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EARLY HISTORY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA,
AS CONTAINED IN THE LETTERS OF
THOMAS JEFFERSON AND JOSEPH C. CABBll,
HITHERTO unpublished;
WITH AN
APPENDIX,
CONSISTING OF
MR. Jefferson's bill for a complete system of education,
AND other illustrative DOCUMENTS J
AND AN
INTRODUCTION,
COMPRISING
A BRIEF HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE UNIVERSITY, AND A
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF JOSEPH C. CABELL.
/
It > i 3
J. W. KANDOLPH,
121 MAIN STREET, RICHMOND, VA.
1856.
;V.eoV!.«*
h^'
Wa* ^»^-
ENTERED, ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS, IN THE TEAR 1856, BT
J. W. RANDOLPH,
IN THE clerk's OFFICE OP THE DISTRICT COURT OP THE UNITED
STATES FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OP VIRGINIA.
• • c
C. H. WYNNE, PRINTER, RICHMOND.
TO THE
VISITORS, FACULTY AND ALUMNI
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA,
THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED
BY THE EDITOR,
ON BEHALF OF THE LATE
RECTOR.
PREFACE.
A few words are necessary to account for tte appearance of
this work at this timej and for the connection of the present
Editor with its publication.
A Society of Alumni of the University of Virginia was fornaed
in 1838. At their Annual Meeting in 1852, it was suggested,
as a desideratum, that some fuller and more complete history of
the Institution than any as yet extant should be compiled, and
that the duty of its preparation might properly be assumed by
the Society itself In the discussion which arose they were told,
that the least known but not the least interesting portion of such
history would be a narrative of the early efforts which led to its
estallishment ; and that this could not be written without the use
of certain papers in the possession of the then Rector, who was
himself a principal actor in those scenes. The correspondence
between himself and Mr. Jefferson gave ample details of those
efforts, and several judicious persons who had been favored with a
perusal thought the letters worthy of separate publication. An
informal request to that effect had heretofore been declined by
Mr. Cabell, who thought that such a step would hardly be be-
coming in his life-time. On being again urged from this quarter,
he gave a reluctant consent, with certain provisions. Not all of
the letters related to the University. Some of them entire, and
parts of others, were either confidential or touched on matters no
Tl PREFACE.
longer of public interest. When these were separated from the
mass, and a fair transcript made of the remainder, as also of
certain other documents, both printed and manuscript, deemed
pertinent to the main object, something, he thought, was yet
wanting in the way of elucidation. This, Mr. Cabell had pro-
mised to supply at his leisure from his own reminiscences, aided
by other papers in his possession and the contemporary public
journals. Enquiry was occasionally made as to his progress, but
he had never found time for entering on a task which was rather
foreign to his then pursuits.
Feeling, at length, that he had incurred an obligation which,
if to be fulfilled at all, must be attended to without further
delay, he devolved the editorial duty proper on a friend, to whom
for that purpose he gave free access to all his books and papers.
Much time and labor were spent in examining these collateral
sources, but with no corresponding result. Frequent and abundant
confirmation of the statements of the text came under his notice,
yet little that was new. The deficiency will, however, be slightly
felt. The letters, for the most part, explain themselves. The
Editor has therefore, in general, limited his task to the humble
duty of explaining, by the use of notes or connecting narrative,
such allusions to places, persons, or current events, as would other-
wise be obscure or unintelligible to the general reader. Where
he has deviated from this plan, the reason will either be obvious
or expressly stated. The additional information contained in the
Introduction, it was also thought, might be not unacceptable.
Mr. Cabell's proposed contribution — in the form of Recollections of
his intercourse with Mr. J. on this subject — was postponed until
he was seized with the lingering indisposition which at length
proved fatal. The Editor, who had occasionally heard from him
characteristic anecdotes of Mr. J., cannot but regret this omission
on the reader's account.
PREFACE. VU
A few of the letters of Mr. Jefferson in the following series
may also be found in the two editions of his w'drks which have
already appeared; but not enough to impair the interest of the
reader in the Correspondence as a whole. He will also have made
some progress in the perusal before he detects any reference to
the University, which thereafter continues to be almost the sole
topic. This earlier portion is retained as serving to shew how
the relations between the parties grew up and were matured into
confidence, and will thus prepare the reader for the sequel. The
letters of Mr. Cabell, it need scarcely be said, were written with-
out the remotest view to publication; many of them under the
pressure of fatigue, or of other public duties, and with the sole
purpose of giving his correspondent the earliest or most satisfac-
tory intelligence of the progress of the cause which each had so
much at heart. They will be read, of course, principally for their
matter; yet will their unstudied character give them a present
and life-like interest which often evaporates from more formal
documents; and their style has been thought not wholly unworthy
of the association in which they will be found. Those of Mr.
Jefferson, it is believed, present certain traits of the patriot, and
of the man, in as favorable, if not a more attractive light, than
does any former publication.
July 4, 185G.
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Introduction, ....... xiii
CORRESrONDENCE, ....... 1
Appendix, ....... 379
Index to Correspondence, ...... 623
CONTENTS OF APPENDIX.
Appointment of Trustees of Albemarle Academy. — Mr. Jefferson ap-
pointed Trustee. — Meeting of Trustees. — Committee to draft
Rules. — Mr. Jefferson Chairman of Committee. — Committee to
manage Lottery. — Committee to petition for sale of Glebe Lands.
— Mr. Jefferson Chairman of Committee. ■ — Committee to select
site and enquire into plan of buildings. — Report of Committee. 379-383
B.
Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Peter Carr, on the plan of the proposed
Academy or College. — Mr. Jefferson had acquainted himself with
the organization of the best Seminaries in other countries, and with
opinions of enligh'tened men. — Great diversity. — Selects from
them all. — General survey of science. — Portion proposed to be
taught. ....... 384-386
Elementary Schools. — To instruct laboring classes in reading, wri-
ting, and arithmetic, ..... 385
General Schools. — For pupils destined to pursuits of science. — Two
classes of these. — Learned professions and the wealthy. — Divi-
sion of subjects to be taught. — Language. — Mathematics. —
Philosophy. — Subdivisions. .... 385-387
X CONTENTS OF APPENDIX.
Professional Schools. ~ For those destined to learned professions. _
Divisions and sub-divisions of subjects taught. - Grouped accord-
ing to professorships. • • . . . 387-390
c.
Petilion of Trustees of Albemarle Academy for sale of Glebe lands. —
Fo;- other endowments. — For change of organization. — For
change of name to Central College. _ Action of Legislature on
'^^ i'^"''^'^- •••... 390-391
D.
Act for establishing a College m the County of Albemarle. — To be es-
tablished at the site of the Albemarle Academy. — Called Central
College. — Governor to be patron. — Six Visitors to hold office for
three years, if they demean themselves well. — Chancellor of dis-
trict to judge of their demeanor. _ Visitors to appoint professors
and other officers, and to organize and supervise college. — Duties
of Treasurer and Proctor. _ Rights of Academy vested in college
and law establishing former repealed. . . . 391-39'^
E.
Meeting of Visitors of Central College. - A^^omt Proctor, Secretary
and Treasurer. - Select site. _ Determine plan of buildings. -
Lottery. —Subscription papers. —Executive committee appoLted
consisting of Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, James Madison'
and J. H. Cocke. _ Dr. Knox oflFered a professorship; salary -
Stone-cutter imported from Italy. - Plan of buildings. - Board-
nig house by French family. - Professorship offered to Dr Coo-
per ; salary. - Loan from Bnaks. - Dr. Cooper. . . 393-399
Report of Visitor, to Speaker. — Purchased 200 acres of land a mile
from Charlottesville, for $1,.518 76, as a site for the Colle..e -
Determined upon plan of buildings. _ When to be completed -
Cnn only endow four professorships. - Subscriptions. - Cost of
buildings. _ Salaries. - Offer rights of Central College to pro-
posed University.
F.
Subscriptions to Central College,
a.
400-404
404-412
A mi for establishing a system of Public Education. — Three Visitors
of Primary Schools in each county. - Counties to be divided into
CONTENTS OF APPENDIX. XI
■wards. — A school iu each ward, supported by inhabitants. —
Reading, writing, numeral arithmetic, and elements of geography
to be taught gratis. ..... 413-417
Nine collegiate districts. — Visitor from each county in the dis-
trict. — College iu each district built, and partly maintained by
Literary Fund of the State. — Subjects taught. — Number of pro-
fessors. — Salaries. — Tuition fees. — Organized and supervised
by Visitors, who constitute a body corporate. . . 417-422
University. — Eight visitors. — To be built and partly maintained
by Literary Fund. — Visitors to organize and supervise it. — Sub-
jects to be taught. — Salaries. — Tuition fees. — Visitors to be a
body corporate. ...... 422-426
One pupil from each county to be presented to Visitors of each Col-
lege. — Two to be selected from collegiate district at the end of
every four years, for admission to college. — To be kept five years
at college at public expense. — One of the two be sent to Uni-
versity, and continued there three years, at public expense. 426-427
H.
An Act appropriating part of the Revenue of the Literary Fund, passed
February 21, 1818. — Commissioners to be appointed in each
county. — Poor children to be educated. — To be selected by
Commissioners, with assent of parent or guardian. — To be taught
reading, writing, and arithmetic. — Quota of Literary Fund to each
county. ....... 427-430
A University to be established. — Commissioner to report site. —
Plan of buildings. — Subjects to be taught. — Number of profes-
sorships, and provisions for organizing and governing University.
— Endowed with $15,000 per annum. — Thirteen Visitors to be
appointed. — To be body corporate, to appoint and remove officers,
and to make by-laws. ..... 430-432
Report of Commissioners appointed to fix the Site of the University of
Virginia. — Met at Rockfish Gap August 1st, 1818. — In fixing
site, controlled by considerations of its health, fertility of sur-
rounding country and centrality to white population. — Lexing-
ton, Staunton, and Central College compete for it. — Last chosen.
— Plan of buildings proposed. — Estimated cost. — Advantages
of plan. — Subjects to be taught. — Objects of education. — Its
grades. — Advantages. — Tabular statement of branches of learn-
ing. — Admission to the University. — Age of students. — Pre-
paration. — General consideration of subjects of instruction. —
Xll CONTENTS OF APPENDIX.
Religious instruction. — Diet, lodging, government, honorary ex-
citements. — Powers and duties of Visitors. — Offers by compe-
ting sites. ....... 432-447
K.
An Act establishing the University, passed January 25, 1819. — Estab-
lishes University at site of Central College. — To be governed by
seven Visitors. — Subjects to be taught. — Salaries of professors.
— Duties of Visitors. — Incorporated. . . . 447-450
L.
Last act of Visitors of Central College. — First meeting of Visitors of
University. — Thomas Jefferson chosen Rector. — Seal of Univer-
sity. — Salaries of professors. — Executive committee. — Build-
ings. — Dr. Cooper. — Philosophical apparatus. — American cit-
izens to be professors, if to be had. — Purchase of land. . 451-455
M.
Meeting of Visitors. — Buildings. — Italian artists to be engaged. —
Dr. Cooper.
First report of Rector. — Names of Visitors, Rector, Bursar, Proc-
tor, and Secretary. — Dr. Cooper. — Buildings. — Opening of the
institution. ...... 456-460
Meeting of Visitors. — Messrs. Bowditch and Ticknor offered pro-
fessorships. — Salaries.
Second report of Rector. — Buildings to be completed before open-
ing institution. — Loan of $60,000. — Estimated cost of build-
ings. — Funds of University. — Building for library, religious
worship, &c. — Interest on loan. ..... 460-464
Meeting of Visitors. — Loan. — Engraving of buildings. — Duty
on books.
Third report of Rector. — Loan. — Actual cost of buildings com-
pleted. — Estimated cost of others. — Funds. — Indemnities to a
professor and a foreign artist. — Capitals ordered from Italy. —
Cost and style of buildings. .... 465-470
Meeting of Visitors. — Building for library. — Change in Visitors.
Fourth report of Rector. — Buildings completed except library. —
All to be finished before institution opens. — Funds needed. —
Religious instruction. — Cost of University. . . 470—477
Fifth report of Rector. — Building for library. — Funds. — Pri-
vate subscriptions. ...... 477-479
Sixth report of Rector. — Buildings nearly completed. — Eight
professorships established. — Distribution of sciences. — Francis
CONTENTS OF APPENDIX. Xlll
W. Gilmer sent to Europe for professors. — Purchase of books and
apparatus. — Funds. ..... 480-483
Seventh report of Rector. — Institution opened. — 116 students. —
Distribution of students among different schools. — Discipline. —
Purchase of lands. — Observatory. — Building for library. —
Claim against General Government, — Purchase of books and phi-
losophical apparatus. ..... 483-487
N.
Letter of Joseph C. Cabell to President Monroe, in reference to claim
of Virginia against General Government, for interest on advances
during last war with England. — $50,000 bestowed on University.
— Liability of United States Government for interest. — Origin of
claim. — Virginia invaded and United States Government unable
to assist her. — Efforts of Virginia. — Advanced $2,000,000. —
Re-payment not asked until close of the war. — Claim promptly
allowed 488-499
0.(a)
Bill for discontinuance of William ^ Mary College, and the establish-
ment of other Colleges. — Intended as a substitute for bill removing
college to Richmond. — Discontinues William & Mary College and
establishes nine other colleges. — Endows them with the property
of William & Mary. — Provisions for organizing and conducting
college. ....... 479-501
0.{h)
Communication addressed to the General Assembly of Virginia, by "A
Friend of Scieuce." — Provision for education of the poor and the
University result of compromise between the two houses of Assem-
bly. — DifiSculties about primary schools. — Fate of Mr. Jeffer-
son's bill for a system of public education. — Nothing done for
colleges. — Advocates establishment of colleges with the endow-
ments of William & Mary. — Cost of buildings. — Land. — Sala-
ries of professors. — Number of professors. — Amount of funds
possessed by AVilliam & Mary. — Other funds. — Objections to
transfer of William & Mary to Richmond. — Tenure by which that
college holds its endowments. — Objections to placing it under
control of Legislature. — To a hasty determination of the question.
— Mr. Jefferson's defence of primary schools and public educa-
tion. ....... 501-514
XIV CONTENTS OF APPENDIX,
0.(0
Letter of J. Aug. Smith to J. C. Cabdl, inquires wliether Mr.
Jeflferson wrote the piece signed "A Friend of Science. . 514-515
Answer of Mr. Cabell, avowing himself to be the author of "A Friend
of Science." — His reasons for writing it. . , . 516-517
P.
A bill for the completion of the buildings of the University and for
the establishment of colleges. .... 518
Q.
Present administration of the University. — Conformity to original
plan. — Few departures therefrom. . . . 519-522
INTHODUCTION.
The University of Virginia, which was opened for the reception
of students in the spring of 1825, has now been in regular ope-
ration for more than thirty years. The body of those who have
here received instruction, has varied with the state of the times
and other circumstances, but has, on the whole, progressively
increased, until for several years past it has exceeded five hun-
dred in number. Of the thousands who have partaken of its
advantages, many have acquitted themselves honorably in the va-
rious walks of private life; and not a few have been distinguished
in the public service of this and other States. With a popu-
larity already greater than that of any other institution of learn-
ing in the southern division of our Union, its capacities for use-
fulness have been recently enlarged and with improved prospects
for the future.
While these and other considerations have of late years excited
a renewed interest in its history, no detailed and connected nar-
rative adequate to the present demand has as yet been supplied.
The actors in its earliest scenes have nearly all left the stage;
the traditions of their doings are fading away; the printed docu-
ments which would illustrate these, have been dispersed through
volumes or pamphlets not generally accessible, and others of like
character have remained in manuscript. To the two latter classes
have heretofore belonged the following Correspondence and the pa-
pers appended. They are here embodied and offered to the public
with the view of meeting a supposed want of the friends of edu-
xvi INTRODUCTION.
cation in our country. They may not, perhaps, in strictness be
called a history of the University, but they do contain the most
material facts which would go to the composition of such a work;
and while it must be left to other hands to digest these into a
re<^ular form, it is believed that the volume possesses an interest
of its own, independent of the fact that it sets before us the
names and services of its more active friends during the era which
it embraces.
That to Thomas Jefferson the State of Virginia is principally
indebted for her University, is generally known. As one of his
chief titles to the remembrance of posterity, it is engraved on his
tomb. But few are aware of the origin of the idea, of the suc-
cessive steps in its realization, of the singular unity and tenacity
of his purpose in relation thereto, and of the length of time du-
ring which it was maturing. But few of his contemporaries were
apprised, and still fewer of the present generation have been in-
formed of the labors necessary to prepare the public mind for such
a measure.
The colonial annals of Virginia inform us that an University
was contemplated by the early adventurers, with a liberal endow-
ment of lands at least; but that the project, after an auspicious
commencement, was defeated by the massacre of 1622, which
threatened the extinction of the colony, and by other causes. It
was not until 1692, that the college of William & Mary was es-
tablished, which, having been endowed in part by public author-
ity, in part by private benefactions, at home and from abroad,
continued for several generations the sole seat of higher learning
among us. In that capacity it was eminently useful, though dis-
tinguished less for the number than for the character and attain-
ments of its alumni. The variety and extent of culture here
received were, perhaps, as great as could have been expected when
the utilitarian cast of the general pursuits of our citizens is re-
garded; though both of the former were outgrown in the progress
INTRODUCTION. XVll
of society before tlie r.eedful cliangos and additions were made.
It was probably owing to the peculiar constitution of that society,
and to the fluctuating character of our population, that scholastic
education other than collegiate, was left to private interest or indi-
vidual enterprise.; While a fortunate few received this part of their
discipline abroad, we learn also from reliable authority, that there
were a number of excellent classical schools within the colony.
And, be it said to their honor, that many of these were con-
ducted by clergymen of the Established Church, who, we may pre-
sume, were well qualified for this part of their function by their
education in foreign Universities. Mr. Jefferson himself assures
us, that the mass of education in Virginia before the Revolution,
placed her with the foremost of her sister colonies,* though for a
time afterwards it had much declined.
It was not that the importance of this matter was under-valued
by tho public authorities, who were well aware that the purity,
nay the life and permanence of republican institutions must depend
on the intelligence of the people. So early as 1776, a committee
appointed by the Assembly fur a general revision of the laws,
took the subject into consideration ; and Mr. Jefferson, who was
one of that committee, proposed a general system of education for
the whole State, including establishments of three grades; 1. Pri-
mary Schools; 2. Academies and Colleges; 3. An Univen ity.
The measure was not acted on until 1796, when only the bill
authorizing elementary schools to be established at public charge
was passed, and even that became inoperative from its execution
having been left optional with the county courts. f The attention
of the Legislature was afterwards and repeatedly called to the subject
by several incumbents of the Executive chair, in their annual
messages: as by Governor Monroe, in 1801, and again 1802; by
* See Letters CIV. of the following series,
t Writings of T. JeflFerson, I. 38, 40.
XVlll INTRODUCTION.
Governor Cabell in 1806 and 180*^ ; and still more urgently by
Governor Tyler in 1809 and 1810. In January of this latter
year, it was that the Literary Fund of Virginia bad originated in
a " bill to appropriate certain escheats, penalties and forfeitures
to the encouragement of learning." In a few years it had consid-
erably increased from these and other sources, since when its
administration has become a regular department of our State
Government.
The Revisers in 1776 had suggested the adoption and further
endowment of William & Mary College as tie University of
the State ; which would have rendered more appropriate the title
which it had before received by courtesy. An objection to this
was its locality, somewhat eccentric, and believed to be unhealthy
for natives of the upper country. It had, moreover, been ever
in the hands of Episcopalians, and by its constitution was de-
signed to propagate their system. To supersede these would have
been of doubtful policy if equitable, and yet to favor them at
public expense, would seem unjust to other sects. Mr. Jefferson,
however, in 1779, being a Visitor of that institution, effected a
desirable change in its curriculum of studies," the influence of which
has been felt to this day.
While Minister resident at Paris, he did not lose sight of the
cause of education at home. Letters of his are extant, written
from thence to several of his young countrj-men, offering judicious
counsel as to the course and conduct of their studies ;f while
others of his correspondents are kept advised as to the state of
literature, and the progress of science and the arts.f From the
* Writings cf T. Jefferson, I. 38, 40.
f See the Letters to J. Bauister, Peter Carr, T. M. Randolph, Jr., and
J. W. Eppes. Writings of Thomas Jeiferson, I. 345, I. 285, 11. 215,
325, II. 190, II. 180, and Works III. 145. See also the Letters to R. Izard
and Mr. McAlister, Works II. 427, III 313. Of the latter kind were the let-
ters to Bishop Madison, Dr. Styles, D. Rittenhouse, and Mr. Bellini. Wri-
tings 1. 328, IL 335, I. 257, 431, 326.
INTRODUCTION. XIX
former we learn, that, although of foreign Universities, he gave
the palm to Edinburgh and Geneva, the result of his observations
was a conviction that European discipline could not tupply the
peculiar wants of Americans, even if it failed to corrupt and per-
vert them; and especially that for Virginians a Southern educa-
tion was preferable to such as was to be had at the North.
Hence the necessity of removing the temptation to go abroad in
pursuit of such an object by supplying the means of its attain-
ment at home. On the failure of that part of his scheme which
related to William & Mary, he did not surrender his general
purpose as hopeless. There is reason to believe that from an
early period he looked forward to the ultimate establishment of a
new institution, in a more eligible situation, on a novel and com-
prehensive plan, better suited to modern society, and to the wants
of our own society in particular; untrammelled by prior engage-
ments and antiquated prejudices; and that for years he was per-
fecting his ideas of such a plan. And at one time there appeared
a hope of its early fulfillment. It is a somewhat remarkable fact,
that in 1794, owing to some dissatisfaction with the political state
of the canton, several of the leading professors of the college of
Geneva proposed to Mr. Jefferson to transfer themselves in a body
to Virginia, should the measure receive the countenance and pat-
ronage of the State. Mr. J. sounded the Legislature, or rather
certain of its leading members, through his friend Col. Nicholas.
The project was thought desirable, but attended with diflBculties
■which made it premature if feasible at all, and so was dropped.*
Still the principal object was not forgotten, and he was con-
tent to hasten more slowly, and in another mode. In January,
18C0, he thus writes to Dr. Priestly, who had come to the United
States six years before, and settled in Pennsylvania :
•* See Letters to M. D'Ivernoi.q and Col. Nicholas. Writings III. 309.
Works IV. 109, 113.
XX INTRODUCTION.
" IIow sincerely I have regretted that your friend, before he
fixed his choice of a position, did not visit the valleys on each side
of the ridge in Virginia, as Mr. Madison and myself so much wish-
ed But since you would not make it your country by adop-
tion, you must now do it by your good offices — one of which I
have to propose to you." After referring to the College of Wil-
liam & jMary, the causes which unfitted it for the chief semi-
nary of the State, he adds : " We wish to establish, in the
upper country, and more centrally for the State, an University
on a plan so broad and liberal and modern,* as to be worth pa-
tronising with the public support, and be a temptation to the
youth of other States to come and drink of the cup of know-
ledge, and fraternise with us. The first step is to obtain a good
plan; that is, a judicious selection of the sciences, and a prac-
ticable grouping of so.ue of them together, and ramifjingof oth-
ers, so as to adapt the professorships to our uses and our means.
[n an institution meant chiefly for use, some branches of science,
formerly esteemed, may be now omitted ; so may others now
valued in Europe, but useless to us for ages to come." • "Now
there is no one to whom this subject is so familiar as yourself.
.To you, therefore, we address our solicitations." "We
should propose that the professors follow no other calling, so that
their whole time may be given to their acaderiiical functions;
and we should propose to draw from Ev7-ope (lie frst iharac-
ters in science, hj considcrahlr temptations, which would not
need to he repeated after the first set should have p>repared fit
successors, and (jiven reputation to the institution. I do not pro-
pose to give you all this trouble of my own head : that would
be arrogance. It has been the subject of consultation among
the ablest and highest characters of our State, who only wait
for a plan to make a joint, and, I hope, a successful effort to get
the thiui>; carried into effect." Works, IV. oil.
Again, in February, 1803, in a letter to M. Pictet, one of the
Genevese professors, who had proposed the transfer to Virginia,
we find the following :
" I rejoice that the opinion which I gave you on the removal
* Italics are Mr. J.'s.
INTRODUCTION. XXI
hither proved useful. I knew it was not safe fur 3'ou to take
such a step until it could be done on sure ground. I limped,
at the time, that some canal shares, which were at the disposal
of General Washington, might have been applied towards the
establishment of a good seminary of learning ; but he had al-
ready proceeded too far on another plan to change their d.rec-
tion. / liacc still had constantlij in view to prujwse to the Le-
gidature of Virginia the esidblidnnent of one on as large a
scale as our present cirmmstances would require or hear. But,
as yet, no favorable moment has occurred. In the meanwhile,
I am endeavoring to procure materials for a good plan. With
this view I am to ask the favor of you to give me a sketch of
the branches of science taught in your college, and how they
are distributed among the professors Your successful expe-
rience in the distribution of business will be a valuable guide
to us who are without experience." Works, IV. 462.
In August, 1814, when, at length, success was nearer in pros-
pect, he says, in a letter to Dr. Cooper :
''In uiy letter of January IGth, I mentioned to you that it
had long been in contemplation to get an University established
in this State, in which all the brandies of science useful to us,
and at this da^, should be taught in their highest degree
But what are the sciences useful to us, and at this day thought
useful to any body ? A glance over Bacon's Arhor Scientise will
shew the foundation for this question, and how many of his
ramifications of science are now lopt off as nugatory. To bo pre-
pared for this new establishment, I have taken some pains to
ascertain those branches which men of sense, as well as of science,
deem worthy of cultivation. To the statements which I have
obtained from other sources, I should higlilj^ value an addition
of one from yourself. You know our country, its pursuits, its
facilities, its relations with others, its means of establishing and
maintaining an institution of general science, and the spirit of
economy with which it requires that these should be adminis-
tered To accommodate the sciences to our economy, it will
be necessary further to distribute them into groups, each group
comprehending as many branches as one industrious professor
XXU INTRODUCTION.
may competently teach, and, as much as may be, a duly asso-
ciated family ; or class of kindred sciences. The object of this
is to bring the whole circle of useful science under the direc-
tion of the smallest number of professors possible, and that our
means may be so frugally employed as to effect the greatest pos-
sible good. We are about to make an effort for the introduc-
tion of this institution." Wor/cs, VI. 371.
The germ of the University was an incorporated Academy,
authorized by law to be established in the county of Albemarle,
with funds to be raised by a lottery, and by private subscrip-
tion. The contributions from this source, when once begun,
having been both more spsedy and liberal than was expected, it
was enlarged by the same authority into an institution of higher
grade, known as the Central College ; and before either Acade-
my or College had gone into operation, the latter was adopted
by the State, liberally endowed and expanded into the seat of
science, now known as the University of Virginia.
As these several steps were probably both foreseen and de-
signed, it becomes a matter of some interest to trace the grada-
tions by which they were reached. The earliest mention, by
Mr. Jefferson, of such an Academy, as yet discovered, appears
in the following extract of a letter to a friend in Albemarle,
dated Annapolis, December 31st, 1783, which also throws a
light on the then state of education in our country :
" Just before I left Albemarle, a proposition was started for
establishing there a grammar school. You were so kind as to
tell me you would write me the progress of the proposition; on
my part I was to enquire for a tutor. To this I have not been
inattentive. I enquired at Princeton, of Dr. Wifherspoon, but
he informed me that that college was but just getting to-
gether again, and that no such person could, of course, be had
there. I enquired in Philadelphia for some literary character
of the Irish nation in that city. There was none such; and
in the course of my enquiries I was informed that learning is
ISTTRODUCTION. XXIU
but little cultivated there, and that few persons have ever been
known to come from that nation as tutors. I concluded, on the
whole, then, if the scheme should bo carried on and fixed on so
firm a basis as that we might, on its faith, venture to bring a
man from his own country, it would be best for me to interest
some person in Scotland to engage a good one. From that coun-
try we are surest of having sober, attentive men. However, this
must await your information."
It was not, however, until the year 1803, that a charter was
granted for this purpose, which was amended by another act of
the same or succeeding session. Still, from whatever cause, no
efficient action seems to have been taken in the matter until
the spring of 1814, when Mr. Jefferson, now again a private
citizen, was elected one of the trustees, and Peter Carr was ap-
pointed their President. A part of these early proceedings may
be found in our Appendix A. In the autumn of the same year. Mi*.
J. addressed to Mr. Carr a letter, suggesting a plan as proper
to be pursued by them in the beginning, and giving, in some
detail, his views of the general subject. As this letter was not
only published and widely read, but is believed to have had no
little iufluence on the fortunes of education in Virginia, it also
appears in our Appendix B. The promptness and liberality
with which the people of Albemarle seconded the trustees with
their subscriptions, induced them at once to essay the enlarge-
ment of their academy into a college. Another favorable circum-
stance was, that shortly afterwards Mr. Say, the Political Eco-
nomist, had intimated to Mr. Jefferson a willingness to remove
to Virginia, and to Albemarle — in which case Mr. J. hoped he
might be engaged as one of the professors, with other eminent
men whom he had in view as his colleagues.*
A petition to the Legislature for the further endowment of
* See letter XX. infra, and Works VI. 405.
XXIV INTKODUCTION.
their academy with a specific public fund, and for its incorpo-
ration as a College, was accord'ngly prepared and sent dcwn,*
with other explanatory papers, but from some cause was with-
held until the succeeding session. Mr. J. writing, in Janu-
ary, 1815, to Jlr. Cabell, who was then the Senator from his
district, commends the papers to liis care, and the subject to
his patronage, with this emphatic declaration : " We had always
counted on you as the main ^)///wr of their svpport." His
confidence was not misplaced. An act for establishing the Cen-
tral College was passed February 14th, 1816. |
The Visitors first named by the Executive, in October of
that year, were Thomas Jefi'erson, James Madi.son, James Mon-
roe, Joseph C. Cabell, John II. Cocke, and David Watson. The
8th of April, 1817, had been proposed as the day of their first
meeting. Only Mr. JefFerson, Mr. Cabell and General Cocke at-
tended. These three having examined various sites, which had
been proposed for the College in the vicinity of Charlottesville,
made a conditional choice and purchase of the present location,
which was approved and ratified by Messrs. Madison and Monroe,
at their next meeting, on the 5th of May.| Measures were im-
* The original has not bsen found, but for a synopsis of its contents, see
Appendix C.
f See Appendix D.
J These and other proceedings of the Visitors, with Mr. J.'s report of
them to the Executive, mny be found in Appendix E. It may here be men-
tioned, that contemporaneously with the petition of the trustees, given in
Appendix C, another petition, signed by 147 citizens of Albemarle, ■was
ottered to the Assembly, praying the passage of a law autlioriz ng a sum to
be rjiised, by lottery, sufficient for the purchase of the house then occvpied
by Triplelt T. E-'iles, in (he village of Charloitesvilh, for tlie establishment and
use of an Academy. This bui ding, then called "the Stone Tavern," is now
the older part of the Monticello House. This proposal, though favored at first,
was finally rejected, lest it might conflict with the interests of the College.
The purchase of it was left optional with the trustees, who preferred the
pie^ont site, not as being the onj most eligible, bat the be.st that could then
be obtained.
INTRODUCTION. XXV
mediately taken for the erection of suitable buildings, according
to a plan jjroposed by Mr. Jefferson, and the corner stone of the
first pavillion was laid with appropriate ceremonies, on the Gth
of October.* Additional subscriptions had been made in Albe-
marle, and papers were now circulated in other counties for the
same object, and with considerable success. f There was, also, a
hope of obtaining the funds of the Virginia Branch of the So-
ciety of Cincinatti; but in this they were disappointed, the pre-
ference having been given to "Washington College.
We have seen above that enlightened injividuals among us had
long known the importance of having a University in fact as
well as in name. The Legislature had now ordered an enquiry
on the subject, as preliminary to action. Mr. Jefferson was de-
sirous of having it located iu his vicinity, and that the Central
College should serve as its nucleus. This College had now at-
tained a vantage ground, which would entitle it to enter into
competition with other localities for the site. But were that at-
tained, very much would yet remain to be done. The influence
of Mr. Jefferson's name and opinions was great, but could not
accomplish every thing. He had not only retired from public
life, but, as he himself was well aware, there was yet remaining
in the minds of certain classes of our citizens, a strong feeling
against himself, indi"idually, arising from political or other causes,
which, united with local interests, might turn the scale; and he
*"We unrjerstand, that agree.ahly to appointment the first stone of the
Central College was laid, at Charlottesville, on Monday last, (the 6th,) and
that with ail the ceremony and solemnity due to such an occasion. The
society of Free Masons, and a large company of citizens, attended. The scene
was graced by the presence of Tbomas .JeflFerson and James Madison, late
Presidents of the United States, and of James Monroe, the actual President."
Richmond Enquirer, of October h)lh, 1817.
f The names of subscribers, with the sums contributed, will be found ia
Appendix F.
XXVI INTRODUCTION.
could no longer combat these opposing influences by his personal
presence and solicitation.
There were yet other and formidable obstacles to success. The
mass of our people, and most of their representatives, had very
inadequate ideas of the nature and requirements of such an in-
stitution. Virginia had already provided, in her literary fund,
ample means for its establishment; but opinions were divided as
to the proper direction of its proceeds, and the aid to be ex-
pected from this quarter might be doled out with grudging
hand, by piece-meal, year after year, according to the varying
temper and complexion of the Legislature. To enlighten the pub-
lic mind as to the need of an institution on a larger scale than
had before been known among us, and commensurate with the
growing wants of the community : to show how much we had
suffered for the want of it : to conciliate rival interests, or such
as thought themselves likely to be injured : to allay the bitter-
ness of ancient political animosities, and quiet sectarian distrust:
to stimulate the luke-warm, and encourage the timid politician :
to guide the willing and keep the friendly steadfast; all this,
and more must be done. Enough, indeed, there was to require
the co-operation of the liberal and patriotic of all parties. Nor
could this be effected or maintained unless some one would ac-
cept or assume the duties of a leader, the proper discharge of
which would demand a steadfast zeal and discretion not unlike
those of IMr. Jefferson himself.
As Mr. Cabell was assigned to this post by express invitation
of Mr. Jefferson, and the seeming concurrence of others, the rea-
der may desire to know something of the antecedents of one who
undertook the arduous enterprise, and conducted it to a success-
ful issue.
INTRODUCTION. XXVll
Joseph Carrington Cabell, the tliird son and fourth child of
his parents, was born December 28, 1778, at their residence,
afterwards knowa as Liberty Hall, on James river, in Nelson
county, then a part of Amherst. His father was Col. Nicholas
Cabell, a gentleman who engaged in the military service of the
State early in the Revolution, and at a later day sat during sev-
eral terms in the Senate of Virginia. His mother was Hannah,
daughter of Col. George Carrington, of Cumberland, several of
whose sons were also known as public men of the Revolutionary
era. Mr. Cabell's early education was received cither in his
father's house or at schools held in the immediate vicinity. His
instruction in the classics and sciences was also commenced here,
though continued at two other schools; the one on the northern
border of the county, the other in the adjoining county of Albe-
marle, and not far from the present village of Warren. In 1795,
he was sent to Hampden Sidney College; but this institution,
from the want of a permanent head and other causes, being then
in a depressed condition, he remained there but a single term.
In the autumn of 1796, he betook himself to William & Mary,
where he appears, from the first, to have attracted the regards of
the venerable President, Bishop Madison, in an unusual degree.
By his counsel and assistance, a comprehensive plan of culture
was laid down, and most diligently pursued; and in 1798 he
graduated with honor in a class, a large proportion of whose mem-
bers afterwards rose to distinction.
Having selected the law as his profession, he studied during
two years in Amherst, in the office of his elder brother, then a
popular advocate, and who afterwards rose to the highest seat
both in the Executive and Judiciary of Virginia. In the fall of
1800, be returned to AVilliamsburg, and attended the lectures of
Judge Tucker, then Professor of Law in the College. At the expira-
XXVIU INTRODUCTION.
tion of the term, he came to Richmond, proposing to complete the
course of reading preparatory in the office of the late Daniel Call.
He had been here but a short time, when his health, which had
latteily been delicate, suddenly failed, and all study was suspended.
A voyage to South Carolina, a winter's residence in Charleston,
and return by land, a visit to the Virginia Springs, and several
excursions on horseback to other jiarts of the State, were all tried
without material benefit to his health. Friends and physicians
now advised a winter's residence in the south of France. ]?ut a
late embarkation and a long voyage brought the end of February,
1803, when he landed at Bordeaux, and with strength so impaired,
that two other months were spent in recruiting, after which he
proceeded directly to Paris. lie remained three years abroad,
instead of one, as he had proposed. Much of the time was spent
in the metropolis or vicinity, and in the society of the American
Embassy, from the several and successive chiefs of which he
received the most kind and friendly attentions. He also tra-
versed France in various directions, besides taking the tour of
Switzerland and Italy, and a short excursion to Holland and Eng-
land. His health was not yet such as to permit a return to reg-
ular study ; but his thirst for knowledge being unabated, sought
gratification in the society of learned and intelligent persons, with
several of whom he was on terms of intimacy, as well as in general
observation.
Particular circumstances also seemed to direct his attention to
the subject of education, and the establishments provided for its
maintenance in those countries. Thus the winter after his arri-
val was spent in INIontpelier, where there was a University cele-
brated for its regard to the natural sciences. He here became
favorably known to more than one of the professors, and through
them to the savans and authorities of several of the Universities
of Italy; as at Milan, Padua, Rome, and Naples, at all of which
INTRODUCTION. XXIX
places he made some stay; the state of science and cducatioa
being a principal subject of his enquiries. While in Switzerland
he visited Yverdun, and on conference with the celebrated Pes-
talozzi, and examinatiun of his system, he was so much struck
with certain of his improvements in primary instruction, that long
afterwards he sought to have them naturalized in Virginia. When
in Holland and England, he did not fail to visit the Universities
of Leyden, Oxford, and Cambridge. While in Montpelirr he also
attended a course of lectures on Botany, which stimulated his
taste for the natural sciences generally, and the rather that, these
being illustrated by experiments or collections of specimens, some
knowledge of them might be obtained without a close application
to b oks, which was still interdicted to him. He accordingly at-
tended the lectures of Cuvier, Vanquelin, Thenard, and other pro-
fessors of the college of France, during the latter part of his
sojourn ia Paris. The recollection of these things, no doubt,
animated his zeal in after years when endeavoring to secure a
home for the sciences in his native State.*
Mr. Cabell left France with renovated health, the 18th April,
1806, and landed in New York the 18th of M:iy. After some
stay in this and the intermediate cities, he came on to Washing-
ton, bringing letters to Mr. Jefferson, to whom he was now intro-
duced for the first time, although he had cherished an hereditary
admiration for his political principles. The manners and conversa-
tion of his young countryman seem to have left a favorable im-
pression on the mind of the President, who, in the course of this
and the next year, made him various offers of honorable employ-
ment, both at home and abroad, all of which, however, were de-
clined.
-^ Several of the facts here mentioned, are referred to in the second Letter
of the I'ollowinK series.
XXX INTRODUCTION.
At the beginning of 1807, Mr. Cabell married in Williamsburg;
and during a temporary residence in the ancient city which fol-
lowed that event, an incident occurred, which, as it had a proba-
ble influence in hastening the advent of the Univcrsitj^, is not
unworthy of mention. A Mr. De La Coste, a foreign savant, had
proposed a scheme for establishing there, by private subscription,
a ihuseura of Natural History in connexion with the college.
Bishop Madison and some of the professors approved the object,
though they feared that neither time nor place was the most
suitable. Mr. Cabell, whom he had consulted, also doubted,
but thought that an efibrt should be made, and that if not wholly
successful then, it might serve as the foundation of something bet-
ter in future. He accordingly assisted in maturing the plan, and
applied to several of his friends for aid in the form of contribu-
tions. One of these, Mr. Isaac A. Coles, then private Secretary to
Mr. Jefferson, in his reply, writes as follows :
'■'■ If I could bring myself to consider Williamsburg as the perma-
nent seat of science ; as the spot whe^'e the youth of our State for
centuries to come would go to be instructed in whatever might form
them for usefulness, my objections would, in a great measure, cease.
But the old college is declining, and perhaps the sooner it falls
entirely, the better, if it might be the means of pointing out to our
legislative body the necessity of founding an institution on an ex-
tended and liberal scale. This is the point at which we ought to
begin, and this is what you ought to attempt ij you are desirous of
doing something which will he of permanent value. This would
indeed be an object worthy of your attention, and if the amelioration
of education and the diffusim of knowledge be the favorite objects of
your life, avail yourself of the favorable dispositions of your coun-
tymen, and consent to go into our legislative body. Instead of
wasting your time in attempting to patch up a decaying institution,
direct your eff"orts to a higher and more valuable object Found a
new one ichich shall he worthy of the first State in the Union. This
may, this certainly will one day be done, and why not now? Tou
may not succeed in one session, or in two, hut you will succeed at
INTRODUCTION. XXxi
last. If you ave disposed to think of this, as far as my little efforts
or means will go, you will not find me wanting. I would contribute
with pleasure to such an object, when I could feel confideut that every
little advance we made would not be lost, and that we should not be
dependent on circumstances for the preservation of any collection
which we might have it in our power to form."
He adds — " The President has been so engaged that I have had
but little opportunity of conversing with him on this subject; but
from what I have been able to draw from him, he thinks the attempt
premature."*
A peculiar intimacy subsisted between these gentlemen, origina-
ting in boyhood, and continued without interruption through after
years. We might infer, then, that such an appeal would not pass
unheeded, or be hastily dismissed as the effusion of too partial
friendship; and there is reason to believe that it was not forgotten
when the day for action had arrived.
Mr. Cabell entered the House of Delegates in 1809, where he
remained for two years, when he was transferred to the Senate, of
which body he continued a member throaghout the entire period
embraced by the following correspondence. During the early years
of his service, the foreign relations of the country were in a dis-
turbed state, and the attention of the Legislature was called to
subjects then deemed of more pressing interest than the endow-
ment of a new institution for the purposes of education. The
Literary Fund of Virginia, however, dates back to this era, and
Mr. Cabell was of the committee which was ordered to bring in
a bill for its establishment. f
* To a direct application of Mr. De La Coste, Mr. Jefferson made a similar
reply. AYorks, V. 79.
f Ordered, t!. at leave be given to bring in a bill "to appropriate certain
escheats, penalties, and forfeitures, to the encouragement of learning;" and
that Me-srs. Noland, Preston, Peyton, Stevenson, Johnson, (of Isle of Wight)
Claiborne, Jeffries, Blackburne, Stanard, (of Spottsylvania) Archer, (of Nor-
folk Borough) McCampbell, Laidley, Berkshire, and Cabell, do prepare and
XXXll INTRODUCTION.
We have seen above, when and how it was, that Mr. Cahell, on
the overture of Mr. Jefferson, was enlisted ia behalf of the Central
College, and thence of the University. The following paragraphs
from a paper drawn up by himself, pending an application for
money to complete the buildings, furnish a summary of events
relating thereto, and offer substantial reasons for an enlarged plan
and a liberal and prompt endowment :
Suasion 1815-16. The balance of the debt due from the General
Government, with certain exceptions, was appropriated to public
education. And the President and Directors of the Literary Fund
were required to report the plan of a University to the Assembly at
its next session.
In the course of the year 181G, thoy addressed letters of enquiry
as to a system of public education embracing a University, to literary
men throughout the United States.
At the session of 1810-17, the President and Directors made an
able report to the Assembly, with the answers of the learned men
annexed. At the same session, a bill containing a complete system
of native education, and embracing a University, passed the House of
Delegates, and was lost in the Senate. The bill creating the Central
College, containing the plan of a University in fact, but without
giving adequate funds, had passed at a previous session. Both these
circumstances presented the subject of a University fully before the
public mind. But to draw forth the sense of the State, when the
University bill failed in the Senate, at the session of 1816-17, the
pamphlet entitled " Sundry documents on the subject of a system of
public education," was ordered by the General Assembly to be
printed and distributed. The pamphlet was circulated through the
whole State in the course of the year 18 17.
bring in the same." December 15tb, 1800. Journal of House of Delegates,
180'J-10, p. 25.
Mr. Noland presented, according to order, "A bill to appropriate certain
escboats, penalties, and forfeitures, to the encouragement of learning." Jan-
uary I'J, 1»10. lb. p. 74.
Tins bill, though presented by another, it now appears, was drawn by Mr.
James Barbour.
INTRODUCTION. XXXIU
At the session of 1817-18, the General Assembly passed the bill
for the erection of a University, and for the education of the poor.
After lonif and patient discussion and investigation, it was decided
not to interfere with education, except in the points where it could
not safely be left to individual enterprise, viz: in the case of persons
too poor to pay for it themselves, and in that where the expense and
magnitude of the subject defied individual enterprise, as in the case of
a University. By the act creating the University, an enlightened
body of commissioners were called from all the senatorial districts of
the State, to recommend the best site and the proper plan for a
University.
In the summer of 1818, these commissioners met at Roctfish Gap,
and in a report, which has done honor to the State, and been ad-
mired over the Union, recommended a plan for the University,
embracing ten professorships, and the requisite buildings for the
accommodation of the professors and the students.
At the session of 1818-19, the Legislature located the University
at the Central College, and sanctioned the plan recommended by the
University commissioners.
This measure of the State was hailed with enthusiasm in the
States west and south of us, as well as from every part of our own
State. Every account convinced the Visitors that the number of
students would be great, if the institution could be promptly and
completely carried into effect. "Waiving other considerations, it v^s
deemed wise policy, in a financial point of view, to hasten the accom-
plishment of the scheme. The more complete the institution, the
greater the number of students, and the greater the number of stu-
dents, the more considerable would be that important portion of the
revenues of the institution dependent on free tuition. Consequently
the less would the State be compelled to pay in the form of fixed
salaries. The demand for professors of talents in the United States
is greater than the supply. Virginia, in order to secure them,
must offer all the advantages held out by other States. If she does
not wi>h to pay high fixed salaries, she must make up the deficiency
by fees of tuition, and this can only be effected by a completely
equipped institution.
Again the Legislatures of neighboring States are making rapid
advances iu the organization and endowment of similar institutions,
XXXIV INTRODUCTION.
and it is important that Virginia should get her University into the
literary market before them. From all parts of the State expressions
of impatience have reached the Visitors. Under these circumstances
the Visitors have pushed forward the buildings as fast as the funds
would admit. It now is to be decided whether the Visitors shall be
sustained in these views, by a further appropriation. That already
made is inadequate, and no one could expect it to be adequate. The
funds have thus far been economically applied, and a faithful account
rendered of all disbursements. A partial appropriation to a Univer-
sity, is like a partial appropriation to a canal or turnpike road. The
capital remains comparatively unproductive till the work is finished.
Without a further appropriation, the institution will creep slowly
along; will be stamped with an inferior character; it will be difficult
to procure able men as professors; the State will have to pay high
fixed salaries for them; the institutions of the neighboring States
will tower over the University of Virginia, drawing away the
crowd of students and the ablest professors."
The remainder of this history during the first decade from its
origin, may be gathered from the following correspondence and
the documents appended; especially from the reports of Mr. Jef-
ferson as Rector. From them also will the attentive reader be
enabled to judge of the part borne by Mr. Cabell, in this patri-
otic enterprise. Enough will appear, we doubt not, to corroborate
the voluntary testimony offered by a fellow-senator, to the value
of his services in the following :
Extract from Gen. Dade's speech in the Senate of Virginia, in support of
the Convention bill, session 1827-8. See Constitutional Whig of March
12tb, 1828.
" 3I>: Speaker, — I fear from a remark which has fallen from my
friend from Nelson, (Mr. Cabell,) I may have said something that
wounded his sensibility. If I did so, I assure him, and the Senate,
that I did not intend it. I would not wantonly assail any member;
and surely the gentleman has given me no cause. In the course of
the remarks of the member from Nelson, upon an amendment
offered to this bill, he said he believed his constituents wished the
passage of a bill submitting the question of a convention to the
INTRODUCTIOX. XXXV
people ; and although he was himself opposed, he felt bound to obey
their will. I hail the declaration as one of the soundest republican
principles; so long as it is cherished, our Commonwealth is safe.
The gentleman has since said, ' that although he admits that his con-
stituents wished the submission of the question, he was compelled to
vote against this bill ; having failed to introduce it in the guards pro-
vided in his amendments. In doing this he would rely upon his
country on this occasion, for the correctness of his course, as he had
done on many former occasions. It would do him justice.'
Sir, he deserves well of his country; his country will do him
justice or be ungrateful. I have served with this gentleman seven-
teen years ; nine of them in the Senate. I have witnessed his toils,
his exertions in the cause of literature and internal improvement. If
aught of good has come, or will come, of these two great objects of
legislative patronage, as I am assured there will, his country must do
him justice; his name is identified with them. If aught of good
proceeds from the University, the pride and glory of Virginia, the
member from Nelson cannot be forgotten ; for he, in promoting that
monument of wisdom and taste, was second only to the immortal
Jefferson."
Mr. Cabell was a Visitor of the University from the begin-
ning. He succeeded Mr. Madison as Rector in July, 183 1-, and
held the post for two years, when he resigned, Mr. Johnson being
appointed his successor. On Mr. Johnson's resignation in 1845,
Mr. Cabell was re-appointed, and continued in office until his
death, in February, 1856.*
It is proper to add, in conclusion, that though perhaps the most
active, he was not the sole champion of this cause before the
representatives of the people. In the following letters it will be
* After the close of this correspondence, Mr. Cabell served out his term in
the Senate, retiring in the spring of 1829. He re-entered the House of Dele-
gates in 1831, with the view of pressing the claims of the James River Canal,
and left in 1835. He was then elected the President of that Company, and
after continuing in oflSce nearly eleven years, retired to private life, retaining
only his connexion with the University.
XXXVl INTRODUCTION.
found, that be makes frequent, and honorable, and most gratefuj
mention of the services of others. If, in this connexion, the
thanks of p ^terity are principally due to Mr. Jefferson and Mr.
Cabell, it should not be forgotten that they had most efficient co-
adjutors; as Messrs. Watson, Broadnax, Samuel Taylor, E..
Morris, (of Hanover,) Gordon, Stevenson, and many others from
the East; and Johnson, Baldwin, Blackburn, and above all, a
Breckenridge from the West.
J8@^ Occasional references to each edition of Mr. Jefferson's Works
will be found in our notes; to that of Mr. T. J. Randolph as his
" Writings;" to that of Professor Washington as his " Works."
r!(>
CORRESPONDENCE
BETWEE!*
THOMAS JEFFERSON AND JOSEPH C. CABELL,
RELATING, PRINCIPALLY, TO THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, June 27, 1810.
Dear Sir, — I enclose you a letter from Judge Cooper, of
Pennsylvania, a political refugee with Dr. Priestly from the
fires and mobs of Birmingham. He is one of the ablest mea
in America, and that in several branches of science. The
law opinion which he mentions, I have received, and a more
luminous one has not been seen. It will produce a revolution
of opinion on the question treated; not in the present day,
because old lawyers, like old physicians, and other old men,
never change opinions which it has cost them the whole labors
of their youth to form; but when the young lawyers get on
the bench, they will carry Cooper's doctrine with them.* The
*What the particular opinion or doctrine here referred to was, cannot be
gathered from the context. On the receipt of Mr. Cabell's reply, Mr. J.
responded to Judge Cooper, and from that letter, which appears in his col-
lected ""Works," V. 530, we learn that it was contained in a report of the
case of "Dempsy v. The Insurers," which had probably been before Judge
C. in his court in Pennsylvania.
2 CORRESPONDENCE. [1810.
best pieces on political economy "vvliich have been "written in
this country were by Cooper. He is a great chemist, and now
proposes to resume his mineralogical studies; on this subject,
you will perceive that he wishes a correspondent in our State.
I know nobody to whom I can so advantageously commit him
as to yourself. My information in mineralogy dates with Lin-
naetis, and like other old men I have lost the ardor of science,
and permitted egoism to qualify all its pursuits. I add
another word to Cooper's question, '■'■mihi cut bono?" but at
your time of life I should have jumped at such a correspon-
'dent as Cooper; will you accept of him? You will be of
mutual value to each other. Would you rather begin the
correspondence by a reference to the enclosed letter and ask-
ing a more particular communication of his wishes? or shall I
desire him to write to you first? My answer shall be shaped
to your own, and therefore awaits it. Be so good as to return
me the inclosed, and to accept the assurances of my friendship
and respect.
Tu: Jefferson.
Mr. Cahell.
II.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Edgewood,* 2.3d July, 1810.
Dear Sir, — I have had the honor of receiving the friendly
and obliging letter which you wrote me on the 27th of last
month, together with the one enclosed from Judge Cooper, of
Pennsylvania, to yourself, of 10th of May; and I feel some
anxiety of mind least the tardiness of my reply to you may
be the cause of procrastinating yours to Judge Cooper much
longer than may be agreeable to you. But, as I did not reach
this from below till it w^as entirely too late to consider the
interesting proposition you have made me, and to write you
* Mr. C.'s residence, near the then village of Warminster in Nelson county.
1810.] CORRESPONDENCE. 3
the result bv the last mail, you will do me the justice to regard
this as the earliest reply which it has been in my power to
send you.
The selection which you make of me, among the numerous
persons to whom you no doubt have directed your looks on
this occasion, is a circumstance that does me honor; but it is
an honorable notice to which I am not entitled. And the
friendship which youdiscover in the style of your letter makes
the most agreeable impression on my feelings.
It would be very acceptable to me to enter into the corres-
pondence proposed with Judge Cooper: and doubtless as
advantageous as you suppose. But there is a siyie qua non
wanting on my part. It is a sufficient knowledge of the
science of mineralogy in general, and leisure to explore the
country, and make the requisite collections. In the first I am
deficient, and the second I could not promise myself with the
least confidence.
When I went to Europe, my health was in too feeble a state
to support even the effort of reading, and I found myself in a
situation that called for a new source of mental recreation and
improvement. There was also a chasm in the little circle of
science which I had commenced in America that was yet to
be filled up, France, moreover, presented to my view all the
branches of Natural History, under the aspect of new and
captivating splendor. These causes directed ray attention to
the natural sciences. I attended Mr. Delamethrie's course.
I traveled with Mr. Maclure over the mountains of Auvergne
and the Alps, and assisted him to make collections. I bought
a small cabinet in Paris, and a box of about one hundred
specimens of volcanic substances thrown out by Mount Vesu-
vius, The book which I read (and that only in part) was
Brochant's Werner. But my health was often so feeble,
and my mind was so occupied by an infinite variety of
objects, and, in short, my studies were so subordinate to ray
main object of traveling, that I found myself, on leaving
France, only in possession of some elementary notions and a
4 CORRESPONDENCE. [1810,
small cabinet of minerals, respectable enough for a private
individual, all of -which were valuable only as presenting the
means of future improvement.
It was never my object to aim at extensive attainments in
mineralogy, nor did I feel certain that my future pursuits in
America would afford leisure to indulge the feelings of an
amateur. However, I thought I would be provided for every
event, and brought my cabinet along.
Since my return, I have become involved in the usual pur-
suits of Virginians, and my mind has been totally abstracted
from Natural History. Instead of exploring the country and
adding to my collection, I have actually lost a portion of the
small stock of knowledge which I brought home with me.
Foreseeing the situation in Avhich I should stand for some
years at least, and not wishing to act the part of the dog in
the manger, I lent my cabinet of minerals to William and
Mary College, and my herbarium to Mr. Girardin,* not long
after I got back to Virginia. The time of the loan has ex-
pired, my situation is becoming rather more favorable for such
pursuits, and I think of bringing home my little scientific
treasures in the course of next spring. But judging from the
past, and considering the nature of my pursuits, and the pro-
bable consequences to which they Avill lead, I shall have
very little time for mineralogy. Ignorant as I am of the
science at this time, and promising myself but little improve-
ment in future, I should be unAvilling to enter into an engage-
ment with a man of science at a distance, which to be complied
with would require considerable attention, and many and long
journeys over the country. An additional reason is, that I
am already under similar obligations to some friends, and my
inability to comj^ly with them has cost me severe feelings of
regret. Under these circumstances, I have only to request
* At the time refejreil to, a Professor in William and 'Ma.rj College, but
afterwards removed to Milton, Albemarle, where he became the coutinuator
of Bark's History of Virginia.
1813.] CORRESPONDENCE. 6
you to refer Judge Cooper to some suitable character, and to
make you my acknowledgments for the compliment you have
paid me.
I am, sir, with the highest respect and regard.
Your obliged friend,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Thomas Jefferson, Esq., Monticello.
III.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
Monticello, January' 5tli, 1813.
Dear Sir, — I learn by the newspapers that a petition has
been presented to the Legislature by the Rivanna Company
praying an enlargement of their powers. As these are to be
executed wholly within my lands, and almost solely over my
property, and have not hitherto been exercised with much
forbearance as to the injury to Avhich they expose me, it be-
comes necessary, while they ask for power, for me to ask
protection from it. I have written a long letter on this sub-
ject to Mr. Philip Barbour, who Avas kind enough to ride over
the ground of their operations, and to make himself acquainted
with them. I have asked the favor of him to communicate
that letter to you, and I have to request the favor of you to
take the trouble of reading it, that when the bill comes before
the Senate you may be acquainted with the facts to which it
w^ill have relation. The object is to extend the navigation of
our river about four miles higher, to Moore's Ford near Char-
lottesville. Towards this I have given, and shall continue to
give, every facility Avhich does not go to a destruction of my
mills, which have cost me $30,000. Your situation makes you
the umpire between the Company and myself, and I ask no
more than that the Legislature, acting on full information,
may do what is just. Asking your friendly attention to the
6 CORRESPONDENCE. [1813.
case, and your care that it shall be fully understood by the
Senate, I shall be satisfied that ■what they think right is so.
Accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect.
Tn: Jefferson.
Joseph Cahell, Esq.,
of the Virginia Legislature, now in Richmond.
IV.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 12th January, 1813.
Dear Sir, — I have received your favor of 5th inst., rela-
tive to the subject of the petition of the Rivanna Company.
You may rest assured that I shall pay the most pointed atten-
tion to this business, and do every thing in my power to guard
your rights from invasion. I immediately held a preliminary
conversation with my friend Johnson,* after which I waited on
Mr. Barbour, and obtained the use of your letter to him, as
well as some explanations, which I have already communicated
to the former. On the part of both Mr. Johnson and Mr.
Barbour, I have discovered every possible disposition to unite
with me in doing every thing that may be agreeable to you.
This evening I shall wait on the delegation from Albemarle,
to converse with them on this subject. From what Mr. Bar-
bour tells me, I am happy to learn that no collision is likely
to arise between yourself and the Company.
I am, dear sir, with great regard and respect.
Your friend and ob't serv't,
Jos. C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
* Chapman Johnson, Esq., then Senator from the Augusta District.
1813.] CORRESPONDENCE
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 17tli February, 1813.
Dear Sir, — I have been prevented by business of late from
writing you respecting the fate of the bill founded on the
petition of the Rivanna River Company. The bill, as it came
up to the Senate, contained merely a proviso saving private
rights. Mr. Johnson drafted two amendments, one requiring
that the tolls should be collected at the locks, and only on
what should pass through them, so long as the Company should
use your canal; the other requiring that the consent of the
Company should be previously certified to the court of Albe-
marle before the law should take effect, and that in that event
the charter should last till the year 1840. I, exhibited your
map of the river to the Senate, and made a full explanation of
the subject. The amendments passed without opposition. I
had previously ascertained that the delegates from Albemarle
would be willing to exempt your own produce, but not that of
your customers, from toll. Our amendments, conformably to
your suggestions and what appeared to us to be just, from your
statement of facts, went to the exemption of your customers,
as well as of yourself. "When the bill returned to the House
of Delegates, one of your members from Albemarle moved to
postpone it to the 31st March, which was done. Col. Bram-
ham and Capt. Garth averred that the Company would never
consent to the exemption of your customers, and that it was
better to let the subject lie over till another session. Thus
ended the bill. I can assure you, that I have paid the utmost
attention in my power to this subject. Mr. Johnson and Mr.
Barbour have been equally attentive. The delegates from
Albemarle have expressed a willingness to enter upon any
arrangement that might be mutually satisfactory to yourself
and the Company ; but they differ with you in regard to the
extent of your claims. Provided I should be continued in the
8 CORRESPONDENCE. [1813.
Senate, I beg you to be assured of my anxiety to serve you on
this or any other subject in which you may be interested.
I am, dear sir, with great respect and regard,
Your humble servant,
Jos. C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
VI.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTicELLO, November 7, 1813.
Dear Sir, — As the meeting of our Legislature approaches,
and I shall be absent in Bedford from the 17th inst. to about
the 8th of December, within which period you will possibly be
passing, I have thought it best to inform you that the Rivanna
Company and myself consent that the bill concerning us which
was before the Legislature at their last session, should pass
verhatim as amended by the Senate. This was stated to me
three days ago, by Mr. Minor, their secretary, and had before
been expressed to me by Mr. Divers,* and that Colonel Bram-
ham's opposition at the last session was against their sense.
I consider this matter then as so settled, so far as respects the
parties : and I enclose you an abstract of the bill shewing
what we understand it to be. I have suggested two verbal
alterations in itj in red ink : the 1st, is to avoid making the act
extend their power, by a side wind, over the whole river, which
is neither agreeable to the title of the act, nor to the wishes
of the company, or the consent of the people either above or
beloAv their portion of the river ; the 2d, is to prevent the
demand of toll for vessels either loaded or empty ; which I
mentioned to Mr. Minor, and he assured me they wished no-
thing to be taken for vessels, but only the articles they carried.
I have not the least interest in either of these amendments,
and only mention them on account of their general propriety.
* A -well-known and opulent citizen of Albemarle, who took an interest in
this improvement.
1813.] CORRESPONDENCE. 9
I make no opposition to the duration of the act, at the same
time thinking it longer, by tAventy years, than the Legislature
ought to make it, and seven years longer than they have a
power to make it. This last assertion depends on the question
■whether one generation has a power to bind a succeeding one?*
a question which I think I have demonstrated in the negative,
in a late correspondence with the chairman of the Committee
of Ways and Means of Congress, on the subject of a financial
plan for the war. This, should you have the curiosity to enter
into it, I shall willingly communicate to you on any convenient
occasion. Should you not be passing until my return from
Bedford, I shall be very happy to see you here, and to take
that occasion for the communication ; and should you be done
with Say, I should be glad to receive him then, as I wish to
consult him on a part of the subject, and particularly on that
of banks, a very important member of the discussion. Accept
the assurance of my friendly attachment and respect.
Th : Jefferson.
Joseph C. Cabell, Esq., "Williamsbarg.
[The amended act referred to in the foregoing letter, with Mr. Jef-
ferson's alterations, in red ink, which are noted by being underscored,
is as follows : ]
A bill to amend the act entitled an act incorporating a company to
open the Ilivanna River, from 3Jilton to Moore's ford, &c.
§ 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly, that instead of the
tolls, &c. [this section goes on to fix the tolls].
§ 2. And be it further enacted, that it shall be lawful for the court
of Albemarle, &c., [after reimbursement of the company, to appoint
directors to take toll sufficient to rebuild the locks, &c.] and keep the
same in repair as well as to keep open the navigation of the said
PORTION of the said river in other respects, &c.
■^The°'s"na{e°'^| ^c it furthcr enactcd, that so long as the company afore-
said shall continue to use the navigation of the canal leading to the
Shadwell mills, no toll shall be demanded or received on their behalf,
*TLis question, which is referred to in the sequel, will be noticed hereafter
10 COREESPONDENCE. [1813.
unless tbe same shall be demanded and received at the locks which
now are, or hereafter may be erected by them on said canal, and shall
be demanded and received ""'[on'^vesrjil']"'^ passing the second locks.
All acts and parts of acts conuDg within the purview of this act
are hereby repealed. Provided, nevertheless, that nothing in this act
contained shall be construed to affect the private right of any person
or persons whatsoever.
''Te'^Se'uaVe'} This act shall be in force from [and after the time when
the assent of the company aforesaid hereto shall have been given by the
Directors thereof, and duly certified to the court of Albemarle county,
and there recorded, and shall thereafter continue in force until the
first day of February, in the year 1840, and no longer].
The following letter cf Dabney Minor, relating to the same
subject, is here inserted, viz :
Albemakle, December 30, 1813.
Dear Sir, — The Directors of the Rivanna Company, and Mr.
Jeiferson, are agreed that the law, as amended at the last session, in
the Senate, be passed into a law. Will you. Dr. Everett^ and Mr.
Garth,* attend and have it made a law ?
I am, dear sir.
Yours, respectfully,
D. Minor.
Joseph C. Cabell, Richmond.
VII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Williamsburg, November 29, 1813.
Dear Sir, — Your favor of the 7th inst., covering an ab-
stract of the bill respecting yourself and the Rivanna Com-
pany, did not get to Warminster till nearly a fortnight after I
bad left home for the lower country : and it was not until the
26th inst. that I received it at this place. This will account
for the delay of my answer ; as well as for my not calling at
'^ Delegates from Albemarle this year.
■-fc"
1813.] CORRESPONDENCE. 11
Monficello, on my -R-aj down, agreeably to your obliging
invitation,
I am happy to learn that the Bill of the last session, as
amended in the Senate, is satisfactory to the parties con-
cerned, and that it will pass through both houses, as a matter
of course. To the verbal amendments suggested by yourself,
in red ink, I presume, there will be no objection from any
quarter, as they only remove defects in the wording of the bill,
and cause it to express more accurately the real intentions of
the parties.
On the subject of the duration of ths charter, I can only
say that it was made as short as was supposed compatible Avith
the success of the amendments made in the Senate. Mr.
Johnson advised me to attempt nothing further. I am ex-
tremely sorry that I cannot see your reasoning on the general
question of the duration of charters, and the power of one
generation to bind another. I should derive great satisfaction
and advantage from such a communication ; the more espe-
cially as it would throw light on the path of my official duties,
in which I am desirous to move with all possible care and cir-
cumspection during the residue of the time that I have to act
as the representative of the district. The ride from my house
to Monticello would have been cheerfully taken for this object,
had I not already left home. I beg the favor of you to com-
municate this production to me, whenever, in your opinion, a
suitable opportunity may occur.
Though I shall not be able, personally, to deliver Say's work
to you, I hope you will not be disappointed in receiving it, by
the period mentioned in your letter, (Tth December), as I shall
take all possible care to cause it to be put into your hands by
that time. I brought it as far as Richmond, where I left it ;
and from which I intended to send it to Monticello, at the close
of the session. I feel ashamed of the length of time I have
kept it from you. Soon after borrowing it, I determined on
reading Smith's treatise first, which I did ; and then, in order
to understand him more clearly, I read him a second time ;
12 CORRESPONDENCE. [181B.
afterwards, I read Say twice, with the exception of a small
part. During these perusals, I took frequent occasion to
refer to small tracts on branches of the science. These
readings with my other studies and avocations, have filled up
the long space of time that Say has been in my hands. I am
much pleased with this author, and think he well deserves the
praises you bestow on him. He is more concise, more me-
thodical, more clear, and, in many passages, more correct than
Smith. His work approximates perfection more nearly than
Smith's ; yet, I consider it only as an approximation. On the
theory of money my mind is not yet satisfied, and I doubt
whether new views of that branch of the science are not to
' rise upon the human mind. My studies on the subject of po-
litical economy, are, however, in an unfinished state ; and
things may appear to me obscure, because I do not understand
them. This has been often the case in regard to commentators
on Smith, and the remark, I think, at least in some degree
applicable to Ganihl , whose work I have partly read. I
shall be happy to hear your opinion of this writer at a con-
venient opportunity.
I am, dear sir.
Very respectfully and truly yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
J/r. Jeff er so?}.
VIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, December 8tb, 1813.
Dear Sir, — I expected when I wrote you from Williams-
burg, that my servant would have come up with me from that
place on the 5th inst. ; but one of my horses being unavoidably
detained, I was compelled to leave him behind, and was conse-
quently disappointed, for the moment, in sending him on with
your books. I was only waiting for his arrival, when to-day
1814.] CORRESPONDENCE. 13
I fell in with Gen. Moore,* ayIio told me lie should set out in
the Charlottesville stage, in the morning, for the place of his
residence, and politely consented to take charge of the packet
and to deliver it to Doct. Carr,f on his way through that
place. I hope it will reach you in a few days. I return you
my grateful acknowledgments for the use of the books for so
great a length of time.
We have just formed the two houses, and are proceeding to
business. I think Governor Barbour will be re-elected without
opposition, notwithstanding the great discontents Avhich have
prevailed in many parts of the State.
I shall seek the earliest opportunity of conferring with Doct.
Everett and Mr. Garth relative to the petition of the Rivanna
River Company. As yet we are scarcely placed in our respec-
tive lodgings. I expect to see them in the morning.
I am, dear sir, with high esteem and respect.
Your most obedient,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
IX.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, January 17, 1814.
Dear Sir, — In your last letter to me you expressed a desire
to look into the question whether, by the laws of nature, one
generation of men can, by any act of theirs, bind those which
are to follow them ? J I say, by the laws of nature, there being
between generation and generation, as between nation and
* Of Rockbridge, sometime Senator of United States from Virginia.
f Dr. Frank Carr, a relative of Mr. J., and at a later day Secretary of tlie
Board of Visitors of the University.
