The early history of Ransom County, including references to Sargent County, 1835-1885

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PRESENTED BV"

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THE

EARLY HISTORY

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RANSOM COUNTY

NORTH DAKOTA

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THE

EARLY HISTORY

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RANSOM COUNTY

INCLUDING REFERENCES TO SARGENT COUNTY
1835-1886

LARIMORE, N. D.

PRINTED BY H. V. ARNOLD

1918

Publisher's Booklet
No. 20.

ProTioni iBsnes bearing on N. D. loeal hlsUrj :

k history of Larinaore to 1910, 186 pages.

Moraine Township, SS p.

The Early History of Inkster, 128 p.

The History 9/ Qid Pembina, 168 p.

Gift

AuthoT

OCT 23 i92Q

FOREWORD

Tms booklet w»* suggested some jean ag* tnm the fact tkal
mrlf In 1903 the pablisher prepared for II. B. Oe La Bere«
thtfi editor of the Sheldon Progress, a coaple of articles n?
dtled ''Some hlarlj Visits of White Men to Kansom CMOtj.*'
These vere published in the Progress in its issues of April t)
A&d May 3, 1903. Mr. De La Bere is not now living, but wa«
« loao that rather ought to have lived longer into the new cca*
turj. The publisher was not personally acquainted with k\m
bat may have seen him during some call made by him at tke
Pioneer office in Larimore, if he was ever here. We do aot
remember how long it may have been after the publication «f
the articles mentioned that such a project as including ta oar
series a booklet on Ransom County was considered, but it wm^
a number of years ago.

The actual printing of this work was hnally brought abo«^
in an adventitious manner. The third chapter of a work ef
tilled "The History of Old fembina," concerned fur com*
panics and the fur trade, in its nature introductory, and goo4
in whole or in part for two or three other contemplated bookk
While the type was standing, pages with adapting changes^
were printed in advance for three other contemplated work8|
and laid away until the Pembina book was finished. In that
way pages 13—23 of this wcnk were printed in advance of the
rest. The spiing was not good drying weather for printing
(nkf so while unfinished sheets were drying, work was being
iont on some other booK, and hence we were enabled to push
the present one along considerably.

Our pamphlets are printed in a house in town and with a
limited private outfit, on a press improvised from a common
copy-press. One page only is printed at an impresaioa, four"
paged sheets being used each folded once. No maanscfipt it
ased getting up these works. Aside from qaotcd matttz, each
page is pat ia type as reached witiioat aa^ag a^j cof y«

CONTENTS
1. General Description.

Location, size and drainage, 5, 6 — Topography and capaei*
ties, 6, 7 — Railroad faciliries, population, landmarks, 7, 8— •
Aborigines, 9-— The Sbeyenne, and direrse spellings, 9, lO —
Bargent County, ii —Township diagram of Ransom Co., IS.

II. Fur Companies and the Fur Trade.

Inception of the fur trade, 13 — Early fur trading in Norlli
America, 13, 14 — The Hudson Bay Company, 15 -The French
in the Northwest, 18 -The Northwest Company, 20 — Earlf
posts on Red river, 21, 22— Later organized companies, as,!).

III. Some Government Expeditions.

First visitants to Ransom County probably fur traders, 24 —
Featberstonhaugh visits the Coreau des Prairies, 25 — The ex»
peditinn of Jean N. Nic- Uet. 26 — At Devils lake and in Ra»*
som County, 27, 28 -Nicollet's map, 28 — His methods and
work, 30 --Injustice to Nicollet's memory, 3I--Capt. E. V.
Sumner, 32— The Oregon trail, 32— Gen. Sibley's march
through Ransom County, 33, 35— Fort Ransom, 36, 37 — The
government freighters, 38, 40.

IV. Civil Organization and Settlement.

Creation of conntie?. 41— The earliest settlers. 43, 44 — Two
classes of settlers, 4";— Remarks on the timber settlers, 46, 47
— Drouth year, 48 — The governrpent survey, 49— How the
townships were «rb(iividef^, 50. 5"? — Claitr shack days, 54, 57
— County organization, 58 — The Big slough, 59— Glacial »«•
floencfS and effects, 60, 61 — Karly days at Lisbon, 62, 65 —
First church societies, 66 — Ransom County gold excitement,
67, 70— The first start of Sheldon, 70. 72.— NoTK, 73, 74-

THE EARLY HISTORY

OF

RANSOM COUNTY

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

RANSOM County is situated in the Bootbeftstera
portion of N«»rth UHkota with one county between
it and the eastern border of the state and likewise ob«
eounty between it and the state line oi South Dakota,
Other counties in the same part of the state which
bound Kansom County on all lour sides are Barnes aud
Cass north, Kichlaud east, 8argeut south, and LaMour*
west. Its lorni is a purHllelograni and consists of 2^
government or congressional townnhips in four towua
north and south and six ranges from east to west as tb»
range numbers run. This makes the county 24 milw
wide by S6 in length. It comprises 864 square miles
or 662,960 acres.

A notable drainHge feature of Kansom County ia
formed by the J^lieyenne river, a moderate sized atream
for its length. It enters the county some four miles
east or its northwestern corner and flows in a general
southeast direction to within six miles of the south line
of the county, its course here being eastward for several
miles; thence it swings around northward for about te»
iniles, then turning east by north another ten mile*, U
^aally passes out ol the coup I y aif |)nllea aoUtb of }t»

6 THl BARLT BiSTOtBT OF ftlSrSOM OOUtfTT

fiortbtastern coroer. These distaDces are those acrosa
towDsbips bisected by the river and do not takeaccouot
of its windingH. Its southero extension and radical
change in the direction of its course, forma what ia
oalled the bijc bend or bow of the riyer. At four or
five miles north of this bend, the loup thus formed ia
uine or ten miles across from side to side.

Maple river comes into the county for a few milea
in the nurth part of Liberty Township and than taraa
out again, being confined to a limited part of that
township only, within the county limits. Dead Colt
creek is a i>mall stream in the southern part of the
county which flows east by north and then northerly,
reaching the bow of the Hheyenne in the southwest
part ol Big Bend Township. A stream called Bear
creek is located in the west part of Kort Kausom Town*
ship but scon leaves the im.ui ty and flows southwest to
James river. Nicollet's map published in 1842, names
it -'Mato Pahah or Grisly Bear Hill R.," and shows its
Talley as lined with bluffs on either side. Besides the
streams mentioned, Ransom County contains a few
snail lakes.

The surface of the county is generally undulating,
being overxpreHd by a black, sandy loam underlaid by
t clay subsoil. The topograpliy and capacities of tha
county h»ve been described in the following manner:

"First, that part in the southwestern portion of the
ecunty conr prising about three townships, which is too
light to depend upon for grain raising purposes, altho
in wet seasons crops are grown upon it equal to those of
other parts of the cointy. The water is very near the,
surface and when tha land Lb left aadisturbed the grass

grows more luxuriantly than on ih« high and hard
prairie laods. Thin land oialces ideal stock farms.

"Second, the Tallest and low lands along the Sbej*
•one and Maple rivera. The valleys will average abomt
two miles in width and extend in a semi-circle throagh
the county over .Heventy miles in length. This soil ia
rich and produces an abundance of everything which
U grown in the state.

**The third division comptiMing three-fourths of the
Und of the county, is a level(?) prairie upon which
single fields can be cultivated fur miles in length, and
a 4(iil unsurpaHsed for fertility^ and it would be safe to
say that not one quarter section in twenty would hava
five acres of untilable land upon it."

The county grows all kinds of grain and vegetables
commonly raised in the northern ntates. The average
siie of the farm^ are stated to be 320 acres. There are
hundreds of artesian wells in the county, put down 500
to 800 feet which flow an Hbundance of pure cold water.
Many natural springs also abound in the county.

The county is crossed by two lines of railroad, Tha
Fargo A Southwestern, u brjinch of the Northern Pa-
cific Kailroad, enters the county less than two miles wesi
of its norihe>»st corner, runs through parts of Coburn
Qreene, Liberty, Casey, Tuller (merely the southeast
corner of this township). Island Fark, Fayetta and
Koland townships, leaving the county nearly six milee
north of its southwest corner. A line of the "8oo"
system crosses the eastern part of the county running
in a northwest direction. It enters the county fr©»
Kichland County some six miles north of the southeast
corner of Kansom County, and bisects 8aadoun, Owego.

e TH» MAAI.T HittTOHY QF RARBOM COUHTT

<80uthwesl corner thereof), Shenstone, Greene (sontli
west corner) and Liberty townships, crossing the Farf^*
line ill the Utter and leaves the county about 15^ milfg
west of its northeast corner. Thirteen townships of
the county are not touched by any railroad line*

Stations in the county on the Fargo & Southweitern
line are Goburn, Sheldon, Buttz?ille, Lisbon, Elliotl
and EngleTale. Lisbon, the largest place in the county,
is the county-seat, and is finely situated in the Sheyenot
▼alley, iu Island Park Tuwuabip. Villages on the 800
Hue are McLeod, Venio, Anselm, VVillard and Ender*
lin. Atteiupt<i to locate towns in North Dakota away
from railroad lines do not aaiount to much of anything.
UurHl mail routes and the telephone syAtem are gentr*
ally extended over the county.

The people of Ransom County came largely from Wla-
cousin, Iowa and Minnesota. CouAiderHbie portions were
of ScandinaAian, Uerinan and other nationalities. The
government census for the county, which then included
Sargent and small parts of LaMoure and Dickey couo-
ties, for the year 1880 amounted to 637 inhabitanta*
Ib^1890 the county with itH present boundaries had a
populntion amounting to 5,863; increased in 1900 to
6,V19; in 1910, 10,345 inhnbitants aud the state ccnsna
taken in 1915 gave the population as 11,045. It is es-
timated that the county could s«ustain 30,000 people.

Some natural and artificial objects of interest in the
county are Bears l>en Hillock, Okiedan Butte, Standing
Rock, remains of Fort KaDoom, and Indian mounds and
objects of placed bowlders, stone circles and represent-
ailons of animals. The btittes and streams were named
on maps at an earlier date than |s ^ompionly supposed.

ABfliBE4X' IMtBORIPnOI

Hannom County came within the Qountry that one*
belonged to the Yankton dioux. The Sioux nation
comprised several divition* and the larger clans were
In turn divided into a few subdivisions which was the
case with the Yaukluns or Yanktonais. The Sioux ori-
Itlnally dwelt in the lake region of northern MinnesoU,
from which they were expelled by the Chippewas who
pressed westward upon them from the country south of
Lake Superior. This took place sometime before 1760.
Jonathan Carver found then» located along the Minn**
iota nver in 1766. From this location their increasing
bands were gradually lured into the Dakotas, (except
the northern part ot North Uak»)ta which the Chipp©-
w&t claimed) by the abundance of buflalo and oihw
large game anim»ls.

There dwelt at that early period along the Sheyenn*
^Iver a different people trom the Sioux, called Shawaya
or Shahiada, and in n.odefu limes the Cheyenues. They
had their principal villa^je on the soutb bend of tht
river, which came to be nanitd after them. This trilia
the Sioux attacked and drove to the southwest aerosa
the Missouri river.

The valley of the Sbeyenuc is about two miles wld«
and fairly well timbertd. l^OH«ibly it pieseuts the
pame general appe»«rnnce now as when its course wa»
first occupied by pioneer settler^i; but without taking
account of artificial changeH there would be others less
apparent and of a minor character. In aboriginal
times aged trees blown over in storms lay where they
fell and slowly rotted away, unless burned by prairie
6res entering the valley; in any event large amountiof
dead wood collected, later to disappear as needed bf

10 -"gam KKBhT MtWtOKT Of KAHSOM COUVTT

Ibe flettlers for fuel; likewiHe the fire- scarred trankt of
dead KtandiDg treen went the »ame way. There were
places where large qiiantitie* of floatage stuff collected
in the Talleja as brought down the streams in floodt;
these collectiunut settlers used or burned away. We do
Hot know how it may he on the Kheyenite, but in some
jfttreatn ralleys in the iitate there are traceable old
ftbandoned channel beds which extend fur some di»-
ilance and then rejoin the fixed stream bed. They were
probably caused by the benver's habit of building dans,
thereby forcing the stream to cut a new channel in the
Wttom land ot its valley fur Mume distance.

The 8heyenne has been called a "historic stream."
probably the name of no other river in the Northwest
haw been spelled by travelers, explorers and militarjr
^en, also on maps, in so many different ways. Below
^s given a collection of varied spellings. The earlier
ijtuthorities knew the stream only where it flows acrott
Kichland and Cass cotiutiei*. Capt. Alex. Henry mereljT
law its timber belt at a distance.

Shyan, Alex. Henry. 1800; also Feathergtooli'att]j^iC
3hienne, Prof. Wm. H, Keating. 1823.
Shayenn OJU, Nicollet's map, 1842.

Shayenne, Capt. Pope, 1849.

Chienne, a Smith's schcol geography, 1849.
ShayODCOJa, a map printed in 1850.
Cheyenne, Alex. Ramsey, 1851.
Shayenne, McNally's Geography, 186a.
Shyenne, Mitchell's Geography, 1866.

Sheyenne, Cheyenne, Iregveat poderi t^Uii^

xiltHmUkt. DKRUHlpTlOV 11

rfAROKNT (iOaSTY.

jiargeDt County is located uezt south of Kansoiq
County, the South Dakota f.tHte line beini^ it§ south
line. It hag Kichland Couuty ea«t and Dickey County
west. Its principal drainage feature J8 Wild Kice rifer
f^hich courseH in a northeast direction through the east
half of the county, leaving the same about five miles
south of it« northeastern corner. In the west part o/
the county there is some drainage toward James riTer«
There are several lakes in Che couuty usually not noUi4
on our modern mapH.

The physical characteristicf of the couuty are much
the same as those that hnve been mentioned for Kanson)
County. Saigent County in rather better provided with
railroad lines than the other, the iireat NortherOt the
Northern Pacific, the Milwaukee, and the Soo systemt
all being represented in the county. The county wa^
created and organised in 1883. Forman is the county
seat and some other towns are Milnor, Delamere, Har*^
lem, Cogswell, Hansom, Rutland, Havana, Brookland,
8traubville and ftrampton.

