Full text of "The early history of Raleigh, the capital city of North Carolina. A centennial address delivered by invitation of the Committee on the centennial celebration of the foundation of the city, October 18, 1892"

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THE EARLY HISTORY OF RALEIGH,

THE CAPITAL CITY OF NORTH CAROLINA.

fl CENTENNIAL RDDRE88

DELIVERED BY INVITATION OF THE COMMITTEE ON

THE CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE

FOUNDATION OF THE CITY,

OCTOBER 18, 1892,

Kemi^ F*. Battle, LL. D.,

professor of history in the university of north carolina.

AND

AN ACCOUNT OF THE CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION,

prei'ar);d by the
CHAIRMAN OF THE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE,

AT THE REQUEST OF THE BOARD OF MANAGERS.

RALEIGH:

Edwards & Brouohton, Printers and Binders.

1893.

^^ "L^f

-R

T a meeting- of the Board of Managers of the Ealeigh
Centennial Celebration, held ]^ovember 4, 1892, the
following resolutions were adopted :

'''' Remitted, That the grateful thanks of this Board of
Managers be tendered in behalf of the citizens of lialeigh,
to Hon. Kemp P. Battle, for the able and scholarly address
upon the historic past of Raleigh, in which he has preserved
for us and our children so much of the wit and wisdom of
our forefathers.

'■^ Resolved, Tliat Dr. Battle be requested to furnish a copy
of his valuable address for publication.''

The following gentlemen, on the resolution of the Board,
were aj^pointed by the Chair to prepare and publish a full
account of the Celebration and incidents connected there-
with, and the Centennial Address and Poem :

C. B. Dexson, T. R. Jernigan,

JosEPHus Daniels, R. H. Lewis,

W. S. Primrose, J. J. Hall,

S. A. Ashe.

At a meeting of the Committee of Publication, held July
12, 1893, the following was presented by a sub-committee of
Messrs. W. S. Primrose, S. A. Ashe and K. H. Lewis, M. D.,
and adopted by the Committee :

Whereas, This Committee, appointed to publish an
account of the Centennial Celebration of the City of lial-
eigh, appreciates most highly the unselfish labor which
Capt, C. B. Denson has bestowed on this volume, and
desires to make some fitting recognition of his work ;

Resolved, That the thanks of this Committee are hereby
especially tendered to Captain Denson for his valuable ser-
vices, so loyally and patriotically rendered the City of Kal-
eigh, and that this resolution be printed in the volume, as
expressive of our sentiments.

RALEIGH

PRIZE CENTENNIAL POEM.

BY MISS MINNIE MAY CURTIS, RALEIGH, N. C.

() Raleigh ! noble namesake of a niau of fairest fame,

Our fathers chose most wisely when they crowned yon with

his name I
And his spirit — brave, undaunted — seemed to nerve them

for the strife —
For the earnest, arduous elfort that brought you into life.
A hundred years of patience, of weary toil and care,
Have yielded a rich fruitage, have reared your structure fair.
O noble State ! be proud and glad ; rejoice on every side !
Thy queenly daughter celebrates her natal day with pride.
Let loving hands delight to iling gay banners to the breeze ;
Let children's happy voices ring beneath the spreading trees ;
Let joyous pteans echo from the mountains to the sea.
To celebrate with gladness our day of jubilee !

For all that Science, Art and Skill have br(jught us by the
way ;

For all that makes life sweet and good, we thank thee,
Lord, to-day ;

For godly shepherds who have led tlieir Hocks to })astures
fair ;

For skilled physicians who have wrought with never-weary-
ing care ;

For statesmen wise, avIio framed our laws with justice and
with truth ;

For faithful teachers who have trained with earnest zeal our
youth ;

For- tradesmen in the Inisy mart; for tillers of the soil ;

For all who l)uilt our city u]) with patient, arduous toil.

O noble pioneers I who wrought tlirougli long- antl weary
years,

We reap with joyful hearts to-day what you have sown iji

tears !
We know your happy spirits, in the blissful realms above.
Are looking down upon us now in tenderness and love.

Hushed be the noise of party strife ; contentions die away !

This is a holy festival — a glad, yet solemn, day^ —

A day when wrongs should be forgiven, and bitterness

should cease.
And over all should brood in love the fair, sweet dove of

peace.

As God has loved us, let us love ; let no one dwell apart;
Let one broad band of love extend, uniting heart with heart.
In union lies our strength, and we may win yet brighter

fame
In years to come, if one in heart, we labor with one aim.

So may our city ever be a steady beacon bright.

Whose beams of purity and love shine with far-reaching

light.
So may the nations honor us, and children's children rise
To call our memory blessed, when we've passed beyond the

skies ;

So may they celebrate with joy another hundred years.

And garner np with grateful hearts, with happy smiles and

tears,
A nobler harvest; and with still a greater pride may they
Pay homage to a glorious and a grand Centennial Day !

INTRODUCTORY.

Fellow Citizens: — Allow me to explain that I have pre-
pared this address under great disadvantages. In the first
place, my University duties, since the reception of the invi-
tation so kindly extended me by the Committee of Arrange-
ments, have been very exacting. And secondly I have been
embarrassed in endeavoring to avoid repeating substantial
parts of my centennial address July 4, 1876. I began my
work with the hope that I could cover the whole period of
one hundred years, but soon found it impossible to do so
without writing a book instead of an address. I concluded,
therefore, to confine myself mainly to the inauguration of
the city, and to the institutions and leading citizens of the
first two decades. Even with this limitation I must omit in
the delivery more than half of what I have prepared.

THE EARLY HISTORY OF RALEIGH,

THE CAPITAL GUY OF NORTH CAROLINA.

THE COUNTY OF WAKE.

The county of Wake dates its birth from troublous times.
The Regulators, whose insurrectionary movements were prin-
cipally in the middle counties of the State, had broken up
courts, cruelly beaten officers of the law, and were threaten-
ing to march on Newbern* and enforce their demands at the
rifle's mouth. The Assembly concluded that a state of civil
war existed and determined to coerce the rebels into submis-
sion. The militia of the loyal counties were ordered to be
embodied. Martial law was virtually declared. The safe-
guards of liberty were suspended by the passage of the act,
approved by one party as necessary and proper, and stigma-
tized by the other as the " Bloody Bill." It must have been
with the double design of appeasing the angry feelings of
the disaffected by granting them greater convenience for the
transaction of public business with increased representation
in the Legislature, and of lessening the opportunities of gatli-
ering numbers from wide areas, that four new counties were
erected by this Assembly of 1770. From Rowan was cut off
the county of Surry, named after Lord Surrey, a prominent
member of the British Parliament, favorable to the colonies.
Orange lost part of her territory to form the new county of
Chatham, called in honor of the " Great Commoner " recently
transferred to the House of Peers. From Orange and Rowan
was erected the county of Guilford, in honor of the father of
Lord North, heir-apparent to the earldom of Guilford, who
in the same year entered on his long and baleful service as.
Prime Minister. And lastly, from Johnston, chiefly, with
slices of Cumberland and Orange, was carved the grand
county, the capital of which is the city whose centennial we
are celebrating to-day.

The royal Governor of that period was a man of striking
personal qualities and of high family connections, William
Tryon. In a less turbulent time he w^ould have been the

* I adopt " Newbern " instead of " New Bern " or " New Berne," because I And
that mode of writing the name most usual in the Acts of Assembly, and because
it is so written in the Post-office Directory. Tliere are numerous analogies, e. g.,
Newcastle, Newport, Plymouth, Portsmouth, Charleston, etc.

10^

best beloved of all our colonial Governors. There was a
Charles Tryon who married the daughter of Earl Ferrers,
and I conjecture that he was their son. His wife was a
Miss Wake, whose fortune of £20,000 ($100,000) entitled
her in those days to be called wealthy. She probably was a
scion of the noble house of Wake, which a few years before
had given to England an Archbishop, and she was known
in our colony as " Lady Tryon." Governor Tryon had a sister
who, in our Colonial Records, is styled the " Honorable
Miss Tryon," so that she was maid of honor to the Queen. ^
Lady Tryon's sister, Esther Wake, having the same name as""
one of the Archbishop's daughters, accompanied her to North
Carolina, and by her surpassing loveliness of person and ele-
gance of manners, possibly set off by her probable possession
of a fortune equal to that of her sister, made the hearts of our
colonial legislators palpitate admiringly under their capa-
cious waistcoats and frilled shirt-bosoms. It was partly her
irresistible appeals which carried the votes of great sums for
the building at Newbern of the finest palace in America for
the Governor's use.*

This palace was finished in 1770, and Governor Tryon
and his lady, as representatives of the King and Queen of
England, sat in arm-chairs in its grandest hall and received
the representatives of the people and the elite of the capital
at a brilliant ball given in honor of the completion. Gor-
geous curtseys by the ladies and bows by the men were
made in presence of the viceroy and his fair consort, and
stately minuets danced before them in the good old stately
style. The general admiration and respect culminated in
giving the name of Wake to the new county, whether, in
honor of Tryon's wife, or, as others say, of her sister, it is
impossible now to determine. Probably the married mem-
bers had in mind the former, while the bachelors hastened
to win a smile from the fascinating Esther by the assurance
that their stentorian "Aye" on the passage of the measure
was prompted by devotion to her charms.

The reason given in the preamble of the act for the erec-
tion of the county is that " because of the large extent of
Johnston, Cumberland and Orange it w-as grievous and bur-
thensome to attend the courts, general musters and other
public meetings." The first corner was at " the Edgecombe
line on Moccoson swamp, a mile above James Lea's planta-

*I follow the generally accepted tradition. The late James W. Bryan contended
that Esther Wake is a myth. He slated that .Judge Gaston so thought. It will
grieve nne if I find evidence which will force me to consign to the realms of fancy
so cliarming a lady.

tion." The line then ran straight to "Neuse river, at the
upper end of John Beddingfield's plantation ; then to David
Minim's mill creek between Mimm's mill and Tanner's old
mill ; then the same course continued to the ridge which
divides Cumberland and Johnston counties ; then a straight
line to Orange line, at the lower end of Richard Hill's plan-
tation on Buckhorn ; then the same course continued five
miles ; then to the corner of Johnston county on the Gran-
ville line; then with the same line and Bute [now Franklin]
line to Edgecomb line to the beginning." Afterwards, in
1786, the part lying east of Moccoson swamp was ceded to
Franklin. Joel Lane, John Smith (after whom Smithfield
was named), Theophilus Hunter, Farquard Campbell (from
him Cambellton, or lower Fayetteville, w^as called), and
Walter Gibson, were appointed Commissioners to survey and
mark the boundary lines between Wake, Johnston, Cumber-
land and Orange.

The question of the location of the county seat, often left
to a vote of the people in our day, was entrusted to seven
Commissioners appointed by the General Assembly, the upper
house of which was composed of the Governor and his Coun-
cil. These were Joel Lane, Theophilus Hunter, Hardy
Sanders, Joseph Lane, John Hmton, Thomas Hines and
Thomas Crawford. The Commissioners for building the
court-house and jail were Joel Lane, James Martin and
Theophilus Hunter. Judging from the foregoing names, it
seems clear that the General Assembly predetermined the
site, because we find that one member of the committee of
location owned the land where the court-house was built,
and certainly two others, his brother Joseph and Theophilus
Hunter, were owners of adjoining plantations.

The legal union of Church and State, which at this time
had little practical influence on the life of the people, was
indicated by constituting the entire county a Parish of the
Church of England under the name of Saint Margaret.

The names of the townships, until 1868 called precincts,
of St. Mary, of St. Matthew, of St. Mark, which still survive,
are mementoes of this legal union, dissolved forever by the
severance of our political bonds with Great Britain. There
were probably few members of the Church of England in the
county, as there is no tradition of any chapels or other church
buildings in its limits. With the exception of the Lane family
I know of no members of this denomination whose families
resided in the county at the date of its erection. Probably
there were a few others.

WAKE COURT HOUSE.

The ancestors of Joel Lane removed from the Albemarle
country to Halifax. Thence he with two brothers, Joseph
and Jesse, transferred their homes before the Revolution to
the part of Johnston county afterwards Wake. Part of his
residence still stands in the Boylan homestead. The court-
house was a log building on the hillside in front of his
dwelling, probably at the crossing of the roads from New-
bern to Hillsboro and from Petersburg to Cross creek, after-
wards Fayetteville. The name given to the county seat,
Bloomsbury, sounds so much like a woman's fancy that I
am constrained to be'ieve it was selected by the lovely Esther
Wake and her sister. Lady Tryon. We may surmise that
they intended to transfer to their county the name of the
pretty hamlet then near London, now a part of that wonder-
ful city, as Bloomsbury Square, near the British Museum.
I love to conjecture that it was their English home. Onr
ancestors showed scant courtesy in substituting for their
choice the homely "Wake Court House." They made
amends, however, by not erasing from the list of counties
their name when they inflicted the indignity on Tryon and
Bute of substituting for the former Lincoln and Rutherford,
and for the latter Franklin and Warren. I make bold to
suggest that the title of Bloomsbury Square shall be in this
centennial year restored to the hill on which the old court-'
house was located.

About the year 1800 a new courthouse was erected on
the Fayetteville street site — rectangular, of wood, of the
shape of the old-fashioned country meeting-house. This
was sold about 1835, and removed bodily to the southeast
corner of Wilmington and Davie streets, and was for a long
time a family residence, and then Cook's hotel. The brick
structure wdiich replaced it was built in 1835, and remodeled
in 1882, at which time the statue of Justice was placed over
its front as a guardian and a monitor.

THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT OF NORTH CAROLINA
IN COLONIAL DAYS.

In colonial times the Governor resided at his own home
and summoned the General Assembly to meet at some point
deemed by him most convenient. For many years such
place was in the northeastern counties. The earliest of these

temporary capitals wa^, so far as has been handed down, at
the house of Captain John Hecklefield in the county of Per-
quimans. Tlie important Assembly of 1715, tlie first whose
full proceedings are known to us, which, soon after the terri-
ble trials of the Tuscarora war, showed its hatred of arbitrary
government by passing strong resolves against recent despotic
acts of the executive and the military officers, met at the
dwelling of Col. Richard Sanderson on Little river io the
county of Perc^uimans. Five years later we find its session
held at the court-house in Chowan, about five miles from
Edenton, and in ] 822, the year of Governor Eden's death, the
fair young town, looking out on the placid waters of Chowan
bay, named in his honor, was officially established as the seat
of government. During Governor Gabriel Johnston's admin-
istration the centre of population moved away from tlie Albe-
marle section towards the southwest. The Governor called
the Assembl}' to convene in 1738 and 1739 at Newbern on
account of iis central position. He earnestly advocated that
this town should be made the permanent ''seat of govern-
ment." The Albemarle counties bitterly opposed this, and,
having five members to each county, while the others had
only two, for some time regularly voted down all proposals
for the change. At length, in 1746, the Governor appointed a
session at Wilmington during the month of November, when
the inhabitants of Albemarle were busil}' engaged in fatten-
ing and slaughtering and curing and driving to market their
crop of hogs. Their members, a majority of the body, were
not present when the roll was called. According to the pre-
cedents of half a century there was no quorum able to trans-
act business. Then ensued the earliest and most unblush-
ing arbitrary tactics ever witnessed in our State. The mem-
bers present first voted that fifteen should be a quorum, and
then passed an act reducing the representation of the Albe-
marle counties to two each. Quickly followed an act fixing
the seat of government at Newbern and making it the centre
of the court system, the Westminster of North Carolina; and
although the King disallowed the act, and the Albemarle
people stoutl}^ refused to recognize the laws of the rump
Assembly, the practical result was that after the sessions of
the Assembly in 1740, 1741 and 1743 the town of Edenton
witnessed legislative gatherings no more forever. Newbern
had the exclusive honor, with the exception of sessions at
Wilmington in 174(), 17''4, 1761, 1763 and 1765, and one
called at Bathtown, now Bath, in 1752, the year of Johnston's
death.

Our State provisional revolutionary bodies, called Con-
gresses, were held at Newborn, Hillsborough and Halifax,
the latter adopting the Constitution which went into opera-
tion on the 23d day of December, 1776.

THE REVOLUTION.

The sessions of the Assembly during the Revolution were
affected to a considerable extent by the exigencies of war.
Those in 1777 and the first session of 1778, as well as the first
of 1780, were held in Newborn. The second session of 1778,
the second of 1780, and those of 1782 and 1783 were at Hills-
borough. The third session of the General Assembly of 1778,
which met in January, 1779, was at Halifax, as was likewise
the second session of 1779. The first of 1779 was at Smith-
field. The first of 1781 was " in Wake county," presumably
at the court-house. One was appointed for Salem, but a
quorum did not attend.

After the Declaration of Peace the sessions of 1784 were, the
first at Hillsborough, and the second at Newborn, as was also
that of 1785. That of 1787 was at Tarboro. Those of 1786,
1788, 1789, 1790 and the first session of 1793 were at Fay-
etteville. Those of 1791, 1792 and the second session of 1793,
held in June, 1794, were in Newbern.

From the foregoing it appears that the first capital of the
State was Edenton, and the second practically at Newbern.
As the act of 1746, designating Newbern as the seat of gov-
ernment, was not approved by the King, the claim of that
town rested on the action of the Governor, who had power
to designate tlie places as well as the times of the sessions of
the Assembly.

MOVEMENTS FOR A PERMANENT CAPITAL.

It was plainly impossible that the public business could
be properly conducted when the Governor and other State
officers lived at diverse points, when the Legislature migrated
with less regularity than wild birds, and the public records
were scattered about according to the convenience or whims
of officers. North Carolina has sufiered sorely in money and
reputation from losses of her archives. In 1789 the General
Assembly made this humiliating declaration, that "it is rep-
resented by the agents of the State that many officers and
whole regiments of privates who served in the continental
line of this State are not to be found on the musters in the
war or pay-office of the United States, and that no account
has been taken of numerous wagons and teams with which

the armies of the United States have been supplied by this
State," and then orders the Comptroller to search for such
musters among the private papers of the late Governors and
of such military officers as may be supposed to have them.
It was the opinion of all our statesmen and well informed
men of the Revolution, and afterwards, that great injus-
tice was done to North Carolina in the settlement with the
general Government b}^ reason of papers, which would have
shown our expenditures for the war, having been lost or
hopelessly mislaid.

Notwithstanding these evils, there was such a want of
homogeneousness in the State, one part trading with Nor-
folk, others with Petersburg, Richmond, Charleston, Wil-
mington, Newbern and Fayetteville, that it was with great
difficulty that a change could be made. The General Assem-
blies shrank from preferring one part over another. A con-
vention of the people was to be held in Hillsborough in 1788
to consider the new Federal Constitution. The General
Assembly of 1787, sitting in Tarboro, requested the people to
instruct their delegates to "fix on the place for the unalter-
able seat of government."

In accordance with this suggestion the Convention of 1788,
having decided that the Constitution of the United States
ought not to be adopted without amendments, took up the
question thus referred to it. After deliberation the majority
evidently concluded to adopt as near as possible the
geographical centre of the State, and instructed the General
Assembly to provide for the selection of a site within ten
miles of the plantation of Isaac Hunter, in the county of
Wake. Doubtless other centres were voted for, but the Jour-
nal of the Convention cannot be found, and I am unable to
give them. It will be seen hereafter that the AVake county
circle won by a combination of the delegates from the val-
leys of the streams flowing into the sounds of Albemarle and
Pamlico, and that the most formidable opponent was Fay-
etteville.

This historical tract of Isaac Hunter lies about three and
a half miles north of our city on what was once the great
road from the North to the South by way of Petersburg,
Warrenton, Louisburg, Wake Court House to Fayetteviile,
Charleston and other points. The great oaks which prob-
ably sheltered Isaac Hunter and the guests of his hos-
pitable home, still stand about one mile north of Crabtree
bridge. Within ten miles is a long stretch of Neuse river,
and many of the delegates most probably supposed that the

new city would possess wharves and shi|)ping, as it was then,
and for years afterwards, believed, thai the Neuse could be
made navigable to its Falls, and even beyond to the hills of
Orange. Indeed, Hamihon Fulton, a iScotch engineer, em-
ployed by the State during the canal fever, about 1820, gives
it as his opinion that Rileigh can be directly connected
with the ocean by a system of dams and locks from the
crossing of the Faj^etteville road over Rock}- branch. He
gives the fall down that stream and Walnut creek to Neuse
river at seventy-four feet three inches, and the distance
ten miles, four furlongs and eleven rods. He recommends,
however, in preference to this, tliat the port of Raleigh should
be on the Crabtree at the Louisburg road crossing, estima-
ting the expense of dams and locks on the creek, and ahorse
railroad from Raleigh to the landing, at S35, 255.- It would
be still better, he said, to have Kaleigh's port on Neuse river
with a six-mile railroad. It is a historic truth that our
people invested money in a Neuse River Navigation Com-
pany, and succeeded in sending one boat, James H. Murray
captain, down to Newbern and back. It is not surprising,
with such visions in the air, that the inhabitants of the val-
leys of the streams flowing into the Albemarle and Pamlico
sounds united in a legislative log-rolling.

The General Assemblies were slow in carrying into eflect
the ordinance of the Convention. There was fierce hostility
to the location in Wake. There were charges of trickery and
management in securing it. In November, 1788, Willie
Jones, in the Senate, moved to carry the ordinance into effect.
The bill passed by a vote of 26 to 20. The Journal of the
lower house shows that it was received, amended and jiassed
its second reading. As it was not ratified, very probably
the opposition understood the trick of killing bills with
odious "riders," and the friends of the bill not liking the
amendments allowed it to drop.

The Convention and the General Assembly' of 1781) met
in Fayetteville at the same time. The adoption of the Fed-
eral Constitution was of such momentous importance that
probably the failure of the A.<=sembly to consider the ques-
tion of the seat of government was caused b}^ forgetful n ess.
In 1790 the Assembly, meeting in the satne town, was so
evenly divided that the proposition to carry into effect the
ordinance of 1788 passed the House by the casting vote of
Stephen Cabarrus, its Speaker, and failed in the Senate by
the casting vote of a Western man, William Lenoir, the
Speaker.

The intensity of the feeling of the friends of Fayetteville
was shown by its struggle to secure the meeting of the fol-
lowing General Assembly — that of 1791. After a long and
close contest Newborn carried the vote, and the cause of
Flora McDonald's town was lost forever.

At this Assembly of 1791 an act was passed to carry into
effect the mandate of the people in convention assembled
Nine Commissioners, not ten, as has been erroneously stated,
were appointed to locate the city and five to erect a State-
house at a co=t of $20,000. The bill passed the Senate in
January, 1792. by the close vote of 27 to 24, and the House
by 58 to 53. In the former body Joseph R. Gautier, a promi-
nent lawyer. Senator from Bladen, who, by the by, left in his
will a valuable library to the State University, presented a
strong protest, which, with the names of the signers, I give
in full, as showing the strength of the feeling on the subject:

Because permanence cannot be insured to a measure carried by so
inconsiderable a majority — a measure by which the interest of our con-
stituents are materially injured— by which the public g)od is sacrificed
to local combinations and personal influence, and against which as men,
to ansvver the trust delegated to us, we solemnly protest: —

Because although it may be inconvenient and inconsistent with the
dignity of this State that its government sliould continue to be ambula-
tory, yet in the deternnnation neither economy or policy are consulted —
the interest of the most valuable part of the State sacrificed (perhaps for
jealousy of its importance) by the tyranny of an accidental and most
trifling majority.

Because the precedent of deciding on carrying into effect measures
attended with such infinite expense to the country under the sanction of
an accidental vote which may be reversed at a day not far distant, is
pregnant with the most fatal mischiefs, and will in future, as it does on
the present occasion, encoiu'age an intrigue in our counsels, and aban-
don the command of the treasury and the control of tlie properties of
the people to the efforts of design, and to the machinations of an inter-
ested party.

[Signed] Joseph McDowell (the elder, of Burke),
John A. Campbell (of New Hanover),
Joseph Hodge (of Orange),
David Caldwell (of Iredell).
KiCHARD Singleton (of Sampson),
J. R. Gautier (of Bladen),

F. Campbell (of Cumberland),
ZebSdee Wood (of Randolph),
Joseph Winston (of Stokes),
John Stewart (of Chatham).
Joseph Graham (of Mecklenburg),
David Gillespie (of Guilford),
Joseph Dickson (of Lincoln),
Thomas Wade (of Anson),
James Turner (of Montgomery),
J. Willis (of Robeson),
Richard Clinton (of Sampson),
Thomas Tyson (of Moore).

C. Galloway (of Rockingham),

G. H. Berger (of Rowan).

There are strong men in this list. We find Gren. Thomas
Wade, of Anson, after whom Wadesboro is named ; General
Joseph Graham, father of Governor W. A. Graham; Joseph
Dickson, Joseph Winston and Joseph McDowell, senior, all
three afterwards members of Congress. If attention is paid
to the counties represented by them it will be found that
there are eight in the Cape Fear basin: Bladen, Chatham,
Cumberland, New Hanover, Randolph, Guilford, Sampson
and Moore. Of the others, the following at that day traded
almost exclusively with Fayetteville, townt: Anson, Mont-
gomery'', Robeson, Rowan, Orange, Rockingham and Stokes.
The remaining western counties, Burke, Iredell, Lincoln,
Rutherford and Mecklenburg, strangely as it may appear to
us, traded largely in the same direction. It thus appears that
the contest was on behalf of this good old town, which, on
account of its being the head of navigation of the Cape Fear,
was one of the most important places in our State. Five
meetings of the General Assembly and the Convention of
1789, which adopted the Federal Constitution, had been held
within its limits. It was made a court town of a new
judicial district. This same Convention had conferred on
it the extraordinary privilege of sending a borough member
to the General Assembly. Its citizens and friends had pro-
cured charters authorizing the clearing and deepening of the
channel of the Cape Fear from Wilmington to Averasboro.
All road hands living within two miles of the river could be
compelled to this work for twelve days in the year. In 1790
a charter was granted to make Cross creek navigable. Great
manufacturing enterprises were to be inaugurated. Henry
Emanuel Lutterloh was authorized by special law to import
from abroad capitalists and skilled laborers, who were to be
exempt from all taxation for five years. To make the offer
still more tempting, the immigrants were in terms vested
with the perpetual power of erecting their own churches and
school-houses. Lutterloh was authorized by law to raise by
a lottery $6,000 for the purpose of paying the expenses of
transportation and settlement. Perhaps it is an indication
of the confident hope of securing for this commercial and
manufacturing centre the further advantages of the seat of
government, that the citizens called the public building, in
which General Assemblies sometimes met, burnt in the great
fire of 1831, which occupied the site of the present market-
house, the " State-house." These facts explain the strong
language of Gautier's Protest. It was the beginning of the
great "Eastern and Western " contest.

ELECTION OF COMMISSIONERS OF LOCATION.

The act of 1791 provided for one commissioner of location
from each of the Judicial Districts, and a ninth from the
State-at-large. The following nominations were made :

For the Morgan District — Joseph McDowell, the elder.

For the Salisbury District — Matthew Lock and James
Martin.

Nor the Hillsborough District — Thomas Person and Joseph
Hodge.

For the Halifax District — Thomas Blount.

For the Edenton District — William J. Dawson.

For the Newbern District — Frederick Hargett.

For theFayetteville District — Farquhard Campbell, Henry
William Harrington, Henry E. Lutterloh and John Willis.

For the Wilmington District — .James Bloodworth, Edward
Jones and .John A. Campbell.

For the Ninth Commissioner — * Willie Jones, Griffith Ruth-
erford and Alexander Mebane.

The following were elected :

For IVJorgan District — Joseph McDowell, the elder.

For Salisbury District — James Martin.

For Hillsborough District — Thomas Person.

For Halifax District — Thomas Blount.

For Edenton District — William Johnston Dawson.

For Newbern District — Frederick Hargett.

For Fayetteville District — Plenry William Harrington.

For the Wilmington District — James Bloodworth.

For Ninth Commissioner — Willie Jones.

BUILDING COMMITTEE.

The following nominations were made for the Building
Committee of five :

Richard Benehan, "the venerable Judge Williams," John
Macon, Robert Goodloe, George Lucas, Nathan Bryan,
Theophilus Hunter, William Cain, Wyatt Hawkins, James
Porterfield.

Of these, Messrs. Richard Bennehan, John Macon, Robert
Goodloe, Nathan Bryan, Theophilus Hunter were elected.

The Commissioners for Location will be described hereaf-
ter. Of the Building Committee Richard Bennehan was of
Orange. Coming from Petersburg as a clerk in the country
store of a rich Hillsboro merchant named Johnson, partly
by marriage, but mainly by investments from time to time

♦Pronounced Wi-ley.

of his earnings in slaves and in the rich bottom lands of the
Neuse and its tributaries, the Eno and Flat, he accumulated
one of the largest estates in North Carolina. His only
daughter married Judge Duncan Cameron, and at the death
of her brother, Thomas I). Bennehan, who never married,
succeeded to all the estates of her father. Richard Benne-
han was a man of boundless hospitality, of large public
spirit, one of the early Trustees of the University, of which
he was a generous benefactor.

John Macon was much trusted by the people of Warren,
for four years a Commoner and ten years consecutively Sen-
ator. He was a brother of the more eminent Nathaniel
Macon, from the same county.

Robert Goodloe was a citizen of Franklin, a prominent
planter and builder, whose descendants are among the best
people of Alabama, Tennessee and Kentucky. One of them,
Colonel Green Clay Goodloe, is now a paymaster in tlie United
States Marine Corps. The eminent statesman and lawyer,
Robert Goodloe Harper, who had the peculiar honor of
being elected to Congress from two districts in South Caro-
lina at the same time, and who, after marrying a (laughter
of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, became one of the leaders
of the Baltimore Bar and United States Senator from Mary-
land, was a nephew of Robert Goodloe.

Nathan Bryan had been a member of the Constitutional
Convention of 1788, was then Senator from Jones and after-
wards a member of Congress.

Theophilus Hunter was a brother of the Isaac Hunter who
owned the centre of the circle within which the location was
to be ma'le, and will be hereafter more |)articularly described.

LOCATION OF THE CAPITAL.

It has been generally believed that the Commissioners
had unrestricted powers in regard to the new cit}'. This is
a mistake. The General Assembly prescribed the width of
the streets, limited the quantity of land to be purchased at not
exceeding one thousand acres, and the area of the city at
not less than four hundred acres, and commanded that at
least twenty acres should be reserved for the State house
and other public buildings. Tiie compensation of the Com-
missioners was twenty shillings, or $2 per day.

On Tuesday the 20th March, 1792, there assembled at the
house of Isaac Hunter five of the nine Commissioners, viz.,
Frederick Hargett, of Jones; William Johnston Diwsou, of

Chowan; Joseph McDowell (the elder), of Burke; James
Martin, of Stokes ; Thomas Blount, of Edgecombe. They did
not organize, but adjourned at once to the house of Joel
Lane, at Wake Court House. On the next day they began
their work by viewing the lands which had been offered to
them as suitable sites. On the 22d they were joined by
Willie Jones, of Halifax.

It is pleasant to travel on horseback with these worthy
citizens among the gentle hills of Wake, then putting on the
green loveliness of spring. As the squirrels chattered in the
oaks and hickories, the rabbits tripped into the broomsedge,
the mocking-birds poured out their mimetic melody, they
scanned closely, with woodman's eye, the ridges and streams
and level uplands, and discoursed sagely about the prospects
of the coming city. And when they reached their place of
repose at night, and refreshed their weary frames with the
fragrant toddy and savory beef, venison or mutton, with
smoking biscuit and buttered batter-cakes which the busy
housewife most hospitably set before them, they discussed
the great questions pending in the political world — how the
French Revolution would make all the world free, whether
Hamilton or Jefllerson in Washington's Cabinet would most
influence the action of their great chief. And they discussed,
too, the rising influence of the Democratic Republican party,
which was destined to destroy the Federalist party and con-
trol the government for many years, and, with wonderful
vitality and sanguine expectation of victory, is now reaching
out its hands to grasp again the reins of power.

The tracts offered to the commissioners, and which they
were eight days in riding over, not stopping for Sunday,
were —

1. The land of Nathaniel Jone=, of White Plains, prob-
ably including the town of Cary.

2. That of Theophilus Hunter, senior, on the Fayetteville
road, one mile from his residence, called Spring Hill. This
tract is now part of the Bledsoe land.

3. That of Theophilus Hunter, junior, two miles south of
AVake Court House, now owned by W. G. Upchurch, the
Caraleigh company, and others.

4. That of Joel Lane, at Wake Court House.

5. That of Henry Lane, one mile north of Wake Court
House, lately belonging to Henry Mordecai, deceased, a de-
scendant of Henry Lane.

6. That of Isaac Hunter, the center of the circle, now the
property of the estate of Mrs. Mary Smith Morehead.

7. That of Nathaniel Jones, still belonging to his heirs,
the home tract of Mrs. Kimbrough Jones.

8. That on both sides of Neuse river, at the Great Falls,
now owned by the Raleigh Paper Company, and others.

9. That of Thomas Crawford, on the north side of Neuse,
three miles below the Great Falls, now owned by L. C. Dunn.

10. That of Dempsey Powell, on south side of Neuse, at
Powell's bridge, seven miles of Isaac Hunter, now owned by
W. H. Pace.

11. That of Ethelred Rogers, on the north side of Neuse
river, at Rogers' Ferry, now owned by Mrs. Fabius J. Hay-
wood, the elder.

12. Those of Michael Rogers, Hardy Dean and John Ezell,
adjoining the last tract ; nearly all of which land now belongs
to Mrs. Fabius J. Haywood, the elder, the granddaughter of
Michael Rogers.

13. That of John Hinton, on the north side of Neuse, one
mile below his dwelling-house, late the property of Mrs.
Betsey Hinton.

14. That of Kimbrough Hinton, on the north side of Neuse
near the eastern part of the circle, now belonging to the heirs
of Madison C. Hodge.

15. Those of Lovett Bryan and others, on the south side of
Neuse, between Crabtree and Walnut creeks, now belonging
to the estate of Wm. R. Pool.

16. That of William Jeffreys, on the south side of Neuse,
opposite Rogers' Ferry, still in the hands of the same famil3^

17. That of William Jeffreys, on the south side of Neuse,
three miles from Jacob Hunter's, on the road to Powell's
bridge, still belonging to the same family.

It is recorded that on the 27th the Commissioners took a
second view of the lands of Joel and Henry Lane. The prices
demanded for each of the seventeen tracts are not stated in
the report.

On Thursday, the 29th of March, the Commissioners pro-
ceeded to organize themselves into a Board, choosing unani-
mously as chairman the estimable Frederick Hargett, who
was likewise chairman of the Board which selected the site
of the University. They then proceeded to ballot for the
place most proper to be purchased. Only three obtained any
vote. John Hinton's tract on the north side of the Neuse,
near Milburnie, received three votes; Joel Lane's tract at
Wake Court-house received two votes; and Nathaniel Jones'
tract near Cary received one vote. So there was no choice.

It will be noticed that eight of the seventeen tracts offered
were on Neuse river, and of these some were at the points
where there is water-power. As one-half of the Commission-
ers on the first ballot expressed their preference for John
Hinton's land, only one mile from Milburnie, it is clear that
there was considerable expectation in the public mind that
the new city ought to be a manufacturing centre, with some,
if not great, navigable facilities. It would be an agreeable
pastime to go into a conjectural estimate of what would have
been the development of our city if the Hinton land could
have obtained one more vote.

That vote was not had. The Board adjourned until next
day. Willie Jones was a master of the art of persuasion and
was an intimate friend of Joel Lane. Lane himself was a
man of influence, who had served the State in the Colonial
Congress and as Senator for ten years in succession. Very
probably he offered new inducements as to price. At any
rate, on Friday, the 30th of March, a second ballot was taken,
with the result that Wake Court House received five votes, and
the Hinton land received only one vote. Possibly Lane was
adversely criticised for his tactics in winning the contest.
There was abundant room for unpleasant talk on account
of his entertaining the Commissioners at his house. They
were acting as judges and were certainly, notwithstanding
their high character, liable to the criticism that they ate the
bread of one of the litigants. I cannot find their accounts
of expenses, but it is altogether probable that they paid for
their entertainment. I notice that Lane was Senator from
1782 to 1792, both inclusive, but that in the next year James
Hinton had his place. This is some evidence that the Hin-
ton famil}^ resented his success in the negotiation and that
the people took their side. If so, the displeasure was evanes-
cent, for he was Senator again in 1794 and 1795. The soli-
tary supporter of the Neuse river location on the last ballot
consented that the vote should be made unanimous.

The quantity purchased was the maximum allowed by
the law, one thousand acres. The price was thirty shillings,
or $3, for the "woodland and fresh grounds," and twenty
shillings per acre ($2) for the old-field. The fact, now ascer-
tained, that there were 756 acres of the former and 244 acres
of the old-fields, gives us a striking picture of the wasteful
husbandry of that day. One-fourth of the tract, after being
cleared and cultivated, was abandoned because exhausted,
and rated at only two-thirds the value of land covered by

the original forest growth. The price of the whole was
£1,378, or $2,756.*

The surveyor employed was William Christmas, State
Senator from Franklin county, who agreed to accept in full
compensation for his services, including six copies of the
plan of the city, four shillings, or forty cents currency, for
each lot. As there were 276 lots, his pay amounted to $110.40.
Christmas had theretofore run the boundary between Frank-
lin and Warren counties, and had laid out the town of War-
ren ton.

PLAN OF THE CITY.