X This opinion with Mr. J. dates back at least as far as 1789. In a letter
of that year, from Paris, to Mr. Madison, he states the principle, his reasons
in defence, and submits them to Mr. ^I.'s judgment. The latter intimates
his dissent in the modest form of doubts and queries. (Tucker's Life of J.',
14 CORRESPONDENCE. " [1814.
nation, no other obligatory law ; and you requested to see what
I had said on the subject to Mr. Eppes.* I enclose, for your
own perusal, therefore, three letters which I wrote to him on
the course of our finances, which embrace the question before
stated. f When I wrote the first, I had no thought of follow-
ing it by a second. I was led to that by his subsequent
request; and after the second, I was induced, in a third, to
take up the subject of banks, by the communication of a pro-
position, to be laid before Congress, for the establishment of a
new bank. I mention this to explain the total absence of
order in these letters as a whole. I have said above that they
are sent for your oivn perusal, not meaning to debar any use
of the matter, but only that my name may in nowise be con-
nected with it. I am too desirous of tranquillity to bring such
a nest of hornets on me as the fraternities of banking compa-
nies; and this infatuation of banks is a torrent which it would
be a folly for me to get in the way of. I see that it must take
its course, until actual ruin shall awaken us from its delusions.
Until the gigantic banking propositions of this winter had made
their appearance in the different legislatures, I had hoped that
the evil might still be checked; but I see now that it is despe-
rate, and that we must fold our arms and go to the bottom with
the ship. 1 had been in hopes that good old Virginia, not
yet so far embarked as her Northern sisters, would have set the
example, this winter, of beginning the process of cure, by pass-
ing a law that after a certain time, suppose of six months, no
L 291-8.) It appears, from the letters to Mr. Eppes and to Mr. Cabell, that
Mr. J. still adhered to his view. Yet, perhaps, is there no opinion of his on
political subjects which, at the present day, would be thought more open to
criticism tlan this. The objections of Mr. M., and others v>'hich have been
since suggested, would probably be regarded generally as conclusive. Most
certainly, if not believed to be impracticable and unjust, it has been ignored
by all our governments in practice.
* Hon. .Tno. W. Eppes, son-in-law to Mr. J., and then a member of the
House of Representatives of the United States.
f The letters referred to may be found in the first edition of Mr. J.'s Writ-
ings, IV. I'JG, 207.
1814.] , CORRESPONDENCE. 15
bank bill of less than $10 should be permitted ; that after some
other reasonable term, there should be none less than $20, and
so on, until those only should be left in circulation whose size
would be above the common transactions of any but merchants.
This would ensure to us an ordinary circulation of metallic
money, and AYOuld reduce the quantum of paper within the
bounds of moderate mischief; and it is the only way in which
the reduction can be made without a shock to private fortunes.
A sudden stoppage of this trash, either by law or its own
worthlessness, would produce confusion and ruin. Yet this
will happen by its own extinction, if left to itself; whereas,
by a salutary interposition of the Legislature, it may be with-
drawn insensibly and safely. Such a mode of doing it, too,
would give less alarm to the bank holders, the discreet part of
whom must wish to see themselves secured by some circum-
scription. It might be asked, what we should do for change?
The banks must provide it; first, to pay off their $5 bills,
next their $10 do., and so on; and they ought to provide it to
lessen the evils of their institution; but I now give up all
hope. After producing the same revolutions in private for-
tunes as the old Continental paper did, it will die like that,
adding a total incapacity to raise resources for the war.*
Withdrawing myself within the shell of our own Stute, I
have long contemplated the division of it into hundreds or
wards, f as the most fundamental measure for securing good
government, and for instilling the principles and exercise of
* We need not say that this prediction was not fulPlled ; nor otliers of a
similar strain in future letters. Mr. C, -writing in 1851, says: "On re-
pcrusing these letters, at this day, I am strongly impressed by the great
mistake in regard to the total ruin of all the American banks in a very short
time; also, as to the impracticability of currying on the war witiiout the sub-
stitution of treasury notes fjr bank paper; and the same errors in reference
to banks and currency in this State, where those institutions furnished the
means of carrying on the war in the State of Virginia, when every other
resource had failed." The banking system of Virginia, under the limitation?
prescribed by experience, has, on the wliole, proved eminently successful and
useful to the community.
f See note on page 18.
16 CORRESPONDENCE. [1814.
self government into every fibre of every member of our Com-
monwealth. But the details are too long for a letter, and
must be the subject of conversation, whenever I shall have the
pleasure of seeing you. It is for some of you young legisla-
tors to immortalize yourselves by laying this stone as the basis
of our political edifice.
I must ask the favor of an early return of the enclosed
papers, of which I have no copy.
Ever afiectionately yours,
Jos. C. Cabell, Esq.
Th: Jefferson.
X.
J. c. c. to T. J.
Richmond, 23(1 January, 1814.
Dear Sir, — The last mail from Charlottesville brought me
your letter of 17th inst., accompanied by your three letters to
Mr. Eppes, on the subject of the ways and means of carrying
on the war. Accept, I beseech you, my most sincere thanks
for the communication of these papers, which, from the hasty
perusal I have given them, already promise me a fund of valu-
able and highly interesting matter. I shall observe your
injunctions in regard to the use of them, and the time during
which they may remain in my possession. They have come
too late to produce any effect on the principal proceedings of
our session in regard to banks. The day the packet reached
me, the Senate voted for the bill augmenting the capital and
extending the charter of the Bank of Virginia. I was desirous
to reduce the increased capital from one million to half a mil-
lion of dollars, but could not prevail. I have, however, brought
myself under the lash of your censure, by voting for this
measure. I have thus voted from a wish, through the instru-
mentality of the Bank, to aid the State in the prosecution of
1814.] CORRESPONDENCE. 17
the war. I have, of late years, come into the opinion of a
limited, well regulated system of banking in Virginia, not so
much from any fondness I have for the system in the abstract,
as that I regard it as a sort of defensive system, imposed on
us by the circumstance of our being a member of a confede-
racy, the other members of which have surrounded us with
banks. In the language of the mountain hunters, "I am for
firing against their fire." You have opened a vast horizon to
my view. Indeed, sir, I most sincerely and heartily thank
you for the high gratification you have given me in the perusal
of these letters. A bill for the establishment of a small bank
at Wheeling will probably come up to the Senate in a few
days. On that occasion I shall avail myself of some of your
ideas. I cannot now go into this subject, but will be extremely
happy to resume it in conversation at a future day.
You would add greatly to the obligations already conferred
on me, if you would inform me, by letter, what is your opinion
in regard to the question, "whether the Legislature of a State
has a right, under the Federal Constitution, to restrict the
residence of a member of the House of Representatives to the
district by which he is chosen?" And if your opinion should
be in favor of the right, you would add greatly to the favor by
stating the principal reasons on which your opinion is founded.
This subject was agitated in the Assembly last winter ; the
Senate and the House of Delegates were opposed to each
other on the question. I voted with the majority of the
Senate against the right of the Legislature. A review of my
opinion leaves me in some doubt as to its correctness. The
subject is now before the House of Delegates, and probably it
will be two weeks before the upper house will be called upon
to vote on it. I should be much pleased to hear from you
before the vote is taken ; and should it be your desire that
your letter should not be used, I will consider it a duty to hold
it from the view of others.
The bill respecting the Rivanna River Company, is now pro-
gressing through the Lower House. It contains the verbal
18 CORRESPONDENCE. [1814.
alterations you suggested. The assembly will rise about the
middle or 20th of February.
I am, dear sir,
Very truly and sincerely yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
I shall be happy to learn your reasons for dividing the State
into hundreds or wards. Mr. Coles mentioned this subject to
me some years age, but without stating the various considera-
tions in favor of the measure.*
I sent your books to you hj General Moore, at the com-
mencement of the session, and hope they arrived safe and in a
few days after they left this.
* The memory of the ■writer is here at fault. From a letter of Col. Coles,
then Private Secretary of Mr. Jefferson as President, addressed to Mr. Cabell,
and dated July 17th, 1807, we ofi'er the following extract: "I have been
lately thinking on a subject of some importance, and which I wi^h much
to see treated by you in an es.'iay addressed to Ike Virginia Legislature. It is
the township division of the New England States to which I allude. Our di-
vision into counties is certainly much too large, and attended ^vith a tliousand
inconveniences. The division into townships or hundreds might very easily
be made in Virginia, if in forming them we would follow the bounds of the
militia companies, which are already well known and which exist in every
county in the State. Each hundred should be a little republic within the re-
public of the county. Each hundred should regulate its own poLce, should
Lave a magistrate to try warrants, &c., hold ekctions, at which the most aged
and infirm miglit attend, should 2:>rovidc for its own poor, establish a public
school, to which even the most indigent might send their children, should an-
nually select a juryman who, with those selected by the diiferent hundreds
throughout tlie State, might be distributed by lot or otherwise among the su-
perior and inferior courts, so as to provide a sufBcient number for each. In
this way the elective principle would be introduced into every department of
the government, and an independent and impartial jury might always be had,
which, under our present system, must depend entirely on the character of
the marshal or sheriff. Th-^ people, too, of each hundieJ, becoming familiar
with the transaction of business, when summoned together on an occasion of
emergency, wouM act with promptitude and force, which the particular ehar-
flc^cr of a part of our population Avill rer.der the more valuable. Each hun-
dred — but it is for you to p ;int out the advantages that would result from a
system which I only suggest for your consideration." The case in its behalf
is well put by both its advocates ; but the argument is not wholly on one side,
1814.] CORRESPONDENCE. 19
XI.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, January 31, 1814.
Dear Sir, — Your favor of the 2.3d is received. Say had
come to hand safely, but I regretted having asked the return
of him, for I did not find in him one new idea on the subject
I had been contemplating; nothing more than a succinct, judi-
cious digest of the tedious pages of Smith.
You ask my opinion on the question whether the States can
add any qualifications to those which the Constitution has pre-
scribed for their members of Congress? It is a question I had
never before reflected on ; yet had taken up an ofi'-hand opin-
ion, agreeing with your first, that they could not ; that to add
new qualifications to those of the Constitution, would be as
much an alteration as to detract from them. And sb I think
the House of Representatives of Congress decided in some
case ; I believe that of a member from Baltimore. But your let-
ter having induced me to look ivitj the Constitution, and to con-
sider the question a little, I am again in your predicament of
doubting the correctness of my first opinion. Had the Consti-
tution been silent, nobody can doubt but that the right to pre-
scribe all the qualifications and disqualifications of those they
would send to represent them would have belonged to the
State. So also the Constitution might have prescribed the
as may be seen in Tucker's Life of Jefferson, 11., 352-5. To which it may be
added that the division into hundreds was tried in the infancy of Virginia as
a colony, and afterwards laid aside. Experience had probably shown that it
was less suited to that peculiar constitution of society, which grew out of the
presence of the very population to which Col. Coles alludes. It may well be
questioned also, whether the frc quent attendance of the people at the ward
meetings, would not materially interfere with the periodic and more general
assemblage of citizens at their county courts — the manifold adv.cnta"cs of
which have been so generally rccoguized, anJ which have contributed so much
to the formation of the peculiar cluiracter of our State. Such has already
been the effect of the division of the counties into districts, for electoral and
other purposes, ordered by the new Coris'ilution of Virginia.
20 CORRESPONDENCE. [1814.
whole, and excluded all others. It seems to have preferred
the middle way. It has exercised the power in part, by de-
claring some disqualifications, to wit: those of not being 25
years of age, of not having been a citizen 7 years, and of not
being an inhabitant of the State at the time of election ; but
it does not declare itself that the member shall not be a luna-
tic, pauper, a convict of treason, of murder, of felony, or other
infamous crime, or a non-resident of his district ; nor does it
prohibit to the State the power of declaring these or any other
disqualifications, which its particular circumstances may call
for ; and these may be different in diff'erent States. Of course
then, by the 10th amendment, the power is reserved to the
State. If, whenever the Constitution assumes a single power
out of many which belong to the same subject, we should con-
.sider it as assuming the whole, it would vest the general gov-
ernment with a mass of powers never contemplated. On the
t*Ontrary, the assumption of particular powers seems an exclu-
sion of ^^^ ^^^ assumed. This reasoning seems to me to be
sound • but on so recent a change of view, caution requires us
not to be too c-^nfident; and that we admit this to be one of
the doubtful questions on which honest men may diff'er with
the purest motives ; anu the more readily as we find we have
fliffered from ourselves on it.
*^ I have always thought that where the line of demarkatlon
'hctwrnn ^^^ powers of the General and State governments was
doubbfu'l!%- Pi' indistinctly drawn, it would be prudent and
'praiseworthy, in both parties, never to approach it but under
%e i^iost urge»-t necessity. Is the necessity now urgent to de-
'yiarBthfit no .no,a-^-<e.8ident of his district shall be eligible as a
inerab.er of Congress f It seems to mo that, in practice, the
partialities of the people ,^re a sufficient security against such
an election; and that if iri any instance they should ever
choose a non-resident, it ipust h& in one of such eminent merit
and qualifications, as would make It a good, rather than an
evil ; and that in any event the ejfamples will be so rare, as
never to amount to a serious evil. If the case then be neither
1814.] CORRESrONDENCE. 21
clear nor urgent, would it not be better to let it lie undis-
turbed ? Perhaps its decision may never be called for. But
if it be indispensable to establish this disqualification now,
would it not look better to declare such others, at the same
time, as nay be proper ? I frankly confide to yourself these
opinions, or rather no opinions, of mine ; but would not wish
them to go any further. I want to be quiet ; and although
some circumstances now and tlicn excite me to notice them, I
feel safe and happier in leaving every thing to those whose
turn it is to take care of them ; and in general to let it be un-
derstood that I meddle little, or not at all with public affairs.
There are two subjects indeed which I shall claim a right to
further as long as I breathe, the public education and the sub-
division of the counties into wards. I consider the continu-
ance of republican government as absolutely hanging on these
two hooks. Of the first, you will, I am sure, be an advocate,
as having already reflected on it ; and of the last when you
shall have reflected.
Ever affectionately yours,
Joseph C. Cabell, Esq.
Tn: Jefferson.
XII.
J, C. C. TO T. J.
/
RiCHiMONT), February 5tb, 1814.
Dear Sir, — Your favor of 31st ult. has come to hand, and
I am happy to learn from it that your books arrived in safety.
The free communication of your opinion upon the subject of
the alleged right of the General Assembly to annex additional
qualifications to the members of the House of Representatives
of Congress, places me under great obligations. Your letter
did not get to hand before the subject was acted on in the
Senate ; yet it serves to satisfy my mind the more perfectly as
to the course which I took on the occasion. I held the bill
back as long as possible, in order to have time to get an an-
swer from yourself, as well as to obtain some facts for which I
22 CORRESPONDENCE. [1814.
had written to Washington. But the House grovving every
day thinner hy the withdrawing of memhers, and the majority
of the last year being urgent that the decision of the House
should not he reversed by the accidental composition of the
House at the moment of taking the question, I reported the
bill, qnd informed the body that I should vote as I had voted
the last year, because I still doubted the constitutional power
of the General Assembly to pass the bill ; but that these
doubts had, in a considerable degree, been removed, and per-
haps might have been entirely dissipated, if I could have con-
tinued my investigation a few days longer. At the same time
I expressly reserved to myself the right of changing the vote I
then gave, should the subject again be brought to the view of
the Senate. It was admitted on both sides, that the subject
was too important, and the period of the session too advanced
to admit of its being then fairly and definitively disposed of,
and it was agreed on both sides that the bill should be post-
poned, with a distinct understanding that it might be resumed
Avith the consent of the House of Delegates, at a future ses-
sion, as if no such postponement had taken place. On this
safe ground the subject now stands. It will probably give rise
to considerable discussion next winter. Should it not be disa-
greeable to you, I should be infinitely indebted to you for any
further views you may take of the subject at any time during
the year. Your repose shall not be disturbed by an improper
communication of your name, in connection with this or any
other subject, on which you may favor me with information.
My object is to be useful to my country in the station which I
occupy; and in availing myself, occasionally, of your valuable
aid, it would be highly improper to disturb the tranquility of
your retirement.
I have had the pleasure of seeing Col. Randolph,* from
whom I learn that you arc anxious to know the fate of the
Rivanna Bill. I was about to write you on that subject when
* Col. Tliomas Mann Randolph, son-iu-law of Mr. Jefferson, and afterwards
Governor of Virurinia.
1814.] CORRESPONDENCE. 23
he came to town. The bill passed the two Houses a few days
ago, in the shape agreed upon by yourself and Mr. Minor, in-
cluding the two verbal alterations which were suggested by
yourself, and not objected to by the delegates from Albemarle.
The reason of the bill's not being sooner acted upon is this:
Dr. Everett expected that communications from the parties
concerned might be addressed directly to himself and Mr.
Garth, and to give time for that expectation to be fulfilled, I
agreed that the bill might be detained in the House of Dele-
gates as long as possible. At length he consented to take the
letters addressed by you and Mr. Minor to myself, as his
authority, and then the bill passed into a law, as soon as the
forms of the two Houses would permit. I congratulate you on
being now exonerated from the trouble and vexation which this
subject has given you.
It was my wish to send by Col. Randolph the papers on the
subject of finance you were so kind as to lend me; but occu-
pied as I am in the business of the Assembly, I cannot digest
them as thoroughly as I could desire. I shall therefore take
the liberty of keeping them in my possession, for about two
weeks after the rising of the Assembly. I will send them to
you by the 20th Februaiy, or at latest, by the 1st of March.
If you should require them sooner, they shall be immediately
forwarded. I avail myself of some of your facts and reason-
ing in a discussion in the Senate on the subject of a small
bank at Wheeling, which excited considerable interest, as it
was contended on one side and admitted on the other, that if
this bill should pass, it would be the commencement of the
system of covering our State with small banks. The bill fell
by an equal division of the Senate.
On the subject of education, and the division of the State
into wards, I shall be much pleased to communicate with you
at some future period of leisure.
With highest regard,
Your friend and humble servant,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Ji'fferson.
24: CORRESPONDENCE. [1814.
XIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Caktsbrook,* 6th March, 1814.
Dear Sir, — I have got thus far on my way home, and in-
trust to the neighboring post-office your letters on finance,
which I hope will safely reach you. I must beg your pardon
for having detained them longer than the period of my engage-
ment. My private business in the lower country took up much
more time than I had anticipated, and I was compelled to keep
your letters thus long in order thoroughly to digest them. I
have read them many times over, and most sincerely thank
you for the perusal. The principal topics will form subjects of
reflection for me during the residue of the year. I have suf-
fered Mr. W. Rives, Mr. Tucker, f Mr. Thomas Ritchie, and
Mr. Cocke, t to peruse them, on a promise from each not to
communicate your name. I have also taken the liberty to
transcribe a good many passages for my private use. You
will, I hope, pardon these liberties. I write in great haste, in
the midst of company. I hope to have the pleasure to see you
between this and June.
I am, dear sir.
Most respectfully and truly yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jeft'erson.
XIV.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Warminster, 17:h September, 1814.
Dear Sir, — The dangers of our country will be my apology
for troubling you with this letter. I wish to draw your atten-
* In Fluvanna county and on the Rivanna River ; then the seat of Wilson
J. Gary, Esq.
f Judge St. George Tucker, the elder, and (probably) Dr. Charles Cocke,
long after State Senator from the Albemarle district.
1814.] CORRESPONDENCE. 25
tion to the important subject of our financial difficulties, and
particularly those which will present themselves to the General
Assembly at its next session, and to solicit the favor of you to
put me in possession of any hints or plans which you may
think adapted to the crisis. I Avent to Richmond when the
Governor issued his proclamation. When I called on him, he
informed me that the enemy was expected every day ; that a
large militia army was assembling, which would, in a few days,
be competent to repel any assault that would probably be
made ; but that this army must be disbanded for Avant of sup-
port, unless money could be procured ; that there was no money
in the Treasury, and none at Washington ; that our only re-
source for tlie emergency was a loan from the banks, to the
amount of fifty or one hundred thousand dollars, in anticipation
of the revenue ; but that the banks had declined lending, on
the ground that they were already in advance to the State to
the amount of $160,000, and that it was utterly out of their
power to lend a further sum without imminent danger of ina-
bility to pay their notes ; that he had exhorted them to hazard
every consequence, sooner than suffer the country to be laid
open to the incursions of the British army, but had found them
deaf to his remonstrances ; that it was yet possible that those
institutions might be prevailed on to lend the State, provided
the application should be seconded by members of the General
Assembly ; and that he wished me to undertake to renew the
application on his behalf, supported by such arguments as it
might be in my power to urge. I waited on some of the officers
of the two banks, in compliance with the Governor's request.
Among the arguments used, I stated, that though a stoppage
of payment of specie was in itself a great evil, yet, I con-
sidered it less than that the enemy should march to Rich-
mond and blow up our Capitol ; and I had no hesitation in
believing that the General Assembly would not be unmindful
of the favor of co-operation by the banks at so critical a period.
After some deliberation, the two banks agreed to advance the
sum of ^140,000, for the use of the State, which added to their
26 CORRESPONDENCE. [1814.
previous advances, would make an aggregate of $300,000.
The day after this loan, the Farmers' Bank stopped payment
in specie, and the next day, the Virginia Bank also stopped ;
but under a promise to re-open their issues of specie, as soon
as it could be got down from Lynchburg. Upon enquiry, I
learned they expected $20,000, which would last but a few
days, owing to the great drain of specie to supply change for
the use of the armj. The Virginia Bank, will, perhaps, go
on ; but I think it will not. The Farmers' Bank certainly will
not. The alleged cause of this suspension is the late sus-
pension in the Northern towns. The want of change was
sensibly felt in consequence of this measure. It was believed,
by some, that individuals liad hoarded and were hoarding
specie. It was feared that the supplies for the army, so much
wanted, would be affected by fears of the solidity of the paper,
and a meeting of the merchants was talked of, to support the
character of the notes. Almost our whole revenue has been, or
will have been anticipated by the 10th October. So many of
the people are called out, or have left home, that the sheriifs
will, probably, in many instances, find it difficult to collect the
taxes. The General Government owed Virginia, last winter,
upwards of $400,000, and passed a law to provide for paying
the debt ; but, from some cause or other, the account has not
been settled and paid in conformity to the act ; and now they
have no money. An army of ten or twelve thousand men is
now guarding Richmond, not to mention the force at Peters-
burg and in the Northern Neck. For the present, we are
compelled to support this force ; the expense of which is and
will be vast, indeed; and one of the first duties of the Assem-
bly will be to adopt measures for this purpose. We have a
right to expect that Congress will take from our shoulders this
heavy burthen; but that Government is without money, and we
must defend ourselves, at every cost and hazard, trusting in
ultimate remuneration. I came up on the 13th instant, to pre-
pare my affairs for a long absence on the Assembly. I would
wish to carry some useful ideas with me when I join the Senate,
1814.] CORRESPONDENCE. 27
and I take the liberty once more to ask the kindness of you to
furnish me "with such suggestions as you may deem useful for
the occasion. I -will use lliem under such restrictions as you
may think proper to impose. I should he happy to call on
you, but I shall be so engaged in settling my necessary affairs
I am not certain it "will be in my power to pass through Albe-
marle. By the 5th October I count on leaving home. I wish
to obtain Col. Nicholas's consent, that he may be put in nomi-
nation as our next Governor.
I am, dear sir,
With the most sincere respect and esteem,
Your friend and humble servant,
JosEPU C. Calell.
Thomas Jefferson, Esq., Monticello.
XV.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
Monticello, September 23, 1814.
Dkar Sir, — Your favor of the 17th is just received. I
shall answer it, as usual, frankly, adding my suggestions to
those yyu may receive from others, or conceive yourself, that
your own good judgment may examine all things, and hold
fast that which is good. Having before imposed on you the
corvee of reading my general sentiments on the subject of our
finances, I may be the shorter now. I then thought it so im-
portant for the nation to enter into its rights in the circulating
medium that I proposed the legislative resumption of them,
and the gradual abolition of the banks of paper discount and
of their paper. It would have been a difficult task ; but to
get along with the war otherwise I thought more difficult.
Providence has now done the work for us ; the banks, from
North to South, are all bankrupt, and have so declared them-
selves ; covered, indeed, under the thin pretext of preventing
our enemies from drawing off all our specie, and their assu-
28 CORRESPONDENCE. [1814.
ranee that tliey ^Y^1 re-assume business at a proper time. But
I presume they will not invite the public authorities to inspect
their books and vaults, to see if the latter contain one-third of
"what the former will prove they have in circulation. Their
notes, already rejected by some, received, with hesitation, by
others, may drag on a few weeks longer, for want of all other
circulation, but they are essentially defunct ; and it is incum-
bent on the public authorities to act on that ground. To Con-
gress, it certainly should belong exclusively ; and, I presume,
they Avill immediately commence supplying the circulation
with treasury notes. If bottomed on taxes, they will be
received as willingly as gold and silver ; if not so bottomed,
they will soon, if not at the first, be on a footing with the
bank notes and old Continental. They should, in the first
place, issue as much as would repay all they have borrowed
from the banks, requiring the banks to throw them into circu-
lation, in exchange for their own notes : and they should issue
so much more as will carry us through the ensuing year. If
they were to buy up, with treasury notes, the certificates of all
their former loans, they would scarcely furnish as much me-
dium as is necessary to let us down easily from the present
excess. Taxes, then, redeeming annually one-tenth of their
issues, would gradually reduce them to a competent circula-
tion ; and whenever they should fall below that, the metals
would come in and keep it up to its wholesome level.
But these measures may not, peidiaps, be adopted by Con-
gress, and would, besides, be too dilatory for the wants of our
State, which you represent as urgent. The question, then, is
whether we ought not to do ourselves what I have said it is the
more peculiar duty of Congress to do ? I acknowledge a diffi-
culty arising from the words of the Constitution of the United
States, and the construction which some may put on them, and
that construction, too, which is safest for the general interest.
The States are prohibited from "emitting bills of credit." It
is impossible, however, but that these words must have some
limitation to their meaning. They cannot mean, for instance,
1814.] CORRESPONDENCE. 29
that a State may not give to those to -whom it owes a debt
which it cannot yet pay, an acknowledgment of what it owes.
Our State, for example, has been in the constant practice of
issuin"-, by its Auditor, certificates of what it owes to the
bearer, whether the Treasurer can pay them immediately or
not ; and this has never been deemed a breach of the consti-
tution. Continue this practice, then. You owe the banks
^300,000; give them auditor's certificates of from fifty down
to five dollars, declaring that the State owes them so many
dollars, which shall be paid to them or bearer, out of the pro-
ceeds of such a tax, within such a term, or as much sooner as
may be from other resources, and let the banks give out these
certificates in exchange for so much of their own notes. You
owe present sums also to your militia, contractors and furnish-
ers, and will be incurring new debts through the ensuing year.
Authorize the giving them due-bills, countersigned by the
Auditor, to a corresponding effect. Suppose these, with the
debt to the banks amount to $409,000— lay taxes of $40,000,
annual amount, for ten years, appropriate them sacredly to the
sole object of paying ofi" that amount of these bills annually,
and let them, moreover, be receivable in taxes. Were bank
bills in credit, it might be necessary to make the Auditor's
notes bear interest ; but they will be taken now of necessity,
and greedily, without interest, as the bank notes were. Their
bearing an interest would produce tAvo great evils : 1st. They
would be hoarded, and the circulation starved. 2d. You would
be twenty instead of ten years redeeming the debt, by the
same tax, were you to allow the same interest which the United
States give.
But the United States owe you $400,000. As soon, then,
as this is paid, call in our own notes in exchange for those
of the United States. Let the tax cease from that moment,
and with it, the example of being in contact with the Consti-
tution. That example continued, might lead to new deluges
of paper circulation, and to new revolutions and convul-
sions in private fortunes. We shall now experience these
30 COK RESPONDENCE. [1814.
in a higher degree than on the death of the old Continental
money ; but this evil is incurred, and cannot be cured ; and it
was long ago visible to. experience and observation, that the
bank maria had seized our citizens so universally as to admit
no other remedy than ruin. That is now upon them, and will,
I hope, convince the Legislatures that it is the interest of all
that all should relinquish the right of establishing banks of
paper discount; and that neither should that power be given to
Congress ; because it is an expedient which runs so certainly
to abuse and the ruin of private fortunes, that no such power
ought to be granted by the people to any of their public func-
tionaries. The proceedings, I propose, in order to secure us
permanently against the recurrence of this catastrophe, should
declare that no bank note should be ever again transferable, or
even again be evidence of a debt, or effect the discharge of a
debt. But for this the Legislature will not be ripe until they
are overwhelmei by the abyss of ruin, now only beginning.
Accept these suggestions, wiiich have been invited by your
own request ; use them for your own consideration only, or
that of confidential friends, and be assured of my great friend-
ship and respect.
Tii : Jefferson.
Joseph C. Cabell, Esq.
XVI.
T. J, TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, September 30, 1814.
Dear Sir, — In my letter of the 2?)d, an important fact
escaped me, which, lest it should not occur to you, I will men-
tion. The moneys arising from the sales of the glebe lands in
the several counties, have generally, I believe, and under the
sanction of the Legislature, been d?posited in some of the
banks; so, also, the funds of the literary* society. These
* The editor is not aware of what society is here alluded to.
1814.] CORRESPONDENCE. 31
debts, although parcelled among the counties, yet the counties
cons:itute the State, and theii' representatives the Legislature,
united into one whole. It is right, then, that owing ^300,000
to the banks, they should stay so much of that sum in their
own hands, as will secure what the banks owe to their constit-
uents as divided into counties. Perhaps the loss of these funds
would be the most lasting of the evils proceeding from the in-
solvency of the banks.
Ever yours,
With great esteem and respect,
Th : Jefferson.
Joseph C. Cabell, Esq.
XVII.
[The lettei" enclosed in the following, having been published in the last edi-
tion of Mr. Jeflfarson's "Works," VI. 391, is not re-printed here.]
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, October IG, 1814.
Dear Sir, — Either inaccurate expression in myself, or the
misapprehension of a friend, to whom I had communicated my
former letters on our finances, having obliged me to write an-
other in explanation, I enclose you a copy of it, because you
had taken the trouble to read the others. I should wish this
to be seen by those to whom you had communicated the former,
lest they also should have misapprehended me, taking care only
to keep it out of the public papers, and to return it Avhen done
with. I am aware of the nest of hornets it would raise upon
me, and am too old to court controversy. Forty years ago I
might have indulged the spirit of proselytism ; but at present
I seek not to disturb the opinions of others. Accept the assu-
rance of my friendly and respectful attachment.
Tii: Jefferson.
Joseph C. Cabell, Esq.
32 ^ CORRESPONDENCE. [1814.
XVIIL
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 19th October, 1814.
Dear Sir, — Your favor of 23d September reached me be-
fore I left home ; that of 30th since I came to this place. I
have already given, and shall continue to give, to those letters
the fullest consideration in my power. We have as yet settled
upon no plan of finance or defence ; and are waiting to hear
the plans of Congress. Our difficulties are great and increas-
ing. Your idea of issuing State certificates ought and, I trust,
will be adopted, at least so far as to support the public credit
of the State, when the treasury may happen to be empty. I
was the only person in the Senate who voted against the bill
which has this day passed, authorizing tlie two banks in this
city to issue notes under five dollars. I should be extremely
thankful for any further communication you may at any time
be pleased to make me, feeling myself always highly gratified
and instructed by any views which you take of any subject.
I am, dear sir,
Most respectfully and sincerely yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jcff'erson.
XIX.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 27tli December, 1814.
Dear Sir, — The enclosed letter, which I received under
cover of your favor of IGth October, having remained a suffi-
cient length of time in my hands, I now return it, agreeably to
your desire, and beg you to receive my sincere thanks for the
communication, I have taken the liberty to keep a copy of it,
for my own gratification and instruction, and for the occasional
perusal of such friends as may be desirous to obtain informa-
1814.] CORRESPONDENCE. 33
tion. It sliall neither go into the papers nor be indiscreetly
used. Should you continue your researches upon finance or
any of the branches of political economy, you would gratify
me extremely by affording me a perusal of your papers. Mr.
Ritchie has shewn me your letter on the subject of Tracy's
work on political economy. This Avas the first intelligence I
have received of that work ; and frohi the manner in which
you speak of it, as Avell as from the high reputation of that
illustrious senator, it must be a very interesting production. 1
therefore entreat the favor of yo'.i, in the event of Col. Duane's
not publishing his translation, and of your recovering the
French copy, to give me an opportunity of perusing the latter.
I would take particular care of it, and return it safely into
your hands in the course of a month or six weeks ; so that
none of your other friends, who might solicit a similar favor,
should be disappointed from neglect or tardiness on my part.
The session will terminate about the end of this or the mid-
dle of next week. Our revenue will be swelled, by the new
taxes we have imposed, to a million of dollars. The Farmers
Bank has already advanced tlie sum of ^'200,000, and are now
in treaty with us to advance the sum of $800,000^ in anticipa-
tion of the revenue. In addition to this, a loan for a million
of dollars Avill be probably attempted, on the t:rms stated in
the report of the Committee of Finance of the House of Del-
egates, which you have seen in the papers. Constitutional
difficulties deter many of the members from the idea of issuing
trea.-iury notes by the State, on the plan of the notes issued at
Washington. Auditor's warrants, or certificates founded on
real antecedent transactions between the State and its citizens,
bearing 6 per cent, interest, will probably be authorized ; and
a further authority to fund these certificates at 8 per cent, will
probably be given to the Treasurer. In the course of a few
days, these measures will be decided on. From the commence-
ment of the session, I have entertained doubts whether a mil-
lion could be borrowed at 8 per cent. ; and the money being
clearly necessary to prepare the State for defence during the
3
34 CORRESPONDENCE. [1814.
next campaign, I sliould have been willing, and indeed have
been desirous, to ensure the loan, hj making a contract with
the Virginia Bank, on such a scheme of borrowing as would not
have augmented the currency of bank paper, and yet would
have procured for the State the amount wanted. But the oflfi-
cers of that institution, after first favoring the plan, suddenly
tacked about, and put a stop to all ideas of the kind, by de-
manding such terms as no one can think of granting. We
are thrown back on the scheme of a loan from individuals at 8
per cent., which I should greatly prefer, were such a loan
practicable. In order to obtain the funds requisite for the use
of the State, we have to wade with patience through the diffi-
culties resulting from diversity of views and opinions in the
Houses of Assembly, and conflicting anti-social interests in
society. I still hope, however, that we shall provide the sums
necessary for the defence of the State, whatever want of sys-
tem or consistency may appear on the face of our measures.
The defence bill, or bill for classing the militia, is still before
the House of Delegates. It will probably be rejected.
Col. Yancey,* in the course of this session, has shewn me a
petition signed by Col. Randolph, the object of which was to
obtain the passage of a law authorizing him to open the moun-
tain falls above Milton, and to receive a toll on vessels and
produce passing the same. I observed to Col. Y. that the
object of that petition appeared to me to conflict with the
charter of the company with which you have had so much
trouble, and advised him to procure from Col. R. an explanatory
statement of the reasons that induced the j^etition ; for with-
out shewing that the company have forfeited their charter, I
do riOt see how we could transfer the powers and rights of the
company to an individual. Perhaps I do not understand Col.
R.'s views on this subject. Col. Y. has determined to lay
f Col. Chas. Yancey was then a delegate from Albemarle, and is to be dis-
tinguished from his relative, 3Iaj. Chas. Yancey, for many years a delegate
from Buckingham. A letter to the former gentleman, treating principally on
the same topics with this, appears in his Works, VI. 514.
1815.] CORRESPONDENCE. 35
over the petition till another session. A bill has passed
authorizing Wm. Wood to open the river from Milton down
to Columbia; but, in this case, it is understood that the com-
panj authorized by a former law has never been formed, and
that the law is a dead letter. I need not observe that it would
give me great pleasure to serve Col. Randolph, and that I
remain.
Most faithfully and sincerely your friend,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Thomas Jefferson, Esq., Monticello.
XX.
[^fr. J. in the following letter, for the first time enters specially on that
which is the principal subject of this correspondence. He refers to an insti-
tution to be called "The Central College," and which he had contemplated as
the nucleus of a future University. This letter also shews the reliance he had
placed on Mr. C.'s assistance in carrying out his future plans. Mr. C. before
this had received offers of a diplomatic position abroad, or of some post under
the General Government at home. Repeated overtures had also been made
to him to offer his services as the representative of his district in Congress,
and with every prospect of success ; but he declined them all. His desire
"was to devote himself to the service of his native State; and in this he was
confirmed by this letter and subsequent conferences with Mr. J. growing out
of it.]
T. J. TO J. C. C.
Monticello, January 5th, 1815.
Dear Sir, — Your favor of December 27th, with the letter
inclosed, has been received. Knowing well that the bank-
mania still possesses the great body of our countrymen, it was
not expected that any radical cure of that could be at once
effected. We must go further wrong, probably to a ne plu»^
ultra, before we shall be forced into what is right. Something
will be obtained, however, if we can excite in those who think,
doubt first, reflection next, and conviction at last. The Con-
stitution, too, presents difficulties here with which the General
Government is not embarrassed. If your Auditor's notes are
36 CORRESPONDEXCE. [1815.
made pnjablc to bearer, and of sizes suitable for circulation,
they will find their Avay into circulation, as well as into the
hoar-ils of the thrifty, espcc'ally in important payincnts for
land, &c., which are to lie on hand some time waiting for
employment. A bank note is now received only as a "Robin's
alive."
On Mr. Ritchie's declining the publication of Tracy's work,
I proposed it to a Mr. Jlillegan, of Georgetown, wlio under-
takes it. I had, therefore, written to Gen. Duane to forward
it to him; so that it will not be in my possession until it is
published. Have you seen the Review of Montesquieu,* by
an anonymous author? the ablest work of the age. It was
translated and published by Duane about three years ago. In
giving the most correct analysis of the principles of political
association which has yet been olTercd, he states, in the branch
of political economy particularly, although much in brief, some
of the soundest and mo^t profound views we have ever had on
those subjects.
I have lately received a letter from Say. lie has in contem-
plation to remove to this country, and to this neighborhood
particulaily; and asks of me answers to some enquiries he
makes. Could the petition which the Albemarle Academy
addressed to our Legislature have succeeded at the late session,
a little aid additional to the objects of that would have enabled
us to have hero immediately the best seminary of the Cnited
States. I do not know to whom P. Carr (President of the
Board of Trustees) committed the petition and papers;! but I
have seen no trace of their having been offered. Thiiiking it
possible you may not have seen them, I send f^r your perusal
the copies I retained for my own use. They consist — 1. Of a
"•■• '-The exalted opinion of this book, as also of the Political Economy — both
by Tiacy — expressed by Mr. J. here and elsewhere in this correspondence,
has not been shared by many others in Virginia." — Note ly Mr. C.
f These and other papers appeared in 1817, in a pamphlet printed by order
of the Legislature, at the instance of Mr. C., and which was generally dis-
tributed over the State. Several of them will re-ajipear in the AjJpeudis.
1815.] COllRESPONDENCE. 37
letter to him, sketcliing, at the request of the trustees, a plan
for the institution. 2. One to Juilgc Cooper, in answer to
some observations he had favored me with, on the plan. 3. A
copy of the petition of the trustees. 4. A copy of the act we
wished from the Legislature. They are long; but as we always
counted on you as the main pillar of their support, and we
shall probably return to the charge at the next session, the
trouble of reading them will come upon you, and as well now
as then. The lottery allowed by the former act, the proceeds
of our two glebes, and our dividend of the Literary Fund,
with the re-organization of the institution, are what Avas asked
in tliat petition. In addition to this, if we could obtain a loan
for four or five years only of seven or eight thousand dollars,
I think I have it now in my power to obtain three of the ablest
characters in the world to fill the higher professorships of what
in the plan is called the second, or general grade of education;
three such characters as are not in a single University of Eu-
rope; and for those of languages and mathematics, a part of
the same grade, able professors doulnless could also be readily
obtained. With these characters. I should not be afraid to say
that the circle of the sciences composing that second, or gen-
eral grade, would be more profoundly taught here than in any
institution in the United States, and I might go farther. The
first, or elementary grade of education is not developed in this
plan; an authority only being asked to its Visitors for putting
into motion a former proposition for that object. For an
explanation of this, therefore, I am ob'iged to add to these
papers a letter I wrote some time since to Mr. Adams,* in
which I had occasion to give some account of what had been
proposed here for culling from every condition of our people
the natural aristocracy of talents and virtue, and of preparing
it by education, at the public expense, for the care of the
public concerns. This letter will present to you some meas-
ures still requisite to complete and secure our republican
* This letter may be found in the fiist edition of Mr. J.'s Writings, IV. 22G.
38 CORRESPONDENCE. [1815.
edifice, and which remain in charge for our younger statesmen.
On yourself, Mr. Rives and Mr. Gihner,* when they shall enter
the public councils, I rest my hopes for this great accomplish-
ment, and doubtless you will have other- able coadjutors not
known to mc.
Col. Randolph having gone to Richmond before the rising
of the Legislature, you will have had an opportunity of ex-
plaining to him personally the part of your letter respecting
his petition for opening the Milton falls, which his departure
prevented my communicating to him. I had not heard him
speak of it, and had been glad, as to myself, by the act re-
cently passed, to have saved our own rights in the defensive
war with the Rivanna Company, and should not have advised
the renewing and carrying the war into the enemy's country.
Be so good as to return all the inclosed papers after perusal,
and to accept assurances of my great esteem and respect.
Th: Jefferson.
Joscj^h C. Cabell, Esq.
XXI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Warminster, 5th March, 1S15.
Dear Sir, — After a long detention on the road, by the deep
snow that foil in the latter part of the month of January, I ar-
rived here on 5th ult., since which I have had the pleasure to
receive your favor of 5th January, together with the papers
enclosed. You have imposed on me new obliirations by this
communication. The particular posture of my domestic affairs
at the time I reached home, and the new arrangements in re-
gard to my property demanded by the return of peace, have not
permitted me to go over these interesting papers as often, nor to
* William C. Rives and Francis W. Cilmer.
1815.] CORRESPONDENCE. 39
consider their contents as fully and maturely as I could desire.
I have read them several times, and bestowed a good deal of
reflection on them ; but I will beg the favor of another reading
towards the end of the year, and immediately previous to the
meeting of the Assembly. In the interval, I shall make a
visit to Albemarle, when I should be happy to converse with
you, and to express, more fully than I can at present, my
views of this subject. Why the petition was not presented, I
cannot inform you. The papers were never shewn to me; nor
did I ever hear of them but incidentally, and I believe after it
had been determined not to bring them to the view of the
Assembly, Col. Yancey generally consulted with me on the
business from Albemarle, and once observed that certain
papers relative to an academy proposed to be established in
Charlottesville, had been sent down; that they were dravrn
by yourself, and were so finished off and complete, that the
delegates had only to determine on the expediency of pre-
senting them. I collected from him that they were in the
hands of some of the members of the House of Delegates,
who would consider and exercise a discretion on the question
of their presentment. Being a member of the upper house, I
waited, of course, for the petition to make its appearance in
the lower house before I could take up the subject; which at
that time I supposed was one of a much more local and con-
fined nature than I find it really is. Subsequently to this
conversation with Col. Yancey, I was accidentally a witness
to a small part of a conversation between Doct. Carr and Mr.
Wirt upon the subject of these papers, when Doctor Carr
remarked that they had been sent by Mr. Peter Carr to Mr.
David Watson, of Louisa, who had determined, from some
cause or other, that they should not be presented at the last
session. I have the highest respect and friendship for Mr.
Watson, and concluded that the reasons which had decided his
mind, were solid and sufficient. This is the amount of the
knowledge I then had on the subject. I assure you I had
no hint from any quarter tliat I was expected to bestow
40 CORRESPONDENCE. [1815.
particular care on this business, or I should have paid to it
the greatest attention imaginable, and done anjtliing in the
compass of my feeble abilities to promote your views. I con-
fess I see nothing at this time that ought to impede the passage
of your bill through the Assembly; nor can I conceive from
what quarter objections could arise, unless from some of the
people of Albemarle who might not wish to appropriate the
proceeds of the sales of the glebes to the estnblirihment of an
academy at Charlottesville, or from certain members of the
Assembly who might have other views of the ultimate destina-
tion of the literary fund, or from certain delegates from the
lower counties who might have fears for William and Mary,
or from a certain class of members who might not wish to lend
the amount prayed to be loaned. I hope there would be no
Other effect produced by the plan upon William and Mary than
that necessarily resulting from another college in the State.
Having had a considerable share in getting Mr. Smith to take
the presidency, I should feel somewhat delicately situated in
regard to that seminary. I should be much pleased if such
men as Mr. Say could find it their interest to reside in Vir-
ginia. I have the commentary on Montesquieu, of whicli you
speak, and have commenced its perusal. It is to be inferred
from your letters, I think, thnt Mr. Tracy is the author. Ilis
Polifical Economy I will purchase on sight.
The honorable acquittal of my friend Coles gives me great
pleasure. I leave this in a few d:i3\s for the lower country, to
make some new arrangements of my property in Lancaster.
If Cockburn has not sent my negroes out of the United
States,* I ought to have them again. But I presume they arc
now making sugar in the W^est Indies; and if they have not
left th? limits of the United States, I imagine the British will
now, as formerly, disregard the tr.aty. The negroes from
* During tlie war of 1812-14, some forty slfives were taken from the Cor-
rottoman estate by Admiral Cockburn. For these partial compensation was
received in 1827, from the commissioners under tlie treaty of Ghent.
1,815.] CORRESPONDENCE. 41
Corrottoraan were carried to Tangier Island. From ■nhat I
have heard, I am led to believe the enemy some time since
broke up their establishment on that island.
I am, dear sir, with great respect, your friend,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mf. Jefferson.
XXII.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoxTicELLO, December 23, 1815.
Dear Sir, — A petition has been presented to our present
Legislature, by a Cnpt. Joseph Miller, praying a confiimation
of the ■will of his half-brother, Thomas Read, who died not
long since at Norfolk, possessed of lands and slaves, which he
devised to his half-brothers and sisters, then living in England.
This one bought up the shares of the whole, and came over to
reside here as a citizen. He arrived after the declaration of
war, and was instantly ordered up to Charlottesville. We, cf
course, became acquainted with him, and were soon attached
to him by the honest simplicity of his character, so that he was
soon at home in every house. We found him as zealous an
American as any of ourselves, and I interceded with the Mar-
shal to let him go to Norfolk to look to his property, making
myself responsible for the fidelity of his conduct. Ifc sat up
a brewery there in partnership with a Mr. Hays, which he still
carries on with great success, being, I verily believe, the most
skillful brewer that h-is ever come to the country. But during
his stay here, he has become attached to the neighbors and
neighborhood, and is looking out for a farm to carry on the busi-
ness of farming and brewing jointly, and on a moderate scale.
He has now been with me two months, a very welcome guest
to all the family, and this may explain the interest I take in
his case. Considering him, too, as becoming one of your con-
stituents, I have thought I might, without impropriety, solicit
your patronag3 of his claim. His petition was put into the
42 CORRESPONDENCE. [1815.
hands of Mr. Maury,* one of our representatives, and I now
write to Mr. Baker,f to ask his aid in that house. The facts
and principles of his claim are so fully stated in the petition
that I need add nothing to them, I have been told the Com-
missioners of the literary fund habitually oppose these petitions.
No one wishes more than I do, to see the literary fund increase,
but not by the plunder of individuals. The testator in this
case had a fair claim to the privilege of every citizen, of dispo-
sing of the property which he had made by his own industry,
to those dearest to him. I believe I should be correct in say-
ing, that England is the only country in Europe which seizes
the property in such a case. I speak from a knowledge of the
fact, as to several countries on the continent of Europe, and
a full belief of it in others. France exhibits a remarkable in-
stance. The Duke of Richmond is of French extraction, held,
when I left that country in 1789, a great ducal estate there,
and was one of the hereditary dukes and peers of France.
This you will see in the Almanac Royal of that year, and in
the Court Calendar of England of every year. His estate
may have been confiscated in the mass of Seigneural property
there during the revolution ; but of this I am not informed.
We have copied the barbarism from England in our general
law, but the Legislature properly relaxes it in all reasonable
cases, as I hope and believe they will in this, where the claim-
ant desires to become a resident citizen as his brother was.
I say nothing of the fact, that his parents were established in
the United States at the time of the revolution, and himself
born in them ; because you Avill find the details of that spe-
cially stated in the petition. Pray obtain justice for him, and
accept my respectful and affectionate salutations.
Til: Jeffkrson.
_ Joseph C. Cabell, Esq.
* Mr. Thomas W. Mauiy, grandson of Mr. .Jefferson's old Preceptor, Rev.
James Maury. A letter of Mr. Jefferson to Lim, touching on some of these
subjects, may be found in his works, YI. 518
f Probably Mr. Jerman Baker, then a delegate from Cumberland.
1816.] CORRESPONDENCE. 43
XXIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
EiCHMOND, 16th January, 1816.
Dear Sir, — I received in due time by the mail, your favor
respecting Mr. Miller's p.etition ; and I have deferred writing
to you till the fate of that bill, and of the bill respecting the
Central College, could be ascertained, so far as it depended on
the House of Delegates. Both these bills arrived in the Sen-
ate this day ; and I have had them committed, and shall take
all the care of them in the compass of my feeble abilities. I
should have preferred a delay of some days longer, before I
should write to you ; but the mail leaving town this evening,
and being desirous to avoid the eifect ot too long a delay, I
must not postpone my communication any longer. As to Mr.
Miller's b:ll, I am not, as yet, aware of any opposition. In
regard to the bill respecting the Central College, there is some
little danger. The clause respecting the literary fund, was
stricken out in the lower house. The actual destination
which that fund will hereafter receive, is not decided. I think
my letter to you from Warminster, apprised you that I appre-
hended some opposition to that part of the bill respecting that
fund ; and I advised Mr. Maury not to press that subject, if
opposition should arise to such an appropriation at this time.
Opposition Avas made to it, and that part of the bill was
stricken out. The bill has passed quietly through the House
of Delegates, with that single exception. After it had passed
that house, and before it had reached the Senate, Col. Yancey
came to me and requested me to oppose that part of the bill
which gives to the trustees the power to fix the time for com-
mencing on the plan of general instruction in the county of
Albemarle. I endeavored to satisfy his mind. He appeared
to be afraid of giving offence to the people of the county, by
putting them on a different footing from the people of the
other counties in the State. My resolution was formed, to
44 CORRESPONDENCE. [1816.
endeavor to get the bill through the Senate without nny
change whatsoever; but I find some objection among some of
the principal members of the Senate, to that part of the bill
giving to the professor.ii the power of imprisoning the stu-
dents.* In this state of thino-s, I have determined to wri'e
CD '
you, and request the favor of you, to inform me whether your
letter to Mr. Carr contains all that you have written upon the
subject of this seminary ; and if it docs not, to ask the kind-
ness of you to transmit to me, by the return of the mail, any
otlier communications which, in any shape, you may have made
upon the subject. I beg also that you will enter into as full a
statement, as your convenience will permit, of the reasons that
induced you to give to the professors the power of imprisoning
students. My object would be to show your letter to the
lending members of the Senate. If there should be no par-
ticular objection, j'ou would confer a favor by stating your
reasons for taling from the Couit of Albemarle, anvl giving to
the Trustees, the power of fixing a period for the establishment
of schools in Albemarle. The petition respecting the house
in Charlottesville, t Mr. Maury and myself have determined
not to press into view till the College bill gets well under way;
because its fate should be made dependent on the latter. A
Mr. Braidwood, teacher of the deaf and dumb, now established
at some point on this river below the falls, would come to
Charlottesville and establish himself there, provided he could
get such a houso as Mr. Estis's. How would it answer your
purposes, to get an act passed for a lottery to purchase that
house, for an establishment for the deaf and dumb, as a wing
of the Central Collef>;e. In vour answer it would be Avell to
separate any thing you may have to say of a private nature,
from what it might be well to communicate to certain mem-
* This propositi n, when first suggested, was somewhat stai'tling t) t'le
friends as svell as opponents of the institution. As afterwards cxplaincil hy ^Ir.
Jefferson, some of its repellent features were softened; but on consultation
■with jadicious f iends, it was finally dropped.
•j- See abjvc in the introduction.
1816.] CORRESPONDENCE. 45
bers. Permit me to suggest the propriety of your requesting
the co-operation of Mr. Johnson, IMr. Poindexter, Mr. Watts,
and Gen. Green, of the Senate.* Their aid wouhl be of infi-
nite use at future stages of this enterprise ; and a request fiom
you to these valuable men, ^ouhl have very great influence
upon its ultimate destiny. I write in great haste, but beg you
to rest assured of my constant attachment and great respect.
Jos. C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
XXIV.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 23fl January, 181C.
Dear S:r, — I wrote you, by the last mail, that the bil's
respecting the Central College and Capt. Miller's claim had
just reached the Senate, and that the former was objected to
in two points: 1. Because it gives to the trustees of the College
the power of determining the time at which the act of 22d
December, 1796, shall be carried into execution in Albemarle;
and, 2. Because it confers on the Proctor of the College the
powers and authorities of a justice of the peace, within the
precincts of the institution. Since my letter was committed
to the mail, I have conversed with the Governor, who considers
the first objection of great weight, as it would probably place
the people of the county in hostility to the College. AVhilst I
am awaiting your answer to my last letter, it b3Comes proper
that I should address you on two other subjects before the
Senate, in which you take an interest. I cannot find among
the papers in Capt. Miller's case the evidsnces of the convey-
ance made to him, by the other devisees, of theii portions of
* ]\I". riiindextcr was from the Goochland District ; Gen. Edward Watts,
then of Bedlord, afterwards removed to the countj' of Botetourt; Gen. John
W. Green, was altcrwards Judge of the Court of Appeals.
46 CORRESPONDENCE. [1816.
Thomas Read's estate. I should infer from the manner in
which they are referred to in the petition, that they would ap-
pear among the accompanying documents. Accordingly, I
immediately enquired for them ; but they are neither to be
found, nor can either of the delegates from Albemarle give any
account of them. Those papers are essential to the success of
the bill in the Senate ; and with their aid, I trust I can get it
through the House. I beg the favor of you to request Capt.
Miller to furnish me with these documents with as little delay
as possible. Whilst I await their arrival, I will, by all means
in my power, endeavor to smooth the way to the passage of
the bill.
From a letter you recently wrote Col. Yancey, I perceive
you consider the bill to prevent obstructions in the navigable
water-courses of the Commonwealth, of importance to the
people on the banks of the Rivanna. I enclose you a copy
of the bill, and of some amendments hastily sketched by Col.
Green, and would thank you to send me such corrections as
you deem proper. These subjects may be suspended till I can
get your answer, without injury to the parties concerned.
I regard the passage of the bill respecting the Central Col-
lege as pretty certain, provided the modifications suggested in
the points objected to shall be made ; and perhaps, without
those changes, its passage may be secured by your explana-
tions. I believe the bill for internal improvement will pass ;
and that if the General Assembly should be disposed to give
anything to education, it will be to the literary fund, for the
establishment of free schools. It is barely possible that they
may give something to the Central College, for teaching the
deaf and dumb. I am endeavoring to prepare the more liberal
part for an attempt at an endowment of a professorship of the
deaf and dumb. Thus far it is well received ; but I may be
baffled. I have thought that such a plan might engage the
affections of the coldest members. Any suggestions from you
on this subject would be thankfully received. I beg you to
1S16.] CORRESPONDENCE. 47
pardon the trouble I give you, and to be assured it results from
my wish to afford you satisfaction in the business entrusted to
my care.
I am, dear sir.
Most sincerely yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
P. S. Dr. Smith, President of William & Mary, has desired
me to ask the favor of you to recommend a text-book on the
principles of government, for the use of the students at that
College. He is not satisfied with either Locke or Rousseau.
Can you inform me whether Say on Political Economy has
been translated into our language ?
XXV.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, January 24, 1810.
Dear Sir, — Your favor of the 16th experienced great de-
lay on the road, and to avoid that of another mail, I must
answer very briefly.
My letter to Peter Carr contains all I ever wrote on the
subject of the College ;* a plan for the institution being the
only thing the trustees asked or expected from me. Were it
to go into execution, I should certainly interest myself further
and strongly in procuring proper professors.
The establishment of a Proctor is taken from the practice of
Europe, where an equivalent officer is made a part, and is a
very essential one, of every such institution ; and as the nature
of his functions requires that he should always be a man of
discretion, understanding and integrity, above the common
* By this it is not to be presumed that ho meant to exclude the references
to it in private letters to one or more friendi?, and which have since been
published.
48 CORRESPONDENCE. [1816.
level, it ■\^•as thought that he Avouhl never be less worthy of
being trusted •with the powers of a justice, witliin the limits of
the institution here, than tlie neighboring justices generally
are; and the vesting him with the conservation of the peace
within that limit was intended, Avhile it should equally secure
its object, to shield the young and unguarded student from the
disg'race of the common prison, except where the case was an
aggravated one. A confinement to his own room was meant
as an act of tenderness to him, his parents and friends. In
fine, it was to give them a complete police of their own, tem-
pered by the paternal attentions of their tutors. And cer-
tainly, in no coun';]y is such a provision more called for than
iu this, as has been proved from times of old, from the I'egular
annual riots and battles between the students of William &
Mary with the town boys, before the Revolution, quorum pars
fui, and the many and more serious affrays of later times.
Observe, too, that our bill proposes no exclusion of the ordi-
nary magistrate, if the one attached to the institution is
thought to execute his power either partially or remissly.
The transfer of the power to give commencement to the
ward or elementary schools from the court and aldermen to the
visitors, was proposed because the experience of tw'cnty years
has proved that no court will ever begin it. The reason is
obvious : The members of tlic court are the wealthy members
of the counties; and as the expenses of the schools are to be
defrayed by a contribution proportioned to tiie aggregate of
other taxes which every one pays, they consider it as a plan /
to educate the poor at the expense of the rich. It proceeded,
too^ from a hope that the example and good effects being ex-
hibited in one county, they would spread from county to county,
and become general. The modification of the law, by author-
izing the aldermen to require tlie expense of tutorage from
such parents as are able, would render trifling, if not wholly
prevent, any call on the county for pecuniary aid. You know
that nothing better than a log house is required for these
schools, and there is not a neighborhood which would not meet
1816.] CORRESPONDENCE. 49
and build this themselves, for the sake of having a school near
them.
I know of no peculiar advantage ■which Charlottesville offers
for Mr. Braidwood's school of deaf and dumb. On the con-
trary, I should think the vicinity of the seat of government
most favorable to it. I should not like to have it made a
member of our College. The objects of the two institutions
are fundamentally distinct. The one is science ; the other,
mere charity. It would be gratuitously taking a boat in tow,
which may impede, but cannot aid the motion of the principal
institution.
Ever and affectionately yours,
Th : Jefferson.
[ Two postscripts, on separate slips of paper, enclosed in the foregoing
letter.]
P. S. I detach the postscript of my letter for the reasons
suggested in yours. You wish me to write to several gentle-
men on the subject of our College. I could write to Mr.
Johnson, with whom I am acquainted, and for whom I have a
sincere esteem and respect ; but I have no acquaintance with
the others you name. And indeed, my friend, I am no longer
equal to the labor. I pass from four to six hours of every day
of my life at my writing table, in the drudgery of answering
letters, in which I have no personal concern or pleasure. It is
weighing and wearing down my life with an oppression of body
and mind I am not able to bear up against. I must throw it
off, and intrench myself within the limits of my friends and
my own affairs. I want, too, to have some time for reading.
P. P. S. Shew the postscript to Mr. Johnson. It will apol-
ogize for my not writing to him ; for, indeed, I consider the
writing to you as to him also.
50 CORRESPONDENCE. [1816.
XXVI.
J. C. C. TO T. J,
EicHMOND, 24tli January, 1816.
Dear Sir, — Since writing the enclosed letter, I have con-
versed with Mr. Mercer,* of the House of Delegates, to whom
I had lent your letter to Mr. Carr, upon being informed by
him that he had it in contemplation to endeavor to get a con-
siderable part of the debt due from the General Government
to the State of Virginia, appropriated lo the establishmeiiL of
a grand scheme of education. He appears much pleased with
your view of the subject, and as he proposes to make a report
to the Lower House, concurs with me in the propriety of avail-
ing the country of the light you have shed upon this great
interest of the community. Would you object to the publica-
tion of your letter to Mr. Carr ? Indeed, sir, I may take the
liberty to have your letter printed before I can get your an-
swer. I do not believe the General Assembly will make so
great an appropriation at this time as the one proposed by Mr.
* Charles Fenfon Mercer, then a delegate from Loudoun, afterwards, and
for many years, a representative in Congress from that district. This gen-
tleman claims the paternity of the Literary Fund of Virginia, as appears in
'his Address on Popular Education, published in 1826. (Appendix, page
XVII). It is proper to add, however, that on this point there is a conflict of
.pretejision between him and Gov. Barbour, as may be seen in an address of
the latter to a convention of agriculturists, in Richmond, in 1836. (Ruffin's
Farmera' Register, III, 688). Without deciding on the question of origin,
it may justly be said, that to Mr. Mercer, as Chairman of the Committee of
Finance, in 1815-16, we owe a report recommending the increase of this Fund
by appropriating to its use the residue of the debt due from the United States
to Viiginia ; a resolution in pursuance of that report which passed, and at
the following session a General Plan of Education for the State, embracing a
University, Colleges, Academies and Primary Schools. This bill, which passed
the House, but was dropped in the Senate, was one of the documents included
in the pamphlet referred to above. But from this letter of Mr. Cabell, w^
learn, that Mr. J.'s letter to Peter Carr was shewn to Mr. M. before he had
eubmitted either report or bill.
1816.] CORRESPONDENCE. 51
Mercer ; but I will do anything in my power to promote it.
And should the measure succeed, my object would be to make
your plan the basis of our measures. The location of the
principal Seminary would be a secondary condition ; and it
might happen that the people beyond the mountain would not
corije into the measure unless Staunton or Lexington should be
made the principal site. This would be a disagreeable result
to me, but I see a scheme already formed to carry the Seat of
Government, sooner or later, to Staunton, and powerful private
interests silently preparing and expecting that event. Should
a great State Seminary be established ' at Charlottesville, it
might touch the interests of this party. This suggestion 1
beg you to consider as confidential. My intention is, as soon
as I hear from you, to secure the passage of the bill respecting
the Central College, neai'ly, or entirely, in its present shape.
Then, or previously, I will, if not prevented, publish your let-
ter to Mr. Carr, so as to prevent this game from being easily
taken out of the hands of those who are entitled to it.
In haste, I am, dear sir, most truly yours,
Jos. C. Cabell.
XXVII.
TH. J. TO. MR. CABELL.
MoNTiCELLO, January 31, 1816.
Your letters of the 23rd and 24th came to hand just in the
moment of the return of our mail. I have only, therefore,
time to enclose the conveyances for which Mr. Miller's bill is
hung up. I had no doubt but that he had deposited them with
the other papers. Friendly salutations.
52 CORRESPONDENCE, [1816.
XXVIII.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiOELLO, Febi'uary 2, 181G.
Dear Sir, — Your favors of the 23d and 24tli ultimo Avere
a week coming to us. I instantly enclosed to you the deeds of
Capt. Miller ; but I undei stand that the post-r;iaster haA'ing
locked his mail before they got to the office, would not unlock
it to give them a passage.
Having been prevented from retaining my collection of the
'acts and journals of our Legislature, by the lumping manner in
which the Committee of Congress chose to take my library, it
may be useful to our public bodies to know Avhat acts and
journals I had, and where they can now have access to them,
I therefore enclose you a copy of my catalogue, which I pray
you to deposit in the council office for public use. It is in the
18th and 24th chapters they will find what is interesting to
them. The form of the catalogue has been much injured in
the publication ; for, although they have preserved my division
into chapters, they have reduced the books in each chapter to
alphabetical order, instead of the chronological or analytical
arrangements I had given them. You will see sketches of what
were my arrangements at the heads of some of the chapters.
The bill on the obstructions in our navigable waters appears
to me proper ; as do, also, the amendments proposed. I think
the State should reserve a right to the use of the waters for
navigation, and that where an individual landholder impedes
that use, he should remove the im23ediment, and leave the sub-
ject in as good a state as nature formed it. This I hold to be
the true principle, and to this Col. Green's amendments go.
All that I ask in my own case is, that the Legislature will not
take from me my own works. I am ready to cut my dam in
any place, and at any moment requisite, so as to remove that
impediment, if it be thought one, and to leave those interested
to make the most of the natural circumstances of the place ;
1816.] CORRESPOXDENCE. 53'i
but I hope they will never take from me my canal, made
through the body of my own lands, at an expense of twenty
thousand dollars, and which is no impediment to the navigation
of the river. I have permitted the riparian proprietors above
(and they are not more than a dozen or twenty) to use it gratis,
and shall not withdraw the permission, unless they so use it as
to obstruct too much the operations of my mills, of which there
is some likelihood.
Dr. Smith, you say, asks Avhat is the best elementary book
on the principles of government ? None in the world equal to
the Review of Montesquieu, printed at Philadelphia, a few
years ago. It has the advantage, too, of being equally sound
and corrective of the principles of Political Economy ; and all
within the compass of a thin 8 vo. Chipman's and Priestley's
Principles of Government, and the Federalist, are excellent in
many respects, but, for fundamental princijDles, not comparable
to the Review.
I have no objections to the printing my letter to Mr. Carr,
if it will promote the interests of science, although it was not
written with a view to its publication.
My letter of the 24th ultimo conveyed to you the grounds
of the two articles objected to in the college bill. Your last
presents one of them in a new point of view, that of the com-
mencement of the Ward Schools, as likely to render the law
unpopular to the county. It must be a very inconsiderate
and rough process of execution that would do this. My idea
of the mode of carrying it into execution would be this. De-
clare the county ipso facto divided into wards for the present
by the boundaries of the militia captaincies ; somebody attend
the ordinary muster of each company, having first desired the
captain to call together a full one. There explain the object
of the law to the people of the company ; put to their vote
whether they will have a school established, and the most cen-
tral and convenient place for it : get them to meet and build
? log school-house, have a roll taken of the children who would
attend it, and of those of them able to pay ; these would pro-
64 CORRESPONDENCE. [1816.
bably be sufficient to support a common teacher, instructing,
gratis, the few unable to pay. If there should be a deficiency,
it would require too trifling a contribution from the county to
be complained of, and especially as the whole county would
participate, where necessary, in the same resource. Should
the company, by its vote, decide that it would have no school,
let them remain without one. The advantages of this pro-
ceeding would be, that it would become the duty of the war-
dens elected by the county to take an active part in pressing
the introduction of schools, and to look out for tutors. If,
however, it is intended that the State Government shall take
this business into its own hands, and provide schools for every
county, then, by all means, strike out this provision of our
bill. I should never wish that it should be placed on a worse
footing than the rest of the State. But, if it is believed that
these elementary schools will be better managed by the Go-
vernor and Council, the Commissioners of the Literary Fund,
or any other general authority of the Government, than by the
parents within each ward, it is a belief against all experience.
Try the principle one step further, and amend the bill so as to
commit to the Governor and Council the management of all
our farms, our mills, and merchants' stores. No, my friend,
the way to have good and safe government, is not to trust it
all to one ; but to divide it among the many, distributing to
every one exactly the functions he is competent to. Let the
National Government be entrusted with the defence of the
nation, and its foreign and federal relations ; the State Go-
vernments with the civil rights, laws, police and administration
of what concerns the State generally ; the counties with the
local concerns of the counties, and each ward direct the inte-
rests within itself. It is by dividing and subdividing these
republics from the great national one down through all its
subordinations, until it ends in the a.lrainistration of every
man's farm and aff"airs by himself ; by placing under every
one what his own eye may superintend, that all will be done
for the best. What has destroyed liberty and the rights of
181G.] CORRESPONDENCE. 66
man in every Government "wliich has ever existed under the
sun ? The generalizing and concentrating all cares and powers
into one bod}^, no matter whether of the autocrats of Russia
or France, or of the aristocrats of a Venetian Senate. And
I do believe, that if the Almighty has not decreed that man
shall never be free, (and it is blasphemy to believe it,) that the
secret will be found to be in the making himself the depository
of the powers respecting himself, so far as he is competent to
them, and delegating only Avhat is beyond his competence by a
synthetical process, to higher and higher orders of function-
aries, so as to trust fewer and fewer powers, in proportion as
the trustees become more and more oligarchical. The ele-
mentary republics of the wards, the county republics, the State
republics, and the republic of the Union, would form a grada-
tion of authorities, standing each on the basis of law, holding
every one its delegated share of powers, and constituting truly
a system of fundamental balances and checks for the govern-
ment. Where every man is a sharer in the direction of his
ward republic, or of some of the higher ones, and feels that
he is a participator in the government of affairs, not merely at
an election, one day in the year, but every day ; when there
shall not be a man in the State who will not be a member of
some one of its councils, great or small, he will let the heart
be torn out of his body, sooner than his power be wrested from
him by a Ciesar or a Bonaparte. How powerfully did we feel
the energy of this organization in the case of the Embargo ?