The following is the population of 8argent County at
different times, according to various census returns;
In 1885, 8,234; in 1890, 6,076; in 1900. 6,039; in 1906,
7,414; (the census for 1910 we do not have io b&nd)^
|iod the ftate census of 1915 gives 9,634<

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IL
^-FU» eOMFANlli® AND THE FUR TRADE

FBOM ftbuut the ihirteeDih century there arose is^
Europe among the higher classes an iDcreasiog de»
aiand for furs of the finer sort. Aiiirr.als that furnisl^
the tco^t valuable iuii» are deiiizeiiH ot either cold ff
.cold temperate regncs oi the lu/rthern hemisphere.
The EuropeaD euppl^ of ^ur8 hud maiLly cobi« from
%he regious arGUod the i:5aitic and Black eea^, but the
tftkiijfi; of CoiiBtaiitinopie by ii.e Turks in 1463 inter-
rupted trade of all kiiMJIs< b*iv^eeL Europe and the East.
Ja tt Urge measure the old trude routes to and froBB
Ihf Orient ^*«efe perwiaiienily disrupted. In the seveM'
ieentb century the chief pioiivs that led the Hu^siaBSt*
^ake possesfeioG of iSiberia was to acquire a country fro»
which rich storea of valuhble tm» Oiighi be obtaiDed.
. When voyajfea began to be made to the noilherD
Atianfic ccasto ol AniericH. but r.iore especially when
.«euiement8 began to l>e es^tabliKl.'fd on the bays »n<i
nloDg the tide-water riyerh «f the seaboard plait* during
ihe first half of the seventeeDth century, the fact bejraw
to be recognized that the gre^t wildercefcs regions of
North America niust be h storehouse of valuable hidea^
skins and fura owing to the large variety of anioriah^
that wf5ie deniaens of the five^ts and swamps of th«
^continent Hud tviih thf> e^kiitB of ^hicb ihe aboriginai
inhabitants clothed theDf*lvt'«. The l>utcb who had
located on MsnhattKU iaiand and along the HudscD
paid considerable atteution to bartering with the In-
dians, but the territory from which they drew auppiiea
was not extensive. lu New England some attention
svas given by individuals to the coUeactioo axid ^hippiii^

H THE EARLY HISIPORT Q7 BAN90M OOUM TT

pi furs to Knglaiid, but ihe colonists Id general cared
little for Lbe bufcinetis; nioreuver, their relentless annir
■hilation ot almost whole tubes etimioated in that seC'
tiou of the country one of the principal factors of tbo
(ur trade, it has been said that the Indians meltp^
iiw&y from coiituct with the Anglo »ason race like tbd
irost belore the south wind.

On the other hand, the geographical position of the
|<ren,ch on the lower ijt. J.Hwrence, the northerly UW
i.tu.de lo which their ^eitlen^ents were made, tbeir eas/
access to the Great Lakes hy natural waterways, the
alHioxl unlimited sc(>^»e ot territory that lay opeo to
«Lhem to the west ot Can^tda, conibined with a natan^
proclivity of establishing and uiaintaiuing friendlj
leiations with m<jat of the Indian tribes with whomibey
jcame in contact, gave the^ special advantages iaeecui-
ing the bulif of the fur trade prior to about the begin-
ning of the last century.

In the latter half of the sjevenieeDtb century the
j^merlcan fur trade had become well eHta'plisbed. Tb«
J>ench pushed into the new regions of the west with
persistence and daring energy. It is evident that one
jof the leading motives of LaSalle in securing the linai
i)f the Illinois river and building forts in its valley, Jaj
in the que^t ih^n being made for beaver hkins and buf-r
falo hides, 'J he fur trade ot the Ej-ench evolved the
"^'coureurs de« hois" or rangers of the woods, and the
I'voyageurs," canoe or boatmen. The first were origin-
ally traderH who made long trips to the Indian country,
sometimes to be gone a year, but in course of time they
|;«me to adopt, in a measure, Indian ways of life aad
fJress. Many of them toojc Indian wi^es ap^ ^^P '*^

•■ ' "*TSit HtTDSOK BAY COMPACT 1|

©fhalfbreeda thus had their beginning. The number
•of the coureurs dea boi^ wm8 increaeed Romewbat by
Tagrants who preferred the freedom of the woods to
the restrrtints of civiliEntion. As a special data they
Jiecaine useful in ynrious wajs in eunuefitioD with the
Yur trade.

The Jesuit and Fr»Dci»<caD miBsiuDaries accompasied
«r followed in the track of the early expeditions, minis-
Seriog to the si^ck and the ^tainded and receiving the
isonfepsions of those who die^d far froDj boni*. They
also e8t»b]ij»bed misjsions for the IndiaDH, as at ])ctroit,
>licbiliinacinack (Alackinaw), Careen Bay ^nd LaPointe*
They were men of honored memory, sopie few of whom
have left their names attiuched lo counties, towns and
cities that ciime into beii isr long after their lime.

During the French legime in Cana/ia the poliey of
the governori general was that of looking after th«
operations of the lur traders. To legally engage in the
business of the fur trade, the tradert- were mppcsed to
carry a government license), otherwise ihey were HahJe
to have any wtock of fins they pnight bring down to
Quebec seized and confiscated. Ibis license tax on
their business the traders wonld evH<le if they could.
I.aSalle accused Sieui de Lutb with trafficing with the
Indians in an unlicensed manner. The sale of spiritu-
ous liquors to the Indians was strictly prohibited.

THE HUD80N BAY COMPANY

In 1656 the two adventurers, Radisson and GrosseiU
tiers, brrugbt down to Quebec from the region of th«
(jireat Lakes a flotilla of canoes manned by Huron
tudians and laden ivit)i furs. They were ijinUceDse^

■ "'■''■■■' ' ^j

traders and beaide^ lite iiabilitj of having thMr stoek
■of furs confiscated by ibe Canadian officials, were alse
liable to h^ puuinhed tor violation of the law. But the
.occasion fur trade juMt then being a matter of impor-
tance to the h)kabitani»> of Quebec, the affair was wiak*
•d Ml by the authuriiieM aiid the lic«D«ed tradera, ku|
lor that time only. On a t>iuiilar visit to Quebec foiur
^eax8 later, theee tratiej* bad their large Mtock of pel^-
\itieH twized by tbe a^utbofitie» and confiscated.

Thwreafier tfee two advtuiuitrs geem to have bee«
»e«dy to eircumve.M i.be auiboiilien b} fo»e method of
^^pe&itjji; trade wiib ti<e 'r j glinb by way of liudsoo Bay,
the «bore» of which the Knj^ligh claimed. They tried,
however, to induce ibe uier<;haut« of Qutbec to eend a
feasel to the bay, havinj? pre^nmably gone in thai tfirecr
lion iaboiit the year 16t)i(J. Next they went lo Boston and
> C(brtain Cupt. (iillani i^ said to have made a voyage t*
-4he bay. The adventurer* then went lo France wher*
they aie believed to huve gotten letters of introdnctioB
to persons of note about the court ol Charles Jl ef
England. One renult of J^l.hlevei <>.on{«renekK wer#
held w»>> the fcrniiDg ot a <jocyp»ny to traCe in Bodson
hnf. litis was hbout 16«7. in 1668 the compaDy seal
iwo ships to the bay one of which with Kadisson aboard
»»ever reached it. The other commanded l)y the Capi.
iiillam before mentioned wintered in Jamea bay. A
trading post whs built near the mouth of Bupert river
«nd considerable trafficing wan done with the Indiana.
In 1669 the ship reached England.
* The company now sought to obtain chartered rightt
iwbich the king the more readily granted since himself
* Ajid brother, tbe Otike of York, ^d ta#^ »^km th©

Tum la'o^onami- bay *comrAJnr If

^aatorprssa. The compucj? cuuitiiied of th« kjog, duk%
Prijit* Bupert and tw«l?e other memberi. The cbiri«t
#M dftted AUy 2, 1670, tiiid dttsignated tb« Mtocialiom
«s "Tb« QoTernor and ConipaDj of Adventures of Eag^
laod 'iradiDK with Hud»ou Bny" but they came to b«
known at the Hudson B»y Company. The charter Teil-
ad the compauj in the ownership of all the territory
irained by riverti which :fi()wed to Hudson bay, tbia
territory to be called Jiu^trt's Land. Tbt* 8:o?erB»eAi
f?a» through a governor and^touncil responsible to tbe
trtiwn for a proper ttdDiinifitrHiiun of sfTaira.

For a long period the sgenu of ibe ccBipany clnng te
the shores of the ba^ aud made »o effort to establish trad-
ing po8t« in the interior of the country. In fifteen yeai^
.lifter the charter was f iven them theeompany bad ei^-
iablihhed only five posts, all on the khores ef the bay.
Their policy .was to encourage tbc Indians to bring their
peltries to the posts on ti>© shores of the bay. Other
«bips weie seht to the bay from time to time, oa« ei
which had liadissan on board who succet'dfd in reaeh-
ing his dfBtiretroD A*.vi<«t 1 t-ii g turrfd \)»e\i by the
ijllosing of the pa^ssge icto the buy by ice.

Ir 1690, the htuartu ha Ting btc^n e^J^pellfd from E»g-
Jand, the coiK|)a,ijy a^ked of J'arlionjent a confirmation
,of their charter. That.bcdy woiuld only eenseat that
the company's tenure should coniiune setes more years
after which the charter onigln beaniiiilled. Whtn that
time had expiitd tie i< n | *»> riic' l< i ssk Icr any re.
toewal, seeming to dread any thing that would direct
public attention toward them. However, some one
.called the attention tf Perliament to the matter at an
undesirable monopoly. At that ime £fi^gl*nd mi

TjL^ xna 'JtA>jajtt¥ mwmoa^ <^ ea^ksom county

^France were nt, war Mud tho members had other things
j^lodkcttss, »• thaV4h^ Hudson Bay Company matter wa#
il«d away and forgotten, nini b«:iJC« the company's teo^
gure of the territory they claimed remained undisturbed.
Had it been otherwise the quevtion might have arisei
ia Farliame&t as to the right of Chtirlaa II to give away
territory which included lauds wherein no £ngIi«h»»B
Jud tbeu set foot, the extent of which was unknowD.

JDurinj; the first two w;arH betweeu England and
jPraoce in which ;be American colonies were inyolTed^^
tome of the Hudspn Bay Company posts were iake^a
and held by the French of Canada. By the peace of
^trecht signed in X713 tlteie were restored to the Eos*
lish. The j^overnor and coMucil.of the company w%n
j^ihoseu from among theitteiuhers asd rer>ided id LosdoSt.
At least annually a ship \iHited the bay to bring baek
4fae cargo of furs that th« po^ts had collected. The
principal post was located at the mouth of Nelson ilTttr
mud called York Factory. The person in charge of a
j)oat was called the chief factor.

eitUR DE LA VJERJENDKYiC

The most conspicuous i^ersonage of the seeondquavter
©f the eighteenth century who was engaged i» explorik-
tionand fur trading west of t-be Great Lakes, was Pierre
Gnultier Vfireniies, otherwise known as Sieur de la Ve-
rendrye. He wata xon of a mugistrHte of Troie Rivi-
eres and young in life entered the military service. I«s
iQueen Anne's war, 1702-1713, he saw some active ser-
Tice, taking part in a demonstration against New £n^
Jand in 1704. Two years later he went to France
'to pATticipate io tbe frar on Eyropai^B^pl^. hf^^ ^

ijfe Verendrye is found actively engaged in biiildinf
irading posta on Red river and the Assiniboine and in
#earcbin^ for the "Shiniug Mouutainti," beyond whieli
^118 suppoxed to lay tbe Pacific Ocean.

In 1728 Vereudrve re-t-stabiiRhed an abandoned po*l
At liske Nipigun la 1780 hv wa^ vifiited there by aa
^Bsiniboine chief Bam»d Ucbngnch, Hildas a result of
inquirieM ntade by Vercndrye in regard to canoe rootMi
to tli(? chief's Country, the latter dierf a rough nap of
th«» IftkfB and Btreanas iDteiTeuing between the head of
li»ke Superior and tb^ Kt^d Kiver Valley. VerendryiB
took this map to the itovcinor «t Can«d& ^nditreaslled
iu the exploratioDw ct)iiduct«*d Inter by Verendrye, kh
sons and nephew, Jerenaje. A strong incentiye to tbcte
operations rtut the tnd»'a3rt>r to dlfCOTer some »«rt ef
\waterw«y that would It-ad to the Pacific Oeeau.

Verendrye organized a fur company in Montreal and
at his own expense both Bent and led expeditiona idId
the Lake of the Woods country and the Red Ritei V»V
ley. Posti were built at tbe lake mentioned, at RaiD^
lake, at lakes Winnipeg and Manitoba, at the moutb of
♦he Assiniboine, and one near the Bite of Portage U.
Prairie in 1738. Tbeir trade was mainly with the Crees
«nd Aasiniboines, This was entering upon andexploir
ing a region covered by the grant of tbe Hndeon Bay
Company. Verendrye died in 1749, but tbe French
continued to occupy the country until the Eoglisb ef»-
queat of Canada in 1760. The fur trade iu tbe ▼alley
then languished, passing into tbe bands of indiTidnaU
jtraders. The ponts that the French built ioutb of th#
International boundary were the two in tbe border lake
fegion, Fort de ^ois Blacc (site of ^att Cjifaod S^oxk*l

and probably one oppof*ite ilie mouth of Pembina rivdf,.
yhe Huditon Bny Oooapany h&d neglected to push their
dperntioni^ into the interior and so the French comiBg
in from CenadH, hi<d \»Ve» advuDtfife of the fact. On
&c«oi2st of th^ pr(>^>«ncr vi the Frercb in the Red and
\m the AssiBiboiLe 7»lh vf>, the EngliRh bnilt a trading
post in 1742 on Aibnny river about 150 nilee above iU
mouth, in & dozen or jnore yeaia Verendrye accom-
pliabed AlmoKt Hfl icuch >i^» the ii^reat company had 4on«
in 70 yeara.

THJK >JORTHWEBT COMPAHlf

Paring the period aft*r 1760, owing to the Engllah
aonijueat of CanadA^ the fur trade aa carried on froB&
that province, was conducted by individua) tradera^
Thefig men competed ^iih one another and M>)d )i«|«or
to the liidiHRB. Jilatterii in these regpecta grew ]aJL an*!
a train of abuses w»ib engendered. To remedy mallem
in 8orae meapure, and to prosecute the for trade hi »
B)ore systematic manner, severa) inerch«Dt» at Meat'
real formed an HBROciatJon called the ''Compagne dl».
Nord Oue»t," or Northwest Fur Company. This Wft«»
organized in 1788 and four yeara later they absorbed »
rival compMn> oi fur traders. Ih* principal parlnera
lived in baronial style at Montreal and Qoebee; lh©j>»
besides these there w^re junior partners who resided at
the trading po^ip in tletu; ituntrj an«i looked aftf»
the busineaa of the company.

The Northwest Ctompapy, a« it came to be ealled^^
followed a different policy than thet ol the Hudson Bay
Company. They sect their Hgents into the Indian
jpouDtry and built poau ther?. By the year 1787 $^

THX KOBTBW»BT COMPAWT JJ

■;.' ' '■ ~-— > — — - — " ■ ■ . ■ ,

!h«d b«gur. i(» conduct operttioux is tb« Red River
VftDe^. Tb«ir pri)4clp»] p( ^l wrw At KaBainistiqaiA,
.later called Fort WilliaRi, ou Thunder bay of J^k*
i^uperior. AUer the compaDj bad become well estelK
linhed in iht' n<>r(bwe>>tf rn country, tbe annual gatktt-
iug of their oflkers ai>d employees were beld there
daring each succeeding sutuuip. Fensting, drinking^
retelry, ^ith occa»ijBaI brawU, cburacterized the 4f>
ings of the place /or a number of daya. The coBVon
amplcyeea often upent their year's earniuga in li<}««r»
And ia trinkets, gewgaWN and $nery for their IsdiMi
wivea.