The work of the survey occupied four days. The plan
was adopted on the 4th April, the Commissioners assigning
names to the public squares and streets. They gave the
name Union to tlie Capitol Square, which is nearly six acres
in extent. Four other squares of four acres each they called
in honor of the first three Governors of our State under the
Constitution of 1776, and of the Attorney General.

In the northwest is Caswell Square, commemorating
Richard Caswell, one of the commanders at Moore's creek
bridge, the first Governor.

In the southwest is Nash Square, commemorating Abner
Nash, the second Governor. Doubtless they had in mind
also one of the first martyrs to liberty, his biotlier, General
Francis Nash.

In the northeast is Burke Square, commemorating Thomas
Burke, eminent in State and continental legislative bodies,
the third Governor.

In the southeast is Moore Scjuare, honoring Alfred Moore,
who, when barely of age, fought for our liberties, and was
then Attorney General, soon to be elevated to the Supreme
Court bench of the most august judicial tribunal in the
world. The fourth Governor, Alexander Martin, was not
honored by the name of this square, because a street was
named after his brother.

In naming the streets, the Commissioners first honored
the eight judicial districts into which the State was divided,
viz. : Those of Edenton, Newbern, Wilmington, Hillsborough,
Halifax, Salisbury, Fayetteville and Morgan. f The street
leading from the centre of Union Square, perpendicularly
thereto toward the north, was called Halifax street; that to
the east Newbern ; that to the south Fayetteville, and that to

* The pound currency equaled 92 at that time and for some years afterwards.
fThe Western .Tudiclal District was so called, although the court town was Mor-
gan Town, now Morganton.

the west liilLbnrough. These are 99 feet, all the others are
66 feet wide, their width being prescribed by the Act of 1791.

The streets running east and west along the north and
the south side of Union Square, were called, respectively,
Edenton and Morgan. Those running north and south
along the east and the west side were called, respectively,
Wihnington and Salisbury.

The other streets, with the exception of those most remote
from Union Square, which being the boundary streets, were
called North, East, South and West, were named, firstly,
alter the nine Commissioners on Location. This left four
streets. In naming them the Commissioners concluded to
compliment the Speaker of the Senate, William Lenoir; the
Speaker of the House, Stephen Cabarrus; the former owner
of the land, Joel Lane, and lastly, General William Rich-
ardson Davie. Why Davie was selected for this honor over
other great men of the day we can only conjeciure. My
opinion is clear that it was the work of his townsman, the
very influential Willie Jones. Davie was ah active mem-
ber of the Convention of 1788, and of the General Assembly
of 1791, and was a friend of the movement for a permanent
capital.

We thus have parallel to Edenton and Morgan streets,
north of the Capitol, Jones and Lane; to the south, Hargett,
Martin, Davie, Cabarrus and Lenoir. Parallel to Wilming-
ton and Salisbury are, to the east, Blount, Person and Blood-
v^^orth ; to the west, McDowell, Dawson and Harrington. All
these are notable names in our State history, and their own-
ers must have a brief notice.

SHORT BIOGRAPHIES OF COMMISSIONERS, Etc.

The nine commissioners were —

1. Willie Jones, of Halifax, the leader of the Anti-Feder-
alists, a member of the Provincial Congress at Newbern in
1774, chairman of the Committee of Safety in 1776, and,
therefore, virtually Governor; a member of the Continental
Congress in 1780-81, often Senator and Commoner in the
State Legislature; so fearful of the loss of the rights of the peo-
ple, that he refused to accept a seat in the Constitutional Con-
vention of 1787 at Philadelphia, and led the party in the State
Convention of 1788 opposed to the adoption of the Federal
Constitution. Although no orator, he was a most adroit
party leader. He eventually removed to Wake county,
buying the plantation now owned in part by the St. Augus-
2

tine Normal School, aud is buried on this place, without a
stone to mark his resting-place.

2. Frederick Hargett, chairman, then and for many years
Senator from Jones ; a colleague of Abner Nash, who was in
the House of Commons.

3. James Martin, a fighting colonel of militia in the Revo-
lution, who had participated in the movement which led to
the victory of Moore's Creek Bridge, was with Rutherford in
the expedition which crushed the Cherokees in 1776, was
one of the militia who stood their ground and helped cripple
Cornwallis at Guilford Court House, and was with his old
commander, Rutherford, in the Wilmington expedition in
1781. After the war he was a trusted legislator from Stokes.
His brother, Nathaniel Martin, of Guilford, was then Gov-
ernor, unanimously elected, having likewise held that office
during the war. From the Governor's chair he was elected
to the Senate of the United States. His services to his country
were of such high order that posterity must forgive him for
writing rhymes, which he called poetry. The deed from
Joel Lane for the land purchased for the capital was to him
in trust for the State.

4. Thomas Blount, a Revolutionary officer, elected to the
National House of Representatives the same year, afterwards
Senator from Edgecombe. His wife was the only daughter
of General Jethro Sumner, who gave her the name of Jacky
Sullivan, probably after General John (or Jack) Sullivan of
the Revolutionary army. After reaching years of discre-
tion she changed this name to Mary Sumner, and, doubtless
because her husband was so intimatelv associated with the
city of Raleigh, she bequeathed a considerable sum for build-
ing Christ (Ep'iscopal) Church in the city. Thomas Blount
was of an eminent family. His father, Jacob Blount, of
Blount Hall in Pitt, was a member of the Provincial Con-
gress during the Revolutionary struggles. Of his sons, AVil-
liam Blount was a member of Congress of the Confederacy,
and as member of the Convention of 1787 signed the Fed-
eral Constitution. He was afterwards Senator of the United
States aud Governor of Tennessee. John Gray Blount, who
was also in the Revolutionary army, was a useful member
of the Legislature and one of the largest landowners in the
State; Major Reading Blount was a Revolutionary officer and
likewise a member of the Assembly, and Willie Blount was
Governor and Judge of the Supreme Court of Tennessee.
The very promising LTniversity student whom we recently
followed sorrowingly to your cemetery, Lawrence Branch

Jones, and also bis uncle, William Augustus Blount Branch,
member of Congress from the first district, are lineal descend-
ants of Jacob Blount.

5. Thomas Person, the wealthy S3'mpathizer with the Regu-
lators, as long as they adopted lawful measures for the
redress of their grievances, was a general of militia in the early
Revolution, a trusted legislator from his native Granville, a
benefactor of the University. After him a county is named,
as well as a Hall at the University, the first chapel of the
institution.

6. James Bloodworth, who had many times represented New
Hanover in the House of Commons, was afterwards IState
Senator. He was a son of Timothy Bloodworth, a gunmaker,
who attained the dignity of Speaker of the House of Com-
mons, a delegate from our State to the Confederate Congress,
a representative in the Congress of the Union, a Senator of
the United States. It has been generally believed that the
father was the Commissioner of Location, but the record
shows otherwise.

7. Col. Joseph McDowell, the elder, of Quaker Meadows,
is to be distinguished from Captain Joseph McDowell, junior,
of Pleasant Garden, his cousin and a ph3'sician. Both of
them served against the Cherokees under Rutherford, shared
in the victories of Ramsour's mill, of King's mountain and
of Cowpens ; both were often members of the Legislature
from Burke; both were members of Congress, taking active
part against the Alien and Sedition Laws; both were leaders
of the anti-Federalist party in the West, and resisted in the
Convention of 1778 the immediate and unconditional ratifi-
cation of the Federal Constitution ; both were in the Con-
vention of 1789, but divided in their votes, the elder still
adhering to his opposition. Joseph McDowell, the elder,
brother of General Charles McDowell, of Quaker Meadows,
and afterwards of John's river, was the Commissioner. He
was, in 1792, Senator from Burke; his cousin, of Pleasant
Garden, now in McDowell county, being at home. I will
add that he left only two daughters, who removed to Vir-
ginia, and that no descendants of his name survive. The
parallelism of the lives of these two worthy men has led to
grievous entanglement b}'' the annalists, and we are indebted
to Judge A. C. Avery of the Supreme Court for most careful
work in distinguishing them.

8. William Johnston Dawson, of Chowan, son of Colonel
John Dawson and Penelope Eden, daughter of Governor
Gabriel Johnston, repeatedly in the State Legislature, was a

member of Congress, a man of refinement and culture and
of great influence in the Albemarle country.

9. Henry William Harrington, an officer of influence in
the Revolutionary struggle, was a member of the Legislature
from Richmond county, a planter of immense estates and
baronial style of living. His son, of the same name, was a
member of the Convention of 1835, and lived on his 13,000-
acre estate on the Pee Dee, amid his cotton fields, and his
slaves, and his tine horses, his deer, foxes and wildcats, " like
a fine old English gentleman all of the olden time."

These were the Commissioners. Streets were likewise
called, as I have said, in honor of —

1. William Lenoir, Speaker of the Senate, a hero of King's
Mountain, and of other important Revolutionary campaigns,
whose name is likewise athxed to an eastern county and a
western town, the first president and last survivor of the
sixty eminent men who constituted the first Board of Trus-
tees of the University of North Carolina.

2. Stephen Cabarius, an immigrant from France, with the
courtesy and polish characteristic of that country. Speaker
of the House of Commons for years, greatly beloved, not
only by the people of his adopted county, Chowan, but by
the whole State. His name is perpetuated by one of the
richest counties, as well as by this street in the capital.

3. Joel Lane, who deserved the honor not only because he
was the owner of tfie site, but because of his military ser-
vices as colonel of militia, and his faithfully representing
the county of Wake in the Colonial Assemblies, the State
Coiigresses and tJje State Senate, of unbounded hospitality
and winning personality, whose ancestors had been useful
citizens in the Albemarle country and then in Halifax. The
grandsons of his brother, Jesse Lane, became eminent in
distant States. General J( seph Lane was Federal Senator
from Oregon, and candidate for the Vice-Presidency on the
Breckinridge ticket; Henry S. Lane, Governor and Federal
Senator of Indiana, and George W. Lane was District Judge
of the United States for Alabama. Joel Lane's descendants,
through his son Henr}^ — two of whose daughters married
the eminent lawyer, Moses Mordecai — are still among us.

4. Lastly, there was William Richardson Davie, a gallant
cavalry officer, then at the special request of General Greene
undertaking the arduous task of feeding his army as Com-
missary General, but with the stipulation tliat if he should
be present at a battle he might engage in active conflict.
After the war an eloquent and successful lawyer, a strong

advocate of the education of the people, bringing into life
the dormant clause of the ConsLituiion which requires "one
or more universities" of the State, and hence earning the
honorable title of "Father of the University." He was for
years a member of the Slate Legislature. At the time of the
location of our city he was, as one of our North Carolina
Commissioners, engaged in running our southwestern boun-
dary line from a point "on the great road leading from
Charlotte to Camden, near the Waxahaw creek, as far as the
eastern boundary line of the territory ceded by the State of
Ni>rth Carolina to the United States." He was one of the
delegates from North Carolina to the Constitutional Conven-
tion of 1787 and in the State Conventions of 1788 and of
17b9, he was an ardent advocate of the ratification of the
Federal Constitution. He was afterwards Governor of the
State, and, on the prospect of a war with France, was ap-
pointed by President Adams a Brigadier General in the
Array of the United States. He was selected by the Presi-
dent as one of the three special envoys to France who suc-
ceeded in averting the war.

I have been thus minute in describing those whose names
are prominently connected with theinauguration of our city,
because it is of great importance that our people shall
keep in mind their virtues, and recognize that we have
something in our past history to be proud of. Reverence
for the past tends to make its possessor f)urer and better. I
think all Raleigh children should be taught these facts as
an essential part of their education. The rulers and teachers
of powerful and conquering nations have deemed it wise to
stimulate State pride in their citizens by inventing legends of
thegreatdeedsof prehistoricfounders. Rome had her Romu-
lus, Athens her Theseus, Sparta her Heracles ; and so with
all the notable cities of antiquity. It is the g:ood fortune of
our city to have founders whose virtues and patriotic acts
are recorded in truthful history. Let us give them the
abundant honor which is their due, and our children will
be stimulated to imitate them.

The feeling of pride which we should have on account of
our city's beginnings being associated with such excellent
men, should be heightened by reflecting on the brilliant
soldier, statesman and man of letters. Sir AValter Raleigh,
after whom the city was named. It is true that he did not
set foot on our soil. It is true that his designs s^em to have
come to naught, his vast expenditures wasted, that the cor-
ner-stone of the projected city of Raleigh on the distant

Roanoke Island was never laid, and only mournful memo-
ries are associated with his efforts at colonization, yet the
greatness of his aims, his sacrifices and his splendid virtues,
merit this honor. He was not faultless, but it is fortunate
that our city's name should bring to our mind one of the
noblest and most accomplished knights of his age.

DETAILS OF THE PLAN.

Reverting to the original plan of the city we find that,
counting the two boundary streets, there are from north to
south 12 streets, of which 11 are G6 feet wide and one 99 feet;
from east to west there are 11 streets, of which 10 are 6(j feet
wide and one 99 feet. From north to south there are 18 one-
acre lots; from east to west 16 one-acre lots. Including the
boundary streets, the city was 4,581 feet from north to south,
and 4,097t from east to west, supposing that the lots are 208f
feet square. If the lots are 210 feet square, as they are
usually estimated, then the distance is north to south 4,605
feet, east to west 4,059.

The plan was not, however, a perfect rectangle. Between
Lane and North streets at the northeast and northwest cor-
ners were left out three lots of one acre each, and between
Lenoir and South streets, at the southeast and southwest cor-
ners, were left out three lots of one acre each, or a total of
twelve acres. There were, therefore, only ten lots fronting on
North and ten fronting on South street. Our sagacious found-
ers by this arrangement intended to provide, in addition to
the five public squares established bv them, that when future
extensions of the city limits should be made there should
be four other squares or little parks for playgrounds for chil-
dren, for flowers and trees and fountains. When afterwards
the General Assembly ordered sales of land outside the old
city limits, the plan of leaving these areas open for public
recreation grounds was adhered to. It was reserved for the
men of the last forty years, who think, because they have
travelled on railroads and talked through wires, that they
are far wiser than their forefathers, to close the southwest
reservation with an asylum, and to sell the others for build-
ing-lots.

The lots are numbered as follows, starting with No. 1, the
extreme southeast lot, between South and Lenoir streets ; then
running regularly west to No. 10, inclusive; then returning.
No. 11 is the extreme southeast lot, adjoining Bloodworth,
East and Lenoir; then the numbers run regularly to West

street, the last being No. 26 ; beginning again witli No. 27 at
the eastern end of Cabarrus street north of No. 11, and so on
from east to west regularly sixteen numbers in each tier until
Lane street is passed, there being only ten numbers north of
Lane, as there are ten south of Lenoir.

Union or Capitol Square does not interfere with this sys-
tem of numbering, there being a square numbered acre in
each corner with the width of Fayetteville and Hillsboro
streets added.

All the public squares are four acres each, except Union,
which is about six acres. All the private squares are four
acres each, except those along Hillsboro and Newbern streets
on both sides, those along Llalifax and Fayetteville streets
on both sides, and those along North, East, South and West
streets-, which are not, mathematically speaking, squares, but
rectangles of two acres each. The acres as laid out by surveyor
Christmas were each 208| feet square, the true acre, but the
conventional acre of 210 feet square has been adopted practi-
cally. This departure and the variation of the compass
since 1792 have caused considerable confusion in the bounda-
ries of lots and streets.

In 1867 Governor Worth, Secretary of State Best, Treasurer
Battle and Auditor Burgin, then having the public property
under their charge, employed General Walter Gwynne, the
eminent civil engineer of tiie North Carolina Kailroad Com-
pan}'^, to make a survey and draw a map showing the boun-
daries of the land then owned by the State. His assistant
was a very competent surveyor, a citizen of Raleigh, Mr.
John W. Johnson. They found, as also did Mr. Feudal
Bevers, County Surveyor, that the city of 1867 did not ex-
actly correspond with the plan of 1792, there being many
encroachments on the streets. As, however, these streets
have been wide enough to accommodate all using them for
pleasure or business, the city authorities have not seen fit to
resist these encroachments.

The Commissioners made their report to the General As-
sembly of 1792 and it was adopted. It was enacted that
"the several streets represented in the plan, and the public
square whereon the State-house is to be built, shall be called
and forever known by the names given to them respectively
by the Commissioners aforesaid." It was also enacted that
the other Jour public squares shall be called and known by
the names of Caswell, Moore, Nash and Burke squares, but
the names were not made irrepealable.

The plan of the city thus laid out and adopted by the
General Assembly continued unchaneed lor over sixty years.
By the General Assembly of 1856-57 the corporate limits
were extended one-fourth of a mile each way. Within this
new part other streets have been opened, e. g., in the eastern
part Swain street, after David L. Swain, who held the posts of
legislator, Solicitor, Judge, Governor, and then spent over
one-third of a century in training the young men of the
South, as President of the University ; Linden avenue, a fancy
name. West of the Capitol, Boylan street, after William Boy-
Ian, who will be particularly mentioned, hereafter ; Saunders
street, after Romulus M. Saunders, long a public servant as
member of our General Assembly and of Congress, Judge
and Minister to Spain. North of tlie Capitol are Peace street,
after William Peace, a leading merchant for many years,
after whom Peace Institute is named ; Johnson street, after
Albert Johnson, connected with the Raleigh and Gaston
Railroad from its completion to a few years ngo, as engineer,
superintendent of shops- and su|)erintendent of the road ;*
Polk street, after Col. William Polk, who will be specially
mentioned liereafter. South of the Capitol are Smithfield
street, after the town of Smithfield; Cannon street, alter Robert
Cannon, once a leading citizen, owner of the land through
which it runs; Manly street, after Charles Manly, Governor,
and for manv years identified with the University as its Sec-
retary and Treasurer; Fowle, after our distinguished Gov-
ernor, whose sudden death was such a shock to our State;
Blake street, after John C. Blake, a Commissioner ; and Pugh
street, after John Pugh Haywood.

FIRST SALES.

The same Commissioners who located the city made the
first sale of lots, one acre each. All but forty-two found
purchasers. Most were apparently bought on speculation
by men who did not intend to become citizens. Of the Com-
missioners, Blount became purchaser of four lots, Timothy
and James Blood worth seven, W. J. Dawson one, Joseph
McDowell three, Frederick Hargett one, James Martin one,
while Willie Jones became the owner of fifteen acres of the
new city, though not all in one body. Joel Lane regained
six acres of his former land. William Richardson Davie
bought four, Governor Martin and the Speaker of the House,

* Mr. Johnson was the first engineer of the " Tornado," one of the earliest engines
of the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad, and upon the occasion of the Centennial of
October ISth, 1892, he gallantly rode with the reproduced Tornado in the parade.

Cabarrus, bought one each. Samuel Ashe, Benjaiuin Smith,
David Stone, and Gabriel. Holmes, all destined to be Gov-
ernors, and John Baptist Ashe of Halifax, elected Governor,
but dying before inauguration, became owners of one or two
lots each. John Craven, the Comptroller, and John Hay-
wood, the Treasurer, purchased two lots each, but built
houses on others bought afterw;irds. The dwelling built
by Treasurer Haywood on the k.t owned by his son, Dr.
E. Burke Haywood, is the only house still owned and occu-
pied by the family of the original builder. It is in accord-
ance with the instability of the ownership of landed prop-
erty in America that the only lots owned by the heirs of the
original purchaser are numbers 140, 141, loH, and 157,
bought b}' Richard Bennehan. Davie purchased the square
of four acres now the residence of Dr. T. D. Hogg. The
square now occupied by the Agricultural building became
the propert}" of Thomas E. Sumner, son of General Jethro
Sumner; the site of the Federal court-house and post-ofhce
passed to Timothy Bloodworth : that occupied by the Yar-
borough house and the court-house lot opposite to Theophi-
lus Hunter. Numbers 138 and 154 were reserved as State
brickyards, in analogy to the Tuilleries (or tile yards) of Paris,
though no grand palace was built on them. All the lots
south of Cabarrus street, forty-two in number, were returned
unsold. The report of the Commissioners cannot be found,
and is not printed in the legislative journals, but our very
efficient State Librarian, J. C. Birdsjng, has recovered an
old map with prices marked on it. I give those of some
prominent lots.

The square on which Dr. Hogg lives, bought by General
Davie, brought $254 for the four acres ; the two lots front-
ing on Burke Square cost him $66 and $68; the two others
only $60 each ; No. '211, on which the Agricultural building
and Supreme Court building are situate, brought £13 L 10s.,
or $263; No. 162, the acre on the southeast corner of Fay-
etteville and Morgan street, next Union Square, brought
$232. This was very soon the site of Casso's tavern. The
acre opposite where the Young Men's Christian Association
home stands, $222. No. 227, the next to the Agricultural
building on the north brought only $92. Lot No. 79, where
Colonel W. J. Hicks resides, brought $79.

I was painfully surprised in comparing the map of 1834
with that of 1793 to find that nearly all the lots had changed
owners. The only exceptions were those belonging to the
heirs of Richard Bennehan, a half lot to W. T. Lane, a half

lot to Theophilus Hunler, one lot to the heirs of Lane, and
one, bought by Dempsey Blake, in the hands of Susannah
Blake. Not one of these owners, except possibly the last,
became residents. There is a tradition that most of those
who thus speculated on the early prosperit}^ of this "city on
paper" lost money on their ventures. The following trans-
actions in our real estate will show the truth of this conjec-
ture: In 1801 one quarter of an acre, part of No. 163, on
Fayetteville street, the business part of the city, sold for $60.
A lot opposite, fronting 21 feet and running back 60 feet,
brought $165. Away from Fayetteville street the prices were
lower. The Wm. Dallas Haywood lot brought $60 per acre.
There were other sales of eligible sites for homes as low as
$50 per acre.

SALES OF 1813.

The main body of the 600 acres of land retained after the
first sale lay to the east of Raleigh. There were fragments
lying to the south, west and north of the old corporate limits.
For the purpose of providing better accommodations for the
Governor, who had occupied a plain residence of wood on
the lot where the Raleigh National Bank now stands, the
General Assembly of 1813 ordered the sale of those portions
described as " extending from Sugg's branch on the southeast
of the city, all south around the Palace lot and west to the
extreme northwest of the city," comprising about 184 acres.
It seems strange that this action should have been taken
while the war of 1812 was raging. The prices, as might be
expected, were low. Eight acres at the end of Fayetteville
street were reserved for the Governor's house. Other reser-
vations were the Rex spring near the Raleigh and Gaston
depot, the spring near the Governor's Mansion, and that near
the Colored Deaf and Dumb Asylum.

It was at this sale that John Rex, the tanner, a worthy citi-
zen, bought for $481 15| acres of the land in the southwest
part of the city devised by him with other property for an
infirmary or hospital for the sick and alHicted poor of the
city of Raleigh. This is only about $31 per acre. The Com-
missioners entrusted with the sale were Henry Potter of
Raleigh, a lawyer, afterwards Judge of the District Court of
the United States; Henry Seawell, who will be described
hereafter; William HintoQ, often Senator from Wake, and
Nathaniel Jones of Crabtree, often Senator and Congressman;
Theophilus Hunter and William Peace.

The proceeds of sale were devoted to the building, under
the superintendence of one Calder, as architect, of the Gov-
ernor's Mansion at the foot of Fa3'etteville street, which was
afterwards in 1876 sold to the cit}' of Raleigh, and the bricks
composing it were used in the construction of the Centennial
Graded School. Although outwardly plain and inwardly
uncomfortable, it was considered grand on account of the
magnitude of its halls and chambers, and was, therefore, in
imitation of Tryon's residence, burnt in 1798, styled " The
Palace." The first occupant was Governor William Miller,
of Warren, who had an unenviable notoriety for recklessness
in the pardon of criminals. Senator Badger told me of this
with strong disapproval. He added that Dr. John B. Beck-
with, father of Bishop Beckwith of Georgia, for many years
a most skilful physician of Raleigh, afterwards of Peters-
burg in Virginia, denounced in the strongest language the
recent pardon of a vicious criminal convicted of a capital
felony. " Well," said Badger, " your views are correct, Doc-
tor, but you have no right to complain. I saw your name
signed to the petition for executive clemency. 1 refused to
sign, and I have the right to complain." " I admit that I
signed it," said the Doctor, " but I did not think that Gov-
ernor Miller would be such a fool as to pay any attention to
a petition."

SALES OF 1819.

In 1819 live Commissioners were appointed to sell all the
public lands remaining unsold, except a tract not exceeding
twenty acres to be reserved for the rock quarry, and except the
reservations at the corners of the city. The first Commissioner
named was Duncan Cameron, long one of the most influen-
tial men in the State as lawyer, judge, legislator, bank presi-
dent, planter, then a resident of Orange. The others were
John Winslow, the Commoner from the borough of Fayette-
ville; Joseph Gales, who will be particularly described ; Wil-
liam Robards of Granville, the State Treasurer, and Henry
Potter, already mentioned. The " Mordecai Grove," as it
was called for many years, northeast of the city limits, owing
to the spirited competition between Moses Mordecai, the suc-
cessful bidder, and Col. William Polk, brought the unheard
of price of 100 per acre. The lots near the city on the east
and southeast averaged about $50 per acre.

the; first state-house.

The proceeds of the sales of 1792 were used in building the
first State house, as it was called in the Act of Assembly, the
name taken from the United States of Holland. The more
ambitious term "Capitol" was not adopted until 1832. The
architect was Rhody Atkins. The bricks were made in the
State yards, Nos. 138 and 154, and burnt with wood cut from
the State forests The maximum cost fixed by the Assembly
was $20,000, and this amount probably was sufficient for the
rude brick structure, whose barnlike, dingy, reddish walls
loomed up among the primeval oaks, and was really for
occupancy two years later. In November, 1794, the General
Assembly met in it for the first time. Richard Dobbs Spaight,
the elder, was the Governor, the same who eight years after-
wards was slain in a duel by John Stanly.

The old State-house was smaller than the present structure,
but the arrangement of the interior was about the same.
The exterior was as plain as a gigantic dog-kennel, but
it is doubtful if any building in our State ever served so
many uses or gave as much genuine pleasure. As there was
no other public hall in the city, the authorities were gener-
ous in opening its passages below and halls above for Fourth
of July dinners, theatrical performances, dancing balls, and
the religious congregations of all denominations. Many a
side has been split with laughter, many a throat made
hoarse with patriotic singing and furious shouting, many a
head made to swim with Fourth of July brandy and rum,
many a heart transfixed through and through by the dart
of the God of Love, many a fantastic toe has been tripped
in the jocund jig and lively reel, many eloquent speeches or
sermons uttered by zealous legislators or preachers burning
with missionary zeal, in that homely old building. It was
the people's house and the people were allowed to use it.

The net proceeds of the sales of 1819 were used in im-
proving this structure. A skilled architect, Captain William
Nichols, was employed. He disguised the ferruginous ugli-
ness of the walls with stuccoed imitation of granite. On
the centre of the roof a shapely dome was raised. Over the
east and west doors were placed handsome porticoes The
interior received touches of ornament. The commissioners
had the nerve and the love of art to order from the great
Canova one of his grandest statues, in Carrara marble, of the
Father of our country. It was brought by water to Fayette-
ville, and thence by sixteen or twenty-mule power to Raleigh.

It was escorted into the city in grand style by the Raleigh
Blues, their color-bearer perched on the monument, and
enthusiastically waving his flag.

It was placed in the rotunda under the dome. It was a mat-
ter of deepest pride that the eminent Marquis de LaFayette,
who with chivalric devotion had left his young wife and the
delights of a luxurious home, together with the certainty of
high places at court, and had fought under the eye of Wash-
ington for the liberties of a struggling people, who had then
striven vainly, but with the admiration of the "world, to pro-
vide for France constitutional freedom without bloody
anarchy, who had in his old age come to visit the grateful
people whom he had helped to self-government, had stood
at the base of Canova's statue and praised its workmanship
and its resemblance to its great original. It is fortunate-
that we have here to-night an engraving of the scene. The
lady with him is the late very accomplished Elizabeth Eagles
Haywood, daughter of Treasurer John Haywood, with whom
LaFayette had just dined. She was known generally as
Miss Betsey John Haywood, to distinguish her from Miss
Betsey Henry Haywood, her cousin, afterwards wife of Gov-
ernor Dudley. The boy is George West, son of Major John
T. West, and grandson of Joseph Gales, who afterwards was
draughtsman in our navy, attached to Commodore Perry's
Japan expedition.

BURNING OF THE STATE-HOUSE.

In the morning of a bright summer day, the 21st of June,
1831, the citizens rising from their breakfasts were startled
with the cry of " Fire !" Volumes of smoke were seen issuing
from the ventilators under the roof. My father had just
stepped out of his hotel, and the first thing he saw when he
looked towards the building were owls flying from the attic
window, followed by lurid flames. If the city had owned
our present fire equipment, under Captain Engelhard, its
efficient Superintendent, the work of extinguishment would
have been easy, but the efforts of the puny engines of that
day were pjowerless. As the fire descended leisurely from
the roof where it had been kindled by the carelessness of a
workman, there was ample time for saving most of the State
papers, but all the Acts of Assembly were destroyed. In the
excitement, although there were numerous willing hands,their
strength could not be organized for removing the ponderous
statue. Old citizens never forgot their horror as they gazed

on the beautifal marble, white hot and crumbling, among
the forked tongues of flame, then shattered into fragments
as the blazing timbers fell. Portions of the statue, including
the body and some of the pedestal, are now preserved in the
State museum.

An English sculptor of eminence, Ball Hughes, who
became an American citizen, residing in New York, and
then near Boston, afterwards came and looked on the ruins
of Canova's work, and avowed his ability to restore it for
$3,000. Through the influence of Judge Gaston a contract
was made with him by legislative enactment, and five hun-
dred dollars was advanced for preliminary expenses. Sign-
ing the receipt for this money was the last act done by him
in performance of his work.

The loss of the bound copies of the Acts of Assembly was
remedied partly bv purchase of straggling volumes in the
State, but mainly by the bequest of Waigbtstill Avery, the
first Attorney General.

THE GLASGOW FRAUDS.

The State-house came near destruction by fire long before
this, destruction not accidental, but with the design to screen
criminals. The story should not be allowed to die.

James Glasgow was one of the most trusted men of the
Revolution. He was one of the Committee of Safety of the
Newbern district. He was Major of the regiment of Dobbs.
When Richard Caswell was chosen first Governor of inde-
pendent North Carolina, Glasgow was the first Secretary of
State. When the name of Dobbs was expunged from our
list of counties, one of the counties taking its place was called •
Glasgow.

But North Carolina knows how to punish as well as honor.
The name of Greene has supplanted on the map that of the
obliterated Glasgow, and on the records of the ancient and
honorable society of Masons the black lines of disgrace are
drawn around the signature of the poor wretch expelled
from their order for crime.

In 1797 it was discovered with horror that Glasgow was
issuing fraudulent grants of land in Tennessee and Western
North Carolina. He had many accomplices, men of daring,
who hesitated not to destroy evidence against them by poison
or fire or the rifle bullet.

He was indicted for misdemeanor in office. A special
tribunal, afterwards expanded into the old Supreme Court,

was created for the trial of him and his accomplices. Judge
John Haywood, for a .$1,000 fee, considered enormous in that
day, although he drew the act constituting the new court,
left the bench in order to defend him. Haywood's removal
to Tennessee was probably in some measure caused by the
disapproval of his course by the people.

The accomplices of Glasgow were not content to trust to
the skill of Haywood. Certain documents in the Comptrol-
ler's office were necessary for their conviction. It was plan-
ned to abstract them and burn the State-house in which
they were deposited. Judges McNairy and Tatom heard of
the plot and determined to anticipate it. A messenger was
seat in the depth of winter over precipitous mountain paths,
through swollen torrents, along the Indian trails, to carry to
Governor Samuel Ashe the secret letter which would save
our State-house and our archives. A trusty watch was set,
and soon a negro hired for the purpose was caught in the
act of breaking into the Comptroller's office. Poor Phil
Terrell, the viciim of the more cunning criminals, died a
felon's deatli on the scatibld.

THE NEW CAPITOL.

These narrow escapes from losing the arcliives of the State
determined the leaders of public opinion to provide the
present noble fire-proof structure of granite. Tliere was
fornjidable opposition to a liberal appropriation. A con-
vention was expected to be called in order to secure changes
in the Constitution, and the effort to have the seat of gov-
ernment at another point was resumed. Old citizens say
that Haywood, at the junction of the Cape Fear and the
Haw, lacked only one vote to defeat Raleigh. The record
does not support this, as the bill to appropriate .$50,000 for
rebuilding on the old site, passed by 73 to 60 in the House,
and 35 to 28 in the Senate, but the traditional vote may
have been in the "Committee of the Whole."

Citizens of Fayetteville tell me that the Commoner from
that borough, a lawyer of great ability and force of charac-
ter, Louis D. Henry, became odious to his constituents for
not pressing the claims of that town at this favorable junc-
ture. Some charged, not openly, for he was a man of hot
temper, and had killed Thomas J. Stanly in a duel, that he
had been bribed, but there was no evidence of this. Nor
did the odium, I think, drive him to remove his residence
to Raleigh, because this change did not take place until

fourteen years afterwards, after he had, as the Democratic
nominee, made an able but unsuccessful canvass against
Morehead for the governorship. This much is certain, how-
ever, that althougli repeatedly theretofore a member, he
never, after 1832, represented either the county or the town
in the Legislature.

Judge Henry Seawell, then Senator from Wake, is cred-
ited with saving our city from the threatened ruin. He
procured the passage of the bill appropriating -$50,000 for
the erection of the Capitol on the old site, many members
being persuaded by oversanguine promises, it is said, that
this amount would finish the work.

The Commissioners, who had the nerve to expend the
whole appropriation in laying the foundation of a structure
worthy to be called the official house of a million people,
deserve to have their names handed down. They were emi-
nent for business talent and integrity. They were William
Boylan, Duncan Cameron, William S. Mhoon, Henry Seawell
and Romulus M. Saunders. All were Raleigh men, except
William S. Mhoon, of Bertie, who was a temporar}^ resident,
then and until 1835 Treasurer of the State.

The act was adroitly worded so as to appear to provide
only for a $50,000 building, while its legal interpretation as
a whole undoubtedly relieves the Commissioners from the
charge of a breach of trust. It was provided "that the gen-
eral plan of the said Capitol shall be the same as the former
building, with such extension of length and height as may
be deemed necessary for the better accommodation of the
General Assembly, the lower story of which, at least, shall
be built of stone, and the roof covered with zinc or other fire-
proof material." Another section authorized the Commis-
sioners to employ an architect for such purposes as they
"may deem necessary." This virtual expression of opinion
on the part of the law-making power in favor of a larger
building, and of fire-proof materials, together with the powder
to call in an expert, shifts the burden of miscalculating the
expenditures to the expert.

My experience at the University is that, as a rule, the
votaries of the most noble profession of architecture either
are little gifted with prescience or feel bound only b}' a slight
tenure to respect limitation as to expenditures. I am minute
in explaining this action of the Commissioners because of
the common belief that they took the responsibility of disre-
garding the statute under which they were acting. Certain
it is that subsequent General Assemblies ratified their action

by additional ajjpropriations until the completion of the
Capitol in 1840, the total accounts footing up to the grand
total of $530,684.15.

Probably because of continued grumbling by economical
or demagogical members of the Assembly the Commissioners
first appointed resigned their offices in 1836 and were suc-
ceeded by Samuel F. Patterson, then State Treasurer; Bever-
ley Daniel, Charles Manly, Alfred Jones and Charles L. Hin-
ton, afterwards State Treasurer; men deemed worthy of all
praise. The Commissioners aj)pointed Daniel as ciiairman.

Tw^o architects were consuUed, William Nichols (who
repaired the old building in 1820) and Ithiel Town, of New
York. The latter acted for a short while as the chief director,
but soon his services were dispensed with and the work was
left to W. S. Drummond, Colonel Thomas Bragg, fati)er of
Governor Bragg, and David Baton, superintendents of differ-
ent branches. Paton was the chief draughtsman. Of the
foremen and skilled laborers employed from time to time
some settled in Raleigh and their descendants are among our
best citizens. In the old City Cemetery there is an interest-
ing group of slabs marking the graves of those whom even
the salubrious air of our city could not save from the darts
of pallid death.

THE NEW CAPITOL DESCRIBED.

The following is a complete description of the new build-
ing, written by architect David Paton:

"The State Capitol is 100 feet in length from north to
south, by 140 feet from east to west. The whole height is 97|
feet in the centre. The apex of pediment is 64 feet in height.
The stylobate is 18 feet in height. The columns of the east
and west porticoes are 5 feet 2h inches in diameter. An
entablature, including blocking course, is continued around
the building, 12 feet high.

"The columns and entablature are Grecian Doric, and
copied from the Temple of Minerva, commonly called the
Parthenon, which was erected in Athens about 500 years
before Christ. An octagon tower surrounds the rotunda,
which is ornamented with Grecian cornice, etc., and its dome
is decorated at top with a similar ornament to that of the
Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, commonly called the
Lanthorn of Demosthenes.

"The interior of the Capitol is divided into three stories :

" First, thelowerstory, consisting often rooms,eight of which
are appropriated as offices to the Governor, Secretary, Treas-
urer, and Comptroller, each having two rooms of the same
size — the one containing an area of 649 square feet, the other
528 square feet— the two committee rooms, each containing 200
square feet, and four closets; also the rotunda, corridors,
vestibules and piazzas, contain an area of 4,370 square feet.
The vestibules are decorated with columns and antfe, similar
to that of the Ionic Temple on the Ilissus, near the Acropolis of
Athens. The remainder is groined with stone and brick,
springing from columns and pilasters of the Roman Doric.