I felt the foundations of this Government shaken under my
feet by the New England township. There was not an indi-
vidual in these States whose body was not thrown, with all its
momentum, into action ; and, although the whole of the other
States were known to be in favor of the measure, yet, the
organization of this little .selfish minority enabled it to over-
rule the Union. What could the unwieldy counties of the
middle, the South and the West do ? Call a county meeting,
and the drunken loungers at and about the courthouses would
have collected, the distances being too great for the good peo-
^' CORRESPONDENCE. [1816.
pie and the industrious generally to attend. The character of
those who really met would have been the measure of the
weight they would have had in the scale of public opinion.
As Cato then concluded every speech with the words " Car-
thago delenda est," so do I every opinion with the injunction
''divide the counties into wards." Begin them only for a
single purpose ; they will soon show for what others they are
the best instruments. God bless you, and all our rulers, and
give them the wisdom, as I am sure they have the will, to
fortify us against the degeneracy of our Government, and the
cor.ccntration of all its powers in the hands of the one, the
feAV, the well-born, or but the many.
Tii: Jefferson.
XXIX.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Senate Chamber, February 14tL, 181 G.
Dear Sir,— Mr. Miller's bill has passed. The bill respect-
ing the Central College has also passed; but with modifications.
The bill respecting the navigable waters of the Commonwealth,
with Col. Green's amendments, has also passed. Your various
letters of late have been gratefully received ; and your copy
pf the books in the National Library has been deposited in the
Council Chamber. I sm compelled to write you in great
haste; but will give you further particulars by the next mail.
With sentiments of the greatest regard,
I remain, dear sir, your obedient servant,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
1816.] CORRESPONDENCE. 57
J, C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 21st Fcbruaiy, 181G.
Dear Sir, — I wrote you hastily, by a late mail, a short let-
ter containing the substance of our proceedings respecting
those bills in -which you felt particular interest. A more par-
ticular statement may not be unacceptable to you. Captain
Miller's bill passed, in the Senate, by a vote of 12 to about 5,
after an elaborate discussion, in -which not only the merits of
the particular claim, but the general law of escheats, was
brought into view. The style of the petition, and the support
you gave Capt. Miller, were no doubt the cause of so large a
majority in his favor. It was well that the title papers arrived
when they did ; otherwise the bill would have been lost, and
Capt. Miller would have been driven to the sale of the real
estate under the third section of the act of 8th February,
1813; on which Mr. Johnson thought he ought to be suffered
to rely. The honest, but droll exultation of the worthy Cap-
tain, when he was informed of the passage of the bill, was a
source of great satisfaction and merriment to Mr. Maury and
myself. I am well persuaded he will always justify the state-
ments you have made in his behalf, and that his gratitude to
you will cease only with his life. Ilis papers were returned to
him, and were carried to Norfolk, to which place he hastened
as soon as the bill passed.
I communicated to the Senate that part of yom- letter con-
taining your motives for giving to the Proctor of the Central
College the powers of a justice of the peace. Finding, not-
withstanding, many members opposed to that part of the bill,
and we deeming it not very important to carry it at this time,
I consented to strike it out. I moved also to strike out those
sections relative to schools in the county of Albemarle. This
motion, however, was not made till I had fully consulted with
Governor Nicholas, my brother William, and several other
58 CORRESPONDENCE. [1816.
friends. It is unquestionably in the contemplation of the
Assembly to establish a general system of education through-
out the State; and for that purpose augmentations are made
from time to time to the literary fund. A resolution has
recently passed the House of Delegates, the object of which is
to give to the literary fund the whole of the surplus of the
debt (hie to this State from the United States over and above
the sum of six hundred thousand dollars. Whether this reso-
lution will finally grow into a law or not, the passage of it
demonstrates the existence of a favorable temper, in regard to
a speedy amelioration in the existing state of education in this
State. As the revenue bill is noAv on the table of the Senate,
and the estimated amount of the taxes embraces a sinking
fund for paying gradually our debt of $750,000 to the banks,
I presume the Assembly will give the surplus of the debt over
$600,000 to the literary fund. As the people of Albemarle
will be taxed to pay the debts of the State, or in other words,
to form the literary fund, they probably would have very great
objections to a power in the trustees of the Central College to
impose additional taxes on them. Under these views of the
subject, and supported by the unanimous advice of the above
named friends, I made the motion to amend the bill in the part
alluded to. Previous to its arrival in the Senate, the part
respecting the literary fund was stricken out in the lower house.
Mr. Poindextcr had been very friendly in regard to this bill, and
when he made a motion, at a late stage of the proceedings, to
amend it, in such manner as to save to the counties of Louisa
and Fluvanna their respective interests in the glebes of St.
Anne and Fredericksville, I could but yield to it, the more
especially as I am confident the Senate would have over-ruled
me had I opposed him on that point. I was the more inclined
to this conciliatory course, because Mr. Maury informed me
that only a very small part of the two glebes could be claimed
by Fluvanna and Louisa ; and for this further reason, that the
policy of the friends of the Central College must be to rely
on funds to be hereafter obtained from the Legislature, rather
1816.] CORRESPONDENCE. 59
than on the very limited means contempLated by the bilh
With these modifications, the bill has passed into a law. The
bill respecting Estis' lottery was rejected in the Senate. As
it came to this house, it was a bill for a lottery, the proceeds
of which was to be applied to the purchase of Mr. Estis'
buildings, provided the trustees should consider them the best
site for the Central College. I proposed, in the Senate, to
amend the bill by directing the proceeds of the lottery to be
applied to the use and benefit of the Central CoHege, provided
they should not wish to establish the College in Estis' houses,
or provided they should not be able to purchase them on such
terms as they should deem just and reasonable. It was sug-
gested by a member of the Senate, that such a bill as this
would be giving the petitioners "a stone when they asked for
bread." I admitted the departure in the bill as it came from
the House of Delegates, from the petition, and the still further
departure contemplated by the amendments I proposed ; but in-
formed the House of the conflict that might arise between Mr.
Estis' Academy and the Central College, if his petition should
be granted, and urged such possible conflict as a sufiicient rea-
son for rejecting the application of the petitioners in the form
in which it appeared before the House of Delegates. If,
however, the views of the petitioners could be reconciled with
the interests of the College, I could have no objections; and
as an additional lottery for the benefit of the Central College
might possibly succeed, I should vote for the bill, and proposed
the amendments merely to clear up all doubts as to the desti-
nation of the proceeds of the lottery. The Senate rejected
the bill; nor was I much grieved by the decision. You will
have seen your letter to Mr. Carr in the Enquirer. It came
out on the morning of the day* that the resolution passed the
House of Delegates appropriating the surplus of our United
* "There nro reasons to believe that the fippearance of this Utter, at that
particular juncture, had a considerable share in the passage of that resolu-
tioii." , Note by Mr. C. Sec also the next letter.
60 CORRESPONDENCE. [1816.
States debt to the literary fund, and I have reasons to believe
had a considerable effect in promoting the passage of that
resolution. I fear, however, no measure will be founded on it.
The manner in which it is generally spoken of induces me to
believe that its publication will produce a very happy effect on
the interests of science in this State. I should be pleased to
see in print your remarks on the division of the counties into
wards, as preparatory to the future introduction of that mea-
sure into the Assembly. The proper point of time for making
the attempt, I presume, would be when the literary fund shall
be applied to the establishment of schools.
The bill respecting the navigable waters of this Common-
wealth, with Coh Green's amendments, has passed into a law.
No retrospective provision is embraced in the law.
Having now given such information as I thought might be
agreeable to you, I have to beg the kindness of you, at any
leisure moment, to drop me a line, informing me whether Say's
work on Political Economy has ever been translated. I have
some idea of making the attempt, should it not already have
been done by some other person. I feel myself infinitely
obliged by the several letters you have had the goodness to
write me during this session. I know the extent of your cor-
respondence, and the drudgery it imposes on you; and all I
ask is a line about Say.
Most respectfully and truly yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jelferson.
XXXI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 26tli February, 181 G.
Dear Sir, — I have at length procured from the Editor of
the Enquirer, and now return your original letter to Mr. Carr.
Its publication, in my opinion, was well-timed, and has pro-
1816.] CORRESPONDENCE. 61
duccd a liappy effect on the Kicasuves of the Assembly. "We
have appropriated all our United States' debt, except $600,000,
to the purposes of education, and have required the President
and Directors of the Literary Fund to report to the next As-
sembly the best plan of an university, colleges, academics, and
schools. The passage of both these measures is unquestiona-
bly to be ascribed, in a great degree, to your letter. But, it
may be asked, why enquire of the President and Directors of
the Literary Fund for plans, Avhen one so satisfactory is
already before the public ? I will tell you. Appropriations
abstracted from their location are most easily obtained.
Should the next Assembly sanction the scheme of an univer-
sity, you Avill see the Lexington and Staunton interests striving
to draw it away from Albemarle, and the whole western dele-
gation will threaten to divide the State, unless this institution
should be placed beyond the Ridge. Staunton wants the seat
of government, and considers the day near at hand, when she
will be the metropolis of the State. Any brilliant establish-
ment at the eastern foot of the Ridge, will shake those claims,
and disturb speculations founded upon them. Mr. Mercer of
the House of Delegates, Avill be an advocate for a western site.
The Washington College at Lexington, will be the favorite of
the Federalists. But I think the Central College will triumph
over them all. I am pleased to think Governor Nicholas will
be in office at the commencement of the next session of Assem-
bly. In the interim, the friends of science will be able to form
the necessary plans to promote the general weal. We have
bad some singular proceedings in the caucuses at this place,
which were held for the purpose of making an electoral ticket.
I had hoped *****
I am, dear sir.
Yours most faithfully and truly,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Jfr. Jefferson.
62 CORRESPONDENCE. [1816.
XXXII.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoKTiCELLO, February 28, 181G.
Dear Sir, — You enquire ^Yhether Say has ever been trans-
lated into English ? I am certain he never has in America,
nor do I believe he has in England. I have never seen his
work named in their catalogues or advertisements, nor do I
believe it has been noticed by the Edinburgh Reviewers. Nor
have they noticed the Review of Montesquieu, although Duane
sent theui a copy. You will render this country a great ser-
vice in translating it ; for there is no branch of science of
which our countrymen seem so ignorant as Political Economy.
The bulk and prolixity of Smith forbid venturing on him. I
salute you always with affection.
Tn: Jefferson.
Joseph C. Cabell, Esq.
XXXIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Warminstee, July 4tb, 1816,
Dear Sir, — I saw Gen. Cocke on his way to Norfolk, early
in June, and had a conversation with him on the subject of
hedges ; in the course of which he informed me that you were
under the impression that Maine's method of preparing haws,
so as to make them vegetate quickly, had died with him. It
affords me pleasure to furnish you with it, in an extract of a
letter written by Maine to Mr. James Henderson of Williams-
burg, at the time that the latter purchased of him about 10,000
of his thorns. I Avas making enquiries in the month of May,
with the view of collecting information as to the practicability
and expediency of introducing live fences into Virginia, when
I accidentally got sight of Maine's letter to Mr. Henderson.
It differs from all other methods I have yet heard of; and is
181G.] CORRESPONDENCE. 63
more expeditious, by one winter, than that of McMahon, who
follows the English and Scotch methods; and is the quickest
of all the processes that have come to my knowledge, unless it
be that of immersing the haws in fermenting bran, as recom-
mended by Sir Isaac Newton. I have no where read of a suc-
cessful experiment on a large scale, of the latter method ; and
have seen it merely suggested as recommended by Sir Isaac
NeAvton. Maine's method is simple, quick, and well suited to
common practice. I should be glad to know why Maine se-
lected the maple leaf thorn in preference to all others. It
does not appear to me to be as vigorous in its growth, or as
strong it its appearance, as the laurel leaf thorn ; nor do I
know whether it is to be found in this part of the country. In
crossing Willis' river, on my way up the country, I found a thorn
in great abundance, which, from the shape of the leaf, appeared
to be the maple leaf thorn. There may, however, be other
varieties with a leaf of tliC same shape. You planted some
years ago, a hedge around your house, of Maine's thorn. I
should be happy, before I commence experiments in this line,
to know your impressions as to the practicability of making
hedges of real use in this country whore hogs are suffered to
run at large ; and as to the relative advantages of the holly,
the cedar, and the thorn, for that purpose. I should also be
much indebted to you, for a reference to such authors as treat
best on the subject. I have consulted Dobson's Encyclopaedia,
Lord Kaimes, Maine's Pamphlet, and the articles in the ordi-
nary books on agriculture. I have been informed by a young
gentleman who attended the lectures of the Abbe Correa in
Philadelphia, that the Abbd expressed the opinion, that hedges
would not succeed in this country, because we have not the
right kind of plant, and that the proper plant when imported,
degenerates. The same person told me that the hedges about
Wilmington, in Delaware, seemed to be declining. These are
discouraging circumstances. Still I have a strong desire to go
on. I had a cedar hedge of about two miles in length, planted
on the Rappahannock low grounds, some years ago. It grew
.64 CORRESPONDENCE. [1816.
handsomely, and promised well. But during the war, it was
neglected and beaten down by stock in many places. A part
of it, about five hundred yards in length, is now entire and
very beautiful. But whether it will be ultimately a secure
fence, I am unable to say. As an object of ornament, I think
it remunerates for the care and trouble it has cost ; and it is of
real use in breaking the force of the violent Avinds that often
sweep those plains. I propose to renew it where it is defective,
and to extend it to four miles in length. The holly is scarcely
to be found in the woods of the upper country. Still I sup-
pose it Avould succeed with the aid of cultivation, and I am
about trvino; it as an enclosure for a yard and lots.
I mentioned to you, in a letter last winter, I had a thought
of attempting a translation of Say's Political Economy. My
health is now improving ; but being still very much reduced by
a severe disease of some months' continuance, I shall be unable
to enter upon such an undertaking in the course of this sum-
mer or fall. I perceive, from the newspapers, that a catechism
of Political Economy, by Say, has been translated into Eng-
lish ; and this being a later work, I presume his former Avork
must also have been translated. I have sent to England for it,
and shall ascertain whether I am correct by the month of
December.
I am appointed one of the members of a committee of three
persons, to enquire and report to the court of this county, such
information as we may be able to procure, to enable them to
carry into successful execution the act of tlie last Assembly,
directing an accurate chart of each county in the State to be
taken. Could you do me the favor to recommend a man that
ought to be employed on such an occasion ? There is not one
in this county. I have thought it Avould be well for several
counties to join in the employment of the same man, so as to
unite economy and uniformity in the execution of the maps.
We arc to make our rej)ort to the court of this county on the
fourth Monday of August. If avc cannot do better, I shall
recommend it to the court to adopt the map of this county
1816.] CORRESPONDENCE. 65
made in the year 1809, by the late Capt. Yarnum,* son of the
General, in order to ascertain the most convenient point for
the establishment of the public buildings.
I am, dear sir,
With great respect and regard, yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. JeJJ'erson.
XXXIV.
T. J. TO J. C. 0.
MoNTiCELLO, July 13, 181G.
Dear Sir, — I thank you for Maine's recipe for preparing
the haw, inclosed in your favor of the 4th. I really thought
it lost with him, and that the publication of it would be a pub-
lic benefit. I do not know that his hedge thorn is to be found
wild but in the neighborhood of Washington. He chose it, I
thinkj for its beauty. I have extensive hedges of it, which I
have too much neglected. The parts well grown appear rather
weak against cattle ; yet, when full grown, Avill probably be
sufficient. He proposed to keep out hogs by a couple of rails
passed along the bottom, and, I think, it will be sufficient : and
that, should the upper part prove too weak for very strong cat-
tle, a pole run horizontally through will bind them together,
and make them sufficient. Col. Randolph thinks the cockspur
hawthorn (our common one) would be preferable as being
stronger. My grandson, Jefferson Randolph, found one com-
mon, about Willis's mountains, which he thinks eminently pre-
ferable to all others. The Pyracanthus which I got from
Maine is a beautiful plant, but not fit for a hedge. Ho tried
the honey locust, meaning to keep it down by the shears ; but
I thought it too straggling. The holly certainly will'not do
* dipt Vanmin had emigrated from New England to Amherst county, and
had acted as county surveyor.
6^ COKRESPONDENCE. [1816.
with US, because all but impossible to make live in our climate.
I have one tree 44 years old, not yet taller than a hedge
should be. Of the cedar I have no experience, but of the dif-
ficulty of cither transplanting it or raising it from the berry.
On the Avhole, I think nothing comparable with the thorn, and
that they may be made to answer perfectly, with the aids I
have mentioned.
I am sorry you hesitate about the translation of Say's Polit-
ical Economy. I have not supposed his Catechism was a work
of note, but rather an occasional criticism on the English
practices ; but I have not seen it, and I think you should not
wait for it.
I think your idea a good one of employing a single person
for half a dozen counties. I am sure the State does not fur-
nish one for every county, qualified and willing. There is a
son of Cupt. W. D. Meriwether, in this county, who has had a
collegiy.te education, and possesses geometry enough for this
operation. He has expressed a willingness to undertake our
county, and perhaps would yours, for a sufficient allowance ;
but what may be deemed a competent reward I know not, nor
whether our court will employ Mr. Meriwether or the county
surveyor. If the county surveyors are generally employed,
the work will not be worth a copper, as few of them know any
thing of geometry, but depend altogether on plotting. I sa-
lute you with great friendship and respect.
Tn: Jefferson.
P. S. Col. Randolph tells me he has repeatedly heard Mr.
Correa say that our cockspur hawthorn (Crataegus crux galli)
was the best for hedges he had ever met with.
1816.] CORRESPONDENCE. 67
XXXV.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
You have sometimes thought my political ramhlings worth
the time and trouble of reading. I enclose jou a letter lately
written on a subject now much agitated in our State.* I will
ask the favor of its early return by mail, as I have no other
copy. I salute you with friendship and respect.
July 14, 1816.
XXXVI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Edgewood, 4tli August, 181G.
Dear Sir, — I beg you to accept my sincere thanks for
your favor of the 13th inst., and for the communication
of the accompanying letter, on the propriety of calling
a convention to amend the Constitution of Virginia. The in-
formation you give me on the subject of hedges is very accep-
table ; it will exempt me from the mortification of failures in
experiments that extend through so large a portion of human
life. I have about half a bushel of holly seed now lying in
my garden, undergoing the process of preparation for the seed-
bed ; but since the receipt of your letter, I have determined to
throw them aside, or to make very small use of them. I shall
direct my future attempts in this line towards the thorn, and
to the variety you recommend, unless I should be able to pro-
cure that of which Mr. Jefferson Randolph speaks so highly,
*This wa^ probabl}- the letter to Snmuel Kcrchcval, reviewing the then
Constitution of Virginia, and suggesting the principles on which it should be
revised. It may be found in bis writings, IV. 285.
68 CORRESPONDENCE. [181G.
for wliicli purpose I have sent him the enclosed letter of en-
quiry. I presume he alludes to a thorn in tlic old fields about
Henilrick's tavern, the strength and density of -which have
frequently been mentioned to me by gentlemen who had been
traveling that way. It is not certain, although it is probable,
that Maine'f3 recipe will succeed with all the diiFerent thorns.
I have written to Mr. Meriwether on the subject of surveying
this county. The law authorizing a chart of the State passed
hastily through both Houses of Assembly, at the close of the
session, and is defective. I regret that the county courts have
anything to do with the business. For though some may make
judicious contracts, T am confident mnny of them will employ
incompetent agents, and the map will be a half-formed, party-
colored affair. In ni}^ opinion, it would be a commendable
course if the executive would defer acting on any of the con-
tracts till the meeting of the Assembly, when we might amend
the law, by appointing a Surveyor General, who, with the aid
of deputies chosen by himself, under proper checks:, would
make a map of which the State might justly be proud. If, as
is to be apprehended, this well intended scheme should be
spoilt in the execution, the people, already dissatisfied with so
large an appropriation for such an object, may, in a fit of dis-
gust, insist on the repeal of the law for internal improvement.
The difiiculties which must by this time have been encountered,
in every county of the State, in the attempt to procure suitable
agents, liavo probably prepared the public mind for such an
exercise of power on the part of the executive. I have written
nothing on this subject, as any suggestions of mine would be
entitled to but little attention on the part of the executive ; but
I wish some gentleman possessing the confidence of the execu-
tive Avould take the subject in hand.
I am extremely obliged to you for the perusal of your letter
on the State Constitution. Many of the views are new; some
in conflict with my previously formed opinions, and all, in the
highest degree, interesting. I wish this letter could have fallen
into my hands some years ago. Wishing to give to its various
181G.] CORRESPONDENCE. 69
topics the fullest consideration,* I have taken the liberty to
retain a copy, and unless you should forbid it, I will take the
further liberty of shewing it to a few of my friends, who will
not disregard the injunctions contained in a certain part of the
letter.
5jC Ij» JjS ^ H~
I enclose, for the perusal of yourself and Col. Randolph,
two interesting papers relative to the two Banks in Virginia,
which were communicated to the last Assembly. I will thank
you for the return of them by the 1st October.
Dr. Smith has adopted the Review of Montesquieu as the
text-book on the Principles of Government, for the students of
William k Mary. He will adopt either Say or Tracy on Polit-
ical Economy, as the one or the other may appear best, when
the latter comes out. We hear nothing of it. Owing to the
weak state of my health, I shall be tardy about the translation
of Say you recommend me to undertake. Perhaps I shall not
be competent ; but I will make the attempt as soon as my
health will permit.
I am, dear sir,
Most respectfully and truly yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
3fr. Jefferson.
* With the general tenor of that letter, ]\Ir. Cabell, on full reflection, did
not concur, but opposed the call of a convention. When this was determined
on, in a speech ad-lressed to the Senate, and which appeared in the Richmond
Whig of March 6th, 1829, he urged the importance of adhering ' to the
"Mixed Basis" of property and person?, in apportioning the districts from
which the delegates to such convention were to be chosen. Several argu-
ments, afterwards used in convention, appear to have been anticipated in this
speech.
70 CORRESPONDENCE. [1817
xxxvir.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTicELLO, September 3, 1816.
Dear Sir, — I am afraid I have kept yoiu- papers longer
than you expected. Mr. Randolph's absence, till Avithin these
two days, has been the cause of it. They are valuable docu-
ments, and are now returned. With respect to the copy of my
letter, I know it is safe in your hands, and I rely on your effec-
tual care that it be kept out of the public papers.
Affectionately yours.
Th: Jefferson.
Joseph C. Cabell, Esq.
XXXVIII.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, January 1, 1817.
Dear Sir, — A member of a family to which I have been
much attached by long intimacies, solicits my asking the atten-
tion of some of my friends to his petition before the Legislature.
He is the Viscount Barziza, youngest of two sons of Count Bar-
ziza, of Venice, by the only daughter and heiress of the late Mrs.
Paradise, who was the daughter of Col. Philip Ludwell, propri-
etor of Greenspring, where she was born. Mr. Paradise,* her
husb?nd, was a naturalized citizen. Their grand-children peti-
tion for the maternal estate ; and, as the rights of man do not
depend on the geography of his birth, I hope they will obtain
it. It is to this petition I solicit your attention ; and that you
will procure to be done in it what you think right.
* Something fai'ther concerning this gentleman appears In a letter of Mr.
Jsffersou to Mr. IMadison, -written from Paris in ;78G. Writings, II. 7.
jl817.] correspondence. 71
There was a petition from Capt. Meriwether and others for
the establishment of a turnpike from Rockfish Gap to Moore's
Ford, designed to fix the passage of that road at Moore's Ford,
to parry a process now in court to substitute a better ford and
road. We counter-petitioned. Should this matter come up
to your House, the counter-petition will inform you accurately
of the circumstances of the case, in whic'n I am sure you will
do what is right, as well from a principle of justice as of re-
gard for
Yours affectionately,
Tn: Jefferson.
Mr. Cabell.
XXXIX.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
RicuMOND, 12th January, 1817.
Dear Sir, — Your favor of 1st inst. is now before me. With
the nature and object of the petition you allude to, I was
already acquainted, from having received an explanatory letter
from your grandson, covering a copy of the remonstrance. I
had also conversed as well with him as with Mr. Maury. I
advised INIr. Maury, without delay, to have an interview with
his colleague, and to endeavor to obtain his co-operation. He
took this course, and his colleague yielded a ready assent to
the justice of the remonstrance. Very soon after this, Mr.
Maury became ill, and for some time has not left his room.
During this interval, his colleague has changed sides, and pre-
pared the select committee for a report favorable to the peti-
tion. But at the date of my last enquiry, the subject was
suspended till Mr. Maury's return to the House ; when I
expect he will bo able to procure the rejection of the petition,
or at least the modification you desire. Should it come to the
Senate, you may be assured of my endeavors to have the bill
/
72 CORRESPONDENCE. [1817.
altered in the manner you -wish, -wlilcli appears to me entirely
conformable to reason and justice.
Should Count Barziza's petition succeed in the House of
Delegates, I Avill not fail to pay every attention in my power
to it, -when it comes to the Senate.
Dr. Smith has received information that Say's Treatise on
Political Economy has been translated into English, He
shortly expects a copy from England. Under these circum-
stances, I consider myself absolved from my promise to you.
I imagine you would be pleased to see a copy of the bank
bill which has recently passed the House of Delegates ; and I
accordingly enclose one. This bill is now under the conside-
ration of a committee of the Senate, consisting of the four
n-icmbcrs from beyond the Ridge, and the senator from Lou-
doun. I think it will be much altered in the Senate, and
perhaps it will fail entirely in the end. You will perceive that
the part respecting the literary fund merely gives banking
powers to the jjresent literary fund, and in no other respect
adds to the fund. The late Governor's original scheme of
augmenting the fund to $2,000,000, by an addition of 6 per
cent, stock, to be created by the Commonwealth, and of giving
banking powers to tlie whole, has been defeated. This bill has
engrossed nearly the Avhole attention of the Assembly since
our meeting. It has not yet been accompanied in its progress
by symptoms of great exasperation ; but should it fail, as I
think is probable, except as to a few Western banks, there will
be much heat and violence. The petition from Port Poyal is
written by Col. Taylor.
I never received, until within the last few days, the late
Governor's letter of 18th October, appointing me one of the
visitors of the Central College. I shall, at all times, be ready
to attend to any business to which the appointment may give
rise. I fear it will be difficult, if not impracticable, to procure
money for that institution. The prevailing opinion seems to
be, to establish schools first, and colleges afterwards. Besides,
when I was at Staunton, the very spot where the University
1817.] CORPtESPOXDENCE. 7
o
was to be placed was pointed out to me. And should there be
a bank at Staunton, you may expect to hear it called the Cen-
tral Bank.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
XL.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 9th February, 1817.
Dear Sir, — The petition of Count Barziza was rejected
some time past in the House of Delegates.
I have kept a watchful eye on the turnpike bill to which you
desired me to attend. Mr. Thweatt * has shown a very friendly
anxiety on the occasion. I spoke to several of my friends in
the House of Delegates, to co-operate with him. Mr. Maury
has been ill nearly the whole of the session. But an agreement
has been entered into by all the membr^rs of the House of Dele-
gates who feel an interest in this subject, that Avhen the bill
shall have been read a second or third time, it shall be laid on
the table in that house, and there remain. The object is to let
the matter lie over till another session. This, I believe, will be
agreeable to you.
I had some part in hewing down the mammoth bank bill
sent us from the House of Delegates. In the share I bore in
the discussion in the Senate, I took occasion to state the sav-
ing to the nation by the substitution of bank-paper for specie,
and used your own calculation, referring to anonymous author-
ity. It appeared to make a considerable impression.
Mr. Rives lately came on from Washington, and brings me
the agreeable information, that Mr. Milligan will have Tracy's
Mr. Archibald Thweatt, delegate from Chesterfield.
74 COERESPONDENCE. [1817.
Political Economy ready for delivery in a month from this
time.
I am, dear sir, most respectfully and truly yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
XLI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 19th February, 1817.
Dear Sir, — The bill respecting the turnpike from Rockfish
Gap Avas this day postponed indefinitely in the House of Dele-
gates. * * *, as I um informed by Mr. Thweatt, did every
thing in h!s power to push the bill through the House, after
having consented to lay it on the table for the balance of the
session.
The bill for taking the sense of the people as to the expedi-
ency of calling a Convention, Avas rejected in the Senate. The
bill for equalizing the Senatorial districts and the land tax has
since passed. I was an advocate for this last bill, and used the
first bill reported by yourself, Mr. Pendleton and Mr. Wythe,
in the year 1779, to prove tliat we had the constitutional power
to alter the classes.
The University bill is now under consideration in the Senate.
I cannot predict its fate. It comes to us, however, at a most
inauspicious period, when the members are impatient to break
up and go home.
I am, dear sir, very truly yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jef}~€rson.
1817.] CORRESPONDENCE. 75
XLII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Edgewood, 30th March, 1817.
Dear Sir, — I have had a good hunt among my papers for
Maine's recipe for the preparation of haws; and at length,
after almost despairing, have found it in the midst of a small
volume of extracts from Brown's Rural Affairs. I now send
it to you, agreeably to your desire.
I am, dear sir, very respectfully and truly yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
XLIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Bremo, 23d April, 1817.
Dear Sir, — I arrived at this place yesterday evening, on
my return home from the election in Goochland. Gen. Cocke
informs me that he met you at Enniscorthy as you were going
to Bedford, and that he learned from you that the meeting
which you proposed of the Visitors of the Central College was
intended to be on the day fixed in the law for the general
meeting in the spring, viz: on the first day of the Albemarle
Superior Court, which will be on 13th of May. At the time
of our last conversation on this subject, at Monticello, I under-
stood that our meeting Avould take place on the day after the
next Albemarle Inferior Court, which would be the 6th of
May. I remember that Gen. Cocke observed, that the pro-
posed meeting would occur on the very day fixed by the law
for the first general meeting; and sujsposing he was accurate,
I did not refer to the act. Having made arrangements to go
to Williamsburg and Lancaster county immediately after the
last election in the Senatorial district, which will be on the 28th
76 CORRESPONDENCE. [1817.
inst., it was very inconvenient for me to postpone my departure
till Gth of May, but as you seemed desirous for mo to remain,
I reluctantly consented. I then made my arrangements for
going doAvn the country on Gth May. It is with sincere regret
that I inform you that it will be out of my power to attend on
13th. I will not trouble you with the various reasons Avhich
"will prevent my attendance, but will content myself with
observing, that Gen. Cocke considers me as entirely excusa-
ble ; and, under these circumstances, I hope you will excuse
my absence. The only case in which my presence could be
of any importance would be to secure a meeting. But of the
attendance of four m.embers I hope there can be no doubt.
Gen. Cocke will see Maj. AVatson between tliis and the day of
meeting, and correct the information I lately gave him as to
the Gth May. And as Mr. Madison is now at home, and has
promised to perform the duties of a Visitor, I presume there
can be no doubt of his attendance. I beg you to be assured
that no ordinary state of affairs should prevent my faithful
attention to this business ; and of this assurance I hope to fur-
nish a proof in my future punctuality.
I remain, dear sir,
Most respectfully and faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
XLIV.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Edgewood, 18tli August, 1817.
Dear Sir, — I nov,- do myself the pleasure to enclose you
the list of English books sold by Barrois at Paris, agreeably
to my promise to you at Mr. Madison's. Upon examination, I
find there are but few works which you would probably wish to
purchase. You would oblige me by the return of the cata-
1817.] CORRESPOXDENCE. 77
logue at some future day, as I shall ■wish to make use of it
from time to time. But I shall not want it for a good while,
I have sent subscription papers, enclosed in letters of expla-
nation, to the folloAvIng persons in the following counties and
places: Campbell, Col. Wm. J. Lewis; Lynchburg, Dr. Geo.
Cabell; Amherst, Roderick M'Cullock, Edm'd Winston, Rcb't
Walker, John Camm, Thos. Eubank, Sterling Claiborne, Hill
Carter and David S. Garland ; Nelson, Rob't Rives and Spotts-
wood Garland; Powhatan, Wm. Pope; Winchester, Henry St.
George Tucker; Stafford, William Brent; Lancaster, Ellyson
Currie. It occurred to me, after we separated, that it was
very doubtful whether the counties of the Northern Neck
would contribute anything. It seemed to be the wish of your-
self and Mr. Madison, and the general understanding, that
except in the counties where a local interest would operate, the
subscription papers should not be exhibited without a well
grounded hope of success. The counties of the Northern
Neck are not, in my view, locally connected with Albemarle
in regard to the Central College, and having suffered exces-
sively by the war, Avill probably have but little, if any, money
to spare. Yet there arc some liberal men in those counties,
particularly towards Fredericksburg. I have, therefore,
adopted a course somewhat different from the one I promised,
and hope it will be satisfactory to you and the other gentle-
men. I wrote to Mr. Currie, of Lancaster, enclosing him a
subscription paper, and requesting him to shew it to some of
the most liberal men in the counties of Lancaster, l^ orthum-
berland, Westmoreland, and Richmond; to advise with them
on the subject; and, if it should be their opinion that the
measure Avould not meet with a decent support in that quarter,
not to exhibit the paper publicly. In the oppoj^ite event, I
desired him to give it currency and procure subscribers. To
Mr. William Brent, of Stafford, I wrote to the same effect, in
regard to the counties of Stafford, Fairfax, and King George.
These are liberal, enlightened and active young men, with
78 CORRESPONDENCE. [1817.
whom I am intimately acquainted, and are as suitable persons
as any that could have been addressed on this occasion.
I fear the subscription in this county, Amherst and Camp-
bell will be very small. I shall attend Nelson court on
Monday, with the view of doing every thing in my power to
promote it.
It appeared to be the opinion of so many of my friends
that the publication of the catalogue of subscribers would be
attended with no advantage, that I have declined, for the pre-
sent, to trouble Mr. Ritchie with a request to that effect.
Should it be the opinion of yourself and the other Visitors,
when we meet in September, that such publication would be
advantageous, I will then cause it to take place.
A genteel, sensible young man passed here yesterday, on
his way from the upper part of the Northern Neck. He had
called at the houses of many of the best informed people in
the course of his journey; and heard every where the Central
College spoken of in very high tcms.
I am very happy to hear that the Albemarle subscription
already amounts to nearly $30,000.
On my return from Mr. Madison's, I found my mother had
relapsed. The fever continued for four weeks, at the end of
which, all remedies proving unsuccessful, we had the affliction
to lose her.
I remain, dear sir, very sincerely yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
P. S. I have just copied your manuscript on meteorological*
subjects, in which you have condensed a vast variety of most
instructive and amusing information. It is astonishing how
you could find time, in the midst of your other engagements,
to make such a prodigious number of observations. I enclose
the paper to Mr. Madson, by to day's mail.
* Quere de hoc?
1817.] CORRESPONDENCE. 79
XLV.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
PoPLAE Forest,* September 0, 1817.
Dear Sir, — I promised you that I would put into the form
of a bill my plan of establishing the elementary schools,
without taking a cent from the literary fund. I have had
leisure at this place to do this, and now send you the result.
If twelve or fifteen hundred schools are to be placed under
one general administration, an attention so divided will amount
to a dereliction of them to themselves. It is surely better,
then, to place each school at once under the care of those
most interested in its conduct. In this way the literary fund
is left untouched to complete at once the whole system of edu-
cation, by establishing a college in every district of about
eighty miles square, for the second grade cf education, to wit:
languages, ancient and modern, and for the third grade a single
university, in which the sciences shall be taught in their highest
degree.
I should apologise, perhaps, for the style of this bill. 1
dislike the verbose and intricate style of the modern English
statutes, and in our Revised Code I endeavored to restore it to
the simple one of the ancient statutes, in such original bills as
I drew in that work. I suppose the reformation has not been
acceptable, as it has been little followed. You, however, can
easily correct this bill to the taste of my brother lawyers, by
making every other word a "said" or "aforesaid," and saying
every thing two or three times over, so as that nobody but we of
the craft can untwist the diction, and find out what it means ;
and that, too, not so plainly but that we may conscientiously
divide, one-half on each side. Mend it, therefore, in form and
substance to the orthodox taste, and make it what it should be;
* Mr. Jefferson's seat in Bedford county.
80 CORRESPONDENCE. [1817.
or, if you think it radically wrong, try something else, and let
us make a beginning in some way, no matter how wrong; expe-
rience will amend it as Ave go along, and make it eflfectual in
the end.
I shall see you, of course, at our stated visitation, and hope
all the gentlemen will consider Monticello as the rendezvous of
the preceding day or evening.
I salute you with friendship and respect.
Th: Jefferson.
Jlr. Cabell.
[The bill referred to will be found in the Appendix.]
XLVI.
T, J. TO J. C. C.
Poplar Forest, September 10, 1817.
Dear Sir, — I omitted, in my letter of yesterday, to return
Barrois' catalogue, with thanks for the use of it. I omitted,
also, to observe that it would be better that the bill for the
elementary schools should not be known as coming from me.
Not knowing the present pulse of the public, should there
be any thing unpalatable in it, it may injure our college, as
coming from one of its visitors. I Avish it to be understood,
also, that I do not intermeddle with public affairs. It is my
duty, and equally my wish, to leave them to those who are to
feel the benefits and burthens of measures. The interest I
feel in the system of education and wards, has seduced me
into the part I have taken as to them, and still attaches me to
their success. I sent subscription papers, with a letter of
explanation, to the counties allotted to me. I have given one
to Charles Johnson, who is zealous, and I shall send one to
Christopher Clarke on his return home ; but I doubt their
effect. The difficulty, I find, is to eradicate the idea that it is
a local thing, a mere Albemarle academy. I endeavor to con-
vince them it is a general Seminary of the Sciences meant for
1817.] CORRESPONDENCE. 81
the use of the State. In this view all approve of the situa-
tion, and rally to the object. But time seems necessary to
plant this idea firmly in their minds. Dr. Knox* has retired
from business, and I have written to Cooper.
Affectionately, yours,
Tn: Jefferson.
Mr. Cabell.
XLVII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Charlottesville, 7th October, 1817.
Dear Sir, — Your note of this morning has this moment
been received by General Cocke and myself. The association
for an Agricultural Societyf adjourned yesterday evening to
11 o'clock this day. Judge Stewart has been engaged to give
an opportunity to the members of the bar to attend. If wc
let slip this occasion, perhaps it will be impossible to bring the
gentlemen together a second time. Will you have the good-
ness, therefore, to excuse General Cocke and myself, if we do
not come precisely at the hour you designate, but at 12 or 1 ?
And we further ask the kindness of you to make this explana-
tion to the President and Mr. Madison. No weather will stop
us, the moment our existing appointment shall have been
attended to. Mr. Watson went to Mr. Minor's last evening,
and was to return here at 10 this morning ; but it is probable
he will not turn out in this weather.
I am, dear sir, most truly yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
* Of Baltimore, who had been invited to the Chair of Languages in the
proposed Central College. See Appendix E.
f This was the Agricultural Society of Albemarle, so eminently useful in
its day, for Avhich Mr. Cabell had been required to prepare a Constitution.
Mr. Madison was its first President. It was the first district association of
the kind in Virginia, and though nominally local iu its objects, the benefit of
its example and instructions pervaded the State.
82 CORRESPONDENCE. [1817.
XLVIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Edgewood, 14th October, 1817.
Dear Sir, — I thank you for the use of the enclosed papers,
which I have copied and now commit to the first mail after my
return to this place. I shall endeavor to make myself master
as well of your plan for schools, as of that for colleges, before
the period, at which those subjects will be taken up, in the
House of Delegates. If you could conveniently j^pare the
time, I think it would be of great benefit to the cause, were
you to prepare bills for the College and University, or to
enlarge the School bill and include them in it.* In laying the
State off into Districts for Colleges, you seem to have had
chief regard to territorial extent. There are powerful masses
of interest accumulated already at particular points in the
State — as, for example, at some of the Colleges and tOAvns.
Would it not be well to consult these in the arrangement of
the collegiate districts, in order to obtain success ?t I inad-
vertently left my copy of the members of the Cincinnati on
the table where I made it at Monticello. Should you have
found it, I will be thankful to you to keep it till I have the
pleasure of seeing you again. I was at Buckingham court on
yesterday. Mr. Eppes was there, endeavoring to procure sub-
scribers for the Central College. But few persons seemed
disposed to subscribe. Be so good as to mention to Colonel
Randolph, that I fear the time allowed for us to prepare a
report for the Agricultural Society is entirely too short, and
that I regret exceedingly that I Avas instrumental in fixing the
* See Appendix, G.
J The suggestion here thrown out is that in tlie belief of whose expediency
Mr. C. ultimalely settled, though there were, for ii long season, nuineioua
obstacles to its fulfillment, and which have not yet been wholly overcome.
1817.] COllRESPONDENCE. 83
period. Having qualified as my mother's executor, and having
in the course of the next fortnight to adjust my affairs, for an
absence of four or five months from home, I shall be unable to
prepare anything, and shall rely upon himself and General
Cocke. I have borrowed of Mr. Patterson forty-five volumes
of Young's Annals. There are valuable hints scattered up
and down throughout this voluminous work. But it would
take one or two months to search over these numerous pages,
and condense the applicable and valuable thou;.hts into such
method as would suit our purposes. I shall collect all the
information from them that I possibly can, in the midst of
many avocations that now press upon me ; and attend at the
time appointed. Perhaps it would be Avell to have a meeting
of the committee at the November court, and of the Society
at the December court, so as to give further time, with the
advantages of an intermediate conference among the members
of the committee. I suggest this merely for his consideration.
Should he be ready to report at November court, that day
would be more convenient, on account of the season and other
circumstances. Two other courses might be adopted. Either
to report in part, and ask time till the Spring meeting to con-
clude it, or to make no report at all, at the next meeting, and
ask time to digest and mature one. I would vote for either
of these three courses, as may be most agreeable to Colonel
Randolph.
I remain, dear sir,
Most respectfully and faithfully yours,
Jos. C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
XLIX.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, October 24, 1817.
Dear Sir, — Yours of the 14th came to ha.nd two days ago.
Soon after you left us, I received the pamphlet you were so
84 CORRESPONDENCE. [1817.
kind as to have directed to me, containing several papers on
the establishment of a system of education. A serious perusal
of the bill* for that purpose, convinced me, that unless some-
thing less extravagant could be devised, the -ndiole undertaking
must fail. The primary schools alone on that plan Avould ex-
haust the whole funds, the colleges as much more, and an
university would never come into question. However slow
and painful the operation of writing is become from a stiffen-
ing wrist, and however deadly my aversion to the writing
table, I determined to try whether I could not contrive a plan
more within the compass of our funds. I send you the result
brought into a single bill,t lest by bringing it on by detach-
ment some of the parts might be lost. You ask if we should
not associate with it the petty academies and colleges spread
over the State, in order to engage their interest ? Wliy should
we ? For their funds ? They have none. Scarcely any of
them have funds to keep their buildings in repair. They
depend on what they get from their students. Aggregated to
our regular system, they would make it like the image of brass
and clay, substances which can never amalgamate. They
would only embarrass, and render our colleges impracticable.
I have always found it best never to permit a rational plan to
be marred by botching. You would lose on the vote more
honest friends than you would reconcile dishonest enemies,
under which term I include those who would sacrifice the
public good to a local interest. However, take it, and make
of it what you can, if worth anything. Communicate it, also,
to Mr. Hives, if you please. I meddle no more with it.
There is a time to retire from labor, and that time is come
with me. It is a duty, as well as the strongest of my desires
to relinquish to younger hands the government of our bark,
and resign myself, as I do willingly, to their care. Our Cen-
tral College gives me more employment than 1 am equal to.
The dilatoriness of the workmen gives me constant trouble.
* Mr. Mercei's. f See Appendix G.
1817.] CORRESPONDENCE. 85
It has already brought into doubt the completion this year of
the building begun, Avhich obliges me to be with them every
other day. I follow it up from a sense of the impression
which will be made on the Legislature by the prospect of its
immediate operation. The Avails should be done by our next
court, but they will not, by a great deal. We hope to see you
then. En attendant, I salute you with friendship and respect.
Th : Jefferson.
Joseph C. Cabell, Esq.
P. S. I drew a plan of a college in its dormitories, such as
the bill calls for, to demonstrate that it will not cost more thaa
the sum allotted.
L.
.1. C. C, TO T. J.
Richmond, 3d December, 1817.
Dear Sir, — The enclosed subscriptions to the funds of the
college, by Mr. Tucker and Mr. Coal tor,* are made by those
gentlemen to demonstrate their favorable opinion of the insti-
tution, and friendly regard to those who have its management
entrusted to their care.
Having been exposed five hours on the water, in going down
the Rappahannock from Urbanna, and several in returning, an
inflammation arose on one of my hips, which caused me to ride
in great pain from that place to Richmond; and would have
prevented me from arriving on the first day of the session, but
for the politeness of two members of the House of Delegates,
who alternately exchanged a seat in their carriages for my
horse.
The Senate will adjourn in a few days, as usual, till the
Christmas holidays are over ; and during that interval I shall
* Judge Coalter of the Court of Appeals.
S6 CORRESPONDENCE. [1817.
go down to Williamsburg in order to accompany my wife back
to this place. But I shall not leave town till I have done
every thing I possibly can towards the furtherance of the
interests of the College. I am now, every day, engaged in
deliberation and consultation upon that subject. I have ex-
amined your bill very carefully, and am shewing it to all such,
both in and out of the Assemblj^, as I think ought to see it,
before the subject is taken up in the House. I am of opinion,
that your plan of the primary schools is much the best I have
yet heard of; but I fear groat difficulties will arise out of the
sparseness of the population of the country.* Such appear
to be the impressions of those who have seen it. But the bill
is read with great admiration and pleasure by every one.
These are first impressions. Rest assured, the subject will be
turned over and over, and viewed on every side by the ablest
men in Richmond, very many times, before the session closes.
My wish is to produce, if possible, an agreement among the
intelligent men, as to what ought to be attempted, and then to
move in concert. But even this, I assure you, is very diffi-
cult ; for there are almost as many opinions as there are mem-
bers. If anything will unite us it will be your bill. The * *
and the * * will probably exert all their influence to defeat
the vicAvs of the Central College. Already I hear those in-
terests are operating among the members of * * to our injury.
The [Cincinnati] Society will meet on Monday. From what I
learn from Judge Brooke and Major Quarles, a majority will
be opposed to the plan of altering their former conditional
resolution in fiivor of the Washington Academy. Added to
these hostile interests, the friends of the Washington Academy
are using great exertions to defeat the claims of the Central
College. I hear of no diversion on the side of William k
Mary. The friends of that institution appear to pursue a
quiet, liberal course. If the general system should fail, I
* Tliis lias continued to be the chief obstacle to the success of primarj
education in Virginia.
1817.] CORRESPONDENCE. 87
trust, we shall be able to procure an appropriation for the
Central College ; were my abilities to convince and persuade
proportionate to my zeal, success would not be wanting. A
situation in the other House would be much better than the
one I occupy ; but I shall do every thing in the case, that lies
within the compass of my limited means. Judge Brooke is
very friendly to our cause. I am happy, also, to inform you
that two members of standing, in the Senate, Col. Green, of
Fredericksburg, and Mr. Iloomcs, of King and Queen, who
opposed the University bill of the last session, will advocate
an appropriation to the Central College. It is very uncertain,
at this time, what shape the subject will assume, or what will
be the event of the proceedings, in the House of Delegates.
I am informed a strong party in that body arc in favor of the
abolition of the Literary Fund.
I am, dear sir.
With great respect, very sincerely, yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
P. S. Mr. Watts has assured me, that he would advocate
an appropriation to the Central College. Mr. Johnson has not
arrived.
LI.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
Poplar Foeest, December 18, 1817.
Dear Sir, — I have been detained a month by my affairs
here, but shall depart in three days, and eat my Christmas
dinner at Monticello. I expect to find there the returns of
our subscription papers, and I hope, the donation of the Cin-
cinnati. These Avill enable me to make the report to the
Governor which our Board determined on. It will ha^^e to go
the rounds of their residences for their amendments and signa-
tures ; for this I will send an express, and not lose a day in
88 CORRESPONDENCE. [1817.
sending it to you, open for your consideration and signature,
then to be sealed and delivered to the Governor. I think you
had better keep back the general plan till this report is made,
as I am persuaded it will give a lift to that. I congratulate
you on a letter I have just received from Dr. Cooper, engaging
himself for our physiological and law schools. Pray drop me
a line when any vote is passed which furnishes an indication of
the success or failure of the general plan. I have only this
single anxiety in this world. It is a bantling of forty years'
birth and nursing, and if I can once see it on its legs, I will
sing with sincerity and pleasure my nunc ditnittas. My calcu-
lation is, that you will hear from me by the 10th of January.
Aifectionately yours,
Mr. Cabell.
Th: Jefferson.
LII.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
Poplar Forest, December 19, 1817.
Dear Sir, — I wrote to you yesterday morning, and put the
letter myself into the post-office of Lynchburg, to which place
I went to endeavor to engage bricklayers for our work the
next season. I could not do it. They asked ^15 a thousand
for place brick and sand-stock brick work, and the double for
the oil stock brick. They rose from $12 to $15 on the extra-
ordinary price of corn a year or two past, and there is a
struggle here at present to bring them down to 12 or $18.
This is depending, I agreed, provisionally, with Brown (the
most to be depended on of any) to give him what shall be given
for similar work in Lynchburg the ensuing season, taking time
to consult my colleagues. In the mean time, I think it possi-
ble we might get undertakers from Richmond for so large a job
as three or four hundred thousand bricks. This I must eet
you to enquire into and give me the promptest answer you
1817.] CORRESPONDENCE. 89
can. Are there in Richmond bricklayers of the first degree
of skill? At what prices do they do the very best Avork?
Will a responsible one engage to finish the half our work by
mid-summer, the other half by the first of October? Our
walls are generally one and a half brick thick — the whole to
be grouted, not a single samrael brick, and but tAvo bats to be
used for every nine whole bricks. The front wall to be oil
stock brick — the other outer walls sand stock — mortar one-
third lime, two-thirds pure sand, Avithout any mixture of mould.
The work to be done as Avell as the very best in Richmond or
Lynchburg. If you can make a provisional bargain Avith an
undertaker to be depended on, taking only time for the appro-
bation of the Visitors, this Avill give us choice between BroAvn
and him. But this must be immediate, as I must ansAver
Brown shortly. Pray make a business of it; turn out imme-
diately, make such a bargain if you can, and inform me imme-
diately, that I may fix the one or the other as shall be best.
Yours affectionately,
Tn : Jefferson.
P. S. Sand is two miles off, and lime nine or ten. Its
price at the quarry, Is.
LIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 29th December, 1817.
Dear Sir, — I arrived in town last evening, and received
this morning at the post-office your two letters of 18th and
19th inst., which noAV lie before me. Before I reply to them,
I will go back to circumstances that preceded their arrival. I
presume you have reached Monticello, and have received my
last letter from this place, touching our prospects with the
Cincinnati and the General Assembly. Shortly after the date
of that letter, the members of the Cincinnati, avIio appeared in
Richmond, formed a meeting, and determined that they Avould
90 CORRESPONDENCE. [1817
not disturb the former conditional appropriation of their funds
in favor of the Washington College. The meetinor was but
thinly attended; and I Avas informed that a pretty general
impression among the members was that the funds ought not
to be finally disposed of by so small a portion of the body,
and that the question as to the ultimate appropriation ought to
be deferred till a more full assemblage could be had ; and that
notice would be given to all the members to appear at a general
meeting to be held in the course of the next year. A majority
of the members present at the last meeting were opposed to
the Central College and in favor of the Washington College :
and from all I could hear, I am led to believe that a majority
of the absentees would have voted in the same way had they
been present. There are too many federalists in the Cincin-
nati for that body to look with favor on the Central College.
Added to the federal interest, we had to contend with * * * ^
"whose influence, I think, from all I could gather, had been all
along opposed to the prosperity of that institution. The local
friends of the Washington College co-operated of course; and
were as much excited as if Ave had attempted to pull down
their college. Should the Central College groAV rapidly into
distinction, and cast a shade on the surrounding institutions, it
is possible, perhaps probable, that the Society of the Cincin-
nati may yet give us their funds. They would like to have
them engrafted on a flourishing seminary, but they feel them-
selves in some sort committed to the Washington College, and
the federal members are under strong political prejudices
against yourself, Avhom they justly regard as the parent of the
Central College. *******
The plan Avhich I determined to follow in regard to the As-
sembly Avas, first to endeavor to procure unity of opinion
among the friends of learning, both in and out of the Assem-
bly, and afterwards to aim at unity of action.
I was for some days engaged in conferring Avith some of the
ablest, men in Richmond on the subject of your bills; there
was but one opinion in regard to the propriety of having an
.1817.] CORRESPONDENCE. 91
■university; a pretty general concurrence as to the expediency
of co]L\ges, Avith some variance as to local situation and num-
ber; but a great contrariety as to the practicability and expe-
diency of primary schools, and with respect to the mode of
organizing them, if admitted to be practicable and expedient.
The inherent and adventitious difficulties attending the subject
of the primary schools, formed an insurmountable obstacle to
the accomplishment of my object. During this period I deter-
mined to communicate only to a select few the bills with which
you had entrusted me. I thought amendments might be re-
quired, and it would be better to settle upon those amendments
before the subject should be taken up in the house. But it
gradually became known that I was in possession of the bills,
and the enemies of the Central College, who kept a constant
watch on my movements, began to scatter about the imputa-
tion of intrigue. In this situation, I consulted my friends,
who advised me to copy the bills off, with the omission of a
few passages, and to enclose them to the Chairman of the
Committee of Schools and Colleges in the House of Delegates,
with a suitable letter to guard you from any illiberal imputa-
tions of interfering in the affairs of the Assembly. Governor
Nicholas, Judge Coulter, my brother William, and others,
approved the course I took on that occasion. I enclose you a
copy of my letter accompanying the bills, as Avell as of the
passages omitted in copying them. Judge Roane and others
advised me to leave out the clauses respecting religion ; if
proper in themselves, they Avere supposed of a nature to excite
prejudices, as coming from you; and they were not considered
essential. The clause disqualifying persons unable to read,
was deemed too rigorous. The alternative sections respecting
the Central College Avere left out, because it appeared impossi-
ble to get a bill for an University through upon any other plan
than that of separating the local question from the general
question. This course might appear hazardous, and my friends
in the upper country, judging of the feelings of the Avhole
people by their own, might deem it an unnecessary concession.
92 CORRESPONDENCE. [1817.
But upon this point, there was not a dissenting voice among
our friends here. Should the question of location bo decided
£t this session, I confided in the Senate. Should it be de-
ferred to another session, our claims would grow stronger
every day of the interval. The Senate adjourned on the Gth
till 29th. I did all I could in conjunction with Mr. Powell, to
make the adjournment shorter, but in vain. This modern and
improper usage in that body will, before long, I hope, attract
public notice. I have never touched a cent of public money
for the days of those long adjournments, and annually cause
the clerk to make an entry to that effect on the minutes of our
proceedings. In this, hoAvever, I am singular. I remained in
town till the 15th, and then believing that my further stay would
produce no benefit, whilst it might be ascribed to improper
motives, I withdrew to Williamsburg, and remained there till
the 29th. Mr. Scott,* Chairman of the Committee of Schools
and Colleges, was in Williamsburg during the holidays, and
informed me that at the next meeting of his Committee, after
my departure, a member moved the production of the copied
bills ; whereupon they Avere exhibited along with my letter,
and received favorably by those present. He was instructed
to prepare some resolutions expressive of the propriety of
appropriating the product of the literary fund towards the
endowment of an university, academies, and primary schools,
in order to ascertain the sense of the house. But on particu-
lar plans no opinions had been formed, and none were intended
then to be expressed. Mr. Scott wished to examine the New
York and South Carolina laws and sundry papers, which,
together with his other duties in the house, would keep back
his report for eight or ten days to come. Such was the state of
things in rcgai'd to this subject on my return to town yesterday
evening. You perceive there will bo full time for your report
to come down. You speak of addressing it to the Governor,
* Mr. Robert G. Scott of Riclimond.
1817.] CORRESPONDENCE. 93
and not to the Assembly. I approve that course, because it
will have the same effect, and look less like interference. The
acceptance of Judge Cooper will have a happy effect here and
over the country. I really fear, notwithstanding, that this
Assembly will do nothing. I know of no one in the House of
Delegates qualified, in every respect, to do justice to this sub-
ject. That house is greatly altered for the worse. Again, the
discordant opinions about the primary schools seem irreconci-
lable. Nothing is agreed on : all unsettled and uncertain.
The very efforts necessary to produce unity of design and
action, meet on the threshold the imputation of management
and intrigue. One favorable circumstance is, that there seems
to be a pretty general impression that the fund should be de-
voted to literary purposes, and that something should now be
done. Another is, that we have some strong men in the city,
but out of the Assembly, in our favor. Judge Roane, Judge
Brooke, Col. Nicholas and his brother, the editor of the En-
quirer, and some others, are in favor of the Central College,
and should the question of location come on, will be valuable
friends. Most of the leading members of the Senate are on
our side. Mr. Johnson has not yet arrived. Mr. Scott con-
firms Mr. Garrett's account of Mr. Johnson's favorable opin-
ion; and yet Mr. George Tucker, now here, assures me that
at the Chancery Court in Lynchburg, he (Mr. J.) was con-
tending for Staunton, as the best site. I expect Johnson
would prefer Charlottesville next to Staunton. Efforts have
been, and doubtless will be made, to convert this subject into a
question between the East and West side of the Blue Ridge.
Some of my acquaintance from that country have assured me
they Avill discountenance any such attempt ; but my only sure
reliance against the effects of such a scheme, is in the Senate.
I enclose a copy of the report of the President and Direc-
tors of the Literary Fund. It is supposed that the balance of
our claim en the General Government will swell the fund to
12 or 1C00,000 dollars.
Judge Roane, Col. Nicholas, and most of the persons with
94 CORRESPONDENCE. [1817.
wliom I have conferred, disapprove of jour plan of an assess-
ment on the wards ; they think neither the people nor their
representatives would agree to that mode of taxation; they
advise that the moneys should come out of the literary fund,
but that your mode of administration should be kept up.
You mny rest assured that I shall proceed with all possible
dispatch, in procuring and transmiting to you the information
you desire in regard to bricklayers in this town. The most of
to-morroAv I am compelled to be at the banks, as Chairman of
the Committee of the Senate.
I will, from time to time, with great pleasure, give you an
account of our prospects and proceedings.
Before I conclude, it may be proper to remark, that all
liberal men duly appreciate the efforts you are making to ad-
vance the literary interests of your country; they speak of
those eflbrts in the highest terms, and thank j'ou for them.
I remain, dear sir,
\ Faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
^opy of the letter from Joseph C. Cahell to the Chairman of the
Committee of Schools and Colleges.
Richmond, 13th December, 1817.
Dkar Sir, — You recollect, no doubt, that when you introduced
at the last session of the Grcneral Assembly, the resolution for pub-
lishing the bill "providing for the estnblishment of primary schools,
academies, colleges, and an university," I suggested to you the pro-
priety of amending the resolution, so as to embrace in it other docu-
ments which are contained in the pamphlet, printed and distributed
by the President and Directors of the Literary Fund.
I then expected that the destination of the literary fund would be
decided at the present session of the Legislature ; and I thouLiht it
would be useful to place in the public view, during the recess, the
various schemes of public education which had been proposed, in
order to attract attention to the subject, and to draw forth the views
and suggestions of men of reflection throughout the State. These
1817.] CORRESPONDENCE. 95
objects were stated and explained in the debate wliich took place in
the Senate on the passage of the resolution.
In the course of the last summer I found, from a conversation I
had with Mr. Jefferson, that he was of opinion that the primary
schools might be provided for on a plan differing from any I had then
heard of, and calling for no appropriation from the literary fund.
AVhereupon I earnestly requested him to commit his ideas to paper,
and to throw them into the farm of a bill, in order that I might
readily avail the State of such of them as might be approved at the
approaching session of the Legislature. lie was kind enough to
comply with my request, and shortly thereafter sent me a bill enti-
tled, " an act for establishing elementary schools."
Subsequent to that period, I had another interview with him, in
which I requested him to anq^lify the bill, and to extend its provi-
sions to colleges and an university. With this request he also
complied, and in a short time enclosed nie a new and enlarged bill
entitled, ''a bill for establishing a system of public education." At
the same time he sent the plan of a college which had been drawn
by him for the purpose of shewing that the building would not cost
more than the sum allotted for that purpose in the bill.
I was informed that in arranging the counties into collegiate dis-
tricts, a leading object with the author was to place every parent in
the State within a day's ride of the college of his respective district.
In his litter accompanying the '■ bill for e^'jtabli.shing elementary
schools," Mr. Jefferson observed, " I wish it to be understood that I
do not intermeddle with public affairs. It is my duty, and equally
my wibh, to leave them to those who are to feel the benefits and bur-
dens of measures. The interest I feel in the system of education and
wards, has seduced me into the part I have taken as to them, and
still attaches me to their success."
In a letter accompanying the ''bill for establishing a system of
public education/' he says, "Take it and make of it what you can, if
worth anything. I meddle no more with it. There is a time to
retire from labor, and that time is come with me. It is a duty, as
well as the strongest of my desires, to relinquish to younger hands
the go'^ernment of our bark, and resign myself, as I willingly do, to
their care."
On subjects of such importance and difficulty as those embraced in
these bills, there will bo various opinions. But all that read them
96 CORRESPONDENCE. [1817.
must agree tliat they are drawn with great ability, and throw great
light on the subjects to which they relate.
I have brought these papers with me to the seat of government,
with the intention of shewing them to the friends of literature and
science, under the impression that in so doing I might render a ser-
vice to the country. I have already exhibited them to several, and
promised to shew them to others, in which number is yourself; but
having to leave town, I shall be unable to call on the various persons
who have asked a perusal of thcin.
I have, therefore, determined to desire the favor of you to take
charge of the two enclosed papers, which are copied from the original
bills in my possession, together with the accompanying plan of a col-
lege. You will be at liberty to make extracts and to avail yourself
of the ideas they contain, in so far as you may think the public
welfare might thereby be pronioted. And I must also request the
favor of you to exhibit them to any member, or to the Committee of
Schools and Colleges, if they should be called for; and when you
have done with them, to return them to me.
In addiion to the preceding papers, I have procured some hints
and sketches, on the same subjects, from some enlightened gentlemen
of my acquaintance; they were hastily thrown on paper, in a form
not intended for publication ; but should you feel a desire to see them,
they shall be at your service.
I am, dear sir, respectfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Scoit, Cliairman of the Committee of Schools and Colleges.
I*assag(s omitted in the copies of the hills furnished Mr. Scott, Chair-
man of the Committee of Schools and Coller/es, session 1817—18,
by advice o/ Col. W. C. Nicholas and many others.
BILL FOR ESTABLISniNG ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
In the 6th and 7th lines of the first section, the following words,
"and not being ministers of the gospel of any denomination."
The note on the same section in these words, " Ministers of the
gospel are excluded to avoid jealousy from the other sects, were the
public education committed to a particular one ; and with the more
1817.] CORRESPONDENCE. 97
reason than in the case of tlieir exclusion from the legishative and
executive functions."
§ 5, 17th line, after the word schooling, the following words, " and
it is declared and enacted that no person unhorn or under the age of
twelve years, at the passing of this act, and who is compos mentis,
shall, after the age of fifteen years, be a citizen of this Commonwealth,
until he or she can read readily in some tongue, native or acquired."
In the note on § 5, the following words, ''A question of some
doubt might be raised on the latter part of this section, as to the
rights and duties of society towards its members, infant and adult.
Is it a right or a duty in society to take care of their infant members,
in opposition to the will of their parents ? How far does this right
and duty extend ? to guard the life of the infant, his property, hia
instruction, his morals? The Roman father was supreme in all
these; we draw a line: but where? Public sentiment does not seem
to have traced it precisely. Nor is it necessary in the present case.
It is better to tolerate the rare instance of a parent refusing to let his
child be educated, than to shock the common feelings and ideas by
the public asportation and education of the infant against the will of
the father. What is proposed here is to remove the objection of ex-
pense, by offering education gratis, and to strengthen parental. excite-
ment by disfranchisement* of his child while uneducated. Society
has certainly a right to disavow him whom they offer, and are not
permitted to qualify for the duties of a citizen. If we do not force
instruction, let us at least strengthen the motives to receive it when
offered."
§ 10, line 3d, after the word Visitors, the following words, "but
no religious reading, instruction, or exercise, shall be prescribed or
practiced inconsistent with the tenets of any religious sect or denomi-
nation."
BILL FOR ESTABLISHING A SYSTEM OF PUBLIC EDUCATION.
§ 1, Gth and 7th lines, the following words, "and not being minis-
ters of the gospel."
* There are mfiiiy who still think, that had guch a provision been included
in our several State Constitutions, it would have proved one of the surest
safe-guards of our liberties.
7
98 CORRESPONDENCE. [1817.
§ G, from the word scJiooUng, in the 2d line, the following words,
" And it is declared and enacted, that no pei-son unborn, or under the
age of twelve years at the passing of this act, and who is compos
mentis, shall, after the age of fifteen years, be a citizen of this Com-
monwealth, until he or she can read readily printed characters in
some tongue, native or acquired."
§ 11, from the word ^FmVo?-s to the end of the section, the follow-
ing words, '' but no religious reading, instruction, or exercise, shall be
prescribed or practiced inconsistent with the tenets of any religious
sect or denomination."
The preamble to, and the 31st, 32d and o3d sections, respecting
the Central College.
LIV.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, December 31, 1817.
Dear Sir, — Our friend, Gen. Kosciusko, has warmly soli-
cited my attention to the case of M. Poinsot des Essarts, stated
in the enclosed papers. lie wishes to be informed of the situ-
ation of the lands therein described, their quality and value,
and whether any and what taxes are due on them. I suppose
they must be in what is now Harrison county. Having no
acquaintance in that part of the country, and supposing your
situation may enable you to engage some member of the one or
the other house to take the trouble of making those enquiries,
I solicit your assistance to effect it. The motive which may
induce us to this trouble must be the same with us all, a will-
ingness to help a fellow-man to procure for him that informa-
tion which our situation enables us to obtain, and his does not.
If the gentleman whom you may engage will be so good as to
enclose the information he may obtain to myself immediately,
it will shorten delays, and lay me under personal obligations
to him.
1818.] CORRESPONDENCE. 99
I have this morning sent to Mr. Madison a dranglit of the
report * I promised you. When returned, I shall have to make
out a fair copy, and send it the rounds for signature. You
may, therefore, expect it about the last of next week.
Ever and affectionately yours,
Tn: Jefferson.
3Ir. Cabell.
LV.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 5th January, 1818.
Dear Sir, — Your favors of the 18th and 19th ult. were
both received at the same time, and had been lying in the
post-office of this place some days before my return from Wil-
liamsburg. Since their receipt to this time, I have been
unusually employed on a joint committee of the two houses of
Assembly, and in the Senate. But I lost not a moment in
attending to your request respecting the rates of bricklayers
in this town. Col. Nicholas, General Preston, and others, to
whom I shewed your letter of 19th, referred me to Major
Christopher Tompkins, of this place, as an undertaker in the
carpenter's line, who could give me correct information in
regard to the bricklayers of Richmond. I waited on Major
Tompkins, and on shewing him your letter, he assured me that
he would, with the utmost pleasure, do anything in his power
to promote the welfare of the Central College, having a son
whose education he wished to be finished at that place. It
was needless, he observed, for me to accompany him ; he would
go promptly around to all the principal undertakers of brick
work in town, and bring me their terms. The enclosed letter
presents the result of his enquiries ; from which you will per-
"" The first report of the Rector and Visitors of the Central College. See
Appendix, E.
100 CORKESPONDENCE. [1818.
ceive that the rates here are very exorbitant, and that you can
not do better than to close with Brown. I believe you may
confidently rely on Maj. Tompkins' information. There are
some six or eight skillful workmen in Richmond; most of them
have families, and all of them prefer working in town : each of
them contracts for one million or one million and a half of
bricks every year, and "has more work offered than he can well
attend to. The price of oil stock brick is exactly double of
the sand stock. The workman who is willing to come up and
make bricks at $2 per M., he being found every thing, is
named Night, and is the brother of Night who worked on the
College walls in November. He is said to be a better work-
man. I regret that I am unable to send you a more agreeable
answer.
The essays in the Enquirer, by * * * , are certainly from
the pen of *****. They discover anything but a commenda-
ble spirit, and I am happy to hear they produce little or no
effect.
It grieves me to tell you that I think our prospects are by
no means flattering in the General Assembly. I shall not
relax my small exertions in this noble cause. I hunt assidu-
ously around me for every suggestion towards lessening the
difficulties on the branch of the primary schools. The hostile
interests, alluded to in my last, have been constantly at work,
and I believe they have produced some effect on the House of
Delegates. My belief is, that with such a House of Delegates
nothing can be done. I begin to cast my eyes over the State
in pursuit of suitable persons to come into the next. If I had
the co-operation of some four or five men, such as I could
describe, every thing could be effected. But I do not entirely
despair.
Your letter of 31st, with the papers of Mr. Poinsot des
Essarts, arrived this evening. They shall be faithfully at-
tended to.
Mr. William Brent of Fairfax, to whom I wrote in the sum-
mer, in regard to the interests of the Central College in the
1818.] CORRESPONDENCE. 101
upper counties of the Northern Neck, is now in Richmond ; he
■was from home or -would have answered the enquiries at an
earlier day. He says nothing can be done in the way of sub-
scription in that quarter. He will subscribe himself and send
his sons to the college. His subscription is enclosed. Mr.
