in the affection, the mucous membrane may become swollen,
congested, and swallowing difficult, the throat being sensitive to external
pressure, and coughing excited by it as in laryngitis.

Sometimes, but very rarely, abscesses will form in the back part of the
pharynx. Their presence may be suspected if pharyngitis has existed for
several days, and the animal carries his head extended, fixed and immova-
ble on his neck.

Treatment. —Foreign bodies should be sought by exploring the throat
with the finger. If removed at once no further treatment is necessary.

If repeated efforts fail to dislodge the substance, an emetic of ipecac or
sulphate of zinc, dose of either fifteen grains, should be given to induce
vomiting. The treatment of the pharyngeal inflammation should be the
same as recommended in acute laryngitis.

CHti<PTER VI.
DISEASES EFFECTING

THE

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Indigestion.

A large proportion of the disturbances of the stomach and intestines
relates to digestion. In every attack of indigestion the processes involved
in the changes which the food undergoes before absorption, are not only-
retarded, but also accompanied by numerous local and general difficulties.
Indigestion, or as termed by some authors dyspepsia, was formerly sup-
posed to be a purely functional affection, existing without any morbid
changes ha the gastric mucous membrane. This theory is not generally
accepted at the present time.

The name indigestion as herein used does not apply to disorders inci-
dent to fevers, inflammatory affections, or structural diseases of the
digestive organs.

Causation . —The influences which induce this disease may act directly
or indirectly. Food if irregularly given in excess or of an unwholesome
quality, too long fasts, and weakness of the digestive organs following
inflammations are among the direct causes.

The indirect agencies involved are far more numerous. Want of suffi-
cient exei'cise, over exertion, poverty of the blood, and disarrangements
of the system are among the more prominent causes.

Symptoms. — Probably the most constant sign of indigestion is impair-
ment of the appetite, which is at least capricious if not entirely absent.

The food taken into the stomach digests very slowly, and gases are
generated, producing distension or bloating. Vomiting occurs; masses of
mucus and food are rejected in a more or less altered condition.

The matters vomited are occasionally mixed with bile, which is an unfav-
orable complication, as its presence in the stomach additionally disturbs
digestion. The appearance of streaks of blood at times has no significance

66 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

whatever. In an attack of indigestion, changes occur in the digestive
tract hoth ahove and below the stomach. The former are shown by thirst,
a coated tongue, hot nose, increased salivary secretion, and a foul breath.
Below the stomach, associated disorders are manifested by constipation or
diarrhoea, abdominal distension, and colic.

The animal is often dull, listless, and depressed in his manner, and in
severe cases fever in a certain degree, is present.

Treatment. —In some attacks of indigestion a regulated diet suffices to
control the disturbance. When the disease is of a more severe nature, the
stomach must be favored as much as possible, and only the simplest and
most easily digested articles of food given.

In commencing treatment it is desirable to remove any portions of food
retained in the stomach and fermented, the presence of which keeps up
the irritation of the gastric mucous membrane. This can be done by
emetics or laxatives. If persistent vomiting has existed, naturally emetics
are contra-indicated ; the same with laxatives if diarrhoea is present, unless
the discharges are very offensive in character, in which instance a cathar-
tic need not be withheld, but would rather be indicated to remove the
exciting cause evidently still acting. The wine of ipecac is recommended
as an emetic, two teaspoonfuls of which should be given as the first dose,
followed by one teaspoonful every ten minutes imtil vomiting occurs.

From its peculiar action in neutralizing the abnormal quantity of acid in
the stomach, calcined magnesia is the better laxative to employ, and one
teaspoonful should be given in milk.

After the stomach has been emptied of its irritating contents, the great-
est care should be exercised in feeding, and only the simplest and most
easily digested articles of food chosen. In the severest cases, nourishment
should be given every two or three hours. No better diet can be advised
than scraped raw beef, raw eggs, and a little gelatine mixed together, and
given in tablespoonful quantites. As the stomach grows stronger the diet
may be varied by giving milk and lime water, bread and milk, beef tea,
meat stews well cooked, flavored with a little onion and thickened with
rice, com, or oatmeal, the animal allowed to eat of the meat chopped fine.
It must be remembered that the liability to vomit is increased in propor-
tion to the amount of food taken into the stomach.

In the use of medicines in indigestion, the peculiarities of the animal
must be understood, and experimental treatment as in feeding may be
necessary.

The writer submits a variety of drugs and combinations applicable to the
different indications and phases of the disease ; if the use of one proves
unsuccessful another should be substituted.

In cases of vomiting, from five to ten grains of the subnitrate of bismuth

JNDIGESTIOX. 57

should be placed on the tongue, and washed down with a tablespoonful of
milk before nourishment is taken.

With the food should be mingled either of the following agents — French
p epsin three to five grains, the saccharated pepsin five grains, one peptonic
pill, or five grains of lactopeptine. When pure pepsin can be secured it is
undoubtedly the most admirable agent which can be used to assist digestion.
It must be remembered however, that during the past few years the
quality has sadly degenerated, and rarely can a reliable preparation be
obtained. The saccharated is many times inert, and even the French pepsin
the most expensive form, will often be found inactive. The pill peptonic
and lactopeptine are more recent preparations, and will probably for a
time at least prove reliable.

As the disease is in a measure controlled, and the need of such frequent
feeding and dosing is no longer manifested, the number of meals can be
lessened to three, continued for a time, and then restricted to two. The
tonics which may be advantageously used are many; among them the
elixir bark pepsin and bismuth, the elixir calisaya iron and bismuth, of
either a teaspoonful before eating. The chlorate potassa is sometimes
efficaciously employed and combined as follows.—

R Elixir Calisayae Ferri et Bismuth. gij
Potass. Chloratis 3ij

Aquae ad. £iv

Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful before eating.
Strychnine is a useful agent and may be given with pepsin and bismuth
as follows. —

R Pepsini Sacch. 3iss

Bismuth. Subnitratis 3iss
Strychniee gr. ss

Ft. Pil. No. xxx. Sig. Dose one, three times daily before eating.
Where constipation exists with gaseous distension, the following is a
useful preparation.—

R Sodse Bicarb.
Pulv. Rhei
Sacch. Pepsini
Pulv. Zingiberis
Bismuth. Subnitratis
Pulv. Cubebae aa 3 iij

Ft. Pulv. Sig. Dose from one third to one half a teaspoonful after eating,
in milk.

At times in cases of indigestion, it will be observed that the discharges
from the bowels are clay-colored, an evidence of liver derangements or

68 INDIGESTION.

closure of the passage from the gall-bladder to the intestines. No especial
medication for this condition is demanded unless constipation co-exists, in
-which case it will be well to employ atonic, with which a laxative having
a direct action on the liver is combined, as in the following. —
R Quinias Bisulph. 3ss

Ferri Sulph. Exsic. 3 ss
Acid Arseniosi gr.ss

Ext. Taraxaci 3 i

Ft. Pil. No. xxx. Sig. Dose one, two or three times daily before feeding.
The diarrhoea which sometimes accompanies indigestion calls for no
especial treatment, unless evident pain attends the discharges, in which
case a teaspoonful of paregoric given occasionally as demanded, will
prove sufficient.

Recovery from severe cases of indigestion may be slow and tedious, but
the result of patience and judicious treatment in the end, well repays the
effort and waiting.

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 69

&CVTE GASTRITIS.

It should be understood that the term acute gastritis is used to denote
an inflammation of the stomach, of such intensity as to greatly endanger
life; a disease fortunately of very rare occurrence. It is very doubtful if
this affection ever originates from the internal and unappreciable causes
which give rise to the so-called spontaneous inflammations in other situa-
tions. The cause of the disease may not in every instance be obvious; it
can however, with almost certainty be considered traumatically produced
by the action of caustic or irritant poisons.

Symptoms.— Pain and vomiting are prominent symptoms in acute
gastritis, the stomach being often intolerant of water or the blandest
liquids. The matter vomited is a watery mucus of a greenish color, not
unfrequently mixed with blood dark and clotted in appearance. The acts
of vomiting are evidently painful. The desire for cold drinks is excessive,
notwithstanding the distressing acts of vomiting it provokes. Pressure
over the stomach reveals tenderness.

The position assumed by the animal is characteristic ; it stretches itself
out on its belly; the pulse is up and fever is more or less intense; the
expression is anxious and haggard ; the bowels might be constipated but
are more commonly relaxed and diarrhoea is present. The nose is dry,
and if the inflammation is severe the respiration is hurried.

If death does not speedily occur and the disease runs on to a fatal ter-
mination, dark clotted blood will be vomited. Everything taken into the
stomach will be expelled almost without effort. Prostration becomes
evident; the pulse grows rapid and thready; the limbs become cold, and
the skin clammy. Convulsions sometimes occur and finally the poor vic-
tim dies from exhaustion. The end is usually very rapid in fatal cases.

Diagnosis . —There is little danger of acute gastritis being mistaken for
any other affection. With a view to appropriate treatment, it is important
to determine from the symptoms whether or not the attack is positively
attributable to poison. If the animal is taken suddenly ill and his previous
movements and whereabouts can be learned, it will be of some assistance.
The mouth and throat should show some trace of the poison if of a corro-
sive character, of which an early vomiting of blood in quantities is
markedly indicative.

Prognosis . — Acute gastritis is undoubtedly a disease of great gravity.
It may prove fatal within a few hours, the animal dying from shock, or the
end may come slowly, the result of exhaustion. The amount of local injury
will in a great degree measure the danger.

Irealmeni. —It is to be inferred that in cases of poisoning, the proper
antidotes have been administered , and the contents of the stomach

60 ACUTE GASTRITIS.

evacuated. The next step is to secure as much as possible rest for the
inflamed organ. For this purpose morphine is to he relied upon, one
grain of which should be divided into twelve powders. One of these may-
be dropped on the tongue and washed down with a teaspoonful of milk,
every two or three hours at least; oftener if the pain seems severe and not
inclined to subside.

If the vomiting is persistent and the morphine given in this manner evi-
dently has little or no effect, it should be administered subcutaneously.
When this method cannot be employed for want of a proper instrument,
an anal injection should be resorted to, using a glass syringe, and throw-
ing into the bowel two morphine powders or thirty di'ops of laudanum in a
little milk. Pressure must be maintained at the anus for some time lest
the injection be returned. This treatment can be repeated every two
hours if the indications warrant.

If the symptoms denote a tendency to exhaustion, supportive measures
must be employed. The attempt should first be made to feed by the mouth
with small quantities of beef tea, raw eggs, and gelatine mixed. Milk with
the addition of lime water, arrow root, and flaxseed tea are sometimes
well borne.

It must be remembered that all food should be iced and given in quan-
tities of not over a tablespoonful, less if not well retained, and repeated
every ten or twenty minutes if necessary. If this treatment does not sus-
tain the animal, then eggs, beef extracts, etc., with brandy should be added
to the injection of laudanum.

After the inflammation has disappeared, the stomach will be left in a
very debilitated condition, and remedies of a tonic character be indicated.
The elixir calisaya iron and bismuth, in teaspoonful doses three or four
times daily is advised.

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 61

Chronic Gastritis.

Chronic inflammation of the stomach is not an unfrequent disease
among dogs. It is due to a congestion, and a low type of inflammation of
the mucous membrane, and is usually combined with disorders of other
organs, more especially the liver.

Causation. —Chronic gastritis may follow the acute disease. It may
also proceed from excesses in eating, or long fasting.

Andral found the stomach inflamed with ulcerations in dogs, destroyed
by starvation.

Symptoms . —The symptoms of indigestion are present in this disease.
Tenderness over the region of the stomach very often exists. Thirst is
constant and vomiting distressing. Pain in many cases is prominent.

Diagnosis. —To distinguish between indigestion and the disease under
consideration is not always easy. In the former the appetite is less im-
paired, the weight and nutrition better sustained, vomiting, fever, thirst,
and pain are less prominent symptoms than in the latter disease.

^Prognosis.— Recovery is often slow and tedious. Patience, careful
nursing, and judicious feeding will aid much the action of medicine and
promote the chances of recovery.

Treatment. —Much the same treatment should be employed as in indi-
gestion, especially in the matter of diet. Purgatives are to be avoided. If
the bowels become constipated an injection of soap-suds will be suflicient.
External applications are indicated, and small fly-blisters will be found
efficacious. Internally the most valuable remedy is nitrate of silver, and
may be combined with opium as follows. —

R Argenti Nitratis gr. iv

Pulveris Opii gr. vi

Ft. Pil. No. xxiv. Sig. Dose one three times daily.
Bismuth is a most admirable agent in this disease, and may be added to
the nitrate of silver as in the following. —

R Extract. Hyoscyami gr. xv
Argenti Nitratis gr. iv

Bismuth. Subnitratis 3i
Ft. Pil. No. xxiv. Sig. Dose one three times daily.
Ulceration of the stomach may occur independently of acute inflamma-
tion of that organ. When it exists, some symptoms in common with
chronic gastritis are present. In gastric ulcer, while hemorrhage may
never appear, it is often a manifestation of that affection, and without it
an assured diagnosis is impossible. Its cause is problematical; such a
wound as a sharp bone produces might terminate in an ulcer.

62 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Vomiting.

As it is a dog's license to vomit easily and almost at will, an attack may
mean much, and it may be of the least importance. Often a hearty meal
will be bolted to be immediately expelled, and again more leisurely eaten,
a mere case of overloading the stomach.

Vomiting is frequently associated with pulmonary disorders, caused by
thick mucus lodging in the throat. It is a very common symptom in dis-
eases of the stomach and intestines, oftener the former.

Matter vomited may be undigested food or mucus alone, the latter a
more urgent symptom. Blood may be vomited if there is much straining,
and is unimportant if the quantity is small. When it is fresh, bright red in
color, and ejected in quantity, the cause may be a sharp bone lodged in
the passage to the stomach, and the lining membrane lacerated.

Gastric ulcer may be suspected when a severe hemorrhage occurs, and
it is more probable if a previous attack has been experienced. If a dog
vomits often within a short time, bile will frequently appear mingled with
the matter raised ; its presence then is purely mechanical, the continued
retching drawing it up into the stomach, instead of permitting it to flow
down the intestines. Vomiting is symptomatic of a variety of affections
exclusive of inflammation or structural diseases of the stomach.

Treatment . —The cause should be studied and if possible removed. If
occasioned by indigestion, worms etc., appropriate remedies are directed
in the treatment of those diseases. In functional disturbances of the stom-
ach, vomiting may be considered as an individual affection and as such
demands especial recognition. The following mixture is of value. —
R Bismuth. Subnitratis 5iij

Acidi Hydrocyanici dil. 3 i
Aquae 5 v

Ft. Mist. Sig. Shake well. Dose one teaspoonful three or four times daily.
Carbolic acid is valuable as a remedy and can be given as follows. —
R Acidi Carbolici gr. vi

Glycerinse 3ij

Spts. Lavand. Comp. 3i

Mucil. Acaciae giss

Ft. Mist. Sig. Shake well. One teaspoonful every two hours while vomiting.
At times the use of opiates are demanded, given as follows.—
R Morphias Sulphatis gr. i

Cerii Oxalati gr. xx

Sacch. Albse 3ss

Ft. Chart. No. xij. Sig. One in a little milk three or four times daily.

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 63

Colic.

Colic is a pain that originates in the walls of the intestines. It is prop-
erly but a symptom of the many abdominal diseases; its importance and
frequent appearance among dogs however warrants its classification as a
distinct disease. Among animals an attack of colic has especial signifi-
cance from the fact that inflammation is prone to speedily follow it.

Puppies are especially liable to the affection near the period of weaning,
and petted house dogs and pampered pets seem oftener attacked.

Causation . — The influences which give rise to the affection are many.
Among them indigestion, gaseous distention, constipation, worms, the
passage of calculi, and intestinal obstruction or stoppage. Colic pains
occur with diarrhoea that has originated in consequence of irritating sub-
stances being taken into the stomach. Cold and exposure may induce the
affection. The introduction of lead into the system in poisonous amounts
will also develop a special form of the disease.

Symptoms. — Restlessness and occasional moanings, or sharp cries of
pain are the first to attract attention. It will then be observed that the
back of the animal is arched, the abdomen hard, and the walls retracted.
Firm pressure will often cause shrinking and evident pain.

The sufferer lies down only to be up and walking about again, vainly
seeking relief by constant change of position. The manner plainly indi-
cates the suffering; the expression is piteous and appealing. If the attack
is severe moaning is constant, varied only by sharp, ear-piercing cries.

The animal if a petted house-dog, will seek his master or mistress as
though begging for relief; unless it comes quickly his manner changes,
he seems to shun all interference and endeavors to conceal himself in
retired and unfrequented places.

At first no constitutional symptoms are associated ; the pulse, nose, and
skin remain normal. If the attack is prolonged evidences of weakness
and fever are manifested. Vomiting and ineffectual attempts to vomit are
common symptoms. The appetite usually entirely disappears.

"Diagnosis. —The suddenness of the attack, and the absence of all signs
of inflammation render a diagnosis easy.

Treatment — Although writers agree that the first step in treatment is to
administer a cathartic, it seems ill advised, and a better practice is to at
once attack the pain, the more urgent symptom. Opium in some form is
the only agent upon which we can depend in the severer cases. Paregoric
and laudanum are both preparations of opium, and one or the other is to
be found in nearly every house. If the former is used, one teaspoonful
should be given from one to three hours until the pain is subdued. Of
laudanum the dose is fifteen drops repeated in the same way.

64 COLIC.

Hot applications may be made to the bowels and will prove grateful to
tbe sufferer. If vomiting occurs at intervals and the medicine is not
retained, twice the quantity given by the mouth should be injected into
the rectum and held there for a time by pressure over the anus. If the
restlessness of the animal makes this effort ineffectual, a subcutaneous
injection of one eighth of a gram of morphine should be administered.

If a chemist is within easy distance instead of paregoric or laudanum,
have the following prepared.—

R Chloroform! 3 ss

Elixir Mc. Munn's 3 iss

Ext. Pruni Virg. Fid. ad. §iv

Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful in a little water every half hour
until the pain ceases.

The causative treatment, having for its object the removal of the different
causes, should be commenced as speedily as possible. A free injection of
warm soap-suds should be given to invite a movement of the bowels by
exciting intestinal activity.

As soon as possible after the pain has been subdued a tablespoonful of
castor oil should be administered and the discharges watched for, to deter- .
mine the cause occasioning the attack. If attributable to coarse indigestible
nutriments, a diarrhoea will pi*obably follow, yielding readily to proper
dietetic restrictions.

One fact will be observed and surprise will be felt at the amount of opi-
ates some dogs will bear without visible effect.

Following an attack, the diet should be restricted and the same treatment
instituted as advised in Indigestion.

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 65

<Dm<R<itH(Ea.

The term diarrhoea is used to designate too frequent operations of the
bowels, the discharges being abnormally changed in character. It may
occur as an independent affection, or as a symptom incident to other
diseases.

It is often associated with inflammation of the large and small intes-
tines, and with disorders where changes in structure exist. It appears in
functional derangements, such as indigestion and colic.

Causation. —The exciting causes of diarrhoea are extremely numerous.
When the affection is purely functional, the mucous membrane being in
a normal state, among the causes are included indigestible substances,
decayed food, foreign bodies, retained excretions, poisons, and certain
drugs used as remedies in disease. Worms lodged in the lower bowel may
accumulate and diarrhoea follow.

Another common cause is the influence of cold, intestinal irritation
resulting from the cooled blood of the surface being driven inward. Inju-
ries such as a kick or a blow in the abdomen, may induce the disorder.
Diarrhoea is often produced in puppies by feeding milk when they are
unaccustomed to it. On the other hand, after giving it for a time it may
be found to produce constipation. Radical changes in feeding, from coarse
food of difficult digestion to a more nutritious and concentrated diet, will
loosen the bowels.

In diarrhoea associated with other diseases, the intestinal mucous mem-
brane becomes inflamed from causes attributable to the associated disor-
der, as in affections of the liver. According as the exciting cause of diar-
rhoea is of a temporary, frequently recurring, or permanent character, the
affection runs an acute or a chronic course.

Symptoms . — The frequency of the discharges will in a measure indicate
the severity of the disease. More important than the number is the char-
acter of the stools. Blood is not an uncommon mixture. It may be due to
a congested state of the membrane lining the lower bowel, to piles, to a
sharp bone lodged in the rectum, or possibly worms. The presence of
mucus in small amounts has no significance ; in large quantities an inflam-
mation of the rectum is to be inferred.

In simple uncomplicated diarrhoea, unless of long continuance the gen-
eral health suffers but little.

Treatment. —Diarrhoea in many instances is nature's effort to throw
off the cause of irritation, and regulating the diet will usually suffice to
overcome the trouble. If the attack is severe, nature should be imitated
and a dose of castor oil given, to effectually remove the contents of the
intestines, preventing their continued passage over the irritated surfaces.

66 DIARRHOEA.

If pain exists, fifteen drops of laudanum should be added to the laxative.

The diet then should be regulated, being simple and easily digestible ;
milk with lime water in parts three to one, or milk porridge made with
flour baked until browned. If this is refused, beef broths thickened with
raw eggs will be more inviting. The elixir of bark pepsin and bismuth
should be given in teaspoonful doses before food is taken. This remedy
and the dietetic precautions will in many instances suffice ; even in serious
cases the treatment should be given a fair trial before resorting to stronger
medication.

If the disease persists and more urgent methods are indicated, opium
should be employed. Dover's powder in five grain doses repeated every
five or six hours is admirable on account of its combination. If that proves
insufficient and pain is still a prominent symptom, the following may be
given.—

R Tinct. Kino gss

Tinct. Opii 3 i j

Syr. Simp. gss

Chloroformi 3 i

Aquae Menth. Pip. Sijss
Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful from four to six hours as indicated.

It is quite often necessary to repeat the castor oil ; the character of the
discharges will direct the need. If they are of a very offensive odor then
a dose should be given every two or three days.

Diarrhoea in young puppies very often occurs soon after the period of
weaning; changing the diet will often suffice with them. If feeding milk
freely, less of it should be given, beef tea for a time substituted, and vice
versa. In some cases liquid food, no matter how wisely selected, will be
but imperfectly digested and productive of diarrhoea. In such instances
chalk mixture, in teaspoonful doses, with the admixture of five or ten
drops of paregoric if pain exists, should be given. If this treatment is in-
effectual, then a radical change in the diet is demanded. Only solid food
will meet the exigency. Potatoes and other vegetables, well cooked and
mashed, mixed with a Jittle blood gravy from roasts, soaked bread and
meat, are the principle articles to be depended upon. To meet the argu-
ments of those who contend that flesh is an injury to dogs in general and
particularly to very young puppies, the writer would say that it is, and
has long been his custom to commence giving raw meat after the fifth
week. Several pounds of fresh and lean beef, in an undivided mass, are
thrown into the pens once a day and the puppies allowed to worry it for
twenty minutes; it is then removed. Their pleasure and improvement
must be observed to be appreciated.

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 67

Dysentery.

The term dysentery is used to denote an inflammation of the large intes-
tine accompanied by mucous and bloody discharges from the bowels.

In mild cases the inflammation is not severe and may be confined to the
rectum. In severe attacks of the disease, the inflammation is not only
intense but extensive, involving the greater part of the large intestines,
the mucous membrane of which becomes reddened, swollen, and ulcera-
ted. The ulcers are greater or less in number, some being small and
others of considerable size.

Causation. — Excesses in eating, food decomposed or improperly
cooked, foul drinking water, exposure to cold and rain storms are among
the generally recognized causes. In many cases it is not easy to trace
the origin of the disease under consideration to any obvious agency.

Symptoms. —The affection is generally preceded by a diarrhoea of a
variable duration, with which some pain has been associated. The appe-
tite is lessened and the manner dull and listless.

The development of the disease is denoted by characteristic discharges
consisting of mucus with which more or less blood is commingled. The
effort to move the bowels is frequently made and the quantity passed at
each act is generally small. Slight evacuations may take place every hour
and even much oftener.

The quantity of mucus expelled is in some instances quite abundant and
appears in a jelly-like mass, for which the popular term applied is slime.
Sometimes fecal matter is mingled with the discharges but they are more
commonly dysenteric in character, consisting of mucus and blood. At
times the evacuations present a greenish color. The amount of mucus
and blood voided constitutes measurably a standard forjudging the extent
of the intestinal surface affected.

Pus sometimes appears in the discharges in the acute form of the disease,
but more commonly it is observed in the chronic stage. The inflammation
of the rectum occasions a sensation as if the bowel were filled causing a
frequent desire to evacuate ; the effort is strained and painful.

The abdominal walls are usually retracted and the back arched. The
pulse is not materially changed excepting in extreme cases. Great fre-
quency of the pulse denotes gravity and danger, but the reverse does not
hold good as sometimes in fatal cases it is but little quickened.

Fever is exceptional although at times it may run very high. The nose
is hot and dry, the tongue often coated. Thirst is a prominent symptom.
Yomiting may occur and a greenish matter be expelled. The loss of
strength varies according to the intensity of the intestinal inflammation.
In extreme cases running to a fatal termination, the discharges become

68 DYSEXTERT.

putrid, the breath offensive, the respiration more rapid, the eyes sunken,
the expression pinched and anxious. The pulse grows weak and feeble,
evacuations occur more frequently, and at last are in voluntary and beyond
the control of the animal. Paralysis seems to invade the extremities, the
skin becomes cold and clammy, the stench intolerable, finally death ensues
from exhaustion.

^Prognosis. — The disease intrinsically tends to recovery. It is a dis-
tressing affection, but properly treated need seldom result fatally, provi-
ded the system has not been weakened by some previous disease or some
co-existing derangement . Exceptionally dysentery eventuates in the
chronic form of the disorder.

Treatment. —It is desirable that as early as possible the contents of the
intestines, and more especially the larger, be effectually removed. Nature
evidently endeavors to relieve the bowels by a diarrhoea which precedes
the dysenteric discharges. The treatment should be commenced with an
effective purgative ; castor oil is the more appropriate remedy and a table-
spoonful should be given. Following the oil, opium must be relied upon.
The following mixture is recommended.—

R Morph. Sulph. gr.ij

Sodae Sulphatis £iij

Aquae Cinnamon. giij

Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful every five or six hours.
It will be necessary in very many cases to repeat the castor oil espec-
ially if fever manifests itself, or the discharges assume an offensive odor.
The writer has had too little success in the use of the so-called astringents
to advise their administration in the early stage at least. Where the dis-
charges assume a character near the normal but watery, then the following
mixture may be given. —

R Misturae Cretae Siijss

Tinct. Catechu gss

Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose a dessertspoonful every three or four hours.

Vomiting sometimes occurs as a prominent symptom at times early in
the disease, preventing the administration of medicine by the mouth.
In such a case morphine can be given subcutaneously, or thirty drops of
laudanum in starch-water be injected into the rectum. These methods
need only be employed while the stomach is too irritable to bear what
enters it.

The food should be bland and easily digestible; rather withhold it
entirely than unwisely select that which is liable to be vomited, or add to
the irritation.

Milk and lime-water in small quantities given frequently, will be quite

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 69

sufficient at first. This can be varied by giving alternately broths, into
which a raw egg has been broken. When any diet but milk is allowed
some form of pepsin should be administered with the food; of the French
preparation, five grains is the dose, of the American or saccharated, from
five to ten grains.

The elixir bark pepsin and bismuth is an admirable combination and
can be given in teaspoonful doses three or four times a day. If the symp-
toms indicate failure of the vital powers, concentrated nourishment and
possibly stimulants will need to be given freely.

When the disease is under control and convalescence commenced, tonics
should be employed.

The beef wine and iron at first in dessertspoonful doses four times daily,
then the elixir calisaya bark iron and strychnine, one teaspoonful twice a
day. The pepsin should be persisted in until recovery is complete.

Constipation.

The term constipation and costiveness have the same significance, and
denote insufficient evacuation of the bowels. Constipation exists as a
functional disorder, and occurs as a symptom in various diseases. It is
extremely frequent among dogs, and while alone it might not be consid-
ered as a serious affection. It demands consideration from its importance
as giving rise to other ailments, and the difficulty experienced in attempt-
ing a cure unless its causes are correctly interpreted, and treatment is
judiciously administered.

The affection may be occasional and of short duration, or it may be
habitual.

Causation . —The causes of this disorder and the circumstances which
may contribute to it are very many. Mechanically the abdominal muscles
render important aid in the operation of unloading the bowels. These
muscles become weakened by distention as in pregnant bitches, and in
animals over-fed and excessively fat.

Lazy, sleepy, indoor pets are supposed to be especially prone to consti-
pation, but it is probable other causes are more active in its production;
among them excessive neatness and restraint, the caprice of the owner,
rather than their own wants, directing when they be allowed out of doors.
If nature's calls or promptings are continually disregarded or resisted,
the sensibility of the lower bowel, or temporary depot for the excretion
becomes lessened, the accumulation goes on and paralysis of the parts
follows repeated and continued distension of the intestine.

70 CONSTIPATION.

Food, highly nutritious and digestible, leaving but little residue to be
thrown out, contributes to constipation. Active exercise may induce the
affection by consumption ot the fluids of the body. If deprived of drink-
ing water, on the same principle the discharges are dry and hard.

A uniform , unvaried diet taken day after day , tends to obstruct the
bowels. Again the habitual feeding of very coarse food induces the dis-
order, the intestinal activity becoming lessened, fatigued as it were, by
the continued strain or demand made to throw off so large a residue.

In the constipation occurring in the course of chronic diseases, certain
factors show in its production ; among the many may be mentioned defect-
ive nutrition, degenerative changes in the muscular coat of the intestines,
chronic catarrh, and deficient secretion of digestive fluids.

Symptoms.— The discharges are dry, hard, and lumpy, passed with
difficulty, and often severe pain. The operations in many instances are
incomplete and frequent attempts are required to effect relief. The strain-
ing efforts of the animal at times , causes an eversion of the bowel and
its protrusion through the anus. Associated with these symptoms are
often observed vomiting, offensive breath, loss of appetite, a congested
appearance of the eyes, coated tongue, and a dull, heavy, listless manner.

Treatment. —Occasional and but slight constipation is readily relieved.
Dietetic means should be first employed, and if insufficient, medicinal rem-
edies can be resorted to.

Dogs returning from bench shows almost always suffer from this derange-
ment, and all trainers and care-takers have their own peculiar nostrums,
with which the animals are dosed after exhibitions, whether the need of
medicine exists or not.

The writer has liver in quantity boiled the day previous to the return of
his dogs from exhibitions. This is mixed quite freely with their first meal,
the effect watched, and the feeding of it continued until the need is no
longer evident. This method will prove quite sufficient in nearly all cases.

If the constipation be more than slight, and yet no marked discomfort
is apparent, the syrup of buckthorn or calcined magnesia may be added
to the food twice daily until the bowels move freely.

The treatment of habitual constipation requires judgement and perse-
verance. The means which may be employed are various . In commencing
treatment the object is to completely unload the bowel. If the animal
shows by his distress and constant efforts a hardened mass lodged in the
rectum, local treatment must be employed, and mechanical means resorted
to. Warm soap-suds should be freely injected, an interval allowed for its
return, and then another injection be given. If after repeated efforts
this is not effectual, several syringes full of sweet or linseed oil should
be thrown up and another interval allowed. If that does not suffice, then

CONSTIPATION. 71

the finger must be well oiled and introduced into the rectum and the mass
be broken down, thereby insuring its passage.

A radical change should then be made in the diet. Meat should be well
cooked with vegetables, the latter when well done to be crushed finely and
returned to the kettle; then with corn meal, wheat middlings, or oat-
meal be mixed and cooked thoroughly. These articles with their indigest-
ible constituents will slightly irritate the entire canal through which the
food passes, thereby stimulating it to increased activity- This means
must not be persisted in indefinitely, lest the digestive organs become
fatigued from the continued strain forced upon them.

If the animal is poor in flesh, the addition of cod-liver oil to the food
will act beneficially.

If medicinal remedies are demanded, this general rule is a wise one :
better give laxatives twice or three times daily in small doses, rather than
give the same in one large dose. Probably no better laxative can be
selected for repeated administration than the syrup of buckthorn, which
for a short time might be added to each feeding in one or two teaspoonful
doses as demanded.

Laxative remedies, when the need of their persistent use is indicated,
should have some tonic added to counteract their depressing effect. When
it is remembered that habitual constipation in a measure results from a
paralysis of the lower bowel, the use of nux vomica and belladonna can
be appreciated. Both agents with colocynth are ingredients of the fol-
lowing pill.—

R Ext. Colocynth. Comp. 3ss
Ext. Nucis Vomicae gr.iv

Ext. Belladonnae gr.ij

Ft. Pil. No. xx. Sig. Dose one pill at night.

Sufficient exercise must be allowed, and this additional fact be remem-
bered that the mind has a powerful influence over intestinal activity.
Chain up for a short time each day a perfectly healthy dog and derange-
ment will follow ; not from the want of exercise, but from the mental
influence of the restraint, as he frets, feels neglected and grows surly
constipation will be observed.

72 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Enteritis.

Enteritis is designated by nearly all writers as inflammation of the
bowels. The name properly signifies an inflammation of the intestine,
restricted in its application to the small intestine. The disease attacks the
mucous membrane, involves the walls of the intestines, and sometimes
extends beyond to the tissues in the part where the inflammatory process
is going on.

Causation.— The, cause is not always appreciable. The intestinal
mucous membrane is especially liable to inflammations, and even slight
irritations may suffice to excite the same.

Improper food; traumatic injuries; exhaustion from over-work; expo-
sure to cold in damp draughty kennels; abuse of cathartics; irritant
poisons; these are the more common causes. The presence of worms,
obstruction, liver derangements, prolonged suffering from colic are influ-
ences which may induce the affection.

In pulmonary and certain other chronic diseases, enteritis is frequently
associated. An intestinal complication is not uncommon in distemper.
Certain climatic changes are well known to influence the frequency of the
disease.

Symptoms . —The symptoms of enteritis are not very characteristic, at
least they vary considerably in their degree of development in different
cases. Constipation usually exists at first; then follows the most frequent
symptom of intestinal inflammation, diarrhoea, the discharges being thin
and watery mixed with mucus. Blood is a rare admixture, excepting in
cases where the rectum becomes inflamed either by the extension of the
disease from the small intestine, or by the passage out of acrid and irrita-
ting discharges.

In many attacks the disease is ushered in by a chill as shown by shiver-
ings, then the usual constitutional signs of inflammation follow. The nose
becomes hot and dry, the tongue parched, the eyes reddened, the urine
scanty, and the pulse rapid and bounding.

Abdominal pain is an almost constant symptom. Its character varies
considerably ; sometimes it is colicky, having intervals of increased sever-
ity ; at others it is continuous, dull, aching, and aggravated by pressure.

The expression of the animal denotes anxiety, his moanings and rest-
lessness, his discomfort. When standing his body is arched and his tail is
pressed tightly between his legs. The abdominal walls are firm, hard, and
tense. Vomiting is quite a common symptom, sympathetic in character
generally, rather than due to any gastric irritation. The disease may ex-
tend and involve the stomach.

The breathing in severe cases is hurried and painful; the animal seems

ENTERITIS. 73

to avoid a deep inspiration. By an examination of the anus it will in many-
cases be found that the parts are reddened, hot, and dry.

In cases running a fatal course the strength suffers severely. The breath-
ing grows more hurried, the pulse more feeble ; the body emits a sickening
odor; the signs of complete exhaustion follow rapidly; the skin becomes
cold and clammy ; convulsions occur and the animal dies.

diagnosis. — This should not be difficult. The disease is to be discrimi-
nated from inflammation of the stomach, colic, and dysentery. Vomiting
may suggest gastritis, but the symptoms of that disease are in the earlier
stages of a much graver character than those of enteritis, and point clearly
to the stomach. The two diseases may be combined, as is the case of irri-
tant poisoning.

Colic is a functional trouble in which the pain is intense, without fever
or other inflammatory signs, and with it constipation is more often asso-
ciated than diarrhoea. The absence of the characteristic dysenteric
discharges and the accompanying straining, should readily exclude dys-
entery. The only room for doubt is when an inflammation of the large
intestine is superadded to enteritis.

^Prognosis.— In inflammation of the intestines the prognosis varies
much, according to the severity of the disease, the cause which produces
or maintains it, the general strength of the animal, etc. If not associated
with any other affection, recovery olten takes place. The disease is how-
ever a grave one and danger invariably attends.

Treatment. —Like the prognosis, the treatment also is determined by
the exciting cause of the attack. Naturally the first step if the animal
suffers great pain, is to control it with opiates. One of the most important
measures next to be employed is the removal of the intestinal contents.
This precaution should never be neglected, even when diarrhoea is pres-
ent. The writer is well aware that authors consider the employment of
purgatives in this disease contra-indicated, and one strenuously protests
against their use " as almost sinful." Why such a radical theory cannot
be accepted may be better understood after considering certain facts.

The important end in the treatment of all inflammations is quietude of
the inflamed part; this cannot be secured in inflammations of the intes-
tines until the contents are effectually removed, thereby preventing their
continued passage over the inflamed surface. Again when the contents of
the intestines are indigestible and irritating, nature's own prompting and
remedy is a diarrhoea. Can we do better than imitate nature? When the
beginning of the large intestine is the seat of the disease, the use of cathar-
tics is attended with some risk, but that portion is rarely seriously
Involved and little or no danger exists from them at the onset of the
inflammation. After an enteritis has been present for a time and the tis-

74 ENTERITIS.

sues in the neighborhood have taken on the inflammatory process then a
cathartic would he ill-advised. After a consideration of these facts it
seems fair and rational to draw this conclusion, namely : the evacuating
treatment is judicious and appropriate in the early stage of enteritis and
should never he neglected.

If the attack has been preceded by constipation, or there is reason to
suppose the lower bowel is loaded, an injection of oil or warm soap-suds
may be given ; in fact that intestine should be thoroughly evacuated by
this means. Then instead of giving a large purgative dose of castor-oil, it
were better to administer it in divided doses. Two tablespoonfuls of the
oil should be beaten up with two raw eggs and of the mixture, a table-
spoonful be given every two hours until the bowels move freely; at the
same time employing opiates to control the pain; also adding to the relief
of the animal by making hot applications to the abdomen.

A large piece of old blanket wrung out in hot rum and water, equal
parts, applied to the bowels and changed frequently, will be found to aid
greatly in relieving the distress.

The selection of a suitable diet is of the greatest importance in treat-
ment. Only those articles easily digested should be given. Milk, raw
eggs, scraped beef, broths, gelatine, teas of flaxseed and slippery elm are
the more appropriate.

Of all medicinal remedies some form of opium is the most important,
securing thereby rest to the inflamed parts. Of laudanum the dose should
be fifteen drops; of paregoric one teaspoonful; of morphine one twelfth
of a grain. Either of these preparations can be given singly in the early
stage of the disease, and be repeated from two to four hours, as is neces-
sary to subdue the pain. In the later stage it may be well to use the opiate
in combination with an astringent as follows.—

R Morphiae Acet. gr.ij

Acidi Tannici 3 ss

Aquae Camphorae § iij
Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful from two to four hours.

During convalescence the diet should be restricted for a long time, and
when allowed to be more generous, the elixir bark pepsin and bismuth in
teaspoonful doses may be given three times a day with the food.

