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THE EARLY HISTORY
OF THE
MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS,
IBERIANS, ETC.
By HYDE CLARKE,
Fellom Royal Historical Society.
THE EARLY HISTORY
J iqA ,T?iB, ;
MEDITERRANESfPOPUiATIONS, fe,
IN THEIR
MIGRATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS.
BY
HYDE CLARKE,
LONDON: TRUBNER & CO.
1882.
M^MJ^ ^^^T^A^t-t^tw (^i<^
PREFACE.
'^ I ^HIS Paper was read before the Royal Historical
Society, in the Session of 1881 ; but, as stated in
the commencement, has been more than once written,
and contains many later observations.
It is here given in a separate form for distribution
among scholars interested in the subject.
HYDE CLARKE.
32, St. George's Square, S.W.
London.
^th April, 1882.
P.S. — The only explanation I can suggest for the settle-
ment of each city, however small, being made by separate
tribes, is to refer it to the institution of exogamy.
697657
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in 2007 with funding from
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CONTENTS.
PAGE
Introduction — Autonomous Coins . . . ii
Symbols — Emblems. Horse, Bull, Lion . . .12
Double Emblems. Horse and Bull . . . 13
Confederacy of Tribes — of Cities — Emblems. Ephesus, Rome 13
Uniformity of Town names throughout the World corresponding
to those on Coins . . . . . .14
Iberians — Basques — Invasions of Semites and Aryans . 14
Historical Influence of, in Mixed Tribes . . "14
Differences of Iberian — Barbarous Languages — Macedonians —
Names of Kings . . . . . 15
Canaan, Phoenicians, Hellenes . . . . .16
Italy, Spain, Belgi, Iberians. . . . . 18
Britannia — Iberians in — Coins of Verulamium, &c. Town
Names .......
Dumnonium, Cantium , . . . . 18
Emblems. India, America, Atlantis — classification of —
Horse, &c. . . . . . .20
Vase-Gems inscribed and uninscribed . . . 21
Plural Emblems — Cypriote, Menidi, Tarkondemos, Khita
Bilinguals . . . . . . .22
Distribution of Emblems — Baelo, Pylos, Ispalis, &c. . 23
Characters — Khita, Hebrew . . . -23
viii CONTENTS.
PAGE
Town Names, comparative Plulology — Meaning of— Cissa,
Chios, &c. ...... 25
Comparison of Old Tables with Coins — Indian Names —
America, Britannia . . . . .26
Table of Cities, showing Common Names and Coins . 27
Table of Cities, with their Coins and Emblems . . 28
Syria, Damascus, &c. . . . . . 28
Phoenicia — Sidon, Tyre, <Sz:c. . . . . .29
Palestine — Mesopotamia ..... 29
Africa —Cyrene, Carthage, &c. . . . • 3°
Pontus, Paphlagonia ..... 30
Bithynia — Grape and Bean (Note) . . . • 3^
Mysia ....... 32
Troad — Iberian Forms — Tenedos . . . '33
^olia — Lesbos ...... 34
Ionia, Ephesus, Chios, Samos . . . . -35
Caria, Cos, Rhodes . . . . • 36, 37
Lycia — Lycian Language . . . . -3^
Pamphylia, Pisidia, Cilicia .... 39
Cyprus . . . . . . .41
Lydia — Khita, Etruscan .... .42
Phrygia, Cappadocia, Chersonesus, Colonies . . -43
Mcesia, Thrace, Thracian Language — Byzantium — Kings of
Thrace— Illjoria ..... 44
Macedonia, Tarkon — Names of Kings . . . .46
Thessaly — Horse, Epirus, Corcyra, Acarnania . . 48
^tolia, Phocis, Boeotia . . . . -50
Attica, Athens, Pallas, Salamis . . . . 51
CONTENTS.
t*A<iE
Peloponnesus — Islands — Messenia, Argos, Arcadia . • 5^
Crete 55
Euboea and Archipelago — Delos . . . • 5^
Italy — Etruria, Samniurn, Campania, Apulia, Calabria . 59
Sicily, Malta, Lipara, Sardinia . . . . • ^5
Spain — Lusitania, Bcetica, Tarraconensis, Vascones . 70
Gaul — Aquitania, Helvetia . . . . -77
Belgica (p. 10) . . . . . 79
Britannia (p. 11). • •
THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE MEDITERRA-
NEAN POPULATIONS, &c., IN THEIR MIGRA-
TIONS AND SETTLEMENTS, ILLUSTRATED
FROM AUTONOMOUS COINS, GEMS, INSCRIP-
TIONS, &c.
Although the results in this paper may appear to be novel,
and are largely derived from sources newly opened up, in
reality they are only the sequence of previous investigations.
Long since there were published by me in the Journal of the
Palestine Exploration Fund, and of the Anthropological In-
stitute, and also in the Transactions of this Royal Historical
Society, a list of place names. These tables showed the
identity of the ancient names of cities in the Old World from
India to Britain, and of those in the New World in wide
regions.
These lists met with little attention, because the compari-
sons could not be understood by some persons, and were
looked upon by others as the mere consequences of casual
resemblance. There were, however, many details pointed out
by me, which showed the positive connection. Thus in the
case of some names they were found to be in a plural form
both in Hebrew and in Greek. Certain rules were observable
in double vowels, and in the change of consonants for the
transliteration into the various languages.*
It necessarily follows that the present investigation carries
the evidence very much further, and it reveals the unsuspected
fact that in hundreds of cases the records of extinct languages
are preserved on coins, to which a totally different significa-
tion has been assigned. Nothing is more certain than that
* Palestine Exploration Fund, New Series, iv., p. 193, &c., Khita and
Khita Peruvian Epoch, pp. 57 61.
12 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
emblems may be transmitted through thousands of years to
alien races. A very sufficient example is that of Byzantium,
where the Moon (or Crescent) and Star, which had been in-
troduced by the prehistoric founders, were used by the Greeks
and in our day are accepted by the Turks.
The autonomous coins constitute a very large class in Asia,
Africa, and Europe, being those struck by cities, and many
small towns which even under the Roman Empire preserved
their privilege of local coinage. On the later coins will be
found Roman legends and Roman symbols. On the earlier
coins are found animals' heads and other objects.
By these the coins are readily recognised, as those of Athens
by the owl, those of Ephesus by the bee or stag, and those of
Byzantium by a crescent and star. On coins of later time we
find, besides these, images of the gods, Apollo, Diana, Pallas,
and others.
It is not worth while inquiring what reasons, if any, have
been assigned by ancients or moderns for the earlier symbols;
it is better worth while to try and ascertain their relations.
If then we sort out all the coins in a cabinet having a Horse
or Horse's Head (and Pegasus comes into this class) or having
a Bull, or having a Lion, we shall find that some of the words
or names are very much alike.
Thus for Horse we find Corinth, Corcyra, Corone, Cyrene,
Hyccara, Agyrium, Carmo, Crannon, and of the same root
Celenderis, Gelas, Calycadnus, Bargylia.
We have also Camarina, Cyme, Cambolectri, Himera,
Cavares, Andecavi, Cacaba, Panticapseum. Further we may
take out Cissa, Cossa, Cos, Syracusa, Cassandra, Equaesia,
Phocis, Osca, Ausa, Suessa. So other classes for this emblem
can be recognised.
In choosing coins with a Bull (or Cow or Calf) we may
define Bella, Pelius, Pylos, Pelinna, Baelo, Aballo, Abella,
Cephalaedium, Pholegandrus, Obulco, with Barea, Cibyra,
Sybaris, Pherx, Spirus, Perinthus, Priene, Perrhsibia, &c.
We should also set apart Thera, Abdera, Dardanus, Tarraco,
Thyatira, Dyrrhachium, Tauromenium, &c.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 13
From the Lion pieces we get Samos, Samosata, Clazomenas,
Smyrna, also Miletus, Milyas, Mallus, and further Coenicenses,
^na, Sicyon, among others.
The emblems on the coins will be found to be in relation
to the forms of the names, and if we seek in vocabularies of
ancient and other languages we shall find corresponding
words, as in Akkad Kurra for Horse.
The matter, however, goes further. If more than one
emblem is to be found on a coin, then there will be a parallel-
ism of sound for these several emblems. Pella and Pelinna,
for instance, have each a Horse and a Bull. On the coins of
Pella, Aballo, Abella, we have a Sun (Apollo) and a Bull.
The coins of a class have not always throughout identical
emblems, but then words of the same root will be found for
the corresponding emblems.
It must not be assumed that Pella and Pelinna meant both
Horse and Bull in the same language, though it is true that all
the names for animals are found primarily allied.* In the case
cited, or in that of Pella, Aballo, and Abella, the towns must
have been settled by fractions of tribes, in the languages of
which the meanings were distributed. Pella must have meant
Sun, Horse, Bull, but Aballo and Abella only embraced
Sun and Bull, and Pelinna, Horse and Bull. Philologically
the evidence for these conditions is easi'y found.
The conclusion is, that although there were the same kinds
of tribes engaged in the colonization of each town, the dis-
tribution of the tribes was not identical in all cases.
That these emblems became those of the cities, we find by
the whole course of events. A very familiar instance is that
of the Crescent and Star of Byzantium, already quoted ; but
Byzantium had other emblems than this.
We can see that the cities were at times inhabited by
various populations, as in the cases of Ephesus and Rome.
Indeed, the quarters of Ephesus had separate names; one had
the remarkable name of Samorna (= Smyrna). On looking at
* See my Prehistoric Comp. Philology.
14 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
Ephesus over and over again in my early days of these ques-
tions, it was always my conception that villages had been
built on the several hills ranged under my eyes, and that
these afterwards constituted the aggregation known as
Ephesus. Samorna would bear the Lion. It will most hkely
be proved that the names of the hills of Rome likewise repre-
sent the tribes. The Capitoline has a most suspicious sound
when we think of such names as Capua and its kindred.
Whatever may be our opinions as to these facts, they show
that the town names throughout the Old World (and America
must be added) are formed on one plan, and that where we
have coins these town names have the sound of the names of
animal and other objects.
As the town names are founded on one plan, so are they met
with in every region. On looking at the lions, horses, bulls, we
find they come from coins of Asia Minor, Greece, Sicily, Italy*
Spain, and even from Africa, the Cimmerian Bosphorus and
outlying districts. The same facts existed in Palestine as in
x^sia Minor ; in Greece, Thrace, Macedonia, and the islands,
as in Asia ; in Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia, as in Greece ; in
Spain, in the same way, but beyond Spain, in Aquitania, in
Gaul, in Helvetia, in Belgium, in Britannia.
Thus we have those populations almost mythical in
historians, who were supposed to have been in the Mediter-
ranean region before the coming of the Semites and Aryans.
These have been called Iberians, Pelasgians, Leleges, Ama-
zons, and also Aborigines. They are commonly held to have
been Turanians.
For these I have used, as others have, many terms, but for
unknown and undecided facts the denomination applied is of
small importance. It may be useful here to employ Iberian,
and the rather as the word Iberian is used in reference to
Britain for the prehistoric populations coming before the
Celts. We must however be careful not to define the Iberians
as Basques, or as Lapps, and to confine the word to the popu-
lations of culture, which formed organized communities, and
transmitted their institutions to the Semites and Aryans.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 15
The condition of the Iberian world, the aspect under which
we can now see it, is important for our comprehension of
general history. We find towns and populations composed of
those speaking diverse languages, and having consequently no
general power of aggregation. It is true that a horde of such
men might be brought together under a chief to invade and
conquer whole countries over which the leader became king
but it was rarely a homogeneous state or language was
established after many years, as in Lydia or Etruria.
The Semite and Aryan mercenaries and invaders found a
ready prey in these disintegrated communities, and as many
allies as they encountered foes. The arts were, it is true, cul-
tivated in the Iberian epoch, and it was long before the rude
new-comers reached the same condition of advancement, and
far longer before they surpassed it.
A great revolution in the world was produced by the
Semite and Aryan establishment in the Mediterranean
regions. It is the case that as vast empires even had existed
in the Iberian epoch as that of the Khita and the Akkadian,
and that of Egypt, but the smaller kingdoms of the later
comers proved more powerful and overcame even these.
It was the introduction of Assyrian, Phoenician, Greek,
and Latin as general languages, which ultimately fusing and
outgrowing the local dialects, left only the few dominating
languages, which became vehicles for wider oral and literal
communication. The Semites and Aryans possessed lan-
guages better defined, wherein the roots had been distinctively
applied to separate ideas, and thereby a better instrument
of communication was obtained.
In the Iberian epoch some priest or statesman could use
the general or sacred language, but otherwise each town
would have at least one dialect if not more, as we still see in
some parts of the East. Thus general communication was
restricted, for a common language under such circumstances is
not a household language, and is sometimes unknown to the
women and children, as we find on our own shores in
Wales.
IG HISTORY OP^ MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
The best idea of the previous state of these countries can
be formed from the account of Canaan in the Bible, the early
books of Livy, and the history of the Roman invasion of
Britain. We have, however, to extend our notions of the
primitive condition of disintegration far beyond these
descriptions.
If we begin our continuous survey with Canaan and the
neighbouring countries, although the stock of medals is small,
it is enough to show that as in name, so in substance, the
towns belonged to the general class, and were not in their
origin Semitic. It has too this interest, that we gain in the
Bible special testimony, which is in some cases contemporary
and in others derived from contemporary records. The
Bible statements are confirmed that the country was settled
and the towns built before the entrance of the Semites, and
that the people were not considered by these latter to be of
the same race as themselves. We are also able to trace the
decay of the local tribes, kings, languages, and mythology,
and their substitution by emitic institutions. There is also
this circumstance distinctly recorded, that the Semites did not
wholly extirpate the populations, but naturalized some and
largely intermarried, so that a simple Semitic population was
not established, but a mixed population.
In examining Asia Minor and its neighbourhood we have
a rich mine of facts, and these are in accordance with our
historical knowledge We learn that the Greeks were immi-
grants, and gradually imposed their language and mythology
on the inhabitants, as the Semites did theirs in Palestine and
Assyria. We can correct or more clearly understand the
loose statements of historians. While we can acknowledge
'' thit Lydians and Carians were allied, and indeed that the
whole aboriginal populations were allied, there was no one
liuiguage. like the Lydian, such as we should conceive it,
which superseded the local dialects of the countries or of the
towns. Where there is a similarity in the name of a town
with Greece, it is not owing to Greek influences or colonization,
as supposed, but to the relations anteriorly established. The
J
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 17
jmblems on the medals have no relation to Greek words, but
to the antecedent languages.
In consequence of later historical connection we readily
associate Asia and Greece by Hellenic ties, and suppose the
intercourse between them to have originated under the
Herakleids or in the Hellenic epoch. This intercourse had its
precedent in old times, long before the Hellenes were known
in those regions. Before the Semitized Phoenicians, the
Greeks, or the Carthaginians traversed the Mediterranean
and visited the cities, these must have been long known to
each other.
The many islands of the eastern Mediterranean are rich in
their contributions to the numismatist. Even very small spots
of rock struck coins, while in larger islands each of several
towns had its own separate money. Thus while the collector
finds choice specimens, the ethnologist obtains valuable data
for colonizations, migrations, alliances, and also for correction
of fabulous statements in the Greek historians. Crete is a
world in itself, and so is Sicily.
When in the Greek time we find Thrace, Macedonia, and
Epirus marked as barbarous, we arrive by the older testimonies
at the fact that originally conformable, that is barbarous,
populations spread over Hellas, and thence to the Danube
and along the shores of the Euxine. The population was
continuous on each side of the Bosphorus.
The Hellenic immigrants made their chief seat in Hellas
and but small importance is to be attached ethnologically
to their distant colonies, or more properly conquests of
older Iberian colonies. In Hellas they must have been
largely intermingled with the natives, but they did not greatly
influence the northern regions. The Macedonian, we know,
was a barbarian, and even the Roman writers record barbarous
words from the Balkan peninsula. The northern populations
have influenced the south, continuously sending down
emigrants to Athens and to the southern peninsula and
islands, streams which flow to this day. Even in remote
islands the Albanian language is still to be found.
18 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
On the coins and in the names of barbarous kings we trace
the influence of the ancient languages.
In Italy the Greek element was also restricted in its effect,
but the earlier occupants were all non-Aryan. Many a town
in Italy is identical in name and emblems with one in Asia
or the islands, and the system of nomenclature is the same in
the south as in Etruria. In Hellas, in Sicily, and in southern
Italy, the Greeks changed the language of the people, but
they left the town names as records of the past.
Beyond the Italian border to the north, the coins help
us but little for illustrating the extent of the occupation, and
we must have recourse to other methods.*
In Spain the coins are the tests, which show that Carthagi-
nian and Roman domination was but in succession to that of
the Iberians, who gave to their towns the same names as
in the East.
In the coin cabinet and on the map there is no breach
of continuity made by the Pyrenees. Aquitania, as might be
expected, is a land of Iberian affinity, but in the rest of Gaul
the town names, however modified by Celtic appendages, are
of the same character and endowed with the same emblems.
In Gaul, in Spain, and in Helvetia, and it may be so said
of Britain, the Celtic invasion did not displace the names
of the main seats of population or trade, no more than did the
Roman or the Germanic.
In the Belgic domain the original condition is readily traced,
and this shows that the shores of the North Sea were held by
the Iberians. Of the importance of these new facts in rela-
tion to the questions of the Belgians and of Britain, it is
not necessary here to speak more.f
For Britain itself we have but small evidence from coins,
and that less decided than with regard to the other regions,
but still sufficient to inform us that the world of Britain was
* See my paper hereafter referred to on the Ligurians, Aquitanians, and
Belgians.
t In the session of 1 88 1-2 I read before the Royal Historical Society a
paper on this subject, illustrated by the coins and by philological evidence.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 19
also an Iberian region, and that its tin and other products
must hav^e been known to the Iberians of Spain and Gaul
long before they were known to the Semitic Phoenicians.
The following are illustrations of some British coins, and
it is to be observed that the philological evidence is the
same : —
Verulamium, Cow.
Cow^ 6^r., Pherae, Perrhaebium, Pharcadon, Epirus.
Camulo-dunum, Ear of Corn.
Cor7i^ Camarina.
CuNO-BELiNus, Horsc, Ear of Corn.
Horse, Pella, Pelinna, Bellindi, Pelicania, Ispalis.
Corn, Baelo, Illipula, Hispalis.
Eppillus, Horse. Horse as in the last.
Cassi-Velaunus, Horse, Wheel.
Horse, Ceos, Cassandra, Cossa.
Wheel, Cisiambos.
Tascianus, Boar.
Boar^ Sequani, Abacaenum.
With regard to the town names of Britain they conform to
the general Iberian class. Thus : —
Eboracum (York) = Eburovices, Ephyrse, Pherae, Eburones,
Cibyra.
Camboritum (near Cambridge) = Cambolectri, Camarina,
Gambrium, Campania, Compulteria.
Mancunium (Manchester) = Mankhane, Manganur, Mekonah,
Mycenae, Acmone, Macunia, Migonion, Magnana.
Londinum (London) = Aluntium, Leontini.
Lindum (Lincoln) z= Lindus, Alinda.
Gildas calls Geraint, the King of the Damnonii, "the
accursed whelp of the Damnonian lioness." Philologically '
this is one of the forms for lion, and on a coin we find it on
that of Tomarena.
Cantium (Kent) belongs, perhaps, to this list. It is to be
noted too that we find a horse on the coins Caena, Canusium,
Cyon, Vocontii, and Zacynthus.
20 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
It is not my purpose to enter into a dissertation on these
symbols, but to point out their bearing on the early history
of the Mediterranean nations, and of the ancient world. As
in the examples before us we have found a solution for many
difficulties, and the way of knowing what was unknown, so
may we hope for th^ application of such facts to regions
still more obscure. Of the early history of India the con-
ception is most indistinct. There is, however, no historical
boundary between India and the countries to the west. The
map shows us the like river- names, the like town names.
We have as yet no coins to help us, as in the extension of
the Iberian region across the Pyrenees to Aquitania, but the
conditions are nevertheless sufficiently determined. With
the clue before us we may yet unravel Indian emblems, and
make our way to sources of evidence now unexpected. In
one respect the examination of India can be most favourably
conducted, because we find there living languages having
affinities to those of ancient epoch.
India beyond the Ganges belongs, in these respects, to the
domain of India, and affords us a new field of exploration.
As has been stated by me more than once,* the languages,
animal names, river names, and town names of America
belong to the same class as those of the Old World. So long
as the town names of either hemisphere could be relegated
to the category of chance coincidence or spontaneous
generation we might hesitate. We now have reached the
explanation of the process on which the town names of the
Old World were built up. We have sufficient proofs of the
intercourse and communication, and in the legends of the
four worlds,! and of the Atlantis, we have the historical
tradition of the knowledge of North and South America.
The emblems most largely found on the coins are the
Horse, the Bull, the Lion, the Sun, the Moon, the Fish
* " Prehistoric and Protohistoric Comparative Philology." (Triibner),
'Serpent and Siva Worship and Mythology." (Triibner, 1876.)
t "The Khita and Khita Peruvian Epoch," by Hyde Clarke (Triibner,
1877), p. 69.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 21
(Dolphin), Grapes (Bacchus), Corn (Ceres), the Hog (Boar,
Sow).
In the next rank come the Vase (Diota, Amphora), the
Spear, Club (Staff, Wand, Caduceus), Bow, Quiver, the Palm,
the Goat and Stag, Sheep (Ram), Dog, Owl, Eagle, Snake,
Ship (Rudder), Star, Lyre.
Last in importance and rarer are the Cock, the Crab, the
Wolf, the Pigeon, the Bee, the Griffin,* the Plow, the Wheel
(Cart, Biga), Triangle (Triskele), Thunder, the Tripod, the
Hare or Rabbit, Frog, Leaf, Flowers, &c., Olive, Acorn, &c..
Anchor, Shell, Swan, Axes, Shield, Chest, Torch, Globe,
Arrow, the Elephant.
Almost singly are found the Lizard, Tortoise, Camel, Raven,
Fly, Polypus, Peacock, Grasshopper, Rat, Mule, Ass, Pome-
granate, Hand, Eye, Elbow, Distaff, Mask, Knife, Sword,
Hammer, Net.