" The second story consists of Senatorial and Representatives'
chambers, the former containing an area of 2,545 and the lat-
ter 2,849 square feet. Four apartments enter from Senate
chamber^ two of which contain each an area of 169 square
feet, and the other two contain each an area of 154 square
feet; also two rooms enter from Representatives' chamber,
each containing an area of 170 square feet; of two commit-
tee rooms, each containing an area of 231 feet; of four
presses and the passages, stairs, lobbies and colonades, con-
taining an area of 3,204 square feet.

" The lobbies and hall of Representatives have their col-
umns and autre of the Octagon Tower of Andronicus
Cyrrhestes, and the plan of the hall is of the formation of
the Greek theatre, and the columns and antse in the Senato-
rial chamber and rotunda are of the Temple of Erectheus,
Minerva Polias and Pandrosus, in the Acropolis of Athens,
near the above-named Parthenon.

" Third, or attic story, consists of rooms appropriated to the
Supreme Court and Library, each containing an area of 693
square feet. Galleries of both houses have an area of 1,300
square feet ; also two apartments entering from Senate gal-
lery, each 169 square feet, of four presses and the lobbies'
stairs, 988 square feet. These lobbies, as well as rotunda,
are lit with cupolas, and it is proposed to finish the Court
and Library in the florid Gothic style."

BUILDING OF THE CITY.

I return to the narrative of the beginnings of our city.

The experiment of founding a city at a point not adapted
by nature either for commerce or manufactures, far removed
from navigable streams and from water-power, met at first
with very little success. Those intending to become citizens
moved in slowly. It required the quickening power of an

act of Assembly to secure the removal thereto of the execu-
tive officers, the Governors having the address to have
themselves at first excepted out of the mandate. We can
well imagine how woeful it was to the minds of Spaight
and Ashe, and of their " female families," to use an expres-
sion of my friend, James H. Williams, of Warren, to leave
the refined society of Newbern and Wilmington for the oak
woods and briar patches of the projected capital. In 1794,
however, the Assembly recjuired Ashe and future Governors
to spend at least six months within its limits, exclusive of
the time occupied by the General Assembly, and ordered
that they should advertise the period of their sojourn in all
the gazettes of the State. Four 3^ears later, in 1798, when
Davie was Governor, doubtless with his approval, as he had
purchased eligible Raleigh lots, an act was passed requiring
the Governor to make the city of Raleigh his " place of com-
mon residence." Whenever he should leave his home for
over ten days he must give notice by advertisement in the
gazettes, as newspapers were commonly then called, and his
private secretary was required to keep the executive office
open during his absence.

THE FIRST CITY GOVERNMENT.

The first act for the government of the city of Raleigh
was passed February 7, 1795. This act did not vest the
control of the city with its citizens. A counterpart of that
system is now noticed in the government of Washington
City. Raleigh's first government was, as the legal phrase
goes, used more in England than in this country, " put into
commission." That is, seven appointees of the General
Assembly, styled Commissioners, the usual name for public
agents appointed for special purposes, were vested with the
government for three years. When their term was about to
expire in 1797 it was renewed. Again, in 1801, there was a
similar renewal, and three others were appointed " as addi-
tional and permanent Commissioners." Only in case of
their death, refusal or resignation could the citizens have a
vote to fill the vacancy. These Commissioners were vested
with the right to make laws for the government of the city,
and also to choose an Intendant of Police, charged with the
execution of the laws, and also a Treasurer, out of their num-
ber, to hold office for one year, and a Clerk to hold during
good behavior. The Intendant held his office indefinitely,
as did the Commissioners. None of these officers were

required (o be citizens, and some of them are known not to
have been such. Raleigh, therefore, for the first ten years
of its life was very far from being free. Its legislative and
chief executive officers were creatures of the General Assem-
bly, and as all ten of the appointees accepted their offices,
its people, except in the remote contingencies of resignation
or death, had no voice in the making of their laws.

This un-American action of the Assembly was thought to
be necessary, because the citizens settled in their homes very
slowly, and because the legislators desired to know the char-
acter of these settlers before vesting in them the custody of
the seat of government, in which the archives and the
treasury of the State were to be kept, and its legislative
councils were to be held.

No evil to the people resulted from this long withholding
of their freedom, because the Commissioners were men of
wisdom and fairness. They were John Hayw^ood, Dugald
McKeethan, John Marshall, John Rogers, John Pain, James
Mares and John Craven, who were ))roperly the first City
Fathers. Those added in 1797 were Joshua Sugg, William
Polk and Theophilus Hunter. John Rogers was a member
of the Legislature from Wake, and was a non-resident.
Joshua Sugof, William Polk and Theophilus Hunter, though
owners of lots in the corporate limits, did not reside therein.

It is noticeable that this act was probably drawn by some
admirer of French institutions. The atrocities of the Reign
of Terror had not then alienated the sympathies of our peo-
ple. "Commissions" were a striking feature of the revolu-
tionary government of 3 794, and the chief officers in charge
of departments, now called Prefects, had been for many years
called Intendants. In our city the name Mayor was not
adopted until 1856. The name Commissioners gave way to
the good old Anglo-Saxon word Aldermen in 1875.

John Haywood, who was elected by them "Intendaut of
Police," was the first chief executive officer. It was not
until 1803, eight years after the sale of lots, that, in the
judgment of the General Assembly, the city was sufficiently
populous to supply officers whose homes must be in the city
limits. A regular charter was granted. The Commission-
ers, seven in number, as well as the Intendant of Police,
were to be elected by freemen having the qualification of resi-
dence and of owning land within the city. Free negroes
were included among the freemen.

CITY GROWTH.

It was intended that thp Slate-house should front towards
the east, " Orientalizaiion" at that time being all the fashion.
It was therefore built so as to look down Newbern street
in one direction, and Hillsboro street towards the west. This
was continued when the present sione structure replaced the
old. The same supposed necessity to front towards Jerusalem
prompted the eminent French engineer, with the assent of
Washington and other great officers, to plan the city of
Washington with the Capitol looking eastward, and the early
trustees of our State Univeisity to design its buildings to
look towards the rising sun, with a broad avenue to Piney
Prospect. In all three cases, however, the settlers refused to
recognize t^iis architectural propriety, and built their shops
and residences southward, westward or northward.

Without discussing the question why Washington and
Chapel Hill refused obstinately to take the advice of the
architects, it is easy to explain why the bulk of the business
of Raleigh located itself on Fayetteville street.

In the tirst })lace, the bulk of the population of the county
was in its southern and eastern portions, because settlers had
worked their way up the Neuse and the Cape Fear and their
tributaries. The merchants and mechanics, by getting loca-
tions on this street received the advantage of the trade com-
ing on both the Smithfield and the Fayetteville roads The
county authorities, when the old log building on the Boy Ian
hill was to be replaced by a structure more worthy of the
capital city, naturally located the court-house on the same
street, so as to accommodate the majority of their constituents.

In the second place, the great mail route from North to
South ran by way of Petersburg, Warren ton, Raleigh and
Fayetteville, then to Georgetown and Charleston in South
Carolina. Of course tavern-keepers and others seeking pub-
lic patronage, selected their business stands along this high-
way. So eager were they to attract attention and subserve
the convenience of their patrons, that their buildings were
placed immediately along the edge of the streets. The earliest
charters showed the care of the General Assembly to regulate
these encroachments on the sidewalks by porches, stoops, and
cellar-doors. The earliest taverns were Casso's, next to the
Capitol Square on the south, on the east side of Fayette-
ville street; the Indian Queen, kept by Captain Scott on the
site of the Federal court-hou'^e and post-office; the Eagle
Hotel,built in 1812 by Charles Parish, of three stories, the first

4.6

brick-house, according to Governor Swain, in the cit}', with
the exception of the State-house, located north of Union
Square, and existing to this day, improved and remodeled
into the State Agricultural Building. Other authorities say-
that the old brick printing office of Joseph Gales was built
prior to the Eagle Hotel.

Three years after the granting of this charter, viz., in 1806,
it appears that a jealousy between the different sections of
the city had grown up. The central part, along Halifax and
Fayetteville streets, being in a majority, was charged with
not being fair in the distribution either of offices or money.
The General Assembly was induced in 1806 to divide the
city into three wards, all east of Wilmington and Halifax
streets to be the eastern, and to elect three Commissioners ;
all west of Salisbury and Halifax streets to be the western,
and to elect one Commissioner, while the rest of the city was
to be the middle ward, having five commissioners, the taxes
of each ward to be spent therein by the Commissioners
thereof.

This unequal distribution was a concession to property,
the legislation as well as the constitution of that day by no
means recognizing universal suffrage, but, on the contrary,
showing a nervous dread of trusting the property of the
richer classes to the mercy of the poorer. By a census taken
the next year, 1807, it was found that there were within the
city limits 726 souls, of whom the middle ward had only
250, the eastern 336, and the western 140. Of whites the
middle ward had 140, the eastern 197, and the western 86,
total 423. Of slaves the middle ward had 107, the eastern
111, and the western 52 There were 33 free negroes, of
whom 28 lived in the eastern ward. Counting one voter to
every five free inhabitants there were in all about 95 resident
voters. The number of non-residents entitled to vote because
of owning land in the city must have been quite considerable.

An amusing difficulty occurred under the Act of 1806.
The one Commissioner of the western ward, increased to
three in 1809, and the three Commissioners of the eastern
ward had the right of spending for the benefit of their
wards all the moneys collected therein after defraying general
expenses. As the western ward was in part bounded on the
east by Halifax street and the eastern was bounded on the
west partly b}^ the same street, they stoutly contended that
Halifax street was not in their wards. The doctrine of usque
ad medium filum vine, i. c, that the ownership of lands adja-
cent to rivers and highways extends to the middle thread

thereof, subject to the right-of-way of the public, made no
impression on their non-legal minds. Thej^ eagerly gathered
in the taxes on property and person adjacent to Halifax
street, and stoutly refused to expend a dime on its repair.
They contended that the letter of the act put the street into
the middle ward, and the middle-warders must dig up its
stumps and fill up its gullies. The General Assembly of
1811 cured this defect by an amendment, evidently drawn
by a middle-ward man too angry to respect the rules of
grammar, and thereafter the centres of Wilmington and of
Salisbury streets throughout their lengths were the bounda-
ries of the eastern and western wards respectively.

The effect of the Acts of ]806 and 1809 was to constitute
four Boards for the government of our city, viz: One of
eleven Commissioners for general purposes, one of five for mid-
dle ward purposes, and two of three each for eastern and
western ward purposes. In 1813 this was remedied by an
amendment to the charter reducing the number of Commis-
sioners to seven, viz., two each from the eastern and western
wards and three from the middle, and these seven consti-
tuted one Board, with the Intendant as presiding officer.
The Board, however, was commanded to expend the taxes of
each ward in its limits if needed. The constable of the city
was given the powers of a constable of the county. There
was no other policeman, either for the day or the night.
The Commissioners claimed the right to force the citizens to
patrol the city at night, distributing them for the purpose
into twenty classes of six each, one of the number being
captain. When the public mind was disturbed by frantic
terrors of insurrections among the slaves, as it was during
the alleged insurrection headed by Frank Sumner in 1802,
and the Nat Turner atrocities of 1831, there was no difficulty
in procuring efficient action by this unpaid police. But in
tranquil times the penalty of one dollar fine for non-attend-
ance, authorized in 1814, became necessary. It was the
fashion, however, to avoid the penalty b}^ hiring substitutes,
some men almost making a living by taking the places of
sleep-loving principals. Slaves not on their owner's premises
were required to "have written passes," as they were called,
after a designated early hour of the night, on the penalty of
receiving a whipping for the lack thereof, and also of being
locked up if their behavior led to suspicion of crime. The
adventures of the niglit-watch and their morning report
were a notable part of the gossip of the community.

In 1831 the alarm was so great that martial law virtually
prevailed in the city, and there wa-, what military men call, a
" levy en masse." All the white men were armed. Tlie old
men were organized into a cor{)s called Silver Grays. The
able-bodied were divided into four classes, each patrolling
every fourth night. The Presbyterian church was to be the
rallying point in ease of an alarm given by the ringing of
its bell. Videttes on horseback were sent out as far as Neuse
river on the roads leading east, in order to report the com-
ing of the black army of rebels. While nerves were in this
state of tension, the bell sounded after one midnight because
of the burning of a blacksmith shop. Scores of jiiodest
ladies ran screaming to the fortress of refuge, with dishev-
elled hair and white nightgowns streaming as thev fled.
All this excitement and mental torture had not the slightest
cause except in unreasoning fancies. The Raleigh negroes
were thoroughly loyal.

FIRES.

The first fire-engine in the city was bought by voluntary
contributions in 1802. It employed sixteen hands, throwing
eighty gallons per minute one hundred and thirty-two
feet, and cost ^374.* Eleven years later the city bought a
new engine, and in I82I the tiist regular fire company was
organized. Six years before this an abortive attempt to, sup-
ply the city with water was made. A water wheel worked
from a pond infrontof the Insane Asylum hill, madeby dam-
ming Rock}' branch, forced the water to the top td' a water-
tower on a liill in the southwest part of the city, whence it
flowed i:)y gravity to Hargett and along Fayetteville street.
There was no filtration. The water was delivered at inter-
vals through spouts. The engineer was Samuel Lash of
Salem, an ingenious mechanic. The pipes were of wood.
They became frequentl\' clogged with mud. Often they
burst with the pressure. Lash died and was succeeded by
his son, who was a drunkard. The citizens living on the
streets not benefited became clamorous against the taxation
levied for repairs, and the scheme was abandoned.

With these meagre means for extinguishing fires, and the
buildings being. mainly of wood, it is not surprising that
conflagrations were extensive. That of 181() swept from
Martin to Hargett on the east side of Fayetteville street, and
thence almost to Wilmington street. The house at the cor-
ner of Wilmington and jMartin was saved by the timely use

*The steam fire-engine (Rescue) now in use is capable of tluowing a vertical
stream of 126 feet (iOO gallons per minute.

of ten barrels of vinegar. The fire of 1821 burnt over the
same district, beginning where the market-house stands,
then it crossed Hargett and was only stopped by the pluck
of Mrs. Hannah Stewart, which saved herdwelling standing
on the land occupied by Tucker hall. She saved it again
from a tire which consumed all the buildings north 1o Mor-
gan street, but about twenty years afterwards a third fire
prevailed even over her heroic energy.

At another time all the buildings on the west side of Fay-
etteville street from Morgan to Hargett, with the exception
of that next to Morgan, then belonging to the Newbern
bank, were swept away. This was kindled V)y an incen-
diary, Benjamin F. Seaborn, a clerk of Richard Smith, who
endeavored by arson to hide the crime of theft. Smith was
County Register, and twenty registry books were destroyed
with his store-house, causing much confusion of titles in our
county. It is gratifying to know that Seaborn was hung for
his crime.

THE FIRST CITY FATHERS.

The first Intendant of Police of the city, as I have stated,
was John Haywood, the Treasurer of the State from 17o7 to
his death in 1827, forty years, so popular that a county and a
town were named in his honor, one of the most consj)icuous
citizensof early Raleigh. His kindness to the sick and attlicted
and his hospitality knew no limit. He made it a rule to
invite to a meal every member and officer of the General
Assembly, which in his time met yearly. Rather uncult-
ured guests he had sometimes. Funn}^ stories about some
of them once flitted about the social atmosphere of our town.
I recall one of a backwoods legislator who in the dim light of
the Treasurer's parlor gazed with enquiring wonder at an
animal lying on the rug. "That," said the Treasurer, "is
my daughter's pet." "A pet is it? a pet you say? I thought
it was a cat!" It was at a party, as receptions were then
called, given by Senator Badger, some years later, that one
of the guests took his seat on an old-fashioned piano, remark-
ing that "these Raleigh big-bugs have benches with mighty
long legs."

Treasurer John Haywood is to be distinguished from Judge
John Haj'wood, the eminent lawyer who adorned the bench
of this State and of Tennessee. Treasurer John was from
Edgecombe, son of Col. William Haywood, a very prominent
member of our State Congresses and General Assemblies of
the Revolution. Judge John was from Halifax, son of Egbert,

brother of William Haywood. They were named after their
grandfather, John Haywood, who came to Halifax from
Barbadoes about 1730.

Another of the earliest "City Fathers" was William Polk,
always called Colonel William Polk, who built what was a
grand residence in those days just out of the city limits
fronting Blount street. Later, in 1872, after being owned
by Hon. Kenneth Rayner it was moved to one side to allow
for the extension of Blount street, and is now called the
Park Place. Col. William Polk was a remarkable man.
Born near Charlotte, when he had reached nineteen years
of age he heard the Mecklenburg resolutions read from the
court-house stey)s. His fiery spirit led him into the Conti-
nental army. He served with distinction at Brandy wine
and Germantown, then at Guilford and Eutaw Springs, being
wounded slightly at Germantown and severely at Eutaw.
When the war ended he had attained the rank of Colonel.
He was a man of strong character, too ardent a Federalist to
obtain public office in Republican Wake, though he had
been a Commoner from Mecklenburg, yet in non-political
posts, such as the presidency of the leading bank, the
presidency of the Board of Trustees of the young Uni-
versity, and as guiding the society of the new capital, he
was uncommonly active and useful. At one time, stirred up
by recent bad examples of duelling among such great men
as Hamilton and Burr, Stanly and Spaight, Clinton and
Swartwout, Van Allen and Crawford, the students of the
University were threatening to imitate them. The danger
was so imminent that President Caldwell appealed to Colo-
nel Polk, knowing that the advice of a Revolutionary hero
of conspicuous daring would have weight with the fiery
young men. The Colonel wrote a letter to them denouncing
the practice of duelling in terms so strong and convincing
as to avert the evil. I recall one instance, however, where
his resentment forced him to give preference to the process
of Judge Lynch. AVhile he was with the American army
fighting for our liberties, a Tory with whom he was person-
ally acquainted outrageously marauded upon his father's
plantation. When peace was declared this Tory fled to parts
unknown. Many years afterwards Colonel Polk was jour-
neying on horseback with a friend to visit the lands in Ten-
nessee given him for his military services. They halted at
a cabin to enquire about the road. As the owner came to
the door the Colonel recognized his Tory neighbor. Leaping
from his horse saying, "Please hold my bridle!" he pro-

ceeded to pay hiin with his riding-whip the principal with
compound interest of the debt he had been owing so long.

Raro antecendem scelestum
Deseruit pede Poena claudo.

Colonel Polk was exceedingly patriotic. He entered into all
4th of July celebrations with boundless enthusiasm, always
acting by invitation as president of the feasts, and giving out
the toasts and drinking to them too with hearty good will.
The dinner was usually ended by the company, at his invi-
tation, marching to his house and partaking of a second
treat, the jocund boisterousness by no means diminished by
the glimpses of the ladies of the neighborhood peering down
the staircases and through the windows in order to see the
fun. His son, Leonidas, afterward the Bishop and General,
in his youth was a leader in singing the patriotic odes.

The other official fathers of the city are less conspicuous.
John Craven, of Halifax, was the first elected to the office
of Comptroller of Public Accounts in 1783, and was annually
elected thereafter until his death in 1808, twenty-five years.
He was an old bachelor of popular manners, and having no
ties of kindred he left his property, including his Raleigh
lots, to our excellent citizen, who years ago was our very
popular Mayor, William Dallas Haywood.

John Marshall and James Mares were hotel-keepers in the
city. Dugald McKeethan was one of the original purchasers
of lots, a son-in-law of Joel Lane. John Pain was also one
of the original purchasers. John Rogers was soon after a
member of the Legislature from Wake, and had probably
become an owner of city property. Joshua Sugg was a large
owner of land adjoining the State land on the east and south-
east.

The extensive lands of Theophilus Hunter, usually known
as Captain Orphy Hunter, adjoined the city on the west and
southwest, embracing the site of the Insane Asylum and of
the Water-works. His residence, called Spring Hill (now
owned by the Grimes family), was the centre of more jovial
gatherings for eating of good dinners and drinking of good
rum and chasing of foxes than any place in Wake county.
He had pretty and attractive daughters, too, and the merry
laughter of young men and maidens was a frequent sound
among the trees of Spring Llill.

A few years afterwards Theophilus Hunter had a less
pleasant reputation among our people. He owned a mill
on Rocky branch, and the pond was accused of shaking the

bones of our people with chills and burning them with
fevers, especially in 1822, when many lives were lost. After
much bad feeling and litigation, the matter was settled by
the city's buying the mill and levelling the dam.

OTHER EARLY CITY FATHERS.

The first Intendant of Police chosen by th*^ people was
likewise an excellent man, William White. He had been
repeatedly Senator and a Commoner from Lenoir county.
While Senator he was elected Secretary'' of State as successor
to Glasgow. He became one of Raleigh's best citizens. His
wife, the daughter of Governor Caswell, survived him many
years. One of his daughters married Governor David L.
Swain, the eminent President of the Universitv.

In 1806 William Hill, who came to Raleigh from Surry
county, served' as a clerk in Mr, White's ottice, and then
engaged in merchandising, was chosen Intendant. In 1811
he was elected by the General Assembly Secretary of State,
and amid all the mutations of parties, by annual until 1835,
and then by biennial elections, he was elected to the same
office until his death in 1857. For years the "Old Sec," as
he was familiarly known, was a landmark among us, simple,
unostentatious, charitable, of perfect integrity, performing
every duty with strictest fidelity. Such was the public re-
gard for him that his clerk and son-in-law, Rufus H. Page,
of similar faithfulness to duty, was chosen his successor for
several terms, and then lost the office only b}^ reason of the
violent part}^ passion aroused during the Civil War.

The next Intendant, in 1807, was an active and po|)ular
physician. Dr. Calvin .lones. He removed to Raleigh from
Trov in New York. He was a Commoner from Wake in
1807. The fact that he was president of the first medical
society in the State shows the estimation in which he was
held by his profession. He was chosen a General of Militia,
and leaving Raleigh, became a planter on the site of Wake
Forest College, which he sold to that institution.

The next Intendants were John Marshall, John S. Raboteau
and Sterling Yancey. Then, in 1813, began the incum-
bency, which was to continue many years, of a very remark-
able man, Joseph Gales,- who was for forty 3'ears identified
with all good movements in our city: a man of boundless
charity, in its broadest sense, and of extraordinary good
sense. His history is most interesting.

In 1794 he was about 34 years old, a citizen of Sheffield,
in England, bookseller, printer and editor of a prosperous
newspaper called the Sheffield Register, which had a large
circulation in Yorkshire, Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire.
We have a file of it in the State Library.

In its beginning the French Revolution was regarded as
destined to bring great political blessings to France, and
people in all nations hoped that the time had come for the
lower classes to secure larger control in their governments.
In England associaiions were formed, some, perhaps, ready
to resort to force to secure political changes, but others seek-
ing by educating the public mind to procure reform by con-
stitutional methods.

One of the most flourishing of these latter peaceful asso-
ciations was the Constitutional Society of Sheffield, of which
Joseph Gales was Secretary. I have examined the editorials
in the Sheffield Reguter, and there is certainly nothing in
them looking towards treason or insurrection, only such
deprecation of the horrors of war, and criticism of the policy
of the Ministry as would be considered in our day respectful
and mild. But rash and senseless riols in various parts of
England, and the horror inspired by the atrocious excesses
in France, induced Parliament to suspend the privileges of
the writ of habeas corpus. Arbitrary arrests and imprison-
ment of the leading agitators for Parliamentary reform and
against war with France were frequent.

Mr. Gales received notice that orders for his arrest had
been or would be issued, and knowing that, as he was the
onl}^ support of his family, his imprisonment meant abso-
lute ruin, he concluded to leave the country, giving his
reason in pathetic language in the issue of May 1, 1794. He
took ship at Altona, in Denmark, selling his newspaper to
the poet Montgomery. He was treated so kindly by those
in Altona who sympathized with him in his political action,
that he named a daughter after the city, a name which,
abbreviated into "Alty," pronounced Aulty, is still a favorite
with the family.

The members of the Constitutional Society of Sheffield,
conscious of the rectitude of his purposes, adopted a series of
resolutions laudatory of their emigrant Secretary, showing
so much genuine feeling and beauty that I venture to (]Uote
them :

At a general meeting of the Society for Constitutional Information,
held on July 3, 1794, at the house of the late Secretary in Watson's Walk,
Sheffield.

The Constitutional Society of Sheffield to Joseph Gales :

Health! Peace! and Happiness ! On this occasion of addressing you,
our very dear and inestimable fellow-citizen, we feel a variety of pas-
sions agitating our minds and forcibly impelling us to some expression
of our well-founded affection and our ardent gratitude, our sincere
regret and our just indignation.

Ti3e eminent worth of your character, your important services to the
great cause of human happiness, our irreparable injury in the loss of so
valuable a member, and the persecution of which you are the distin-
guished object, are so many loud calls for some testimonial of our deep-
est sense of your merit, and our pungent grief at your sufferings. Yet
we are happy that we have not merely to speak the language of sympa-
thetic condolence, but that of joy, of congratulation, of laudable envy.

We rejoice to reflect that the Divine Cause of Truth and Liberty has
been supported by so unexceptionable, so able and so successful an
advocate.

We cordially felicitate you on your escape from the insidious schemes
and the enraged ferocity of cruel and inexorable man.

Though we regret your sufferings, considered abstractly as such,
yet, viewing them in connection with their cause, we behold you
adorned with incomparably greater and more enviable honor than the
most brilliant diadem can confer upon its wearer. You are dignified
with the unfading crown of a martyr in the illustrious cause of God and
man.

We find consolatory pleasure in entertaining the idea that you will
read these warm effusions of our soul, secure from oppression and
breathing the pure air of a free country, where the native and inaliena-
ble rights of man are known, respected and enjoyed.

Never, we trust, shall we lose the fervent and grateful recollection of
you, our ever dear friend and brother. We confidently commit you
to the guardian care of the Supreme Being, who is the immutable
Friend of Truth and the munificent benefactor of mankind. Under
His smiles, exile, proscription, or even death, must be sweet.

Signed by the command and in the name of the Constitutional Society.

James Watson,
William Malkin,
Henry Rock,
John Grainger,
William Chow,

August 1, 1794. Simon Runk.

We next find Joseph Gales in Philadelphia, beginning, in
1796, a paper called Gales' Independent Gazetteer. Congress
then held its sessions in that city, and he has the honor of
being the first shorthand reporter of the debates of that
body. Learning from one of our members of Congress that
the seat of government of North Carolina had no newspapers,
he sold his Gazetteer and established in the Fall of 1799 the
Raleigh Register, a name given in loving remembrance of
his Sheffield paper, and with the same motto,

" Ours are the plans of fair, delightful Peace,
Unwarped by party rage to live like brothers."

His was the first newspaper of oar city, edited at first by
himself, then by himself in conjunction with his son-in-law,
William W. Seaton, afterwards the distinguished co-editor of
the National Intelligencer and Mayor of Washington City ;
then by himself alone, then by his son, Weston Raleigh
Gales, then by his grandson, Seaton Gales, a total of nearly
sixty years. He was for many years State printer. He
established the first paper-mill in this section, on Rocky
branch, thence removed to Crabtree creek. In politics he
belonged to the dominant party, the Republican, and when
that was disrupted in Jackson's time he became a Whig.

Mr. Gales was ably seconded by his wife, whose maiden
name was Winifred Marshall, a remote connection of Lord
Melbourne. She was a woman of fine talents and accom-
plishments, the authoress of a novel published in 1804
by her husband entitled " Matilda Berkeley." My mother,
before her marriage, was the guest of Mrs. Gales, and years
afterwards loved to tell of her kindness of heart, her tact, her
power of making those around her bright and happy, her
fine conversational power:-. It was from her that her chil-
dren inherited their rare sprightliness, their father being of
a more quiet manner and staid temperament. The poetical
address of her daughter, Ann Eliza Gales, at her gradu-
ating exercises, and her uncommonly agreeable manners and
witty speech, were never forgotten by those who knew her.
She died in the great sickness, almost the pestilence, of 1822,
attributed, as I have mentioned, to Hunter's mill-pond.

The rival newspaper to the Raleigh Register, the Minerva,
was edited by William Boylan. It was transferred from Fay-
etteville, where it was called " The Fayetteville Minerva,'^ in the
fall of 1799, a few months after the Register was started. The
firm of Hodge & Boylan published in 1800 one of the best
books ever printed in the State, "Haywood's Reports," and
in 1804 "Burkitt and Read's History of the Kehukee Bap-
tist Association." The Minerva advocated Federalist princi-
ples, and, as might be expected, both papers occasionally
showed the heated temper which separated the parties
throughout the Union.

William Boylan came to North Carolina from New Jersey
one hundred and one years ago, joining his uncle, Abraham
Hodge, first at Halifax and then at Fayetteville. Until his
purchase from Peter Browne, the eminent lawyer, of the Joel
Lane homestead, just outside the city limits, he was often a
Commissioner of the city. He served for three years during
the war of 1812 and for one year thereafter, as a member of

the Legislature in the lower house. He had a strong, well
balanced mind, the highest integrity, and large public spirit.
He was Chairman of the Board of Commissioners for rebuild-
ing the Capitol, and shared in the responsibility of adopt-
ing the plan of the architect. He was President of the State
Bank, and a director of that institution and of its successors
for mjiny years. He was an active promoter and at one
time President of the Raleigh and Gaston Pvailroad. He
was a large subscriber to the stock of the North Carolina
Railroad. He was for many years Chairman of the Justices
of the Peace of the county of Wake. It was by his urgency
that the practice of hiring out the keeping of the county pau-
pers to the lowest bidder was discontinued, and a house and
farm, together with a comfortable support, provided for them
at the public expense. He introduced the cultivation of cot-
ton into our county. His hand was always open to a deserv-
ing charity. I remember that when, in the great snow-storm
of January, 1857, what we rarely see in our fortunate climate,
a veritable blizzard, Raleigh awoke one Sunday morning to
find two-thirds of its people suffering for want of fuel because
the wood wagons were unable to run, Mr. Boylan's wagon was
one of the first to brave the elements in order to relieve the
shivering poor by gifts from the ample supply laid up for
his winter's use. I remember, too, the storm of indignation
when it was reported that a health v man, covered up in
his bed-clothes, sang out, "Ask Mr. Boylan why he didn't
have it cut up so as to fit my fireplace!" I remember, too,
how he allowed a poor but enthusiastic collector of bugs and
butterflies, snakes and lizards to make his house headquar-
ters for many days. During the evenings the peripatetic
scientist would entertain the family with discourses about
his favorite pursuits. "Ladies! some people say crow is not
good for food; jay bird is not good; hawk is not good. It
is a great mistake. I have eaten all kinds of birds. They
are all good but the turkey buz-zard. The turkey buz-zard
has a flavor which I do not like."

Henry Seawell (pronounced in old times Sow-ell), born in
Franklin, was probably the first lawyer whosettled in Raleigh,
as I find him a member of the House of Commons as early as
1799. He was afterwards often a member, sometimes of one
branch, sometimes of the other. He was a Judge of the
Superior Court for six years before the establishment of our
present Supreme Court system in 1818, and therefore during
that time was a member of the Supreme Court under the
old system, when all the Circuit .Judges belonged to it. He

was also a Judge of the Superior Court from 1S32 to 1835.
He was a lawyer of great ability. In criminal matters he
was especially distinguished. As a manager of men in leg-
islative bodies he was exceedingly adroit.

William Peace is another of the earliest citizens who must
be mentioned in this sketch. He and liis brother Joseph,
under the firm name of W. & J. Peace, began merchan-
dising on Fayetteville street almost as soon as the city was
founded, and so continued for very many years, dealing
fairly with all, and accumulating a handsome property.
William Peace was more of a public man than Joseph, and
became identified with all of Raleigh's legitimate enterprises.
He was often a Commissioner of the city, and many years
director of its leading bank. He was remarkable for quiet
dignity, unfailing courtesy and perfect integrity'. I doubt
if he ever had an enemy in the world, though he was as
firm as a rock on all questions of ])rinciple. He crowned a
well-spent life by contributing to place on a sound founda-
tion the excellent female school which Capt. John B. Burwell
and Mr. James Dinwiddle have made so full of blessings to
our community.

Early in the century there settled in Raleigh the last of
the " live Williams," as they were called, William Peck, the
others being William Polk, William Boylan, William Hill
and William Peace. William Peck's store was opposite the
southeast corner of Union Square, which then sloped down
to the street. In his old age the square was filled in and
levelled up as at present, greatly to his discontent, as, he
said, he was shut off from his accustomed view of the Capi-
tol. He was highly esteemed by all, a plain, quiet, straight-
forward man of sterling virtues. He had the same nervous
aversion to whistling characteristic of the late Judge Cloud.
Some of the wilder boys delighted, when passing his place
of business, to emit from their lips the shrillest sound possi-
ble and then run to escape the threatened punishment. His
sign, besides the simple " W. Peck," w^as a hat of mountain-
ous dimensions, hanging over the sidewalk. One of our
Raleigh boys, when a sophomore at the University, pur-
chased or borrowed this stupendous and venerable tile, and
by tying tape across the bottom managed to make it balance
on his head. He then put over his eyes a large pair of green
goggles, and in the centre of each glass stuck a red wafer.
Thus accoutred he marched into the chapel in presence of
the assembled professors and students, while the roll was
being called. I witnessed the scene. The echo of the ap-
4

plause sounds in my ears plainly after the lapse of forty-seven
years. I tell you, in confidence, that this fun-loving boy of
forty-seven years ago is now on this stage, known and honored
among you as Major Rufus S. Tucker. As he lias been a
successful Raleigh merchant, I must give you my first ob-
servation of him as a salesman. When at the University
he was a youth of inimitable humor, very much liked by
the President and professors, possibly because of his pro-
pensity for fun, though the Faculty censured him for the
big hat and red wafer joke. He was once acting as auctioneer
at the sale of some discarded furniture belonging to the
Dialectic Society. He took up an old silver-plated candle-
stick. " Gentlemen, I now offer you a fine pair of candlesticks.
They can also be used for mirrors. They have the wonderful
property of making ugly faces pretty. Governor Swain, bid
on them. They are the very things for you." As the Gov-
ernor was of ungainly face and figure, the hit was greatly
enjoyed by the crowd, and was not displeasing to him.

The father of this humorous friend of ours, Ruffin Tucker,
deserves mention among the early City Fathers, not only
for his faithfulness as a Commissioner and his sterling quali-
ties as a man, but because he is the only merchant of the
old time who founded a mercantile name which has lived
to this day. In 1818, after short service as clerk in order to
learn the business and get a start, he opened a store on the
identical spot where is now the grand establishment of W.
H. & R. S. Tucker & Co., though he afterwards moved to the
west side of the street. For ten years he was a partner with
his brother, William C. Tucker. Then he was alone until
1846, when he took as his partner his son, William H. H.
Tucker, generally known as Col. Buck Tucker. Ruffin
Tucker died in 1851, and then Major Rufus S. Tucker, who
had three years before graduated at the University, joined
his brother. The history of the firm since is familiar to you.
The uninterrupted success of this establishment for seventy-
four years, three-fourths of a century, shows very strong
qualities in its founder, and places him high among the pro-
moters of our city's prosperity.

I have not time to go into any details in regard to other
worthy city officials, but I will give a short mention of some
whose names occur to me.

There was John S. Raboteau, chairman of the committee to
divide the men of the city into twenty classes, whose lineal
descendant married our friend, Mr. A. F. Page, who has

come recently to adorn and improve our city with a grand
hotel and opera-house.

And then Richard Smith, long a prosperous merchant
among us, the County Register for years. He was clerk in
the store of William Hill, and, when Mr. Hill was elected
Secretary of State, bought his stock. He did business on the
plan of having everything that the people would be likely
to call for, and being a man of good sense he succeeded.
The same story is told of him that was told of old Mr.
Kyle in Fayetteville. One man bet another $5 that he could
not name an article which Mr. Smith did not have for sale.
" Good ! I take the bet. I bet he has not a pulpit !" Away
they went to "Smith's corner." "Mr. Smith, we are in
search of a second-hand pulpit. Can you supply us ?" " Yes,
come into the back room. I have exactly what you want.
The Presbyterians concluded to get a new one and sold me
this!" Whether the story belongs to him or Mr. Kyle, it
illustrates his style of business. He had faith in Raleigh,
and invested in its lots. He divided his property between
his wife and his daughter. His wife left most of her share
to her nephew, Richard Stanhope Pullen, whose open-
hearted genen»sity has enriched our city with a beautiful
park and a site for the State Agricultural and Mechanical
College, and ins church with many a handsome donation.
Part of his daughter's share was bequeathed by her as a per-
petual benefic'-nce to the young men of the State at our
University. Tlie old man's labors will be a perennial
blessing.

I name, to >, David Royster, who came to Raleigh in 1802,
a cabinet-maker — long an honored and trusted citizen. He
left several sons, noted for their integrity and uprightness.
One of them is still surviving, David L. Rnyster, born the
night Canova's statue came into Raleigh, Christmas, 1821,
I must tell a story on myself to illustrate the independence
of judgment and kindness of heart for which the old man
David Royster and his sons were conspicuous. I was em-
ployed to bring a suit against a woman to obtain summary
possession of a lot in Raleigh. The lawyer on the other side
was not himself — another lawyer with Bourbon whiskey in
his head. He soon gave up the case, and I asked the jury
to sign the judgment. After I got eleven names I looked
about for the twelfth — " Dave" Royster. He was a hundred
yards from the court-house going home. He declared he
would not turn a woman out of a house in the middle of
winter unless she had a sober lawyer. So there was a mis-

trial and my client consented to a compromise. His brother,
James D. Royster, was a man of remarkable ability. I have
never known a more retentive memory. I acknowledge my
indebtedness to him for very much of the knowledge I pos-
sess of the early history of Raleigh.