Currie has sent me similar information as to the lower counties
of the Northern Neck. Chancellor Taylor will also subscribe.
I remain, dear sir.
Faithfully yours.
Mr. Jefferson.
Joseph C. Cabell.
Letter of Major Tompkins to Joseph C. Cabell enclosed in the
foregoing.
PiiCHMONB, January 4, 1818.
J. C. Cabell, Esq.
Sir, — Agreeably to my promise, I have availed myself of every
opportuuity to get the best information respecting the price of brick
work, suc-b as your memorandum specified, and the probable chance of
getting a suitable person to execute it.
I fear there is no chance to get a man, at least such an one as I
would recommend. 'It appears their prices for such work vary from
fl7J to 621. There is a brick maker who says he would go up and
make the bricks for $2 per M., (every thing to be found the work-
men.)
Although I have not been fortunate enough to serve you materially
in the above, I hope that it may be in some way or other. If you
think so, please call on me at any time you think proper.
I am respectfully yours,
C Tompkins.
LVI.
.January 6th, 1818.
[The originals of letters LVI. and LVII. have been lost or mislaid. The
latter was printed in the Enquirer of February 10, 1818, and is here re-
peated.]
\
102 CORRESPONDENCE. [1818.
LVII.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, January 14, 1818.
Dear Sir, — When, on the 6th inst., I was answering yours
of December 29, I was so overwhelmed with letters to he an-
swered^ that I could not take time to notice the objection
stated, that it was apprehended that neither the people nor
their representatives would agree to the plan of assessment on
the wards for the expenses of the ward schools. I suppose
that by this is meant the "pecuniary expense of wages to the
tutor ;" for, as to what the people are to do, or to contribute in
kind, every one who knows the situation of our people in the
country, knows it will not be felt. The building of the log-
houses will employ the laborers of the ward three or four days
in every twenty years. The contributions for subsistence, if
averaged on the families, would be eight or nine pounds of
pork, and half a bushel of corn, for a family of middling cir-
cumstances ; not more than two days' subsistence of the family
and its stock ; and less in proportion as it could spare less.
There is not a family in the country so poor as to feel this
contribution. It must then be the assessment of the pecuniary
contribution which is thought so formidable an addition to the
property tax we now pay to the State, that neither the people
nor their representatives would agree to. Now let us look this
objection in the face, and bring it to the unerring test of
figures; premising that this pecuniary tax is to be of $150
on a ward.
Not possessing the documents which Avould give me the num-
bers to be quoted, correctly to an unit, I shall use round num-
bers, so near the truth, that, with the further advantage of
facilitating our calculations as we go along, they will make no
sensible error in the result. I will proceed therefore on the
following postulates, and on the ground that there are in the
whole State one hundred counties and cities.
la the whole
State.
la every co'ty
on aa average.
600,000
6,000
80,000
800
1,200
12
1818.] CORRESPONDENCE. 103
The free white inhabitants of all ages
and sexes, at the last census were
The number of militia Avas some-
where about
The number of captain's companies,
of 67 each, would be about
Free white inhabitants for every mi-
litia company, 600,000^1,200 500 500
The tax on property paid to the
State is nearly - - - 500,000 5,000
Let us then proceed, on these data, to compare the expense
of the proposed, and of the existing system of primary schools.
I have always supposed that the Avards should be so laid off as
to comprehend the number of inhabitants necessary to furnish
a captain's company of militia. This is before stated at 500
persons of all ages and sexes. From the tables of mortality
(Buflfon's) we find that where there are 500 persons of all ages
and sexes, there -will always be 14 in their 10th year, 13 and a
fraction in their 11th, and 13 in their 12th year; so tliut the
children of these three years (which are those that ought to be
devoted to the elementary schools,) will be a constant number
of 40; iihout enough to occupy one teacher constantly. His
wages of $150, partitioned on these 40, make their teaching
cost $3| a piece, annually. If we reckon as many heads of
families in a ward as there are militia (as I think Ave may, the
unmarried militia men balancing in numbers, the married and
unmarried exempts,) $150 on 67 heads of families (if levied
equally) w'ould be $2 24 on each. At the same time the pro-
perty tax on the ward being $5,000-^12, or $416, and that
arrain subdivided on 67 heads of families (if it Avero levied
equally) Avould be $6 20 on a family of middling circum-
stances, the tax Avhich it noAV pays to the State, So that to-
$6 20, the pres3nt State tax, the school tax Avould add $2 24,
Avhich is about 36 cents to the dollar, or one-third to the pre-
104 CORRESPONDENCE. [1818.
sent property tax ; and to the whole State would be $150X
1,200 wards, equal to $180,000 of tax added to the present
$500,000.
Now let us see what the present primary schools cost us, on
the supposition that all the children of 10, 11, and 12 years
old are, as they ought to be at school ; and, if they are not, so
much the worse is the system; for they will be untaught, and
their ignorance and vices Avill, in future life, cost us much
dearer in their consequences, than it would have done, in their
correction, by a good education,
I am here at a loss to say what is now paid to our English
elementary schools, generally through the State. In my
own neighborhood, those who formerly received from 20s. to
80s. a scholar, now have from 20 to 30 dollars ; and having no
other information to go on, I must use my own numbers : the
result of which, however, will be easily corrected, and accom-
modated to the average price through the State, when ascer-
tained ; and will yet, I am persuaded, leave abundance of dif-
ference between the two systems.
Taking a medium of $25, the 40 pupils in each wai'd, now
cost $1,000 a year, instead of $150, or $15 on a family,
instead of $2 24 : and the 1,200 wards cost to the whole
State $1,200,000 of tax, in addition to the present $500,0U0,
instead of $180,000 only; producing a difference of $1,020,000
in favor of the ward system, more than doubling the present
tax, instead of adding one-third only, and should the price of
tuition, which I have adopted from that in my own neighbor-
hood, be much above the average through the State, yet no
probable correction will bring the two systems near a level.
But take into consideration, also, the important difference,
that the $1,200,000 are now paid by the people, as a poll tax,
the poor having as many children as the rich, and paying the
whole tuition money themselves ; whereas, on the proposed
ward-levies the poor man would pay in proportion to his hut
and peculium only, while the rich would pay on their palaces
and principalities. It cannot, then, be that the "people"
1818.] CORRESPONDENCE. 105
will not agree to have their tuition tax lightened by levies on
the -ward, rather than on themselves ; and as I little believe
that their "representatives" will disagree to it; for even the
rich Avill pay less than they noAV do. The portion of the
$180,000, which, on the ward system, they will pay for the
education of the poor, as well as of their own children, will
not be as much as they now pay for their own alone.
And w'ill the wealthy individual have no retribution ? and
what will this be ? 1. The peopling his neighborhood with
honest, useful, and enlightened citizens, understanding their
own rights, and firm in their perpetuation. 2. When his own
descendants become poor, which they generally do within three
generations, (no law of primogeniture now perpetuating wealth
in the same families,) their children will be educated by the
then rich ; and the little advance he now makes to poverty,
while rich himself, will be repaid by the then rich, to his de-
scendanl^ when become poor, and thus give them a chance of
rising again. This is a solid consideration, and should go
home to the bosom of every parent. This will be seed sown in
fertile ground. It is a provision for his family looking to dis-
tant times, and far in duration beyond that he has now in
hand for them. Let every man count backwards in his own
family, and see how many generations he can go, before he
comes to the ancestor who made the fortune he now holds.
Most will be stopped at the first generation, many at the
second, few will reach the third, and not one in the State go
beyond the fifth.
I know that there is much prejudice, even among the body
of the people, against the expense and even the practicability
of a sufficient establishment of elementary schools, but I think
it proceeds from vague ideas on a subject they have never
brought to the test of facts and figures ; but our representatives
will fathom its depth, and the people could and would do the
same, if the facts and considerations belonging to the subject
were presented to their minds, and their subsequent as cer-
tainly as their previous approbation, would be secured.
106 CORRESPONDENCE. [1818.
But if tlie whole expense of the elementary schools, Avages,
subsistence, and building?, are to come from the literary fund,
and if we arc to wait until that fund should be accumulated to
the requisite amount, we may justly fear that some one un-
lucky Legislature will intervene within the time, change the
whole appropriation to the lightening of taxes, and leave us
where we now are.
There is, however, an intermediate measure which might
bring the two plans together. If the literary fund be of one
and a half million of dollars, take the half million for the col-
leges and university, it will establish them meagrely, and make
a deposit of the remaining million. Its interest of $60,000
will $50 to each ward, towards the teacher's wages, and reduce
that tax to 21 instead of 36 cents to the dollar ; and as the
literary fund continues to accumulate, give one-third of the
increas2 to the colleges and university, and two-thirds to the
ward-schools. The increasing interest of this last poi'tion will
be continually lessening the school tax, until it will extinguish
it altogether ; the subsistence and buildings remaining always
to be furnished by the ward in kind.
A system of general instruction, which shall reach every de-
scription of our citizens, from the richest to the poorest, as it
was the earliest, so will it be the latest, of all the public con-
cerns in which I shall permit myself to take an interest. Nor
am I tenacious of the form in which it shall be introduced. Be
that what it may, our descendants will be as Avise as we are,
and will know how to amend and amend it until it shall suit
their circumstances. Give it to us, then, in any shape, and
receive for the inestimable loon the thanks of the young and
the blessings of the old, Avho are past all other services but
prayers for the prosperity of their country and bleisings to
those who promote it.
Tn: Jefpkrson.
Joseph C. C'xbell, Esq.
1818.] CORRESPONDENCE. lOT
LVIII.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, January 15, 1818.
Dear Sir, — The messenger who carried mine of yesterday,
brought me in return yours of the 5th. I shall be anxious to
hear from you after our report of the 8th shall have been laid
before the Legislature, and to learn what impression it makes ;
because that shows how near we arc to the accomplishment of
a good college, one that cannot but be thought of some value
to the State, and the urgency of their enabling us to complete
it. $50,000 would give us the other two professorships, which
would complete it; but unless we can get $25,000 at least, to
give us a mathematical professor, we shall begin very inauspi-
ciously. If even this is refused, perhaps the statement in our
report developing the public (and not local) character of our
institution, may give a spur to subscriptions in counties ap-
pearing as yet indiflferent to it. The members of the Legisla-
ture might aid us in that wa}^ Our subscriptions being an-
nual only, and half the money at least being necessary the
ensuing summer, we must get you to enquire which of the
banks will advance us from ten to twenty thousand dollars
through the course of the summer, and on what terms. This
is absolutely necessary to be known, before we venture on con-
tracts. I wrote my letter of yesterday in such haste, that I
had not time to read it over before despatching it for the mail.
On reading afterwards the polygraph copy retained, I observed
in the antepenultimate line an error of one word for another,
to wit: "blessings" of the young instead of "thanks" of the
young, which be so good as to correct, and to accept assuran-
ces of my friendship and respect.
Tii : Jefferson.
3Ir. Cabell.
108 CORRESPONDENCE. [1818.
LIX.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
PiiciiMOND, 22(1 January, 1818.
Dear Sir, — I hope you -will not think me neglectful in not
having sooner acknowledged the receipt of your letters of the
31st ultimo, and of 6th, 14th and 15th instants, to all of
■which I have paid all the attention compatible with my imme-
diate and indispensable duties in the Senate. Your letter of
31st ultimo, not seeming to demand a speedy answer, I have
taken the liberty to lay it by for some weeks, till I could con-
veniently institute the necessary search in the Register's office,
and the proper enquiries from the members from the part of
the State in which the land is supposed to be situated. It
shall be attended to in the course of one or two weeks. All
your letters relative to the Central College and the Literary
Fund, are received with pleasure and gratitude, and imme-
diately communicated to such gentlemen in the House of
Delegates, as I think it important should see them. As soon
as the report arrived, I read it with great satisfaction, waited
upon the Governor and delivered it to him, and requested him
to communicate it, without delay, to the Assembly. Two hun-
dred and fifty copies were ordered to be printed by the House
of Delegates, one of which I now have the pleasure to enclose
you. I have been particular in my enquiries as to the impres-
sion made by it on the members of the House of Delegates.
It seems to have been received as an able production with some
great names attached to it ; but does not appear to have had
any material influence on the feelings or opinions of the ma-
jority of the House. Among an enlightened few it has been
read with favor and admiration. It cannot but add weight to
our claims on the Legislature. As soon as I opened your
letter of 14th, defending your scheme of primary schools, I
went in search of the Clerk of the Committee of Schools and
Colleges, made him copy it, and handed the copy to Mr. Scott,
1818.] CORRESPONDENCE. 109
Chairman of the Committee, whilst I am myself communi-
cating the original to other members of the House. The
Committee, after long delays, have at length reported a bill
containing the outlines of your bill, with some modifications.
What these are I am unable now to inform you, but will en-
close you a copy as soon as the printed copies come out, Avhich
will be to-morrow or next day. I am informed that the popu-
lar scheme is to give all the Literary Fund to primary schools.
But nothing seems decided on. The bill will be taken up in
the House of Delegates on 29th instant. A motion has been
made in that House to remove the Seat of Government. It
was brought forward by * * * * *, and I cannot but suspect
that he has been stimulated to malce it by some artful man
beyond the Ridge, with the view of rekindling sectional feel-
in o-s. ***** is indiscreet enough to appear among the
advocates. I have endeavored, through ***** to keep
him quiet ; but he still goes on, and as far as his voice can be
supposed to speak that of his enlightened constituents, his
course is calculated to injure the cause of the College. He
seems to be lukewarm in that cause, notwithstanding bis pro-
fessions to the contrary. The proposition to remove the Seat
of Government has been voted reasonable by the Committee,
but will be voted out in the House. ***** j^^ng upon
our flanks, and encumber every step of our progress. If that
pitiful place were not in existence, we could get along, but, as
it is, I fear they will mar our success. ***** has been
drawn over to the opposite party. Should we fail here this
winter, I beg leave to suggest the plan of your endeavoring to
get men of talents and influence, in the middle country, to
come into the next Assembly. I have already prevailed on
Mr. William Brent, of Staff"ord, to become a candidate. Mr.
John T. Brooke will probably join him. I applied to General
Cocke a few days ago ; he is very averse, but promised to
think of it. Wm. G. Poindexter, of Goochland, would come
in, but his health will not admit of it. You and Mr. Madison
and Mr. Monroe might greatly aid in this business. Excuse
110 CORRESPONDENCE. [1818.
the digression. I am now treating with the banks for the
proposed loan. You shall hear from me again very soon.
Before I conclude, I will barely observe, that if no University
shall be created, I think of getting a bill introduced, praying
for an annuity out of the Literary Fund, as the most accept-
able shape in which we could approach the Assembly. Our
$40,000 could be expended in the buildings, and the annuity
might go to endow the professorships. Three thousand five
hundred dollars would suffice, but ought we not to ask for
$5000 ? I enclose you a note from Chancellor Taylor to
shew the feelings excited in liberal men by your exertions in
the cause of education.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yoijrs,
Jos. C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
Note of Chancellor Taylor to Mr. Cahcll
Manchester, ITtli January, 1818.
Creed Taylor presents his affections to Mr. Cabell, of the Senate.
C. T. has read, with much interest, the bills and documents in
relation to a system of public education ; and he would be delighted
to see such a system adopted. Amend it afterwards, if necassary, to
remove those objections which may occur in the operations of the
plan. He is pleased with the system, first, because he sees in it
much public good ; and secondly, because it comes from the pen of
one who has done so much for his fellow-man; for C. T. would be
among the last who should refuse to that distinguished sage anything
that would enable him to sing with pleasure his " nvnc dcmittas."
Should the plan, however, fail, Mr. Cabell may command freely the
services of C. T., as one of the friends of the Central College, to
which he means, if necessary, to make a liberal donation.
1818.] CORRESPONDENCE. Ill
LX.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 23d January, 1818.
Dear Sir, — As I came out of the Capitol to-clay I received
from one of the door-keepers the enclosed copy of the bill*
reported by the Committee of Schools and Colleges, Avhich I
have hastily looked over, and in regard to -which I confess my-
self greatly disappointed. Indeed, sir, the prospect before us
is dreary. Perhaps the subject may be dressed up in the
House, but when a committee begins so inauspiciously, the
affair generally ends in smoke. I really think our only safe
course is to look around, select suitable persons, and try to
prevail on them to come into the next Assembly. It is a sub-
ject of infinite delicacy, and should be handled with great dis-
cretion ; but a few weeks will shew it is our only depandence.
I have not been as quick in getting an answer from the banks
as you may desire. It will not be till Friday, 30th, that I
shall be able to procure a written answer. But I have ascer-
tained, to my satisfaction, that according to the rules of the
institutions, the Visitors will be obliged to render themselves
liable in their individual capacities, in order to procure the
proposed loan. As I came from the Capitol, to-day, I heard
the result of the ayes and noes in the Lower House, on the
question to postpone the resolution for removing the Seat of
Government. It was postponed by a large majority. It is
just, that I should observe that both your representatives voted
for the postponement. I hope you will excuse my writing you
on such paper, as I did not know my deficiency till I sat down;
and I believed you would like a speedy communication.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. JeiTf.rson.
* It appears, at length, in the Richmond Enquirer of the day.
112 CORRESPONDENCE. [1818.
LXI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 1st February, 1818.
Dear Sir, — Since I last wrote you, the enclosed substitutes
for Mr. Scott's, or the Committee's hill, have been offered in
the House of Delegates. Mr. Taylor, of Chesterfield, a mem-
ber of good talents and standing in that House, has promised
mc to offer your bill as a substitute for the whole. I totally
dispair of the success of any general plan whatsoever ; but I
think it important, in several points of view, that your bill
should be printed, and get into the view of the public. Our
only hope now is to get some small appropriation by a par-
ticular bill on the failure of the general plan. I have often
observed a disposition in the Assembly to console the disap-
pointed by granting them something on the failure of a favorite
scheme. Miserable omen for science and literature that their
friends should fly to such a sentiment, on such an occasion !
Yet, it would be better to do this than to fail altogether.
From my conversations with the members, I am induced to
believe that an application for an annuity out of the produce
of the Literary Fund would be most likely to succeed.* Our
subscription money might be appropiiated entirely to the
buildings, whilst the annuity might be applied to the endow-
ment of Professorships. I imagine it would be advisable to
ask for a sum not exceeding $5000 per annum, and the smaller
the more likely to succeed. Would you have the kindness to
write a short bill upon the plan propose:!, and to enclose it by
the return of the mail, for every thing coming from your pen
would have a peculiar weight with many persons here ? I should
* As a sufBcient appropriation for tLe completion of the buildings, and for
other purposes, could not at once be obtained, it will hereafter appear that
this was a most important step in their future progress, and that it continues
to be a source of the prosperity and stability of the institution.
1818.] CORRESPONDENCE. IIB
not trouble you with this request, after the vast trouble you
have already had with this business, but I know that a very
short bill will answer the intended purpose, and the last effort
should be made as perfect as possible. Time is now precious,
and I hope to hear from you without delay.
I am now in a course of enquiry relative to the land of Mr.
Des Essarts. I have procured a duplicate patent from the
Land Office, and find, at the Auditor's, that the land has never
been listed on the Commissioner's books. I shall probably
eno-ajzc Mr. Davidson, the Senator from the North-west, in the
requisite enquiries. You shall hear again from me on this
subject.
I remain, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
LXII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 1st February, 1818.
Dear Sir, — Since the date of my last letter to you, I have
had conferences Avith the Presidents of the three banks in this
place, on the subject of the proposed loan, in the anticipation
of the resources of the College. The enclosed letters between
Dr. Brockenbrough and myself contain the best terms which it
has been in my power to procure. From my conversation
with Mr. Hatcher,* I am led to doubt whether the Farmers'
Bank would give the same accommodation in point of time.
And Colonel Nicholas assures me that the Visitors could not
obtain better terms from any bank whatever. I had prepared
the same letter mutatis mutandis, for Mr. Hatcher, but as ray
conference with him left me so little room to hope for an
* Mr. Eenjamin Ilatchcr, President of the Farmers' Bauk of Vij'ginia.
8
114 CORRESPONDENCE. [1818.
amelioration of the terms, I thought it would be most agreea-
ble to you not to send it to the bank. I endeavored to prevail
on the Bank of Virginia, through the medium of the Presi-
dent, to consent to the loan, without making the Visitors
liable in their individual characters ; but such an idea was at
once pronounced inadmissible as well by himself as by the
Board of Directors. Col, Nicholas thinks no bank would or
ought to accede to such a proposition. Mr. Watson is now in
town. I met him on my way to the Bank of Virginia, read to
him my letter to the President, and told him that I expected
we should be required to sign the notes in our character as
individuals. To this he seemed opposed ; however, my oppor-
tunity of conversing with him was very unfavorable to satis-
factory explanation. I expect to see him again before he
leaves town. For myself, I can only say that I Avill be willing
to follow your own example. My situation as to money mat-
ters would make it very inconvenient and hazardous for me to
be called on to advance a large sum at any period within a
few years from this time. But, in this case, I imagine,* there
would be no danger. Though the bank is not pledged to wait
for the fourth instalment, I am inclined to think they would
continue our note for the amount of any deficiency in the
payments of the second and third.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
P. S. * Since writing the above I have called again on Dr.
Brockenbrough, and having shewn him this statement, I am
authorized, by him, to inform you that he thinks my expec-
tation would not be disappointed.
J. C. C.
lietter of Joseph C. Cahell to the President of the Bank of Virginia.
FiiCHMOND, 30th January, 1818.
Dear Sir, — I am authorized and deired by the Visitors of the
Central College to apply to the Banks of this city for the purpose of
1818.] CORRESPONDENCE. 115
procuring a loan, in anticipation of a part of the money which has
been subscribed to that institution.
I bog leave to enclose, for the consideration of yourself and the
Board of Directors of the Bank, over which you preside, the accom-
panying report made by the Visitors of that College to the Governor,
and by him communicated to the General Assembly. From thia
document, you will be enabled to judge of the character and prospects
of the College, and to decide whether it does not merit the support
and co-operation of every other patriotic institution in the Common-
wealth.
From the fourth paragraph in the report, you will perceive that the
moneys subscribed to the College amount to somewhat more than
^0,000, and are payable in four annual installments. The first pay-
ment will take place on first April next. In the course of the ensuing
summer, the Visitors will, probably, find it expedient to borrow ten
or twenty thousand dollars, in anticipation of the second and third
payments; and as a security for the re-payment of the loan would
pledge the three last installments. I beg, sir, to be informed whether
the Bank of Virginia would be willing to lend the money; and if
willing, upon what terms as to the duration of the loan, and the
nature of the security to be given.
Permit me, sir, to observe, that past experience induces me to hope
and expect that on an occasion like the present, where the public
welfare is deeply concerned in a valuable institution, the Bank of
Virginia will shew every disposition to lend its funds, upon the most
liberal and advantageous terms.
I am, sir, with sentiments of great respect and esteem.
Your obedient servant,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Answer of the President of the Bank of Virginia.
Bank of Virginia, Slst January, 1818.
Dear Sir, — Your letter relating to a loan from this Bank for the
use of the Central College, has been submitted to the consideration of
the Board of Directors. It is contrary to the usage of the Bank to
give any assurance of extending loans beyond the limit of time pre-
scribed by the charter (sixty days); but for a purpose so beneficial to
the community as the establishment of a college, the Directors are
116 CORRESPONDENCE. [1818.
willing to renew notes, for the sums stated in your letter, from time
to time, in anticipation of the periods at which the second and third
payments of the moneys subscribed to the College will fall due.
Notes in the usual form, made by the Visitors, or a part of them,
will, on this occasion, be perfectly satisfactory, notwithstanding the
general regulation that requires "either the payer or endorser of a
discounted note to reside in the neighborhood of the Bank." Under
this arrangement, any pledge of the subscriptions will be unnecessary
as a secuiity.
With great respect and esteem,
I am, sir, your most obedient,
John BRocKENBROuaii.
Joseph G. Cabell, Esq.
LXIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, Gth February, 181?.
Dear Sir, — I now enclose you the duplicate patent of Mr.
Des Essarts' land, which I procured from the land office,
together with his letter to you, and the French copy of his
patent. I have retained a copy of his letter to you, of yours
to me on the same subject, and of the patent, which I shall
put into the hands of Mr. Davidson, or some other member,
for the purpose of procuring particular information about the
quality and situation of the land. It is not an easy matter to
find a suitable person to make these enquiries, but I will make
the best selection in my power. I have paid $4 67 to the
Register of the Land Office and to the Keeper of the Great
Seal of the State ; which I have done with j^leasure, as it o-ave
me a small opportunity of manifesting my gratitude for the
many civilities I received from Mr. Des Essarts' countrymen.
Situated as that gentleman is, and making his aj^peal through
Gen. Kosciusko to the attention of Virginians, I should despise
the man who would hesitate to lend his aid on such an occasion.
I beg, therefore, that not a word may be said about returning
1818.] CORRESPONDENCE. IIT
the pittance I have contributed. I wish it were in my power
to render more effectual services to him. You shall hear fur-
ther from me on this subject.
Yesterday Mr. Taylor, of Chesterfield, offered your bill as a
substitute for Mr. Scott's. I have already apprised you of the
state of things upon this subject. A motion was made to
print 500 copies, which failed. A motion to print 250 copies
prevailed. But a part of the House opposed the printing at
all. I have sought for information as to the cause of this
opposition. I believe it proceeded chiefly from the back
country members. For two months certain persons have been
training those members to oppose all that could come from you.
The back country spirit has been industriously excited. They
are alarmed at the prospect of losing the future seat of gov-
ernment. * * * **:}=***
* * * You thousht '* * * would be with us. How
much you were mistaken. * * * * * *
He is for Staunton still. He tells me he thinks we have con-
trived to settle the question in favor of the Central College ;
and I think lie considers the chances are against Staunton.
But he will contend still for that place, and as Icng as a ray of
hope remains, I believe he would be disposed to depress the
Central College. In a contest between Lexington and Char-
lottesville, he would probably be neutral; but I believe he
would not regret to see Charlottesville prevail. The friends of
Staunton and Lexington wi;:h to keep down the Central Col-
lege. I believe they Avould oppose the appropriation of a
dollar to' it. Should it get even a little annuity, it would be
established ; and one year more would throw Staunton out of
the chase altogether, and Lexington in the back-ground. For
these reasons, I believe the back country will oppose a small
appropriation to the Central College with nearly as much zeal
as it would the establishment of the University at that place.
Were it not for the clashing of local interests, it is probable
something might be done. But there is no doubt of the failure
of any general plan; and although, in that event, I should be
118 CORRESPONDENCE. [1818.
•
disposed to try the experiment of a particular bill, I am in-
formed there is but little prospect of success. But, in every
point of view, it was right to have your bill brought in and
printed. I remember, some years ago, your letter to Mr. Carr
was handed about here, praised by a few and dropped. I got
it printed, and enlightened men every where were pleased to
see it. I cannot bear the idea to have put you to so much
trouble for the apparent gratification of a few of our less en-
lightened members. Let the measure come out from private
coteries, to the eye of the State; and men of intellect will
again be pleased. Those who oppose your views, say that the
bill is a finished production in theory. I Avill endeavor to send
you some of the printed copies. There is but little prospect
of doing anything in the way of subscription through the me-
dium of members of Assembly. When every public prospect
fails, I will consult with my friends on that subject. It Avould
be very important to get liberal men to come into the next
Assembly. The North-western part of Virginia begins to
detach itself from the South-western. A leadinij man from
that section would carry oflf a wing of the enemy's army. If
such a man as General Jackson * would come here from that
quarter, Wm. Burwell from the South, &c. &c., and would sup-
port your views, the game would be safe. This is a delicate
subject. But perhaps the happiness of the present and future
generations depend upon the execution of the plan. I write
now, and shall continue to write to you, with freedom about
men, because I know it to be impossible to lay open the secret
springs of action Avithout such freedom, and wherever confi-
dence is proper, you will observe it.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Jos. C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
* Of Harrison countj.
1818.] CORRESPONDENCE. 119
LXIV.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 10th February, 1818.
Dear Sir, — I now do myself the pleasure to enclose you a
printed copy of your bill, the printer having just sent the
copies to the house. The subject will be agitated in the House
of Delegates on to-morrow, or the next day. I have no rea-
sons to change my anticipations as to the result of the mea-
sures respecting the literary fund, stated in my former letters
to you. Yet I have thought it my duty still to persevere in
efforts to secure a successful issue. In revolving the subject in
my mind, I yesterday thought of a new expedient, which I
have actually resorted to, and for which I wish to obtain your
forgiveness and approbation. The measure alluded to, is the
publication in the Enquirer, with some small modifications, of
your letter to me of 14th January. It seemed to me that such
a letter appearing in the Enquirer on the day on which the
bill should be discussed in the House of Delegates, was calcu-
lated to give weight to the friends of science. I paused, how-
ever, at the idea of publishing a private letter from you, with-
out your previous approbation. In this state of embarrass-
ment, I consulted with Mr. Somers of the House of Delegates,
with my brother William, and with Col. Nicholas. To those
gentlemen I propounded these questions: First. Would the
publication of the letter conflict with any thing in my letter to
Mr. Scott, or injure the cause of public education, by furnish-
ing a plausible ground for the imputation of interference on
your part in the affairs of the Assembly. Secondly, ought I
to take upon myself the responsibility of publishing your let-
ter, without previously obtaining your consent. The second
question was left entirely to myself. The first question was
answered in favor of my wishes. It Avas agreed that if such
explanatory sentence should appear, as will appear, prefixed to
the letter, there would be no conflict with my letter to Mr.
120 CORRESPONDENCE. [1818.
Scott; and in regard to the effect of the letter, it was our
united opinion that, whilst it ought, and probably would not
do any harm, it would, and ought to produce much good. In
that, we thought that such a production ought to be published
for the public benefit, and in justice to yourself. Although
the particular system of primary schools which it advocates,
might not, in all its details, be approved, yet the united force
of all its arguments and statements in favor of a general sys-
tem of education, would have a most beneficial effect on every
reflecting mind. Under these circumstances, I determined to
publish the letter in the shape in which it will appear in to-
morrow's Enquirer. Col. Nicholas advised me to leave out the
statement in the latter part of the letter, of the amount which
would be required for the establishment of schools altof^ether
supported by the literary fund. The item for houses was
deemed too high, and the amount of the whole was calculated,
in our opinion, to deter the Assembly from continuing its sup-
port to the fund. There being great objections in the minds
of many to a ward tax, and to any other system depending
solely for endowment on the literary fund, so vast a sum
appearing to be necessary on your authority, it is to be appre-
hended the enemies of the system Avould seize upon the esti-
mate, and make use of it to throw the Assembly into a state
of despair. A small alteration in a few words in that part of
the letter became necessary in consequence of the omission of
that statement. In the commencement of the letter, where
you quote my letter, I think you make mo speak more posi-
tively than the terms would warrant. But if I am mistaken
in this point, I would wish to qualify my declarations. For
this reason I have taken the liberty to interpolate the words
" it is apprehended," before the words, " that neither the peo-
ple nor their representatives," &c. With these small modifica-
tions, your letter will appear in the Enquirer of to-morrow. I
beg, sir, that you will excuse the liberty I have in this instance
taken with you, without previously consulting you. Time did
not admit of consulting you, after the idea of publication
1818.] CORRESPONDENCE. 121
occurred to me. And I cannot but hope, that after the com-
munications that have passed between us, and the development
of my motives, as now exhibited, you will net be offended at
the unauthorized step which I have taken, and that you will
have the goodness to sanction my conduct in this instance, as
you did on a former occasion. Whatever the members of the
General Assembly may be pleased to say on this occasion, I
am satisfied every enlightened and liberal man in the Stato
will thank you for the attention you have bestowed on the
great subject of national education.
I remain, dear sir,
Your faithful friend,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
LXV.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
PaCHMOND, 12tli February, 1818.
Dear Sir, — Mr. Louis Summers, of the county of Kana-
wha, and one of the members of the House of Delegates, pro-
poses to leave town in the morning, on his return to his con-
stituents. It is possible that he may have it in his power to
call at Monticello, on his way through Albemarle. I have
taken the liberty to offer him a letter of introduction to you.
It would give him great pleasure to become personally ac-
quainted with you; and I beg leave to present him to you as
one of the most liberal, enlightened, and upright gentlemen
in the circle of my acquaintance. He has shown every dispo-
sition to support your plans, both general and particular, for
the advancement of science in this State ; and if the General
Assembly corisisted of such men as he is, we should not be, as
we are, the victims of local interests, factious views, and
122 CORRESPONDENCE. [1818.
lamentable ignorance. I remain, dear sir, with unabated con-
fidence and esteem,
Your faithful friend,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr, Jefferson.
LXV. (a)
J. c. c. to T. J.
Richmond, 13th February, 1818.
Dear Sir, — On the 11th instant the House of Delegates
•went into committee of the whole on the school bill, when your
bill was oflfered as a substitute for the bill of the committee,
and I regret to inform you that it received very few votes,
whilst the substitute of Hill, of King William, containing a
provision for the poor only, was adopted. The disposition of
the present House of Delegates is now manifest, for a small
appropriation for the education of the poor, and the applica-
tion of the rest of the fund to the payment of the debts of the
State. Col. Green of the Senate, suggested this idea at the
last session ; but since that period, he has so far changed his
opinion, as to favor an appropriation for the higher seminaries
at the same time. At least, as he informed me at the com-
mencement of the session, he would advocate an appropriation
to the Central College. From this circumstance, and from
what I know of the sentiments of the members of the Senate,
I am of opinion that the fund will not be misapplied at this
session ; but I utterly despair of any thing being done, either
for the general system or for the Central College. Indeed,
from the few votes your bill obtained, I now doubt the propri-
ety of making any application whatever on behalf of the Cen-
tral College, lest the result might not only be unfavorable,
but depressing. If, therefore, you have not drafted the bill
requested in my last, it is scarcely proper that I should now
1818.] CORRESPONDENCE. 123
put you to that trouble. But, if you have done so, it may not
be amiss to send it on ; because, if the present prospect should
continue, it might be kept back till another session.
Mr. Garth spoke to me some time past in regard to an
augmentation of the lottery of the College. I find that the
President and Directors of the Literary Fund are authorized
to sell lotteries for five per cent, of the profits ; and I presume
from some conversation 1 have had with Mr. Nicholas, that
they would be unable to accommodate us without demanding
the five per cent. In the present posture of affairs, shall I
get a bill brought in to augment the lottery or not ? The ses-
sion is hastening to a close, and we have no time to lose.
Indeed, sir, from the character of the present House of
Delegates, as exhibited in their proceedings, I should fear the
result of an application to them, even for a lottery. I cannot
but think that certain local interests, as developed in former
letters, together with another interest more widely diflfused,
have contributed largely to the overthrow of the interests of
science and literature in the present General Assembly. A
portion of the middle country delegation, hoAvever, by co-ope-
rating with these, have darkened our prospects on this occa-
sion. These, it is thought, are opposed to the Central College,
partly because of their hostility to some of the persons who
support it, or from other motives but little more commendable.
* * * * It is of infinite importance to the
best interests of the State, to send some able and virtuous men
to the next Assembly. I write you confidentially, and am
with the highest esteem.
Your friend,
Joseph C. Cabell.
124 CORRESPONDENCE. [1818.
LXVI.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, February 16, 1818.
Dear Sir, — A resclution -which I saw in the papers for the
adjournment of the Legislature, the day before yesterday, pre-
vented my writing to you, in the belief that it would not find
you in Pvichmond. Mr. Summers now tells me he thinks you
will set into the next week. After acknowledging the receipt,
since mine of January 14 and 15, of yours of the 2 •2d and 23d,
and of February 1, 6, 10, and 12, the object of this is merely
to express my satisfaction with your publication of mine of
January 14, and the corrections made in it, and the rather as
the motives for my intermeddling at all, had better go forth
with my own explanations, than under the misconstructions of
those who differed from me in views. I suppose it probable
that the next Legislature, after so much debating on the sub-
ject, will come with their minds made up for something, and
that a provision of some sort will be made, which I think ought
to be, whatever those who are to live under it think will be
best. I believe I have erred in meddling with it at all, and that
it has done more harm than good. A strong interest fslt in
the subject, and through my whole life, ought to excuse me
with those who differ from me in opinion, and should protect
me against unfriendly feelings. Nobody, more strongly than
myself, advocates the right of every generation to legislate for
itself, and the advantages which each succeeding generation
has over the preceding one, from the constant progress of
science and the arts.
We must turn to the affairs of the college, under our par-
ticular charge, and consider what we can do for it, on its own
scanty funds. The impracticability of frequent meetings of
the visitors, and the difficulty of consultations by interchange
of letters, as well from the labor of that mode, as the delays
and uncertainties of our cross posts, forces on me the necessity
1818.] CORRESPONDENCE. 125
of assuming to act often without the authoi'ity or aid and coun-
sel of my colleagues. The call for the return of the subscrip-
tion papers has produced little effect, so that "we are under con-
siderable uncertainty as to the amount of our funds. Yet a
serious view of that should noAT be taken that we may in
nothing exceed our limits. What professors, and where and
how to procure them, is a question of urgency. On that I
have seen no cause for change of opinion ; and I suppose I
must now act on that form'erly given, and which I had de-
ferred until it could be seen whether the Legislature would
give us any help. In the want of visitorial full meetings, I
should be much relieved if the members would individually
call here whenever they happen to pass this way. Even sepa-
rate conferences with them would lighten my mind of some of
its load. If you return to the upper country, I hope you will
make a stage here, and give me the benefit of a consultation.
Accept the assurance of my constant esteem and respect.
Th : Jefferson.
Joseph C. Cabell, Esq.
LXVII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
RiCHMONtt, 20th February, 1818.
Dear Sir, — Your favor of 16th is now before me. I thank'
you for your confirmation of what I did with your letter.
Whatever may be the success of a few interested men in les-
sening the weight your advice ought to have with the Assem-
bly, as soon as the present contest is over, your conduct will
command the respect of all, as it now does of the enlightened
and liberal. I hasten to apprise you, that our proceedings
now seem likely to eventuate differently from what I have
heretofore expected. The school bill came up to the Senate
in the form of Mr. Hill's amendment. We engrafted upon it
a provision for an University. In that shape, it passed here
126 CORRESPONDENCE. [1 818.
by a majority of fourteen to three. This important vote took
place yesterday. The bill has gone back to the House of
Delegates. An attempt has been made to postpone it, and
lost by an immense majority. The bill, with the amendments
of the Senate, is ordered to be printed. It is contemplated
to amend it, so as to provide that the appropriation for the
University shall not interfere with any further appropriation
that may be necessary for the education of the poor. The
bill now gives $45,000 per annmh to the poor, and $15,000
to the University. It is believed that $15,000 more will be
necessary for the poor ; and $00,000 is all the product of the
fund at this time. But the product will soon be swelled to
$90,000, so that it will not materially affect the appropriation
for the University. In this shape it is believed the bill will
pass. It is provided in the bill, that the Governor and Coun-
cil shall choose one commissioner from each Senatorial dis-
trict in the State, as laid off by the act of the last Assembly ;
that these commissioners shall meet at Rockfish Gap on 1st
August, and adjourn from place to place, and time to time ;
that they shall report to the next Assembly the best site, plan,
&c., and the next Assembly will have the whole subject in
their power. We ha.ye ff teen districts on this side the Ridge,
and I think we are safe in the hands of the Executive. If
this bill passes, perhaps, our policy will be to invest all our
funds in buildings, and get them as far advanced by August as
possible. But I will not speculate on uncertainties. I tremble
with anxiety for the great result I anticipate.
Yours, faithfully,
Jos. C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
1818.] CORRESPONDENCE. 127
LXVIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
RicuMOND, 22cl February, 1818.
Dear Sir, — The University bill has passed in the form of
the enclosed, with one small exception. The appointment of
the commissioners is now a subject of infinite importance to
us. The Executive, I think, will do us justice. But you Avill
observe that vacancies are to be filled by the President and
Directors of the Literary Fund. It was proposed, in the
committee of the Senate, to give the appointment in the first
instance to them. To this I objected, and then it was agreed
to give it to the Executive. And the fact is, that the power
left with the President and Directors of the Literary Fund,
was kept in, contrary to my expectation and intention. I
relied upon the understanding that the power was to be given
to the Executive ; and, in the hurry of the business, that part
of the bill escaped amendment. * * * * *
I am discussing the question, among our friends here, whe-
ther it would be proper to name you as a commissioner. The
duties of the Board will be various and important. It is of
great consequence that I should be forthwith informed whether
you would serve, if elected. In your answer, if possible, leave
me a discretionary power. I see no objection to Mr. Madi-
son's serving — and should he be appointed, I entreat that you
will lay before him the high considerations that should induce
him to accept the appointment. Be pleased to do this without
delay. All I want in this business is fair play — to put this
subject on a footing of just reciprocity between the two sides
of the mountain. The suggestion in my last, relative to laying
out all our funds in buildings, is now worthy of your attention.
Nothing can be more important to us, than to hasten our ope-
rations. By the time your answer gets here, the Assembly
will be up, but I shall still be in town.
Faithfully, yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
128 CORRESPONDENCE. [1818.
LXIX.
[It will have been seen, from the two preceding letters, that a provision
was eugrafted on tlic bill while passing through the Senate, for the appoint-
ment of Commissioners, one from each Senatorial district, who should meet,
consult, and report to the Legislature their views as to the jjroper location of
the University, as also on other fundamental matters. This measure was of
Mr. Cabell's suggestion, who had anticipated much difficulty on that point.
He was also desirous that !Mr. Jefferson should serve on that commission.
There are few letters of the entire series which exhibit more clearly the dis-
interested magnanimity of the writer than the following, and which, could it
have been laid before the public at the time, would have tended more to disarm
popular and political prejudice. Both Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Madison were
finally nominated of the commission, and the former, as their Chairman,
drew the report, Avhich will appear in the Appendix, No. I.]
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, February 2G, 1818.
Dear Sir, — Your two favors of the 20th and 22d came to
hand last night. I congratulate you, sincerely, on having
something begun on the subject of education. Whatever be
its faults, they will lead to correction. You seem to doubt
whether Mr. Madison would serve if named a commissioner
for the location, &c. of the University ? but there can be no
doubt that he would, and it is most important that he should.
As to myself, I should be ready to do anything in my power
for the institution ; but that is not the exact question. Would
it promote the success of the institution most for me to be in
or out of it ? Out of it, I believe. It is still to depend ulti-
mately on the will of the Legislature; and that has its uncer-
tainties. There are fanatics both in religion and politics, who,
without knowing me personally, have long been taught to con-
sider me as a raw head and bloody bones, and as we can afford
to lose no votes in that body, I do think it would be better that
you should be named for our district. Do not consider this
as tnock-modesty ; it is the cool and deliberate act of my judg-
ment. I believe the institution would be more popular without
me than with me ; and this is the most important considera-
tion — and I am confident you would be a more efficient mem-
1818.] CORRESPONDENCE. 129
ber of that body than I should. Do, then, dear sir, act on
this subject without any scruples as to me or yourself. Regard
nothing but the good of the cause.
Affectionately, yours,
Th: Jefferson.
Jos. C. Cabell, Esq.
LXX.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
WiLLs's Tavern, Fluvanna, 11th March.
Dear Sir, — I have just arrived here on my way home,
having left my wife in the lower country till the roads get
better. My plan is to stay at home about a week, and to call
upon you either in going or coming. When I get to General
Cocke's, this evening, I shall be informed whether there is any
necessity for my calling on my way up ; should there not be,
as I have great occasion to see to my domestic concerns, I
shall defer my visit to you, till I shall be coming down, a week
or ten days hence. I should be tempted to come on to Monti-
cello this evennig, but the roads are horrible, and I am glad
to leave the stage, and beg the loan of a horse. I left Rich-
mond yesterday morning. The Executive will appoint the
commissioners on the 18th instant. Probably you will not be
nominated in consequence of the considerations stated in your
last. Upon that point, I consulted some four or five of your
intelligent friends, and left the matter in their hands. As for
myself, in the event of your not being appointed, I have taken
so active a part, that I thought it would be injurious to the
cause for me to be a member ; and accordingly to a member
of the Executive who spoke of me, I requested not to be put
in nomination. I shall be able to say much more to you, on
this subject, when I have the pleasure to see you. In the
interim,
I remain, faithfully, yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Thomas Jefferson.
9
130 CORRESPONDENCE. [1818.
LXXI.
J. C. C. TO T, J.
Warminster, 15th March, 1818.
Dear Sir, — I wrote you a note from Wills's, in Fluvanna,
on my way up, in which I mentioned my intention to call on
you on my return to the lower country. From the state in
which I find my affairs, I expect it will be the 26th of the
month before I shall be at Monticcllo. In the interim, I think
it may not be amiss for me to say a few words to you by letter.
From the best information I can obtain as to the candidates in
the surrounding counties, the most prominent characters are of
that class of men in the middle country, who, though they may
not be hostile, are not likely to be zealous advocates of the
Central College. It Avas believed, in Richmond, during the
last session, that if the location question had come on, that
there would have been an extensive diversion in favor of the
Rockbridge College, among the representatives all along the
Eastern foot of the Blue Ridge. This evil is to be appre-
hended at the next session, even if the Board of Commis-
sioners should recommend the Central College as the site.
You will observe, that the law requires them to report any
voluntary contributions, Avhether conditional or absolute, whe-
ther in laud, money or other property, which may be offered
through them, to the President and Directors of the Literary
Fund, for the benefit of the University. I fear that the
Washington Academy will be a dangerous rival, even although
the Board should prefer our site. A man of the name of
Robinson, now very old, and possessing an estate estimated to
be worth $100,000, is said to be willing to give his estate, at
his death, to the University, provided it should be located at
Lexington. To this they will add $25,000 of private sub-
scription, and the buildings and property of the Academy.
So that their offer, at the period of Mr. Robinson's death,
would amount to $150,000. A certain class of members
1818.] CORRESPONDENCE. 131
would be disposed to put the institution up to the highest bid-
der. It is very important to have an intermixture of true
friends and liberal spirits from the middle country. I turned
my eye towards Randolph Harrison. He is precisely such a
man as would have most effect on such an occasion. He would
be a host on our side. I wrote to Gen. Cocke pressing him to
come forward, and urging him to endeavor to prevail on Wash-
ington Trueheart, of Louisa, and Randolph Harrison, to offer
for their respective counties. As I passed by Bremo, three
days ago, I found General Cocke just returned from Mr. Har-
rison's, where he left him recovering from a dreadful wound in
the abdomen he had received by a fall. Mr. H. sent me word
that the people of his county had long been urging him to offer
for the county, and, as he had refused to do so, he did not
believe he could now be elected, were he to come forward.
But Gen. Cocke thinks otherwise : the time is propitious, as
only one of the old members would be a candidate, and there
seems to be a difficulty to get men to serve. Gen. Cocke agrees
with me entirely as to the importance of having Mr. H. in the
House. I could not prevail on the General himself, nor on W.
J. Carey. The latter could probably be elected at this time
without difficulty. His grandfather's debts deter him from em-
barking in public life. But would one session seriously affect
him ? Surely not. I have had no communication with Mr.
Trueheart, and shall not write to him, having been so unsuc-
cessful heretofore. Mr. Harris will offer in Louisa, and he will
do very well. Probably no one has as much influence with
Mr. Carey and Mr. Hari'ison as you have. The crisis is great,
and extraordinary means are necessary to accomplish the great
object in view. I take the liberty to suggest to you the idea
of your writing immediately to those gentlemen by special
messenger. Mr. Eppes could awake his friends to the support
of Mr. Harrison. Perhaj^s you may not approve this sug-
gestion. If you should not, I hope you will ascribe it to an
anxiety for the welfare of the Central College, and the cause
of science, that rises above that which I feel for my domestic
132 CORRESPONDENCE. [1818.
concerns. will favor the location of the Central College.
I had this from his intimates in Richmond. He now says, the
reason he did not subscribe was because the subscription paper
ivas never handed to him. His new-born zeal promises to rise
very high.
Faithfully, yours,
Mr. Jefferson.
Joseph C. Cabell.
LXXII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Mks. Tinslet's, 31st March, 1818.
Dear Sir, — I forgot to leave with you, as I intended, a
little book, called the Oxford and Cambridge Guide. It may
be acceptable to you at the present crisis. I will thank you
for the return of it, when I come up in May, as I shall wish
to look over it in the summer.
I am, dear sir, very truly yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
LXXIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
AVarminster, 30th July, 1818.
Dear Sir, — I send you, by my brother William, the signa-
tures of the majority of the subscribers to the funds of the
Central College in Nelson county, to the deed of conveyance
of the property of the College to the Commonwealth, on the
condition of the location of the University at the site of the
College. I have met with the ready assent of every subscriber
to whom I have yet presented the paper ; and I am confident
there will not be a single dissenting voice. Indeed, it is solely
1818.] CORRESPONDENCE. 133
to be ascribed to my own forgetfulness that the paper has not
yet been presented to all the subscribers. It did not occur to
my recollection, till to-day, that the assent of the subscribers
should be ready for the meeting of the commissioners; my
notion had been, that it must be procured by the meeting of
the Assembly. I will thank you to send the paper back by
my brother, and I Avill not fail to procure the signature of
every subscriber.
I remain, dear sir,
Most respectfully and truly yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
LXXIV
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Edgewood, 24th October, 1818.
Dear Sir, — I am happily recovering from the severe fever
which has of late confined me to my bed for twenty days, but
am barely able to take a turn across the room. Col. Coles
told me the substance of his conversation with you lately at
Monticello ; observing that you wished to go to Bedford, and
had a thought of calling on me on your way, but your health
being bad, it was doubtful whether you would be strong enough
to perform the journey. It would give me very great pleasure
to see you at my house. If you should come, you will find it
necessary to make a circuit, by crossing at Warren, and taking
the Warminster road at the church, or a little before you get
to it. But I fear, sir, your state of health will not permit you
to travel without danger of making it worse. Do not be
apprehensive that you will not see me ; as, if you do not come
this way before I leave home, I will certainly come by Monti-
cello. I think my health will admit of my traveling by the
10th of next month. I would wish to set out sooner, but
weakness or the arrangement of my affairs for the winter, will
134 CORRESPONDENCE. [1818.
probably detain me till then, if not longer. I shall be on the
road a little before, or a little after, the 10th. The road
between this and Warren is now impassable for a carriage ; but
I shall carry hands with me to help me over the gulleys.
I remain, dear sir, faitlifully your friend,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr, Jefferson.
LXXV.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Ennescorthy, 18th November, 1818.
Dear Sir, — I arrived here on 11th instant, on my way to
Monticello, and on 12th was visited by a most unexpected and
mortifying relapse, which, though in part removed, still hangs
lingering about me, has thrown me into a weak and delicate
state of body, and threatens to deprive me altogether of the
satisfaction and advantage of seeing you before the meeting of
the Assembly. I yield the idea of a personal interview with
great reluctance. I wished to peruse the report of the Com-
missioners, to converse with you fully on the subject of the
University, and to state to you my present impressions relative
to the proposition you think of making to me in the event of
the passage of the bill. Situated as I am, I seem reduced to
the necessity of adopting the more imperfect mode of commu-
nicating through a friend. If you could venture to trust the
report out of your hands, before it goes into those of Messrs.
Gordon and Carr, I think we could return it to you safely on
Saturday or Sunday. In regard to the contemplated trip to
Europe, our friend Col. Coles, who is intimately acquainted
with my situation, will be able to give you the same infor-
mation as I could myself, were I present. Probably such
objections to me, as he will state, would be considered insur-
mountable by yourself; and if not by you, by the other
Visitors. Suppose them, however, removed, the proposition is
1818.] COERESPONDENCE. 135
one of great importance, and I request a reasonable time to
consider of it. It is my intention, in every event, to retire
from the Senate at the close of the approaching session. The
current of my inclination strongly inclines me to -withdraw
altogether, and endeavor by greater personal attention to derive
a moderate revenue from my estate, and at the same time to
cultivate science and literature. A part of the district are
disposed to bring me forward as a candidate for Congress ;
conversations have passed amounting, perhaps, to something
like a commitment on my side ; but nothing having been finally
decided on, and this cruel fever shaking my mind and body,
and threatening to impair my already frail constitution, it is
not improbable I may, in quitting the Senate, give up all pre-
tensions to further popular preferment. The voyage you
propose to me is, to my mind, truly interesting, and I cannot
conceal the gratification I feel at the confidence the proposi-
tion discovers. Having said this, I must leave the rest to my
friend Coles.
The Senate will doubtless adjourn in a week from the com-
mencement of the session, and the first fifteen days will be
employed by the House of Delegates in receiving petitions.
The bill for locating the University might be introduced on
16th and decided on in that house by 20th. Should it succeed
there, you may count on its success in the Senate. It would
be beneficial, if you would write such a bill as you think the
occasion will require, and commit it to the care of such person
as you deem proper to be entrusted with it; as also, if you
would write to Judge Roane, Judge Brooke, and a few select
friends, and request them to speak to the active and influential
members of the House of Delegates.
I am, dear sir, faithfully your friend,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
136 CORRESPONDENCE. [1818.
LXXVI.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, November 20, 1818.
Dear Sir, — I very mucli lament tlie cause which has
deprived us of the pleasure of seeing Mrs. Cabell and yourself
at Monticello, on your way to Richmond. I now commit to
your care a letter to be delivered to the Speaker of the Senate,
which contains the report of the Commissioners who met at
Rockfish Gap."' Having been written in great haste, and by
several hands, dividing the work, in order to expedite their
departure, it is very imperfectly legible; and as it is important
that it should be printed correctly, I enclose you the original
draught also, made literally conformable to the authenticated
one, and which I would wish you to put into the hands of the
printer. Being much more legible, he will be less liable to
commit mistakes. It will serve for your own information in
the mean time, which the Commissioners thought would be
proper, while they deemed it disrespectful to the Legislature,
and otherwise inexpedient, that its contents should be commu-
nicated but to particular persons before delivery. It was their
opinion that it should be delivered to each Speaker, in the
chair, on the second morning of the session.
Col. Coles will explain to you what has passed on the sub-
ject of the proposed voyage, which I consider as requiring
indispensably a special agent, and in which Gen. Cocke con-
curred, without a doubt of the unanimous approbation of our
colleagues.
With sincere wishes for the re-establishment of your health,
I salute you affectionately,
Th: Jefferson.
Joseph C. Cabell, Esq.
* See Appendix, I.
1818.] CORRESPONDENCE. '' 137
LXXVII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 8th December, 1818.
Dear Sir, — The Senate formed ca house to-clay ; the House
of Delegates yesterday. A conference between Messrs. Carr
and Gordon and myself, held this morning, resulted in an
agreement to get Mr. Taylor, of Chesterfield, to bring forward
the subject of the University in the House of Delegates. Not
to speak of those other circumstances, in his favor, which
should induce me to prefer him, we thought his position in the
State would give him less the appearance of local feelings and
interests. I introduced those gentlemen to him, and Mr.
Taylor undertook the task at our request. The report was
read, and received with great attention in both the houses. A
resolution to print a number of copies passed each house. The
ability and value of the report, I am informed, are universally
admitted. It was referred in the lower house to a select com-
mittee, and the Speaker is friendly to the measure. Present
prospects are very favorable to a successful issue. Some votes
about William & Mary may be lost ; but nothing like a serious
diversion in favor of a western site is, I believe, to be appre-
hended. Philip R. Thompson, of Kanawha, and the delegates
from that quarter, will vote for Charlottesville. From the rest
of the West, I have not had time to hear. A portion of the
Assembly will be opposed to the whole subject; and how far a
combination between this part and the Lexington interest may
jeopardize the measure, I cannot now determine. All that
I can now positively affirm is, that the clouds seem to be
scattering, and the prospect to smile. I will do myself the
pleasure to write you from time to time. My friends advised
me to push on to Williamsburg, and to stay there till the entire
recovery of my health; but feeling myself getting better, I
resolved to stay and do what I could to promote this business.
138 COKRESPONDENCE. [1818.
At Bremo, my fevers returned, but since I left that place my
recovery has been advancing uninterruptedly. I shall proceed
to Williamsburg, and stay a week or two, as soon as the sub-
ject of the University shall be put on a footing satisfactory to
my mind.
I am, dear sir, sincerely and faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
P. S. Mr. Hunter, of Essex, will support the report.
LXXVIIL
J. C. C. TO T. J.
KicHMOND, 14th December, 1818.
Dear Sir, — Mr. Banks * has not appointed as good a select
committee as I had expected. There is a decided majority of
the committee in favor of the Central College; but the Eastern
members are less attentive than the Western. I have urged the
importance of having a full meeting before the final question
is taken. Mr. Taylor is aware of the danger. The committee
has had two meetings ; at the first, it was decided to report by
bill. Mr. Taylor has copied your bill, and at the second meet-
ing offered it to the committee. The friends of Lexington
wish to have the clause of location reported with a blank. I
think it will ultimately be decided to fill the blank with the
Central College. At the second meeting, this morning, the
Valley members called for time to consider the provisions of
the bill ; the real object was to have time to manoeuvre. The
motion was resisted, but carried ; some of the friends of Char-
lottesville voting with them. The members from Rockbridge
* Linn Banks, Esq., of Madison county, for many years Speaker of the
House of Delegates of Virginia.
1818.] CORRESPONDENCE. 139
called for a calculation to prove the assertion in the report,
that Charlottesville is nearer to the centre of population than
Staunton or Lexington. The object seemed to be to draw out
your calculations exhibited to the Commissioners. The answer
given by an Eastern member was, that each member might
satisfy himself, by reference to the census of 1810. The point
was left unsettled. It will come on again at the next meeting,
on a motion to strike out Charlottesville from the bill. The
committee will meet again on Thursday morning. The Valley
members will be strongly opposed to the Central College. The
members from beyond the Alleghaney will divide. Those
south of Kanawha will generally vote with us, as Mr. Thomp-
son informs me. The prospect is still favorable ; but the effect
of intrigue and management is beyond the reach of calcula-
tion. There is a party in the House of Delegates opposed to
the measure in every shape. I hope that party is not strong.
The weight of character in the Board is working the effects I
calculated on when I first suggested that measure. The way-
ward spirits on this side the Ridge are awed into acquiescence.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
P. s.
LXXIX.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 17th December, 1818.
Dear Sir, — The select committee of the House of Delegates,
on the subject of the University, has just had a third meeting;
thirteen members attended. On the question whether the bill
should be reported with a blank as to the site, it was decided
in the negative, by the casting vote of the chairman. The
Central College was selected as the site, and the bill reported
140 CORRESPONDENCE. [1818.
to the House. The Lexington party sought foi' further delays
under the pretext of wanting time to consider the calculations
as to the centre of population, and to bring forward their own
claims. I am really fearful for the ultimate fate of the bill.
Since the date of my last, I have discovered that the delega-
tion from the West are forming a combination among them-
selves to vote against the bill on the passage. Finding themselves
in a minority on the question of the site, they will endeavor to
defeat the measui-e altogether for the present. There is a
party in the East in favor of putting down the literary fund.
Should these parties unite on the question on the passage of
the bill, it will be lost ; and this result is much to be appre-
hended. The fund cannot be put down, and I cannot but hope
that many of its enemies will vote for the University as the
best means of rectifying what they deem a bad appropriation.
On consultation with Col. Nicholas and my brother William, I
determined to publish your calculations as to the centre of
population, in this morning's Enquirer. We deemed the pub-
lication essential to unite the Eastern delegation, and to put
them under responsibility to their constituents. The anony-
mous shape was preferred ; but the author is very well known.
Knowing the course of argument which the Lexington party
would take as to the progress of population since 1810, I have
made some auxiliary statements, to shew that on the most lib-
eral allowance to the West, we shall have, in 1820, a surplus
of from eighty to one hundred thousand white persons. These
will be used only in a defensive way.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
1818.] CORRESPONDENCE. 141
LXXX.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Senate Chamber, 2 P. M., ITth December, 1818.
Dear Sir, — Since witing the -witliin, I have conversed
with Mr. Davidson, the Senator from Clarksburg. He arrived
but two days ago. His friendship I was sure of: I feared the
opposition had drawn him so far over as to silence him : but I did
him injustice. He tells me he has conversed with twenty-
two members from the northwest ; and they all, except one,
expressed themselves in favor of the Central College. David-
son's information again revives my hopes of a favorable issue.
He will be very useful to us on this occasion, and his arrival is
well-timed and very fortunate. Through him I can penetrate
the designs of the opposition, and I trust be able to break their
combination. Rest assured, sir, that nothing I can do on this
occasion, shall be omitted to procure success. I will not stir
from the seat of government till this business is settled ; my
friends have urged me to go to AVilliamsburg ; but I have re-
fused. Even if the dangers to my life existed, which they
apprehended, I could not risk it in a better cause.
Faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
LXXXI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 24tli December, 1818.
Dear Sir, — Conformably to your advice, I urged the friends
of the University to hasten the proceedings of the House of
Delegates upon that subject, and to get the bill up to the
Senate before Christmas. Unfortunately, however, the bill is
now lying on the table of the Lower House, after one reading
142 COKRESPONDENCE. [1818.
and an order to print. As we met on 7th, and fifteen days
are pretty fully employed in reading petitions, which this year
are more numerous than usual, it would have been very diffi-
cult to avoid the delay which has taken place, especially as an
artful opposition has been continually urging the necessity of
time to consider, and to bring forward their claims. From
thirty to forty members of the House of Delegates are now
absent on a visit to their families, and it will be unsafe to take
a vote on the bill till a week after Christmas. Two strenuous
efforts have at different times been made to get an adjourn-
ment of the Senate. On the first, the vote was ten to five; on
the second nine to five. But although the attempt failed in
both cases, yet four or five of the Senators have gone off with-
out leave, and broken up the House. There are now about
ten of us in town. Some of our best friends are in the coun-
try ; and we shall suffer by their absence. The delay upon
the University bill is truly to be lamented. The hostile in-
terests are daily acquiring new force by intrigue and manage-
ment. The party opposed altogether to the University, is
growing so rapidly, we have just grounds to fear a total failure
of the measure. I this morning counted up twenty-six votes
of this description, on this side the Ridge ; and there are
doubtless many others. Many of the western members will
take the same course, particularly if they lose the site. If all
the western votes could be united in opposition, we shall cer-
tainly be defeated. Some of the west will certainly be with us
on the site, and I hope a respectable portion will be for the
bill on the passage. Yet if this portion should be small, it
will be insufficient to save the bill from eastern hostility. The
friends of William & Mary demand $5,000 per annum, as the
price of their concurrence ; and in the event of a refusal, will
carry off some votes. I have advised my friends not to enter
into any compacts of the kind, and sooner will I lose the bill,
than I Vrill give my assent to it. The party hostile to the
University, come chiefly from the lower country, and are
within convenient distance of William & Mary. The better
1818.] CORRESPONDENCE. 143
educated part of them, whilst they, then- sous, connexions or
friends have been educated at William & Mary, quote Smith,
the Edinburgh Keview, and Dugald Stewart, to prove that
education should be left to individual enterprise. The more
ignorant part pretend that the literary fund has been diverted
from its original object, the education of the poor ; and ac-
cuse the friends of the University of an intention to apply all
the fund to the benefit of the wealthy. Mr. ******, very
unintentionally, but very unfortunately, has given plausi-
bility to this charge. Two days ago he offered a resolution to
authorize the Committee of Schools and Colleges to consider
of and report to the House, on the expediency of repealing
that part of the law relative to the poor. The resolution was
laid on the table. The exhibition of such a resolution from a
friend to the University, at this time, has produced great, and,
perhaps, irretrievable mischief. I have prevailed on him to
consent not to call it up at all ; or, if another course should be
preferred, to suffer it to be withdrawn. It will probably lie
on the table. In regard to Charlottesville, as a site for the
University, many liberal and enlightened persons feel difficul-
ties from the smallness of the town. They think a town of
some size necessary, to attract professors, to furnish polished
society for the students, to supply accommodations, to resist
the physical force, and present the means of governing a large
number of young men, &c. This last objection seems to make
some impression. Mr. Johnson, of Staunton, arrived two days
ago. He is very prudent, and very remarkable on all occa-
sions for reserving till the last moment the disclosure of the
opinion he means to advocate.- On the day he arrived in the
Senate chamber, he went to the map of Virginia, and in a tone
half laughing and half earnest, observed to Gen. Preston and
myself, that he always expected that those lines drawn across
the State in the calculations published in the Enquirer, were
not drawn in a proper manner ; and proceeded to remark on
the circumstance, that the eastern and western lines commen-
cing at the middle of the mouth of the Chesapeake were nearer
144 CORRESPONDENCE. [1818.
to the southern than northern side of the State. Should the
bill get up to the Senate, it may be proper for me to be able
to meet all possible objections on that subject. Perhaps Mr.
* * * * may take the course you expect of him; but if
he does, I shall be greatly disappointed. I should, therefore,
be much obliged, if you will inform me whether due eastern
and western, and due northern and southern lines, will mate-
rially change the position of the centre of population; or
whether lines drawn in any other direction Avould materially
vary the result; as also, whether the mode of ascertaining the
centre, by the point of intersection of only two transverse
lines, be liable to any well founded objection. I have Madi-
son's map in my room, and shall make some calculations ; but
I ask you for information, because yours would be more accu-
rate than my own, particularly as to the relative portions of
counties bisected by the lines. I will, if you desire it, make
no other use of your letter than to enable myself to meet any
objections to the present mode of drawing the lines. My mo-
tive for asking for information on the preceding subject, is not
that I myself doubt, but that I may meet and dissipate the
doubts of others. You recollect, no doubt, the letter I wrote
you last winter, stating my impressions that certain characters
in the House of Delegates were hostile to the location of the
University at Charlottesville. I have ascertained that upon
that sv;bject I was entirely correct. I was also correct in my
anticipation that they would go with the Board of Commis-
sioners. They will now give us their support. I lately wrote
you that Mr. Hunter, of Essex, would unite with us. But in
that I was mistaken. My first apprehensions were well
founded. He will be opposed to the measure altogether.
I am, dear sir,
Most truly and faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
1819.] CORRESPONDENCE. 145
LXXXII.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, Januai'y 1, 1819.
Dear Sir, — Although my revolt against letter writrng
has not permitted me to acknowledge, separately, your several
favors of December 8, 14, 17, 24, as I received them, I am not
the less thankful for their information. I take up my pen now
on the subject of my estimate of the centre of white popula-
tion. You say, it is objected, that the commencement at the
mouth of the Chesapeake is nearer the southern than northern
limit on the coast. That is true ; but the greatest part of
what is north is water. There is more land on the south than
north. I do not think a fairer point of commencement
can be taken, and being a remarkable one, I therefore took it.
The point of commencement being determined, the direction of
the line of equal division is not a matter of choice, it must from
thence take Avhatever direction an equal division of the popu-
lation commands ; and the census proves this to pass near
Charlottesville, the Rockfish Gap, and Staunton. The Blue
Ridge again, in the cross division, is so natural a dividing line,
as to have been universally so considered, and a parallel course
with that should therefore be taken for the line of equal divi-
sion that way. They talk of a division by an E. & W. line;
but our northern boundary tending north of N. W., while the
southern is E. & W., the fair direction is between the two, as
that is which I took. Why should they divide by a parallel to
our southern, more than to our northern boundary ? What
reason can be given for laying off the southern half in a paral-
lelogram, and the northern in a triangle ? Not a single one
but to bring the course of that line nearer to Lexington. The
State itself being triangular, each half should be so. An E.
& W, line would take the line of equal division entirely from
Staunton, but I do not believe it would from Charlottesville ;
and while a north and south line would take it entirely from
10
146 CORRESPONDENCE. [1819.
Lexington, I believe it would be still as near to Charlottesville;
and, in my opinion, run your lines in what direction you
please, they will pass close to Charlottesville, and for the very
good reason that it is truly central to the white population.
However, let those who wish to set up other lines in competi-
tion, make their own calculations. It is a very laborious busi-
ness. Mine took me two or three days, and I know there can
be no inaccuracy in it, except from a single source. Where a
line divided a county into two parts, equal or unequal, I could
only estimate by my eye the proportion between the two parts.
No doubt there is error in some of these, but probably as much
one way as another, and that contrary errors balance one
another. I am certain there will not be found much error in
the whole result. But I am saying to you things which would
occur to yourself, and yielding to the lex inertise which, with
respect to the use of the pen, is now become, uncontrolably,
the law of nature with me, I will place here the assurances of
my aifectionate esteem and respect.
Joseph C. Cabell, Esq.
Th: Jefferson.
LXXXIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, January 7, 1819.
Dear Sir, — Your favor of 1st instant has been duly re-
ceived, and I thank you for the information it contains. I
also thank you for the copy of Tracy's work, which I received
in a few days from the time it left you, but have heretofore
omitted to mention.
