Dr, William D. Grart
U.S. Army
|) = Coastal Engineering
Research Center
DATA L}
Woods Hoje habeielld
| DUNE STABILIZATION WITH
| VEGETATION ON THE OUTER BANKS
| OF NORTH CAROLINA
Sears S35
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM NO. 22
AUGUST, 1967
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
Material contained herein is public property and not
subject to copyright. Reprint or republication of any of
This material shall give appropriate credit to the Coastal
Engineering Research Center.
Limited free distribution of This publication within the
United States is made by the U. S. Army Coastal Engineering
Research Center, 520!| Little Falls Road, N. W., Washington,
Do C. 20016
When this report is no longer needed, please return it
to the originator.
AUGUST, 1967 \ TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM NO. 22
DUNE STABILILIZATION WITH
VEGETATION ON THE OUTER BANKS
OF NORTH CAROLINA
by
W. W. Woodhouse, Jr. and R. E. Hanes
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VNU
U.S. ARMY
COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER
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\ ABSTRACT
Experiments at the shore and in the nursery were conducted to develop
an accelerated and more effective revegetation program on beach and dune
areas. Four grasses show promise: American beachgrass, sea oats, dune
panic grass, and saltmeadow cordgrass. Randomized blocks of plantings,
with at least three replications, were used in the experiments. Comparison
of various methods of producing nursery stock, transplanting at the shore,
and fertilization produced positive results shown in figures, tables and
photographs. The most practical and economical methods for each step of
The program are suggested.
American Beachgrass is best planted between | November and | April.
Plants, of 3 to 5 stems, dipped in a clay slurry, are spaced 18 inches by
18 inches by a machine planter. Depth of planting is 6 to 8 inches. Such
a planting, properly fertilized, was used in dune "growing". Fifteen
months after planting, a strip 100 feet wide had accumulated 16 cubic
yards of sand per running foot of beach. Experiments are being continued.
FOREWORD
Dunes serve as an effective barrier between the sea and low shore
areas. They also serve as a storehouse for windblown sand, and release
this material to the beach during severe storms. An important feature of
the program at CERC is to collect data that will help coastal engineers
stabilize existing dunes or build artificial dunes as protective structures.
CERC is publishing this paper in order to give a wider dissemination to
this significant information about dune "growing".
This paper was prepared by Professor W. W. Woodhouse, Jr. and R. E.
Hanes (a research instructor) of the Department of Soil Sciences, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.
This paper was originally presented as a progress report on studies
initiated in March 1961 under a grant from the Cape Hatteras National!
Seashore, National Park Service, U. S. Department of The Interior. This
support was supplemented by funds from the North Carolina Department of
Water Resources in 1962 and 1963.
The authors express appreciation to the membership of the North
Carolina Seashore Commission and the Board of Water Resources for support
and encouragement of this work; to the personnel of the Forestry Division,
North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development for cooperation
in developing supplies of planting stock; to U. O. Highfill, Dwight Bryan,
and N. Berenyi who carried out much of the field operations; and to
J. R. Piland and his staff for the chemical determinations.
The cooperation of the staff of the Cape Hatteras National Seashore over
the past five years is especially appreciated. Without their facilities,
funds and personnel, this work could not have been accomp!| ished.
At the time of publication J. M. Caldwell was Acting Director of The
Coastal Engineering Research Center.
NOTE: Comments on this publication are invited. Discussion will be
published in the next issue of the CERC Bulletin.
This report was prepared under authority of Public Law 166, 79th
Congress, approved July 31, 1945, as supplemented by Public Law 172, 88th
Congress, approved November 7, 1963.
\ CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION .
MATERIALS AND METHODS
a. Estimating Growth Responses .
b. Field Plot Technique
c. Fertilizer Materials
DUNE AND BEACH PLANTS
American Beachgrass (Ammophtla ree eae
The Sea Oat (Untola panteculata) Stn
Dune Panic Grass (Pantewn Amarum)
Saltmeadow Cordgrass (Spartina patens)
SPSCIGS fOr WreTPric ArEAS o :
@). es ©) tor (ov)
FERTILIZATION
Response to Ferfiliizer 0
Time and Rate of Pei ge ‘ot F Witrogen
Source of Nitrogen - 9
. Maintenance Fertilizer
Regeneration of Stands
@ © © ©
SEASONAL GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE - AMERICAN BEACHGRASS
. Growth 4
. Chemical Comaes ition
Nutrient Uptake .
Plant Analyses
Micronutrients
@) (C4 @) for &
NURSERY PRODUCTION OF PLANTING STOCK .
a. American Beachgrass .
b. Sea Oats .
c. Dune Panic Grass
PLANTING METHODS .
Date of Planting . .
Number of Stems - American ‘Beachgrass :
. Topping
ERPS vse Yerizonirall Plamrire.
. Clay Dip
Thinning
Direct Seeding of Sea ORGS
We) Sp-@) (os @ Cr fy)
Page
Si ees
CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
8. IMPROVED STRAINS OF AWERITCAN BENCRERASS 5 6 5 6 5 656 oc ot BS
9% “DUNE *BUINEDIING: 3 28> ef ae oe 3 ee PERNORES EY ATMS ase eee eS)
Os POSNER TENRERINENGE So ait nb teh Pomc be, eo te oemene oe once 2c 4
5, FOrvilizing large NrEAS 6 2 5 6 6 0 6 oo wo co A
BitnilFarmitaliinGesy es sehee ree eRe were retlcrer ee al Aas HY tebe) Mecin featc cau ner ar ial
lls IRECOMMENDED PRACTICES ¢ 65 6 6 5 6 bo 6 6 BO OO oo gl MZ
awAmerican Beacharass* Sia tas Sires Gd) Oe NOI as MesOreith sag et 42
DAROtheInGraSSeS® ch BoA 5 ac ck La iel sey RADY ratte et tenes ale we eames, ot nh
SG, Planting Location oF All Grasses cc 6 sc co te ce toe
LD ERATURE OU VED SR meine cate a eetee ees ie eae Geduioe Nek Wis WRU memeiteem ac MGs wae)
| LLUSTRAT |ONS
Figure Page
|. Rate of Accumulation of Windblown Sand on American Beachgrass
Planting - Ocracoke Island. February 1965 - Average of
Two Sites . 68 c 2)
2. American Beachgrass on Which Sand Accumulation is Charted in
Figure | = Pore taken Ocrober 20, 1900 556 5655 5 56 55 6 6 6
3. Fertilized American Beachgrass, |! Months after Fertilization
was Imitiered. erréras Islam 56 5.6 50000007000000 (10
4. Unfertilized American Beachgrass on a Check Plot Adjacent To
FiQUre S = hewrereaSs Slam sis 6 6b 6 56 oo 6b eo oo oe oe «(NO
5. Saltmeadow Cordgrass - Unfertilized in Foreground - Fertil ized
in Background, || Months after Fertilization Began - Broadleaved
Plomr 0S Pennwworr- > Ocracoke siding . 65 6 5 se op ooo oo CS
6, Season! Growin Curve = Milericedn Beachgrass «6 6 14650 60506 JIG
Ts Seasonal Disiriburion oF Nivirogen Concemrrerion os 66 565600 2
8, Season! Distiriburion oF Nitrogen Wotaks 3.5.56 5 6 bo po ts oo I
vi
ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)
Figure
9.
10.
First-Year Growth of American Beachgrass. North Carolina
roresury Nursery, Clayroi, No Go 5 56 56505 0 op
Sea Oat Seedlings in August eee uae Direct Seeding in March -
Ocracoke Isii@me s 6 5 6 5 6 oo oc : BO ou 1G ud Ho" ze oO: 6
Sea Oats, First Year After Transplanting from Nursery (2 Rows
Center and Left) - Ocracoke Island
Effect of Number of Stems per Hill on First-Year Growth of
American Beachgrass - Average of Two Sites a0 10 6
An unusually Vigorous Strain of American Beachgrass (Center 4
Rows). Photo taken near end of first growing season after
Transplanting to the banks. Note new plants emerging
between rows. Batic
Machine Planting of American Beachgrass, Using 2-Row Planter -
Core Banks, November 1965 Ae Aa enews
Unplanted Section - 4-foot Sand Fence, Full, 8 Months after
Installation - Ocracoke ENR Gey Veet Dict Ged sak lea
Section Planted 25 Feet Wide to American Beachgrass with 4-foot
Sand Fence Installed on the Front. Photo 8 months after
DIAMTING o56 055 ao Go 0.6
Growth Response of American Beachgrass to Fertilizers -
Hatteras Island
Growth Response of Saltmeadow Cordgrass to Fertilizers -
Ocracoke Islamd 6 o-oo o 6
Response of American Beachgrass to Phosphorus - Hatteras Island
Response of Saltmeadow Cordgrass to Phosphorus - Ocracoke Island
Response of American Beachgrass to Nitrogen, Phosphorus and
Potassium ooo 0
Source of Nitrogen on Dune Grasses - Initiated Spring 1964
Page
29
30
30
BS
BY)
5g)
40
40
Table
ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)
Effect of Reducing Fertilization on Growth of Beachgrass
Effect of Fertilizer in Reviving Degenerate Stands of American
Beachgrass .