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 75

INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION.

Obstruction is possible in any part of the intestinal canal from the moutli
to the rectum. The condition is an uncommon one, and -when existing it
is rarely recognized in time but is mistaken for some other disease of the
the bowels.

Causation. — It may arise from many causes ; more prominent among
them are foreign bodies such as bones, wood, grass and other indigestible
materials taken into the stomach; obstinate constipation, fecal masses
becoming lodged in the bowels ; pressure upon the intestines from without,
as in cases of tumors, or the abdominal organs greatly enlarged by disease ;
solid growths within the intestine; the imprisonment of the bowel in
holes, fissures and hernial rings; strangulation by false ligaments, or
bands of lymph ; twisting, and the formation of knots in the intestine ;
obstruction by the bowel itself as in intussusception, a condition where
one portion of the intestine falls into another and becomes strangulated.

Symptoms. — The selection of a typical case of acute internal strangu-
lation for an illustration can alone convey an adequate idea of the
symptoms.

Pain is usually the first manifestation sufficient to attract attention,
although in some instances an insignificant diarrhoea or constipation may
have previously existed. The pain is severe, colicky in character and
recurs at intervals ; the symptoms at this stage are identically those de-
scribed in colic, for which obstruction is commonly mistaken and treated.

For convenience it is presumed the usual domestic remedies have been
employed, and under the impression a free passage of the bowels would
bring relief, not only a cathartic but an injection has been administered.
But success does not attend the use of these remedies; the bowels do not
move, or at least only slightly, the pain persists in all its intensity, and
vomiting becomes frequent. The abdomen becomes distended, the ex-
pression piteous and anxious, the eyes congested and sunken. The
respiration is superficial and frequent, the pulse small and rapid. The
animal makes frequent attempts to empty the bowels; these efforts are
painful and increased by the failure to purge. The vomited matter is
composed, first, of the contents of the stomach and then of greenish mat-
ter, later a dirty green, then brownish having something the appearance
of diarrhoeal discharges ; finally if life is prolonged, matter which should
naturally have been thrown off by the bowels appears mingled with that
vomited, accompanied with the characteristic fecal odor At this time the
animal is in a condition of collapse, the skin cold and clammy, vomiting
frequent, breathing rapid, thirst great, pain exhausting, eyes leaden,
tongue dry and covered with a dirt, brown coat, pulse thin and thready

76 INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION.

soon is no longer felt, and the animal dies.

This is a picture of a typical case of intestinal obstruction running an
acute course. It will be appreciated that few cases have symptomatic
phenomena in common. In many instances they run a course which might
riot improperly be termed chronic; the symptoms then are vague and ill
defined. This is commonly the case when the obstruction is due to the
impaction of foreign bodies such as woody fibres, bones, etc.

Some cases of the so called chronic affection have been reported through-
out which aside from discomfort, loss of appetite, obstinate constipation,
and some fever late in the attack, no positive symptoms were present
absolutely indicative of the trouble.

Diagnosis . — The diagnosis is usually made at the autopsy, not before.
Where the attack takes on an acute course, it might be mistaken for a case
of poisoning, more especially with arsenic; but a careful consideration of
the symptoms should obviate the danger of confusion. Generally the dif-
ficulty in diagnosis will be to discriminate obstruction from colic and
acute peritonitis. The persistency of pain, the appearance of tenderness
and vomiting, with such marked constitutional symptoms will soon point
to a graver affection than colic.

In acute peritonitis the symptoms develop more gradually ; the tender-
ness is more diffused over the whole abdomen, the muscles of which are
more rigid, and the matter vomited is different in character. It should
also be remembered that peritonitis more commonly follows traumatic
injuries and an absence of such a history would weigh considerably.

In obstruction often a lump or tumor appears in the abdomen, showing
the locality of the stoppage. At best a diagnosis will be difficult; the con-
siderations noted will aid some in differentiation.

Prognosis. —If the obstruction is caused by obstinate constipation and
impaction of foreign bodies, the chances of recovery are greater. When
the intestine is closed by a twist it might straighten itself, a knot might
loosen, a strangulated loop might become free, and an intussusception
become disengaged; again that portion of the intestine which may have
invaginated or entered into another, might slough off and pass out by
the bowels. Such happy results are however very rare, and a fatal termi-
nation in the majority of cases maybe anticipated.

Treatment. —Theory suggests many methods of treatment; experience
tells how futile they have proved. The indications are to secure as near
perfect rest of the intestinal canal as possible, to relieve pain and support
the powers of life. Cathartics must never be given, as they interfere with
the objects just mentioned and are deadly in their effect. Opium should be
given in sufficient quantity to control the pain, and the strength should be
maintained by concentrated and nutritious food with stimulants if needed.

DISEASES OF TEE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 77

(Peritonitis.

The peritoneum is a serous membrane partially investing all the organs
In the abdominal cavity. An inflammation of this membrane or perito-
nitis may be either acute, circumscribed, or chronic as regards the degree
and duration of the inflammation.

The disease is an exceedingly grave one and fortunately but rarely met
with among dogs.

Causation.— Traumatic injuries such as kicks and blows, exposure to
cold, and whelping. In the great majority of cases the disease is incidental
to other affections of the abdominal organs. In intestinal diseases the
inflammatory process may extend and involve the peritoneum, or ulcera-
tion may induce it through perforation.

Symptoms . — In acute inflammation of the peritoneum the symptoms
may be readily recognized. The pain is agonizing; to this the sharp shrill
cries of the animal fully testify. While he has strength to remain on the
feet his restlessness is ceaseless, and in no position can he find relief. He
breathes solely with the chest, the abdominal muscles being rigid and
fixed. The expression is anxious, the eyes reddened and sunken; the
pulse small, why, and resisting; the tongue dry, vomiting constant; con-
stipation is obstinate. The abdomen is distended, tense, and great tender-
ness is more or less widely diffused. If the case proceeds to a fatal
termination the abdomen swells with an effusion, the pulse becomes
quicker and weaker; paralysis follows; then exhaustion and death.

^Diagnosis. —In severe forms of the disease under consideration, this
should not be difficult. From enteritis it is distinguished by greater pain,
greater abdominal tenderness and distension, absence of diarrhoea, and
the presence of evidences of a much graver disease. Colic may be elimi-
nated on the same points of difference between that disease and enteritis.

Prognosis. — General peritonitis is an exceedingly grave disease from
which there is little hope of recovery. The danger is greatly increased by
perforation and co-existing diseases.

The affection may run rapidly to a fatal termination, destroying life
within a few hours, or the issue may be prolonged several days. Recovery
might take place from the acute form of the disease, but such a result must
be painfully rare.

Treatment. — Opium is the sovereign remedy and on that reliance must
be placed. How large a dose and how often, it is difficult to direct. The
natures of animals vary ; some are susceptible to a small quantity, others
bear large doses of opiates with but little effect. Again the pain may
be agonizing in some cases and less severe in others. Still in other
attacks vomiting will be so persistent that medicine will not be retained,

78 PERITONITIS.

in which event morphine must he administered suhcutaneously in one
eighth grain doses. Where the medicine is not rejected laudanum is a
convenient preparation of opium, and should be given in twenty drop
doses. Should the animal show no signs of sleeping and the pain persists,
doubtless the dose could be safely repeated every hour and a half or two
hours until some relief is secured. Although obstinate constipation exists,
purgatives must not under any consideration be given during the acute
stage. Remember the costiveness arises from an inflammation of the
bowels, and they being unable to expel their contents.

Hot applications to the abdomen are indicated, and it matters little their
character as long as they are hot. Nourishment should be given ice cold,
the most concentrated being demanded.

Partial or circumscribed peritonitis is as the name implies an inflam-
mation limited to a portion of the peritoneum. It is a complication of a
previous affection of the parts covered by the inflamed membrane. Where
this inflammation exists, a disease of the tissues beneath may be inferred.

Chronic peritonitis is less common than the acute. Occasionally the
latter eventuates in the chronic form, but rarely so; it is more often asso-
ciated with some diseases of the abdominal organs, previously existing or
present. As chronic peritonitis must sooner or later eventuate in death,
as it is insidious and its existence is rarely detected except at the autopsy,
an extended consideration is an absurdity.

An inflammation limited to the upper portion of the large intestine
sometimes occurs in canine practice. The more common cause is the
lodgment of a foreign body such as a small, sharp piece of bone. This be-
coming fixed excites a local inflammation, which in turn may result in ul-
ceration, and finally perforation into the abdominal cavity take place.
Peritonitis more often follows and terminates fatally. In rare instances
the peritonitis at first will be local. In such cases an abscess usually
forms, and more often bursts into the abdominal cavity.

While the inflammation is limited to the intestine, the symptoms are,
pain and tenderness confined to a certain part of the abdomen. Gas gen-
erally accumulates, and the bowels become greatly distended. The move-
ments of the animal, especially of his hind legs, cause an increase in
pain. If the gaseous distention is confined to the affected portion, the
intestine can be felt through the abdominal walls. Diarrhoea is a common
symptom, with which is associated, higher pulse, fever, loss of appetite
and the usual manifestations of a serious disturbance. When perforation
takes place the symptoms become identical with those of peritonitis.

In treatment, opium to relieve pain, a blister to the abdomen, over the
inflamed parts, and a cautious use of cathartics; the preference being
given to castor oil, in small doses, frequently repeated.

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 79

<PlLES.

Haemorrhoids or piles are small tumors situated near the anus. They
consist of folds of the mucous and sub-mucous tissues, and usually contain
large veins. These tumors may be in a state of congestion, swollen from
inflammation and very sensitive, or they may exist as a simple thickening
of the parts and comparatively free from pain. Sometimes the veins sup-
plying the anus become morbidly dilated forming knots, and at times the
blood in these distended vessels coagulates or clots, and a solid tumor is
formed. Again the whole mucous membrane of the lower part of the
rectum may become swollen, sensitive, and protrude at every evacuation
of the bowels, causing great pain, and at times bleeding.

The tumors may be pendulous, varying in size, and hanging down from
the rectum productive of great tenderness and discomfort. External piles
may be met with in round bunches at the anus, in part covered by the
mucous membrane and partly by the skin.

Causation. — The predisposing causes are any influences which pro-
duce a fulness of the abdominal blood vessels, or obstruct the return of
blood from the rectum to general circulation. Among them may be men-
tioned diseases of the liver, insufficient exercise, pregnancy, and habitual
constipation. When the latter complaint induces piles, they may be as
much attributed to the irritation and congestion which it excites as to the
impediment to the course of blood produced, for otherwise the tumors
would disappear when the bowels were freely moved, which is not the
case.

The exciting causes may be straining to discharge the bowels as in dys-
entery, violent purgative medicines, in fact anything that irritates the
lower bowel.

Symptoms. — The dog will generally by his manner draw attention to
the affection. Pain will lead him to lick the parts, and to relieve the itch-
ing which is commonly associated he will drag the anus along the floor,
or will rub himself astride a bar or against a post. Swelling of the parts
indicate the affection. Some blood may be found in the discharges.

Treatment. — The primary object is to remove the predisposing and
exciting causes. If the animal is over-fed and has insufficient exercise,
his diet should be restricted and work be insisted upon.

The bowels should be regulated and the discharges kept soft and copious.
The domestic remedy, cream of tartar and sulphur will probably be suffi-
cient, and may be given each morning with the food, two teaspoonfuls of
the former to one half a teaspoonful of the latter. If the piles are inflamed
bathing them with cold water frequently will afford relief, and insure
perfect cleanliness, one of the essentials. The following ointment should

SO DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

be freely applied to the swollen parts several times daily.—
R Acidi Tannici 3i

Morph. Sulphatis gr.iv
Pulv. Camphorse 3 ss
Ungt. Stramonii §i
Ft. Ungt. Sig. External.
After the bowels have been regulated and the sulphur and cream of tar-
tar are discontinued, it is advisable to give two teaspoonfuls of pure
glycerin in each feeding for several weeks or until a cure is complete.

Tumors of long standing and not yielding readily to treatment should
be removed by the actual cautery.

Hemorrhage from the rectum while it is frequently associated with
piles, is rarely important enough to need interference; unless the loss of
blood be sufficient to weaken, it will be a relief to the animal and no effort
should be made to stop it.

It the bleeding is considerable and debility evidently results from it, a
tonic of iron is demanded and may be given as follows. —
R Ferri Sulph. 3 ss

Acid. Sulph. dil. 3 i

Aquae ad. siv

Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful in a little water three times a day.

Fissure of the j&jyvs.

This affection appears as an irritable ulcer, and originates in a crack in
the mucous membrane of the rectum, near the junction of the skin. It
may be caused by intestinal irritation, piles, constipation, hardened fecal
matter, and violent straining requisite for its expulsion. Pain is a prom-
inent symptom, and a dog, so affected, while unloading the bowels will
make continued efforts, desist for a time, and run about uttering sharp
cries indicative of his suffering. This operation will be prolonged and
finally accomplished after violent expulsive effort.

The discharges when solid are streaked with blood and sometimes puru-
lent matter. When more soft they are of small size. On examination, the
anus is found extremely sensitive, and the animal will struggle violently
to escape. Ether must be administered before the ulcer can be exposed.
Suppositories containing one grain of each, opium and iodoformum, may
effect a cure, if not a surgical operation will be necessary.

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 81

Fistula ijy tfwo.

Fistula in Ano signifies an ulcer through the rectum, and a passage by
the side of it down through the fibres of the sphincter ani, the muscle
which surrounds the anus closing it hy contraction.

Fistula of the anus may he met with in dogs, more commonly among the
house pet overfed and deprived of needed exercise. This affection is a
common result of abscess near the rectum. One eminent surgeon main-
tains " that it always commences with an ulceration of the mucous mem-
branes of the rectum, and an escape of the fecal matter into the cellular
tissue, which gives rise to abscess and fistula. "

This affection may exist as follows — complete, having an external
opening near the anus, and another into the bowel above the sphincter
muscle — as a blind external fistula which has no opening into the bowel
— as the blind intestinal fistula which opens into the bowel but not exter-
nally.

Symptoms . —Irritation and pain in the affected part causes the animal
to act much the same as when suffering from piles, licking the anus and
dragging himself along the floor, etc. If the fistula opens externally, less
difficulty will be experienced in making a diagnosis; still in but few cases
will detection be easy, but rather the reverse, as in many instances the
opening will be minute and need close scrutiny to discover it. The course
of an external fistula is that of a frequent recurring abscess; the cavity
fills up and discharges, the opening then closes and again the cavity fills.
In searching for a fistulous opening, a minute drop of matter in the centre
of a slight swelling will often mark its location. To explore its track a
small steel knitting needle will be sufficient. 4

When a blind internal fistula exists its presence may be suspected by a
discharge, bloody, watery in character, and at times offensive.

Treatment.— The constitutional treatment may be left to owners and
care-takers but the local surgical treatment never. The constitutional
treatment is symptomatic ; correct abuses, regulate the diet, and if weak,
strengthen. Constipation should be overcome by judicious dieting; among
other articles of food no better laxative is known than liver, which can
be fed in sufficient quantity to keep the bowels regular, or if preferred the
cream of tartar and sulphur as advised in piles may be given instead.

Exercise should be enforced. If tonic remedies are demanded, cod-liver
oil, iron, or quinine may be administered.

A radical cure of fistula demands a surgical operation. Of several pop-
ular methods , the elastic ligature is advised . When an operation is im-
perative, a competent surgeon should be employed and the method of
procedure left entirely to his judgment.

82 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

P<ROLfi.<PSUS &NI.

The name denotes an eversion of the lower portion of the rectum, and
its protrusion through the anus. The affection is more common in old
dogs, hut may appear at any age, caused by a natural laxity of the parts
or by straining from constipation.

2'realment . — Whenever the protrusion occurs, the parts should be re-
placed as soon as possible after being carefully washed. If any difficulty
is experienced, the fore finger should be well oiled and pushed up into the
anus carrying the protruded part with it.

To radically cure the affection the bowels should be regulated as in
piles, and tonics be given. The tincture of chloride of iron is preferred ir.
ten drop doses well diluted and administered three times a day. In the
severest cases use the following.—

R Ferri Persulph. > 3ss

Pulv. Opii gr.xv

Camphorae 3 ss

01. Theobromse q. s.

Ft. Suppositories No. xij. Sig. Introduce one into the rectum twice daily.

CH&&TE& VII.
DISEASES EFFECTING

TEE

SOLHD ORG&NS OF THE &B<DOMEN*

&CUTE HE<P&TITIS.

Of the diseases of the solid abdominal organs, the greater number and
the more important are situated in the liver. Inflammation of this struct-
ure is termed hepatitis and may he either acute or chronic. These two
forms claim separate consideration.

Acute hepatitis is an affection rarely seen among dogs in the colder
climates. It is reported that the disease is not infrequent in the tropics;
the course it runs there is however somewhat different, it being cir-
cumscribed and confined to a part of the organs, while here the inflam-
mation generally acts upon the whole or greater part of the structure.

Causatioti . — Acute hepatitis in the cold climate is probably more often
induced traumatically, by such influences as kicks and blows.

Various causes have been assigned by different writers, such as excess-
ive use of purgatives, emetics, and exposure to cold and wet. The
disease has been often known to follow severe cases of dysentery. Gastric
inflammation may be the exciting cause, by interfering with the circula-
tion in the liver. Acute hepatitis may be associated with other diseases,
such as pneumonia, pleurisy and distemper.

The existing causes in many instances must be problematical; the subject
requires much light before the direct influences can be detennined.

Symptoms •.— At times the symptoms are vague, and point to other
organs rather than to the liver as the seat of the disease. Persistent vom-
iting may mislead and acute gastritis be suspected.

The attack is very often ushered in by a chill as shown by shivering,
but this symptom is liable to be overlooked. The manner of the dog
changes materially soon after the invasion of the disease, becoming dull
and listless. His appetite usually at once disappears, and he manifests

84 DISEASES OF THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN.

an appearance of discomfort, very marked in a proportion of cases, from
which it might be inferred he was suffering from pain. His position
assumed on lying down is somewhat characteristic, it being on his chest
and belly. He shows a disinclination to exertion and on getting up his
movements appear stiff and painful. Thirst is usually excessive ; vomiting
attends a certain proportion of cases and the odor of the breath becomes
markedly offensive. The condition of the bowels is not indicative ; loose-
ness occurs in some, and in other cases the bowels are constipated ; the
two may alternate.

Unless the attack be associated with pulmonary disease, the respiration
is at first unaffected. Fever is a constant symptom ; the pulse becomes
full, bounding, and rapid. Tenderness on pressure over the liver is char-
acteristic.

Jaundice appears quite early in the disease, generally within four days
after the first symptoms are manifested. The skin becomes yellow, the
eyes of the same tint, or dull and lustreless ; the mucous membrane of
the mouth paler, the urine darker in color leaving an indelible stain, and
the discharges are "clay colored." The pulse previously rapid now falls,
sometimes below the normal. The enlargement of the liver or a swelling
in some part of it now very likely appears, but its increase in size may
not in all cases be sufficient to be appreciated.

The course of the disease is usually rapid, and may terminate in abscess,
recovery without abscess, or resolve into the chronic form. When death
occurs from abscess, a swelling over the region of the liver can usually be
determined. Emaciation is rapid and associated with the usual signs of
failure and exhaustion. The breathing changes, becoming quick and hur-
ried; the pulse weak and feeble. The bowels assume the appearance of
pregnancy.

"Diagnosis. —Early in the disease the diagnosis is exceedingly difficult
in many cases ; in none will it be easy. The manner of the attack, the loss
of appetite, the high fever, the local tenderness and evident pain, and the
occurrence of jaundice, render the existence of acute hepatitis highly
probable. If in addition to these symptoms the liver is found to be en-
larged, the diagnosis may be made with reasonable certainty.

Prognosis.— Acute hepatitis is a disease attended with great danger,
and will in nearly all cases prove fatal if an abscess forms. When asso-
ciated with other diseases the danger is intensified. Even if recovery
takes place convalescence is apt to be slow and tedious.

Treatment. —The purposes of treatment are to arrest inflammation,
thereby preventing the formation of abscess.

The amount of pain and constitutional disturbance will indicate the use
of opium, which should be given in the form of Dover's powder; dose five

ACUTE HEPATITIS. 85

grains every six or eight hours. If a correct diagnosis of the disease could
be made within a few hours of its invasion, the better treatment would be
to give the tartrate of antimony and potassa, in one sixteenth grain doses
every two hours for two or three days, when there is* much excitement of
circulation, a full, bounding pulse, and much fever. Unfortunately how-
ever, in many cases several days will elapse before a diagnosis is verified,
then it is too late to use the drug in question.

Mercury is supposed to increase the secretion of bile, and did we believe
this to be so, its use in this disease would be of doubtful propriety. The
doctrine that this agent acts in the manner supposed is open to distrust.
Of the modus operandi of mercury we know nothing, except that it prob-
ably acts through the medium of circulation, and it exerts a peculiar
power which enables it to subvert diseased actions.

Where blood-letting is generally inadmissible, one of the measures
most to be relied upon, is the very cautious employment of mercury. It is
therefore advised that the following be given.—
R Pil. Hydrarg. gr.v
Pulv. Ipecac. gr.ij
Ft. Pil. No. xij. Dose one four times daily.
These pills should be persisted in unless some indication presents to
contra-indicate their use, or an abscess begins to form. If the bowels
remain constipated, one or two grains of the extract of colocynth can be
added to each pill.

Counter-irritation should be applied over the region of the liver, a strong
mustard paste used first, and after the skin has become well reddened, hot
poultices of flaxseed meal should be substituted.

After the inflammation has subsided two grains of the extract of tarax-
icum can be added to each pill. The system must be sustained from the
first by a nutritious and concentrated diet, and a careful avoidance of all
fatty food.

86 DISEASES OF THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN.

Chronic Hepatitis.

It is stated by some that chronic hepatitis may he a sequel of acute
inflammation of the liver. This seems probable, and yet from the peculiar
nature of the disorder, in but few cases can the point of departure from
the normal to the morbid changes be traced with sufficient accuracy to
assign a cause beyond a reasonable doubt.

Symptoms . —The disease as a rule gives rise to few or no symptoms
which point to the liver as the seat of disease, prior to the occurrence of
abdominal enlargement. Preceding this manifestation the appetite is
usually lessened, the manner of the animal often dull and heavy, and
emaciation is progressive. As loss of weight persists the abdomen be-
comes distended, rendering the general appearance highly characteristic
of the disease.

In the majority of cases the tongue becomes white, and the mucous
membrane of the mouth and lips loses its healthy color, becoming pale
and yellowish. Jaundice in a certain degree occurs in some cases, it is
however rarely very marked.

The breath is usually offensive; the eyes are dull and heavy. Vomiting
is quite frequent, the matter ejected often greenish. The urine is scanty
and high colored, and the bowels constipated. As emaciation progresses
the skin becomes thickened, rough, and scaly; the hair dry and brashy.
Until the abdominal distension is sufficient to mechanically interfere with
respiration, the breathing is unchanged. The pulse varies but little until
late in the disease.

In certain cases instead of enlargement of the liver it may be reduced in
size; the distension which then occurs is due to abdominal dropsy.

Diagnosis . — It ought not be difficult to make a correct diagnosis after
important changes commence in the liver. If that organ is enlarged its
outlines may be traced by firm pressure with the hand, and the shape of
the abdomen is characteristic. When the animal is on his feet the en-
largement is carried higher, and there is not that pendulous or hanging
down appearance noted in dropsy, the disease with which chronic hepatitis
may be confounded. In the former affection the shape of the abdomen
would not be retained when the animal lies down, while in the latter it
would remain much the same.

In dropsy occurring independent of liver affections, the abdomen is
rarely alone involved ; other parts are soon affected by the disease. When
jaundice appears, other symptoms being present, the diagnosis if previ-
ously doubtful ought to be made with reasonable certainty.

prognosis. — The disease if extended is incurable. Something may be
done in some cases to improve the animal and arrest the progress of the

CHRONIC HEPATITIS. 87

affection, but the result of efforts must generally prove unsatisfactory.

Treatment. —No specific treatment can be suggested. Remedies should
be addressed to the general system rather than the local affection. Tonics
and nutritious food are indicated to combat depressing influences, and
symptoms of prominence demand individual treatment.

If the animal is debilitated, ferruginous tonics promise the better results;
the tincture of the chloride, or the syrup of the iodide of iron may be given
three times a day in fifteen drop doses.

Mercury is an agent which theory would suggest in chronic disorders of
the liver. In this disease it should be given a fair trial, and the effects
carefully watched. To obviate any depressing influence it may exert, iron
may be combined and given as follows.—

R Mass. Hydrarg. gr.x

Ferri Sulph. Exsic. gr.xxx
Ft. Pil. No. xxx. Sig. Dose one three times daily.
During the use of the pills all other medicine should be discontinued and
the mercurial be given a fair trial. If the results are negative the treat-
ment should not be prolonged.

WTien constipation exists a laxative rather than a cathartic should be
given, but only when needed. Podophyllin is a remedy advised by some;
it is inferred that their reasons of its use is some theory they entertain
that it has a specific action on the liver. There do not appear sufficient
grounds to affirm that the drug has any such special powers.

For the purpose of overcoming constipation the following pills are
advised.—

R Extract. Aloes 3ss

Ext. Colchici Acet. gr.x

Pulv. Ipecac. gr.x

Ext. Taraxaci. 3i

Ft. Pil. No. xx. Sig. Dose one at night.

88 DISEASES OF THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN.

F&TTY Liver.

The term is used to denote a morbid condition of the liver increased in
size by the excessive accumulation of fat, sufficient to interfere with the
healthy action of that organ. Observation has shown that the quantity of
fat contained in the livers of dogs is influenced by the diet, and a large quan-
tity may be accounted for by that which is taken in with the food. Fat is
however found in the body independently of that which is introduced by
the stomach as experimental observation has proved. Oily matters must
essentially enter to some extent into the composition of the food, in order
to maintain the animal in a good condition.

All flesh and vegetable substances contain more or less fats which are not
transported into the body to be deposited there unchanged. On the con-
trary they are altered and used up in the processes of digestion and nutri-
tion ; while the fats which appear in the body are in great part of new
formation, produced from materials derived from a variety of sources.

Fatty liver rarely if ever occurs as an independent affection and its im-
portance as relates to disease has never been determined. The presence
of fats in an abnormal quantity, in the secreting cells of the liver, might
by their presence seriously interfere with circulation, and might in ex-
treme cases be sufficient to obstruct the bile and occasion slight jaundice.
The cause of the disease under consideration is no doubt largely influ-
enced by fatty food, conjoined with insufficient exercise; the method of
the accumulation of oily matters in the liver being much the same as in
the production of the "foie gras" of geese.

Insufficient material for the study of the disease when it occurs inde-
pendently of other affections leaves but an imperfect knowledge of the
sj^mptoms.

Impaired digestion, vomiting, progressive emaciation, loss of strength,
and slight jaundice later in the disease, are the common evidences of fatty
liver. If the organ is much enlarged the fact can be determined, but the
increase in some cases is insufficient to be detected, and it is to be remem-
bered that a diminution in size may occur from the accumulation of fat in
the secreting cells.

In the treatment abuses are to be corrected, over eating prevented, fatty
food excluded from the diet, exercise insisted upon, and tonics should be
given if the need is apparent.

That starchy food has certain fattening properties is well known; it is
not certain however whether the constituents of the same are directly
converted into fat, or are first taken up and distributed in the system, and
afterwards supply the materials for its production. When the allowance of
saccharine matters is restricted, the decrease in weight is more rapid.

DISEASES OF THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN 89

JAUNDICE.

The presence of biliary coloring matter in sufficient quantity to give a
yellow color to the skin, constitutes the diseased condition known as
icterus or jaundice. Strictly it is never an individual affection, it being a
symptom, and incidental to various disorders.

Jaundice often appears when its cause cannot be clearly determined;
again, it is an important morbid condition, convenience in considering
which demands special recognition and classification. In considering it
as an individual disease, cases are to be excluded in which it occurs with
an affection, the existence of which is clearly determined.

In acute and chronic hepatitis and certain constitutional diseases it is
to be regarded merely as a symptom.

Causation.— \\\ a great majority of cases jaundice depends on obstruct-
ion of the passage of the bile to the intestine.

From obvious facts it is reasoned that more commonly the bile is reab-
sorbed after the secretion of it has taken place. Defective secretion how-
ever, either with or without obstruction doubtless occurs, and the constit-
uents of the bile accumulate in the blood if not thrown out by some
unusual channel.

It is conjectured that more or less of those indefinite symptoms which
are commonly included under the name "biliousness," are due to a defi-
cient elimination of the bile or at least one of its elements.

The more apparent exciting causes are over fatigue, the indiscriminate
use of powerful emetics and cathartics, indigestion, obstinate constipa-
tion, traumatic injuries, and sudden chills.

When the functions of the skin are arrested by cold there are two ways
in which disease is supposed to be produced. One relates to the circula-
tion ; the blood being driven from the surface accumulates in the internal
organs inducing congestion.

The other method of action relates to the increased activity demanded
of certain organs, to compensate for the deficient elimination of the skin.
It is to be remembered that the skin is an important medium, through
which matters proper to be evacuated from the body are expelled. Again
any material change in the condition of the skin affects the perspiration,
the office of which is principally to regulate the temperature of the body.

Thus it will be seen that disease may not infrequently originate from the
action of cold applied to the surface of the body, as in sudden immersions
in water and too rapid cooling after a hard run; the radical and rapid
changes of temperature being the most active.

Some authors include fighting and prolonged sport among the causes of
jaundice. While the direct action of these influences is unexplained, it

90 JAUNDICE.

can however be appreciated, that in a variety of ways irritation and ex-
citement can induce changes in the system, sufficient to give rise to the
disease under consideration.

Symptoms. — The signs in the earlier stage are vague and confusing.
The manner of the animal changes, he becoming dull, languid, and averse
to exertion. The reabsorbed bile appears to exert a narcotic influence
on the nervous system, producing dulness, a disposition to sleep, a fall in
the pulse, and a torpid condition in the functions of the body generally.
The nose, mouth, and breath are hot and dry; the abdomen hard, and back
arched. The coat loses its glossy look and becomes dry and staring.

As the bile exerts its influence on circulation, the respirations become
less frequent. In some cases a disposition to constantly scratch is noted.
The appetite disappears, thirst becomes excessive, and vomiting frequent;
the matter expelled being greenish and at times in extreme cases bloody.
Pain is at times evident and colicky in character.

When tenderness and pain both exist in the region of the stomach, it is
evidence of a low type of inflammation of the mucous membrane lining
the stomach and upper part of the intestine.

Generally the bowels are constipated, but not always as diarrhoea some-
times occurs. The appearance of the discharges affords evidence as to
whether the obstruction is complete or partial.

In the former the passages are clay-colored or ashy, while in the latter
they are nearer the color in health. A peculiar fetid odor is noted in
discharges devoid of bile. The appearance of the yellow tint dispels all
doubts as to diagnosis if the other symptoms have proved insufficient.
The mucous membranes first show the coloring; the skin then is rapidly
affected. The urine in jaundice is loaded with bile, and when voided
leaves a decided stain.

Nutrition for a time may be but a little affected ; then emaciation is rapid.
When the disease progresses to a fatal termination the pulse falls, the
extremities grow cold, the skin clammy, and death ensues.

Diagnosis. — The appearance of the yellowish tint renders the diagnosis
positive. To determine the cause in individual cases is far from easy.
The symptoms in the early stage of the attack, viz., loss of appetite, vom-
iting, and tenderness, indicate a possible inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the stomach and upper part of the intestine. Sometimes
gall-stones form in the gall-bladder, and in passing down into the intestine
become lodged and obstruct the canal ; pain of the severest character is
the evidence of this accident.

Worms sometimes cause obstruction, but they with certain other causes
can only be determined at the autopsy.

Prognosis . — The gravity as well as the symptoms depend on the morbid

DISEASES OF THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN. 91

conditions which give rise to the affection. The discharging duct or canal
leading from the gall-bladder enters into the intestine near the stomach;
in sub-acute inflammation of the mucous membrane lining these parts,
the irritation is liable to extend into the duct and cause its lining to become
swollen, the passage closing and becoming obstructed, it being too small
to admit of much swelling and remain open. The prognosis in such cases
is favorable. If a gall stone becomes lodged, recovery will depend entirely
upon its passage into the intestine or backward up into the gall-bladder.

When death occurs in jaundice from the retention of bile, the liver is the
seat of serious disease. When permanent obstruction exists without seri-
ous structural changes elsewhere, life may be prolonged and nutrition
sustained for a long time; sooner or later however, the vital powers fail,
the body wastes, exhaustion follows, and death results. In severe cases
terminating fatally the disease runs a rapid course, the duration generally
being from three to five days.

2'reatment. —It is to be remembered that in the majority of cases jaun-
dice is due to a sub-acute inflammation of the stomach and adjoining
portion of the intestine, and the natural tendency of the disease is to
recovery. In diet and medication all influences calculated to add to, or
prolong the irritation must be studiously withheld. Unless the urgency
of symptoms demands a more vigorous treatment, a bland and digestible
diet with gentle laxatives will suffice.

Calcined magnesia should be given in teaspoonful doses in milk two or
three times daily to keep the bowels active. All fatty food should be
withheld, and milk and gruels largely be depended upon. If pain exists
opiates should be employed.

The attacks which occasionally occur resembling colic, are at times due
to the formation of gas ; by the absence of bile the contents of the intestines
are no longer influenced by its antiseptic property, decompose and gas is
generated.

In severe attacks of jaundice in which the constitutional symptoms
indicate gravity, the need is urgent and the treatment must be energetic
and immediately applied. The animal should be placed in a warm room,
it being remembered the skin must be protected from cold, lest its elimi-
native functions be destroyed, and one avenue through which the bile can
be thrown out of the system be closed. Calomel is the agent most to be
depended upon, and should be given in doses of one half a grain each, four
times a day. Rather than combine the calomel with laxatives it is wiser
to give them separately and only as the need is apparent. Hot baths if
needed will increase the activity of the skin, and sweet spirits of nitre in
one half teaspoonful doses, given in water every two or three hours, stim-
ulates the kidneys. Food should be milk, eggs, scraped beef, and broths.

92 DISEASES OF THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN.

Torpor of the Liver.

Functional disturbances of the liver are very common among dogs. The
character of their food, irregularities in feeding, and insufficient exercise,
promote a disorder which may he termed torpor of the liver, or as more
commonly designated biliousness. Properly torpor in this instance means
a deficient secretion of bile; still the term is often used in cases "where the
morbid condition is somewhat obscure. Over feeding, indigestible food,
various irregularities, insufficient exercise, and over fatigue are among
the more evident causes.

Symptoms . — Dulness of manner, offensive breath, capricious appetite,
whitened tongue, and at times a hot nose are among the prominent symp-
toms. Constipation may exist for a time, to be followed by a diarrhoea.
In the former instance the discharges are hard and sometimes clay-col-
ored ; in the latter loose, greenish, black or tarry in appearance.

The coat of the animal loses that bright characteristic gloss, becomes
rougher and lustreless, and at times a skin eruption called eczema is
asssociated.

An animal suffering from simple functional disorder of the liver, shows
no very marked symptoms; still it is evident to an observer some ailment
is depressing him. Under excitement his manner changes and nothing
irregular is apparent, but when food is placed before him, or while in his
kennel or about the house, he again becomes dull and listless.

2'reatmenl. — Correcting all abuses are the first indications in treatment.
Food should be allowed but twice a day and then the simplest diet be
chosen. If the animal has been restrained, greater freedom should be
allowed, and exercise if necessary be insisted upon.

Taraxacum or dandelion, it is generally accepted, has a specific action
upon the liver, exciting it to secretion when torpid. One dose of this daily
should be given, the freshly prepared extract preferred, and of it one half
a teaspoonful is the proper quantity. After this has been administered, if
the bowels are inclined to constipation, one half a teaspoonful of calcined
magnesia may be given with the food, once or twice daily as needed.

That alkaline remedies have a decided influence on the composition of
the bile has been shown by Lewaschcw and Klikowitsch. Their experi-
ments were made on dogs with permanent fistulas leading to the gall-blad-
der. After the administration of alkaline solutions the flow of bile was
measurably increased. It was observed that different results were ob-
tained from solutions of different degrees of concentration. Thus, carbon-
ate of sodium had a more rapid, powerful, and lasting influence on the
composition of the bile than the sulphate of sodium. Solutions of weak
strength were more powerful than those of higher concentration.

DISEASES OF THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN. 93

<Pass&GE of G&LL Stones.

The terra calculus denotes a stone or gravel, or unorganized concretion
found in the hody, as in the bladder, gall-ducts, kidneys, etc. Biliary cal-
culi are usually formed in the gall-bladder, and their passage down the
duct or canal into the intestine is if they are large, attended with the
severest pain. The reasons for their formation are not understood; it is
presumed that certain constituents of the bile are deposited in conse-
quence of the presence of mucus in the gall-bladder or ducts, as the result
of inflammation. Other reasons are assigned, but sufficient evidence to
substantiate these theories is yet to be secured.

Symptoms . — The presence of calculi in the gall-bladder cannot be deter-
mined until their passage out is commenced, and then only when they are
of sufficient size to distend the walls of the canal. Pain is the prominent
symptom and is of so violent a character in some cases the suffering is
extreme. The occurrence of the pain is usually abrupt, no indications of
ill health preceding it.

Vomiting sets in early and continues throughout the attack. The expres-
sion and manner of the animal are indicative of the great distress he is
experiencing. The bowels are constipated, and in many cases if a move-
ment occurs the discharges are clay-colored. Unless the attack is of long
continuance the pulse shows but little change from the normal. The pain
may be persistent without intermission, or it may take on a paroxysmal
form, vary in intensity and Anally end as abruptly as it first appeared.

Treatment.— Opium in full doses is the only agent to be relied upon.
Astonishing quantities of this drug will be borne and little or no effect be
observed. Of the solid opium the dose is one grain every two or three
hours or until the pain is controlled. If vomiting contra-indicates its use
by the mouth, one eighth of a^grain of morphine should be given subcu-
taneously or double that dose by anal injection. If relief is not secured
by this treatment the animal should be etherized and kept so for a time,
then allowed to return to consciousness, and if the pain still persists the
ether should be re-applied. It must be remembered that opiates need to
be given with great care and not too often. While the pain is intense it
antagonizes the narcotics and no harm results, but the gall-stone may sud-
denly pass from the duct into the intestine and then the pain will at once
cease. If the system is too heavily loaded with opium, its antidote the
pain being no longer present, the result is poisoning by the drug.

Various agents have been suggested to act as a solvent on the calculi
and thereby pre"V ent a recurrence of pain, which is almost certain to follow
sooner or later, but it has not been proven that their use has resulted in
marked success.

94 DISEASES OF THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN.

Cancer of the Live®.

Cases are on record where the liver has been the seat of cancerous
changes, proving the possibility of such ah affection invading that organ.
The disease in nearly all if not all cases, attacks other parts or organs of
the body first, and the changes in the liver are of secondary occurrence.

It has been found circumscribed or confined to certain portions of the
organ, and appeared in the form of nodules or tumors varying in size.
Sometimes a tumor has been found to occur singly, again the whole liver
has been studded with them.