In my last I gave you an account of our declining and
gloomy prospects respecting the University. Just about Christ-
mas, and from that period to the 1st instant, the success of
the measure was despaired of. The Valley members first had
united against us. Half the trans-Alleghaney members had fol-
1819.] CORRESPONDENCE. 147
lowed them. The residue were neutral, and tending to the
opposite party. Even my friend Thompsony of Kanawha, who
had theretofore kept up my spirits, acknoAvledged that he be-
lieved the greater part of the members from beyond the Alle-
ghaney had determined to oppose us, and the remainder were
not to be depended on. I was also assured by acquaintances
from that quarter, that the western delegates were prepared to
vote against the measure, if a western site should not be pre-
ferred. In the lower parts of the State, the opposition to the
measure was great and growing, whilst a line of votes at the
foot of the Blue Ridge, to the north and south of my district,
and a scattering vote in other parts of the eastern country
were arrayed against us. In this state of affairs, with six or
eight very active and dexterous opponents to contend with, and
with but few to aid me, I advised our friends to preserve a
cheerful countenance, and not to despair. Having lost, as I
supposed, the western vote, I turned my views altogether to
the east. The combination to the west justified an appeal to
eastern feelings and interests. Our majority of votes, on the
east of the Ridge, is sixty-two. Putting down twenty-two of
these for absentees, our majority would be reduced to forty ;
of these if the opposition should obtain twenty-one, of course,
we should be defeated. I knew we should get some few votes
to the west, but these I thought ought to be placed to the
account of absentees, inasmuch as twenty-two is but a small
allowance. It was obvious, therefore, that it was necessary to
reduce the opposition in the east to less than twenty. For this
purpose, it was essential to ascertain who were the opponents,
and to contend for them, with the enemy beyond the moun-
tain. In this enquiry I have encountered very great difiiculty,
from the absence of the Senators, and the want of experienced
friends in the House of Delegates. But I have at length suc-
ceeded with respect to all the counties, except a few low down
on the south of James River. In the course of my search, I
have had occasion to witness the vast and uncommon exertions
of the opposite party. They have made great inroads into
148 CORRESPONDENCE. [1819.
our ranks, -whilst the greater part of our eastern members
seemed to be asleep. My mind has sought far and -uide for
the means of awakening the eastern people to a just view of
their rights, and of exciting the friends of learning to an exer-
tion of their powers. I have passed the night in watchful re-
flection, and the day in ceaseless activity. Our ranks are
filled with clever young men, who will, when the debate comes
on, give us flowery speeches ; but we want the practical wis-
dom and efiicient concert of the year 1799. In this situation,
I have sought to supply the defect, by conveying from person
to person intelligence of our different views, and by endeavor-
ing to reconcile differences of opinion, and to create harmony.
I have written into the country for friends to come in, or to
send letters to our aid. I have called on, and implored the
aid of powerful friends out of the Legislature, such as Roane,
the Nicholas's, Brockenbrough, Taylor, &c. I have actually
destricted the country east of the Ridge, and obtained a pro-
mise from some gentleman of high standing and influence in
each district, to use his best efforts to remove the prejudices of
members, and to counteract the movements of the opposite
party. I have procured most of the essays you have seen in
the Enquirer, and furnished the jirobable topics of objection,
to some of our friends in the House of Delegates, with refer-
ence to authorities for their refutation. Happily, sir, a counter
current has been produced, and I am now confident of ultimate
success. There are now thirty members on the east of the
Ridge who have been prejudiced against the bill. But the
number will be reduced. And whilst many of these will vote
with us on the site, I hope their votes on the passage will be at
least in part counteracted. Some valuable friends have lately
arrived. Captain Slaughter, of Culpepper, Chancellor Taylor,
Mr. Pannill, member of the Board of Public Works, Mr.
Hoomes, of King & Queen, Mr. John Taliaferro, of the North-
ern Neck, and Chancellor Green. The latter and myself were
up until three o'clock this morning, conversing on the means
necessary to ensure success. I think he will be able to break
1819.] CORRESPONDENCE. 149
down, in some degree, the influence of William & Mary, in the
neck of land from this to Hampton. Our friends are at last
roused, and as ardent as you could desire. The course of
things here will surjorise and distress you. But be assured,
sir, I do not exaggerate, and we have been compelled to meet
the opposition on their own ground. The liberal and enlight-
ened views of great statesmen pass over our heads unheeded
like the spheres above. When we assemble here, an eastern
and western feeling supercedes all other considerations. Our
policy now is to keep back the vote as long as possible. Thank
heaven! my health has sustained me, and even improved in the
anxious and trying situation in which I am placed. I hear
you are still complaining. This intelligence comes through
Col. Randolph, whom I sought this morning, but could not find
at Mrs. Randolph's. God grant, sir, that you may soon be
entirely restored to perfect health, and that you may in a few
weeks be cheered by the intelligence of the final success of the
bill for the University.*
I am, dear sir.
Most sincerely and faithfully your friend,
Jos. C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
LXXXIV.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 4 P. 'SL, 18th Januaiy, 1819.
Dear Sir, — Grateful, truly grateful, is it to ray heart, to
be able to announce to you the result of this day's proceedings
in the House of Delegates. In Committee of the Whole, the
question was taken, after an elaborate discussion, on the motion
to strike the Central College from the bill. The vote was as
* And the succeeding letter will inform the reader of the fate of the mea-
sure which, having so long trembled in the scales of chance, 'vvas yet envi-
roned with uncertainty.
150 CORRESPONDENCE. [1819.
follows : For striking out, 69 ; against, 114 — majority against
striking out, forty-jive. This is a decisive victory. Imme-
diately after this decision, Mr. Baldwin, of Augusta, rose and
made a most eloquent appeal to the Western delegation, call-
ing on them to dismiss local feelings, and to unite with the
majority in the support of the measure.* The Bill passed
to a third reading mem : con. Having left the House be-
fore the critical vote on the site, to avoid the shock of feel-
ing, which I should have been compelled to sustain, I did
not hear Mr. Baldwin. But I am told the scene was truly
afiFecting. A great part of the House was in tears ; and, on
the rising of the House, the Eastern members hovered around
Mr. Baldwin ; some shook him by the hand ; others solicited
an introduction. Such magnanimity in a defeated adversary
* A sketch of this debate appears in the Enquirer of January 19, 1818. In
the succeeding number, of January 21st, a correspondent (Mr. Gilmer) reports
Mr. Baldwin's appeal more fully and accurately, having prefaced it with a
tribute of high commendation. Those who feel an interest in the history of
this institution will not object to find it here reproduced entire.
"Mr. B., with a magnanimity only equalled by his eloquence, then came
forward to invoke the House to unite in support of the University. He said,
he had attempted to discharge his duty to his constituents ; he had supported
the pretensions of Staunton as long as there was the slightest hope of success ;
but now he came forward to conjure the House to sacrifice all sectional feel-
ings on the altar of their common country. In the name of Virginia, in the
name of the dear land of his nativity, by that proud and dignified character
which she had always borne, he conjured the members to unite in the vote
for the University. Great in ai-ms, great in character, she requires only to
be great in science. Let us raise a pillar of fire to conduct her footsteps. If
we make a retrograde movement now, if having accumiilated a fund for edu-
cation we refuse to appropriate it in this honorable way, we may, with the
old Castilian, live to blush for our country. Let us, then, unite ; let us do
our duty. He shall have lived to little purpose who does not know that in
political matters delay breeds danger. There is a tide in the afi"airs of na-
tions as of men. Let us, then, all unite — let us erect a temple in which our
youths may assemble in honor of science. Virginia ! dear land of my birth I
protectress of my rights ! to thy glory let us consecrate the present hour."
It may not be known to all of the present generation of readers, that the
author of this appeal was Judge Briscoe G. Baldwin, late of the Court of
Appeals of Virginia.
1819.] CORRESPONDENCE. 151
excited universal applause. Tlie discussion must have pro-
duced a considerable effect. This morning, Mr. Hunter, of
Essex, an intelligent member, expressed great fears. The
mode of drawing the lines was called in question, as favoring
the Central College. I had prepared East and West, and
North and South lines, which threw the point of intersection
some where near the South end of Fluvanna. One of the
Rockbridge delegates suggested another method of settling
the pretensions of rival sites, with a view to discredit the mode
pursued by yourself. His idea was this : draw a line from one
of the places to the other — bisect this line by another line run-
ning across the State. And the place which should be found
on the side of the line, where the greatest mass of population
should fall, would be nearest the centre of population. This
idea was suggested on Saturday ; and I did not hear of it till
last night. I rose early this morning, and with the assistance
of Mr. Hoomes, of King and Queen, my room mate, applied
this rule, and found, to the East of the line, 137,000 white
inhabitants more than to the West. These tables were used
in the debate. One of the Rockbridge delegates objected to
the statement about the centre of population lately published
in the Enquirer, that the free negroes and mulattoes were
included — the fact was admitted and the colored people de-
ducted, and the centre still fell East of Charlottesville. I
imagine you fell into the error of including the colored popu-
lation by deducting the slaves from the totals in the census of
1810. At a future day, I will give you further particulars,
and inform you of the names of the genetlemen who have con-
tributed to the happy results of this day. I have just received
Chancellor Carr's letter. The hint was unnecessary — we shall
take care of the bill in the Senate. I do not write to him,
because I suppose he has left you. I awoke, two nights ago,
about 3 o'clock, with an alarming spitting of blood, which con-
tinued till 10 o'clock. It was probably brought on by exposure
to bad weather and loss of sleep. I have been twice bled,
and have taken medicine ; and feel myself on the recovery.
152 CORRESPONDENCE. [1819.
I feel happy in the idea that this note will give you great
pleasure.
Faithfully, yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
LXXXV.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Senate Chamber, 21st January, 1819.
Dear Sir, — On the 19th instant the University Bill passed
the House of Delegates, only twenty-eight members voting
against it. Yesterday I moved its commitment in the Senate.
The committee are Messrs. Johnson, Alfred Powell, Taliaferro,
Hoomes, of King and Queen, Mallory, Hay, and myself. We
met to-day, at 10 o'clock, Mr. Mallory being absent. I had
previously agreed with my friends to admit no admendments.
Mr. Johnson proposed various amendments, beginning with
such as were unimportant, and proceeding to one of vital
importance, viz : to reduce the additional appropriation of
120,000 for the education of the poor to $5000. We voted
him down, after full discussion in the Committee. The Com-
mittee has risen to meet again to-morrow, so as to give Mr.
Johnson an opportunity to oifer other amendments. I now
think he will make efforts to change the site in the House.
But I think you may be tranquil on this subject. The bill will
probably be a law in three days from this time.
Faithfully, yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
P. S. My wife hearing of my late attack of hemorrhage
has become very unhappy, and, in conjunction with my Wil-
liamsburg friends, urges me to withdraw to that place. Hap-
pily, I am getting over the attack, and my breast is much less
sore than it was a few days past, I am strongly in hopes the
rupture was confined to some of the vessels of the throat. As
soon as the University bill passes I shall retire to Judge Coal-
1819.] CORRESPONDENCE. 153
ters, and attend to my duties in the Senate, as my health will
permit, from that place ; and should it be necessary, I will
go to Williamsburg, But the connection of the Eastern and
Western waters is a subject of great importance in itself, and
I have promised to render every service in my power to Mr.
Thompson, of Kanawha.* Mrs. C. will come up on Sunday,
with the Miss Coalters, from Williamsburg.
LXXXVI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
KiCHMOND, 25th January, J819.
Dear Sir, — The question on striking out the Central Col-
lege, from the University bill, has just been taken in the
Senate, and rejected by a vote of 16 to 7.
And I am happy to inform you, that immediately thereafter
the question was taken on the passage of the bill, and that it
passed by a vote of 22 to 1.
I began to take some part in the discussion which has taken
up all Saturday and to-day ; but, in my first effort, the blood
vessel, which had broken within me, opened again, and I was
compelled to abandon the attempt, by the discovery that I was
spitting blood. I am now under serious apprehensions on the
score of my health. I have retired to Judge Coalter's, where
Mrs. Cabell met me on yesterday. Should I not get better, I
must withdraw to Williamsburg.
Mr. Watts voted for striking out the Central College. Mr.
Johnson made great exertions to get the bill amended, but we
voted him down very easily.
Yours, faithfully,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
^■" Mr. Cabell here incidentally alludes to a measure of principal importance
to the material interests of Virginia, and which was destined, in after years,
to engage even a larger share of his attention than did the University while
in progress towards its final establishment.
154 CORRESPONDENCE. [1819.
LXXXVII.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, January 28, 1819.
Dear Sir, — I join with you in joy on the passage of the
University bill, and it is necessary you should send me a copy
of it without delay, that the visitors may have a meeting to
see and to do what it permits them to do for the furthei'ance of
the Avork, as the season for engagements is rapidly passing off.
But wo shall fall miserably short in the execution of the large
plan displayed to the world, with the short funds proposed for
its execution. On a careful review of our existing means, we
shall be able, this present year, to add but two pavillions and
their dormitories to the two already in a course of execution,
so as to provide but for four professorships; and, hereafter,
we can add but one a year ; without any chance of getting a
chemical apparatus, an astronomical apparatus, with its ob-
servatory, a building for a library, with its library, &c.; in fact
it is vain to give us the name of an University without the
means of making it so. Could not the Legislature be induced
to give the University the derelict portions offered to the
pauper schools, and not accepted by them ? I mean so much,
for example, of last year's $45,000 as has not been called for;
and so much of this year's $60,000 as shall not be called for.
These unclaimed dividends might enable us to complete our
buildings, and procure our apparatuses, library, &c., which,
once done, a moderate annual sum may maintain the institution
in action. I shall be happy to hear of the improvement of
your health, and salute you with affectionate respect.
Th: Jefferson.
Joseph C. Cabell, Esq.
1819.] CORRESPONDENCE. 155
LXXXVIII.
[A special interest attaches to the following letter; it being that in which
the writer makes honorable mention of those gentlemen, both in and out of
the two houses, who had been most active and ef&cient in promoting the suc-
cess of the University bill.]
J. C. C. TO T. J.
EiCHMOND, 4th December, 1819.
Dear Sir, — Your favor of 28th ult. was received on Mon-
day, time enough to be answered by the mail of that evening,
but I declined doing so, in order to have an opportunity of
conversing with some of my friends, before I should write. I
am very sensible of the truth of all that you say on the inade-
quacy of the funds of the University ; and most willingly
would I co-operate in augmenting them ; but knowing, as I do,
the character and prejudices of the present Assembly, and
what has occurred during the present session, I must say that
I think that any such attempt would not only prove unsuccess-
ful, but would be iniurious to the interests of the institution.
When Mr. ****** moved the house to enquire into the expedi-
ency of repealing that portion of the law which provides for
the education of the poor, a murmur of dissatisfaction ran
through the illiterate part of the house, that the friends of the
University meant to apply the whole of the literary fund to
the education of the rich. It required the most strenuous and
persevering exertions of all the friends of the measure to coun-
teract the effects of ******'s motion. Were we to move now
for the derelict portion of the school fund, I am confident that
the idea would be revived, that the friends of the University
were grasping at the whole of the fund. It would be in vain
to urge, that the proposition went only to the derelict portion ;
they would not believe us. We have got possession of the
ground, and it will never be taken from lis. True it is, the
Western people will probably not now feel as desirous, as they
were of late, to endow the University; but the enlightened
156 CORRESPONDENCE. [1819.
part of the people are every where in favor of such an estab-
lishment. I consider it, therefore, our best policy to do
nothing that is calculated to injure the character of its friends
in the estimation of the Assembly, or of the great body of the
people. Any proposition of the kind you suggest, though in
itself highly proper and judicious, would, in my humble judg-
ment, have this tendency, if brought forward at the present
session. At another session, the attempt might be made,
perhaps, with no injurious consequences, and with a proba-
bilit}^ of success. Such were the views that presented them-
selves to my mind, immediately on the perusal of your letter.
Mr. John Taliaferro, Mr. Hay, Mr. Robertson, of the Senate,
Chancellor Taylor, and Judge Coalter and Col. Carr, to whom
I have mentioned the subject, entirely concur in my opinion.
As I lodge two miles from town, and am not present, except
from 11 to 3, I have not had an opportunity of seeing other
persons on this subject. I shall endeavor to consult Col.
Nicholas to-day, but I am sure of his concurrence. Col.
Green left town a few days past. I told him, on parting, I
thought it would be well to get a bill passed amendatory of
the law respecting the education of the poor, so as to coerce
the application of the money to the objects contemplated by
the act. He assured me tliat, in his opinion, the best course
woidd be to drop the whole subject of education; to say
nothing more about it at the present session.
We are very much indebted to Mr. Taliaferro and Col. Green
for the favorable change in the delegation north of James
Eiver and below tide water. At Christmas, every member
from Richmond to Hampton, except one, was opposed to us.
On the vote, all went with us, except one. This was very
much owing to the correct views of the subject presented to
them by Col. Green, who is very popular in that part of the
State, as indeed he is every where. Capt. Slaughter, of Cul-
peper, made us a visit during the session, and co-operated with
useful and commendable ardor. Judge Brooke, Judge Brock-
enbrough, Mr. Stanard, Mr. Ritchie, Mr. Hoomes, of King &
1819.] COKRESPONDENCE. 157
Queen, Dr. Nicholson, of Middlesex, Mr. Scott, of the Council,
and Mr, Minor, of Spottsylvania, were active and valuable
friends in the lower and northern sections of the State. Judge
Roane was not much in the circle of the members, nor was
Col. Nicholas; but these gentlemen lost no opportunity of
lending their aid, in which course my brother William heartily
co-operated. I advised with Col. Nicholas in every difficulty,
and found him an invaluable friend. On the south side of
James River, Chancellor Taylor, and Mr. Pannill, of the Board
of Public Works, were useful auxiliaries. Mr. Gilmer wrote
the essays signed a "Virginian" and "A friend of the State."
Mr. Rice, a Preabyterian clergyman of this place, tvrote the
essay signed " Crito." He discovered remarhahle enthusiasm
for the measure, and although he did not advocate any partic-
ular site, yet his liberal conduct, as well as that of the dele-
gates from the counties of Prince Edward and Charlotte,
satisfied me that the sect of Presbyterians did not {as I had
expected) exert their influence against the Central College.'^
* The italics are those of the Editor, and are employed for reasons which
will hereafter appear. All the Essays here referred to were both able and
well-timed — one of Mr. Gilmer, on the site, particularly so. From that of Dr.
Rice we present a passage, which seems to have made a deep impression on
the mind of Mr. Cabell, as I find it copied more than once among his papers,
and was no doubt used by him with effect. Similar statements were made at
the time by other writers, but this was perhaps more particular and authentic.
" This remark suggests the idea of the pecuniary losses which we have sus-
tained by this most culpable negligence. This is no light matter. Ten years
ago I made extensive enquiries on the subject, and ascertained to my convic-
tion, that the amount of money annually carried from Virginia, for purposes
of education alone, exceeded $250,000. Since that period it has been greater.
Take a quarter of a million as the average of the last eight and twenty years,
and the amount is the enormous sum of $7,000,000. But had our schools
been such as the resources of Virginia would have well allowed, and her
honor and interest demanded, it is by no means extravagant to suppose, that
the five States which bind on ours would have sent as many students to us as
under the present wretched system we have sent to them. This, then, makes
another amount of seven millions! Let our economists look to that. Four-
teen millions of good dollars lost to us by our parsimony! ! Let our wise men
calculate the annual interest of our losses, and add it to this principal! they
will then see what are the fruits of this precious speculation. In the lan-
guage of the craft, it may well be said "verily, it is a losing job.'"
158 CORRESPONDENCE. [1819.
Judge Roane wrote the essay signed a "Farmer." But to no
one are we more indebted than to Mr. Sam'l Taylor, of Ches-
terfield. That excellent and promising man deserves your
highest commendation for the good temper, dignity, ability,
perseverance and zeal with which he conducted the manage-
ment of the subject in the House of Delegates. Mr. Gordon
has since expressed to me, in the strongest terms, his approba-
tion of the advice I had given himself and Mr. Carr in regard
to Mr. Taylor. Mr. Broadnax, of Greensville, made an excel-
lent argument on the site, and Mr. Thompson, of Kanawha,
was a very valuable auxiliary in the West. To Mr. Daniel
and Mr. Martin, of the Council, great thanks are due for their
services, at the last session, in procuring the appointment of
the distinguished characters who composed the Board of Com-
missioners. To that illustrious body we are infinitely indebted,
and I shall ever derive great happiness from the thought of
my having suggested the idea of that mode of settling the
question of locality. It is a remarkable fact, that the report
of the Commissioners has met with universal and loud applause,
except as to the site recommended by it. Judge Coalter saved
the bill last winter, by advising the separation of the local from
the general question. Justice and feeling have prompted me
to make this hasty sketch of the service rendered by our
worthy friends in the cause of the University. It is right
that you and Mr. Madison should know who are your most
zealous co-operators in the great work you have undertaken
for the good of your country and of mankind. In doing this,
let me not be understood to disparage the exertions of persons
not enumerated ; and particularly of the local delegation, each
of whom acquitted himself with unusual ability.
You requested me to send you a copy of the University bill,
which I would do, but that it has already gone to you, in the
Enquirer of the 28th ult.
You and Col. Randolph will receive a copy of the several
reports on the subject of the navigation of James River, and
of the connection of the eastern and western waters. I shall
1819.] CORRESPONDENCE. 159
call on Mr. Peyton this morning to have Col. Randolph's copy
hurried on. It would give me great pleasure to hear his views
on this great subject, which I am now carefully investigating.
I am happy to inform you, that the alarming symptoms
about my breast are now subsiding, and I am capable once
more of attending to business.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
LXXXIX.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 8th February, 1819.
Dear Sir, — Lest your Enquirer of the 28th January may
have miscarried, I now have the pleasure to enclose you that
paper.
The President and Directors of the Literary Fund have
placed us in an awkward dilemma, by an egregious mis-state-
ment of the amount and proceeds of the fund. Relying, as
usual, on the statements of that Board, we have appropriated
$80,000, as part of the revenue of the fund, when in fact that
revenue will not amount to more than $60,000. There can be
no doubt of the propriety of the repeal of that part of the
law which adds $20,000 to the fund for educating the poor ;
and I hope that this will be done. Yet I am assured, by sev-
eral leading men of the lower house, that, in that house, the
majority would sooner repeal the appropriation for the Univer-
sity. Probably they are mistaken ; but you must not be
surprised, if such should be the result. The Senate may be
entirely depended on. The Executive intended on this day to
appoint the Visitors, but have not done so, because the bill was
not signed by the Speakers of the two houses. This was not
a sufficient cause of delay; yet some one or more of the Coun-
160 CORRESPONDENCE. [1819.
cillors feeling difficulties, the business was deferred ; and -will
probably not be resumed till Monday next.
I am, dear sii', faithfully yours,
Jos. C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
[The following correspondence between Governor Preston and Mr. Cabell,
being something more than formal, is deemed worthy of insertion in this
place.]
Council Chamber, February 27, 1819.
Sir, — I have the honor to enclose you your appointment of Visitor
of the University of Virginia, together with the advice of Council
fixing on the day of your first meeting.
I have a peculiar gratification in the discharge of this duty, as I
am persuaded that the foundation is now laid of an institution that
will form a new and important era in the science and literature of our
native State. My gratification is much increased by the recollection
that this institution will commence under auspices that will insure its
success, and cannot fail to answer the most sanguine expectations of
every friend to knowledge and to the improvement of the human
mind.
With great respect, I have the honor to be.
Your obedient servant,
James P. Preston.
Joseph C. Cabell, Esq.
lliciiMOND, 17th March, 1819.
Sir, — I have had the honor to receive your favor of 27th ult.
enclosing my commission as Visitor of the University of Virginia,
and the advice of Council fixing on the day for the first meeting of
the Board.
In notifying yourself and the members of the Council of my ac-
ceptance of the appointment, I beg leave to make you my acknow-
ledgments for the polite and obliging terms in which it was conferred.
I am very sensible, I assure you, sir, of my uuworthiness of this
honorable appointment. Yet, having been called to the station by
the unsolicited voice of the proper authority, my humble services
1819.] CORRESPONDENCE. 161
shall not be withheld. And I am happy in the reflection, that my
own insufficiency will be compensated by the great abilities of my
distinguished associates.
I remain, sir, very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Governor Preston.
xc.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 15th February, 1819.
Dear Sir, — On Saturday, the Visitors of the University
were appointed. They are, Thomas Jefierson, James Madison,
Chapman Johnson, James Breckenridge, Robert B. Taylor,
John H. Cocke and Joseph C. Cabell. I communicated to the
Governor a message from Gen. Cocke, purporting that a report
was in circulation that the Visitors of the Central College were
about to be appointed Visitors of the University ; that be did
not wish to be appointed, as he was well persuaded there were
many characters in the State who would be better qualified
than himself to vote on the many important and difficult ques-
tions that would arise in the progress of the institution ; and
his only desire was to see the University flourish, and answer
the expectations of the country. I availed myself of the ac-
quaintance I have with the Governor, and with a member of
the Council, who spoke to me on the subject, to express my
deep conviction of the application of such observations to
myself; and to assure them that any little zeal and activity
which I may have heretofore discovered, sprang from no inte-
rested motive, and must not weigh a feather in the scale of
appointment. I besought them to look abroad, and select men
calculated to give you efficient co-operation, and to have weight
with future legislatures. They have thought proper, notwith-
standing, to put General Cocke and myself on the list. I
recommended, very earnestly, the appointment of Mr. Johnson.
11
162 CORRESPONDENCE. [1819.
Indeed, situated as I was, it was a subject in which I did not
wish to interfere; but as I was consulted, in regard to the
Valley, I urged the appointment of Mr. Johnson as a point of
importance. He has treated your name with great respect and
deference throughout our contests for the site ; and that ques-
tion being determined, he will go with you in future. No man
on the other side of the Ridge could have as much influence in
breaking down future opposition from that quarter of the State.
I was consulted as to the quarter of Winchester, and recom-
mended Tucker, Carr, Hoomes, &c. &c. They were all inad-
missible; every distinguished character in that part of the
State was objected to, either as holding the ofiice of judge, or
as being a member of Congress, or upon some other ground.
The policy of the Executive differed in some degree from that
which I was told you preferred ; which was, to select the Vis-
itors from the neighboring counties. They preferred to take a
majority from the vicinity, and the rest from a distance. Gen.
Taylor will scarcely accept the appointment. * * *
********* The last
Monday in March is fixed on for the first meeting of the Vis-
itors. I hope it will not be necessary for me to come to any
intermediate meeting of the Visitors of the Central College,
as I should fear the effects of the keen air of the mountains at
an earlier period than the latter part of March. My health is
greatly improved, and the only thing now necessary to my
entire re-establishment, is to avoid the exposure of my lungs
to keen air or unusual exertion. I regret exceedingly that a
report has prevailed in the circle of the members that I was to
go to Europe in pursuit of professors; inasmuch as it will en-
able my opponents to ascribe to me personal views, and to
injure me with illiterate men, who are as ignorant of my real
motives on this occasion as they are of the nature and respon-
sibility of the agency in question. To one or two of my
friends, I shall state the substance of the communications that
passed between you and myself in regard to this subj'sct. I
deem it unnecessary to consider this proposition againi, inas-
1819.] CORRESPONDENCE. 163
mucli as the deficiency of the appropriation will necessarily
defer any such measure for the present. Viewing the whole
ground, I consider it good policy to employ all the funds for
some time in building, and not to put the institution into ope-
ration till sufficient arrangements shall have been made for a
brilliant commencement. Suffice it to say, for the present,
that the appointment I now hold, I regard as the highest honor
ever conferred on me, and that I shall look far around for the
means of duly fulfilling the duties it imposes. But in this
pursuit, I shall look up to you as mj principal guide and sup-
port. My fervent wishes for the entire restoration and long
continuance of your health continue invariable.
Faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
I
P. S. Since writing the preceding letter, I have conversed
with another friend, and from the representations made by
him, I am induced to doubt whether the wicked construction
stated above to have been placed upon my conduct extends to
many persons. In the heat of the conflict, aspersions were
throivn out on both sides. Time dissipates these mists of pre-
judice; and upon this subjecf^ I now feel relieved.
Mr. Taylor, of Chesterfield, thinks the House of Delegates
will not consent to repeal the additional $20,000 appropriated
for the education of the poor. Even should this temper con-
tinue, the appropriation for the University will not be endan-
gered, as it may be drawn at any time of the year.
It is of the utmost importance for the friends of the Univer-
sity to procure the election of able and liberal men to the next
Assembly. Gen. Tucker will be a valuable accession to the
Senate.
* The italics are again the Editor's.
164 CORRESPONDENCE. [1819.
XCI.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTicELLO, February 19, 1819.
Dear Sir, — Your favor of the 15th was received yesterday.
The appointment of Visitors of the University is entirely un-
exceptionable to me ; the only fear is, that the distance of
Gen. Breckenridge and Mr. Taylor will render their attend-
ance uncertain. I should have been sorry indeed, if either
yourself or Gen. Cocke had been left out. The lateness of
the day (March 29) appointed for their first meeting renders
that of the present set immediately necessary, as we should
otherwise lose the chance of employing workmen, and conse-
quently lose a year in our preparation. I think, with you,
that we must apply all our funds to building, for the present
year, and not open the institution until we can do it with that
degree of splendor necessai-y to give it a prominent character;
consequently, that we must defer the mission for professors to
another year. I never mentioned that subject but to General
Cocke, and that with a view only of his mentioning it to you.
I have requested a meeting of the Visitors, at Mr. Madison's,
on Friday next, where I wish it were possible for you to meet
us, although not if it will jeopardise your health. It is neces-
sary to determine at once what buildings we can undertake
this season, and to engage undertakers. I believe the extent
to which our funds will permit us to go will be to two pavil-
lions, in addition to the two we have, one boarding-house, and
twenty or thirty more dormitories. Our engagements with
Dr. Cooper* oblige us to receive him, and I shall propose to
let an usher of our nomination, and under our patronage, open
a grammar school for the Junior classes in Charlottesville, on
his own account altogether, receiving nothing from the college.
* Something will be said of this appointment in a future note.
1819.] CORRESPONDENCE. 165
In that case, Cooper may take the highest or the higher
classes only, and may open his law school. So far, I think
we can begin in May.
Ever and affectionately yours,
Mr. Cabell.
Th: Jefferson.
XCII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 22d February, 1819.
Dear Sir, — Your favor of 19th has this moment arrived.
I am sorry that it is out of my power to attend the meeting at
Mr. Madison's, on Friday. In the present state of the roads,
and with such symptoms as I have lately experienced, it would
be improper in me to undertake the journey. I hope you will
be able to secure the attendance of Mr. Watson and General
Cocke ; and even if you should not, I am pretty confident that
what the members present may agree upon will receive the
sanction of future meetings. You speak of our engagements
with Doctor Cooper. I did not know that any engagements
existed. The last information I received on this subject was
either from Gen. Cocke or Col. Coles, during my illness last
fall. I was then told that you had been under the impression
that Doctor Cooper had laid himself under an obligation to
come to the Central College ; but that he had written you a
letter from Fredericksburg, apprising you that he did not con-
sider himself bound in any way whatsoever. I confess I was
not mortified at the occurrence ; for whilst Dr. Cooper's talents
and acquirements are unquestioned, I find the impression very
general, that either in point of manners, habits, or character,
he is defective. He certainly is rather unpopular in the en-
lightened part of society. This may be because he is not as
well known to the world as he is to you and Mr. Madison.
The fact, however, is worthy of notice. A motion was made
166 CORRESPONDENCE. [1819.
a few days ago, by Mr. Taylor, in the House of Delegates, for
leave to bring in a bill to repeal the additional appropriation
of $20,000 for the education of the poor, and leave was
refused by a majority of ten. I mention this to shew you what
difficulties lie in the way of getting adequate funds. I cannot
think that the next General Assembly, prepared as it may be
by the press, will refuse to correct this false step in our pro-
ceedings. But rest assured that this House of Delegates
would sooner repeal the provision for the University than any
part of that made for the poor. And there will probably be
some struggle on this subject next winter. This furnishes with
me a strong reason not only to lay out all the money at pre-
sent in building, but convinces me of the importance of rather
keeping the houses empty till a sufficient number can be got
into a state of readiness to receive some half dozen eminent
professors, than to fill them successively as they are finished,
with perhaps here and there a man obnoxious to public preju-
dice. If Doctor Cooper comes, let him come unaccompanied
by other professors. But if he is to come alone, permit me to
recommend that no final decision to that effect shall be taken
till the meeting of the Visitors of the University, when Gen-
erals Taylor and Breckenridge may be fully informed of the
reasons for and against the appointment, and their acquiescence
previously secured. I have spoken with Mr. Johnson on this
point. He, like myself, has the highest opinion of the abilities
of Doctor Cooper; but ho considers the appointment one of
great delicacy and importance, and thinks it would be advisa-
ble to pause, in the manner, and for the reasons, I have stated.
I have devoted two winters and one summer of my life to the
most sincere co-operation with you in getting this measure
through the Assembly. I think I am well apprised of the
state of the public mind ; and, believe me, the contest is not
over. The very same interests and prejudices which arrayed
themselves against the location at Charlottesville, will continue
to assail that establishment. They will seize upon every occa-
sion, and avail themselves of every pretext, to keep it down.
1819.] CORRESPONDENCE. 167
On the motion for leave to bring in a bill to repeal the
^20,000, these interests were visible in the opposition. I write
you in haste, as the mail is about to leave town. Perhaps I
may have taken up erroneous views ; but I thought it my duty
to state them. I beg the favor of you to present my respect-
ful compliments to Mr. Madison and other gentlemen present
at the meeting, and to assign the causes for my absence.
Faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
XCIII.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, March 1, 1819.
Dear Sir, — On my return yesterday from our visitorial
call, I found here your favor of February 22, and I now en-
close you a copy of our proceedings, with the request of our
colleagues to lay them before the Governor and Council ; for
although their assent is not by the law necessary to give them
validity, yet they have a right to negative, which makes it a
duty to communicate them, that they may have an opportunity
to exercise it if they disapproved any of the proceedings. I
am sorry to learn that the continuance of the patronage of the
Legislature is doubtful ; but we should go on in our duty, and
hope the same from them, or leave on them the blame of
failure. Accordingly you will see that we have adopted your
idea of applying our funds to preparing buildings, except so
far as current services and actual engagements require. On
the subject of engagements, I must quote a passage in your
letter to me, to wit : " you speak of our engagements with Dr.
Cooper. I did not know that any engagements existed." In
answer to this, I have made transcripts from our journals,
which I now enclose, and which you will recollect the more
168 ^ CORRESPONDENCE. [1819.
satisfactorily, as the original is in your .own hand writing. To
this I must add some facts.
After the resolutions of the 7th and 8th of October, 1817,
which had the approbation unanimously of the whole of the six
visitors, on learning that Cooper had a prospect of the Chemi-
cal chair in Philadelphia, worth $7,000 a year, we voluntarily
wrote to let him know he might suspend his acceptance of our
appointment until a decision of the Philadelphia election ; and
if he failed to be elected, we should hope his acceptance here.
He failed in that, but they proposed to establish a new chair,
to keep him there. In this state of things, we came to the
resolution of May 11 of the kit year 1818 ; by which it
appears we considered an appointment of him as still obligatory
on us. At the same time, New York was offering him a salary
of $2,500 a year, besides tuition fees, to accept a professor-
ship there. I saw the letter from Governor Clinton, making
this offer. But his inclinations being for this place, next to
Philadelphia, he came on in October to see the place, the
country, &c., and then stated to me in writing what he should
expect. By this time the expectation that the Legislature
would adopt the College for the University, had induced us to
enlarge our scale, to purchase more lands, make our buildings
larger, &c., so that if that hope failed, it was doubtful whether
the state in which bur funds would be left, would not make it
desirable to be off with Dr. Cooper. In answering his paper,
therefore, I availed myself of the opportunity to premise to
the articles agreed to, that they were to be considered by him
as founded on the hypothesis of the Legislature's adopting our
institution, and entitling us consequently to the additional
funds of $15,000 a year. I considered his not replying to
this paper as evidence of a tacit acceptance, and so spoke of it
to Mr. Correa, although assuredly he had not, by word or
writing, signified an acceptance. Learning this on the journey
from Correa, he immediately wrote back to correct me, and
said he had supposed he was to hold the thing under advise-
ment until the legislative decision should be known, and in the
1819.] CORRESPONDENCE. 169
mean time to weigh our. propositions witli others ; for, besides
that of New York, he had a most liberal offer from New
Orleans. As soon as I heard of the first vote of our Legisla-
ture on the site of the University, carried by so large a ma-
jority, I informed Cooper of it, and that as soon after the
passage of the law as a meeting of the visitors could be pro-
cured, I would write to him finally, and request his decision,
and expect him, if he accepted, to come on in early spring.
From all this it appears to me that we are bound, not only in
consistency and reputation, but in law, if Dr. Cooper accepts
our propositions. And why should we wish otherwise ? Cooper
is acknowledged by every enlightened man who knows him, to
be the greatest man in America, in the powers of mind, and in
acquired information ; and that, without a single exception. I
understand, indeed, that a rumor unfavorable to his habits,
has been afloat, in some places, but never heard of a single
man who undertook to charge him with either present or late
intemperance ; and I think rumor is fairly outweighed by the
counter-evidence of the great desire shown at William & Mary
to get him, that shown by the enlightened men of Philadel-
phia to retain him ******* =i=^ the anxiety of New
York to get him, that of Correa to place him here, who is in
constant intercourse with him, the evidence I received in his
visit here, that the state of his health permitted him to eat
nothing but vegetables, and drink nothing but water, his dec-
larations to me at table, that he dared not to drink ale or
cider, or a single glass of wine, and this in the presence of
Correa, who, if there had been hypocrisy in it, would not have
failed to tell me so.
The College is in distress for $1,500. The visitors have
authorized Mr. Garrett to receive that sum from the treasury,
but we must ask the favor of you to pave the way for it, and
to learn when we may draw on that fund for moneys, on
whom, and by whom, the drafts must be made.
Ever and affectionately yours,
Th: Jefferson.
Mr. Cabell.
170 CORRESPONDENCE. [1819.
XCIV.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
Will you be so good as to have the enclosed inserted imme-
diately in the Enquirer, and to place the expense to account of
your next instalment ?
Affectionate salutations.
MoNTicELLO, March 6, 1819.
xcv.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 8th March, 1819.
Dear Sir, — I am happy to inform you that since I last
wrote you, the Legislature has repealed the additional appro-
priation of $20,000 to the education of the poor. The ques-
tion came up again by an amendment in the Senate to the
revised bill respecting the literary fund ; it passed the Senate
unanimously, and the House of Delegates by a majority of
eighteen. We are thus happily extricated from an awkward
dilemma ; and an obstacle to further improvement in future is
removed. This retrograde movement on the part of the Leg-
islature, tends to show the probability of a mistake on my part
as to the future patronage of the State ; and I would wish the
statement in my last letter as to the continuance of the hos-
tility of rival interests to be understood with an exception of
Mr. Johnson. The whole income of the literary fund being
now appropriated, it is questionable how any good disposition
of the people towards the University may hereafter be made
available. New funds will scarcely be created. Li revolving
the subject in my mind, I have thought of an expedient for
the next session. If the whole of the balance due from the
general government should not be discharged in the course of
1819.] CORRESPONDENCE. 171
this year, perhaps it might be practicable to obtain a donation
out of that balance, for the purpose of fitting up the insti-
tution.
I have received your favor of 1st instant, and hastened to
fulfill your instructions. The proceedings of the meeting at
Mr. Madison's have been laid before the Governor and Council,
and have been approved by them. I have conversed with the
Governor and Treasurer in regard to the state of the literary
fund, and the persons on whom and by whom drafts are to be
made. The fund is overflowing ; and were it desired, the
whole annuity of the University might be called for at this
time. I am authorized to say, that a copy of the proceedings
at Mr. Madison's being in possession of the Executive, a draft
from the Treasurer, Mr. Garrett, for $1500, would be honored
by the President and Directors of the Literary Fund. The
regular course would be for the Visitors to draw on the Presi-
dent and Directors ; and for these to draw on the Treasurer.
If the Visitors think proper, they may continue to delegate
their power in this respect to their Treasurer.
My last letter to you was written under considerable pain,
(arising from an eruption on my side,) and I wrote more con-
cisely, and perhaps abruptly, than I should have M'ritten in a
different situation. I had, by no means, forgotten the pro-
ceedings of the Visitors of the Central College, as stated in
the copy of the record which you have had the kindness to
send me. You will recollect, that I was prevented by a severe
spell of sickness from attending the meeting of the Visitors
last fall, and I can assure you I was entirely ignorant, till the
receipt of your favor of 1st instant, of the nature of the com-
munications between yourself and Dr. Cooper, about that time.
I not only did not know of any new engagements with that
gentleman, but had been led to believe that the obligations
under which he had had it in his power to place us by the
acceptance of our proposals of former dates, had been dis-
solved by a course of conduct on his part, with which you were
by no means satisfied. My information was derived from Col.
172 COREESPONDENCE. [1811
Coles or Gen. Cocke, but to the best of my recollection from
the former, during my illness last fall. I was told that Pr.
Cooper's letter, from Fredericksburg, was not satisfactory to
you ; that you were so disgusted you would not answer it, and
that your engagements with him were at an end. Hence, I
observed, "I did not know that any engagements existed."
As you must have been misunderstood by that one of these
two friends who gave me this information ; or, if not misun-
derstood, as you must have been subsequently satisfied by
other communications from Dr. Cooper, the statement of these
circumstances is not made with any other view than to account
to you for what must appear to you a strange inconsistency or
want of recollection on my part.
I am sure it is unnecessary for me to request you to con-
sider every thing I say upon this or any other matter touching
the University, as proceeding from a friend anxiously disposed
to serve you personally, and to promote the welfare of the
institution.
May it not be questioned whether the Visitors of the Central
College possessed the power to enter into engagements with
Dr. Cooper, which would be obligatory on the Visitors of the
University. If they possessed the power, would not the policy
of exercising it be somewhat doubtful ? In common with the
other friends of the Central College, I censured very freely
that part of the proposed donation from Lexington, which
subjected us to the necessity of providing for their professors.
As I shall probably have an opportunity of conversing with
you before the meeting of the Visitors, I will not now trouble
you with unnecessary remarks on this subject. A course may
be taken, which will preserve essentially your engagements
with Dr. Cooper, and guard against the injurious consequences
of the prejudices existing against him.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
-819.] CORRESPONDENCE. 173
XCVI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Senate Chambee, March 12th, 1819.
Dear Sir, — Your note of the 6th instant, by Mr. Garrett,
covering the advertisement for workmen for the University,
has been received. I walked immediately to the office of the
Enquirer, and had the advertisement inserted in that paper,
where I shall cause it to be continued for some successive
papers. I have introduced Mr. Garrett to the Governor, who
will have a meeting of the President and Directors of the
Literary Fund to-morrow ; at which I have no doubt his draft
for the ^1,500 will be honored. The Auditor has promised
me that he will have no objection to the execution of the in-
demnifying bond, in the case of the certificate in the county
of Albemarle, so as save the necessity of a visit to this place
by the Proctor of the College. I have seen Colonel Nicholas
respecting Mr. Brockenbrough's being employed as Proctor ;
and he and Mr. Garrett are now communicating on that part
of the business. From every thing I can learn in regard to
Mr. Brockenbrough, it would be important to engage him, and
as any salary we could give a Proctor would not secure his
services, neither Mr. Johnson nor myself, as at present ad-
vised, see any impropriety in combining for that object, the
appointment of Proctor with that of undertaker of the wooden
part of the buildings. I have had an application from a Mr.
Montcarrel, of this place, for some station in the University
as a teacher of the French language. I have informed him
that the institution will not go into operation for at least a
year to come ; and, in the meantime, I shall have it in my
power to procure information for him. We rise this evening
or in the morning. I shall go on a visit, with Mrs. Cabell, to
some of her relations in Alexandria, and shall certainly be
with you on 29th. One slight attack of blood-spitting, after
a long speech, excepted, the symptoms in my breast have not
174 CORRESPONDENCE. [1819.
reurned, since I last mentioned the subject of my health ; and
I am relieved from serious apprehensions, and the symptoms
that produced them. It gratifies myself and all your friends
exceedingly to hear of your recovery.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
XCVII.
[ The plan of the University has often been subjected to criticism, both by
the Virginia public and traveling visitors. The following letter will shew, that
in the view of some of the colleagues of Mr. J., it lay open to objection in
certain particulars. For some of these acknowledged defects, however, Mr.
J. was not wholly responsible ; as a more eligible site which he had once
hoped to procure, and which would have admitted a better aspect and more
economical construction, was lost to the public through the political prejudice
of the owner against himself. Mr. Cabell was wont to relate several pleasant
anecdotes — better suited to a social circle than to a permanent record here —
relative to the dissent of the other Visitors, not only from the plan of the
buildings, but other novel and cherished ideas of the author ; to the respectful
manner in which their counter-opinions were conveyed to the venerable rector,
and to the adroitness with which they were met. Their motives for general
acquiescence are well stated by his biographer, Mr. Tucker. Though every
essential part of the establishment required the sanction of the Board of
Visitors, yet, on almost all occasions, they yielded to his views, partly from the
uuafi'ected deference which most of the Board had for his judgment and expe-
rience, and partly for the reason often urged by Mr. Madison, that as the
scheme was originally Mr. Jefferson's, and the chief responsibility for its success or
failure would fall on him, it was b'H fair to let him execute it in his own way."
They doubted, also, concerning one or more features of its organization, and
certain principles on which it was proposed to conduct its government. These
they knew would be tested by time and trial, and errors, when manifested,
could be corrected by their successors.]
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 17th April, 1819.
Dear Sir, — Mr. Brockenbrough left this for Gen. Cocke's
yesterday morning. It seems he cannot establish at the Uni-
versity until 1st August ; yet, I hope you may be disposed to
engage him, as I think he will be a source of great comfort
1819.] CORRESPONDENCE. 175
and relief to you. I have reflected a good deal on subjects
connected with the University since we separated — some
thoughts have occurred to me which I beg leave to communi-
cate to you with the freedom of a friend. The plan of pavil-
ions and dormitories along the area of the University will be
beautiful and magnificent, and unlike anything which I have
seen in Europe or America. The continuation of the same
style of architecture till the two sides of the area shall have
been filled up, will follow, as a matter of course. But permit
me to suggest a doubt whether the plan of pavilions and dor-
mitories should not be confined to the area, and some other
styles adopted for the hotels and back ranges. The dormito-
ries, though extremely beautiful, are liable to some objections
in point of convenience. With an Eastern and Western as-
pect, with a single window in each, and with flat roofs, I am
inclined to think they will be very warm in summer ; and with
a contiguous public passage, it is to be apprehended that the
students will be less retired from noise and other interruptions
than might be desired. For these reasons, I should be disposed
to depart from that mode of building, with respect to the
hotels and back ranges. In regard to flat roofs, on the plan
now pursued, it seems to be much doubted, whether they will
not leak, and require renewal in the course of six years. This
scem3 to be the prevailing opinion of the best workmen in the
country^ With respect to the lecturing rooms in the pavilions,
permit me to ask whether a more spacious plan would not be
advisable in the further prosecution of the buildings ? Some
of the Professors will probably not have crowded classes, and
these might have the use of the halls now finished, or in state
of preparation. But many of the Professors will, in all pro-
bability, have very numerous attendants ; and the idea of
repeating the same lecture, to the residue of a large class,
would be very disagreeable to a man who would ascribe the
necessity of doing so to a supposed defect in the structure of
the pavilions. It occurred to me, at one time, that the lec-
turing halls in the pavilions should be constructed on the model
176 CORRESPONDENCE. [1819.
of the Greek and Roman theatres and amphi-theatres, which
has been adopted since the revolution in France ; but as this
would deprive the Professors and their families of the use of
them at other hours than those of lecturing, and as it might
produce too considerable a departure from the plan now adopted,
I presume it would be most advisable merely to enlarge the
halls. In the lapse of years, it may be proper to resign the
pavilions entirely to the accommodation of the Professors, and
to provide lecturing rooms in separate buildings.* I was ex-
tremly happy to be informed, by Gen. Cocke, that you had
annexed the gardens to the back-yards of the pavihons. In
the suggestions I have now ventured to make, I am mainly
governed by the wish to remove every possible ground of ob-
jection to the further patronage of the Assembly. Whilst I
think the Visitors should be guarded in communicating to the
public any little differences of opinion which now and then may
occur among them, so as to prevent unfounded inferences from
being deduced, I am of opinion that each individual should
think and speak freely his impressions upon every point ; and
I am Avell persuaded that a contrary course ought and would
be regarded by you as uncandid and unfriendly.
I have heard, with great concern, of the accidental fire
which lately occurred at Monticello, and of the injury which
you are said to have sustained. That your health may be
soon entirely restored, and that you may long enjoy every
earthly good is the continued and unceasing prayer of
Your faithful friend,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
* This suggestion was carried out either on the opening of the institution,
or 80 on after.
1819.] CORRESPONDENCE. 177
XCVIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Bremo, 2d November, 1819,
Ddar Sir, — Being now at this place, on my way to the
lower country, I avail myself of the opportunity by Mr. Neil-
son to return the plan of your house in Bedford, for the use of
which I beg you to accept my sincere thanks. I admire it
very much. But the want of suitable instruments, and con-
tinued indisposition almost ever since I left Monticello, have
prevented me from taking a copy. It is not, however, impor-
tant at this time, that I should have the plan in my possession
to study or to imitate. The wish which I felt so ardently to
move into your neighborhood, and that of the University, can-
not now be indulged. I do not believe that there is, at this
time, any opening for me to get into that neighborhood, with
the advantages of soil and position which I should desire.*
Nor could I sell either of my estates in the present state of
the country, but at a sacrifice which even prodigality would
condemn. And the stock of money in hand, on which I
counted when I left Monticello, as a fund to begin upon, I
now find must be loaned to a friend to prevent the sacrifice of
his property. I must, therefore, postpone any change of my
situation at this time, and make such additions to my estab-
lishment at Warminster as will not materiallv affect its sale in
future, and are demanded by present convenience.
I am extremely sorry to hear of the severe attack of illness
you have had since the meeting of the Visitors ; and I earnestly
hope it may wear off without any injury to your constitution.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
* Mr. C. had once contemplated a change of residence and removal to Albe-
marle, that he might be in the neighborhood of his friend Col. Coles, as also of
Mr. J., a scheme in which both of those gentlemen had manifested a friendly
interest. The several negotiations, however, conducted by others on Mr. C.'s
behalf, had failed with the proprietors of more than one estate, much to his
regret.
12
\
178 CORKESPONDENCE. [1820.
XCIX.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, January 22, 1820.
Dear Sir, — I send you the enclosed as an exhibit to our
enemies, as well as friends. Kentucky, our daughter, planted
since Virginia was a distinguished State, has an University,
with fourteen professors and upwards of 200 students; while
we, with a fund of a million and a half of dollars, ready raised
and appropriated, are higgling without the heart to let it go to
its use. If our Legislature does not heartily push our Uni-
versity, we must send our children for education to Kentucky
or Cambridge. If, however, we are to go a begging anywhere
for our education, I would rather it should be to Kentucky
than any other State, because she has more of the flavor of
the old cask than any other. All the States but our own are
sensible that knowledge is power. The Missouri question is
for power. The eftbrts now generally making through the
States to advance their science, is for power; while we are
sinking into the barbarism of our Indian aborigines, and ex-
pect, like them, to oppose by ignorance the overwhelming mass
of light and science by which we shall be surrounded. It is a
comfort that I am not to live to see this.
Our exertions in building this last year have amounted to
the whole of the public annuity of this year, for which, there-
fore, we have been obliged to draw to relieve the actual
distresses of our workmen ; and the subscriptions come in slow
and grudgingly. You know that we are to pay Doct. Cooper
$1,500 in May, and his family will depend on it for subsist-
ence in his absence. We have been obliged, therefore, to set
apart, as our only sure dependence, six particular subscrip-
tions, on the punctuality of which we can depend, to wit:
yours, Mr. Madison's, Gen. Cocke's, Mr. Divers', John Harris'
and mine, which exactly make up the money.
Aflectionately yours,
Th : Jefferson.
3/r. Cabell. ^
1820.] CORRESPONDENCE. 179
Estimate of the money necessary to finish the buildings at the
University.
Amount necessary to finish the buildings already com-
menced, as per Proctor's estimate, page 23 of the
report and documents respecting the University, $38,898 25
Amount necessary to erect the buildings not yet com-
menced, but which are requisite to complete the
establishment, as per the aforesaid page 23 of the
report, 58,200 00
Total, $97,098 25
Funds estimated by the Proctor as available for the
purpose of carrying on the buildings, after meeting
sundry engasements specified in the report; the pub-
lic annuity of the year 1820 having been included
in the estimate, $39,020 03
Deduct amount of subscriptions to the Central College,
included in the Proctor's estimate of funds, the whole
or the greater part of which will not be collected in
the course of the year 1820, 30,220 01
Balance of available funds, $8,80 02
Balance of money required, after deducting the afore-
said amount of available funds, $88,298 23
Deduct this amount on account of supposed collections
from the subscribers to the Central College in the
. course of the year 1820, 8,298 23
Amount necessary for the completion of the buildings
at the University, $80,000 00
Statement of the amount of stihscriptions to the College, included in
the Proctor's estimate, of 1st Occoher, 1819, of funds available in
time to meet the expenses of carrying on the buildings.
Balance of 1st installment, $2,001 08
Balance of 2d installment, 6,186 27
Amount of 3d installment, due April 1st, 1820, 11,016 33
Amount of '' " due April 1st, 1821, 11,016 33
Total, $30,220 01
Being requested to state my impressions as to the probable amount
of receipts, in the course of the year 1820, on account of subscrip-
180 CORRESPONDENCE. [1820.
tions to the Central College, I declare it to be my opinion, founded as
well on my knowledge of the manner in which the subscription moneys
have heretofore come in, as on what is generally known of the pressure
of the times, that not more than §8,800 02 will be obtained from that
quarter, in aid of the funds of the University, previous to the 1st of
January, 1821.
Alex'r GtARRETT,
Bursar of the University of Virginia.
1th February, 18 .0.
c.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 3d February, 1820.
Dear Sir, — I arrived here the day before yesterday, and
found your favor of 20th ult. in the post-office. The unfortu-
nate and long-continued illness of my wife, kept me in Wil-
liamsburg till the 1st inst. The session is now far advanced ;
but I hope it is not too late to procure a further endowment of
the University. The lamentable occurrence in the treasury,
increases the difficulties we had already to encounter. Some
enlightened men tell me there is no prospect of success; and I
candidly think it doubtful. But I am now urging the subject
in every quarter where I think I can be useful. Your letter
and the important paper it contained, I took the liberty to
shew to most of the members at the Eagle, this morning ; and
I found a good disposition on the subject. I am sorry there
has been so little yet done in regard to this great subject. A
detailed report from the President and Directors of the Lite-
rary Fund will appear in a few days, whereupon propositions
will be submitted to the House of Delegates. In the mean
time, I shall see the friends of the measure. You may expect
to hear more fully from me hereafter. I write now merely to
inform you that misfortunes have kept me in Williamsburg till
the 1st instant; but that I am now in place, and engaged on
this subject, which is so interesting to your feelings. I am
1820.] CORRESPONDENCE. 181
rejoiced to hear of your good health. I have thought it unne-
cessary to trouble you with letters heretofore, because our
mutual friend, Col. Randolph, would write you fully on every
subject.
In haste, I remain, dear sir,
Faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 17th February, 1820.
Dear Sir, — The result of all my enquiries convinced me
that the only course left us was to aim to get the present and
future surpluses of the literary fund, and to amend the bill
lying on the table of the Senate, and giving the counties the
right of drawing out their arrears. Mr. Johnson and myself
concerted measures ; and, with the aid of Mr. Hay in the de-
bate, carried the amendment unanimously through the Senate,
save one vote (Davidson's). The amendment went down yes-
terday morning, and was laid on the table, with the concurrence
of our friends. It was understood the Committee of Schools
and Colleges were about to act on the same subject, and would
give us their support. They met yesterday, when Mr. Bassett
made a motion to give William & Mary $5,000 per annum ;
which being rejected, he rose, in apparent excitement, and ab-
ruptly left the room. Whilst this was going on, I was sent for
by the late Treasurer, and confidentially told the deficiency in
the treasury would fall on the literary fund. I consulted with
Mr. Johnson, and Mr, Morris, of the House of Delegates, who
agreed with me that Preston would, to avoid the penalty, be
compelled soon to pay up the money, and that we must perse-
vere in our views to the present and future surpluses, till we
could raise $80,000. By the documents, it would seem, there
182 CORRESPONDENCE. [1820.
ought now to be a disposable surplus of $40,000; and from a
power to pledge the future surpluses of some three or five
thousand dollars per annum, we proposed to raise the balance.
This morning the Committee of Schools and Colleges met, and
Col. Bassett contrived to amend our proposition, so as to give
us the surplus, now supposed to be on hand, of $40,000, and
to give William & Mary an annuity of $5,000 annually. And
thus the business stands. Gen. B. was on the committee, and
remained silent, lest his opposition might defeat the James
River and Kanawha bill, which passed an hour after. They
have got the vantage ground of us, by this unfortunate man-
agement of the committee. To-morrow our friends will make
a great effort in the House, but really I cannot flatter you.
Nothing shall be left undone within the compass of my power.
I beg you to excuse my not writing you more fully and more
frequently, as I am much engaged. I took the liberty to
insert extracts from your letter in the Enquirer.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours.
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Senate Chamber, 24th February, 1820.
Dear Sir, — The enclosed bill has this day passed into a
law. The House of Delegates having first rejected the amend-
ment of the Senate for $80,000; and then that for $40,000,
and having postponed the whole bill on 22d; Gen, Breck en-
ridge, Mr. Johnson and myself had a consultation, and agreed
that the interests of the institution would be promoted by the
bill now enclosed. Our friend Mr. Gordon had already moved
for leave to bring in a bill, and was in the midst of an ani-
mated discussion, when Mr. Johnson and myself got to the
House. We prevailed on him to withdraw his motion, to make
1820.] CORRESPONDENCE. 183
way for the introduction of the subject by Gen. Breckenridge,
who, we supposed, not being from the local district, would have
more influence with the House. The bill went through this
morning, with but little opposition. We hope we have taken
the course which yourself and the other Visitors will approve,
considering the circumstances in which we were placed. The
University is popular in the Senate, and unpopular in the
House of Delegates. I hope the President and Directors of
the Literary Fund, or the Board of Public Works, will be able
to lend us the money ; but upon this point I cannot speak pos-
itively. An immediate meeting of the Visitors is necessary.
On 29th new Visitors are to be appointed. I shall ask the
Governor to bring on the appointments speedily, and if the
old Visitors should be re-appointed, I shall propose to Gen. B.
and Mr. Johnson to proceed directly to Monticello; and I
would take Gen. Cocke along with me from Bremo.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
cm.
J. c. c. to T. J.
Charlottesville, 3d October, 1820.
Dear Sip., — I neglected to bring with me Mr. Garrett's ac-
count, which I am instructed to examine and verify ; and beg
the favor of you to send it by the bearer. I wish to compare
it with the account in the Bursar's books, from which it was
copied; and at the same time that I check the latter by the
vouchers. Perhaps I shall be induced to take the account
home, in order to examine the additions at my leisure.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Jos. C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
184 CORRESPONDENCE. [1820.
CIV.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
Poplar Forest, November 28, 1820.
Dear Sir, — I sent in due time the report of the Visitors
to the Governor,* with a request that he would endeavor
to convene the Literary Board in time to lay it before
the Legislature on the second day of their session. It was
enclosed in a letter, which will explain itself to you. If de-
livered before the crowd of other business presses on them,
they may act on it immediately, and before there will have
been time for unfriendly combinations and manoeuvres by the
enemies of the institution.
I enclose you now a paper presenting some views which may
be useful to you in conversations, to rebut exaggerated esti-
mates of what our institution is to cost, and reproaches of de-
ceptive estimates. $162,364 will be about the cost of the
whole establishment when completed. Not an office at Wash-
ington has cost less. The single building of the courthouse of
Henrico, has cost nearly that ; and the massive walls of the
millions of bricks of William & Mary, could not be now built
for a greaterf sum.
* See Appendix M., No. 2.
1 1 find among Mr. Cabell's papers the following, in which he states in tab-
ular form the cost of several buildings designed for public use. The fact-s
he- 3 collected were used to confirm the assertion of the text, and to repel the
popular charge of extravagance.
Cost of the new courthouse in the city of Richmond, exclusive of
the ground, -----.... $105,000
Cost of the houses and lots of Farmer's Bank of Virginia, - 170,080
" " Bank of Virginia, - - - 165,11.5
recent expenditures on Tublic Square and Capitol, 99,014
Eagle Hotel and offices, exclusive of ground, - 94,000
Union Hotel and stable, " " - 70,000
Twenty pillars in House of Representatives at Wash-
ington, at $5,000 each, 100,000
Two last offices of department at do. - - - 95,908
Gross sum given by South Carolina to her University in twenty
years, 200,000
Annuity given by South Carolina to the same, - - - 12,000
1820.] CORRESPONDENCE. 185
Surely Governor Clinton's display of the gigantic eflForts of
New York towards the education of their citizens will stimu-
late the pride as well as the patriotism of our Legislature, to
look to the reputation and safety of their own country, to
rescue it from the degradation of becoming the Barbary of the
Union, and of falling into the ranks of our own negroes. To
that condition it is fast sinking. We shall be in the hands of
the other States, what our indigenous predecessors were, when
invaded by the science and arts of Europe. The mass of edu-
cation in Virginia, before the revolution, placed her with the
foremost of her sister colonies.* What is her education now?
Where is it ? The little we have, we import, like beggars,
from other States ; or import their beggars to bestow on us
their miserable crumbs. And what is wanting to restore us to
our station among our confederates ? Not more money from
the people. Enough has been raised by them, and appro-
priated to this very object. It is that it should be employed
understandingly, and for their greatest good. That good re-
quires that, while they are instructed in general, competently
to the common businesses of life, others should apply their
genius with necessary information, to the useful arts, to inven-
tions for saving labor, and increasing our comforts, to nourish-
ing our health, to civil government, military science, &c.
Would it not have a good effect for the friends of the Uni-
versity, to take the lead in proposing and effectuating a practi-
cable scheme of elementary schools ? To assume the charac-
ter of the friends, rather than the opponents, of that object ?
The present plan has appropriated to the primary schools
$45,000 for three years, making $135,000. I should be glad
to know if this sum has educated one hundred and thirty-five
poor children? I doubt it much. And if it has, they have
cost us $1,000 a piece, for what might have been done with
$30. Supposing the literary revenue $60,000, I think it
* See Introduction.
186 CORRESPONDENCE. [1820.
demonstrable that this sum equally divided between the two
objects, would amply suffice for both. One hundred counties
divided into about twelve wards each, on an average, and a
school in each ward, of perhaps ten children, would be 1,200
schools, distributed proportionably over the surface of the
State. The inhabitants of each ward, meeting together, (as
when they work on the roads,) building good log-houses for
their school and teacher, and contributing for his provisions,
rations of pork, beef, and corn in the proportion, each of his
other taxes, would thus lodge and feed him without feeling it,
and those of them who are able, paying for the tuition of their
own children, would leave no call on the public fund, but for
the tuition fee of here and there an incidental pauper who
would still be fed and lodged with his parents. Suppose this
fee $10, and $300 pnportioned to a county on an average,
(more or less duly proportioned,) would there be thirty such
paupers for every county ? I think not. The truth is, that
the want of common education with us is not from our poverty,
but from the want of an orderly system. More money is now
paid for the education of a part, than would be paid for that of
the whole if systematically arranged. Six thousand common
schools in New York, fifty pupils in each, 300,000 in all ;
$160,000 annually paid to the masters; forty established
academies, with 2,218 pupils, and five colleges with 718 stu-
dents; to which last classes of institutions $720,000 have been
given ; and the whole appropriations for education estimated
at two and a half millions of dollars ! What a pigmy to this
is Virginia become ! With a population all but equal to that
of New York I And whence this diflfercnce ? From the dif-
ference their riilers set on the value of knowledge and the
prosperity it produces. But still if a pigmy, let her do what
a pigmy may do. If among fifty children in each of the six
thousand schools of New York, there are only paupers enough
to employ $25 of public money to each school, surely among
the ten children of each of our 1,200 schools, the same sum of
1820.] CORRESPONDENCE. 187
$25 to each school will teach its paupers, (five times as much as
to the same numbers in New York,) and will amount for the
whole to ^30,000 a year, the one-half only of our literary
revenue.
Do then, dear sir, think of this, and engage our friends to
take in hand the whole subject. It will reconcile the friends
of the elementary schools, (and none is more warmly so than
myself,) lighten the difficulties of the University, and promote
in every order of men the degree of instruction proportioned
to their condition, and to their views in life. It Avill combine
with the mass of our force, a wise direction of it, which will
ensure to our country its future prosperity and safety. I had
formerly thought that visitors for the schools might be chosen
by the county, and charged to provide teachers for every ward,
and to superintend them. I now think it would be better for
every ward to choose its own resident visitor, whose business
it would be to keep a teacher in the ward, to superintend the
school, and to call meetings of the ward for all purposes rela-
ting to it ; their accounts to be settled and wards laid ofi" by the
courts. I think ward elections better for many reasons, one
of which is sufficient, that it Avill keep elementary education
out of the hands of fanaticising preachers, who in county
elections would be universally chosen, and the predominant
sect of the county would possess itself of all its schools.
A wrist stiffened by an ancient accident, now more so by the
effect of age, renders writing a slow and irksome operation
with me. I cannot, therefore, present these views by separate
letters, to each of our colleagues in the Legislature ; but must
pray you to communicate them to Mr. Johnson and General
Breckenridge, and to request them to consider this as equall}^
meant for them. Mr. Gordon being the local representative of
the University, and among its most zealous friends, would be a
more useful second to General Breckenridge in the House of
Delegates, by a free communication of what concerns the Uni-
versity, with which he has had little opportunity of becoming
188 CORRESPONDENCE. [1820.
acqucainted. So also would it be as to Mr. Rives, who would
be a friendly advocate.
Accept the assurance of my constant
And affectionate esteem and respect,
Th : Jefferson.
Mr. Cabell.
Estimates in Mr. Jefferson^ s hand-tcriting enclosed in the foregoing.
A general view of what the lands, buildings, and all other expendi-
tures for the University will have cost when completed, estimated
from the moneys actually received, and what the Proctor states as
further necessary.
Received of the subscriptions about - - ^19,000
Loan from the Literary Fund, - 60,000
Annuities of 1819, '20, - - 30,000
To be received, the annuity of 1821, included in Proc-
tor's estimate, - - . . . 1 5^000
Further necessary to complete the Pavilions, Hotels and
Dormitories by do. - - - - 38,364
Probable actual cost of whole establishment, (exclusive
of Library,) igl62,364
ESTIMATES HERETOFORE MADE.
10 Pavilions for accommodation of Professors at §6,000
each, -..--. §60,000
6 Hotels for dieting the students, at §3,500 each, - 21,000
104 Dormitories, at §350 each, - - - 36,400
200 acres of land, and buildings purchased, may be sta-
ted as worth ..... 10,000
Covering with tin instead of shingles, levelling grounds
and streets, bringing water in pipes, and numerous
other contingencies, say - - - 10,000
Excess of actual cost above the estimates (about 18 per
cent.) 24,964
§162,364
1819.] CORRESPONDENCE. 189
To liberate the funds of the University, and to open it in 1821,
with only six professors, will require —
1. A remission of the loan of 860,000.
2. A supplementary sum to liberate the annuities of
1821, 2, 3, ^45,000
3. To make good the deficit estimated by the Proctor, 8,364
4. An additional sum for the building of the Library, 40,000
5. And to establish and maintain ten Professorships an equal parti-
tion of the Literary Fund between the University and elementary
schools will be necessary, say §30,000 a year to each.
A building for an Observatory not having been mentioned in the
Rockfish report, is not brought into view here. It will cost about
ten or twelve thousand dollars, and may be accomplished by the bal-
ance of subscription money not taken into account in the report of
1820, and by the rents for the hotels and dormitories.
cv.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Senate Chambek, 20th December, 1820.
Dear Sir, — I thank you sincerely for your favor of No-
vember 28, which I received on my arrival here on 5th inst.
*******
I have shown your letter to General Breckenridge and some
other friends. Mr. Johnson will not be here till Christmas.
We have agreed, for reasons I will more fully detail hereafter,
to let the subject of the University lie over till after Christ-
mas. I am going to spend the holidays with Mrs. Cabell in
Williamsburg, from which I will write you at leisure. For the
present I will only say that we shall probably have to fall
down in our petition for a sum sufficient to finish the buildings,
and let the rest lie till another session. We shall have the
academies to contend with this year. Our difficulties are
great, but every effort will be used to carry the bill. Some
objections are made to the mode in which our accounts are
190 " CORKESPONDENCE. [1820.
presented. Some ask why the items are not more detailed ;
others why Mr. Garrett's accounts do not go back farther than
April. I would advise the fullest and freest rendition of ac-
counts. There lies our hold on the public aflfections. * * *
Yours faithfully,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jeffemon.
CVI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
WiLLiAMSBUEG, 22d December, 1820.