Effect of Fertilization on the Regeneration of Stands of Sea
Oats and Dune Panic Grass
Seasonal Distribution of Chemical Composition of American
Beachgrass - Hatteras Island |965
Seasonal Distribution of Chemical Composition of American
Beachgrass - Ocracoke Island 1965
Chemical Analyses of Dunegrass Plants - Summer 1965
Date of Planting - American Beachgrass - Hatteras Island
Effect of Number of Stems per Hill, First-Year Growth -
American Beachgrass 0 6 0 16 9 0 Ooo) 0 O85 0
Effect of Pen Method on First-Year Growth of American
Beachgrass . 0 PO ae Voy cowid. to So NB) eo. tom akg edo io
Effect of Thinning on Regrowth of American Beachgrass
vill
5D
ST
DUNE STABILIZATION WITH VEGETATION ON THE
OUTER BANKS OF NORTH CAROLINA
by
W. W. Woodhouse, Jr. and R. E. Hanes
| |NTRODUCT1ON
North Carolina has over 250 miles of Atlantic coastline essentially
made up of a chain of low, sandy, barrier islands. These are separated from
the mainland only by marshland at some points, but by as much as 30 miles of
open water at others. The preservation of these Outer Banks is important to
the State and the nation not only for their recreational values, but for the
protection from the open sea their presence affords the mainland.
While there is little likelihood that these islands will disappear in
the foreseeable future, wind and water erosion, accelerated by man's activ-
ities and a recent series of severe storms, has brought about a rather
critical situation on many parts of the Banks. Large stretches have been
reduced to essentially bare sand flats with elevations of only 4 or 5 feet
above mean sea level.
The original purpose of this investigation was to make possible an
accelerated and more effective revegetation program on the beach and dune
areas with a view to protecting the low areas. Work the first two years
was concentrated primarily on fertilizer trials on the Banks, utilizing
stands that already existed. In 1963, in cooperation with North Carolina
Forestry Division, steps were taken to develop a supply of planting stock
suitable for experimental plantings. With the availability of additional
funds, trials have been expanded to include a number of different phases of
the revegetation process. While many of the results are quite preliminary
in nature, publication at this time is desirable to provide acutely needed
factual information for planning and carrying out sound programs of re-
vegetation in this region.
Until very recently studies on the propagation and growth of the dune
grasses in this country have been confined largely to the West Coast (4)*,
Attention there and in Northern Europe has been concentrated primarily on
European beachgrass, Ammophtlta arenaria, a species not very well adapted
to the Atlantic Coast.
Planting of the dune grasses has been going on along the East Coast
for some time (3) (5). Recently, studies have been initiated at several
points to obtain information that would be more applicable to these
cone ivrions Wo) ClO) Cl ins
* Numbers shown in this manner refer to LITERATURE CITED on page 45,
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
a. Estimating Growth Responses
Most of the experiments initiated from 196! to 1963 utilized stands
of American beachgrass, Ammophila brevitligulata, and saltmeadow cordgrass,
Spartina patens, already established; some natural, but most of them planted
by the National Park Service from | to 3 years prior to 196! on Ocracoke,
Bodie and Hatteras Islands. These stands tended to be much more variable
than would be desirable for field plot purposes, resulting in quite variable
data.
Since sand trapping was considered a major function of the cover pro-
duced, it was not deemed desirable to harvest the growth to measure treatment
effects. Consequently, we were faced immediately with the problem of devising
a suitable technique that would measure field responses under these | imita-
tions. A considerable amount of time was devoted to counting stems; esti-
mating heights of stems, perimeter of clones, and various combinations of
These. It soon became apparent that American beachgrass, as it normally
occurs both on the dunes and in the nursery, is a mixture of types having
a wide range in stem size and length. Also, individual clones, due to
variations in age and environment, produce stems that vary considerably in
their dimensions. Of greater concern was the fact that a single plant, under
suitable conditions, can produce 50 to 100 stems in one season, making stem
counting a very laborious task. Cordgrass is even worse in this respect.
This experience led to the conclusion that data based on stem counts was
not too reliable and was much Too expensive.
Fortunately, in the summer of 1962, a device was developed which
estimated bulk (dry weight) of grass in rows by measuring resistance to
compression (10). This procedure was found to be quite rapid and accurate
for both American beachgrass and saltmeadow cordgrass as long as the plants
remained in rows. However, under favorable treatment, new plants soon
appear between rows and by the summer of 1964, a method which would handle
broadcast stands became necessary. This was done by modifying a method,
based on resistance to vertical compression, developed for use on forage
plants (Il). The modified method consists of dropping a reinforced sheet of
aluminum (2 x 2 feet) over the grass, and measuring the average height the
Square remains above the ground. These data are then converted to pounds
per acre by the formula:
(h2) (c) = Ib/acre dry weight
where h = average height and c is an appropriate constant developed for
each species. The method-is rapid and reasonably accurate, yielding cor-
relation coefficients of 0.90 or better on stands of American beachgrass,
saltmeadow cordgrass and dune panic grass. It is not satisfactory on sea
oats after the large seed stalks on this species have fully emerged.
be lellid (Pilots lleehmiique
Essentially all of the experiments have been in randomized blocks
with at least three replications. Plot size and shape varied considerably
at the beginning, but after some trial and error, a minimum size of 8 x 50
feet was adopted. Much larger plots were used where the purpose was pri-
marily demonstrational.
Since the beach is the primary source of blowing sand in these areas,
if has been found essential that the long dimension of the individual plot
be oriented perpendicular to the shoreline to avoid large amounts of un-
controlled variation due to sand accumulation.
Border effects from the application of standard fertilizer materials
are surprisingly small in view of the extremely windy conditions prevailing.
On three-year-old plots, this effect has quite obviously been confined to a
strip about 24 to 30 inches wide around each plot. Apparently, the ferti-
lizer materials, being hygroscopic, soon stick to the sand particles and
do not move thereafter unless the sand moves. Normally, there is little or
no movement by either wind or water from within well-vegetated areas. It
has been found advisable to use pelleted or granular materials since it is
almost impossible to apply dusty fertilizer without some blowing.
ec. Fertilizer Materials
Ammonium nitrate, concentrated superphosphate, and muriate of
potash were used as the standard sources of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P),
and Potassium (K), respectively. The normal method of application of these
materials was to broadcast them on the surface, either by hand or with a
small spreader.
3. DUNE AND BEACH PLANTS
Attention in this study, to date, has been confined primarily to the
most critical areas along the Banks, generally a zone extending 500 to 600
feet back from the high tide mark with an elevation of only 4 to 6 feet
above mean sea level except for the foredune, where it exists, which may be
as high as 12 to 14 feet above mean sea level.
It has not yet been convenient to make any very direct comparisons
between species. However, during the past five years, observations have
been made as to the adaptation and behavior of the plants that are present
in the area.
Perennial grasses are the only plants in this zone that appear to make
a substantial contribution in trapping and binding sand. Some annuals,
especially sea rocket, Caktle edentula, and beach pea, Strophostyles hevola,
are temporarily effective. Other annuals and perennials invade and help to
cover areas that have first been fairly well stabilized by perennial grasses.
Frequent exposure to salt spray results from the generally low elevation and
absence of large dunes, and appears to be a major factor discouraging the
woody plants, such as yaupon, myrtle, silverling, live oak and red cedar.
At present, there are four grasses growing on the Banks which appear
to show real promise in this critical zone. These are American beachgrass
(Ammophila breviligulata), sea oats (Untola paniculata), Dune panic grass
(Panteum amarum) and saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens).
a. American Beachgrass (Amnophila_ breviligulata)
American beachgrass is the only one of these grasses of which ample
planting stock is presently available and the only one that has been planted
extensively on the foredune portions of the Banks. So far, this species
appears to be an excellent grass for this purpose. It lends itself quite
well to nursery propagation, can be transplanted to the Banks with almost
perfect survival, grows off quite rapidly following transplanting and is
capable of trapping and coming through large quantities of sand. Being
indigenous to the Atlantic coast, north of the Virginia Capes, it is not as
tolerant of hot, dry weather as sea oats and dune panic grass, but has done
quite well on fairly high dunes as far south as Bogue Banks, and in Trial
plantings at lower elevations to the South Carolina line.
American beachgrass is quite tolerant to salt spray and will withstand
occasional flooding by salt water in cool weather. During the hot summer
period, it is killed quite readily by salt tides. Some disease and insect
damage has been observed on this species, but so far, nothing of this kind
has reached serious proportions.
Under favorable conditions, American beachgrass spreads readily through
the production of extensive rhizomes. Some reproduction from seeds occurs
but this is sporadic and does not appear to be very extensive.
This grass can tolerate and continue to grow through rather rapid sand
accumulation. One example of this capacity is illustrated in Figure |. Under
the rapid rate of accumulation shown, most plants were completely covered
at one time or another and there appeared to be some thinning of stands at
all sites. However, on the last day (October 20, 1965), an adequate stand
remained at most points with some 6 to 8 inches of grass protruding above
the sand (see Figure 2). New roots had developed to within 6 to 8 inches
of the surface with the original root system still viable. A great deal
remains to be determined on this point, but it is apparent That American
beachgrass is capable of withstanding very substantial sand accumulation
during the growing season.
b. The Sea Oat (Uniola paniculata)
The sea oat is widely distributed from the Virginia Capes to
Mexico. On the North Carolina coast, this grass is the principal occupant
of unplanted dunes near the sea. It is an excellent sand catcher.