The Vase is common on the coins of the Greek islands, but
no special reason suggests itself to me.t
In whatever form these objects appear on a medal, they
are reducible by their name relation to one condition. Thus
many a horse is by the die-sinker made to figure as Pegasus,
but his name brings him down to a horse, whatever mytho-
logical reference may have been at some late time invented.
So whether we have the Sun or Apollo (or a radiated head),
the name is the same ; the Moon, the Crescent or Diana;
Grapes, or Bacchus ; Corn, or Ceres. It remains clear that
the object was the original, and the god an afterthought pro-
vided by the priest or the artist. Such gods as Apollo, Diana,
Bacchus, Ceres, and Vulcan can have had no original place
in the primitive religion of monotheistic fetishism.
Pallas is largely found on coins, but has an evident relation
* The Griffin appears to be the lion- winged, as Pegasus is the horse-
winged.
t It is possible (for it has a philological connexion with Die) that the
application of the Vase is as a funeral urn or jar. On some appropria-
tions of this, Mr. Walhouse's paper before the Anthropological Institute,
1 88 1, will be found very interesting.
22 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
to names, and perhaps represents the Sun or Moon. The
Sun and Moon are sometimes found conjoined in the same
city, and this natural representation may have been the origin
of Lunus and other mythical forms.
The attention of the numismatist should be called to the
observation of each object on a medal. Where a horseman
appears he will be found to signify horse, while the spear in
his hand also corresponds to the city name. The club singly,
or with the quiver and bow, does not represent Hercules, but
the name of the city. The emblems are much the same as
those of the English clans or tribes that invaded Britain.
(Compare names in J. P. Kemble.)
Several objects of the same name are grouped in one
design. This system was found by me on other compositions
besides coins, and was discovered in a gem from Cyprus, of
Major di Cesnola, with the characters for Ya-pho in Cypriote
and with the same in Khita. The figures represent a hunting
scene with a man, lance, dog, and gazelle.*
These last three are represented by Ya-pho. On a gem
found at Menidi in Attica is a lion attacking a deer, with the
Cypriote Ti, which signifies Lion and Deer. The same
animals are found on the coins of Ci-ti-um in Cyprus.
The type of the animal form is the head, and this too we
see in the Khita inscriptions from Hamath and Carchemish,
on the boss of Tarkondemos, and in the extraordinary Moso
MSS. lately brought from Western China by Captain
Gill, R.E., &c.
At the hands of the Greek engravers the emblems received
artistic treatment : the cart was made a biga, the horse a
Pegasus, the lion or the bull was put in a particular attitude
which afterwards became characteristic of the city, but which
have no original authority.
In order to illustrate the manner in which cities are keyed
in as it were by these emblems, those of the form B L (of my
town names) are here given : —
* There is a stag on the coins of Ephesus.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 23
EXAMPLE OF CONNECTION OF COINS IN A GROUP OF TOWNS.
Baelo
Bull.
B
Horse.
Lion.
Fish.
Sun.
Grapes.
Corn.
c
Number.
3
Aballo
B
s
2
Abella
B
s
2
Pale
F
I
Pelius
B
s
Gr
3
Pella
B
H
s
3
Pylus
Pelinna
B
H
F
s
5
I
Phallanna
H
F
3
Pholegandrus
Bilban
B
F
I
Bellindi
H
s
2
Pelican ia
H
I
Pelta
L
Gr
2
Ispalis
Obulco
B
H
H
F
3
3
Populonia
Velia
L
L
Gr
c
4
I
Illipula
Cephalaedium
B
F
s
Gr
c
4
2
The Bull and Horse, with the Sun and Fish, are the chief
emblems, but the others (and some not above recorded) serve
also to establish the identity. Lion is given to illustrate the
small participation of the class in that emblem.
The properties of language connected with these words and
symbols made each sculpture, gem, and coin a kind of com-
parative vocabulary for the early nations, and laid the founda-
tion of those comparative vocabularies and phonetics which
have been found in the Babylonian libraries.
It can scarcely be doubted that the employment of emblems
for the names of kings, men, and cities greatly promoted the
adoption and application of the early hieroglyphics, and
prepared the way for phonetics, syllabaries, and alphabets.
The chief characters of the leading nations appear to have
been like the Khita. The hieroglyphic, the cuneiform, and
24 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
the Chinese do not preserve the original forms so well as those
of the Khita class. In a paper which I sent to the Biblical
Archaeological Society in 1880, and which has not yet been
printed, I showed that these characters and their phonetics
were derived from an older philological type. I showed too
that the phonetics are still represented by living languages.*
While, since my determination of the Khita character, myself
and others have been looking out for the Khita language,
into which to transliterate the Hamath, Carchemish, and
Asia Minor inscriptions, it appears very doubtful whether
such is the true solution. That there was an official Khita
may be looked upon as certain, but these monuments must
have admitted of transliteration into more languages than
one.
As just stated, the Cesnola gem reads in the Khita
character the same as in Cypriote, Ya-pho, but then the
Khita is accompanied by a gloss of a spear, dog, and
gazelle, which read Ya-pho in several dialects.
From the coins, as from these gems, we find an established
practice of putting names of persons and towns in phonetics
in several languages simultaneously. The Tarkondemos
inscription, howviver, appears to have only one reading.
It may be noted that on the coins of some of the local
kings the names seem to be represented by symbols on the
same principle as the names of the cities, of Tarkondemos,
and as these names on gems.
Turning to coinage, the received history of the chronology
of coinage is very unsatisfactory, and we have just grounds
for expecting the discovery of data showing earlier examples
and a much wider diffusion of the system. Coins were not
necessarily developed from a monetary standard.
* The isolated observations of several scholars confirm these results.
A paper of mine in the AthencEiim, and one read before the British Asso-
ciation at York, in 1 881, on the non-Semitic origin of the Hebrew alpha-
bet, and on its Canaanitic relations, and on the Cypriote syllabary, give
detailed evidence in another direction.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 25
It must not be supposed that the name of a town really
means Lion, Bull, &c., although it may have such double
meaning in various languages. A town name appears to
mean King's Town in some one language," and the other
meanings belong to other languages.
When an expedition started under a leader, being composed
of ships or detachments of several tribes, it is possible that
the leader gave his name to the town, and his emblem became
that of the town ; then the other clans adapted the same name
or a like sound to some animal or object in their language,
and thus likewise furnished a local standard.
We find also one emblem extending over a large district, as
a horse in Macedonia, or an owl in Attica, but it had a
different name in each town. While such emblem may be
regarded as distinctive of a confederacy, it shows the presence
of populations of various language.
Although in showing the true meaning of the boss and
name of Tarkondemos, it was stated by me to signify Bull
and Lion, I am not sure that these were strictly totems, as
then supposed by me.
In the tables which are given with this paper no philological
evidence is shown, but they were originally framed on such
evidence as that I have so many times indicated (Koelle, &c.),
and this afforded the means for making with safety the subse-
quent comparisons. It is in this way alone the results could
have been obtained, because the words take many forms, and
the emblems determine the relations of the roots.
We find such a series as Cissa, Cos, Ceos, Cius, Chios,
Phocea, Phocis, Argesa, Cyzicus, Cossa, Ansa, Assos, Issa, los,
lasus, Suessa, Ossanoba, Axus, Syracusa, Cassandra, Cassope,
Equaesia, Osca, Naxus (2), Nicaea, Nagidus. All these are allied
forms, and there are many others not illustrated by coins.
In the preparation of the present list the matter has been
three times gone over and written, but much has yet to be done.
In my detailed lists of town names, already referred to, it
*As is natural to such languages, King = Lion and other animal names.
C
26 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
was very difficult to determine what forms ought really to be
compared. In my tables the names will be found classified
by roots, as BR, KS, &c., but I knew that many of the words
were obscured by prefixes and foreign forms. In my papers
on river names,* it was pointed out how roots are varied by
the ancient prefixes and determinants, M, S, D. Town
names are compounded or varied by Hebrew, Phoenician,
Greek, Latin, Celtic, 8z:c., terminations.
On looking at any of my old tables and comparing them
with the present, it will be found that the system and general
results were conformable to facts. To say nothing of the
identity of the Megaras, of Salamis, &c., there are Miletus
and Melita, Methymna and Methene, Priene and Perinthus,
Petalia and Pautalia, Rhodus and Aradus, Eleousa and
Alyzia. If the important groups of Assos, &c. (p. 52, " Khita
and Khita Peruvian Epoch"), of Tenedos, &c. (p. 55), of
Aballo, &c. (p. 46), are examined, it will be found how com-
pletely the connection is established by the coins quoted in
this present paper.
Thus the fuller lists of town names in the earlier papers!
become in fact appendices to this paper, and under this light
there can be no reasonable doubt that the body of Canaanite
and Syrian names quoted as much belong to the general
series as Tyrus, Sidon, Aradus, Damascus, or any other name
for which illustrative coins exist. A like illustration is
afforded for India J and America, as already pointed out.
* Society of Antiquaries, &c.
t See Khita Epoch, in Transactions of Royal Historical Society.
X Compare such names as, Limyrica ( = Limyra), Masalia (Massilia, &c.),
Muziris (Mazara, Mastaura, Amastris), Pityada (Peithusa, Pitane),
Chalcitis (Chalcis [2], Chalcedon), Cottiara (Cotiaeum), Larici (Laricum,
Larinum, Larissa[3]), Barygaza (Bargasa), Bastana (Byzantium, Poestum,
Phaestus), Pattala (Pautalia, Petelia, Podalia), Coria, Carura (Carrhas,
Caura, Caronium, Carinaea, Corone, Carissa, Charisia), Caspira (Cyparissa,
Cybistra, Cypsela, Cassope), Calliene (Colone, Calymna, Calynda, Cales,
Callet; Callatia), Simylla (Simyra, Saminthus), Sora (Sora, Saralium>
Sarala), Sagida (Segesta, Saguntum, Sacora), Sibi (Sibaria, Sabora),
Ozone (^zani).
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 27
The cases of original compound words do not appear to be
many, the compounds chiefly depending on foreign appen-
dages. There can be no doubt that Syracusa and Cossoura,
Sicilia and Sardinia, are made to represent compounds
with the numeral 3. This leaves obscure the relation of
Sardinia, which has a great resemblance to Britannia, and
the river names in R D N.* Nia, there can be small doubt, is
country,, land, and is an appendage. The word may be
Sardin, and the S is a prefix to R D N. It was phonetically
represented by three ears, or blades of corn, Sara-din or
Sar-din, as Syracusa, &c., by three legs.
It will be noticed that the digamma comes out in some
of the words. One cause of variation in transliteration is that
the Greek and Latin could not represent the sh and ch
sounds preserved in other transliterations.
Table of Cities, of Common Names, and CoiNs.t
Tarentum
Tauromenium
Tanagra
Tencdos.
Turones
Thyrrium
Tenos
Tanos,
Abdera
Atarnea
Itanus
Teanum-
Aptera
Therse
Tyana "
Adana
Catana.
Eretria
Andros
Tylissus
Alyzea.
ThaJassa
AlcTcsa.
Lipara
Libera
Gelas
Oropus
Berytus
Compulteria
Panticapccum
Celenderis
Corcyra.
Phenicapaea
Capua
Cibyra
Cabira
Camarina
Cyme, Pergamus, Cumcc
Luceria
Cartago.
Apollonia
Abella
Aballo
Pylus
Gaulos
Egurri.
Populonia
Pelius
Macella
Megara.
Pella
Obulco
Megara
Magnesia.
Munda
Motna
Samos
Same.
Samosata
Samothrace.
* See my Paper on Britannia, read before the Society of Antiquaries,
8 June, 1871.
t See Cissa, &c., in the text.
28 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
Metapontum
Helmantica
Salentini
Soli-mariaca
Sollium
Salapia
Coena
Caunus
^gina
Cyon
Athenas
Cythnus
Cydonia
Cydna
Arsinoe
Arsi
Olus
Ulia
Alabanda
Corinth
Caronium
Carystos
Croton
Crannon
Cranium
Cragus
Acrasus
Orra
Orippo
Cricus
Samnites
Clazomenae.
Chalcis
Chalcedon.
Calacte
Calatia.
Colophon.
Enna
Senones.
^na
^nia.
Pheneus
CEniane.
Melos
Malienses.
Gades
Leukadia.
Thospia
Thespias.
Rhodus
Aradus.
Phistella
Pcestum.
Byzantium
Phsestus.
Picentia
Peithesa.
Larissa
Larinum.
Damascus
Damastium
Beneventum
Panormus.
TABLE OF CITIES, with their Coins and Emblems.
Samosata, Syria. Apollo, Lion.
Sun^ Same, Samnites.
Lion, Samos, Smyrna.
Chalcis, Syria. Diana, Bow, Quiver.
Moon, Phygela.
Bow, Callatia.
Quiver, „
Gabala, Syria. Crab, Crescent, Star.
Moon, Capua.
Larissa, Syria. Horse.
Horse, Larissa.
Rhosus, Syria. Harpa.
Harpa, Larissa.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 29
Damascus, Syria. Sun, Moon, Bacchus.
Sun, Damastium, Medama, Tomarena.
Moon, Amestratus.
Grapes, Tomi.
Leucas, Syria. Bee.
Banias, Syria, Ituraea. Apollo, Dima, Dove.
Sun, Panormus, Beneventum.
Moon, Pheneus, Avenio.
Berytus, Phoenicia.* Ship, Club, Star.
Ship, Libora, Barium.
Club, Berytis.
Star, Paros.
Marathus, Phoenicia. Apollo, Palm.
Sun, Rhodus.
Pahn, „
SiDON, Phoenicia. Bull, Eagle, Bacchus, Vase.
Bull, Tyana.
Eagle, Tanos.
Grapes, Tenedos.
Vase, Etenna.
Tyrus, Phoenicia. Ship, Owl, Fish, Eagle.
Ship, Thera.
Fish, „
Eagle, Tarsus.
Oivl, Thyrrium.
Aradus, Island, Phoenicia. Ship, Palm.
Ship, Rhodus.
Pahn, „
Ace (Ptolemais), Palestine. Apollo.
Sun, ^gae.
Anthedon, Palestine. Ship.
Ship, Athens.
AsKALON, Palestine. Palm, Ship, Eagle.
Ship, Calymna, Chalcis.
Sechem (Neapolis), Palestine, Palm.
Pahn, Segobriga.
* The history of the colonization of the Syrian and Phoenician regions
will be found to come out clearly.
30 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
Carrhx, Mesopotamia. Sun, Moon, Star.
Su?i, Charissa, Coresia.
MooHy Caura.
Star, Coresia.
Cyrene, Africa. Horse, Stag, Diana, Star, Bacchus, Sun.*
Horsey Corone, Corinth.
Stagy Caulonia.
MooHy Caura, Carrhx.
Slary Coresia.
GrapeSy Corcyra.
SUfly „
Carthage, Africa. Horse, Palm, Lion, Goat.
Horse (as for Cyrene).
Palmy Carystos.
Liofiy Cardia.
Goaty Agyrium.
Phanagoria, Bosphorus Cimmerius. Bow and Arrow.
Amasia, Pontus. Quiver, Helmet.
Amisus, Pontus. Quiver, Bow, Helmet.
Quivery Amastris.
Heltnety Tomesa, Mesembria.
PiMOLiSA, Pontus. Quiver.
Leuke, King of Pontus. Bow, Club.
Boufy Luceria.
Cluby Laced^mon.
Chabacta, Pontus. Apollo, Horse.
Sun, Phocis.
Horsey „
Cazioura, Pontus. Helmet.
Helmety Cossura.
Amastris, Paphlagonia. Quiver, Helmet.
Quivery Amasia, Amisus.
Helmet y ,, „
Mastia, Paphlagonia. Quiver, Helmet.
Qiiivery Amasia, Amisus.
Helmety „ „
* Although an attempt is made here at a geographical arrangement,
such is not wholly practicable. • By accident Mesopotamia and Africa
are brought together.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 31
SiNOPE, Paphlagonia. Wheel, Eagle, Lyre, Bull, Fish, Bow.
JV/ieel, Synnada.
Eagle, „
Bull, Senones, Libisona, Byzantium.
Fishy Libisona, Byzantium.
Bow, Asine.
Pyl/EMENES, King of Pontus. Bull.
Bull, Pylus, Pelius, &c.
Alyatta, Bithynia. Helmet, Lyre,
, Helmet, Lete.
Lyre, Melita.
BiTHYNiUM, Bithynia. Bacchus.
Grapes, Bisanthe.
Chalcedon, Bithynia. Bull, Corn, Wheel, Apollo.
Bull, Cales, Macella.
Corn, Callatia, Callet.
Wheel, Chalcis.
Sun, „
Cius, Bithynia. Apollo, Ship, Bow, Club.*
Sun, Axus, Ucetia, Phocis.
Ship, Cissa.
Bow, „
Club^ Cos.
Cratia, Bithynia. Apollo.
Sun, Cardia.
DiA, Bithynia. Grapes.
Grapes,^ Tecs.
NiC/EA, Bithynia. Vase, Grapes, Caduceus.
Vase, Naxos.
Grapes, „
Caduceus, Nysa.
TiUM, Bithynia. Spear.
Spear, ^taei.
* In this as in other cases the number of examples is limited in order
to save space in printing. Therefore the connection of a group is never
fully illustrated, nor its distribution.
t The philological parallel to Grape is Bean, and they are mythologi-
cally connected.
32 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
Antandrus, Mysia. Palm, Owl, Vase.
Owl^ Catana, Athens.
Vase^ Athens, Anthedon, Andros.
Assus, Mysia. Bull, Vase, Grapes.
Bull^ A si do.
Vase^ Ausa.
Grapes, Issa.
Atarnea, Mysia. Apollo, Horse.
Sun, Teronium, Aptera, Tauromenium, Turones.
Horse, Tauromenium, Turones.
CiSTHENA, Mysia. Ceres, Horse.
Corn, Cyzicus.
Horse, Cissa, &c.
Cyzicus, Mysia. Lion, Fish, Calf, Corn, Bacchus, Torch.
Lion, Cissa.
Fish, „
Ox, Cassope.
Corn, Cisthena.
Grapes, Cassope.
Torch, Chios.
Gergithus, Mysia. Apollo.
Sun, Corcyra, Coresia.
Lampsacus, Mysia. Horse, Apollo, Bacchus, Vase.
Horse, Salapia.
Sun, ,,
Grapes, Lamia.
Fase, „
Parium, Mysia. Bull, Goat, Vase, Grapes, Corn.
Bull, Epirus, Barea, Pherse, Perinthus.
Goaf, Parus, Pharus.
Vase, „ „
Grapes, Perinthus.
Corn, „
Pergamus, Mysia. Bull, Cista, Vase, Bowcase.
Bu/i, Cumae.
Bow, „
Fase, Cyme.
Perperene, Mysia. Grapes.
Grapes, Parium.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 33
PiONiA, Mysia. Horse.
Horse ^ Panormus.
PiEMANENi, Mysia. Thunderbolt.
Priapus, Mysia. Apollo, Bull, Corn.
Sun^ Peparethus.
Bull^ Perinthus.
Corfi,
Abydus, Troad. Apollo, Anchor.
Surly Bottioea.
Anchor^ Vetulonia.
Amaxitus, Troad. Lyre, Apollo.
Lyre^ Amastris.
Sun^ Macella.
Arisba, Troad. Corn.
Cortiy Rubastini.
Berytis, Troad. Crescent, Club.
Moon^ Sybaris.
Cluby Berytus.
Dardanus, Troad. Cock, Horse, Snake.
Cocky Terina.
Horse^ Tyndaris.
Snake, Epidaurus.
Centinus, Troad. Bee.
Bee, Cythnus.
Neandria, Troad. Grapes, Corn.*
Grapes, Andros.
Corn, Athens.
Ophrynium, Troad. Grapes.
Grapes, Perperena, Proni.
Scepsis, Troad. Horse.
Horse, Ipsus.
Sigteum, Troad. Crescent.
Moon, Segovia.
Teria, Troad. Apollo.
Sun, Teronium, Thyrrca.
* The first syllable here may be Neos, Nea, but the Andria is illus-
trated by the symbols.
34 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN TOPULATIONS, ETC.
Thebe, Troad. Horse, Ceres.
Horse^ Ubii.
Corii^ Ssetabis.
Z^LEiA, Troad. Corn.*
Corn^ Eleusis.
Tenedos, Island, Troad. Axe, Lyre, Owl, Grapes.
Spear ^ Tenos.
Lyre^ Tanagra.
Owl, Athens, Atinum.
Grapes, Tanagra.
vEOiE, yEolis.f Apollo.
Sun, Axus.
Goat, ^gae.
Cyme, yEol's. Horse, Vase (Cista).
Horse, Camerina.
Vase, Pergamus.
ELiEA, ^olis. Ceres.
Cor7i, Hyla, Laelia.
Larissa, ^olis. Grapes, Vase.
Grapes, Issa.
Vase, ,,
Myrhina, ^olis. Apollo.
Sun^ Amorgos.
Eresus, Lesbos. Ceres.
Corn, Syros.
Methymna, Lesbos. Boar, Lyre, Apollo, Fish, Bacchus.
Hog, Mantinea.
Lyre, Mitylene.
Sun, ,,
Fish, Munda.
Grapes, Mitylene.
* It will be noticed how rich the Troad is in these coins and forms.
It was the Troad first taught me that its first inhabitants were non-Hel-
lenic. It is in this fact, which preceded Schliemann's excavations, that
the real relevance of his discoveries is to be found. They are practically
non-Homeric, and the Iliad does not illustrate them. Pergamus is a name
to be included here.
t yEolis in this case does not represent a true ethnological or geo-
graphical territory.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 35
MiTYLENE, Lesbos. Sun, Grapes, Lyre.
SuHy See above.
Grapes J „ ,,
Napi, Nasi, Lesbos. Bull, Leopard, Apollo.*
Btill, Sinope. , .
Leopard, Nesus.
Sun, Anaphe.
CLAZOMENiE, lonia. Lion, Ram, Apollo.
Lto?i^ Samos, Samosata.
Su?if Same, Samosata.
J^a7ny Same, Samothrace.
Colophon, Ionia. Lyre, Apollo.
Lyre, Chalcis, Chalcedon.
Sim, Chalcis.
Ephesus, Ionia. Diana, Bee, Stag, Torch, Palm.
Moon, Phaestrus, Poestum, Vestini.
Bee, Anaphe.
Torch, Caphya.
Stag (see the account of the Yapho gem).