Wesley Whitaker was another of the good men of early
Raleigh, a valued officer of the Methodist church as well as
Commissioner of the city. He was converted in the great
revival in 1811, and was the last survivor of those who joined
the church at that day.

John J. Briggs was one of the founders of the Baptist
church in Raleigh, father of one of the best men I ever knew,
whose friendship I highly prized, Thomas H. Briggs.

David L. Barringer, who married a daughter of William
White, was a very prominent citizen. He repeatedly repre-
sented Wake county in the General Assembly, the first time
in 1813, and was afterwards a member of Congress. He was
uncle of the distinguished D, M. Barringer, a citizen of Ral-
eigh long afterwards.

I must mention, too, the very intelligent editors of the
Star newspaper, established in 1809, Thomas Henderson and
Alexander Lucas. Nor mast be omitted Sherwood, Stephen
and William Henry Haywood, who followed their brother,
the Treasurer, to Raleigh, and became very prominent mem-
bers of its society. There was, too, Jacob Johnson, the trusted
janitor of the Bank of the State, of humble social position
but conspicuous because one of his sons by indomitable pluck
and strong mind from an apprenticed tailor rose to be Presi-
dent of this greatest republic of the world. And there was
Captain Alfred Jones, who in early life fought a duel near
Hillsboro and was badly wounded. His adversary, a man
named Faucette, ran off in fright and was never heard of
afterwards. Gen. Robert Haywood asked him once how a
man felt with an adversary ten steps off" pointing a pistol
dead at him. " It looks as big as a cart-wheel," said the Cap-
tain, and that was all he would say about the fight. He was
for a long time a bank and railroad director.

I must name, too. General Robert Williams, a Trustee of
the University as early as 1803, and its Secretary and Treas-
urer, also Adjutant General of the State,
p-^ John Stewart, the merchant, so called to distinguish him
from John Stewart, the blacksmith, is said to have been the
first to open a store for business. He married Hannah, the
daughter of Peter Casso, the hotel-keeper. When President
Johnson was born his father was an hostler at the hotel, and

Mrs. Casso gave the name to the new-born child. It was
intended to call him Andrew Jackson Johnson, but his
father objected to having so long a name, and the Jackson
was omittedj Mrs. Stewart was long a widow, distinguished
for her strength of character. I can only call over the
names of other worthy citizens of the oldest days; James
McKee, Southey Bond, Benjamin S. King, Robert Cannon,
James Coman, Robert Cullum, Henry Gorman, Matthew-
Shaw, Sterling Wheaton and Mark Cooke.

The last I shall mention was the exceedingly popular
United States Marshal, General Beverly Daniel, who migrated
to Raleigh from Alrginia in 18 10. He kept his othce for
thirty-two years. In his old age he was removed by Van
Buren because of his too ardent advocacy of Harrison's
election. He was a popular favorite, gifted as an organizer
of processions and pageants, an expert rider, a noted hunter
of fox and deer, and an accomplished marksman.

After his removal a banquet was given to him by the citi-
zens of Raleigh, his old friends, Joseph Gales and John
Devereux, senior, presiding. George E. Badger proposed the
following characteristic toast:

" Oar guest, General Daniel, as an officer, good enough for
Jefferson, good enough for Madison, good enough for Mon-
roe, good enough for Adams, good enough for Jackson ; it
is no wonder Van Buren thinks he is too good for him."

THE MASONIC FRATERNITY.

The Grand Lodge of the Masonic Fraternity met in Ral-
eigh December 3, 1794. Probably the first public institu-
tion among us was Democratic Lodge, No. 21, organized
February 11, 1793, with John Macon as Master, but it had
only a life of two or three years. It is easy to conjecture the
cause of the failure. The French Revolution was hailed in
America by many as the dawn of a new era of liberty and
equality throughout the world. It was the fashion to copy
Gallican manners and their favorite terms. The anti-Fed-
eralists, after the adoption of the Constitution, found their
name insufficient, and adopted that of Democratic-Repub-
lican. " Democratic Clubs," in imitation of those in Paris
and elsewhere, were fomied in our cities. Men threw aside
Anglo-Saxon salutation, and hugged and called one another
" citoyens." Ladies escaped, I hope, the embracing part of
the salutation, but were hailed as " citoyesses," instead of
mistresses and misses. In the midst of this political delirium

came across the ocean the news of the horrors of the rule of
Robespierre, Danton and Murat. Worse still, demands came
that our government should follow the French into a mad
crusade for the dethronement of kings. When, by the wis-
dom of Washington and his constitutional advisers, the
United States determined to be neutral, and there ensued
contemptuous and insolent treatment of Washington and his
Cabinet, and depredations on our commerce, the pro-French
ardor cooled. The Democratic clubswere disbanded. The
party of Jefferson the party of John Macon, and of his brother
Nathaniel, got ashamed of the first half its name, which was
peculiarly a favorite among the Revolutionists, and became
plain " Republican." In like manner this Democratic Lodge
quietly melted away. It is noticeable that the Senior War-
den was Rodman Atkins, the same, probably, as Rhody, or
Rod}^ Atkins, the architect of the State house. It was doubt-
less he and the workmen he brought with him, wild with
revolutionary fur\', who introduced this partisan Lodge
among our staid people, and their departure probably car-
ried off the larger part of the membership.

The next Lodge formed had as its leaders strong Federal-
ists. William Richardson Davie granted the dispensation
to Hiram Lodge, No. 40, in 1799. The charter is signed
December 15, 1800, by William Polk. Its first Master was
Henry Potter, appointed District Judge by Federalist John
Adams.

This Lodge was eminently successful. Among its early
members we see, besides Polk and Potter, Theophilus Hun-
ter, John Marshall, William Boylan, William Hill, Calvin
Jones, William W. Seaton, and many others remembered by
the Masonic fraternity with fraternal reverence, and known
by all our people to have been among our best citizens. In
1899 Hiram Lodge can celebrate its centennial by pointing
to a long line of illustrious and useful members.

The Odd Fellows and other benevolent societies came into
Raleigh within the last half century, and it is not within
the scope of this address to describe them.

THE STATE BANK.

The State Bank of North Carolina occupied a large part
of the public mind in the early days. It was incorporated
in 1810, to be located at Raleigh, with branches at Newbern,
Edenton and Wilmington, which branches were rated as
first class, and at Tarboro, Fayetteville and Salisbury rated

as second-class. The first directors were John Haywood,
William Polk, Henry Potter, Duncan Cameron, William
Boylan, William Peace, Henry Seawell, William Henry
Haywood, Theophilus Hunter, Samuel Goodwin, Benjamin
Brickell, James Mebane, Joseph Gales. Of these Cameron
and Mebane were non-residents.

The first President was William Polk, who served without
salary. Wm. Henry Haywood, afterwards Clerk of the Dis-
trict Court, was the first Cashier, at a salary of $1,200 per
annum. The business was at first conducted in a house
where the residence of the late W. H. Crow stands. Colonel
Polk, General Beverly Daniel and Joseph Gales were the
committee who caused to be erected for the permanent bank-
ing house the brick building, destined to be handed over to
the Bank of the State of North Carolina, then to the Bank of
North Carolina, and then to become the Rectory of Christ
church. lis architectural style was novel and met with
humorous sarcasm. It was called "Twoporches with a house
between." John Stanly of Newbern dubbed the committee
the " Three wise men of Gotham." After Polk the Presidents
were AVilliam Boylan and Peter Brown, the eminent lawyer,
who amassed a fortune practicing law first in Windsor, then
at Halifax, then at Raleigh, purchasing the old Joel Lane
place, which he sold to W^illiam Boylan. The bank got into
trouble. Most of its profits came from circulating notes,
payable on demand in coin. Times of financial pressure
came. The brokers gathered up the notes and presented
them for redemption. As the expression went, they " wanted
the tangible." In 1828 the stockholders became so uneasy
that they induced Judge Thomas Ruffin, by an offer of an
increased salary, w^ith liberty to practice his profession in
Raleigh, to resign from the bench and become President.
In the same year Charles Dewey, a native of Oxford, for the
rest of his long life so much loved and respected among us,
who had even then won distinction as a bank officer, was
brought from Fayetteville to act as Cashier. Before the
advent of these two able men the officers had been irritating
the brokers b}^ throwing difficulties in the way of acceding
to their demands for specie in exchange for bank bills.
Ruffin ordered ))rompt payments "as long as there was a
shot in the locker." This resolute course, together with the
high reputations of the President and Cashier, restored con-
fidence in the solvency of the bank and enabled Duncan
Camer(m, who succeeded Ruffin after one year to wind up
its afi'airs after expiration of its charter in 1834, paying its

f)4

creditors and stockholders in full, toaether with a small sur-
plus to the latter. To show the difference hetween the old
system and our National Banks, I state that it had, counting
the issues of its branches, at one time in circulation $4,000,-
000 on a capital of $1,600,000, whereas all the National Banks
in the State never had more than about $2,000,000 circula,
tion. About five per cent, of the notes w^ere never presented-
were destroyed or lost in some way. The Bank of the State
of North Carolina began in 1832 and took the place of the
State Bank of North Carolina.

EARLY CHURCHES.

In the latter part of the eighteenth century and early part
of the nineteenth religion was at a low ebb. Infidelity was
fashionable, especially among the educated classes. It is
not surprising that the early inhabitants postponed attention
to religious services to matters considered more pressing, of
building their homes and turning primeval forests and ex-
hausted old fields into fertile gardens. There was no church
edifice for many years, the State-house serving for the use
of any clergvman who would visit Raleigh and seek a con-
gregation. The great Methodist Bishop, Francis Asbury,
records in his journal that on March Hth, 1800, he "preached
in the State-house. Notwithstanding the day was very cold
and snowy we had many people to hear. I baptized a little
child and came that evening to Tomas Proctor's."

In 1805 or 1800 William Glendenning, a native of Scot-
land, removed to Raleigh and established a grocery store on
Newbern avenue opposite the present Episcopal Rectory. He
had been a preacher of the Methodist Episcopal church but
seceded with James O'Kelly. He built the first church in
the city, on Blount street between Morgan and Hargett, and
called it Bethel. He became insane and was called the
"Crazy Parson," and, of course, made little religious impres-
sion on the community.

The first Presbyterian congregation in Raleigh was organ-
ized in 1806. The first regular pastor was Rev. AV^illiam
Turner, of Virginia, his Elders being Judge Henry Potter,
William Shaw, and Thomas Emons. The religious services
were held in the hall of the House of Commons. In June,
1810, the Trustees of the Raleigh Academy invited Dr.
William McPheeters, a Presbyterian divine, to take charge
of the Academy and become "Pastor of the City." While
they had no power to confer this authority, yet the tender

certainly shows singular weakness of other denominations
or inditierence to the subject. Certainly for several years
many who did not become Presbyterians seem quietly to
have accepted Dr. McPheeters as their spiritual guide, his
place of preaching until 1817 being the State-house, and then
the Presbyterian church.

There were movements, howev^er, adverse to the autocracy
of the able young pastor. In 1811 the Methodists held a
Conference for the first time in Raleigh. Bishops Asbury
and McKendree were present. Bishop Asbury records that
lie preached in the State-house to two thousand people.
There was a notable revival, probably the first in Raleigh.
Rev. Dr. Mangum, in his exhaustive history of the Metho-
dist Church in Raleigh, grows enthusiastic in his description
of it. " The old State-house, so often the scene of festive
delights and political excitements, now rang day and night
witli sermons and songs and cries and shouts." The result
was the second church edifice, the first built by any denomi-
nation, a plain wooden structure, finished in 1811, on the
lot donated by Willie Jones of Halifax, bought by him at
the sale of 17^2. This building was burnt in 1839, replaced
in 1841 by one which was removed to give place to the pres-
ent noble structure. The first pastor in ^811 was Canellum
H. Hines.

The Baptists were next in the field. Elder Robert T.
Daniel organized a congregation in 1812. A church build-
ing of an humble character was erected which was after-
wards removed to Moore Square, on this account called by
many afterwards the Baptist Grove.

Here for many years the founders of the Baptist church
worshiped. It is hard to realize that the fathers and
mothers of this denomination, now so wealthy, once were
accustomed each to take a tallow candle to this humble
building in order to produce a "dim, religious light" for
services at night. Yet my excellent friend, Mrs. Alfred Wil-
liams, assures me that the practice was common. About 1835
a division occurred, partly from overgrowth, but partly
also from differences of opinion. By the special labors
and pecuniary sacrifices of the pastor. Rev. Amos J. Battle, a
new and better edifice was erected at the southeast corner of
Wilmington and Morgan streets. This, too, gave way, in
1858, to the present imposing First Baptist church, the old
building being sold to the Roman Catholics.

The congregation, whicli kept the old Moore Square church,
dwindled until after the civil war there remained onlv one

member, Mr. Mark Williams. He sold the old building to
a colored congregation, who removed it to the trans-rail-
road southern suburb, known as Hayti.

The Protestant Episcopal church was not consecrated
until 1830. A convention of the Diocese was held in Kal-
eigh in 1821 in the Supreme Court room, and this stimulated
the organization of a parish in August of that year. The
first vestrymen were John Haywood, John Lewis Taylor, the
Chief Justice, A. S. Burgess, M. D., James Henderson, M. I).,
and William H. Haywood, jr., afterwards Senator of the
United States. Rev. William M. Green, afterwards a pro-
fessor in the University of North Carolina, and then Bishop
of Mississippi, held services for the congregation until Bishop
John Stark Ravenscroft took charge in December, 1823. He
reported to the Convention of 1824 that he had officiated
occasionally in the Presbyterian house of worship until the
18th of January, " when divine service was performed and
a sermon preached morning and evening in the house rented
and fitted up as a temporary chapel." The number of com-
municants he reports at about twenty-five, and the whole
number connected with the congregation about thirty-five.
This temporary chapel was a building called " The Museum,"
erected by Jacob Marling, a portrait painter, for exhibition
of curiosities, such as minerals, machinery, phantasmagoria,
etc., for a sight of which 12| cents was charged. It now
belongs to the Masonic fraternity. Bishop Ravenscroft
removed to Williamsborough in 1828, and was succeeded by
Rev. Charles P. Elliott who, after one year, resigned and
gave place to Rev. George W. Freeman, uncle of Mr. Edward
B. Freeman, long a Clerk of the Supreme Court. The old
church of 1830 was sold in 1853 to the colored Methodists,
and replaced by the present stone building, designed by
Upjohn. The old bell purchased in 1832 was, in ]861,
donated to the Episcopal church at Chapel Hill.

The many churches which have been built and congrega-
tions organized within recent years I refrain from describing,
as my plan is to confine myself to those of earlier times.

For many years there was only one Sunday-school in the
city, at first held in Glendennin's church. Bethel, and after-
wards in the Academy. When the hour for morning service
approached, the children and teachers marched to the State-
house and formed part of the congregation of Dr. McPheeters.
The good man made compulsory the attendance on the
Sunday-school by his own pupils. For repeated absences
without sufficient reason the delinquent received a sound

flogging on Monday morning. By such penalties the study
of the " Shorter Catechism " was undoubtedly stimulated, but
we may be permitted to doubt whether the love of Chris-
tianity was stimulated in equal proportion.

THE RALEIGH ACADEMY.

The citizens of Raleigh in 1802 inaugurated the Raleigh
Academy. Nathaniel Jones of White Plains, ancestor of our
townsman Alfred D. Jones, was President of the Board of
Trustees, Joseph Gales being Secretary. Rev. Marin Detar-
gney, of Princeton College, was Principal, and Charles Daniel
was assistant. Miss Charlotte Brodie was teacher of needle-
work. Greek and Latin, Spanish and French, mathematics,
astronomy, navigation, etc., were offered at $5 per quarter,
the English branches at $3; needle-work, free.

The school seems to have met with eminent success. Its
closing exercises were an epoch in the city's life. Public
examinations were held and trustees were detailed to attend
and report upon them. An abstract of one of these reports,
which was published in the city papers, is instructive as giv-
ing the character of the grading of the classes and the sub-
jects taught.

The report shows that there were separate classes in —

1. Philosophy and Astronomy. 2. Horace. 3. Virgil.
4. Cajsar. 5. Selecti ^^eterii. 6. Erasmus. 7. .Esop's Fa-
bles. 8. Corderii. 9 and 10. Latin Grammar.

One class in gef^graphy ; first, second, third and fourth
classes in English Grammar; one class in English reading;
one class in writing; first and second in spelling.

In the Female Department:

First, second, third, fourth and fifth classes in spelling;
first, second, third, fourth and fifth classes in reading; first
second, third and fourth classes in English Grammar; one
class in parsing in Blair's Lectures; first and second classes in
geography ; first and second classes in writing; first, second
and third classes in embroidery ; one class in tambour work ;
one class in cotton floss work ; one class in alphabetical sam-
plers.

The examinations occupied Thursday and Friday. On
Saturday the students read compositions and pronounced
speeches to 'Marge and respectable audiences." Those who
did best were publicly announced, but I see no mention of
prizes.

After the close in 1809 the students presented a comedy
called " Sighs, or (he Daughter," and the farce of " Trick upon

Trick," for the benefit of the Polemic Lil^rary, which, I sup-
pose, belonged to the school. At night was a ball attended
by the older pupils.

The Trustees of 1802 were Nathaniel Jones (White Plains),
John Hughes, William White, Henry Seawell, Simon Turner,
William BoNdan, John Marshall and Joseph Gales. To these
were added, in 1809. Redding Jones, Allen Rogers, W. H.
Haywood, S. Goodwin, Beverly Daniel, W. Shaw, Joseph
Peace, S. Bond, William Peck, William Hill, Charles Parish
and John Raboteau.

It will be noticed that great stress is laid on Latin in the
training of the boys, while the girls were confined to the
English branches. Further, it is observable that the princi-
ple of practical training, so much talked of in modern times,
was introduced for the benefit of the girls, while the boys
had none at all. The boys w'ere instructed as if they were
designed for one of the learned professions. The girls were
educated to be good spellers and readers, to be well acquainted
with geography, and their hands were trained to be able to
use deftly the needle. Many of them, too, learned to play
on a piano or guitar under a music teacher of reputation, an
Englishman named Thomas Sambourne. They were well
taught, too. My soul tbrills after the lapse of half a century
with the inspiriting tunes which leaped from the rapidly
flying fingers of the dear ladies of the old school — Virginia
Reels, Battle of Prague, Coronation March, and the like.
They were not stuffed with the classics and higher mathe-
matics and other "ologies," but they were taught to be grace-
ful and agreeable companions and excellent housewives. I
may be wrong, but I must state my opinion, that, although
no prettier than the girls of the present day, for that is sim-
ply impossible, thev understood and practised better than
their descendants the art of conversation. Governor Swain
in his Tucker Hall address printed a letter w^ritten by Mrs.
Winifred Gales and signed by sixteen Raleigh ladies, accom-
panying the gift of a pair of globes and a compass to the
new University of the State. I have the original to show you.
You will find that not only is the letter couched in good
English, but the handwriting is all good, lady-like and legi-
hle. You will further find that the fashion of covering the
side of the sheet with three or four lines of illegible hiero-
glyphics had not invaded our city in 1802.

Let us read the names of those ladies: S. W. Potter,
Eliza E. Llaywood, Sarah Polk, Anna White, Martha
McKeethan, Margaret Casso, Eliza Williams, Nancy Bond,

Hannah Paddisson, Susanna Parish, Ann O'Bryan, E. H. P.
Smith, Nancy Haywood, Priscilla Shaw, Rebecca Williams,
Winifred Mears.

All have long ago closed their eyes forever on the beauti-
ful town they luved so well, and whose society they adorned.
But their teachings and their examples will live in the
character of those with whom in life they were thrown until
they shall all meet around the throne of God. Let us hope
that the benediction on the University uttered by these
good ladies ninety years ago — " May the past, present and
future students distinguish themselves in society, no less
by their literary attainments, than by a virtuous course of
conduct, which, giving additional lustre to talents, will ren-
der them at once useful and honorable members of society " —
be realized unfailingly and abundantly in all the years to
come !

In 1810 there was elected to take charge of the Academy
a native of one of the lovely counties of Virginia, in whose
cold, clear springs the noble James river has its source, a
young preacher of the Presbyterian church, destined to have
a great influence in moulding the character of our people,
Rev. William McPheeters, honored in 1819 with the degree
of Doctor of Divinity by the University of the State. Dr.
McPheeters was a man of learning and of strongest charac-
ter, of great personal magnetism, an admirable teacher, kind
to all, but inflexibly severe to ofl'enders. It shows the primi-
tive state of our society tiiat he was elected, as I have stated, by
the Trustees not only teacher of the Acadeni}^, but " Pastor of
the City." He preached most acceptably in the State-house
until 1817, when the Presbyterian church was erected. He
gave up the Academy about 1833. In 1837 he spent a year
in Fayetteville in charge of a large female seminary, and
resigned on account of failing health. For the same reason
he declined the tender of the presidency of Davidson Col-
lege. He returned to Raleigh, to die, in 1842.

There was no more influential man in the State than Dr.
McPheeters. Besides his ministerial duties, he was a great
power in education. Two j^ears after coming to North Caro-
lina he was elected a Trustee of the Universit3^ His school
received patronage from all parts of the South, from Vir-
ginia to Louisiana. He was impartial in his kindness and
his severity, as exacting with large boys as with small.
Once when a boy, almost ready to enter the University, pre-
suming on his size, and possibly on his being the son of the
great Colonel Polk, ran from the threatening rod in full speed

towards home, the Doctor pursued, and in sight of the awe-
struck pupils captured the fleeing youth and administered
such a tanning as was the source of abundant good to the
future Bishop of Louisiana and Lieutenant General of the
Confederacy. The Bishop thanked him afterwards, saying
it was the turning point of his life. Among his pupils
were some of the most eminent men in the land ; who all
testified to his superiority.

Dr. McPheeters had some able assistants. Among them
I notice a young immigrant from Scotland, who was married
while a citizen of Raleigh and afterwards became one of the
most distinguished teachers in the South, Rev. Alexander
Wilson, on whom our University conferred the degree of
Doctor of Divinity in 1839. James Grant, who graduated
at our University in 1831, by teaching in the same school
raised the money which enabled him to emigrate to Iowa,
become an eminent lawyer and Judge, and near the close of
his life to be a benefactor of his Alma Mater.

In 1832, in consequence of the failing health of Dr. Mc-
Pheeters, an ambitious attempt was made to establish at
Raleigh a large school under the auspices of the Protestant
Episcopal church. Subscriptions amounting to about $12,-
000 were procured, mostly payable in the future, while the
buildings were erected on a tract of 159|^ acres, on a mort-
gage of the property. Dr. Joseph G. Cogswell, afterwards
the learned librarian of the Astor Library in New York, was
the first Principal. The school was at first greatly success-
ful in securing patronage, at one time reaching 135, but the
discipline was bad, the financial support failed, and the
pupils fell away. In 1838 it was closed and the property
sold to Duncan Cameron.

But the promoters of the enterprise builded better than
they knew. After this school for boys had failed, in 1842
there was inaugurated in the same buildings St. Mary's
School for girls. Its founder, Rev. Dr. Aldert Smedes, had
rare qualifications for this work. He was a man of big brain
and great heart. During the privations of the great Civil
War, and in the troublous years afterwards, the doors of
his school were kept open, even when he was suffering a
pecuniary loss. His benefactions in the way of free tuition
and board on credit, at all times liberal, were in those days
princely. There is no calculating the amount of his iniiu-
ence in the thousands of homes adorned by his pupils all
through the Southern States. Peace Institute, although not

rooted so far in the past, forms with St. Mary's a pair of noble
institutions of which Raleigh is and has reason to be proud.

Education was not made easy in the old-time schools for
boys. Their teachers were faithful and learned, as a rule,
but the methods were not calculated to make learning and
literature popular with the rising generation. People believed
that teaching and medicine were alike in the respect that
the more nauseous they were the greater good was effected.
Most teachers ruled by fear rather than love. The com-
bined din of body-wrapping switch and howling boys was
often heard from the school-room. As a necessary conse-
quence schools were odious to the pupil. The average
" scholar," as he was called, looked on any youngster who
claimed to love school as a devotee of the Father of Lies, rather
than of the God of Truth, and as seeking under unholy pre-
tences to obtain the praise of the teacher. The books taught
were, as a rule, without illustrations and expressed in lan-
guage above childish comprehension. It strikes one with
astonishment to see what dry abstract passages of great
authors are contained in the juvenile readers of old times,
and to notice what polysyllabic words were contained in
definitions to be learned by mere children. Things had im-
proved some in m}^ boyhood, but I remember that when
eight years old I was forced to study a book in which my
duty was, under penalty of the rod, to spell such words as
druggist, and then give from nitniory the so-called definition
pharmacopolist.

The result was that boys regarded themselves in a state of
war with the teacher. It w;sgoud morals to cheat him in
all possible ways. The teacher, especially Dr. McPheeters,
wavS generally too wary for the most cunning. I recall a
forged excuse offered by a youth who had run off on a fish-
ing excursion. " Philemon are contained at home by dispo-
sition." It was signed, apparently, by his older sister. The
Doctor said with a dangerous glitter in his eye, " Your sister
did not write this!" whereupon Philemon, in alarm, blurted
out, " Sister never could spell, no how."

Mr. Lovejoy, Jefferson Madison Lovejoy, " Old Jeff," was
the last of the old-time teachers, and he became somewhat
milder at the close of his career. His standing rule was a lick
for each word missed, and he seemed to enjoy the infliction.
I have heard him ridicule a moaning sufferer. " What is
a whipping? Nothing but bringing a stick into contact with
a boy's leg. Why make a fuss about that?"

On the whole, he was a good teacher and kind to those
who would do right and obey orders. He was a man of
force and striking peculiarities of manner and diction. With
what awe I listened to his account of his courtship of his
excellent wife. "I courted her. She said 'No!' I said,
if you will not have me you shall not marry another. I
will watch. If any man shows attention to you I will KILL
him! She was a good woman. She did not want young
men slaughtered. She did not want me to be hung for mur-
der. She married me, and has been the best wife in the

world."

PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

While the private, or, as they were called, subscription
schools, of Raleigh were as a rule of high order, the public
schools were, until a recent date, more confined to the lower
grades, " the thre&R's," as they were called, Reading 'Riting
and 'Rithmetic. The school-houses were built about 1841,
Favetteville and Halifax streets being the dividing line be-
tween two districts. The eastern school-house was in Moore
Square, usually known as the " Baptist Grove "; the western
on William Boylan's land, immediately west of the land of
Sylvester Smith. This latter was abandoned in a year or
two, and another built on the southwest corner of Cabarrus
and McDowell streets. After a few years a third, designed
for females only, was built at the northwest corner of the
City Cemetery. The Cabarrus and McDowell street house
was sold to the Gas Company, and another erected in Nash
Square, whence, after the war, it was removed to one of the
brick-yard lots west of D. C. Murray's residence. These
were humble beginnings of our noble Centennial and Mur-
phey Graded Schools.

vSOCIAL LIFE OF EARLY RALEIGH.

It would be a pleasant task to sketch the character of all
the prominent men and women who have illustrated our
city's past, but this would give my address an intolerable
length. Confining myself to the early citizens, let us give
some account of their social life.

Owing to the fact that housekeepers owned their cooks and
house-servants, there was a more free hospitality than is
possible now. Many families had waiters of faultless skill
in the conduct of the great feasts so common in the good
old days. But as a rule matrons were not by any means
relieved from care.

It is true that she could command their labor and had no
fears of being left servantless at a critical moment. It is
true that she had her cows, who cropped unmolested the
grass on the streets and in the neighboring meadows;
her pigs, who revelled in the acorns and hickory-nuts of
uncleared forests; poultry in the backyard, dreading no enemy
but the mink and the opossum. But her servants were
often as raw and green as the cabbages in the gardens, and
it was necessary carefully to tutor them to avoid ludicrous
mistakes. Even with the extremest care disconcerting blun-
ders were not infrequent. I recall an incident at the table of an
elegant lady of English birth. A large company was present.
8he had prepared a number of pies, which she desired to be
heated at the proper time for the dessert. She said to her
waiting maid in a low tone, "Go, 'eat the pies!" The
maid disappeared. A long interval ensued. The lady was
in agony. At last the maid returned. There was a glow of
happine-s on her cheeks and a suspiciously moist appear-
ance about her lips. The mistress whispered, impatiently,
" I told 3^ou to 'eat the pies !" " I done eat 'era, ma'am !" was
the horrifying re[)ly.

Here is a case which happened at my grandmother's table :
The servant was instructed to hand plates on the left sides
of the guests. She avowed, " I don't know, ma'am, nothin'
about left sides!" " Well, you know which is the right side,
don't you ?" " No, ma'am, I don't know nothin' about right
.sides, nuther !" Gentlemen at that date were used to have
bright brass buttons on the left lappels of their coats, so my
grandmother told her to hand the plates on the side where
the buttons were. Alas ! for human hopes ! One of the com-
pany was just from Washington City, and was decorated
with the latei^t Parisian style of brass buttons on both breasts
of his coat. So my grandmother was thrown into consterna-
tion by the girl saying in a tone loud enough to reach the
whole table, " Miss, dere's a gem'man what's got buttons on
bofe sides of his coat — which must I hand to?"

My elder hearers can doubtless recall many such instances
in their own households. The tact and good sense of the
mistress under such adverse circumstances was needed to
turn the misfortune into a source of merriment, but many a
sensitive nature was saddened by the mishap.

I am proud to state that the treatment of slaves in Raleigh

was generally kindly and wise. Nowhere was there a more

agreeable feeling between the races. Masters and mistresses

did their best to train their servants into habits of virtue

and industry. Their efforts met with much success. No-
where were better cooks, seamstresses, houser'naids, mechan-
ics and hostlers. When fires occurred the colored were always
at hand and worked as hard, mounted as dangerous roofs,
and were as much singed by the scorching fiames as the
w^hites. Throughout the war the colored people were, as a
rule, true to their owners, and after its close neither the
unbalancing effects of emancipation, nor the heated discus-
sions incident to politics, introduced any permanent ill-feel-
ing between the races. For this truly christian spirit the
old people of Raleigh should have the credit.

GOVERNOR'S RECEPTION.

It was the fashion for the Governors to give public recep-
t'ons every year during the session of the General Assembly.
To these were invited not only all the members but all repu-
table people of the city. It was by means of such social
influences that the Governors retained their power. The
Constitution of 1776 gave the General Assembly not only the
election of the executive officers, but the entire control of
their salaries. When an anxious patriot, who had dreaded
the arbitrary power of Tryon and Josiah Martin, asked Wil-
liam Hooper, on his return from the Congress at Halifax,
" What powers did you give the Governor?" his reply was
tranquilizing, " We gave him the power to sign the receipt
for his salary — no more." Yet these officers by their intel-
lectual and social pre-eminence exerted a strong and abiding
influence in the control of aflairs in the State. Nearly all of
the early Governors were elected three years in succession,
which was the constitutional limit, and most of them were
at the close of their term transferred to positions of their
choice. For example, Martin, Johnston, Turner, Stone,
Branch, Franklin, Iredell, Stokes, were all made Senators of
the United States, and Swain President of the University.
The last was such a favorite — Judge, Solicitor, Governor be-
fore he was thirty-four years of age — that when he was elected
President of the University Dr. William Hooper cynically
remarked, " The people have given him every office, and now
send him to the University to be educated."

PUBLIC BALLS.

A prominent feature of social life was the public ball, or,
to use an euphemistic name coined about 1807, "Subscription

Assembly." The general rule was that all respectable men,
who paid the fee, sometimes as high as five dollars, were
privileged to attend. Managers were appointed, invested
with larger powers than similar officers of our " hops." They
conducted the introduction of strangers to one another, and
assigned partners at their discretion. It was considered good
form not to decline to carry out their arrangements. Mrs.
Kenneth Rayner, who in her distant home in the Southwest
still has a Raleigh heart, writes me that soon after the mar-
riage of her father (Col. William Polk) to Miss Sarah Haw-
kins, aunt, by the by, of Dr. Wm. J. Hawkins, the managers
assigned to her mother a partner very inferior to her in social
rank. Colonel Polk was an aristocrat of the first water and
an ardent Federalist, all the more devoted to his party be-
cause the tide of public opinion was running furiously and
fatally against it. His anger began to blaze at the supposed
insult, and he would probably have made a public exhibi-
tion of his wrath if his wife had not laid her hand gently on
his shoulder, saying, " My dear, don't be angry. These peo-
ple hoped to annoy you. I will dance with the gentleman
and prevent their enjoying their spite." And so she did,
showing the excellent sense which distinguished her. This
assignment of partners by the managers applied probably
only to the regular sets on the programme. After these the
parties got together according to their own affinities. I
recall a case where the son of a butcher was refused by sev-
eral ladies because he did not visit in their set. Then a very
popular belle who witnessed his mortification called up a
manager and said, " Tell him to ask me. I will dance with
him." She did dance with him and never had cause to
regret it.

This last incident happened in AVarrenton, but I wish to
record for the honor of Raleigh that its society, though
composed of the elite of the State, equal to any in the South,
was never haughty and exclusive. It readily admitted those
who, without possessing the advantages of birth or fortune,
had high character, good sense, and the tact enabling them
to conform to its usages.

Dances were mainly jigs, reels and cotillions, or contra-
dances, mispronounced country dances. The grand minuet
had gone out of fashion. Not long before his death in 1836,
at the request of a party of young folks. Colonel Polk and
Miss Betsy Geddy, one of the best of the noble tribe of "old
maids," went through its antiquated figures for the amuse-
ment of the company. The music was almost invariably

furnished by colored fiddlers, who acquired wonderful skill
in playing their dance tunes. By constant repetition the
musical sounds would be brought out in due harmony,
whether the wielder of the bow was awake or asleep, sober
or, as he often was, drunk. The music was extremely
inspiriting. As you listened you could actually hear the
violin shriek out the request, " Molly, put the kettle on," or
inquire facetiously —

" Old Molly Hare, what are you doin^ there ?
Hitting in a corner smoking a cigar."

Or ask, as if it expected an answer —

" Oh! Mister Revel,
Did you ever see the devil
VVith his wooden spade and shovel,
A digging up the gravel
With his long toe-uail?"

Or, changing the subject, would inform us that, "The crow
he peeped at the weasel, and the weasel he peeped at the
crow." The music may not have been as scientific as in
modern days, but there was vastly more fun in it. It would
strike the auric nerve, run down to your feet and put motion
into your toes in spite of the strongest resolutions against
it. Men who had lost their feet affirmed that it set agoing
the toes which had been buried years ago. It seemed to be
dangerous to play those tunes in the presence of marble
statues, unless they were securely fastened to the floor. The
old revivalists who wished to wean their converts from the
vanities of balls, felt compelled to proscribe the fiddle as the
Devil's instrument. When I was a boy it was a general
religious tenet, that playing it was a sin equal to dancing,
horse-racing, cock-fighting and gambling.

It is easy to see why the revivalists took this ground.

It was the habit of the time to indulge freely the use of
spirituous liquors. Our forefathers, not our foremothers,
thought they were drinking down health and long life. In
fact, even when they didnot become drunkards and die the
drunkard's death, they were gathering to themselves all such
evils as gout, disease of the liver, of the heart, of the kid-
neys. It was the fashion to offer spirits on all occasions.
My father told me that when he was in the Legislature in
1833-'34, the members, as a rule, kept a jug in their rooms
and offered a glass to every visitor. All social meetings had
abundance of it, and it was the attraction which brought
the neighbors together at log-rollings and corn-shuckings.
I recall seeing my father, when his colored manager invited

the neighboring negroes to a corn-shucking, although he
himself was an abstainer, supplying the whiskey to enliven
the workers. The scene was an inspiriting one. The bright
corn ears, as they were torn from their enveloping shucks
and thrown on the rapidly growing pile, flashed in the
bright blaze of the lightwood tire, and the loud chanting of
the negro song echoed weirdly from the surrounding woods.
At the close the leaders seized him in defiance of his protests
and carried him around thedwelling-houseon their shoulders,
the entire crowd accompanying, and singing the old song,
"Round the corn, Sally!" He had not then reached the
dignity of a Judge, but, I think, judicial dignity would not
have protected him.

PUBLIC AMUSEMENTS.

The circus, which for scores of years has set people wild,
was not known in the early days. But theatrical and sleight-
of-hand performances and feats of agility and strength were
much enjoyed. Here is what Ifind in an old advertisement :

FEATS OF ACTIVITY !

William Powers Knight. Lately from Charleston. He will stick
two pins in the stage in front of his feet, and throw his head backward
between his legs and take up one pin in each eyelid.

He will stand on the small kuob of a chair with his heels up and dance
a hornpipe.

He will dance a hornpipe with both feet on the crown of his head.

And so on with a half dozen more similar contortions,
and offering to refund the price of admission, five shillings,
or fifty cents, if he should fail.