Unfortunately, natural stands are frequently sparse, resulting in rapid
accumulation of sand by the individual plants and the growth of rough,
hummocky dunes. This characteristic has given rise to the belief that
this grass always forms rough dunes. However, where good stands have
been observed, there seems to be little difference between a sea oat dune
and an American beachgrass dune.
Sand Accumulation (Inches )
50
40
30
20
(0)
Feb 7 Marl
Figure |
Apr | May | Jun | July | Aug | Sept! Oct | Nov |
Rate of Accumulation of Windblown Sand on American Beachgrass
Planting - Ocracoke Island, February 1965 - Average of two sites.
Figure 2. American Beachgrass, on Which Sand Accumulation is Charted in
Figure |. Photo taken October 20, (O50
Where the 'sea oat and American beachgrass occur together on a foredune,
+he sea oat will usually occupy the "front |ine" nearest the surf. We are
inclined to interpret this as being due in part to a higher tolerance to
salt water on the part of the sea oat, particularly during the warm part
Of whe year.
This grass has not been planted extensively due largely to (1) the ab-
sence of supplies of planting stock, and (2) the poor survival that usually
follows transplanting of plants dug on the Banks. It would probably be
desirable for it to be more widely used, but it appears that such use wil|
have to await the development of better propagation procedures.
The sea oat does produce fairly heavy crops of seed in some years and
under favorable conditions, large numbers of these seed germinate all along
the Banks. This occurs in late spring and since growth is quite slow during
the first year, most plants are not firmly established until near the end of
the second growing season. As a result, percent survival of the original
seedlings is extremely low. Even so, the natural spread of this species into
unoccupied areas along the Banks seems to be accomplished almost exclusively
in this way.
c. Dune Panic Grass (Panteum Amarum)
Dune panic grass is distributed naturally all along the Banks and
seems to be on the increase since livestock have been excluded from these
areas. This grass is a good dune builder, having an extensive rhizome
system and stiff stems and leaves, but may not be quite as tolerant of salt
spray as American beachgrass and sea oats. It can be multiplied readily
under nursery conditions, but starts off much slower than American beach-
grass when transplanted to the dunes. It certainly shows promise, but more
work with it is needed, particularly on planting methods, before it can be
suggested for extensive use.
d. Saltmeadow Cordgrass (Spartina patens)
Saltmeadow cordgrass probably represents the largest acreage of any
plant on the Banks, being the principal grass on the flats and low dunes
behind the foredune. Tolerant to salt water and a high water table, it is
well adapted to the low-lying areas. This species transplants readily, and
also spreads naturally by seed. It will withstand only a fairly slow buildup
of sand, is not very drought-tolerant, and consequently should not be planted
where sand movement is rapid or on dunes of appreciable height.
e. Species for Traffic Areas
None of the foregoing grasses is really suitable for use on sites
receiving heavy traffic. A turf type grass is needed for such areas as
campgrounds, around parking areas, and walkways. The two principal species
of this kind found in the area at present are Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactyton)
and knotgrass (Paspalum vaginatum). Bermuda grass was used in stablizing
the Wright Brothers Memorial; it is found on flats and around buildings.
Knotgrass occurs on the poorly drained flats and moist road shoulders.
The Bermudas will tolerate a considerable amount of salt either as spray
or in the soil and a moderate rate of sand buildup. Observations indicate
that these plants require at least as much, if not more, nitrogen than the
dune grasses to maintain them in a healthy condition. They should be sprigged
in early spring in order to insure establishment before excessive drying of
+he sand occurs. Planting can be done satisfactorily up to early summer
where irrigation is available.
4. FERTILIZATION
a. Response to Fertilizer
The only species of which stands were available for the preliminary
trials in the spring of 1961 were American beachgrass, Ammophtla brevtltgulata
and saltmeadow cordgrass, Spartina patens. The former was located largely
on the dunes and the latter on the sand flats and low dunes. The Tirsy
treatments were applied in March 1961. As mentioned earlier, no usable data
were taken that summer due to the lack of a suitable technique. IT was pos-
sible to observe some response, particularly to nitrogen (N); plants were
greener and growth increased 50 percent to perhaps |00 percent. The overal |
effect was disappointing in light of the very poor growth of untreated areas.
Doubling this very sparse growth still left the cover inadequate.
Other trials were then established in September 196! and as soon as new
growth was initiated in the spring of 1962, it appeared that the fall fer-
tilization had improved the situation materially. Fortunately, although a
number of trials were lost in the March 1962 storm, the two reported in
Tables | and 2 were not seriously damaged.
TABLE |
Growth Response of American Beachgrass to Fertilizers - Hatteras Island
Treatments
Plot P205 K20 Yield, Ib/acre
No. Nitrogen, |b/acre |b/acre |b/acre (dry weight)
Nor 9) JUM) Avie Sep Ie (Sass | Slo# | Ses
is =~ =~ -- -- -- -- 34 | DN BN 104
2 33 33 35) 50 -- == 235 235i) OF) Dd/O
5 33 33 5) 50 50 -- AST SIZ CARS BD5sIs
4 ) 53) 55 50 50 50 ISS) BaD BSIS BdS4
Least Significant Difference - .05 340
Least Significant Difference - .Ol 516
Coefficient of Variability - 28%
\ WASUE 2
Growth Response of Saltmeadow Cordgrass to Fertilizers - Ocracoke Island
Treatments
Plot P205 K20 Yield, |Ib/acre
No. Nitrogen, |b/acre |b/acre I|b/acre (dry weight)
Nor JIU) AU Sep ISo2 Yo Mot | SE5
the So ee Se -- -- (5h @04 757 Gos
De DS) 55) 55 50 == = 2030 4047 6675 6594
Ne 55 35) 55) 50 50 = AYSI SINS OSD JAS
4, 35) 33 33 50 50 50 2842 Al6o| 5942 5994
Least Significant Difference - .05 | 55)
Least Significant Difference - .0I 2186
Coefficient of Variability - 38%
Both experiments, one on American beachgrass and the other on cordgrass,
were on stands that had been established | to 2 years earlier.
In both of these experiments, the response to nitrogen (N) was very
pronounced and was of the same general order. There appeared to be some
indication of a benefit from the application of phosphorus (P) the first
year with this being questionable in later years. The addition of potassium
(K) was of doubtful value throughout. Growth on the nitrogen and nitrogen-
phosphorus treatments seemed to reach a maximum by the third year on both
species.
These are the only experiments in this study that have been carried
Through four full growing seasons. The data seem to indicate that maximum
cover can be produced under this kind of fertilization regime in two To
Three years.
The pattern exhibited in these experiments is fairly representative
of the results of most tests conducted so far. Nitrogen is the principal
limiting factor, with perhaps some response to phosphorus and none to
potassium. However, there have been a few locations where the application
of phosphorus was definitely beneficial. Two of these locations are shown
in Tables 3 and 4.
Figure 3. Fertilized American
Beachgrass, || Months After
Fertilization was Initiated.
Hatteras Island.
Figure 4. Unfertilized American
Beachgrass on a Check Plot
Adjacent to Figure 3 -
Hatteras Island
a
PHOSEHOUES |
1h a ak ta
pI VUE
Saltmeadow Cordgrass - Unfertilized in Foreground - Fertil ized
in Background, |! Months after Fertilization Began - Broad|leaved
Plant is Pennywort - Ocracoke Island
AB EES
Response of American Beachgrass to Phosphorus - Hatteras Island
Treatment |b/acre Yield, |b/acre
(dry weight)
1962 1963
Nor JIUin Ave Sep
Check 406 302
N SS ee) aS) eee YE) (275 1505
NP Sie GRO Sen oo ae 1580 A 5
COlUS DO Woy Poy Timor tt)
TABLE 4
Response of Saltmeadow Cordgrass to Phosphorus - Ocracoke Island
(Fertilization Initiated Fall of 1963)
Treatment Yield, |b/acre
(dry weight)
N |b/acre P205lb/acre K 0 |b/acre
May Jul Sep
== i = == 2,431
35 By) 50 oS -- 5, 984
BS) 5S 50 50 == IO, 125
55) 35) 50 50 50 9) 3359
The American beachgrass site is on a dune which probably has received
some fresh sand in recent years. The cordgrass is on a flat some distance
from the beach where there was much less likelihood of sand accumulation,
and probably represents sand that has been in place and subject to weather-
ing for some years.
The data in Table 5 are from an experiment initiated in the spring of
1965 and show first-year response of freshly planted American beachgrass.
This table shows the same type of response found in earlier experiments but
the magnitude of response on newly planted material was much lower. This
is probably partly due to the fact that the planting stock used was wel |
fertilized in the nursery, and therefore, contained good levels of these
nutrients when transplanted. It does show that fertilization the first
season after planting is beneficial.
\ TABLE 2.