ErythrvE, Ionia. Owl, Bee, Bow, Quiver, Corn.
Owl, Thyrea.
Bee, Aptera.
Bow, Abdera, Eretria.
Quiver, „ „
Corn, Eretria.
Gambrium, Ionia. Bull, Apollo.
Bull, Cuma, Compulteria, Ambracia.
Stm, Compulteria, Ambracia.
Lebedus, Ionia. Owl.
Owl, Pydna.
Magnesia, Ionia. Bull, Sun.
Bull, Megara.
Sim, „
Miletus, Ionia. Apollo, Lion, Ship.
Sun, Mytilena.
Lion, Milyas.
Ship, Lyttus.
* This name has two philological forms, and both are illustrated.
36 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
Phocea, Ionia. Dog, Fish, Lion.
Phygela, Ionia. Bull, Diana.
Bull, Macella.
Moon^ Gaulos, Chalcis.
Priene, Ionia. Bull.
Bidl^ Perinthus.
Smyrna (=Samorna), Ionia. Lion.*
Lion^ Samos, Samosata, Clazomenai.
Teos, Ionia. Grapes.
Grapes^ Dia.
Chios, Island, Ionia. Lion, Vase, Ship, Bacchus, Apollo.
Lio7t, Cissa.
Vase, , ,
Ship,
Grapes, Cassope.
Sun^ Cius.
Ikaria, Island, Ionia, Spear.
Spear, Caronium, Corinth.
Patmos, Island, Ionia. Vase.
Samos, Island, Ionia. Lion, Bull.
Lion, Samosata, Clazomenge, Smyrna.
Bull, Samnites, Samnogenses.
Aba, Caria. Thunderbolt.
Thunderbolt, Abacaenum.
Alabanda, Caria. Horse, Apollo.
Horse, Alba, ^lis.
Sun, Alaesa.
Eagle, „
Alinda, Caria. Club.
Chib, Lyttus.
Bargasa, Caria. Bacchus.
Grapes, Cassope, Assos.
Bargylia, Caria. Horse.
Horse, Agyrium.
Calynda, Caria. Eagle.
Eagle, Ascalon.
* This form of name is most likely connected with Sumir, Sumerian.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 37
Caunus, Caria. Bull.
Bull^ Abac^enum, ^na.
Ceramus, Caria. Eagle.
Eagle J Euromus.
Cnidus, Caria. Lion.
Lio7i^ Acanthus.
Cyon, Caria. Horse.
Horse^ Vocontii, ^na.
Euromus, Caria. Eagle.
Eagle, Ceramus.
Halicarnassus, Caria. Trident.
T?'ide7if^ Cnossus.
Phanes,* Halicarnassus.
Stag, Enna (Goat).
Panormus (Sheep).
L\sus, Caria. Apollo, Fish.
Sun, Axius, .Chios.
Eish, Ossanoba, Cissa.
Mylasa, Caria. Horse, Partisan, Eagle.
Horse, Miletus.
Spear, Alyzea, Thalassa.
Eagle, Alaesa.
Nysa, Caria. Bacchus, Caduceus.
Grapes, Nicaea.
Caduceus, „
Orthosia, Caria. Bacchus.
Grapes, Thasus.
Taba, Caria, Vase.
Vase, Thebes.
Telemissus, Caria. Sun.
Sun, Delos, Thelpusa, Atella, Eutella, &c.
Cos, Island, Caria. Crab, Snake, Wand, Apollo.
Snake, Cassope.
Wand, Cius.
Sun, „
* It bears the inscription, " I am the sign of Phanes."
38 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
Rhodus, Island, Caria. Sun, Bacchus, Ship, Palm.
Sun^ Teronium (D.R.).
Grapes^ Terone.
Ship^ Aradus.
Palm, „
AsTYRA, Rhodes. Sun, Vase.
Sun, Asta, Assorus.
Vase, Assus.
Ialysus, Rhodes. Boar.
Hog, Eleusis, Lytta.
Megiste, Rhodes. Sun.*
Sun, Magnesia, Megara (2), Macella.
Telos, Island, Caria. Crab.
Crab, Terina.
Aperl a," Lycia. Three legs.
Triangle, Berytus.
Apollonia, Lycia. Diana, Stag.f
Moon, Apollonia.
Stag, Peltae (Phalanna, Goat).
Balbura, Lycia. Apollo, Corn.
Sun, Aballo.
Corn, Baelo.
Cragus, Lycia. Rose.
Rose, Rhodus.
Cydna, Lycia. Apollo, Lyre.
Sun, Xanthus.
Lyre, „
Cyanea, Lycia. Sun, Lyre.
Sun, Cydna.
Lyre, „
LiMYRA, Lycia. Apollo, Lyre.
Sun, Miletus.
Lyre, Myrhina, Melita, Olympus.
Massicytes, Lycia. Sun, Lyre.
Lyre, Amaxitus.
* Although this word has a Greek form, the symbol decides its relation,
t Apollonia here appears to have nothing to do with Apollo.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 39
Olympus, Lycia. Apollo, Lyre, Thunder.
Sun^ Lampsacus.
Lyre^ Lapithae.
Thunder, Limyra.
Patara, Lycia. Sun, Lyre.
Sim, Pautalia, Podalia, Petelia.
PoDALiA, Lycia. Sun, Bow, Quiver.
Sun, Pautalia, Petelia.
Bow, Tlos.
Quiver, „
Phaselis, Lycia. Boar, Apollo.
Boar, Amphissa, Vascones.
Rhodia, Lycia. Apollo, Lyre.
Sun, Rhodus.
Tlos, Lycia. Apollo, Lyre, Bow.
Sun, Delos.
Bow, Podalia.
Quiver, „
Trabala, Lycia. Apollo, Bow, Quiver.
Sun, Aballo.
Xanthus, Lycia.* Apollo, Lyre, Bow.
Sun, Cydna.
Lyre, Acanthus, Cythnus, Cydna.
Bow, Lacanatis.
AsPENDUs, Pamphylia. Bull, Lion, Triskele, Shield.
Bull, Pheneus.
Shield, Opuntii.
Etenna, Pamphylia. Knife, Vase, Snake.
Knife, Tenedos (Hatchet).
Vase, Athens.
Snake, „
IsiNDUS, Pamphylia. Diana, Coin, Quiver.
Moon, Sandalium, Byzantium.
Corn, Messana, Byzantium.
Quiver, Byzantium.
* As there have been many discussions about the Lycian language, it
is interesting to see that Lycia was colonized by the same populations as
the other regions.
40 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
Magydus, Pamphylia. Apollo.
Sun^ Megista, Amaxitus.
Perga, Pamphylia. Bacchus, Diana.
Grapes, Parium.
Moon, Bargasa.
Side, Pamphylia. Fish, Owl.
Fish, Asido.
Owl, Synnada.
Sandalium, Pamphylia. Crescent.
Moon, Isindus, Byzantium.
Termessus, Pamphylia. Horse.
Hoi'se, Amestratus, Mostene.
CoNANE, Pisidia. Grapes, Apollo.
Grapes, Myconos.
MiLYAS, Pisidia. Lion.
Lion, Miletus.
Saga-lassus, Pisidia. Grapes, Corn, Goat.
Corn, Lalassis.
Goat, Selge (Stag).
Selge, Pisidia. Thunderbolt, Stag, Lance, Bow.
Stag, Saga-lassus (Goat).
Lance, Segovia.
Bo7v, Segeste.
Tityassus, Pityassus, Pisidia. Boar.
Lalassis, Isauria. Corn.
Corn, Eieusis, Saga-lassus.
Adana, Cilicia. Horse.
LLorse, ^tnaei, Catana.
JEgm, Cilicia. Horse, Goat.
Llorse, Cissa, Ceos, Agyrium.
Goat, ^gae.
Celenderis, Cilicia. Apollo, Lyre, Goat, Horse, Apollo.
Sun, Chalcis.
Lyre, „
Sun, Celenderis.
Issus (Alexandria ad Issum), Cilicia. Bacchus.
Grapes, Issa.
Lacanatis, Cilicia. Lyre, Corn.
Lyre^ Acanthus, Cythnus.
Corn, Myconos.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 41
Mallus, Cilicia. Lion, Bull, Helmet.
Lion^ Miletus, Milyas.
Helmet^ Pimolisa.
MoPSUESTiA, Cilicia. Sun.
Sun^ Sestus.
Nagidus, Cilicia. Bacchus.
Grapes^ Naxos, Nicsea.
Calycadnus (Seleucia ad Calycadnum), Cilicia. Apollo, Horse.
Sun^ Celenderis.
Horse ^ „
Selinus, Cilicia. Diana.
Moon, Soli.
Soli, Cilicia. Diana.
Moon, Solinus.
Tarsus, Cilicia.* Apollo, Eagle, Lion, Bull, Grapes.
Sun, Patara.
Eagle, Tyrus.
Lion, Abdera.
Bull, „
Grapes, „
El^egusa, Island, Cilicia. Bee.
Bee, lalysus.
Paphgs, Cyprus. Apollo.
Sun, Eubaea.
Salamis, Cyprus. Bull, Ram, Ship.
Bull, Salamis.
CiTiUM, Cyprus. Lion, Stag, Ram.
Lion, GEtaei.
Cleis, Island, Cyprus. Eagle, t
Eagle, Chalcis, Calynda.
Aninesium, Lydia. Horse.
Horse, ^nae.
Briula, Lydia. Apollo, Lion.
* As Cilicia is supposed by some to have been first peopled by Semites,
it is of interest to find that this was not so.
t Here is another example of a Greek form for an Iberian word.
Eagle was not appropriated to Cleis by Greeks.
D
42 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
Caystriani, Lydia. Lion, Club.
Lion^ Cissa.
Club^ Cos.
Nic^A (Cilbii), Lydia. Leopard, Bacchus.
Leopard, Nisus.
Grapes, Nysa.
CEiETi (Cilbii), Lydia. Sun.
Sun, Cotiaeum.
Magnesia ad Sipylum, Lydia. Bull.
Bull, Macedonia.
Mastaura, Lydia. Sun.
Sun, Astyra.
MossiNA, Lydia. Sun, Corn.
Sun, Amestratus.
Corn, Messana.
MosTENE, Lydia. Corn, Horse.
Corn, Messana.
Horse, Termessus, Amestratus.
Nacrasa, Lydia. Snake.
Snake, Agrigontum.
Pactolei, Lydia. Apollo.
Sun, Pautalia, Pedalia, Petelia.
SiETTENi, Lydia. Bacchus.
Grapes, Cisthene.
Sard IS, Lydia. Com.
Corn, Sardinia.
SiLANDUS, Lydia. Lion.
Lion, Alinda.
Temene, Thyrae, Lydia. Lion.
Lion, Abdera.
Thyatira, Lydia. Bull, Diana.
Bull, Eretria.
Moon, ,,
Thyassus, Lydia. Lance.
Lance, Thalassa.
Tomarena, Lydia. Lion.
Lion, Himera.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 43
Tralles, Lydia.* Grapes.
Grapes^ Traelium.
AcMONiA, Phrygia. Thunder.
Thunder, Pcemaneni.
^ZANis, Phrygia. Sun.
Sun^ Bisanthe.
Alia, Phrygia. Corn, Spear.
Corn^ Elaea, Hyla.
Amorum, Phrygia. Globe.
Globe^ Amorgos.
Ancyra, Phrygia. Bacchus.
Grapes^ Tanagra.
Attuda, Phrygia. Vase.
Vase, Anthedo.
CiBYRA, Phrygia. Horse, Bull, Lion, Helmet.
Horse^ Libora.
Bull^ Barea, Sybaris, Cephallsedium.
Lion^ Cabellio.
Hehtiet^ Cabira.
Clanudda, Phrygia. Apollo.
Sun^ Cleone.
CoLOSSiE, Phrygia. Sun, Spear.
SuHy Chalcis.
Spear, „
CoTiiEUM, Phrygia. Sun.
Sun, CEtsei.
Epictetus, Phrygia. Apollo, Horse.
Sun, Chabacta.
Horse, „
EucARPiA, Phrygia. Moon, Bull.
Moon, Caura.
Bull, Acarnania.
Ipsus, Phrygia. Horse.
Horse, Scepsis.
Nacolea, Phrygia. Apollo.
Sun, Colossae.
* It is in Lydia we find Khita inscriptions and forms of dress resem-
bling the Etruscan, according to the ancient tradition of common origin
The coins confirm this philologically and historically.
44 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
Pelt^, Phrygia. Lion, Stag, Bacchus.
Stagy Apollonia, Populonia.
Grapes^ Pelius, Populonia.
Philomelium, Phrygia. Sun; Moon.
Sun, Pelius.
Moon^ Populonia.
Sala, Phrygia. Helmet.
Helmet, Saricha.
Synnada, Phrygia. Vase.
Vase, Canusium.
Saricha, Cappadocia.
Helmet, Sala.
Tyana, Cappadocia. Bull, Horse, Spear.
Bull, Catana.
Horse, Adana.
Spear, Itanus.
Panticap^um, Chersonesus.* Lion, Bull, Horse, Apollo.
Lio7i, Capua, Cabellio, Cibyra.
Bidl, Campania, Compulteria.
Horse, Cambolectri.
Sun, Compulteria.
Callatia, Moesia.t Lion, Bow, Club, Ceres, Fish.
Lion, Cselium.
Bo2ij, Calymna.
Club, Deceleia.
Corn, Callet, Chalcedon.
Fishy Caura, &c.
ToMi, Moesia. Grapes.
' Grapes, Damascus.
Abdera, Thrace. Bull, Vase.
Bull, Tarraco, Thera, Tauromenium, Dyrrhachium, Thyalira.
Vase, Tauromenium, Astyra.
^Nus, Thrace. Goat.
Goat, Enna.
* The form of this word suggests a Greek origin ; but the root is the
latter part, and the symbols are too numerous to leave any doubt.
t Like the last example we have here evidence of the wide extension of
the Iberian colonies.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 45
BiSANTHE, Thrace. Owl, Apollo, Corn, Bacchus.
Owl^ Azetini, «S:c.
Corn, „
Sun, ^zani.
Grapes, Byzantium.
BiZYA, Thrace. Bacchus, Corn.
Grapes, Bisanthe.
Corn, „
Byzantium, Thrace. Ship, Fish, Trident, Quiver, Bull, Crescent,
Grapes, Ceres,
Fish, Libisona, Smope.
Trident, Troezene.
Quiver, Isindus,
Bull, Buxentum, Phaestus, Poestum, Libisona,
Moon, Sandaliura, Isindus, Poestum.
Corn, Bisanthe, Isindus, Messana.
Grapes, Bisanthe, Bizya.
Cypsela, Thrace. Vase, Corn.
Corn, Hispalis.
Maronea, Thrace. Grapes, Horse, Ram.
Grapes, Merusia.
Horse, Melita.
Mesembria, Thrace. Helmet, Shield.
Helmet, Temesa,
Pautolia, Thrace. Bull, Sun.
Sun, Atella, Entella, Petelia.
Perinthus, Thrace."* Club,*Bull,
Club, Libora.
Bull, Barea, Sybaris.
^GOS, Thracian Chersonese. Horse.
Cardia (Kardia), Thracian Chersonese. Vase, Lion, Corn.
Lion, Ossicerda.
Corn, Carmo.
Sestus, Thracian Chersonese, Sun.
Sun, Asta.
* Upon Thrace many discussions have taken place. The favoured
notion is that the Thracians were Aryans, but this is settled by the plain
facts, that they were not.
46 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
Samothrace, Island, near Thrace. Ram.
Ram^ Same.
Thasus, Island, Thrace. Bacchus, Ship, Vase, Club, Bow.
Grapes^ Assos, Issa, Naxos (s).
Ship^ Cissa.
Vase^ Cissa, Issa, Naxos.
Club^ Cos.
Boiv^ Cissa.
Sabias, King of Thrace. Corn.
Cavarus, King of Thrace. Corn.
Corn^ Capua.
Dyrrhachium, Illyria. Cow, Horse.
This coin must really be equivalent to those of the Adarkon, or
Tarkon, and Tarraco.
Horse^ Tauromenium, Tarentum, Turiaso, Turones, &c.
Lissos, Illyria.* Goat.
Goat^ Issa, Tylissus, Saga-lassus.
Issa, Island, Illyria. Vase, Star, Goat.
Vase^ Cissa, Ceos, Chios, Naxus, Ausa, Thasus.
Star^ Asido.
Grape, Assos, Naxos.
Goaf, Lissus.
Pharus, Island, Illyria. Goat, Vase, Corn.
Goat, Pares, Pyranthus.
Vase, Paros.
CorUf Libora.
Macedonia. Horse.
Acanthus, Macedonia. Bull, Lion, Lyre.
These are the same emblems as on the coins of the Khita Tarkon
of Lydia and on those of Sardis.
For Bull and Lion, see Tarkon.
For Lion, see Caenicenses.
Lyre, Xanthus.
MmA, Macedonia. Bull, Diana.
Bull, ^na, Caunos.
On the interesting question of the populations of these regions, we
have to conclude that this coast of the Adriatic was also Iberian.
\
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 47
Cassandrea (and Cassander, King), Macedonia. Horse, Palm.
Horse^ Cossa, Cissa, Syracusa, &c.
Painty Suessa, Ausa.
Chalcis, Macedonia. Lyre.
Lyre, Chalcedon, Calymnos, Colophon.
Edessa, Macedonia. Goat.
Goat, Thessalonica.*
Mende, Macedonia. Grapes, Dog.
Grapes, Methymna.
Dog, Motna.
Orthagoria, Macedonia. Diana.
Moon, Egurri, Caura.
OssA, Macedonia. Horse.
Horse, Cossa, Equaesia, Cissa, &c.
Pella, Macedonia. Sun, Bull, Horse, Lyre.
Sun, Pylus, Pelius, Abella, Aballo, &c.
Bull, Abella, Aballo, Obulco.
Horse, Obulco.
Phila, Macedonia. Vase.
Pydna, Macedonia. Owl, Diana.
Owl, Lebedus.
Pythium, Macedonia. Horse.
Horse, Pautalia.
ScioNE, Macedonia. Pigeon.
Pigeon, Sicyon.
ScoTTUssA, Macedonia. Grapes, Helmet.
Grapes, Osset, Assos.
Helmet, Cossura.
Terone, Macedonia. Grapes, Vase.
Grapes, Orra.
Vase, Tauromenium, Abdera.
Thessalonica, Macedonia. Horse, Bull, Goat.
Horse, Thessali.
Goat, Edessa.
Tralium, Macedonia. Grapes.
Grapes, Tralles.
* The name was afterwards changed to the Greek translation of
iEgas or iEgae.
48 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
Tyrissa, Macedonia.* Apollo.
Sun^ Tauromenium, Turones.
Thessalia, Horse.
Horse^ Thessalonica.
^NiANA, Thessaly. Vase.
Vase, Anaphe.
Argesa, Thessaly. Fish.
Fish, Cissa, Syracusa.
Atrax, Thessaly. Bull, Horse.
Bull, Dyrrhachium, Tarraco.
Horse, „ „
Gyrton, Thessaly. Horse.
Horse, Agyrium.
Trachin, Thessaly. Horse.
Horse, Atrax.
Lamia, Thessaly. Vase.
Larissa, Thessaly. Horse, Bull, Harpa.
Horse, Orisia, Larissa.
Harpa, Rhosus.
Malienses, Thessaly. Grapes, Vase.
Grapes, Melos.
Vase, „
Pelinna, Thessaly. Horse, Bull.
Horse, Pella, Phalanna.
Bull, Pella.
Perrh^bia, Thessaly. Horse, Bull.
Horse, Pherse, Ephyrae.
Bull, Pherae, Perinthus.
Phacium, Thessaly. Horse.
Phalanna, Thessalo. Horse, Bull, Fish.
Horse, Pella, Pelinna.
Bull, „ „
Goat, Pharus.
I'ish, Pale.
Pharsalus, Thessaly. Horse.
Horse, Thessaly.
* About Macedonia there is as little doubt as about Thessaly. The
names of the early kings appear to be Iberian.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 49
PHERiE, Thessaly. Horse.
Horse^ Perrhaebia.
Bull^ „
Proana, Thessaly. Club.
Chib^ Perinthus.
Tricca, Thessaly.* Ram, Horse, Bull.
Ram^ Samothrace.
Horse^ Atrax.
Bull, „
Edonei, Bull.
Bull, Tyana, Toanum, Sidon.
Patraos, King of Edonei. Apollo.
Sun, Patara. .
Irrh^sia, Island, Thessaly. Diana.
Moon, Alaesa.
Peparethus, Island, Thessaly. Ram, Apollo, Vase.
Ram, Styraphalis.
Sun, Cephallonia.
Vase, Pharus.
Epirus.! Bull.
Bull, Barea, Pherse, Perinthus.
Ambracia, Epirus. Bull, Sun.
Cassope, Epirus. Vase, Bull.
Vase, Cissa.
Bull, Cyzicus.
Damastium, Epirus. Sun.
Sun, Damascus, Medama.
Oricus, Epirus. Sun.
Sun, Orra.
PHiENiCAPEA, Epirus. Diana.
Moon, Capua.
* The emblem of the horse in Thessaly and Macedonia has nothing
to do with Centaurs or the capacity of the region for horse-breeding.
It is a simple relation of nomenclature.
t See Note on Illyria.
60 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
CoRCYRA, Island, Epirus. Bull, Vase, Apollo, Horse, Grapes.
Bull^ Carystos, Megara, Egurri.
Vase^ Cardia.
Sun^ „
Horse, Corinth.
GrapeSy Carthea.
Cassope, Corcyra. Vase, Bull, Grapes.
Vase, Cassope.
Grapes, Assos.
Argos, Amphilochi, Acarnania. Horse.
Horse, Rhaeucus.
Leucas, Leucadia, Acarnania. Ship, Diana.
Ship, Gades.
Moon, „
CENiADiE, Acarnania. Bull.
Bull, ^na.
SoLLiUM, Acarnania. Horse.
Horse, Salapia, Soli-mariaca.
Thyrrium, Acarnania. Sun, Bull, Owl.
Sun, Tauromenium.
Bull, „ „
Owl, ,, „
^TOLiA, Boar.
Boar, Atella.
Apollonia, ^tolia. Boar, Diana, Spear.
Boar, Populonia.