The theatrical performances, sometimes by strolling play-
ers, and very often b}^ amateurs of the city, were greatly
enjoyed, though the scenery was extremely simple. Occa-
sionally a young man would develop such histrionic talent
as to incite him to become an orator on the political stump.

COURT SCENES.

In addition to the annual meetings of the General Assem-
bly, our citizens watched the proceedings of the courts, State
and Federal, with an intensity of interest only paralleled by
that excited by the Ku-klux trials and the special-tax bond
suits soon after the close of our Civil War. There were
many great questions to be settled, and conspicuous crimi-

nals to be prosecuted, and some of the judges and lawyers
were of uncommon ability. I have already told of the
special tribunal for the trial of Secretary of State Glasgow
and his associates. Another case of extreme importance
was the ejectment suit brought in the United States District
Court by the Earl of Coventry and others, heirs at law of
Earl Granville, against William Richardson Davie, and a
second suit by the same parties against Josiah Collins, as
test cases, to enforce their claim to tlie magnificent territory
allotted in 1744 to Earl Granville as heir of the original
Lord Proprietor, Sir George Carteret. A¥e read in the Ral-
eigh Register that on Thursday William Gaston, for the
plaintifis, " spoke at great length, and with much method,
perspicuity, eloquence and strength. The defence was con-
ducted by [Duncan] Cameron, [Blake] Baker and

Woods, with great ingenuity, skill and force, and the argu-
ment was closed on Saturday by Mr. [Edward] Harris, for
the plaintiffs, with much learning and ability." The case
was decided against the plaintiffs, and the appeal to the
Supreme Court of the United States was never prosecuted to
a hearing, probably because of the war of 1812.

The time consumed in the trial of this case was very sel-
dom equalled in the early days. It was rare that more than
one day was consumed, the spinning out to weary length of
examinations of witnesses and arguments of counsel being
a modern invention.

PUBLIC HANGINGS.

Public hangings I must not call one of the amusements of
the old days, but they were productive of so much interest and
excitement that I must describe them. They were thought to
afford high moral instruction. The unfortunate wretch was
clothed in a white shroud and seated on his coffin in a cart, a
minister of the gospel and the officers of the law, together with a
military company, attending. Startingfrom the jail the dismal
cavalcade marched to the place where the gallows was ready.
In the earliest times the arrangements, though effective, were
exceedingly simple. Phil. Terrell, already mentioned, was
suspended to an oak tree between South and Lenoir streets.
At another time a cross-beam was placed between two trees
near the old city graveyard. At another a similar beam
was placed between two pines on Gallows Hill, which was
the southwestern reservation, at the corner of South and
AVest streets. After that the rock quarry was selected and a

regular gallows erected. For some years the criminal was
lelt in the cart, and after the adjustment of the rope the horse
was driven from beneath the beam. The instinctive love of
life prompted the criminal to struggle to keep his feet on the
moving vehicle as long as possible in a manner horrifying
to the spectators. Hence the trap was introduced, held up
by a rope passed over a limb or beam and cut with a chisel
at the critical moment. Pulling up the condemned man by
a heavy weight is of modern origin. The crowds present, as
I have been told — I never witnessed one of these hangings —
were, as a rule, seemingly impressed with the solemnity of
the scene. I am grieved to say, however, that when once,
after the rope was adjusted, a reprieve came from the Gov-
ernor, there were many expressions of disappointment on the
part of those who had travelled many miles to witness the
consummation. A decent-looking w^oman was heard to say
indignantly, " T won't never go again to see him hung if he
never is hung," as if she had been conferring a favor on the
reprieved man by coming to his " taking off." A newly mar-
ried couple in Granville journeyed to a hanging as a bridal
tour. Whatever may be thought of the attitude of the peo-
ple of the first part of this century to this subject, I am bound
to record that many good people thought it right, and some
thought it a duty, to be present on all similar executions of
the sentence of the law.

DUELS.

We are happilv in our day spared the constant thrilling
anxiety which our grandparents had in consequence of the
frequency of duels, often resulting in the death of one or both
parties. Public opinion inexorably demanded that there
should be no shrinking from the ordeal. In South Carolina
men of established reputation thought it no shame to act as
seconds to two belligerent students of the State College, and
assisted them in a combat which resulted in the death of
one and so terribly wounding of the other that his usefulness
for life was destroyed. I am glad to say that I find no mor-
tal combats between citizens of Raleigh, although divers men
who had engaged in them afterwards made their home within
its limits. I am glad, too, that the editors of Ijoth our news-
papers, Mr. Joseph Gales and Mr. William Boylan, had the
courage to raise their voices against the horrible practice.
The following eloquent apostrophe appears in the Minerva,
of 1807, after giving an item to the effect that in Beaufort,

South Carolina, Arthur Smith on Monday afternoon and
Thomas Hutson on Tuesday of the same week had been slain
in duels:

"Oh, thou idol, who delightest in human sacrifice ; who offerest up
blood as sweet-smelling incense! when will thy reign cease? Oh, ye
votaries of this Moloch, ye abettors of murder and bloodshed ! Remem-
ber that thedav will assuredly come when you will know whether you
are to form your actions by the laws of honor, or the laws of God!"'

It was seldom that these " affairs of honor," as they were
called, were bloodless. The combatants usually aimed to
kill, the distances were short, generally ten paces, the
weapons pistols, carrying balls as large as the end of one's
thumb. There were no amusing comments of the French
type regarding the result. I find only one chronicle of a
humorous nature, ridiculous because the challenge did not
conform to the rules of " the code." I copy it verbatim,.

"Sir. You will please bring your gun and Tom Brown to Mr. Ja.
Joneses in the morning to give me consolation.

NATHAN'L MORRIS.
To Mr. Wm. Dillard, Wake county.""

I have searched the subsequent columns in vain in order
to ascertain whether the irate Mr. Morris ever got his "con-
solation " from Mr. Dillard and his gun. As newspapers
then, as now, never failed to chronicle bloody tragedies, the
probabilities are that the soil of Wake county was not fer-
tilized by the gore of either the offender or his disconsolate
foe.

MAILS AND TRAVELLERS.

It is difficult for us with our frequent mails and rapid and
comfortable ti'avelling to realize the evils suffered by our
ancestors for want of postal and tran'^portation facilities.
The only mail and passenger coaches from the North via
Raleigh, in the early years of the century, left Petersburg
on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays at 3 a. m. They
arrived at Warrenton on the same days at 8 p. m., seventeen
hours on the road. They left Warrenton at 3 o'clock
next morning, and were expected to be in Raleigh the same
day at 6 p.m., covering fifty-five miles in fifteen hours. The
travellers and mails going further south left Raleigh on Mon-
days, Wednesdays and Fridays at 3 a. m., and were to be in
Fayetteville on the same days at 5 p. m. They proceeded to
Charleston by way of Georgetown at the same rate of speed.
Besides the loss of time, travellers suffered greatly from the
constrained position of the body in the coaches, especially

when crowded, and from heat in summer and cold in win-
ter. In one respect, however, the old-time citizens had the
advantage over the modern, as I myself can recall. This
was the keen pleasurable excitement experienced at the
arrival of the stage, as the mail coaches were called, bring-
ing news from friends and the world in general after
two days suspense. I firmly believe that no music is ever
so sweet to the people of to-day as were, before the steam
locomotive came into our city, the distant notes of the old
stage-horns, sounding wild and clear in the eveningair from
the Crabtree hills. And no man is ever so great in these
days as were the drivers who blew those horns, as with
thundering trot their beautiful horses dashed up to the post-
office. The news from Europe came in with corresponding
slowness. For example, the Minerva of September 17, 1807,
has the latest irom Bos on September 2. " By arrival of
ship Sally, in forty-two days from Liverpool, we have
received our London files complete to the 17th of July."
These contained the first news of the Peace of Tilsit betw'een
France and Prussia made on June 22. Two thousand gal-
lant British soldiers were shot down by the troops of General
Jackson at the battle of New Orleans on the 8th of January,
1815, fifteen days after the declaration of peace. And the
news of this brilliant victory was not heard in Raleigh until
the 17th of February, the period of transmission being forty
days.

PRICES.

We are accustomed to hear of the superior economical
habits of our grandsires. I do not dispute altogether this
belief, but I must explain that there were tw^o good reasons for
their being so virtuous. One is, that on account of the great
expense of freights owing to the want of good roads, incomes
in cash were smaller than in our day. The second reason is,
that for like cause, and aho for lack of labor-saving machinery,
prices of articles raised at home were much higher. I have
the mercantile books of W. & J. Peace for the early part of
the century. I have a guilty sensation, like that of an eaves-
dropper, in seeing what the belles and beaux of the period
were accustomed to buy ; ribbons and combs and calicoes,
silk handkerchiefs, teas and coffee?, and, shall I tell on them,
brandy and rum. I mention no names, but to make you
more content with your monthly store accounts, I state that
a dozen needles cost 25 cents, a silk handkerchief (bandana)
$1 25, a muslin handkerchief 70 cents, a yard of broadcloth

$7, a pound of pepper 70 cents, a pair of cotton hose $1.40,
one dozen pewter plates $4.50, a pound of Hyson tea $2.50,
a yard of linen 70 cents, a pound of gunpowder, $1, a pound
of shot 15 cents. Nails were sold b}'- number, not by the
pound, e. g., fifty ten-penny nails 15 cents. Brandy was
cheaper, $1 60 a gallon, but the loaf-sugar for sweetening the
julep was 45 cents a pound.

FOURTH OF JULY CELEBRATIONS.

It is impossible for us at this late day to realize the inten-
sity of the enthusiasm which our fathers and grandfathers
had in all matters relating directly or indirectly to the Revo-
lutionary War. It was beginning to die out when I was a
boy, but I will never forget the grand militia musterings, the
gorgeous uniforms of the officers, and the shrill sound of the
drum and fife in the warlike tunes of " Yankee Doodle," and
" Three little Pigs, three little Pigs and a Bob-tailed Sow."
When old soldiers who had participated in the struggle and
could talk about its victories still survived, there was a liv-
ing, intense interest, which manifested itself in fondness for
processions and toast-drinkings and military companies and
patriotic shoutings, which scaled the loftiest clouds and
" made the welkin ring."

Nowhere was this spirit greater than at Raleigh. Besides
other war-men, we had a distinguished leader, Colonel Polk,
who had fought throughout the Revolution, and bore scars
of battle upon his stalwart body. He appeared proud and
reserved at other limes, but at anniversaries of our independ-
ence he deemed it a patriotic duty to unbend and join in
and promote the general joy. For this work he had peculiar
gifts to enable him to shine in the post to which he was by
universal consent always assigned, that of president, or,
if the Governor was present, acting vice-president of the
festival.

He had an assistant who was also peculiarly fitted for such
occasions. His name was F. H. Reeder. Reeder was a tinner
by trade, who had a talent for writing doggerel and a voice for
singing. He was a private in the army that fought at Bla-
densburg, and felt bound to obey an old officer, whether
ordered to sing a song, propose a toast, drink a dram as
" deep as the Zuyder Zee," or shout vociferous hurrahs until
they echoed back from the Crabtree hills. It was a rare treat
to see once a year this patriotic veteran, with about half a
dozen full horns 'under his jacket, meandering around the

old Colonel who served under Washington, ordinarily proud,
but " hail-fellow-well-met" to-day, and fondly saying, "Col-
onel, you are such a clever fellow on the Fourth of July."

I must read you one of Reeder's odes. At this late day I
cannot discover whether it was original with him, or what
candidate it satirises :

REEDER'S ODE.

The election times are drawing nigh —
Who shall we send to the Assembly, saj !

Each 'clined to Legislature far,
Would fain to Raleigh haste away.

Those gentlemen we've sent so long,

I think at home they now might stay —
This is the burden of my song:

Let every puppy have his day.

Don't for the sly physician vote,

Though he may for your interest urge —

He'll cram his physic down your throat.
And 'stablish by the law his charge.

When hlistered, glystered, cupped and bled,

He 11 drean your body and your purse;
And when you're in your cofiSn laid.

All you leave is his — of course.

The lawyer, he should not go there —

Lawyers were knaves from early time;
Their quirks and quavers we should dread.

Nor up to power let them climb.

And if by chance he should go there,

He'll make a law to raise his fees.
And leave you neither horse nor cow,

Nor hog your hominy to grease.

The farmer, he should rot go there,

By chance his noddle it would pop;
He'd think himself a gentleman,

'Twould raise his pride and spoil his crop.

Then what would such a noodle do!

Let him employ his clumsy paws
In handling of his hoes and ploughs.

And never dream of making laws.

Well, who the devil shall we send!

Let me alone for that my dears —
A friend to you I'll recommend,

Who'll guard your freedom with his shears.

Bow-legged and firmly he will stand.

Protecting you from all abuse.
With long sharp bodkin in one hand.

And in the other a red-hot goose.

The celebration of the 4th of July, 1812, wa?, on account
of the pendency of the war, of peculiar interest, and I must
give a description of it.

At 9 o'clock there was an oration before the Polemic Soci-
ety by a brilliant young orator, who afterwards attained
national fame, Willie P. Mangum, of Orange, not yet twenty-
one years of age. At 11 o'clock there was a parade by Cap-
tain Henderson's cavalry and Captain Wiatt's infantry, lead-
ing a procession to Union Square. Then Mr. Thomas G. Hen-
derson delivered an oration, which was followed by hymns.
The declaration of war and proclamation of President Madi-
son w^ere read by Mr. Henderson Lucas, co-editor with Hen-
derson of " The Star" newspaper. Rev. James Hall, of
Cabarrus, a Revolutionary soldier, offered a prayer. A din-
ner was subsequently given to seventy guests — Governor
William Hawkins being nominal president, but Colonel
Polk, as vice-president, really the master of ceremonies. I
give the headings of the toasts that you may see what our
forefathers were thinking about. I wish I had time to give
the whole of each as there is much literary excellence in
some of them :

1. The 4lh of July, 1776.

2 The Memory of George W^ashington.

3. The Officers and Soldiers of the Revolutionary Army.

4. The Patriots and Statesmen of 1776.

5. The Convention of 1787

6. The People of the United States.

7. The President of the United State.

8. The Congress and the Constituted Authorities of the
United States.

9. The Militia, Army and Navy.

10. An Honorable and Speedy Termination of the W^ar
which the Injustices and Aggressions of Great Britain has
Inaugurated.

11. Our Rule of Conduct towards the World— Enemies in
War; Friends in Peace.

12. Our Maritime Citizens, unjustly deprived of their Lib-
erties.

13. Agriculture, Commerce and Manufactures.

14. The Constitution of the United States— Old and with-
out needing repairs.

15. The American Press.

16. Literature, Art and Science, the Main Pillars of the
Temple of Liberty.

17. The University of North Carolina and other Literary-
Institutions.

18. The American Union.

These regular toasts, carefully written beforehand, show
admirable taste in pleasing both Federalists and Republi-
cans. At other places, AVilmington for example, the feeling
between the parties was so strong that each had its own cele-
bration.

After the regular toasts the following volunteer t asts were
given :

By the President (Governor Hawkins) —

The Memories of Hancock and Adams.

There was much tact shown in this toast. Hancock, who
died in 1793, was extremely popular, and having offered
amendments to the Constitution much desired by the Repub-
licans, was claimed as on their side. The recognition of
Adams brought howls of delight from the Federalists.

Colonel Polk then offered —

The Memories of Franklin and Hamilton.

The compromising tact shown in this toast is apparent.
Franklin was claimed by all parties, and Hamilton was the
ablest man of the Federalist party.

The President, Vice-President and ex-Governors Stone and
Williams then retired and their healths were drunk.

This was evidently a very formal and official dinner, with
all proprieties suitable to the presence of State dignitaries.
On the same day the Raleigh Volunteer Guards and citizens,
dressed in homespun, as a protest against British manufac-
tures, had their dinner at Rex Spring in the northern part
of the city. Captain Wiatt was made president and Allen
Rogers, vice-president. " A plain and plentiful dinner was
provided, and the toasts were drunk in home-made liquor,"
("old corn "). After each toast there was music and gener-
ally three to nine cheers. The dogs of war were let loose.
No compromises and stiff official forms here. Besides the
usual toasts to Washington, " The Day we Celebrate," " The
Patriots of the Revolution," etc., there were some which were
offensive to most Federalists. For example, " The Congress
of the United States — May its floor be cleaned of Yelpers and
Trimmers!" This was followed by three cheers, a recitation,
and an ode by A. Davis. Then I note that the militia had
a toast all to itself, followed by nine cheers and two tunes,
"Yankee Doodle," the national tune, and one called "Colum-
bia's Volunteers." The toast to the Army and Navy was

honored by onlv three cheers and one tune, " The American
Star."

There was a toast to Thomas Jefferson, whose name was
not mentioned in the official banquet.

Another was to " Our Republican Brethren of Spanish
America," followed by the French battle-song " Ca Ira."

Then followed one to Canada — " May her Star soon Shine
in the Flag of the Union." This was followed by a song,

"March! march! march! in good order,
Until we arrive at the English border."

The following has a faint odor of tar and a soft suggestion
of feathers: "The Liberty of the Press — May, those who
abuse it, to serve the Enemies of our Country, be treated to a
suit of American Manufacture!"

Great Britain and her sympathizers (if any) must have
shuddered at the next : " Great Britain — May the thunder
of our cannon check her arrogance, and contempt silence
her advocates !" The music to this was, " Let's Sound the
Trumpet of \¥ ar."

After this explosion of wrath, the company " tapered off"
with compliments to " Domestic Manufactures," and " The
American Fair," meaning, of course, the ladies.

The patriotic Raleigh Volunteer Guards marched to Beau-
fort, but never met the enemy. There was a drafting of the
militia of Wake for the defence of Norfolk. It was con-
ducted on Union Square north of the Capitol, the Governor
and Secretary of State seeing that there was fair play.
There were two wheels of the size of cheese boxes. The
names of the militiamen were placed in one wheel ; the due
proportion of blanks and papers with the word " drafted "
in the other. A boy drew a name from the first box and a
paper from the second. When the fatal " drafted " appeared,
often the females of the family of the unfortunate set up
loud lamentations. A man named Hardy Dodd, willing to
go as a substitute, took chances for from $15 to $25 each.
His luck was such that he drew fifteen blanks, but was
caught on the sixteenth. Poor fellow! All theglory gained
was death in camp from fever. Most of these soldiers left
their bones on Virginia soil.

The leader of the Raleigh Volunteers, Captain W. T. C.
Wiatt, afterwards Colonel Wiatt, was a remarkable man,
and if he had had opportunity would have become eminent
as a partisan officer. He had nerves of steel. When Sheriff
of Wake his name became famous throughout the State

because of his killing a prisoner named Wolfe. Wolfe was
a man of great physical strength. He came to Raleigh as a
recruiting officer, married and settled here. He adopted
gambling as a business, was arrested under the vagrant act,
and committed to Wiatt's custody. Wiatt ordered the
jailer, INIiller, to change his quarters to the dungeon, as he
was fearful of an escape. Wolfe knocked Miller down, and
was rushing for the door when Wiatt shot and killed him.
His action was decided to be justifiable. In 1841 the
Supreme Court of the State made him its Marshal, in which
capacity he acted until his death. Old-time travellers remem-
ber the cool water of his well four miles west of town on the
road to Chapel Hill and Hillsboro. The drivers of the
public stages always watered their horses at Wiatt's well.

LAFAYETTE'vS VISIT.

The euthusiasm in regard to the Revolutionary War
received a great impetus by the visit of LaFayette in 1825.
Colonel William Polk, by the request of the Governor, met
him at the Virginia line and escorted him throughout the
State to the South Carolina boundary. Near Raleigh he
was met by Colonel Thomas Polk of Mecklenburg in com-
mand of a corps of cavalr}^ followed by nearly one hun-
dred citizens on horseback. The General and suite, which
included his son, Washington LaFayette, and his Secretary,
M. Le Vasseur, alighted from their carriages and a general
introduction took place. At the city limits they were met
by a company of infantry under command of Captain John
S. Ruffiu. The cavalcade proceeded to the Capitol amid
firing of cannon and huzzas of the assembled people. Col-
onel Polk and the General rode together in a barouche
drawn by four iron-grays. The Governor received him in
the vestibule, escorted him to the reception chamber, where
he was welcomed in a formal address by the Governor
(Burton), to which he made a suitable reply. At the con-
clu.sion the company was gratified w'ith a spectacular scene.
LaFayette and Polk, both of whom were wounded at Bran-
dy wine, rushed into each other's arms, and with tears of joy
avowed " their gratitude that they who had borne the brunt
of the battle together in their youthful prime, had been
spared to meet again on peaceful plains and in happier
hours." Then an old soldier named Cross, who also had
been wounded at Brandy wine, was brought up and exhibited
his venerable scars.

LaFayette spent from Tuesday until Thursday in Raleigh,
abundantly feted and very gracious. Tradition hath it that
he had a voracious appetite. Mr. James D. Royster informed
me that, in common with hundreds of others, he had the
honor of shaking his hand. His invariable salutation was,
"How do you do, ray son? How do you do?" When
old soldiers were accorded a more leisurely introduction, he
invariably asked the question, "Are you married?" If the
reply was " Yes, sir ;" he would say, with unction, " Happy
man; happy man !" If the reply was " No, sir;" he would
reply, " Lucky dog! lucky dog!" An immigrant from France,
naively thinking that his countryman would, as a matter of
course, be interested in his family affairs, informed him of
the recent death of his wife. He received the mechanical
reply, " Happy man; happy man ! "

OLD NEWSPAPERS.

But I must close these random sketches. It is so delight-
ful for me to take these old people by the hand and talk
with then], and look at the world through their eyes, that I
never know when to stop. I had WTitten a three-hour speech
before I had noticed it, from half of which I have spared
you to-night. I like, too, to look over the old newspapers
and notice what items were enjoyed in the old days. Some
of them were very grave and some very amusing. I am
struck with frequent satires on the ladies, showing that these
interesting creaturfs filled then, as now, a large portion of
the public mind. Before concluding, I quote several of them,
The first is from The Wasp, a newspaper of small dimensions,
printed in the Gales office and edited by two boys, who after-
wards attained great distinction. Joseph Gales, of the
National Intellige'ricer, and Edward J. Hale, of the FagcUeville

Observer.

EPITAPH.
Beneath this stone, a heap of clay.

Lies Arabella Young,
Who, on the twenty-fourth of May,
Began to hold her tongue.

The next is from Mr. Boylan's newspaper:

RECEIPT TO -CURE A LOVE-FIT.
Tie one end of a rope fast over a beam,
And make a slip knot at the other extreme;
Then just underneath let the cricket be set,
On which let the lover most manfully get.
Then over his head let the snicket be got.
And under one ear be well settled the knot;
The cricket kicked down, let him take a fair swing.
And leave all the rest to the work of the string.

Another :

TO MATTHEW BRAMBLE, ESQ.

In the blithe days of honeymoon,

With K^tte's allurements smitten,
I loved her late, I loved her soon,

And called her dearest kitten.
But now my kitten's s'"own a cat,

And cross, like other wives.
Oh! by my soul, my honest Mat,

I fear she has nine lives.

The kindred joke about the husband saying that when he
was first married he loved his bride enough to bite her, but
that he had not been married six months before he bitterly
repented not having bodil}' devoured her, came in later.

I notice two anecdotes, new to me, about ninety years old.
They are fair specimens of what struck the risible nerves of
our forefathers. The first is on a newly imported Dutchman^
having learned that a spirit is a ghost, angrily inquiring of
the bar-tender, " What for de tivel don't you put plenty of
ghost in my water? "

The other is, of course, on an Irishman, an editor, who, on
giving the news that wool was rising in price, but whiskey
was falling, offered the consolation to his readers, that if
their coats will be more costl}^ the lining will be cheaper.

RAILROADS.

But really, I must come to a conclusion.

For years Raleigh dragged its slow length along, a mere
country village, because it had no advantages of water-
power or of access to markets. About 1820 it tried in vain
to make Neuse river and Crabtree navigable, and there were
wild dreams of having a harbor on Rocky branch.

In fifty years, by the census of 1840, it had only 2,244
inhabitants. Its boast of good health was proved to be just,
by there being ten between seventy and eighty, two between
eighty and ninety, one between ninety and one hundred, and
two over one hundred. Some of the best people of the State-
had made their homes among us, but their pecuniary inter-
ests mostly lay elsewhere. Raleigh could only be called a.
half-dead town, " looking up all the time, because flat of its
back it could not look anywhere else"; eminently respecta-
ble, but in progressiveness, comatose.

But in that same 1840 there were signs of the breaking up
of this lethargy. Not only was the great Tippecanoe, log
6

cabin and hard cider celebration in October, wlien real
ships, sails set, with sailors on the spars, and real log cabins
and hard cider, and real hornet's nests, and live Revolution-
ary soldiers, along with other appropriate components of an
immense procession, moved through our streets and thou-
sands shouted themselves hoarse for political objects, but
there were the " three days in June " in honor of the com-
pletion of the Capitol and of the steaming in of the old
"Tornado" locomotive engine on the Raleigh and Gaston
Railroad.

Rightly did our people become enthusiastic over this mo-
mentous occasion. Rightly did old General Beverly Daniel
mount his fiery steed and march the procession from the
court-house to the depot, where five tables, each ninety. feet
long, upheld one hundred and fifty yards of " scorched pig,"
whose sweet savor ascended to the skies. There were thir-
teen regular and seventy-six volunteer toasts, each accompa-
nied, in all cases with the show, in most with the reality, of
potations of wine or whiskey. Weston R. Gales was toast-
master. Governor Dudley was president, assisted by ten vice-
presidents, among them the venerable Judge Gaston, Here
is that to the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad :

"Its structure will accelerate with the velocity of a Tor-
nado the train of public opinion in its favor."

And at the close, when eighty-nine sips of the spirituous
beverage were safely (or unsafely) stowed away, you will not
criticise harshly the closing toast given by the presiding
officer.

"THE CITY OF RALEIGH !

It has exceeded in gallantry even its renowned namesake.
Sir Walter. He but laid down his cloak for one lady to walk
over. Its citizens have helped to lay down eighty-six miles
of railroad for the whole sex to ride over !"

Well did our citizens celebrate the advent of the railroads.
They have supplied what we lacked. They were at first
built on mistaken ideas and seemed to fail. But these mis-
takes have been corrected. They have given us access to the
world. The great war came. Our citizens supported the
Southern cause with distinguished gallantry. They had
their share of its terrible losses. They lost sons and they
lost fortunes. But Raleigh became known to the world.
The armies of both sides tramped through it. Our army
was a means of education not only to our own citizens, but
to those of the adjoining country. Oar soldiers came back

with new ideas, gained by tramps through Virginia and
through Pennsylvania, aye and through Maryland too.
When the war ended, Raleigh began to go forward with a
bound.

Later our citizens learned the power of organized effort.
They formed in time a Chamber of Commerce and Industry,
a Cotton Exchange, a Tobacco Exchange, a Merchants' Ex-
change. When we contemplate a part only of the improve-
ments we seem to be in a new country. I give such as occur
to me. I am satisfied that there are more than these:

1. Street-car lines.

2. Water- works and sewerage.
8. Electric lights.

4. Extension of gas-works.

5. An excellent fire department.

6. Electric fire-alarm.

7. Telephone system.

8. Graded schools — 1,900 pupils and commodious build-
ings.

9. Old churches enlarged and new churches built. I am
told that there are now thirty church buildings in the city,

10. Private schools, excellent and prospering; the male
school up to the reputation of the old Academy under
McPheeters, and St. Mary's and Peace Institute celebrated
throughout the land.

11. A beautiful new public park, the gift of a Raleigh man.
Also a private park.

12. Two new cemeteries of ample extent and beautifully
adorned.

13. Hotels, new and enlarged, and with modern conveni-
ences.

14. A well arranged new union depot.

15. An opera-house in progress

16. Many large blocks of new buildings for stores and
offices.

17. A new city hall.

18. A good cotton trade.

19. Three cotton factories.

20. Tobacco warehouses and factories.
21 Wholesale hardware establishments.

22. Wholesale groceries.

23. Car-works and wood factories.

24. Wholesale dry goods trade.

25. Four strong banks, including a savings bank.

26. A Home Insurance Company, and many branch
insurance companies.

27. Extensive machine and car-shops of the Raleigh and
Gaston and Raleigh and Augusta Air-Line, and new engine-
house.

28. The State Agricultural and Mechanical College, which
is proving so successful and beneficial to the State.

29. Vineyards and their products.

30. Farms of improved cattle and blooded horses.

31. Spacious new Fair Grounds.

32. The Agricultural Department and Building.

33. Agricultural Experiment Station.

34. Larger livery-stables.

35. Hospitals for white and colored.

36. Supreme Court Room and Library.

37. Large institutes of learning ior the colored, patronized
by the whole South — Shaw University and St. Augustine
Collegiate Institute.

38. A Deaf and Dumb Asylum for the colored.

39. A handsome Federal Court-house and Post-oSice.

40. A new and improved County Court-house.

41. The new Governor's Mansion.

42. The Soldiers' Home.

43. Cotton- seed oil mills.

44. The State Penitentiary.

45. Ice factories.

46. A Young Men's Christian Association Building.

47. The principal streets graded and paved.

48. The township roads being graded and macadamized.

49. Many sidewalks properly paved.

50. Carriage and wagon factories.

51. Candy factories.

52. Acid and fertilizer works.

53. Telegraph facilities largely increased.

54. Streets extended in many directions.

55. Cornfields and old fields in the suburbs turned into
building lots.

56. Numerous private buildings, some of them costly and
handsome.

57. Three daily newspapers and eleven weekly.

58. Large printing-houses.

59. Cotton compress.

60. Cotton yards.

61. Population nearly eight times what it was forty years
ago.

This is a most laudable showing of enterprise and intelli-
gence. I close with the profound wish — I will be bolder, I
will say the prediction, that when, one hundred years from
this date, in the year 1992, some gray-haired speaker stands
up before your great-grandchildren and the scores of thou-
sands of added population who will make their homes on
these hills, he will truthfully chronicle your labors towards
making this one of the greatest inland cities of the South.

Note. — Since the printing of the foregoing Address, Rev.
Dr. J. B. Cheshire, of Charlotte, has furnished me with
extracts from the Journal of the Convention of 1788, of
which he has a copy, in regard to locating the seat of gov-
ernment. The places voted for as centres of the circle of
twenty miles diameter, within which the location should be
made, are as follows :

Smithfield, nominated by James Payne.

Tarborough, nominated by Robert Williams.

Fayette- Ville, nominated by William Barry Grove.

Isaac Hunter's plantation, nominated by James Iredell.

Newbern, nominated by Judge Samuel Spencer.

Hillsborough, nominated by Alexander Mebane.

Fork of Haw and Deep rivers, nominated by Thomas
Person.

Isaac Hunter's plantation obtained a majority of votes on
the second ballot.

James Iredell, soon to be a Judge of the Supreme Court of
the United States, offered the ordinance requiring the Gen-
eral Assembly to establish the Seat of Government within
the Wake County circle.

Willie Jones offered the resolution for selecting by ballot
the circle of location.

William Barry Grove, of Fayetteville (then written Fay-
ette-Ville), presented a protest against the action of the
Convention, signed by over one hundred members.

A GLANCE AT RALEIGH TO-DAY.

(Prepared by Especial Request or the Committee
OF Publication.)

The city of Raleigh, in all essential respects, extends
beyond the corporate limits, in every direction, with a steady
growth that never halts, summer or winter. Whatever may
be the source of her prosperity, whether her market for cot-
ton or tobacco, her general mercantile advantages, her new
manufacturing interests, her educational and social induce-
ments, or her relations to the State and Federal governments,
the continued advancement year by year is plain to all
observers. It proceeds from no artificial efforts, no wide-
spread advertising. From the' close of the war Raleigh
began to assume an importance beyond its ante-bellum position
as the refined and cultivated seat of the State government,
retired within the shades of its primeval oaks.

The extension of its railroad connections through the heart
of Western North Carolina, by Col. A. B. Andrews, until they
met the lines of the West and South ; the building of the
Raleigh and Augusta Air- Line to Hamlet, with its after-con-
nections, through the labors of Maj. John C. Winder, to Char-
lotte, Cheraw, etc., and the superb new road, the Georgia and
Carolina, under the presidency of Raleigh's gifted citizen.
Gen. R. F. Hoke, giving a through line by the Seaboard
system to Atlanta, have done no little for the progress of the
city. With these are associated the extensive shops of the
Seaboard system, and the North Carolina Car Factory, afford-
ing employment to many worthy citizens.

The renewal of the Annual State Fairs held by the North
Carolina Agricultural Society proved to be one of the most
valuable elements of growth. In 1869 this organization,
dating back to 1852, was revived, with Hon. K. P. Battle as
President and James Litchford Secretary. In 1873, under
the Presidency of Col. Thos. M. Holt, the site of the Fair was
purchased, on lands northwest of the city, beyond St. Mary's,
and railroad connections made. From 1876 to 1880, inclu-
sive, Capt. C. B. Denson was Secretary and Executive Man-
ager, holding five fairs, a greater number than by any other in
its history; $14,000 of its debt was paid; much machinery
and many fine specimens of live stock were introduced. By

its direct efforts upon the General Assembly, the Society
brought about the organization of the State Agricultural
Department, which has been a great factor in the develop-
ment of the State and the city. At present Hon. Richard
H. Battle is President and H. W. Ayer, Esq., Secretary. The
Fair of 1892 was held concurrently with the Centennial Cele-
bration and contributed much to its success.

In 1884 the Fair was merged temporarily into the North
Carolina State Exposition, for which buildings were erected
on a scale heretofore unknown in our State, and a display of
the economic advantages of North Carolina was made for
months, which attracted visitors from every section of the
Union, and was of mcalculable benefit to our people. To
Wm. S. Primrose, President, whose judicious management
and comprehensive far-sighted plans were admirably sec-
onded by the executive ability of the Secretary, H. W.
Fries (of Salem), the credit is due for the success which
revealed to the world the gifts and wonders within North
Carolina's control, and the beauty and desirability of her
> Capital as a home.

To these must be added her progressive city government,
the efforts of her Chamber of Commerce, the Interstate Ex-
position of 1891, under J. T. Patrick, and the memorable
visit in October of that year of the famous Fifth Maryland
Regiment. Illuminations, fireworks, a banquet to the offi-
cers at the Yarborough, a grand ball to the entire regiment,
nearly one thousand strong, at the Stronach auditorium, and
openhanded hospitality by the citizens, were the features of
the occasion, which formed a fitting prologue, one year in
advance, to the Centennial Celebration.

SITUATION.

Raleigh is delightfully situated at the meeting of the lim-
its of the oak and the pine, the sand and the clay, upon a
granite foundation which crops out in quarries to the south-
east and southwest. The land slopes gently in every direc-
tion from the swelling hills upon which our State and city
institutions and our homes are built. This affords a natural
drainage, and the delightful streams near us, of Rocky branch,
Walnut and Crabtree creeks and Neuse river, have made the
problem easy of solution to furnish an ample supply of pure
water for all purposes and an admirable system of sewerage,
which were constructed during the mayoralty of Hon. Alfred
A. Thompson. Oar climate enjoys the almost ideal meteor-

ological average of 58° 4', and the health of the city is so
remarkable tliat it was selected by the authorities of the Con-
federate States as the site of one of the most extensive mili-
tary hospitals and surgical camps under that government,
superintended as Medical Director by our eminent fellow-
citizen, Dr. E. Burke Haywood.

The number of Northern visitors who prefer our delight-
ful winter climate to the damper and more enervating effects
of the extreme South is rapidly increasing, and will doubt-
less call for increased hotel accommodations to meet their
demands.

A marked feature which has contributed no little to the
high salubrity of the city is the fact that beside the broad
streets, fifty in number, and extending sixty-five miles, our
houses are so built as to give ample room, and surrounded
with airy spaces affording perfect circulation of the atmos-
phere. Such leading thoroughfares as Fayetteviile, Wil-
mington, Halifax, and the busier portions of Morgan, Har-
gett and Martin streets, have been paved with Belgian block
and well curbed with granite. This work is progressing
steadily, taking in order the portions of the city most used.
A well-equipped and admirably managed Electric Car Com-
pany renders access to the remoter sections easy and pleasant.

The city is advancing in every direction, and especially
toward the north and west. Sixty buildings were reported
as going up during the Centennial week. The total number
has more than doubled within twenty years past. Many of
these are far more commodious and ornate than hitherto.
Suburbs in the east, known as "Idlewild," and in the north
as " Oakdale," have been prepared for homes by, grading and
laying out streets, and are gradually being occupied. Near
the site of the great cotton factories, villages are now going
up for the homes of the operatives, which must in a short
time be fully united with the city and extend its limits over
miles of adjacent territory.

PAKKS.

Union Square, about six acres in extent, in which the
Capitol is located, is planted with trees and shrubbery, and,
together with Nash and Moore Squares, which within a few
3^ears past have been adorned with grass and flowers and
fountains, supplies a resting place for the weary.

But through the munificence of J. Stanhope PuUen, Esq.,
an extensive park in the west and southwest, adjoining the

lands of the North Caroliua Agricultural and Mechanical
College, has been presented to the city. Its natural beauties
are enhanced already by the efforts of art and the the gen-
erosity of the giver, who also donated the land upon which
the college stands. History will preserve his name high on
the roll of our benefactors.

Brookside Park, in the northeast, is another spot of great
natural beauty, enjoying its trees of the original growth and
the beauties of a winding stream.