Response of American Beachgrass to Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium
Treatment |b/acre Yield, |Ib/acre 1965
Apr Jun Aug Sep
Check None 465
N 33 By) 5) 53 au,
Nies2) By) 33 By)
NP p75 962
N33 Sy) 35 Be)
NPK P 75 96!
K 75
NP (30-10-0) III 111 111 Li I 919
Least Significant Difference - .05 287
Coefficient of Variability - 52%
b. Time and Rate of Application of Nitrogen
From the observations made on several preliminary tests, initiated
in 1961, it appeared that these grasses benefited from at least 100 to 150
pounds of nitrogen per acre per year. There were also indications that this
amount should be split into three or four applications. The September treat-
ment appeared to be particularly important from the standpoint of rhizome
production the following spring.
Unfortunately, no usable data were obtained from these trials due to
the lack of a suitable method in 1961 and to storm damage and unequal sand
encroachment in 1962 and 1963.
We do know that growth response to the rates and timing of nitrogen
application adopted on the strength of these very preliminary trials has
been quite satisfactory. It is very likely that with further experimentation,
modifications and refinements will be found to be desirable. Data from the
two trials on seasonal distribution of growth and nutrient uptake (Figures
6, 7 and 8) suggest that the rates indicated above are not unreasonable and
could probably be stepped up somewhat where maximum growth is desired.
Since other questions seemed more pressing in 1964, new trials needed To
provide specific information on these points were not undertaken until 1965.
Consequently, data will not be available on rate and time of fertilizer
application until the end of the 1966 season.
c. Source of Nitrogen
Three experiments involving nitrogen sources were initiated in the
spring of 1964. Two of these were on plantings of American beachgrass on a
foredune and saltmeadow cordgrass on the Ocracoke flats that had been made
4 or 5 years earlier. The third, American beachgrass on hydraulic fill,
utilized a stand planted in March 1964. Treatments began in April 1964 and
growth measurements were made in August 1965. These data, shown in Table
6, indicate that all of the standard soluble sources, applied in the norma!
manner, were equally satisfactory over the fairly wide range of conditions
represented by these trials. The Urea-Formaldehyde form, applied on The
surface, was substantially less effective than the readily soluble forms.
Due to the low moisture holding capacity and very low microbial activity
of these sands, it will probably be necessary to incorporate The less
soluble forms with the sand in order to make it a fair test. Such a test
is to be tried in 1966.
ABLES
Source of Nitrogen on Dune Grasses - Initiated Spring 1964
Yield (1965) |b/acre dry weight
Beachgrass Cordgrass
Source Foredune* Hydraulic fill** Ocracoke flat*
|. Check 983 39| 294
2. Ammonium Nitrate BYE) 4428 5492
3. Ammonium Sul fate 5349 == 6580
4, Urea 5145 4673 5492
5. Sodium Nitrate 5670 4618 5889
6. Urea-Formal dehyde 5258 2365 ZNS7
7. 50=l0-0 568 | 5058 6122
Least Significant Difference .05 3565 1046 1379
Least Significant Difference .0| 1858 1641 1875
Coefficient Variability 45% 25% A4T%
*4 replications; **2 replications
All plots received annually 50 pounds Nitrogen, April, June, August, plus
50 pounds P205 and K90 in April, except 50-!10-0 plots
d. MainteNance Fertilization
lt is evident at quite a number of locations that a fertilizer
program consisting of 100 to 150 pounds of Nitrogen and 30 to 50 pounds
P50s/acre/year will develop "full cover" by the end of the third growing
season. The term "ful! cover" is used here to mean something approaching
the maximum amount of growth of these grasses that these areas seem to be
capable of supporting, i.e., of the order of 2% to 3% tons/acre dry weight.
In a number of cases where vigorous nursery stock of American beachgrass
was used, something approaching full cover was attained with only two
growing seasons.
lt also appears that any attempt to push growth beyond this point may
have some detrimental effects. For example, in the trials reported in
Tables | and 2, and on several areas under the general Park Service fer-
tilizer program, some loss of plants has occurred. This loss has taken
place largely during the summer of 1965, a very wet summer, and in spots
where growth was unusually dense. The cause of death in several instances
is strongly suspected to be the common fungus, Rhtazoctonta solani. This
loss is not surprising, for this organism is a frequent source of damage
to a wide range of host plants, both grasses and legumes, during periods
of hot humid weather. Such damage is usually increased by heavy matted
growth which limits air circulation and normal drying, and is aggravated
on cool season grasses by nitrogen applications made during the hot weather
period.
For this reason, and economy, it seems highly desirable to switch fo
a program of reduced fertilization once full cover is attained. Presumably,
maintenance would require less frequent and smaller applications of fertilizer
than were required to bring the stand to the full cover stage. Under the
fairly complete canopy prevailing at this stage, there should be considerable
recycling of nutrients. Unfortunately, sufficient areas having growth of
this kind have not been available long enough to permit much experimentation
on this point. Beginning after the September application in 1964, some sub-
plots have been laid out from which fertilizer has been omitted. Growth
estimates taken at the end of August on three of these plots are shown in
Table 7c
TABLE 7
Effect of Reducing Fertilization on Growth of Beachgrasses
Yields |b/acre
Beachgrass Cordgrass
Treatment Oregon Is. Hatteras Is. Ocracoke
No fertilizer 117 | 30| 67|
30-10-0 through 1965 (450
|lb/acre per year from | 963) 8400 6640 35
30-!0-0 through September |964 7608 6183 5141
These trials indicate that once full cover is attained, fertilization
can be discontinued for one year without incurring any serious decrease in
cover. It is much too early to anticipate the second-year effect. Stands
from which fertilizer was withheld this year do give the appearance of being
nitrogen-deficient and decreasing in vigor. From this, one would suspect
that the second-year effect might be more drastic Than is suggested by the
data in Table 7, and that some fertilizer will be required in alternate years
at least, and perhaps every year, in order to maintain vigorous stands.
Trials are set up now which should provide, over The next two or Three years,
a much better basis for establishing a maintenance fertilizer program.
e. Regeneration of Stands
(1) American beachgrass, It is rather generally recognized that
stands of American beachgrass often tend to weaken and die out once an area
becomes stabilized and new sand ceases to enter it. This has given rise To
the idea that the continuing accumulation of sand is essential to the norma |
growth and survival of this species. This study has shown that this plant
does thrive on sand accretion, and can trap and come through quite large
quantities of sand during the growing season. However, a large part of the
beneficial effect of the accumulating sand must be attributable to an in-
crease in the supply of nutrients (primarily nitrogen) associated in some
way with the trapped sand.
One trial, initiated in September 1963 to indirectly test this hy-
pothesis, was located on a large dune situated about one-fourth of a mile
from the surf. This area had been planted about 5 years earlier on what
had been a "live" dune, and then a strong foredune was constructed between
it and the surf. The foredune almost completely stopped sand movement into
the area except at a small spot about 100 yards south of the experimental
site. The grass in this planting grew slowly for the first year or two,
and then gradually began to deteriorate so that by September 1963 less Than
a 50 percent stand of very stunted plants remained except at the small spot
which continued to receive sand. There was a very noticeable revival of
growth on the treated plots during the 1964 growing season, and by the
summer of 1965, the stand had thickened considerably. Growth measurements
taken in August 1965 are shown in Table 8.
TABLE 8
Effect of Fertilizer (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium) in Reviving
Degenerate Stands of American Beachgrass
Growth |b/acre, August 1965
Treatment
Check - no fertilizer 240
N - 33 |b. N September, April, July (1963) 2129
NP - N as above + 50 |b. P205 2261
NPK - NP as above + 50 Ib. kK20 252|
Least Significant Difference - .05 V5
Least Significant Difference - .OI 1092
Coefficient Variability 44%
While the stands on these plots are still quite ragged, continued
fertilization will probably enable the plants that still remained at the
beginning of the test to completely re-cover the area in another year or
two. It remains to be seen whether fertilizers alone wil! produce growth
on this site comparable to that which has been developed elsewhere. It is
apparent that lack of nutrients was a major factor in the loss of vigor of
The grass on this site.
There is some slight hint of a response to potassium on this site,
which should not be too surprising in view of the relative inaccessibility
to salt spray and new sand as compared with most sites used in this study.
(2) Other grasses. Deteriorating stands of The other species
have been observed and the results from trials initiated on These suggest
a similar condition as shown below:
TABLE 2
Effect of Fertilization on the Regeneration of Stands
of Sea Oats and Dune Panic Grass
Yield |b/acre |965*
Treatment Sea Oats Dune Panic Grass
Unfertil ized 1899 1136
30-10-O 100 I|b/acre, April 9854 94 | |
June and September
*\lnitiated April 1964
Data from the same kind of situation with cordgrass are shown in The
last column of Table 6.
It appears from these trials that nutrient supply is of prime import-
ance to all four of the principal stabilizing grasses in this area, and
that fertilizer alone may be the answer to the stand deterioration That
tends to occur as areas become stabilized. It also would seem to fol low
that fertilization would be less essential on sites receiving large quan-
tities of windblown sand. On the other hand, in situations such as That
shown in Figures | and 2, a considerable amount of extra growth is required
to enable the grass to keep up with the rapid sand encroachment and under
such conditions, fertilizer response has been observed repeatedly. For This
reason, it appears inadvisable to reduce fertilization appreciably because
of sand accumulation.