Spear, „
Moon, Illipula.
Calydon, iEtolia. Lyre, Apollo.
Lyre, Chalcis, Calymna, Chalcedon.
Sun, Chalcis.
Amphissa, Locris. Apollo, Boar.
Opuntii, Locris. Spear, Vase, Shield.
Spear, Sisapona.
Vase, Hipponum.
Shield, Aspendus.
Teronium, Locris. Spear, Apollo, Boar.
Spear, Thurium.
Sun, Thyrrium.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 51
Phocis. Bull, Sun, Horse.
Horse, Equaesia, Phacium.
Sun, Ucetii.
Elatea, Phocis. Trident.
Trident, Alyzea.
Thebes, Boeotia. Vase, Shield.
Vase, Taba.
BcEOTiA, Vase, Shield. (B.T.— T.B.)
Anthedon, Boeotia. Vase.
Vase, Andros.
ERYTHRiE, Boeotia. Horse.
Pelicania, Bceotia. Horse.
Horse, Phalanna, Pelinna, Pella.
PHERiE, Boeotia. Vase.
Vase, Pharus.
Tanagra, Boeotia. Horse, Grapes.
Horse, Tyndaris.
Grapes, Tenedos.
Ther^e, Boeotia. Grapes, Vase.
Grapes, Abdera.
Vase, „
Thespia, Boeotia. Moon.
Moon, Thospia.
Athens, Attica.* Owl, Sow, Snake, Bee, Olive, Ship, Crescent,
Ceres (Corn), Hammer.
Owl, Atinum, Tenedos, Catana, Azetini, Cythnus.
Fig, Mantinea.
Olive, Rubastini.
Moon, Cythnos.
Corn, Atinum, Azetini, Rubastini, Leontini, Methana, Sar-
dinia.
Hammer, Methana.
Deceleia, Attica. Caduceus, Helmeted Head.
Wa7id, Callatia.
Helmeted Head, Callet.
* The mythological contest between Pallas and Poseidon about the
olive and the horse is evidently a late invention.
52 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
Eleusis, Attica. Sow, Snake.
Fig^ lalysus.
Snake ^ Elis.
Megara, Attica. Apollo, Ship.
Sun^ Megara, Sicily.
Ship^ Cartago.
Oropus, Attica. Club, Spear, Fish.
Cluh^ Rhypse, Libera.
Spear, Lipara.
Fish, Libora.
^GiNA, Island, Attica. Ram, Fish, Ship, Tortoise.
Ram, Coena.
Fish, Oningis.
Ship, Saguntum.
Tortoise, ^Egian.
Helena, Island, Attica. Ram, Vase.
Sheep, Alea, Julis.
Salamis, Island, Attita. Bull.
Bull, Salamis, Selinus.
^gira, Achaia. Goat.
Goat, Agyrium.
^GiON (Aigion), Peloponnesus. Tortoise, Eagle, Bacchus.
Tortoise, ^gina.
Eagle, Crossus.
Grapes, Acilium.
Corinth, Pelop. Horse, Trident.
Horse, Hyccara (Kurra, Akkad, &c.. Horse).
Trident, Carystos, Corone, Caronium, Ceraite, Cura.
Dyme, Pelop. Vase.
Pelius, Pelop.* Bull.
Bull, Aballo, Sicily ; Aballo, Gaul ; Pylos of Elis, Baelo, &c.
Grapes, Populonia.
Rhyp^, Pelop. Club, Bow, Quiver.
Club, Oropus, Libora.
SiCYON, Pelop, Pigeon, Lion.
Figeon, Scione.
Lion, Caenicenses.
* Now that we are in Arcadia, &c., we can test the conditions of the
population among whom the Hellenes entered.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 53
Elis. Horse, Eagle, Snake.
Horse, Velia.
Eagle, Alaesa.
Snake, Eleusis.
Orthia, Elis. Horse.
Horse, Othrytse.
Pylos, Elis. Bull, Goat, Fish.
Bull, Pelius, Abolla, Aballo, Pella, Pelinna, Baelo.
Goat, Phalanna.
Fish, Pale, lUipula.
Cephallenia, Island, Elis. Grapes.
Grapes, Pelius.
Cranium, Cephallenia, Island. Ram, Bow.
Nesus (Neso), Cephallenia, Island.* Panther, Fish.
Pale, Pallenses, Cephallenia, Island. Fish, Arrow.
Fish, Pylus, Illipula.
Arrow, Phalasarna.
Proni, Cephallenia, Island. Grapes.
Grapes, Orphrynium.
Same, Cephallenia, Island. Ram, Dog, Helmeted Head, Apollo.
Ram, Samothrace.
Hehiiet, Mesembria.
Sun, Samosata, Samnites.
Zacynthus (Zakuntho), Island. Snake, Moon, Vase.
Snake, Segeste.
Horse, Sacili.
Moon, Segovii.
Vase, Canusium.
Ithaca, Island. CocL
Messenia. Tripod.
Tripod, Messana.
Amphea, Messenia. Apollo.
Sun, Amphissa, Ambracia.
CoRONE, Messenia. Horse.
Horse, Corinth, Crannon, Corcyra, Hyccara, Agyrium.
Pylus, Messenia. Trident.
Trident, Phalasarna.
LACEDiEMON (Lakedaimon). Diana, Caduceus.
Moony Leukadia.
* Query if this be a Greek form.
54 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
Argos, ArgoHs. Wolf, Helmet.
Helmet^ Caura.
AsiNE, Argolis. Bow, Club.
Bow^ Xanthus,
Epidaurus, Argolis. Cock, Goat, Wolf.*
Cock, Terina.
Wolf, Thyrea.
Goat, Thera.
Hermione, Argolis. Horse.
Horse, Minyse.
Methana, Argolis. Corn, Vulcan.
Corn, Atinum, Azetini, &c.
Vulcan, Athens.
Thyrea, Argolis. Wolf, Quiver, Helmet, Owl.
Wolf, Epidaurus.
Hehnet, Thyea.
Owl, Thyrrium.
Trcezene, Argolis. Trident.
Trident, Byzantium.
Irene, Island, Argolis. Trident.
Trident, Caronium, Corone.
Alea, Arcadia. Ram.
Ram, Helena, Julis.
Charissa, Arcadia. Apollo, Wolf. ,
Stm, Corcyra.
Wolf, Argos.
Man-tinea, Arcadia. Sow, Trident.
Pig, Athenai, Methymne.
Trident, Tenos.
Pheneus, Arcadia. Bull, Horse, Diana.
Bull, ^na.
Horse, „
Moon, „
Stymphalus, Arcadia. Sheep.
Sheep, Peparethus.
Tegea, Arcadia. Stag.
Thelpusa, Arcadia. Sun.
Sun, Atella, Entella, Delos.
* In this region the Wolf occurs as an emblem.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 65
Aptera, Crete.* Apollo, Bee.
Sun^ Teronium.
Bee^ Eretrise.
Argos, Crete. Bow, Owl.
Otvl^ Megara.
Arsinoe, Crete. Fish.
Fish^ Arsi, Urso, Ursi.
Axus, Faxus, Crete. Apollo.
Stm^ Phocis, Ucetia.
Ceraite, Crete. Spear-head.
Spear, Caronium, Corinth, Carystos.
Cnossus, Crete. Quiver, Spear, Eagle.
Eagle, ^gion.
Cydonia, Crete. Bow, Diana, Owl.
Bow, Cydna.
Moo?t, Cythnus, Leukadia, Gades.
Owl, Cythnus, Catana, Leukadia.
Elyrus, Crete. Bee.
Bee, Elaeusa.
GoRTYNA, Crete. Bull.
Bull, Egurri.
Itanus, Crete. Fish, Spear, Trident, Eagle.
Fish, Tenos.
Trident, Tyndaris.
Eagle, Tanos.
Lam pa, Lappa, Crete. Corn.
Corn, Salapia.
Lasos, Crete. Diana.
Moon, Alaesa.
Lissus, Crete. Fish.
Lyttus (Lutto). Ship, Boar.
Hog, Eleusis, lalysus.
Olus, Crete. Diana.
Moon, Ulia.
Ph^stus, Crete. Bull.
Bull, Poestum, Phistella.
Phalanna, Crete. Fish.
Fish, Pylus, Populonia.
* Crete is a world in itself.
56 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN TOPULATIONS, ETC.
Phalasarna, Crete. Trident.
Trident^ Pylus, Populonia.
PoLYRHiENiuM, Crete. Diana, Spear, Bull.
Moon^ Apollonia.
Spear, „
Bull, Pylus.
PrvEsus, Crete. Fish, Trident.
Fish, Priansus.
Trident, „
Priansus, Crete. Fish, Trident.
Fish, Praesus.
Trident, „
Pyranthus, Crete. Goat.
Goat, Paros, Pharus.
Rhaucus (Rauku), Crete. Horse, Ship, Trident.
Horse, Corinth, &c.
"V Ship, Megara.
Trident, Rhithymna.
Rhithymna, Crete. Trident, Fish.
Trident, Rhaucus.
Sybritia, Crete. Fish.
Tanos, Crete. Eagle.
Eagle, Itanus.
Thalassa, Crete. Spear,
Speary Alyzea, Mylasa.
Tylissus, Crete. Goat, Stag, Bow.
oat^ Sag alassus, Lissus.
Bow, Alaesa.
EuBCEA, Greek, Island. Bull, Pigeon.
Carystus, Euboea. Bull, Cow, Cock, Palm, Fish, Trident.
Bull, Egurri, Corcyra, Acarnania, Cales.
Cock, Cales, Calata.
Fish, Coresia, Caura, Caronium, Callatia.
Trident, Corinth, Caronium, Corone.
Chalcis, Euboea. Apollo, Trident, Wheel.
Sun, Macella, Megara.
Trident, see Carystos.
Wheel, Chalcedon.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 57
Eretria, Euboea. Bull, Grapes, Bow,
Bidl^ Abdera,
Grapes^ „
Bmv^ „
HiSTi^, Euboea. Ship, Bull, Grapes.
Ship^ Cissa.
Bull^ Cassope.
Grapes^ „
Amorgus, Island. Apollo,
Sun, Murgantium.
^GiALE, Amorgus. Owl.
Owl^ Calacte.
Anaphe, Island. Bee, Vase, Apollo.
Vase^ ^niana.
Sun^ Enna.
Andros, Island. Panther, Grapes, Vase.
Grapes, Abdera.
Vase, Abdera, Anthedon.
Ceos, Cea, Island. Horse, Dog, Vase.
Horse, Cissa.
Vase, Cissa.
Dog, Cos.
Carthea, City of Ceos. Dog, Grape.
Dog, Hyccara.
Grape, Corcyra.
CoRESiA, City of Ceos, Island. Fish, Apollo, Dog.
Fish, Caura, Caronium.
Sun, Charissa.
Dog, Hyccara.
JuLis, City of Ceos, Island. Bee.
Bee, Elaeusa.
PoESA (Po-esa), City of Ceos, Island. Grapes.
Grapes, Poestum, Assos, Thassus.
CiMOLis, Island. Bee.
Bee, Smyrna.
58 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
Cythnus, Island. Bee, Owl, Crescent, Star, Lyre.
Bee, Athens.
Owly Athens, Catana, Cydonia.
Moon^ Athens.
Star, Cydonia.
Lyre, Cydna.
Delos, Island. Apollo.*
Sun, Telemessos, Tantalia, Atella, Petelia, Pautalia, Thel-
pusa, Entella.
Melos, Island. Grapes, Vase.
Grapes, Malienses.
Vase, Malienses.
Jos, Island. Palm, Bacchus.
Pahn, Ansa.
Grapes, Issa.
Myconos, Island. Corn, Grapes.
Corn, Acinipo.
Grapes, „
Naxos, Island. Vase, Grapes.
Vase, Ceos, Cassope.
Grapes, „
Pholegandrus, Island. Bull.
Bull, Pylos, Pelion, Aballo.
Seriphus, Island. Pigeon.
Pigeon, Siphnos.
SiPHNOS. Pigeon, Trident.
Pigeon, Seriphus.
Trident, Sisapona.
SiciNus, Island. Grapes.
Grapes, ^gion.
Paros, Island. Goat, Grapes.
Goat, Pyranthus.
Grapes, Pelius.
Syros, Island. Corn.
Corn, Searo, Eresus.
* The legend of Apollo had no more to do with Delos than with any
other place which had the Sun for an emblem. This is only one form of
word for the Sun.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 59
Thera, Island. Bull, Fish.
Bull, Tarraco, Tauromenium, Dyrrachium.
Fishy Thyatira, Abdera, Thurium,
Tenos, Island. Trident, Fish,
Trident, Mantinea.
Fish, Itanus.
Sena (Gallica), Italy. Horse, Apollo.
Horse, Senones, Santones.
Sun, Enna.
AciLiUM, Italia Superior. Vase with Grapes.
Vase, Helena.
Camars, Etruria. Boar.
Boar, Capua.
FiESULvE, Etruria. Fish, Trident.
Fish, Phistella, Salapia, Salacia, Salentina.
Trident, Phalasarna, Selge.
Falerii, Etruria. Apollo.
Sun, Pylos, Pelius, Aballo, Abella, &c.
PoPULONiA, Etruria. Boar, Crescent, Grapes, Trident, Corn, Lion^
Hammer.
Boar, Apollonia.
New Moon, Illipula, Pylos, Pale, &c.
Grapes, Pelius.
Trident, Pylos.
Corn, Baelo, Hispalis, Obuleo.
Lion, Cabellio.
Peithesa, Etruria. Owl and Rat.
Owl, Lebedus.
Vetulonia, Etruria.* Ship, Anchor.
Ship, Bottiaea.
Aftchor, Abydus.
Iguvium, Umbria. Star, Wheel.
Star, Aquinum.
Wheel, Iptuci.
* The available coins of Etruria are not numerous, but they compare
closely with those of Asia Minor.
60 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
TuDER, Umbria. Frog, Anchor, Sow.
Anchor^ Vetulonia.
Hog^ Ostur.
Ancona, Picenum. Elbow and Palm.
Adria, Picenum. Lyre.
Lyre^ Adranum.
Vestini, Picenum. Moon.
Moon^ Poestum.
Alba, Latium. Horse.
Horse^ Alabanda.
Aquinum, Latium. Star, Cock.
Star^ Iguvium.
VoLTERRA. Wheel.
Wheels Tarentum.
AiSERNiA, Samnium. Bull, Apollo, Snake.
Bull, Phaselis.
Apollo, Selinus.
Snake, ,,
Beneventum, Samnium. Apollo, Horse.
Sun, Panormus.
Horse, ,,
Compulteria, Samnium. Apollo, Bull.
Sun, Panticapseum.
Bull, Campani, Cumae.
Frentani, Samnium. Horse.
Horse, Ferentum.
Larinum, Samnium. Horse, Bull, Fish.
Horse, Larissa.
Bull, „
Fish, Hyrina.
Murgantia, Samnium. Apollo.
Sun, Amorgos.
Samnites, Italy. Bull.
On many of the Samnite coins a Bull is to be found.
Samos.
Also Apollo (Sun), as on coins of Same and Samosata
Campani, Campania. Bull.
Bull, Compulteria, Cumae.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 61
Atella (Adere), Campania. Elephant, Sow, Sun.
Hog^ ^tolia.
Stilly Delos, Island ; Telemissus, Entella, Petelia.
Calatia, Campania. Cock.
Calatia, Campania. Trident.
Trident^ Colossae.
Cales, Calet (Kaleno), Campania. Cock, Bull.
Cock^ Calata.
Bull^ Egurri, Macella.
Capua, Campania. Lion, Boar, Apollo, Diana, Corn.
Lion^ Cabellio.
Boar^ Camars.
Sun,, Compulteria, Panticapseum .
Moon,, Phaenicapaea.
CossA, Campania. Horse.
Horse, Cissa, Equaesi, Syracusa, Ceos. ^
CuMiE, Campania. Palm, Frog, Crab, Bull, Shell.
Palm, Camerina.
Crab, Gabala.
Bull, Compulteria.
Shell, Cimolis.
Hyrina, Campania. Fish.
Fish, Aria, Boetica.
NoLA, Campania. Bull, Apollo.
Bull, Nerii.
NucERiA, Alfaterna, Campania. Eagle, Apollo, Dog, Fish, Horse.
Sun, Megara.
Dog, Agyrium, Hyccara.
Horse, „ „
Parthenope (Nespolis), Campania. Horse, Bull, Apollo, Diana,
Caducens.
Horse, Perrhsebia, Ferentum, Frentani.
Bull, Perrhaebia, Perinthus.
Sun, Peparethus.
Moon, Berytis.
Caducens, Berytis, Berytus, Perinthus.
Phistella, Bistelia, Campania. Fish, Bull.
Fish, Poestum, Byzantium, Libisona.
BulL
62 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
PiCENTiA (Piskinis), Campania. Rat.
Rat, Peithesa.
SuEssA, Campania. Cock, Horse, Lion, Palm, Apollo, Bull.
Cock, Cissa.
Horse, Cissa, Cossa.
Lion, Cissa, Cyzicus.
Palm, Cassandra, Ausa.
Sun, Cius.
Bull, Cassope.
Teanum (Tia), Campania. Bull, Cock, Star, Apollo.
Bull, Tyana, Catana, Sidon.
Cock, Dardanus.
Star, Cydonia.
Sun, Tenedos, Catana, Adana.
Arpi, Apulia. Corn, Horse, Bull.
Corn, Orippo.
Horse, Perrhsebia.
Bull, „
AscuLUM, Apulia. Boar, Horse, Com.
Horse, Sacili.
Corn, Sagalassus.
Barium, Apulia. Ship, Fish.
Ship, Berytus, Lipara.
Fish, Libora, Lipara.
Canusium, Apulia. Vase, Horse, Lyre.
Vase, Zacynthus.
Horse, Cyon.
Lyre, Cyanese.
LucERiA, Apulia. Frog, Shell, Bow, Quiver, Club, Fish, Apollo,
Wheel, Bull.
Shell, Egurri.
Bow, Cartago.
Quiver, „
Club, ,,
Fish, „
Sun, Carrhse, Corcyra.
Wheel, Cyrene.
Bull, Corcyra, Egurri.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 63
RuBASTiNi. Owl, Olive, Corn.
Owl^ Azetini, Athens, Atinum, Catana, Tenedos, Bisanthe.
Olive, Athens.
Corn, Sardinia, Leontini, Azetini, Athens, Atinum.
Salapia, Apulia. Fish, Apollo, Horse, Boar.
Fish^ Solimariaca.
Sun, „
Horse, „
Boar, Salentini.
Venusia, Apulia. Fish, Olive, and Owl.
Fish, Nesus.
Azetini, Calabria. Owl, Corn.
Owl, Athens, Catana, Bisanthe, Rubastini.
Corn, Sardinia, Leontini, Rubastini.
Brundusium, Calabria, Fish.
Fish, Priansus.
BuTUNTUM, Calabria. Corn, Fish.
Corn, Azetini.
Fish, Byzantium.
CcELiUM, Calabria, Lion.
Lion, Callatia.
Orra, Calabria. Apollo, Grapes.
Sun, Oricus.
Grapes, Orippo.
Tarentum (Taras), Calabria, Fish, Crab, Horse, Bow, Wheel, Apollo,
Bacchus, Owl.*
Fish, Thera, Thurium, Turuptiana.
Crab, Terina.
Horse, Turiaso, Turones.
Bow, Abdera, Erythrae.
Wheel, Volterra.
Sun, Teria, Turones.
Grapes^ Terone.
Owl, Tauromenium.
Crescent, Erythrae.
* Taras, the hero of this city, was purely imaginary.
64 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
Atinum, Lucania. Owl,* Com.
Owl, Athens, Catana, Azetini, Bisanthe, Salentini, Tenedos.
Corn, Azetini, Leontini, Bisanthe, Rubastini.
BuxENTUM, Pixus, Lucania. Bull.
Bull, Byzantium.
Laus, Lainos, Lucania. Bull.
Horse, Larinum.
Metapontum (Metabo), Lucania. Corn, Fish, Horse.
Corn, Munda.
Fish, Motna.
Horse, „
PcESTUM, Lucania. Fish, Boar, Bull, Diana, Two Hands, Lion.
Fish, Byzantium, Libisona.
Bull, „ „
Moon, Byzantium.
Lion, „
Syris, Lucania. Snake, Ship.
Sybaris, Lucania. Diana, Bull.
Moon, Berytus.
Bull, Barea.
Fish, Illiberis.
N.B. — Sybaris was afterwards called Thurium, which also signifies
Bull.
Velia, Lucania. Lion.
Lion, Phalanna.
Caulonia, Bruttium. Stag, Fish, Apollo.
Stag, Cyrene.
Fish, Callatia.
Sun, Calacte.
Croton, Bruttium. Stag, Ram, Bow, Apollo, Lion, Horse, Bull.
Stag, Cragus.
Ram, Cranium.
Bow, „
Sun, Cratia, Cragus.
Lion, Acrasus.
Horse, Crannon.
Bull, Gortyna.
* In Lucania, as in Calabria, the Owl was a common emblem.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 65
HiPPONUM (Epione), Bruttium. Vase, Club, Owl.
Fase, Opuntii.
Oza/, Panormus.
Madama, Mesma, Bruttium. Apollo, Ceres.
Sun, Damastium, Damascus.
Cor/iy Methana.
NuCERiA (Noukri), Bruttium. Apollo, Lion, Horse.
Sim, Nuceria of Campania.
Zwn, Cerritani.
Horse, Corone.
PiTANATA, Bruttium. Lion.
Petelia, Bruttium. Sun, Dog.
Sti/i, Atella, Entella, Telemissus.
Rhegium, Bruttium. Lion, Lyre, Dog.
Zion, Ricomagus.
Stm, Cragus.
Lyre, „
Z>og, Eryx.
ToMESA, Bruttium. Helmet.
Helmet, Mesembria, Amasia.
Terina, Bruttium. Swan, Crab, Vase.
Swan, Camerina.
Crab, Tarentum, Telos.
Vase, Terone.
SiciLiA, Sicania. Three Legs.
Three, see Syracusa.
Abaccenum, Sicily. Bull, Sow.
Bull, Caunus, Cyon.
Abella, Sicily. Bull, Grapes.
Bull, Pelius.
Grapes, „
Adranus, Sicily. Apollo, Lyre, Fish.