A traveler called <"ou»t Adiiani visited the eountr;
in 1791 Rrd represented that n<0Bt of them bad becofl»e
6€)UDd to service by reason of their indebtedness to the
($empnuy posts for goods received. Many of tbeee em
ployeea were halfbreed?, ccmmoBly called Bois Bmk)^
(>r "Burnt Woodii" on account of the color of their »ki».
But the men. whether halfbreeda or whites rather Hke^
their connection with the fur trading business, thovgh
on the whole a rather hard sort of life bewt by mimev-
pu8 perils.

An individual trader whose name is not now kimve
appears tr> havf* been located at }>p)biua in 1780. He
was a Canadian Frf nchtsn and was fonird there 41^
years later by Major long'? party. It should not be
supposed that he oiaintain^d a continnoes reiidenee al
Pen^bina since the traders changed about oeeasioBally^
Other persons of whom we b}<ve accounts a9 trading in
the valley prior to 1SC0, appear to have been in the aer-
vice of tbe Northwest Company. Feter Grant built fr
post opposite the moutb of pe^nbina river wbflre the ei<9

^ 72|j( i.4^U7 m-s:roWf ow rahsom countt

^f St. Vi»(^t»H? now star.ca, ju 1794 or 1795. About 1795*
» trader uninf^i CbnboiiifZ built a poM on the west 8id«
rf JR*>d river »n<i jpgt south of ih«? pouth of PenabiDa
river, which h? culled Kort Paubian. Noneof thewpost^
about Fembinft w«?rt continuously occopied. Tanner
AtRteH timt nlxen hf- f^ui] ChAbviUez CMtn^ tber«, no In-
4i»ns or wLk^-p if^ere rt-widing thfr*. 'J bei» thraa jear^
lat^T CHpt. H^nrj found the plA«e d«8«irt«d.

Fftither up \<*>ii rivei vhc-re were three other tra<Ki»f|
^OfilH, two oQ the wf-f^r it:)d vrip mi the eMntside. Ooewa*
OftlUd Koy'? Mi.nbwfft Con pj^iy post, which wai aitke
mouth of Bi>': f^ttli (Jorei'l) river, inriHintained f»«Bi 17i5^
to 1800. I>a7id TboniT»'cu, antronopier uimJ geograplMf
of the >cjthwei»t (YnipHny, oi, his way to Case }*k*,
?.tor>{.ed with Roy IkUrcb 22, 1798. The wther we»t tWe
p<w»t was «t the nnouih t)i Twrtlf river where the viliagc
vt Turtle Hiver i» located. A trader nawe^ Daniel
WcKpnzie wa<« in cbarjre of this poBf fro»> 1787 to 17W
when he left it to go to unotber pont, when it wae ab»9^
^oned. The third or eaut side post north of the B^mb
of Bed Talc river bitd beru culled Fort de Boie Bleno
(the Whitewood fort), but })robably in the last deeade
of that century |t wn« known an (jrandfR Fourcliea. Ijp,
1796 it wan occupied by J. B. Cadotte Jr., and tken ihe
place WR8 abRudoDed an a tradinir point nuti) Captain
fleary'a time,

SOME |:.AT£R COMPANIES

Three other companies that conducted operatione i^
the Red River Valley mey l>e mestiooed. The HndioQ
Bay pomppny began to trade in the falley about %Ytp
besinning of the laat oentpry fip4 owin^ (p $om»dlmfnt:

iOSrX LMtltB efOmTA»11i»

:.ion» Alez. McKeDzie and others formed in 1801 a new
fbr trading organixatiuu enllcd the X, Y. GompaBy,
M} caii^d becbUfie thene letters ce»>e next after the W
Ml North West Compaoy, meaning too that they BeaBI
(o follow ih.st coBipauv wiih nt^arp eumpetition. Trad*
lug houseg now hecaine more numerous than befov«t
hi 1805 this orgaoizatiou wnt merged iuto the Kortlk
west Company.

A late formed aasoeiatior. wss called the Coliubift^
Fur Company organized by Joseph KeoTiileand othen
ii) 1822 owinf!; to the uniting of the Northwest and Ha4^
eon Bey companies the preyious year. They made mt€
of the discharged employees of the Northwest Company
who numbered about 900. and established their b«a4«
quarters tit Lake Traverse.

Another association, organized in 1882 was eaHed the
American Fur Company. Their headiiuarters was at
St. Louis from which place steamboats weres^Btnptke
Missouri river, ttlong which they had trading poatt is
the Dakotas and Montauo. Joe Bolett« traded for fnrd
for this company at Pembina.

ittr

in.

SOME OOVERNMKNT EXPEDITI0N8

WE have no record of the first white meo wko
iDAy bnve ventured into the BectioH of thecoun-
trj comprised in Khdboqj and Sargent counties, but
possibly they were persouB connected with the Colum*
bi» Fur Company, buntiDg and trapping along. tb*
Wild Kice and 8beyenne. The company mentiontdi
maintained a trading post at Lake Traverse which wm
Dew when Major LongV ezpeditiuu passed that wftyiv
going to Pembina in July, 1823. This post was aboHl
75 miles southeast. from the center of Kansum CouiOljU
Prof. William H. Keating of the University ol Penit*
syUania was the historian of Long's expedition. Hit
OD^p repre8ent«< the Hheyenne river as rising about
where HansoHi County is situated and as flowing nortb*
east to Red river. The bow of the Bheyenne in Hanson
County was not yet known. Major Long*» party did
not cross any of the tributaries ot Ked river in Nurtk
Dakota since their march, for the most part, was dovi^
the Minnesota side of the valley.

FKAYHlSKSTUIiHAUQH.

-As long ago as when Jackson was President tfcore
had been established by the government a body ol
men called the Bureau of Topographies) Engioeers,
In part their work was of a geographical natare» vMt»
ing with military escorts little known portioBt of tbf
territories, mapping the lakes, streams and land belgbtiy
also-ascertaining such details as altitudes, latUvdf aiN)

]oogitude of various points, the width nod depth of thei
arreftOQ*, H»d oth^r particniHra, their findings being*
•fubodied in reporta and accompanjing mapa.

H. W. FeHtber»tonhaugii, an Knglishinan under thfr
litl#» of U. 8. Ueolf>|fiHt, *'wh8 cummisfiiiiDed by Col.
J. J. Abert, of the bureau of topograpuieai eDgineera^
with itK»<e and apparently aimlesM iDstructiooa to exe*
cote waoderinga in the weHtern country." In 1835 he
made a canoe roynge up the Minnesota ri?er and alau
visited the land heights called the Coteau des Frairiea,
ut highlands of the prairieH, which have their nortberu
limit in Sargent oounty. I'rof. Keating gave sonA
account of these land heighta but hia information Wft»
derived from ihefur tfrHdert*. He estimated their heigh|
above Big Mone lake to be not short of 1,001) feel. It
waM reports of that nature that lured FeatheratonhaugU
to the then little known region of thene highlands.

He estimated the Coteau to rise about 450 feet above
the adjacent prairief, the accent being rather gentle*
&ot more tLan at the rate of 160 feet per mile. **Tbe
Coteau itMelf in only another upland prairie, somewhat
more diversified than that I had left behind, having
aumerouH small wooded lakes on its surface, wbich
have a very picturesque npftearance. From the plateau
here there i» an extensive view uf the prairies below,
with the lakes. The prairies in every direction ar»
bounded only by the horizon; a few occaiional treea
indicate stagnant water. It is two good day's marcb
from here to the tihyan, and eight further to Pembina.'^

From the eztractM from his description we cannot
state how many men composed his party or whether b6>
entered Sargent and Ransom counties of not.

^ THl XAKLT HISTOKT OP KANSOM COUNTY

NICOLLKl h fcXPKDlTION

Jean N. Nicollet whs a Frenchnian by biith. He
was born in the ?illMee of Glumes, France, in 1786. TbiA
place 18 located in the department (county) of Hautd
Bavoie, about 25 miieH southeast from Geneva. Nicol-
let studied astronomy under La Place and in 1817 he
was app(»inted librarian of the Paris obnerTatory. With
a trood equipment of the physical knowledge of his time
he sailed from Brest tor the United Slates in 1831.
After arriving in this country he entered the service
wf the Bureau of TopogrnphicHl Engineers. After ex-
ploring the basin ol the lower Missisr<ippi river and ita
affluents in the south, he v%as next assigned to the region
of the upper Mississippi with headquarters at St. Louis,

The geogrnphical and other work now done in Iowa,
Minnesota and the Pakotas was more thorough than
had been done before by the united eflforis of all pre-
viuus explorers. In thef«e later explorations which
covered the years from 1836 to 1843, Lieut. John 0.
Fremont was Nicollet's principal aid and assistant from
the time of his appointment, July 7, 1838. That year
the field of work whs in what if n<.w Minnfsota.

In the Muiinier vi 188^> Nicoilft's party went U|* the
Missouri river on a steamboat that plyer] the stream if)
the service of the AuierirsH l*ur Compai'V, and landed
at Fort Pi«-rre Cboteau with seventeen horses. Having
been taken across the river, the expedition started for
James river valley on the 6th of July. They traveled
in a northeastern direction across the upland between
the two rivers and reached the "Biviere a Jaques" (aa
{he James river was then called) at a trading post of the

KlOaLLBTS SXFKI>1TI4)N 2?

^Loierican Fur Company called Oakwoud Settlement
ui) James river, or Kivittre a JtiqueH »g the lur trader^
then called this stream. This trading poet wa^ near
the south line of Brown County, S. 1>. The line oi
march waft next up the «vei»t i>ide of James riyer to Bone
Hill (in LaMoure County), whence, having crossed Ibe
river, they continued noriheast to the k)he>enne riy«r,^
which was reached a tew miiefi below where Valley City
Jr uow located. This stream whs followed up toward
lievilH lake. The 25th and 2t»th ot July was spent about
a group of small lakes south of the upper reach of tb«
Bheyenne, of which Lake Jessie in one, so named at
that time in honor «.f Je^iiie (Benton) Fremont. Od
one of the last days of July the expedition arriyed on
ihe south shore of I 'evils lake at a butte which NicoUet'a
map callri Chantre Hill.

A week or more whs spent around the lake and in ita
vicinity, mapping its ouiline>*, noting physicnl features,
pnd making observaiioof. I he lak^ is nnmed on Nicol-
let's map "Mini Wakan Lake (Devils L.)" and Stumfi
lake as "Wamdushka" lake. The expediiion camped
at the south end of the eH^tern arm of IStump lake Aiv*
gust 6, and from thence the) marched eastward through
the southern part of Nelson ('ounty xnd into the west-
ern part of Urand Forks County, which locatio* waa
reached August 8th. They were now ou the weSterD
yerge of the Red River Valley, but it wfis not to 'S\eoU
let's purpose to spend time looking over plains already
mapped by Prof. Keating. Their courne was therefor^
changed southward through Steele and Barnes counties
and into Ransom County, again reaching the Sheyenpfi
fiver about wher^ Fort Hansom was Utff located.

^ THI lARlY HIPTORV op RAWBOM GOCRTT __

The object of the expedition during this southward
march was to reach, rxplore aud map the Coteau dea
Prairies. Tbe^e uplands in Houth Dakota and Minne-
Aota had been mentioned by tnivelers as the regioD
froiD which the Indians obtained the red pipfistone,
but tbnt part o1 the west hitherto bad been ' but little
▼isited. The party were about the bow of the Sbey- -
91106 io the middle of August, 1839, and beyond this
time their stay was short in the area of country now
liumprined io Hansom County.

MCoLi^Ki'i!) Map

'Wie map to whi«h reference has been made, measar-^
^d about 2^ by 8 teet and wsn printed on thin paper ^
•o as to fold up in a pocket of Nicollet's published -
feport. It WHS called "The Map of the HydrOgrkphicAl"
Basic of the Upper Mi^f^isnippi Kiver," snd is dated ^
1842. The territory covered embrHces the entire statea
af Iowa and Minnesota a?d parts of others that adjoin "*
them. To some extent the map was based on otheea'^
preceding it. but HfyerthelesKccmlained whutweretheD
fftany new geographical features, particularly in what
is now Minnesota and the eastern parts of >orth |tod^
South Dakota, then all Indian country except for 'a JtW-
ttiilitary posts and fur trading establishments. ' Id laterv
years Gen. G. K. Warren pronounced Nicollet'i map
*'oDe«f the greatest contributions ever made to Amer-
can geography.'^ • .--

' The area of a county would comprise bat small spacf^'^
on the map were any shown at all, which of cot»r8e la/
not the case. There is Wisconsin Territory on the pMi^
oT it east of the Mississippi and Minnesota (ft^walajiOt"
shown on the reduced portion of it at hand) and fjO^

NlOOLLar'H KXTEhltUm

Minnesota itself the only i.ame on the map for any
part ot it is^'Undine Kegioi/' Houth of the bij? hend of
the Minnesota river, represented as a hilly section of
the present utate; and in the Dakotas "Yankton CouB-
try" jind •sjalt Water Kegjoii," the latter around DeTila
Jake. The area ii(;w comprised in Ransom and Hargeot
counties is not without some names ot objects on Nicol-
let's map. For the first time the bo^ or bend of tbo
Cheyenne appears, the |reiieral course of the streap
being just about the sanje «» on any modern map, b»
ing named Shayenn Oju. Keating mentioned it as tht
Shienne or rihahiada. Nicollet's map even shows tb«
bluffs along the river, above iiH south bend.