5, SEASONAL GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE - AMERICAN BEACHGRASS
Two experiments were initiated in the spring of 1965 designed To
obtain estimates of the seasonal pattern of growth and nutrient uptake in
a first-year stand of American beachgrass. One of These was located on
Ocracoke Island on dune sand, and the other was situated on Hatteras Island
on hydraulic fill covered by a thin layer of windblown sand. Stands of
this grass planted in February 1965 were utilized. The experimental design
was a randomized block, 3 replications, with each replicate containing four
20-foot rows for each date of harvest. Each plot was harvested once and only
once so that the growth harvested represented the total growth to this date.
Harvests were made at intervals of about 2 weeks Throughout the season be-
ginning approximately 30 days after the initiation of growth in the spring.
The entire harvest sample was dried, weighed, chopped, and subsampled for
chemical analysis.
The fertilizer program was designed to maintain fully adequate supplies
of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium Throughout the season and was as
follows:
N P05 K,0
March: 26 - April 3 60 20 24
May !0-1 | 40 15 1/3 |2
June 23 40 IS 1/3 12
August 5-1 | 40 13 1/3 12
Total 180 60 60
All values given are |b/acre
Data from these experiments are presented in Figures 6 through 8 and
Tables 10 and ||. They present a fairly complete picture for this one
growing season.
Obviously, it would be preferable to have data of this kind for several
years before attempting to draw any hard and fast conclusions. However,
since this is the first study of this sort that we are aware of, it seems
worthwhile to examine these data and draw such inferences from Them as can
be justified.
a. Growth
On both Ocracoke and Hatteras the 1965 growing season was rather
dry during April and May, quite wet in June, July and early August, and was
again dry in September and October. This kind of rainfall pattern might be
expected to minimize both leaching and growth in the early part of the season
and perhaps promote more than normal growth during the midsummer period.
Examination of the data in Figure 6 indicates that the growth rate was rather
slow during the first 30 to 40 days of the growing season, but formed very
nearly a straight line from that point on until very near the onset of cold
weather.
These data certainly show a more rapid rate of growth during a wet mid-
summer than could be expected during an extremely dry summer. On the other
Yield (lb/acre )
3500
fo}
3000
Ocracoke
2500 A
a
A
2000 J Nn
Hatteras
1500 d
te) ra
1000
500 p
0
Apr | May | June | July | Aug | Sept | Oct | Nov |
° ) °
(o}
A A A A
Fertilized
Figure 6. Seasonal Growth Curve - American Beachgrass
19
Percent Nitrogen
Figure 7.
Hatteras
°
A A
Fertilized
Seasonal Distribution of Nitrogen Concentration
2Q° 2
pr| May June | July | Aug | Sept | Oct | Nov |
fo) °
Nitrogen Yield (Ib/acre)
40
35
30
25
20
on
° fo)
Ocracoke
in 1S
Hatteras
fe}
(eo)
£\
fo)
‘A
A
A A
R
A
LA
Apr May | Jun | July | Aug! Sept | Oct | Nov
nN ° YN a oN
Fertilized
Figure 8. Seasonal Distribution of Nitrogen Uptake
2\
hand, they do demonstrate the potential for growth that exists in the
species, given adequate moisture and nutrient supplies.
b. Chemical Composition
The data on chemical composition and nutrient uptake from the two
experiments are shown in Tables 10 and ||. For most nutrients, there is a
tendency, not uncommon in perennial grasses, for the concentration in the
plant to decline as the season progresses and maturity approaches. In both
experiments, nitrogen, potassium, and to a lesser degree, phosphorus and
sulphur, follow this pattern. Nitrogen illustrates this pattern in Figure
7; calcium, magnesium and sodium contents did not appear to form any very
consistent seasonal pattern.
c. Nutrient Uptake
Since the concentration of all nutrients in the plant was quite
low, except in a few instances very early in the season, dry matter yield
largely determined the seasonal distribution of the uptake of nutrients.
This results in essentially a straight line from shortly after the initia-
tion of growth until very nearly the end, as illustrated for nitrogen in
Figure 8. Such an uptake pattern indicates a continuous need for nutrients
throughout the growing season, and tends to support split applications,
particularly for nutrients such as nitrogen which may be lost rapidly
from these sands.
The amount of nitrogen harvested in the above-ground portion of the
plant at the end of the season (42 pounds at the Ocracoke site) is of some
significance. If one were to assume a recovery of applied nitrogen of 40
percent, which seems optimistic for these conditions; this would suggest
the need for the application of over 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre per
year for full growth of American beachgrass the first year.
d. Plant Analyses
In addition to data presented in the previous sections, analyses
were made on a limited number of samples collected from eight other sites,
One or more of which involved dune panic grass or sea oats. These samples
were taken in late June and early July and were from simple replicated
tests of an observational nature which had been underway from | to 4 years
at the Time of sampling. The analyses, along with the dry weight production
for the 1965 season,are shown in Table 12. Certainly, inferences drawn
from this one set of samples can only be of a very preliminary nature. Even
so, several points appear fo be worthy of note.
(1) Nitrogen content is affected very materially by fertilization
and there appear to be differences in nutrient content between the grasses.
Dune panic grass was substantially higher in phosphorus and potassium than
American beachgrass but similar in nitrogen content where the two grasses
were growing together (see footnote in Table 12).
22
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(2) Cordgrass tends to be lower in both nitrogen and phosphorus
than the other three grasses and this seems to hold for both fertilized and
unfertilized plants.
(3) Based on the single site sampled, the sea oat is fairly high
in nitrogen but not very different from the other grasses in the content
of the remaining constituents reported.
(4) There does not appear to be any very definite pattern in the
other constituents except that cordgrass tended to be high in sodium and
to a lesser degree in sulphur. This could well be a site difference since
this species is grown only on the lower, wetter locations where sodium is
probably more plentiful and organic matter slightly higher.
(5) These analyses tend to be in agreement with the growth response
data in suggesting that nitrogen is the principal limiting factor on the
growth of those grasses in this environment. The data also suggest that for
this stage of growth (early summer), the critical level of nitrogen in the
plant might be around 0.75 percent for cordgrass, |.00 percent for American
beachgrass, and probably near |.25 percent for dune panic grass and sea oats.
e. Micronutrients
Two replicated trials were established in the spring of 1965 on
stands of American beachgrass which were planted in January 1965. One of
these was located on hydraulic fill and the other on windblown sand. The
+reatments involved Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe),
Boron (B), Sulphur (S), and combinations of these. All plots received
the standard treatment of 30-10-0 (125 pounds in April, June, July and
September.
There were no significant differences in growth at the end of The
first growing season in either of these trials. This is probably not
surprising in view of the perennial nature of this species. The trials
are being continued.
6. NURSERY PRODUCTION OF PLANTING STOCK
The production of planting stock for experimental plantings has
been carried out cooperatively with the Forestry Division, North Carolina
State Department of Conservation and Development at the Clayton nursery.
Research on this phase has been very limited, to date, but some things
learned through this experience are worth repeating here.
a. American Beachgrass
Plantings of this species were made at Clayton in the spring of
1962. These consisted of (1) about | acre of single stems spaced 20 x 34
inches and (2) a 4 x 500-foot bed seeded with |/2 pound of seed. Both of
these were successful with about 33,000 three-stem plants being harvested
26
from the acre planting during the winter of 1962-1963, and about 60,000
three-stem plants from the seeded bed. Tests the following year indicated
that plants produced in either manner were equally satisfactory when trans-
planted to the dunes.
If was concluded, however, that for nursery establishment, vegetative
propagation was more practical than propagation by seed due to the weed
problem. Quite satisfactory control can usually be obtained in vegetative
plantings with one early spring application of weed killer, while seeded
beds must be fumigated.
Although all of the planting stock was harvested from the original
nursery planting in the winter of 1962-1963, the rhizomes remaining in the
soil resulted in a solid stand the following year. I+ appears that a ful |
harvest of planting stock can be expected each year from a nursery area of
this kind, provided adequate fertilizer is supplied and weeds are controlled.
Where planting stock is not harvested for a year or two, the buildup of dead
material makes processing difficult. For this reason it may be cheaper to
start over on a new area every second or third year.
This grass appears to tolerate a fairly wide range of soils and present
information seems to be adequate for outlining procedures for practical and
rather inexpensive nursery production.
b. Sea Oats
As recently as 10 years ago, reputable scientists were saying that
sea oats did not produce viable seeds. This observation apparently arose
from the fact that sea oat seeds usually have a very pronounced dormancy
period. However, seedlings have been observed occurring naturally on the
Banks for several years, and in 1964, Wagner (7) published the results of
a study in which he followed the germination of sea oats in some detai|
both on the dunes and in the greenhouse.
In the winter of 1963-1964, we undertook some |imited tests on seed
harvested in the fall of 1963. After trying several of the conventional
procedures for breaking seed dormancy, it was found that a fair response
could be obtained by soaking the threshed seed overnight in a gibberilic
acid solution of 100 parts per million. Using this procedure, two beds
were seeded in the nursery in April 1964 and several thousand plants were
produced.