Near by is Oakwood Cemetery, laid out some twenty-five
years ago, through the foresight of Hon. K. P. Battle, the
lamented Geo. W. Mordecai and others. The remains of
many distinguished dead were removed to this spot from the
old City Cemetery. Few resting-places of the dead can
exceed the tranquil loveliness of Oakwood, where many of
North Carolina's great and gifted lie.

The Hebrew and the Confederate Cemeteries adjoin the
above, and that of the Roman Catholic is on the brow of a
neighboring hill. The old City Cemetery, just on the edge
of the corporate limits, is still used to some extent. Famous
names are to be found on its gravestones. It is a curious
fact that the southern portion of it was formerly set apart for
the burial of negroes — the slaves of tho-e interred within the
same enclosure.

The colored portion of the community is now provided
with a well arranged and admirably situated cemetery on
the south of the city, under the name of Mt. Hope, and main-
tained by the municipal authorities.

There is also a National Cemetery, kept in beautiful order
by the Federal government, holding the remains of many
United States soldiers who fell in the engagements along
Sherman's march to the southeast of Raleigh or died in hos-
pital here.

Congress is expected to act favorably upon a bill to provide
a macadamized road from the cemetery to the city line.

Largely through the efforts of Dr. R. H. Lewis the roads
debouching from our streets have been gradually macad-
amized to the township line, furnishing an object-lesson to
other communities upon one of the greatest needs of Ameri-
can civilization.

PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

Besides the Capitol there are many public buildings which
there is no space to adequately describe. The North Caro-

lina Insane Asylum, completed in 1856, is 730 feet in length,
and accommodates about 300 patients. It is situated on Dix
Hill. An addition is about to be erected on the south side
for 100 female patients.

The North Carolina Institution for the Deaf and Dumb
and the Blind was established in 1846. It occupies Caswell
Square, and after September, 1894, is to be used lor the blind
only, a new structure for the deaf and dumb having been
erected at Morganton.

The colored department of this Institution is fitted in every
respect for this important service, and is provided with sub-
stantial brick buildings in the southeastern section of the city.

The State Penitentiary is an enormous building constructed
of brick, with granite enclosing wall, and was about twenty
years in building. There are about 1,300 convicts, but only
those convicted of high crimes are kept within the building
here. It is a model edifice of the kind.

The Agricultural Department, at the corner of Edenton
and Halifax streets, contains the necessary offices, the State
Geological Museum, which also is a museum of the forestry,
mines, fisheries, agriculture, etc., of the State, the Weather
Bureau, the Railroad Commission, the office of Labor Statis-
tics, and the rooms of the Agricultural Experiment Station.

The Supreme Court and State Library is situated next to
the Agricultural Building, and fronts Capitol Square. Its
exterior is plain, but it is admirably fitted within. It con-
tains the Supreme Court room, adorned with portraits of the
eminent jurists of North Carolina, the Attorney General's
office, the Supreme Court Library, office of the Superinten-
dent of Public Instruction, and the State Library. The last
has 45,000 volumes and many portraits of citizens eminent
in every walk of life, and especially of North Carolinians
prominent in the war between the States.

The Governor's Mansion is built of brick and occupies the
center of Burke Square, and is worthy of the people whose
Chief Executive makes it his home. Its hall is adorned with
portraits of the Governors. The beautiful marble from the
Nantahala of Macon county is used in the construction of
portions of the building.

The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic
Arts, Col. A. Q, Holladay, President, has a fine site of six t}'-
two acres on Hillsborough street, extended beyond the cor-
porate limits. It is of brick, with Wake county granite and
Anson brownstone. It is 170x90 feet, main building, and
surrounded by necessary shops, dormitories, barn, green-

house, etc. Wm. S. Primrose, Esq., is President of the Board
of Directors. The Experimental Farm is a short distance
west of it, adjoining the State Fair grounds.

Raleigh also has a United States Post-office and Court-
house, built of granite at a cost of about half a million dol-
lars, and most conveniently furnished. A Union Station
House has recently been finished and opened b3'^the several
railroads entering the city at a cost of $85,000, and affords
great satisfaction to the traveling public. The commodious
new Park Hotel and Opera-house erected by A. F. Page
will be opened for business in the fall of 1893, and with the
well-known Yarborough House add to the attractions our
city already enjoys.

CHURCHES.

There are about thirty churches for white and colored, or
one to about five hundred population, a very remarkable
provision in a town of its size. Services are well attended;
few people fail to appreciate the blessings of reverent obser-
vance of Sunday. Disorder or disturbance of any kind is
exceedingly rare, and nowhere are there kinder relations
between the races. Sunday-schools are well maintained, and
the Young Men's Christian Association and the King's
Daughters have suitable rooms where their beneficent work
is carried on. In the church congregations nine thousand
persons are numbered, and five thousand pupils in the Sun-
day-schools. Of the churches for the white population three
are Baptist, three Methodist, two Protestant Episcopal, one
Presbyterian, one Roman Catholic, one Christian, one Primi-
tive Baptist, and there are various missions. Six of these
church edifices have been erected within ten years past.

SCHOOLS.

Dr. Battle has alluded to the happy influence upon the
history of the city of St. Mary's School, which is under the
care of Rev. Bennett Smedes, D. D., Rector, and son of its
distinguished founder. Its prosperity extends with its years.
The buildings and grounds form one of the architectural
beauties of the city. More than five thousand pupils have
left its halls to gladden the homes of the South.

Peace Institute is another of the famous schools of Raleigh
for young ladies, and is situated in the northern portion of
the city. Prof. James Dinwiddle is Principal, with twenty-
two officers and teachers, and one hundred and sixty-nine

100

pupils. Both of the above institutions rank among the first
in the South.

The Baptists contemphite the founding here of a first-class
University for women.

The Raleigh Male Academy, Messrs. Morson and Den?on,
Principals, in its fifteenth year, has one hundred and forty-
five students, and the record of their standing in the Collf ges
and University is unexcelled by any in the country.

The Public Graded Schools include the "Centennial,"
occupying commodious buildings erected at the foot of Fay-
etteville street, the "Murphy," for girls chiefly, and the three
colored schools. The enrollment of pupils is about two thou-
sand, under Superintendent E. P. Moses. The cost is main-
tained by special township taxation.

Shaw University, with Estey Seminary and Leonard Medi-
cal College, Rev. Dr. H. M. Tupper President, and St. Augus-
tine Normal school, Rev. A. B. Hunter Principal, furnish
educational advantages to the negroes of the Souih, probably
unsurpassed in the Union. The King of Belgium has sent
pupils to the former institution directly from the Congo Free
State, and St. Augustine U the principal divinity school for
the colored people under the patronage of the Protestant
Episcopal Church in the United States.

FIRE DEPARTMENT, TELEGRAPH, ETC.

The Fire Department has been referred to, as forming a
very distinctive feature of the Centennial procession. It is
under the charge of Capt. E. B. Engelhard, and has a well
deserved reputation for promptness and efficiency that can-
not be surpassed. The water-supply from Walnut creek,
carefully guarded from contamination, is forced into a tower
by compound pumps, operated by steam and water-power,
with nearly twenty miles of main and one hundred and
twenty double hydrants for fire purposes. An electric fire
alarm is a valuable adjunct to the safety equipment of the
city. The Thomson-Houston electric system is in use, but
the city is mainlv lighted by coal-gas works.

The'Western Union and the Postal Telegraph Companies
have offices here, and communication is kept up by telephone
throughout the city, with a well equipped Exchange.

BANKING FACILITIES.

At the date of this publication great losses have occurred
throughout the country by the stoppage of payments, loss of

101

confidence, and failures in business to such an extent as to
involve millions of property and great consequent suffering.
It is especially gratifying to say that the banks of Raleigh
enjoy the fullest confidence of the people, and none of these
evils have, at this writing, befallen our prudent and judi-
cious men prominent in financial and mercantile life. The
National Bank of Raleigh, E. G. Reade, President, C. H. Bel-
vin, Cashier, has of capital $225,000, surplus ^30,000, depos-
its $400,000. The Citizens National, W. J. Hawkhis, Presi-
dent, J. G. Brown, Cashier, has capital $100,000, surplus
$25,000, deposits $J50,000. The Commercial and Farmers
Bank (State), J. J. Thomas, President, B. S. Jerman, Cashier,
has capital $100,000, surplus $15,000, deposits $230,000. The
Raleigh Savings Bank has capital $15,000, surplus $9,000,
deposits $150,000. Of this W. C. Stronach is President, and
J. T. PuUen Cashier. Since the ante-hellam period no town
of its size in the South has excelled it in the extent and solid-
ity of its banking facilities.

INDEBTEDNESS.

The total indebtedness of the city, as rendered in the
last annual fiscal report, is $207,867.14, chiefly in five per
cent, bonds due in 1919 and 1929 respectively. A sinking
fund is constantly reducing this amount.

COTTON FACTORIES.

The Hosiery Yarn Mill was built in 1888, and has been
such a success that its products have been sold for a year
ahead of production. Its spindles number 5,000.

The Caraleigh Cotton Mills were begun in 1890 and by
September, 1891, had commenced operations. Spinning and
weaving are done, and there will be 10,000 spindles and 400
looms. The Pilot Cotton Mills began in May, 1893, and will
have 5,000 spindles with 400 looms. A fourth is now pro-
jected, and it is said will be built near the railroad not far
from Pullen Park.

A cotton-oil mill with capacity for using seventy-five tons
of seed daily is also situated near the treight depot. Phos-
phate works, supplied with the latest machiner}', to furnish
our farmers with a superior home-made fertilizer, are located
near Caraleigh Cotton Mills.

102

COTTON MARKET.

Nearly 40,000 bales of cotton are handled here annually,
and the system is perfect.

Raleigh has all the warehouse room needful, a very fine
cotton platform convenient for loading trains, steam com-
press, careful and experienced weighers, and merchants who
buy at the most liberal rates, some of whom ship direct to
Liverpool, Hamburg and other ports. Its freight facilities
are all that could be desired. A well managed Cotton
Exchange is one of the most important elements in her busi-
ness life.

TOBACCO MARKET.

Not a few of her most sagacious citizens believe that a great
development awaits her future in tobacco — as a market for
the leaf and perhaps also for its manufacture. The first
brought here for sale was in September, 1884, and on the
26th was held the first regular sale, in a temporary ware-
house. Three spacious warehouses were built in less than
as many years thereafter.

Indeed, among Raleigh's important avenues for profitable
development must be mentioned her tobacco industry. The
market was opened by the organization of the Capital Tobacco
Warehouse Company in the Spring of 1884, which was soon
followed by the erection of two other large warehouses for
the sale of leaf tobacco, and many commodious prize houses
were erected. Joseph E. Pogue moved his extensive plug
tobacco works from Henderson to this city in September,
1885, and thus started the first plug tobacco factory in Ral-
eigh. C. F. Harvey, of Kinston, opened the second tobacco
factory a year later, and Mr. Andrew Rand, M. A. Parker
and others soon embarked in the manufacture of tobacco.
Two years ago Mr. Philip Taylor retired from the wholesale
grocery business and entered this inviting field for the manu-
facture of tobacco.

Raleigh has a live and progressive Tobacco Board of
Trade. Sells annually about 4,000,000 pounds of the golden
weed, and draws tobacco from all the counties contiguous to
Wake, which, together with Wake county, makes a large
area of good tobacco producing territor}'^, naturally tributary
to the Raleigh tobacco market, which now fully guarantees
its success.

Almost every line of mercantile business may be found in
our city, well represented: commission, wholesale and retail

103

houses in groceries, dry goods, hardware, clothing, books and
stationery, jewelry, confectioneries; book and job printers,
drugs, sewing machines, etc. Many of these have a long
and honored history.

The Insurance interest is well cared for, this being a cen-
ter for the surrounding region. The North Carolina Honae
Insurance Company was founded here a quarter of a century
ago and is flourishing to-day.

A LITERARY CENTER.

Raleigh has always held a high position as a center of
intelligence. With a population of about 16,000 it has the
same postal revenue from papers, magazines, etc., that Nor-
folk and like cities of 40,000 population enjoy. Here are
published the News and Observer (which has recentlj'- acquired
the Chronicle) and the Evening Visitor, dailies with weekly
issues, and also the North Carolinian, Christian Advocate,
Christian San, Biblical Recorder, Signal, Progressive Farmer,
Gazette, Friend of Temperance, North Carolina Teacher, Eclectic,
Voice of Peace, etc.

THE NEWS AND OBSERVER.

It is not invidious to say of the News and Observer, by which
nanie it is best known, that for twenty-five years it has been
an honor and crown of journalism in the State. Its editor-
in-chief, Capt. Samuel A. Ashe, a son of the revolutionary
stock of our glorious annals, united legal training and legis-
lative experience with his own patriotic history, before assum-
ing the arduous duties of political and economical leadership
in the daily press, and his success amid a multitude of the
wrecks of such enterprises throughout the country, bears
tribute to the energy and sagacity of this citizen of Raleigh.

CHARITIES.

The benevolent orders all flourish, both white and colored,
and they have been referred to in the account of the Centen-
nial procession. St. John's Hospital is a voluntary charita-
ble institution, organized by St. John's Guild of the Church
of the Good Shepherd, reflecting the highest credit on the
citizens who organized and maintain it. Dr. P. E. Hines is
Medical Superintendent and A. P. C. Bryan, Treasurer.

104

t)r. Battle has alluded to the purchase of land in 1813 by
John Rex, a benevolent citizen of that day, who left it by
will, with other property, for the founding of a hospital for
the city. Much of this fund w^as lost in the financial revo-
lution occurring by the war of 1861. By wise management
the remainder has gradually increased to nearly thirty
thousand dollars, and a happy arrangement has been effected
whereby St. John's passes to the control of the Rex Hospital
Trustees, R. H. Battle, W. G. Upchurch and others, while its
beneficent work goes on, aided by the income devised by the
noble man who has so long slept with the just.

The Soldiers' Home is situated on Newbern avenue, and
through the efforts of W. C. Stronach and other large-hearted
citizens, was opened for North Carolina Veterans in the fall
of 1890. It has now about sixty inmates, and receives an
appropriation from the State Treasury.

On all occasions, when a great calamity has fallen upon
any portion of the Union, our city has never failed to respond
cheerfully to the cry of distress, and to contribute its full
share for relief.

THE SUBURBS.

If space permitted we might describe the beauty of the
hills about our city and their pleasant homes. A chapter
might well be bestowed upon the wheat-growing farms, vine-
yards, numerous and extensive; cotton-growing, market-gar-
dens, dairies and other interests. But we add a line from
the pen of the proprietor of Fair A^iew Farm, and one of our
men of business witli large experience, Capt. B. P. William-
son :

" Ten years' experience has taught me that many of the
best grasses and all the best clovers grow well around Ral-
eigh, and with the care taken in all other sections with their
growing we get as good results as others anywhere.

" Five years' experience in breeding fine horses justifies me
in saying that we can breed and raise them as fine, as good
and as cheaply as in any section of our great country."

Nor has the Capital of North Carolina ever been wanting
in patriotism. Early in the war of 1812, with Great Britain,
John T. C. VVyatt (Wiatt) led a company as captain, and
many citizens enlisted in the company of Capt. W. H.
McCullers. Captains John Bell and John Green also com-
manded companies at a later period in the war, which em-
braced many Raleigh men. She sent a volunteer company

105

to the Mexican war, and many joined the company of Regu-
lars commanded by Captain (afterwards Colonel) W. J.
Clarke. It would be difficult, it not impossible, to name the
hundreds of her sons who served in the war of 18(5 1, in every
capacity, from general to private soldier. Two of the great
camps of instruction were here; there was hardly a regiment
without a Raleigh boy, and Manly's battery, if we may
specify one out of many brave organizations, reflected glor}^
upon its home.

Here lie the lamented General, L. O'B. Branch, Geo. B.
Anderson, Col. H. K. Burgwyn, Col. Sion H. Rogers, Col.
Turner, Capt. Randolph Shotwell and others, and eight hun-
dred brave Confederates, asleep in the cemetery marked out
for their special resting-place.

The North Carolina Monumental Association, Mrs. Armis-
tead Jones, President, will erect in Capitol Square a shaft
commemorative of the great deeds of North Carolina's heroes.
The General Assembly has given $10,000 to this object, and
the women of the State, especially, are responding to the call
to honor the venerated dead with a fitting testimonial of the
gratitude of those for whose rights and liberties they gave
up their lives.

Far more might be said of our city's honorable record in
the past, and its prosperous outlook to-day. A commemora-
tive volume like this must neces=^arily leave the greater field
to the historian. But we hazard nothing in declaring that
in such hands as those which guide the progress of Ral-
eigh; — in markets and manufactures, in municipal and
social advancement, in literary culture and moral elevation,
her future is safe. And when a century hence our
descendants gather, perhaps, about some magnificent col-
umn that emblazons the patriotism and virtue of the great
Englishman wdiose name has crowned our Capital, may
sunny skies bend over a people as peaceful and happy as
their fathers of to-day — a people symbolized by the Liberty
and Plenty on North Carolina's arms, and rooted like the
oaks of the home they love, against the shocks and storms of
time. C. B D.

THE CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION.

The commemoration of the one hundredth anniversary
of the founding of the city of Raleigh was suggested by the
press and by many influential citizens; and in pursuance
thereof committees for said celebration were appointed by
the Board of Aldermen, the Chamber of Commerce, the
State Agricultural Society, and the citizens in mass meeting.

The following extract from the minutes of the City Clerk
presents the origin of the celebration:

[Resolution adopted April 1, 1892.]
By Alderman Pogue:

Whereas, This is the centennial anniversary of the city of Raleigh;
and whereas it is befitting that the event be duly observed —

Resolved, 1st, That the Mayor appoint from the Board of Aldermen
a committee of five (of which His Honor shall be chairman) to devise
ways and means by which this historic event may be appropriately cele-
brated .

Resolved, 2d, That the Chamber of Commerce be requested to appoint
at their next meeting a similar committee to cooperate with this com-
mittee.

The Mayor appointed the following committee under the resolution:
Aldermen Pogue, Stronach, Hunnicutt and Bowes

C. W. LAMBETH, Clerk.

The following gentlemen composed the Board of Alder-
men who authorized the proposed steps for the said celebra-
tion :

First Ward— Frank Stronach, M. A. Parker, J. R. Terrell
and R. C. Redford.

Second Ward— W. R. Womble, S. A\ House and F. W.
Hunnicutt.

Third Ward — C. R. Lee, J. E Pogue and Thomas Pescud.

Fourth W^ard — M. Bowes, B. J. Robinson (colored) and
Alfred Tate (colored).

Fifth Ward — Julius Lewis, R. E. Lumsden, D. M. King
and L. B. Pegram.

A joint meeting was held in Metropolitan Hall July 21,
1892, of the gentlemen thus selected, who chose an addi-
tional number of citizens to serve with them under the
name of "The Board of Managers of the Raleigh Centen-
nial." Mavor Thomas Badger was elected chairman and
Henry E. Litchford secretary, and the Board was constituted
with the following members: Dr. E. Burke Haywood, Rev.

107

Dr. J. J. Hall, Capt. C. B. Denson, L. C. Bagwell, B. F.
Cheatham, B. F. Womble, B. S. Jerman, H. E. Litchford,

E. McK. Goodwin, James Boylan, Charles E. Johnson, G. E.
^ Leach, C. B. Edwards, B. R. Harding, W. S. Primrose, A. Q,.

Holladay, W. C. Stronach, R. G. Dunn, G. F. Kennedy,
Josephus Daniels, W. E. Ashley, P. H. Andrews, W. H.
Hughes, A. A. Thompson, R. H. Battle, Dr. R. H. Lewis, Dr.
James McKee, Frank Stronach, J. E. Pogue, F. W. Hunni-
cutt, M. Bowes, Julius Lewis, B. P. Williamson, Col. W. J.
Hicks, D. W. Bain, N. B. Broughton, C. G. Latta, R. S. Pul-
len, Hon T. M. Holt, Maj. R.'S. Tucker, Dr. T. D. Hogg,
Capt. S. A. Ashe, A. F. Page, William M. Boylan, Judge A.
S. Merrimon, Judge T. C. Fuller, Hon. E. G. Reade, J. J.
Thomas, Col. A. B. Andrews, Dr. W. J. Hawkins, Hon. T. R.
Jernigan, Dr. G. W. Blacknall, Maj. John C. Winder, C. B.
Root, William G. Upchurch, Judge Walter Clark, J. S.
Wynne and Col. J. M. Heck.

On July 29, under a resolution of the Board, the Mayor
nominated the members of the following committees, who
were duly elected :

Committee of Livitation — C. B. Denson, B. P. Williamson,
Walter Clark, Dr. R. H. Lewis and T. R. Jernigan.

Committee on Programme — J. E. Pogue, A. A. Thompson,
C. G. Latta, S. A. Ashe and N. B. Broughton.

Committee on Ways and Means — R. H. Battle, R. S. Pul-
len, J, J. Thomas, J. J. Hall, D. D., and R. S. Tucker.

Committee on Speakers and Music — W. S. Primrose, A. Q,.
Holladay, C. B. Edwards, W. H. Hughes and A. S. Merrimon.

Committee on Printing and Advertising — Josephus Dan-
iels, G. E. Leach, D. T. Swindell, B. F. Womble and B. S.
Jerman.

Committee on Trade Floats — W. E. Ashley, Julius Lewis,
J. S. Wynne, James McKee, M. D., and W. G. Upchurch.

Committee on Centennial Ball— Charles E. Johnson, G. W.
Blacknall, James Boylan, E. McK. Goodwin and W. C.
Stronach.

Subsequently other gentlemen were requested to serve on
the Board, and the following additional committees were
appointed :

Committeeon Pyrotechnics and Military — Frank Stronach,
M. Bowes, L. C. Bagwell, C. F. Kenned v, P. PL Andrews, S. F.
Telfair, J. W. Cross, E. G. Harrell, H. M. Cowan, E. B. Engel-
hard, W. B. Grimes, G. E. Leach, W. R. Richardson and

F. A. Olds.

Committee on Decorations and Illuminations — D. T. Swin-
dell, George C. Heck and L. A. Mahler.

108

Committee on Transportation — G. E. Leach and P. H.
Andrews.

Committee on Finance — J. E Pogue and C. B. Root.

Bureau of Information — H. W. Ayer, G. E. Leach and F.
Stronach.

The Managers held frequent meetings, characterized by-
great earnestness and always harmonious and agreeable.
Indeed, throughout the history of the celebration, as with
one heart, the whole people of the city united in this task
of love. Ten thousand copies of the following address were
distributed throughout the State:

To the Peo]3le of North Carolina :

One hundred years ago the Capital of your State was founded upon
the order of a Sovereign Convention of the people. The city thus called
into existence by your will, in the quiet shades of a beautiful forest of
oaks, in the county of Wake, has grown with your growth, nourished
by the best blood of the commonwealth, and is to-day the representative
of your heroic past and brilliant future.

The history of Raleigh is your own history in an especial sense. Every
county has contributed to its population, and sent hither some leader of
the people in legislative assemblies, or some one of the noble spirits that
have honored the judicial bench or the executive chair.

The ashes of many of Carolina's sons, distinguished in peace or war,
rest here. Ties of kindred and friendship unite every county of your
broad domain with this city. Its very streets and public squares are
your own property. Here your laws are made, proclaimed, interpreted
and executed. Here are many of your great institutions of State, and
here are preserved the records which will be the grandest legacy of your
posterity. To celebrate the Centennial of Raleigh, is to commemorate
the deeds of the great statesmen, jurists, educators and soldiers that each
section of the State has sent hither for the common welfare of ail.

They have left an impress upon this community forever. They have
made Raleigh in moulding the spirit of its people.

Accepting the bidding of modern enterprise, without forgetting the
glorious traditions of the former days, we are rejoiced that with new
life and strength, your Capital is growing daily in material progress. In
churches and schools, in factories and workshops, in facilities for trade,
in multiplied institutions, the improvements of modern life, and the
comfort and beauty of her homes.

Therefore, celebrating with grateful hearts the completion of her first
century, the undersigned committee of her citizens cordially invite all
North Carolinians, from every town and county, to assemble on the 18th,
19th and 20th days of October next, and unite with the people of Raleigh
in the commemoration of the Centennial of their home and your Capital.

During that week the Raleigh Centennial, the State Fair, a magnifi-
cent pyrotechnic display, and a festival recalling colonial days, will
take place for your interest and enjoyment.

We repeat, then, the cordial invitation to the people of North Caro-
lina, and to those of Carolinian ancestry or association, wherever they
may be, to come up as one man, and with one heart. The citizens of
Raleigh will bid you welcome.

Thomas Badger, Pres. .T. M. Heck,

H. E. LiTCHFORD, Sec. C. B. Denson,

W. S. Primrose.

Raleigh, N. C. August 26, 1882. Special Com. of Invitation.

109

This was cordially responded to by the press, and, as the
event'proved, by the largest assemblage of people that the
Capital of North Carolina had ever witnessed within her
limits.

The Committee on Programme recommended that Hon.
Kemp P. Battle, LL. D., of the University of North Carolina,
be requested to deliver the commemorative address, and that
a prize be offered for the best centennial poem, which Capt.
C. B. Denson was invited to read.

The Board of Aldermen generously contributed from the
funds of the city two thousand one hundred dollars to aid
in defraying the cost of the celebration. Oriole yellow and
red were adopted as the colors of the city, henceforth to be
inse|)arably blended with the happy remembrance of a cele-
bration, so delightful to the peojde, and so honorable in its
patriotic s[)irit and devotion.

By common consent, Col. J. M. Heck was chosen Chief
Marshal. This high honor was not una})preciated, but he
modestly strove to transfer it to some other citizen. Happily
for all, the Board of Managers unanimously insisted upon its
choice, and events proved the wisdom of the selection of a
gentleman of expansive views, admirable executive power,
and know'ledge of the infinite details essential to success in
any great demonstration.

A grand allegorical and trades procession was resolved
upon for Tuesday, October 18, to be followed by the oration at
night; on Wednesday night, a display of fireworks in Moore
Square; and on Thursday night, the centennial ball.

Messrs C. B Root, Samuel A. Ashe and C. B. Denson were
appointed a committee to prepare a list of honorary mar-
shals as special guests, to be chosen from the old citizens
identified with the growth and history of the town. The
gentlemen selected were to be not less than sixty-five years
of age, to be chosen from every walk of life, and to be
escorted in carriages as the honored fathers of the Oak City.

On the nomination of Chief Marshal Heck, field marshals
of divisions and assistant marshals were elected (October 4),
and thereafter Centennial Headquarters were opened at the
office of George C. Heck, Esq. (corner Fayetteville and Martin
streets), where the field marshals held frequent meetings for
thorough organization. The centennial colors were distrib-
uted, and soon the red and yellow were s°en on the bosom
of all, rich and poor, white and colored, old and young,
united at least in pride of the glorious history and steady
advancement of the city that bears Raleigh's great name.

110

Invitations were issued to eminent gentlemen throughout
the country, and especially to distinguished North Caroli-
nians, and those connected with Raleigh by former residence
or ancestry. The greater number responded by attending in
person, and were courteously received by Field Marshal
Charles E. Johnson and assistants. Replies from others were
received, some of which are appended as follows:

RALEIGH FROM ABROAD— COMPLIMENTARY PARAGRAPHS IN
REFERENCE TO OUR CITY— THE CELEBRATION OF THE
CENTENNIAL AWAKENS INTEREST THROUGHOUT THE
COUNTRY.

The celebration of the Centennial of Raleigh has awakened interest
throughout the country. The newspapers of this State and those adjoin-
ing have many complimentary paragraphs in reference to the enterprise
of our city. We publish a few of the many courteous letters received
by the Committee of Invitation of the Board of Managers.

Cardinal's Residence.
Baltimore, Md., October 14, 1892.

Messrs. C. B. Denson, Walter Clark, B. P. Williamson, R. H. Lewis
and T. R. Jernigan, Committee of Invitation.

Gentlemen: His Eminence the Cardinal begs to thank you for the
kind invitation which, in the name of the Board of Managers, you have
sent him to attend the Raleigh Centennial. Nothing would have given
him more satisfaction than to assist in the ceremonies in commemora-
tion of the founding of the Capital of North Carolina. But he will be
present in Chicago at that time, where he has been invited to say the
closing prayer at the dedication of the buildings of the World's Fair.
I beg to assure you, gentlemen, of the Cardinal's appreciation, of and his
gratitude at, your kind invitation.

I have the honor to be, gentlemen.

Very respectfully yours in Christ,

C. F. Thomas, Chancellor.

[From ex-Presideut Grover Cleveland.]

Victoria Hotel, New York City, Oct. 18, 1892.
C. B. Denson, Esq., Chairman Committee of Invitation, Raleigh, N. C.

My Dear Sir: I beg to acknowledge with thanks the receipt of an
invitation in behalf of the Board of Managers of the Raleigh Centennial
to be present at the commemoration of the founding of the Capital of
North Carolina, to take place from the 18th to the 21st of the present
month.

I very much regret that my engagements here are such as to forbid
my acceptance of your courteoiis invitation. Hoping that the occasion
will be entirely successful and thoroughly enjovable, I am very truly
yours. Grover Cleveland.

[From the Governor of Virginia.]

Governor's Office, Richmond, Oct. 17, 1892.
C. B. Denson, et ah. Committee of Invitation lOO^/i Anniversary of the
City of Raleigh.

Gentlemen: I am directed by His Excellency the Governor to
acknowledge the receipt of the invitation to the 100. h anniversary of the

Ill

city of Raleigh, and State of North Carolina, from the 18ch to the 21st
of October, 1892, to thank you for the compliment conveyed and to
express his very great regret that the pressure of official busmess and
other public engagements here, will preclude his having the pleasure of
being present upon such an enjoyable occasion, commemorating as it
does the life and success of the noble Raleigh in whom Virginia claims
an equal interest with her sister North Carolina. With best wishes for
the complete success of your celebration, I am very respectfully and
truly yours, Cazneau McLeod, Secretary.

[From the Chief Justice of the United States.]

Washington, October 15, 1892.
C. B. Denson and others, Board of Managers of the Raleigh Centennial :
The Chief Justice and Mrs. Fuller beg to acknowledge the invitation
of the Board of Managers of the Raleigh Centennial, to be present at the
100th anniversary of the city of Raleigh on the 18th, 19th, 20th and 21st
of October, 1892, and to express their regret at their inability to attend
on that occasion.

[From'O. V. Smith, Traffic Manager Seaboard Air-Line.]

Norfolk, Va., October 15, 1892.
Capt. C B. Denson, Chairman Committee of Invitation, Raleigh, N. C
Dear Sir: I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your invitation to be
present at the celebration of the city of Raleigh's 100th anniversary.
Rest assured it would afford me infinite pleasure to be with you on so
interesting an occasion. I regret, however, that my engagements require
my presence in New York from the 18th to the 22d inclusive.

May abundant success crown your efforts, and niay Raleigh's pros-
perity, population and progress! veness move hand in hand with each
succeeding year of her second century.

Yours truly,

O. V. Smith.

[From the Hon. J. F. Graves, Judge Superior Court of North Carolina.]

Mt. Airy, N. C, October 18, 1892.
Messrs. C. B. Denson, Walter Clark, B. P. Williamson, R. H. Leivis,
M. D., and T. R. Jernigan.

Dear Sirs: On my return home from Gaston Superior Court, I found
your invitation to be present and vinite in the " Commemoration of the
founding of the Capital of North Carolina."

I have pride in the past history and present condition of North Caro-
lina, and earnestly desire that the past history may be brought truly to
light, so that the beloved State may be put before our own people and
all others in such way that the grand commonwealth may occupy her
proper position in the hearts of her own people, and in the mind of the
whole world. Yours truly,

J. F. Graves.

[From Rev. Charles F. Deems, D. D., LL. D., 4 Winthrop Place, New York, Oct. 14, '92,]

Captain C, B. Denson.

Dear Sir: Be pleased to present to the Committee on Invitation very
grateful acknowledgment of their request to be present and unite in the
commemoration of the 100:h anniversary of the foundation of the city
of Raleigh.

112

Having known the good capital of the dear Old North State through
more than half its life, having had many of my best friends among
its citizens, and having most delightful memories connected with it, let
me assure you that I have sincere regret that my engagements deny me
the pleasure of taking part in the proposed commemoration.
With very great respect.

Yours cordially,

Charles F. Deems.

[Froin Judge Legh R. Watts, General Counsel of the Seaboard Air-Line. J

Portsmouth, Va., October 14, 1892.
Capt. C. B. Denson, Esq., Raleigh, N. C.

My Dear Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of the
invitation to attend the lOOch anniversary of the city of Raleigh, from
the 18th to the 2 1st inst. I am much gratified at your thoughtful cour-
tesy, and did not business engagements of an imperative character take
me to the North at the time indicated I should certainly be present.
My official connection with the system of railroads which is so intimately
identified with your city and its prosperity, is one reason why I should
like to attend; another is a reason personal to myself. There is a bond
which binds together the people of the two commonwealths, and in the
city of Raleigh I have many friends. I notice with pleasure the distin-
guished position assigned you; as an old friend, schoolmate, and former
fellow-townsman I congratulate you. Again thanking you and the
Committee on Invitation, I remain

Yours very truly,

Legh R. Watts.

[From ex-Governor C. H. Brogden.]

Goldsboro, N, C, October 14, 1892.
To the Committee on Invitation.

Gentlemen; I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your
polite invitation on the part of the Board of Managers of the Raleigh
Centennial by which I*am cordially invited to be present " and unite
with them in the commemoration of the founding of the Capital of North
Carolina."

For this distinguished mark of respect I beg leave to tender you and
those you represent my sincere thanks, and the assurance that it is highly
and gratefully appreciated.

Having been acquainted with the city of Raleigh and many of her
good people for the last tifty-four years, and having resided in that city
and been connected with our State government in different ways a con-
siderable part of the time, I have always felt a deep and lively interest
in the development of her resources, and her prosperity and growth.

In all the mutations through which our country has passed during the
last one hundred years, Raleigh has steadily maintained her good char-
acter for peace, law and order. As the best evidence of this statement,
there has been less crime committed within her limits than in any other
town or city in the United States, according to population, for the same
length of time. This is owing to her peaceable and law-abiding people,
and the good management of her municipal affairs. No town, in or out
of the State, ever had a better population than the old settlers and citi-
zens of Raleigh. The hero, whose name she bears, was a man of noble
presence and commanding genius, unquestionably one of the most splen-
did figures in a time unusually prolific of all splendid developments of
humanity. In the politic wisdom of the statesman and the skilful dar-
ing of the warrior, he was pre-eminent. The moral element of the man

113

shone out eminently in the darkness which beset his later fortunes, and
the calm and manly dignity with which he bore adverse fate conciliated
even those whom his haughtiness in prosperity had offended. We are
informed that under the auspices of Sir Walter Raleigh, the flig of Eng-
land was first unfurled on Roanoke Island, in North Carolina, on the 4th
of July, 1584. When the book of time shall be opened it will show that
the city of Raleigh has a history and a fame of which North Carolina
may well be proud. May Fhe continue " to walk in her integrity" and
increase in prosperity and Christianity as time rolls on. May •' peace be
within her walls and prosperity within her gates." May "her ways be
ways of pleasantness, and all her paths be peace." I have the honor to
be, with very great respect.

Your obedient servant,

C. H. Brogden.

[From Co!. J. S. Amis.]

Oxford, N. C, October 17, 1893.
Messrs. C. B. Denson and others, Committee, Raleigh, N. C.

Gentlemen: Accept my thanks for the invitation to be present at your
city centennial on the 18ch of October. I am glad to see your city put-
ting on so much life and becomint; pride in her history, and doubt not
that the beneficial influence resulting from this celebration will be far-
reaching, not only to your city, but to the whole State. It would be
most delightful to witness the display and partake of the patriotic sijirit
of the occasion, but other engagements will render it impossible for me
to be with you.

Wishing the fullest success in all that concerns your city, and again
thanking you, I am, Your obedient servant,

J. S. Amis,
President Board of Directors of Insane Asylum North Carolina.

[From an old citizen of Raleigh.]

The Dickinson County News,
Abilene, Kansas, October 15, 1892.

Messrs. C. B. Denson, B. P. Williamson, and others, Committee.

Gentlemen: There is nothing that would give us more pleasure — my
son and I — than co be present at the "Raleigh Centennial," but short-
ness of time and business duties compel us to reluctantly decline your
kind invitation. I. especially, would like to be with you on that occa-
sion, as I am a native of the good Old North State, and was a resident
of Raleigh from 1835 to 1809. During that time I saw Hon, E. E. Dud-
ley, the first Governor elected by the people of the State, inaugurated,
and many other things of historical interest, up to the time that tried
men's souls — 1861 to 1865 — all of which would do me good to hear related.

My affection for my native land grows stronger every day, and I trust
you will have a celebration fraught with so much pleasure that it will
not cease to live in the hearts of the present and future generations,
during the second century.

Thanking you for your kind remembrance of us, I am.

Respectfully yours,

F. k. Strother.

A cordial invitation was extended to the various organi-
zations in the city to take v>art in the procession, and also to
the ranking officers of each body in the State, including the

114

Masons, Knights Templar, Odd Fellows, Knights of P3'thias,
Trades Union, Typographical Union, Ladies' Auxiliary of
Young Men's Christian Association, Tobacco Association,
Raleigh Academy of Medicine, Cotton Exchange, Dental
Association, Underwriters' Association, Raleigh and Gaston
Railroad Relief Association, Brotherhood of Locomotive
Engineers, Wheelmen's Association, the public schools, Ral-
eigh Male Academy, North Carolina College of Agriculture,
St. Mary's School and Peace Institute, and students of the
Institution for the Deaf, Dumb and the Blind. The Governor
and other State officers, Mayor and Aldermen and the police
and fire departments were especially invited.