But the map takes note ot a tew minor features in
both Ransom and ?^arpellt cohnties. We note just south
<»f the bow of the Sheyenne "Okiedan Buttes," two
hill»* near each other. Floninir northeaH into the bend
«»f the river, the map hai* marked a creek named **J>efld
Colt ()." which is so called at the present day. A smalll
lake with an island in it marked "Champaba Wita L/?
and ''Dead Colt Hillock" completes all «)f the natural
objects named on \)e map within the aiea of Kanaoin
(bounty. Nicollet's party appear to have campFd where
Fort Kaofiom was atter«Mdi* h.tHied. at ^ihichpJacea
spring ot water i« s«id to fxist. The altitude of tht
camp is given as 1228, and the river blufls hh 1488 feet
above sea leveU

There is less map data for Sargent County. Accord-
ing to the map under discussion the I'oteau des Prairien
is figured as a mountainous region. Tlie northern
limit is placed just south of parallel 46** N., which
would be in tb© southern part of iiJar^enC CooDty and it

' W THB KABIaY HIBTORY f>P KANdFM OOUMTT

lettered "Keipaba or Head of the Coteau des Prairies/^
Tbe source of Wild Rice river coiiie» within S^argeol
County and the map names it 'I'silin or Wild Kicc Li.'*
Keating itpoke of it as the Pi»e. "Faha Toppa or that
four HilU" and '^Kour Butte or Four Hill" lake, both
iiear tbe bead ut tbe Coteau, and "Kandiotta h." alto
come viitbin tbe borders ol i^^argent County.*

^i. H. Wincbell in bis history of exploratioa ap»
peuded to the forefront of tbe first volume of the Geo^
Wgical and Naturnl History Survey of Minnesota, io
reviewing ^iicollet's ejspioratioDs in that state, said in
regbrd to bis methods and work:

"He aims to locate correctly, by astronomical observatioaS|
tbe numerous streams ard lakes, and tbe main geographical
features of the slate, filling in by eye sketching, and by
pacing, tbe intermediate objects. His methods, allowing for
the imperfection of bis appliances, and the meagerness of hik
outfit and supplies, were established on the same principles a»
the most approved geodetic surveys of tbe present day. 4l
would, perhaps, have been well if the methods of Nicollet
could have been adhered to in the surveying and mapping of
the western territories. Their geography would have been
less rapidly developed, but it would have been done more
correctly. Nicollet's map prrbracts a m»)ltitiide of naoaea,

• ^fter the j»recediii{> jugf hH«1 >>eni priJ)tefi it was ascer
laiiied tint two ' laiidiii8rJ;!'."nK A. U. La nghliii rails them, both
on Nicollet's map. are jnst within >he limitK of Ransom County.
Thefeare "MatHfa or Hears Den Hillock." and "Inyan Bosndata
or Standing Rook" on opposite sides of the Shey«nne, and both
marked as bnttes or hillorks Owing to a lack of good ronderii
niaps we had previonsly fill pposed these points to be located iii
Pfltnes fonnty. We find no evidence In Mr. La«ghlin'8 Bketcb
on Ransom County thrtt he knew anything in regard to the Tisp
ol Nicollet's party, but his article is valuable neyertbeless.

including many new ones, which he applied ta. lakes andi
streams."

We do not wish to conclude thia eketeh relatiTe W
Ihe work of a worthy officer of the corps of topograph-
ical engineers to whom the Dakotas was much indebted
lor the early deyelopment of a good part of ita geogra-
phy, without giTing the reader some idea relatire to
the manner in which the said officer and explorer haa
been remembered by various Hketcb writers and other
persons e<«8ayio(; to write concerning the early history
of this state. The following are specimens:

"In 1839 Gen. John C. Fremont crossed oTer the country
from the Missouri to the James and theuce up to Devils lake.'*
"In 1S36 7 John C Fremont visited th^ region describinf^
accurately Devils lake and other important localities."

"It was afterwards e^^plored by Lieutenant-Colonel Fre-
mont^ by Captain Pope, and by Lieutenant Warner."

"Over this trail General Fremont and bis party made their
journey eastward from Devils lake to Red river, and here ta
the immediate vicinity of the two lakes they pitched their
camp for a nigfct." (No date mentioned, but the reference is
I > Stump lake and a small fresh water lake near wheire Nicol-
let's party camped August 6^ 1839 )

All of the above is hnsed of* course upon Fremont'^
later acquired popularity h» an explorer and pathfinder
in what was then the Far Wfst. The year he was witb
Nicollet in the Dakotan he was 26 year* of age, gain*
ing a Tahiable experieace for future arduous services.
Nicollet died at Washinirton, D.C, September 11.1843,
while his report was being revised and vHoted. Nicol-
let (bounty, Minn., and an avec^ie in MinneapoUt wer«i
flamed after him.

32 TfTB KAiM.r tfiBfoirr or kmbbou oouutt

caft. k v. humubr.

Following? fhe yh'n of Nicollet and Fremont we
Ai» record ot the c(»minf^ to UaDsoro CuODty of any
other expeditiouarj force Uf»til the je«r 1845. Od the
3d of June that year (Japt. E. V. Sumner left Fort
AtkinsoD, in iiortheasterD Iowa, with a compaDjr of
troopH and beaded itoithweMterty for the IVlinneaota
fiver, arriviiif^ at Traverse de;* Sioux on the 22d of
of the aaine month. lu the country t»outh of the bi|^
bend of the river a junction was effected with another
company under Lieut. Atleo, who had marched north-*
Ward from Fort Des Moines. From Traverse des Sioux
the united force next marcited to Lac qui Parle where
Capt. i^umner had an important conference with the
Wahpeton sioux. Mig intone lake was reached on the
5th of July where a council wa^ held with the Sissitont*
The route from Big J^tone lake to hevilg lake wae by
way of the noutb bend of the Cheyenne river. The
expedition reached Deviln lake July 18th where they
met, presumably on the north shore, a band of about
180 halfbreeds, who were out on their nt»ual »<ummer
buffalo hunt. I bis was as far as the troops proceded*
The ol jecl seems to have been to impress the Indianlft
with some show of the military power of the govern-
ment as a prevention of ever>recur)rng troubles.

In the dt-cades of the forties and fifties there was is
progress an extensile overland emigration to Oregon,
besides what may have reached that state by sea. 1b
1850 Oregoa Territory, which included the present
state of Washington, had attained a population of
33,000 people. The emiK'<^"t8 followed diflereot route*

mf.KTsHT ttxrumtum Si

^Dm Hocky MoiiDtaffif*. but the wn»t northern of their
frniV» led through i{»o»oni Gk>anty by wsj of the south
hend of the Sheyeone nrer. Id tboNe t»fne» the emi-
;^raDt9 joorDeye»f in caravans with their canvas covered
WH|:oD», brinjjinetbp n into a circle around their cainpA
at Diglit. The publisher ha^ newer met with any storiee
f>i the i>regifn trails, but they probably are »» evidence
in that ?»tate in coDnection with the published menaoricft
j^f old wttler9, as i!* the case in this slate,

OEM, SIBLKY's MM.KilAKY f:XPl!;»)lT10ft..

The next expedition of whirb we Ten<i that passed
Ihroo^h Kansom Comity, enr«»ote to Devils lake and
Ihe Missouri river, was far from beio^ of a peaceable
character. Its iirteotioo w»tf* ti/ »lanfgbter, if need b©^
ibe rtif>ux htdiaWH and not to of erawe them. Id c«mi-i
j«equence of the i^ioux injijfwacre of settlers in MinoesotA
in l»f>2, armies oirder (TJenerals J^uMv and S^ibley wer»
sent into iXakota Territory the nexfe year to ponishi
rbem. The Ind'ana were givwo to under«»tand that
nnlesathey came in and surrendered themselves, they
would be Mhovvn no mercv. Driven out of Minnesot*,
bands of fb*>m hnderatbered abrmt IVvif-* lake..

(leneral H. H, rliWe.T entered Dnkota at the upper
end of f?Tg intone lake with an army of 3,400 men, m
June, 18t53. The valley at that point. t>etween lake*
Bip Stone and Trarerse, called Brown?* valley, is about
five miles in lenetb, a mile and more in width and about
125 feet in depth. It i* an interesting spot to geolo^
gfgts because they are aware that this valley was ex^
^avated at the close of the Inst glacial epoch by a gla-
cial river, the outflow oi Ibe ^U«:ffit i/ske Agassis

34 T»K JTAmtT «1«VOftT OF ftAVfeOlt C^PtnfTT

which filled the Red KiTer Valley, doubtless eoduriog
for several eeDtiiries. Sibley's aimy entered Ranson
County in section 32, Sydna Township on July ixh^
and marchiDg northwenterly to the south bend of tb»
tiheyeniie river, that stream was crossed at a point
afterwards called Sooville's ford, a place in the stream
having a bowldery bottoui. It was a time of drouth,
the thermometer ranging up to lUO, weather condition*
being almost intolerable. i)u the north side of the
river, just west of the ford, the army went into camp,
the cantonment being called Camp Hayes. ThateyeD<*
ing a flag pole was erected and (Jiiptain Horace Austin,^
afterwards a governor of Minnesota, delivered a Fourth
of July oration. There whs not much timber along
that stretch of the Sheyeniie river, but the locality wa§r
referred to as a pleasant spot. Here the army remain^
•d for a week.

At this camp in Scoville Township, a fiupply train of
about eighty wa^onx from Alexandria, Minn , for which
the expedition had been waiting, came in on the even-
ing of the 10th. J. W. Burnham wrote in 1896: "For
three days we passed over a country from which the
grasshoppf r»< had eHten nearly every green thing, and
while our tentx were HtHoding men bad to watch them
to keep the hoppt^rH from eatir;ig holeH io them. At
this camp a detachment cnme in from Aberciombie
with supplies and n^il. Up to this time we had been
able to catch many fislHu the lakes and streams and
thereby helped our scarcity of rations, but beyond tbia
point we found no fish and the discharge of firearm»
was strictly forbidden, though buffalo, elk aud antelope
ofren f^ere in sight. We did, however, at the ne^t
grossing dftheSbey enne catch ii young el^, wbi^h, b9«

ASH. srPiLBYV KIILITABY MMTIWITION 3^

irildered by seeing 80 many strangers, mistook n mu)»
ieam for some of itn owd kiud »»d thereby was cap*
tured.'^

Bands of tbe is^ioux were at Derib lake aiid the cbief,^
LittJe Crow, seot wi>rd to Gen. dibley to come up SDd
fi^bt him. Tbe roarcb wa& resumed July lltb, a»d in
KaesoiD Gtuoty tbis m<»Teir.eot lay witbiu tbe b>up o|
the 8beyeoDe toward its western side, Ihe nqarcb beiBf
through pans of Big Bend, Island Fark, Fuller, Spriog-
«r and Preston townships, lenfiog tbe latter in sectioQ
6. rSear Lisbon a camp was made on tbe lltb, the first
after leaving Camp H»yes. l>roqtb and grasshopper
ravages gave tbe prairies a denolate appearauce, aod^
with tbe summer beat, impressed tbe men with the idea
that tbe country would never make a desirable reak
dence lor white people.

The next crowsingof tbe J^beyenne, according to J, W»
Burnbam, was near AnhtHbula P. O., in Bnrues County,
about fifteen miles above Valley City. Here tbe trail
of Capt. Fisk was struck, who had escorted a party of
emiffrants from Fori Abercronibie to Walla Walli*,
Wash., in July of tbe previous year, which was shortly
prior to the liidisn outbreak. At Lake Jessie, Camp
Atchison whs ei*tHbti»'hed for tbe sick of ^Sibley's army
and for a supply »tation, wiih a guard composed of
several com pa oiei». A caravan ol Ked Kiver ballbree4a
was found in the neighborhoini. Wheu theaimy feacV
ed DeviM lake it wan found that tbe hioux had gone
toward the southwest to hunt buflalo in older to avoid
famine. Little Crow, with some twenty of his warriora,
went into Minnesota to steal horses wbere ha wa«^iUe<
\a Wright Cuvuty by two settlers^

3& l«Jr XAX2.T 1VKT9RT ©F RARBOM COVNTT

On the return of i^^ihUj'a comroand from the Missoarl
river to Camp Atchison, which was reached Angnst 10^
ihej 800D set uut for Fori Abervrombie, marching by
way of the if'isk trail, which took tbeex(>edition throofbi
the northeastern corner of Uan^ono County (Coburn
Township) after w,hi<;b a aeeond eroHi»ing of Sheyenne
siver was madaio tbe northern partol Highland County^
Auguat ]9th, and Fort Abercrombie w^» reached on
the 21,Ht of that month.

irOlfT MAftbOfif.

Fort Kao8om was located on the souihweatern side oft
the loop of the SheyenQe river ai^d upon what is a rai»>^
^d bench of the valley on tilae eastern side ot the streavt-
and about a hurdre^ feet above it. Tbe real bluffs ot
ihat stretch of tbe river stand higher and back front
the site of the fort. The site cbo^^n %&h in what the-
later governnieDt purvey mada to be hection 12, ol
Town 13^ North, ^ange 5ii West, or in what is now;
Fort han&om t,owHship. A battalion ot U. i^. Kegulxra
arrived at LJear,8 JJen Hillock from Fort Wadsworth.
(this was located 25 miles west of Big t^tonc lake) June
17, 1867 and proceeded to erect post bnildings so that
Fort Hansom was fairly established by August. Th*
buildings generally were log structures, though some>-
nateriaU were teaiiiCd from as far away as St. Cloud.
However, officers q,uariei8 were built of squared logs.
The earthworks enclosed a area of about 300 by 2Q0>
feet. This was not palinaded around, as was done with
Fort Abercronibie after the experience of its siege in
^^62, but two blockhouses were built at corners of the
enclosure. The post was named in memory of General
^hos. E. Q. Ransom, an Illinoia officer of the volunt^erg

POST AANbOM. 37

who WM killed io the Ci?il war io 1864 during GeneraV
Sherman's Atlanta campaign. Both Grant and Sher-
man stated that he was the ablest of the Tolunteer
generals.

Fort Ransom was one of a series of frontier military
posts in Dakota Territory for the protection of emigrant
trains on their way to Montana, Idaho, etc. The fort
being located on high ground, commanded a Jli2« view
up the iSheyenne valley for about six miles. A spring
of water was found in a ravine near Bears Den Hillock^
Upon this eminence the soldiers mounted two cannon^
The construction of military posts in the Oakotas east
of the Missouri river involved a great deal of subse-
quent teaming, usually done with oxen, to keep the
garrisonii supplied, and so long as they were main-
tained, Consequently wa^on roads were developed in
different parts of the territory. The Fort Kansom and
Fort Totten road ran westerly from Fort Abercrombie^
crossing the iSheyenne river at a ford twenty miles from
the last named post. Fort Totteu on the south shore of
Devils lake, was established in 1867, and the road men>
tioned continued from Fort Uansom up the Sheyenneto
where Sibley had crossed the stream, thence northwest-
erly to the post at the lake. There were also deviationa
and cut-offs from the main routes. In those times the
teamsters saw and sometime.'* killed bulfnlo in the loup
of the Sheyenne and herds also ranged the country at
that time to the south of its big bend.