Dear Sir, — On consultation with General Breckenridge
and others, it was decided that we should bring forward no-
thing in regard to the University till after Christmas. I got
leave of absence till 29th, and left town on 20th. The even-
ing before my departure, I was informed that Mr. Griffin of
York had brought in a set of resolutions, the evident effect of
which would be to embarrass the disposable part of the literary
fund, so as to defeat the claims of the University ; and these
resolutions were warmly supported by the friends of Hampden
Sidney, but particularly by Mr. Miller of Powhatan. They
give the right to the counties to draw out the direlict part of
the fund, provide against the recurrence of a similar state of
things, and make an appropriation to William & Mary, Hamp-
den Sidney, Washington College, New London, the University,
&c. I went immediately to see General Breckenridge, and
spent the evening in conversing with him on this subject. He
was glad the opposite party had come forward so early in the
session. Instead of getting an advantageous start of us, he
thought they would only defeat themselves, by disclosing their
plans and conflicting with each other ; and our friends, he
thought, should attend the Committee and let them run on for a
time. Mr. Bowyer and Mr. Gordon seemed to be fearful of
1820.] CORRESPONDENCE. 191
the consequences of this course. I got leave of absence, with
the intention of carrying Mrs. Cabell up on 29th ; but owing
to this movement of the opposition, I have determined to leave
her in Williamsburg, and to return in the steamboat on the
26th. I left your letter with General Breckenridge, and had
shown it to many of our friends. There was a general con-
currence in the opinion, that we should not succeed in an
attempt at a general system of schoo' j, and that we should aim
at only so much money as would finish the buildings, leaving
the mortgage for the present on our funds. It will be a hard
struggle to get even this. The hostile interests are strong,
and well conducted this session.
I have looked over the accounts since I last wrote you. I
am now satisfied that Mr. *** was only seeking for materials
of opposition ; and I think it unnecessary for Mr. Garrett to
send down the detailed account before 1st April. The sum-
mary statement covers the whole ground. Should it be neces-
sary, I will hereafter call for explanations as to any part of
the accounts. Gen. Breckenridge thinks Gen. Blackburn will
run with us. Mr. Doddridge comes down in a good humor ;
has candidly acknowledged that I was in the right as to the
great litter of banks, and avowed himself a friend to the Uni-
versity. He is anxious for an endowment of the Randolph
Academy. But I hope he will ultimately unite with us.
Bowyer, of Rockbridge, is my intimate friend, and heartily
with us. Otey, of Bedford, advocates an appropriation to
New London Academy; but I believe will, in tlie end, go
right. Mr. Watson, of Louisa, is our zealous friend. I fear
Mr. Crump, of Goochland, will be induced to insist on an appro-
priation to Hampden Sidney ; yet I hope he will ultimately
co-operate with us. His local position is unfortunate, ^-t--^^*^*
will be violently opposed to the University; but I hope that
influence is now but small. I am advised by Gen. Brecken-
ridge not to stir the question relative to the old charters but as
a dernier resort. Some have thought it a dangerous weapon,
inasmuch as it would divide the friends of science, and throw
192 CORRESPONDENCE. [1820.
the majority against us. Morris, Breckenridge, Bowyer, Gen.
Taylor, Coalter — all — think the principle sound, and that it can
not ultimately be resisted. Our object is now, to finish the
buildings. If this could be done without resort to this doctrine,
I would willingly put it aside for the present; but I do not see
how we can avoid calling it in, unless they should defeat them-
selves, and leave the field open to us. I will keep you fully
informed, from time to time. Let me urge you to write to
Judge Roane and one or two other friends; but at least to
Judge Roane. ******
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours,
*
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CVII.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLo, December 25, 1820.
Dear Sir, — Your letter of the 20th was the first intimation
that I had omitted to enclose, with the documents of our re-
port, the first half year's account of the Bursar, which had
been duly rendered in April, and filed away. I now correct
that error, by enclosing it to the Governor, with a letter of
explanation, to be communicated to the Legislature.
You may have observed an apparent difierence of $38,364,
between the Proctor's estimate of what is wanting to complete
the buildings, and our estimate embodied in the report. With
the report and letter enclosing it, I wrote an additional one to
the Governor, shewing that this difi'erence was merely appa-
rent. As the evidence of this, on the face of the two esti-
mates, if closely observed, redered its communication to the
Legislature not absolutely necessary, I observe it has not been
sent to them with the other papers. I enclose you, however, a
copy of it, in the hand-writing of one of my grand-daughters ;
for my dislocated wrist is failing so fast, that I apprehend
1820,] CORRESPONDENCE. 193
the loss of the power of writing altogether. This explanation
may be necessary in both houses; but may be given verbally,
as well as by the formal letter.
I lately saw in a newspaper an estimate in square miles of
the area of each of the States, of which the following is an
extract: Virginia 70,000 square miles, Massachusetts 7,250,
Connecticut 4,764, Delaware 2,120, Rhode Island 1,580." By
this it appears that there are but three States smaller than
Massachusetts; that she is the twenty-first only in the scale of
size, and but one-tenth of that of Virginia ; yet it is unquestion-
able that she has more influence in our confederacy than any
other State in it. Whence this ascendancy ? From her atten-
tion to education, unquestionably. There can be no stronger
proof that knowledge is power, and that ignorance is weakness.
Quousque tandem will our Legislature be dead to this truth?
Ever and affectionately yours,
Th: Jefferson.
Mr. Cabell.
Letter enclosed in foregoing.
MoNTicELLO, November 9, 1820.
Sir, — The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, at
their last semi-annual meeting of October 2, having agreed to a re-
port of the condition of that institution, its disbursements and funds,
as required by law, I now enclose it, with the accounts of the Bursar
and Proctor. Some difference will be found between the Proctor's
account and the general view presented in the report of the Board,
which it is my duty to explain.
After the separation of the Board, it occurred to the Proctor that
the account he had last rendered, and on view of which their report
was formed, might, in some of its articles, be made more specific and
correct. It was given to him, therefore, and that now enclosed was
returned in its stead. By the last article of this, it might be under-
stood that the buildings whose completion was contemplated in this
report, would require an additional sum of 638,364 to complete them.
But this apparent excess proceeds chiefly from the circumstance that
the annuities of 1822 and '28 are not entered in this account, as they
are in the general statement made in the report. This lessens the
13
194 CORRESPONDENCE. [1821.
apparent difference by $30,000, leaving a real one of §8,364 only;
and this the Proctor properly accounts for by observing, that the
former estimates comprehended buildings only, omitting the cost of
200 acres of land, and several other contingent expenses not then
foreseen. We are now so near the end of our work as to leave little
room for future errors of estimate. The building requisite for a
library, however, is not included in this estimate.
It will readily occur that these observations cannot have had the
sanction of the Visitors, because the circumstance producing them
arose after their separation. I have the honor to be, with the highest
consideration, sir.
Your most obedient and most humble servant,
Th: J.
Governor Randolph.
CVIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 4th January, 1821.
Dear Sir, — I thank you sincerely for your letter of De-
cember 25th, which I found here on my arrival on 30th.
Indisposition confined me in Williamsburg rather longer than I
expected when I last wrote you. Since my arrival I have
been incessantly engaged on the subject of the University.
We have a powerful combination to oppose, and the result is
extremely doubtful. If you will examine the enclosed resolu-
tions of Mr. Grifiin, you will find them drawn with great art ;
and on full consultation, I have boldly put forth the doctrine
relative to the old charters, which I announced to you and Mr.
Madison at the spring meeting, and to the Board in the au-
tumn.* It seems to be spreading rapidly among our friends,
* The doctrine relatiTC to the old charters, here referred to, was, that an
appropriation of public money to the uses of either of the old colleges ought
not to be granted by the Legislature, except upon the express condition that
such college should, like the University of Virginia, be at all times and in all
things subject to the control of the Legislature. — Note by Mr. C.
1821.] CORKESPONDENCE. 195
and doubtless disconcerts our enemies. My time is spent
entirely in endeavoring to rekindle the flagging zeal of our
friends, to drill them on the subject, and to prepare them well
for the struggle. I fear Johnson may be averse to go with us,
in the attempt to annex terms of admission to the colleges.
He is expected to-day. But all the rest are for it, and I hope
he will join. My health is not good, owing to a bad cold ; and
I beg you to excuse the manner in which I write. Rest as-
sured that my best exertions will be used to carry the appro-
priation ; and if we fail, the opposition shall feel our strength.
Could you point my attention to any tract on the policy of the
new charters in preference to the old? I am now endeavoring
to shake the William k Mary party by offering the lower
country an equal participation in the academical fund (here-
after to be distributed), leaving William & Mary out of the
system. The leaders of that party were not prepared for
this, and will try to divert the funds to the college. But I
think we will disconcert their combination by this proposition.
Mr. Watkins, of Prince Edward, has resigned, and Mr. Rich'd
Venable, a man of talents and influence, offers in his place.
Doddridge is with the opposition. Blackburn has gone home,
for a season. It is reported he is against us, but I hope not.
Bassett, Griffin, Smith, Garland, Miller, Doddridge, are leaders
on the other side. You may rest assured that every exertion
will be made to keep down the University, and you must be
prepared for a failure this session. We hope to get $50,000 ;
but that is extremely doubtful. I find my collection of docu-
ments and my knowledge of facts of great use to me at this
time. I have shewn your last letter to Mr. Miller, and he is
satisfied as to that point. Should I be silent, ascribe it to my
engagements here.
Faithfully, yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
196 CORRESPONDENCE. [1821
CIX.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 18th January, 1821.
Dear Sir, — I am sorry to inform you that it seems to be the
general impression here that we shall be able to effect nothing
for the University during the present, session. It is with the
most heartfelt grief that I acknowledge this to be my own
impression. The reports relative to the literary fund are not
yet before us, and this delay operates against us. The Gov-
ernor has done all in his power, but the delay seems to be
unavoidable. This seems as an excuse for the inactivity of
our friends. I must confess that it seems to me that there is
not the desirable zeal, activity, or concert on the occasion. I
foresaw this result two weeks ago, but was told I was over-
anxious, and unnecessarily alarmed. Yesterday Mr. Morris
came to me in the lobby, and with much concern told me all
seemed to be going against us in the House of Delegates, and
urged the necessity of a meeting among the leading friends of
the University. This measure I earnestly pressed a fortnight
ago. A time was fixed, but bad weather intervened, and the
want of a report being stated as an impediment, I suffered the
measure to lie. We shall get the report next week ; but now
gentlemen are alarmed, and to-morrow evening some half dozen
of our leading friends are to meet at my lodgings. In the
mean time, the state of the fund is understood to be very
unfavorable. The annual revenue falls short of the appropri-
ation ; the school fund cannot be touched ; and the small surplus
of uninvested revenue and capital will be a bone of contention.
Mr. Johnson told me to-day he saw no prospect of success,
from the state of the fund. But I do not despair, and all that
I can do shall be done. I am turning my attention to a future
and better Assembly. I shall endeavor to get back Taylor, of
Chesterfield, (to whom I spoke yesterday,) Broadnax, of Bruns-
wick, General Taylor, &c. &c. We have many local or secret
.1821.] CORRESPONDENCE. 197
powerful influences to oppose ; of which I will say more to you
in future. Whilst we do every thing in our power to stem the
torrent, it would be well if you and Mr. Madison would aid in
getting some efficient friends into the next Assembly. In
haste,
I remain, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
ex.
[ The writer having here intimated the desire and intention of retiring from
public life, was met by a remonstrance and appeal from his correspondent, so
urgent and earnest, that he was induced to renounce his purpose, at whatever
hazard to his health or private fortune. The latter had suffered much from
his absence and other causes ; the former was put in extreme peril more than
once by his exertions in the cause to which he stood pledged. The spirit of
self-sacrifice and patriotic devotion here exhibited by each, and in a manner
which can leave no doubt of the sincerity of either, cannot fail to command
the respect of the reader.]
J. C. C. TO T. J.
RicnMOsn, 2-5th January, 1821.
Dear Sir, — Since the date of my letter of 18th inst, the
meeting therein alluded to has taken place. I find Mr. John-
son averse to any expression of opinion on the subject of the
ancient charters. Our meeting broke up without any valuable
result. The want of a report on the state of the literary
fund, retards our movements. There is a current constantly
setting against us on Richmond Hill. It scatters discord in
our ranks, and undermines the zeal of our friends. Preston's
last deficiency falls on the literary fund, and augments our
difficulties. The counties that neglected to draw, insist perti-
naciously on their "equal rights." That claim, I suspect, will
nearly exhaust the surplus on hand. Even some of our
friends, Johnson, Breckenridge, &c., think we should not touch
the principal of the fund ; and the balance still due from the
General Government forms a part of the principal. The an-
nual revenue falls short of the annual appropriation. There
198 CORRESPONDENCE. [1821.
is no prospect that we shall he able to get into the poor school
fund. In this situation, hemmed in by difficulties and obsta-
cles on all sides, one only prospect opens itself to my view. I
presume that it is in every case proper to finish the buildings.
To get the necessary funds for this object must be our polar
star. For this purpose, we must get our credit for the existing
loan of $60,000 put on one of the two bases which I proposed
last spring; and obtain a power to make another loan of
$50,000 on similar terms. This would give us the buildings,
and a clear income of about $7,000. Future Assemblies must
be looked to for the balance, I spoke of this plan to General
Breckenridge and Mr. Johnson yesterday, and spoke of it as a
dernier resort. They seemed to approve it. We shall first,
however, ask for further funds in some shape or other. Gov.
Randolph told me, some time since, we should have to content
ourselves with this. He has gone into the country, and I pre-
sume will see you before his return.
I will now touch upon a subject that has engaged my
thoughts for a long time past, and been often mentioned to
some of my intimate friends : it is that of my withdrawing
altogether from public life, at the end of my present term of
service. Gen. Cocke will be with you shortly, and will explain
to you the grounds on which I think, with some of my friends,
that this measure becomes proper. I pause to give my friends
an opportunity to cast about for a safe depository for the great
interests of our district. A Mr. *****=t=**^ of Nelson, has no-
tified me of his intention to ofier. At first I thought it might
be improper to retire under the imputations that might be
made, and so expressed myself to **=^*, Governor Randolph.
But on further reflection, and on consultation with my brother
and Gen. Cocke, I do not think that circumstance should have
the least weight with me. All other reasons apart, I do not
suppose that a canvass could be dispensed with, and such is
the weakness of my breast, that to ride from Court-house to
Court-house, making speeches to large crowds, exposed to the
rigors of the season, might carry me to the grave, or bring on
1821.] CORRESPONDENCE. 199
me further and more distressing symptoms of pulmonary affec-
tion. Do not suppose, I beseech you, that my feelings and
opinions have undergone any change. On the contrary, in
retiring, I will do all in my power to bring in such persons as
may be calculated to effectuate in future your great views of
literary improvement. In the course which I contemplate, I
have no view or wish to go to Congress, or into any other
public station. I have been here thirteen winters. My object
now is domestic, rural and literary leisure. I thank my
friends in Albemarle, and the district, but, above all, yourself,
for the confidence so long bestowed on me. The little share
which I have had in promoting the establishment of the Uni-
versity, and in seconding your views on that subject, will
always constitute one of the most agreeable reflections of my
life. May you succeed to the utmost of your wishes, will ever
be my constant and fervent prayer. But that great and valu-
able institution, I hope, is now on a safe and permanent
footing ; and although its endowment is, for the present, too
small, yet it must and will ultimately triumph over all its
enemies.
I presume it is unnecessary to announce my final determina-
tion till the close of the session.
I remain, dear sir, faithfully your friend,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CXI.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, January 30, 1821.
Dear Sir,— You will recollect that at the meeting of the
Visitors of the University on the 4th of December last, Mr.
Johnson being disabled, by sickness, to attend, and having
been prevented at the April meeting by bad weather, we were
apprehensive his commission might be vacated, hy a failure to
200 , CORRESPONDENCE. [1821.
act for the space of one year, and I was requested to apply
to the Governor for a renewal of the commission. I accord-
ingly communicated the request to the Governor by letter. He
observed to me, that Mr. Johnson could not have failed to act
for the space of a year, because he had not been one year in
office under the present commission, which commenced only on
the 29th of February last ; and he suggested that a meeting,
or any other act as a visitor before the 28th of February ensu-
ing, might yet save the lapse. I know of but one act which
the law authorizes to the visitors individually and out of meet-
ing, to wit : the concurrence in the call of a special meeting.
This is undoubtedly a visitorial act ; and I propose, therefore,
that the visitors shall, individually, sign such a call, annexing
the date of their respective signatures, which will prove it
done within the year. I accordingly sign such a paper myself,
and forward it to Mr. Madison for his signature, with a re-
quest to forward it on to you to obtain yours, Mr. Johnson's,
General Breckenridge's, and General Taylor's. On your re-
turning it to me, I will obtain General Cocke's. I have fixed
on the 1st of April, because we meet of course at Monticello,
on or before that day, for the preparation of business. It will
not be necessary to repair actually to the University, the sig-
nature of the call being the essential act, and the actual meet-
ing at the University not necessary to its validity. A re-ap-
pointment by the Governor and Council might have saved us
this ceremony, but for the use of the unlucky word " succes-
sor " in the law; and although I suggested to the Governor
that that might be got over by a first appointment and resigna-
tion of John Doe, he thought some might raise scruples on it,
as an evasion, and that we had better prevent it by an act of
our own ; and I think myself that, as this accident will fre-
quently happen, we had better keep the remedy within our
own power, by setting this precedent at once. Affectionate
salutations to yourself and our colleagues.
Th: Jefferson.
Joseph C. Cabell, Esq.
1821.] CORRESPONDENCE. 201
CXII.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, January 31, 1821.
Dear Sir, — Your favors of the 18th and 25th came to-
gether, three clays ago. They fill me with gloom as to the
dispositions of our Legislature towards the University. I per-
ceive that I am not to live to see it opened. As to what had
better be done within the limits of their will, I trust with
entire confidence to what yourself, General Breckenridge, and
Mr. Johnson shall think best. You will see what is practica-
ble, and give it such shape as you think best. If a loan is to
be resorted to, I think $60,000 will be necessary, including the
library. Its instalments cannot begin until those of the former
loan are accomplished; and they should not begin later, nor
be less than $13,000 a year. (I think it safe to retain $2,000
a year for the care of the buildings, improvement of the
grounds, and unavoidable contingencies.) To extinguish this
second loan, will require between five and six instalments,
which will carry us to the end of 1833, or thirteen years from
this time. My individual opinion is, that we had better not
open the institution, until the buildings, library and all, are
finished, and our funds cleared of incumbrance. These build-
ings, once erected, will secure the full object infallibly at the
end of thirteen years, and as much earlier as an enlightened
Legislature shall happen to come into place. And if we were
to begin sooner, with half funds only, it would satisfy the
common mind, prevent their aid beyond that point, and our
institution remaining at that forever, would be no more than
the paltry academies we now have. Even with the whole
funds, we shall be reduced to six professors, while Harvard
will still prime it over us, with her twenty professors. How
many of our youths she now has, learning the lessons of
Anti-Missourianism, I know not ; but a gentleman lately from
Princeton, told me he saw there the list of the students at that
202 CORRESPONDENCE. [1821.
place, and that more than half were Virginians. These will
return home, no doubt, deeply impressed with the sacred prin-
ciples of our holy alliance of Restrictionists.
But the gloomiest of all prospects is in the desertion of the
best friends of the institution ; for desertion I must call it. I
know not the necessities which may force this on you. Gene-
ral Cocke, you say, will explain them to me ; but I cannot
conceive them, nor persuade myself they are uncontrolable. I
have ever hoped that yourself. General Breckenridge, and Mr.
Johnson, would stand at your posts in the Legislature until
every thing was effected, and the institution opened. If it is
so difficult to get along with all the energy and influence of our
present colleagues in the Legislature, how can we expect to pro-
ceed at all, reducing our moving power ? I know well your
devotion to your country, and your foresight of the awful
scenes coming on her, sooner or later. With this foresight,
what service can we ever render her equal to this ? What
object of our lives can we propose, so important? What
interest of our own, which ought not to be postponed to this ?
Health, time, labor, on what in the single life which nature has
given us, can these be better bestowed than on this immortal
boon to our country ? The exertions and the mortifications
are temporary ; the benefit eternal. If any member of our
college of visitors could justifiably withdraw from this sacred
duty, it would be myself, who, " quadrage7iis stipendiis jam-
dudum peractis," have neither vigor of body nor mind left to
keep the field. But I will die in the last ditch. And so, I
hope, you will, my friend, as well as our firm-breasted brothers
and colleagues, Mr. Johnson and General Breckenridge. l^a-
ture will not give you a second life wherein to atone for the
omissions of this. Pray then, dear and very dear sir, do not
think of deserting us ; but view the sacrifices which seem to
stand in your way, as the lesser duties, and such as ought to
be postponed to this, the greatest of all. Continue with us
in these holy labors, until having seen their accomplishment,
we may say with old Simeon, ^^ nunc dimittis, Domine."
1821.] COKRESPONDENCE. 203
Under all circumstances, however, of praise or blame, I shall
be aiFectionately yours.
Th: Jefferson.
Mr. Cabell.
CXIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, February 8, 1821.
Dear Sir, — I have received your letter of 31st ult., and
return you many thanks for the kind and friendly expressions
it contains. It is not in my nature to resist such an appeal.
I this day handed into the office of the Enquirer, a notification
that I should again be a candidate. We will pass on to mat-
ters of more importance. I have shown your letter to Gen.
Breckenridge and Mr. Johnson, who seemed (and particularly
the former) to be as much affected by it as myself. We are
all in confusion here about the accounts of the literary fund.
The statements of our public officers differ, and there seems to
be no surplus on hand, although the Auditor says there should
be $101,000. The opposite party secretly exult at this state
of things, although they pretend to be much disappointed.
Our plan of a second loan may yet succeed, if the House
should not get disgusted by the confusion of the public ac-
counts, and reject every thing. Your letter has kindled great
zeal in Gen. Breckenridge. Yesterday Gen. Blackburn, in
discussing Selden's resolutions, spoke of the University as " a
grand institution higlily deserving our patronage.'' We have
great difficulties to contend with. Your name and hand-
writing have great effect here. Let me entreat you, with the
freedom of a friend, immediately to write to Gen. Brecken-
ridge a letter on the subject of the University, such as may be
shown generally, showing no preference and making no impu-
tations. He wishes it, and will make powerful use of it.
^^^ COKRESPONDENCE. [1821.
You may rely on our discretion. I write you with his privity,
and at his instance.
Ever and faithfully yours,
., ^ Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CXIV.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTicELLo, February 15, 1821.
Dear Sir, — I address this day to Gen. Breckenridge a let-
ter* as you desired ; to be shown if it is thought expedient,
within the circle of discretion. I doubt much, myself, whether
its exhibition to members independent in their purposes, and
jealous of that independence, may not do more harm than good.
On this I put myself into the hands of my friends. I am sure
you will see the propriety of letting no copy be taken, or possi-
bility occur, of its getting beyond the limits of our own State ;
and even within these limits, some of its expressions should not
go forth.
Ever and affectionately yours,
Th: Jefferson.
Mr. Cabell.
cxv.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, February 20, 1821.
Dear Sir, — I return you the enclosed paper, calling a
meeting of the Visitors of the University, having procured the
signatures of Mr. Johnson and Gen. Taylor, and annexed my
* For this letter see "Writings of Thomas Jefferson," IV. 341.
1821.] CORRESPONDENCE. 205
own, as requested in your favor of the SOtli ult. I have also
shown the paper to Governor Randolph, and the course pur-
sued is satisfactory to him and the executive.
A bill in favor of the University has been reported by the
Committee of schools and colleges. It proposes to authorize a
loan by the President and Directors of $60,00, to be paid out
of the balance due from the General Government, or any other
part of the uninvested principal of the fund. It puts the prin-
cipal on the footing on which my first proposition to the Presi-
dent and Directors of last spring would have placed the loan
then proposed, with a small variation. The bill was drawn by
Mr. Johnson, on consultation with Gen. Breckenridge and
myself. Its fate will be decided in a few days. It will be
powerfully opposed ; but I hope it will get through, and if it does,
I trust the money will finish the buildings ; and if it should
not, that the people of Albemarle will make up the deficiency.
* * * * has at last thrown ofi" the mask, and avowed his hos-
tility to the bill. Like many others, he calls himself a friend
to the institution. Our worst enemies are pretended friends.
I have written a very urgent letter to Gen. Taylor, begging
him to come into the Assembly. He declines the proposition.
So does Broadnax of Greensville. I enclose you their letters.
I have written again to the latter, enclosing for his perusal
your letter to me on the subject of my continuance, and pro-
posing to him to come for one session. I showed your letter
to Mr. Taylor of Chesterfield. He had before declined, but
when he saw your letter, he promised me to think of it. I
shall endeavor to get Chancellor Taylor to use his influence
with him. Mr. William Archer, of Powhatan, has promised
me to off"er, and we shall get rid of * * *, who declines. Mr.
Mallory, of Orange, has become a very active friend. I have
written to Mr. Currie, of Lancaster, inviting him to join us.
This is the only eff'ectual way to break down the opposition.
William & Mary, Hampden Sidney, and Washington Colleges
are, in my opinion, decidedly hostile. ***** -^iH oppose
our bill ; but thinks himself a warm friend. I am almost worn
206 CORRESPONDENCE. [1821.
out with anxiety, and wish the matter settled. We have
gotten our James River bill through the House of Delegates.
It is of vast importance, and the whole country will soon be
alive from Richmond to the mouth of the Kanawha.
Faithfully yours,
Jefferson.
Jos. C. Cabell.
CXVI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 22d February, 1821.
Dear Sir, — The University bill passed to a second reading
in the House of Delegates, by a majority of one vote only.
It is now on its third reading, and will be read to-morrow.
Our friends, I think, are increasing. General Blackburn will
support it. Mr. Garland came over and voted for it. If we
lose the bill in the Lower House, we shall hang on upon the
Poor-school Bill. I hope we shall work it through, in one way
or the other. The enemies, seeing its decisive character, have
done their best to destroy it. Heaven grant that I may be
able to send you good news in my next. Your letters to my-
self and General Breckenridge have arrived and are thank-
fully received. Mr. has withdrawn ; and, as I suppose
no one else will come forward, I need not come up till the
elections.
Yours, faithfully,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
1821.] CORRESPONDENCE. 207
CXVII.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, February 22, 1821.
Dear Sir, — I some time ago put in your hands a pamphlet
proving indirectly that the College of William & Mary was
intended to be a seminary for the Church of England. It had
been so long since I had read their printed statutes that I
had forgotten them. Looking lately into them, I find they
declare that the three fundamental objects of the institution
are, 1. Learning and morals. 2. To prepare ministers for
the Church of England. 3. To instruct Indians. And they
require that the Visitors be all of the Church of England, that
its professors sign its thirty-nine articles, and that the scholars
be all taught the Catechism of that Church, first in English,
then in Latin. Wishing to get my copy bound, I have en-
closed it to a book-binder, but open, and under cover to you,
that you may turn to pages 121, 125, 131, 247, for the above.
When I was a Visitor, in 1779, I got the two professorships of
Divinity and grammar school put down, and others of law and
police, of medicine, anatomy and chemistry, and of modern
languages substituted ; but we did not then change the above
statutes, nor do I know they have been since changed — on the
contrary, the pamphlet I put into your hand proves, that if
they have relaxed in this fundamental object, they mean to
return to it. When you have read the passages, will you be
so good as to re-enclose the book, stick a wafer, and have it
handed to Mayo ?
Ever and affectionately yours,
Th : Jefferson.
Mr. Cabell.
P. S. February, 23. I have this movement received your
favor of the 20th, and finding that things are not in a state to
require enclosing the college statutes, I withdraw them ; and
return the two letters you sent me.
208 CORRESPONDENCE. [1821.
CXVIII.
[ Gives intelligence of further success. "We must not come here again for
money to erect buildings." In the letter next succeeding he desires the co-
operation of certain efficient friends in the next Assembly.]
J. C. C, TO T. J.
Richmond, 25th February, 1821.
Dear Sir, — I have the pleasing satisfaction to inform you
that the University Bill passed yesterday, not exactly in the
shape its friends preferred, yet in one not very exceptionable.
The first intelligence of its passage in the Lower House, was
conveyed to us in the Senate Chamber by a tumultuous noise
below, like that which is usual on the adjournment of the
House. This was the tumult of rejoicing friends coming to
bring us the glad tidings. Gen. Blackburn took the floor most
zealously in favor of the measure, and is now fairly enlisted.
I wish you could see him on his way through Charlottesville,
accompany him to the University, and invite him to return to
the Assembly. I am satisfied he is now very much disposed
to support your literary views ; but from the course of his past
life,* and the pride of his character, he will be shy, and the
first advances must come from yourself. Doddridge also came
over and heartily supported the bill. Our great friend in that
House is Gen. Breckenridge. He is, in truth, a powerful friend,
and you must insist on his remaining in the Assembly. We
are also much indebted to Mr. Johnson, of the Senate. In
the House of Delegates, Mr. Gordon has shewn himself an
able, valuable and efficient friend. Mr. Watson, of Louisa,
Mr. Crump, of Cumberland, Mr. Loyall, of Norfolk, Mr.
Bowyer, of Rockbridge, Mr. Chamberlayne, of Henrico, Avere
zealous and valuable friends. Mr. Morris, of Hanover, and
Mr. Stevenson, of the city of Richmond, deserve the most
* He had been of the Federal party. — Ed.
1821.] CORRESPONDENCE. 209
honorable mention. Stevenson will leave us, but I hope Mor-
ris will remain. I wish you could see Morris. He is a man
of decided talents, and distinguished himself bj his zeal in
support of the University. I hope Mr. Gordon will return.
The cordiality and generosity of his nature make him the
favorite of a large circle of friends. Mr. Hunter, of Essex,
would have united with us, but he was called home by the
illness of one of his family. He talks of not returning ; but
I will endeavor to prevail on him by letter. I have failed in
regard to Currie, whose letter I enclose you. It is the anxious
wish of our best friends, and of no one more than myself, that
the money now granted may be sufficient to finish the build-
ings. We must not come here again on that subject. These
successive applications for money to finish the buildings, give
grounds of reproach to our enemies, and draw our friends
into difficulties with their constituents. The people of Albe-
marle would consult their own interests by making up any
little deficiency. I hope the buildings may be ready by the
next winter. Then I hope we shall be able to disencumber
the funds. Rest assured, however, that the opposition will
not cease. The enemies of the institution will send up their
friends to oppose us. In the Southern parts of the State, in
the quarter of Brunswick, Greensville, &c. I am informed, it
is now the fashion to electioneer by crying down the University.
We must cultivate the West, and unite with it as much of the
East as possible.
My competitor having withdrawn, I propose to accompany
Mrs. Cabell to Williamsburg, and to come up to the elections.
Should any new opponent arise, I hope my friends will give
me the earliest notice.
Eaithfully, yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
14
210 CORKESPONDENCE. [1821.
CXIX.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 10th March, 1821.
Dear Sir, — I have not deemed it necessary to write you in
reply to your letter relative to the charter of William &
Mary College, because the passage of the University bill ren-
dered it unnecessary. But, although I shall see you on the
first Monday in next month, yet it becomes necessary that I
should say a few words to you at this time. ' The bill con-
cerning the appropriation of the literary fund, by which the
counties were to be authorised to draw the derelict quotas,
failed between the two Houses. The Senate insisted on rea-
sonable amendments to prevent waste and misapplication, and
the House of Delegates indignantly rejected them. The ene-
mies of the University contrived to create a general impression
in that House, that this was a breach of faith in the Senate.
I need not tell you this was false. Whatever may have been
promised in the other House, none of the Senators, as far as
my knowledge extends, had made an unconditional promise.
Gen. Breckenridge approves our course. But I am assured,
that many men of respectability, who heretofore have voted
with us, went away, solemnly declaring that they would never
again vote one cent to the institution, I am greatly fearful
that the elections will be regulated by this question, and our
enemies will increase. All our friends, about Richmond, en-
treat me to write to you, to commence no building which can-
not i)e finished, and, above all, not to come here again for
money to erect buildings. The general impression seems to
be, that the Legislature will do nothing more for some years ;
and many think it would be wise policy to abstain from encum-
bering the annuity to the amount allowed by law, and to reserve
as much of it as possible for the annual support of the profes-
sors. It is thought, too, it would have a favorable effect on
the Legislature, if we were to keep a balance unexpended at
1821.] CORRESPONDENCE. 211
the end of the year. The popular cry is, that there is too
much finery and too much extravagance. You will be better
informed on these points when the board meets. I see no
prospect of our being able to get rid of the encumbrance on
the annuity, but by some source of revenue other than the
literary fund ; and this will be very difiicult. My principal
object, in writing you at this time, is to apprise you that we
are likely to lose our friend Gen. Breckenridge, and to ask
you to use your influence to prevent it. He told me he could
not consent to come again ; but at last said he would not com-
mit himself till the meeting of the Board of Visitors. I am
told, however, that when he left town he said he should not
offer, and would not serve again. He is the only man that can
keep the Western delegation correct ; and is worth more titan
all the rest of us j^ut together.* If he quits us, I shall be in
utter despair for years to come. Therefore, I beseech you and
Mr. Madison both, to write him earnestly and without delay.
Botetourt court is on Monday, and I fear a candidate will be
brought forward in his place on that day. I have reasons,
however, to believe that it will bo our late speaker, Watts, his
son-in-law, who has moved into Botetourt ; and if he should
be declared on Monday, he may, without discredit, give way
to his father-in-law. Broadnax persists in not offering. I saw
Mr. Taylor, of Chesterfield, yesterday, and found he had not
consented to offer, as I had supposed. But I hope what I then
said to him will induce him to come out. Himself and Gen.
Breckenridge are the men, above all others, I should be
pleased to see in the House of Delegates. Mr. Tazewell, of
Norfolk, would be a powerful auxiliary. I have no influence
with him. If you were to invite him, probably he would offer.
I submit to your better judgment, whether you should write
him on this subject. He is thought, by some, to be favorably
■" This well-merited tribute excites our regret, that the surviving friends of
this gentleman have not given to the public some fuller and more adequate
memorial of his private worth and j)ublic services.
212 CORRESPONDENCE. [1821.
disposed to such an application, and there is now a vacancy in
the borough of Norfolk, Mr. Loyall having determined to with-
draw. Tazewell has always been friendly to the University.
He is versatile on some subjects, but I believe steady on this ;
and he is, without exception, the most powerful advocate I ever
heard.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
cxx.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Edgewood, 1st April, 1821.
Dear Sir, — I am much concerned not to be able to attend
the meeting of the Visitors or the Albemarle election, in con-
sequence of an indisposition contracted in traveling through
the late severe weather. I hope my friends will make known
the cause of my absence from the election, and make my apol-
ogy to the people. I shall endeavor to call on you, on my way
down the country. I profit of the opportunity by Mr. Southall
to convey you this note. My respectful compliments and
friendly salutations attend all the gentlemen of the Board.
I am, dear sir, faithfully your friend,
Jos. C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CXXI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Judge Coalter's, Henrico, 28th April, 1821.
Dear Sir, — It was not until the 25th inst. that I found my
health sufficiently restored to enable me to set out for the
1821.] CORRESPONDENCE. 213
lower country. By traveling slowly, and lying down some
hours in the day, I was enabled to get down from my brother's
in three days, but not without being compelled to go to bed
with a high fever at Powhatan Court-house, which continued
half a day and one night. I arrived here much indisposed
yesterday, but am better to-day, and hope that my journey to
the Northern Neck, whither I am now going, will entirely
restore my strength. The cold which I took in traveling up
the country greatly aiFected my muscular and nervous system.
The consequence is, I am thrown into so weak and delicate a
state, that I could not move out of the house without taking
fresh cold that would bring back in an aggravated form all my
complaints. The extraordinary prevalence of winds, and the
sudden and frequent changes in March and April, prolonged
my confinement. Knowing how little would overset me, I
determined to rely on the liberality of the people, and confine
myself to the house. Mrs. Cabell had come up to this place,
and was very uneasy about me. I was not in a situation to
visit you with the tranquility and strength that were requisite
for the objects of my call. The heats of summer were advan-
cing apace, and a full month is necessary to make my journey
to Corrottoman, where the state of my afi"airs demands my
immediate presence. I therefore determined to postpone my
visit to the University till my return in June, when I hope to
be entirely well, and will come down at leisure, to converse
with you fully on the affairs of the University. Since I last
wrote you by Mr. Southall, I have learnt from General Cocke
that he was also prevented by ill-health from attending the last
meeting. I am entirely ignorant of what passed at the meet-
ing, and feel very anxious for information. I regret to find
that Gen. Breckenridge will not be in the next Assembly ; as
also to discover in Gen. Blackburn's speech on the University
some remarks which I did not know it contained, till I saw it
in the Enquirer, not having been present at its delivery. I
regret that Mr. Maury was not returned from Buckingham.
Both the delegates from that county Avill probably be in the
214 CORRESPONDENCE. [1821.
opposition. Amherst and Nelson -will go with ****. My
friend Col. Shelton was shut out by his own son-in-law. * *
******* The elections, as far as I have heard
from them, are as favorable as I could expect. It is reported
that the University has lost ground considerably of late among
the mass of the people. Some efforts ought to be made, in the
course of the season, to regain and strengthen the public con-
fidence. We have every thing to hope from the importance
and singleness of the object, and the progress of information.
But I fear the results will be too slow. I did not like the
manner in which the business was conducted last winter. The
whole of the literary fund being now disposed of, we are driven
upon a difficult and thorny path.* We must look for a sink-
ing fund to pay the interest and principal of the debt, or strive
to get it remitted. Rest assured, my dear sir, that a call must
be made upon all the friends of literature and science to unite
their influence on this great occasion — a call such as made by
myself and others on the question of location. But the minds
of leading men over the State should be drawn early to this
subject. Much may be done by yourself and Mr. Madison.
I have not time to go more fully into the subject, at this time;
but will come to see you as soon as I return. In the iiitei'im,
I remain, dear sir, very sincerely yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
* Ilis anticipations were verified. Various financial expedients — some of
■which had been suggested before, (see Letters 87, 95, 101) — in the nest three
years, ■were presented, discussed, modified, ■withdrawn or rejected. Those
which met ■with partial or entire success are detailed in future letters. See
in particular Nos. 125, 131. 132, 135, 136, 141, 142, 144, 154, 16G.
1821.] CORRESPONDENCE. 215
CXXII.
J. C. 0. TO T. J.
Edgkwood, 5th August, 1821.
Dear Sir, — My servant comes down to Mr. Minor's on
business relative to my farm, and I profit of the opportunity
to drop you a line, and to assure you that I should have been
at Monticello a month ago, but for a return of bad health. I
arrived here on 2d June ; was employed four or five weeks in
necessary attention to my aifairs, when I had an attack of the
prevailing epidemic, from the effects of which I have not yet
entirely recovered. I anxiously wished to come down about
this time, but could not ride so far at this season, without ex-
cessive pain, and imminent danger of a bilious fever. Mrs.
Cabell is also in bad health. If we do not get better, we shall
spend the first fortnight in September at some of the Springs.
I count confidently on being at the next meeting of the Board.
I shall husband my health, so as to meet our friends in the
next Assembly, and do anything in my power to promote the
interests of the University. In the mean time, permit me to
recommend a complete liquidation and lucid statement of all
accounts; and, should it be requisite, the employment of a
skillful accountant, to state all the accounts in a regular set of
books; and to have the books ready to be sent to the Assem-
bly. You, doubtless, observe the movements of the Presbyte-
rians at Hampden Sidney, and the Episcopalians at William k
Mary.* I learn that the former sect, or rather the clergy of
that sect, in their synods and presbyteries, talk much of the
University. They believe, as I am informed, that the Socini-
ans are to be installed at the University for the purpose of
overthrowing the prevailing religious opinions of the country.
They are therefore drawing off, and endeavoring to set up
* This subject will be touched in a future note.
216 CORRESPONDENCE. [1821.
establishments of their own, subject to their own control.
Hence the great eflforts now making at Hampden Sidney, and
the call on all the counties on the south side of James River
to unite in support of that college. They calculate on Robin-
son's estate at Washington College, and are opposed to any
substantial change in the old charters.
I hope your health continues good. Should you write to
Mr. Madison, be pleased to remember me with great respect
and regard to him.
I remain, dear sir, faithfully your friend,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CXXIII.
(circular.) t. j. to J. c. c.
MoNTiCELLO, August 15, 1821.
Dear Sir, — In obedience to the resolution of the Visitors
of the University, at their last session, the Proctor has been
constantly employed in "ascertaining the state of accounts
under contracts already made, and the expense of completing
the buildings begun and contemplated;" and we have conse-
quently suspended, according to instructions, "the entering
into any contracts for the library until we see that it may be
done without interfering with the finishing of all the pavilions,
hotels and dormitories begun and to be begun." The Proctor
will require yet a considerable time to complete his settlements ;
insomuch that it is very doubtful whether there will be any
thing ready for us to act on at our stated meeting in October,
should that take place. But by deferring our meeting to the
approach of that of the General Assembly, it is believed we shall
be able to report to them that nearly the whole of the buildings
of accommodation are finished, and the sum they will have
cost ; that the few remaining will be finished by the spring,
and what their probable cost will be, as ascertained by experi"
1821.]
CORRESPONDENCE,
217
ence, and further to shew the balance of the funds still at our
command, and how far they will be competent to the erection
of the library. On this view of the unreadiness of matter for
our next stated meeting, and the prospect that a deferred one
will enable us to make a clear and satisfactory report, I ven-
ture to propose the omission of our October meeting, and the
special call of an occasional one on the Thursday preceding
the meeting of the Legislature. That day is fixed on for the
convenience of the gentlemen who are members of the Legis-
lature ; as it brings them so far on their way to Richmond,
with time to get to the first day of the session. Not having
an opportunity of personal consultation with my colleague of
the committee of advice, I pass the letters through his hands.
If he approves the proposition, he will subjoin his approbation
and forward them to their several addresses; otherwise, not.
If approved, it will be proper you should subscribe the enclosed
notice and return it to me, to be placed among our records.
I have just received an order of the Literary Board for
$29,100, in part of the loan of $60,000 lately authorized;
and, following the practice of the Legislature, I have thought
it just and safest to have the deposit made by moieties in the
Virginia and Farmers Banks.
I salute you with great friendship and respect.
Th: Jefferson.
Joseph C. Cabell, Esq.
Approved.
John H. Cocke.
CXXIV.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Edgewood, 31st August, 1821.
Dear Sir, — By the last mail I received the Circular of Gen.
Cocke and yourself, proposing to the Visitors to omit the regu-
lar autumnal meeting, and in lieu thereof to hold a special
218 CORRESPONDENCE. [1821.,
meeting on the Thursday preceding the meeting of the Assem-
bly. The reasons stated in the Circular in support of this
proposition are entirely satisfactory to my mind. I shall ac-
cordingly decline carrying Mrs. Cabell with me to Corrottoman,
as I wished and intended, in order that I may return on horse
back, travel quickly, and be certain to attend. I shall shift my
overseer here on 1st November, depart immediately, leave my
wife with her parents in Williamsburg, hasten on horse back
across the lower ferries, spend a fortnight on my estate below,
and return by Tappahannock and the upper ferries. Nothing
but death or illness shall prevent my coming. The time is
extremely inconvenient to me, and mars some favorite and long
projected arrangements for the autumn. But what of that?
If I can but retain the little stock of health, it has been my
good fortune to re-acquire, I will come to Monticello with a
heart warm with zeal in the holy cause. I have devoted my-
self to some favorite improvements on my farm this summer ;
have kept out of the sun; and walked from four to five miles
each day ; and though I have had a severe attack of illness in
the summer, I am pretty well again, and feel nothing of the
aifection of my side, except in cloudy weather. Had I kept
up my practice of walking in the winter mornings, I should
probably have avoided the severe illness I suffered in the
spring. It gives me great pleasure to hear that your good
health continues uninterrupted. I am going to next Albemarle
court, and shall commit this to the post-office at Charlottesville.
I remain, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
1821.] COKRESPONDENCE. 219
cxxv.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, September 30, 1821.
Dear Sir, — Mr. Brockenbrougli has been closely engaged
since our last meeting in settling the cost of the buildings
finished at the University, that -we might obtain a more cor-
rect view of the state of our funds, and see whether a compe-
tency will remain for the library. He has settled for six
pavilions, one hotel, and thirty-five dormitories, and will pro-
ceed with the rest ; so that I hope, by our next meeting, the
whole of the four rows will be nearly settled. From what is
done, he has formed an estimate of the cost of what is yet to
be done ; and guided in it by actual experience, it is probably
nearly correct. The result is, that our actual receipts hereto-
fore, with what is still to be received of the loan of this year,
after paying for the lands and all incidental and current ex-
penses, will exactly complete the four rows of buildings for
the accommodation of the professors and students, amounting
in the whole to $195,000, and leave us without either debt or
contract.
In the conjectural estimate laid before the visitors at their
last meeting, it was supposed that the three annuities of 1822,
'23 and '24, would suffice for the library and current charges,
without the aid of the unpaid subscriptions which were re-
served therefore as a contingent fund. By this more accurate
estimate, it appears that the unpaid subscriptions, valued at
$18,000, will be necessary to complete that building. So that
the conjectural estimate fell short by $18,000 of the real cost
of the four rows ; which in a total of $195,000, is perhaps not
over-considerable. I call it the real cost, because that of the
unfinished buildings is reckoned by the real cost of those
finished. The season being now too far advanced to begin the
library, and the afilicting sickness in Gen. Cocke's family
having deprived me of the benefit of consultation with him, I
220 CORRESPONDENCE. [1821.
think It a duty to leave that undertaking entirely open and un-
decided, for the opinion of the Visitors at their meeting in
November, when it is believed the actual settlements will have
reached every thing, except one pavilion and three hotels,
which alone will be unfinished until the spring.
The considerations which urge the building the hull, at least,
of the library, seemed to impress the Board strongly at their
last meeting ; and it is put in our power to undertake it with
perfect safety, by the indefinite suspension by the Legislature,
of the commencement of our instalments. This leaves us free
to take another year's annuity, to wit : that of 25 before we
begin instalments, should the funds fall short which are here
counted on for that building. The undertakers are disposed
to accept and collect themselves the outstanding subscriptions
in part of payment. You will distinguish, in this statement,
by their enormous cost, the pavilions No. 3 and 7, and 16 dor-
mitories contracted for in 1817 and '18, at the inflated prices
prevailing then, while we acted as a Central College only. In
1819, and the following years, prices were reduced from 25 to
50 per cent. The enlarged cost of the latter dormitories has
been occasioned by the unevenness of the ground, which re-
quires cellars under many of them.
I shall hope to have the pleasure of receiving you at Monti-
cello a day, at least, before that of our meeting, as we can
prepare our business here, so much more at leisure than at the
University. I salute you with great friendship and respect.
Tn; Jefferson.
Mr. Cabell.
1821.] CORRESPONDENCE. 221
ESTIMATES ENCLOSED IN THE FOREGOING.
A view of the whole expenses of the Funds of the University.
Actual Estimated Avera-
Cost. Cost. ffes.
Pavilions No. 3 and 7 undertaken in
1817 and 1818, - - - $19,149 81 $9,574 90
Pavilions No. 4, 5, 9, - - - 83,563 15 8,390 78
17 marble capitals from Italy for No.
2, 3, 5, 8, - - - - 1,784 00
Pavilions No. 1, 6, 8, 10, not finished, 33,563 15
Hotel BB. - - - - - 4,609 58
Five-sixth other hotels not finished, 20,000 00 4,000 00
Dormitories, 16 undertaken in 1817, 13,898 34 868 64
19 - - - - 11,083 63 583 34
74 not finished, - 38,462 GO 519 76
109
Lands, -wages, and contingencies (sup-
pose for round numbers,) - 18,885 74
$84,088 51 $110,011 49
Funds :
Glebe Lands, - - $3,104 09
Annuities of 1810, '20, '21, 45,000 00
Loan of 1820, - - 60,000 00
Loan of 1821, - - 60,000 00
Subscriptions received to
Sept., 1821, about 25,000 00
$195,000
Bal. to be carried forward, $1,895 91 195,000
Expenses to be still incurred :
Walls of back yards, gardens, &c.,
about 100,000 bricks,- - - 1,500 00
Wages and contingencies for 1823, '24, 6,000 00
Library: hull 30,200, & interior 13,475, 43,675 00
Interest for 1821, '22, '23, - 13,700 00
Funds :
Balance brought forward, $1,895 91
Subscriptions $19,133 33,
of which are separate 18,000 00
Annuities of 1822, '23, '24, 45,000 00
$64,875 00
64,895 91
A more summanj vieiv of the cost of the four rows of buildings and library.
Ten Pavilions, - . - . $88,060 11
Six Hotels, ----- 24,609 58
One hundred and nine Dormitories, - - 63,445 57
Library, 43,675 00
$219,790 26
222 CORRESPONDENCE. [1821.
CXXVI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Williamsburg, 21st November, 1821.
Dear Sir, — I most heartily regret to be under the neces-
sity of again apologising for my absence from the meeting of
the Visitors. The cause of my disappointment is fresh indis-
position, the character and tendency of which Gen. Cocke will
more particularly explain to you. I am pui'suing a course
recommended by two physicians in Kichmond, and thus far
approved by Dr. Smith of this place. They have all advised
me to decline my visit to Corrottoman, and my attendance at
the meeting on Wednesday next ; but I think I may attend to
my duties in the Senate. Mr. Johnson will enable me to un-
derstand the views and wishes of the Board, which I regret
very much not to be able to learn from them personally. If I
had a vote on the question of finishing the buildings, I should
vote for it, as a measure correct in itself, and prudent with
reference to the present state of the public mind. If there be
not money enough to finish them, I would go on as near to the
object as possible. But I am at this time inclined to think I
would ask nothing of the present Assembly. I would go on
and complete the buildings, and at another session make the
great eflFort to emancipate the funds. Last spring I rather
inclined to the opinion expressed by many friends in Rich-
mond, that we should commence no building, which we could
not finish. But I now think otherwise. I see no essential
good to result from stopping short of our object, merely to
have the credit of having a little money in hand, which the
enemies of the institution would aver that we wished to spend,
but had not the courage to part with. They would exaggerate
the sum eventually necessary to complete the establishment,
and laugh at our policy. Such are my views. But you and
the enlightened gentlemen of the Board know better how to-
steer the shij) than I do. I will heartily co-operate in such
1822.] CORRESPONDENCE. 223
measures as your better judgments -will propose. Be pleased
to remember me most respectfully and kindly to all the gen-
tlemen of the Board, and believe me to remain faithfully and
unchangeably your friend.
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CXXVII.
[Policy to be pursued during the present session. New movement of the
opposition. Mode in which it was met. " Timeo Danaos."'\
.J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, January 8, 1822.
Dear Sir, — I arrived here on the 30th ult., and took my
seat in the Senate on the 31st. My general health is good,
and the disease in my ear considerably diminished. I feel
myself in a situation to return zealously and vigorously to the
duties of my station, and for that purpose have taken my
lodgings at the Eagle Hotel. I trust there will be no relapse
in the local affection ; and as to my general health, my morn-
ing walks will preserve it, unless the exertion of my mind and
anxious watching of nights should greatly impair it, as they
have done heretofore. But I will trust myself to Providence,
and hope for the best. I have been so long cut off from my
accustomed communications with you, that I almost fear you
doubt my fidelity and constancy. I intend to write you as I
did formerly, and shall endeavor to keep you fully and regu-
larly informed of our proceedings in regard to the University.
For, as you will have seen in the papers, the subject has been
brought forward to the surprise of us all, by Mr. Griffin of
York. Mr. Minor of Spottsylvania, had written to me to
hasten up ; but I did not receive his letter, nor hear of the mo-
tion till my arrival here on Sunday. At first, Mr. Griffin's
motion gave great satisfaction to the friends of the University.
224 CORRESPONDENCE. [1822.
Coming from a quarter deemed so hostile, we thought it a har-
binger of a favorable change in the public feeling and opinion.
I confess I had my doubts from the beginning, and now those
doubts are confirmed. I knew from information received from
Mr. Saunders in Williamsburg, that Mr. Griffin had been
apprized that his course last winter was thought by the friends
of the University, to have had for its principal object the de-
struction of that institution, and I thought it not improbable
that he sought to redeem himself from the charge of insin-
cerity in the estimation of the more enlightened part of the
community. Some supposed he Avished to prevent the literary
board from completing the loan. Others, that he wished to
force the friends of the University to a premature movement
at an inauspicious time. All of us, however, thought that so
remarkable a movement from an opponent, whatever the mo-
tive might be, was calculated to do good. How far it may
influence our movements, will depend on circumstances. Yes-
terday Mr. Griffin sought a conversation with me, which satis-
fied me that his support would not be given to his own motion.
He called on me to know if the Legislature would consent to
cancel the bonds of the University, on condition that we should
never apply for any further appropriation, whether we would
consent to give the pledge. I replied to him, that I could not
speak for others, but for myself, I would not hesitate to avow
that I would give no such pledge, and I was very confident
that the other friends of the University would give a similar
answer. Indeed, I told him, that I would sooner see the mea-
sure which ho had offered rejected, than to accept it on any
such condition. All the obvious objections to such a pledge
were urged, and I need not repeat them to you. He contended
that unless such a pledge was given, he was sure the motion
to cancel the bonds would be rejected by an immense majority;
and I understood him to say that in such case he would him-
self vote against it. He furthermore observed, that even that
pledge would not carry the measure ; and finally remarked
that he should urge the measure no further. Among other
1822.] CORRESPONDENCE. 225
things, he assured me that he began to feel apprehensions for
the safety of the literary fund. The University, he said, was
evidently more and more ^unpopular, and his motion was op-
posed by all the leading members of the House. I told him
that his measure would of itself enable the University to get
into operation in a short time, and to flourish greatly, but
individually, I was of opinion that future Legislatures should
go further. I remonstrated with him on the impropriety of
his withdrawing himself from the support of his own proposi-
tion, because we would not agree with him on ulterior measures
not necessarily connected with it; and invited him to aid us in
removing the popular prejudices. Eut all would not do, and
we separated without coming to any agreement of opinion.
In parting, I requested him to converse ' with Mr. Johnson,
inasmuch as I did not wish to be singly consulted on the occa-
sion. He declined doing so, as unnecessary after what had
passed. This conversation has been a subject of much merri-
ment among our friends ; and we are amused at the efi'ort thus
gravely made to bind us to our good behaviour in all time to
come. Mr. Ritchie will come out with an encomium on Mr.
Griffin's liberality. We are not yet decided whether we shall
profit of the opening made by Mr. Griffin, or let the subject lie
over till another session. I am endeavoring to ascertain our
best policy, by consultation with our friends. The laborious
task again falls to my share to go the rounds, and to endeavor
to rekindle the enthusiasm of our friends. In the course of
the last three days, I have seen enough to convince me that
the Senate is well disposed, and the House of Delegates, per-
haps, more than usually hostile. The temper and disposition
of that House is distressing and alarming. To-day a motion
was made and supported by Morris and Blackburn, to authorize
the Committee of Schools and Colleges to e^iquire into the ex-
pediency of making an appropriation to Washington and Hamp-
den Sidney Colleges, and it was rejected by a large majority.
These colleges have both three or four respectable agents here,
soliciting aid from the Legislature. It is true that there is no
15
226 CORRESPONDENCE. [1822.
money to dispose of; but to refuse enquiry to the colleges,
indicates great hostility to the literary interests of the State,
as they are more popular than the University. Indeed, it is
doubted ■whether there is not a strong party in the House for
the total abolition of the literary fund. Our prospects are
certainly gloomy in a high degree. I have recommended to
our friends to keep back the subject as long as possible, and in
the interim to endeavor to make friends. We all agree thus
far, that Griffin's proposition is the proper one, if we make
any ; and that we should ask for nothing more. I still have
hopes that explanation may pave the way to final success; but
in all our struggles, never have I seen a more gloomy prospect.
Blackburn is said by some, to take to heart the removal of the
seat of government to Staunton. I am not sure of this, but I
suspect he seeks it with deep anxiety. Is it not possible that
calculations may be made on our anxiety to endow the Univer-
sity ? May they not say — these men would not oppose us,
least we may retaliate ? I feel the dilemma — I regret it — but
I cannot vote to carry the seat of government to Staunton.
We are committed against Charlottesville; because of the
University being there. And I presume our best course is to
keep it here. I shall not be busy or noisy, but my purpose is
settled, be the consequences what they may.
4i/i January : I hear to-day a general concurrence of opin-
ion as to the hostile character of the House of Delegates, and
the probability that we ought not to apply for any thing.
Yesterday in the debate on the motion to refer the considera-
tion of the college question to the Committee of Schools and
Colleges, I understood Gen. Blackburn strongly committed
himself against any and every proposition to touch the capital
of the literary fund. Mr. Ritchie's remarks of this morning,
will probably carry Mr. G. to the point of voting for his own
motion. Mr. Watkins of Prince Edward, one of the Commis-
sioners at Rockfish Gap, is here on a visit. He is a friend to
the University, and to Hampden Sidney. He strongly advises
that we shall make no such application this session ; he says
1822.] CORRESPONDENCE. 227
we should ask for no more money, and let the debt stand for
the present ; that by the remission of the debt, we shall not
get money, &c. But I think otherwise. We should get our
annuity, and after that the momentum of the institution would
carry it along. There is an almost unanimous opinion, that if
we should move at all, we should present and support Griffin's
proposition. And we generally think that we ought to keep
back the proposition, and then be governed by circumstances.
Col. Archer of Powhatan, has just given his support to this
course, and he moves much among, the members. He thinks
at this time we should meet with a decided repulse. I should
be happy to receive any advice from yourself or Mr. Madison;
but will certainly write you from time to time.
I am inclined to think it would be good policy to show a
friendly disposition towards the colleges. The friends of Hamp-
den Sidney are anxious for aid, and are not so lofty in their
tone as they were last winter. I came here disposed, if there
should be money to spare, to vote something to them, on con-
ditions not very rigorous ; to meet them in friendly consulta-
tion ; in short, to conciliate them. As far as I have had an
opportunity to observe, they are disposed to meet us in the
same temper.
4 P. M. Since writing the above, I have seen the Speaker
of the House of Delegates, who is warmly our friend. He
thinks much may be done to change the minds of members.
And so do I. I am going around and soliciting the aid of all
the speakers, and the more liberal members. I have moved
Ritchie, and I will bring the press to bear on the House. I
will also get the aid of the Senators. In short, if any exertions
of my mind can put a lever under the weight that bears us
down, it shall be raised this session. I shall also endeavor to
promote the completion of the loan. In four days, I am again
fairly out at sea, struggling with the tempest.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
228 COERESPONDENCE. [1822.
CXXVIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
MoNTiCELLO, January 3, 1822.
Dear Sir, — I have received a letter from *******j a mem-
ber of the Legislature, on tlie subject of the University, to
which I have this day given an answer. Not knowing to what
purpose it may be used, I enclose the letter and a copy of the
answer, for the information of Mr, Johnson and yourself, to
enable you to meet any quotation which might be made, other-
wise than in the genuine terms and spirit of the answer. I
will ask your return of these papers, when the term of their
use shall be past. AiFectionate and respectful salutations.
Th: Jefferson.
Mr. Cabell.
CXXIX.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
The enclosed was omitted in my letter of yesterday. Friendly
salutations.
January 5. 1822.
Perhaps some other paper was inadvertently put in its place.
If so, be so good as to return it by mail.
\_Meniorandum.'\
To liberate the funds on 1st January, 1822 :
1. A remission of the debt, .... $60,000
2. To liberate the annuities of 1822 and 1823, - 30,000
90,000
Wanted to finish the buildings, .... 55,564
Total sum necessary to complete the buildings and to liberate
the funds of the Univetsity, . . . . $145,564
In addition to the aforesaid sum of $145,564, the Rector and Visi-
tors recommend an augmentation of the annuity of $15,000, but
leave the amount to the discretion of the General Assembly.
1822.] CORRESPONDENCE. 229
cxxx.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 7tli January, 1822.
Dear Sir, — I have just received your favor of 3rd instant,
and have shewn it to Mr. Johnson. Should the case occur,
for which it was intended to provide, it shall be used. For
the present, Mr. Johnson and myself think it best not to
exhibit it generally, as it might be the means of throwing still
farther from us the gentleman to whom it was addressed.
What course he will ultimately pursue no one seems to know.
We deem it prudent not to enquire whether the '■'•insurance"
was necessary to carry him along with us, or whether it was
called for merely to promote the success of the resolution.
The former is the obvious inference ; but we leave him to ac-
count for the singularity of his course. The general impres-
sion among the friends of the University, is, that the move-
ment of this gentleman was dictated by some unfriendly
design.
Things have remained nearly in statu quo since I last wrote
you. In the Senate there would be no difficulty in getting a
large vote to cancel the bonds. I am inclined to think the
measure is gaining some friends in the Lower House ; but,
from all I can learn, there is now in that body a large majority
against it. Postponement is the advice which I have given to
all our friends. We cannot lose, and may gain by it. I find
most difficulty to arise from an imprudent commitment of
our friends in that House at the last session, not to encroach
on the capital of the literary fund. I differed with them then,
and warned them of the consequences. The occasion on which
this took place was the discussion of our Loan Bill. They
were driven, by the force of circumstances, into these decla-
rations, by the allegation of our opponents, that our loan would
ultimately be taken from the capital of the fund. ****** fg
230 COKRESPONDENCE. [1822.
of this number. I have been laboring to prevail on him to
make a public recantation of his error: and nothing is yet
decided on. I hope the force of enlightened opinion will come
to my aid in this respect. What I most fear is that =i=******
will adhere to that ground. The style of his opposition, added
to the inconsistency of our friends in that House, would very
certainly defeat us. He is not to be approached, unless when
he has an evident and strong desire. In general, he affects to
be Jupiter in a cloud. In the present case, I apprehend that
his views on another subject, in which I differ with him, would
make me not a very welcome guest ; and I stand aloof. By
the bye, I see a whole group of gentlemen here from Staunton;
apparently on ordinary business. In reflecting on the causes
of the opposition to the University, I cannot but ascribe a
great deal of it to the clergy. William & Mary has conciliated
them. It is represented that they are to be excluded from the
University. There has been no decision to this eifect ; and,
on full reflection, I should suppose that religious opinions
should form no test whatever. I should think it improper to
exclude religious men, and open the door to such as Doctor
Cooper. Mr. Johnson concurs with me in this view. And I
have publicly expressed the opinion. The clergy have suc-
ceeded in spreading the belief of their intended exclusion, and,
in my opinion, it is the source of much of our trouble. I am
cautious not to commit yourself, or Mr. Madison, or the board.
I have also made overtures of free communication with Mr.
Rice, and shall take occasion to call on Bishop Moore. I do
not know that I shall touch on this delicate point with either of
them. But I wish to consult these heads of the church, and ask
their opinions. I have suggested also to ******* and *******
***** plans of finance to aid them in the accomplishment
of their objects. Nevertheless, I suspect the Colleges will
not succeed, as they are sure to interfere with one another ;
and the most that could be done for any of them would be to
lend them a little money out of the capital on the credit of
the future surplus, which is generally appropriated to the
1822.] CORRESPONDENCE. 231
colleges. William and Mary seems to withdraw her claims.
The county arrears must be given out, for we are now appa-
rently at war with the democracy. Such are my j^resent
views. I will write you weekly ; but fear I shall not send you
any good tidings this session.
In great haste,
I remain, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Jos. C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CXXXI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 14tli January, 1822.
Dear Sir, — I wrote you on this day week relative to our
views and movements as to the University up to that date.
On the 11th instant I directed the public printer to send you
a copy of the Accountant's report on the literary fund, on
the last page of which you will see that the revenue of the
fund barely satisfies existing appropriations. This fact was
announced to me on the 8th instant, by Mr. Watson. On the
discovery, we were compelled to abandon the ground of Mr.
Griffin's proposition. The aversion to encroach on the capital
of the fund furnished a popular theme to our adversaries,
wdiich was strengthened by the commitment of our friends in
the Lower House at the last session. The hostile character of
the House of Delegates, and the opposition of a part of the
local delegation from some of the neighboring counties, ren-
dered these circumstances more weighty. On consultation
with some of my friends, I determined to enter on some other
plan. At first, I thought of Preston's debt. But, on this
subject, there is a peculiar feeling. Mr. Johnson thought that
two dollars would be given out of any other fund, sooner than
one dollar out of that. He informed me that you had advised
232 CORKESPONDENCE. [1822.
liim to turn our attention to the amount claimed of the Gene-
ral Government, on account of interest paid on sums borrowed
and expended by the State in our defence during the late war.
At length this was agreed upon, and this is the plan that now
occupies our attention. It is something like working for a
dead horse, it is true. But it seems to be the only plan likely
to go down with the Assembly ; and should we fail at Wash-
ington, the passage of the bill will give us an equitable hold
on future Assemblies. I called on the Auditor on 9th for the
necessary information as to the amount of this, interest debt,
and received from him an account of interest paid to the
amount of $430,000, which had been made out for the Execu-
tive last winter. The Auditor informed me that the account-
ant at Washington had given him to understand that the claim
had been, or would be rejected by the United States Govern-
ment. Presuming that that amount was due, I entered into
conferences with some of the friends of the colleges, and pro-
posed that we should all unite in supporting a bill giving half
the amount to the University, and the other half to the col-
leges. I found great readiness in the friends of the two upper
colleges, but one of the gentlemen from near William & Mary
was in favor of giving a fourth to the primary schools, and a
fourth to the colleges in the form of a specific appropriation.
Thus it is, that even those gentlemen from that quarter who
profess to be our friends are as difficult to please as our open
enemies. There seemed, however, to be less objection to this
scheme than any other ; and Mr. Watson thought it would go
down. Since the 10th I have discovered that the Auditor's
statement embraced as well interest paid since the reimburse-
ment of the principal by the General Government, as interest
paid anterior to that time. This will cause a heavy deduction.
How much I do not know. It may reduce it by 'half; and if
so, I must endeavor to obtain the consent of the college party
to let it all go to the University. This may affect the extent
and cordiality of their support, and possibly divide us. But I
hope not, as Hampden Sidney and Washington Colleges have
1822.] CORRESPONDENCE. 233
a particular bill under way, proposing to lend them a small
portion of the principal of the literary fund. The exclusive
primary school party will oppose us in every case. A call has
been made on the Executive for information as to the state of
our claim, preparatory to the bringing in of a bill. This is
the present posture of affairs.
I have had a very long interview with Mr. Rice. He and
myself differed on some points ; but agreed in the propriety of
a firm union between the friends of the University and the Col-
leges, as to measures of common interest, and of postponing
for future discussion and settlement points on which we differ.
I think this safe ground. We shall be first endowed ; and
have the vantage ground in this respect. Accordingly I
assented to the propriety of waiving all discussions about
charters at this time. *******
They have heard that you have said they may well be afraid
of the progress of the Unitarians to the South. This remark
was carried from Bedford to the Synod, beyond the Ridge,
last fall. The Bible Societies are in constant correspondence
all over the continent, and a fact is Avafted across it in a few
weeks.* Through these societies the discovery of the religious
* In those who are conversant with the objects and operations of these
societies, the surmise suggested in the text cannot but excite a smile, and a
feeling somewhat akin to sadness, that statesmen who are so familiar with
matters coming within their own sphere, should, at times, entirely mistake
the motives and piirposes of those who in other departments are laboring for
the public good. Mr. Cabell himself, in after years, and on better knowledge,
became the patron of these associations, as Mr. Jefferson had been before.
(See his letter to Samuel Greenhow, of January, 1814. Works VI, 808. The
present is also the most suitable occasion for adverting more particularly to
another error into which both himself and his distinguished correspondent
had fallen, and of which some traces have appeared in former letters. This
arose from an act of the Visitors, which was much canvassed at the time, and
caused no little excitement ; which, however, had well nigh subsided, when it
was revived, with increased fervor, by the first publication of Mr. Jefferson's
writings. The editor of these papers, in the performance of a task assigned
him by others, and which he did not feel at liberty to decline, has yet not
thought it incumbent on him to intrude himself unnecessarily between the
234 CORRESPONDENCE. [1822.
opinions of Ticknoi* and Bowditch was made. Mr. Rice as-
sured me that he was a warm friend of the University ; and
public and two such men as the authors of this correspondence. But, as this
affair may be thought to require some farther exj)lauation than is afforded by
the text, be supposes that he shall not exceed his privilege in stating, with
that view, certain facts, as coming either within his own knowledge, or as
received from undoubted authority.
Dr. ThoiBas Cooper, an Englishman of great and versatile talents, learned
in many sciences, and a liberal in politics, fled with his father-in-law, the
celebrated Dr. Priestley, from persecution, in his native country, to the United
States. Pennsylvania at first afforded them both an asylum. Here Dr. C.
engaged in the practice of the law, and in no long time rose to the bench.
In a few years he retired from this post, became a Professor successively in
Dickinson College and the University of Pennsylvania ; edited a periodical
devoted to science and the useful arts ; and, at length, was invited to the
College of South Carolina, with which ho was connected during the remainder
of his active life. In the interval between his sojourn in Pennsylvania and
his transfer to South Carolina, he had been offered a chair in the proposed
Central College of Virginia, and when that institution was merged in the
University, the same was again pi-offercd to his acceptance.