Fish, Hadria.
^TNiEi, Sicily. Horse, Apollo, Ceres.
Horse, Catana.
Sun, „
66 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
Agrigentum (Akraga), Sicily. Crab, Pigeon, Snake, Fish.
Crab^ Eryx.
Pigeon, „
Snake, Nacrassa.
Fish, Argesa.
Agyrium, Sicily. Dog, Bull, Horse, Goat, Diana.
Dog, Nuceria, Eryx.
Bull, Megara, Carystos, Egurri.
Horse, Corone, Hyccara, Carissa.
Goat, ^gera, Peloponium.
Moon, Egurri.
Al^sa (Alaisa), Sicily. Bow, Quiver, Moon, Eagle.
Bow, Tylissus.
Quiver, Pimolisa.
Eagle, Aluntium.
Aluntium (Alonti), Sicily. Bull, Eagle.
Bull, Selinus.
Eagle, Alaesa.
Amestratus, Sicily. Horse, Apollo, Diana.
Horse, Termessus, Mostene.
Sun, Mossina, Mastaura.
Moo7i, Massilia.
AssoRUS, Sicily. Bull, Apollo.
Bull, Assos.
Sun, ^zanis.
CiENA, Sicily. Horse, Ram, Eagle.
Horse, Cyon, Caunus.
Ram, ^gina.
Eagle, „
Calacte, Sicily. Apollo, Lyre, Club, Grapes.
Sun, Chalcis.
Lyre, „
Club, Callatia.
Grapes, ,,
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 67
Camarina, Sicily. Lizard, Swan, Horse, Cock, Helmet.
Lizard (this is the large red-headed Lizard in Africa).
Swan^ Terina.
Horse, Cyme.
Cock, Himera.
Palm, Cumse.
Sun, Gambrium.
Helmet, Cabira.
Catana, Sicily. Owl, Bull, Apollo, Bird, Grapes, Fish.
Owl, Tenedos, Athens.
Sufif Tenedos.
Grapes, „
Bull, Tyana.
Bird, Centuripse.
Fish, Tenos.
Centurip^, Sicily.
Bird, Catana.
Cephaluedium, Sicily. Bull, Club, Apollo, Bacchus.
Bull, Aballo, Abella, Pylos, Pelius.
»j^^) >i >» >> >)
Grapes, Pelius.
Enna (Ettenna), Sicily. Goat, Hog, Snake, Apollo, Torch.
Goat, Sen ones.
^og, „
Snake, Etenna.
Sun, Anaphe.
Torch, Menynum.
Entella, Sicily. Sun, Bull, Horse.
Sun, Atella, Petilia, Telemissus, Delus.
Bull, Pautalia.
Horse, Toletum.
Eryx, Sicily. Dove, Crab, Dog.
Dove, Agrigentum.
Crab,
Dog, Rhegium.
Eubcea, Sicily. Apollo, Bull.
Sun, Lilyboeum.
68 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
Gelas, Sicily, Bull, Corn, Horse, Ram.
Bull^ Chalcedon.
Corn^ „
Horse^ Celenderis.
Rain, Gaulos.
HiMERA, Sicily. Cock, Horse, Lion, Shells.
Cock, Camarina.
Horse, Camarina.
Shells, Cumae, Cimolis.
Hyccara (Uccara), Sicily. Dog.
jDog, Agyrium.
Leontini, Sicily. Corn, Sun.
Corn, Sardinia, Azetini, Rubastini.
LiLYBCEUM, Sicily. Snake, Sun.
Macella, Sicily. Bull, Sun.
Bull, Cales.
Sutiy Megara.
Men^num, Sicily. Club, Sun, Torch.
Sun, Enna.
Torch, Enna.
Merusium, Sicily. Grapes.
Grapes, Maronea.
Megara, Sicily. Bull, Apollo.
Bull, Macella.
Sun, Megara.
Messana, Sicily. Palm, Hare or Rabbit, Fish, Dog, Tripod, Lion,
Calf.
Lion, Massilia.
Dog, Motna.
Tripod, Temesa.
Fish, Libisona.
MoRGANTiA, Sicily. Lion, Stag.
Motna, Sicily. Horse, Dog, Fish.
Horse, Metapontum.
Dog, Messana.
Fish, Munda.
Nacona, Sicily. Mule.
Horse, Zacynthus.
HISTORV OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 69
Naxos, Sicily. Grapes.
Grapes^ Assos, Naxos.
Neetum, Sicily. Bull.
Bull^ Nerii, ^na.
Panormus (Panormo). Palm, Owl, Dog, Sun, Ram, Lyre.
Palm^ Bilban.
Owl^ Hipponeum.
Dog^ Metapontum.
Sun^ Beneventum.
Corn^ Pheneus.
Lyre^ Sinope.
Segesta, Sicily. Lion, Stag, Snake, Dog, Bow.
Lion^ Segovii, Cyzicus.
Stag, Saga-lassus.
Snake, Zacynthus.
Bow, Selge.
Selinus, Sicily. Bull, Snake, Dog.
Bull, Salamis, Thessalonica.
Syracusa, Sicily. Triquetra, Fish, Horse, Apollo, Bull, Owl.
Triquetra (3 Legs), Three Sar (Sardinia) ; Zal, Etruscan ;
Sama, Canaanitic ; Cossura.
Fish, Cissa,
Horse, „
Sun, Chios.
Bull, Cyzicus.
Owl, Argos.
Tauromenium,* Sicily. Apollo, Diana, Vase, Owl, Horse, Bull.
Sicn, Turones.
Moon, Tarentum.
Vase, Astyra.
Owl, „
Horse, Tarentum, Turones.
Bull, Tarraco, Dyrrachium.
Tyndaris, Sicily. t Horse.
Horse, Tarentum, Turones.
Gelon, King in Sicily. Lion.
Lion, Coelium.
,* Tauromenium is not connected with Taurus,
t Sicily is particularlyrich in emblems.
70 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
CossuRA, Island, Sicily. Crown, Triangle.
Triangle^ Syracusa ( = Cusa-syra)
Gaulos, Island, Sicily. Crescent, Shell, Boar.
Moon, Egurri.
Shell, „
Ram, Gelas.
LiPARA, Island. Fish, Trident, Ship, Bacchus.
Fish, Libora, Barium, Illiberis.
Trident, Pylus, Libora.
Ship, Berytus, Barium.
Grapes, Pelius.
Melita, Malta, Island. Horse, Tripod, Lyre.
Horse, Mylasa.
Tripod, Philomelium.
Lyre, Alyatta.
Sardinia,* Island. Three Ears of Corn.
Three, Syra (see Syracusa).
Corn, Atinum, Azetini, Leontini, Rubastini, &c.
Balsa, Spain-Lusitania. New Moon, Corn.
Moon, Baelo.
Corn, „
Myrtilis, Spain-Lusitania. Fish.
Fish, Myrina.
OssoNOBA, Spain-Lusitania. Fish, Ship.
Fish, Asido, Sinope.
Salacia, Spain-Lusitania. Two Dolphins.
Fish, Solimariaca, Salentini.
AciNiPO, Spain-Boetica. Corn, Grape.
Corn, Onuba.
Aria, Cumbaria, Spain-Boetica. Dolphin.
Fish, Arevaca.
AscuTA, Lascuta, Spain-Boetica. Elephant.
AsiDO, Spain-Boetica. Bull, Two Dolphins, Star.
Bull, Asta.
Fish, Bursada.
Star, Issa.
* See Observations in the paper on this name.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 71
AsTA, Spain-Boetica. Apollo, Bull.
Sun^ Astyra, Assos.
Bull, „
AsTAPA, Spain-Boetica. Woman's Head with Rays.
Moon, Poestum.
Baelo, Belo, Spain-Boetica. Bull, Corn, Sun.
Bull, Abella, Aballo.
Corn, Hispalis, Populonia.
Sun, Abella, Aballo.
Barea, Spain-Boetica. Bull.
Bull, Sybaris, Perinthus.
Calletii, Spain-Boetica. Corn, Helmet.
Corn, Chalcedon.
Helmet, Calata.
Carbula, Spain-Boetica. Snake, Lyre.
Lyre, Pella.
Carissa, Spain-Boetica. Horse.
Horse, Agyrium, Hyccara, Corone.
Carmo, Spain-Boetica. Horse, Corn.
Horse, Carissa, Corone.
Corn, Cardia.
Carteia, Spain-Boetica. Fish, Ship, Quiver, Club.
Fish, Caura, Coressia.
Ship, Megara.
Quiver, Luceria.
Bow, „
Club, „
Caura, Spain-Boetica. Helmeted Head, Fish, Moon.
Helmet, Coresia.
Fish, „
Moon, Egurri.
Gades, Spain-Boetica. Fish, Corn, Ship, Moon, Trident.
Fish, Cissa, &c.
Ship, Cisthena.
Corn, Cissa, &c
Moon, Leucadia.
Illiberis, Spain-Boetica. Fish, Horse.
Fish, Libera.
Horse, „
72 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
Illipula, Spain-Boetica. Fish, Corn, New Moon,
Fish, Pale, Pylus.
Corn^ Baelo.
Moon, „
Irippo, Spain-Boetica. Bacchus.
Grapes, Orippo.
Ituci, Spain-Boetica. Horse, Fish, Corn.
Corn, Tucci, Lastigi.
L/ELiA, Spain-Boetica. Palm, Corn.
Corn, Elaea.
Lastigi, Spain-Boetica. Helmet, Corn.
Cor?i, Tucci, Ituci.
MiROBRiGA, Spain-Boetica. Horse.
Horse, Maronea.
MuNDA, Spain-Boetica. Corn, Fish.
Corn, Metapontum, Mathana,
Fish, Helmantica, Motna.
Nema, Spain-Boetica. Fish.
Fish, Oningis.
MuRGi, Spain-Boetica. Palm, Horse.
Obulco (Obulko), Spain-Boetica. Bull, Apollo, Horse, Stag,
Corn.
Bull, Aballo, Pelius.
Sun, „ „
Horse, Pella.
Hog, Populonia.
Corn, „
Oningis, Spain-Boetica. Fish, Horse.
Fish, ^gina.
Horse, Cyon.
Onuba, Spain-Boetica. Corn, Horse.
Orippo, Spain-Boetica. Corn, Grapes, Bull.
Grapes, Irippo.
OssET, Spain-Boetica. Grapes.
Grapes, Assos, Issa, &c.
Hispalis, Spain-Boetica. Corn.
Corn, Baelo, Populonia, Cypsela.
Sacili (Sakili), Spain-Boetica. Horse.
Horse, Segovia, Segobriga, Segisama, Zacynthus.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 73
Searo, Spain-Boetica. Corn.
Corn^ Syros.
SiSAPO, Spain-Boetica. A quadruped.
Horse^
Tartessus, Spain-Boetica. Corn, Fish.
Corn, Thasus.
Tucci (Tukki), Spain-Boetica. Olive, Corn.
Corn^ Ituci.
Ventippo, Spain-Boetica. Helmet.
Helmet^ ^na.
Ulia, Spain-Boetica. Moon.
Moon^ Illipula.
Urso, Spain-Boetica (Ursone). Fish.
Fish^ Arsi,
^NA, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse, Bull, Lion, Helmet,
Horse, Aninsesum.
Bull, (Eniadae.
Lion, Caenicenses.
Helmet,
Arevaca, Spain-Tarraconensis. Fish.
Fish, Ergavica.
Arsi, Spain-Tarraconensis (Erisi). Fish, Horse.
Fish, Urso.
Horse, „
AuSA, Spain-Tarraconensis. Palm, Vase, Horse.
Palm, Suessa.
Vase, Assos.
Horse, Suessa.
Belon, Spain-Tarraconensis. Fish, Horse.
Fish, Illipula.
Horse, Bella.
BiLBAN, Spain-Tarraconensis. Palm, Fish.
Palm, Panormus.
Fish, Sisapona.
BiLBiLis, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse.
BuRSADA, Spain-Tarraconensis. Fish, Plowshare.
Bracara, Spain-Tarraconensis. Fish, Horse.
Fish, Caronium.
Horse, Corone.
E
74 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
Caronium (Karoni), Spain-Tarraconensis. Fish, Spear.
Fish^ Coresia.
Spear ^ Corone.
Cerretani (Kerre), Spain-Tarraconensis. Lion, Helmet.
Lion^ Cardia.
Helmet^ Caura.
CissA (Kisse), Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse, Lion, Fish, Cock, Vase,
Ship, Bow.
Borse, Cossa, Ceos, Equaesia, Syracusa.
Lion, Suessa, Cyzicus.
Ftsh, Cyzicus.
Cock, Suessa.
Ship, Ossanoba.
Vase, Ceos, Chios, Naxos.
Bow,
Egurri, Spain-Tarraconensis. Bull, Moon, Shell,
Bull, Megara, Carystos.
Moon, Caura.
Shell, Luceria.
EgUiESiA, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse.
Horse, Cissa, &c.
Ergavica, Spain-Tarraconensis. Plowshare, Horse.
Horse, Arevaca.
Helmantica, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse, Fish.
Horse, Motna.
Fish, Motna, Munda.
Ildum, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse.
Horse, Elis.
IsPALENSis, Spain-Tarraconensis. Fish, Horse.
Fish, Pale.
Horse, Pella.
Spear, Phalasarna.
Libora, Spain-Tarraconensis. Corn, Horse, Fish, Spear.
Corn, Pharus.
Horse, Ephyra, Eburones.
Fish, Illiberis, Lipara, Bariam.
Spear, Berytus, Lipara.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 75
LiBisoNA, Spain-Tarraconensis. Fish, Horse, Caduceus.
Fish, Sinope, Byzantium.
Horse, Sena.
IVafidy Asine.
Lybia, Spain-Tarraconensis. Palm, Horse.
Palm, Libisona.
Narbases, Spain-Tarraconensis. Fish, Horse.
Fish, Libiona.
Horse, „
Nerii, Spain-Tarraconensis. Bull, Horse.
Orisia, Spain-Tarraconensis (Oligie, legend). Horse.
Horse, Lairssa, Olisippo.
Olisippo (Orisippo), Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse, Spear.
Horse, Orisia.
Spear, Alyzea.
OscA (Oska, Osha), Spain-Tarraconensis. Fish, Horse.
Fish, Cissa, Cyzicus.
Horse, Ossa, Ceos.
Osicerda (Asekert, legend), Spain-Tarraconensis. Lion.
Lion, Cardia.
OsTUR, Spain-Tarraconensis. Boar.
Hog, ^tolia.
Pala, Palentia, Spain - Tarraconensis. Vulcan with Council
Cap.
Vulcan, Lipara.
SiETABis (Stbgs, legend). Corn.
Corn, Taba.
Saguntum, Spain-Tarraconensis. Ship, Helmeted Head.
Ship, ^gina.
Helmet, ^na.
Savia (Sbie, legend), Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse, Palm.
Horse, Oba.
Segisama, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse, Fish, Palm.
Horse, Sacili, Segovia, Segobriga.
Fish, Segobriga.
Segobriga, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse, Fish, Palm.
Horse, Segisama.
Fish, „
Palm,
76 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
Segovia (Segb, legend). Horse, Spear.
Horse, Segisama.
Spear, „
Setisacum, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse, Palm.
SiSAPONA, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse, Fish, Lance.
Horse, Beneventum, Panormus.
Lance, Opuntii.
Tarraco, Spain-Tarraconensis. Bull, Palm, Crown.
Bulk Dyrrhachium.
Pahn, Tyrus.
Crown, Thyrea, Abdera.
ToLETUM, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse.
Horse, Entella.
TuRiASO, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse.
Horse, Tarentum, Tauroraenium, Turones.
TuRUPTiANA, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse, Fish, Spear.
Horse, Turiaso.
Fish, Thurium.
Spear, „
Ursi, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse, Fish.
Horse, Orisia.
Fish, Urso, Arsi, Arsinoe.
Vascones, Spain-Tarraconensis. Hog, Horse, Palm
Hog, Asculum.
Horse, „
Palm, Askalon.
Velia, Spain-Tarraconensis. Fish, Horse. *
Fish, Phalanna.
Horse, Elis.
ZoiLiE. Horse.
Horse, Sollium, Solimariaca, Salapia.
Vesci, Spain. Bull and Tree.
Iptuci (Ptukki), Spain. Wheel.
Oba, Spain. Horse,
Horse, Ubii.
Bellindi, Aquitania, Gaul. Horse, Apollo.
Horse, Pelinna, Phalanna.
Sun^ Pelius.
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 77
BiTURiGES (Avarico), Aquitania, Gaul. Boar.
Hog^ Eburovices.
Abudos, King of Bituriges. Eagle, Horse.
Eagle ^ Abydos.
Horse, Ubii.
CuBi, Aquitania, Gaul. Boar, Horse.
Hog, Capua.
Horse, Cacaba.
Cambolectri, Aquitania, Gaul. Horse, Sword.
Horse, Camarina.
Swordy Cimolis.
Santones (Santonas), Aquitania, Gaul. Horse.
Horse, Senones, Sena.
Massilia, Gaul. Lion, Diana, Quiver.
Lion, Messaria.
Moon, Amestratus.
Quiver y „
Agatha, Gallia-Narbonensis. Lion.
Lion, Acanthus.
AvENio, Gallia-Narbonensis. Hog, Bull, Apollo, Diana.
Hog, Enna.
Bull, Pheneus, ^na.
Sun, Enna, Anaphe.
Moo?i, Pheneus, Banias.
Cabellio, Gallia-Narbonensis. Lion.
Lion, Capua, Cibyra.
CiENiCENSES (Kainike), Gallia-Narbonensis. Lion, Apollo.
Lion^ Sicyon.
Sun, Cyaneae, Conane.
Cavares, Gallia-Narbonensis. Horse.
Horse, Camarina.
Glanum, Gallia-Narbonensis. Lion.
Nemausus, Gallia-Narbonensis. Serpent, Apollo, Boar.
Sun, Massicytes.
Boar, Amphissa.
OxuBii, Gallia-Narbonensis. Lion.
Lion, Capua.
78 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC.
RicoMAGENSES (Rikoiii), GalUa-Narbonensis. Lion, Diana.
Lio7i, Rhegium.
Moony „
Samnagenses, Samnage, Gallia-Narbonensis. Bull, Apollo, Diana.
Bully Samnites.
Suriy Samnites, Same, Samosata.
Mooriy Samos.
Segovii, Gallia-Narbonensis. Lion, Diana.
LioHy Segesta.
Mooriy Zacynthus.
Tricorii, Gallia-Narbonensis. Diana, Lion.
MooHy Egurri.
Liofiy Nuceria.
UcETiA, Gallia-Narbonensis. Apollo, Lion.
Sufiy Cotiaeum.
VocONTii, Gallia-Narbonensis. Horse, Apollo.
Horsey Cyon.
SuHy Cyaneae.
Aballo, Gallia-Lugdunensis. Apollo, Bull, Ass.
SuTiy Abella, &c.
Bully Abella, Obulco, Pelius, Pylos.
Andecavi (Andekom), Gallia Lugdunensis. Boar, Horseman.
Hogy Capua.
Horsey Cavares.
Carnutes, Carnitos, Gallia-Lugdunensis. Lion.
LioHy Cardia.
CoRiLissus, Gallia-Lugdunensis. Lion.
Lioriy Tricorii.
Eburovices, Gallia-Lugdunensis. Boar, Apollo, Horse.
Boary Avaricum.
Sufiy Balbura,
HorsCy Eburone.
Mantubini, Gallia-Lugdunensis. Apollo, Horse, Fish.
Sufiy Metapontum.
Horsey Munda.
Fishy y,
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 79
RoTOMAGUS, Gallia-Lugdunensis. Apollo, Horse, Bull.
Sun^ Rhodus, Rhodia.
Horse^ Erethrae.
Bull^ Eretria.
KisiAMBOS, King of Lixovii, Helvetii, Gaul, Wheel.
Wheels Mesembria.
Senones, Gallia-Lugdunensis. Horse, Boar, and Bull, 2 Goats.
Horse^ Sena (Gallia).
Boar^ Enna.
Bidl^ ^na, Libisona.
Goat, Enna.
Sequani, Gallia-Lugdunensis. Boar.
Boar^ Abacaenum.
TuRONES, TuRO, Gallia-Lugdunensis. Apollo, Horse.
Sun^ Tauromenium.
Horse, „
Eburones, Belgica. Horse.*
Horse, Ephyrae.
Solimariaca (or Soli). Belgica. Horse, Fish, Apollo.
Horse, Salapia.
Fish, Salacia, Salapia, Salentini.
Sun, Salapia.
Tornacum, Belgica. Helmet, Spear.
Helmet, Thyrea, Abdura.
Spear, Thurium.
Ubii, Belgica.t Horse.
Horse, Oba.
* The Eburones are supposed to be Germans,
t For Britain, see the text.
WILLIAM RIDER AND SON, PRINTERS,
BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C.
TRtJBNER'S
(Bxitntai $<: linguistic ^3ubltcattons*
-^ OJLTA.XjOC3-TJE
or
BOOKS, PERIODICALS, AND SERIALS,
ON THB
^i0torp, language0, iReligions, antiquities, Hiteta*
ture, ano ©eogtapbg of tfte (Cast,
AND KINBEEB SUBJECTS,
PUBLISHED BT
TI^tJBl^EI^ &c OO.
LONDON:
TRUBNER & CO., 67 and 59, LUDGATE HILL.
1882.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Triibner's Oriental Series 3
Serials and Periodicals 6
Archaeology, Ethnography, Geography, History, Law, Literature, Numismatics
Travels 19
The Religions of the East
Comparative Philology (Polyglots)
Grammars, Dictionaries, Texts, and Translations :-
30
37
V
AGE
PAGE
Accad — V. Assyrian
Hindustani
...
71
African Languages
41
Icelandic ...
...
72
American Languages
42
Japanese
...
73
Anglo-Saxon
43
Irish — V. Keltic
...
Arabic
44
Kamilaroi— see Australian Lang.
Assamese
45
Keltic(Coniish,Gaelic, Welsh, Irish)
73
Assyrian ,
46
Mahratta (Marathi)
...
74
Australian Languages
48
Malagasy
...
74
Aztek— «^. American Lang. ...
Malay
...
75
Babylonian — v. Assyrian
Malayalim
...
7^
Rengali
48
Maori
...
75
Brahoe
48
Oriya — v. Uriya
...