Unfortunately, growth in late summer was hampered materially by an
attack of a "helminthosporum-like™ organism, as yet unidentified. This
was followed during the winter by damage from billbugs and a stem maggot
similar to the Hessian fly. Plants transplanted to the Banks in December
and January survived and grew well; later transplants having more insect
damage did not do as well.
A few hundred plants were separated and transplanted into nursery
rows in the spring of 1965. Although survival was poor due to the previous
27
insect damage, those that survived grew well. Other plants were left in
place in the nursery bed and these multiplied quite well but were not as
productive as the transplants.
In the meantime, Westra (8) undertook a fairly intensive study of seed
dormancy in this species which he completed in the spring of 1965. Working
only with 1964 seed, he found that these were not very responsive to gib-
berilic acid. We rechecked this in February 1965 with 1963 seed that had
been held in cold storage, and found that the 1963 crop was still responsive
to gibberilic acid and several thousand more seedlings were grown in the
nursery during 1965 following this treatment.
Westra found 1964 seed to be somewhat responsive to Thiourea but
obtained the best germination from a pre-chilling treatment followed by
high or alternating high and low temperatures.
A fairly laborious, but quite successful, procedure that was tried in
1965 involved starting seedlings in the greenhouse and transplanting to the
Banks. Gibberilic acid treated seed were planted on February 27, 1965 in
smal! peat pots (2%) in the greenhouse. By May 5, 1965, the seedlings had
emerged and were about 7 inches high. At That time the pots were transported
to the Banks and planted in the conventional manner. _ These plants grew off
much more rapidly than seedlings from direct seedings either on the Banks or
in the nursery. For example, plants from direct seedings that we have ob-
served on the Banks have never developed more than 2 or 3 stems (culms), and
usually only |, by the end of the first growing season. These peat-pot
plants developed vigorous crowns which contained an average of |3 stems (some
as high as 50) per plant by August 18 of the first year.
While a great deal remains to be done on this problem, present knowledge
makes nursery production of planting stock of this species a practical pos-
sibility. Acceptable germination on most seed lots should be attainable with
one or the other of the alternative treatments available. In most cases pre-
liminary trials will be needed to determine the effective treatment for any
given lot of seed. It is apparent that dormancy in sea oats is quite vari-
able, both between years and between lots of seeds of the same year. Once
sea oat seedling plants are available, they can be multiplied by division
as with American beachgrass, although production seems likely to be a good
bit slower.
CG, Dune Panic Grass
This grass is very readily multiplied under nursery conditions.
Stands may be established by burying stems and rhizomes in furrows or by
broadcasting the material- on the surface and covering it by disking.
28
North Carolina
First Year Growth of American Beachgrass.
Figure 9
o Co
N
Clayton,
Forestry Nursery,
29
Figure 10. Sea Oat Seedlings in August Following Direct Seeding in March.
Ocracoke Island.
2. is
Figure Il. Sea Oats, First Year After Transplanting from Nursery Ae
(2 Rows Center and Left) - Ocracoke Island.
30
\ 7. PLANTING METHODS
a. Date of Planting
American beachgrass seems to have a fairly wide tolerance to date
of planting. The experiment reported in Table 13 was carried out to get
some more precise estimates of this tolerance.
TABLE 13
Date of Planting - American Beachgrass - Hatteras Island
Planting Date Yield |b/acre
August 15, 1965
October |4* | 964 530
November |2 1964 1010
December 23 1964 976
January 12 1965 1124
February 16 1965 816
March 18 1965 82!
March** 1965 935
April 15 1965 605
Apri les 1965 648
Meiyaea lilies 1965 Dili
Least Significant Difference .05 | 22
Least Significant Difference .OI 164
Coefficient of Variability 46%
*Plants not nursery grown, dug on dunes and replanted
immediately.
** Plants dug December 15, 1964 and stored at 34-38° F.
until planted.
*¥*Plants dug March 19, 1965 and stored at 34-38° F. until
planted.
All others dug from nursery and planted within one week.
From this one-year experience, it appears that the planting date has
no major effect on first-year growth from the time dormancy begins (around
November I-15 at this latitude) until new growth starts (around March |5).
Plants were not fully dormant on October I5 and plants dug and replanted
at that stage did not grow off nearly as well as those transplanted a
month later. Plantings made after March |5 were also at a disadvantage.
It is significant that survival was nearly perfect at all dates, indicating
That, in the less critical situations, the planting season could begin as
early as October 15 and be extended as late as early May. However, where
full growth is desired, November and March seem to represent the limits.
It had been thought that it might be possible to dig plants during the
dormant period, hold them in cold storage, and, thereby, extend the plant-
ing season. This appeared to have some advantage during the first few
weeks after planting, but as the season progressed, most evidence of it
disappeared. This point may deserve further study.
Time of planting other species has not been studied experimentally.
Observations suggest that it may be desirable to transplant sea oats and
perhaps dune panic grass in late fall soon after they become dormant.
Cordgrass can be transplanted later in the spring than beachgrass, even
into the summer, on wet flats.
b. Number of Stems - American Beachgrass
It has been customary in this area in planting American beachgrass
to use plants composed of 3 to 5 stems (culms) in each planting hole or
hill, and this practice has been producing satisfactory stands the first
year. Obviously, planting stock represents a significant part of the total
cost of planting. For this reason, trials were set out in the early spring
of 1964 and again in the winter of 1964-1965 to examine the effect of
number of stems on first-year stand and growth.
Plants of different sizes were obtained in two ways (|) single stems -
the nursery clone broken down to single stems and these recombined to get
The desired number in each hill, and (2) clumps - the clone was divided
into intact plants of different sizes, i.e., |, 2, 4, 8 and 16 stems. Data
from these tests are shown in Table 14, and an average of the two 1965
TesrSs Plorwesd Im Figuire 12.
The effect of number of stems is quite consistent throughout these
Trials, indicating that this variable has a major effect on the cover pro-
duced by a given planting through the first growing season. This would
suggest that adjustments in number of stems per hill depend upon the ob-
jective of the particular planting, the nature of the site, and the rate
of growth expected. Single-stem plants may be justified in plantings on
unexposed areas where little blowing sand is likely to be available.
Certainly, in more exposed locations and where the object is to trap
blowing sand, much larger plants would be highly desirable.
32
4400
4000
3600
Yield (Ib. /acre)
Figure 12.
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Number of Stems Planted
Effect of Number of Stems per Hill on First-Year Growth of
American Beachgrass - Average of two sites
33
TABLE 14
Effect of Number of Stems per Hill, First-Year Growth
American Beachgrass
Yield |b/acre end of August, First Year
Planted late March, early Planted February |965
April 1964, 18" Spacing 24™ Spacing [8™ Spacing
Dune Sand Dune Sand Hydraulic Fill
Ocracoke Island Ocracoke Island Hatteras |sland
STrems [per tall ll | Single Clump Single _Clump Single | Clump
| 542 444 66| 576 605 5 9
2 768 640 1072 880 836 590
3 - = 1115 1093 1030 7192
4 1080 93 | 1344 | 280 1282 82
8 1462 1380 3686 3585 1995 1664
16 2468 2502 5692 558 | 329| 2262
Least Significant
Difference .05 405 405 156 | 56 = =
Least Significant
Difference .O0| Bay2 442 Zale 22 = =
Coefficient of
Variability BGs 57% 60% 60% = =
There was a small but consistent difference in both of the 1965 Trials
favoring breaking plants down to single stems versus planting clumps. This
difference is relatively small, but it certainly suggests that the single
stems That normally turn up during processing are not undesirable.
Under adequate fertilization and assuming that the stand survives the
first season intact, it is likely That the number of stems per hill is
much less important in succeeding years.
More data on the effect of plant spacing on sand trapping wil! be
required to make possible the computation of optimum planting density for
various situations. Experiments covering these points are underway. Very
effective sand trapping, however, has been obtained with a first-year
growth of around |1200- 1500 pounds of dry weight per acre. Preliminary
indications are that efficiency falls off fairly rapidly as cover becomes
thinner than this.
34
These data\appear to be in direct contradiction to data recently re-
ported (2) from a trial in Delaware, in which single stems were found to be
equal to two-stem and three-stem plants. We are at a loss to explain this
Binirerence Unless rine low rears OF TorilliZevion (2/5 Cr whe wWilers Pecsi ved
40 pounds nitrogen per acre or less) was the principal limiting factor in
the Delaware trial. If is impossible to compare level of production of the
Delaware and North Carolina trials since the Delaware results are reported
in number of stems (culms).
c. Topping
Removal of a portion of the leaf area of beachgrass plants, prior
to planting, could be desirable to reduce excessive transpiration and wind
whip. A planting made in March 1964 and two others planted in January and
February 1965 tested this practice. See data in Table 15.
These data indicate no advantage for pruning in either survival or
regrowth. This is not surprising since the observed normal pattern is for
planted tops to die back to the sand surface shortly after planting with
essentially all regrowth emerging as new shoots from base of the plant.
Two other points should be weighed in connection with pruning. With
very large plants, there is a distinct advantage in pruning some excess
growth to facilitate Transport and handling. Pruned stock is easier to get
Through a planting machine. On the other hand, where blowing sand is avail-
able, unpruned tops often trap substantial amounts of sand before new growth
emerges in the spring. In critical areas this will, at times, save plants
that would otherwise have been blown or washed out before they can become
establ ished.