This appointment, which, as now appears, was thought impolitic by some
of Mr. Jefferson's colleagues, as soon as generally known proved dis-
tasteful to very many citizens of Virginia, including all classes of what are
called the "religious community." Nor was it long ere that dissatisfaction
found expression through the public prints. The reason alleged was, that
Dr. Cooper held, on many subjects, extreme opinions, which he was at no pains
to conceal ; and some of which, they honestly believed, struck at the very
foundations of social order, of morals and religion. Dr. John Rice, a dis-
tinguished Presbyterian clergyman, then pastor of a church, and editor of a
literary and religious periodical in Richmond, became the oi-gan through whom
their dissent was declared. His opposition was based, not on common rumor
or vulgar misapprehension, but was justified by the express declarations of
Dr. C. himself, as set forth in his edition of the works of Priestley, and the
passages containing them were cited by Dr. R. for the judgment of his read-
ers. Of the fairness of this mode of procedure there can be no doubt, pro-
vided the reviewer refrained from low appeals to prejudice or fanaticism ;
and on a re-perusal of the article, at this day, we do not find that he is
obnoxious to the charge. It soon appeared that he was sustained, not by his
own sect alone, but by the general sentiment of the Virginia public — and the
appointment was quietly rescinded after making an equitable pecuniary com-
pensation to Dr. C. for his losses consequent on the new arrangement. Here
the affair might have terminated and passed into oblivion without sequel.
But the having been thus traversed in a favorite measure, seems to have
somewhat disturbed the usual philosophic serenity of the venerable rector.
In subsequent letters to Dr. Cooper and others of his correspondents, not the
1822.]
CORRESPONDENCE. 235
that, as a matter of policy, he hoped the Visitors would, in the
earlj stages of its existence, remove the fears of the religious
author of the oflfensiye article alone, but the entire sect of Presbyterians
were reflected on, and in no very measured terms. Their religious opinions
were severely criticised ; a belief was intimated, that they desired to have
them established by law ; as also to monopolize the education of the country;,
in a word, that they cherished a factious, ambitious spirit, against which the
friends of freedom and progress should be on their guard. These were serious
charges ; and yet, so long as they were confined to private letters (some of
them confidential,) the parties assailed would have been content to leave the
correction to time and the progress of events. But when those letters were
published, they had a right to reclaim against their injustice.
And surely there was a cause. The University was the property of the
whole State. It was to be erected, endowed and sustained at the public
expense. Of the Virginia public, the Presbyterians, although a minority,
constitued a large and respectable part. We do not learn that they questioned
the ability or scientific attainments of Dr. Cooper; that they objected to his
having been employed by the proper authorities in Pennsylvania ; or by those
of the Central College, so long as it continued a private corporation — nor yet
by those of South Carolina at a later day. That was the affair of others, to
whom it was left in every case. So far as appeal's from any overt act, they
desired to participate in, not to monopolize the advantages of the institution
to the establishment of which they had contributed their due quota, and it
was both natural and proper that they should enquire and judge of the
characters and sentiments of those who were to be the future instructors of
their sons.
For the rest, they had fought manfully for independence during the revolu-
tion — they had, from whatever motive, been among the first in this State to
proclaim the principles of religious liberty, and to urge their legal establish-
ment. Many of them had been active members of the republican party — so
called — -and, distinguishing between Mr. J.'s accredited opinions on religion,
and his political system, had given their cordial support to his administration
of the General Government. If their faith was repulsive to him, his, which
has now been made public, was as little acceptable to them ; and each could
enjoy his own under the broad shield of that Constitution which was raised
for the protection of all. It should be added, that this class of our citizens,
who had theretofore shewn a commendable zeal in the cause of education,
were among the earliest advocates of the University, as they have, since its
establishment, been its steadfast friends and patrons.
Of Dr. Kice, in particular, it may be said, that there are many now living
who remember him as the learned and exemplary Divine, decided in his own
opinion, but liberal towards others, and courteous in general society ; devoted
to the regular dut'es of his calling, and so studiously observant of clerical
propriety as to refrain from the least appearance of mingling in party poli-
tics. Rarely, if ever, did he even use the common privilege of citizens — that
236 COERESPONDENCE. [1822.
orders. He avowed that the Presbyterians sought no peculiar
advantage, and that they and the other sects would be well
satisfied by the appointment of an Episcopalian. I stated to
him that I knew not what would be the determination of the
board ; but I was sure no desire existed any where to give any
preference to the Unitarians ; and, for my own part, I should
of recording his vote at the polls. And yet it is believed, that Virginia did
not contain, within her broad limits, and among her most enlightened sons,
one -who was more truly attached to her soil and people, or who more ardently
desired both the diffusion of knowledge among the masses and the improve-
ment of education in its higher grades. His influence had been exerted, by
tongue and pen, in behalf of the University, while its fortunes were yet
doubtful, and when it most needed friends ; and those who knew him will not
doubt the sincerity of his declarations to Mr. Cabell, as recorded in this and
other letters.
But the misapprehension had been not wholly on one side. A notion had
got abroad among some of the less informed, that Mr. J. was not merely hos-
tile to a particular sect, but that he would endeavor to exclude all religious
instruction and influence from the precincts of the University. This idea will
appear chimerical to all who recollect that this institution was the creature
of the Legislature, and wholly subject to its control. To remove an impres-
sion as injurious as it was absurd, Mr. J., in his next annual report, was
prompt to disclaim any such purpose, and actually suggested a plan by which
aspirants to the clerical profession, in the different sects, could each be taught
his own peculiar theology in the immediate vicinity of the University, and
yet enjoy the proper benefits of the latter by attending its course of lectures
at other hours.
The friends of Hampden Sidney College may also learn, from this corres-
pondence, that there was no particular desire on the part of the Visitors of
the University to depress that institution. They did not deny its former
usefulness or capacity for future service. Believing that a general system of
education for the whole State should embrace primary schools, colleges, and
a single university ; and thinking it but just that all of the second class
which received aid from the State, should, like the University, come under
State control ; when the condition was rejected, they acquiesced in an ar-
rangement which appears to be better suited to our peculiar circumstances,
and which has certainly succeeded beyond all prior expectations— that of
leaving each sect to establish its own college and academies, and using the
funds of the State principally for the maintenance of a University which could
only be sustained by the united strength of all, and for the tuition of the poor
whose parents were unable to bear the expense.
[1822. CORRESPONDENCE. 237
not vote against any one on account of his being a professor
of religion or free-thinker.
Faithfully, yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CXXXII.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, January 14, 1822.
Dear Sir, — I have duly received your two favors of the
3d and 7th, and in them the proof of your continued zeal for
the object of our joint labors.
Of the course most prudently to be pursued, Mr. Johnson
and yourself are best judges. You alone are in a situation to
know the state of the pulse of the body on which our in-
stitution depends for life or death; and to you I leave it
entirely. Silence and resignation have sometimes greater
effect than importunity. The obtaining a relinquishment of
the debt at this time is not material ; for we could not open
the institution while our funds would be employed in building
the library. With time, perhaps the public opinion may be-
come more and more reconciled to it. The only thing of real
importance, at present, is a suspension of the payment of
interest for four or five years. We could then be going on
with the library, and the cancelment of the whole within that
term would be in good enough time. But, in all this, do what
yourself and your colleague shall think most practicable and
desirable.
Affectionately, yours,
Th: Jefferson.
Joseph C. Cabell, Esq.
238 CORRESPONDENCE. [1822.
CXXXIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 21st January, 1822.
Dear Sir, — I thank you for your favor of 14tli instant,
which arrived to-day, and has been shewn to Mr. Johnson.
The plan of suspending the interest would be practicable, if
the increase of the fund were not too low even to satisfy exist-
ing appropriations. The accountant's estimate makes the
revenue more than $62,000; but the stocks are ascertained
to be so unproductive, as to bring the income for this year
below $60,000. Since the date of my last, individual con-
ferences have taken place, and from these I should judge
there would be no difficulty in getting the arrears of interest
due from the General Government. The members seem
liberal in giving lands in the moon. From this, I judge
that the dread of the people is at the bottom of most of the
objections made to the appropriations; * * * *
***** Some of our friends are very much
dissatisfied with M'hat is called the intended Dead Horse Bill ;
but all estimate it as better than nothing ; and the greater part
of the leading friends of the institution think that nothing
better Avould go down. Whilst the executive is preparing the
account, we shall hold conferences, and if anything better can
be done, you may rest assured I will not hesitate to ask. I
think it important to make no application that will be rejected ;
and if they will give us the arrears of interest only, we shall
seem to be under the patronage of the Legislature, and in the
event of our failure at Washington, we can return here on
equitable grounds. Mr. Fenton Mercer has written to Mr.
Bowyer, who brought in the resolution respecting the arrears
of interest. From this I judge he thinks still there is some
plausibility in the scheme. I shall soon see the letter, and will
say a word about it in a postscript.
Faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
1822.] CORRESPONDENCE. 239
P. S. I have seen Mr. Mercer's letter. He encourages Mr.
Bowyer to prosecute the subject, and says he has always
thought the claim might be sustained at Washington. He
believes it to amount to $250,000. He blames a former Gov-
ernor for inattention to this business.
CXXXIV.
[ It turned out the hope of the -writer, as expressed in the following letter,
■was much too sanguine. The prosperous condition of the institution now,
and for some years past, has brought it nearer to fulfillment. Its previous
patronage fluctuated -with the state of the times and other circumstances.]
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, January 25, 1822.
Dear Sir, — In a conversation with Mr. Garrett, after his
return from Richmond a few days ago, he mentioned to me
that the general opinion in the circles there in which he was,
seemed to be, that we could not expect, within any moderate
time, more than 100 students at our University. This won-
derful error proceeds from a want of information, even as to
our own State. My position with respect to that institution
occasions me to be the centre of the enquiries and information
on that subject, and those from our own State prove that that
alone will immediately furnish far beyond that number. And
the letters I have received from almost every State south of
the Potomac, Ohio and Missouri, prove that all of these are
looking anxiously to the opening of our University as an epoch
which is to relieve them from sending to the Northern univer-
sities. And when we see that the colleges of those States,
considered as preparatoi'y only for ours, have one, two, and
three hundred students each, we cannot doubt that ours will
receive the double and treble of their numbers. I have not a
doubt our accommodations for 218 will be filled within six
months after opening, and for every fifty coming afterwards,
240 CORRESPONDENCE. [1822.
we shall have to build a boarding-house and twenty-five dormi-
tories. Immediately after my conversation with Mr. Garrett,
I happened to receive the enclosed from Maryland, and I
thought it not amiss to send it to you, to be used as you
please, except not to be published. I could send you a volume
of such.
I hope some means will be devised of suspending the actual
payment of interest by the University for four or five years.
It would be a real misfortune to let our workmen be dispersed
before the whole buildings are accomplished. I have duly re-
ceived your favors of the 3d, 7th, 14th and 21st.
Ever and affectionately yours,
Josepli C. Cabell, Esq.
Tii: Jefferson.
cxxxv.
J. c. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 3d February, 1822.
Dear Sir,-^I did not write you this day week, because the
posture of affairs had undergone no change, and I had nothing
to communicate worthy of your attention. I thank you for
your two favors of 14th and 25th ult. ; both of which I have
shewn to many friends. Since the date of my last, Mr. John-
son has suggested to me an expedient, perhaps freer from
objection than any heretofore thought of since the beginning
of the session. It is to leave the debt of the University as it
now stands, and to ask for an additional appropriation out of
the surplus revenue of the literary fund, over and above the
$60,000 already appropriated. I am inclined to think this a
better scheme that the preceding; because it is free from the
objection of touching or giving up any of the capital of the
fund ; from that of taxing the people ; and from that of trench-
ing on existing appropriations. It is not more inconvenient to
the college interest than the plan of cancelling the bonds.
1822.] CORKESPONDENCE. 241
which Mr. Griffin proposed; and it is equally as beneficial to
the University, except that, perhaps, if the bonds should be can-
celled, and the fund in its revenue fall short of $60,000, we
might hereafter claim arrearages. It is better than an appro-
priation pro tanto out of the interest claim, because it gives
us the benefit of every addition to the fund. I should prefer
the cancelling of the bonds, because I think a fair construc-
tion of the University act would give us the arrears as soon as
the fund should be able. But Mr. Morris told me to-day he
Avas so committed he could not support that measure ; and pro-
bably Blackburn and many others would object, and the
wavering would avail themselves of the pretext. Something
will be attempted in a few days ; and our election seems to be
confined to these two measures. Your plan of suspending the
interest seems to be regarded as equivalent to cancelling the
bonds. I think we should get rid of the debt, if possible. We
could then go into operation without the library, or get it from
the annuity or other sources. I consider the cancelling the
bonds, and the appropriation of $7,200 per annum out of the
surplus a-i substantially the same thing. The latter measure
has the advantage only of relieving our friends from embar-
rassment. I fear nothing will be done ; and that we shall be
voted down promptly. I shall endeavor to enlist the speakers
on our side, and there is my only hope.
The subject of the Kentucky mission* is now before us, and
likely to take up some time. That of State Rights is also on
the carpet. I think it would have been better postponed till
the next session.
Faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
3fr. Jefferson.
* The mission here referred to was that in which Messrs. Henry Clay and
George M. Bibb, both natives of Virginia, appeared before the bar of the
House of Delegates, in vindication of the laws giving to occupying claimants
a right to certain lands in Kentucky, by which many citizens of the parent
State thought themselves aggrieved.
16
242 CORRESPONDENCE. [1822.
CXXXVI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, lltli February, 1822.
Dear Sir, — In my last I informed you that we then con-
templated the plan of asking the Legislature to give the
University the surplus revenue of the literary fund, to the
amount of $7,200, which would be equivalent to the release of
the debt. Mr. Johnson and myself had thought, by this ex-
pedient, we should get clear of the commitment of our friends
in the House of Delegates against any scheme which would go
to the diminution of the capital of the literary fund. To my
great regret, however, I discovered that our friend Mr. Morris,
of Hanover, Chairman of the Committee of Schools and Col-
leges, would not support this measure. He assured Mr. John-
son and myself that himself and Gen. Breckenridge had been
compelled, by an express call from Mr. Miller of Powhatan, to
get up on the floor of the House of Delegates, at the last
session, and pledge themselves to support the appropriation to
the colleges of the surplus of ^20,000 ; and this pledge ought,
in his opinion, to debar him from voting for any measure which
would go to the withdrawal of the surplus from that destina-
tion. It was vain for me to deplore the imprudence of such
pledges. It was the price, he said, of the loan bill of the last
winter. It being most clear that we could carry no measure
in which the friends of the University should be divided, and
it being every way important to have the support of Mr. Mor-
ris, I Avas compelled to abandon that measure. My patience
w-as nearly exhausted, and I felt an inclination, almost irresist-
ible, to return to my family. I, however, remembered the
great interests at stake, and chided my own despondency.
Some how or other we had taken up the impression that your
proposition to suspend the payment of the interest of the debt
was equivalent, in point of principle, to cancelling the bonds.
On a sudden it struck me, like a flash of light, that your sug-
1822.] CORRESPONDENCE. 243
gestion might be viewed otherwise; and that it would at least
serve as an entering wedge, and give time to rally the resources
of the State. I hastened to Mr. Morris' room, and invited
him to unite with us in the support of the plan contained in
your last letter. In stating it to him verbally, I mistook a
suspension of payment for a remission of interest. Mr. Mor-
ris objected to a remission of interest, as conflicting with his
pledge of last winter. I handed him your letter, saying,
" that is my last hope ; that being rejected, my heart fails me, '
and my hands fall." He read the letter again ; and marked
the distinction between a suspension and remission of interest,
which I had overlooked. He expressed himself entirely will-
ing to support your proposition. We discussed it at large in the
presence and with the aid of Doctor Cocke, and finally agreed
to make your letter our rallying point. Mr. Morris was to see
Mr. Johnson to procure his co-operation, which I expected as a
matter of course, and was to prepare and bring forward the bill
without delay. But, unluckily, the business of the Kentucky
commissioners just then was pressed before the Legislature, and
has diverted the attention of the leading members from all other
subjects. I am aware of the imminent danger of the delay
which has taken place. But I have urged the subject by all
the means in my power, and I assure you I have not been able
to get it forward at an earlier day. Should the measure fail,
I shall be blamed by certain persons for the failure, by the late
period of bringing it forward ; but I have been unable to pro-
cure co-operation and action at an earlier period. To-day I
got Mr. Morris and Mr. Johnson together; when I found Mr.
Johnson very difficult to persuade to support your plan, on the
ground that he did not wish to put the institution so much in
the power of the Assembly, or House of Delegates. However,
at length I prevailed on him to unite, and at his instance
agreed that the bill should contain another provision, viz : a
power to the President and Directors to apply any moneys
which they may receive from the government of the United
States, on account of interest, to the re-imbursement of the
244 CORRESPONDENCE. [1822
principal and interest of the debt. Thus, then, the bill is at
length agreed upon, and about the 13th, or 14th, or 15th inst.,
it will come before the House of Delegates. Whether it will
pass or not, I cannot tell; but I hope it will. I shall immedi-
ately go around to enlist about a half dozen speakers from
diflferent parts of the State. I am inclined to believe the
institution is gaining ground. Would it be believed in future
times, that such efforts are necessary to carry such a bill, for
' such an object ! I * In haste and truth,
Faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CXXXVII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 25th February, 1822.
Dear Sir, — I am very sorry to inform you, that the resolu.
tion of the Committee of Schools and Colleges in favor of a
suspension of the interest of the University debt was this day
called up and postponed in the House of Delegates, by a vote
of 86 to G6. The poor school or arrearage bill is on the table
of the Senate, and we shall send them down an amendment.
I fear we shall be compelled to vote for a modification going to
put off the library for the present. I am very much opposed
to Mr. Johnson on this point; but I fear I must give way. I
wish I could have your advice on this point ; but it would come
too late. Never have we had so untoward a House as that of
* This exclamation might be rejieated with greater emphasis at the present
day, when we can look back to the liberal appropriations which, in the inter-
val, have been made by the Legislature of Virginia to the cause of educa-
tion — military and medical ; to various public charities, and, above all, to the
great cause of internal improvement. The revival of the spirit which has
given favor to the last, was in no small degree owing to the early and perse-
vering efforts of Mr. Cabell.
1822.] CORRESPONDENCE. 245
this year. Mr. Watson and Mr. Bowyer are gone. It has
been utterly out of my power to hasten Mr. Morris and others.
Mr. Watson retires. But you would do well to get his friends
in Louisa to open a poll for him. He would be a great loss
indeed. He cannot now come unless the people choose to send
him, as he is committed. Could you not get Mr. Taylor, of
Chesterfield to come ? I have tried in vain. Six clever men,
in addition to our present friends, would turn the tide. Morris
retires also.
Faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CXXXVIII.
[ Explantory of the causes of failure — Repelling the popular charges of
extravagance — Ackno-wleclging the assistance of friends — And taking courage
for the future.]
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Waeminstee,, 6th March, 1822.
Dear Sir, — I returned on 3d instant to my family at this
place, after having experienced the mortification of losing all
our propositions in favor of the University. Shortly after the
date of my last letter to you, I determined to give my assent
to the restriction, in regard to the rotunda, insisted on by Mr.
Johnson, Gen. Blackburn and others. I yielded this point most
reluctantly; but, on full reflection, I thought it better to do
so. In the first place, I thought they would be able to carry
it against us. Next, I thought it important that the friends
of the institution should not waste their strength against each
other. Lastly, I was the less opposed to the measure, inas-
much as the application of the proceeds of the bill to the houses
of accommodation would enable the Board to keep back the
arrears of subscription and the glebe money as a contingent
fund for miscellaneous purposes. At one time I had hopes
246 CORRESPONDENCE, [1822.
that I could raise a party strong enough to defeat the attempt
at restrictions. I found no difficulty in satisfying intelligent
men, who had not committed themselves. But the idea of ex-
travagance in the erection of the buildings, had spread far and
wide among the mass ; and even among a part of the intelli-
gent circle of society. The admissions of our own friends, and
the hiown opinion of a part of the Board of Visitors, have
mainly contributed to give currency and weight to the pre-
judice prevailing on this subject. Believing, as I did, that
instead of extravagance, there had been great economy, and
feeling the deepest conviction that the erection of the rotunda
was essential to the best interest of the institution, it was, I'
assure you, a source of bitter mortification to me, to be com-
pelled to yield my assent to an amendment to the Senate's
amendment respecting the suspension of interest, which pro-
hibited the erection of the rotunda. And I do not believe I
could have been induced to yield my own impressions on this
subject, had I not seen Mr. Brockenbrough, the proctor of the
University, and heard him express the opinion that in the
existing state of the institution, it would be advisable for its
friends to take the bill with the limitation, rather than lose it
altogether.
It is not improbable that our measure suffered by being
offered so late in the session. A certain degree of delay, I
thought not disadvantageous ; but the extreme delay which
took place, I foresaw would jeopardize our interests, and by
every means in my power, I endeavored, though vainly, to lessen
it. From the 31st December when I arrived, till the day pre-
ceding that on which Mr. Clay addressed the General Assem-
bly, I was emploj^ed, as I believe I have already informed you,
in ascertaining what proposition would meet with the concur-
rent support of our own friends. On the latter date, Mr.
Morris, Chairman of the Committee of Schools and Colleges,
consented to support the measure you had recommended, of
suspending the payment of the interest of the University debt.
In a day or two after, at the instance of Mr. Johnson, the
1822.] CORRESPONDENCE. 247
plan was enlarged so as to embrace an appropriation of the
claim of the State on the government of the United States of
interest paid on our advances to that government during the
late war, to an amount sufficient to pay the principal and
interest of the debt of the University. The bill was drawn by
Mr. Johnson, with the consent of Mr. Morris, and on consul-
tation with us three, Mr. Morris was engaged to bring it for-
ward on the first favorable opportunity. But Mr. Morris was
then engrossed by the business of the Kentucky mission, and
unfortunately he continued so, till the last days of the session,
when Hanover court, in which he is much employed as a law-
yer, called him from the scat of government, and deprived us
entirely of his aid. If I could have foreseen the effect of the
Kentucky mission, on Mr. Morris's mind, I would have pre-
vailed on Mr. Watson to take the lead in this business. But
to take it out of Mr. Morris's hands, without a manifest neces-
sity, would have been every way ungracious and imprudent.
Pending the latter part of the delay on this subject, Mr.
Bowyer, of Rockbridge, Mr. Watson, of Louisa, and Mr.
Morris, of Hanover, left us. I called on each of them, and
conjured them not to leave us. But it was all in vain. Their
minds were made up to return^ home, and I could not shake
them. Morris promised me to return, if possible ; but he did
not return, on account of the pressure of his causes in Hano-
ver court. All the exertions of wliich I was master, were put
forth to accelerate the march of our measures, and to keep our
friends together in the latter part of the session. But they
were fruitless.
After the Committee of Schools and Colleges had reported
a resolution in favor of suspending the interest, and on the
day before the resolution was postponed in the House of Dele-
gates, we determined to let the resolution lie on the table, and
to move in the Senate suitable amendments to the bill which
had been sent up on the subject of the arrearages due the
counties. The resolution was called up and postponed, con-
248 CORRESPONDENCE. [1822.
trary to the wishes of our friends, in the absence of the Chair-
man of the Committee.
When the arrearage bill was amended in the Senate, Mr.
Johnson advised that we should ask for $200,000, out of our
claim on the General Government for interest, instead of asking
only for a sum sufficient to pay the principal and interest of
the debt. His advice was acceded to.
When the amendments of the Senate were taken up in the
House of Delegates, Blackburn moved his restrictive clause,
and it was rejected by a large majority. There was an union
of enemies and friends in that vote. Those who wished to
reject the Senate's amendments did, many of them, vote
against the prohibition to build the rotunda, because they
thought it would make the bill more popular, if the prohibition
should prevail. And some of the warm friends of the institu-
tion, particularly those with whom I had conferred on this
point, voted against it on correct principles. The House of
Delegates then disagreed to our amendments, and the subject
came back to us.
At that stage, I called on Gen. Blackburn. He was in bed.
I stood by his bed-side, and addressed him for near an hour,
with the view of prevailing on him not to renew his motion to
restrict the Board of Visitors when the bill should return from
the Senate. I went into a general view of the causes of hos-
tility to the University, and endeavored to prove that the
sources of opposition were deeper than they appeared to be ;
and that the expenditure in building was only a popular topic
seized on by the hostile interests with which we were contend-
ing. My efforts were vain. He had taken up different views,
and moreover had pledged himself to the House. I should
then have endeavored to get his restriction rejected in the
House of Delegates, but for the conversation with Mr. Brock-
enbrough, to which I have already referred. The Senate
insisted. The House of Delegates adhered. The Senate
asked a free conference, which was agreed to. It took place
in the chamber of the House of Delegates, in the presence of
1822.] CORRESPONDENCE. 249
most of the members of both Houses, Gen. Blackburn's
amendment relative to the suspension of further buildings than
the houses of accommodation, wa^ offered by Mr. Johnson as
an amendment to the suspending clause, and he proposed to
strike out the $200,000. The Committee of the Senate was
unanimous, and a majority of the other Committee concurred.
The House of Delegates refused to accede to the advice of the
committee of conference. And the question now occurred,
shall the Senate adhere to their amendments, and thereby de-
feat the passage of the original bill respecting the arrearages,
or recede, and let it pass. On consultation with my friends,
I determined to recede. The bill contained some valuable
provisions respecting the primary school fund. This in par-
ticular — that a county should account for a former quota,
before it should draw a new quota, and should account accord-
ing to a form to be prescribed. I have ever thought that the
true interest of the University would be promoted by a correct
and judicious administration of the primary school fund. The
law was very defective, and great abuses prevailed. An at-
tack on the whole literary fund was made during the past ses-
sion, and bottomed in part on the waste of the primary school
fund. The whole fund was jeopardized by the abuses con-
nected with the administration of the popular branch. A
party was forming itself in the bosom of the Legislature, and
apparently gaining strength, whose object was to break up the"
literary fund, and put the money in the treasury. They
seized upon the waste of the funds sent out for the education of
the poor, and wielded it against the whole establishment. The
best interests of science and literature seemed to me to enjoin
it on us to rescue the system, as far as practicable, from dis-
grace, by prudent amendatory provisions. I had also made
up my mind, that it Avas expedient to let the arrears go out.
You remember, no doubt, the excitement at the close of the
preceding session. A number of the counties had suffered
their quotas to accumulate in the treasury, under the impres-
sion that they would be authorized to draw them at discretion.
250 CORRESPONDENCE. [1822.
This was particularly the case ■svith the small counties in the
eastern parts of the State, "vvhere they draw least relatively to
their rate of contribution. The President and Directors of the
Literary Fund did, in my opinion, construe the law correctly.
But as the law was not very clearly expressed, there was room
for misconstruction among honest minds. The idea of inequal-
ity is odious to the people ; and the inhabitants of the counties
claiming the arrears, considered themselves unequally dealt
by. The enemies of the University had made powerful use of
this weapon ; and doubtless hoped and expected we would pre-
serve it to them. These considerations induced us to recede,
and suffer the original bill to pass. I am well pleased on
reflection, that we did so. Before I left Richmond, I under-
stood that although all our measures had failed, there seemed
to be prevailing a general sentiment of regret that nothing had
been done for the University. I ascribe this sentiment in no
small degree to our moderation in suffering the arrearage bill
to pass. After the failure of our amendments from the Senate,
an effort was made by original bill in the House of Delegates,
to procure the $200,000, separate and distinct from the sus-
pension of interest, which failed.
Mr. Johnson made a long and able speech in the Committee
of Conference, in support of the suspension of interest, In
the course of this speech, he took occasion to express it as his
opinion, that the plan of the buildings was i^ot the best which
might have been adopted. But on this point, he said, he was
opposed to such high authority, he confessed he was induced
to doubt the correctness of his own judgment.
On this occasion, * ***** of * * * * took an active
part against us, on the ground that the suspension of the
interest would impair the principal of the literary fund. He
voted the next day in favor of the bill giving $200,000
to the University, having in the debate on the suspension com-
mitted himself to that effect.
Such, sir, are the results of a session of two months, during
which I may have erred in the course of measures which was
1822.] CORRESPONDENCE. 251
adopted, but in which I never for one moment lost sight of the
great object of our jjursuit. I am not, however, disheartened ;
and look forward to the future with better prospects of success.
So far from despairing, I rely on the virtue and intelligence of
our countrymen, and so expressed myself in the closing debates
of the Senate. I shall, if life and health permit, attend the
meeting of the Visitors, on the first Monday in next monih. I
expect to leave this place on the 19th, spend a few days in
Eichmond, pass up by Bremo, to my house, and return by the
way of Monticello. As the House of Delegates did reject
Gen. Blackburn's restrictive amendment on a question pro-
pounded on that subject, and disconnected from any other, and
afterwards rejected the proposition connected with the suspen-
sion of interest, we are left fairly where we ay ere as to the
rotunda. I shall endeavor to see some of my leading friends
on this subject as I come through Richmond. It would be
well to move cautiously on this part of the buildings, more be-
cause of the part that some of our friends have acted, than
from respect to our adversaries.
I write in haste, and as the mail is about to close, have no
time to correct mistakes, which I hope you will excuse.
Faithfully yours.
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CXXXIX.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
WiLLiAMSBUKG, lOtli Mai'ch, 1822.
Dear Sir, — When I last wrote you, I forgot to enclose you
the letters which passed between yourself and Mr. , rela-
tive to the University. I now enclose them to you by mail,
lest some unforeseen accident may prevent me from getting to
the meetino- on the first of next month. Information but
recently received from my farm in Lancaster, renders it highly
252 CORRESPONDENCE. [1822.
important that I should go there without delay. But I shall
not suffer this, nor any other cause within my own control, to
prevent me from attending at the meetings of the Board of
Visitors, as long as I continue to hold the appointment. I
may be prevented hereafter, as I have been heretofore, by ill-
health. I have determined to remain here a week longer than
I intended when I last wrote you, and now propose to leave
this on 25th inst., to arrive at Gen. Cocke's on the Saturday
before the meeting, and to ride with him to Monticello on the
next day. I should be glad to see you before the meeting, but
as it is impossible for me to do so (as I shall travel in the
stage) without setting out a week sooner than I wish to leave
this place, and as I have written you very fully, I must be
deprived of that satisfaction for this time. My object would
be to consult yourself and Mr. Madison as to the policy which,
under existing circumstances, ought to be adopted in regard to
the central building. In my last letter, I unfolded to you the
difference of opinion between Mr. Johnson and myself in
regard to this subject, and the reasons which induced me to
yield up the opposition which I contemplated to the restrictive
amendment proposed by himself and Gen. Blackburn. On
this last point, I was, perhaps, not as circumstantial as I might
have been. When matters were rapidly hurrying on to a crisis,
I was informed by Mr. Gary, of Fluvanna, that Mr. Brocken-
brough (whom I had not then seen) had stated to him, that if
you were in Richmond, you would yourself support the bill
with the restrictive clause, sooner than lose it. There was not
a moment to lose, and immediately on receiving this communi-
cation, I advised Mr. Gary, and through him my other friends
in the House of Delegates, to yield to the amendment. Under
such circumstances, I had not the courage or the rashness to
array one part of the friends of the institution against another,
when you yourself would not do it, were you present. After-
wards, I saw Mr. Brockenbrough, and was informed by him,
that Mr. Gary had misunderstood him. He doubted whether
1822.] CORRESPONDENCE. 253
you would approve the course, but expressed it to be bis opin-
ion, that we bad better pursue it.
I never in my life felt more deeply convinced on any subject,
than I am as to the soundness of the policy of going on with
the buildings, in preference to the plan of putting the institu-
tion into operation, with half the buildings finished. The
President of the College and Judge Semple, in conversation
with me, a few days ago, candidly acknowledged the policy of
our course in this respect. They observed, that Virginians
would never be pleased with anything on a small scale. Judge
Semple adduced a fact, by way of illustration, which I was
pleased to hear. Mr. John Tyler, of Charles City, late mem-
ber of Congress, was formerly opposed to the institution. In
a trip which he made last year to the Springs, he called and
inspected the buildings ; and the Judge assured me tliat Mr.
Tyler was so much impressed by the extent and splendor of
the establishment, that he has become an advocate for the Uni-
versity', and would have voted last winter, had he been in the
Legislature, for cancelling the bonds. Mr. Tyler is a candi-
date for the Assembly, and will doubtless be elected. From
what the Judge told me, I suspect the opposition will attempt
to fetter Mr. Tyler by instructions. Dr. Crump, of Cumber-
land, was as much influenced by the sight of the buildings as
Mr. Tyler. He abandoned us last winter, on other, and, as I
think, insufficient grounds. The opinion which I had previ-
ously entertained on this subject, has been confirmed by many
facts of this description.
With every sentiment of respect for the judgment and ser-
vices of our colleagues, and particularly Mr. Johnson, I can
not but deeply regret the views he has formed in regard to the
library. But for the weight of his own opinion, I think the
opposition on that subject might have been disregarded. It is
important to carry him along with us. How far this conside-
ration, and the state of the funds, may induce us to put by the
library for the present, I really feel very great doubts. About
Richmond, and Staunton, and with the Federal party, I ob-
254 COREESPONDENCE. [1822.
serve the opposition to the library to be strongest. I shall be
mainly governed by the opinion of yourself and Mr. Madison
on this subject.
Faithfully yours,
Mr. Jefferson.
Joseph C. Cabell.
CXL.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Edgewood, 3d October, 1822,
Dear Sir, — Gen, Cocke will inform you that the cause of
my failure to attend at the University on yesterday was that
I had not sufficiently recovered from the severe and tedious
illness, by which I have been unhappily visited. My conva-
lescence is much slower than I expected, and is further pro-
longed by successive relapses. Some days past I was taken
with the ague and fever, which often follows in the rear, of the
bilious fever. For two days I have been taking bark, and its
salutai-y effects induce me to hope I shall miss my ague to-day.
If I should be so fortunate as to escape a return, and the
weather should be favorable, I think of settina: out in a car-
riage on Saturday, so as to get to Monticello on Sunday or
Monday to dinner. If I should not come, you may conclude
that my state of health forbids the journey ; for I am never
absent from your meetings but Avith the greatest reluctance;
and, on this occasion, feel a particular desire to be present. I
ardentl}'' hope that Mr. Dawson has reached the end of his
labors, and found all things to come out clear and satisfac-
tory.* Genera] Cocke seemed reluctant to commence the
* So it proved ; and their c.car expos6 was of essential aid in future opera-
tions. The associate examiner was Mr. Martin Dawson, a native of Nelson
county, but then a worthy citizen of Albemarle. It is pertinent to our gen-
eral subject, and should be mentioned in his honor, that at his death in
1835, he bequeathed $39,500, the bulk of a fortune accumulated duriuf/ a life of
ailigence and thrift, in aid of primartj education of the poor in these two counties,
between whom its annual interest is divided.
1822.] CORRESPONDENCE. 255
inspection of the books -without an associate. I should think,
however, that with Mr. Dawson's assistance it would be an
easy task. He is now, probably, in Albemaide, on his way to
fulfill this duty. Should I not attend, be pleased to remember
me kindly to all the gentlemen of the Board.
I remain, dear sir, faithfully your friend,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CXLI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 19th December, 1822.
Dear Sir, — I reached this place on the 17th instant, and
write now merely to apprise you of my arrival. I returned to
Williamsburg from the Northern Neck on the 6th instant, and
immediately wrote to a friend in this place to ascertain whether
the usual recess of the Senate would take place. I counted
on a recess as a matter of course, and was willing to avail
myself of it, in order that I might enjoy some rest after much
fatigue and trouble. By some accident, I did not hear of the
determination of the Senate not to adjourn till the 16th, when
a letter from, my brother, and Judge Tucker on his return from
the Federal Court, informed me of the fact. On the 17th I
came up in the stage. Yesterday and to-day, I have been
engaged in fixing myself in my lodgings at the Eagle. I have
had short interviews with Mr. Gordon, Mr. Kives, Mr. Cary,
and others. All that I can noAv tell you is, that the House of
Delegates has greatly improved in ability, and I am informed
that the leading members generally seem well disposed towards
the University. The accompanying report, respecting the lit-
erary fund, will shew you that the state of the finances is very
unfavorable. From what source we are to procure the neces-
sary funds, is a subject on which I have not as yet formed any
256 CORRESPONDENCE. ' [1822.
opinion. And I am equally undecided how much we ought to
ask in our bill; whether the funds necessary to build the
library, and the relinquishment of the debt — or the former
singly, leaving the debt to be hereafter disposed of — or the
relinquishment of the debt without conditions. This, I pre-
sume, is the order of preference. It is the order in which I
should myself arrange the propositions. I greatly doubt the
practicability of carrying the first or second. The third would
be apt to succeed, if we should hit judiciously on the proper
funds. A certain party will attempt to impose conditions to
the third proposition. Some of our friends will concur in this
view. I hear that Mr. *** professes himself friendly; but
requires that we should state what the cost of the necessary
apparatus and library will be, and that we should go into
wimediate opei'ation. He complains that he has not hereto-
fore been consulted. He will be conferred with by some of
our friends. But there is some danger in such consultations ;
for, unless you accede to their views, such friends often fly off
altogether. We shall endeavor to get ready to bring some
thing forward about the 1st January ; about which time I hear
the report will be down, together with the estimate of the cost
of the centre building. Some delay is necessary to ascertain
what is best to be done. After that, a straight forward, open
and bold course is what I shall recommend to our friends.
Mr. Johnson is not yet arrived ; and I hear he is sick. I fear
we shall differ again about conditions ; but I wish to have the
advantage of his talents and influence. Thank God, my health
is now uncommonly good. But it requires that I should often
reflect on the great object in view, to prevent my spirits from
sinking under the combined influence of a painful separation
from my family, an increasing debt, and the reflection that
such great exertions are necessary to do the least service to
science in this State. I hope I shall have the pleasure to see
Col. Ptandolph before he leaves town. If I have not hereto-
fore mentioned the subject of your late unfortunate wound, it
1822,] CORRESPONDENCE. 257
is not because I was not deeply concerned for your suiferings.
I hear, with great pleasure, that you are recovering.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CXLII.
[Suggesting a plan of operations during the present session.]
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 23d December, 1822.
Dear Sir, — Mr. Gordon and Mr. Rives left this for Albe-
marle on yesterday, and will not probably return for eight or
ten days. The latter went for his family, and the former to
visit Mrs. Gordon in her distress for the loss of a child. I am
very sorry that they were obliged to leave town, as we want
the aid of all our friends at this time.
Mr. Gordon shewed me, on Saturday, a letter which he had
just received from Mr. Dinsmore, stating that the undertakers
had ascertained that they could not afford to build the library
for less than $70,000. At m-^ instance, Mr. Gordon threw the
letter in the fire. My object was to prevent it from being
made an improper use of, in the event of its being seen by our
enemies. I have spoken with one or two friends confidentially
on this subject, and we all agree that if the price of the un-
dertakers should rise above $50,000, and more especially if it
should reach $70,000, it would be better to abandon the pro-
ject of a conditional contract on their parts, and leave us at
large. In our opinion, we should not ask for more than
$50,000 for the library; suggesting, that if the job should be
put up to the lowest bidder among the workmen of first rate
ability in the United States, that sum would probably sulfice,
and if it should fall short, the deficiency could be made up
from the annuity, or from some other source. At all events,
we could hope not to trouble the Legislature again on that
17
258 CORKESPONDENCE. [1822.
subject. If matters have not gone too far, \ve would prefer
that no such document as one calling for $70,000 for the
library should be sent here. It would probabl}^ blow up all
our plans. Perhaps a conditional contract for $G0,000 might
not do harm, as it would bar the door to all doubt about the
price of the house. But if $70,000 should be asked for, I
fear we shall be totally overthrown. Could you not reject the
offer of the undertakers, on tJic ground that ive may he able to
get better terms, and authorize me by letter to ask for $50,000
for the library? I suggest these ideas with deference to your
better judgment. I should observe to you, that even now
there is great hesitancy in the ranks of our friends as to the
propriety of building the library at this time ; this, too, whilst
the belief is that it would cost at most about $50,000. One
or two of tny best friends in the Assembly tell me, they think
that many who would vote for cancelling the debt, would op-
pose any further appropriation for building. I am endeavoring
to remove the objections, but am uncertain how far I shall be
able to succeed.
What I think of at present is to ask for the first proposition
in my last letter: that is, to cancel and appropriate both. The
ways and means which I now contemplate are, to ask for a
loan of $50,000 out of the surplus capital on hand, to build
the library ; and to put the whole debt of the University, thus
augmented to $170,000, along with the other debts of the
State, und^r the operation of the sinking fund. I have lat-
terly struck on this plan, on consultation with your grandson,
who suggested the idea of resorting to the sinking fund. I
have mentioned it to Mr. Loyall, Mr. Bowyer and Mr. Hunter,
tvho all, on first view, highly approved it. On the best reflec-
tion I can give the subject, it is the best plan we can adopt.
We had better let the literary fund stand as it is — not inter-
meddle with the provisions for the schools, or the surplus
appropriated to the colleges. Let us have nothing to do with
the old balances, or dead horses, or escheated lands, but ask
boldly to be exonerated from our debts by the powerful sinking
fund of the State. This is manly and dignified legislation ;
1822.] CORRESPONDENCE. 259
and if we fail, the blame will not be ours. Such are my pre-
sent views. Some there are who think we had better ask for
the loan only, at this time, and leave the debt for another ses-
sion. There are arguments for and against this course. It
would lessen the present demand. But it would leave the
door open for future applications, and postpone the time of our
commencement. The public mind seems impatient for a com-
mencement of the operations of the institution. My present
impressions are in favor of asking for the whole. I think it
would be important to show that if we could finish the build-
ings, and get rid of the debt, we could go on without troubling
the Assembly again. There are some who say, "you will
want a library and apparatus, and you will be obliged to comie
here for more money, and is it not better to expend the
$50,000 in that way, than in buildings?" I am taking this
ground — that occasional gifts from the Legislature for the pur-
chase of" books and apparatus would be of service — nay, of
great importance ; but that we could get along without them,
by appropriating half the fees of tuition to that object, and
that we have already adopted a resolution, whereby half the
fees will go into the coffers of the institution ; and that we had
rather have $50,000 to finish the buildings, than to purchase
books and apparatus. I should wish to be corrected, if I err
on any of these important points.
I have very great confidence in Mr. Hunter. Last night he
pressed me to write for the report. He says members will
take time to consider the subject, and there is no time to lose.
Unfortunately, the question about the seat of government is
fixed for the 10th January. It is to be regretted that they
could not be separated by a greater interval. I think we
should bring our business forward early in January. The
prints will be kept back till the report is made. I am very
happy to hear from Mr. Garrett, that the Proctor's accounts
are satisfactorily settled.
I am, dear sir, ever faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
260 CORRESPONDENCE. [1822.
CXLIIL ^'^
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, Decembei' 28, 1822.
Dear Sir, — Yours of the 19th was received some days ago;
those of the 23d, the day before yesterday. At the same time
■with the former, I received one of the same date from Mr.
Rives, proposing a question to me, which, as he is absent, I
will answer to you. It was — if the remission of the principal
debtj and an accommodation of the cost of the library cannot
both be obtained, which would be most desirable ? Without
any question, the latter. Of all things the most important, is
the completion of the buildings. The remission of the debt
will come of itself. It is already remitted in the mind of every
man, even of the enemies of the institution. And there is
nothing pressing very immediately for its expression. The
great object of our aim from the beginning, has been to make
the establishment the most eminent in the United States, in
order to draw to it the youth of every State, but especially of
the south and west. We have proposed, therefore, to call to
it characters of the first order of science from Europe, as well
as our own country ; and, not only by the salaries and the
comforts of their situation, but by the distinguished scale of its
structure and preparation, and the promise of future eminence
which these would hold up, to induce them to commit their
reputation to its future fortunes. Had we built a barn for a
college, and log huts for accommodations, should we ever have
had the assurance to propose to an European professor of that
character to come to it ? Why give up this important idea,
when so near its accomplishment that a single lift more effects
it? It is not a half project which is to fill up the enticement
of character from abroad. To stop where we are, is to aban-
don our high hopes, and become suitors to Yale and Harvard
for their secondary characters to become our first. Have we
been laboring then merely to get up another Hampden Sidney
1822.] CORRESPONDENCE. 261
or Lexington ? Yet to this it sinks, if we abandon foreign aid.
The report of Rockfish Gap, sanctioned by the Legisla-
ture, authorized us to aim at much higher things ;* and the
abandonment of the enterprise "where we are, would be a relin-
quishment of the great idea of the Legislature of 1818, and
shrinking it into a country academy. The opening of the
institution in a half-state of readiness, would be the most fatal
step which could be adopted. It would be an impatience de-
feating its own object, by putting on a subordinate character
in the outset, which never would be shaken off, instead of
opening largely and in full system. Taking our stand on com-
manding ground at once, will beckon every thing to it, and a
reputation once established, will maintain itself for ages. To
secure this, a single sum of fifty or sixty thousands of dollars is
wanting. If we cannot get it now, we will at another or
another trial. Courage and patience is the watchword. De-
lay is an evil, which will pass ; despair loses all. Let us never
give back. The thing will carry itself, and with firmness and
perseverance we shall place our country on its high station,
and we shall receive for it the blessings of posterity. I think
your idea of a loan, and placing it on the sinking fund, an ex-
cellent one.
Dinsmore's $70,000 evidence only the greediness of an un-
dertaker. He declined communicating the details of his esti-
mate, lest their exaggeration should be visible. From the
undertakers we have the following offers :
The brick work complete, including columns, - $11,300 — Perry.
Stone work, . . _ . . 3,940 — Gorman.
Carpentry and joinery of the lower rooms, - 12,000 — Oldham.
$27,240
There remain the inside work of the upper room, the roof, and
* This consideration alone, if there were no other, should suffice to vindi-
cate Mr. Jeiferson and his colleagues in their adherence to a plan projected
on a liberal scale. Yet how often and generally was it lost sight of by the
people and their representatives in opposition during this protracted struggle.
262 CORRESPONDENCE. [1822.
the two appendages or covered ways in the flanks to connect
with the other buildings, of which we have no estimate ; but
they cannot cost as much as all the rest of the building. I
asked at what they had estimated the stone work ? The
answer was $6,000. I knew at the same time that Gorman
must do it for them, and would do it for $3,940 ; so that fifty
per cent, was laiu on this article for their gains, and probably
like advances on the other articles. Mr. Brockenbrough's
original estimate was carefully and minutely made, and allow-
ing for the two covered ways, we are safe in saying that
another loan of $60,000 will place us beyond the risk of our
needing to ask another dollar on that account.
You propose to me to write to half a dozen gentlemen on
this subject. You do not know, my dear sir, how great is my
physical inability to write. The joints of my right wrist and
fingers, in consequence of an ancient dislocation, are become
so stiffened that I can write but at the pace of a snail. The
copying our report, and my letter lately sent to the Governor,
being seven pages only, employed me laboriously a Avhole
week. The letter I am now writing you has taken me two
days. I have been obliged, therefore, to withdraw from letter
writing, but in cases of the most indispensable urgency. A
letter of a page or two costs me a day of labor, and a painful
labor. I have few now to live ; should I consign them all to
pain ? I ought, if I could, to write to yourself, to Mr. John-
son, Mr. Rives, Mr. Gordon, and to Mr. Loj^all too, now one
of our fraternity. But Avhat I say to one, you must all be so
indulo;cnt as to consider meant for the whole. Be so good as
to express to Mr. Loyall my gratification at his being added to
our Board, and my hope that he will make Monticello his
head-quarters whenever he comes up. Our meetings, you
know, are always on Mondays, and the stage passes us the
previous Saturday evening. This gives an intermediate day
for rest, enquiry and consideration.
Ever and affectionately yours,
Th: Jeeebrson.
Mr. Cabell.
1822.] CORRESPONDENCE. 263
CXLIV.
J. C. C, TO T. J.
Richmond, December 30, 1822.
Dear Sir, — I am happy to inform you that Mr. Gordon
and Mr. Rives arrived in town last evening, and have attended
the House to-day. Mr. Gordon called on me this morning,
when I disclosed to him what I had done in his absence, and
my present views and prospects. I have conferred with Mr.
Hunter, Mr. Gary, Mr. Bowyer, Mr. Taylor, of Botetourt, Mr.
Baldwin, &c., and the almost unanimous opinion of us all is, that
we should ask for another loan to finish the buildings, and to
leave the debt untouched for the present. We propose to move
for one object at a time, in order not to unite the enemies of
both measures against one bill. Should we succeed in getting
the loan, we may afterwards try to get rid of the debt. But
the general impression is, that we cannot carry both measures
at this session. I presume I am clearly right in the assurance
which I give to our particular friends, nay to every body, that
if both measures cannot pass, the Board of Visitors would pre-
fer the loan to the cancelling of the bonds. It gives me heart-
felt pleasure to inform you that the intelligent members gene-
rally express the opinion that the institution should be finished.
This confirms the propriety of the course we have taken. Of
the propi'iety of that course, you know, I have never doubted.
And I may be allowed to feel the gratification natural on such
an occasion. Last winter I had to encounter a mingled host
of friends and enemies, on this point, and yielded it from a
mistake existing between Mr. Brockenbrough and Mr. Gary.
Now the leading members generally say, the institution should
be finished. Mr. Baldwin has assured me of his hearty co-
operation to this eflFect. From himself, and from Mr. Taylor,
of Botetourt, I hear that Mr. Sheffcy will go with us. Mr.
Doddridge, I expect, will do the same. Mr. ^= * * * * Jias
twice announced to Mr. Gary, on being consulted by him, that
.264 COKRESPONDENCE. [1822.
he would oppose any further building ; yet Mr. Gordon thinks
he may be brought over. ****** * Q;|^g Presi-
dent of Hampden Sidney is here, making interest for that
institution. I am on good terms with him. He is very friendly
to the University. To-day he advised me to aim only for a
loan, and said he was confident from what he had heard among
the members, that the debt should be left untouched for the
present. I advised him to take care that * * * * ^yiH not
kindle a flame against his college, by throwing himself athwart
the course of the friends of the University. He observed that
* * * * had not made up his mind finally how he would vote
on a bill authorizing us to finish the buildings of the Univer-
sity ; but he believed that unless the bill for Hampden Sidney
should be supported, he would oppose us. I advised him to
remonstrate with him as to the propriety and policy of that
mode of legislation, and cautioned him not lightly to depart
from the system of voting for every measure on the foundation
of its own merits. I hope ***** may be prevailed on to
relinquish his opposition, I am now more in dread of Mr.
Johnson's coming to town, and advocating the doctrine of cur-
tailing the building, than I am of any other danger. But as
the popular prejudice on that subject has abated, I hope he
would go with us. The report was in town on Friday. Mr.
Daniel told me he was waiting for Governor Pleasants to com-
municate it. The Governor will probably be in town this
evening. The report will probably be made to-morrow. As
soon as it is printed, I will get Capt. Peyton to exhibit the
prints of the plan of the University. In a few days thereafter
our bill will be brought in. I have a loan bill ready drawn.
The subject of interest is somewhat embarrassing. We shall
be obliged to lose the interest. I conclude it is better to do
so, than stand in our present situation. We must limit the
time of our election on the subject of the loan to some short
period, to avoid the loss of interest to the fund. Such a pro-
viso will help to carry our bill. There shall be no difficulty on
that score about a Board. If the bill passes, I will come up
1823.] COKRESPONDENCE. 265
immediately in the stage, and I make no doubt Gen. Cocke
and Mr. Loyall will also attend. I still think a conditional
contract on the part of the undertakers for $70,000 would do
more harm than good. But if they will engage for $60,000
to finish the building out and out, I would rather have the
contract than not. If they will not, I will ask for fifty — per-
haps, sixty thousand dollars. The year before last, we esti-
mated the library at $40,000. Last year at $45,000, as well
as I recollect. Should I now rise to $60,000, some reason
will be asked for the difference in the estimates. I have here-
tofore grounded myself on Mr. Brockenbrough's estimates. If
no other document can be furnished, I would suggest the pro-
priety of your writing a short letter to some one here, asking for
such sum as you may think proper for the object. The sooner
it comes, the better. The affair of the Proctor's accounts
seems to be unknown here. I am happy to hear from Gen.
Cocke, that that business has been satisfactorily adjusted. I
write in great haste.
And remain, dear sir,
Ever faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CXLV.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, January 9, 1823.
Dear Sir, — I thank you very sincerely for your letter of
28th December, and am mortified with the circumstance of my
having been the cause of so much trouble to you. I am happy
to inform you that our prospects are now very favorable.
Every thing is understood ; every thing is arranged. Our bill
will be introduced in the Committee of Schools and Colleges,
in a day or two. We ought to have had a select committee, to
get rid of enemies and to expedite ; but the report was commit-
266 CORRESPONDENCE. [1823.
ted to the Committee of Schools and Colleges by a member
who knew not our views, and there would be eer^am difficulties
in getting it away from that committee. We hope we are
strong enough to meet our adversaries at every stage. The
report, I am told, will have a very happy effect. I heard a
thing last evening, which is very pleasing. In Mecklenburg,
Lunenburg, Brunswick, Greensville, Norfolk, and Essex coun-
ties, the University was made a test in the election last spring.
The members who voted against us last year, were turned out,
or compelled to promise to vote with us. I have the facts as
to the four first counties, from Col. Powell of Brunswick, as to
Norfolk from Col. Lee, and as to Essex from Mr. Hunter.
The institution is gaining greatly to the south and to the east,
and indeed every where. Clopton will be elected from the
Williamsburg district. The University was made a test on the
Henrico Hustings yesterday, and Clopton almost universally
voted for. I got * * * * to withdraw. If he had offered,
he would greatly have jeopardized Mr. Clopton's election.
The prints of the University will be bought up rapidly.
Ever faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CXLVI.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
vi^
MoNTiCELLO, January 13, 1823.
Dear Sir, — Yours of the 9th is quite reviving. You say
that as soon as the bill has passed, yourself and colleagues will
come up to a special meeting. This will be indispensable, be-
cause our workmen will be obliged to be looking out for other
work for the ensuing season, if their employment here is not
soon decided on. But observe that, to make a special call
legal, reasonable notice must be given to all the Visitors. As
soon, therefore, as the bill has passed the Lower House, (as I
1823.] CORRESPONDENCE. 267
suppose "vvo may rely on the Senate,) yourself, Mr. Johnson and
Mr. Loyall, may sign a special call, and send a copy by mail
to Mr, Madison, Gen. Breckenridge, Gen. Cocke, and myself,
each fixing a day of meeting within such term as the proceeding
of the Senate may require, and not less than a fortnight. The
object of the meeting will be to authorize the commencement
of the building, and to talk over some ulterior measures which,
however, cannot be finally concluded till April.
Mr. Dawson tells me we must not commit ourselves too
strongly as to the amount of our debts, as stated in my letter
to the Literary Board. Further investigations incline him to
apprehend they will be sensibly more than the Proctor author-
ized me to say, there being yet some large accounts to settle.
It would be well if you would always send me a copy of the
printed report for the more convenient use of the Board. With
respect to the claims of the local academies, I will make no
compromise. The second grade must not be confounded with
the first, nor treated of in the same chapter. The present
funds are not sufficient for all the three grades. The first and
third are most important to be first brought into action. When
they are properly provided for, and the funds sufiiciently en-
larged, the middle establishment should be taken up systemat-
ically. In the mean time, it may more conveniently than
either of the others be left to private enterprise ; 1, because
there is a good number of classical schools now existing ; and
2, because their students are universally sons of parents who
can afibrd to pay for their education. I am glad to see that
Mr. Rives has taken up the subject of primary schools ; ths
present plan being evidently inefiicient, we should take the
lead in a new one, and become equally their patrons as of the
University. The hostile attitude into which we have been
brought apparently is equally impolitic and unuseful. Were
it necessary to give up either the Primaries or the University,
I Avould rather abandon the last, because it is safer to have a
whole people respectably enlightened, than a few in a high
state of science, and the many in ignorance. This last is the
268 CORRESPONDENCE. [1823.
most dangerous state in which a nation can be. The nations
and governments of Europe are so many proofs of it.
Affectionately yours,
Tn: Jefferson.
Mr. Cabell.
CXLVII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 23d January, 1823.
Dear Sir, — Your favor of 13th instant came safely to
hand by the mail. I have shewn it to Mr. Gordon and Mr.
Rives. My own impression is, that in touching the subject of
the unliquidated debt, we should merely guard against future
unfavorable imputations, by stating that it might and probably
would exceed the conjectural amount mentioned in your letter,
and that when you wrote, the settlement was in a progressive
state. The county delegates seem disposed to say nothing
about it. I have referred the matter to their discretion.
When the bill gets to the Senate, I shall say something on
the subject.
In regard to the academies and primary schools, I think our
most prudent course, at this time, is neither to enter into an
alliance with them, nor to make war upon them. It would be
difficult to imagine a state of things in regard to these other
branches of the system more favorable to us than that which
now exists. The funds are limited, and we wish to avoid a
competitor. The colleges cannot all be gratified, and they
will defeat one another. The primary schools are in a state
of discredit, and the public mind is not now disposed to in-
crease the appropriation to them. If we amend the system
at this time, and give it credit and honor, this ally will become
our worst enemy. The popular branch of the system would
swallow up all the funds. Even now an effort will be made to
divide with us in every appropriation ; but the discredit into
1823.] CORRESPONDENCE. 269
wliicli the popular branch has fallen, will defeat the measure.
Besides, there are great intrinsic difficulties in the subject.
When your bill Avas brought in some years ago by Mr. Taylor,
of Chesterfield, I consulted all the best heads of my acquain-
tance* then about the Seat of Government, and every effort
was made to smooth away the difficulties of the subject ; and
though many plans were suggested, none met with general
approbation. At some future time, I would cheerfully enter
again on this difficult and thorny question. I think we would
do well to decline it at this time, and take advantage of the
favorable breeze that now wafts us along.
I have imparted these views to Mr. Rives, and left him to
pursue his own course. Mr. Gordon concurs with me. Mr.
Rives did not propose to move the subject of the primary
schools till the Loan Bill should be acted on. But the bonds
will remain to be cancelled, and the objections would con-
tinue till the University should get into operation. I have
thought, and still think, that we should act with good faith to
the primary schools ; but that would dictate merely that we
should not attempt to take from them any of the $45,000, till
experience and public opinion demand the measure. I have
attempted, in the county where I reside, to exhibit proofs of my
real desire to give that system a fair trial. Our proceedings
were printed and distributed over the State. f But, last year,
I saw more clearly than ever the inherent defects of that sys-
tem. It will require great alteration and amendment. But
for us to move in it, I think, the time has not arrived.
As to the colleges and academies, I differ from some of our
friends. I would vote for an appropriation to Hampden Sid-
"^ Among Mr. C.'s papers are seyeral from his distinguished friends, con-
taining hints on tliis subject, written at the time specified, and which he
appears to have selected out of many others for preservation and future use.
f Many of the suggestions and forms contained in this pamphlet having
been enacted into law, were adopted, and are pursued at this day in the dis-
bursement of this fund throughout the State.
270 CORRESPONDENCE. [1823.
nej, and not wait till the funds shall be sufficient for the whole
corps of colleges. I think some aid to that college would now
be useful and Avell-timed. However, on this subject, as on that
of the question of removing the Seat of Government, I think
we should not discover the zeal of partizans. Politeness to
all, interference with none, and devotion to our object, consti-
tute the policy that ought, in my opinion, to govern the course
of the friends of the University at this time.
You must be surprised at the slow progress of our bill. The
tardiness of its movement is to be regretted. But I do not
know how it could be avoided. If it had been called up out of
its regular turn, perhaps the irregularity of the course might
give rise to animadversions. It will be read, in its turn, for
the first time, to-day or to-morrow. It went through the com-
mittee without opposition. It will doubtless be opposed in the
House, but from every thing I can learn I think there cannot
be much doubt of its success. Should it pass late in the ses-
sion, I should hope that a meeting on the 1st Monday in April
might answer the purposes of the institution. There could be
no doubt of the confirmation of the loan by the board, and the
delay would probably throw the loss of interest on the literary
fund, and save so much to the University.
I am, dear sir,
Ever faithfully, your friend,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CXLVIII.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, January 28, 1823.
Dear Sir, — I have received your favor of the 28d, and it
has entirely converted me to your opinion that we should let
the primary schools lie for the present, avail ourselves of their
temporary descredit, and of the breeze in our favor, until the
University i^ entirely secured in the completion of its buildings
1823.] CORRESPONDENCE. 271
and remission of its debt ; and then to come forward heartily,
as the patrons of the primaries, on some plan which will allow
us a fairer share of the common fund. Our present portion
would enable us to have but six professors, whereas the law
contemplates ten, which number is really necessary, and would
require at least $10,000 additional to our present annuity, I
have accordingly written to Mr. Rives to retract the opinion I
had expressed to him in favor of immediately taking up the
subject of remodelling those schools. But I still differ from
you as to giving a dollar to Hampden Sidney. Let this, with
all the other intermediate academies, be taken up in their turn
and provided for systematically and proportionally. To give
to that singly, will be a departure from principle, will make
the others our enemies, and is not necessary. The University
is advanced to that point, from which it must and will carry
itself through ; and it will strengthen daily. In the mean
time we need take no part for or against either the academies
or schools. If, after the passage of the bill for the loan, the
remission of the whole debt can be obtained without difficulty
at the present session, it would have the effect of enabling us
at once to take measures for engaging professors, and for
opening the institution at the end of the year, which a post-
ponement to the next session would delay another year.
You supposed that our April meeting will be early enough
for acting on the law to be passed. The only thing pressing
will be the engaging our workmen. If Mr. Johnson, Mr.
Loyalh and yourself should advise me, by letter, that you
approve of the acceptance of the loan, I will take measures
to get the same opinion from the other three gentlemen, and
shall not scruple to engage the workmen, and to have prepara-
tions for bricks commenced. We can do without the money
till the April meeting. If this opinion be given as soon as
the bill passes the Lower House, I presume we may act imme-
diately, without fearing a veto from the Senate. I salute you
with cordial affection and respect.
Th : Jefferson.
Mr. Cabell.
272 CORRESPONDENCE. [1823.
CXLIX.
[This letter expresses a hope of obtaining a liberal appropriation to the
University, which was coniirmed in that which followed — and in the next suc-
ceeding he makes mention of those who favored the measure, and of its more
active friends.]
J. C. C. TO T. J.
KiCHMOND, February 3d, 1823.
Dear Sir, — I thank you for your favor of 28tli ultimo, and
feel much gratified that you approve the view which I took of
the subject of the primary schools. I am very much pleased
at your suggestion of a method by which a meeting of our
board may be deferred till the regular period in the month of
April. It would be very inconvenient for me to attend an
intermediate meeting, and the method you suggest will be
readily assented to by all the Visitors here. I take this for
granted without the formality of a consultation. It gives me
the most heartfelt pleasure to inform you that there is now no
doubt of the success of our Loan Bill. I enclose you a copy
of the bill, and of the amendments which were proposed last
week. Our friends came to an understanding, that in order to
detach the primary school party from the college party, they
would vote for Doddridge's amendments, with some alterations.
The bill was taken up to-day in the House of Delegates, when
Griffin's amendments were rejected, and the bill, with Dod-
dridge's amendments amended, was ordered to be engrossed by
a large majority. The sense of the House is considered to be
definitively ascertained. It will come to the Senate in a day or
two, where it will pass without amendment. On Friday I hope
to send you intelligence of its passage.
We would most cheerfully amend the bill in the Senate, so
as to provide for the extinction of the debt ; and Mr. Johnson
wished to do so. But I have persuaded him to let the bill
pass. We had better run no risks. Let us make sure of the
^60,000, and then we will survey the ground. It is doubtful
whether Aye can, with prudence, attempt the extinction this
1823.] CORRESPONDS NCE. 273
winter. If, on consultation, it should be deemed practicable,
you may rely on our -will to make the effort. We are within
two weeks of the end of the session. I see clearly that we
may save a year by extinguishing now. But I fear another
year's delay is the price of eventual success. I earnestly hope
that this loan will finish the buildings. We must never come
here again for money to erect buildings.'^' It would be good
policy to expend $60,000 on the library should it require so
much, and not divert any part of it to the payment of existing
debts. Should the funds fall short, I would rather ask for
money hereafter to pay off old debts, than to finish the Library.
The settlement of Mr. Brockenbrough's accounts, in the
mode in which they were settled has produced capital effects
here. The result has even transcended my expectations. The
members of the Legislature will take to themselves the satis-
faction of finding fault with this and that, but they are all
pleased to see the public money so accurately accounted for,
and so faithfully applied. I was, from the first, confident that
no weajjon could be wielded by us with more efficacy than this
annual rendition of accounts which seemed to be a rod in
pickle for us. I think also that your suggestion respecting
the religious sects has had great influence. It is the Franklin
that has drawn the lightning from the cloud of opposition. I
write you, dear sir, with a heart springing up with joy, and a
cheek bedewed with tears of delight. Accept, I beseech you,
my cordial congratulations at this evidence of the returning
good sense of the country, and of its just appreciation of your
labors. Long may you live to enjoy new and ever recurring
proofs of your country's confidence and favor, is the unceasing
prayer of your faithful and affectionate friend,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson,
* The frequent reiteration of tliis caution shews the extreme sensitiveness
of the Legislature on this head.
18
274 CORRESPONDENCE. [1823.
CL.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, February 5, 1823.
Dear Sir, — I have now the satisfaction to enclose you a
copy of the act concerning the University, which has this
moment passed the Senate, and is now the law of the land.
The vote on the passage of the bill in the House of Dele-
gates was 121 to 66.
The vote in the Senate was 19 to 3.
I hereby give my assent to the loan authorised by this act.
I shall get Mr. Johnson and Mr. Loyall to write you to the
same effect. Mr. Johnson is now out of office, but I shall set
the Executive to re-apppoint him. Of course, he and Mr.
Loyall will assent, because they have advocated the loan.
I am now casting about to see if we can cancel the bonds.
On that subject you shall hear from me in due time. In the
interim, accept, I beseech you, my congratulations, and believe
me, ever faithfully yours,
Jos. C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
P. S. Mr. GordtJn distinguished himself in the discussion in
the House of Delegates ; and the county was well represented
by both the members.
CLI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, lltli February, 1823.
Dear Sir, — Your favor by Mr. Brockenbrough has been
duly received. I have shewn it to some members for the pur-
pose of evincing the willingness of the Board to meet all
charges. But the letter of Oldham made no impression here;
and I believe it was met so promptly, there has been no at-
1823.] COKRESPONDENCE. 275
tempt to use it for miscliievous purposes. It deserves, in my
opinion, no serious notice from any one. Mr. Brockenbrougli's
feelings may prompt him to ask a further scrutiny of his con-
duct, but I believe no candid man would request it.
Mr. Johnson informs me, that by his failure to attend two
successive meetings, he is no longer a Visitor. I called to-day
to notify the Governor of the fact, and to request his re-
appointment. The Governor said he would have him re-ap-
pointed, as soon as he should be regularly notified. Not
having time to examine into the subject of the form prescribed
by law, I promised to see Mr. Johnson again, and to return to
the Executive. I mention this circumstance merely to account
for your not hearing from Mr. Johnson in regard to the loan.
Yesterday, Mr. Gordon moved, in the House of Delegates,
the adoption of a resolution authorizing the Committee of Fi-
nance to enquire and to report to the House, the best means
of paying the debts of the University. It was rejected by an
overwhelming majority. To-day, a similar resolution was moved
by Mr. Loyall, and supported by Mr. Baldwin. The vote
was seventy-odd to ninety-odd. The subject is at rest for this
session. Seme of the friends of the University were opposed
to brinwina: forward the motion at this session. However, Mr.
Johnson, Mr. Loyall, Mr. Baldwin, Mr. Taylor (of Botetourt),
Mr. Bowyer, Mr. Gordon, Mr. Watkins (of Goochland), Gen.
Tucker, &c. &a, being of opinion that the character of the
present Legislature having shewn itself to be very favorable,
we should not lose the opportunity it might afford for getting
the debt remitted ; and the measure being right in itself, and im-
portant to the State, I entirely concurred in the movement of
the question, and wish to share with my friend Gordon in the
responsibility arising out of the proceeding. I know our in-
dulgent friends would forgive us, if we had done wrong. But
the failure of the proposition does not demonstrate that we
were wrong. We have broken the ice, and prepared the public
mind for a future application. Besides, if such men as I have
named above agreed with us, the movement must have been
276 CORRESPONDENCE. [1823.
justified by appearances. We could not dive into the hearts
of members.
I have now a strong wish to return to my family, and as
soon as I can dispose of some small local bills for my district,
I shall go to Williamsburg and remain there, engaged in read-
ing, till our regular meeting in April; when, if life and health
should permit, you may expect to see me at Monticello. We have
done much; but much, ver}'' much remains to be done.* In
the course of the ensuing year, we must avail ourselves of the
press. This Assembly has gone as far as the public mind will
now bear. It is necessary to bring up the people to the level
of the age. Their representatives will readily go along Avith
us. I think the best interests of the institution require that
we should come here for no more money for buildings. Dodd-
ridge and others have told me their patience is thread-bare on
this subject. It is of the utmost importance that the buildings
should be finished with this third loan. Fortunately, no one
thought of limiting the time within which we should avail our-
selves of the power to borrow. Till April the loss of interest
will fall on the literary fund, and not on the University.
I have received a letter from Doctor Jones, of Williamsbo-
rough, North Carolina, formerly Professor of Chemistry in the
College of William & Mary, desiring to know of me if I
thought he could obtain the chemical chair in the University
of Virginia. I have, in reply, advised him to look elsewhere
for promotion. You have already heard from him.