Braj Bhak&— ». Hindi
Pali
...
75
Burmese
48
Pazand
...
77
Celtic— y. Keltic
Peguan
...
77
Chaldaic— V. Assyrian
Pehlvi
...
77
Chinese (for books on and in
49
Pennsylvania Dutch
...
78
Pidgin -English see under
Persian
...
79
this heading)
Pidgin- English
...
80
Choctaw — V. American Lang.
Prakrit
...
80
Coptic— v. Egyptian
Pukshto (Pakkhto, Pashto)
80
Corean
53
Punjabi — v. Gurmukhi ...
...
Cornish— V. Keltic
Quichua — v. American T-anguages
Cree — v. American Lan-
Creole guages
Russian
...
...
81
Samaritan
...
...
81
Cuneiform — V. Assyrian.
Samoan ...
...
...
81
Dutch (Pennsylvania)
78
Sanskrit
...
...
82
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64
Shan
...
...
91
English— Early and Modern
55
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...
.
92
English and Dialects
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...
...
92
Frisian
67
Suahili
...
...
92
Gaelic— V. Keltic
Syriac
...
...
92
Gaudiau
67
Tamil
...
...
93
German (Old)
67
Telugu
...
...
93
Gipsy
Greek (Modern and Classic) ..
68
Tibetan
...
...
94
68
Turki
...
94
Gujarati
68
Turkish
...
...
94
Gurmukhi
69
Umbrian
...
...
95
Hawaiian.
69
Urdu — V. Hindustani ...
...
...
Hebrew
69
Uriya
...
...
95
Hidatsa— V. American Lang.
Welsh— V. Keltic
...
...
Hindi
70
:
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J. W. Bosanquet, Esq.— VIII. On the existing Dictionaries of the Malay Language. By Dr.
H. N. van der Tuuk. — IX. Bilingual Readings : Cuneiform and Phoenician. Notes on some
Tablets in the British Museum, containing Bilingual Legends (Assyrian and Phoenician). By
Major-General Sir H. Rawlinson, K.C.B., Director R. A.S.— X. Translations of Three Copper-plate
Inscriptions of the Fourth Century a.d., and Notices of the Chalukya and Gurjjara Dynasties
By Professor J . Dowson, Staff College, Sandhurst.— XI. Yama and' the Doctrine of a Future
Life, according to the Rig-Yajur-, and Atharva-Vedas. By J. Muir, Esq., D.C.L., LL.D.— XII.
On the Jyotisha Observation of the Place of the Colures, and the Date derivable from it. By
"William D. Whitney, Esq., Professor of Sanskrit in Yale College, New Haven, U.S.— Note on
57 and 59, Ludgate Hill, Londoiiy EX, 7
the preceding Article. By Sir Edward Colebrooke, Bart., M.P., President R.A.S.— XIII. Pro-
gress of the Vedic Religion towards Abstract Conceptions of the Deity. By J. Muir, Esq.,
D.C.L., LL.D.— XIV. Brief Notes on the Age and Authenticity of the Work of Aryabhata»
"Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, Bhattotpala, and Bhaskaracharya. By Dr. Bhau Daji, Hono-
rary Member R.A.S.— XV. Outlines of a Grammar of the Malagasy Language. By H. N. Van
der Tuuk.— XVI. On the Identity of Xandrames and Krananda. By Edward Thomas, Esq.
Vol. II. In Two Parts, pp. 522, sewed. 1866-7. I65.
Contents. — I. Contributions to a Knowledge of Vedic Theogony and Mythology. No. 2.
By J. Muir, Esq. —II. Miscellaneous Hymns from the Rig- and Athai'va-Vedas. By J. Muir>
Esq.— III. Five hundred questions on the Social Condition of the Natives of Bengal. By the
Rev. J. Long. — IV. Short account of the Malay Manuscripts belonging to the Royal Asiatic
Society. By Dr. H. N. van der Tuuk.— V. Translation of tbe Amitabha Sutra from the Chinese.
By the Rev. S. Beal, Chaplain Royal Navy.— VI. Tbe initial coinage of Bengal. By Edward
Thomas, Esq.— VII. Specimens of an Assyrian Dictionary. By Edwin Norris, Esq.— VIII. Ou
the Relations of the Priests to the other classes of Indian Society in the Vedic age By J. Muir,
Esq.— IX. On the Interpretation of the Veda. By the same.— X. An attempt to Translate
from the Chinese a work known as the Confessional Services of the great compassionate Kwun
Yin, possessing 1000 hands and 1000 eyes. By the Rev. S. Beal, Chaplain Royal Navy.
—XI. The Hymns of the Gaupayanas and the Legend of King Asamati. By Professor Miix
Miiller, M.A., Honorary Member Royal Asiatic Society.— XII. Specimen Chapters of an Assyrian
Grammar. By the Rev. E. Hincks, D. D., Honorary Member Royal Asiatic Society.
Vol.111. In Two Parts, pp. 516, sewed. With Photograph. 1868. 22«.
Contents. — I. Contributions towards a Glossary of the Assyrian Language. By H. F. Talbot -
— II. Remarks on the Indo-Chinese Alphabets. By Dr. A. Bastian.— III. The poetry of
Mohamed Rabadan, Arragonese. By the Hon. H. E. J. Stanley.— IV. Catalogue of the Oriental
Manuscripts in the Library of King's College, Cambridge. By Edward Henry Palmer, B.A ,
Scholar of St. John's College, Cambridge ; Member of the Royal Asiatic Society ; Membre de la
Society Asiatique de Paris.— V. Description of the Amravati Tope in Guntur. By J. Fergussoii,
Esq., F.R.S.— VI. Remarks on Prof. Brockhaus' edition of the Kathasarit-sagara, Lambaka IX.
XVHI. By Dr. H. Kern, Professor of Sanskrit in the University of Leyden.— VII. The source
of Colebrooke's Essay '• On the Duties of a Faithful Hindu Widow." By Fitzedward Hall, Esq.,
M.A., D.C.L. Oxon. Supplement: Further detail of proofs that Colebrooke's Essay, "On tiie
Duties of a Faithful Hindu Widow," was not indebted to the Vivadabhangarnava. By Fitz-
edward Hall, Esq.— VIII. The Sixth Hymn of the First Book of the Rig Veda. By Professor
Max Miiller, M.A. Hon. M.R.A.S.— IX. Sassanian Inscriptions. By E. Thomas, Esq.— X. Ac-
count of an Embassy from Morocco to Spain in 1690 and 1691. By the Hon. H. E. J. Stanley.—
XI. The Poetry of Mohamed Rabadan, of Arragon. By the Hon. H. E. J. Stanley.— XII.
Materials for the History of Inrlia for the Six Hundred Years of Mohammadan rule, previous to
the Foundation of the British Indian Empire. By Major W. Nassau Lees, LL.D., Ph.D.— XIII.
A Few Words concerning the Hill people inhabiting the Forests of the Cochin State. By
Captain G. E. Fryer, Madras Staff Corps, M.R.A.S.— XIV. Notes on the Bhojpurl Dialect of
Hindi, spoken in Western Behar. By John Beames, Esq., B.C.S., Magistrate of Chumparun.
Vol. IV. In Two Parts, pp. 521, sewed. 1869-70. I65.
Contents.— I. Contribution towards a Glossary of the Assyrian Language, By H. F. Talbot.
Part II.— II. On Indian Chronology. By J. Fergusson, Esq., F.R.S.— III. The Poetry ol
Mohamed Rabadan of Arragon. By the Hon. H. E. J. Stanley.— IV. On the M agar Language
of Nepal. By John Beames, Esq., B.C.S. — V. Contributions to the Knowledge of Parsee Lite-
rature. By Edward Sachau, Ph.D.— VI. Illustrations of the Lamaist System in Tibet, drawn
from Chinese Sources. By Wm. Frederick Mayers, Esq., of H.B.M. Consular Service, China. —
VII. Khuddaka Pdtha, a Pdli Text, with a Translation and Notes. By R. C. Childers, late of
the Ceylon Civil Service. — VIII. An Endeavour to elucidate Rashiduddin's Geographical Notices
of India. By Col. H. Yule, C.B.— IX. Sassanian Inscriptions explained by the Pahlavi of the
Parsis. By E. W. West, Esq.— X. Some Account of the Senbya Pagoda at MengQn, near the
Burmese Capital, in a Memorandum by Capt. E. H. Sladan, Political Agent at Mandale; with
Remarks on the Subject by Col. Henry Yule, C.B. — XI. The Brhat-Sanhita ; or, Complete
System of Natural Astrology of Varaha-Mihira. Translated from Sanskrit into English by Dr.
H. Kern. -XII. The Mohammedan Law of Evidence, and its influence on the Administration of
Justice in India. By N. B, E. Baillie, Esq.— XIII. The Mohammedan Law of Evidence in con-
nection with the Administration of Justice to Foreigners. By N. B. E. Baillie, Esq.— XIV. A
Translation of a Bactrian Pdli Inscription. By Prof. J. Dowson.- XV. Indo-Parthian Coins
By E. Thomas, Esq.
Vol. V. In Two Parts, pp. 463, sewed. With 10 full-page and folding Plates.
1871-2. \%s.M.
Contents.— I. Two JStakas. The original Pdli Text, with an English Translation. By V»
Fausboll.— II. On an Ancient Buddhist Inscription at Keu-yung kwan, in North China. By A.
Wylie.— III. The Brhat Sanhita ; or, Complete System of Natural Astrology of Varaha-Mihira
Translated from Sanskrit into English by Dr. H. Kern.— IV. The Pongol Festival in Southern
India. By Charles E. Cover.- V. The Poetry of Mohamed Rabadan, of Arragon. By the Right
Hon. Lord Stanley of Alderley.— VI. Essay on the Creed and Customs of the Jangains. By
Charles P. Brown.— VII. On Malabar, Coromandel, Quilon, etc. By C. P. Brown.— VIII. On
the Treatment of the Nexus in the Neo-Aryan Languages of India. By John Beames, B.C.S. —
IX. Some Remarks on the Great Tope at Sanchi. By the Rev. S. Beal.— X. Ancient Inscriptions
S. Linguistic Publications of Trubner 8f Co,,
from Jlathura. Translated by Professor J. Dowson.— Note to the Mathura Inscriptions. By
Major-General A. Cunningham. — XI. Specimen of a Translation of the Adi Granth. By Dr.
Ernest Trumpp.— XII. Notes on Dbammapada, with Special Reference to the Question of Nir-
Tana, By K. C. Childers, late of the Ceylon Civil Service,— XIII. The Brhat-Sanhita ; or.
Complete System of Natural Astrology of Varaha-mihira. Translated from Sanskrit into English
by Dr. H. Kern. — XIV. On the Origin of the Buddhist Arthakathas. By the Mudliar L. Comrilla
Vijasinha, Government Interpreter to the Ratnapura Court, Ceylon. With an Introduction by
R. C. Childers, late of the Ceylon Civil Service. — XV. The Poetry of Mohamed Rabadan, of
Arragon. By the Right Hon. Lord Stanley of Alderley. — XVI, Provei'bia Communia Syriaca.
By Captain R. F. Burton,- -XVII. Notes on an Ancient Indian Vase, with an Account of the En-
^aving thereupon. By Charles Home, M, R. A, S., late of the Bengal Civil Service, — XVIII.
The Bhar Tribe, By the Rev. M. A. Sherring, LL.D., Benares. Communicated by C. Home,
M.R.A,S,, late B,C,S.— XIX, Of Jihad in Mohammedan Law, and its application to British
India, By N. B. E, Baillie,— XX, Comments on Recent Pehlvi Decipherments. With an Inci-
dental Sketch of the Derivation of Aryan Alphabets, And Contributions to the Early History
and Geography of Tabaristdn. Illustrated by Coins. By E. Thomas, F.R.S.
Vol. VI., Part 1, pp. 212, sewed, with two plates and a map. 1872. 8«.
Contents. — The Ishmaelites, and the Arabic Tribes who Conquered their Country. By A.
Sprenger.— A Brief Account of Four Arabic Works on the History and Geography of Arabia.
By Captain S. B. Miles.— On the Methods of Disposing of the Dead at Llassa, Thibet, etc. By
Charles Home, late B.C.S. The Brhat-Sanhita; or, Complete System of Natural Astrology of
Varaha-mihira, Translated from Sanskrit into English by Dr. H. Kern.— Notes on Hwen
Thsang's Account of the Principalities of Tokharistan, in which some Previous Geographical
Identifications are Reconsidered. By Colonel Yule, C.B.— The Campaign of JElius Gallus in
Arabia. By A. Sprenger.— An Account of Jerusalem, Translated for the late Sir H.M.Elliot
from the Persian Text of NSsir ibn Khusrd's Safanamah by the late Major A, R. Fuller, — The
oetry of Mohamed Rabadan, of Arragon. By the Right Hon, Lord Stanley of Alderley.
Vol. VI., Part IT., pp. 213 to 400 and Ixxxiv., sewed. Illustrated with a Map.
Plates, and Woodcuts. 1873. 8s.
Contents, — On Hiouen-Thsang's Journey from Patna to Ballabhi. By James Fergusson,
D,C,L., F.R.S. —Northern Buddhism. [Note from Colonel H. Yule, addressed to the Secretary.]
— Hwen Thsang's Account of the Principalities of Tokharistan, etc. By Colonel H. Yule, C,B. —
The Brhat-Saiihita; or. Complete System of Natural Astrology of Varaha-mihira. Translated
from Sanskrit into English by Dr. H, Kern. — The Initial Coinage of Bengal, under the Early
Muhammadan Conquerors. Part II. Embracing the preliminary period between a.h. 614-634
(a.d. 1217-1236-7). By Edward Thomas, F.R.S.— The Legend of Dipankara Buddha. Translated
from the Chinese (and intended to illustrate Plates xxix. and l., 'Tree and Serpent Worship ').
By S. Beal.— Note on Art, IX., ant6 pp, 213-274, on Hiouen-Thsang's Journey from Patna to
Ballabhi. By James Fergusson D.C.L,, F,R,S,— Contributions towards a Glossary of the
Assyrian Language, By H, F. Talbot.
Vol. VII., Parti., pp. 170 and 24, sewed. With a plate. 1874. 8s.
Contents.— The Upasampadd-Katnmavacd, being the Buddhist Manual of the Form and
Manner of Ordering of Priests and Deacons. The Pali Text, with a Translation and Notes.
By J, F. Dickson, B.A., sometime Student of Christ Church, Oxford, now of the Ceylon Civil
Service,— Notes on the Megalithic Monuments of the Coimbatore District, Madras. By M. J.
Walhouse, late Madras C.S.— Notes on the Sinhalese Language. No. I. On the Formation of
the Plural of Neuter Nouns. By R, C. Childers, late of the Ceylon Civil Service.— The Pali
Text of the Mnhdparinibhdna Sutfa and Commentary, with a Translation. By R. C. Childers,
late of the Ceylon Civil Service.— The Brihat-Sanhita ; or. Complete System of Natural Astrology
of Varaha-mihira, Translated from Sanskrit into English by Dr. II, Kern, — Note on the
Valley of Choombi. By Dr. A. Campbell, late Superintendent of Darjeeling. — The Name of the
Twelfth Imdm on the Coinage of Egypt, By H. Sauvaire and Stanley Lane Poole.— Three
Inscriptions of Parakrama Bahu the Great from Pulastipura, Ceylon (date circa 1180 a. u.). By
T. W. Rhys Davids.— Of the KharSj or Muhammadan Land Tax ; its Application to British
India, and Effect on the Tenure of Land. By N. B, E. Baillie.— Appendix : A Specimen of a
Byriac Version of the Kalilah wa-Dimnah, with an English Translation. By W. Wright.
Vol. VII., Part II., pp. 191 to 394, sewed. With seven plates and a map. 1875. 8«
Contents.— Sigiri, the Lion Rock, near Pulastipura, Ceylon ; and the Thirty-nintb Chapter
of the Mahavamsa. By T. W. Rhys Davids.— The Northern Frontagers of China. Part I.
The Origines of the Mongols. By H. H, Howorth,— Inedited Arabic Coins. By Stanley Lan-
Poole.— Notice on the Dinars of the Abbasside Dynasty. By Edward Thomas Rogers.— The
Northern Frontagers of China. Part II. The Origines of the Manchus. By H, H, Howorth.
—Notes on the Old Mongolian Capital of Shangtu. By S. W. Bushell, B.Sc, M,D,— Oriental
Proverbs in their Relations to Folklore, History, Sociology ; with Suggestions for their Collec-
tion, Interpretation, Publication, By the Rev, J, Long,— Two Old Simhalese Inscriptions, The
Sahasa Malla Inscription, date 1200 a.d., and the Ruwanwseli Dagaba Inscription, date 1191 a,d.
Text, Translation, and Notes. By T, W, Rhys Davids.- Notes on a Bactrian Pali Inscription
and the Samvat Era. By Prof. J. Dowson.— Note on a Jade Drinking Vessel of the Emperor
Jahdngir. By Edward Thomas, F.R.S.
Vol. VIII., Part I., pp. 156, sewed, with three plates and a plan. 1876. 8j.
Contents. — Catalogue of Buddhist Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Possession of the Royal
Asiatic Society (Hodgson Collection). By Professors E. B. Cowell and J. Eggeling.— On the
57 and 59, Ludgate Hilly London^ E. C. 9
Ruins of Sigiri in Ceylon. By T. H. Blakesley, Esq., Public Works Department, Ceylon.— The
Patimokkha, being the Buddhist Office of the Confession of Priests. The Pali Text, with a
Translation, and Notes. By J. F. Dickson, M.A., sometime Student of Christ Church, Oxford,
now of the Ceylon Civil Service. — Notes on the Sinhalese Language. No. 2. Proofs of the
Sanskritic Origin of Sinhalese. By R. C. Childers, late of the Ceylon Civil Service.
Vol. VIII., Part II., pp. 157-308, sewed. 1876. 8s.
CoNTKNTS.— An Account of the Island of Bali. By B,. Friederich.— The Pali Text of the Mah&-
parinibbana Sutta and Commentary, with a Translation. By R. C. Childers, late of the Ceylon
Civil Service.— The Northern Frontagers of China. Part III. The Kara Khitai. By H. H.
Howorth.— Inedited Arabic Coins. II. By Stanley Lane Poole.— On the Form of Government
under the Native Sovereigns of Ceylon. By A. de Silva Ekanayaka, Mudaliyar of the Depart-
ment of Public Instruction, Ceylon.
Vol. IX., Fart I., pp. 156, sewed, with a plate. 1877. 8s.
Contents.— Baetrian Coins and Indian Dates. By E. Thomas, F.R.S.— The Tenses of the
Assyrian Verb. By the Rev. A. H. Sayce, M.A. — An Account of the Island of Bali. By R.
rriederich (continued from Vol. VIII. n.s. p. 218).— On Ruins in Makran. By Major Mockler.
—Inedited Arabic Coins. III. By Stanley Lane Poole,— Further Note on a Bactrian Pali Inscrip-
tion and the Samvat Era. By Prof. J. Dowson. — Notes on Persian Beluchistan. From the
Persian of Mirza Mehdy Kh4n. By A. H. Schindler.
Vol IX., Part II., pp. 292, sewed, with three plates. 1877. \Qs.6d.
Contents.— The Early Faith of Asoka. By E. Thomas, F.R.S.— The Northern Frontagers
of China. Part II. The Manchus (Supplementary Notice). Bv H. H. Howorth.— The Northern
Frontagers of China. Part IV. The Kin or Golden Tatars. By H. H. Howorth. -On a Treatise
on Weights and Measures by Eliva, Archbishop of Nislbin. By M. H. Sauvaire.— On Imperial
and other Titles. By Si' T. E. Colebrooke, Bart., M. P.— Affinities of the Dialects of the Chepang
4ind Kusundah Tribes of Nipal with those of the Hill Tribes of Arracan. By Captain C. J. F.
Forbes F.R.G.S , M.A.S. Bengal, etc.— Notes on Some Antiquities found in a Mound near
Damghan. By A. H. Schindler.
Vol. X., Part I., pp. 156, sewed, with two plates and a map. 1878. 8s.
Contents. — On the Non-Aryan Languages of India. By E. L. Brandreth, Esq.— A Dialogue
on the Vedantic Conception of Brahma. By Pramada Dasa Mittra, late Officiating Professor of
Anglo-Sanskrit, Government College, Benares.— An Account of the Island of Bali. By R.
Friederich (continued from Vol. IX. N. S. p. 120).— Unpublished Glass Weights and Measures.
By Edward Thomas Rogers.— China via Tibet. By S. C. Boulger.— Notes and Recollections on
Tea Cultivation in Kumaon and Garhwal. By J. H. Batten, F.R.G.S., Bengal Civil Service
Retired, formerly Commissioner of Kumaon,
Vol. X., Part II., pp. 146, sewed. 1878. 6s.
CosTKNTS.— Note on Pliny's Geography of the East Coast of Arabia. By Major-General
S. B. :Mile8, Bombay Staff Corp*. The Maldive Islands ; with a Vocabulary taken from Fran9ois
Pyrard de Laval, 1602— 1607. By A. Gray, late of the Ceylon Civil Service.- On Tibeto-Burman
Languages. By Captain C. J. F. S. Forbes, of the Burmese Civil Service Commission. — Burmese
Transliteration. By H. L. St. Barbe, Esq., Resident at Mandelay.— On the Connexion of the
Mons of Pegu with' the Koles of Central India. By Captain C. J. F. S. Forbes, of the Burmese
Civil Commission.— Studies on the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages, with
Special Reference to Assyrian. By Paul Haiipt. The Oldest Semitic Verb-Form.— Arab Metro-
logy. II. El Djabarty. By M. H. Sauvaire.— The Migrations and Early History of the White
Huns ; principally from Chinese Sources. By Thomas W. Kingsmill.
Vol. X., Part III., pp. 204, sewed. 1878. 8s.
CoNTKNTS —On the Hill Canton of SSldr,— the most Easterly Settlement of the Turk Race.