Cancerous deposits take on two varieties which are termed the hard and
the soft. With either the liver is usually enlarged, and when the former
exists its presence can be more easily determined, the hard tumors being
felt. The soft variety can rarely be detected during life.

Cancer of the liver rarely occurs except in very old dogs. If the bulging
tumors can be felt, a correct diagnosis might be reached. The general
manifestations of the disease are progressive emaciation, debility, abdom-
inal enlargement, and possibly jaundice late in the affection.

Dropsy of the extremities is also liable to occur. Digestion is destroyed
and the appetite lost. Diarrhoea usually occurs, and all the signs of ex-
haustion are present. Pain may be prominent as a symptom.

Treatment can have no other result than palliation, and possibly the
prolongation of life.

Affections of the S<pleen.

The special function of the spleen has never been clearly determined;
like other glands its action is to modify the constitution of the blood. The
precise alteration which is effected by its passage through splenic tissue
has not been discovered. The spleen may be removed from a dog without
its loss producing any permanent injury. The experiment has been fre-
quently performed, and among the most constant effects noted are increase
of appetite and an unnatural ferocity of disposition.

The spleen cannot therefore be regarded as a single organ, but as asso-
ciated with others which may completely or to a great extent perform its
function after removal.

Acute inflammation of the spleen or splenitis is an exceedingly rare
affection. The symptoms which have been observed are restlessness,
tenderness over the organ, some fever, loss of appetite, vomiting, great
thirst, and as Youatt observes, " shivering, the ears cold, the eyes unnat-

DISEASES OF THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN < 95

urally protuberant, the nostrils dilated, the flanks agitated, the respiration
accelerated, and the mucous membrane pale." The same author mentions
a discharge of a yellow, frothy mucus by vomiting. By this it might be
implied that in those cases an abscess had formed in the spleen and the
pus was expelled by vomiting.

The disease will rarely ever be diagnosed during life, and were it, the
general principles of treatment would be much the same as in acute in-
flammations of other organs similar in structure.

In certain diseases of the general system, and in some affections of other
organs the spleen becomes enlarged for a time and then returns to its
normal size.

Chronic enlargement of this gland, unless it be greatly increased in size,
is rarely attended with any symptoms to indicate the condition. Were it
to be discovered and clearly diagnosed the treatment would be symptom-
atic, and the same as in chronic hepatitis.

The spleen takes on degenerative changes in common with the liver,
but a consideration of them can be of no possible interest or profit to the
general reader.

Diseases of the (Pajvc&Eas.

While the fact is recognized that the pancreas may be the seat of inflam-
mation as in the other glandular organs, the liver, kidneys, etc., it is also
apparent a correct diagnosis of morbid changes must be so difficult it
would be useless to discuss them at any length in this work. Of all organs
similarly constructed probably the pancreas is the least liable to inflam-
mations. Doubtless they take on much the same degenerative changes
observed elsewhere, and are secondarily involved by the extension of dis-
eases in adjacent parts. t

A discharge of fat from the bowels is supposed to be a diagnostic symp-
tom of pancreatic disorder, but there is no reliable evidence to sustain
this opinion, based as it is solely on the known physiological action of
the pancreatic juice. That it is the active agent in the digestion of oily
substances has been fully demonstrated by M. Bernard and others. The
peculiar effect of the juice when brought in contact with oily matters, is
to separate them into minute globules ; the mixture being converted into
a white, creamy-looking fluid. No chemical change occurs ; the oil in this
process may be said to have been digested and made ready for absorp-
tion. The appearance of fat unchanged in the discharges leads to the
belief that disease of the pancreas exists.

96 FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER. — DIGESTION OF STARCH.

SUG&ZI ijv the Liver.

Besides the secretion of bile, the liver performs another important func-
tion, viz., the production of sugar. While a consideration of this subject
is not essential to the doctrine of diseases, certain facts pertaining to it
as discovered by M. Claude Bernard, may be of interest.

So far as is known the presence of sugar in the liver is common to all
species of animals. The average percentage in the healthy liver of man
and the dog is about the same.

The system does not depend for its supply of sugar entirely upon exter-
nal sources; saccharine matter is produced independently in the tissues
of the liver, whatever may be the nature of the food subsisted upon.
Bernard kept two dogs under his own observation, one for a period of
three, the other of eight months, during which time they were confined
strictly to a diet of animal food, boiled calves' head and tripe, and then
killed. Upon an examination, the liver was found in each instance to con-
tain a proportion of sugar fully equal to that present in the organ under
ordinary circumstances.

In considering this sugar producing function, an important question
naturally arises, bearing upon the proper feeding of dogs. It has been
maintained by some that starchy and saccharine matters are utterly de-
testable to the canine race. A consideration of a few facts will render
apparent that this extreme doctrine is untenable.

While it is certain starchy matters are not digested in the stomach, but
pass unchanged into the small intestine, experiments have proved beyond
all doubts that the intestinal fluids of a dog transform starch into sugar
with the greatest promptitude, and it is then as rapidly absorbed. If a dog
is fed on boiled starch and meat, while some of the latter remains in his
stomach for eight, nine, or ten hours, the starch begins immediately to
pass into the intestine, where it is at once converted into sugar and ab-
sorbed. The whole of the starch even may have completely disappeared
in an hour's time. It is evident therefore that nature has made ample pro-
vision for the digestion of starchy food.

The writer maintains that while meat is the proper food for a dog, he as
strongly insists that starchy matters in small quantities, far from being
injurious, are really conducive to the health of the animal. Although the
saccharine matter becomes changed after absorption, these same chemical
changes themselves serve to maintain the integrity of the blood, and the
healthy nutrition of the body.

CH&<PTE<R VIII.
DISEASES

OF

THE URW&&Y 0&G&WS.

Nephritis.

Nephritis or inflammation of the kidney is a disease rarely met with in
dogs. Its infrequency is relatively the same as the occurrence of acute
inflammations in other glandular organs.

Causation. —It is possible that nephritis may arise from the excessive
dosing of certain drugs acting directly and powerfully on the kidneys,
such as saltpetre, cantharides, and turpentine; the second used in blisters,
the last in the treatment of worms.

Injuries such as kicks or blows over the region of the kidneys, may in-
duce the disease. Probably the more common cause is exposure to cold,
or more especially the sudden cooling of an overheated body; shutting
the dog into a cold kennel after a hard run, or allowing him to plunge into
the water causes a violent contraction of the blood vessels of the surface
driving the blood to the internal organs, producing in them increased
pressure and possibly congestion.

The use of certain ointments for mange, under some conditions may act
upon tho skin in a manner somewhat similar to cold, and thereby induce
the affection.

The formation of stone in the kidney, or renal calculus, might create a
disturbance and nephritis result.

Symptoms . —According to the severity of the disease the symptoms will
vary greatly. Fever may be present in a noticeable degree in the com-
mencement of the attack, and it may be absent.

98 NEPHRITIS.

"When the skin is hot and the pulse runs high, vomiting, complete loss
of appetite, and great depression are observed, indicating that the attack
is an alarming one. When the disease is the result of exposure, the febrile
symptoms are more commonly observed. One of the most notable changes
is in the quantity of urine secreted, it becoming very scanty, high colored,
and in the severer cases bloody.

The bowels are usually constipated. The animal moves about slowlj^
and awkwardly; in getting up and lying down he appears stiff in the loins.
Pressure over the region of the kidneys will cause the animal to shrink
from the touch.

Attacks running a fatal course usually terminate in convulsions and pro-
found stupor, due to the retained poisonous constituents of the urine.

?Pror/?iosis. —The causes largely influence the results in nephritis. In.
simple uncomplicated attacks the chances are in favor of recovery. When
a calculus exists in the kidney, or has attempted a transit from it into the
bladder, and becoming lodged in the passage obstructs it, thereby destroy-
ing the active function of that important organ, the case is critical. The
same or greater danger exists if nephritis results from an abscess in the
kidney. When convulsions occur the chances of recovery are very slight.

Treatment. —While the kidneys are unable to perform their functions
other organs must be stimulated to increased activity; the bowels must
be largely depended upon. Unless grave symptoms such as convulsions
or profound stupor exist, active purgatives are never admissible. It will
be noted when they are employed that the action of the kidneys is always
lessened by their use. It is necessary therefore to so judiciously apply
treatment, that while one function is stimulated the other suffers no im-
pairment. By administering cathartics in divided doses this end is secured.
The following powders should be given. —

R Jalapin gr.x

Sodae Bicarb. gr.xx
Ft. Chart. No. xx. Sig. Dose one every two hours or until diarrhoea results.

To keep the skin active and secure its aid in elimination, the animal
should be kept in a warm room and uniform temperature be maintained.
Hot applications over the loins by means of the " hop bag" will be found
grateful to the animal. Milk is the better diet and may be given freel3r, as
it has an especial action on the kidneys. Beef tea, gruels, mutton broth,
and scraped beef may also be given to nourish and sustain. During con-
valescence the tincture of the chloride of iron in fifteen drop doses is
indicated.

DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 99

&CUTE Cystitis.

Cystitis or acute inflammation of the bladder, is a disease uncommon
among dogs.

Probably the affection more commonly has its origin in traumatic inju-
ries, such as blows, kicks, and crushes. Chemical irritants, among them
eantharides and turpentine injudiciously used, may induce the disease.
Among other influences may be numbered chills, calculi, and long retained
urine which decomposing becomes exceedingly irritating. Dogs shipped
long distances and not removed from their boxes for several days, are
liable to contract cystitis. An acute inflammation of the mucous mem-
brane of the kidney may be transmitted along the passage andthe bladder
be involved. The disease may occur spontaneously, no obvious cause
being apparent.

Symptoms. — Acute cystitis usually manifests itself suddenly. The gen-
eral disturbances are in some cases marked ; in others the local symptoms
are the more prominent. Fever, thirst, pain, constipation, and often vom-
iting are not unusual.

The frequent efforts to void the urine are the first to attract attention.
The quantity passed at each attempt is very small, often but a few drops,
and at times the attempts are ineffectual and suppression is complete.
The urine voided may be in appearance nearly normal, but more often it
is thick, dark reddish in color, and blood is intermingled. The pain and
distress are often great as shown by outcries and restless movements.
When standing the animal's back is arched, the abdomen somewhat hard,
possibly swollen and tender over the region of the bladder.

Wben the attack is due to eantharides, the external genitals may be
affected by the spread of the irritation.

^Prognosis. — The disease usually runs a rapid course, and if uncompli-
cated tends to recovery. Irritation by eantharides soon subsides.

When the inflammation is due to calculi, the course will necessarily be
protracted unless the cause is removed. Sometimes acute cystitis may
eventuate in the chronic foi-m of the disease.

Treatment. — If the attack is of moderate severity, reducing the diet to
milk, applying hot cloths to the loins, and keeping the animal in a warm
room may suffice. If the pain is severe one teaspoonful of paregoric, or
fifteen drops of laudanum should be given and repeated if needed. Warm
injections thrown into the bowels afford some relief.

Warm loin baths are advised if the symptoms are severe; they should
be prolonged from one half an hour to two hours, their usefulness depend-
ing upon their duration.

Some authors have advised cold applications instead of warm; while the

100 DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.

former might act well in some cases, they would he unwise in others and
therefore should be cautiously used if at all.

If no water is passed, and the position and actions of the animal indicate
great distress, then a surgeon should he called in to pass the catheter.
After its use, sweet spirits of nitre in half teaspoonful doses should be
added to the opiate.

Rectal suppositories of opium and belladonna can be used instead of
giving drugs by the mouth, if vomiting occurs. These may be made as
follows. —

R Pulv. Opii gr.xv

Ext. Bellad. gr.ij

01. Theobromse q. s.
Ft. Suppositories No. xij. Sig. Use one from three to six hours as needed
to subdue pain.

To introduce these properly the finger should be oiled, and by it the sup-
pository should then be pushed well up into the rectum.

Chrojyic Cystitis.

Chronic inflammation of the bladder may follow the acute, and may be
a- consequence of Irritation from calculi, from repeated excesses, and ex-
posure to colds. Luxuriously treated house pets and old dogs are more
prone to the disease.

Any impediment to the flow of urine, owing to stricture of the external
passage from enlarged prostate or other causes, may give rise to obstinate
cystitis. In the same manner in paralysis the disorder may be developed.

Symptoms. — The affection in the majority of cases comes on slowly.
The increased frequency in passing the urine soon becomes noticeable, the
quantity voided being small but nearly normal in appearance. As the dis-
ease progresses the symptoms increase in severity, the efforts to pass the
water are frequent, attended with pain, and but a few drops are expelled
at each attempt.

The urine now changes in its appearance ; at first it is cloudy, then a
mixture of mucus and pus is added, frequently tinged with blood. As the
disease advances the quantity of mucus becomes great, the urine voided
assumes a brownish hue, and a very offensive odor.

The movements of the animal are stiff and the gait described by some
as " straddling."

The digestive organs suffer materially in chronic cystitis, strength
diminishes, emaciation is progressive and the animal slowly wears away.

DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 101

Under proper treatment improvement might possibly result, the symp-
toms gradually growing less severe, the strength returning, the urine
becoming clearer and retained a longer period. Relapses will however
more than likely be experienced, the mucous membrane of the bladder
ulcerating, disease of the kidneys ensue and death follow.

Treatment. — As in all other morbid conditions the cause should first
be removed if possible. Paralysis calls for especial treatment elsewhere
advised. If calculi or other incurable conditions exist, the treatment
should be directed to the palliation of symptoms.

Pain is to be overcome by the same means as recommended in acute
cystitis. The diet should be largely milk and lime water, equal parts; the
latter deserves especial mention as a curative agent.

The preparations of iron advised by some authors, evidently under the
impression they act as astringents on the mucous membrane of the blad-
der, arc not indicated for that purpose in chronic cystitis, for they are not
absorbed as astringents, neither do they come in contact with the interior
of the bladder.

One of the most active agents to be depended upon is tannin, which is
thrown off by the kidneys and reaches the bladder. Itmay at first be given
in two grain doses and gradually increased to five grains three times daily.

"When the strength fails and a tonic is indicated, two grains of quinine
or some form of cinchona three times a day, is advised for the peculiar
and beneficial influence on the mucous membrane of the kidney and
bladder. If milk seems insufficient to sustain the animal a more nourish-
ing diet may be allowed, but it must be unstimulating.

Cystic Calculi.

Stone in the bladder, cystic calculus, is occasionally met with in dogs,
more common in advanced age.

Symptom s. —Irritability of the bladder, with frequent efforts to void
the urine. Considerable pain exists and occasionally blood is passed ; the
external urinary organs arc at times slightly inflamed. The symptoms
may be present for a long time, not sufficiently evident to clearly indicate
the exact cause which induces them. After a time a severe attack of pain
comes on, the urine is retained or passes only in drops; a diagnosis then
made suggests treatment, the result of which may relieve the animal
somewhat, but only for a time and death finally conquers.

Treatment. —The symptoms must indicate the line of treatment to be
followed. A cure is out of the question.

102 DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.

Renal Calculi.

Stone in the kidney, to -which the above name is given, is occasionally
found in canine practice. This affection is exceedingly difficult to diagnose
unless the symptoms assume an unusual prominence.

The indications are to a certain extent those of inflammation of the
kidneys ; the manner of movement, the straddling gait, the arched hack,
and the tenderness over the loins are present as in that disease.

Pain is a prominent symptom, the urine is scanty, the efforts to void it
are constant, and only a few drops result from each attempt. Hoematuria
is commonly associated. At times the suffering is intense. Fever may he
present, the appetite becomes lessened, and emaciation follows.

The affection is necessarily fatal -when the stone is too large to pass into
the bladder through the passage called the ureter. At times -when an ani-
mal has a stone in the kidney even of large size, he may suffer severely
for days from the irritation it causes, then seemingly recover and be well
for along time. But other attacks occur; the stone continues to increase
in size filling up the kidney, causing that organ to waste away, or an
abscess to result.

The treatment is symptomatic; during an attack of pain opiates are de-
manded as in colic; warm baths and occasionally hot injections aid in
lessening the suffering. The food should be milk as recommended in
hematuria.

Retention of Urine.

The term retention in this connection signifies a want of power to pass
the urine from the bladder. It is to be understood there is urine to pass,
and the condition must not be confounded with suppression in which none
is passed because none is secreted.

Causation. —Retention of the urine may arise from causes functional
or organic. Among the former are included paralysis or want of power
in the muscular coat of the bladder, and spasmodic stricture of the urethra
or canal from the bladder by which the urine passes off.

The organic causes include obstruction to the canal by contraction
termed permanent stricture ; stoppage of the tube, the same being blocked
up with small calculi coming out from the bladder; obstruction of the tube
by organic diseases as in enlarged prostate ; inflammation and swelling
of the mucous membranes of urethra. Possibly blood-clots may form in
hsematuria and thereby obstruct the passage. Cases have been reported
where worms have lodged in tbe canal and closed it.

RETENTION OF URINE, 103

The loss of power In the muscular coat of the bladder may be due to
paralysis proper, or may be induced by distention following the confine-
ment of dogs excessively neat in their habits.

Spasmodic stricture may be caused by exposure to cold and damp, by
cei-tain drugs taken into the stomach as cantharides, or the same may be
absorbed from blisters.

Temporary stricture sometimes occurs in stud dogs the result of undue
sexual excitement.

Symptoms . —Restlessness and continuous pain, with constant and inef-
fectual efforts to urinate are the prominent symptoms. The animal's
movements are unceasing and his gait stiff and " straddling." In getting
up and lying down his actions are restrained as though painful. The abdo-
men is distended, and pressure over the bladder causes shrinking and
distress. Unless relieved the pain grows more severe, vomiting occurs,
the pulse runs high, becomes weak and feeble, and the general appear-
ances indicate gravity. Convulsions often occur, followed by profound
stupor and death.

Treatment. — If the symptoms are not extreme, one grain of opium
should be given and followed by a hot loin bath. The great object is to
arrest the efforts of the animal to urinate, and when they are discontinued,
often the bladder will empty itself. After the opium a dose of castor oil
should be administered.

If these measures are unsuccessfully employed, a surgeon should be
called and the catheter used to evacuate the bladder.

Retention associated with paralysis demands the use of the catheter,
and the employment of treatment elsewhere advised.

If the prostate is enlarged the iodide of potassium is indicated in three
grain doSes, three times daily. The food should be unirritating in charac-
ter, milk entering largely into the diet.

A dog to be catheterized should be placed on his side, the penis held
by one hand, the instrument introduced by the other. The catheter, well
oiled, is to be inserted and pushed with gentle force. After passing easily
for a distance an obstruction will be felt, caused by a spasmodic contrac-
tion of the walls of the passage. Steady pressure, if maintained soon
causes this to yield, and the instrument penetrates until the neck of the
bladder is reached, The muscles controlling the opening now contract
and resist an entrance, but soon relax, influenced by gentle pressure.

The flow of urine shows the operation completed. In selecting a cath-
eter, one flexible, and like those commonly used on man, will be suitable,
unless the dog is of the largest breed, in which case it will need to be
much longer. The medium size should be selected, and the wire removed
before attempting its use.

104 DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.

Haematuria or bloody urine occurs at times in certain diseases of dogs.
The seat of the disease giving rise to this affection may he in the kidneys
or bladder, and very rarely in the passage from the latter.

Hemorrhage from the kidney may be caused by the irritation of calculi
in that organ, or by blows or kicks over the loins, by congestion, and it
might occur in certain general, serious diseases of the system. Hemor-
rhage from the bladder may be caused by an inflammation of the parts
called cystitis, or by the presence of calculi.

When the blood comes from the kidney it undergoes certain changes and
gives to the urine a smoky appearance. It must be remembered that this
appearance is not always due to hemorrhage, as certain articles taken
into the stomach give rise to the same.

Blood from the bladder has a brighter appearance and is often voided
in small clots. When the urethra or external passage from the bladder is
the seat of trouble, blood in small drops usually follows the discharge of
urine.

In haematuria there is associated more or less weakness about the loins;
possibly some fever may be present.

Treatment. — As bloody urine is rarely more than a symptom of disease,
it will demand no especial treatment, but the cause must be sought for
and the infirmity removed. If a diagnosis cannot be made and the actual
seat of the disorder be determined, certain general rules of treatment
should be observed.

The diet first should be simplified and only milk be allowed, and of that
sufficient can be taken to sustain the strength.

All medicines having a directly stimulating effect upon the kidneys
should be avoided. If the manner of the animal while passing his urine
is indicative of irritation or smarting, oneteaspoonful of cream of tartar
should be added to his milk three or four times a day, and a teaspoonful
of paregoric be given occasionally. Warm applications over the loins
will be grateful adjuncts.

The animal should be confined in a warm room, his bowels kept active,
and the case watched until a positive diagnosis is determined.

CHA<PTE<R IX.
<DISE£SES

OF

THE GENITtfL 0&G&JYS.

(Balanitis.

The principal organ of generation in the dog is subject to an inflamma-
tion of the mucous membrane of its covering or sheath, called balanitis.
This affection is manifested by a purulent discharge annoying to the ani-
mals themselves and exceedingly offensive to their owners.

Causation . — Local irritations such as the accumulation of certain secre-
tions, and constitutional disorders are the more common causes.

Symptoms . —The affection gives rise to considerable discomfort induc-
ing the animal to frequently lick the parts. The discharge is thick and
yellowish in color; the mucous membrane is reddened, slightly swollen
and sensitive.

Treatment. — Perfect cleanliness is the great essential. The sheath
should be drawn back as far as possible and the organ bathed four or five
times daily with the following. —

R Acidi Carbolici

Acidi Tannici aa gr.xx
Glycerinae %\

Aquoa 5 iij

Ft. Mist. Sig. Lotion.
As a rule this treatment will be sufficient ; if not, a solution of the sulphate
of zinc, twenty grains to one half a pint of water, may be frequently used
for a few days, after which a weak solution of the acetate of lead, one
drachm to a pint of water, may be substituted.

Constitutional disturbances are to be overcome ; if debility is associated
tonics are indicated; if the animal is over fed, laxatives, restricted diet,
and exercise are the measures to employ.

106 DISEASES OF THE GENITAL ORGANS.

<P&<Ra<PHYMOSIS.

This condition is said to exist when the organ of generation in the dog
has protruded and fails to return to its sheath. It hecomes thereby much
congested and swollen inducing severe pain.

Treatment. — If the condition is recent, cold applications will often
suffice and the parts retract of themselves. If force needs to he applied,
sweet oil should he used freely and gentle efforts made to assist the ani-
mal. This failing.a surgeon should he called to divide .the constricting
part of the sheath which prevents retraction.

IJYFZaMMaTION OF THE SCROTUM.

A form of irritation of the scrotum at times occurs in dogs, which if neg-
lected may take on a malignant type and become cancer scroti.

Causation . — The irritation is largely confined to older dogs. Of its
predisposing and exciting causes but little is known. It is conjectured
that general constitutional derangements aid largely in its production.
When the true cancer scroti manifests itself, it is assumed that constant
local irritation has no small share in inducing the disease.

Symptoms . — The usual signs of inflammation characterize the appear-
ance of the affection. The parts become reddened, swollen, and sensitive;
little pimples or pustules appear which soon discharge and a scab is
formed. These scabs when removed or thrown off leave the skin beneath
inflamed and very sensitive. Ulceration rapidly follows this condition
unless prevented by treatment, and the tissues take on a process of indu-
ration or hardening which very likely will be permanent. The ulceration
may assume a dangerous, cancerous type, progressive and resulting in a
general destruction of the parts.

Treatment. —The diet should at once be restricted on the appearance
of the disease, and a free cathartic be given. Cold applications are indi-
cated, and to a pint of ice water add the following. —
R Acid. Acet. dil. 5 i j

Tinct. Opii 5 i

Liq. Plumbi Subacet. 3 iss
Ft. Mist. Sig. Add to a pint of water and use externally.
This preparation is to be applied by thoroughly wetting in it a thin cloth
folded twice, and then enveloping the whole scrotum. This cloth should
be frequently dampened by the solution, and may be kept in place by a
bandage passed between the legs and secured around the loins in much

DISEASES OF THE GENITAL ORGANS. 107

the same way a napkin is adjusted on a child. This treatment should be
persisted in until the crusts or scabs fall off. Should the skin then become
ulcerated, paint the sores lightly with carbolic acid, and afterwards apply
the oxide of zinc ointment.

During the local treatment it will be wise to give Fowler's solution of
arsenic, four drops twice daily with the food, which should be made up
largely of bread and milk, beef tea, and other unstimulating ingredients.

Mo<r<bid Growths.

Not infrequently as the result of balanitis, warts or vegetations appear
on the genitals of dogs. Other causes have been assigned, but in this sit-
uation they are doubtless induced by irritating discharges. They may
exist as a single excrescence or as a group of several united.

Treatment. — When the warts can be ligatured it is much safer ; removal
by scissors or knife usually results in a troublesome hemorrhage. A silk
thread should be used, well waxed or what is still better a fine elastic cord.
The tying should be done at the base of the wart around its pedicle, and
the string or cord be drawn tightly. This ligature will cut through in afew
days and the growth drop off. When there are several grouped together,
it would be better to tie but a few at a time.

The concentrated carbolic acid without admixture and applied with a
brush, is especially suited to warts. The animal can be prevented from
licking the parts for a few minutes and then a thorough washing will ren-
der poisoning impossible.

Prolapse of the VaGiwa.

Falling or inversion of the vagina is a consequence of general debility.
It is liable to follow whelping and to accompany congestive diseases of
the womb. This condition is sometimes observed during cestruation, dis-
appearing as that pex*iod passes.

The vaginal mucous membrane protrudes through the orifice having the
appearance of a red, soft, and shining body, which pressure readily
returns.

With the prolapse certain other symptoms are manifested. Pain and
discomfort are often considerable ; difficulty in passing water exists, and
at times the action of the bowels is interfered with.

Treatment. —No time should be lost in returning a prolapsed vagina,
as the longer the condition exists the more difficult it will be to remedy

108 DISEASES OF THE GENITAL ORGANS.

the trouble. Previous to making the attempt the protruded parts should
be thoroughly cleansed, dried and oiled. After their return, vaginal injec-
tions may be used of a solution made by adding one drachm of tannin to
a quart of water.

Constipation should be guarded against, as straining induces the pro-
lapse. The diet should be mild, unstimulating and digestible.

Tonic remedies are indicated to tone up the general system. The follow-
ing may be wisely given. —

R Pulv. Ferri gr.xx

Ext. Nucis Vomicae gr.r
Ext. Gentian® 3ss

Ext. Conii 3ss

Ft. Pil. No. xxx. Sig. One three times daily.

If the means advised prove insufficient after a fair trial, a surgeon should
be consulted and the treatment intrusted to him.

Pozypi of the VaGiwa.

Polypus is a word employed to signifj^ any sort of tumor having a neck
or stem and growing out from a surface.

The most frequent seat of polypi is the mucous membrane; attached to
the vaginal walls they are occasionally met with. Polypi in this situation
usually form deep within the passage and are attached by a narrow pedi-
cle. Their presence is rarely suspected until they appear in the orifice of
the vagina. They are then the cause of considerable discomfort, and give
rise to an irritating discharge. Even when of moderate size their presence
is disturbing; as they enlarge they expand the vagina and compress the
neighboring organs, causing urinary derangements, and may interfere
with the movements of the bowels.

Vaginal polypi are pear shaped, smooth, shining, of considerable con-
sistency, and devoid of sensation. Their attachment by a neck will ex-
clude all doubts as to diagnosis.

Treatment. —Their treatment requires an operation. Although their
removal is generally easy it would be advisable to intrust it to a surgeon
who will doubtless resort to ligation.

Inversion of the uterus is very rarely met with in canine practice, still
that it can occur should not be forgotten, as it might by the unskilled, be
mistaken for vaginal polypus. In inversion there appears within the va-
gina, and possibly protruding from the opening, a round, smooth, shin-
ing body, which, if long displaced, becomes permanently enlarged.

DISEASES OF THE GENITAL ORGANS. 209

£cute Metritis.

Acute inflammation of the uterus or womb is an exceedingly rare dis-
ease. The possibility of its occurrence warrants a brief consideration.

A traumatic origin such as a blow or a kick might cause metritis, but
quite unlikely. After whelping, if the labor has been long and exhausting,
or surgical measures have been employed, the liability to inflammation of
the womb is increased, especially if neglect or exposure follows.

Vaginal injections.if too hot or too cold, deserve mention as causative
agents.

Symptoms, —Fever is one of the earlier symptoms. Pain is prominent
and is increased on pressure over the lower part of the bowels. An exam-
ination made by introducing the finger into the vagina shows the womb
to be swollen and sensitive.

Vomiting is not an uncommon occurrence. Diarrhoea and frequent
efforts to urinate, are other ordinary symptoms. The movements of the
animal are stiff and painful.

The lining membrane of the womb is always involved in the inflamma-
tion, and as a result a vaginal discharge soon manifests itself. This is
purulent in character, rapidly assumes an extremely offensive odor, and
irritates the vaginal passage and orifice which becomes hot and swollen.
The disease is one of great gravity and especially so after whelping. If
death does not ensue early in consequence of the purulent changes going
on, the inflammation is liable to extend from the womb to the peritoneum,
in which event there can be little or no hope.

Treatment. — Opiates are indicated to control the pain. Unless vomit-
ing occurs, laudanum in twenty drop doses at first would be the wiser
preparation as it is easier to vary the quantity at will.

Warm vaginal injections may be frequently given, to which if the dis-
charge becomes fetid, carbolic acid should be added. The proportion of
acid should be about two teaspoonfuls to a quart of water. If necessary
to relieve constipation, rectal injections are the better means to employ;
if they prove insufficient, a dessertspoonful of castor oil should be given
every three hours until operative. Perfect quiet is to be enforced.

The diet should be stimulating and concentrated. Beef tea with a raw
egg should be given every two or three hours. If the pulse appears weak
and flagging, brandy should be added to the nourishment.

After the inflammatory stage has passed, ten drops of the fluid extract
of ergot may be given every six hours, and two grains of quinine four
times a day.

If a bitch has had the good fortune to recover from acute metritis, she
■hould not be bred until her second period.

110 DISEASES OF THE GENITAL ORGANS.

&FFECTIONS OF THE VULVA.

Bitches are occasionally affected with a mucous or purulent discharge
froin the parts at the entrance of the vagina, independent of any deeper
seated inflammation. This affection resembles balanitis in the dog.

It is to be remembered that in metritis, vaginitis, and ulcerations of the
womb, a purulent discharge exists, and the vulva becomes inflamed and
possibly excoriated. All doubts as to the existence of these diseases are
to be removed, and when vulvitis alone exists, the same remedies are to
be used as advised in balanitis.

About the vulva there is liable to appear certain morbid growths, occa-
sioning the animal considerable annoyance and pain. If small they should
be cut off or, which is better, ligatured and then cauterized to prevent their
reproduction.

On the external genitals of bitches there possibly may occur ulcerations
and various enlargements, the natures and causes of which it will be diffi-
cult to understand; purulent discharges, want of cleanliness and proper
treatment, with a generally impoverished state of the system are the more
active agents.

In a general way treatment may be said to consist of perfect cleanliness,
tonic remedies, astringents, and efficient cauterization.

CH&PTE® X.

DISEASES OF THE EYE.

OPHTHazMia.

The conjunctiva is the mucous membrane of the eye. It lines the inner
surface of the eyelids, is returned and forms a covering to the exposed
part of the eyeball. This membrane is subject to inflammation to which
the name ophthalmia is given.

Causation . —Many causes can be assigned for the disease under consid-
eration. Local irritation as injuries from scratches and blows, or foreign
particles becoming lodged in the eye; disorders of digestion; cold and
damp; inverted eyelashes; and various derangements of the general
health are among the more prominent causes.

The disease may be induced by a close, damp atmosphere, saturated with
animal vapor, such as may be noticed in stables improperly ventilated
and neglected.

Certain forms of ophthalmia are both capable of being produced by
contact with the purulent secretion, and by exposure to floating particles
of pus in tainted air. As an instance, dogs may be kept in adjoining ken-
nels with no possibility of direct communication by actual contact, and
yet the atmosphere may convey impurities and the disease be transmitted.
Symptoms.— -In common or catarrhal ophthalmia the symptoms are at
first an intolerance of light, and a flow of tears on exposure of the eye,
followed by a thin purulent discharge, which in severe cases becomes
thick and possibly contagious.

The conjunctiva changes to bright scarlet red; more or less pain is pres-
ent, and considerable difficulty will be encountered in making an exami-
nation. As a rule no constitutional symptoms are associated.

In purulent ophthalmia the inflammation is violent from the first, and a
thick purulent discharge soon appears, often the commencement of the
disease. The conjunctiva becomes intensely red; the eyelids swell and
are glued together, confining the purulent secretion, and rendering con-
stant local applications more urgent.

112 DISEASES OF THE EYE.

In the severer forms of ophthalmia there is considerable constitutional
disturbance with prostration, some fever, hot nose, constipation, and the
usual signs of inflammation.

Prognosis . — In milder cases the disease is very readily controlled, and
a complete recovery without injury to the sight of the eye maybe con-
templated. In purulent ophthalmia with severer symptoms, the affection
may lead to ulceration or sloughing of the anterior coat of the eye, and
inflammation of the internal parts of the eyeball.

Treatment. — Great attention should be paid to cleanliness from the
first, and the discharge should be continuously washed away with warm
water, and a soft sponge cut in the shape of a wedge, the sharpened edge
of which may be used to enter between the lids and thoroughly cleanse
all parts. In the milder cases, after carefully bathing the eye, a wash
made of borax and camphor water, ten grains of tbe former to an ounce
of the latter should be used freely, and as often as possible. Once a
day the following should be applied.—

R Argent. Kit. gr.ij
Aquas Distil. gi
Ft. Mist. Sig. Eye wash. Apply with a camel's-hair brush.
To prevent the edges of the lids sticking together fresh lard can be used.
In severer cases the bowels of the animal should be freely moved by an
active purgative, and the diet reduced to milk, broths, and gruels.

Confinement in a darkened room is essential, and constant, unremitting
care maybe necessary to save the deeper stx*uctures of the eye from injury.
The eye should be carefully washed out eveiy hour, and the borax and
camphor water used very freely. The nitrate of silver solution may be
introduced once daily, and in addition to this treatment there should be
dropped into the eye morning and night, a few drops of the following
mixture.—

R AtropisB Sulph. gr.i
Aquae § ss

Ft. Mist. Sig. Poison. Use with care.
After the fever has subsided the diet should be generous, and one grain
of quinine should be given four times daily, and if the animal becomes
debilitated, a dessertspoonful of cod liver oil should be mixed with his
food.

Notwithstanding the most careful treatment of cases of acute ophthal-
mia some will pass into the chronic form of the disease. In which event
a cure is difficult, and recovery long delayed. The nitrate of siver solution .
should be persisted in, or the sulphate of zinc, of the same proportion,
substituted. Blisters to the temples should be applied, and by pure air and
ample exercise, the general health be improved.

DISEASES OF THE EYE. US

I&ITIS.

The iris ( a rainbow ) has received its name from the varied color it pre-
sents. It is a thin, circular shaped, contractile curtain suspended in front
of the lens, being perforated by an aperture, the pupil, for the transmis-
sion of light.

The perfection of the eye is very much increased by the action of this
curtain. In a strong light the pupil contracts and shuts out the superfluous
rays; in a feeble light it dilates in order to admit into the eye all the light
which can be received.

The iris is liable to inflammation. While the name iritis is used to indi-
cate a distinct affection, it is rarely that inflammation is confined to the
iris alone, but parts anterior to it, and the deeper structures behind it are
involved.

Causation. —The affection may be the result of injuries, over-exertion,
or caused by various morbid states of the blood.

Symptoms . —The white of the eye changes to a bright pink hue. The
iris at first becomes indistinct, losing its color; the pupil is contracted,
and its inner edges are irregular. In the next stage, one of effusion, the sur-
face appears in some cases rusty ; in others a film closes the pupil. In very
acute cases the conjunctiva becomes affected by the inflammation. Pain,
restlessness, intolerance of light, and excessive flow of tears are the com-
mon associate symptoms.

^Prognosis. —If the disease is of recent origin the prognosis is favorable.
If it has existed for a long time and came on slowly and insidiously, the
chances of recovery without impairment of sight are doubtful.

Treatment. —To allay pain, and quiet restlessness, paregoric in tea-
spoonful doses can be given. To subdue inflammation, the bowels should
be moved freely by epsom salts, and the diet be restricted to milk, brotbs,
raw eggs, etc.

To preserve the pupil entire, it should be kept well dilated by means of
a solution of the sulphate of atropine (gr. i ad. aquae distil. 3i. ) Of this a
few drops should enter the eye morning and night.

If the animal is full blooded, strong and hardy, " Gray powder" in one
grain doses may properly be given three times a day between the feedings.
This mercurial should only be continued for four or five days. After the
acute inflammation has subsided, the iodide of potassium may be given
three times daily in three grain doses. If the animal is debilitated the
syrup of the iodide of iron is advised in ten drop doses at each feeding.
If the need is apparent cod liver oil may also be added to the treatment.
The tonics should be persisted in until the film disappears, leaving the
pupil clear.

1 14 DISEASES OF TEE EYE.

CaraRacT,

The definition of the term cataract is an opacity of the crystalline lens,
or of its capsule, or of both.

To render this more intelligible it is necessary to briefly consider the
anatomy of this portion of the eye. The crystalline lens is a transparent,
double convex body, situated immediately behind the pupil. The func-
tion of this lens is to produce distinct perception of form and outline, and
to accommodate the eye to vision at different distances.

The capsule of the lens is a transparent and highly elastic membrane
■which closely surrounds it.

Causation. —Cataract, especially capsular, maybe caused by wounds
and injuries to the lens, its capsule, or to the eye itself. It is attributed to
inflammation, and has been produced artificially in animals by modifying
the constitution of the blood. From this it is to be inferred that certain
derangements of circulation and the general system may induce cataract.

Two forms of cataract are recognized, the soft and the hard; the latter
is peculiar to advanced age.

Symptoms. —In cataract of the capsule, there will be seen behind the
pupil a non-transparent body of a gray, dead white ; if cataract of the lens
exists, the body will be bluish-white or amber colored.

After a certain age an unaffected lens acquires a yellow color, then
changes to an amber.

In hard cataract the cloudiness appears in this already discolored lens,
and great impairment of vision may result before the grayness is plainly
evident on a superficial examination.

Treatment. —When the characteristic changes in the eye are detected,
every means to improve the general health should be resorted to. Tonics
if indicated are to be given, and selected as the need is manifest.

The employment of the most judicious methods can have no other influ-
ence on the disease than to possibly retard its progress. Nothing can
exert a curative influence excepting the knife of a surgeon.

The writer recalls an interesting case in which the condition of the eye
of a dog presented unusual appearances. The affection was confined to
one side. On the first examination nothing abnormal could be detected.
An hour later the animal was seen and the lens had become opaque and
a bright red color. In a few hours the opacity disappeared and the eye
again seemed unaffected. These peculiar changes the owner of the dog
had observed for some months.

The general health of the animal was excellent, his usefulness in the field
remained unimpaired.