TABUE 15
Effect of Planting Method on First-Year Growth of American Beachgrass
1964 |b/acre 1965 I|b/acre
(2 Repl ications) (3 Repl ications)
Dune Sand Dune Sand Hydraulic Fill
Pruned:
Topped to average length of 629 1146 980
15" (about 1/3 of above-ground
portion of plant removed).
Pruned and furrow planted: = 954 1076
Furrow 6 to 8" deep.
Unpruned:
Normal planting 664 1364 989
35
d. Erect vs. Horizontal Planting
The established practice has been to set planting stock in the same
erect position used in transplanting tree seedlings or tobacco. All avail-
able planting equipment is designed to plant in this manner. In the two
1965 tests shown in Table 15, a treatment was included which involved plant-
ing pruned stock horizontally in a furrow. In both tests there was little
difference in total first-year growth between this method and the normal
method. During the growing season, the furrow method actually produced more
new shoots per row, but total growth was not increased since many were slower
in emerging. With horizontal planting, many of the new shoots emerged from
nodes which were located various distances from the base but kept moist by
covering in the furrow.
This finding would indicate that there is considerable latitude in
positioning planting stock of this species, and if furrow planting were
better mechanized, burying the plants deeper than is now practiced would
be permissible.
e. C@llay Dip
For some time the Forest Nursery has dipped the roots of tree seed-
lings in a clay slurry prior to packaging and shipping to prevent dessicaTion.
This method was tried on beachgrass planting stock, planted at several lo-
cations in the spring of 1963. Where conditions were favorable, there was
no apparent benefit, but on Bodie Island, under very dry conditions, the clay
dip was highly beneficial. Consequently, clay dip was adopted for all plant-
ing stock as insurance against poor planting conditions or careless handling
of plants prior to planting. It is quite inexpensive and can occasional ly
mean the difference between success and failure.
ee on melaMnare)
One small trial, 2 replications, was established |12 January 1965 to
study the effect of thinning existing stands of American beachgrass to obtain
planting stock. This was done on a two-year-old, machine-planted stand that
had been well fertilized. The treatments consisted of pulling by hand vary-
ing portions of the standing clumps as described in Table 16.
From this one trial, it appears that removal of planting stock from
a vigorous well-fertilized stand of this grass has little or no effect on
regrowth the next season. As under nursery conditions, the rhizomes left
behind are able to completely replenish the stand. However, it should be
remembered that this practice does temporarily deprive the area of cover.
Also, weak or unfertilized stands would be very unlikely to restore Them-
selves so readily under such treatment.
36
\ TABLE Iho
Effect of Thinning on Regrowth of American Beachgrass
Amount pulled |2 January 1965 Yield, |b/acre 15 August 1965
|. None BIS
2 50% - every other clump 2965
3. 50% - 1/2 of each clump S255
4. 6/% - 2 of every 3 clumps 31 5]
5. 100% - all SANT
Least Significant Difference Not significant
Coefficient of Variability 43%
g. Direct Seeding of Sea Oats
There is considerable interest in direct seeding of sea oats and
other species on the Banks with the hope that a substantial reduction in
planting costs might follow. Since the sea oat has been observed to spread
rather extensively by seed at times, it was chosen as the best plant for The
first trials of this kind. A number of seeding tests of an exploratory
nature were initiated in the winter and early spring of 1964-1965. Some of
these were successful to the extent that stands of seedlings were obtained.
While these tests did not add greatly to our knowledge on this subject, They
did point up some of the problems involved:
(1) Temporary stabilization - it is necessary to avoid substantial
sand accumulation or loss within a seeded area at least until seedlings have
emerged. Indications are that successful germination and emergence are likely
to occur only from within a zone from 2 to 6 inches below the surface. Fre-
quent drying of the surface 2 inches prevents germination at the shal lower
depths; food reserves probably limit emergence from zones more than about 6
inches below the surface.
(2) Since two growing seasons are usually required for full estab-
lishment of a sea oat seedling, direct seeding is not likely to be useful on
the more critical areas.
\ (3) Further studies will be needed to determine optimum pretreatment,
seeding dates, seeding depths, etc., to insure early emergence of seedlings.
Since the sea oat seedling grows off quite slowly the first season, early
emergence is likely to be very important to survival.
37
(4) Direct seeding presents some possibilities which are worth
exploring, but at this point it seems likely to supplement rather than
replace vegetative planting on most dune and beach areas.
8. IMPROVED STRAINS OF AMERICAN BEACHGRASS
The fact that American beachgrass apparently was not native to the
North Carolina coast would seem to make it particularly appropriate to look
for strains within the species that are better adapted to this area Than
others.
Considerable variation in plant type was observed in the |1962 nursery
planting of this species. Consequently, 18 clones were selected from this
material in the winter of 1962-1963, encompassing a wide range in stem size,
rhizome production, and general vigor. These were multiplied in the nursery,
and nine were transplanted to the Banks in replicated strain tests in the
1964-1965 planting season. Although at least another year or two will be
required to fully evaluate these tests, there are four selections which, so
far, appear to stand out in vigor and rate of spread. These will probably
be put in increase plots this winter to provide material for larger scale
Testis in the furure.
It is much too early to say that any of these selections are superior
for North Carolina conditions, but at this point some of Them appear quite
promising.
9. DUNE BUILDING
The "growing" of natural dunes along the coast as a result of vegeta-
tion trapping blown sand has been observed by many, yet little seems to be
known about this process. Since foredunes must be stabilized in order to
be effective, and since planting of such areas is often difficult due To
their rough nature and steep slopes, it seemed desirable to explore "growing"
planted dunes. In March 1964 on Ocracoke and on the Core Banks, trial
plantings were established in areas devoid of foredunes. Cross sections
taken in July 1965, about 15 months after planting, showed the accumulation
of as much as 16 cubic yards of sand per running foot of beach for a planting
of American beachgrass 100 feet in depth. Since each planting was only about
100 feet long, it was exposed to blowing sand from all sides. This would
tend to exaggerate the estimate of the amounts of wind-blown sand available
in the area but should still give a realistic figure for capacity of the
planting to trap sand.
Following these trial plantings, more formal and much more extensive
tests were initiated on Core Banks and Ocracoke Island in the winter of
1964-1965, and those on Core Banks were further expanded in 1965-1966. It
is too early to report on these trials, but it may be noted that they include
such variables as plant spacing, number of stems per hill, width of planted
strip, sand fences, and American beachgrass versus sea oats. Preliminary re-
sults appear promising for the general objective, i.e., "growing" stabilized
dunes.
38
Figure 13. An Unusually Vigorous
Strain of American Beachgrass
(Center 4 Rows). Photo taken
near end of first growing
season after transplanting to
The Banks. Note new plants
emerging between rows.
Figure 14. Machine Planting of
American Beachgrass, Using
2-Row Planter - Core Banks,
November |965.
Be). 5
Figure 16. Section Planted 25
Feet wide to American Beach-
grass with 4-foot Sand Fence
Installed on the Front. Photo
8 months after planting.
40
Figure 15. Unplanted Section
4-foot Sand Fence, Full, &€
Months after
Ocracoke
Installation -
\ 10. GENERAL EXPERIENCE
a. Fertilizing Large Areas
The National Park Service initiated a fertilizer program at Cape
Hatteras National Seashore in The spring of 1963 based on the results of
the preliminary trials conducted in that area in 1961 and 1962. Primary
attention in this program was focused on the zone comprising the foredune
and a strip, one to three hundred feet in width, behind the foredune. This
involved a total area of about 2,000 acres, spread over a length of 65-70
miles.
A 30-10-00 fertilizer compound, developed and supplied by the Tennessee
Valley Authority, was chosen as the most suitable material available. The
principal considerations were: a pelleted material, supplying nitrogen and
phosphorus with a high nitrogen to phosphorus ratio at a reasonable cost.
The program through the three years from 1963 to 1965 consisted of four
applications per year of 100 to 125 pounds each of the 30-10-0 material,
applied around April |, May 15, July | and September 15.
Application by helicopter turned out to be a very satisfactory method.
The principal advantages are:
(1) Much better distribution than could be attained with ground
equipment over this rough terrain;
(2) absence of damage to dunes which would result from ground
equipment ;
(3) ability to operate satisfactorily under the prevailing windy
conditions; the down-blast from the rotor blades drives the
pellets downward with considerable force;
(4) flexibility in landing requirements which always permits
loading close to the area to be fertilized, and
(5) reasonable cost - of the order of $2.00 to $3.00 per acre,
per application.
This very satisfactory 3-year program resulted in a "full cover"
condition on perhaps 90 percent of the area by the end of the third growing
season. Three years earlier , about 90 percent of the area consisted of
thin degenerating stands. Generally, the areas that still lack adequate
cover are those that carried very few plants at the beginning of the program
or have only recently been planted. Fortunately, this stretch of the Banks
has not been subjected to hurricanes or other exceptionally severe storms
during this testing period, thus permitting the uninterrupted development of
the cover. The value of this greatly improved cover remains to be tested
by storms, but there is every reason to expect substantial benefits. One,
already obvious, is the noticeable gain in elevation of many areas due to
the trapping of sand by the improved cover. With the attainment of "ful |
41
cover" on most of the area, the fertilizer program should be reduced fo a
maintenance level, except on the occasional weak spots. Data are not yet
available to define the exact form this maintenance should take, but as a
first approximation, a cut-back to one annual application of 40-|0-O seems
reasonable.