In recognition of the blessings of Providence and in grate-
ful remembrance thereof, the managers, on October 11,
appointed Messrs. R. S. Tucker, E. McK. Goodwin and J. J.
Hall, D. D., a committee to wait upon the pastors of the sev-
eral churches and request them to hold commemorative
services in their respective congregations on Sunday, October
16. This request was cheerfully complied with wherever it
was practicable, and the solemn sanction of religion was
given to the people's week of rejoicing.

SERVICES AT THE CHURCHES.

At the First Baptist Church the Rev. Dr. J. W. Carter
preached from Joshua iv : 6, 7, in reference to the carrying of
a stone by each of twelve selected men through the waters
of the miraculously-divided Jordan, the twelve stones being
set in a lodging-place on the opposite side of the river as
memorial stones of this great event. He alluded to the
great dates of 1492, 1792 and 1892, and called attention to
the fact that the centennial anniversary of Raleigh was also
the centennial of the first Baptist Foreign Mission Society,
formed in Kettering, England, by Carey, Fuller, and others.
He drew a graphic picture of Europe four hundred years
ago, and of the career of Columbus. He pointed to the
Divine Hand in human history. Strikingly was this illus-
trated in the voyage of Columbus, who was sailing for the
coast of North Carolina but was diverted to the West Indies
by the flight of birds. But a Spanish settlement of our
State instead of its English origin one hundred and fifty
years later would have greatly changed its history, and pos-
sibly that of the Western World. "One hundred years ago
the area on which our city stands was a forest. The grounds
of the Capitol, it is said, formed a favorite deer stand. The

115

State had then about 400,000 inhabitants. The government
had no settled habitation — had been sometimes at Hillsboro,
Newbern, Halifax, etc. Commissioners were appointed, and
the farm of Joel Lane was selected as the site of the Capital.
The name of the gifted and honorable but unfortunate Ral-
eigh, who sent the first expedition to North Carolina, was
given to the newly-organized town. A statue ought to be
erected to the memory of that great man and placed in the
grounds of the Capitol, like that of Washington. The prog-
ress of the city was slow, having only 700 inhabitants in
fifteen years. But it is now steady, and we have great reason
to rejoice and thank God for the churches and schools, and
for the good men and women to-day in our midst."

At Edenton Street Methodist Church the Rev. J. N. Cole
delivered a special Centennial sermon to a very large con-
course, upon " The Heavenly City in Analogy and Contrast
with Earthly Cities." Special and appropriate music was
rendered, and the Rev. Dr. Long, President of Elon College
(Christian), made a touching and eloquent prayer.

At Central Methodist Church Rev. Dr. J. A. Cuninggim
invoked the blessings of God for the coming century, and
Rev. J. B. Hurley, the pastor, referred to the growth and
prosperity of Raleigh, the many attractions it possessed, and
prophesied for the city a great future.

The Rev. Dr. Eugene Daniel, of the First Presbyterian
Church, delivered a very appropriate address. " The State of
North Carolina," he said, " should be justly proud of her his-
tory before and during the Revolution. Her Mecklenburg
Declaration showed the first spirit of independence, and the
battle-field of GTuilford showed the determination to sustain
the Declaration with her life-blood." In alluding to the
early days of Raleigh, he mentioned that in 1810 the Rev.
William McPheeters was called to be the "Principal of the
Academy and pastor of the city," and all religious services
were held in the Capitol, conducted by the "City Pastor."
In 1817 the present First Presbyterian Church was built,
which has since been such a blessing to the community.
Raleigh has developed into all that goes to make an attract-
ive and delightful modern city, and should be the pride of
the State.

At Christ Protestant Episcopal Church, in the absence of
Rev. Dr. M. M. Marshall, the Rector, the Rev. Dr. R. B. Sut-
ton alluded to the commemorations of the municipality and
the country in impressive terms, and the choir rendered the
hymn, " God Bless our Native Land."

116

But tlie most elaborate observance took place at the Cliurch
of the Good Shepher<i (Protestant Episcopal). The morning
service commemorated the one hundredth anniversary of the
consecration on American soil of a Bishop of the Prote-tant
Episcopal Church. The service at night was in observance
of the Centennial of Raleigh and the quadri-centennial of
the landing of Columbus. The church was beautifully deco-
rated in the colors of the cit}'.

Hon. Chas. M. Busbee, a native resident (formerly Grand
Sire of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and as such
the official head of the largest benevolent order in the world),
made an address, which this volume can onl}' represent by
extracts. Breathing the living regard of a son tor his mother,
it yet represents the truly conservative s[)irit of the wise
fathers of the past.

ADDRESS OF HON. CHARLES M. BUSBEE.

LxDiES AND Gentlemen: I did not feel at liberty to
decline the invitation of the Rector of tliis church tendered
me a day or so ago," to be present this evening and speak to
you brieli}^ upon this interesting occasion — this beginning
of the celebration of our municipal centenary — for I believe
it to be the duty of each and all of us by word and effort to
do what lies in our power to make the celebration upon which
'we are entering worthy of ourselves and of the city in whicli
we live. The man who does not join with his fellow-citizens
in the endeavor to make the event memorable in the annals
of the city, is not as patriotic and as valuable a citizen as he
ought to be.

Tr ****** * *

It is eminently proper that this beginning of our Centen-
nial should take place on this sacred day within ttje walls of
this holy temple. To the Lord God of Hosts we owe what-
ever measure of prosperity and happiness that rias come to
us, as a community or as individuals — for underneath all
temporal and spiritual blessings are the everlasting arms.

"Except the Lord build the house, they labor in vain that
build it."

"Except the Lord keep the city, the watchman waketh but
in vain "

He has shielded from storm and tempest, from fire and flood
and pestilence, and during the ever-recurring years He has
multiplied to us His bounteous gifts and bestowed on us
witiiout ceasing His gracious benefactions. We should be

117

unworthy of His continued favor if we did not, at this incep-
tion of our thanksgiving, kueel in His presence, and with
grateful hearts, declaring our abiding faith in Him; beseech
Him for a continuance of His love and divine protection.

It is well for a city to commemorate its centennial. It
would be without excuse or ju&tificalion, if this prosperous
and progressive city did not sliow to the world its apprecia-
tion of the fact that it has reached its hundredth birth-day
and turned into its second century. The ceremonies of the
coming week will mark an epoch in our history. It is grati-
fying to see that all the patriotic fervor lying dormant in our
hearts has come into active play, and our people of all classes
and conditions are moved by one comnjon impulse of mu-
nicipal pride and patriotism.

The city of Raleigh was founded and incorporated just
one hundred years ago. It was located as the Capital of the
State by a legislative majority of one, and subsequent his-
tory in this instance, even if it does not in all instances, has
demonstrated the wise foresight of the legislative will. The
city was named in honor of that chivalrous Englishman who
brightened with his genius and adventure the famous reign
of England's virgin queen. The city is well named. Our
people are chivalrous and brave, steadfast and enterprising;
they retain that manly virtue, not so prevalent now as in
other days, of supreme devotion to woman, that knightl}''
courtesy which is of right their due; they are patriotic,
loving the soil upon which they daily tread ; they have faith
in the future that awaits their city, and they are enterprising,
willing to invest their fortunes and their labors in its advance-
ment. They have inherited from their fathers the virtues of
which the valoroiis statesman of the sixteenth century, whose
name the city perpetuates, was so signal an exemplar.

A city takes its character from the people who possess it.
The people of Raleigh have always been a God-fearing and
God-serving people. Our religious development and influence
has ever been coextensive with the material growth of our
city. The humble beginning was a small Methodist church
on Blount street, and the great denomination which built
the first church in Raleigh has grown into a vast religious
power for the spread of the Kingdom of God. The other
denominations have advanced with even step, in numbers
and ever-increasing influence, with a common purpose and
a common hope, until now there are thirty churches in our
midst from which the gospel of the living God is preached —
about one to every five hundred of our population. The

118

church in which we have assembled this evening illustrates
the increase. It has now more communicants than its mother
church had not many years ago when it withdrew and
organized a new parish. And to-day the churches of Raleigh
are full of zeal and the spirit of the Most High God, and
the vital truths of God's Word are preached by faithful men
from Sabbath to Sabbath in churches that do not tolerate
the private ownership of any part of the house of God. May
I not quote the language of the great apostle who, speaking
of Tarsus, said: "We are citizens of no mean city."

The city of Raleigh is notable on account of the old
families that remain. Many of the names now standing
upon the tax-lists are the names that were there one hun-
dred years ago. There is no need to mention them. Some
are here this evening. They ilhistrate in their lives the
sturdy virtues which are theirs by right of inheritance. This
city will never lose the impelling force given it in its early
years by those pioneers of civilization who founded it, nor
will it ever lose the refining influence of those who touched
and adorned it in its infancy with the grace and beauty of their
characters — whose sons and daughters yet live amongst us.

And yet to them is not all the credit due, for there have
come into our midst from time to time men and women of
other counties and States and nations, who have become as
truly our fellow-citizens as if to the manor born, and who
have equalled those of native birth in their loyalty to the
city of their adoption and in their love for its people, its tra-
ditions and its welfare. For the people of Raleigh have
always welcomed and will ever welcome the worthy stranger
to their hearts and homes. It matters not from whence he
comes, what his faith or sect, if he is honest and industrious
he will always fiud a hearty welcome and sympathy and
friends. * * «■ -x- * * * •

There is one thing about our city which I conceive I can
safely assert: that no deserving person ever lived in our
midst for any length of time who did not become attached
to the city and its people, and who if compelled to move
away did not desire to return. I can count among our citi-
zens many who at some period of their lives, thinking to
better their fortunes, moved away, and unable to resist the
spirit that incited them, returned, and were glad to return.
There is some alluring quality in the air of Kaleigh, filling
it with an indefinable subtle power, that when you once
become accustomed to it, renders it the most delightful
atmosphere you ever breathed, and if once forsaken, it is

119

almost impossible to resist the longing that comes upon you
to fill your lungs with it again. Perhaps you may call me
extravagant of speech, but at least 3^ou will give me credit for
believing what I say.

I believe that the city of Raleigh has always done its duty.
It has ever been prompt to respond to appeals for sympathy
and aid when misfortune has come to other communities,
and in times of public peril it has never shirked the per-
formance of its natural and moral obligations.

It sent brave men into the service of their country in 1812,
and the bones of its sons are entombed beneath Mexican
soil. When civil war divided our own people, no city in the
South made quicker reply to the call of the State or sent into
the Confederate army a more gallant band of soldiers. On
many a bloody field they proved the mettle of the race from
which they sprung, and there was scarcely a battle-field in
A'irginia that was not watered with the blood of some Ral-
eigh boy.

No city in all the land sheltered a more self-sacrificing
band of women, who, without murmur, gave their husbands
and brothers and sons to a cause in which they believed, and
who bore without complaint the bitter burden of those who
could only wait for the end, and suffer while they kept the
faith; and yet no city in all the South accepted more freely
and without cavil the end that came at last, and more
promptly recognized the paramount duty of those who
renewed their alliance as citizens of a restored Union, never
again to be broken. And to-day there are no people in this
land of ours who are more faithful to the Government as it
is and to the flag which is the symbol of its power.

45- -;•;■ * ■» vr -x- * ~-

Fortunate it is for us that we have never had a boom.
The growth of the city, although slow, has been sure and
steadfast. What we have gained we hold. We are a con-
servative people and go safely if slowly. We have builded
upon a rock. No commercial disaster has ever wrecked us.
No financial storm has ever overwhelmed us.

And yet our progress during the last twenty years has
been noticeable. We have substituted well-paved streets for
country roads, and bad roads at that. And the various roads
leading into the city are being re-made upon scientific prin-
ciples. We have the best organized and best operated vol-
unteer fire department in the United States, and I challenge
any city in the Union to produce firemen, whether profes-
sional or not, who can eclipse our volunteer firemen in

120

bravery, in devotion to duty, in absolute reliability and skil-
ful endeavor. We have a system of water-works furnishing
as plentiful a supply of pure water as we need. We have a
well- managed electric railway, a telephone exchange, and
improvements are still the order of the day. Cotton facto-
ries, the new hotel and opera-house cease to attract attention.
And, above all, we have materially enlarged our educational
facilities. We are a city of churches and schools — a city
filled with the hum of busy industries — and our people are
united and conservative, vigorous and enthusiastic, law-
abiding and safe, and they are proud of the city they have
built.

-X- Tc -X- -x- * * * *

We propose this week to put on our holiday clothes, the
garments of mirth, and to congratulate ourselves and let our
neighbors and friends join in the congratulations that always
attend birth-days duly and properly celebrated. It is our
purpose to open our gates, to show hospitality to the stranger,
to banish for the time all personal and political controver-
sies, to forget the clashing rivalries of business, and to enjoy
ourselves as a patriotic and homogeneous people.

-X- -x- * * * -X- * *

And let us take withal a serious view of it. Let us deter-
mine that in the days to come, so far as we are able, we will
keep our city in the paths of virtue and morality in which
our fathers trod. Let us make our city, in the language of
the prophet Isaiah, " a crowning city, whose traffickers are the
honorable of the earth."

Let us remember that while we are citizens here, we are
also citizens of a heavenly kingdom and that the duties and
privileges of that higher and better citizenship are para-
mount to our duties and privileges here. Let us go forth
into the coming years with an ever-enlarging faith in God,
ready to do His will, and knowing that that city and that
people alone are safe and strong, whose God is the Lord, and
who walk in the divine and radiant light of His countenance.

President Geo. T. Winston, of the University of North
Carolina, then pronounced the commemorative Columbian
address. After a philosophic description of great men as the
gift of a great age, and a tribute to the genius of Columbus,
he reckoned the great benefits to humanity from his discov-
ery as follows: 1. Room for the development of the energies
awaking in Europe. 2. The fall expansion of the Anglo-
Saxon race by the occupancy of a new continent. 3. The

121

civilization and Christianity of many millions of Africans,
through a mild system of slavery. 4. Progress in America
inducing progreirs in Europe in politics, society and relig-
ion. The fifth, and last, is a[)pended in his own language:

" 5. It has shifted the centre of gravity of the universe: the
Atlantic has supplanted the Mediterranean, and New York
is the heart of the world. Columbus made the world larger,,
but it has steadily grown smaller. The voyage that he made
in seventy days is now complete in only six. The earth is
ribbed with steel and the steam horse plows through the
mountains. The electric wire girdles the globe. Place your
ear at the battery and hear the heart-beat of humanity. The
joys and sorrows of the world are being condensed. All
mankind but yesterday wept at the bedside of the Poet Lau-
reate as he lay. dying. Slowly and steadily we are moving;
onward to grander and better standards of life.

" There is more comfort, more knowledge, and less disease
than ever before. Man has conquered almost everything but
himself. The humblest laborer rides upon the thunderbolts-
of Jove. Jehovah no longer speaks in the lightning and
pestilence and famine; and man is sometimes prone to for-
get his Maker. But in the silence of the Sabbath morning,
when the bells are pealing to worship, God speaks and bids
the spindles cease humming and the markets cease traffick-
ing. Humanity puts aside its cares, its turmoil and ambi-
tion and listens to the silent voice of conscience as it pro-
claims: 'Be still and know that I am God, I will be exalted
among the nations, I will be exalted in the earth.'"

THE CITY IX HOLIDAY ATTIRE.

On the next day the business establishments and resi-
dences along the route assigned to the procession, and in
other sections, were decorated with many rare and tasteful
devices, chiefly in the oriole and red. Nothing so complete
and so beautiful in effect had ever been witnessed in our
borders, as everyone competed with his neighbor to exhibit
his pride and love for the City of Oaks. In the language of
the city press, "The heavens are almost obscured in the gay
glittering waves of color." Across Fayetteville street was;
suspended bright streamers, with a mammoth portrait of Sir
Walter Raleigh, and suitable mottoes.

The great day of the celebration dawned bright and beau-
tiful, and its coming was greeted by the bells of all the,
churches and the whistles of the factories and workshops.
The incoming trains had brought thousands of visitors ta
8

122

enjoy the da}^ and gradually the streets were filled with the
largest assemblage ever known in the Capital City. At an
early hour the thirteen divisions of the procession formed on
the several streets leading to Fayetteville street, from the
southern extremity of which the parade began.

At 10 A. M. the twenty-two Field Marshals and two hun-
dred and twenty-two Assistant Marshals met Chief Marshal
J. M. Heck at the north gate of the Capitol, to escort the
State officers to their position in the processiou. Each Mar-
shal wore a sash of red and yellow, and his horse was
caparisoned with housings of the same colors. The Field
Marshals in charge of divisions wore also a white rosette.
As they proceeded in column of fours, escorting the state
carriages to place at the foot of Fayetteville street, the scene
was a brilliant prelude to the events of the day, and called
out the cheers of thousands. The following gentlemen com-
posed the superb body of Marshals, their names being
recorded in the order of the signature on receipt of commis-
sions. Each commission bore the seal and colors of thecit}^
by special resolution of the Board of Aldermen.

THE MARSHALS.

Chief Marshal— Col. John M. Heck.

Field Marshals — Alf. A. Thompson, W. S. Primrose, Frank
Stronach, Thomas Pescud, James McKee, William E. Ash-
ley, T. B. Moseley, W. C. Stronach, G. E. Leach, William
Boylan, Joseph E. Pogue, E. B. Engelhard, Henrv Horton,
John Y. MacRae, R. S. Tucker, F. B. Haywood, N. B.
Broughton, C. B. Denson, A. W. Haywood, Hugh Morson,
Charles Earl Johnson.

Assistant Marshals — Henry D. Blake, Walter Woollcott,
John R. Ferrall, Frank P. Haywood, Jr., John W. Har-
din, Jr., William R. Crawford, Jr., Fred. A. Olds, Graham
Haywood, W. Deems Smith, William E. Shipp, Middle-
ton T. Lea6h, J. R. Barkley, J. R. Rankin, Junius B. Tim-
berlake, J. A. Duncan, John C. Drewry, A. E. C. Lindsay,
E. L. Fleming, Jr., Maurice Rosenthal, J. Pink Wray, J. D.
Turner, Phil. H. Andrews, James C. Dobbin, Henry E.
Litchford, T. P. Jerman, Jr., William J. Saunders, E. D.
Smith, Carey J. Hunter, William H. Martin, H. J. Dowell,
J. Henry Mahler, E. M. Uzzell, Thomas S. Stevenson, J. M.
Broughton, E C. Potter, A. J. Williams, R. E. Crawford,
J. J. Dunn, Frank W. Rovster, C. M. Bretsch, T. L. Eberhard,
C. B. Wright, John B. Kenney, T. T. Hay, J. M. Ayer, K. P.
Battle, Jr., S. S. Batchelor, J. D. Boushall, George W. Fowler,
William A. Wynne, N. W. West, W\ W. Willson, J. C. Baugh,

123

C. W. Newcorab, R. C. Strong, S. T. Smith, G. W. Johnson,
F. K. Ellington, J. C. Pool, H. W. Jackson, B. C. Beckwith,
R. T. Gray, W. H. Bain, R. E. Lumsden, J. F. Ferrall, J. C.
Birdsong, J. G. Ball, William M. Lambeth, Ernest Haywood,
F. H. Cameron, Jr., C. N. Dixon, M. B. Barbee, Thomas A.
Miller, George W. Burgin, L. S. Ellison, J. J. Whitehead,
Alexander Stronach, R. S. Tucker, W. H. Pace, J. W. Cross;
B. W. Hunter, Ernest P. Maynard, P. H. Hughes, E. E.
Ellington, J. J. Bernard, Alf. Jones, J. H. Jones, C. B.
Edwards, Jr., H. E. Upchurch, W. F. Myatt, Cecil G. Stone,
F. H. Busbee, J. C. S. Lumsden, D. T. Johnson, J. W. Cobb,
J. H. Parham, N. T. Cobb, W. C. Cram, Thomas Badger, Jr.,
W. P. McGehee, W. E. Renn, B. G. Cowper, W. J. Ellington,
J. S. Wynne, S. A. Campbell, T. 0. Faucett, Alston Grimes,
Fred. A. Watson, S. \V. Brewer, F. B. Dancy, Charles J. Mer-
rimon, G. M. Allen, A. R. D. Johnson, Ernest B. Bain, D. S.
Hudgius, Joseph S. Correll, Alfred Williams, Jr., George C.
Heck, C. L. Hinton, W. C. Richardson, A. M. Bobbitt, B. F.
Womble, A. W. Knox, J. C. L. Harris, James H. Lawrence,
Thomas Loftin Nowell, Horace B. Greason, E. A. Jones,
Sherwood Haywood, John Stronach, D. D. Upchurch, Charles
Dewey Wildes, C. W. Lewis, L. R. Wyatt, Ed. Chambers
Smith, W. A. McClenahan, Julius Lewis, C. F. Ford, C. G.
Latta, William R. Dicks, A. C. Lehman, George H. Snow,
Thomas H. Briggs, G. M. Spence, W. G. Allen, J. K. Mar-
shall, A. J. Bufftiloe, M. D., Hugh Lee Miller, G. E. Iden,
W. F. Bishop, R. A. Cole, J. T. Nottingham, Charles Ben.
Park, Charles M. Pritchett, A. IL Green, T. P. Devereux,
Haywood Guion Dewey, James H. Baker, Alston Perkins,
James S. Moore, E. McK. Goodwin, John D. Briggs, E. R.
Pace, John S. Keith, R. A. Coley, Wallace Riddick, Powhatan
Matthews, W. F. Harris, Frank Bell, R. L. Hayes, W. L.
Davis, C. C. Williams, Melvin Andrews, John S. Riddle,
W. W. Whitson, Edward H. Baker, J. N. Holding, Alex. M.
McPheeters, Jr., Edgar Haywood, R. H. Bradley, C. Frank
Massey, George Henry Hill, A. E. Glenn, P. T. Myatt, W.S.
Powell, W. B. Mann, G. F. Kennedy, Cas. A. Riddle, B. S.
Skinner, L. Wilder, D. Berwanger, Thomas N. Richardson,
J. J. Summerlin, J. M. Proctor, W. G. Randall, R. E. L.
Yates, C. F. Lumsden, Frank Brannan, H. D. Tucker, Y. E.
Turner, J. M. Stephenson, H. A. Bland, T. L. Love, H. B.
Battle, N. M. Rand, Peter E. Hines, S. A. Ashe, W. R. Tucker,
J. B. Pearce, J. C. Pool, Henry McKee Tucker, William
Henry Bagley, John M. Heck, Jr., Eugene G. Harrell, S. F.
Telfair, Hubert Haywood, Albert Kramer.

124

THE PROCESSION

Occupied one hour in passing a given point, the route being
up Fa^^etteville street, around the east, north and west sides
of Capitol Square into Hillsboro street, and thence into the
State Fair Grounds, where an immense concourse awaited its
arrival.

The parade moved promptly at 11 a. m., headed by Chief
Marshal John M. Heck and his staff of fifty Marshals, with
a platoon of the city police in front commanded by Major
Charles Heartt, Chief of Police, mounted; Adjutant James
McKee and Chief of Transi^ortation G. E. Leach followed,
and then Field Marshal A. W. Haywood and assistants in
charge of the First Division, composed of the State officers and
the Justices of the Supreme Court, escorted by the Governor's
Guard, sixty strong, Capt. Jno. W. Cross, with a fine military
band.

The Second Division, under Field Marshals Chas. E. John-
son and Alf. A. Tliompson, with assistants, was composed of
his Honor the Mayor and the City Council and other offi-
cers, venerable citizens escorted as honorary Marshals, and
guests of the city from various sections of this and other
States, officers of the State Agricultural Society, the Bar of
Raleigh, and the Academ}' of Medicine, occupying sixty
carriages.

The Third Division was under command of Field Marshals
Rufus S. Tucker and Henry Horton, with an array of assist-
ants. It was headed by a superb float, representing Sir Wal-
ter Raleigh before Queen Elizabeth. Every detail was per-
fect. Two paintings in oil, each fifteen by eight feet, exe-
cuted by the distinguished artist W. G. Randall, occupied
the sides of the lofty car, and on the rear was a portrait of
Sir Walter Raleigh in heroic size. Under the canopy (^ueen
Elizabeth sat in regal grace and dignity (represented by Miss
Lovie Park), while her ladies in waiting were exquisitely
presented in the beauty of Miss Martha Davis and Miss Rosa
Broughton, and Mr. C. B. Eldwards, Jr., and Mr. Joseph Wat-
son were respectively Sir Walter Raleigh and Lord Leicester.
Messrs. Randall and Fred. Watson were congratulated upon
their success in the production of this finished and artistic
car. It was drawn, as the others, by a team of the finest
horses in our region.

Next came a float as a representation of the scene at the
reception of Lafayette in 1825 by Governor Burton of this
State. This was the largest and most lavishly decorated of

125

all the cars, and the scene includerl a faithful personation of
Lafayette and Miss Elizabeth Hiywood before Canova's
statue of Washington. It was the contribution of Messrs.
W. H. & R. S. Tucker & Company.

No spectacle possessed more historic interest than the
appearance in the ])arade of a fac simile in every respect of
the old "Tornado," the first locomotive that ever reached
Raleigh, with its tender and freight car. The Neivs and
Observer of the following day has this paragraph:

The Tornado came to Raleigh over the Raleigh and Gaston Riilroad
in 1840. It was built in Richmond ill 1839 by D. J. Burr & Comptny.
Mr. Albert Johnson was then Master Mechanic of the Raleigh and Gas-
ton, and yesterday he held the throttle of the Tornado in the procession.
The original has long been destroyed, but Mr. Johnson remembers it dis-
tinctly, and he made the patterns for its reproduction in wood at the
Raleigh and Gaston shops here. It had only two drive-wheels, no cow-
catcher and no head-light. The engineer's cab was without protection,
and the smoke-stack was high and old-fashioned. The engine and tender
were painted green, with black borders. The box-car was about one-
third as large as those of the present. The whole train was about fifty
feet in length, and was one of the most interesting sights of the day.

It may be added that on the engine with Mr. Johnson,
the oldest living locomotive engineer, was Reuben Cole, the
colored fireman, who both came here with the Tornado fifty-
two years ago, and are still, in the same company's service.
This spfeaks volumes for the company, for our city, and the
kindly relations existing between the races.

The division was closed by the Odd Fellows' float, display-
ing the scarlet, white and blue, surmounted by a lofty tent
typifying the Encampment, or Patriarchal branch, by its
royal purple. Within the three links upon the base were
the names of the three lodges of the city, Manteo, No. 8; Sea-
ton Giles, No. 64, and Capital, No. 147. The fly of the tent
bore the names of the Encampments, McKee, No. 5, and Litch-
ford, No. 26. Eight knights in costume represented the
Lodges and Encampments and displayed the city colors. Ban-
ners of white, pink, blue, scarlet and purple adorned its
angles, and in front hung the life-size, oil portrait of Chas.
M. Busbee, of this city. Past Grand 8ire Independent Order
of Odd Fellows of the world. This was executed by his son,
James L. Busbee. In the rear were these words: " Paid for
relief in 1891, $3,064,620 80." " Our membership, 721,146."
The f )llowing committee prepared this float: Seaton Gales,
No. 64, A. M. Powell, P. H. Andrews, B. H. Woodell ; for
Manteo, No. 8, G. H. Glas?, W. W. Briggs, A. J. Buffaloe, M. D.
The following Knights took f)art in the personations : Messrs.
Wilson, Norwood, McRary, Theim (Jr.), Wilder, Phillips,
Alford and Ball.

126

The fourth Division was commanded by Field Marshals
E. B. Engelhard and Jos. E. Pogue. Probably nothing so
illustrative of the progress of the firemen's protective art has
ever been seen in the South. Chief Engineer Engelhard and
Assistant Chief Ferrall were its designers, and the local Board
of Underwriters of the city contributed liberally to its pro-
duction. This grand display was in two departments — the
first representing the old means of protection from fire, and
the second the modern system. The place of honor in the
first was held by a float, upon which was exhibited the verita-
ble fire-engine imported from Europe in 1784 for the use of
the Moravian town of Salem, North Carolina, and undoubt-
edly the oldest existing fire-engine on this continent. The
venerable T. L. Love, now one of our largest dealers in
tobacco, had charge of the department, being ex-foreman
of Hook and Ladder Company, No. 1, with R. H. Bradley,
ex-foreman Rescue Company, and following the Salem
engine, in chronological order, came the Fayetteville engine
of 1820, the Victor engine of 1840, the Bucket and Ladder
Company, Single Tank Chemical, old Rescue Hand Reel,
old Victor Hand Reel, old Capital Hand Reel, old Indepen-
dent Hand Reel, Victor Racing Reel and old Rescue Horse
Reel.

The Second or Modern Department, under immediate
charge of Chief Engelhard and Assistant Ferrall, comprised
the W. R. Womble Hook and Ladder Company No. 1, the
Rescue Steam Eire Engine, Rescue Hose Wagon, two-horse;
Capital Hose Wagon, No. 3, two-horse ; Victor Hose Reel,
No. 2, two-horse; Double Tank Chemical Engine, two-horse.

Next in line was the float of the Raleigh Typographical
Union, fitted with cases and other appliances, and exhibiting
men at work. A part of one of the oldest presses in the
Union was shown on the float, and a job press used before
the war, from which hand-bills were printed and thrown to
the eager crowds. The printer's devil was rampant in glory,
playing about the eldest of the craft, while the Union, No.
54, followed to the number of fifty or more.

The Fifth Division exhibited the historic renown of the
brave men of our past, and was most significant and impress-
ive. Field Marshals AVm. S. Primrose and Wm. C. Stron-
ach in charge, with a brilliant staff" of assistants. The first
float was in commemoration of the services of citizens of Ral-
eigh in the war of 1812, presenting types of the army and
navy in the uniform of that day, and exhibiting many mar-
tial emblems. Extracts from the noted message of the War

127

Governor to the Legislature of the day, (by Governor William
Hawkins,) adorned the car in large letters, and within sat the
following prominent citizens, his direct descendants : W. J.
Hawkins, A. B. Hawkins, P. H. Andrews, Colin Hawkins
and Armistead Jones. This float was unique in style and in
the finest taste.

The war with Mexico in lS4()-'47 was next represented.
Its decorative designs were adorned by the names of distin-
guished Carolinians who gave up their lives in this contest,
and four veterans of that conflict yet surviving attended it
and linked those days with the present : Messrs. M. B. Barbee,
\V. H. High, W. A. Lamb and H. W. Earp.

Next in order was a float emblematic of the great war
between the States of thirty years ago, and eight brave veter-
ans of Raleigh's troops in the Confederate cause, attired in
the identical gray uniform of the bloody struggle of 1861,
were saluted with reverence as they passed by.

The last of this division was the appropriate float of South-
ern peace and progress. Its snowy canopy hung above the
Goddess of Peace upon her throne, in spotless white, with a
golden crown. Miss Susie Tucker filled this position, and
Misses Redford, Wilson, Powell and Renn were the repre-
sentatives of our great industries. This float was contributed
by Woollcott & Sons, and bore the motto, "Peace hath her
A^ictories, no less renowned than War."

The Sixth Division was composed wholly of the students
of the Raleigh Male Academy, under charge of Field Mar-
shals Hugh Morson and C. B. Denson, Principals of the
institution, and the following Assistant Marshals from the
students, whom we name as the youngest in the procession :
Messrs. Wm. H. Bagley, Jno. M. Heck, Jr., Thos. H. Briggs
and Benjamin Hardy. The students marched one hundred
and twenty-five strong, each wearing the city colors and a
white silk badge with the arms of the city (the oak) and the
inscription, " R. M. A., 1792-1892." Remembering the high
honors its graduates have won in the colleges and universi-
ties of the country, they were enthusiastically applauded
along the route, and in response gave the school slogan with
a will.

The Seventh Division (Field Marshals, John Y. MacRae
and F. J. Haywood) was headed by the float of the Murphey
Graded Public School, which represented on a very elaborate
scale a reception in the colonial days by Miss Esther Wake,
sister of the wife of Governor Tryon. The costumes were
modeled from those of the days of British rule, and many

128

were veritable antiques from the last century. The many
bright and beautiful faces in the throng will never be for-
gotten by the beholder. The credit of it^ preparation belongs
to Miss Eliza Pool and Professor E. P. Moses.

Then came the float of the city druggists, showing the
interior of a drugstore with its various contents and fittings.
The names of the members then in the profession here were
given, including Messrs. John Y. MacKae, J. I. Johnson,
Robert Simpson, James McKimmon, \V. H. King & Co., and
J. Hal. Bobbitt. The prescription counter was utilized by
pharmacists compounding and filling prescriptions.

The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic
Arts furnished a float with exhibits from the departments of
agriculture, horticulture, chemistry and mechanics, by Pro-
fessors Massey, Irby, Withers and Riddick. Farm and gar-
den products, greenhouse plants, farm and dairy implements
and apparatus, such as the Babcock Separator, improved
plows, etc., were shown. A varied exhibit also of chemical
furniture and philosophical appliances, such as retorts, fur-
naces, eudiometer, air-pump, microscope, electrical apparatus,
surveyor's instruments, turning-lathe (with machinery pro-
pelled by power from the wheels of the car), blacksmith's,
tools, and specimens in wood, iron and brass, made by the
students.

Next came the float emblematic of the oldest paper in
the city and the leading daily in the State, the News and
Observer, edUed by Capt. Samuel A. Ashe. The throne under
the gorgeous canopy of city colors was graced by a group of
lovely young ladies, surrounded by leading member.'^ of the
staff of the Netvs and Observer. Misses Stone, Carter, Murphy,
Powell and Roberson were the centre of all eyes upon this
admirable car.

The Eighth Division, under Field Marshal Thomas Pescud,
with the assistants that attended every section of the pro-
cession, was headed by a mercantile float of J. R. Ferrall &
Co., crowded with an array of fancy groceries tastefully
arranged, and rendered very striking by the humorous
figures in masks that brought forth roars of laughter. Rs
immense weight required four of the strongest horses.

Then tlie Raleigh Bicycle Club varied the appearance of
the line by following in single file in rapid serpentine evolu-
tions from side to side — thirty in number, with wheels like
miniature suns shining in red and yellow, and taking these
movements to hold their place in the slow-moving jiarade.
Messrs. Will. A. Wynne and Cecil G. Stone led the wheelmen.

129

Next came the float of The State Chronicle, with its print-
ing array, and the very creditable float displayed by D. T.
Johnson, with a full line of staple and fancy groceries.

The Ninth Division was under the charge of Field Mar-
shal William E. Ashley, and contained the floats of Messrs.
T. H. Briggs & Son, with a full display of hardware of every
description and household furnishings; of E. F. W^-att &
Son, filled with specimens of harness and saddlery. Theu
came the immense exhibit of the Raleigh Cotton Mills, with
spindles and looms, and a pyramid of their famous produc-
tions. The float of Messrs. Julius Lewis & Co., with thou-
sands of items of hardware; and the float of the steam
laundry of L. R. Wyatt lent much interest to this important
division illustrative of our industrial progress.

The Tenth Division, under Field Marshal N. B. Broughton,
was led by the exhibit from Allen & Cram's foundry and
machine-shops. One item of much attraction was an engine
fired up, with whistle blowing and machinery at work.
Messrs. Ellington, Royster & Co., builders, presented a
carrj'all of rough logs drawn by mules, and in a second sec-
tion a car showing finished woods of great beauty. W. C.
McMackin, the supervisor of the new county roads building
near the city, supplied a float happily designed to illustrate
the need of good country roads, one of the greatest obstacles
to the farmer's success in this da3^

The Eleventh Division, under Field Marshal Frank Stron-
ach, was illustrative of the advancement of the Negro, upon
the especial request of leading colored men of Raleigh, who
asked the Board of Managers to permit their race to cele-
brate its own share in the prosperity of the city.

Shaw University (for the colored race) has 450 students,
some of whom come to it directly from the Congo Free State
in Africa, and have specimens of the dress, weapons, furni-
ture, tools, etc., of their native land. Four floats exhibited,
as follows: In the first scene, an African King and Queen,
medicine man, villagers, etc. ; in the second, there was the
next stage of progress, showing the Negro farmer, black-
smith, carpenter, shoemaker, bricklayer, painter, stone-cutter,
cook and waiter, each representative being taken from one of
these classes. In the third, education had produced the
Negro minister, teacher, doctor and merchant. A famil}'-
group was also shown, and the whole enlivened by jubilee
singers. Another float held a fine display of industrial work
from that University.

130

The Twelfth Division, with Field Marshal William Boylan,
consisted of an exhibit of farm products and live stock from
the farms of Maj. R. S. Tucker, near the city. The culti-
vated hay, shucks and straw neatly baled, and the Oxford
Down sheep and Jersey cattle (of pedigree) were of especial
interest to the thousands of farmers attending.

The Thirteenth Division, Field Marshal T. B. Moseley,
consisted of Pawnee Bill's company of native Indians and
cowboys, mounted, and accompanied by the third brass
band in the procession.

The parade moved in stately order up Fayetteville street,
amid the waving decorations on every building and across
the broad avenue, and greeted by the fluttering of the hand-
kerchiefs of fair spectators, it was welcomed at the Capitol
Square, as it moved in order around it, b}^ the patriotic song
of "The Old North State Forever" from the lips of a thou-
sand children of the city public schools, massed in the
Square.