DISEASES OF THE EYE. 115

&Mau<Rosis.

The meaning of the term amaurosis is imperfect vision, depending on
changes in the deeper structures of the eye. The name "gutta serena" is
sometimes given to the same affection, suggested by the peculiar glassy
appearance of the eye, which while it remains clear loses its expression
and becomes staring.

The manner and staggering gait of the animal suggest dimness of sight. '
Causation. — Certain forms of amaurosis maybe caused by long con-
tinued illnesses and other debilitating circumstances. Others may super-
vene upon severe digestive and liver disturbances, and possibly where
worms exist.

Amam-osis sometimes arises from wounds of the head, blows, etc. Cer-
tain poisons can induce the affection.

Symptoms. — In severe cases the sight becomes suddenly dim and the
animal is soon totally blind. More often the changes are gradual, and im-
pairment of vision progresses by slow degrees. The uncertain, hesitating
gait at first atti-acts attention. The eye then may show but little change
from the normal, but as the disease progresses the pupils become dilated,
the eye clearer and expressionless. Even when only one eye is at first
affected, the other eventually becomes similarly diseased through sym-
pathy.

Treatment. —In certain conditions a sudden attack of amaurosis may
occur and be recovered from.

In cases where the changes are by slow degrees, the chances are the
least encouraging. Were it possible to clearly determine the cause in
each instance, much might result from proper medication.

In but a very few cases can positive indications for treatment be discov-
ered, and the only evident duty will be to improve the general health, and
treat symptoms.

Intestinal troubles are to be overcome ; the animal treated for worms, if
a suspicion of their presence exists; the body sustained and nourished;
more and better blood generated; and a long course of iron and strych-
nine is advised after all known causes are remedied.

The following pill is a combination of these drugs. —
R Ferri Phosphas. 3iss
Strychnise gr.ss

Ft. Pil. No. xl. Sig. Dose one twice daily.

The fact that loss of sight occurs in a number of diseases, among them
acute and chronic meningitis, should not be forgotten. Those affections
present such characteristic symptoms, the danger of confounding them
with amaurosis seems well nigh impossible.

116 DISEASES OF THE EYE.

<P<ROT<BUSION OF THE EYE<B&LL.

This condition fortunately is but rarely encountered. Displacement of
the eyeball from its socket is usually the result of direct violence received
in fighting.

Simple protrusion without laceration of the attachments of the eye can,
if recent, be easily overcome. The eye should be returned as soon as pos-
sible. Bathing with warm milk and water will remove dust and all
impurities which may have collected on the parts, and a little sweet oil
then applied renders the reduction easier. An assistant will be needed to
open as widely as possible the eyelids, and it may be necessary to draw
the upper one well forward with a pair of forceps. Firm, steady, but gentle
pressure should be made on the eyeball, and maintained until it returns
to its socket, or until evident its reduction is doubtful. When this is
apparent the outer corner of the eye should be snipped with the scissors
to enlarge the opening, a method which will generally prove sufficient
when reduction is again attempted.

The lids should be drawn together by a stitch after the eye is returned,
and the parts constantly bathed with cold water.

L&CHIIYM&L tf<P<P£@£TVS.

The tears are produced in glands situated at upper part of the cavity of
the eye, and opening by ducts upon the surface of the conjunctiva between
the eyeball and upper lid. The office of the tears is to keep the parts over
which they are diffused moist and polished, and to preserve their trans-
parency.

The movements of the lids spread the tears uniformly over the eyeball;
they are then conducted off through the lachrymal canals, and are finally
discharged into the nasal passages. The lachrymal glands are occasion-
ally subject to inflammations.

In some affections there is an over secretion of tears, and in others a
deficiency, and a consequent dryness of the eyes. In cases of the former,
the eyes should be carefully examined for foreign bodies or inverted eye-
lashes. If the irritability apparently results from an impoverished and
debilitated state of the system, tonics should be given. When the secre-
tion of tears is scanty and the eye dry in consequence, glycerin should be
occasionally applied.

Fistula lachrymalis signifies an ulcerous opening in the lachrymal
sack. It is the ordinary consequence of obstruction of the nasal duct, the

DISEASES OF THE EYE. 117

symptom of which is a persistent watering of the eye. Inflammation fol-
lows this stoppage, resulting in an abscess, which bursting causes the
fistulous aperture from which the name of the affection is derived.

The treatment of this condition demands the skill of an experienced
surgeon.

&FFECTIONS OF THE H&W.

In the inner corner of the eye is a semilunar fold of the mucous
membrane, the cavity of which is directed outwards. This is called the
membrana nictitans, and resembles somewhat the third eyelid in birds.

The purpose of this structure is to protect the eye, and by it dust and
irritants are swept, as it were, from the eyeball.

This membrane is subject to inflammations resulting from injuries, irri-
tants, and possibly constitutional diseases. During the existence of an
inflammation the part becomes red and swollen, partially covering the
eyeball obstructing the sight, and giving rise to a profuse flow of tears.
Considerable pain often attends the affection, which if persistent may
result in a permanent enlargement of the membrane, and consequent
unsightly deformity, as well as becoming a source of inconvenience and
annoyance to the animal.

Treatment. —The acute inflammation should be controlled by frequent
bathing and the use of the following.—

R Zinci Sulph. gr.iij

Aquse 5 ij

Ft. Mist. Sig. Drop into the eye three or four times daily.

This astringent lotion or the use of borax and camphor water, ten grains
of the former to one ounce of the latter, will in nearly all cases prove
sufficient. When the swelling of the membrane first appears, if treatment
be at once applied, the affection should yield very readily. Other causes
than those acting locally, should be sought for and removed. The pres-
ence of constitutional disorders is highly probable when both eyes are
affected; in such cases it is usual to find the general health of the ani-
mal much impaired. Dogs confined between decks, on long voyages, in-
differently cared for and having insufficient exercise, sometimes contract
the disease. The usual treatment by kennel-men is frequent bathing with
warm milk. This has its advantages, but should not displace the astrin-
gent lotion advised.

If the enlargement of the membrane does not readily lessen under the
use of applications, it should be snipped with blunt scissors.

118 DISEASES OF THE EYE.

&FFECTIOJYS OF THE EYELIDS.

An eczematous inflammation frequently occurs on the edges of the ej-e-
lids, they becoming incrusted with dried secretion and sticking together.

This affection maybe acute, accompanied with some pain and soreness;
more commonly it is chronic and associated with" general eczema, obsti-
nate in character and attended with itching. This affection is more
commonly observed in debilitated animals, suffering from digestive dis-
orders and liver derangements. It may lead to ulceration of the eyelids
and disease of the roots of the hair.

The health should be restored, and local cleanliness insisted upon. Once
or twice daily around the edges of the lids should be applied the following
ointment. —

R Ungt. Hydrarg. Nit. 3i
Ungt. Simplicis 3 ij

Ft. Ungt. Sig. Apply with care, allowing none to enter the eye,

Parasites sometimes lodge about the roots of the eyelashes, and produce
an obstinate itching which eventually results in an eczematous condition.
The mercurial ointment advised above will destroy the insects and over-
come the irritation.

CH&<PTE<R XL
DISEASES OF THE Eti<&.

Canker.

The term canker is certainly a convenient one, as the older authors
found it quite sufficient to designate a variety of affections of the ear, dis-
tinct in character, occurring in different locations, and arising from a
variety of causes. Some recent writers have attempted a different classi-
fication, but their selections are equally objectionable, and it seems
expedient to still recognize the term canker sanctioned by common
acceptation.

The disease is really an inflammation of the lining membrane of the
auditory canal or passage, which extends from the large cavity of the ex-
ternal ear inward to the drum membrane.

Causation. — Among the many causes which may be assigned as induc-
ing canker are cold, digestive disorders, improper food, over feeding with
insufficient exercise, the accumulation of the natural secretion in the ear,
and possibly, "blows.

It may accompany skin diseases, or it may be a sequel of any exhaust-
ing illness. During a long run and when overheated, dogs will frequently
plunge in stagnant pools, and dirt and mud will lodge in the outer ear and
give rise to the affection.

Eruptions sometimes appear on dogs suffering from a prolonged and
severe attack of distemper. The passages to the ears are often invaded by
these pustules, and canker results,

Symptoms . —Unless the ears of dogs are frequently and carefully exam-
ined, the affection is likely to have existed for some days before attention
is attracted. The symptoms observed in an animal suffering from canker
are his restlessness, frequent scratching of his ear, and violent shaking of
his head. On examination the skin in the outermost part of the ear pas-
sage is found red, hot, and some swollen.

The irritation may be confined to the parts forming the external cavity,
a condition designated by some as " external canker."

120 CANKER.

The tendency of the disease is to invade the innermost portions of the
tube, becoming then the so called " internal canker."

The disease may have its origin either without or deep within the pas-
sage. In the latter little or no redness or swelling will be visible, but an
offensive odor and a discharge is characteristic evidence.

The inflammation if uncontrolled results in an ulceration, recovery from
which is often tedious and delayed.

Treatment. — It is difficult for the writer to appreciate why the older
authors gave to canker that importance with which they invested it in
their works on canine diseases.

No less amazing is the treatment they employed, which possibly is a
solution of the enigma, for remedies such as many advised, could only
have aggravated the disease and retarded recovery.

The first law to be religiously complied with is perfect cleanliness; very
many cases in their early stages will yield to that treatment alone.

This fact must be remembered in the selection of medicines to be applied
within the ear, no more delicate organ exists in the body, and none are
more easily injured by wanton applications. An eminent aurist once
thus advised a patient, who was addicted to using a small ear spoon to clear
the passage. " Never put anything into your ear but your elbow," advice
which if followed, would materially lessen suffering and save many their
hearing unimpaired.

To insure cleanliness the outer ear should be frequently sponged with
soap of an unirritating nature, and warm water. If the passage has been
invaded by the inflammation, water must be gently injected, sufficient in
quantity to remove all discharge and everything foreign within. It mat-
ters little the syringe used, provided it be large and easily managed ; those
small glass affairs are an abomination. The ear should be syringed several
times daily and after the operation the following used. —

R Acid. Carbolici 3 ss
Glycerin® % ss

Aquas Sijss

Ft. Mist. Sig. Drop a little in the ear.

Neither this nor any other application should be used cold, but it should
be of the same temperature as the body.

In syringing the water should be warm ; a good method to estimate
properly how hot it can be comfortably borne by the animal, is for the
operator to inject some against his own cheek, which is far more sensitive
than his hand.

If frequent syringing does not relieve the pain and itching, it will be
well to use the following —

DISEASES OF THE EAR. 121

R Bromo-Chlorali

Tr. Opii aa 3 i

Aquae 3 vi

Ft. Mist. Sig. Drop in the ear.
This preparation can be alternated with the first one advised, using one,
then two or three hours later the other.

When there is much discharge the powdered boracic acid dropped in the
ear is productive of good results.

If canker is confined to the outer cavity and flap of the ear, accessible to
direct application, stronger remedies can be safely used. If the parts are
simply red and inflamed, cleanliness and applications of the following
will suffice.—

R Acid Carbolic! 3*
Glycerinae Ji

Ft. Mist. Sig. Paint the affected part several times daily after sponging.

If an ulceration exists, it will be well to cauterize with the stick nitrate
of silver or concentrated carbolic acid, after which the paint can be
applied.

While recognizing the fact that in a majority of cases of canker there is
some associate general affection which demands treatment, the need to
follow the stereotyped rule of first giving a cathartic is not appreciated
by the writer, unless the conditions are favorable and there is good and
sufficient reason for it.

If the animal is overfed and plethoric, or if some fever attends, then
certainly a purgative is demanded; but if on the other hand he is debilita-
ted by a long illness, or some rapidly exhausting disease, it were much
better withheld.

In debility, iron, quinine, or cod liver oil with a generous and nutritious
diet is indicated.

Whatever disease may be associated, its treatment is not influenced by
the presence of canker, but constitutional remedies are to be administered
as the need is manifested.

122 DISEASES OF THE EAR.

Otitis, Me<di& o<R Interna.

It is to be understood that the membrana tympani, or drum membrane
of the ear, is the division between the so-called external and middle ear.
In treating of the affection which we were obliged to call canker, owing
to the difficulty and inconvenience of displacing it, inflammations of the
external ear were alone considered. There remains affections of the tym-
panum and internal ear to be described.

Otitis is strictly the proper name to apply to inflammations of the ear in
general ; to this may be added terms to distinctly designate the particular
locality and structure affected.

In a general way the ear may be divided thus : external, middle or inter-
nal. Still other subdivisions might be made, but they are needless in this
work and would simply tend to confuse the reader. The middle ear is the
space internal to the drum membrane, and the internal ear is beyond that
and comprises the deeper structures. Properly inflammations of the ear
should be denominated thus : otitis externa, media or interna.

As the first has already been considered as canker, there now remains to
be described otitis, media or interna. In this disease the cavity of the ear
becomes inflamed, involving the drum and generally the external ear, and
invading the cells and inner structures. The inflammation may be con-
fined to the mucous membrane alone, or with it the membrane covering
the bone and even the bone itself may become affected.

Causation . —The usual causes are exposure to cold, sudden chills such
as may result from plunging into the water and remaining too long, vio-
lent injuries and blows in the region of the ear, and foreign bodies in the
external passage. Powerful chemical liquids which have been poured
into the ear, accidentally or for the purpose of treatment, may so irritate
the drum that deep seated inflammation will result.

The disease may have its origin in the middle ear or it may follow the
profuse purulent discharge of a severe attack of canker, which Anally
ulcerates through the drum and gains entrance to the cavity within.

Certain constitutional conditions and disturbances furnish predispos-
ing causes for this affection. When the blood is impoverished and the
system debilitated by long tedious illnesses, otitis is more prone to occur.

Symptoms . —The disease almost always commences suddenly, attack-
ing one ear, but never both at the same time. Pain which marks the inva-
sion of the inflammation is intense and rapidly increasing in severity,
eventually becoming so torturing as to cause the animal to shake his head
violently, rub his ear along the ground, and utter incessant, sharp, shrill,
car piercing cries. He seems distracted and cannot be tranquillized.

These violent local symptoms are attended with disturbances of the

OTITIS, MEDIA OR INTERNA. 123

general system, fever, hard and rapid pulse, great thirst, and entire loss
of appetite.

In some cases the animal seems delirious, so maddening is the pain
which tortures him. Great tenderness exists on the affected side, and an
examination will be made with difficulty. The passage to the ear will he
found more or less reddened, swollen, dry, hot, and sensitive.

These painful symptoms may last five or six days ; before the expiration
of this time, death may in rare instances take place from convulsions, or
possibly an extension of the disease to the brain.

If the animal lives, matter forms within the middle ear, and at last the
membrana tympani ulcerates, or ruptures and pus streaked with blood is
discharged by the external ear. This discharge is odorless at first but in
three or four days becomes highly offensive.

After an opening is made the more violent symptoms subside. In some
cases the discharge persists for a time and then disappears; the hole
made in the membrane closes, and a cure is affected with but little loss of
hearing. More commonly the small bones of the ear are discharged with
pieces of other bones which have necrosed or been destroyed, and a cure
takes place with almost a complete loss of hearing. In other cases the
brain may become affected by the extension of the disease and death
result.

In rare instances instead of the matter discharging through the external
ear, it may so affect the deeper cells and structure that a swelling back of
the ear appears ; an abscess forms which eventually opens and thus allows
the pus to escape.

During the progress of otitis the general system suffers severely, debil-
ity becomes marked, emaciation is progressive, the animal is slowly
wearing out.

Treatment . —The intense severity of the pain demands the use of opi-
ates, and fifteen drops of laudanum should be given every two or three
hours as needed. Hot applications if they can be made to the side of the
head, may aid slightly in relieving the suffering. During the inflamma-
tory stage, the bowels should be kept open by two or three teaspoonfuls
of epsom salts given as needed. It is to be remembered the disease occurs
more often in debilitated animals, and the effort to nourish and sustain
should be early commenced.

If nourishment is not taken voluntarily, the sufferer should be forced to
swallow concentrated beef tea, broths, milk, and raw eggs. Two grains
of quinine may wisely be given three times a day. After the discharge
appears, absolute cleanliness should be enforced. The ear should be gently
syringed every two or three hours, and if much odor exists, the drops
recommended in canker should be used after each injection. As the odor

124 DISEASES OF THE EAR.

disappears, and if the discharge remains profuse, after syringing the ear
with warm water, an astringent injection of alum and w-ater, one half a
drachm of the former to an ounce of the latter may he used.

If pieces of bone appear in the discharge, sulphate of copper five grains
to an ounce of water may be injected instead of the alum.

After a time as a substitute tor the medicated injections, boracic acid
may be freely dusted into the ear after a thorough syringing with warm
water.

As the appetite returns the most nourishing diet should be allowed,
consisting largely of raw beef. Cod liver oil in dessertspoonful doses
should be given three times daily, and instead of quinine, the citrate of
iron and ammonia may be given in four grain doses with the oil.

By improving the tone of the blood, nourishingthe body, and sustaining
the strength of the animal, a cure of the local affection may be accom-
plished.

POZYPVS.

The term polypus includes two forms of diseased growths. The first is
extremely rare ; it is nearly colorless, fleshy in appearance, and attached
by a stalk to the middle of the external ear. Its surface is smooth ; it is
devoid of sensibility, and often unattended by any discharge. This form
of polypus is the result of inflammatory changes wThich usually subside
before the groAvth appears.

The second form is not uncommon; it is the immediate consequence of
inflammation and is invariably attended by a discharge. By some it is
called the bleeding polypus or haematoid ; it varies in size and may be-
come sufficiently large to appear at the outer opening of the ear. Its
surface is rough and glistening, and deep red in color. It is almost gelati-
nous in substance, is exceedingly sensitive, and bleeds easily. This form
of growth has usually a deeper origin near the drum of the ear, and is
more commonly a consequence of otitis, media or interna.

Symptoms . — Constitutional symptoms are present in certain cases of
polypus; in others none appear. If they are large growths and attended
with pain, the animal by his manner indicates the seat of the disease as
in canker. The local symptoms are profuse, offensive discharges, tiuged
with blood.

If a dog has experienced an attack of otitis, media or interna, and four
or five weeks later .notwithstanding treatment^ discharge persists, puru-
lent, bloody, and of very offensive odor, it is strongly indicative of the
existence of a polypus of the second form. An examination with a spec-

DISEASES OF THE EAR. 126

ulum renders a diagnosis easy, even when the polypus is forming and very
small.

Treatment. —Efforts should be made to improve the general health, and
relieve the local condition which first induced the formation of the poly-
pus. Perfect cleanliness by injections, the use of powdered alum, or
boracic acid dropped into the ear, may cause the growth to waste and be-
come detached. If this treatment is unsuccessful a skilled aurist should
be consulted.

(Deafness.

Impairment or loss of hearing power is more commonly the result of
organic changes. Very rarely deafness depends upon certain constitu-
tional disturbances, there being an entire absence of all symptoms
indicative of inflammation.

Certain drugs such as quinine, taken in veiy large doses, and persisted
in for a long time, have been known to induce deafness. In young dogs
this is generally transitory, but in older the impairment may be permanent.

The more common cause is otitis, media or interna, or some organic
change in the auditory nerve, possibly induced by blows on the head, or
sympathetic with disease of the brain.

In very rare instances a catarrhal inflammation of the middle ear may
be excited and subside without the occurrence of purulent changes, leav-
ing a chronic irritation which eventually causes a thickening of the drum
membrane, and impaired hearing power in the affected ear.

Accumulations in the external passage may cause deafness, at first me-
chanically, and ultimately by pressure inducing disease, and permanent
injury of the parts acted upon. Some puppies are imperfect at whelp, the
sense of hearing being entirely absent.

Treatment. —Excepting in cases where the deafness is due to accumu-
lations in the external ear, the results of treatment will prove negative.
If congenital, positively nothing can be done. If the drum membrane
has been perforated, a judicious treatment of otitis will favor a closing of
the opening, and the hearing power will in a measure be restored.

The deafness of old dogs admits of little or no improvement. Catarrhal
inflammation of the middle ear generally results in a chronic disease very
difficult to cure, and for which there is no treatment which will promise
much. When organic nerve deafness exists, the condition is due to paral-
ysis and should be treated as such. Where the cause is obscure or due to
evident constitutional disturbances, efforts should be made to tone up the
system, thereby improving the general health. Where deafness is sus-
pected the ears should be well syringed and then carefully examined.

126 DISEASES OF THE EAR.

Affections of the Fl&<p of the Ea<R.

Abscesses occasionally form in. the flap of the ear. They may occur
without any apparent cause but are more commonly the result of blows
or tugging at the ear. The constant shaking of the head induced by canker
may be sufficient to give rise to abscesses.

Their contents are usually watery in character and they have the pecu-
liar baggy appearance of large blisters. An opening should be made in
the lowest part of the abscesses; this must be large and free, and kept open
until the sack has entirely closed. This treatment and perfect cleanliness
will ordinarily be quite sufficient. If matter forms and a running sore
results, the oxide of zinc ointment will readily heal it.

At times an eczema of the flap occurs independently of a general mani-
festation of the disease. This condition if not induced by constant scratch-
ing is almost always aggravated by it. The treatment of this affection is
identical with that of mange.

A dry, scaly condition of the external passage of the ear involving the
inner portion of the flap may exist, and often follows acute inflammations
of that organ. The affection annoys the animal exceedingly, induces
constant scratching. In the treatment the following will be found effica-
cious.—

R Zinci Sulphocarb. gr. vi
Aquae § i

Ft. Mist. Sig. Drop in the ear three or four times daily.
At night it will be well to freely apply this ointment to the external
parts affected.—

R Ungt, Hydrarg. 3 i

Ungt. Simp. 5 iij

Ft. Ungt. Sig. External use.
Constitutional derangements should be sought for, and if found, are to be
treated as the need is manifest.

Othematoma or blood tumor of the ear is a foi-m of disease said to affect
dogs, an account of its occurrence in which,has been given by Mr. S. Ogier
Ward. Wilde states that he observed the trouble in a valuable pointer.

The cat is rather more liable to the affection. One case has been de-
scribed where the entire auricle was swollen out, the affected organ
forming a long pointed tumor. The effusion was gradually absorbed, thick-
ened, and shrivelled. In this instance the presence of a cutaneous trouble
at the upper and back part of the auricle was noted.

CH&<PTE<R XII.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

ECZEM&.

Eczema is a disease of the skin which first appears either as minute
blisters, pimples, or small elevations covering pus; these three forms may
more conveniently he designated the vesicular, papular, or pustular. The
first is the more common form, and the vesicles are minute, transparent,
and glistening ; slightly elevated, and pressed together in irregular patches
with little or no redness between. The fluid in the vesicles soon becomes
gummy and cloudy ; it may be absorbed but is more commonly discharged ;
adheres to the surface, dries rapidly, and forms crusts beneath which is
the beginning of the disease.

The skin becomes reddened, moist, and swollen. Successive crops of
vesicles form, the discharge from which is a constant source of inflamma-
tion, and the disease spreads showing different stages in different parts.
The progress of the pustules is identical with that of the vesicles.

When the disease appears in the form of papules, they either change
into vesicles and run the course described, or they dry into scales and
crusts.

Eczema rubrum, eczema squamosum, and other terms are used to desig-
nate certain forms of the disease belonging to the subsequent stages. In
the first the skin is reddened and inflamed in patches covered with shining
vesicles; in the latter the eruption is dry and scaly.

Pityriasis rubra is a form of eczema rarely met with. It is characterized
by a skin reddened in large patches, and covered with branny crusts or
scales, which if removed the skin will be found dry and reddened, but not
bleeding. This disease usually attacks the whole surface of the body, and
is distinguished by its obstinacy and tendency to recur.

Eczema simplex is the term used to designate the mildest form of the
disease yielding more readily to treatment. Numberless subdivisions have
been made by authors who have chosen terms to designate different varie-
ties of eczema having more or less perfectly marked stages, but they

128 ECZEMA.

merely represent the different forms of the disease in various situations
and subjected to dissimilar influences.

Eczema may be acute or chronic ; the latter form is far more frequent
and may attack every portion of the body, while the former may be con-
fined to certain locations. A1J forms of the disease are accompanied with
intolerable itching.

Causation. —Eczemas are in part primary diseases and in part sympto-
matic. The primary result from immediate irritation of the skin, as
caused by acrid medicated applications in ointments, etc., by extremes of
temperature, and by mechanical injuries affecting the skin directly. Cro-
ton oil, strong mercurial ointments, alkaline soaps, iodine, etc., when
applied are frequent causes of eczema. Mechapical causes are illustrated
by the irritation of the skin produced by the nails in scratching; eczema
accompanying parasitic diseases is generated in this way. Prolonged,
very hot baths are sufficient in some cases to induce the disease under
consideration.

The symptomatic causes are not so apparent; we know that attacks of
eczema occur in consequence of certain internal diseases, but their anal-
ogy has never been positively determined. Among the symptomatic
causes are indigestion, injudicious feeding, want of exercise, and impov-
erished blood.

Eczema frequently appears as a sequel to long exhaustive illnesses, and
is very often associated with liver derangements. In highly nervous tem-
peraments there seems to exist a predisposition to eczema, and " in-
breeding " has been condemned as a possible cause. That the disease is
hereditary as asserted by some has never been clearly proven. That want
of cleanliness might possibly induce the affection can be readily appreci-
ated. An excess of animal food is another cause assigned, but further
proof is necessary before this can be accepted as indisputable. The feeding
of starchy food in excess induces disturbances of the nutritive functions,
and eczema frequently results.

Worms by intestinal irritation and other influences on the system might
give rise to the affection. Puppies during the period of dentition some-
times suffer eczematous attacks. Many other causes have been assigned,
and many cases occur, the origin of which it is impossible to explain.

Eczema is not contagious, but in certain stages when the secretion is
profuse, the disease can be communicated by actual contact of a sufficient
duration. To be more explicit a healthy dog might be allowed to play
with one affected with eczema, and be many times in momentary contact
without acquiring the disease ; but were they allowed to occupy the same
sleeping-box, and the healthy skin of one remain sufficiently long in con-
tact, with the diseased skin of the other, from which there exuded a profuse

DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 129

secretion, through this secretion the disease could be transmitted and the
previously healthy animal become eczematous.

Prognosis . —Eczema is a curable disease. An animal once attacked is
liable to be again affected. In longhaired dogs the disease will prove more
rebellious and difficult to cure. In pityriasis rubra, certain degenerative
changes occur in the skin, rendering a cure of that form of the disease
exceedingly difficult.

Treatment. —While the internal treatment of eczema is positively essen-
tial in very many cases, it must not be employed indiscriminately, but
only after a diagnosis of the disease associated is determined beyond a
reasonable doubt. The connection with diseases of the internal organs
may not be clear at first, but careful study will ultimately develop a clue
sufficient to direct internal medication; until then it were wiser to depend
entirely upon external remedies.

When eczema first appears especially in puppies, considerable fever is
associated and a laxative is indicated. It were better to increase the activ-
ity of the bowels by divided doses rather than administer purges. Epsom
salts or calcined magnesia are to be preferred; the dose of the former, two
teaspoonfuls, of the latter, one teaspoonful, once or twice daily until the
fever subsides, after which they are to be given cautiously if at all, as
intestinal derangement and debility will result from their prolonged use.

In rare instances cases will be met with in which a feverish condition
exists for a long time, the animal being full blooded and of inflammable
tendency. In such cases a restricted diet and the use of laxatives is indi-
cated; to obviate depression iron should be combined as in the following—

R Magnesise Sulphatis 5 i

Ferri Sulphatis 3*i

Acid. Sulph. Aromatici §ss
Aquge 5 viss

Ft. Mist. Sig. One teaspoonful three times daily.

When dogs are reduced nutrition must be improved, and the most gener-
ous diet be allowed into which meat largely enters, and it may be given
cooked or raw. If the loss of weight is very marked, cod liver oil in table-
spoonful doses should be added to each feeding.

In cases of debility an iron tonic is indicated, and if the skin eruption
has existed for sometime, Fowler's solution of arsenic may be combined
as follows —

R Ferri et Ammon. Cit. §i
Sol. Fowleri 5ij

Ft. Mist. Sig. Four drops three times daily with the food.
Very many cases will be met with where this preparation of iron and

130 ECZEMA.

arsenic, also cod liver oil, should be given at the same time. Frequently
loss of appetite is a prominent symptom which demands especial treat-
ment first, and before other internal remedies can be employed.
„ In such cases quinine in two grain doses four times a day should be
given, and the animal urged to eat raw beef, milk, beef teas, etc., and if
partaken of sparingly he should be tempted with food every few hours.

When gastric derangements exist, they should be treated as advised in
indigestion.

One cause of eczema which the writer does not recall having seen men-
tioned, and which he desires to dwell upon, is to be found in torpor of the
liver and other hepatic derangements. Cases have been observed by him
which have proved obstinate, and remedy after remedy has been used
without success until treatment was especially directed to the liver, and
then improvement immediately followed. When a sluggish action of this
organ is suspected, it would be well to discontinue other internal remedies
and give the following —

R Mass. Hydrarg. gr.iv
Pulv. Ipecac. gr.i

Ext. Taraxaci 3ss

Ft. Pil. No. xij. Sig. Dose one three times daily.

After these pills are taken, the treatment previously employed can again
be instituted. The importance of regularly enforced and sufficient exer-
cise in plethoric, overfed animals, cannot be too strongly insisted upon.

In fact every abuse must be corrected, and every influence tending to
improve the general health of the animal should be encouraged.

While the internal treatment is important, the local is no less so, and in
very many cases of even greater importance. In no known disease which
the canine race is heir to, has a larger number of remedies and methods
been advised than for the treatment of eczema, and much harm has been
done by the injudicious and indiscriminate use of irritating applications
in the acute form, while much time has been lost by using the wrong appli-
cation, and neglecting to employ a proper and valuable remedy.

To carefully study each case is imperative ; not alone to know its causes
and complications, but the stage of the eruption is of great importance,
for be it remembered, remedies which are valuable in the chronic stage
are not only pernicious in the acute form but do much to intensify the dis-
ease, and invite its extension over the entire body, when had judicious
treatment been instituted at first, and far simpler remedies and methods
been properly applied, the eruption would have remained a mere localized
patch, have been of but little consequence, and immediately recovered
from.

DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 131

In all cases when acute eczema makes its appearance, the first step in
local treatment is to remove the hair, not only over the eruption, but for a
sufficient distance from it to insure the disease is seen in its entirety.

With the scissors remove the greater portion and shave closely. The
parts are then to be carefully washed, remembering to use cold water, car-
bolic soap, a soft sponge, and to be exceedingly gentle, as an approach to
hard rubbing will add to the inflammation.

In using medicinal applications it must be remembered the skin is in a
very irritable state, and the treatment should necessarily be soothing. The
balsam of peru is a remedy which has for years been much used in the
treatment of skin diseases; in many cases it has proved efficacious, in
others less active ; when unsuccessful it is presumed other essentials in
treatment were neglected. The writer has sufficient confidence in the rem-
edy to recommend its use.

After the hair has been shaved off, the parts carefully bathed and
allowed to dry, the balsam should be warmed and freely applied. Gen-
erally nothing more need be done until the following day, when it will be
well to again use the balsam or freely apply the oxide of zinc ointment,
this being especially indicated if the skin is very irritable, and the animal
is inclined to scratch.

Until recovery takes place, or it is evident other local remedies must
be resorted to before a cure can be accomplished, the balsam should be
used continuously or alternated with the zinc ointment.

In rare instances notwithstanding these applications, the itching will
still be intolerable, and the animal continue to gnaw or scratch.

If necessary camphor and morphine can be added to the zinc ointment
as follows. —

R Morph. Sulph. gr.ij

Pulv. Camphorae 3 ss
Ungt. Zinci Oxidi g i
Ft. Ungt. Sig. Apply not too freely.

While ointments are almost invariably serviceable, occasionally the
secretion from the eruption will be excessive, and powders will be needed
to check it. The powdered oxide of zinc or the subnitrate of bismuth are
advised in such cases.

The writer appreciates that this advice to cut and shave the hair will
not always be followed, or at least it will be done with reluctance and
after other means have been sought and employed. In such cases the
balsam of peru should be heated and poured on to the eruption, and rub-
bed in well with the finger two or three times daily, or the following
can be applied —

132 ECZEMA.

f R Bals. Peru

Spts. Rectificati aa 5 iij
ZinciOxidi Si

Glycerinae 5^

Ft. Mist. Sig. Shake well. External use.

If a doubt exists as to the eruption being simple eczema, and there is a
possibility that the irritation is induced by a parasite, instead of the oxide
of zinc, it would be well to add an ounce of sulphur to the mixture. The
animal should be watched and wherever he is seen to scratch, even if no
eruption is apparent the solution should be freely applied.

In the treatment of chronic eczema one must expect to occasionally
encounter cases obstinate and difficult to cure; more often they will yield
readily 1o judicious treatment. It must be remembered that a cure of
eczema can seldom be effected with one means alone, but changes to others
must be made as the stages and conditions vary. We can never tell with
certainty how a remedy will act in every case* The skins of some dogs
are more easily affected than others, and certain applications which in
some allay irritation, will in others intensify it.

Notwithstanding the obstacles encountered and disappointments met,
the fact that eczema is a curable disease, should encourage us to persevere.
In commencing the local treatment of chronic eczema it is to be inferred
that in the progress of the disease the hair has already fallen out; if not
it should be removed to admit the easy application of remedies. The
crusts should be detached by the free use of oily substances ; it matters but
little which is selected, either fresh lard, linseed oil, cod liver oil, or vase-
line. "Whatever is used should be very generously applied, and in recent
cases these simple remedies are often sufficient to effect a cure.

If necessary to employ other means, it would be well to gently and
thoroughly wash the animal, using a strong solution of borax, or shampoo
with raw eggs. After washing and drying, the zinc ointment should be
freely used, and the result patiently watched. If this proves ineffectual
more active remedies must be chosen. Tar has proved itself very effica-
cious in chronic eczema and may be used variously combined. The oil
of tar and glycerin, one part to three, acts well in some cases. The thick-
est form of tar is generally the better, and should be combined with other
agents as follows. —

R Picis Liquid.

Sulphur. Flor. aa 5 i

Sapo. Viridis

Adepis aa £ij

Ft. Ungt. Sig. External use.

DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 133

This ointment can be applied freelj', and in cases where the hairs have
not been removed, it will not stick and mat them together. A prolonged
use of this preparation sometimes inflames the skin and necessitates its
discontinuance for a time; in such cases it will be well to wash the animal
thoroughly, and return to the oxide of zinc ointment or the use of fresh
lard or vaseline. In cases proving obstinate under this treatment, it would
be well to try the mixture of calomel and lime-water for which the name
"black wash " is given. As a general rule tarry preparations are more
appropriate when the affected parts feel stiff and rigid, and there is a ten-
dency to the formation of fissures.

Preparations of lead are often found serviceable in the treatment of
eczema; diachylon is the more common form used, and can be made into
an ointment with linseed oil equal parts. Its long continued use is not
advised, poisoning by absorption being possible.

The number of proprietary medicines for skin disease is countless; that
all are positive cures is assured by extensive advertisements.

The writer has no disposition to discuss their value; many have virtues
and others are comparatively worthless ; none are infallible cures. Many
of these preparations are made of the oil of tar, glycerin, and powdered
sulphur; to others are added prepared chalk; still others are formed of the
balsam peru and alcohol, generally in parts one to five; occasionally is
found one, the basis of which is naptha. All of these agents are active,
and efficient in many cases; in as many others their use, independent of
constitutional treatment, can accomplish but little.

Reviewing briefly the entire subject, we have in eczema a disease which
can be cured. The fact that it has existed for a long time renders the
prognosis more favorable, as in many cases the disease alone is to be com-
batted; not the morbid process which induced it.

In the earlier stages the soothing treatment is alone admissible. By it
the intensity of the disease is lessened, even if recovery does not result.

While the eruption is localized and confined, external causes very likely
induce it; on the other hand, when the eczema is more or less general, the
cause is internal, and there treatment must imperatively be addressed.

In all cases the object is to correct abuses, build up the system, improve
the general strength, and render the condition of the animal as near per-
fect as possible.

134 DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

Stf(8C0<PTIC M&NGE.

The sarcoptic mange is an artificial eczema occasioned in the clog by
two exciting causes ; one the irritation of an insect infesting the skin
( Sarcoptes Canis) ; the other the scratching of the animal in consequence
of its presence.

This insect, the Acarus, an animal parasite, is maintained by the nour-
ishment it draws from the skin. The male acarus is much the smaller,
remains in short burrows or vesicles, while the female tunnels the skin in
long canals. The course of the latter is to seek a furrow on the surface, then
to attach itself, and by means of its jaws penetrate the outer skin or
cuticle, until it reaches the deeper and softer layers where it finds its nour-
ishment. It continues to burrow, laying one egg after another and
blocking up the passage with them. A young acarus is developed from
the egg in about two weeks, and the number of eggs one insect lays is
near fifty. This production goes on continuously until the female dies,
which is generally in three or four months.

The young acari as soon as developed scamper over the surface, bore
quickly beneath, and occasion the most intolerable itching. Around the
furrows form first small pimples, which cbange to vesicles and pustules;
from them, bloody matter exudes, which dries and produces thick, dark
crusts.

The itching caused by the insects on the surface of the superficial layers
of the skin incites scratching ; the furrows are then opened and the acari
set free. The original eruption is destroyed, but eczema displaces it,
accompanied by the itching and irritation which invariably attends it ;
then the disease increases in extent and intensity as it progresses.

"Diagnosis. —By a careful study of the eruption a diagnosis ought easily
to be reached, and less difficulty will be experienced in the earlier than in
the later stages. The condition of the animal and manner of attack will
weigh somewhat, as eczema more commonly occurs in debilitated sub-
jects. If other dogs in the same kennel are similarly affected, it would
suggest contagion.

Vesicles in sarcoptic mange predominate over any other form of erup-
tion at first; they occur alone and are not grouped together as in eczema;
again they are pointed, not flat or rounded like those of the last named
disease.

After eczema has been produced by scratching, the difficulty of diagnosis
is increased, but only slightly so, for new vesicles will constantly appear
on previously unaffected skin.

Treatment.— While the exciting cause of sarcoptic mange is acari,
uncJeanliness certainly exerts a predisposing influence, and this fact

SARCOPTIC MANGE. 136

should impress itself when treatment is undertaken. When satisfied a
dog has the disease under consideration, he should at once he removed
from his kennel, his bedding burned, and hot lime impregnated with car-
bolic acid be plentifully used in every part, crack, and crevice of the
building. This precautionary treatment should be renewed at intervals
of every few days until the animal has recovered.

Remedies without number have been recommended for the cure of sar-
coptic mange; those are the best which not only destroy the insects and
their eggs and cause the secondary eruptions to disappear, but as well cure
the eczema which the scratching of the animal has induced. Sulphur in
some form is the sovereign remedy, united with other agents as the con-
ditions indicate.

In commencing treatment it is well to thoroughly wash the entire body
in strong soap suds, rinsing carefully in luke warm water. The following
ointment should then be used freely, covering both the affected and unaf-
fected parts.—

R Potass. Carbonatis gi
Sulphur Flor. § iij

Glycerinae 5 vi

Ft. Mist. Sig. External.