By Robert B. Shaw. Geological Notes on the River Indus. By Griffin W. Vyse, B.A., M.R.A.S.,
etc.. Executive Engineer P.W.D. Panjab.— Educational Literature for Japanese Women. By
Basil Hall Chamberlain, Esq., M.R.A.S.— On the Natural Phenomenon Known in the East by
the Names Sub-hi-Kazib, etc., etc. By J. W. Redhouse, M.R.A.S., Hon. Memb. R.S.L.— On
a Chinese Version of the Saukhya K^rikS, etc., found among the Buddhist Books comprising
the Tripitaka and two other works. I^y the Rev. Samuel Beal, M.A.— The Rock-cut Phrygian
Inscriptions at Doganlu. By Edward Thomas, F.R.S.— Index.
Vol. XL, Part. I., pp. 128, sewed, with seven illustrations. 1879. 5s.
Co>TENTS.— On the Position of Women in the East in the Olden Time. By Edward Thomas,
F.R.S.— Notice of the Scholars who have Contributed to the Extension of our Knowledge of the
Languages of British India during the last Thirty Years. By Robert N. Cust, Hon. Librarian
R.A.S.- Ancient Arabic Poetry: its Genuineness and Authenticity. By Sir William Muir, K. C.S.I. ,
LL.D.— Note on Manrique's Mission and the Catholics in the time of Shdh Jahan. By H. G.
Keene, Esq.— On Sandhi in Pali. By the late R. C. Childers.— On Arabic Amulets and Mottoes.
By E. T. Rogers, M.R.A.S.
Vol. XI., Part, II., pp. 256, sewed, with map and plate. 1879. Is.Qd.
Contents. — On the Identification of Places on the Makran Coast mentioned by Arrian, Ptolemy,
and Marcian. By Major E. Mockler. — On the Proper Names of the Mohanimadans. By Sir T.
E. Colebrooke, Bart., M. P.— Principles of Composition in Chinese, as deduced from the VVritten
Characters. By the Rev. Dr. Legge. On the Identification of the Portrait of Cho.sroes Il.among
the Paintings in the Caves at Ajanta. By .James Fergusson, Vice-President.— A Specimen of
the Zoongee for Zurngee) Dialect of a Tribe of Nagas, bordering on the Valley of Assam,
-between the Dikho and Desoi R vers, embracing over Forty Villages. By the Rev. Mr. Clark.
10 Linguistic Publications of Trilbner ^ Co.,
Vol. XI. Part III. pp. 104, cxxiv. 16, sewed. 1879. 8«.
Contents.— 'J he Gaurian compared with the Romance Languages. Part I. By E. L,
Brandreth.— Dialects of Colloquial Arabic. By E. T. Rogers.— A Comparative Study of the
Japanese and Korean Languages. By W, G. Aston. — Index.
Vol. XII. Part I. pp. 152, sewed, with Table. 1880. 5«.
Contents.— On " The Most Comely Names," i.e. the Laudatory Epithets, or the Titles of Praise,
bestowed on God in the Qur'an or by Muslim Writers. By J. W. Redhouse, M.R.A.S., Hun. Mem.
R.S.L., etc. — Notes on a newly-discovered Claj' Cylinder of Cyrus the Great. By Major-General
Sir H. C. Rawlinson, K.C.B., President and Director of the Royal Asiatic Society.- Note on
Hiouen-Thsang's Dhanakacheka. By Robert Sewell, M.C.S., M.R.A.S. — Remarks by Mr.
Fergusson on Mr. Sewell's Paper.— A Treatise on Weights and Measures. By Eliya, Archbishop
of Nisibin. By H. Sauvaire. (Supplement to Vol. IX.. pp. 291-313)— On the Age of the
Ajantd Caves. By Rajendralala Mitra Rai Bahadur, C.I.E., LL.D., and Hon. Member of the
Royal Asiatic Society.— Notes on Babu Rajendrala Mitra's Paper on the Age of the Caves at
Ajanta. By James Fergusson, V.P., D.C.L., F.R S.
Vol. XII. Part II. pp. 182, sewed, with map and plate. 1880. 8s.
Contents.— On Sanskrit Texts Discovered in Japan. By Professor F. Max Miiller.— Extracts
from Report on the Islands and Antiquities of Bahrein. By Captain Durand. Followed by Notes
by Major-General Sir H. C. Rawlin»^on, K.C.B., F.R.S.. President and Director of the Royal
Asiatic Society.— Notes on the Locality and Population of the Tribes dwelling between the Brah-
maputra and Ningthi Rivers. By the late G. H. Damant, M.A., M.R.A.S., Political Officer, Naga
Hills.— On the Saka, Samvat, and Gupta Eras. A Supplement to his Paper on Indian Chronology.
By James Fergusson, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.P.R.A.S.— The Megha-Sutra. By Cecil Bendall, Fellow
of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.— Historical and ArcheEological Notes on a Joui-ney
in South- Western Persia, 1877-1878. By A. Houtum-Schindler.— Identification of the " False
Dawn" of the Muslims with the " Zodiacal Light " of Europeans. By J. W. Redhouse, M.R.A.S,,
Hon. Member R.S.L.
V. 1. XII. Part III. pp. 100, sewed. 1880. 8*.
Contents.— The Gaurian compared with the Romance Languages. Part II. By E. L.
Brandreth.— The Uzbeg Epos. By Armiuius Vambery.- On the Separate Edicts at Dhauli and
Jaugada. By Prof. Kern —Grammatical Sketch of the Kakhyen Language. By Rev. J. N.
Gushing.- Notes on the Libyan Languages, in a Letter addressed to R. N. Cust, Esq., by Prof.
F. W. Newman.
Vol. XII. Part IV. pp. 152, with 3 plates. 1880. 8s.
Contents.— The Early History of Tibet, from Chinese Sources. By S. W. Bushell, M.D.—
Notes on some Inedited Coins from a Collection made in Persia during the Years 1877-79. By
Guy Le Strange, M.R.A.S.— Buddhist Nirvana and the Noble Eightfold Path. By Oscar
Frankfurter, Ph.D.— Index.— Annual Report, 1880.
Vol. XIII. Part I. pp. 120, sewed. 1881. 5s.
Contents. -Indian Theistic Reformers. By Professor Monier Williams, C.I.E., D.C.L,— Notes
on the Kawi Language and Literature. By Dr. H. N. Van der Tuuk.— The Invention of the
Indian Alphabet. By John Dowson, M.R.A.S. The Nirvana of the Northern Buddhists. By
the Rev. J. Edkins, D.D.— An Account of the Malay "Chiri," a Sanskrit Formula. By W. E.
Maxwell, M.R.A.S.
Vol. XIII. Part II. pp. 170, with Map and 2 Plates. 1881. 8s.
Contents.- The Northern Frontagers of China. Part V. The Khitai or Khitans. By H. H.
Howorth, F.S.A.— On the Identification of Nagarahara. with reference to the Travels of Hiouen-
Thsang. By W. Simpson, F.R.G.S.— Hindu Law at Madras. By J. H. Nelson, M.A., Madras
Civil Service. — On the Proper Names of the Mohammedans. By Sir T. E. Colebrooke, Bart., M.P.
— Supplement to the Paper on Indian Theistic Reformers, published in the January Number
of this Journal. By Prof. Monier Williams, CLE.
Vol. XIII. Part III. pp. 178, with plate. 1881. 7s. &d.
Contents. — The Avar Language. By C. Graham. — Caucasian Nationalities. By M. A..
Morrison.— Translation of the Markandeya Purana. Books VII., VIII. By the Rev. B.
H. Wortham.— Lettre a M . Stanley Lane Poole sur quelques monnaies orientales rares ou inedites
de la Collection deM. Ch. del'Eclu^e. ParH. Sauvaire.— Aryan Mythology in Malay Traditions.
By W. E. Maxwell, Colonial Civil Service.— The Koi, a Southern Tribe of the Gond. By the
Rev. J. Cain, Missionary.- On the Duty which Mohammedans in British India owe, on the
Principles of their own Law, to the Government of the Country. By N. B. E. Baillie.— The
L-Poem of the Arabs, by Shanfara. Re-arranged and translated by J. W. Redhouse, M.R.A.S.
Vol. XIII. Part IV. pp. 130, cxxxvi. 16, with 3 plates. 1881. 10s. &d.
Contents.- On the Andaman Islands and the Andamanese. By M. V. Portman, M.R.A.S. —
Notes on Marco Polo's Itinerary in Southern Persia. By A. Houtum-Scuindler.— Two Malay
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VOL. ▼OL.
I, 24 Par^anas and Sundarbans.
II. Nadiya and Jessor.
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The "Grammatography" is oifered to the public as a compendious introduction to the reading
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•with advantage by the philological student, the amateur linguist, the bookseller, the corrector of
the press, and the diligent compositor.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Afghan (or Pushto). Czechian(orBohemian) . Hebrew (current hand). Polish.
Amharic. Danish. Hebrew (Judaeo-Ger- Pushto (or Afghan).
Anglo-Saxon. Demotic. Hungarian. [man).Eomaic(ModernGreek
Arabic. Estrangelo. lUyrian. Eussian.
Arabic Ligatures. Ethiopic. Irish. Eunes.
Aramaic. Etruscan. Italian (Old). Samaritan.
Archaic Characters. Georgian. Japanese. Sanscrit.
Armenian. German. Javanese. Servian.
Assyrian Cuneiform. Glagolitic. Lettish. Slavonic (Old).
Bengali. Gothic. Mantshu. Sorbian (or Wendish).
Bohemian (Czechian). Greek. Median Cuneiform. Swedish.
BQgIs, Greek Ligatures. Modern Greek ( Eomaic) Syriac.
Burmese. Greek (Archaic). Mongolian. Tamil.
Canarese (or Carnataca). Gujerati(orGuzzeratte). Numidian. Telugu.
Chinese. Hieratic. OldSlavonic(orCyrillic). Tibetan.
Coptic. Hieroglyphics. Palmyrenian. Turkish.
Croato-Glagolitic. Hebrew. Persian. Wallachian.
Cufic. Hebrew (Archaic). Persian Cuneiform. Wendish for Sorbian),
Cyrillic(orOldSlavonic). Hebrew (Eabbinical). Phoenician. Zend.
Grey. — Handbook of Afeican, Austealian, and Polynesian Phi-
lology, as represented in the Library of His Excellency Sir George Grey,
K.C.B., Her Majesty's High Commissioner of the Cape Colony. Classed,
Annotated, and Edited by Sir George Grey and Dr. H. L Bleek.
Vol. I. Part 1.— South Africa. Svo. pp. 186. 20s.
Vol. I. Part 2.— Africa (North of the Tropic of Capricorn). Svo. pp. 70. 4».
Vol. I. Part 3.— Madagascar. Svo. pp. 24. 2s.
Vol. II. Part L— Australia. Svo. pp. iv. and 44. 3s.
67 and 59, Ludgate Hill, London, E,C, 89
Vol. II. Part 2. — Papuan Languages of the Loyalty Islands and New Hebrides, compris-
ing those of the Islands of Nengone, Lifu, Aneitum, Tana, and
others. 8vo. p. 12. Is.
Vol. II. Part 8.— Fiji Islands and Rotuma (with Supplement to Part II., Papuan Lan-
guages, and Part I., Australia). 8vo. pp. 34. 2s.
Vol. II. Part 4.— New Zealand, the Chatham Islands, and Auckland Islands. 8vo. pp.
76. Is.
Vol.11. Part 4 (con^mMo^ton).— Polynesia and Borneo. 8vo. pp. 77-154. 7s.
Vol. III. Part 1.— Manuscripts and Incunables. 8vo. pp. viii. and 24. 2s.
Vol. IV. Part 1.— Early Printed Books. England. Svo. pp. vi. and 266. 12s.
Gubernatis. — Zoological Mythology; or, the Legends of Animals.
By Angelo de Gubeknatis, Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Literature
in the Instituto di Studii Superiori e di Perfezionamento at Florence, etc. In
2 vols. 8vo. pp. xxxvi. and 432, vii. and 442. 28s.
Hoernle. — A Comparative Grammar of the Gaudian Language, with
Special Reference to the Eastern Hindi. Accompanied by a Language Map,
and a Table of Alphabets. By A. F. R. Hoernle. Demy Svo. pp. 474.
1880. 18«.
Hunter. — A Comparative Dictionary of the !N"on- Aryan Languages of
India and High Asia. With a Dissertation, Political and Linguistic, on the
Aboriginal Races. By W. W. Hunter, B A., M.R.A.S., Hon. Fell. Ethnol.
Soc, Author of the "Annals of Rural Bengal," of H.M.'s Civil Service.
Being a Lexicon of 144 Languages, illustrating Turanian Speech. Compiled
from the Hodgson Lists, Government Archives, and Original MSS., arranged
with Prefaces and Indices in English, French, German, Russian, and Latin.
Large 4to. cloth, toned paper, pp. 230. 1869. 42s.
Kilgour. — The Hebrew or Ibeeian Eace, including the Pelasgians,
the Phenicians, the Jews, the British, and others. By Henry Kilgour. 8vo.
sewed, pp. 76'. 1872. '2s. 6d.
March. — A Comparative Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Language ;
in which its forms are illustrated by those of the Sanskrit, Greek, Latin,
Gothic, Old Saxon, Old Friesic, Old Norse, and Old High-German. By
Francis A. March, LL.D. Demy Svo. cloth, pp. xi. and 253. 1877. 10«.
Notley. — A Comparative Grammar of the French, Italian, Spanish,
AND Portuguese Languages. By Edwin A. Notley. Crown oblong 8vo.
cloth, pp. XV. and 396. 7s. 6d.
Oppert. — On the Classification of Languages. A Contribution to Corn-
Comparative Philology. By G. Oppert. 8vo. pp vi. and 146. 1879. 6«.
Oriental Congress. — Report of the Proceedings of the Second Interna-
tional Congress of Orientalists held in London, 1874. Roy. 8vo. paper, pp. 76. 5s.
Oriental Congress. — Transactions of the Second Session of the
International Congress of Orientalists, held in London in September,
1874. Edited by Robert K. Douglas, Honorary Secretary. Demy 8vo.
cloth, pp. viii. and 456. 21*.
Pezzi. — Aryan Philology, according to the most recent Researches
(Glottologia Aria Recentissima), Remarks Historical and Critical. By
DoMENico Pezzi, Membro della Facolta de Filosofia e lettere della R.
Universit. di Torino. Translated by E. S, Roberts, M.A., Fellow and Tutor
of Gonville and Caius College. Crown 8vo. cloth, pp. xvi. and 199. 6s.
Sayce. — An Assyrian Grammar for Comparative Purposes. By A. H.
Sayce, M.A. 12mo. cloth, pp. xvi. and 188. 1872. 78.6d.
40 Linguistic Publications of Truhner ^ Co»
Sayce. — The Peinciples of Comparative Philology. By A. H..
Sayce, Fellow and Tutor of Queen's College, Oxford. Second Edition. Cr.
8vo. cl., pp. xxxii. and 416. 10s. ^d.
Schleicher. — Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-
European, Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin Languages. By August
Schleicher. Translated from the Third German Edition by Herbert
Bendall, B.A., Chr. Coll. Camb. Part I. Grammar. 8vo. cloth, pp. 184..
75. &d.
Part II. Morphology. 8vo. cloth, pp. viii. and 104. 6«.
Trumpp. — Grammar of the ParTO, or Language of the Afghans, com-
pared with the Iranian and North-Indian Idioms. By Dr. Ernest Trumpp.
8vo. sewed, pp. xvi. and 412. 21s.
Weher. — Indian Literature. See "Triibner's Oriental Series," p. 3.
Wedgnsvood. — On the Origin of Language. By Hensleigh Wedgwood,
late Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. Fcap. 8vo. pp. 172, cloth. 3*. 6rf.
Whitney. — Language and its Study, with especial reference to the
Indo-European Family of Languages. Se-ven Lectures by W. D. "Whitney,
Professor of Sanskrit, and Instructor in Modern Languages in Yale College.
Edited with Introduction, Notes, Tables of Declension and Conjugation,
Grimm's Law with Illustration, and an Index, by the Eev. R. Morris, M.A.,
LL.D. Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. cl., pp. xxii. and 318. 1881. hs.
Whitney. — Language and the Study of Language : Twelve Lectures
on the Principles of Linguistic Science. By W. D. Whitney. Third Edition,
augmented by an Analysis. Crown 8vo. cloth, pp. xii. and 504. 10*. ^d.
Whitney. — Oriental and Linguistic Studies. By William Dwight
Whitney, Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology in Yale College.
First Series. The Veda; the Avesta ; the Science of Language. Cr. 8vo. cL,
pp. X, and 418. Vis.
Second Series. — The East and West — Religion and Mythology — Orthography and
Phonology — Hindii Astronomy. Crown 8vo. cloth, pp. 446. 12*.
57 and 59 Ludgaie Eilly London^ E. C, 41
GRAMMARS, DICTIOJ^^ARIES, TEXTS,
AND TRANSLATIONS.
AFRICAN LANGUAaES.
Bleek. — A Comparative Grammar of South African Languages. By
W. H. I. Bleek, Ph.D. Volume I. I. Phonology. II. The Concord.
Section 1. The Noun. 8vo. pp. xxxvi. and 322, cloth. 1869. £\ 16s.
Bleek. — A Brief Account of Bushman Folk Lore and other Texts.
By W. H. I. Bleek, Ph.D., etc., etc. Folio sd., pp. 21. 1875. 'Is. dd.
Bleek. — Eetnard the Fox in South Africa; or, Hottentot Fables.
Translated from the Original Manuscript in Sir George Grey's Library.
By Dr. W. H. I. Bleek, Librarian to the Grey Library, Cape Town, Cape
of Good Hope. In one volume, small Bvo., pp. xxxi. and 94, cloth. 1864.
3s. 6d.
Callaway. — Izinganekwane, Kensumansumane, Nezindaba, Zabantu
(Nursery Tales, Traditions, and Histories of the Zulus). In their own words,
with a Translation into English, and Notes. By the Rev. Henry Callaway,
M.D. Volume I., 8vo. pp. xiv. and 378, cloth. Natal, 1866 and 1867. i6«.
Callaway. — The Religious System of the Amazulu.
Parti. — Unkulunkulu; or, the Tradition of Creation as existing among the
Amazuluand other Tribes of South Africa, in their own words, with a translation
into English, and Notes. By the Rev. Canon Callaway, M.D. 8vo. pp. 128,
sewed. 1868. 4s.
Part II. — Amatongo; or. Ancestor Worship, as existing among the Amazulu, in
their own words, with a translation into English, and Notes. By the Rev.
Canon Callaway, M.D. 1869. 8vo. pp. 127, sewed. 1869. 4.«f.
Part III. — Izinyanga Zokubula ; or. Divination, as existing among the Amazulu, in
their own words. With a Translation into English, and Notes. By the Rev.
Canon Callaway, M.D. 8vo. pp. 150, sewed. 1870. 4*.
Part IV. — Abatakati, or Medical Magic and Witchcraft. 8vo. pp. 40, sewed. Is. 6d,
Chfistaller. — A Dictionary, English, Tshi, (Asante), Akra ; Tshi
(Chwee), comprising as dialects Akan (Asante, Akem, Akuape'm, etc.) and
Fant^ ; Akra (Accra), connected with Adangme ; Gold Coast, West Africa.
Enyiresi, Twi ne' Nkran I Enlist, Otsiii ke Ga
nsem - asekyere - nhoraa. ' wiemoi - asisitsomu- wolo.
By the Rev. J. G. Chhistaller, Rev. C. W. Locheu, Rev. J. Zimmermann^
16mo. 7«. 6d.
Christaller. — A Grammar of the Asante and Fante Language, called
Tshi (Chwee, Twi) : based on the Akuapem Dialect, with reference to the
other (Akan and Fante) Dialects. By Rev. J. G. Christaller. 8vo. pp.
xxiv. and 203. 1875. 10*. 6d.
42 Linguistic Publications of TrUhner 8f Co,
Dohne. — The Four Gospels in Zulu. By the Rev. J. L. Dohne,
Missionary to the American Board, C.F.M. 8vo. pp. 208, cloth. Pietermarita-
burg, 1866. 5*.
Dohne. — A Zulu-Kafie Dictionary, etymologically explained, with
copious Illustrations and examples, preceded by an introduction on the Zulu*
Kafir Language. By the Rev. J. L. Dohne. Royal Svo. pp. xlii. and 418,
sewed. Cape' Town, 1857. 21s.
Grey. — Handbook or African, Australian, and Polynesian Phi-
lology, as represented in the Library of His Excellency Sir George Grey,
K.C.B., Her Majesty's High Commissioner of the Cape Colony. Classed,
Annotated, and Edited by Sir George Grey and Dr. H. I. Bleeic.
Vol. I. Part 1.— South Africa. Svo. pp. 186. 20s.
Vol.1. Part 2.— Africa (North of the Tropic of Capricorn). Svo. pp. 70. 45.
Vol. I. Part 3.— Madagascar. Svo. pp. 24. 55.
Vol. II. Part 1. — Australia. Svo. pp. iv. and 44.
Vol. II. Part 2.— Papuan Languages of the Loyalty Islands and New Hebrides, compris-
ing those of the Islands of Nengone, Lifu, Aneitum, Tana, and
others. Svo. pp. 12. Is.
Vol, II. Part 3.— Fiji Islands and Rotuma (with Supplement to Part II , Papuan Lan-
guages, and Part I., Austraha). Svo. pp. 34. 25.
Vol. II. Part 4.— New Zealand, the Chatham Islands, and Auckland Islands. Svo. pp.
76. 7s.
Vol. II. Part 4 {co7itinuation). —Tolyrxesia and Borneo. Svo. pp. 77-154. 7s.
Vol. III. Part 1. — Manuscripts and Incunables. Svo. pp. viii. and 24. 2s.
Vol. IV. Part 1.— Early Printed Books. England. Svo. pp. vi. and 266. 125.
Grout. — The Isizulu : a Grammar of the Zulu Language ; accompanied
with an Historical Introduction, also with an Appendix. By Rev. Lewis Grout.
Svo. pp. lii. and 432, cloth. 2ls.
Krapf. — Dictionary of the Suahili Language. Compiled by the
Rev. Dr. L. Krapf, Missionary of the Church Missionary Society in East
Africa. With an Appendix, containing an Outline of a Suahili Grammar.
Medium Svo. cloth. [In preparation.
Steere. — Short Specimens of the Vocabularies of Three Un'-
PUBLISHED African Languages (Gindo, Zaramo, and Angazidja). Collected
by Edward Steere, LL.D. 12mo. pp. 20. 6d.