Do ell eliaan fing
Close to one million hills of American beachgrass plus a few
thousand hills of sea oats have been planted during the past 2 years in our
experimental program. Some have been hand-planted, but most have been
planted with a conventional 2-row transplanter commonly used for Trans—
planting such crops as tobacco. The only modification required is that
the openers, or shoes, should be extended to provide a furrow 8 or 9 inches
in depth. A wheel-type farm tractor is adequate as a power source on fairly
smooth areas. It is important that such machines have adequate weight and
power to operate the planter in a "no strain" condition. Our experience
indicates that with such equipment, and under good planting conditions, a
crew of six men can plant around 20,000 to 30,000 hills per 8=-hour day.
Small crawler-type tractors have been used as a source of power by The
National Park Service and also by contractors on the hurricane protection
project at Carolina Beach. The Park Service has also used a wheel-type
tractor equipped with a half-track attachment. These operate on steeper
slopes than the wheel-type machines but it has been necessary to switch
over to hand planting in cases when slopes get much steeper than | on 5.
||. RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
a. American Beachgrass
(1) Planting dates. November | to April | - later planting, to
May 15 is feasible if planting stock is dug while still dormant and held in
Gold Srorage (G4° 1 38° Fe
(2) Plants. Plant 3 to 5 stems per hill; single-stem plants can be
used on protected sites where first-year growth is not important.
(3) Spacing. Plants should be spaced 18 x I8 inches (about 20,000
plants per acre) on very critical areas. However, preliminary indications
are that spacing 24 x 24 inches (about 11,000 plants per acre) may be suf-
ficient in most cases, provided vigorous growth is assured by timely plant—
ing and adequate fertilization.
(4) Planting depth. Plant so that base of plant is about 6 to 8
inches below the surface. Firm sand around base to avoid excessive drying
and to anchor the plant.against the wind.
(5) *Ferrilizenrions Flrsr year = aooly voral of 150-200 pounds or
nitrogen and 50-60 pounds P205 per acre, divided into four equal applications
around April |, May 15, July | and September 15. (This maintenance may be
42
obtained from 3Q-10-0, where available, or approximated by applying a mixed
fertilizer containing nitrogen and phosphorus at the first application and
straight nitrogen materials for the remainder.)
Second year - follow plan suggested for first year, except where first-
year growth is especially good, it may be advisable to drop back to two
applications, the first around April | and the second around September |-15.
Third year and thereafter - apply April | treatment as described above
and adjust up or down as growth warrants. One application in alternate years
may be sufficient on some sites while more than one per year may be needed
on others.
b. Sea Oats, Saltmeadow Cordgrass, and Dune Panic Grass
These grasses are just as responsive to fertilizers as American
beachgrass, and much the same fertilization scheme is suggested for them.
Since these are warm-season grasses, the first application in the spring
should be 2 or 3 weeks later, and summer applications may be more important.
Information is too |imited to make specific suggestions on planting proce-
dures, spacing, etc., at this time, but in general it appears That They
Can be handled in much the same manner as American beachgrass. Saltmeadow
cordgrass should be planted only on the low, relatively moist, sites, not
on foredunes.
6 Planring locerion of All Grasses
Bare areas anywhere above the high tide line can usually benefit
from vegetation. In areas exposed to the surf, vegetation is effective only
above the level of mean high tide. Vegetative cover will not withstand con-
stant wave action. However, dense grass cover does provide substantial
protection against damage from storm tides where the wave action may be
quite intense but of relatively short duration.
43
\ LITERATURE CITED
Alexander, C. W., J. T. Sullivan and D. E. McCloud. A Method for
Estimating Forage Yields. Agronomy Journal 54:468-469, 1962
August, M. T., ef al. Response of American Beachgrass to Fertilizer.
Journal, Soil & Water Cons. 19, No. 3, 1964
Brown, C. A., Vegetation of the Outer Banks of N. C. LSU Coastal
Studies Series No. 4, 179 pp., 1959.
Brown, R. L. and A. L. Hafenrichter. Factors Influencing the Pro-
duction and Use of Beachgrass and Dune Gasss Clones for Erosion
Control IIl. Agronomy Journal 40:677-684 1948.
Davis, J. H. Dune Formation and Stabilization by Vegetation and
Plantings. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Beach Erosion Board
Technical Memorandum No. |0OI1, 1957.
Jagschitz, J. A. Research to Rebuild and Stabilize Sand Dune in
Rhode Island. Shore and Beach, Vol. 28, No. |, 1960.
Wagner, R. H. Ecology of Uniola Paniculata in the Dune-strand Habitat
of N. C. Ecological Monographs 34:79-96, 1964.
Westra, R. N. Seed Dormancy in Uniola Paniculata. Thesis, Department
of Botany, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 1965.
Woodhouse, W. W. Jr. Beach and Dune Stabilization on the Outer Banks
of North Carolina. Proc., N. C. Soil Science Society V!I 1963.
Woodhouse, W. W. Jr., R. G. Petersen and Nicolas Berenyl. Hatteras
Sampler. Agronomy Journal 55:410-411 1963.
Zak, J. M. and E. Bredakis. Dune Stabilization at Provincetown, Mass.
Shore and Beach, Vol. 31, No. 2, 1963.
45
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*petsebbns
aie weifoid ayy jo days yoee 40} spoysew jed!woucde pue
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$O Spoyjow SnoJ4eA $O S}|nSey *Spusw)4edxe ey, U; pasn a4eM
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6ulmoi6,, 40} wesBoud uolpeyeben an! joasje pue pajesajeooe ue
do|eAep Of payonpuod a4em sjuewiuedxe Auasinu pue auocys
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seinbi} g| Buipnyjou; ‘dd cy *seueH °F *y pue
“O °N “Se4atsey edeg *G “4p ‘asnoypoom *m “Mm Aq YNITOYWO HLYON NO SYNYE
sseig yoeeg “7 YALNO SHL NO NOILVLS9SA HLIM NOILVZITISVLS 3NNG
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"9 °d “‘NOLONIHSYM
30 “YFLNIO HONWSSSY SYONA TVLSYOO AWYY *S ‘A
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aie wesboud ay, jo dats yoee 40} spoyjew |ed!wouose pue
jeo!poeid ysow ay, ‘*sydeuBoyoyd pue sajqe, ‘seunBi4 ul! umoys
eue fuol4,ez!|!44e} pue Buljuejdsuesy ‘y901s Auasunu Bulonpoud
$O Spoujew Snol4en Jo Sy(nsey *Stuew;4edxe ey, ul! paesn ouem
‘suol,es!|de4s sesyt ypim ‘sBuljueid so syo0)}q peziwopuey ‘seunp
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‘Oo ‘d ‘NOLONIHSYM
30 ‘Y3LNIO HONWASSY OYONA IWLSVOO AWHY *S “A
*petsebbns
ase weiBoid ay, yo dats yoea so} spoysew jed!wouodse pue
jeo;foeid 4sow ey, ‘sydesBoyoyd pue se;qe, ‘seunBi} ul umoys
e4e “uo! fez! | {449} pue Buljue;dsuesy ‘y904s Auyasunu Bulonpoud
$O Spoyfoew SNO!4eA 4O St|Nsey *Sjuewl4edxe ey, ul pasn dueM
‘suol| feo) |de4 sesy} ytim “sBuljuejd yo syo0/q pezjwopuey -saunp
Ou; mosb6,, 404 wesboid uolsepeben anlsoejyo pue pajeuajaooe ue
do|eaep Of patonpuos s4em sjuewl4edxe Ayesunu pue a4oys
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“2 “Gd “NOLONIHSWM
JO “YALNIO HONVSSSY SYONA TIWLSVOO AWYW “S ‘A
*petsebBns
aie wesboid ay, jo dats yoea so} spoysew |eo!wouose pue
jedi foeid ysow ay, *sydesBoyoyud pue sajqe, ‘seunBi4 ul umoys
ase fuol4,ez!)!44e} pue Buljue;dsueiy *y490,4s Auasunu Bul onpoud
$O Spoyfew SNO!4eA JO St]NSay *Sjuew)4edxKe ey, U! pasn oem
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do|anep Of payonpuos s4em sjuew|4edxe Auesinu pue e40ys
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“40 "M “M Sasnoypoom ||
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"O 'N ‘Se4e4feH adeg *G
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G3141SSWIONN é€ “ON WNGNVYOWAW TWOINHOSL
1961 4sn6ny “se|ge+ g| pue
seinbi} 9| Buipnjour; «dd Gp -‘seuey +4 *y pue
“4p fesnoypoom *M *M Aq WNITONVO HLYON JO SYNVE
Y3LNO SHL NO NOILVLS9SA HLIM NOILVZITIEGVLS ANNa
"oO “Gd ‘NOLONIHSYM
30 “YSINSO HONVSSSY OYONAS IWLSYOO AWHV “S “Nn
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