This preparation will immediately destroy the acari.

The balsam peru is another active agent in this disease, and may be used
with the sulphur as follows. —

R Sulphur Flor.

Bals. Peru aa § ss

Adepis § ij

Ft. Ungt Sig. External.

This ointment should be applied three times a day for a week and then
washed off.

Liquid storax and lard one part to two, is a favorite mixture with some.
Naphthol is a very active agent and is commonly combined as follows.—

R Naphtholis ? ss

Sapo. Viridis 5 ij

Adepis § viij

Ft. Ungt. Sig. External.
The entire body of the dog should be freely rubbed with this ointment
once daily for two or three days, and then thoroughly washed.

In some breeds of dogs the skin is easily irritated ; for them, and for
house pets on which the use of ointments would be especially unpleasant
to their owners, a solution may be made as follows : — flowers of sulphur

136 DISEASES OF THE SKIN

two pounds; unslacked lime one pound; -water two gallons; boil down to
five quarts and filter, or allow it to stand until precipitated, and then pour
off for use the clear fluid. This should he applied freely to the entire hody
and gently rubbed into the parts more affected.

Probabl}- much less time than a week will be occupied in destroying the
acari; if eczema remains, appropriate treatment should be instituted as
advised elsewhere for that disease.

It should be remembered that while sarcoptic mange is purely a local
affection, in nowise dependent upon constitutional disturbances; yet the
annoyance caused by the itching, the loss of sleep, the effect upon the
nervous system, etc., will if persistent, very probably cause derangements,
which will in turn result in debility and an impairment of the general
health.

Follicular M&wge.

In this form of mange the hair follicles are first the seat of the disease;
the skin and subcutaneous tissues are afterwards involved by the inflam-
mation. The affection is contagious but far less so than sarcoptic mange
and its occurrence is more infrequent among dogs.

Causation. —While the disease is often communicated by immediate
contact, certain conditions favor this form of parasite. Lack of cleanli-
ness, damp kennels, improper food, and general neglect are baneful
influences which predispose to the disorder. The spontaneous origin is
however yet to be decided.

Symptoms. — The hair follicles first become inflamed, and the skin in
proximity is infiltrated, hot, red, and tumefied; a few pimples or papules
are then to be detected. The hairs from the affected follicles soon fall out,
an exudation into the sacs occurs which becomes purulent, and pustules
result. The pustules which are flat and run together, soon discharge their
contents and scabs are formed. These harden, crack open, and bleed
slightly. The eruption extends rapidly and soon the disease can be traced
in its varying stages.

The animal becomes exceedingly repulsive, not only in appearance, but
emits a very offensive odor.

Pain rather than itching is characteristic of the eruption. The disease
may attack any portion of the body, but it usually appears first on the head.

The appetite is rarely lessened. As the disease progresses, loss of weight,
debility, and impoverishment of the general system results.

diagnosis. —When the eruption first appears a diagnosis is by no means
easy, still the hot, tumefied condition of the skin, and absence of itching

FOLLICULAR MANGE. 137

ought to reasonably exclude eczema and sarcoptic mange, the diseases
with which follicular mange is liable to be confounded. The rapid prog-
ress of the affection, the peculiar appearance of the pustules, the crusts,
and the offensive odor are diagnostic points strongly indicative. The
microscope if used will remove all doubts.

^Prognosis. —Follicular mange is a curable disease, but the treatment
must be persevered in for a long time even after recovery appears com-
plete, to destroy all trace of the parasitic elements, which might possibly
remain on the skin and hairs and again become active. In a very severe
case probably from six to eight months must elapse before a cure can be
accomplished. The hair will eventually be nearly if not entirely renewed.

Treatment. —Follicular mange being solely a local affection, only rem-
edies which act locally are needed unless symptoms of general disturbance
demand constitutional treatment.

As advised in sarcoptic mange the kennel must be completely renovated.
After thoroughly bathing the animal, using freely carbolic soap, the hair
should be clipped and then shaved closely, exposing unaffected skin a safe
distance from the eruption.

If the disease can be detected before crusts are formed, painting with
the balsam peru three or four times a day would possibly be sufficient.
Such good fortune in making an early diagnosis few will experience, and
other treatment will be more often found essential.

When the crusts have formed it will be necessary to remove them, to
favor the action of the remedies applied. The animal should be rubbed
with linseed oil or common lard, a large quantity being used in the opera-
tion. The crusts will loosen in from twelve to twenty four hours. The
animal should again be washed,using the domestic soft soap, and rinsing
well finally.

If a house pet is under treatment and ointments are objected to, either
of the following washes may be used and applied freely: sulphurous
acid one part to six of water; carbolic acid two drachms, to water one
pint; balsam peru one part, alcohol six parts; the lime and sulphur solu-
tion advised in sarcoptic mange is often efficacious.

Carbolic acid and Canada balsam is a preparation, which if judiciously
used is most admirable; the acid enters the pustules striking at the very
root of the disease; the parasite is destroyed, and the balsam lessens the
irritation. If the patches of eruption are but few, the remedy may be
applied in equal parts by penciling each pustule with a camel's hair brush,
every two or three days or even every day. When the eruption is exten-
sive, a few patches can be touched each day until all have been acted
upon. While this treatment is being pursued, an ointment of creasote, a
remedy highly endorsed by many, can be used combined with other

138 DISEASES OF THE SKIN.^

agents as follows.—

R Creasoti 5 i

Ungt. Hydrarg. Nit. 5 ij
Sulphuris % i

Adepis 5 vi

Ft. Ungt. Sig. Apply quite freely to the diseased parts.
The proportion of carbolic acid to the Canada balsam might be lessened,
say one to eight, and used more freely, but its efficacy would be impaired,
and the stronger solution ought to be safely used without danger of absorp-
tion, as it needs merely a trace applied to the centre of each pustule.

<P<RU<RIG0.

Prurigo is a disease of the skin, manifesting itself by slightly reddish,
very itchy papules of about the size of a pin head. This eruption may
appear differing little or none in color from the surrounding skin, and be
seen with difficulty ; but to the touch it is obvious, as the finger passes
over the region affected, the papules as minute elevations cause the sur-
face to feel rough and uneven. The intense itching induces scratching; the
papules are laid bare, and are succeeded by blood-red crusts of about the
same size. The cause of prurigo can only be conjectured. Various specula-
tions have been advanced; thus, certain kinds of food, worms, kidney dis-
orders, debility, poverty of blood are said to exert predisposing influences.

The disease is chronic, and at times exceedingly obstinate. Its duration
and curability are uncertain. In young animals the affection often yields
very readily, but in old dogs with worn out systems, it is almost incurable.

In the treatment it is important to correct any disorders, and apply con-
stitutional remedies as indicated. Local applications are of benefit in
many cases.

When the disease attacks puppies, frequent washing, using the sapo
viridis, and afterwards an ointment of sulphur and lard, is often sufficient.
If the itching is uncontrollable the following may be freely applied. —
R Tr. Opii 3i

Creasoti gtt.xv

Adepis 3 iij

Ft. Ungt, Sig. External.

In some cases the oil of tar and glycerin, one part to four, will be useful,
or the tar and sulphur ointment recommended in eczema. A lotion of
carbolic acid, from one to two drachms to a pint of water, or the acid
incorporated with lard, from five to ten grains to the ounce, acts well in
cases where the itching is intense. The internal use of iron, arsenic, and
cod liver oil is advisable in cases where the disease is of long standing.

DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 139

(Pruritus,

Prurigo and Pruritus are not to "be confounded as being expressive of the
same condition. The former is a disease always associated with papular
development, while the latter is intense itching, purely a nervous mani-
festation, unattended with any visible changes in the skin or tissues.

Pruritus is a special form of shin irritation connected with many physi-
ological changes. Thus, in diseases of the kidneys, jaundice, and other
liver disorders, plethora due to over feeding and want of exercise, piles,
worms, constipation, indigestion, and a sluggish cutaneous circulation
from lack of cleanliness and proper grooming, are influences which in-
duce pruritus. The affection is not uncommon in old dogs dependent upon
the invariable changes in the skin induced by age.

In young dogs the disease is more common among those of a highly
nervous temperament, possibly the result of continued inbreeding. When
intense itching exists the animal must be very carefully examined to
determine if possible the cause. Pruritus must not be accepted as the
diagnosis until all doubt as to the existence of diseases of the skin and
parasites is removed.

The condition of the animal will suggest what constitutional treatment
to employ. All disorders are to be overcome and the general health im-
proved by medicine, dieting, proper exercise, etc.

Frequent bathing or immersions in cold water when the weather per-
mits, or the use of diluted vinegar or alcohol as lotions, are the local
treatments to employ.

Favvs.

This disease for which a variety of names is given, among them honey-
comb ringworm, is characterized by the formation of sulphur-yellow
crusts. These are generally rounded and present a peculiar appearance;
in their earlier stages they resemble much the eruption in ringworm,
namely : thin, roundish scales pierced by a hair. These scales then form
in their centre a yellow prominence which rapidly increases in size
and at their bases the surface is slightly hollow ; thus nearly all present
an outer concave and an inner convex surface, what is called a crab's eye
appearance.

The crusts throw off a peculiar musty odor, and when removed a cup-
like depression is found in the skin, which may be ulcerated or have but
a thin scarf-skin covering it.

In some instances the disease appears as minute vesicles, formed in
circles, which dry to yellow crusts (scutula),

740 DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

Favus is a disease rarely seen in the clog; it is the result of a parasite
which penetrates deeply; the hairs then becoming brittle , lose their lustre
and finally fall out. Itching is not a symptom, the eruption being attended
with pain. Damp kennels and general neglect favor this affection as they
do other parasitic diseases of a similar nature.

Treatment. — The crusts should first be soaked with oil or lard, then
removed, and the hair shaved. Many local remedies have been advised ;
among them the oleate of copper promises especially well. The sulphuret
of potassium is an agent of great value in parasitic diseases, and if the
eruption is not extensive may be applied in the following compound. —
R Potassii Sulphureti 3 i
Sapo. Viridis £ss

Adepis § iss

Ft. Ungt. Sig. Apply three times daily.
Where the disease is extensive, the quantity of potassium should be les-
sened one half or one fourth as it appears judicious.

The solution of carbolic acid and Canada balsam advised in follicular
mange, will prove as destructive in favus as in that disease, and if used,
the same caution is to be observed. The hair will be renewed excepting
where the crusts have persisted too long, and by pressure on the skin
induced ulceration, which in healing has left a scar.

(Ringworm.

This affection is occasionally met with in canine practice. It is due to a
parasite identical with that in favus, and is the exciting element in both
diseases. The same influences are active in propagating all forms of vege-
table parasites or fungi ; warmth and moisture favor them, and thus damp
kennels, unclean bedding, and general neglect are predisposing causes.

Ringworm is very easily communicated by contact ; animals may trans-
mit the affection to man or by turn be infected. The disease manifests it-
self in round patches which are covered with thin scales or crusts easily
detached. It spreads quite uniformly, enlarging its circle on the outer
edge of which the eruption is more prominent, receding as it were from
the centre. The hair becomes dry and harsh, losing its elasticity and
breaks off or falls out.

Ringworm may appear in the form of small pointed vesicles, containing
a clear fluid, and arranged in a circular form; or it may take the form of
pale, red spots, having a small whitish scale in their centre.

2'reatment. — The destruction of the parasite which excites the disease
ought not be difficult. The hair should be shaved sufficiently beyond the

DISEASES OF THE SKIX. 141

eruption to insure all affected parts are exposed; then crusts are to be
removed by soaking with oil or lard, after which the animal should be
thoroughly washed in strong soap suds.

The local applications advised are numberless; among the more efficient
are the black wash, tincture of iodine, and balsam of peru. A very suc-
cessful method is to paint the spots well every two days for a week with
the tincture of iodine, applying several coats at each operation; on the
intervening days, and after the week has passed, a preparation of carbolic
acid grains twenty, oxide of zinc ointment one ounce, should be used.

If the ringworm has existed a long time and the parts are infiltrated, the
oil of tar should be applied after the parasite has been destroyed, and may
be combined with glycerin, one part to three. Only a short time will be
needed to effect a cure. After exposure of an animal to the disease, from
one to two weeks is required for its development.

ERYTHEMA.

Erythema is an inflammation of the skin which appears either in the
form of superficially inflamed patches, pimples, or lumps called nodules.

The accompanying symptoms are redness, some tenderness, and a slight
itching. The eruption may disappear spontaneously leaving no trace, or
the skin may burst, a watery discharge follow, and crusts form.

All parts of the body are liable to be attacked, but the head and extrem-
ities are more commonly affected.

Writers differ materially as to the cause of erythema ; it is generally
believed to be due to local influences, and to constitutional disturbances.
Unclean bedding, hair long and matted, retaining the decomposing excre-
tions from the skin, heat, cold, friction, and gastric irritation are exciting
influences. Erythema is a non-contagious affection.

Treatment '.—If a cause can be determined it should be combatted;
cleanliness is one great essential ; the skin should be kept clean by fre-
quent bathing, after which the oxide of zinc should be applied, either in
powdered form or as an ointment.

Matted hair should be removed by clipping, and appropriate treatment
is to be instituted if constitutional disturbances exist.

Erysipelas.

Erysipelas is an inflammation of the skin which tends to spread rapidly
over large surfaces, accompanied by severe constitutional symptoms.
The disease is assumed to be blood poisoning and may be caused by con-

142 DISEASES OF THE SKIN

tagion, or by local infection as in wounds and diseases of the skin. Other
causes have been assigned by certain writers but the most eminent author-
ities maintain the disease is never spontaneous, but to produce it there
must be some irritating matter with inflammatory properties introduced
into the system, and circulated in the skin.

Erysipelas is known by redness of the skin, some swelling, heat, and
severe pain. In rare instances the eruption may remain confined to the
spot first affected, but it usually spreads rapidly, disappearing in the parts
first attacked as it extends. The constitutional symptoms are often very
severe. The disease is generally ushered in by a chill as shown by shiver-
ing; then follows pain, rapid, bounding pulse, fever, thirst, and often
vomiting. As the eruption extends these symptoms become more promi-
nent and may assume a low typhoidal type. The disease is one of great
severity, and dangerous unless the eruption remains confined to the spot
where it first appeared. If it can be arrested early the chances of recov-
ery are much more favorable.

The general condition of the animal must be considered in treatment.
If plethoric and of inflammable tendency a cathartic should be given on
the first occurrence of the eruption. Throughout the course of the disease,
supportive measures are to be employed. The diet should be nutritious
and concentrated, given more generously as the disease progresses ; milk,
beef tea, raw eggs, and scraped raw beef are the principal articles to be
depended upon. Pain should be controlled by laudanum in fifteen drop
doses, repeated as the need is apparent.

In very severe cases the tincture of the chloride of iron should be given
in ten drop doses, every three hours in a little water. If the animal shows
signs of sinking, two teaspoonfuls of brandy should be given from two to
four hours. Quinine in one or two grain doses may be added to the treat-
ment if the pulse becomes soft and weak. Local measures are to be em-
ployed to allay the irritation, and arrest the extension of the disease.
While fever exists ice cold preparations are preferable, and the affected
parts should be kept constantly wret with the following solution. — Acid.
Acet. Dil. 3ij; Liq. Plumbi Subacet. §ij; Tr. Opii Hi; Aquae ad. Oi. Ft.
Mist. Sig. External use only.

As the fever abates cold applications may be displaced by an ointment
made of carbolic acid one drachm, the oxide of zinc ointment six ounces.

If pus forms it should be evacuated by incisions, severaJ small ones
being advised rather than a larger opening. After the operation the
wounds are to be treated with flaxseed poultices as in cases of abscesses.

If the stomach becomes much disturbed and vomiting frequent, the diet
must be reduced to milk and lime water, the tonics be temporarily sus-
pended, and five grain doses of bismuth given every two hours.

CHti<PTE<R XIII.

IJYTESTIJY&L <P&R&SITES.

A study of the anatomical structure of worms, their physiological phe-
nomena, and natural history is highly interesting, and productive of
valuable results ; still those considerations which relate directly to dis-
eased states in consequence of their presence, will he of far greater
practical importance to the reader.

Dr. Cobbold in his able and exhaustive treatise on " The Internal Para-
, sites of our Domesticated Animals " states, " when people speak of worms
in the dog, they commonly refer to round and tape worms; and in place
of recognizing as they might, fully a score or more of intestinal parasites,
they are content to roll the entire series into three or four species only.
Thus, of the so-called lumbricoid and filariform worms, we have no less
than eight or nine distinct forms, and of these the most common species
is the marginated round worm."

In the recognition and treatment of disorders consequent upon worms
it would seem wiser to leave the scientific study to zoologists and special-
ists, and to avoid confusion to reduce the classification in this work to the
limit of practicability.

Probably no known disorder the dog is heir to is so destructive as intes-
tinal worms, it being estimated by reliable authorities, that at least three
fourths of the whole canine race are infected by the pest.

Among the many different species of internal parasites some are found
in the liver, others in the eye; the giant strongle although rare, has been
known to infest the kidneys ; the wrinkled thread-worm sometimes reaches
the bladder; the cruel thread-worm selects the heart, death resulting sud-
denly in a convulsion, or deferred for a time, during which the dog is
racked by agonizing pain ; in the nasal cavities and even in the blood and
muscular tissues, parasites have been found.

These facts are of interest but of little practical importance, and it is by
far more essential to consider those which are developed in the stomach
and intestines.

144 INTESTIXAL PARASITES.

This lurnbricoid is the principal roun cl -worm found in dogs ; itresem-
bles the common earth-worm, and varies in length from two to six inches.
It is of a pale pink color, perfectly round in shaxoe, and tapers towards
each extremity.

Round-worms inhabit the small Intestines, often migrating into the
stomach, from which they are expelled by vomiting; but more often they
seek the large intestine and pass out with the discharges. In rare instan-
ces they have been known to wander into the gall bladder and biliary
ducts, giving rise to abscess of the liver; even the panci-eatic duct has not
escaped invasion.

That certain special conditions are required for the formation of round-
worms is evident from the fact that they are more common in puppies
and young dogs. As regards the nature of the conditions, little or noth-
ing is known ; mucus in abundance is supposed to be the repository of
the ova or eggs from which they are propagated. The female round-
worm is marvel ously productive. Eschright estimated in the body of the
female lurnbricoid found in the intestines of man, the number of eggs to
be sixty-four millions. These are discharged with the feces and retain
their vitality for many months. It is conjectured that ova are introduced
into the intestinal canal through the medium of the drinking water and
food.

Symptoms denoting the existence of these or other worms within the
intestinal canal are in some instances obscure, in others prominent. At
times but little derangement is noted ; again profound disturbance results.

The morbid effects of worms in dogs cannot be exaggerated; that they
may give rise to convulsions, chorea, paralysis, and other affections of
the nervous system is very generally conceded.

The more common symptoms denoting worms are great abdominal dis-
tention or bloating, vastly disproportionate to the amount of food taken,
indigestion, colic pains, diarrhoea, vomiting, emaciation, voracious appe-
tite, nose hot and dry, cough, offensive odor to the breath, disturbed,
dreamy sleep, and a rough, dry, harsh coat.

Frequently puppies and more rarely old dogs partially lose the power
of their hind legs, and rapidly recover as soon as a discharge of worms
occurs. Paralysis induced by this cause is functional and rarely if ever
complete.

Treatment. — For the expulsion of the round-worm numberless drugs
have been advised. It must be remembered that natures and conditions
vaiy ; remedies which in some cases are effectual in others are inactive ;
for this reason, when there is presumptive evidence of the existence of

A SCAB IS MARGINATA. 146

worms, absolute dependence should not be placed upon any one agent,
but others should be given after a proper interval has been allowed.

Treatment for round-worms should always be premised by fasting and a
purgative. Food should be denied puppies for twelve hours at least, and
old dogs twenty-four hours. Castor oil is the better purgative to adminis-
ter, and should be given six or eight hours before the worm medicine is
employed.

Among the more reliable agents destructive of round-worms, santonine
in two grain doses, is one of the most active ; it is insoluble or nearly so,
and passes into the small intestines and acts on them as a poison. It will
be easily taken in pill form mixed with lard, and can be given two or three
times a day ; after the second or third day a generous dose of castor oil
should be administered and the santonine discontinued.

The oil of turpentine as a vermifuge is highly esteemed, especially In
tape-worm. In cases of round-worms which do not yield to other agents,
this remedy could be tried. Its action is to destroy or debilitate the
parasite, which losing its hold upon the bowels, is then easily discharged.
When worms exist in the stomach they are by its action killed, and then
digested as any other dead animal matter.

It is to be remembered that turpentine in small doses, frequently re-
peated, stimulates the kidneys, increasing the secretion of urine, and
often producing if long continued, painful irritation of the urinaiy pas-
sages, amounting sometimesto complete stoppage. Large closes generally
act speedily on the bowels, in which case the oil is hurried out, and no
time being allowed for absorption, it is less liable to irritate the kidneys
and bladder than in small and repeated doses.

When proper precautions, suggested by the physiological action of tur-
pentine, are observed, the remedy is not only harmless but very efficient ;
fifteen drops can be given twice a day for a week without injury. If at
the end of this time worms are not expelled, it would be well to give one
final large dose of one teaspoonful, and if it does not operate freely in
two hours then administer castor oil. The turpentine can be given in
milk or beaten up with a raw egg and a little sweet oil.

Pinkroot is a drug which has been much used as a vermifuge, and is
reasonably safe and reliable. In very large doses it has a narcotic effect,
but this is altogether obviated by combining it with cathartics. The fluid
extract of pinkroot and senna is a combination which acts admirably in
many cases of worms in puppies, causing little or no gastric disturbance.
The dose for them when four or Ave weeks old is fifteen drops ; for matured
dogs, from one to two teaspoonsful in a little water. In all cases this rem-
edy should be given twice a day for three or four days, after which a
generous dose of castor oil should be administered.

146 ASCARIS MARGINATA.

In giving medicines for the destruction of worms, certain precautions
in feeding should he observed. If but one, and a large dose of a drug is to
he depended upon, food should he withheld until after the howels have
moved freely. If the drug has to he given three or four days, the diet
should he simple and as limited as the condition of the animal will permit,
and as long an interval as possible between the feeding and the adminis-
tration of the medicine be allowed.

Other drugs, among them areca nut, are to a certain extent active in the
destruction of the round-worm ; they are however more deadly to the tape-
worm and will he considered among the remedies advised for the removal
of that pest.

Considering the great fatality among puppies caused by worms, not
alone of the greatest importance is the treatment after their existence is
obvious, but a means preventive is equally as urgently demanded.

Charcoal is an agent easily obtained, perfectly harmless, and of value
not only as a vermifuge but as a preventive. The digestive organs of very
young puppies are easily disordered, but few drugs can be well borne
without discomfort, or temporary derangement, and undoubtedly many
are sacrificed to injudicious dosing.

Charcoal in a reasonable quantity is not only incapable of injuring even
the weakest stomach, but is an admirable agent in indigestion and intes-
tinal irritation. As these disorders are commonly induced by the presence
of worms ; had charcoal no other action than to merely allay irritation and
promote digestion, its administration would be advisable. It has however
another and decided action on intestinal worms in young puppies, causing
their expulsion and exerting a preventive influence as well. In what
manner this agent acts is unexplained, it may be through its known
power as a disorganizcr of animal and vegetable bodies, or by destroying
the conditions that favor the propagation of the ova.

Of its action on worms in matured animals, the writer has not from
experience a knowledge. It has long been his custom to use powdered
charcoal in the treatment of very young puppies, mixing it with their food
several times a week ; dose immediately after weaning, from one fourth
to one half a teaspoonful ; for matured animals, the dose is two teaspoons-
ful. The granular form is advised for older dogs.

Charcoal is much less active in immediately expelling worms than many
other agents, and where their presence is indicated by marked symptoms,
the more powerful remedies should be used. When this urgent need is
not manifest and yet the existence of worms is suspected, the adminis-
tration of charcoal every day for a week or longer, can do no harm and
may be productive of much benefit. As a preventive it should be given
with the food two or three times a week.

INTESTINAL PARASITES. 147

T^&jvm.

The taenia or tape-worm is distinguished, as the names imply, by its
ribbon like form. It is composed of numerous joints, each of which in the
complete state is provided with male and female generative organs. It is
really a collection of animals, having an alternate generative power.
From the head are produced the segments or joints by a process of bud-
ding.

The head is provided with suckers, and in some instances with hooks,
by which means it firmly fixes itself to the mucous membrane of the intes-
tine into which it has been introduced. The segments then multiply,
lengthening the chain as it were, and increase in size and sexual develop-
ment. They remain joined together until fully matured, and then separate
from the colony. They generate eggs which contain the embryo or germ
from which other taenia are developed. If these enter the stomach of a
suitable animal, their envelopes become softened or ruptured and the
embryos are set free. In some way or other they leave the digestive canal
and make their way to different parts of the body, meeting with condi-
tions favorable to their development. Should these now be introduced
into the intestinal canal of another animal , they would fasten themselves to
the mucous membrane and again a collection or colony of tape-worms be-
comes developed.

To render this method of transmission clearer by illustration, the ogg
from the taenia of the dog if received into the body of a sheep, there finds
in certain parts of the organism the conditions necessary for its develop-
ment and growth, and becomes what is known as the ccenurus cerebralis,
a parasite found in the sheep's brain, which if eaten by the dog becomes
the taenia found in the intestine of that animal.

Another method of propagation is illustrative ; segments of a tape-worm
are passed by a dog so infested, or they make their escape from the bowels
and locate themselves among the hairs of the coat and deposit their eggs.
If the animal is unfortunate enough to be affected with lice ( Trichodectes
Canis ), these eggs are swallowed by them. Within the bodies of the lice
the eggs meet with conditions which favor the rupture of their envelopes,
and the embryos escape and another transformation takes place. In biting
the parts irritated by them the lice are often swallowed by the dog, and
thus the germ enters and is developed into a perfect taenia in the intestinal
canal which it left as an egg but a few weeks previous. Through this
method of transmission an animal may continually infect himself, or by
depositing the lice containing the embryos in the kennel, shaking them
from his coat into the drinking water or food, they may be introduced into
the bodies of other dogs, and they in turn become infected.

148 TAENIA.

Other parasites besides lice act as mediums and supply the conditions
favorable to transmission and propagation.

The history of the development of tape-worm in a general way suggests
the manner in which they may be acquired. It is necessary that a living
embryo be first introduced into the stomach. This usually happens from
eating infested meat, which has not been sufficiently cooked to destroy
the embryos or render them incapable of further development.

It is of interest to know that in certain countries, taenia with but rare
exceptions infests all the inhabitants, among whom raw cow's flesh is
looked upon as the greatest delicacy. In this instance both men and cattle
furnish the conditions favorable to propagation.

Several varieties of tape-worm infest the canine race, and are found at
every period of life although most rarely among puppies. As regards
medical practice, the discrimination is of but little importance, the same
measures of treatment being alike applicable to all.

The most common form is cucumerine ( Taenia Cucumerina) . This is a
delicate tape-worm which measures from ten to twenty inches in length.
The anterior portion of the body is like a thread, and the segments are
short but lengthen towards the tail. As they ripen the divisions between
the segments become more marked so that the worm presents a chain-
like appearance. They move about actively in the intestinal canal, and
are expelled with the feces or escape of themselves.

The largest tape-worm found in the dog is the marginated, ( Taenia Mar-
ginata ) which may reach ten feet in length and the germ from which it is
propagated is derived from the sheep.

Among certain sporting dogs the taenia serrata is the more common, and
the parasite from which it is developed is furnished by the hare and rab-
bit. This tape-worm varies from two to three feet in length. Many other
varieties exist, a study of which would be interesting but of little practi-
cal benefit.

Symptoms . —The symptoms especially due to the presence of tape-
worm are but vague and indefinite. Disturbances of digestion, nutrition,
and of the nervous system occur, but in many instances are not suffi-
ciently prominent to clearly indicate the existence of taenia.

When the appetite is voracious, and the animal seems strong, active,
and apparently in good health yet poor in flesh, if tonic treatment is em-
ployed and still the animal remains emaciated, then the presence of a
tape-worm should be strongly suspected, and the discharges from the
bowels carefully examined. The appearance of segments among the feces
will be of course conclusive evidence, and yet it must be remembered
that some are so small, others so delicate, they are casil y overlooked ; again
it is doubted if some forms of the parasites are expelled spontaneously.

INTESTINAL PARASITES 140

In summarizing, it is advised that all facts be weighed carefully, and
every effort made to positively determine the existence or non-existence
of tape-worm; then if in doubt, give the animal the benefit of it and admin-
ister worm remedies.

Treatment. — A cure of tape-worm can only be complete when the head
is expelled. After treatment has been employed the discharges should be
carefully examined to positively determine if it has been successful. By
a careful use of water the solid constituents can be washed away and the
worm exposed. If the head is not found or escapes observation, the ques-
tion of complete cure must remain undecided for two or three months,
during which period the discharges from the intestinal canal should be
occasionally examined for segments. If at the end of that time none have
been detected, it may be concluded the cure is perfect, as had the head
been retained the worm would have again reached maturity.

It is judicious to employ preparatory treatment before an actual cure is
attempted.

The object is to empty thereby the intestinal canal, so that the worm
may be detached and expelled more quickly. The animal if matured
should be denied solid food for twenty-four hours, being allowed only a
very little milk or broth, and a dose of castor oil ought to be administered
the day previous to the giving of the vermifuge. A stronger purgative is
not judicious as it is liable to disjoint the worm and the remaining at-
tached portion will be with greater difficulty expelled.

Among the most active agents destructive of tape-worm are areca nut,
turpentine, koosso, male fern, kamala, and santonine.

Areca nut, or betel nut as it is called, can be given with perfect safety.
It should be obtained in the solid form and the darker colored selected as
being much stronger than the lighter. It should only be reduced to a pow-
der by grating just before required for use. The dose is one drachm, and
is better given in the form of a large pill or bolus incorporated with lard.

The manner of giving turpentine and santonine has already been de-
scribed in the treatment of round-worms.

Koosso operates exclusively as a poison on the tape-worm and seems
equally as effectual in all varieties. The dose is two drachms and before
administration should be mixed with a cup of warm water and allowed
to stand for fifteen minutes.

Male fern was very much used by the ancients as a vermifuge. Its espec-
ial efficacy is in the treatment of tape-worm, upon which it acts as a
poison.

The medicine may be given in the form of a powder, but the etherial
extract ( oil of fern ) is to be preferred. The dose of the latter is from ten
to fifteen drops and should be given well beaten into a raw egg. The

ISO TAENIA.

method of some is to administer ten drops at night and repeat in the
morning, and followed at the interval of an hour, hy a generous dose of
castor oil.

Kamala is a vermifuge strongly urged by many. The dose is one and
one-half drachms, and can be given suspended in milk. Other drugs have
been advised, and for each especial merits have been claimed, but a de-
scription of them is unnecessary as the most reliable agents have been
selected.

If two or three hours after giving the worm-cure the bowels do not move
actively, a full dose of castor oil should be administered.

It must then be appreciated that the digestive organs have suffered
rather rough usage, and for a few days the diet should be easily digestible,
consisting largely of milk and broths.

After considering the maimer in which tamia are propagated in dogs,
the means of prevention suggest themselves.

CH&<PTE<R XIV.
{DISEASES

OF

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

HY<DROPHO<Bm.

The antiquity of hydrophobia is not precisely known. Aristotle is the
first author to mention this malady, but his account of it is, remarkably
incorrect, if the text be not corrupted. He says, " all animals that are bit-
ten by a rabid dog are affected with the disease except man ; and that the
disease proves fatal to all animals but man."

Among the ancient authors Caelius Aurelianus treated all the important
questions relating to hydrophobia in a most masterly manner. After him
centuries passed during which, with but few exceptions, independent
observations ceased, and little or nothing was added to the previous
knowledge on the subject.

Investigations were renewed towards the end of the last century by
Hunter and other intelligent observers, and recently a more exact knowl-
edge of the disease has been acquired through the studies and experiments
of Hertwig, Meynell, Youatt, Magendie, Blaine, Virchow, Reder and
others.

Hydrophobia or more properly rabies, which prevails chiefly among
animals of the canine species, ( dog, wolf, fox, jackal ) is at the present
time accepted as being an acute infectious disease, coming on in the form
of a functional disturbance of the central nervous system, without struct-
ural changes which can be considered essential to the affection.

Examinations after death have revealed in most cases diseased appear-
ances, but not one has been found to be present invariably, and no local
changes have been discovered which could explain all the symptoms.

Causation.— The, theory of a spontaneous development of rabies so
frequently advanced, has been rejected as entirely unfounded by very

152 BABIES.

many of the most intelligent observers, recent as well as old.

It is unnecessary to enumerate and describe all tbe influences which
have been cited as predisposing and accidental causes; in wearisome
arguments our best authorities have proved the theories untenable and
unfounded, and that all the causative conditions such as seasons of the
year, extremes of temperature, restraint, starvation, suppressed sexual
appetite, age, sex, and race are to be regarded neither as direct nor pre-
disposing causes.

It is now universally accepted that the poison is communicated almost
invariably by means of the bite of a rabid or infected animal.

Nothing is known of the specific infecting principle of rabies. The virus
is contained in the saliva and foam of the diseased animal, also in the
spinal cord, blood, and salivary glands; its existence in other portions of
the body is conjectured but not positively determined. Neither by chem-
ical or microscopic analysis of the saliva of rabid dogs hasthis virus been
detected.

It increases by internal growth, and from other poisons it is distinguished
principally by this circumstance, that it remains within the vital organism
for weeks and even months without producing any diseased symptoms
whatever.

In what manner, or by what course the specific poison penetrates the
body from the wound is unknown, neither has its action while within the
system been adequately explained.

Two theories have been advanced; either the virus remains awhile con-
cealed and inactive at the seat of the wound or point of inoculation, and
only after a certain interval — at the expiration of the period of incuba-
tion — enters and circulates with the blood and other fluids of the body ;
or else the poison, by undergoing incessant reproduction, is constantly
supplied in fresh quantities to the blood.

Virchow has compared the action of the poison to that of a ferment,
fresh particles of which are constantly being conveyed into the bJood
from the seat of the inoculation, producing through the medium of the
circulation the specific effect upon the nervous system.

Experiments have proved that the bite of an infected— though appar-
ently healthy — dog, when inflicted during the period of incubation, or
slow development of the disease, has even then the power of communica-
ting it. Thamhayn collated nineteen cases, occurring in the human
subject, in which dogs, to all appearances healthy, but which subsequently
became rabid, produced by their bite hydrophobia, the result being fatal
in eighteen cases.

The virus is probably capable of infection for some time after death but
hardly longer than twenty -four hours. That the same is inactive when

DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 153

brought in contact with the unbroken mucous membrane of the digestive
canal, is confirmed by the experiments of Hertwig; at one time he intro-
duced the saliva and mucus of a rabid dog into the mouths and throats of
healtby animals; again he fed dogs on food with which not only the in-
fected saliva and mucus had been mixed, but to which also warm blood
taken from rabid animals had been added, all with negative results. He
placed healthy dogs in stalls where others affected with rabies had just
previously been kept, so that they were brought in frequent contact with
the same straw, chains, food, and drinking basins that had been used by
the diseased animals, but in no instance was rabies produced; and the
same may be said of placing healthy animals in the stall with dogs which
had recently died of the disease.

It is an acknowledged fact, demonstrated by numerous experiments that
the milk and flesh of rabid animals ( dogs, sheep, cattle ) may, as a rule be
consumed by man and animals without any ill effect.

The theory that the poison is very rarely communicated in any other
way than by the bite of a rabid animal, is fully confirmed by the most
wearisome experiments. No instance is as yet known where the virus has
been transferred by intermediate vehicles. An ingenious theory has been
suggested, thatif minute particles of the poison suffice to propagate infec-
tion, possibly certain parasites, fleas, lice, which are nourished by the
blood of the dog, and which the more often infest them, may transfer the
poison by means of their blood-drawing apparatus, and thus produce
inoculation. It is inferred that an analogy exists with other infectious
diseases, as for instance small-pox which has been unquestionably trans-
ported by flies, and the same is true in cases of malignant pustule. In the
latter contagious and very fatal malady, it is believed that flies which
have alighted on the ulcers of diseased animals convey the virus, and in-
fect other animals and human beings.

Little or nothing is known as to a predisposition of rabies, it being esti-
mated that less than two-thirds of the animals inoculated or bitten are
infected by the disease. According to the experiments of some, a rich
feeding of the dogs that had been inoculated, favored the outbreak of the
disease, while on the other hand it was retarded by poor nourishment.
Many dogs have resisted an infection ; in three years Hertwig made nine
attempts to inoculate his famous poodle. Some have been known to have
been bitten four times by rabid animals and still remain unaffected, as in
the case of a dog in the veterinary school at Lyons.

Symptoms.— The wound from the bite of a rabid animal heals very
readily, being but rarely accompanied by inflammation.

The period of incubation, or development of the disease, is variously
estimated by different authors ; in the majority of cases it lasts from three

164 RABIES.

to five weeks. The two extremes in a dog which have been reported are
the shortest one week, the longest eight months.

Rabies assumes two forms ; the violent, and the dumb or sullen. Hertwig
has said that two cases rarely correspond. From this it can be appreciated
that an accurate description of a disease presenting so many varieties
and depending on so many influences, such as age, temperament, condi-
tion, etc., is no easy task.

The violent or furious has been divided by some authors into three
stages; the melancholic, irritative, and paralytic.

At the outset of the disease the animal manifests a changed manner,
becoming irritable, sullen, and nervous; his disposition towards those
around him is capricious ; to his master he is often even more friendly
and confiding, but from others, of whom he seems suspicious, he shrinks,
and is easily enraged by their interference. He is disposed to shun com-
panionship, slinking away in dark and obscure places, and when called,
comes reluctantly, his manner crouching and frightened. In this stage
the eyes are slightly reddened and wear a changed expression as has been
described, a vacant, far-away, listless look; often they change and in con-
sequence of the wrinkles in the forehead, the gaze becomes sullen and
ferocious. It is difficult to fix his attention for more than a moment, when
his eyes will close in a sleepy manner, and remain shut for several
seconds.

According to the most experienced observers, a perverted appetite is
one of the most constant morbid symptoms. Food is the more often re-
jected or eaten sparingly, and at times it is taken into the mouth and
dropped again. On the other hand, all sorts of indigestible substances-
sticks, straw, rags, earth, hair, dung and the like are swallowed.

The desire to chew something is irresistible, due possibly to a peculiar
feeling in the jaws excited by an irritation of the nerves. If allowed in
the house he will bite and worry chair-legs, carpets, boots, etc., in fact
anything he can fix his jaws upon. A tendency to lap cold objects such as
stones, iron, and his own urine is observed. In some cases the sexual
desire seems stimulated, as indicated by the disposition to lick the geni-
tals of other dogs. A mucous discharge appears at the nose, and the
secretions in the mouth and throat become .thick and ropy, which the
animal will occasionally make efforts to expel, and possibly attempt to
vomit. This trouble about the throat has led to a mistaken diagnosis of a
bone being lodged there.