A noted freighter of those times was Donald Steven-
inn who was born in Scotland in 1833 and came to thi»
country with his parents in 1842. In 1S56 he 9ettled in
Minnesota. In December, 1S)67, he deliyered a train

3b THU ■4Bi.V HI^TOHY OF HHH80M COUNTY

load of suppiiei* at Fort ltan»oin, and in returning by
way of the MOUth bend of the Sheyenne, his men and
teams got caught in a blizzard near Dead Colt creek,
AOHie twenty miles southeast from the post. The weath-
er was not very cold at the time the storm came od
and Stevrnsom himself whs a day or more behind his
train traveling in a sleigh and bringing along a stupe-
fied man who, being intoxicated, had fot lost in the
•torm while on the road with a companion with a dog
•leigh. The other man was afterwards picked up but
lost his fingers from being frozen. Some accounts say
that Stevenson lost his entire outfit but this statement
does not tally well with his own published narrative.
He states that there were forty-five wagons in his train,
which would mean at least ninety oxen, and of these he
lost twenty-two. He says in this part of his narrative:

"Next moroing was bright and cold and with sach help as
I could secure I started out to find my own train. I met my
foreman two miles from the train. He said none of the meo
were lost but most of the oxen were buried in the snow, and
that the men had nothing to eat. I had proTisions with me
and relieved the men but the train was a sorry sight to see.
Twenty-two oxen were buried under the snow, most of them
dead. We shoveled out those still living and got them to the
hay. One ox had tramped the show under him as it fell anti)
he had walked over a wagon box, and was eating the boys'
bedding under the wagon covers. The loss probably would
oot have happened with an old trainman, but the foreman was
taken sick and a man without much experience took his place.
An experienced man would have cut the oxen loose and they
would have found shelter.

*'We took two wagon loads of hay and the mess tent and
went on leaving four of the forty-five wagens and twenty-two

rHl VmEIOHTEBfl

dead OKcn to thaw out in the spring. Some of the w^gMI
could not be seen at all and others we could just see the tops
pf the bows. W<e reached the bend at midnight. Some of
the boys had not had a square meal for fifty hours. I hayf
always blamed myself for pot staying with theqn the first night.
I lost some oxen by the course I took, but sa? ed a b^naatt
Jife."»

Thp further history qf RanBom County for spme time
would, perhaps, be that of Fort H^osoqi aud the exper
rieiices of jroyernmeDt freighters. Thp diHtapce from
the fort to Fort Abercrombip was 65 miles apd to St.
Paul 32.0 miles. At that time there was a railroad up
the Mississippi valley from St. Paul to St. Cloud, 7§
miles, so that Red River cart trains and governmeot
w^gon trains teamed supplies from the railrt^ad term)*
iius. There were station|i Hlongtbe route and that for
the part of it in Ran$)om County was located at the fir^t
croMsing of Sheyenne river, in what is now Owego Town-
ship, and was kept by David Faribault, a French-Cbii>-
pewa halfbreed. The station con«isted of a log cabin
and large log stables and went by the name of Pigeoiji
Point.

The summer senson was considered the best for team-
ing supplifH. because tht' roads were then apt to be dry,
the fords more easaJy crossed, and the oien could forage

• PteTenson'p narratire wa»> jaiblished In the |leford Maga-
;tlne of Fargo. December. 1895. In mentioning distancei, loca
tions and some details, the narrative is confused. He plaeed the
■disaster near Norman, In Cass County. An old freighter,. one hi^
men, has stated that the place was near Dead CoU creek, a ball
mile from Sheyenne river, where Pettlers found yokesi chains and
hones. In tl^e extract quoted Stevenson does not tendon luring-
luB away thirty-n\ne of the waitons, besides the two loaded with
SlViy. Mo8t»e<f them beinp empty,?8ome were preftumftbly attached
|to ^e rear of others in defMilt of oxen to d»tr bfcen.

44

Ttf* K^MbV rtKfOKY OW K 4 If SUM OOUWTT

ou ihe grass. The teamsters, often spoken of as "bull
whackers," were of various nationalities, men who, on
the whole, rather preferred frontier life to dwelling Id
towns or workinju on farms Not a few of them bad
been soldiers during the Civil war, and in fact, in em-
ploying teamsters iu the government service they were
given some preference. There were a few haUbreeds
among them but usually this class drove the Red River
carts between Fort Garry, Tembina and St. Cloud,
(iood strong wagons were used with bows for canvas
coverings, under which the men slept in their blankets
at night. A saw mill was put in operation at McCau-
leyville in 3868 which sawed lumber for the military
posts, the logs being floated down Otter Tail river.

A military reservation for Fort Kansom, ten miles
square, was provided for in 1869 and was established by
executive order January 11, 1870. In July, 1872, the
post WMs ab;*ndoned, all stores and materials worth
carrying away being teamed by Don Stevenson's wagon
train to the site of Jamestown, where a military po8|>
^as maintained for some time.

TV.
CIVIL ORGANIZATION AND SETTLEMENT

AFTEK a territorial goTernment had been esUb«
lished for Dakota at Yankton in 1S61, th« first
legitlative body consisting of thirteen members of ili«
house and nine of the council, created a number of
counties in the eastern part of the territory. These coon*
ties then contained either few white residents or none
at all. Kven at Pembina, the oldest settlement in the
territory, there were only a few white residents, and these
were connected with the fur trade. Usually in North
Dakota the first influx of settlers found the county lines
established and the counties named, also the lines of
the townships run a^d marked by the government sur*
reytirs. It was aimed to have the congressional town*
ships in any county laid out and subdivided into sections
And quHrter-sectKins a little in advance of the needs of
settlement. It was left to the settlers themselves to
organise the townships and give them such names as
they might chance to choose.

In 1862 the territorial legisUture of l^akota in session
at Yankton, created four counties on the eastern side of
what became the stale ot North Dakota. They extend*
ed farther west than the present Ked Kiver tier of
counties. From the internatinnai boundary southward
they were named in the follow lug order: Kitt»on, 6hip>
pewa, Sterens and Shyenne. Kansom County was bisect^
•d in an east and west direction by the line between
Stevfsns and hhyeniie (so spelle4 st the time) counties,
which ran centrally through the present coonty, the

42 THB RARLY BtHTORY OF KAKSOBf COUKTT

county of Hhyenne extending south to Town 124 ia
S<»uth DakotH. Tbe^e couuties found a brief ezi8tenc»
on some maps, but as they wrere never organized thej
ultimately diMappenred under later legislative enact-
meDts.

A. big county called Pembina County was created by
the territorial lagislature in 1867 which took in a con-
siderable portion of North Dakota. There were no
white inhabitants in it except at Pembina, St. Joseph
(now Wnlhalla) and Fort Ai)ercrombie, In 1873 this
county was annulled and Pembina, Grand Forks, Cass,
Richland, Cavalier, Foster, Kansom, LaMoure, Bur-
bank (now Barnes), StutHmnn and Renville countie»
more than took its place wnd with boundaries more or
less different from present lines, these last changes of
boundaries resulting from the forming of later countiet
out of those just mentioned.

Ransom County originally included a range of town-
ghips (59) on its western nh\e and all of what is now
Sargent County. Ten years later, by an act of the
legislature on March 4, 1883, Kansom County was cut
in half, the southern part bein? erected into Sargent
County and nnmed after a general manager of the
Northern Pacific Railroad.

bOMfi K\KLY 8KrTLKK55.

A settlement was made at O.vego in 1870 by a colony
consisting of several families. The colony had been
organized at Rochester, Minn., and when they arrived
on the Sheyenne they erected twelve log cabins, thus
roakin? a good start for a settlement. This was the
first settlement in Ransom County and it was started
AS a tovenfite spheme. The site was on what the later

flOMB SARLT 8<f rLBEt). 43

l^oFernment aurTey proved to be Section 16, Town 135^
Hacge 68, which the eetilers named Owego Township,
after Owesfo, Tioga County, N. Y., from which place
aome of these settlers had origiunliy came. Capiaio
LaKayette Hadley whs at the head of the colony and
tome other members were Orange Hadley, Uamuel
Morton, K. Bowdeii, 8. R. Day and Ludwig Thiergart.
in 1871 the able bodied male members worked on the
Northern I'acitic Kailruad which was then being con-
structed across Minnesota. Later some sort of Indian
»care drove the colony away, and hunting parties of
indians irom the reservation finding the cabins aba»«
doned, burned them.

Two other settlerei of 1870 were Phileden^ Letonneau
who located in t^ection 20, ai»d J«»hn Knuiaon in See-
tiou 21, ttcoville Township.

Several settlers of 1871 who located along Sheyeun©
river in Owegu and 8heutord townships were WiUiam
Hutchins, George Hutrbins, Helmuth SchuUz, Herman
Schultzand F. W. Baguhn. George Hutchins had been
a freighter and teamed through the county in ^868.
Ephraim Whitcomb, Peter Bonner, Joseph Marlow aqd
Fhilo Kendall aUo located in ahenford that year.

The follof^ing »ketch concerns i»rie of the early wW
tiers of Itansom Co..nty nud throws light on the life led
by the other settlers thwt have been naentioned:

»'It was in the spring of 1873 that John A. McCusker first
came to Ransom county from Wabasha county, Minnesota.
He came to Breckenridge by train and from there overland to
what is now Shenford township.

**Pele Bonner, his son-in-law Joseph Marlow, and Epkraia
Whitcomb wcrcalreadj living there, h*vi«gc«"« frepW»b»v

44 cam sahly bihtoky or kahboii oouhtt

«ha couotf in 1871. Mr. McCasker «ras mn old friend aad
ueighbor of these men. He liked the couotrj so well that ho
weat back to Minnesota, married a sister of Mr. Bonner's wife
and brought his bride out here to spend the winter of 1873*4,
taking up Itnd on section 10 of Shenford township.

"It was, by the way, in 1 872, that the Northern Facitk
reached Fargo and it was built on to Bismarck in 1873, wbcB
Colonel Lounsberry started, the Bismarck Tribune, the £nt
paper in North Dakota. So there wasn't Very much cif ilisa*
tion in those days.

**The first winter Mr. McCusker lived with Hadley at Ow*
ago. He had come several years before, being probably tbt
very first real settler in the county, and made an ineffcctva)
attempt to start a colony at Owego. Tl^e following winter
the McCuskers spent in Minnesota', bat they returned to Shea*
lord in th« spring of 1875. They farmed in different parts of
the township, their final and present home being on section
17, close to the Kratt bridge over the Sheyenne.

"These first jtettlers hunted and trapped along the river|
beaver, otter and mink being very plentiful, and httntiof;
parties of Indians frequently came up from the Sisseton rttcr*
tation. Perhaps the first crop of wheat in the coonty was
raised by the father of Heltnuth Schultz in 1875. McCusker
helped him tramp it out with oxen, which were the only lec»>
motive and threshing power in those days, and (hey hanled
the grain to Fargo.

**Ten years after these men first built their log homes o«
the river the Southwestern branch came through the cotrnty
and the earliest pioneer days were over."*

* From a nketch printed In the Sheldon Progress, Janiiary f,
190!). M. K. De La Bere wnv then editor, and sent the pnhlisher a
pony of that InAUe. Arter«flrteen years it fomcs handy to use. We
ivffih that we had other Eauioa Conaty akeiebes of like Import

riMtxs snTLs^ oa loo cabih MKir 45

A f«ct that has failed to be noticed, except rather
iacideotaily, if at all, bj rari^ua nketch writers reUtiv*
to early settlements in eastern North Dakota, is that
the pioneers eonsisted of two rather distinct classes of
lettlerp. Th^tue two classes did not differ much in ro^
fard to the wajks ot lite from which they came in tho
older commynities; the distinctiou rather lay in lueb
factors as tima of settlement and consequent conditioma
fQCOuntered; in the choice of a location; in methods of
astHblishing abodes, and whether they were squatters
on UDsuiyejed lands or filers on laud open to settle*
inent.

For a^jsnie the first cUss may be termed "timber
settlers." They were almost uniformly squatters, e§-
lablishiog their homes in the shelter of the timber
along the streams in advance uf the government sorTej
ot the counties in which they located. These settlera
inHUgUfrated the log cabin period which generally pre-
vailed for Home timt? in the counties of eastern North
Dakota to a greater le8s extent, and for longer orshort-r
•r periods, as the ca^e might be in different counties.
The timber settlers were the eai Heat piooeers to estab-
lish homes in various counties. The earliest settlers of
Kansom County alreHd> ujenti()ned, belonged to this
cIhsr of iromigrants into the county.

The other olaB« of pioneer settlers and original filers
on the open prairie lands were far more numerous than
the other. They inrtugur>ited "cUim shack days" by
building temporary abodes on the prairie of pine lorn*
ber teamed from the nearest railroad points. Qeoerally
these settlers did not occupy claims until after the
survey had established marked corners, though cUio»»

4fi TAB XABLT aibTOBY OF H4N0O1I COUNTT

auU io some caaei built ehucks io the interral between
(be completion u/ the survey and the declaring of tbt
Uud open to settlement. The claim shack era for any
township did not last long, since these structures looB
gare place to framed houses.

The motives that induced the timber settlers to locatt
nlong the wooded strenms to the neglect ot the more
Valuable prairie lundM l>ing ?acant around them, were
iiuch as to be near runuing water tor themselves and
any stock they migitt raise; to obtain in winter the
•belter nflforded by wooded vnlleys or bodies of timber
on the higher ground adjacent, with the certainty'ef
having plenty of fuel close at hand; then there wae
cheapness in estabiistiing an abode that would last for
nome years, ihe usual log cabin of the first pioneer
settlerH. The log bouse, however required some sawD
Jumber for ground and loft fiaors and roof and this with
a couple or more of single window sash with panes uf
glass 8 by 10 inches, had to be teamed from distant
points, b'or roots, some o( the cabins used poles and
tbatch of coarse buy, sometimes even turf, until better
could be provided. 11 a lo^ house was occupied a long
time, a shingled roof would be provided as soon M
convenient. A fairly well built log bouse with the
chinks between the lugs filled with mortar and the wftll»
whitewashed inside, ntwde a comfortable dwelling.
The chimney usnally con^inted of several lengths of
stove pipe running upward throueh loft and roof from
the cook stove below. The windows were of aingle
flash set in spaces left in the walls.

Such stock as these settlers possessed had to be sheU
tered and so tbe^ co;2Btr,ucted log stables, the cbiekf*

t(M B«M StTTLXmB OR LDO OABIV MKV 47

it might be, filled in with clay mud, and the rooftmade
df pelei Aod coarse hay, or ol floatage stnff fr(»in placet
^long the streams. Some of these makeshift lUblei
were constructed of crotches and poles with the usual
«oyering. In either case, straw was used when some
wheat began to be raised, with available machines to
ihreih it and run the straw directly upon the shelters.
lu expectancy of life in log houses, men with families
4id not bring much furniture with them. A cooking
Itore WHS essential, and other things were brought tbair
were necessities and nhich h log cabin would hold, in
pioneer dayw tin-ware whs apt to be more abundant on
Ihe table and in the cupboard, than crockery. A gar-
den plot was cultivated as soon as possible. Poring
the first two or three years the settlers in breaking and
seaming supplies generally used oxen as they cost less
to maintain than horses.