The ladies of the Confederate Memorial and Monumental
Association had been invited to assemble at the State Agri-
cultural Building to receive a marching salute in passing,
which was gallantly performed, and the same repeated in
honor of the young ladies of Peace Institute and St. Mary's
at their designated points of rendezvous.

At the line of the city limits the police and fire depart-
ments saluted and fell out of ranks, and the remainder of
the immense procession, escorted by thousands of delighted
people on either side and behind, proceeded to the Fair
Grounds, where a great assemblage b}' trains from all sections
of the State, had gathered to enjoy its coming.

After the march around the track, and the magnificent
array of mounted Marshals had gathered about the Chief at
the Judges' Stand, the great parade was dismissed.

The News and Observer of the next day declared of the
celebration —

Yesterday was indeed a gala day for Raleigh. It was a gratifying
evidence of wliat Raleigh can do when she tries. No demonstration ever
before made in North Carolina has approached it. Whether we consider
the immense crowd of spectators who witnessed the procession, or the
number and magnificence of the floats, or the brilliant array of Marshals,
the sight far surpassed tlie expectations and hopes of those engaged in
the undertaking. Fayetteville street gaily decorated throughout its
length, from turret to foundation stone, in the red and oriole yellow that
blend so harmoniously, presented a scene remarkable for its rich pro-
fusion of coloring and variety of ornamentation. And when the mag-
nificent corps of Marshals, numbering over two hundred, adorned with
their regalias, marched down the street in open column of fours, the
sight was one of great brilliancy.

131

But the climax was reached when the procession heing ready, each
division of Marshals, followed by the floats for which they were escorts,
marched again in line to the Capitol, and around Capitol Square, up
Hillsboro street, the sidewalks being entirely packed by spectators and
all of the windows and balconies being enlivened by the ladies in their
holiday attire.

It was a scene to make one's heart beat fast with high elevation.'! Ral-
eigh was celebrating her jubilee in royal style, and patriotic ardor
responded to the sentiment of the occasion and all were joyful and jubi-
lant.

Well ^one for our good old city ! All praise to our patriotic and esti-
mable citizens ! They illustrated their pride in their homes by provid-
ing a right regal birth-day for our fair City of Oaks, and in doing it they
did all things well and left nothing undone.

The following is from the Slate Chronicle of the same date:

THE CENTENNIAL.

The mile mark in the first century of Raleigh's history was passed yes-
terday. It was a happy day for our city. There was no sighing over
the past, the present was joyous with glad faces and the future looked
to with fond hopes.

The sun rose in a cloudless sky. As he streaked the morning with
gray beams his coming was saluted with the peals of church bells, as
they rang out upon the clear air the notes of a Christian civilization.

The members of all professions in our midst were active in the prepa-
ration to render the celebration worthy of the Capital city of one of the
original thirteen States.

It was worthy of Raleigh, her noble sons and beautiful daughters, and
of North Carolina.

With pure English blood on both sides in our veins, and with an
ancestry which, for a hundred years have known no home but North
Carolina, we did feel a pride in the scope and character of the celebration
of the hundredth birth-day of this Anglo-Saxon city. And so long as
Anglo Saxon pride and spirit remain with our people, there will be no
backward step in the grand march of progress.

Too much praise cannot be said in behalf of Chief Marshal J. M. Heck.
The effects of his zeal, his energy, his good judgment, his fine executive
ability were seen everywhere, and he has, as he merits, the thanks and
gratitude of all for the admirable programme of the occasion, the sys-
tein with which it was executed and the perfect success that obtained
all around.

Everything was arranged just as it should have been, and carried out
as it should have been.

The Chronicle congratulates all, and Chief Marshal Heck and his
worthy associates especially.

May there be many happy returns of the day.

THE ADDRESS.

At 7 P. M. the Board of Managers and the Marshals assem-
bled at the Mayor's office, and with the band, escorted the
orator, Dr. Kemp P. Battle, and reader of the poem, Capt. C.
B. Denson, to the Stronach auditorium, where a great audi-
ence had assembled. A stage holding several hundred had
been erected, and the hall splendidly decorated with the

132

colors of the city. Seats were reserved for venerable citizens,
guests and the schools of the city. In front of the double
semi-circle of Marshals in regaHa were Mayor Badger, speak-
ers of the evening and Chaplains (Drs. Skinner and Hall),
the Supreme Court and other distinguished persons. The
Mayor presided, and announced the opening prayer by liev.
Dr. Thos. Skinner, who referred to the history of the city, to
its thirty churches for fifteen thousand people, its many social
privileges, and invoked the blessings of God upon our people.

Joseph E. P(^gue, Esq., Chairman of the Committee on
Programme, introduced in graceful and complimentary lan-
guage Capt. C. B. Denson, of the Raleigh Male Academy,
who read the Centennial Prize Poem, written by Miss Min-
nie May Curtis, of Raleigh. The award was made by a com-
mittee ignorant of the authorship of any of the large number
submitted. The poem was received with much enthusiastic
applause.

The "Old North State" was sung by Miss Alice Dugger,
accompanied on the piano by Miss Alice .Jones, and the vast
audience joined in the patriotic chorus.

Mayor Badger, as chairman, then announced that Mr.
W. S. Primrose would now introduce the historian of the
Raleigh Centennial.

Mr. Primrose, in presenting the distinguished speaker,
said:

Mr. Chairman, Citizens of Raleigh, and Honored Guests: I am
proud of the city of my birth. Raleigh bus done well today in cele-
brating her one-hundredth anniversary. We have been aiaking history
for an liundred years; but while deeds of purest patriotism have been
performed, while deeds of valor have been done, the people have
applauded arid the historian has slept.

Now, to write the history of an hundred years ago, much of extra-
nenis matter has to be swept away; much of the cherished fancy of "the
oldest ciiizen;" much of pure fiction will have to be sifted. Like Mr.
Boffin's dust piles in '• Our Mutual Friend," much earth must be carted
away before the pure metal can be found.

I am glad to know, however, that during the past ten years a spirit of
active research and investigation of historical matter has arisen among
our people. A number of our best citizens, from patriotic motives, have
given their time and abilities to this important labor of love. Foremost
among them all is the distinguished gentleman who will address you
this evening.

I now have the pleasure and honor of introducing to you the Honora-
ble Kemp P. Battle, of North Carolina. [Applause.]

Hon. Kemp P. Battle then pleasantly acknowledged the
kindness of his reception and the success of the celebration,
and proceeded to deliver the historic oration which will be
found in these pages.

133

Of his admirable production the papers of the day said :

Dr. Battle spoke for nearly two hours and kept his audience intensely
interested throughout. His remarks were interspersed with much
pleasantry in regard to the olden time, and many references to persons
well known to the audience by tradition or otherwise brought frequent
bursts of applause. His address was very much enjoyed.

Rev. Dr. J. J. Hall pronounced the benediction.

FIREWORKS AND BALL.

On Wednesday night it is estimated that ten thousand
persons gathered about Moore Square to witness the display
of fireworks, which concluded with a representation on a
large scale of the State Capitol.

The festivities of the week closed on Thursday night with
the Centennial Ball, under the direction of Messrs. Charles
E. Johnson, G. W. Blacknali, James Boylan, E. McK. Good-
win and W. C. Stronach, committee.

The following notice is from the city press:

THE CENTENNIAL BALL — THE MOST MAGNIFICENT SOCIAL EVENT OF THE
SEASON IN RALEIGH.

The centennial ball last night was, like the other features of the week.
a great success. Stronach's auditorium was elegantly arranged and
decorated for the occasion, and outside of the ball netting were hun-
dreds of delighted spectators. The Newton Band furnished the prome-
nade music before the ball took place. Dancing began promptly at 9:30
o'clock, the participants, ladies and gentlemen, being dressed in the
quaint costumes of " ye olden time."

The following participated in the dance: Misses Heck, Tucker, Snow,
Marshall, Hicks, Francis, Carter. Busbee. Whitaker, Hawkins, Burwell,
Sadie Tucker, Roberts, Smith. Kate W. Denson. Mary Denson, Minnie
Tucker, Rena Burwell, Anne Busbee, Carroll, Pescud, McMackin. Higgs,
Hinsdale. McVea, Katie Haywood, Henrietta McVea, Jackson, Dortch,
Stith, Fuller, Janet Fuller. Besson. Andrews, Bell, Brown, Hale,
Badger, Janet Badger, KateBidger, Harris, and Haywood; and Messrs.
Alexander of Chapel Hill, Branch of Wilson, Privett of Goldsboro,
Leach of Lexington, Phillips of Tarboro, Davis of Ridgeway. Jones
of Newbern, Tomlinson of Durham, Perkins of Washington, Thomas
Badger, Jr., F. P. Haywood, Jr., S. J. Hinsdale, Jr.. S. A. Ashe,
Jr.. Alex. Stronach, Jr., George H. Snow, Jr., Alfred Williams. Jr.,
J. C. Prior. Robards, Howard Thomas, Whitaker. Hardin, Busbee, Hun-
ter, Pritchett, Holderness, Marshall, Faison, .John Stronach, Meng,
Reynolds, Snow, T. C. Denson, Mebane, White, Turner, Burgin, Little,
Smith, Battle, Micks. Ingle, Clem. Wright, Wise, Whitaker, Dr. Ayer,
Anderson. McGee, Martin, Linehan, A. B. Andrews. Jr., Kennedy,
Johnson. Sherwood, Faison, Lieutenant Shipp, H. L. Miller, C. J. Mer-
rimon, Higgs. Brown, Joe Marshall, Kenan, Dobbin, Patterson, Graham,
Eugene G. Denson, Pemherton, Grimes, Whitaker, Crews, Cotten,
Wright, Pippen, Cannon, Ferrall, Cameron.

134

PRESENTATION TO THE CHIEF MARSHAL.

An interesting sequel of the Centennial Celebration took
place on the evening of the 22d of February, 1893.

The Marshals of the memorable procession determined to
present to Col. John M. Heck a testimonial of their appre-
ciation of his admirable management of the occasion, and at
a meeting held for the purpose, placed their contributions in
the hands of the following committee: Messrs. C. B. Denson,
W. S. Primrose, G. Edgar Leach, Thos. R. Kenan, Joseph G.
Brown, James McKee, M. D., and Jos. E. Pogue. At their
order an exquisite wassail-bowl or loving-cup of sterling
silver was made, large in size and with the double handles
peculiar to the ancient use of the bowl among the Scandina-
vian peoples. The cup bore the inscription, " Col. J. M.
Heck, Chief Marshal. From the Marshals of the Raleigh
Centennial, October, 1892."

The 22d of February, the birth-day of the great Virginian,
was selected as the appropriate day for tlie presentation, in
compliment to Colonel Heck's nativity, and the Committee,
together with his Honor Mayor Thomas Badger, Chairman
of the Centennial Board, and N. B. Broughton, Secretary of
the Marshals, proceeded to the residence of Colonel Heck at
7: 30 p. M. Greetings having been interchanged, the Chair-
man, Captain Denson, made the following address:

Colonel Heck : It is my high privilege, at the request
of the Committee of Marshals of the Centennial Celebration
of the city of Raleigh, to express to you their feelings of pro-
found regard, and of grateful appreciation of your services
as Chief Marshal on that memorable occasion.

You, sir, accepted that charge only upon their urgent
request, and its laborious duties, requiring many days of
unwearied attention to innumerable details, were undertaken
and faultlessly executed by you in a spirit of unselfish and
lofty patriotism.

Your CO- workers and friends felt that but for such patient
and far-reaching skill, and such admirable energy in action,
that brilliant chapter in our municipal history never would
have been written in the hearts of men in all its magnifi-
cence. Therefore, sir, the Marshals in whose name this com-
mittee speaks, beg to tender you a token of their grateful
recollection of this conspicuous public service.

You, sir, discovered the talisman whose touch brought
into one sj>irit and one heart the entire population of our

135

beautiful Capital upon their great festival, at the close of tlie
first hundred years of life. Rich and poor, old and young,
white and black, friend and stranger, all for the time being,
felt the magnetic touch which welded all hearts for the most
spontaneous and perfectly harmonious celebration that has
ever adorned our history.

That talisman was your sympathy with and consideration
for every class and condition of your fellow-men. From the
admirable suggestion to commemorate a century of honor-
able progress by colors to be worn upon every man's bosom,
however humble, to the distinguished courtesy bestowed
upon the venerable fathers of our city, in whatever rank of
life, and regardless of the accidents of fortune, the key-note
came from you, and it was the same loving and generous
remembrance of every one who could claim a home and an
interest in the City of Oaks.

We beg ^'^ou, therefore, in memory thereof, to accept this
loving-cup, or wassail-bowl, fashioned in the ancient form
of the vessel that in the halls of our Anglo-Saxon forefathers,
circled from the master of the feast to his humblest vassal,
that every lip might pledge devotion to a common cause, and
one bond of sympathetic regard unite every man for weal or
woe.

Receive it, sir, at the hands of the representatives of your
great array of Marshals, given as a slight token of their pro-
found esteem, and their conviction of the great public service
you render to this and to coming generations by the weld-
ing of the people of Raleigh into one harmonious whole.
May the memory of that glorious demonstration abide with
them always in the fullness of its lesson of brotherhood.

And as the years glide by, and the brilliant Centennial
recedes like a distant star upon the horizon in the mists of
the evening of life, when your eye shall fall upon this loving-
cup let it remind you that to the brim it bore the invisible
freightage of the admiration and respect of your fellow citi-
zens, proud to recognize in j^ou one of those great souls of
whom poesy declares that they

" Shed noble deeds as easily as an oak
Loosenth its golden leaves in a kindly largess
To the soil it grew upon.

Captain Denson presented the bowl, and Colonel Heck
replied as follows:

136

Mr. Mayor and Gentlemen, Fellow-Citizens and
Fellow-Marshals: Allow me to accept this magnificent
present and these flattering words as the measure of your
generosity, ralher than an acknowledgment of service by the
recipient, either to yourselves or to the city we delight to
honor and obey.

I am not sufficiently schooled in the language we speak
to find words that will convey to you the profound gratitude
that wells from the deepest recesses of my heart. I know
that men honor their fellow-citizens, but not often after this
magnificent fashion. This honor unexpected, but not unap-
preciated, is multiplied a hundred fold when it comes from
neighbors and fellow-workers in the enterprise to celebrate
the history of the (^ueen of our hearts, the Capital of this
great State.

Never was favor bestowed by Elizabeth upon her most
faithful subject. Sir Walter Raleigh, received with deeper
gratitude than this token of regard through the honorable
committee that represents the brave and gallant band of
Marshals that directed the Centennial of the City of Oaks.

It was our city's whole people that by an unselfish and
unanimous effort made that day memorable in North Caro-
lina for all time. Let us pledge ourselves in this "loving-
cup" which that patriotic band of Marshals through you
have so eloquently presented to me. Pledge ourselves and
our city that we will labor together continually for the
advancement of Raleigh, and that the Centennial organiza-
tion will maintain itself intact until it shall have wrought
a lasting memorial, in erecting a fitting monument to the
ideal gentleman whose name this city bears.

Now thanking you, one and all, for this costly and precious
gift, the outpouring of your generous good-will, let me say
that the desire of my heart is, that when a quarter of a mil-
lion citizens of this goodly Capital shall gather together at
the base of the tall shaft erected to Sir Walter Raleigh at the
celebration of a second Centennial, that the sons and grand-
sons of that goodly company may be foremost in the ranks
of the distinguished citizens of that day, and that this last-
ing work of art in its solid silver may be the token to them
of the courtesy and generosity of their forefathers.

After the feeling and eloquent response of the host the
party sat down to a magnificent dinner, the table being
exquisitely decorated in Raleigh colors, which w^ere likewise
presented to each guest in the rarest flowers, and the even-
ing that passed in delightful social converse will never be for-
gotten by the participants.

137

[From the News and Observer, October 20, 1892.]

We rise to suggest that when the publication of Dr. Battle's address
is made, that the volume should embrace not merely the prize poem
and Centennial address and Mr. Busbee's and Dr. Winston's addresses,
but also a poem offered the Committee on Poems entitled " Raleigh's
Dream," which is a production of rare power and high order, and should
be incorporated in the volume, together with a full account of the Cen-
tennial Celebration.

The following poem from the pen of Col. Alex. Q. Holla-
day, the distinguished President of the North Carolina Col-
lege of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, is such a tribute to
the memory of the hero whose name was bestowed upon
our Capital, that the committee of award, by special resolu-
tion, requested a copy of the same for the commemorative
volume, and for preservation in the literature of North Caro-
lina. C. B Denson,

R. H. Battle,
S. A. Ashe,
W. S. Primrose,
J. J. Hall, D. D.,
Committee on Award of Prize Poem.

THE LAST THOUGHTS OF SIR WALTER RALEIGH.

Through the barred casement ( f his prison wall.
In that great tower the conqueror built,
Sir Walter Raleigh looked, and snailed at the block.
And headsman grim, leaning on his dumb axes.
And while he gazed his thoughts found utterance:
"I have drunk life to the lees; all earth can give
Has been mine, enjoyed, suffered, to this last.
Much have I seen and studied; barbaric. men,
Strange deserts, perilous and wind-scourged seas,
Cities rare and gorgeous — chiefs and princes
Have hailed me brother and honored peer.
And here I stand a gray-worn broken man,
The murdered victim of an ingrate king.
Who shrinks behind his craven throne and dreams
That with another sun he shall be rid
Forevermore of fallen Raleigh's scorn.
But James shall make his pigmy boast in vain.
My breath is his to take away, but not my life.
He cannot blot nor blur my glorious past.
Nor with his small vindictive envy kill
My nobler part that did the deeds called great,
And made me of God's chosen spirits here.
9

138

He cannot shake my soul : he cannot steal

The bright jewel of peerless Sidney's heart,

The sweet companionship of Spenser's muse,

Tiie high commune with gentle Shakespeare's soul.

The trust and love of that great Virgin Queen.

Who now well may weep o'er England's shame.

To see this pitiful and puny worm

Creeping and crawling on her mighty throne.

His petty hate cannot kill nor long delay

The work that grew out of mine own heart.

To bring forth good for men when I am gone.

Even now my dying eyes look out beyond

The western seas, where far in coming time

Shall grow a commonwealth planted by my hand.

A fearless folk that brooks no tyrant king,

But in its own majesty, and sell-made laws,

Shall build for men a belter land than this —

A Slate whose sons marching ever in the race

Of freedom's fight in each succeeding age,

Shall lead the way for liberty to man :

A State whose dames supremely pure and fair,

Fit mates and mothers of a mighty race.

Shall bring to the shrine of triumphant love

The flawless pearl of perfect womanhoo 1.

■X- * * * -x- *

My heart is light: I do not die to-day :

I put off my flesh, a garment all worn out.

And lay it down with things unneeded more;

My spirit shall pass beyond the sunset,

To dwell with them that owe their State to me.

In a fair city that shall bear my name,

On far Carolina's oak-crowned hills.

Whose steadfast love of right and all things good,

Whose noble citizenship, shall rightly show

The inspiring power of Raleigh's soul

When Raleigh's bones are mouldered into dust;

Whose brave and gentle hearts and kindly hands,

Whose gracious manners, and high-pitched thought,

Whose pure homes, and altars duly served.

Honoring God, as I have served and honored Him,

Shall be the monument of my deathless fame.

DIGEST OF LAWS RELATING TO RALEIGH.

LAWS OF 1770, CHAPTER XXII.

An Act for erecting part of Johnston, Cumberland and Orange Counties into a
separate and distinct County by the name of Wake County and St. Marga-
ret's Parish.

Section I recites tliMt the large extent of said counties
renders it burdensome to attend the courts, general musters,
and other public meetings.

Sec. II. Be it enacted by the Governor, Council and Assem-
bly, and by the authority of the same, that after the 12th
March, 1771, the said county be divided by the following
lines (as given in the text of the address).

Sec. III. Courts to be held on the first Tuesdays in March,
June, September and December.

Sec. IV provides for the old Sheriff collecting arrears of
taxes.

Sec. V. Johnston County to be in Newbern and Wake in
Hillsborough Districts.

Sec. VI. Sheriff of Wake to account to the Southern Treas-
urer.

Sec. VII. Commissioners appointed to sehct site of court-
house, etc , to erect buildings, etc. (as stated in the text).

Sec. VIII. Justices of the Inferior Courts to levy tax (o
reimliurse the Commissioners for their expenditures in carry-
ing out provisions of Section VIL

Sec. IX Justices of Johnston County to try causes already
on docket.

Sec. X. Johnston to appoint four and Wake six jurors to
attend the Court of the District.

Sec. XL Only six jurors from Dobbs County.

Sec. XII. The Vestry of the Parish of St Stephen's, in
Johnston County, to be dissolved.

Sec. XIII. The Freeholders of St. Margaret's to select
twelve Vestrymen, and those of St. Stephen's to select twelve.

Sec. XIV. Appoints Joel Lane, John Smith, Theophilus
Hunter, Farquard Campbell and Walter Gibson to run
dividing line between Johnston and Wake.

Sec. XV. The Inferior Courts shall levy taxes for same.

Sec. XVI. The Royal Prerogative of Incorporation not to
be deemed impaired by this act.

140

LAWS OF 1791, CHAPTER VI.

Act to carry into effect the Ordinance of the Convention held at Hillsborough in
July, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight, entitled "An Ordinance
for establishing a place for holding the future meetings of the General Assem-
bly, and the place of residence of the Chief Officers of the State."

Section 1. Provides for electing nine persons by ballot of
both Houses —one from each District; a majority to select
the site within the ten-miles limit, and to purchase not less
than six hundred and forty nor more than one thousand acres
and pay for the same by drafts on the State Treasurer; to lay
off a town not less than four hundred acres, one-acre lots,
main streets 99 feet and the others 6(3 feet wide; to allot
twenty acres or more for State-house, etc. ; to sell and con-
vey lots.

Sec. 2. Five other persons to erect a State-house out of
proceeds of sale of lots, not to excee 1 £10,000 ($20,000);
Commissioners allowed twenty shillings ($2) per day and
expenses.

Sec. 3. The place selected to be "the seat of government
and the unalterable place of holding the future Assemblies
of this State, and the place of residence of the chief officers
of the State."

LAWS OF 1792, CHAPTER XIV.

Act to confirm the Proceedings of the Commissioners appointed under an Act of
the last General Assembly, entitled "An Act to carry into effect the Ordi-
nance of the Convention held at Hillsborough in July, 1788, entititled an
Ordinance for establishing a place for holding the future meetings of the
General Assembly, and the place of residence of the Chief Officers of the
State."

Preamble recites that a majority of the Commissioners —
Frederick Hargett, Willie Jones, Joseph McDowell, Thomas
Blount, William Johnston Dawson and James Martin — on
4th April, 1792, purchased of Joel Lane, by deed, date April
5, 1792, one thousand acres of land at Wake County Court-
house, and laid off a plan of a city of four hundred acres,
comprehending, besides streets, 276 lots of one acre each.

Section 1. Confirms report of the Commissioners.

Sec. 2. Plan of the city ratified and ordered to be recorded
in office of the Secretary of State.

Sec. 3. Names of Caswell, Burke, Nash and Moore public
squares ratified.

Sec. 4. As soon as the State-house, in Union Square in the
the city of Raleigh, is finished, the General Assembly shall

141

adjourn there, and the Treasurer, Secretary of State and
Comptroller shall hold their offices in said city, which shall
thenceforward be " the permanent and unalterable seat of
government of North Carolina and the place of residence of
the chief officers of the State."

Act for the regulation of the City of Raleigh. Ratified February 7, 1795.

Skction I. Seven Commissioners appointed (named in
the address) and made a body politic. Authorized to enact
ordinances for government of the city. Election to fill
vacancies to be held by the Sheriff of the county.

Sec. II. Commissioners to elect an Intendant to enforce
the ordinances.

Sec. II. Qualifications of Commissioners and voters pre-
scribed.

Sec. III. Treasurer to be elected for one yesiV by Commis-
sioners.

Sec. IV. Also Clerk during good behavior.

Sec. V. Tax not over five shillings on £100 of taxable
property (fifty cents on $200).

Sec VI. Provides for listing property.

Sec. VII. Encroachments on streets regulated by Com-
missioners; to be taxed.

Sec. VIII. Intendant and Commissioners to protect tim-
ber on public property.

Sec. IX. This act to be in force until January 1, 1797.

B}-^ act of February 21, 1797, the foregoing act was con-
tinued indefinitely.

By act of December 18, 1801, three more Commissioners
were added (named in the address).

LAWS OF 1832, CHAPTER III.

Act making an appropriation and appointing Commissioners for the rebuilding
of the Capitol, in the City of Raleigh.

Section I. Appropriates $50,000

Sec. II. Commissioners appointed (as stated in the address).

Sec. III. Plan of building: lower story, at least, of stone;
roof covered with zinc, or other fire-proof material.

Sec. IV. Authorizes stone from the State quarry.

Sec. V. Commissioners may pay the undertaker from time
to time by warrants on the Public Treasurer.

Sec. VI. Commissioners may appoint an architect.

I X D K X

A. PAGE.

Address of Kemp P. Battle, LL D. 1
Addi-fss uf Hon. Chtirles M. Busbee IKi
Addiessoi President (i. T. Winston, 120

Aldermen, Board of 106

Ashe, John Biiptist 33

Ashe. Samuel 33

Assistant Marshals 122

Atkins, Rodman G2

Badger, Mayor Thomas 132

Balder, Blake 78

Ball, Centennial 13S

Banking Facilities 100

Baptist Grove 65

Barringer, David L 60

Barringer, D. M. 60

Battle, Kemp P., LL. D., address of 1

Battle, Kev. AmosJ 6.')

Beiiehan, Richard 19

Bevers, Feudal .-. 31

Biographies of Commissioners for

locating capitol 25

Blake, John C 32

Bloodworth, James 27

Bloomsburg Square 12

Blount, Mrs. Mary Sumner 26

Blount, John Grjiy 26

Blount, Willie 26

Blount, Thomas 26

Board of Aldermen 106

Board of Managers, Committees of

the 107

Board of Managers of the Raleigh

Centennial 106

Bond. Southey 61

Boy Ian, William 40

Brag«<, Col. Thomas 41

Brickell, Benjamin 63

Briggs, John J. - _- 60

Briggs. Thomas H 60

Brookside Park 96

Brown Peter ^ 55

Bryan, Nathan 19

Bryan, Lovett -- -. 22

Burgess, A.S 66

Burke Square . .-_ 24

Burning of the State House ._ 37

Busbee, Hon. Charles M., address of 116

Cabarrus, Stephen 28

Cain, William _— 19

Cameron, Judge Duncan 35

Campbell, Farquaiti 19

Campbell, Jolm A 19

Cannon, Robert 32

Canova's Statue of Washington 36

Capital city, plan of the 30

Capital of North Carolina, the first

temporary — 13

Capital, location of 20

Capital, movement for a permanent 14

Capital, plan of the city 24

Capital, permanentjSite of and price

of land 23

Capital, sites voted on for — - 93

Capital, tracts offered for site of 21

PAGE.

Capiiol, building the new .,0

Capitol or Union Square 31

Casso's Tavern .. . 4.>

Caswell Square l4

Celebration, the Centennial 10(>

Cemetery, City 97

Ceinetery, Confederate 9T

Cemetery, Hebrew 97

Cemetery, Mt. Hope 97

Ceinetery, National 97

Cemetery, Oakwood .. 9T

Centennial ball 133

Centennial celebratiim 106-

Centennial procession 124;

Charities 103

Chief Marshal 122

Chief Marshal, presentation to 134

Christmas, William 24

Churches . 99

Churches, Centennial servicesat the 114

City fathers, the first 4i>

City indebtedness 101

City, plan of the 24

Cogswell, Dr. Joseph O 70

Colonial days, seat of government

of North Carolina in 12

Columbian address. President Geo.

T. Winston 120

Coman, James 61

Commissioners of location 19

Commissioners for locating capital,

biograpliies of ..- -_ 25

Committee of Publication, resolu-
tions of 5

Committee for building Capitol 19

Committee of Board of Managers— 107

Cooke, Mark 61

Cotton factories 101

Cotton market 102

Court scents in tlie past 77

Craven, Joiin 51

Crawford, Thomas 22

Cuhum, Robert .-- 61

Curtis, Miss Minnie May, Prize Cen-
lennial Pi.iem by 6

Daniel, Cliarles 67

Daniel, Elder Robert T 66

Daniel, Gen. Beverly 61

Davie, Gen. William Richardson .. 28

Dawson, William Johnston 27

Dean, Hardy . 22

Denson, Capt. C. B.; Account of Cen-
tennial Celebration 106

•Description of the new Capitol 41

Detaigney, Rev. Marin 67

Dickson, Joseph 18

Digest of Laws relating to Raleigh. 139

Drummond, W. S 41

Duels in the past 79

Eagle Hotel 45

Early Churches 64

Early History of Raleigh, address

on 1

Elliott, Rev. Charles P 66

Emons, Thomas 64

Ezell, John 22

143

•*. PAGE.

SPaeintres, tjanking 100

Paclories. cotton --_ ._- 101

Fayettevllle desires seat o( capital. 18

J<'ii'es ill tlie past 48

FireDepartnient 100

Kire engine, the first bought 48

Fireworlis 1^3

KuLiith of July celebrations in the

past 8^

Fovvie, Governor Daniel G 32

Freeman, Edward B 6ii

Freeman, Rev. George W 06

Gales, Joseph 52

■Gales's printing office 40

Gale-, Beaton .5i

Gales, Weston Raleigh .55

Gallows Hill 78

Gautier, Joseph R 17

Geddy, MissBetsy 7i

Glasgow Frauds 88

Glendenning, William 04

Goodloe, Uol. Green Clay 20

Goodloe, Robert 19

Goodwin, Samuel OS

Gorman, Henry 01

Government, the first city -13

Governor's reception 74

Grant, James 70

Green. Rev William M. 00

Growih of the city of Raleigh 46

Hale, Edward J 88

Hall, Rev. James 84

Hall, Rev. Ur. J. J. 13o

Harper, Robert Goodloe 20

Hargett, H'rederick 20

Harrington, Henry William 28

Harris, Edward 78

Hawkins, Governor William 84

Hawkins. Wyatt 19

Haywood, John— the Judge 49

Haywood, John— the Treasurer 49

Haywood, John Pugh 32

Haywood, Bherwood 00

Hay wood, Stephen 00

Haywood, Col. William 49

Haywood, William Dallas 51

Haywood, William Henry 01

Haywood, William H., Jr 60

Healthfulness or Raleigh 96

Hecliletield, Captain John 13

Henderson's Cavalry 84

Henderson, James 60

Henderson, Thomas 00

Henry, Louis D 39

Hill, William 52

Hill-borough Convention of 178S--- 15

Hines, Th(jmas 11

Hinton, Charles L. 41

Hinton,John 22

Hinton, Kimbrough 22

Hodge, Abraham 55

Hodge, Madison C. 22

Hodge, Joseph 19

Holmes. Gabriel 33

Hunter, Isaac— plantation of 15

Hunter, Theophilus .. 21

Indebtedness of thecit.y 101

Improvements in Raleigh 91

Indian- Queen Tavern 45

J- PAGE.

Jeffreys, William 22

•Johnson, Aloert 32

Johnson, Andrew 01

J(jhnson, Jacob 00

Johnson, Jolin W 31

.lohnslon. Governor Gabriel 13

Jones, I'aplain Alfred 60

Jones, Dr. Calvin , 52

Jones, Edward 19

Jones, Nathaniel 22

Jones, Redding 68

Jones, Willie — 19

King, Benjamin .S. . 01

LaFayette. Marquis De 37

LaFayette's visit to Raleigh 87

Lane, Henry .-^ 21

Lane, Jesse 28

Lane, Joel 21

Lane, Joseph 11

Lash, .Samuel 48

Laws relating to Raleigh, Digest of 139

Lenoir, William 28

Literary center 103

Location, Commissioners of 19

Lock, Matthew 19

Lot sales of lhl3 in Raleigh 34

Lot sales of 1819 in Raleigh 35

Lovejoy, J efierson Madison 71

Lucas, Alexander 00

Lucas, George 19

Lucas, Henderson 81

Lulterioh, Henry B 19

Macon, John 19,61

Mails and travelers in the past 80

Manguin, Willie P 81

Manly, Gov. Charles 32

Market, Cotton 102

Market, Tobacco 102

Marling, Jacob 06

Mares, James 44

Marslials, Centennial 122

Marshall, John 52

Martin, Gov. Alexander 24

.Martin, Janie^ 26

Martin, Nathaniel 26

Masonic Fraternity 01

McDowell, Gen. Charles 27

McDowell, Col. Joseph, Sr 27

McDowell, Capt. Joseph, Jr 27

McKee, James 61

McKeethan, Dugald 44

McPheeters, Dr. William 64

Mebane, Ale.xander 19

.Mebane, James 63

Mhoon, William S 40

Moore, Alfred 24

Moore Square 24

Mordecai, George W 97

Mordecai, Moses 28

Movements for a permanent capital 14

Nash Square 24

Newbern, seat of goverment at .- 13

New Capitol, description of the 41

Newspapers in the past 88

News and Observer 103

Nichols, Capt. William 38

North Carolina, State Bank of 62

144

p. PAGE.

Page, Rufus H 52

Pain, John 44

Parish, Charles 68

Park, Brookside 98

Park, Pullen 96

" Pastor of the City " 64

Paton, David 41

Patterson, Samuel F 41

Peace Institute 70

Peace, Joseph 57

Peace, William 32

Person, Thomas 27

Plan of the capital city 30

Polk. Bishop Leonidas 51

Polk, Col. Thomas 87

Polk, Col. William 50

Potterfleld, James 19

Porter, Henry 62

Powell, Dempsy 22

Presentation tothe Chief Marshal— 134

Prices In the past 81

Prinirose, W. S. 132

Procession, Centennial 124

Public amusements in the past 77

Public balls of the past 74

Public hangings in the past 78

Public schools : — 72

Pullen Park 96

Pullen, Richard Stanhope 59

Raboteau, John S 52

Railroads in the past 89

Raleigh Academy — , 67

Raleigh, addresson early history of, 1
Raleigh Centennial, Board of Man-
agers of 106

Raleigh, growth of the city ol 45

Raleigh, improvements in 91

" Raleigh Minerva" 55

" Hftleigh Register" _ 55

Raleigh, Sir Walter 29

Raleigh, .social life of early city of- 72

•• Raleigh Star " 60

" Raleigh Wasp " 88

Raleigh Volunteer Guards 85

Ravenscroft, Bishop John Stark_-_ 66

Rayner, Hon. Kenneth.. 50

Reeder, F H 82

Resolution of Board of Managers.-, 3
Resolution of Committee of Publi-
cation 5

Re.K Spring 85

Robards. William .„ 35

Rocky Branch, navigability of 16

Rogers, Allen — 68

Rogers. Ethelred - 22

Rogers, .John 44

Rogei-s, Michael 22

Roy.stor, David 59

Royster, David L ■'i9

Royster, .lames D 60

Ruffln, Capt. .lohn S 87

Rutherford, Griffith 19

Saint Margaret, Parish of 11

Sanders, Hardy 11

Sanderson, Col. Richard 13

Saunders, Romulus M 32

Schools — 99

Seat of government at Newbern 13

Scat of government of North Caro-
lina ill colonial days 12

Seaton, William W 55

PAGE.

Seawell, Henry 56

Services at the churches 114

Shaw, Matthew 61

Shaw, William 64

Silver Graj' Corps 48

Smedes, Rev. Dr. Aldert 70

Smith, Benjamin 33

Smith, Richard 59

Social life of early city of Raleigh— 72

Spaight, Gov. Richard Dobbs 36

State Bank of North Carolina 62

State House, the first built 36

State House, burning of the 37

Stewart, .lohn 60

St. Mary's School 70

Stone, David. ... 33

Subscription Assembly 75

Suburbs, the 104

Sugg, Joshua 44

Sumner, Frank 47

Sumner, Gen. Jethro 26

Sumner, Thomas E 33

Swain, Gov. David L 32

Taylor, John Lewis 66

Telegraphs 100

"Ten Mile Limit" for permanent

capital 15

"Tippecanoe, log cabin and hard

cider" celebration of 1840 90

Tobacco market 102

"Tornado," the old 125

Town. Ithiel 41

Township, Macadamized roads in. 97

Tryon, Governor William 9

Tryon's Palace 10

Tucker, Major Rufus S 58

Tucker, Ruffin 58

Tucker, William C. 58

Tucker, William H. H 58

Turner, Simon 68

Turner, Rev. William... 64

U.
Union Square 24

V.
Vasseur, M. Le 87

Wade, Gen. Thomas 18

Wake courthouse 12

Wake, Esther 10

Wake, the county of, formed 9

Water-works of the city in 1815 48

Wheaton, Sterling 61

Whltaker, Wesley 60

White, William 52

Wiatt, Col. W. T. C 86

Wiatt's Infantry 84

Williams, Gen. Robert 60

"William's, the five" 57

" Williams, the venerable Judge".. 19

Willis. John 19

Winslow. John 35

Wilson, Rev. Alexander 70

Winston, Joseph 18

Winston, President G. T., Colum-
bian address of 120

Yancey, Sterling 52

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

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Full text of "The early history of Raleigh, the capital city of North Carolina. A centennial address delivered by invitation of the Committee on the centennial celebration of the foundation of the city, October 18, 1892"

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