The duration of this stage denominated the melancholic, may be but a
few hours, and rarely over two or three days. It must be remembered
that not all the symptoms are uniformly present; in some cases they are
few and insignificant, possibly overlooked, or if detected sufficient imp or-

DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. loo

tance is not attached to them ; a fact which renders this period in the dis-
ease the most dangerous to man.

The so-called irritative or maniacal stage has more denned and charac-
teristic symptoms which appear spasmodically, with intervals between
the attacks, during which the animal is far less violent. Among the most
important symptoms are a changed behavior, an irresistible disposition
to bite, a peculiar bark, and repeated violent efforts to break away and
stray about. Of this latter symptom, Hertwig has observed that the de-
sertion of his home by a previously faithful dog indicates the existence of
a high degree of mental disturbance. The propensity to stray off, espec-
ially after having been excited or corrected is then often ascribed to fear,
obstinacy, disobedience, or unsatisfied sexual desire, and the animal is
all the more dangerous in this state if he quietly and peaceably returns
home.

TThen at large no definite object possesses the animal, and he will often
travel fast and far within a short time, expressive of this the term "run-
ning rabies " was formerly used. Sometimes he will return home slyly
and suspiciously, but friendly with his master.

As the disease passes into the violent stage the unfortunate animal
grows more restless, and on the alert, at times becomes delirious, pos-
sessed as it were by spectral illusions ; springs at the door as though he
heard some one approaching; again he will examine every part of his ken-
nel or room in which confined in a most minute manner, then retire to an
obscure corner to remain but for a few moments and again commence his
wearisome search. At times his eyes are fixed on some imaginary insect,
which with his gaze he seems to follow in its course along the walls; at
last he springs forward snapping at the intruder his mind pictures, when
the spell seems broken and he returns to his corner as though ashamed
of his delusion.

As the disease progresses, dogs that are fastened will struggle to break
their chains ; those that are confined within a room will bite into the wood
work, or roll about in the straw which they shake in their teeth. The vio-
lent paroxysms become longer and more severe, sometimes lasting for
several hours, during which the dog snaps and bites at whatever he en-
counters; they seem prompted to attack other animals large and small,
and less often man. Xot infrequently a rabid animal will bite and lacerate
his own body, even to gnawing his feet to the bone ; cases are on record
of terrible self mutilation ; some are insensible to external impressions,
and will bear blows without a cry, and bite at red hot irons.

If a stick is extended to a chained dog he will snap at it, and cling with
such force that his teeth will break and his lips bleed.

Paroxysms are excited by teasing, the sight of other animals, or may

J 56 RABIES.

occur without provocation. While they last the clog is possessed with un-
usual strength, often breaking his chain and freeing himself. Bitches with
whelps have been known to bite and tear their pups with their teeth.

During these paroxysms those infected seem perfectly delirious, and
frequently there is observed convulsive twitchings of the face, and occa-
sionally convulsions. Following the attacks the animal relapses into a
sort of stupor, and if undisturbed a much longer interval will more often
elapse before a recurrence of another period of excitement. In some
cases the mental state is for a time so improved, masters are recognized.

A sign which is considered highly characteristic of rabies, and one which
frequently makes its appearance early in the disease, is the peculiar alter-
ation in the tone of the voice; the bark is described as a sound between a
bark and a howl, uttered in a rough hoarse tone, which might be called
croupy. The short sharp sound is often prolonged into a mournful dis-
tressing wail, the animal lifting his head in the air as it issues.

The change in the voice is attributed by some to a swollen condition of
the pharynx and larynx; this is possibly true and yet certain functional
disturbances in the great nerve centres may be even more active, as in
cases of children suffering from diseases of the brain, the cry becomes
harsh, shrill, and ear -piercing.

In the maniacal stage of rabies the appetite for food nearly if not en-
tirely disappears; occasionally a favorite bit if offered will be eaten but
rarely is this the case. Instead of food a rabid animal will invariably
swallow large quantities of indigestible substances, such as straw, clay,
and dung.

Among the many ancient and unfounded traditions concerning the
course of rabies, may be recalled the notions that dogs so infected froth
and foam at the mouth; that they always run in a straight line, and carry
their tails held closely between the hind legs, also that a peculiar odor
attends a rabid dog which can be detected by one in health. All this is
fanciful and unfounded ; authorities state that the saliva is discharged
only when the animal is unable to swallow ; the tail is wagged and carried
as usual until weakness causes it to drop; in running the course is much
the same pursued by one uninfected The gait of a rabid dog is somewhat
characteristic, described as a jog-trot. He carries his head low with tongue
protruding, often torn and bleeding, swollen, and covered with dirt.
Rarely will he turn from the course he is pursuing to attack anything unless
it be animals of kindred species, the sight of which almost invariably
excites his rage and invites an encounter.

At no time during an attack of rabies is there a special dread of water
as was formerly popularly supposed. One observer is credited with hav-
ing detected in extremely rare instances, dogs unable to swallow owing to

DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 157

spasms of the throat. Almost invariably they drink freely and deeply,
showing no nervous excitement at the sight of fluids. It is not an uncom-
mon sight to see them lick their own urine, a fact upon which much stress
as a diagnostic sign is put by some authors.

As the disease progresses, emaciation rapidly supervenes, the entire
appearance of the animal becomes changed to a marked degree; the head
frequently swells, the eyes which sink within their cavities, are brilliant
and glistening ; the hair becomes rough and staring. The mucous mem-
brane, more often dry and parched than moistened, changes to a purplish
color. The breathing during a violent paroxysm and immediately after
is hurried; at other times is but slightly affected.

The duration of the violent or irritative stage is generally not longer than
three, or very rarely four days. As the rabid animal becomes weakened
and the paroxysms grow less severe and distinct, the disease emerges into
the so-called paralytic stage. The change in appearance now becomes
more striking, surprisingly so considering the few days that have passed
since the appearance of the first symptoms. The eyes are dim and glisten-
ing, the purplish tongue protrudes, emaciation has reduced the unfortunate
to a mere skeleton; he presents a picture both appalling and heart-rend-
ing. He staggers and stumbles blindly about his kennel, until increasing
exhaustion at last overpowers him; he will still bite or snap at things
which may be used to arouse him, but his strength departing his efforts
grow more feeble, his breathing is short and labored, his voice hoarser;
he passes into a stupor, possibly into a partial or complete convulsion,
and at last death mercifully closes the scene.

The progress of this terrible malady is very rapid. The different stages
may be passed and death ensue on the second, or life may be prolonged to
the tenth day; the latter set as the limit is but rarely reached, and from
four to five days is the more common duration.

The dumb or sullen form of rabies which constitutes from fifteen to
twenty per cent of the total number of cases, is but a peculiar type of the
disease, which runs a much shorter course, and without the violent or irri-
tative stage. There is decidedly less excitation of the brain, the violent
paroxysms, the illusions, the constant motion, the disposition to bite, and
the propensity to stray away, are all absent or present only in a^light de-
gree, and the animal is quiet, silent, and dejected.

Paralysis of the muscles of the lower jaw is a characteristic symptom of
this form of the malady, and manifests itself early in the attack. The jaw
drops and the mouth remains constantly open. In rare cases a partial
control of the muscles is retained, sufficient to lift the jaw and possibly
allow the animal to bite if sufficiently irritated. Rarely more than a few
hours, possibly three or four elapse after the disease manifests itself

158 BABIES.

before this symptom appears. There is great difficulty in swallowing, and
the poor dog will plunge his muzzle into the water up to the very eyes in
order that he may get one drop into the bach part of his mouth to cool
his parched throat. It is in this form of rabies that frothing is observed,
the flow of mucus and saliva in abundance dripping from the open mouth.
The voice changed and of a hoarse tone, is seldom heard, and that pecu-
liar combination of bark and howl, characteristic of the violent form of
the disease, is entirely absent.

Death in the dumb form of rabies results more quickly, life being but
rarely prolonged more than two or three days. The appearance of the
eyes, and generally haggard and depressed look marking the derange-
ment of the brain, the loss of appetite, the rapid emaciation and paralysis,
arc symptoms resembling much those seen in the violent attack.

Both forms of the disease have appeared in the same kennels, and at
the same time ; inoculation from dogs suffering from the one variety may
give rise to either violent or dumb madness.

Diagnosis. —In some cases of rabies a diagnosis will be difficult, while
in others the signs will be sufficiently pronounced to render the task
easier. It is to be remembered that but few animals can compare with
the dog in intelligence and high mental development, that he possesses a
sensitive and easily excited nature and is extremely liable to contract
nervous derangements and diseases. This fact is demonstrated by the
frequent occurrence of convulsions, chorea, and kindred disorders. Again
it is more than probable that the study of canine ailments will yet prove
to observers the existence in dogs of mental diseases, at present over-
looked and unsuspected.

When an animal presents certain symptoms which are known to appear
in rabies, all, the medical men by no means excepted, are much too ready
to jump at conclusions, and condemn to execution a poor animal as rabid,
when he may be suffering from either meningitis, epilepsy, severe pain,
excessive fear, neuralgia, staiwation, toothache, parasites in the nasal
cavity, acute otitis, disease of the kidneys, or some disturbance of the
brain of which at present we have no knowledge. Nor must we forget the
action of certain irritant poisons which when swallowed cause intense
inflammation of the throat, stomach, and intestines.

Few there are who have not seen dogs in a state of delirium caused by
the action of the intense heat of the sun. Others doubtless have witnessed
the extreme mental disturbance of a bitch deprived of her whelps, and
the distress and efforts of an animal to free himself from restraint in a
new home, and return to his old master and those he loves.

Some readers will naturally observe that to mistake for rabies many of
the diseases referred to must be impossible, and yet such errors are more

DISEA SES OF THE NEB VO US S YS TEM. 169

easily made than they imagine, for not only in these but in other diseases
unmentioned, there occur symptoms resembling somewhat those of the
dread malady. Again it must be remembered that fear prejudices reason,
dulls perception, and blunts judgment ; even the thoughts of hydrophobia
incite a measure of terror, and important symptoms are overlooked, while
many in nowise significant become pronounced.

As one authority has said, " in forming the diagnosis, we should have
constantly before us a picture of the disease as a whole, and never base
an opinion upon individual symptoms, such as the propensity to bite,
which may be slight, or even entirely absent."

Passing in review, the characteristic symptoms of the violent form of
rabies are : the marked uneasiness, the delirium and very great excite-
ment occurring in paroxysmal attacks, the tendency to bite, the efforts to
break away, the peculiarly changed voice, the perverted appetite, the
rapid emaciation, exhaustion, and invariably fatal termination.

In the sullen or dumb form the violent stage is omitted or hardly recog-
nizable; it runs an extremely rapid course, the animals are quiet and
depressed, have but little disposition to bite or run away; early in the
disease are paralyzed in the lower jaw, have perverted appetite, changed
voice, rarely heard, progressive emaciation and exhaustion, and seldom
live beyond the third day.

preventive Treatment. — Immediately after the bite of an animal pre-
sumably rabid, the whole wound should be sucked, and as soon as possible
thoroughly cauterized. If there ax-e no abrasions on the lips or tongue,
there can be no danger whatever from the virus on the part of the one who
applies suction. During the time the lips are employed, the mouth should
be frequently rinsed with warm water, and the teeth used freely in gnaw-
ing as it were the edges, to keep the wounded vessels open and bleeding.
To promote a flow of blood which is decidedly favorable, a cord or hand-
kerchief can be tied fairly tight between the wounded part and the body.
Suction should be persisted in until the bite can be cauterized, and dis-
continued as soon as that operation is possible. If the individual bitten
lives at a distance from chemists, and delay must ensue before medicinal
caustics are obtained, a hot iron should be depended upon, and the wound
thoroughly burned.

The chemical and corrosive agents penetrate every part of the injury
with greater certainty, and when possible they should be secured. The
most active are nitric, sulphuric, and carbolic acids, caustic potassa, and
nitrate of silver. The latter was strongly urged by Mr. Youatt who cer-
tainly proved its efficacy since he was bitten many times and escaped,
though he used no other preventive; he also observed instances in which
out of several animals bitten by the same dog, those which were cauter-

led RABIES.

ized by the nitrate of silver escaped, while some which had the wound
incised, or cauterized with a hot iron were subsequently infected with
rabies.

Regarding the sucking of a wound made by a suspected animal, it is of
interest to recall the fact that in Lyons, during the first twenty years of
the present century, certain women made it their business to apply suc-
tion to the wounds made by rabid dogs, for which they were paid ten
francs for the first operation, and five for each succeeding one. Of thirty-
eight persons bitten and subsequently subjected to this operation not one
contracted hydrophobia.

It is yet an unsettled question whether or not it is wise to allow the
wound made by a bite to heal naturally and at once, or to keep up the
inflammation by applications. The latter is generally accepted as the
better, and for the purpose caustic can be used every few days as the need
is manifest, or a dressing of the resin ointment may be applied. In four
or five weeks the wound should be allowed to heal.

It is estimated that in those cases where cauterization is resorted to
about one third of the human beings bitten by rabid animals fall victims
to the disease ; in cases where the operation is not performed more than
four-fifths of those bitten meet certain death.

In the many pages devoted to rabies the writer has pictured with wear-
isome detail the symptoms and phenomena which attend both forms of
the disease. During the last century the public mind has been much
wrought and depressed by constant allusion to the malady. Communities
have often been terrorized by the appearance in their midst of dogs sup-
posed to be rabid, and many a valuable pet has met his death from the
hands of the poisoner, incited to the hellish deed through the cowardly
fear of a disease so rare the dangers from it are almost nil.

Scientific research and advancement in knowledge of this subject has
been so obstructed by ignorance and superstition, transmitted from the
dark ages, the general public are to day as destitute of a proper under-
standing of hydrophobia, and are endowed with as wild fancies, absurd
theories, and fanatical notions as were those of a hundred years ago.

From the British Medical Journal we quote the following on this subj ect.—
" Something should be done to disabuse the public mind of a groundless,
or greatly exaggerated terror, it would be amusing if it were not grimly
sad, to observe, not unfrequently, the insane evidence of a purely mimetic
morbid state set up by the misery and apprehension caused by the con-
sciousness of having been bitten by a mad dog. As a matter of sober
medical fact, it is by no means necessary or inevitable that the bite of a
dog with rabies should give a man or woman hydrophobia; and if the
element of fear could be eliminated, it is highly probable that the propor-

DISEA SES OF THE NER VO US S TS TEM. 1 61

tion of instances in which the dreaded disease supervened from a bite
would be greatly reduced."

Many pages have already been devoted to this subject and much of equal
and even of still greater interest is to follow. The task has proved hercu-
lean, but the writer has felt his duty imperatively demanded that an
exhaustive description of the symptoms and phenomena of rabies be pic-
tured by him to the reader. Although he has never been able to appreciate
why people are possessed by that insane terror of a disease, so rare that
death by the hand of the executioner might with equal good sense be an-
ticipated, he has felt that superstition, and an ignorance of the subject
were conditions favorable to the propagation of the common terror, and
only by enlightenment born of a perfect understanding of the disease and
its actual not imaginary dangers, can the public mind be disabused, and
the groundless terror dispelled.

In pursuance of the author's intention to familiarize the reader with all
the more important facts developed by scientific research, he submits the
following paraphrase of the address of M. Pasteur at the International
meeting at Copenhagen, August, 1884. —

" Congresses seem to point out the chief directions of progress, whilst
they are also meetings for examination of the most important problems
in medicine.

When three years ago, this Congress met in London the microbe theory
was still in attack but now it is admitted, and our opponents should ac-
knowledge it. That spontaneous generation was a chemical hypothesis has
also been proved; on the other hand microscopic life lias a relation to
organic decomposition and fermentation, hence theories as to spontaneous
origin of disease must cease to exist.

From the London Congress another advance must also be dated viz.,
the possibility of attenuating viruses, varying their infectious nature and
preserving them. The application to veterinary medicine followed, and
animals are protected against such diseases as fowl cholera and splenic
fever. The methods applied to animals might be adopted in regard to man
only we should have to proceed with caution. The inquiries hitherto con-
ducted are things of yesterday ; they have been fruitful in results and we
have a right to expect further advances. I was induced to study rabies, a
disease surrounded with obscurity, in order to penetrate further into the
arcana of knowledge. For four years in my laboratoiy, we have been con-
ducting experiments under difficulties, though the French government
has in its zeal for scientific interests endeavored to smooth the way. I
shall to day give the results of our experiences.

Every disease and especially rabies makes us think of a cure but in
searching for a remedy we often indulge in fruitless labor. By studying

162 RABIES.

the nature of the disease and development, we shall more certainly lead
to the remedy.

It is proved that the virus of rahies always develops in the nervous sys-
tem, brain, spinal cord, nerves, etc., and never invades at once all these
parts. It may conceal itself in the spinal cord and then attack the brain
or vice versa. We find that the uppermost part of the spinal cord, which
is called the bulb, is invariably the seat of the poison, so that when an
animal dies of rabies we are able to obtain from this bulb, some of the
virus of rabies which will produce the disease, if inoculated on the surface
of the brain. You can test this on any dog of any kind by trephining.
The experiment never fails and has been performed by us numerous times
on hundreds of animals.

The invariable existence of the virus in the bulb of dead animals from
this disease, the certainty of communicating rabies to other animals by
opening the brain are truths now established. As to the origin of hydro-
phobia or rabies, all forms came originally from the bite of a mad dog.
Rabies never rises spontaneously in the dog or other animals; all cases to
the contrary are non-authentic.

There must have been a first case of rabies, but this touches problems
unsolvable. It touches the problem of life. Who would maintain that an
ovum always came from an ovum and that the first ovum spontaneously
developed? Science does not argue about the origin of things. No one is
benefited and such questions are beyond its province.

Nothing is more variable than the natural period of incubation in this
disease. One dog goes mad in four or six weeks, another in two or three
months. By one method of inter-cranial inoculation, the period of incuba-
tion is shortened and known approximately. The duration of incubation
may also depend upon the quantity of active virus reaching the nervous
system unchanged. The quantity of virus may be infinitesimal.

On May 10th., 1882, ten drops of a fluid, obtained by macerating, in a ster-
ilized broth, a portion of the bulb of a wandering mad-dog, were intro-
duced into the popliteal vein of a dog. A second dog was inoculated with
one one-hundredth, and another dog one two-hundredth of the quantity.
The first dog had rabies on the eighteenth day, the second on the thirty-
fifth, and the third was unaffected, the quantity of virus not being sufficient.
This dog was again tested and contracted rabies twenty-two days later.
If we operate by trephining we obtain a method certain in its effect. If we
take mad dogs at any season, and in each case isolate the bulb and inocu-
late with the material by trephining a few rabbits, the phenomena will be
regular. No matter what dog be used the incubation will fall within
twelve or fifteen days; it will never be eleven, ten, or eight days though it
may be over fifteen days. Other instances of the peculiarities of the virus

DISEA SES OF THE NER VO US S YS TEM. 1 63

might be given, all proving that there exists and can be produced different
kinds of rabies all more or less violent and fatal.

Guinea pigs soon attain a maximum of virulence; the incubative period
is shortened, and by transmission we obtain a virus which surpasses in
virulence that of rabies ordinarily met with.

Jenner propounded the theory that poison called " grease " in the horse,
now described more correctly as the horse-pox may be weakened in activ-
ity by transmission through cows. This idea of Jenner's struck us as
being capable of imitation. Could we attenuate the virus bypassing it
through the bodies of certain animals? Many attempts were made, until
in the case of monkeys, a medium was found.

December 6, 1SS3, the bulb of a dog which had been bitten by a child who
died of hydrophobia, was taken and a monkey inoculated by trephining.
In eleven days the monkey became rabid. From this monkey, the virus
was transmitted to a second. In eleven days the second showed signs of
rabies. A third monkey became rabid in twenty -three days. Other mon-
keys were experimented on. With the bulb of each of these monkeys two
rabbits were inoculated by the method of trephining. The rabbits infected
by the first monkey became rabid on the thirteenth and sixteenth days ;
the two from the second monkey on the fourteenth and twentieth days;
the two from the third monkey on the twenty-sixth and thirtieth days;
two from a fourth monkey on the twenty-eighth day in each case ; two
from a fifth monkey on the twenty-seventh day in each case; two from a
sixth monkey on the thirtieth day in each case.

By transmission from monkey to monkey, and from monkey to rabbits,
the strength of the poison seemed weakened. A dog inoculated with the
bulb of the fifth monkey had incubation period of not less than fifty-eight
days; other experiments confirmed these results. We thus found out a
method of attenuating the virus, and a method of vaccinating dogs as
prevention against rabies.

As a starting point we take one of the rabbits inoculated from monkeys
to such a degree, that hypodermic or intravenous injection does not cause
death. The preventive inoculations are done with the bulbs of rabbits
which have been successfully infected from monkeys to rabbits. Jenner's
methods met with opposition. Remembering this I determined to lay my
results before a scientific commission. M. Tallieres, Minister of Instruction
in France, supported my project. M. Beclard, P. Bert, Bouley, Tisseraud,
Villemin, and Vulpian were appointed to examine my statements and
check the facts I had communicated to the Academy of Sciences May 29,
1SS4. M. Bouley was chosen President, and Villemin, Secretary. The com-
mittee have recently presented their report to the Minister. I am now able
to give a brief account of the first report.

164 RABIES.

I presented to the committee nineteen vaccinated dogs, all of whom had
been rendered insusceptible by preventive inoculation, and thirteen of
these had been further tested after vaccination by inoculation by trephin-
ing.

These nineteen dogs were compared in various ways with nineteen other
dogs chosen for the purpose of experiments. On June 1st. two of the pro-
tected dogs and two trial dogs were inoculated by trephining under the
dura mater with the bulb of a mad dog. On June 3d. one protected dog
and one trial dog were bitten by a mad dog. On June 4th. the same mad
dog bit another protected and another trial dog. June Gth. the mad dog
used June 3d. and 4th. died, and the bulb was inoculated by trephining on
three trial and three protected dogs.

June 10th. one protected and one trial dog were bitten by another mad
dog obtained from the streets; June 16th. one protected and one trial dog
were bitten by a dog which had gone mad June 14th. as a result of the ex-
periments; June 19th. three protected and three trial dogs inoculated in
popliteal veins with bulb of mad dog; June 20th. six protected and four
trial dogs inoculated in vein; June 2Sth. two protected and two trial dogs
bitten by mad dog at the hospital of M. Paul Simon, a veterinary surgeon.

Now let us look at the results. — The Com. performed experiments on
thirty-eight dogs, nineteen protected and nineteen not protected. They
report that in the case of the nineteen trial dogs, rabies occurred as fol-
lows : — of six bitten, rabies occurred in three; of seven inoculated in
vein, rabies in five; of five trephined, all died. Trephining was the surest.
On the other hand, not a single symptom of rabies appeared in any of the
dogs vaccinated by me and declared insusceptible; one dog died from
diarrhoea, the cause of death being verified by post-mortem and also by
tests. Three rabbits and one guinea pig were inoculated with the bulb
of this dog and are in the best of health. The animals are still under
observation."

The following is a literally translated extract from the address of M.
Bouley, before the French Association for Advancement of Sciences.—

Living nature of the contagion and Inoculation preventive of
tHE Hydrophobia.

" Nothing is conjectural now. The agent of the contagion is a living
agent, already known for an important group of contagious diseases. This
agent, this living element, we have been able to master, to observe it in
the midst of artificials proper for its culture ; we have been able to study
its physiology, modes of existence; we have been able to subject it to
profound modifying influences; to create, so to speak, races in different
species. In short we have been able to see it by our own work in the
living organisms, in conditions vigorously determined by the experimen-

DISEA SES OF THE NER VO US S YS TEM. 1 65

ters, and to study the series of effects that it is capable of producing.

After having torn away from nature this secret, so long a time guarded,
that contagion is the function of the living element, that a certain number
of contagious diseases is possessed of this element, they have isolated it
from organisms where they had taken it, they have studied it in the midst
of artificials proper for its development and to all the manifestations of
its life; have submitted it to influences capable of moderating its energy,
and in short have resolved this wonderful problem of transforming it, it
the agent of death, into an agent of efficacious preservation which renders
invulnerable those attacked by the natural contagion of the animals which
have been submitted to the influence, mitigated by a systematic culture
of the living element of this contagion ; and this grand discovery of the
attenuation of the virus that the entire world has applauded as one of the
most wonderful acquisitions, the most marvellous that medical science
has ever made perhaps; this discovery which in the capital of Scotland
some months ago, and some days ago in the capital of Denmark, has
yielded to M. Pasteur one of the grand triumphs which were formerly
accorded to the conquerors in war.

Hydrophobia from the beginning of time to these last hours has lived a
fatal disease, against which all attempts have ever and ignominiously
failed, and here to day, thanks to M. Pasteur and his collaborators that he has
associated in his work, it can be transformed into a disease wholly benig.
nant, which not only is compatible with life, but still has this happy
privilege of rendering invulnerable the organisms which have received
the germ, in that state of benignity, against those harmed by its terrible
virus, when they are inoculated in the natural conditions of intensity. To
render hydrophobia as harmless a disease as carbuncle has become, what
a marvellous problem is solved !

They knew positively that it was contagious, and that its exclusive mode
of transmission was inoculation, which might be accidental, like that
which results from a bite, the most frequent of all; it may be inoculation
by the deposit of the foam of a mad animal upon an absorbing mucous, or
wounded surface, or may be in short, experimental inoculation.

When they inoculate the monkey in successive series, the energy of the
virulence follows a descending scale, of which the degrees can be meas-
ured by the increasing duration of the period in inoculation, and the
attenuated hydrophobia of the monkey is transmitted to the dog or rabbit;
the duration of the period of inoculation with these last animals is wit-
nessed by the proportionate long increase of the attenuation of the virus
which was inoculated to thenar. The application of these facts says M.
Pasteur places in our hands a method of vaccinating dogs against hydro-
phobia.

160 RABIES.

Messieurs. — This remedy, after which the victims of the bite of rabid
animals have always looked forward to with so much ardor, the day is not
far off without doubt, when M. Pasteur and others will be able to place it in
the hands of physicians, and this remedy which is a very paradoxical thing,
this will be the terrible virus itself, removed by the wonderful method
of attenuation of its deadly energy, will have been transformed in a vac-
cination against itself, and will be able to invest the organism to which
they inoculate it with a beneficent immunity, thanks to which the natural
virus, inoculated by the bite, can no longer take effect on it."
M. Bouley sums up as follows.—

Hydrophobia and Benignity!

Hydrophobia and iMaruNTTY!

Hydrophobia and Cure!

DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 167

COXVULSIOJYS.

Convulsions and fits are terms used synonymously and signify a sudden
seizure, loss of consciousness, involuntary, spasmodic contractions of the
muscles of the body, foaming at the mouth, followed by stupor.

Convulsions among dogs, and more especially in early life, are of fre-
quent occurrence. Epilepsy is the more common term used among writers
on canine diseases to designate these attacks; it should more properly be
restricted to those purely functional in character, that is, not necessarily
attended with either inflammation or appreciable disease of structure,
and distinguished by a chronic course and unexpected recurrence.

Convulsions do not represent any single form of disease. Among the
number of morbid conditions which may induce them some are determin-
able, others are obscure, and of them we possess little positive knowledge.

Causation. —Predisposition plays a prominent part in the production
of numerous forms of convulsion ; it may be inherited, or acquired through
the action of various conditions and diseases.

Nervous disorders are more easily generated in some breeds of dogs
than in others, and in-breeding among such cannot lessen the liability.
General debility, changes in the blood, age, and diseases incident to par-
turition, appear strongly to favor a predisposition.

Among the exciting causes may be mentioned worms, the eruption of
the teeth, over exertion, intense heat, fear, anger, and witnessing other
convulsions. Prof. Dalton has related the following illustration of the
effect of imitation in the canine race. A dog, not previously affected with
epilepsy, was in company with another clog which was subject to the affec-
tion; the latter being seized with a convulsion, the former immediately
afterward had a similar attack.

Among the causes exciting convulsions may be mentioned numerous
poisons, strychnine, etc.; injuries to the brain and spine; in fact very
many irritations and inflammations in different parts of the body, and
derangements and diseases of the internal organs may give rise to the
affection.

Symptoms.— Convulsions come on abruptly and without symptoms
indicative of their onset. If the dog is at exercise, he stops suddenly,
remains for an instant fixed to the spot as it were, his legs tremble, utter-
ing a short, sharp cry or a low moan he falls, possibly attempts to rise
again, again falls, becomes unconscious, and convulsive movements at
once begin. More often they are at first what are termed tonic spasms,
that is a persistent and uniform muscular contraction of great intensity,
lasting usually for a few seconds, followed by spasms for which the name
clonic is given. By this it is understood a rapid succession of contractions

168 CONVULSIONS.

and relaxations of the muscles, by means of which the body is kept in a
state of continual and very active movement. The head, the limbs, and
the bodj- jerk violently ; the tongue is sometimes caught between the teeth
and bitten; the movements of the jaws are accompanied with a foamy
saliva, frequently tinged with blood from the wounded tongue. Respira-
tion during the tonic spasm is arrested, and is irregular and incomplete
while the active convulsion exists; in consequence the mucous membrane
becomes livid and congested.

A convulsion may be slight or severe and prolonged. As the paroxysm
ends the animal draws a deep, long sigh, and if the attack is epileptic he
then soon recovers consciousness, and is moving about as though nothing
unusual had occurred. In some cases the unfortunate passes into a state
of profound stupor, in which he remains a variable period. Gradually
consciousness returns, he makes several attempts to rise, reels about for
a few steps in a bewildered manner, grows steadier, and is soon himself
or much improved. In very rare cases he will appear delirious, and rush
wildly away or towards those about him.

tPro</nosis . — Since convulsions cannot be considered as representative
of any single form of disease, and they relate to many morbid conditions
differing from each other so widely, unless the cause is known which
induces them, a prognosis cannot be made.

In epilepsy the paroxysms recur after intervals extremely variable.
When worms cause an attack, their removal promises a cure. The so-
called suckling fits are due to exhaustion and disappear when strength
returns. Convulsions occurring in distemper from brain irritation almost
invariably prove a fatal symptom. The same may be said when they ap-
pear in disease of the kidneys, and as the result of poisons. Teething fits
sometimes end fatally but are more often recovered from.

In a general way it may be said the prognosis is favorable when the
causes are of a simple nature and easily removed.

Treatment . — During a convulsion the animal should be secured to pre-
vent his running away if delirious on recovery. The object of treatment
then is to cool the head and keep the body warm, thereby drawing the
blood from the brain. Bathing the head with cold water will generally
prove quite sufficient. After the convulsive movements cease if he is in-
clined to sleep, allow him to remain undisturbed.

In every case the primary cause should be sought for, and efforts be
made to effect its removal. If poison is suspected, proper treatment will
be found advised elsewhere. If the convulsion is prolonged, the injection
of the hydrate of chloral recommended in strychnine poisoning should
be given. Generally where spasms are connected with diseases or de-
rangements of different organs, the existence of such disorders will have

DISEA SES OF THE NEB VO US S YS TEAL 1 69

been manifested by previous symptoms, and tbeir cure is demanded.

The treatment of general predisposition should be tonic and applied to
the nervous system. The oxide of zinc in two grain doses twice daily is a
reliable agent, and should be persisted in to secure a full effect. Over-
feeding, plethora, want of exercise, worms, etc., suggest a change in
management and the needed medication.

Vertigo.

Vertigo or dizziness is an occasional symptom among dogs. If severe
they fall suddenly, remain motionless for a few moments, and are again
moving about as before. In mild cases they simply reel for a few steps
like one intoxicated. At times vomiting occurs. Generally the cause can
be attributed to indigestion or liver derangements. Sometimes over-eat-
ing, and occasionally deprivation, are active influences. A tight collar
may interrupt the circulation in the head and therefore induce an attack.

Treatment '. —The most important measure is to obviate the cause.
After that is removed tonic remedies, nutritious diet and other means of
improving the general health are indicated.

&<POPLEXY.

The term apoplexy signifies a sudden stroke or shock. It does not rep-
resent an individual disease, but is applied to sudden lethargy or profound
stupor, occurring in different affections of the brain.

Causation . — The most frequent condition which gives rise to apoplexy
is hemorrhage within the skull, the blood pressing upon the brain sub-
stance thereby inducing paralysis. Sometimes an apoplectic attack is
induced by sudden congestion of the brain, as in cases of sunstroke.
Another condition which may give rise to it, is an interruption in the cir-
culation of blood in a portion of the brain by the plugging of an important
artery. This accident is caused by clots, which may have formed either
in the heart or arteries. Profound stupor may occur in inflammation of
the substance of the brain, and as the result of uraemic poisoning in dis-
eases of the kidneys.

Certain morbid conditions within the skull may exist, and other influen-
ces which invite an unusual accumulation of blood there, may co-operate
to cause an apoplectic seizure. Great mental excitement, anger, intense
heat, violent exercise, blows on the head, and straining are among the
exciting causes. A short neck and full habit, as seen in certain breeds,

1 70 DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

was formerly concluded as denoting a predisposition to apoplexy; this
supposition is not sustained by facts.

Symptoms . —The abruptness of the attack, partial or complete uncon-
sciousness; slow, heavy, noisy breathing; full, hard pulse, less frequent
than in health; eyes fixed and reddened; mucous membrane purplish;
convulsive movements observed in some few cases. These are the more
common symptoms in apoplectic seizures.

Treatment.— The head should be raised and kept cold by applications,
and the body "warm by coverings and artificial heat if needed. Generally
a cathartic should be given as soon as the animal can swallow. Too active
measures are unwarranted ; bleeding can do no good, and the treatment
must be expectant; perfect rest, and efforts to sustain the vital powers by
proper nourishment are the great essentials. Nature must be aided and
depended upon. Apoplexy is a grave condition; recovery may take place,
and the chances of a recurring attack depend upon the cause which gave
rise to it in the first instance.

CONCUSSION OF THE BR£IjY.

Concussion signifies sudden shock and interruption of the functions of
the brain. The condition is rare among dogs, but may exist, caused by a
blow or other mechanical injury to the head.

Symptoms. — In ordinary cases the animal lies for a time motionless
and unconscious. If an attempt is made to arouse him he opens his eyes,
moves slightly, and again becomes insensible. After a time in this state,
the functions of the brain renew their activity, he moves restlessly, gen-
erally vomits, and his senses return.

In more severe cases of concussion, the animal is unconscious of efforts
to arouse him, his breathing is slow, and his pulse quick and feeble; sur-
face and extremities cold. Vomiting in these cases rarely occurs. As
reaction goes on the pulse grows stronger, the breathing quicker, circula-
tion better, and the body warmer. After a time partial sensibility returns,
and when at last on his feet he staggers, reels blindly about, and possibly
again becomes unconscious.

Death may follow a severe concussion; in some instances recovery
takes place slowly ; in others it is only partial, the animal remaining infirm,
with intelligence lessened.

Treatment. —The skull should be carefully examined for a possible
fracture, and if one is found a surgeon should be immediately consulted.
In mild cases there is but little need of active interference. When the
symptoms indicate the injury a severe one, cold should be applied to the

DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 171

head, and heat to the body, to lessen the flow of blood to the brain, and
thereby prevent inflammation.

As soon as the animal can swallow, a purgative should be administered,
and his bowels subsequently kept active. If inflammatory symptoms
manifest themselves, leeches should be applied to the back of the head
and followed by a blister. Perfect quietude is a marked essential. The
diet should be mild and unstimulating.

The effects of a severe concussion often persist for a long time and may
eventually indicate the need of strychnine in small doses.

HYZ><ROCE<PH£Z vs.

This affection is occasionally seen among dogs in early life. The for-
mation of tubercules on the membranes of the brain, is generally stated
to be the exciting cause; the normal fluid contents become intensely aug-
mented, and portions of the brain degenerate and soften. The affection is
more often present at birth, but is not necessarily congenital. A state of
impaired nutrition, a weakly constitution, and the co-existence of rickets
or scrofula is the more often noted.

Puppies affected with the disorder show a lack, and possibly a total
absence of intelligence. Very often partial paralysis of the hind legs
occurs, and the dull, drowsy, symptoms observed in compression manifest
themselves in a greater or less degree. Convulsions often set in late in the
disease. The general appearance of the animal after a time clearly indi-
cates the hopelessness of treatment.

Compression of the B<r&ijy.

Compression of the brain is more often produced by either an effusion
of blood, tumors, fracture of the skull with depression, or by the forma
tion of pus or serous fluid within the cranial cavity.

Symptoms.— Partial or complete unconsciousness and stupor, breath-
ing slow, labored, and noisy; pupil dilated and insensible; pulse slow;
sometimes the urine dribbles away, and a discharge of feces occurs invol-
untary.

Diagnosis.— To discriminate between concussion and compression
of the brain is by no means easy in some cases. The leading points of
distinction are as follows: — The symptoms of concussion appear immedi-
ately after the accident; those of compression from an effusion of blood,
may manifest themselves after an interval. Be it understood that for a

172 DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

time after a severe "blow on the head it will he difficult, if not impossible,
to tell whether simple concussion or compression exists. If the first
symptoms disappear readily, and the animal seemingly having entirely
recovered afterwards becomes unconscious, it may he inferred that com-
pression has followed concussion. In the latter the pulse and hreathing is
weak and feeble, the body cold; in the former the breathing is heavy,
labored, and noisy; the pulse slow and full ; complete muscular paralysis
is not uncommon in this condition, but rare in concussion.

Treatment.— Fractures demand surgical treatment, the same may be
said if it can he determined that pus has formed within the cranial cavity.
In other respects the treatment advised in apoplexy should be employed
in compression.

&CUTE Meningitis.

Acute inflammation of the membranes of the brain is an affection occa-
sionally seen among dogs, and deserves especial consideration from the
fact that there is presumptive evidence that many cases are taken for
rabies, from which in a certain stage it is not always easy to discriminate.

Causation. — The usual causes are traumatic, cerebral concussion, inju-
ries acting directly upon the substance of the brain, intense cold, sunstroke,
great mental excitement, and the extension of inflammation from adja-
cent organs. The disease may take its origin in otitis; less frequently it
extends from the cavities of the eyes. Meningitis is sometimes developed
in connection with distemper, and may follow other constitutional dis-
eases.

Symptoms.— The affection in rare instances comes on gradually but
more often the onset is abrupt. The first stage is one of active congestion,
and is characterized hy pain, delirium and maniacal excitement. It is
now that the disease is often taken for rabies. The "behavior becomes
changed, the voice altered, the. eyes are glistening and vacant in expres-
sion, the animal is extremely restless, snaps and barks at imaginary
intruders, and hites at sticks extended to him.

In meningitis as in that dreaded madness the violence and maniacal
excitement occurs in paroxysms, with intervals of comparative quiet.
Convulsive movements occur, snapping the jaws, champing the teeth,
and foaming at the mouth, and very often prolonged general convulsions
are observed. The bowels are constipated. The sense of hearing remains
acute, and when called the animal will raise his head as though listening,
but unahle to locate from whence it comes or appreciate the significance
Of the sound, he does not respond.

DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 173

When on his feet, if confined in a room, lie circles around it sniffing at
the walls, at times stopping and barking for several minutes, his voice
altered and the tone pitched high. His legs tremble under him showing
increasing -weakness. Liquids he drinks readily and with feverish rapac-
ity. Vomiting frequently occurs ; the eyes are bloodshot, the face haggard ;
the pulse is quickened, and the temperature of the body notably raised.
Restlessness is a marked symptom in this stage. The -writer recalls the
case of a young mastiff afflicted with the disease, which he allowed to run
at large within his house, that the symptoms might be carefully observed
by the inmates. This dog -while he had strength to make the distance had
a certain point to -which he invariably journeyed. He would startfrom his
bed in the kennel man's room, climb three stairs, enter the kitchen, pass
from there into the dining room of his master, and stop at the hall door,
then without pausing, take the same direct course back, and on reaching
his bed again turn and travel the same distance, always for the same
points, never deviating or passing through other doors or going beyond
his self imposed limits. Other dogs lay about the rooms undisturbed and
unnoticed. At first his journeys were made on an easy walk, head carried
low; later on he entered a run which he kept up for an hour at a time
until exhaustion overcame him, then for a brief interval he remained
quiet, and when his strength returned he would again start on his weari-
some run. The inmates of the house would occasionally meet him on his
journeys; without any disposition to bite he would deviate only suffi-
ciently to pass them and continue on. For two days only had he strength
to climb the stairs, but until he died, some three days later, he constantly
made feeble efforts to do so.

The stage of active congestion in dogs suffering from acute meningitis
is short, rarely more than two or three days, when the symptoms change
as an effusion forms within the cranial cavities and presses upon the
brain. Drowsiness succeeds the maniacal excitement ; the sight becomes
dim or wholly disappears ; obstructions are no longer avoided but blindly
encountered. In his movements the animal seems wholly unconscious,
crazed as it were ; his bark is lower and feeble ; he still drinks if his nose
is guided to the basin; the intervals of quiet grow much longer; he rises
to his feet with difficulty, his legs weak and trembling; the stupor grows
more profound; paralysis ends his tiresome walks; convulsions occur
often and severe; death finally results.

The disease under consideration may run a fatal course in two or three
days; rarely will it extend beyond six or seven.

^Diagnosis. —From the foregoing symptoms it will be understood how
easy it is for an observer, unfamiliar with the manifestations in both dis-
eases to mistake acute meningitis for that dread malady, rabies, and yet

174 DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

after a careful analysis of both diseases the difference is as easily appre-
ciated. The great danger of confounding them lies in the anxiety which
invariably possesses people, who sacrifice dogs on the first appearance
of symptoms which indicates the barest possibility of rabies; they jump
to conclusions and a diagnosis without sufficiently studying the case.

To kill an animal suspected of being mad, is not the first but the last
thing to do. He should be secured and every possible precaution institu-
ted to prevent injury to those around him, and then be carefully watched.
The wisdom of this plan is all the more evident if the animal has bitten
anyone; many a mind has been nearly crazed, by days of terror and hor-
rible expectancy which might have been averted, had not panic stricken
friends hurried the poor dog out of the world, when he should have been
allowed to die naturally from meningitis, or possibly some other disease,
in the course of which a few symptoms of rabies appeared.

The manner of the attack will aid much in diagnosis. Acute meningitis
occurs more often after an accident, injury, some unusual exposure, or is
developed in connection with some other disease. There is no melan-
cholic stage as is seen in rabies, no shrinking from strangers ; the disposi-
tion to worry articles, carpets, chair legs, etc., to eat indigestible substances,
to lap urine, cold stones, and iron, to stray away, to attack other dogs, is
absent in meningitis. Again while the voice is altered, the bark is short,
shai'p, high in pitch, entirely unlike the hoarse, croupy, blended howl and
wail heard in rabies.

In that dread malady, wood work is bitten, straw shaken in the teeth of
animals infected; sticks extended are held savagely in the mouth and
withdrawn only with great effort. In meningitis these symptoms are ab-
sent ; an animal ill with the disease will bite at a stick extended, but almost
immediately relinquish it, and another important diagnostic difference is,
while maniacal excitement occurs in paxoxysms, it cannot be induced by
worrying the animal as in the case of madness.

In the latter disorder there appear peculiar illusions; the unfortunates
will see as it were, bugs, spiders, and the like crawl along the walls, and
follow them with their eyes in their imaginary course ; this symptom does
not appear in meningitis; neither is there a disposition to bite other ani-
mals as is the case in rabies. In the former affection vomiting generallj-
occurs, and what is of great importance to consider, is the fact that it is an
inflammatory disease, and the febrile movement is more or less marked.

Prognosis . —Acute meningitis is a grave disease and recovery will but
rarely take place. When developed in connection with other disorders as
distemper, a fatal result may be anticipated.

Treatment. — An animal manifesting the symptoms should be secured,
and a measure of anxiety will be removed if care in handling is observed.

DISEA SES OF THE NEE VO US S YS TEM. J 75

The timorous can use heavy buckskin gloves, and will doubtless feel safer
for it, although after meningitis is positively determined such precautions
are needless. Perfect quiet is to be enforced; the diet should be liquid
bland and easily digestible, given often and in smaller quantities if vom-
iting is persistent. The bowels should be kept active ; the syrup of buck-
thorn in tablespoonful doses, is an easy cathartic.

The convulsions demand an anti-spasmodic remedy, and belladonna is
advised; the tincture can be administered in five drop doses every three
or four hours as needed.

When the stage of effusion is reached, the iodide of potassium should be
given in three grain doses, four times daily, and a blister be applied to the
back of the neck. As the disease progresses the need to support the pow-
ers of the system becomes more urgent.

Chronic Meningitis.

Inflammation of the membranes of the brain may take on a sub-acute
or chronic form. It is a disease which comes on insidiously, without
characteristic symptoms, and its presence is usually for a long time over-
looked, the manifestations being attributed to some other morbid state.
To ascertain the cause in many cases is no less difficult than to reach a
correct diagnosis; injuries to the head are doubtless largely instrumental
in inducing the affection. Chronic meningitis is one of the diseases upon
which epilepsy is dependent; it is possible that in some diseases of the
kidneys it occasionally takes its origin.

Certain diseases within the cranial cavity may exist for a considerable
period without manifestations clearly indicating the head as the seat of
the derangements; even when located the absence of distinctive symp-
toms renders it impossible to distinguish chronic meningitis from many
other affections of the brain, and a positive diagnosis can rarely be made
excepting at the autopsy.

If a dog's disposition changes; if he gradually grows dull, stupid, and
disinclined to exertion ; sleeps more than usual; has occasional convul-
sive movements, possibly confined to the mouth; carries his head low;
his eyes become vacant in expression, dim in sight or sightless; his move-
ments when on his feet are erratic, and it is known that sometime in the
past he has experienced a severe blow on the head, then the presence of
chronic meningitis may with reason be suspected. The symptoms de-
scribed are common to a variety of affections of the brain, but when
following an injury the membranes are more often affected than the brain
substance.

176 DISEASES OF TEE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The treatment consists of mild laxatives, blisters or setons to the back
of the head, perfect quiet, nutritious diet, the iodide of potassium in three
grain doses three times daily, and possibly after this agent has been used
for several weeks, strychnine can wisely be substituted. The appetite and
general condition of the animal will indicate whether quinine and iron
need be added to the strychnine.

Chores.

Chorea or as it is more commonly called, St. Vitus' dance, is a spasmodic
affection generally accepted as purely nervous.

The causation is obscure. "Worms have been assigned, but the evidence
is insufficient. Great mental excitement, fear, and anger might induce the
disease. It very commonly follows distemper. It is characterized by
irregular contractions or twitching of certain muscles, movements which
the animal has no power to control. The affection may be extensive, in-
volving several parts of the body, but it is more generally confined to one
set of muscles, the head or a limb.

Treatment. — The disease is exceedingly obstinate, and recovery is by
no means certain. The purpose should be to remove if possible all mor-
bid states of the body which may tend to aggravate the disease, such as
constipation, indigestion, worms, debility, etc. To sustain the general
strength and improve the vigor of the nervous system by tonics, nutritious
diet, and every influence conducive to perfect health.

A diversity of remedies have been advised by different authors as a cure
for this disease. Doubtless the most serviceable drugs are strychnine and
arsenic; the preference given to the former. It should be commenced early
in the affection and may be given as follows. —

R Strychnia? Sulph. gr. ij
Aqure 5 i

Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose three drops twice a day.
The dose should be increased one drop daily until the physiological effects
of the strychnia are observed, as evinced by a stiffening of the legs or
neck. When this occurs the dose should be at once reduced to three drops,
and increased again as before. It will not do to make the giving of this
medicine a matter of convenience ; it must be faithfully and regularly ad-
ministered, and its action carefully watched. If no decided improvement
follows the use of strychnine after a reasonable quantity has been given,
arsenic should be substituted. The most convenient preparation is Fow-
ler's solution and of this four drops can be given twice daily, and increased
one drop every two or three days until the specific effects of the medicine

DISEA SES OF THE NEB VO US S YS TEAT. 1 7 1

are produced when it must at once be discontinued. These are puffmess
about the ej-elids, loss of appetite, a disturbed digestion, occasionally a
falling out of the hair, and salivation. If it is deemed wise to add iron to
the arsenic, one half an ounce of the ferri et ammonige citratis can be
mixed with an ounce of Fowler's solution. The dose of this preparation
is three drops. If the bowels are constipated, the syrup of buckthorn
should be given as needed to promote a free action. In exercise, fatigue
should be avoided. The use of the nerve tonics, strychnine or arsenic
should be prolonged even after the chorea has disappeared, and when they
are discontinued, cod liver oil in tablespoonful doses should be substitu-
ted, and persisted in until perfect health is restored.

NEvnaLGm.

Neuralgia is a disease of the nervous system manifesting itself by pains.
Although its presence among dogs is rarely detected owing to the difficul-
ties clearly apparent, it is presumed that the affection is not an uncommon
one, and the symptoms of it are misinterpreted and attributed to some
other disorder. An ancient author thus defines the disease, "neuralgia is
the cry of a nerve for more blood or better blood."

Many exciting causes both local and constitutional are recognized as
active in producing the affection. The former by pressure or other influ-
ence applied directly to the nerve itself; the latter by morbid states of the
blood, exposure, decayed teeth, disorders of digestion, debility and many
other derangements.

Neuralgia may appear in any organ or part of the body supplied with
nerves of sensation. The pain usually manifests itself abruptly, and in
severe cases is excruciating, forcing an animal so attacked to howl pite-
ously, and act in an insane manner while it lasts. It usually occurs in
paroxysms with intervals of comparative ease.

By careful examination and patient watching, the region in which the
pain exists may be determined, and the cause should be removed if pos-
sible. Decayed teeth demand extraction, general derangements the use
of tonics, local disturbances the proper remedies to overcome them. If
the affected nerve can be located and is accessible, a blister should be
applied, and dressed with a little extract of belladonna.

If the pain is excessive and attacks are prolonged, laudanum in twenty
drop doses is indicated. If the pains occur regularly each day or night
at about the same hours, three grains of quinine should be administered
four times daily until they cease.

178 DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

<Pti<R&LYSIS.

Paralysis is a symptom, not a disease. It is characterized by impair-
ment o'r loss of muscular contraction whilst the power of making an
effort of the will remains. It may he partial, confined to one or more
muscles; or the muscular system may he involved.

Paralysis may arise from diseases of the great nerve centres, the hrain
and the spinal cord ; it may be due to certain influences which diminish
or destroy the integrity of the nerves themselves ; it may result from a
diminution or loss of excitability and contractility of the muscles.

Causation . —Contusions, wounds, fractures, and other injuries produced
traumatic ally. Diseases of the parts in the region of the nerves, thereby
causing compression, as in the case of tumors, enlarged glands, and many
other conditions.

Diseases of the brain and spinal cord are amongst the most frequent
causes of paralysis. Disturbances in circulation as in a clot plugging an
important artery in the brain, thereby cutting off the supply of blood
from a portion of it. Certain poisons are known to produce paralysis.
The affection in some instances occurs after acute diseases; it appears in
exhaustion of the nervous system.

In dogs is often observed the so-called reflex paralysis, occurring in
consequence of some disease, injury, or irritation, existing at points of
nerve distribution, as in intestinal disorders and affections of the kidneys,
bladder, etc. Worms, constipation, and contusions not uncommonly cause
an impairment or loss of power in the hind parts.

Symptoms . —If paralysis is partial it is shown by a trembling, feeble-
ness, and uncertainty of the movements of the parts affected. If complete,
the muscles are more often relaxed and incapable of the slightest resist-
ance. In spinal paralysis the uniform affection of both sides is the more
common feature. When the brain is the seat of the disease, loss of power
almost always occurs on one, and the opposite side of the head or body.
When the affection is reflex, the impairment or loss is limited to the region
supplied by one or a few nerve trunks.

The disease may come on suddenly or gradually. After existing for a
time the muscles lose their contractility, waste, and power of motion in
them is permanently destroyed, or the affected nerves may change, become
incapable of conducting impressions, and thus recovery is impossible.

Treatment. — In cases of paralysis occurring suddenly, the bowels
should be moved freely, and the ability of the animal to void his urine be
determined by watching. If the bladder is involved by the disease it
must be emptied by a catheter. It is of the greatest importance that the
cause be determined and treatment directed to its removal.

DISEA SE S OF THE NEE VO US S YS TEAT. 275

In reflex paralysis induced by intestinal troubles, worms, etc., proper
remedies are advised elsewhere.

Poisons demand their antidotes, and loss of power occurring after acute
diseases suggests improved nutrition and nerve stimulants. If the impair-
ment of power has been gradual, and the disease is evidently chronic in
character, recovery is doubtful.

An important indication in treatment is to improve the general health
of the animal as well as to restore power in the paralyzed parts. The
kennel arrangements should be unexceptionable, the diet generous,
digestible, and sustaining. Natural movements of the muscles should be
executed daily, and if walking is possible, gentle exercise is imperative.

The medicinal agent to be depended upon as a nerve stimulant is
strychnine, and should be given in gradually increasing doses as advised
in chorea. Electricity is of great benefit in some cases, and should be
used to assist other means employed.

While strychnine is the important remedial agent, others should be ad-
ministered if their need is manifest. Quinine, iron, and cod liver oil are
demanded in many cases.

Tetanus.

Tetanus is a disease manifested by continuous muscular spasm or rigid-
ity. In the majority of cases this affection is caused by a wound or local
injury of some kind. Exposure to cold and intestinal disturbances may
induce it; in poisoning by nux vomica and strychnia the convulsions are
tetanoid. The attack may be general or partial ; when partial it is mostly
confined to the neck and jaws, and hence the affection is known as lock-
jaw. The jaws are firmly shut by the rigid contraction of the muscles,
and the mouth cannot be opened by any force it would be prudent to em-
ploy. The angles are drawn and the lips are bathed in frothy saliva.
Often swallowing is impossible, owing to the throat being involved.

The muscles of the eyes and face are at times affected, giving rise to
hideous distortions. When tetanus is general the body and limbs are stiff
and immovable, the abdominal walls shrunken and rigid; respiratory
movements of the chest are restrained. The muscular spasm is persistent;
but it occasionally subsides a little and then comes on again in fits of
greater violence.

Death may result from exhaustion, the nervous system being worn out
by the violence of the spasm, or from suffocation, respiration being too
long suspended during a violent convulsion. In very rare instances re-
covery takes place on the removal of the cause.

230 DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Treatment. — To remove the cause is the first axiom in the treatment
of all diseases. Other measures to be employed are to relax the spasms
and sustain the strength of the animal. Perfect quiet is to be enforced
and the administration of remedies should be effected as gently as possi-
ble. When difficulty in swallowing exists, nourishment and medicine
should be given per rectum.

A wound if apparently the cause of the disease, should be reopened and
a free discharge of pus promoted; cauterization will be necessary if it is
ragged and ill-conditioned, and afterward poultices ought to be applied.

Among the many sedatives advised in the treatment of this disorder,
chloral hydrate promises the best, and should be administered as is
advised in strychnine poisoning. This drug may prove ineffectual; if so
the tincture of the aconite root should be given by injection; three drops
every two hours until relief is obtained. If the result from the use of aco-
nite is discouraging, one eighth of a grain of morphine may be administered
subcutaneously, and repeated every three or four hours.

Of the utmost importance is abundant nourishment and stimulation.
A cup of milk or beef tea with a raw egg and a tablespoonful of brandy
should be given by the rectum every three or four hours, unless it can be
taken by the mouth. It is to be remembered that after the spinal cord
becomes affected it acts independently, and its irritation does not subside
on the removal of the exciting cause.

CH&<PTE<R XV.

GENER&L (DISEASES.

'Distemper.

Distemper is a fever originating through infection of the system with a
certain peculiar poisonous matter, the nature of which is unknown. By
some it is denominated the specific, catarrhal fever of the dog; the name
being suggested by the inflammation of the mucous structure which char-
acterizes the affection.

Causation. — When contagion plays so important a part, the existence
of a specific germ must he admitted for a disease so clearly defined and
so well characterized. Accepting this theory we reach the natural con-
clusion that distemper never originates spontaneously, but is dependent
upon a transmission, a continued propagation of the disease poison.
Some writers found sufficient explanation for the origin of the affection
in exposure to damp and cold, ill ventilated kennels, poor food, improper
feeding and the like, but as ideas have gradually developed and important
advances have been made in tracing to fixed conditions of truth the ori-
gins of certain diseases, once believed to have originated by equivocal
generation, we can scarcely doubt the doctrine of continuous propagation,
and can no longer realize how every considerable deviation from a proper
observance of the laws of health should be followed by the production of
a particular disease.

That influences which tend to debilitate are potent factors in the exten-
sion of the disease is not questioned, but that it originates only when the
specific germ of the disease exists by itself, or has been introduced, must
be believed.

The poison of distemper can be conveyed from one dog to another by
contact; but it is true that direct contact is not a necessary condition for
transmission; it can be conveyed by the air and in many other ways.

Hunting in his admirable treatise on this disease states: — "There are
certain circumstances favorable to its origin — the congregation together
of large numbers of dogs, the transit of clogs through the same places and

182 GENERAL DISEASES

in the same vehicles, contact with strange dogs — all of which are simply
facilities for the conveyance and transmission of the specific poison of
the disease. In kennels of honnds the most common time for outbreaks
of distemper to appear is when the young entries arrive, *. e., when the
j-oung hounds which have been farmed out at various places, return home.
Any of these may have been in contact with a dog suffering from distem-
per, and if one be infected all in contact with it suffer. The possibilities
of the introduction of disease are in exact proportion to the number of
places from which the animals are collected. Dog shows are a fruitful cause
of the spread of distemper. No matter how well managed they may be, the
mere fact of collecting from various places a vast number of dogs, renders
a large show almost certainly a focus from which the disease is dissemi-
nated widely. In some cases a large show has been the means of infecting
nearly every puppy sent to it. The malady is not at once made evident,
but shows itself a few days after the return of the animals. This cannot
altogether be prevented. Dogs just convalescent and free from any ap-
parent disease are sent to shows, and are capable of communicating
distemper to others. Even healthy dogs having an immunity from the
disorder, because of a previous attack, may carry the disease in their
coats if they have been in recent contact with a diseased dog, and so
spread the malady without ever being suspected. Some of these risks
might be obviated by requiring all exhibiters to state that for one month
previously their kennels have been free from contagious disease, and that
their dogs have not been in contact with diseased dogs for a week anterior
to the show. Railway boxes, hampers and portable kennels are sources
of possible contagion which might be lessened were disinfection and
washing more methodically carried out. Distemper can be easily trans-
mitted from a diseased to a healthy dog by a nasal discharge. It is often
spread by means of the food which a diseased dog has left. Its conta-
giousness probably no one disputes, but most men believe that there are
cases which rise independently of any contagion. The basis of such a
theory is the fact that in some cases the exact method of communication
is not traceable. Until a case can be found under circumstances which
render the conveyance of the specific poison an impossibility, this theory
has absolutely no facts to support it. The method of communication of
disease is often difficult to trace ; we can satisfactorily account for ninety
cases out of a hundred by contagion, and it can hardly be called begging
the question to say that the odd ten, presenting the same sign, running
the same course, and being equally contagious, are due to the same cause
that actuated the ninety."

In accepting the theory of the existence of a specific poison, and that
distemper can only be communicated by contagion, the alleged causative

DISTEMPER. 183

conditions, such as exposure, debility, improper feeding, ill ventilated
kennels etc., are to be regarded no longer as exciting causes, and are to
be considered only in so far as they may increase susceptibility, favor ex-
tension, and possibly determine the severity of the disease.

It is reasonable to suppose that inasmuch as the general system becomes
weakened by anti-hygienic influences.the power to resist contagion is les-
sened, the severity of disease is in a measure intensified, reaction and
repair are retarded, and mortality is thereby increased.

The poison of distemper, as in other contagious diseases, can reproduce
itself under favorable conditions to an endless degree ; it retains its vitality
and power of infection for a long time outside of the organism which
produced it; it has no special stage of development to pass through on
the way from the affected organism to the one to be affected; but at the
time of infection it is essentially in the same condition as when given up
by the organism yielding it. That a simple attack of distemper success-
fully overcome, imparts an immunity from it for the remainder of life, is
a rule with only occasional exceptions. In explanation of the theory of
immunity bestowed on man by certain contagious diseases, it has been
suggested that something analagous to the ferment process takes place.
If yeast is placed in a fluid containing sugar, fermentation follows; when
all the sugar has been destroyed, and fermentation is complete, it cannot
be produced again by a further addition of sugar; the fluid responds no
longer to the action of the yeast. It is conjectural that during certain
contagious diseases there is a destruction or change in the body of some
chemical or constituent, the presence of which is a necessary condition for
the retention or development of the disease. It is not unreasonable to
suppose that in distemper something analogous takes place.

The disease under consideration has been compared by some to the
typhoid fever of man; that it differs in its important symptoms, and
appearances as observed after death is true, but it seems that the greatest
disparity of all has been overlooked; typhoid fever belongs to the class
of miasmatic contagious diseases and is propagated in an essentiallj
different manner.

Distemper can be conveyed by contact from a diseased animal to a
healthy one and produce the disease in him, while typhoid fever is not
contagious in the proper sense of the word, for it is never transmitted by
direct contact. On the profound difference in the mode of propagation
depends the essential difference in the two diseases. A far greater analogy
exists between typhus fever of man and distemper ; it belongs to the same
class of contagious diseases; the specific germ is evidently transmitted
and propagated in much the same manner. The incubation period, the
febrile stage, the duration, the self limitation, and many essential symp-

184 GENERAL DISEASES.

torus are alike peculiar to both. Although distemper attacks dogs of all
ages it is more common in early life, the disease in old dogs being rarely
observed, for the reason that nearly all have experienced an attack and
are absolutely, or in a great measure insusceptible to the poison.

Symptoms. —The period of incubation, or slow development after expo-
sure to contagion and preceding the first symptoms of distemper, is from
four to fourteen days; probably the latter is the limit in the large majority
of cases. An attack is usually preceded by dulness, disinclination to
exertion, loss of appetite, and chilly sensations as shown by shiverings.
Then rapidly follow the symptoms of a common cold, sneezing, dry,
husky cough, and a watery discharge from the eyes and nose. The fever
soon becomes prominent, the pulse full and decided, the nose hot and dry,
and the lining membrane of the eyelids reddened, the tongue slightly
coated, and the secretion of saliva diminished. Vomiting is not uncom-
mon, food is rejected or eaten sparingly; there is thirst, a tendency to
constipation, and still greater prostration. On the second or third day the
discharge from the eyes and nose becomes purulent, gluing the inflamed
eyelids together, and drying in crusts around the nostrils as the fever
grows more intense. Muscular weakness and prostration increase, the
animal is less easily disturbed, and when in motion hangs his head, makes
but little effort, soon lies down, becomes indifferent, or dozes into an
unquiet sleep.

The cough at first short and dry, loses its husky tone as the mucous
secretion becomes abundant, and in mild cases soon ceases. As the dis-
ease progresses the pulse and respiration are increased in frequency; the
appetite more often entirely disappears; the stomach and intestines be-
come irritable, and a stale, even offensive odor proceeds from the mouth.

The fever runs a course of variable intensity ; in uncomplicated cases
it usually reaches its height in four or five days, and then rapidly subsides.
So favorable a result is by no means the rule; more often complications
arise, prolonging the illness, and rendering recovery more uncertain. If
reaction is delayed, and the constitutional disturbances persist, prostra-
tion becomes more marked, and is accompanied with rapidly increasing
emaciation.

In the progress of distemper seemingly trifling influences often induce
disastrous results; a system vitiated by the specific poison of the disease,
deranged and prostrated by an intense fever, its vital energies exhausted,
has but little resistive power, and is predisposed to further disorder. The
digestive organs already suffering from catarrhal conditions, are easily
inflamed by medicine or food unwisely selected; an irritable condition of
the mucous membrane of the air passages renders it easy to excite a
catarrh of the smaller bronchial tubes; weakness of the heart's action

DISTEMPER. 185

invites certain congestive changes in the lungs; pneumonia constitutes a
frequent and serious complication of distemper. In this disease as in
all others characterized hy prolonged high fever, certain degenerative
changes occur in the internal organs, the vessels, the hlood, and in the
muscular system. The change in the liver is shown hy the markedly
diminished secretion of "bile, the constituents of it "being retained in the
hlood and giving rise to jaundice.

The muscular degeneration is a part of the manifestation of the fever,
and depends upon the derangement of a centre regulating the nutrition
of the muscles. In many cases of distemper the functions of the brain
become more or less disturbed and weakened; occasionally effusions
take place within the cranial cavity ; epileptiform or general convulsions,
ineningitic symptoms, apoplectic seizures are in a high degree prejudi-
cial to the chances of recovery; for they indicate- some unusual cause of
disturbance, often a gi-ave disease of the brain or its attachments. There
is a decided tendency to constipation among some, wdule among others
diarrhoea and even dysentery exist.

During the period of dentition puppies are predisposed to convulsions
and intestinal catarrh; the transition of the latter into a more serious dis-
ease of the bowels, attended hy profuse discharges and rapid emaciation,
occasionally occurs, and in some instances terminates in collapse and
death. The influence of age is strikingly manifested m distemper; the
fever usually running a course of greater intensity among puppies. The
presence of worms is a complication which by functional disturbances
prejudices recovery.

Of notable influence upon the course of the disease under consideration is
the constitution of the dog attacked. Some breeds are more sensitive and
excitable; others in comparison might be called sluggish; in the former
the general disturbances of the system are more pronounced, and brain
symptoms are more easily induced. It is presumed that the in-and-in
bred animals for this reason have less resistant capability; the same may
be said of dogs improperly fed and generally neglected.

Occasionally distemper is aggravated and protracted in its course by
irritable and painful ulcers of the cornea, resulting from an inflammation
of the eyes, at first superficial and unimportant. An eruption of the skin,
and loss of hair from some portions of the body, is a frequent complica-
tion, due doubtless to weakened vitality and impaired nutrition.

Thus it will be seen that during an attack of distemper the predisposing
influences which invite further disorder are many, powerful, and not in-
frequently beyond control. The duration of the disease depends upon
the complications which may arise; where none appear the fever reaches
its height about the fifth day, then gradually declines, and recovery is

186 GENERAL DISEASES.

complete at the end of the third week. In cases running a fatal course
death usually occurs before the fifteenth day. Chorea and paralysis are
two important affections consequent upon certain attacks of distemper;
the latter usually affecting the hind quarters only.

The duration of complicated cases of distemper is problematical. In
many instances convalescence is for a long time delayed, and recovery
takes place slowly and is only completed after many weeks. When we
consider that the important organs in all parts of the body are weakened
and otherwise injured by the distemper process, that important constitu-
ents have been destroyed, that nutrition is retarded by defective digestion,
it becomes intelligible to us that complete restoration is slow after the
severer attacks of the disease.

Treatment. — Distemper is a disease which tends intrinsically to end
after a certain time, and is therefore self limited. A fatal result is rarely
due to the intensity of the disease; death is generally attributable to com-
plications. These facts are of considerable importance in estimating the
amount of curative influence exerted by methods of treatment. No relia-
ble means are yet known which can be depended upon to arrest this disease,
or even shorten the duration of the febrile career. Active measures em-
ployed simply because the distemper exists, without reference to events
connected with it, are contra-indicated. The progress should be carefully
watched and appropriate treatmentbe employed as unfavorable symptoms
arise; attempts should not be made to abridge or arrest the disease, but
rather is nature to be assisted, and remedies be employed to aid in con-
ducting it to a favorable termination.

The management of distemper involves not only the exercise of judg-
ment in the employment of medicinal remedies, but of attention to
sanitary and sustaining or supporting measures; a most important object
being to obviate the tendency to death by exhaustion, and to forestall a
degree of prostration dangerous to life.

When the disease makes its appearance the affected animal should be
Isolated from others and placed in dry, well ventilated quarters. The im-
portance of an abundance of pure air cannot be exaggerated; in cold
weather moderate artificial heat will be needed. The presence of disin-
fectants about the room is advised, and the preparations of lime and
carbolic acid in powder are to be preferred.

It is an urgent necessity that as complete bodily rest as possible be
secured from the very beginning of an attack ; restraint must therefore be
enforced until the period of danger has passed. To unload the bowels
at the onset is important, and the syrup of buckthorn and castor oil, of
each two or three teaspoonfuls, may be given.

Appreciating the disturbing influence of a high fever it is our first duty

DISTEMPER. 181

to endeavor as far as possible to hold this under control, and for that pur
pose the following may he employed for the first two or three days.—
R Tr. Aconiti Had. gtt. xxx

Potass. Chloratis 3 i

Amraon.Mur. 3ss

Spts. ^Eth. Nit. 5i

Aqua3 5 ij

Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful.
While the fever is intense this mixture may he given in teaspoonful doses
every two hours, and discontinued as soon as the high temperature abates.
Taken in the first stage of the disease, the administration of quinine in
one large dose generally results in materially reducing the fever. If em-
ployed, eight grains should be given in pill form ; this is not to be repeated,
but the fever mixture can be subsequently used if needed. A constant
supply of pure drinking water is an essential, and the chlorate of potassa
should be added to it, in proportion of two teaspoonfuls to a quart.

It is a matter of the greatest consequence that an affected dog be well
nourished, and a proper amount of food should be insisted upon, even if
no desire for it exists. During the first day or two he will doubtlessly eat
sparingly of broths, beef tea, or milk, and what is taken voluntarily will
suffice. The appetite will then more often nearly if not entirely disappear ;
when all else is rejected, raw beef in many cases will still be acceptable,
and should be allowed. To render it more easy of digestion it should be
scraped, and one or two tablespoonfuls given every two hours. The addi-
tion of gelatine and raw eggs to the beef renders it still more nutritious.
In some instances no nourishment of any description will be taken volun-
tarily; force must now be employed, measured by the manifest need to
support and sustain the vital powers.

The irritability of the stomach and intestines, and the tendency to vom-
iting and diarrhoea must not be overlooked, and the most easily digested
and concentrated nourishment be selected. Milk and lime water, strong
beef tea, and beef essences are indicated. Food should be poured down
the animal's throat at least four times a day; in shorter intervals if emaci-
ation is great and rapidly progressive. No more than a cup full should be
administered at one time. If vomiting is excited, the quantity of nour-
ishment must be divided and given oftener. Milk and lime water is easily
borne on an irritable stomach, but if possible it should be alternated with
beef tea and beef extracts; the addition of a raw egg to each cup full
renders the nourishment more strengthening and no more difficult of
digestion. After the fourth or fifth day it will be well to give with the
food, four times a day, one grain of quinine in pill form.

Stimulants are never to be withheld until that point is reached when

188 GENERAL DISEASES.

prostration Indicates a failure of vital powers imminent. If the animal
seems fairly well sustained, and the nourishment is well borne on the
stomach, a teaspoonful of sherry wine may properly he added to each
cup full of milk or broth; as the disease progresses and he grows weaker,
the amount should be increased to a tablespoonful ; if failure is still pro-
gressive, then brandy must displace the wine and should be given in
quantities from a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful as the need is urgent.
Even brandy may prove insufficient to stay exhaustion ; then to it must be
added one half a teaspoonful of aromatic spirit of ammonia. .

It is presumed that in an uncomplicated and properly treated case of
distemper, the need of excessive stimulation will rarely occur; cases
where neglect and injudicious dosing have induced extreme depression
will be more often seen, and not infrequently will complications exist
without being at once recognized. The general disturbance will however
be apparent and demand the use of stimulants as advised. Treat the
affected animal and not the disease is a wise rule to follow.

It is not always easy to determine just when pneumonia and other affec-
tions become complicated with distemper, and to remain inactive while
the animal is growing worse, until positive evidence of their existence is
manifested beyond a doubt, would be extremely hazardous ; the study and
treatment of symptoms is therefore imperative.

Vomiting may possibly occur notwithstanding every care in diet, and
demands the use of subnitrate of bismuth in five grain doses, four times a
day. When the stomach is too irritable to retain milk, broths, beef tea,
etc., they must be withheld for a few hours, and only scraped raw beef
pressed into a pill form be given with the bismuth.

Constipation if it exists will rarely if ever need medicinal treatment;
liver and oatmeal have a decidedly laxative action, and if they prove
insufficient a rectal injection can be administered. ' '

Pulmonary complications are largely attributable to exposure to cold,
and may appear at any time during the course of the disease ; more often
they occur after the height has been reached, and during the period of
convalescence.

Diarrhoea is the more often due to dietetic errors, and the cause should
be obviated. Two or three discharges from the bowels daily call for no
remedial agents; in more relaxed conditions, paregoric in teaspoonful
doses alone or combined with twice that quantity of chalk mixture, and
repeated as needed, should be administered.

The discharge from the nose and eyes should never be allowed to accu-
mulate, a sponge and borax water being used in its removal. During
convalescence exercise should be restricted, and exposure carefully
guarded against. Changes in diet should be made cautiously, measured

GENERAL DISEASES. 189

by the powers of digestion. If recovery is slow tonics are indicated, cod
liver oil will prove especially valuable. The different complications will
be found elsewhere considered as distinct diseases.

DIPHTHERIA.

While diphtheria is an affection which very rarely attacks dogs, the fact
that it has been observed among them renders a brief description war-
rantable.

It is a disease which invades especially the membrane of the air pas-
sages, and general infection follows the local expression. The local disease
appears as an inflammation of the mucous membrane, especially of the
mouth, pharynx, nose, larynx, and deeper air passages, and precedes the
formation of a greyish-white membranous exudation.

The constitutional affection has the character of infectious diseases, and
is essentially the same as in all dependent upon blood poisoning. The
problem is still unsolved whether diphtheria is at first a general disease,
and poisoning of the blood and the local affections of the mucous mem-
brane are secondary manifestations, or whether the disease begins by
local infection, from which point the poison is taken into the system and
the whole organization becomes contaminated.

It is generally accepted that the germ of the disease first fixes itself upon
a certain part of the body, more often the mucous membrane, and there
at its point of attachment it excites a local affection, then through absorp-
tion the poison penetrates the tissues and is soon carried throughout the
whole body.

Diphtheria is an epidemic disease, and like all others has an especial
cause, a contagious virus or infectious miasm. Certain conditions favor
the propagation of the disease ; impure air and poisonous exhalations
from decomposing filth are important factors in its production. Among
the reported cases of the disease among dogs, it is observed that the onset
in some was marked by great febrile disturbance ; in others the constitu-
tional symptoms were less severe. In the larger proportion the disease
attacked the mucous membrane of the throat, and more rarely were the
nasal passages first involved. In the former the throat presented a dark
red, swollen, glistening appearance ; the glands of the neck being en-
larged and tender, and swallowing difficult. In some instances ulcers
were seen on the tonsils.

When the disease assumed a concealed or nasal form, it manifested
itself by general depression, fever of a low type, and a thin, reddish,
Offensive discharge from the nose. The glands of the neck were swollen

J 90 GENERAL DISEASES.

in these as in the other cases. Where the disease has appeared it has gen-
erally proved fatal. When recovery took place, in some loss of sight, in
others paralysis and chorea followed.

Cases are on record where diphtheria has been without doubt transmitted
from man to dogs ; this fact, strongly evincing that the disease is analo-
gous in both, is important in considering treatment.

If the deeper air passages become involved as shown by harsh, croupy,
spasmodic breathing, the case may be considered hopeless. If the disease
takes on the concealed or nasal type the nose must be frequently syringed
with lime water or carbolic acid solution; two grains to an ounce of water.
An application of diy powdered sulphur, blown into the throat through a
tube or by means of a small bellows, is advised. This operation should
be performed every half hour if possible. For internal treatment referable
to the congestion of the mucous membrane, chlorate of potassa should be
given. An ounce may be added to a pint of water, and of this solution
two or three teaspoonfuls can be given every hour. Beef tea, raw eggs,
milk, and brandy should be forced into the animal at frequent intervals,
to sustain the vital powers.

<RHEUMaTISM.

Rheumatism not infrequently attacks dogs and manifests itself in much
the same manner in them as in man. The disease may take on an acute
or chronic form ; the same morbid principle is supposed to give rise to
both, but in the latter it is present in a lesser degree.

Causation. — The causes of rheumatism have never been fully deter-
mined. It has been commonly attributed to exposure to cold and damp ;
influenced largely by the seasons of the year, etc. That these agencies
alone are incapable of producing the disease is generally accepted. A
morbid peculiarity of the constitution, a special predisposition seems to
be requisite for the causation. When this susceptibility to the disease
exists then exposure doubtless acts as an exciting cause.

Symptoms . —In acute rheumatism fever is always present, the skin is
hot, the appetite lessened, the thirst great, the pulse rapid, the animal
restless, movements difficult and painful. The tongue is generally coated,
the breath offensive, the respiration quickened, and constipation more
often exists.

The essentiality of the disease consists in a swelling of the various
joints. Touching, and still more the movements ofthe affected parts are
extremely painful, and the animal with an expression of the utmost anxi-
ety, will guard over and seem to protest against an examination. The

GENERAL DISEASES. 191

affected parts are hot and swollen. Rarely are several joints attacked at
the same time; usually the disease partially runs its course in one before
another is involved.

When recovery takes place the swellings of the joints disappear without
leaving any traces of the disease behind them; in some instances a slight
weakness and painfulness will for a time linger as an evidence of the pre-
vious existence of the malady.

Treatment, — To place an animal suffering from the disease in warm,
dry quarters, is the first important step to take. The painful joints should
be enveloped in cotton batting ; the bowels opened by the syrup of buck-
thorn ; a bland unstimulating diet allowed, and the following given.—
R Sodii Salicylates 3 i j
Aquae g iij

Ft. Mist. Sig. Dose one teaspoonful.

This mixture should be administered eveiy two hours, in a little milk,
untiLimprovement is observed, then at longer intervals to complete re-
covery. The tendency of the disease to relapse should not be forgotten,
and during the convalescent stage exposure should be carefully guarded
against.

Chronic rheumatism rarely follows as a result of the acute form. The
general symptoms are stiffness, some pain of no great intensity, tender-
ness comparatively slight, swelling of the joints, little or no fever. The
constitutional disturbance is trifling if any, the appetite remains good, the
different functions of the body are nearly normal, and nutrition is unaf-
fected. Radical changes in the weather are generally followed by more
acute symptoms in the affected joints.