The foregoing remarks relative to the timber settlers
are general to the timbered streams of eastern North
Dakota, but to a greater or less extent, will be found to
apply also to those of this class who located in Ransom
County. The eastern side of the loup of the Sheyenne
was of course occupied first, since that stretch of the
river naturally first attrMCted notice. Moreover, mueb
ol the western side of loop vas included in the Fori
jKausom military reservation. A propensity of %ht
timber settlers should be mentioned. Thongh there
were exceptions, the most of these men seemed to pre-
fer to hover on the borders of civilixation, hence after
a few years, having proved up on their claims, the
majority of them sold out and drifted farther west, soma
%Q the new states west of the Rocky Mouauio divida.

Tb« setUers on the utreHin procured the esUbliih*
ment of a postoffice at i)wego September 1, 1871, th«
tnt in the couuty. James 0. Feleh was the first post-
flbatter. Later the mail was carried to and from Fargo
irith interveniDg gtatioDs on the route that were alto
dupplied with mail facilities. The carrier made hit
trips once a week. In those dayn on 8uch country routea
4aily papers formed no pnrt ot the contents of a mail
bag; ini^tead, the settlers took some good city weekly
published mainly for country circulation (and in their
make-up worth looking over iu those times) and b#>
fides among papers and magazines there was ^pt to
Qome also into the log CHbin homes the weekly local
paper publit*hed in the countieM from which this or thai
settler had emigrated. Such publications were ipokOB
of as "the home paper,"

The year 1872 was a drouth year in Dakota. No rain
fell from May until November, and the prairie gras*
burned in summer. There was hardly any agricoltural
deyelopmeot in North Dakota as yet, but a few of tho
earliest settlers of KauMom County had ten or fifteen
acres broken on their claims. All the good Gen. Haien
jpould see in the country, accoidiiip to hif rottd report
published the following year, wa8 that the low bottom
lands of creeks and rivers might furnish some hay useful
for military posts I Gen. HMzen'<) mistake consisted in
regarding aspects as seen during an exceptional year to
be the usual climatic conditions of the country. John
Kinan, an early hotel keeper at Lisbon and later ftt
Grand Forks, once wrote:

**Th«t sammer Geaeral Huen was sept oat by the govera<
peat to ejcasDtoe iote and report iop ^he resources of thia

IHil QOTKKMMSMV bUBTET 49

ovctttrf. He reported it a barren waste, fit 00I7 for Indimt
««d bufialo. There has been a great deal of criticism in later
fears on General Hazen's ofiicial report bj the press aad
otherwise. But any man that would travel OTer this couatrj ia
the sammer of 1873 and make any other report woald be fl4
of ordinary judgment. This report was sent broadcast all otm
the United States, and it took years of excessive a«lvcrtisiM|
<ocoanteract it."

THK QOVEKNMKNT HUKVKT.

Thd GovernmeDt suryey of the public lands into
towuahips, eections and quarter-sections, the latter half
of a oiile square, is a Diea^ure that liae been ascribed to
President Jefferson. It wuh presumably first put iuto
practise in Ohio. The basic point from which the
parallels and ranges are numbered is the mouth of tke
Ohio river. Inasmuch as meridian lines converge
toward each other, standard or correction parallela
b»Te been established 24 miles apart. On these par-
allels the corners of the bordering townships jog by
•ach other some distance. The north and south linet
of both Hansom and Sargent counties correspond with
atandard parallels.

The townships were not laid out and Mubdivid^d into
sections and quarter-sections at the i^ame time, since
tba work that had to be done involved separate sarvey^,
ing contracts. The townships to be laid out under any
contract were taken in blocks between standard paral-
lels and stakes mounded around with earth and turf
were set every half mile around the township bordera.
Ttro or thite years might elapse before these townships
|fert subdivided. Work of laying oat towMsbips

)o prof;r«8« in RaDsom County during the summer an4
full of 1872; at the same timt> Geo. G. Beardsley, who
was a uative of Ohio and did considerable contract
surveying in eastern North Dakota, ran the ninetl^
aNtandard parHllel oti the north boundary of the county
aiiid as far we»>t hh the county then e;Ftended.

The subdivision of the townships was in progress Ir
the middle seventiefi, several persons having contraeta
with the burveyor Ctoueral of the territory, who acted
fof the government. Finally io 1830 the survey of the
dounty was completed by subdividing the Fort Ransom
military reservation which bad been deferred for som*
iitne, not being needed in the interval for settlement.

At this point we tthHll endeavor to follow a surveying
party into a township and note iheir method ol oper*'
tion in subdividing the ttame. In the first pluce the out*
fit, coiisiMtingof eight or nine men, left Kaigo in June or
July (low water time) with two or three canvas covered
wagons drHwn by oxjen nnd loadjed with camp supplies*
a cooking ftove, provisions in barrels and boxes, !»•
eluding ccfiee and dried fruits. The party aimed to
be well provisioned for the weeks they were to be ooL
Twoor thiee tenti*, a saddle horse, Hnd pony and can
were nlf«» taken along. The contract surveyor, who
•onetiires u»>€d h hor^e Hi;d buf^gy, did not necessarily
reoain constantly with hie outfit, since, in running tba
compaHN, this was apt tu be entrusted to an assistant
•urveyor who had charge of the camp.

They aimed to go over a township in a week or lees
if not delayed by rainy days. They had an arranged
system in surveying townships so as to lost no time by
any haphaiard worki and each pan hf twoa Or ihrpiii

TBB OOTBBNMBIIT bORTKT, 51

iiAd their special irind of tasks to do during actual field
work. While that waa ia progress oolj the cook and %
chore man were in the camp. Stakes or small post!
were nsed to mark corners. They were about four fee^
long and were split and hewn out of oak timber along
the streams. Those for section corners were about three
izi^het square and those for quarter section cornera
ftbout 2 by 8 inchefi. The uiHrkiog of them with fig*
ares and letters near their top to indicate town, raige
and section, was done with a cutting instrument and
ttsually in camp evenings for next day's work. The
camp WMN pitched as near to the center of a township
48, they could get and be couTenient to water.

|n running lines in any direction, the assistant sur*
veyor used an ordinary theodolite, presumably well
tested. Starting on the township border where there
Whs already a mound and section post, hitt poleman,
some twenty rods ahead with ponj and cart and assist*
ants at hand, adjuRted the pule in line with the sighting
of the instrument, as directed by the surveyor with
motions of one arm. Meanwhile the assistants had cut
from the turf a pointed sod «»onie twenty inches long and
when the surye^or eignidled 'correct/* the sod was set
aprigbt cloMe to the pole und braced by a smaller piece
c»f turf. The men nuw went foiward another stretch,
while the suiveyor lugged his instrument forward and
adjusted it so that itt* plummet corretp<»nded with the
pointed sod. Two chninnien followed measuring off the
ground. One of the turf men drove the cart and each
half mile a stake was taken out and its pointed lower
end was driven a few inches Into the turf with the back
pi a spade and left a while to be mounded around with

68 ^HM BABLV KIWIOKY OP BAK801I OOUNTT

A pyramidical mound about four feet square at the bas«
and whenever the men who attended to this work could
get around t(» it. Presumably the force working the
flection iinen arranged their movements an much as po»-
fiible 80 that noon would not find them at a long di»>
tabce from the camp, and at five o'clock in the afternoon
(the old faf*hioned almanac time) the force ceased work
And wended their way tu their tents.

The section posts were set cornerwise toward each of
the four quarter sections cornering where they were
placed so an to bring the nidet* of the posts fairly facing
the quarter that the figures marked on it indicated.
Qppostite each corner a hole in the ground about three
teet long, pointed at the end<(. and eight or ten inches
deep, indicated a.wectioi) post and furnished the earth
and turf to build the mound. Those set in OwegoTown-
ship would have beep marked: T 185 N K 63 W S—
the dash here standing for some section number that we
have not specified. Theee surveyor's abbrevi.Htion8, rt-o-
dered into words would read: "Town 135 North, Rarge
68 West, Section" s»i and so in regard to actual number.

The quarter section posts placed on the section lines
ft the half mile points v^ere merely ntarked X^» »od
isothiug more. The exchvations in Ruch caees were two
only, on opp( site sides of the mounds, about five feet
in length and diamond shaped, the points being in the
direction that the tifction linei^ run, north and aoutiho*
east and west. Ihe centers of sections were not mark-
ed, settlers being left to locate their own eornera at
thooe points by ranging across the sections. In regard
to the two kinds of excavations mentioned, any one
jfaiiiiliar with t|ie facts, on approacbipg one oi %

rB« 4lOTBiaiMI«T fURTlY

Aouodi could tell at a glance which aort of corner H
marked, and bj (he figures on the section poita would
ascertain what part o/ an unwettled township be waa
in, facts which men in search of a location often found
it to be desirable to know.

If any xqustters were found un the lands being aai^
veyed, the assistsnt lurreyor noted down their namta
and marked the quarters they were liTing upon on ft
townf^hip plat as occupied, so that such quarter •eetiont
could bo witheld at the Und ni!ice a reasonable time
against any haphnsard claimant. In the fall the platt
»f the townships under contract, were turned Into the
district land office. They were then sent to the Depart^
ment of the Interior, Washington, 1>. C.» for record and
approral. then, aftrr several months they were returned
to the Isrd office when the land was declared to be open
40 Jiettlenient. Some of the timber settlers who had
occupied cluims long anterior to the survey, had U>
i»ait seteral years beft.re they could file on them.*

We hste gone into the foregoing details concerning
the subdivision of townships since such matters are a
part of the history of enrly cettlement times in the easV
ern North Dakota counties, and doubt whether much of
•nything on le lound relntive to the matter in present
day histories.

• The dptftllK forrfrnlrjr themib(HtJ»>Ion of townnhip* were
derfvf<1 fTitr> perccrnl olfe-rvntlon snd conrcMRtlon wllh the
•srtPtnrt stirvfjiir *\^t\ tie \y^o i^eft rsopee of townshJps la
Grand Fcrks ^cmniy were stiMlrldf d In the summer and fkll of
1K80. Tbis was ore of Pesrdoley'i* contracts. Hln as^istaat itated
thettte methcdK they iii>ed did not Insure absolute aeettraey ia
fxinfr corneris; tberemJsht vary fiotn being correct, as he ex«
preesed It, • 'bj a few licUcs of the cbaln." or dosely approsim«t«'

THS RAR2.T aWTOKT ^f SIHSOU OOOHtT

CLAIM ttHACK DAYS.

There was but little immigratiou into North Dskotft
in the seresties, though matters io this respect beg«ii
to brighteo up somewhat io the last two or three jt%n
of that decade. HoweTer, most who came at that time*
teitled in the eastern border countieu of the stale, OOK
irere even these counties whollj occupied until along ib
the earij eiishtiefi. Besides Gen . Hazen's adverse re-
port there was another potent factor that kept settler*
away. 'Ihig whs the newspaper de*(criptions of the
'^grasshopper" (Kceky Mruntain locust) scourge that
the few settlers encountered during the middle seveo-
ties Mai.y of thef>e hhd to leave their claims and go
^fick to th^ communities from whence they had come^
t)f eours*! spreading difimHl repurtH concerning the regioa
^roiEi which tlie; had been driven out. Ho one wished
to try to establish homes in a flection wh«'re, as they
supposed, there was some certainty that their cropit
Would be d«>9tro}ifed before they could be harvested if
they succeeded in raising any.

The Northern pHcific KaOroad w.hs bnilt from the
Red to the >lii.^< «ri river in 1872-3, snd in October,
1871, a line from IVJiimf apoliM, begun in 1867, reached
Breckenridge. '1 hese two lines reaching the Red Kiver
Valley and one of them paft^«ing tar v^est of it, did BOl
•eem to invite much immigration in the fiieventies. Tbe
fact that for twenty miles on each Hide of the Nortbera
Pacific each alternate section belonged to the eoBpiBj
by reason of a land trftnt, was not calculated toeocour*
age settlement aloOg tbe rosd, especlslly colonies. H
)x&» been sftid* that if the compajij had gifen tlie Uiid

aULim llUACK DATS ffS

•iray to nettlers thej would baye reaped a benefit
therebj in the local trnffic that would hare been earlj
dereloped. The fHilure in 1873 of J. Cooke & Co. who
bad financed the (Sortbern Pacific, made hard timet all
o^er the country for the next few yeari^ and beDC«
people were le^a disposed to change their location. Il
frill be ^een that owing to the uafnyorable reputatioB
that th« Red Hiver c juutry hai receired, the majority
of such emigrants as were seekioK new homes in tboM
jenrn went elsewhere.

Art the decade was closincr a change of opinion began
to take pUc«>. Some of 'he larger stockholders of tbt
Northern Pncific hai extensive tracts of fine level land
at^igDed to them out of the rAilro*id Uud grant. In
default o' immigratioo, they hardly knew what to do
with it, but it occurred to some to try and turn it into
whnat farms, and here wan originated the big farm idea.
fp the heydiy of their tim*^ th.^ big f ims veie more of
a curse than a benefit to tUe neighbonag railroad yil>
lages, and on several accounts, but nerertheless profit-
able to their owners for some yean. But indirectly
they served the state a good turn by attracting general
attention to the possibilities of the country. The news-
papers now began to publish accounts of the largf
yields of wheat grown on the big fa*""'" '^'hss County
|tnd about the samf t no it vas aated %hf\ the grat^
hopper pest was dying out nnd that tuc Sw.;*er8 in west-
ern Mintie.'ota hsd dcvisfd n^esns to exterminate thf
few swarns that were Ifft. Then came tho extenaiTf
Adrertising of real estate n en by means of circuUri
•ent broadcast over the eastern states. All this r«8ultO(S
in the great immigratiun of the early eigbtiet.

JB THU JUhLT B18T0KT OP KAK80M[ COVMTT

RftDAom Cuunty was io the Far^o Land Office district^
The IT. S. Land Office at Fargo was opened August .1,
1874, having been rooTed to that place from Pemhiaa.
The fimt final proof made in the county was by Ludiog
Tbiergart for the northcant quarter of Section 8, Tows
185, KaogA 58 (Owego Township), said proof bariof
been made September 80. 1875. The township had
been subdi?ided in 1872, but there was then no goveiB-
saent land office nearer than Pembina. Thiergart^ U
«houid be obserted, belonged to the timber settler data
«f pioneers, '.