Steere. — Collections for a Han-dbooz of the Nyamwezi Language,
as spoken at Unyanyembe. By Edward Steere, LL.D. Fcap. cloth, pp. 100.
Is. 6d.
Tindall. — A Grammar and Yocabulary of the ^DsTamaqua-Hottentot
Language. By Henry Tindall, Wesleyan Missionary. Svo. pp. 124, sewed. 6*.
Zulu Izaga; That is, Proverbs, or Out-of-the-'Way Sayings of the
Zulus. Collected, Translated, and interpreted by a Zulu Missionary. Crown
Svo. pp. iv. and 32, sewed. 2s. 6d.. "With Appendix, pp. iv. and 50, sewed. Zs.
AMERICAN LANGUAGES.
Byington. — Grammar of the Choctaw Language. By the Rev. Cyrus
Byington. Edited from the Original MSS. in Library of the American
Philosophical Society, by D. G. Brinton, M.D. Cr. Svo. sewed, pp. 56. 7s. 6d.
JEllis. — Peru VIA Scythica. The Quichua Language of Peru : its
derivation from Central Asia with the American languages in general, and with
the Turanian and Iberian languages of the Old World, including the Basque,
the Lycian, and the Pre- Aryan language of Etruria. By Robert Ellis, B.D.
Svo. cloth, pp. xii. and 219. 1875. 6s.
57 and 59, Ludgate Hill, London, K C. 43
Howse. — A Grammar of the Ceee Language. With which is com-
bined an analysis of the Chippeway Dialect. By Joseph Howse, Esq.,
F.R.G.S. 8vo. pp. XX. and 324, cloth. 7s. 6d.
"Markham. — Ollanta: A Drama in the Quichua Language. Text,
Translation, and Introduction, By Clements R. Markham, F.R.G.S. Crown
8vo., pp. 128, cloth. 7s. 6d.
Matthews. — Ethnology and Philology of the Hidatsa Indians.
By Washington Matthews, Assistant Surgeon, U.S. Army. 8vo. cloth.
£1 Us. 6d.
Contents: -Ethnography, Philology, Grammar, Dictionary, and English-Hidatsa Vocabulary.
ITodaL — Los Yinculos de Ollanta y Cusi-Kcuyllor. Drama en
Quichua. Obra Compilada y Espurgada con la Version Castellana al Frente
de su Testo por el Dr. Jose Fernandez Nodal, Abogado de los Tribunales
de Justicia de la Rep6blica del Perti. Bajo los Auspicios de la Redentora
Sociedad de Fil&ntropos para Mejoror la Suerte de los Aborijenes Peruanos.
Roy. 8vo. bds. pp. 70. 1874. 7*. 6d.
19'odaL — Elementos de GramAtica Quichua 6 Idioma de los Yncas.
Bajo los Auspicios de la Redentora, Sociedad de Fil^ntropos para mejorar la
suerte de los Aborijenes Peruanos. Por el Dr. Jose Fernandez Nodal,
Abogado de los Tribunales de Justicia de la Republica del Perfi. Royal 8vo.
cloth, pp. xvi. and 441. Appendix, pp. 9. £1 Is.
Ollanta: A Drama in the Quichua Language. See under Markham
and under Nodal.
Pimentel. — Cuadro descriptivo y comparatiyo de las Lenguas
Indigenas de Mexico, o Tratado de Filologia Mexicana. Par Francisco
Pimentel. 2 Edicion unica completa. 3 Volsurae 8vo. Mexico, 1875.
£2 25.
Thomas. — The Theory and Practice of Creole Grammar. By J. J.
Thomas. Port of Spain CTrinidad), 1S69. 1 vol. 8vo. bds. pp. viii. and 135. 12*.
ANGLO-SAXON.
March. — A Comparative Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Language ;
in which its forms are illustrated by those of the Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, Gothic,
Old Saxon, Old Friesic, Old Norse, and Old High-German. By Francis A.
March, LL.D. Demy 8vo. cloth, pp. xi. and 253. 1877. 10s.
B.ask. — A Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Tongue. From the Danish
of Erasmus Rask, Professor of Literary History in, and Librarian to, the
University of Copenhagen, etc. By Benjamin Thorpe. Second edition,
corrected and improved. ISmo. pp. 200, cloth. 5s. 6d.
Wright. — Anglo-Saxon and Old-English Vocabularies, Illustrating
the Condition and Manners of our Forefathers, as well as the History of the
Forms of Elementary Education, and of the Languages spoken in this Island
from the Tenth Century to the Fifteenth. Edited by Thomas Wright, Esq.,
M.A., F.S.A., etc. Second Edition, edited, collated, and corrected by Richard
WuLCKER. [/« the press.
44 Lingtdstic Publications of Triihner §• Co.
ARABIC.
Ahlwardt. — The DiyIns of the Six Ancient Arabic Poets, Ennabiga,
'Antara, Tarafa, Zuhair, 'Algama, and Imruolgais ; chiefly according to the
MSS. of Paris, Gotha, and Leyden, and the collection of their Fragments : with
a complete list of the various readings of the Text. Edited by W. Ahlwardt,
8vo. pp. XXX. 340, sewed. 1870. lis.
Alif Lailat wa Lailat. — The Arabian Nights. 4 vols. 4to. pp. 495,
493,442, 434. Cairo, a.h. 1279 (1862). £3 3*.
This celebrated Edition of the Arabian Nights is now, for the first time, offered at a price
which malies it accessible to Scholars of limited means.
Athar-ul-Adhar — Traces of Centuries ; or, Geographical and Historical
Arabic Dictionary, by Selim Khuri and Selim Sh-hade. Geographical
Parts I. to IV., Historical Parts I. and II. 4to. pp. 788 and 384. Price
7s. 66?. each part. \In course of publication.
Badger. — An English-Arabic Lexicon, in which the equivalents for
English words and Idiomatic Sentences are rendered into literary and colloquial
Arabic. By George Percy Badger, D.C.L. 4to. cloth, pp. xii. and 1248.
1880. £9 9s.
Butrus-al-Bustany.— ujjl^l l^lj ^^\:S> An Arabic Encylopaedia
of Universal Knowledge, by Butrus-al-Bustany, the celebrated compiler
of Mohit ul Mohit (Lu.sM li-.sr^), and Katr el Mohit (Lu.sM iii).
This work will be completed in from 12 to 15 Vols., of which yols. I. to III.
are ready, Vol. I. contains letter \ to C-^1 ; Vol. II. C_->] to jl; Vol. III.
J\ to cl Vol. IV. d to ^\ Small folio, cloth, pp. 800 each. £\ lis. U.
per Vol.
Cotton. — Arabic Primer. Consisting of 180 Short Sentences contain-
ing 30 Primary Words prepared according to the Vocal System of Studying
Language. By General Sir Arthur Cotton, K.C.S.I. Or. 8vo. cloth, pp»
38. 2*.
Hassoun. — The Diwan of Hatim Tai. An Old Arabic Poet of the
Sixth Century of the Christian Era. Edited by R. Hassoun. With Illustra-
tions. 4to. pp. 43. 3s. 6rf.
Jami, MuUa. — Salaman TJ Absal. An Allegorical Romance; being^
one of the Seven Poems entitled the Haft Aurang of Mulla JamT, now first
edited from the Collation of Eight Manuscripts in the Library of the India
House, and in private collections, with various readings, by Forbes
Falconer, M.A., M.R.A.S. 4to. cloth, pp. 92. 1850. 7s. M.
Koran (The). Arabic text, lithographed in Oudh, a.h. 1284 (1867).
16mo. pp. 942. 9s.
Koran (The) ; commonly called The Alcoran of Mohammed.
Translated into English immediately from the original Arabic. By George
Sale, Gent. To which is prefixed the Life of Mohammed. Crown 8vo. cloth,
pp. 472. 7s.
Koran. — Extracts from the Coran in the Original, with English
Rendering. Compiled by Sir William Muir, K.C.S.I., LL.D., Author of
the " Life of Mahomet." Crown 8vo. pp. 58, cloth. 1880. 3s. M.
Ko-ran (Selections from the). — See '' Triibner's Oriental Series." p. 3.
Leitner. — Introduction to a Philosophical Grammas .of Arabic.
Being an Attempt to Discover a Few Simple Principles in Arabic Grammar.
By G. W. Leitner. Svo. sewed, pp. 52 Lahore. 4s.
57 and 59, Ludgate Hill, London, E. C. 45
Morley. — A Descriptive Catalogue of the Historical Manuscripts
in the Arabic and Persian Languages preserved in the Library of the Eoyal
Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. By William H. Morley,
M.R.A.S. 8vo. pp. viii. and 160, sewed. London, 1854. 2s. Qd.
Muhammed. — The Life op Mtjhammed. Based on Muhammerl Ibn
Ishak. By Abd El Malik Ibn Hisham. Edited by Dr. Ferdinand Wusten-
FELD. The Arabic Text. 8vo. pp. 1026, sewed. Price 21s. Introduction,
Notes, and Index in German. 8vo. pp. Ixxii. and 266, sewed. Is. M. Each
part sold separately.
The text based on the Manuscripts of the Berlin, Leipsic, Gotha and Leyden Libraries, has
teen carefully revised by the learned editor, and printed with the utmost exactness.
Newman. — A Hajtdbook of Modern- Arabic, consisting of a Practical
Grammar, with numerous Examples, Dialogues, and Newspaper Extracts, in a
European Type. By F. W. Newman, Emeritus Professor of University
College, London ; formerly Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. Post Svo. pp.
XX. and 192, cloth. London, 1866. 6s.
Newman. — A Dictioj^art of Moderi^ Arabic — 1. Anglo- Arabic
Dictionary. 2. Anglo-Arabic Vocabulary. 3. Arabo-English Dictionary. By
F. W. Newman, Emeritus Professor of University College, London. In 2
vols, crown Syc, pp. xvi. and 376—464, cloth. £1 \s.
Palmer. — The Song of the Reed; and other Pieces. By E. H.
Palmer, M.A., Cambridge. Crown Svo. cloth, pp. 208. 1876. bs.
Among the Contents will be found translations from Hafiz, from Omer el Kheiydm, and
from other Persian as well as Arabic poets.
Palmer. — Hindustani, Persian, and Arabic Grammar Simplified.
B. E. H. Palmer. M.A., Professor of Arabic at the University of Cambridge,
and Examiner in Hindustani for H.M. Civil Service Commissioners. Crown Svo.
Bogers. — Notice on the Dinars of the Abbasside Dynasty. By
Edward Thomas Rogers, late H.M. Consul, Cairo. Svo. pp. 44, with a
Map and four Autotype Plates. 5«.
Schemeil. — El Mitbtaker; or, First Born. (In Arabic, printed at
Beyrout). Containing Five Comedies, called Comedies of Fiction, on Hopes
and Judgments, in Twenty-six Poems of 1092 Verses, showing the Seven Stages
of Life, from man's conception unto his death and burial. By Emin Ibrahim
Schemeil. In one volume, 4to. pp. 166, sewed. 1870. 5s.
Syed Ahmad. — A Series of Essays on thk Life of Mohammed, and
Subjects subsidiary thereto. By Syed Ahmad Khan Bahador, C.S.L, Author of
the "Mohammedan Commentary on the Holy Bible," Honorary Member of the
Royal Asiatic Society, and Life Honorary Secretary to the Allygurh Scientific
Society. Svo. pp. 532, with 4 Genealogical Tables, 2 Maps, and a Coloured
Plate, handsomely bound in cloth. 1870. £1 IQs.
ASSAMESE.
Bronson. — A Dictionary in Assamese and English. Compiled by
M Bronson, American Baptist Missionary. Svo. calf, pp. viii. and 609. £2 2s.
45 . Linguistic Publications of Truhner 8f Co,
ASSYRIAN (Cuneiform, Accad, Babylonian).
Budge. — AssYEiAN Texts, Selected and Arranged, with Philologica
Notes. By Ernest A. Budge, M.R.A.S., Assyrian Exhibitioner, Christ^
College, Cambridge. (New Volume of the Archaic Classics.) Crown 4to. cloth
pp. viii. and 44. 1880. Is. e>d.
Bupge. — The Histoey of Esarhaddon-. See ** Triibner's Oriental
Series," p. 4.
Catalogue (A), of leading Books on Egypt and Egyptology, and on
Assyria and Assyriology, to be had at the affixed prices, of Triibner and Co. pp.
40. 1880. U.
Clarke. — "Researches in Pre-histoeic and Proto-historic Compara-
tive Philology, Mythology, and Archeology, in connexion with the-
Origin of Culture in America and the Accad or Sumerian Families. By Hyde
Clarke. Demy 8vo. sewed, pp. xi. and 74. 1875. 2s. 6d.
Cooper. — An Archaic Dictionary, Biographical, Historical and Mytho-
logical ; from the Egyptian and Etruscan Monuments, and Papyri. By W. R.
Cooper. London, 1876. 8vo. cloth. I5s.
Hincks. — Specimen Chapters of an Assyrian Grammar. By the
late Eev. E. Hincks, D.D., Hon. M.R.A.S. 8vo., sewed, pp. 44. Is.
Lenormant (F.) — Chaldean Magic; its Origin and Development.
Translated from the French. With considerable Additions by the Author..
London, 1877. 8vo. pp. 440. I2s.
Luzzatto. — Grammar of the Biblical Chaldaic Language and the
Talmud Babylonical Idioms. By S. D. Luzzatto. Translated from the
Italian by J. S. Goldammer. Cr. 8vo. cl., pp. 122. 7s. Qd.
Rawlinson. — Notes on the Early History of Babylonia. By
Colonel Rawlinson, C.B. 8vo. sd., pp. 48. Is.
Rawlinson. — A Commentary on the Cuneiform Inscriptions of
Babylonia and Assyria, including Readings of the Inscription on the Nimrud
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. The Same. Vol.1. Assyrian Texts, 1. Crown 8vo. cloth. 3s. 6c?.
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■ The Same. Vol. III. Assyrian Texts, 2. Crown 8vo. cloth. 3s. 6rf.
Contents: Early History of Babylonia. By George Smith - Tablet of Ancient Aceadian
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The Same. Vol. V. Assyrian Texts, 3. Crown 8vo. cloth. Zs. %d.
Contents : Legend of the infancy of Sargina I. ; Inscription of Nabonidus. Inscription
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The Same. Vol. VII. Assyrian Texts, 4. Crown 8yo. cloth. 3s. Qd.
Contents: Inscription of Agukak-rimi; Legend of the Tower of Babel. By W. St.
Chad Boscawen.— Standard Inscription of Ashur-akh-bal ; Monolith of Ashur-akh-bal ; A
Prayer and a Vision ; Senkereh Inscription of Nebuchadnezzar ; Birs-Nimrud Inscription
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Ancient Babylonian Moral and Political Precepts; Aceadian Penitential Psalm; Baby-
lonian Samts' Calendar. By Rev. A. H. Sayce, M. A.— Eleventh Tablet of the Izdubar
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. The Same. Vol. IX. Assyrian Texts, 6. Crown Svo. cloth. 3s. &d,
Contents : Great Inscription in the Palace of Khorsabad ; Inscriptions of the Persian
Monarchs; Inscription on the Sarcophagus of King Esmunazar. By Prof. Dr. Julius
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banipal. By the late George Smith. — Babylonian Public Documents. By MM. Oppert and
Menant.— Chaldean Account of the Creation; Ishtar and Izdubar; The Fight between
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"William St. Chad Boscawen —Aceadian Poem on the Seven Evil Spirits ; Fragment of aa
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Hunting Expedition. By Rev. W. Houghton,— Inscription of Assur-izir-pal. By W.
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The Tale of the Garden of Flowers. By Fran9ois Chabas.
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Great Mendes Stele. Translated from Brugsch-Bey.
The Litany of Ra. By Edouard Naville.
The Papyrus of Moral Precepts. By M. Theod. Deveria.
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The Book of Hades. By E. Lefebure.
Ancient Festivals of the Nile. By Ludwig Stem.
Inscriptions of Queen Ilatasu. By Johannes Diimichen.
Contract of Marriage. By E. Revillout.
Tablet of Alexander .Egus II. By S. M. Drach.
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The Book of Hades. By E. Lefebure.
Scarabaei of Amenophis III. By S. Birch, LL.D.
Dream of Thothmes IV. By S. Birch, LL.D.
The Foundation of the Temple of the Sun at Heliopolis. By L. Stern.
Inscription of Ameni-Amenemha. By S. Birch, LL.D.
Inscription of Chnunhetep. By S. Birch, LL.D.
Libation Vase of Osor-ur. By P. Pierret.
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Inscription of Prince Nimrod. By S. Birch, LL.D.
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Inscriptions on the Statue of Bak-en-Khonsu (xix. Dynasty). By P. J. de Horrack.
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Inscription of Queen Hatasu on the base of the Great Obelisk of Karnak. By P. Le
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Sepulchral Inscription of Panehsi. By E. L. Lushington, LL.D.
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Stoddard. — GEAMiiAE of the Modeen Syetac Language, as spoken in
Oroomiah, Persia, and in Koordistan. By Eev. D. T. Stoddard, Missionary of
the American Board in Persia. Demy 8vo. bds., pp. 190. 10*. 6d.
TAMIL.
BescM. — Clavis Humai^ioeitm Litteeaeum Sublimioeis Tamijlici Idio-
MATis. Auctore E,. P. Constantio Josepho Beschio, Soc. Jesu, in Madureasi
Eegno Missionario. Edited by the Eev. K. Ihlefeld, and printed for A.
Bumell, Esq., Tranquebar. 8vo. sewed, pp. 171. 10s. M.
Lazarus. — A Tamil Geammae designed for use in Colleges and Schools.
By John Lazarus, B.A. Small 8vo. cloth, pp. viii. and 230. 1878. 5a. 6^
Lazarus. — A Tamil Geammae, Designed for use in Colleges and Schools.
By J. Lazarus. 12mo. cloth, pp. viii. and 230. London, 1879. hs. M.
Pope. — A Tamil Handbook; or, Full Introduction to the Common
Dialect of that Language, on the plaa^of Ollendorff and Arnold. With copious
Vocabularies, Appendices, containing Reading Lessons, Analyses of Letters,
Deeds, Complaints, OflScial Documents By Eev. G. U. Pope. Third edition,
8vo. cloth, pp. iv. and 388. 18«.
TELUGU.
Arden. — A Peogeessive Geammae of the Telugit Language, with
Copious Examples and Exercises. In Three Parts. Part I. Introduction. —
On the Alphabet and Orthography. — Outline Grammar, and Model Sentences.
Part II. A Complete Grammar of the Colloquial Dialect. Part III. On tlie
Grammatical Dialect used in Books. By A. H. Arden, M.A.., Missionary of
the C. M. S. Masulipatam. 8vo. sewed, pp. xiv. and 380. \Xs,
Arden. — A Companion Telugu Header to Arden's Progressive Telugu
Grammar. 8vo. cloth, pp. 130. Madras, 1879. 7s. 6flf.
Carr. — «-ojjjSer^§ _5,'^°L?^- A Collection of Teltjgf Peoyeebs,
Translated, Illustrated, and Explained ; together with some Sanscrit Proverbs
printed in the Devanagari and Telugu Characters. By Captain M. "W. Caur,
Madras Staff Corps. One Vol. and Supplemnt, royal 8vo. pp. 488 and 148. 31s 6d
94 Linguistic Piihlications of Truhner & Co.,
TIBETAN.
Csoma de Koros. — A Dictiois-ary Tibetan and English (only). By
A. Csoma de Koros. 4to. cloth, pp. xxii. and 352. Calcutta, 1834. £2 2s.
Csoma de Koros. — A Grammar of the Tibetan Language. By A.
Csoma de Koros. 4to. sewed, pp. xii. and 204, and 40. 1834. 25s.
Lewin. — A Manual of Tibetan, being a Guide to the Colloquial Speech
of Tibet, in a Series of Progressive Exercises, prepared with the assistance of
Yapa Ugyen Gyatsho, by Major Thomas Herbert Lewin. Oblong 4to. cloth,
pp. xi. and 176. 1879. £1 Is.
TUEKI.
Shaw. — A Sketch of the Turki Language. As Spoken in Eastern
Turkistan (Kashghar and Yarkand). By Robert Barklay Shaw, F.R.G.S.,
Political Agent. In Two Parts. With Lists of Names of Birds and Plants
by J. Scully, Surgeon, H.M. Bengal Army. 8vo. sewed, Part I., pp. 130.
1876. Is. Qd.
TUEKISH.
Arnold. — A Simple Transliteral Grammar of the Turkish Lai^guage.
Compiled from various sources. With Dialogues and Vocabulary. By Edwin
Arnold, M.A., C.S.I., F.R.G.S. Pott 8vo. cloth, pp. 80. 1877. 'la. 6d.
Hopkins. — Elementary Grammar op the Turkish Lastguage. With
a few Easy Exercises. By F. L. Hopkins. M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Trinity
Hall, Cambridge. Cr. 8vo. cloth, pp. 48. 1877. 3s. 6d.
Redhouse. — On the History, System, and Varieties of Turkish Poetry,
Illustrated by Selections in the Original, and in English Paraphrase. With a
notice of the Islamic Doctrine of the Immortality of Woman's Soul in the
Future State. By J. W. Redhouse, M.R.A.S. Demy 8vo. pp 64. 1879.
(Reprinted from the Transactions of the Eoyal Society of Literature) sewed,
Is. 6c?. ; cloth, 2s. 6d.
Redhouse. — The Turkish Campaigner's Yade-Mecum of Ottoman
CoLLoauiAL Language ; containing a concise Ottoman Grammar ; a carefully
selected Vocabulary, alphabetically arranged, in two parts, English and Turkish,
and Turkish and English; also a few Familiar Dialogues; the whole in English
characters. By J. W. Redhouse, F.R.A.S. Third Edition. Oblong 3 2mo.
limp cloth. 1881. 6s.
57 and 59, Liidgate Hilly London, E. C, 95
UMBRIAN.
Newman. — The Text of the Igtjyine Insceiptions, with interlinear
Latin Translation and Notes. By Francis W. Newman, late Professor of
Latin at University College, London. 8vo. pp. xvi. and 54, sewed. 1868. 2s,
. URIYA.
Maltby. — A Practical Handbooe: of the Urita oe Odita Language.
By Thomas J. Maltbt, Madras C.S. Svo. pp. xiii. and 201. 1874. 10*. 6d.
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