Local treatment in chronic rheumatism is important, and benefit may be
anticipated from the use of the tincture of iodine or blistering the joints
involved. Measures having reference to improving the general health
and the tone of the system are essential, and embrace tonic remedies, nu-
tritious diet, exercise, etc.

The iodide of potassium is a valuable remedy in many cases, and may
be given in three or four grain doses, two or three times daily. If an iron
tonic is indicated the syrup of the iodide can be substituted; dose fifteen
drops three times a day with the food.

Lumbago.

This affection is a form of the so-called muscular rheumatism, and differs
essentially from that disease which attacks the joints. The muscles of the
loins are the seat of the disturbance, and the animal's movements are

192 GENERAL DISEASES.

stiff and painful; he stands with back arched, and when he walks his
limbs are dragged as though partially paralyzed. In certain positions he
suffers hut little excepting an occasional cramp-like twinge, which is
sometimes very severe and elicits a sharp outcry. While the parts affected
are sensitive, firm pressure will be borne and seem to afford relief.

There are few or no constitutional symptoms, slight if any fever, and
the appetite is rarely impaired. Aside from the tenderness there are no
local signs, such as heat, swelling, and redness. In chest-founder or
kennel-lameness the affection exists in the muscles of the shoulders and
forelegs. The disease may appear either in the acute or chronic form;
the duration of the former varies from a few hours to several weeks. The
chronic form is obstinate, and persists usually for months. Exposure to
cold and damp is an important factor in the causation of this form of
rheumatism.

The local treatment consists of soothing applications in the acute form,
and blisters or stimulating liniments in the chronic. Measures to improve
the general health are important, and iron and other tonics are to be given
if the condition of the animal suggests their need.

Eruptive Fevers.

Cases of small pox and measles occuring among dogs are on record, and
the symptoms of the former malady are given at length by some authors.
In the one reported case of measles it was stated : " A dog licked the hand
of a child lying in bed, and on whom the measles eruption was at its
height. Twelve days later the dog sickened and suffered for two days
with nasal discharge; and four days later died, with marked congestion of
the throat and air-passages."

Mr. Fleming in the Veterinary Science thus discusses small pox: "This
is a rare malady, and maybe developed directly or by contagion; it is
supposed to be also pi-oduced by the variola of man and of the sheep. It
chiefly affects young dogs, although old animals are not exempt. One
attack ensures immunity for the remainder of the dog's life.

" Symptoms . — The disease commences with fever, which continues for
two or three days, and is followed by the appearance — over a large surface
of the body, though rarely on the back and sides of the trunk — of red
points, resembling flea-bites, which are quickly transformed into nodules,
and then into vesicles. The contents of these become purulent, and finally
dry into a crust, whose shedding leaves a naked cicatrix.

" In the dog, as in the sheep and pig, there are different forms of the
disease, and it is benignant or malignant accordingly. Puppies nearly

GENERAL DISEASES. ' 193

always succumb, and, on a necroscopical examination, it is not unusual
to find various pustules on the mucous membrane of the respiratory and
digestive organs.

" Sanitary Measures. — The disease being contagious, though the virus
does not appear to be very volatile, it is necessary to isolate the sick, and
take due precautions that the contagion is not carried from them to
healthy animals.

" Curative Measures.— Careful dieting, a dry and moderately warm
dwelling, cleanliness, and abundance of fresh air are the essentials in the
curative treatment.

" An emetic in the early stage of the malady has been recommended as
likely to be useful. Afterward the treatment must be purely symptomatic."

D<RO<PSY.

Dropsy, a morbid serous transudation into any of the cavities, is
never a primary affection but only a symptom, a sequel of many chronic
diseases, particularly those of the liver. Dropsies are not to be con-
founded with effusions; the former is not the result of inflammation, and
the morbid condition on which it depends is situated elsewhei'e; the
serous membrane in which it occurs being free from disease. Liquid
effusions are exudations involving generally if not always inflammation.

Dropsies receive different names according to their situations; when
located in serous cavities, they are designated by prefixing hydro to the
name of the membrane. Dropsy within the head is called hydrocephalus ;
hydrothorax, when within the chest; ascites, when within the abdominal
cavity. The latter is the most frequent form seen in dogs, and deserves
especial consideration; the others being of less practical importance.

Symptoms.— The enlargement first directs attention to the abdomen,
which becomes equably large and fluctuating, not filling at one part more
than another; the accumulation of liquid taking place without pain or
tenderness. The fluid usually forms rapidly, and the distension soon occa-
sions disturbances of the internal organs by compression. The appetite
becomes impaired, vomitingis an occasional symptom, the urine is scanty,
respiration is embarrassed, the pulse more rapid and feeble; constipation
may alternate with diarrhoea, and pressure on the veins give rise to dropsy
of the lower limbs. In the progress of the affection emaciation becomes
marked, the lips, tongue, and gums pallid, the pulse thin and thready, the
breathing more hurried, threatening suffocation ; the animal can no longer
lie down ; death finally occurs from exhaustion or obstructed respiration.
Diagnosis. — The diagnosis of ascites can generally be made without

194 GENERAL DISEASES.

difficulty. Blaine says: "Dropsy of the belly may be distinguished from
fat by the particular tumor that the belly forms, which in dropsy hangs
down, while the backbone sticks up, and the hips appear prominent
through the skin ; the hair stares also, and the coat is peculiarly harsh. It
may be distinguished from being in pup by the teats, which always enlarge
as the belly enlarges in pregnancy; but more particularly it may be dis-
tinguished by the undulation of the water in the belly, whereas in preg-
nancy there is no undulation. The impregnated belly, however full, has
not that high tense feel nor shining appearance observed in dropsy. There
may be also inequalities distinguished in it, which are the puppies, and,
when the pregnancy is at all advanced, the young may be felt to move.
The most unequivocal mode however, of detecting the presence of water
is by the touch. If the right hand is laid on one side of the belly, and with
the left hand the other side is tapped, an undulating motion will be per-
ceived, exactly similar to what would be felt by placing one hand on a
bladder of water, and striking it with the other."

Prognosis. — The diseased conditions on which dropsy is dependent
are generally incurable ; under treatment improvement for a time in many
cases occurs and the ascites disappears but soon returns, and death ulti-
mately results.

Treatment. — The purpose of treatment is to remove the dropsy, and
improve the morbid conditions on which it depends. To accomplish the
first the diet should be milk only, and cathartics must be relied upon.
One-sixteenth of a grain of Clutterbuck's elaterium should be given every
two or three hours, until profuse liquid discharges from the bowels are
produced. Afterwards the doses are to be repeated according to circum-
stances. The strength of the animal must determine how far the cathartics
should be pushed.

As the dropsy disappears and symptoms of suffocation are no longer
imminent, the tincture of the chloride of iron should be given in fifteen
drop doses, well diluted, three or four times a day. A more generous diet
can then be allowed, and other measures, calculated to improve the general
strength and add tone to the system, should be employed.

Anaemia, or poverty of the blood, is a morbid condition occasionally
observed among dogs. The best illustration of the affection is afforded by
profuse hemorrhages. The causes are obvious in some cases; in others
they are not assignable. An excess of starch and insufficient fleshy food,
prolonged suckling of young, too frequent whelping, deranged digestion,

GENERAL DISEASES. 196

damp, ill-ventilated kennels, and insufficient exercise are among the
causes productive of anaemia. In a large proportion of cases the affection
is associated with and depends upon other diseases which involve an ex-
penditure of blood constituents.

Symptoms. —In animals affected with anaemia the mucous membranes
of the mouth, gums, and lips are paled, the tongue is white and dry, the
temperature lessened, the action of the heart feeble, the pulse small and
weak, the muscular strength is diminished and occasionally there is but
little power in the limbs. Slight exertion induces great fatigue; the man-
ner is languid and spiritless; the secretions from the bowels .and kidneys
are scanty. There is a deficiency of functional energy of all the different
organs of the body.

Treatment — The first objects are to ascertain and remove if possible
the cause or causes upon which anaemia depends. Associated diseases
call for especial treatment elsewhere considered. To restore the normal
constituents of the blood, a nutritious diet consisting largely of meat
should be allowed; to stimulate the appetite and improve digestion by
bitter tonics, such as quinine, is advisable. Iron is a special remedy in
this disease, and the tincture should be given in fifteen drop doses, twice
or three times daily with the food. Pure air and exercise contribute
largely to a cure, by increasing the energy of the organs of the body and
renewing the general strength.

(Plethora.

In general terms the morbid effects of plethora are the reverse of those
due to anaemia. The causes are overfeeding and insufficient exercise.

Symptoms.— A plethoric animal has a full, bloated, congested appear-
ance; the mucous membranes are reddened; the heart's action is more
powerful, the pulse being full and strong; a feverish tendency exists, and
a dull, heavy, sluggish manner is characteristic. In this condition the
brain is more easily excited and congested, involving a liability to con-
vulsions.

Treatment. — Plain unstimulating food, reasonable in quantity, enforced
exercise, and the occasional use of laxatives.

OBESITY.

Dogs not infrequently become fattened to a morbid degree, and when-
ever it exceeds the limits of health it may appropriately claim treatment.
Insufficient exercise, over-feeding, and an excess of saccharine and starchy

196 GENERAL DISEASES.

food are the causes assignable. In some breeds a constitutional fat pro-
ducing tendency seems to exist.

Treatment. —Enforced regular exercise; a deprivation of sweets, veg-
etables, and starchy food ; raw, lean beef, in a reasonable quantity should
be the principle article of diet.

(Rickets.

Rickets is a peculiar unhealthy condition of the whole body. This disor-
der is quite common among young dogs, and more especially the larger
breeds.

Causation. — Debilitated or rachitic sire or dam may transmit a taint
to their offspring, or it may arise from improper feeding, lack of sunlight,
impure air, close confinement, and impaired nutrition. In some instan-
ces it is developed rapidly after other diseases, which have left the system
in a state of debility.

Symptoms . — To correctly comprehend the changes in rickets it is nec-
essary to briefly consider the physiological growth of bone. Every tubu-
lar bone grows in length and thickness; in length by the deposit of new
layers of cartilage-cells, in which limy salts are then deposited. It grows
in thickness by the addition of new layers of bony substances immedi-
ately beneath the covering of the bone. As the growth in thickness is
much more insignificant, and progresses slower than in length, the dis-
turbances of the physiological growth at the cartilaginous ends are more
marked and liable to occur. "While the bone is enlarging externally by
new formation, absorption takes place in the centre. In rickets this ab-
sorption goes on, but prompt ossification is suspended or but imperfectly
performed.

No bone affected by this disease retains its normal form. The angles
become rounded ; the long or tubular bones cease to grow in length; the
ends swell and become bulbous. The weight of the body causes the bones
of the fore-legs especially to bend, and permanent angular deformity
results. The bones of the head seem to grow at the expense of the body,
and it appears swollen and ill-shaped.

The coat is rough and staring; the gums and lips pallid; the muscles
flabby; the general appearance of a rachitic animal is unhealthy, stunted,
and unsightly. Digestion may remain undisturbed, but occasionally diar-
rhoea supervenes; then the disease becomes materially aggravated.

Treatment. —Pure fresh air, sunlight, and dry, well ventilated kennels
are absolutely necessary. Lime water should be given freely with the
food, which ought to be generous and nutritious. Cod liver oil is the one

GENERAL DISEASES. 197

important medicinal remedy to depend upon, although iron and quinine
can be added to the treatment if their need is indicated.

In large breeds there is a liability to deformity which might be easily
mistaken for rickets. It results from confinement and over-feeding, the
body becoming too large, and too heavy for the legs to sustain. In such
cases the quantity of food should be lessened, and by regulated exercise
the weaker parts strengthened.

Scrofula.

Scrofula is a constitutional and specific malady, involving the glandular
system ; a general debility, with a tendency to indolent inflammatory and
ulcerative diseases. Its occurrence is not uncommon among dogs.

Causation. — Scrofula may be hereditary; if not it can be created by
influences capable of lowering the vital energies; by improper food or
suffering hunger; by general neglect, lack of exercise, cold, damp kennels,
and want of pure air and sunlight.

The disease may appear after other diseases have for a time existed and
depressed the general health and impoverished the system.

Symptoms. —When the scrofulous constitution exists, the functions are
but irregularly performed. Digestion is impaired; the appetite is capri-
cious; the mucous membranes pale and flabby; the bowels constipated;
the coat dry and staring, and the abdomen distended.

In certain cases the disease may exist, remain hidden as it were, await-
ing some unusual cause to excite its development; puppies so affected
grow rapidly, and show in outward form but little evidence of the taint.
In other cases the growth is stunted, the joints large, legs bent, head ill-
shapen, and the animal is in general appearance an unsightly object. As
the symptoms of scrofula become prominent emaciation is usually rapid,
the muscles weak and flabby.

Treatment. — The indications are first to correct abuses. The food
should be nutritious and abundant, consisting largely of meat. Free exer-
cise in the open air and sunlight, and dry, well ventilated kennels are
indispensable. Perfect cleanliness and frequent bathing are of great im-
portance.

Among the medicinal remedies cod liver oil takes precedence. If the
appetite needs stimulating quinine is indicated. When the mucous mem-
branes by pallor show a poverty of the blood, iron should be given for a
long time.

Animals which have ever exhibited the symptoms of a scrofulous taint,
should never bo used for breeding purposes. Failure to transmit the dis-
ease to their young is exceptional.

198 GENERAL DISEASES.

ManasMus.

The meaning of the word marasmus is atrophy ; wasting of the flesh ,
emaciation. It is properly a disease of the mesenteric glands and the fol-
licles of the intestines; the latter inflame, adhere together, and ulcerate.

Symptoms . — Emaciation, nose dry and hot, abdomen swollen and hard,
eyes reddened and watery, skin dry and harsh, coat staring, the breath
foul, thirst great, and appetite voracious. Bowels at times constipated,
the discharges clay-colored and offensive ; occasionally diarrhoea exists.

Treatment.— The diet should consist largely of meat given in small
quantities and at short intervals.

Cod liver oil and iron are indicated, and should be given cautiously at
first.

Pure air, sunlight, and exercise are important factors to aid in restoring
the integrity of the system.

CHAPTER XVI.

SU&GICtiL AFFECTIONS.

A wound is a separation of continuous parts by violence. It is of practi-
cal importance to consider four varieties : — incised, punctured, lacerated,
contused.

The incised wounds, made by clean-cutting instruments, are usually
produced with the least violence, and generally the most easily repaired.
The punctured, those made by instruments of greater length than breadth,
including stabs etc., are dangerous from their depth, and from the possi-
bility of hemorrhage and injury to the internal organs; abscesses are
liable to follow deep wounds. In the lacerated, the parts are torn, and the
contused are effected by bruising; these wounds are commonly produced
by greater violence, heal more slowly and invite the formation of pus;
they generally bleed less than the incised or punctured, because arteries
when torn, contract and close more than when cut.

Treatment. — The indications in the treatment of wounds are to check
bleeding; remove foreign bodies; brjng the divided parts together, and
secure them in a natural position ; to promote healing. Pressure and the
application of cold will generally suffice to control hemorrhage, unless an
artery of considerable size is wounded, in which case if it persists in
bleeding, a surgeon should be called to ligate.

Foreign bodies can be removed by the fingers or forceps, and dirt, gravel,
etc. washed away. If the wound gaps open the edges should be brought
together and held by sutures, for which silk is prefex*red.

When a dog has been wounded and stitching is necessary, one must not
shrink fx-om the duty through fear of violence; rarely will any be encoun-
tered, for the noble brutes possessed of a human intelligence are conscious
that a kind hand inflicts the pain to repair their injury, and they undergo
the operation with a fortitude which excites wonder and admiration. In
all extensive wounds stitches should be introduced with an interval of a
half an inch between them, entering the skin well back from the edges to

200 SURGICAL AFFECTIONS.

prevent their tearing out. After the operation several thicknesses of anti-
septic gauze, if that can be obtained, should be bound over the injured
parts, and left undisturbed for three or four days, at the end of which time
the stitches can be removed and the wound again dressed as before. When
the antiseptic gauze is unattainable, a compress of linen should be ap-
plied and kept damp with a solution of carbolic acid, two drachms to a
pint of water.

In the treatment of extensive and deep punctured wounds as in stabs, it
is to be remembered that the cut in the skin is liable to unite, and thus by-
confining the discharge give rise to deep-seated abscesses. To prevent
this a small drainage tube can be introduced, and left in the wound for
two or three days and then removed permanently, or after being cleaned
and disinfected be again returned, and shortened from time to time as
the healing from the bottom progresses. A dressing of the antiseptic
gauze should be kept lightly and constantly applied. When the proper
tubing cannot be secured, a cord made of several strands of ligature silk
can be substituted. In smaller punctured wounds it is wise to bandage
them with some degree of firmness, and keep the parts at rest as much as
possible; then if pain, heat, and swelling follow, an abscess has resulted;
an incision should be made and poultices applied.

Lacerated wounds are to be dressed antiseptically, and treated much
the same as incise'd wounds after being stitched. Those from bites should
be first freely cauterized.

Contused wounds if superficial and deserving of treatment, generally
do well under cold applications. When the deeper tissues are severely
injured and the vitality of a portion is destroyed and must separate
from the healthy flesh, poultices should be applied to hasten the slough-
ing process and be persisted in until the wound is clean and healthy, after
which it can be treated as an ulcer, the oxide of zinc ointment being
appropriate Old, indolent, suppurating wounds which heal slowly need
stimulating occasionally; for which purpose caustic can be used, not ex-
tensively but simply touched here and there over the entire sore.

When deep wounds or abscesses have not been thoroughly healed from
the bottom through a defect in bandaging, or in providing proper outlets
for the discharge, a fistula results. This is a narrow canal opening on the
surface and leading to the suppurating cavity.

The treatment is to enlarge the opening; keep it open and syringe out
the cavity with a strong solution of the nitrate of silver, grains thirty to
water an ounce.

An inflammation called cellulitis, resembling much erysipelas, is easily
excited in wounds in dogs. Where it occurs pus forms very quickly, and
tends to burrow rather than seek the surface and open.

SURGICAL AFFECTIONS. 201

Umbilical Hernia.

Umbilical hernia is a rupture, or unnatural protrusion of the viscera at
the navel. The affection is more common among puppies, but may appear
at any period of life. When occurring in older dogs it is more often met
with in bitches, resulting from large litters and frequent pregnancies.

Various methods of treatment have been suggested, but bandages and
other attachments cannot be depended upon, and a surgical operation
alone promises certain success.

Mr. Lowe has proposed a method to produce a radical cure of this affec-
tion, which is commended as simple, comparatively safe, and easy to
perform. He describes the operation as follows :—

" The instruments absolutely needed are a thin, clean, sharp knife, a
curved surgeon's needle and silk; also, a little iodoform, and some carbo-
lized water. The two latter act as antiseptics, and fill the places of the
carbolic spray fairly well. After the patient has been thoroughly etherized,
wet the fingers, knife, and needle in the carbolized water, and make a lon-
gitudinal cut through the skin down to the sac, but do not injure it. Then
push back the parts, and with the knife freshen the edges of the muscle;
now after taking two stitches (more if the opening is huge) directly over
the sac, draw the edges together, and cut the silk close ; sprinkle in a little
iodoform, draw the skin together with a stitch or two, and the work is
done. If the puppies are as vigorous as those I have operated upon, it
will probably be found next morning that the external stitches are out,
and also the skin so swollen that the little fellow has been unable to reach
the deep stitches, the all important point.

" Keep the puppy in a warm, clean place, but if any dirt should get in
wash it out with warm water and castile soap, and sprinkle on a little
more iodoform.

" But now about the deep stitches which have been allowed to remain in
the muscle. Let them alone, for they cause no trouble as they become in-
cysted. In two weeks the cure should be complete, and no scar, or at
least, a very trifling one remains."

S<Pft£IJYS.

Sprains are of frequent occurrence among dogs, and often demand care-
ful treatment. When severe they are attended with acute pain, heat, and
swelling; with subsequent weakness and stiffness. When a large joint is
affected there is often considerable constitutional disturbance, fever,
rapid pulse, etc.

202 SURGICAL AFFECTIONS.

Perfect rest to the affected limb is the most essential measure, and if
possible a splint should be used in its support. During the inflammatory
stage cold water is the best application; the bandages being kept con-
stantly wet. After the inflammation has subsided, the swelling may be
reduced by slightly tightening the bandage, using uniform firmness and
pressure.

If stiffness is not rapidly recovered from after exercise is allowed, stim
ulating liniments are to be used. It matters but little which is selected, as
the efficacy of all depend almost entirely upon the hand-rubbing employed
in their application; one part to three of the liniments ammonia and
camphora make a good preparation.

BVftJYS AND SCAL<DS.

Extensive burns are always serious even if but superficial. The severe
pain is exhausting; the internal organs are liable to become affected, and
the healing stage is long and debilitating. It is important that some re-
lieving application be made as soon as possible to a burned or scalded
part, and for a short time at least domestic remedies must be relied upon.
Among them a solution of common baking-soda is most effectual in re-
lieving the acute pain ; when the burn is only superficial or not severe it
will remove it entirely in a very short time. It has the advantage of clean-
liness, is always at hand, and if applied at once it will in a great measure
prevent blistering, and the destructive changes in the skin. All that is
necessary is to cover the injured parts with a thin cotton or linen cloth,
and keep it constantly wetted with the soda lotion to prevent its drying.
The relief felt from this application is immediate, and in many cases the
acute pain subsides in less than half an hour. This solution may be per-
sisted in for two or three days, and then the oxide of zinc ointment can
be substituted.

If the injury is a severe one, and large blisters are formed, it will be
well to use the soda until " carron oil " can be prepared ; this is a liniment
of equal parts of linseed oil and lime water; a very offensive preparation
but highly effective. When obtained, the blisters should be pricked with
a needle, and the whole part covered with a linen cloth soaked in the oil ;
then wrapped in soft cotton wool, to preserve the injured skin from the
air, from cold, and to smother the bad odor. After the second day this
covering may be removed, poultices of bread and water applied, and per- 1
sisted in until suppuration is established; after which the oxide of zinc
ointment may be employed until a cure is completed.
The strength of the injm-ed animal must always be sustained by nutri-

SURGICAL AFFECTIONS, 203

tious diet, and if need be stimulants.

If the burn is deep and much of the epithelial tissue and the hair-folli-
cles destroyed, permanent disfigurement will result.

F<RacTU<RES &n<d (Dislocations.

The subject of fractures and dislocations is one which could with pro-
priety be omitted from this work ; for to those only who have made the
anatomy of the dog a study, and who are perfectly familiar with his bony
structure can an exhaustive treatise on the subject be comprehensive.

For other than a skilled surgeon to attempt the treatment of a fracture
or the reduction of a dislocation, he must the more often grope about in
the dark, flounder in the mire of uncertainty, inhumanly torture his help-
less friend, and fail entirely in his purpose to repair the injury, or at best
leave him permanently deformed. For this reason it is apparent that the
discussion of the procedures of treatment is not only useless but perni-
cious, inviting attempts to do what only a surgeon should undertake.

To know when a fracture or dislocation does exist is important, therefore
diagnosis and a brief consideration of the subject generally is admis-
sible.

Fracture is said to be simple, when there is no wound of the skin com-
municating with the broken part ; compound, when there is such a wound ;
comminuted.when the bone is broken in several fragments. In young
animals fracture is sometimes partial, part only of the fibres breaking
and the rest bending; to such the name green-stick or willow fracture is
given. The long bones are most commonly broken ; but any other may
give way to direct violence.

The symptoms of fracture are deformity; such as displacement, bending,
shortening, or twisting. Unnatural mobility ; as shown by grasping the
two ends of a broken bone and moving each independently of the other,
or the yielding of a part on pressure. Crepitus; a grating heard or felt
when the broken ends are rubbed against each other.

Of these three signs deformity is often absent in fractures of the ribs,
pelvis, and shoulder blade; crepitus is prevented when the broken ends
are displaced, and can only be felt when they are drawn into their natural
positions. In addition to these symptoms there is more or less pain,
swelling, and helplessness of the injured part. Dislocations are charac-
terized by deformity and displacement. The external appearance of the
joint is changed, the prominence disappears or moves to another part,
usually leaving a depression in its place. A dislocated limb may be longer
or shorter than the normal, according as the head of the bone is displaced

204 SURGICAL AFFECTIONS.

upward or downward. It loses its mobility; can no longer be moved
about freely and in as many directions. Movements cause pain, and some
swelling occurs.

To distinguish between fracture and dislocation is rarely difficult ; in the
latter crepitus is absent, the bone can be moved less freely than natural,
while in fracture mobility is increased. If a broken bone is drawn into
its proper shape and position the deformity then disappears, but returns
as soon as extension is discontinued; when a dislocated bone is drawn
into place it will usually remain there.

When your dog has been injured, and the symptoms of fracture or dis-
location are apparent or suspected, seek the aid of a surgeon as you would
do had an accident of equal severity befallen any other near and dear
friend.

CH&<PTE<R XVII.

SEXU&L GENE<ft&TION.

Ovulation.

The function of generation is dependent upon the combined action of
two sets of organs, in each of which a peculiar product originates, quali-
fied for union with the other so as to produce a new individual.

Throughout nature this primary principle exists; the essential charac-
ters of the organs of generation in the different classes of organized
beings are universal. A study of botany discloses the fundamental law,
modified in the different varieties. In the lily, violet, etc., the male and
female organs both exist upon one stalk. In some cases, separate male
and female flowers are found on the same plant; in others, as in the wil-
low, poplar and hemp, they are situated on different growths, which
otherwise resemble each other.

In animals the essential parts of the female generative system are
called the ovaries. In them is produced the germ or egg, which is capa-
ble of being developed into a young animal, when fecundated or made
fruitful by a substance which is produced in the testes of the male.

In some of the lower animals both sets of generative organs exist in the
same individual. In them the ovaries are first matured and perform their
functions, after which the male organs become active. Thus they are
literally first female and afterwards male, exercising their appropriate
actions at different ages.

In all the higher classes of animals the two sets of generative organs
are situated in separate individuals, dividing the species into two sexes,
the male and female, each having accessory organs which give rise to a
greater dissimilarity in their anatomy.

The product of the ovaries, or egg, is a globular body, which in quadru-

208 SEXUAL GENERATION.

peds measures about one, one hundred and twentieth of an inch in
diameter. These eggs exist primarily in the organs of an animal as a
part of their natural organization. Their essential constituents are of
the same peculiar qualities, and the process of development follows the
same general laws in all nature. In the lower animals, as the genera-
tive season draws near, a certain number of eggs, which were previously
but partially formed and inactive, grow larger and undergo structural
changes. They ripen, as it were, distending the follicles, and finally,
when fully matured, the inclosing walls are ruptured and they are dis-
charged into the oviducts. When simply expelled from the ovary and
conveyed through the oviducts towards the external genitals, the matured
egg soon loses its vitality and becomes decomposed. It is not of itself
capable of being developed into the embryo, and is only rendered fruit-
ful by the germ of the opposite sex. When the seminal fluid of the male
is introduced into the female generative passages by sexual congress and
meets the egg at or near its discharge from the ovary, it causes its reten-
tion, stimulates it to continued development, and renders it capable of a
more complete organization.

(ESTRUATION.

The ripening and discharge of the egg from the ovary are attended by
a peculiar state of the entire system known as the "rutting" condition, or
cestruation. The congestion and increased activity of the ovaries, at each
period of ovulation, act by sympathy upon the accessory generative or-
gans, producing in them a certain degree of excitement and irritation.

In the bitch the mucous membrane of the vagina and external genitals
becomes red and swollen, the secretions, more abundant, are first tinged
with blood and acquire a peculiar odor which attracts the dog and excites
him to sexual impulse. The discharge deepens in color and finally be-
comes a bright red and of the appearance of clear blood.

The amount of swelling of the vulva varies : in some cases it is very per-
ceptible, affecting the neighboring tissues. During the first week the
swelling is hard and tense, then less resisting to the touch, softening as it
were. In the second week the discharge subsides somewhat, becomes
lighter in color and finally colorless. Generally between the twelfth and
fourteenth day the bitch will allow the approaches of the dog.

During a period of from four to seven days this disposition continues,
and by her unusual excitement and manner she invites sexual concourse.

SEXUAL GENERATION. 207

The local and general symptoms then disappear and she returns to her
usual condition.

The duration of " cestruation " varies not only in different breeds but in
members of the same class. Some prominent breeders have fixed rules
and stated days in the "period" upon which mating is allowed. One
breeder identified with Irish setters, chooses the fourteenth and sixteenth
clays, others admit the dog earlier and but few later than eighteenth. In
exceptional cases a bitch will invite the approaches of the dog on the
seventh and resist him after the tenth. At her next period she may not
be " in condition " before the fourteenth day.

A perfect knowledge of their brood animals enables breeders to adopt
individual standards. In the study of ovulation the fact is clearly appa-
rent that no fixed rule can properly be adopted. It is to be remembered
that nature incites the females of the lower order of animals to allow the
approaches of the male just when the egg is recently discharged from the
ovary and ready for impregnation. At other times, when sexual con-
course is productive of no good effect, the instinct of the animal prompts
her to avoid it.

While no fixed rule to govern breeders is admissible, in a general way
it may be stated that the bitch should be secluded while the vulva is
swollen, hard, sensitive to pressure, and the discharge is profuse and of
a bright red color. As the swelling is reduced, the parts " soften " and
the discharge subsides or becomes nearly colorless; then the dog should
be admitted. The manner of the bitch will soon show whether the proper
period has been reached. If she avoids him, bites as he approaches, or in
standing presses her tail closely between her legs, then he should be at
once removed. Less than five minutes is ordinarily sufficient to demon-
strate whether or not she is "ready," and it would be injudicious for a
longer time to annoy her, and cruelty to worry the dog. Each day the
method can be repeated until voluntary intercourse occurs. Occca-
sionally will be found a bitch which by her sexual excitement, carrying her
tail to one side and other manifestations when the dog approaches, show
she is in readiness for the congress, and yet will prevent its consumma-
tion by springing forward or otherwise withdrawing from contact.

In such a case she must be securely held until the intercourse is com-
pleted. This step should not be delayed until the dog is exhausted by his
efforts, but taken as soon as the need is apparent.

In large breeds, such as mastiffs, two will be necessary to hold her
firmly, and strong men, not easily fatigued, will be needed. If the bitch
is a stranger] and her disposition as to gentleness is doubted, it will be
wise to muzzle her.

The straps about the nose must not be too tightly buckled; be merciful

208 SEXUAL GENERATION.

and show greater watchfulness. The muzzle will be but rarely needed,
the noble brutes will seldom bite their owners or attendants, even when
greatly excited.

To securely hold a large bitch, the assistant should grasp the collar
firmly with the right hand, drop on the knee of the same side and his left
knee project under the abdomen of the bitch, pressing, slightly .backwards
against the hind legs. With the left hand he can lightly stroke her coat or
move it gently and constantly about her head and neck, to reassure and
convince her no harm is to follow. The other assistant should stand on
the left side of the bitch, his right knee meeting and pressing firmly
against the projecting knee of the other, his left hand grasping the collar
and his right her tail. In this position the dog can act without interfer-
ence; the bitch, no matter how large, can move but slightly, and above all
she cannot lay down after sexual union is complete. The disposition on
her part to throw herself on to the floor soon after the dog has firmly
united, is an especially unfortunate one. He generally beomes angry,
possibly unmanagable, and may bite her, as well as people about them.
The method of holding her as advised obviates all danger of this misfor-
tune. The union, when they are thus forced to endure concourse, usually
remains unbroken for from forty to sixty minutes; from this fact the need
of strong assistants can be readily appreciated,

While considering the conduct and welfare of the bitch the dog should
not bo ignored. His efforts if unsuccessful soon fatigue him and if contin-
ued, exhaust, for the time, his sexual vitality. He should be aided if the
need of assistance is apparent. His purpose can be more easily accom-
plished if the hand partially closed, turned with the palm upward, is
placed under the vulva, and with the little finger pressed against the
parts beneath, the organ be slightly lifted and supported.

The method of procedure, thus plainly described, is in some instances
essential and withal compassionate. Many of the most valuable among
the large dogs have been rendered comparatively worthless for breeding
purposes, by the unnecessary strain to which they have been subjected.

The number of visits the dog should make to insure success is a ques-
tion in dispute. Doubtless one, at the correct time is sufficient ; if re-
peated on the third day, the chances of failure are lessened.

To attempt in this work a treatise on sexual generation is beyond the
purpose. The brief description of its mode of accomplishment, and the
few practical hints' imparted in a rambling manner, it is hoped will prove
of interest and of some value. The subjects, pregnancy, parturition and
nursing, are of great importance. Of them, in the near future, in another
work," The Breeders' Vademecum," the writer of these pages promises him-
self the pleasure of discussing still further the habits and the needs of his
friend the Dog.

INDEX

AOARUS, 134.

Administration of medicine, 22.

Amaurosis, 115.

Anaemia, 194.

Ani, prolapsus, 82.

Ano, fistula in, 81.

Antidote, general, in poisoning, 18.

Apoplexy, 169.

Appetite, 8.

Arsenic, poisoning, 17.

Ascaris, marginata, 144.

Ascites, 193.

Asthma, 39.

Balanitis, 105.

Biliary calculi, 93.

Bladder, inflammation of, 99.

calculi, 101.
Blain, 52.

Bowels, diseases of, 55.
Brain, compression of, 171.

concussion of, 170.

inflammation of the membranes,172.
Bronchitis, acute, 35.

capillary, 35.

chronic, 37.
Burns and scalds, 202.

Calculi, biliary, 93.

cystic, 101.

renal, 102.

urethral, 102.
Cancer of the liver, 94.
Cancrum oris, 51.
Canker of the ear, 119.
Carbolic acid, poisoning, 18.
Cataract, 114.
Catarrh, 44.
Causation, 22.

Chest-founder, 192.
Chorea, 176.
Cold, 44.
Colic, 63.
Constipation, 69.
Consumption, 38.
Convulsions, 167.
Cornea, ulceration of, 112.
Cystic calculi, 101.
Cystitis, acute, 99.
chronic, 100.

Deafness, 125.
Dentition, 49.

Diagnosis, definition of, 20.
Diarrhoea, 65.
Digestion of starch, 96.
Diphtheria, 189.
Dislocations, 203.
Distemper, 181.
Doses, how to estimate, 24.
Dropsy, 193.
Dysentery, 67.
Dyspepsia, 55.

Ear, canker of, 119.

external affections, 126.
Eczema, 127.
Enteritis, 72.
Epilepsy, 167.
Erysipelas, 141.
Erythema, 141.
Exercise, 9.

Expectant treatment of disease, 23.
Exudation, definition of, 193.
Eye, diseases of, 111.
Eyeball, protrusion of, 116.
Eyelids, affections of, 118.

Fasting, 8.

INDEX.

911

Fatness, 195.

Fatty liver, 88.

Favus, 139.

Feeding, matured dogs, 5.

puppies, 4.
Fevers, eruptive, 192.
Fistula in ano, 81.
Fleas, 13.
Fractures, 203.

Gall Stones, 93.
Gastritis, acute, 59.

chronic, 61.
General diseases, 181.
General management, 5.
Generative organs, diseases of, 105.
Grooming, 12.
Growths, morbid, 107.
Gums, softening of, 50.

HEMATURIA, J04.

Haw, affections of, 117.
Health, definition of, 19.
Hepatitis, acute, 83.

chronic, 86.
Hernia, umbilical, 201.
Hydrocephalus, 171.
Hydrophobia, 151.
Hydrothorax, 193.

Icterus, 89.
Indigestion, 55.
Influenza, 47.
Intestinal obstruction, 75.

parasites, 143.
Introduction, 23.
Intussusception, 75.
Iritis, 113.

Jaundice, 89.

Kennel Arrangements, 11.
Kidney, inflammation of, 97.

Lachrymal apparatus, 116.
Laryngitis, acute, 41.

chronic, 43.
Lead poisoning, 18.
Legs, crooked, 197.
Lice, 14.
Liver, acute inflammation of, 83.

chronic inflammation of, 86.

Lungs, inflammation of, 31. •

Lumbago, 191.

Management, general, 5.
Mange, follicular, 136.

sarcoptic, 134.
Marasmus, 198.
Measles, 192.
Medicine, administration of, 22.

how to estimate doses, 24.
Meningitis, acute, 172.

chronic, 175.
Mercury, poisoning, 18.
Metritis, 109.
Mouth, affections of, 49.

Nasal polypus, 45.

Nephritis, 97.

Neuralgia, 177.

Nursing, 24.

Nux Vomica, poisoning, 17.

Obesity, 195.
Obstruction, intestinal, 75.
CEstruation, 206.
Ophthalmia, 111.
Othematoma, 126.
Otitis media or interna, 122.
Ovulation, 205.
Ozsena, 46.

Pancreas, diseases of, 95.

Paralysis, 178.

Paraphymosis, 106.

Parasites, external, 134,136, 139, 140.

intestinal, 143.
Passage of gall stones, 93.
Pasteur, scientific experiments, 161.
Pathology, definition of, 19.
Peritonitis, 77.
Pharyngitis, 54.
Phosphorus, poisoning, 18.
Piles, 79.
Plethora, 195.
Pleurisy, acute, 25.

chronic, 29.
Pneumonia, 31.
Poisons, 15.
Polypi of the ear, 124.

of the vagina, 108.
Principles of medicine, 19.
Prognosis, definition of, 21.
Prolapse of the vagina, 107.
Prolapsus ani, 82.

212

INDEX.

Protrusion of the eyeball, 116.

Prurigo, 138.

Pruritus, 139.

Puppies, care after weaning, 3. 66.

Rabies, 151.

Rachitis, 196.

Renal calculi, 102.

Respiratory organs, diseases of, 25.

Retention of urine, 102.

Rheumatism, 190.

Rickets, 196.

Ringworm, 140.

Roundworm, 144.

Salivation, 52.

Salt, in food, 7.

Sarcoptic mange, 134.

Scalds, 202.

Scrofula, 197.

Scrotum, inflammation of, 106.

Skin, diseases of, 127.

Skull, fracture of, 170.

Small-pox, 192.

Spleen, affections of, 94.

Sprains, 201.

Stomach, inflammation of, 59.

Stone in the bladder, 102.

Strychnine, poisoning, 17.

St. Vitus' dance, 176.

Sugar in the liver, 96.

Sulphur, 7.

Tapeworm, 147.

Teeth, treatment of, 50.

Teething, 49.

Tetanus, 179.

Ticks, 14.

Tongue, inflammation of, 53.

Torpor of the liver, 92.

Umbilical hernia, 201.
Urinary organs, diseases of, 97.
Urine, bloody, 104.

retention of, 102.
Uterus, inflammation of, 109.

Vaccination- in rabies, 161.

Vagina, prolapse of, 107.

Vaginal polypi, 108.

Vermin, 13.

Vertigo, 169.

Vomiting, 62.

Vulva, affections of, 110.

Warts, 107.

Washing, 10.

Water, importance of, 8.

Womb, inflammation of, 109.

Wood-ticks, 14.

Worms, round, 144.

tape, 147.
Wounds, 199.

Webster Family Library of Veterinary Medicine
Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at
Tufts University
200 Westboro Road
Morth Grafton. MA 01536

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