The late date at which most of the townships In Ihft
4;ounty were organised niskcH it evident that settlers
occupied the open prairie lands very gradually, and at
first in the neighborhood i>f the Kar^o A Southwestern
Hailroad. Those fimt locatirg on the prairie lands did
not winb to establish homes very far from a railroad
line, or one that had been surveyed and was being
graded. Kxpectlng to team wheat, the nearer thty
opuld locate to ff^ railroad station and at the same time
get good land, suited incoming settlers so much Ibe
better. Undoubtedly the cbarficter of the land in tb«
different townships in whole or in part, had its influenat
upon the time, order and extent of their settlement.
• The prairir lands of the county began to be occupied
along in the early eighties and this was continued grad-
ually through that decade, so that claim shack days, so
far as each township really experienced that phase of
settlement life, was in part during different years for
the county as a whole. In the case of some coobIIm of
the Red Ri? t r tier, coming first In order on the oast,
%hty were rapidly oirerrHB )>j settlers wheo ll^ji f^mV

CLAIM ttHAOK DATS 57

graition morement set in, nut but that there had lo«g
beeo fettlers od the timbered Mtreams, an \n like manner
tn Kanfforo County. Where a tovrnship was still Taeant,
or nearljT so. there eoxued much driving orer it by
**^tand prospectors" or persons viewiof the land for
4ie«irHble locationn, s<>inetiroe» by twos with a horse ab#
open buggy, or it might be several together in a cam-
Bion fnrm wagon. They Uftually carried a townshipi
plat and nccasionally conf*ult<'d it at 9ome section mouB^
to keep track of where they were on any blank prairie.
The claim shack was usually built twelve feet square
or 12 by 14 or 16 feet, with shed roof^ the slant baiof
iwo feet rioe if twelve wide. 'J'hey were built of pine
lumber tesroed from the Desre«)t railroad station, it
might be, fifteen or twenty miles away. Shiplap waa
ftooch iiRed and if dwelt in for some time they were cov-
•red with tarred paper to keep out wind and rain. If A
aian had a family the f>hack could be lengthened eight
or ten feet. For winter upe turf was sometimes piled
around them. Small single window sash were nsed for
light and the rough made door opened to the weather.
At best the shacks were onlv intended for temporary
tise, and s HtttMe of like kird was built to shelter tht
team, a spHn of horses or yoke of oxen. Sometimea
cabins with pitched roofs were 1 uilt, the latter being
Covered with tarred paper at firnt and ultimately with
•hingles, a^ they were intended to last longer than the
•hacks. In many cases, perhaps, small framed hoose«
were built on the prairie claims from the firat, bnl in
Ibia respect much depended upon the settler'a meana.
One object of importance to each settler waa to get •
(air amount of breaking dona the first seaaon.

68 TUB K4EX.r ^tpf^RT fxr RANSOM coiTirrv

COUNTY OKQAVIZATIOM*

There eould be do orgHoication of the coonty oatil
(here were residents enou^^h in it to maks it worth the
while to have a wet of county officers appointed. Th*
county was late in batiing an organization effected since
•leTen year** were allowed e1apf*e (mainly the timber
•ettlement period) before such organisation took place.
Beginning Febrnary 7, 1877. by an act of the territoriel
legisUtnfe Random County, wlilch then included Set*
tent Connty, had been attached to Richland County fer
Judicial and recording purposes, such as nnortgagety
deeds, etc. It having beecme known or expected that
(he Fargo & SouthweRlern KHilro»d would be bulU
through (he county, it cau»««d sooiething of an influx of
Sfttiera in 1880 and 1881.

Joseph L. Colton settled in the Sheyenne valley ii»
1880 snd although he npy voi at firnt have had visiona
of making his location the site of a future county teat,
he ultimately bent hip enf rj^ieB toward that end. At
all events he xaw in that furt of the vallpy what was a
favorable locflt ion for a (• wn*.ite. The incoming of
»>ore fettlf rs thpr. hud been lochtid in the connty l»
the seventies rendered it fxpfdiert to set about orgaB*
Iting it ard Colton inKtitutfd tie initial stages to bate
this measure eflected. He th'efvfore selected Frank
Probert. Gilbert Hannn t<r6 (^foipe H. Colton for
county commissioners and Gov. Ordwsy appointed them
county commissirrers for Bansrm Crunty, March 7,
tWl, presumably bavirg received recommendations,
|t was part of the busioeaf pt newly appoiirted conotjr

tmm BIO aiA>X3<3H 69

eommisaioners to fix the location of the county Mftt,
and Coltoo made an agreement with them that thii
location should be at Lisbon where some settlement was
beine made, and nowhere else; also that certain of hit
friends should be remembered when it came to th«
appointment of the county officers.

The commissioners met April 4, 1881 and haTiog
chosen Frank Probert chairman, and disposed of tbe
county seat matter, they proceeded to chose the countj
officers or probably confirm some list previously ontb*
slate. The officers were: Register of deeds and (bounty
clerk, Joseph L. Colton; Treasurer, John Kinan; Judge
of probate, .1. P. Knight; Sheriff, Geo» H. Manniogf
Deputy sheriff, A. H. Moore; Assessor, M. A. Smith;
Buperintendeiit of schools, Eben W. Knight; Coantj
surveyor, E. O. Pindall; Coroner, W. \V. Bradley; also
•ome minor official)^ such as constables and justices of
the peace. It is said that the register of deeds bad a
troublous time to obtain from Hichland County su^
records a^ belonged to Kansom County.

THE BIQ HLOUQH.

Mention was made on a former page that tbe valley
which lies between lakes Traverse and Big Stone was
mainly excavated at the close of tbe Glacial period by
fiord waters derived from a n:eltirg ice sheet in an
epoch when a geological spring time ensued. There
are a number of long valleya in the Dakotas in which
DO streams now run that originated in the same way
and Ransom County contains the uprer portion of one
of *hem. In like manner the blufl' lined valley of the
^he>eDne above its big bend wa» largely excavated by

^ THB BABLT HI8T0KY Or KAN80M COOKTT

ihe fDormuus fiaod that drained the Devils Lake region.
The Glftcial period was not h unity rs was unce 8uppoB>
«d, but comprised four or five stagca with warm iDter^
glacial epochal, lasting thouBauds of yeara, between
them. Each elacial period altered considerably the
coarse of the Bmaller streams by obliterating their
▼alleys^ wholly or in part.

The Big Slough is some sixty miles in length and
•x^tends southwesterly to the James river. It wasprob-
ably the valley of an interglacial stream not so whollj
filed up in the last Qlacial epoch (the Wisconsin stage
of geologists) but that a depreiision was left along whicb
ft flood might txke its course an the country was being
relieved of its covering of ice. In this last glacial
•tage the ice sheet only extended to the southern part
of South Dakota, and westward it nowhere crossed the
Missouri river. Its recession northward was attended
by many pauses, sometimes involving oscillations back
tod forth, but for no long distances. These halls form-
ed moraines and bowlder trains, and as they extend
northwest and southeast they indicate the trend of the
front of the receding ice sheet, and the halts thus made
can be mapped out almost as readily as the course of a
ttream, ss traced by the eftects mentioned.

The ice shett probably had a thickness of a half mile
over Ransom Cc unty. Its sonlheaptern part was still
Ice covered, blocking the drninage there in its natural
direction, while the section about the big bend of the
Sbe.venne and northwest from it was being laid open to
free drainage, and the flood waters from the melting
ice sheet, during eaph recurring suipmer, had to take
the direction that the lowest levels first opened led

fllB WO 8L0in»H. 6^

them. This was by way of stich depressions as existed
aloof^ the course of Big Sluuf^h and Bear creek, the f^U
leys of which were gradually re-excavated. Whea the
glacial waters could fiow to the Red Kirer Valley theat
drainage liueH were abandoned, and when modern cob*
ditions were ushered in the Big Slough became m dt*
serted valley, its drainage area not being sutficieol to
maintain a permanent stream.

Leaving the subject of phynical origins, we shall Mext
append part of an article written in 1896, and which
describes* conditions at the Big Slough when it was •
noted hunting resort in the early eighties. Huntert
also extended their trips aion^ir the Sheyenne river iolo
QriggM County.

**The geological and geographical changes which are coo*
itantly taking place in and upon the surface of the earth are
truly wonderful, and in no place can these changes be noted!
more readily than here in North Dakota.

*'The writer was one of a party of hunters who were look>
iag for ganae near Lone Tree lake recently. When the first
settlers came to western Ransom county, about fifteen years
ago, they found a beautiful lake six miles long, a half mile
wide, and from six to twenty- five feet deep. On the east bank
of the lake Ihcy found growing a lone Cottonwood tree — the
only tree for miles — and they Very appropriately named tks
lake Lone Tree Lake.

**For many years after, Lone Tree lake or the Big Slotigh^
sw)|rm^d with thousands of geese and ducks, pelican aadswao,
and was visited every spring and fall by hundreds of sports*
men from all over the northwest, who found excellent shooting
aronnd the lake. The ducks and many of the geese stayed all
summer, building their nesu and hatching their yomng in tko

m TBB KASLT RieTOBT OT KAinSOM OOtTIITT

oatlying marshes. The rashes which grew ap through the
YAter nade an admirable cover into which a boat comld b#
paddied and remain oat of si^ht of the wary dacks and feesc.
««Bttt on accoant of the exceedingly dry period of the past
eight years the lake cow dries up entirely during the samacr.
Bot very little game now stops here in their flight, and the
oocc fine shooting place is now a thing of the past. The ciMt
observer has noted many other changes. The cradle holes art
getting shallower. The bufialo bones are all gone, the buffalo
trails, then so plainly marked, can no longer be seen, aad tlia
lopt fe^ ha^s grown from a tall, slender sapling to a tree foar.
leeo inches through."*

EARLY DAT! AT LIBBOV.

Joseph L. Oolton had already noted the fact that tbt
aite of LisboD was a possible future towusite. Heseleel*
•d a claim there as a deatrable location, and with bia
family and some relatives 8ettli>d upon it in September,
1878, they building a rude t«>mporary shelter of polea
corered with brufth, hay and turf, in this shelter Mr*
ColtoD, his wife and three children, passed the winter
/oIlowin§r. The land in that part of the county was oot
as yet o|)en to settlement, and so Colton and other aet^
tiers in that pert of the 8heyenne valley could only
occupy their claion^ as rquatters, like «hat others bail
done earlier on the eastern side of the loup: While
awaiting a time when filirgs could be made, MttlafS
improved their abodes and did some breaking.

Some other settlers c^me in 1879 by which time tbe^
could make their filings at the U. 8. Land Offiee al
Fargo and Colton made his filing May 18, K80. l^

I. ■■ ' '. .... I,.. ■ ■ ■ ■ r

• From a skatch in the Record Magaalaa, Auf aat. Vi&

«4kLY DAYS AT LISBOll,

September of that year he fiiii§hed layinjj oat a town
on bis claim to the extent of four blocks and named
the place after that of hU home town in the state of
New York. In the fnll a few pioneer buMineas build*
ings were erecied upon this town site. John Kina*
opened the first general store and began trading wiik
such settlers as had established homes along that part
of the vHlley. A. H. Moore and Peter Benson opened
another general store the same fall. That same year
Marsh & Holt, anticipating that the Fargo A Soutb*
western Railroad would croas the valley somewhere \m
that vicinity, purchased 640 acres of land along tko
river, most of it lyingr on the east side.

Colton now cherished the idea of making Lisbon the
county sent whenever the county could be organised.
County seat projects were already in the air. Aware thai
he could accomplish little in making Lisbon the county
seat of Ransom County without some outside influence,
he went to Fargo and conferred with Major Edwards,
an influential newspaper nian of those times. Major
Edwards introduced Colton to Major C. W. Butti, a
prominent Ihwyer of F«rgo ard a personal friend of
Gov. Orc^wHy. This led to tie appoirtmenl of county
commissioners and orpsnitKtion ot the county in 1881,
Probably Colton had other conferences with Butti. On
February 6, 1881, a written apieement wab entered into
by these parties by i^birb Futtz was to have conveyed
to him sixty acres in platted blocks, provided that tho
Fargo & Souibwestern Railroad would cross the Shey-
erre valley at Lisbon and the county seat be located at
that place. Butt* was to confer with the chief engineer
of the road and offer to convey to the railroad company

^4 nil sastr mewrnr ow kAvsoir oouirrr

A good share of the hlock* out of those assiKned to him
lo 6a«e the railroad did not come tu Litboa, any further
}>iattlug of blocks and lots would be useleiis.

The year 1S81 was one during which considerably
proi^reM wa» mnde. i^ettiers began locating on tb»
prairie landt* and toward tbe clo!98 of the year aa many
*8 a doxen buiidinirH for various business purposes ha4
been erected, the lumber btring te^amed from the line of
the Northern Pacific- Id starting new towns, squar*
front buildings were usually erected with a half story
above in which the owner lived until he could build %
residence. Often tbe buildings were placed low to thai
they could be banked around with earth as winter eaoMk
on, for at fir«t they were generHJly set upon blocks or
bowlders. The store room whs ceiled up, and often, »•
tbe owner's business increased, more space for goodn
was obtained by adding to the rear end of the buildinf.
There are but few structures Jett now in the larger
places in eastern North l)Hk()ta that belonged tu Cbeir
earlier stage, of growth; fire, demolition and Removal
has caused the disappenranee of most all of XhpjA,
Among the build ItigH of 18^1 at Lisbon, was a bo^fol
and a paper called the Lisbon ^tar wan started tber^
that year.

In comparison wi4b Minne.sx)ta and other states, North .
Dakota is favored with but ff w water power pritileges.
This lack is iraiiily owing to the genersl light fall of
tht streams. Some of the smaller streams in this state
have sufficient descent within one mile stretebos U»
ftirnish mill sites, but in the summer season tbeir flow
of water is apt to be eonslderably diminished. A nill
f ite WAS earl/ stiliced ob the Sbeytone at LlsfM^Bi tbf

MAUX,^ i>A)iti AT LIBBOH Q(|

eausiDg the water to poad bnck about four milMt
bat within baok^ high enough to prevent oyerflow ol
bottom lands and consequent formation of marshea,
A flour mill wtis completed and gotten into operation at
Lisbon in 1882 and has changed ownership seTcral
limes since, with alterations and improTements.

There hnd been a yearly increasing immigration into
this state since 1878 and in 18S2 a larger number of
people came than in any previous year. This was larg^.
|y owing to the advf nif-ii:g oi real estate men who iti
forth the capabilires of the territory in glowing term*.
Prospective settlers as far CASt as New York state learn*
ed that the; could ship b^ usehold goods, farm roacbia*
ery and horses from their humen to Dakota by railroad
and not te long on the way, hence the spring of 188S
brought an unusual influx of settlers, and more located
in Kan!«om County that year than previously. During
that seasim about 280 people located in Lisbon.

Under the impetus of the imuiigration and knowledge
of the fact that the track of the Fargo A ^outbwtaterq
Kailroad would probably reach Lisbon that year, iho
Coiinty seat made considerable progress. More businesfi
firms established themselves in the place, among thciD
the Ransom County Rurk, And nnother local papei
was started called the J itbcn Pepnblican. A stage
line toward the appr< aching railroad was temporarily
maintained, for in ea»«tern North Takota their daratioo
was usually short. In thoxe tim*s in the new towot
real estate or land offices, as they were ealled, were
quickly in evidence, and lawyers from the east found
that there were unfamiliar land laws in vogne iMre that
they had to acquaint themsalvea with.

$b THB SABXT Htf-'TOMY OF KJHSOM COUNTY

[d forming church societies and Sunday schools in
ibe Dsw townM then rapidly springing up in Dakota^
those engaged in thia work bad to take things as thej
found them and adapt theniselves to the temporary
dzisting conditions, which they readily did. The first
sermons preached in these places were apt to be deli?-
ered by traveling preachers, or by clergymen Tisiting
the place irom some already edtablished parish. The
«frvice» weie undenominHtional in character. Some
newly completed business building, as yet empty, would
be donated withchsira or boards for seals, and often eon*
uiderabie assemblages of people gathered to attend these
novel services, cince the majority found themselves »t>
liberty Sundays. Am church societies were gradually
lormed. the viUnge hall, if one had been provided over
ftome busiuesM place, was utilized for services and prob-
ably also for a union Sunday Hchool, or some building
nuoccupied for business purposes, it might even be one
that had been intended lor a saloon, would be rented of
purchased and fitted up for temporary use. In some
instances first sermons in newly Mtarted towns were
preached in houses, neighbors being invited in.

The firsf resilient pasmr stationed at Linbun wes Ihe
Kev. Kli F. J.».CelI, a Methodist clergyman, who case
from ^ew York state in April, li^bl. A Uiion societf
Has gathered who held services in a tent the first siiD*
ii>er and in the fall of ]^^^2 a building uf rough kikber
was put up, furnished with forms made of planed pine
materials for seats. A Piesbyterian society was loraied
in 1882 with Kev. K. W. Day pastor, who reBaieed
until 1896. Father Tierney also io 1S82 ergeaited e ^
Komao Catholic society and was t^eir fltt|»riesi. TMer

MLAttiMm ooetm «m>ld bxcitbmkmt 67

Mriier church buildings that sucoaeded the temporary
conditlooa of territorial da} », have them9«iye§ about all
disappeared, baviug with iucreased population, been
replaced by more comoiodiouR and finer church edificea,
Miially con»triicteH of briek.

The ¥&tf^o & Sonrh western Railroad waa conplete4
lothe Sbeyeiiiie ▼alley, at Lisbon, December 2i2, 1882,
$he construction train accompanying the track laying
/orce, arriving first. Trains had begun to run wheo
lo January following, a severe storm filled a big cut is
the bluffs east of town wiih witvd driven snow and th«
funning of trains to Liesbon wan suspended for the real
of the winter. The road wh^ not opened at that point
■ntil April 9, 188S, but a iniie<l train meantime ran
occasionally from Fargo to !r^heldon.

A city charter was obtained for Lisbon March 19,
1883. The flection for city officers was held the firal
Monday in May. The first set of officers chosen at that
time were: Mayor, G. B. Green; city clerk, K. ?.
Allen; treasurer, A. C Krello; city justice, E. J. Ryan;
also six aldermen. Like other North Dakota towns
located on one lire of rsilrosd only, and which had
gotten a start in the early eighties. Lisbon does not
appear to have made arv marked progress during tha
remainder of that decade.

kAH^OM COUNTY QOLl> fiXCITSMKNT.

Sometimes gold in small particlea has been found
dispersed through the surface drift or otheV formatiofi
in limited areas of the non-gold bearing atatea. These
findings usually haye produced local exoitementa, not
of ?ery long continuaoce, he9«ttM working •yperieoea

06 THK «ASLT Rt-TORY OF KAV80M OODVTT

ultimately demonstrates that it coata two or three times
as much in labor to obtain one dollar in gold as the
metal h worth, rendering attempts to mine it altogether
profitless. Whatever may be nature's methods in form-
ing gold, it seems to have been accomplished in cob-
Qection with mountain upheaval. Id this state the
land heightfl are hills of erosion, heightened in tome
eases, by the piling upon them of glacial moraines. Ab
expert mineralogist would likely have given an opinion
to the efTect that it would have been useless to search
for gold in paying qiiantitien in Hansom County: bat the
county experienced that kind of sn excitement in 18St.
Its origin has thus been described:

••In the sttmmerof 1882 the Chicago & Northwesicrn Rail-
road Company made a preliminary survey of their line frooi
Aberdeen, S. D., north through Ransom county, crossing the
Sheyenne river in township 135—57 [Springer], and going out
through the bluffs on the north side they ran the line up tha
Jack Harris coulee on section 10, and in passing a large ledge
of rock on the east side the compass cut sufiicient caperi to
iadtcate the presence of a large amount of mineral. Over the
top of this let^ge flovs a riv\)let of mineral water. The r»ck
is formed bv the mineral deposit from the spring, and petrified
leaves, tw'gs, gra«s and othf r matter hrorght in by the wind.

••Henry W. Griswold, a young man from Chicago, was with
the surveying party and noted the action ©f the compass needle^
and in the spring of 188^ came back here in company with
Frank C. Fry and Kdward P. Raker. After a little time spent
in exploring and investigation, they bought the west half of
10 of Jackson Harris at ten dollars an acre. The Daketa A
Great Southern Railroad had surveyed a line throngh the
coulee, yupnipg north from the river valley, On the farna
were several bnildings, built of hewn logs aad well plastered

KAirsoM conmit oolo bxcitxhbht 69

irith dftj. tt had « small four-light windvw •& the north
tide. This Mr. Griswold used for an office and assay labora*
tory. He had a small cupola or furnace lined with fire clay,
the pipe for' the smoke and gas to escape through passing
outside throhgh a hole bored through the logs. Mr. GriswoM
and party spent the daytime in exploring and gathering sam-
ples of rock, sand and earth, which they puWerized in a m»rUr
and melted in small assaying pots in the furnace at night."*

The experimental work bein{; done at the cabin soon
Attracted attention and neighboring Hcttlers became
curious about the matter. Then Qriswuld admitted in
Lisbon that his party had found indicntiona of gold mi
the coulee. On October 19th, Griswold brought into
the register or deeds office a patent of the Jack Harris
homestead, "The next day" says A. H. Laaghlin, *'I
ftiet the parties, went to the a»say office and eaw Mr.
Fry crush several fragments of rock, put it into the fire,
and in every instance there was a small bead of gold
left in the crucible. It wa'^ enough to give anyone the
gold fever. The next day the great gold excitement
broke out. Within a week every incoming train was
crowded with gold seekerM. I counted 130 men coming
from one train. The whole Sheyenne vwlley was ex-
plored and miiiintr claims were staked out on every
cliff of rock, and all along the creeks and coulees and
amone the bluffs from the north county line to the
lower bend of the river."

The following extract from tlie same writer throws
light on conditions in the western part of Ransom
County in 1883, before the larger game animals had
wholly disappeared before advancing civilitatioii:

f A. H. Laughlin, attlde is "HUtof y of the Med AXwtt Vallty."

7^ THB BARbT HI8TOBY OF RAMSOIf COUMTT

*'E. C. Lucas and myself started for Standing Rock to
c;KpIore the north side of the river beyond Griswoid. It wai
a wet drizzling day. While examining the chalk ledge in
the Oerding coulee we came within ten feet of two fine deer
a»leep in a patch of prairie willows. While we were eatiac
lunch in the Kredneson coulee, north of Fort Ransom, thrtc
antelope watched us for several minutes from the top of t
bluS within a distance of thirty rods. They were a fine pict«r^
lilhouetted against the sky. Darkness caught us in a lar|t
bunch of timber impassable from fallen trees, so we had \^
drive a considerable distance out on the prairie to get aroms^
it. Being pretty well drenched we started home, arriving afttr
eleven o'clock at night. We gained more wet feet and expt'
rience than gold."

''Excitement wh9 inteDse and times lirely foraconpls
of months. It was a harvest fur huteis and liferymen.
With the exception of the liriswold and Stoddard parW
ies, there was not much money waited. £Tery one els*
awaited developments. No schemes or frauds wert
attempted. There was plenty of ca^h in si^ht to v«k
any mine that might have been discovered."

THB BTAHTINQ OF BHELDOtV.

Sheldon is a village of between three and four ho»»
dred inhabitants, located in the northeastern part of
Ransom Count?, on the line of the Fargo A. Southwest^
•rn Railroad, 42 miles from Fargo. It is 14 miles Bor*
to I isbon by the railroad. The altitude of Sheldon it
l,iD80 feet arcording to the railroad survey. Tht lows
le surrrunded by a grrd fariring country and ateras,
banks, the srbrol and churches are well represented in
the place. The following portion ef a writt*«p aboat

THB STARTING OW BHBLDOS. 71

Sheldon gives a good account of the starting of the liU
\nge:

''The history of Sheldon dates from June it, i8Si, whea
B. D. Wilcox purchased the present low% site from the Farge
k Southwestern Railroad which was then being built. He
boaght all of section 17, the section upon which Sheldon new
stands, for $3,200, but having no nsoney with which to paj
for it, he sold it three weeks later to E. E.Sheldon for $3,800.

**Mr Sheldon platted the village and sold ofi a few lott»
deeded half of the plat to the railroad company for locating
the town here, and in February. 1SS3, sold what was left to
Horton & Detler for $8,000.

**The first train — a construction train laying track — reached
Sheldon on November 4, 1882, and Lisbon on Decemberltof
the same year. A mixed train was run off and on through
the winter, and regular train service was inaugurated April I,
1883. Although a few store buildings had been erected, it
was not until the spring of 1^83 that Sheldon really began to<
•ssame the aspect of a thriving new town. During the spring
and summer a score or more buildings sprang up on what a
year before had been the verdant prairie, and hundreds of
settlers poured in to occupy the land opened up by the neif
railroad.

"Adam Goodman was the fifst man to buy grain forshipacat
over the new road from Sheldon. In the fall of 1881 the
Northern Pacific Elevator Company built the first elevator ia
Sheldon and Mr. Goodman was their agent. The elevator
was situated on the site of the pcesent public park, aad 300,000
bashels of wheat were marketed during the first fall and winter
it was in operation. It was no uncommoa sight to see
twelve or fifteen leads of grain lined «p before the elevater
by daylight, and Adam was kept basy alasest tweatyfeaf
hoars a day.

?^ rum MAHLlf Mlt^^Zt {Mr KAVBOM COUHtT

"The first general merchandise store opened ta Siteldon wat
{hat of Karl K, Rudd who began business on Septem\>er 15^
18S1, although the store of Goodman & Green was in opera*
uen several oonths previous a few miles east of town, and was.
moved in and opened for business in the old building at the
cast end of Main street a few days after the Rudd store waa
established.

"The hrst banking institution was opened bj I. C. Gajlord
on July 9, 1SS3. The bank founded by Mr. Gay lord, after
passing through several transitory changes, hnallj became;
\hc First National Bank of Sheldon.

"On August 18, 1884 the town was incorporated. The Bftf
toard of trustees consisted of K. E. Rudd, Jas. K. Banks aa^
Adam Gordman. C. E. Cole was clerk, Marion Grange treat*
urer, and S. A. Durgin marshal. Jas. K. Banks was alf«|
lastice of the peace.

"The first drug store was established in the early eighties
by C. E. and L. R. Cole, and in 1885 another drag store wa^
opened by P. J. Hoff.

"Another pioneer institution is the Sheldon opera hoosa
frhose doorb were thrown open to the public by Manager
Cbauncey Durgin on July 4, f88$«

"Sheldon's first newspaper was the Enterprise and was et:
tablished and the first number issued February 25, iSSfj,
D. M. Houge being the editor. It cnntinned lor tweaty yearf
a|i0 was then consolidated with The Progress."— Fr*B aa v-.
tide iR the Sheldon Progress, Dec. 15, 191 1.

MOTES ON THE PRECEDING SECTIONS.

?Ege lo. On referring to Capt. Henry's spelling for the
i^heyenne river we have found that this is *'Schian." Feath^
.<!r8tonhaugh alone ases the spelling attributed to both. It i%
aot always safe to rely merely upon memory as to little par*
ticulars of this kind. This adds another spelling to the list.

Page 12. The names of the townships of Ransom Coaaty
are put in type according to size, in the diagram. Hansun and
Scoville are represented on a large map of the state as being
half the usual size, hence put in a size of letters smaller th)iB
the majority. Shen?tone and Roland have the other halves
of those two townships and being largest, are named in small
capitals of the largest size of type used in making the diagram.

Page 27. Near the top of this page occurs a needless repe*
tition of a reference fo the name the traders gave to Jamet
river, before mentioned near the bottom of the preceding page.
Work was m progress on two other books, and several days
might elapse before resuming any one of them. When page
47 was resumed the top line was probably already in type and
standing in a composing-stick and it was not noticed that **Rivf
Sere a Jaqnes" had previously been mentioned.

Page 29. The following 's a recapitulation of names on the
map accompanying Nicollet's report which have sone repre-
sentatipn within the area of Ransom County:

Shayenn Oju—Matata or Bears Den Hillock—
Iryan PoFndata or Stprdirp Pock— Dead Colt C—
Okiedan Buttes- Dead Colt Hillock-Mato Pahah
or Grisly Bear Hill R-Champaha Wita L.

Page 34. Gen. Sibley's •'Camp Hayes" was ]«eated in
what is now Big Bend township, instead of Scoville. After
^rpssing at the ford the army turned west soaae diataace.

74 Tva BAILT BirroKT ow ransom oouittt

P*^e* 3S* '^^* statement at the bottom of thii paeetkat tht
chief, Little Crow, was killed in Wright County ihoald read
Meeker County (Minn ), which is next west of Wngkt. Wa
had before us a published narrative of Sibley's eipediti«a
written by J. W. Barnham and repeated an error made by kia.
To expect that any work on local history should be tatirtly
free freai at least a few errors, is to expect the impossible.

Page 67. It was probably the same storm that isolattd
Lisbon from railroad communication in the winter of lS8a*J,
that tied up 40 miles of track west of Larimore. In tkt fall
of i88a the track of the Great Northern was laid from Lari-
more to Bartlett and a mixed train began running to that f\w^
twice a week. Ko snow fences had been built along tidt wf
the cuts, and about January 15, 1S83, a storm blockaded tht
new piece of toad until late in March.

We should acknowledge indebtedness to some writiagi of
A. H. Laughlin of Lisbon in getting up this pamphlet. Thett
writings are a sketch relative to Ransom County in the Record
hCagatine, August, 189S; also a sketch on the history of Raa«
torn County in 'Histoiy of the Red River Valley," Vol. XL,
published in I909.

Ope way in which the timber settlers disposed of the dead
and fallen timber on their lards, was to convert it into cord
wood, haul it to the rew railroad towns, and either sell it
direct to purchasers or trade it at stores for groceries, tha itora
keepers acting as middle mcjt. Their profit accrued mtAmly
from the goods traded to the first parties, as they got cash i%
selling the wood t • customers, the same as with cgga. Tht
claim shack met caused the tons of buffalo boaet to ditapptar,
these being shipped to hone mills to be greaad for ftrtilttcn.

Aftitude of Lisbon, N. P. Rtilroad ttrtty, 1,09! fettt po^
mlatioa ia 191$, itate ctarat, 1,553.

Bhc?;