I have found nothing like hostility, this session, from the
delegation about Staunton. Mr. Johnson has made no sort of
opposition to the plan of finishing the buildings. On the con-
trary, he has encouraged the loan for that purpose. Mr.
Sheflfey and Mr. Baldwin have shewn a friendly disposition.
The latter has been very friendly. Mr. Taylor, of Botetourt,
has ably supported us. At one time we feared Doddridge;
* Another proof that the course of the friends of the University was a
"progression by antagonism."
1823.] CORRESPONDENCE. 277
but, I believe, on the whole, his primary school amendment
was of service to us. We have shaken hands and interchanged
cordial congratulations. Mr. Loyall, Mr. Hunter, and many
other gentlemen, have greatly aided us. The Hampden Sid-
ney interest was opposed to us. The influence of William &
Mary, as usual, was adverse; but it is sensibly diminishing.
Mr. Garland, of Amherst, gives us now a pretty uniform sup-
port. I heard of hostile remarks from him early in the session,
but his future course, I think, will be friendly.
I am, dear sir, ever faithfully yours.
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CLII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Williamsburg, 26th February, 1823.
Dear Sir, — The Legislature being on the eve of adjourn-
ment, and all the business of my district, and indeed of the
State in general, being completed, or so nearly so as to admit
of my departure, I left town on the 23d inst. and arrived here
on the evening of the same day.
During the latter part of the session, we provided by law
that Visitors of the University should not lose their seats by
the mere fact of being absent from two successive meetings,
but only after a notification of that fact to the Executive by
the Board of Visitors. I do not recollect whether the provi-
sion had a retrospective bearing, so as to embrace Mr. John-
son's case. Perhaps it did not. I think Mr. Johnson seemed
to wait for you to state to the Governor whether you would
wish him re-appointed. I would take the liberty to recommend
that you should do so. Then you would certainly hear from
him in approbation of the loan.
Gen. Cocke, in a letter lately received from him, expresses
the strongest wish that in contracting for the building of the
278 CORKESPONDENCE. [1823.
library, the undertakers should be bound down to complete it
for a definite amount. This wish is general among- our friends.
Nothing, in my opinion, would be more advantageous or grate-
ful to them. Great fears are entertained that the workmen
will be left too much at large. A strong and general wish
prevails that we should finish the buildings with the third loan.
If we do this, I think all will ultimately succeed. The oppo-
sition in this quarter is broken. I think the enemy is ready
to strike his colors. My friend Doct. Smith confesses that the
public sentiment is decidedly with us; and if he admits it, it
must be so. Through the Senators and Delegates, I have, in
conjunction with the delegates from Albemarle, dispersed the
circulars respecting the Professorship of Agriculture over the
whole State.*
I remain, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CLIII.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, March 12, 1823.
Dear Sir, — Having received from all our brethren appro-
bations of the loan, I authorized Mr. Brockenbrough to engage
■^ Mr. .Jeifcrson's sense of the importance of having Agriculture regularly
taught as a branch of education is expressed in a letter to David Williams, in
1803. (Writings IV. 9.) The Eo kfish report contemplates a chair for that
purpose among those to be established in the University, when its endow-
ments would permit. In the mean time, it was expected that the Theory of
Agriculture would be expounded by the Professor of Chemistry. Whether
this was incompatible with his other duties, or from whatever cause, it has,
we believe, been very inadequately done, or not at all. In 1822, Gen. Cocke
oifered to the Agricuhural Society of Albemarle a series of resolutions, pre-
senting a plan of raising a fund for the endowment of a chair of Agriculture
in the University, by joint contribution of other Agricultural Societies in Vir-
ginia, and of such farmers in the State as approved the measure. The Pres-
ident of the Society, Mr. Madison, prepared a letter in recommendation of
1823.] CORRESPONDENCE. 279
the work of the rotunda, and have it commenced immediately.
We had only two bricklayers and two carpenters capable of
executing it with solidity and correctness ; these had not capi-
tal sufficient for so great an undertaking, nor would they have
risked their little all but for a great advance on the estimated
cost, probably 50 per cent. For this reason, and others very
decisive, Mr. Brockenbrough declined that mode cf engagement,
and, on consideration of his reasons, I approved of them. He
has engaged Thorn & Chamberlain for the brick work, and
Dinsmore & Nelcon for the roof and carpenter's work, on
terms which I think will make our money go the farthest pos-
sible, for good work ; and his engagement is only for the hull
complete. That done, we can pay for it, see the state of our
funds, and engage a portion of the inside work, so as to stop
where our funds may fail, should they fail before its entire
completion. There it may rest ever so long, be used, and not
delay the opening of the institution. The work will occupy
three years. All this will be more fully explained at our
meeting, and will, I hope, receive your approbation. I shall
hope to see you at Monticello the day before, at least. Accept
the assurance of my friendly esteem and respect.
Th : Jefferson.
3fr. Cabell.
the object, and both letter and resolutions were embodied in a Circular by
Mr. Peter Minor, their Secretary, and dispersed through the State in the
mode mentioned by Mr. Cabell. For the resolutions and Mr. Madison's let-
ter, see Skinner's American Farmer, IV. 273.
Some three or four thousand dollars were raised in this way; but the per-
son to whom it was loaned omitting to give security for its return, and his
circumstances having changed, the money was lost. Repeated efforts were
afterwards made by different individuals to procure a special endowment for
such a chair from the Legislature — as by Gov. Barbour, Mr. Edmund RufBn,
and others — but hitherto without effect. See Am. Far. VII. 289, Far. Reg.
II. 703, III. 274, G25, G87, VI. 707. A proposition is now before the Agri-
cultural Society of Virginia for tlie maintenance of such a Professorship with
a part of their funds, and is favored by many. Its fate will probably be
decided at their next annual meetinr; in the coming autumn.
280 CORRESPONDENCE. [1823.
CLIV.
J. C. C. TO T, J.
WiLLiAMSBUEQ, March 24, 1823.
Dear Sir, — I have had the pleasure of receiving your favor
of the 12th instant. I am at all times disposed favorably to
every thing which you think best for the University, and make
no doubt but that on this occasion you have pursued the course
best calculated to promote its interests. I certainly intend to
leave this on Thursday, the 27th instant, and after making a
visit to my farm in Nelson, to come to Monticello on the day
before the next meeting. But something noAV unforeseen may
occur to prevent my coming. I will, therefore, remark to you by
letter, that it is highly probable that our friend General Cocke
may propose at the meeting to adopt a course of proceeding-
somewhat different from the one you seem to have adopted in
regard to the library. He has written to me that he should
propose, first, to pay off all existing debts, and then to adapt
the plan of the library to the residue of the funds. Perhaps
contracts which you have authorized may divert him from this
course. Possibly Mr. Johnson may concur with Gen. Cocke
in this opinion ; but of this I have no evidence. I shall be at
Brcmo on the 29th, when I will endeavor to divert the General
from the course he lately contemplated. I fear, from the indi-
cations furnished by your late letters, that the money will fall
short, Be that as it may, I would venture to recommend to
you, to conduct affairs in such a way as to avoid another appli-
cation to the Legislature for building funds. It appears to me
that the plan you have adopted of engaging for the hull of
the library is a prudent one, in reference to this object. I
earnestly hope that the house may be got into a condition to
be used, with the proceeds of the last loan ; and that we may
be able to make this assurance to the next Assembly, when we
apply for the remission. I am persuaded that this is a point
of great importance. Mr. Doddridge requested me to state to
1823.] CORRESPONDENCE. 281
you that he had supported the third loan, but that his patience
■was worn out, and that another application would not and
could not be received. Such, he said, was the sentiment of all
his friends. It would probably be in itself useful, and very
satisfactory to the Board of Visitors, and the public, if some
unusual degree of care should be given to the subject of the
materials of the library, so as to ensure their being furnished
at prices the most reasonable, and worked up without waste or
imposition. Precautionary measures, such as resolutions of
instruction to the Proctor, and requisitions of particular and
detailed reports, would probably allay the anxiety of some of
the members.
We have a difficult course to steer in the Assembly. Among
the most dangerous of our opponents, are a certain class of
politicians, who are friendly to the University, but very fas-
tidious about the manner in which you conduct it. These per-
sons seem desirous to exhibit themselves in the ranks of its
friends, as leaders whose support is a sine qua non of its exis-
tence, but nothing which they do must imply an approbation
of its management. Perhaps I may be uncharitable ; but it
does appear to me that there is a powerful party in this State,
with whom it is almost a passport to reputation to condemn the
plan and management of the University. They have extended
their influence over some honest and intelligent men, who do
not concur in their political prejudices. Perhaps this may be
the natural result of old political conflicts. Yet I sometimes
think I can see something more.
Another difficulty which embarrasses our course, is that of
not asking too much on the one hand, and not committing our-
selves fmproperly as to the future on the other. I was often
enquired of last winter, as to what we should do about a
library and apparatus. My reply was, that it would certainly
be good policy in the Legislature to grant occasional aids
towards those objects ; but that the institution could go into
operation and flourish without them. I stated that a portion
of the fees of tuition, by a resolution of the Board of Visitors
282 CORRESPONDENCE. [1823.
already adopted, was to pass into tlie coffers of the institution,
and would probably be appropriated to the purchase of books
and apparatus. I think it would be politic and proper, at a
suitable time, to ask the Legislature to anticipate this fund,
by a loan of some 50 or $60,000 for the purchase of books
and apparatus, charging the loan on that portion of the fees as
a sinking fund, and pledging the State merely eventually, by
way of ensuring the success of the loan. Not a man of sense
in the State would deny the great importance of furnishing to
the professors of physical science the means of bringing out
with them from Europe the necessary apparatus collected by
themselves. It would be well not to give currency to this
scheme (should it be approved) till about the time of bringing
it forward. It is the only plan on which I could venture to
approach the Legislature on that branch of our affairs after the
ground we have taken ; but I am strongly in hopes it would
be admissible and successful. I shall be gratified if you and
Mr. Madison would take it under your consideration.
I am, dear sir.
Ever faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CLY.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Edgewood, 27th October, 1823.
Dear Sir, — I herewith return you Mr. Coffey's work on the
State Prison of New York, with my best thanks for the use of
it. I will take the liberty to retain Roscoe's work a little lon-
ger, as I have been so much engaged in my brother's affairs of
late, as to have been unable to read it. I am sorry to inform
you that I am unable to find the Oxford and Cambridge Guide
any where about my house, and that I know not what has
become of it. It is probably in the hands of some one to
1823.] COKKESPONDENCE. 283
Avhom it has been lent, but I fear it will not be recovered. I
will send it to you without delay, if I ever get hold of it.
Looking to a better eventual arrangement of my property, I
became, at my brother's sale, the purchaser of one of his valu-
able tracts of land, formerly a part of my father's estate. This
purchase will greatly augment, for a few years, my pecuniary
diflBculties, and will probably render it necessary for me to
Avithdraw for a time altogether from public business. I shall
attend at the next session of the Legislature, and if I should
sell my farm here or in Lancaster, I might still persevere in
my present com*se. But as neither of these events is probable,
I have thought it proper to apprise you of the purchase, and of
its probable consequences, that you might not be unprepared
with a fit person to execute your views in Europe.*
I am, dear sir.
Ever faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
. Mr. Jefferson.
CLVI.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
I received with real regret yours of October 27. The neces-
sity of looking out for a substitute, obliged me to act immedi-
ately. I consulted Mr. Madison, but it is of great importance
to see you. Pray, therefore, call on me as you go down.
Affectionate salutations.
November 13, 1823.
* Mr. Cabell had, on the urgent instance of Mr. Jefferson and his colleagues,
consented to go to Europe for the pui-pose of employing suitable Professors
for certain of the chairs in the University; but, for the considerations men-
tioned in this letter, was induced to forego his purpose. Mr. Francis W.
Gilmer was selected as his substitute, and discharged his mission to the satis-
faction of all concerned.
284 COKRESPONDENCE. [1823.
CLVIL
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 22cl November, 1823.
Dear Sir, — I arrived at this place on yesterday, and to-day
shall proceed on my journey to the county of Lancaster; but
from my detention in Nelson, in consequence of my late pur-
chase, it will probably be out of my power to get back to the
meeting of the Assembly. Indeed, I fear I shall be compelled
to be absent nearly all the month of December, as I shall pro-
bably have to return to Nelson. As Gen. Breckenridge is in
the House, I presume it would be advisable to take time to get
our measure through. Col. Randolph and himself and others
will be able to chalk out the course most likely to conduct us
to a successful issue. I hope I may be able so to arrange my
affairs as to retain my seat in the Senate till the end of my
term. I shall endeavor to do so, by the employment of the
best managers at high wages. Nothing on earth would give
me more pleasure than to comply with any wish of yours, par-
ticularly in regard to the University, but candor requires me
to state that such is now the posture of my affairs, I shall be
unable to leave the country. I will continue my best en-
deavors to co-operate with you in the State, and for that pur-
pose I hope I shall be able to remain in the Legislature. I
enclose you Roscoe's work, which, from my multiplied engage-
ments of late, I have been unable to read ; but I am unwilling
to keep it from you any longer, and hope you will pardon the
delay which has already taken place.
I am, dear sir,
Faithfully yours,
Jos. C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
l823.] correspondence. 285
CLVIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 3d December, 1823.
Dear Sir, — By the aid of my valuable friend. Col. Boyd,
)f the county of King & Queen, I have been enabled to finish
ny business in the Northei'n Neck, and to return to this place
)n the second of this month. I took my seat in the Senate
;o-day. Finding that my private affairs could be so speedily
idjusted, I returned hastily over stormy rivers, and frozen
roads, to re-join the baud of steadfast patriots engaged in the
lioly cause of the University. I am now fixing myself in my
3ld apartment at the Eagle, where there is a crowd of mem-
bers, and many of them men of influence. I have had but
[ittle opportunity to catch the popular sentiment. The Gov-
3rnor, who is a man of great prudence and discretion, and
mswers all our expectations, has put our claims before the
Legislature in his happiest manner. As far as I can learn,
the public sentiment is decidedly in favor of removing our
debt, I shall go around and endeavor to excite the enthusiasm
of our friends, and to rouse them to action, and to prepare the
public mind before the Senate adjourns. Gordon is in the
Eagle with me. Col. Randolph* is at Mrs. Higginbotham's ;
and I have seen him but for a moment. I shall consult with
them in every thing. Rest assured of my unceasing and un-
changeable devotion.
Your faithful friend,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson,
* Col. Randolph having filled the Gubernatorial chair from 1819 to 1822,
had now re-entered the Legislature as a delegate from Albemarle.
2S6 CORRESPONDENCE. [1823.
CLIX.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 29th December, 1823.
Dear Sir, — I reached this on 26th instant, and have got
into lodgings, and am entering into communications with our
friends on the subject of the University. CoL Randolph has
probably shown you the enclosed documents, but lest he may
have forgotten them, I send you the enclosed copies. I fear
this bill is all we can get. Hearing that the surplus was
ample, I did, till to-day, eulogize our friends on the ability
with which they had taken their position. But on inspection
of the state of the fund, I find there would be a deficiency of
revenue to meet all the appropriations, and our annuity would
fall short. This has filled me with inquietude. Nevertheless,
we hear from Washington that our old claim for interest has
been allowed.* If so, we must at least have it added to the
capital of the fund, and then the surplus would sufiice.
6 P. M. I had written thus far when I had a conversation
with Mr. Loyall. He tells me our friends were aware of the
deficiency of the surplus income of the fund. But the average
amount of undrawn quotcis of the counties were considered
amply suflicient to supply the defect. I again think our posi-
tion is well chosen. Col. Randolph has doubtless explained all
these things to you much better than I can. I trust wc shall
be able to get rid of the debt. And there I fear we shall halt.
I am, dear sir, ever faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
P. S. The college party will be incensed at our taking hold
of the surplus, notwithstanding the pledge of $20,000 of sur-
plus revenue to the colleges some years ago, on the motion of
Mr. Miller, of Powhatan.
Mr. Jefferson.
* We sihall lieai- more of this fuml— of the farther eiForts necessary to se-
cure it, and of the timely and important aid it afforded.
1824.]
CORRESPONDENCE.
287
Jiinuarj 19, 1824.
CLX.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
CLXI.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
CLXII.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
January 23, 1824.
[ The Editor has been unable as yet to procure copies of these letters.
He hopes to supply the omission hereafter.]
January 22, 1824.
CLXIIL
[Anticipating farther success — which is related in the next.]
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, January 26, 1824.
Dear Sir, — I thank you sincerely for your three letters of
19th, 23d and 24th instant, all of which I have shewn to our
friends in the Senate. The University bill is now before the
Senate, and will be acted on in a day or two. I confess I
differ with you as to its importance and character. We do
not here care in the least for the proviso giving to the General
Assembly the power of revocation. You know the University
is at all times, and in all things, subject to the control of the
General Assembly. The annuity cannot be revoked but by
the concurrent vote of both houses, and the Senate will never
concur in any such measure. The provisoes are mere surplus-
age, consented to by our friends to furnish an excuse to waver-
288 CORKESPONDENCE. [1824.
ing men to come over to us. We would gladly take in the back
interest if we could. It is doubtful whether the bill does not
now do it. But I believe we shall be compelled in the Senate
to take awaj all doubt and give it up. We have gained a
great victory. The bill is worth $10,800 per annum to the
University. The word "zwcojjze" is more extensive than "rev-
enue." We shall have the income from fines, &c. to aid the
surplus revenue in satisfying our appropriation. Am I right
in supposing that $50,000, payable in ten annual installments,
for the purchase of books and apparatus, with a power to the
Visitors to anticipate the money, for those purposes, and for
those purposes only, would be a good measure next to be
adopted? I am thinking of it. We can get no more money
for building this year.* I write in haste. I have been con-
fined to my bed a week, and to my room a fortnight, by an
excruciating rheumatic affection of my head, contracted by
sleeping near a damp wall. This is the reason that I have left
altogether to Col. Randolph to inform you of our proceedings.
As soon as the bill passes, I will send you a copy.
Faithfully, yours.
Mr. Jefferson.
Joseph C. Cabell.
CLXIV.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 29th January, 1824.
Dear Sir, — I have now the gratification to enclose you, by
our friend Mr. Garrett, a copy of the University act of the
present session. It passed the Senate unanimously. Attempts
were made to amend it; but we were determined to pass the
bill as it came to us ; because our friends in the other house
warned us of the imminent danger of its return. I was ill
* Ecce iterum.
1824,] CORRESPONDENCE. 289
in bed Vfhen the proviso to which you so much object was added
to the bill. It was deemed perfectly harmless by our friends,
and userul as furnishing an excuse to some who wanted an ex-
cuse to join us. We are all concerned to find you so much
opposed to it, and still hope you Avill be reconciled. After it
was proposed, it would have been difficult to resist it; and
when engrafted on the bill, an attempt to strike it from the
bill would have endangered our success. We had always
plumed ourselves on our democratic character. We had fought
the college party with that clause in our charter which says,
" the University shall be at all times, and in all things, subject
to the control of the General Assembly." We were seizing
on all occasions to engraft a similar provision on new charters.
If on this we had shewn a distrust incompatible with former
professions, our good faith would have been impeached, and
we should have alienated our most powerful friend, the Gen-
eral Assembly of the State. The annuity cannot be withdrawn
but by a concurrent vote of the two houses, and I think the
time will never come when such a vote will be obtained. Such
is the opinion of all the four Visitors in town. We shall want
further aids in future, and it would be unfortunate to lose any
portion of the favor we now possess. Col. Randolph concurs
in these views. So does Mr. Gordon. I suggested in my last
the idea of trying to obtain $50,000, in ten annual install-
ments, for the library and apparatus. Perhaps $40,000 would
be more apt to succeed ; and I wish to know your views as to
the adequacy and expediency of either provision. I incline
to think nothing of the kind can succeed this session. But I
have a scheme in contemplation,* of which I will say more in
future. *********
* * Gen. Cocke and myself have long been thinking
of Chancellor Carr as the Law Professor; and we would be
happy if there could be no commitment on that question. Mr.
* For an account of tliis, and of the tempest evoked by its enunciation, see
beloAr, letter 1G6.
19
290 CORRESPONDENCE. [1824.
Carr's happy temper and manners, and dignified character, to
say nothing of his talents and acquirements, induced us to
think of him, as the head of the institution.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CLXV.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTicELLO, February 23, 1824.
Dear Sir, — I am favored with your two letters of January
26 and 29, and am glad that yourself and the friends of the
University are so well satisfied that the provisoes amendatory
of the University act are mere nullities. I had not been able
to put out of my head the Algebraical equation, which was
among the first of my college lessons, that a — a=0. Yet I
cheerfully arrange myself to your opinions. I did not sup-
pose, nor do I now suppose, it possible that both houses of the
Legislature should ever consent, for an additional fifteen thou-
sand dollars of revenue, to set all the professors and students
of the University adrift; and if foreigners will have the same
confidence which we have in our Legislature, no harm will have
been done by the provisoes.
You recollect that Ave had agreed that the Visitors who are
of the Legidature should fix on a certain day of meeting after
the rising of the Assembly, to put into immediate motion the
measures which this act was expected to call for. You will of
course remind the Governor that a re-appointment of Visitors
is to be made on the day following Sunday, the £9th of this
month; and as he is to appoint the day of their first meeting,
it would be well to recommend to him that which our brethren
there shall fix on. It may be designated by the Governor as
the 3d, 4th, &c. day after the rising of the Legislature, which
will give it certainty enough.
1824.] COKRESPONDENCE. 291
You ask what sum would be desirable for the purchase of
books and apparatus? Certainly the largest you can obtain.
Forty or fifty thousand dollars would enable us to purchase the
most essential books of text and reference for the schools, and
such an apparatus for Mathematics, Astronomy and Chem.istry
as may enable us to set out with tolerable competence, if we
can, through the banks or otherwise, anticipate the whole sum
at once.
I remark what you say on the subject of committing our-
selves to any one for the Law appointment. Your caution is
perfectly just. I hope, and am certain, that this Avill be the
standing law of discretion and duty Avith every member of our
Board in this and all cases. You know that we have all, from
the beginning, considered the high qualifications of our pro-
fessors as the only means by which we could give to our insti-
tution splendor and pre-eminence over all its sister seminaries.
The only question, therefore, we can ever ask ourselves, as to
any candidate, will be, is he the most highly qualified? The
College of ****** has lost its character of primacy by indulg-
ing motives of favoritism and nepotism, and by conferring
appointments as if the professorships were entrusted to them
as provisions for their friends. And even that of Edinburgh,
you know, is also much lowered from the same cause. We are
next to observe, that a man is not qualified for a professor,
knowing nothing but merely his own profession. He should
be otherwise well educated as to the sciences generally; able
to converse understandingly with the scientific men with whom
he is associated, and to assist in the councils of the Faculty on
any subject of science on which they may have occasion to
deliberate. Without thir-, he will incur their contempt and
bring disreputation on the institution. With respect to the
professorship you mention, I scarcely know any of our judges
personally ; but I will name, for example, the late Judge *****y
who, I believe, was generally admitted to be among the ablest
of them. His knowledge was confined to the common law
merely, which does not constitute one-half the qualification of
292 CORRESPONDENCE. [1824.
a really learned lawyer, mvicli less that of a Professor of Law
for an University. And as to any other branches of science,
he must have stood mute in the presence of his literary associ-
ates, or of any learned strangers or others visiting the Univer-
sity. Would this constitute the splendid stand we propose to
take?
The individual named in your letter is one of the best, and
to mo the dearest of living men. From the death of his
father, my most cherished friend, leaving him an infant in the
arms of my sister, I have ever looked on him as a son. Yet
these are considerations which can never enter into the question
of his qualifications as a Professor of the University. Suppose
all the chairs filled in similar degree, would that present the
object which we have proposed to ourselves, and promised to
the liberalities and expectations of our country? In the course
of the trusts which I have exercised through life, with powers
of appointment, I can say with truth, and unspeakable com-
fort, that I never did appoint a relation to office, and that
merely because I never saw the case in which some one did not
ofi'er or occur, better qualified ; and I have the most unlimited
confidence that in the appointment of Professors to our nurs-
ling institution, every individual of my associates will look
with a single eye to the sublimation of its character, and adopt
as our sacred motto, ^'- detur digniorV In this way it will
honor us, and bless our country.
I perceive that I have permitted my reflections to run into
generalities beyond the scope of the particular intimation in
your letter. I will let them go, however, as a general confes-
sion of faith, not belonging merely to the present case. Name
me affectionately to our brethren with you, and be assured
yourself of my constant friendship and respect.
Th: Jefferson.
Mr Cabell.
1824.] CORRESPONDENCE. 293
CLXYI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, February 10, 1824.
Dear Sir, — I received in due time by the mail your favor
of the 3d iust. I have not written in reply, because I have
been absorbed in the discharge of my duties at this place.
From the first moment I heard of the bill to re-charter the
Farmers Bank, I fixed upon it as furnishing a good opportu- '
nity to provide the fifty thousand dollars for our library and
apparatus. I mentioned my views to Mr. Garrett when he was
in town ; and was actuated by these views when I wrote you
for your opinion as to a suitable sum for those purposes. I
kept my secret, even from the Visitors, and even my brother
and most intimate friends, till about the time the bill passed
the House of Delegates. The bankers called on me and re-
quested my co-operation in getting the Bank re-chartered,
which I promised in the event of being satisfied as to the
terms. The House of Delegates passed the bill without de-
manding any bonus. When I announced my views in the
Senate, seventeen Senators declared themselves on my side.
But, as I expected, I instantly found myself in tlie midst of a
hornet's nest. What, with the active opposition of stock-
holders, debtors, directors and officers, a prodigious ferment
was excited and still prevails ; and I have lost the majority in
the Senate. I have made, and am still making, every exertion
in my power to compel the bankers to unite with us; and I
have still hopes of success. But defeat is not improbable.
Yet what a victory would not this be! At such a time — for
such an object — against such a host of opponents ! Col. Ran-
dolph, Mr. Gordon, Gen. Breckenridge, and others, are breast-
ing the storm below. I have a decided majority of the Senate
in favor of the measure ; but some are afraid of losing the bill
by our amendments. Perhaps the struggle will not be over
before the return of the mail; and I should be extremely glad
294 CORKESPONDENCE. [1824.
to receive from you a few lines to animate our friends and
re kindle their zeal. Probably your letter would get here
before the final vote on our amendments in the House of Del-
egates. I have seen the Governor on the subject of the next
meeting, and shall make suitable arrarigements with the other
Visitors.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Jos. C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
P. S. We shall probably carry a bonus in the Senate. If
the appropriation to the University fails in the Senate, I still
hope it will be carried belov/, as an amendment to our amond-
ment.
CLXVIL
J. C. C. TO T, J.
Richmond, 7th March, 1824.
Dear Sir, — I presume you have already been informed, by
Col. Randolph, of the result of our long continued struggles
for the bonus of the Farmers Bank. We have been compelled
to relinquish it to the improvement fund, and to accept
an equivalent out of the balance of the debt due from the
General Government. Never have I known so obstinate a
struggle between the two Houses of Assembly. Mr. Johnson
has shewn himself, throughout this affair, the sincere friend of
the University. He has risen greatly in my esteem. Colonel
Randolph and Mr. Gordon, in the House of Delegate?, did
every thing that could be expected of them. Nearly every
other delegate from my district stood against us, at the most
critical period of our contest. You can hardly imagine the
obloquy to which this business subjected me. I have been
abused all around the town, and by a great portion of the
Assembly. But I held my onward course, regardless of the
1824.] CORRESPONDENCE. 295
efforts of every description made by friends and foes to arrest
me. I resolved to ride tlirougli on the back of the Farmers
Bank, and would never be dismounted. Since the contest has
terminated, public opinion and feeling towards me have greatly
changed, except among the ******^ -who are sorely vexed
at our success. I refer you to Colonel Randolph for a more
particular history of this contest. For my part, I have scarcely
seen the earth on which I walked for a month past ; and I feel
tired and greatly anxious to return to my family.
The claim on the General Government is of two descriptions,
viz : for principal advanced and interest paid on that principal.
As to the first, the vouchers have been lost, and I apprehend
the debt is desperate. The second, Mr. Johnson considers as
principal, although it is called interest; and he thinks the
claim irresistible. I have this evening held a long conversa-
tion with the Governor on this subject. Some month or two
ago. Col. Barbour M'rote on to the Governor for a statement of
the interest paid by Virginia, on account of the United States.
The Auditor, after a laborious research, has recently finished
the account, and it is now in the hands of the Governor. He
could not readily turn to it, so as to let me see the amount,
but I presume it exceeds our appropriation. On this foun-
dation repose our hopes of success. Early in the session of
Congress, Col. Barbour introduced a bill giving authority to
some officer of the Government to settle our claim on equitable
principles, but it failed. If Mr. Johnson's opinion be correct,
I presume an act of Congress would not be necessary. But
whether an act be proper and necessary or not, I am consider-
ing of the best means of securing the payment of the claim,
I wished Mr. Johnson to undertake to go as agent to Wash-
ington, but this he positively refuses, on the ground of his
determination never to fill an ofiice which he has assisted in
creating. It has occurred to my mind, that a memorial from
yourself to the Government would have a powerful effect, and
especially if a resort to Congress should be necessary. But I
hope you will consider of the matter and suggest whatever you
296 CORRESPONDENCE. [1824.
may think for the best. I have written to Mr. Hay to inform
him of our success, and with the hope that such an annun-
ciation would make powerful friends at Washington. You and
Mr. Madison, and the President, I trust, will prevent the
defeat of our hopes. This appropriation will place us beyond
the reach of pretended friendship and open hostility. This
hope has induced me to run the risk of an entire overthrow of
my standing in my district. A faction was eagerly preparing
for the sacrifice. Eut our success here has defeated them
there.
Our session is so protracted, that the Governor and the
Visitors in town have thought it best to have our next meeting
on the first Monday in April.
I leave this for Williamsburg on the 10th instant.
I enclose two schemes of Professorships by Mr. Gilmer, who
drew them up without knowing of the one you enclosed me.
He wished me to erase the last salary in each scheme, as he
might be thought interested ; but I send you the paper as I
received it. He has been expecting to hear from you.
From my not receiving a reply to my last, I presume you
are unwilling to promote the re-establishment of any bank.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CLXVIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Williamsburg, 17th March, 1824.
Dear Sir, — On the 21st instant I shall take passage in the
steamboat for the city of Washington. Mv stav there will be
short, but I will endeavor to collect and bring you all the
information I can obtain relative to the claim of the Uni-
versity. You are the best judge of the measures proper to
ensure the recovery of this just debt; but I beg leave to urge
1824.] CORKESPONDENCE. 297
the importance of letters addressed by yourself and Mv. Madi-
son to such persons as you may think best calculated to pro-
mote your views. I shall probably come directly from Wash-
ington to Monticello. I hope you will excuse my delay in
returning you Russell's tract on the Universities of Great
Britain. I ran over the book hastily and handed it to General
Breckenridge, accompanied by your message. His engage-
ments in the Assembly caused it to remain long in his posses-
sion. At length I obtained it from him, and next delivered it
to Mr. Johnson, in -whose hands it was when I left town. Mr.
Loyall has never seen it. Mr. Johnson will forward or bring
it to you. Great excitement was produced by our proceedings
at the last session. It is very important that we should suc-
ceed at Washington. We have exhausted the favor of the
Assembly, and we must not ask for a cent at the next session ;
if Ave do, we shall be turned off by a large majority. Such is
the general impression. I w^as very much blamed by incon-
siderate friends for asking for the bonus ; many invidious
remarks were made around the town, even by some of the
judges who had formerly been our staunch friends ; and
both town and Assembly were in universal uproar. Except
Col. Randolph and Mr. Gordon, I believe, the whole delegation
from my district were in full outcry against me. These gen-
tlemen could not originate the measure in the House of Dele-
gates ; if they had done so, the bonus would have gone, of
course, to the improvement fund. I waited for that House to
commit itself to a relinquishment of the bonus to the bank, so
as to clear away the claim of the fund, and then I set up the
claim of the University. I mentioned my views to Mr. Gar-
rett, as he was leaving town, subsequently to Mr. Bowyer ;
and with these exceptions I was silent till the bill was passing
the House of Delegates. I knew the game was hazardous,
especially to my personal popularity in my district. But the
University, James river and Bank interests, I thought, would
bear us through. After the bank was secured, we were on the
eve of overthrow by the James river interest. They wanted
N
298 COKRESPONDENCE. [1824.
the bonus to pay the interest of their intended loans, and set
up the doctrine of pledges against us. It was with difficulty
we adjusted the matter by the compromise which took place.
I believed, and it was afterwards admitted, that we mi'-^ht have
got the bonus, if the Senate had stood out — but there were six
senators swayed by the position of the branches of the bank
with respect to their districts. They wished us success, but
they could not venture beyond a certain point. I knew every
mind and every thought. Johnson and myself, therefore,
determined to give up the bonus for an equivalent out of the
debt. At that period we should certainly have been defeated
in the Senate, had we attempted to persist in the original
scheme. Ultimately we made strong appeals to the pride of
the Senate, and with the aid of the excitement produced by
the opposition, screwed them up to an adherence, so as to
throw the responsibility of the last vote on the House of Dele-
gates. I was amused at the exultation with which certain per-
sons from my district anticipated my downfall. I was to be
an object of universal detestation for bringincr ruin on the
district, and was to be hurled from the Senate at the next
election. I refer you to Col. Randolph and Mr. Gordon for
evidence on this subject. After the bill passed, there was,
indeed, a change of scone. Shame and discomfiture were
hurled upon the heads of our opponents. Many of those who
had been most illiberal in their judgments and strictures on
my course, came forward and frankly acknowledged their
errors, and did us ample justice. I beg to be excused for these
egotisms, which a sense of past injury has wrung from me.
Mr. Johnson thinks the claim a good one. In one week from
this time I Avill know the impression at Washington. What
little I can do, shall be done to benefit the scheme. But one
line from yourself and Mr. Madison will do more than all the
members of Assembly could say on this subject.
Of the importance of this appropriation, ample evidence is
furnished by the conduct of the professors of this college.
Opposition is extinct. The tone is totally changed. They
1824.] CORRESPONDENCE. 299
have not said it, but I can see distinctly that thej regard the
condition and prospects of this college as highly perilous. The
situation of these professors is calculated to excite sympathy.
I think the President would gladly accept a professorship in
the University, as would also Campbell and Rogers. If they
were sure of their fixed salaries, they would be better recon-
ciled to the course of events. But there are now but thirty-
two students, and on the opening of the University a further
reduction may be anticipated. I know your liberal feelings to
all men of letters ; and if justice to the public (which is the
polar star) will allow anything to be done, it should be done in
favor of these men. I merely mention the subject with the
feelings it is calculated to excite, but make no definite propo-
sition. I fear nothing can be done.
I am, dear sir, ever faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CLXIX.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
City of Wasuington, April 1, 1824.
Dear Sir, — My plan was to leave the city to-day, so as to
get to Monticello on Saturday. But finding I cannot reach
the point I desired in time to do so, I must now defer my
departure till Saturday or Sunday, when I expect to set out
on my return, and taking the Monday's stage from Frede-
ricksburg arrive at Monticello on Tuesday. Should I not
come myself, 3'ou may expect to receive a letter from me. But
it is my intention at this time to come ; and my object is to
endeavor to procure ad interim such a recognition of our claim
by the Cabinet as Avill be satisfactory to the Board of Public
Works in Virginia. The President and Mr. Wirt are both very
friendly, and have received me in the kindest manner. Mr.
Crawford was very decisive in our favor. And all the other
300 CORRESPONDENCE. [1824.
members probably are well disposed. When I came here, the
business was at a stand. An abortive movement had been
made by Col. Barbour in the Senate, Such was Mr. Mercer's
statement, who was under the impression that the delegation
should first have been called together, concert ensured, and an
Executive recommendation procured, before any movement
was made in Congress. He advised me to try the Cabinet,
although he thought I should not succeed. I had spoken with
all the Secretaries, except Mr. Adams, and had a formal inter-
view with Mr. Calhoun, at his office, who recognized the justice
of the claim, but said that the usage of the department on
the subject of interest could only be changed by an act of Con-
gress. I had commenced a letter to the Secretary of War, at
the private instance of Mr. Monroe and Mr. Wirt, when the
communication of our Governor, covering an able exposition of
our claim by Mr. Johnson, arrived. A meeting of the dele-
gation was next had. at the instance of Colonel Bai'bour, and
he was authorized to bring the subject before the Executive
through the Department of War. I confess I was surprised
at so unexpected a movement ; and I still think, that when the
subject of the appropriation is discussed in Congress, this
intermediate appeal to the Executive, by the delegation, will
be of no service with the delegations of the other States. To
prevent any misapprehensions of my motives and course, I
waited on Col. Barbour, and explained to him my particular
views, which were, pending the delays of legislation, to get
the Cabinet, if possible, to say, that under the existing laws of
the United States the claim stands on the same footing as
would a claim for principal, and that nothing but an act of
Congress making the appropriation is necessary. He appeared
to be entirely satisfied. I think the board ought to be satisfied
with such a recognition, and lend us the bonus. The steps
which I have taken, and am taking, spring from a desire to
promote the views of all the Visitors. If you will adjourn
over for one day, perhaps I may be able to bring you the deci-
sion of the Cabinet. They will not meet before to-morrow,
1824.] CORRESPONDENCE. 301
and I know not how long it will take to make up their deci-
sion. I enclose a paper which Col. Monroe requested me to
shew you. He says that Percival and Torrey were considered
very able men, and Torrey he regards as the best appointment
for the chemical chair in our University. He requested me to
state to you, that he regarded it as all important to get as
many of the professors as possible from this country. He
appears to be very friendly to all your views.
If I should not come by the stage on Tuesday, you would
oblige me by directing my servant to return home with my
horses, on Wednesday morning ; and in the interim after his
arrival to wait for me at the tavern in Charlottesville.
My best respects attend Mr. Madison and all the Visitors.
I remain, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
P. S. I have opened my letter to inform you that Colonel
Barbour, of the Senate, has just called, and indicates every
disposition to aid me in the accomplishment of my object. He
seems to approve of the ground I have taken, and of the letter,
which I noiv propose to address to the President.^' This busi-
ness has engaged nearly all my time. I hope, to-morrow, to
pay more attention to my private claim.
CLXX.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
EcfiEwooD, 8th April, 1821.
Dear Sir, — This will be delivered to you by my servant
Archer, who comes down with the horse you were so good as to
lend me. I took the liberty to keep him longer than I pro-
mised, because, on getting to Col. John Coles's, I found both
* See Appendix, N.
302 COKKESPONDENCE. [1824.
himself and his brother Tucker, together with their families,
were setting out to see Lady SkipAvith, and all their riding
horses seemed to be in requisition. I shall remain at home but
a few days, and then return to the lower country. It will be
some time in the month of May before I arrive here with my
family.
I am, dear sir, ever faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
P. S. I will write to Mr. Maclure from Williamsburg.
CLXXI.
(circular.) T. J. TO J. c. c.
MoNTiCELLO, April 9, 1824.
Dear Sir, — NotAvithstanding the reduction which was made
in the rents proposed, it appears that that on the salaries will
so much enlarge our surplus, that Ave may very safely engage
eight professors and still have a surplus this year of $6000,
and annually after of $5,024. The opportunity of procuring
the anatomical professor is so advantageous, that I propose to
make the provisional instruction for his engagement absolute.
On this subject I ask your opinion, to be given to me without
delay, that it may be in time to be acted on. The statements
beloAV Avill enable you to form your opinion.
Accept assurances of my esteem and respect.
Th: Jefferson.
Jostyh C. Cabell, Esq.
Estimated Account for 1824.
Current expenses of the institution for this year, 4,500
Expense of procuring professors, 1,500
Salaries of eight professors, for October, November, December, 3,000
Surplus for apparatus, books, contingencies, 6,000
To be paid by the annuity of 1824, $15,000
1824.] CORRESPONDENCE. 303
Annual Account after 1824, as may he now estimated.
Income annuity, 15,000
Rent of six hotels, at §150, 900
One hundred dormitories, at 816, 1,600
Nine smaller dormitories, at %\?., 108
University rent on 218 students, at $12, $2,616
Expenditure, current expenses of the institution, 3,000
Eight professors, at 81,500 each, 12,0li0
A military instructor, 200
Surplus for apparatus, books, contingencies, $5,024
$20,224
S20 2'>4
This year's surplus of $6,000 will afford for text books $1,000.
Apparatus: Chemical, $1,000; Anatomical, $1,000; Astronomical,
Physical, Mathematical, $3,000.
CLXXII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Bremo, April IG, 1824.
Dear Sir, — Your favor of the 9tli instant was delivered to
me by my servant on the 11th. I deferred writing till now,
because I thought my answer would not reach you as soon by
the mail from Warminster, as by that from Columbia, which
place I shall pass in a few hours from this time, on my journey
to the lower country. I was very much pleased at the limita-
tion of the foreign professors to a moiety of the whole number.
I thought I could see advantages in this limitation, which I
attempted to explain to the Board of Visitors. I need not
repeat wdiat I said upon this subject. The Professor of Anat-
omy is not, like the Professor of Law and Politics, and the
Professor of Ethics, connected with a science calculated to
give tone and direction to the public mind, on the most im-
304 CORRESPONDENCE. [1823.
portant subjects that can occupy tlie human understanding.
It is of the class of Professorships ■which may be prudently
filled by foreigners. For this reason, and because the difi"er-
ence between five and six is but one ; and above all, because
you are an infinitely better judge of the subject than I am,
and it is my greatest happiness to give you pleasure upon any
and upon all occasions, you may consider me as yielding my
assent to your proposition to instruct the agent to engage the
Anatomical Professor in Europe. I am hurrying on to rejoin
my family, and write in great haste.
I am, dear sir.
Ever faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
I concur with Mr. Cabell in the above.
John H. Cocke.
CLXXIII.
[A new subject is bi-ouglit before us in the following letter. The ancient
college of William & Mary, -which, during the interregnum that followed the
decease of Bishop Madison, its former President, had much declined, and
which had for some years, under the auspices and management of President
Smith, happily revived, was again in a depressed condition. This gentleman
seeing no immediate prospect of a change in its fortunes for the better, con-
ceived the project of its removal to the city of Richmond, and of uniting
therewith a medical school. AVhile this was favored by most of the Faculty,
and certain other friends of the institution, as the only probable method of
restoring its efficiency, it was warmly resisted by a greater number in the
vicinity and the lower counties generally, who could not look calmly on a
scheme which, if successful, would have been productive of injury to personal
and vested interests, and the occasion of a violent disruj)tiou of cherished
local and Jiistorical associations. Nevertheless, the plan was persisted in : a
petition for leave to carry it out was presented to the Legislature, and was
advocated by the President at the bar of the House. The proposition was
favored \>y a portion of that body and by the powerful influence of the city of
Richmond. Having been previously much canvassed in the newspapers, it
here underwent a second discussion, which called forth the most poweiful
efforts of friends and opponents.
Among the latter were i\lr. Cabell and other friends of the University, who
thought they saw in its success a dangerous rival to that institution which
1824.] CORRESPONDEXCE. 305
had cost them so much time and labor, and who honestly believed that Vir-
ginia did not need, as she could not maintain more than one such, as they
were still endeavoring to establish. This, with its collateral topics, is the
theme and burden of many of the subsequent letters. His opposition was based,
not on hostility to William & Mary or its existing authorities, but, proceed-
ing on a principle analogous to self-defence, he felt justified in resorting to a
weapon, the use of which, under other circumstances, might have been re-
garded as ungenerous, and which was abandoned by him on the failure of the
petition. This college was viewed by him not as a private corporation, but
as a public charity. Its endowment having been principally contributed by
the authorities of Virginia when a colony, its control was thought to devolve
as of right on Virginia as a State. If the college, no longer able to retain its
rank as such, must descend to the scale of an academy, what should hinder
the State — sufficient funds being reserved for the discharge of this lower
function — from reclaiming the surplus and appropriating it to the support of
education in other parts of the State where it was most needed. But these
and other matters are fully set forth in the letters themselves, and certain
papers in the Appendix.]
J. C. C. TO T. J.
WiLLiAMSBUKG, 5th May, 1824.
Dear Sir, — A scheme is now in agitation at this place, the
object of which is to remove the college of William & Mary to
the city of Richmond. All the Professors of the college, ex-
cept the Professor of Law, are decidedly in favor of it. Chan-
cellor Brown and others, of the Board of Visitors, will give it
their support. What number of the Visitors will come into it,
I am not informed ; but the friends of the measure expect a
majority. The plan, as yet, is a topic of private conversation
at this place, but it is coming out, as Mr. Brown has publicly
spoken of it at the post-office, as an expedient measure, greatly
approved, and publicly advocated by all parties in Richmond.
Mr. Loyall called here a few days ago on his way from Rich-
mond to Norfolk, and informed me that Mr. Ritchie, Mr.
Nicholas, and others, spoke to him warmly in favor of the
scheaie. It will most unquestionably be attempted, and will
be powerfully supported. Bishop Moore is one of the Visitors.
The clergy, the Federal party, the metropolis, and probably
the faculty of medicine throughout the State, will advocate the
removal. The motives of the three first are obvious. The
20
306 CORKESPONDENCE. [1824.
medical faculty are seeking to establish a medical school at the
seat of government, and probably a part of the scheme "will be
to give the college a direction that way, and profit of their
extended influence. The scheme ■will be much opposed by the
inhabitants of Williamsburg, headed by Judge Semplc and Col.
Bassett, ■who -will create a hot party in this section of the
State. But knowing, as I do, the po\yerful influences that
"^'ill be brought to bear in its favor, I should not be surprised
if the Board of Visitors should be brouo-ht over to sin;n a
petition to the Assembly to authorize a removal, especially as
the impression is general that the college "will otherwise cer-
tainly fall. I think they calculate largely on the support of
Mr. Johnson in the Senate, whom I expect the party for re-
moval will endeavor to run into the Senate from this district
in place of Mr. Clopton, at the end of his present term. I
expect they also count on Mr. Garnett and others recently
elected to the House of Delegates. The loss of the buildings
here would probably be compensated by donations from the
corporation of Richmond, or from the General Assembly. The
capital of the college is upwards of $100,000. I see that this
subject is to occupy much of the attention of the State, and I
consider it a duty to give you information of the existence of
the scheme. What part the friends of the University ought to
take on this question, it becomes us promptly to decide. The
situation in which we are placed, calls for the exercise of more
than ordinary discretion. We have always avoAved that we
sought not, and would not interfere with the capital of the col-
lege. We have said, "keep your college and your endow-
ments ; we want not to meddle with you ; but you shall not
prevent the improvement of the State." The college now will
say we cannot flourish in a sickly site. If you will move us
to the seat of government, we shall be able to do more public
good. The medical faculty, too, may fiay, the State wants a
medical school, and there can be no hospitals at the University.
Let us turn the college into a medical school at Richmond,
•where we can give clinical lectures. Some diflSculties to this
1824.] CORRESPONDEISrCE. ' 307
latter plan would grow out of the private interests of the pre-
sent professors, particularly those of the Professor of Mathe-
matics. But as the Professor of Law would of course remain
here, and two of the Professors are physicians, some provision
would probably be made for the Mathematical Professor, so as
to accommodate his interests to the plan. My present opinion
is decidedly opposed to the plan ; because I know that the col-
lege would be made a rival to the University, and we should
lose in that institution more than we should gain in the college.
If a new destination is to be given to the capital of the college,
why not endow academies therewith over the whole face of the
Commonwealth. We were told some winters ago, by the col-
lege party, we do not want an University — we want academies.
Now we may say to the State, we do not want a college at
Richmond — we want preparatory seminaries over the whole
face of the country. But to oppose an institution struggling
to save itself, and to thwart the natural endeavors of literary
men to advance their fortunes, is truly painful. Yet are we to
suffer the labors of so many years to be blasted by an unneces-
sary and destructive competition ? Most assuredly we must
not. But can the subjects be reconciled? Would it be pru-
dent to co-operate in the plan of a medical seminary at Rich-
mond ? Some winters back my respect for your better judg-
ment restrained me from active support to my medical friends
at Richmond. I am pretty confident that whatever plans may
be avowed of giving to the college a preparatory character, or
that of a medical school, rivalry must still be the object and
end of the scheme. Mr. Loyall concurs in these views, but
his opinion is not finally made up ; and I wish the advice of
yourself and Mr. Madison. It is now time to look into the
charter, and ascertain what may be done, consistently, with
the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of the Dart-
mouth College. From private conferences with a professor of
the college, there is reason to conjecture that the Board of
Visitors will divide as follows on the question of removal :
For Removal. — Bishop Moore, Mr. Scott of the Council, Col.
308 CORRESPONDENCE. [1824.
Macon of New Kent, Mr. Saunders of Williamsburg, Chancel-
lor Brown, Dr. Charles Everett, Mr. Hugh Nelson, Mr. L. W.
Tazewell.
Against Removal. — Col. Bassett, Major Griffin of York, Dr.
Gait of Williamsburg, Mr. John W. Sowell of Gloucester.
Doubtful. — Major Prior of Elizabeth City, Mr. John Tyler,
Mr. Wm. Armistead of King William, Mr. N. Faulcon.
There are three vacancies to be filled, the whole number
being nineteen. I shall leave this to-morrow for Corrottoman.
I shall be in Richmond from 20th to 28th of the month ; and
after that at Warminster.
I am, dear sir.
Faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CLXXIV.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, May IG, 1824.
Dear Sir, — Your favor of the 5th from Williamsburg has
been duly received, and presents to us a case of pregnant
character, admitting important issues, and requiring serious
consideration and conduct. Y^et I am more inclined to view it
with hope than dismay. It involves two questions. 1. Shall
the college of William & Mary be removed ? 2d. To what
place ? As to the first, I never doubted the lawful authority
of the Legislature over the college, as being a public institu-
tion, endowed from the public property, by the public agents
for that function, and for public purposes. Some have doubted
this authority without a relinquishment of what they call a
vested right, by the body corporate ; but as their voluntary
relinquishment is a circumstance of the case, it is relieved
from that doubt. I certainly never wished that my venerable
1824.] COEHESPONDENCE. 309
Alma Mater should be disturbed. I considered it as an actual
possession of that ancient and earliest settlement of our fore-
fathers, and was disposed to see it yielded as a courtesy, rather
than taken as a right. They, however, are free to renounce a
benefit, and we to receive it. Had we dissolved it on the
principle of right, to give a direction to its funds more useful
to the public, the professors, although their chartered tenure
is during pleasure only, might have reasonably expected a vote
of a year or two's salary, as an intermediate support until they
could find other employment for their talents. And, notwith-
standing that their abandonment is voluntary, this should still
be given them. On this first question, I think we should be
absolutely silent and passive, taking no part in it until the old
institution is loosened from its foundation, and fairly placed on
its wheels.
2. On the second question, to what place shall it be re-
moved ? we may take the field boldly. Richmond, it seems,
claims it, but on what ground of advantage to the public ?
When the professors, their charter and funds shall be trans-
lated to Richmond, will they become more enlightened there
than at the old place ? Will they possess more science ? be
more capable of communicating it, or more competent to raise
it from the dead, in a new seat, than to keep it alive in the
ancient one ? Or has Richmond any peculiarities more favor-
able for the communication of the sciences generally, than the
place which the Legislature has preferred and fixed on for that
purpose? This will not be pretended. But it seems they
possess advantages for a medical school. Let us scan them.
Anatomy may be as completely taught at the University as at
Richmond. The only subjects of dissection which either place can
count on, are equally acquirable at both. And as to medicine,
whatever can be learnt from lectures or books, may be taught
at the University of Virginia as well as at Richmond, or even at
Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, or Boston, with the inesti-
mable additional advantage of acquiring at the same time the
kindred sciences by attending the other schools. But Rich-
310 COERESPONDENCE. [1824.
mond thinks it can have a hospital -which will furnish subjects
for the clinical branch of medicine. The classes of people
which furnish subjects for the hospitals of Baltimore, Philadel-
phia, New York, and Boston, do not exist at Richmond. The
shipping constantly present at those places furnish many pa-
■ tients. Is there a ship at Richmond ? The class of white
servants in those cities, which is numerous and pennyless, and
whose regular resource in sickness is always the hospital, con-
stitutes the great body of their patients. This class does not
exist at Richmond. The servants there are slaves, whose
masters are, by law, obliged to take care of them- in sickness,
as in health, and who could not be admitted into a hospital.
These resources then being null, the free inhabitants alone
remain for a hospital at Richmond. And I will ask how many
families in Richmond would send their husbands, wives, or
children to a hospital, in sickness ? to be attended by nurses
hardened by habit against the feelings of pity, to lie in public
rooms, harrassed by the cries and suiTerings of disease under
every form, alarmed by the groans of the dying, exposed as a
corpse, to be lectured over by a c^anical professor, to be crowd-
ed and handled by his students, to hear their case learnedly
explained to them, its threatening symptoms developed, and
its probable termination foreboded ? In vindication of Rich-
mond, I ma}'- surely answer, that there is not in the place a
family so heartless, as relinquishing their own tender cares of
a child or parent, to abandon them in sickness to this last
resource of poverty. For it is poverty alone which peoples
hospitals ; and those alone who are on the charities of their
parish would go to their hospital. Have they paupers enough
to fill a hospital ? and sickness enough among these ? One
reason alleged for the removal of the college to Richmond is,
that Williamsburg is sickly and Richmond healthy. The lat-
ter then being little sickly, is happily little apt for the situa-
tion of a hospital. No, sir, Richmond is no place to furnish
subjects for clinical lectures. I have always had Norfolk in
view for this purpose. The climate and Pontine country
1824.] CORRESPONDENCE. 311
around Norfolk render it truly sickly in itself. It is moreover
the rendezvous not only of the shipping of commerce, but of
the vessels of the public navy. The United States have there
a hospital already established, and supplied with subjects from
these local circumstances. I had thought, and have men-
tioned to yourself and our colleagues, that when our medical
school has got well under way, we should propose to the fede-
ral government the association with that establishment, and at
our own expense, of the clinical branch of our medical school,
so that our students after qualifying themselves with the other
branches of the science here, might complete their course of
preparation by attending clinical lectures for six or twelve
months at Norfolk,
But that Richmond has a claim, as being the seat of govern-
ment. The indisposition of Richmond towards our University
has not been unfelt. But would it not be wiser in them to
rest satisfied with the government and their local academy ?
Can they afford, on the question of a change of the seat of
government, by hostilizing the middle counties, to transfer
them from the Eastern to the Western interest? To make it
their interest to withdraw from the former that ground of
claim, if used for adversary purposes? With things as they
are, let both parties remain content and united.
If, then, William & Mary is to be removed, and not to Rich-
mond, can there be two opinions hoAV its funds may be directed
to the best advantage for the public? When it was found that
that seminary was entirely ineffectual towards the object of
public education, and that one on a better plan, and in a better
situation, must be provided, Avhat was so obvious as to employ
for that purpose the funds of the one abandoned, with what
more would be necessary to raise the new establishment? And
what so obvious as to do now what might reasonably have been
done then by consolidating together the institutions and their
funds ? The plan sanctioned by the Legislature required for
our University ten professors ; but the funds appropriated will
maintain but eight, and some of these are consequently over-
312 CORRESPONDENCE. [1824.
burdened with duties. The hundred thousand dollars of prin-
cipal which you saj still remains to William & Mary, by its
interest of $6,000, would give us the two deficient professors,
with an annual surplus for the purchase of books. And cer-
tainly the Legislature will see no public interest, after the
expense incurred on the new establishment, in setting up a
rival in the city of Richmond; they cannot think it better to
have two institutions crippling one another, than one of healthy
powers, competent to that highest grade of instruction, which
neither with a divided support could expect to attain.
Another argument may eventually arise in favor of consoli-
dation. The contingent gift, at the late session, of $50,000
for books and apparatus, shews a sense in the Legislature that
those objects are still to be provided. If Ave fail in obtaining
that sum, they will feel an incumbency to provide it otherwise.
What so ready as the derelict capital of William & Mary, and
the large library they uselessly possess? Should that college,
then, be removed, I cannot doubt that the Legislature, keep-
ing in view its original object, will consolidate it Avith the
University.
But it will not be removed. Richmond is doubtless in earn-
est; but that the Visitors should concur is impossible. * *
I Avill only add to this long letter an opinion that we had
better say as little as we can on this whole subject. Give
them no alarm. Let them petition for the removal; let them
get the old structure completely en wheels, and not till then
put in our claim to its reception. I shall communicate your
letter, as you request, to Mr. Madison, and with it this answer.
Why can you not call on us, on your way to Warminster, and
make this a subject of conversation? With my devoted re-
spects to Mrs. Cabell, assure her that she can no where be
more cordially received than by the family at Monticello ; and
the deviation from your direct road is too small to merit con-
sideration.
Ever and afi'ectionately your friend and servant,
Th: Jefferson.
1824,] CORRESPONDENCE. 313
P. S. 3Iay 23. — Your letter and this answer have been
communicated to Mr. Madison. I enclose you his answer,
which be so good as to return to me.
Mr. Madison to Mr. Jefferson. (^Copy — the original havimj heen
returned, as requested.^
MoNTPELiEK, May 20, 1824.
Dear Sir, — I return the letter from Mr. Cabell, with your answer
to it, enclosed in jours of the 16th, just come to hand.
It is not probable that a removal of the College from Williamsburg
will be espoused by a majority of the Visitors, controled as they will
be by the popular voice in that quarter. If it should, Richmond will
not be without competitors. The pretensions of Petersburg have al-
ready been brought forward. And if, in its new position, it is to be
co-ordinate with the present University, there will be a bold claim by
the ultramontane country. After all, is the climate of Richmond so
different in the public eye from that of Williamsburg, as to make it a
satisfactory substitute ? Is not Richmond also becoming too much of a
city to be an eligible site for such an institution ? The most extensive
and flourishing of our lera-ned institutions are not in the most popu-
lous towns. That in Philadelphia is eclipsed by rising seminaries in
other parts of the State. In New York the case is not dissimilar.
Be all this as it may, I concur entirely in your opinion, that the best
counsel for us is to be passive during the experiment, and turn the
result to the best account for the interest of science and of the State.
I wish Mr. Cabell may comply with your invitation to a conversa-
tion-interview, on his way to Warminster; with an understanding
that mine is included, and that we should be much gratified in wel-
coming him and his lady over our threshold.
Yours, with affectionate esteem,
James Madison.
Mr. Jefferson.
314 CORRESPONDENCE. [182 1.
CLXXV.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Warminster, June 13, 1824.
Dear Sir, — Your favor of the 16tli ult., covering Mr. Mad-
ison's letter to you of the 20th, was handed to me by Capt.
Peyton in Richmond, in the latter part of the month. I have
heretofore declined "vvi'iting in reply, because I have enter-
tained the hope of visiting you as desired, in which event a
written answer would be unnecessary. Nothing, I assure you,
could have been move agreeable to Mrs. Cabell and myself,
than to visit Monticello and Montpelier. But the unfortunate
situation of Mrs. Tucker* has deprived us of that pleasure.
It demands all our attention, and I fear will eventuate in the
loss of her; an affliction which can only be appreciated by
those who know her, as I do, to be one of the most perfect of
the human race. May Heaven, in its mercy, avert this blow
from my family ! She has been in bad health and rather de-
clining for upwards of a twelve-month. But when we set out
from Williamsburg, her attending physician expressed no seri-
ous apprehensions about her case ; and the family certainly
felt none. But on her arrival in llichmond, she was much
injured by the journey, and her physician expressed an opinion
very unfavorable to her ultimate recovery. It was agreed in
the family that Mrs. Cabell and myself should hurry on, and
prepare our domestic affairs for setting out with Mr. and Mrs.
Tucker to the White Sulphur Springs in a few days after
their arrival at this place. Mrs. Tucker stood the fatigues of
the journey from Richmond better than I had expected, and at
first we indulged the hope that the air of this upper country
would prove very serviceable. But she begins to look again
very badly, and all our fears are again revived. We are now
* Mrs. Cabell's mother.
1824,] CORRESPONDENCE. 315
hurrying our preparations for departure, and hope to set out
in three days from this time. I go in the morning to Buck-
ingham Courthouse, to make enquiries as to the best stages
along the route to New London and Johnson's Springs in Bo-
tetourt. If I find it admissible, I shall return home and
attend to my harvest. In this situation I must, for the pre-
sent, decline the kind invitation of yourself and Mr. Madison,
to whom I beg you will be good enough to make my apology.
I am very thankful to you both for your prompt attention to
my letter from Williamsburg. I have shown your letters con-
fidentially to a few friends. When I see you, I will re-state
more at large my reasons for thinking that the funds of Wil-
liam & Mary should, if the college falls, receive a different
direction from the one you seem disposed to give them. Such
of my Assembly friends as I have met with, concur warmly in
favor of the academical appropriation. I entirely concur in
your views as to the impropriety of the Richmond scheme. It
will be warmly supported, and will give us a good deal of
trouble ; but it can and ought to be defeated. Already I was
drawn into some discussions about it. But from the receipt of
your letter, I have pursued your advice, and shall inculcate it
on my friends. Our course is simple and easy, till the meet-
ing of the next Legislature. In the mean time, I will have
the pleasure (and as soon as possible) to see you and Mr. Mad-
ison. I write in great haste, and must conclude with the most
heartfelt respect and esteem.
Your friend and servant,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
^'^ CORRESPONDENCE. [1824.
CXLVI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 17tli December, 1824.
Dear Sir,— I reached this place on the ]2th instant, and
have employed the interval in taking lodgings and in occa-
sional conferences on the interests of my district and of the
fetate. Mj delay in getting to town, was owing to the failure
ot an overseer to come to one of my farms at the time I ex-
pected him, and partly to the desire of Mrs. Tucker to pro-
long her stay in the mountain air. I wished and intended to
proceed and settle my business at Corrottoman, during the
recess of the Senate, which commences to-morrow, and will
continue for ten days. But the state of affairs here has in-
duced me to remain in town, and postpone my Corrottoman
trip till the close of the session. Our University friends were
waiting for my arrival, expecting that I could give them your
views and those of the Board, as to the course most expedient
to be pursued, both in regard to the University and to the
removal of the College. As I did not receive the letter you
gave me reason to expect from you about the 20th of Novem-
ber, I am not as fully informed upon all points, as was ex-
pected and desired. Our situation is one that gives me great
anxiety, more especially as regards the removal of the colleo-e.
After the best consideration I could give the subject, I have
determined to vote for the measure, provided the college will
consent to be subject to the control of the General Assembly.
I confess that this disposition of the subject leaves me great
cause of uneasiness as to the future, and yet it seems to me
the best ground to take under the circumstances of the case.
Our friends in the Lower House appear disposed to oppose the
removal altogether. All seem to regret the prospect before us.
Col. Randolph, Mr. Loyall, and Mr. Bowyer, seem doubtful
as to the best course to be taken. I shall struggle hard to
bring the college under the power of the Assembly. Mr.
1824.] CORRESPONDENCE. S17
Johnson and the friends of removal will oppose it with much
zeal. I shall probably explain the use I would feel disposed
to make of the power of the Assembly, which is to reduce the
capital of the college, leaving a moiety here, and transferring
the residue to Winchester and Hampden Sidney, or other
points in the State, connected with the general system. It
would be utterly impracticable to procure any portion for the
University ; and I still most earnestly recommend the aban-
I donment of every such idea, if any plan of the kind has ever
been formed. The hostile party in Richmond and the college
aim decidedly at a great institution connected with a medical
school. They are very averse to Legislative control ; but if
they cannot get the removal on other terms, they will come
under the power of the Assembly, and struggle for influence
hereafter. The republicans in Richmond, including the high
officers of government, only want a preparatory college, and
would be disposed to come into any reasonable measures to
prevent pernicious competition. I rely greatly on them ; and
on the interests of the other points referred to above ; but I
confess I am uneasy about the future, knowing, as I do, the
vast influence of the metropolis. The delegation from the
country about Williamsburg, oppose the measure with great
zeal. They will probably use, as a last resort, the proposition
to keep half the capital in Williamsburg, and send half here.
Mr. Hay is here, and advises very strongly that the University
party should not oppose the removal. Judges Brooke, Green,
Coalter, Brockenbrough, &c., who have been powerful friends
of the University, are decidedly in favor of the removal, but
will all be for legislative control. I will write you more fully
from time to time. I have advised our friends in the other
House to move immediately the reference of the report of the
Rector and Visitors to the Committee of Schools and Colleges,
with a view of reporting a resolution in favor of an advance on
the part of the State of the |50,000, on the credit of the debt
due from the General Government. I fear we shall not suc-
ceed, particularly as the college question has got the start of
318 CORRESPONDENCE. [1824.
US. But we ■will do every thing in our power. Mr. Blatter-
man's arrival liere gives a favorable impulse to public opinion.
It is suggested, however, that if the friends of the University
should oppose the removal of the college, every effort will be
made by its friends and by the metropolis, to defeat every mea-
sure brought forward for the University. My amendment ex-
cites great heat in the higher circles of the opposition. The
friends of the other colleges will be greatly opposed to it.
Yet I shall make it a sme qud non of my vote. Gen. Taylor
is here, entering most earnestly into the interest of the college
party. Mr. Leigh, Mr. Johnson, Judge Marshall, Mr. Gar-
nett, &c., &c., join heartily in his zeal. I speak from report;
for with the most of these gentlemen I am in no habits of in-
tercourse. I should be truly happy to have the advice of
yourself and Mr. Madison, as I am surrounded by powerful
adversaries, and have lost the disinterested aid of the great
leaders of the republican party. Rest assured of my unabated
fidelity, and never ceasing anxiety for the prosperity of the
University.
I am, dear sir.
Most truly and in great haste your friend,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CLXXVII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 21st December, 1824.
Dear Sir, — Since the date of my last I have been enabled
to settle my opinions as to the course which we ought to pur-
sue. My views have undergone a material change. On my
first arrival here, I was assailed by old and powerful friends of
the University, with all the weapons of reason and persuasion ;
and wishing to avoid the appearance of illiberaMty, I for a
short time contemplated a compromise, and proposed to vote
1824.] CORRESPONDENCE. 319
for the removal of the college, provided its friends would con-
sent to place it under the control of the General Assembly.
But subsequent reflection has convinced me that I ought to
vote altogether against the removal. Accordingly I have
called on my friends on the other side, apprised them of my
adherence to my first impression, and am now doing every
thing in my power to prevent the removal. In taking this
course, I op2DOse the wishes of my nearest and dearest relatives
and friends, and bring upon myself the powerful resentment
of the metropolis. But my judgment is satisfied, and I shall
brave every consequence. I fear the influence of the metrop-
olis, headed by so many able men, will be too strong for us.
Still I have hopes that we may succeed. All the strong friends
of the University will do their utmost to put down the scheme.
We have had a conference and perfectly agree, with the excep-
tion of Mr. Johnson, who will support the Richmond interest.
Col. Randolph will be up at Christmas, and will give you all
the news. A powerful weapon used by the President of the
College is that of a medical college at this place by the volun-
tary annexation of a medical faculty to William & Mary on its
removal. He says it is as impossible to make doctors at the
University of Virginia a^i it is to have ships without sails or
waves; and asserts that he will teach here what cannot be
taught there. I should wish to be informed precisely how far
you propose to carry medical education at the University; and
if you only propose a preparatory school, to be furnished with
arguments to shew that this place also would be merely pre-
paratory. A former letter of yours, which I have among my
papers, throws out lights on this subject; but I should be
thankful for anything additional that may enable me to defend
the University policy in the departments of medicine and law,
which are the points chiefly assailed. You can scarcely form
au idea of the immense influence of this town on the General
Assembly. Now, as last winter, I have to contend with a pow-
erful interest in the town, which seems to threaten our total
overthrow. I will write you from time to time, and should be
320 CORRESPONDENCE. [1824,
grateful for any assistance in your power. I have sent my
carriage home, and shall not leave the city till the end of the
session.
I am, dear sir, ever faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CXXLVIII.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, December 22, 1824.
Dear Sir, — The proposition to remove William & Mary Col-
lege to Richmond, with all its present funds, and to add to it a
medical school, is nothing more nor less than to remove the
University also to that place ; because, if both remain, there
will not be students enough to make either worthy the accept-
ance of men of the first order of science. They must each
fall down to the level of our present academies, under the
direction of common teachers, and our state of education must
stand exactly where it now is. Few of the States have been
able to maintain one University, none two. Surely the Legis-
ture, after such an expense incurred for a real University, and
just as it is prepared to go into action under hopeful auspices,
will not consent to destroy it by this side wind. As to the
best course to be taken with William k Mary, I am not so
good a judge as our colleagues on the spot. They have under
their eyes the workings of the enemies of the University,
masked and unmasked, and the intrigues of Richmond, *
they can best see what measures are most likely to counteract
these insidious designs.
On the question of the removal I think our particular friends
had better take no active part, but vote silently for or against
it, according to their own judgment as to the public utility ;
and if they divide on the question, so much the better, perhaps.
1824.] CORRESPONDENCE. ^ 321
I am glad the Visitors and Professors have invoked the inter-
ference of the Legislature, because it is an acknowledgicent
of its authority, on behalf of the State, to superintend and
control it, of which I never had a doubt. It is an institution
established for the public good, and not for the personal emolu-
ment of the professors, endowed from the public lands, and
organized by the Executive functionary, "whose legal oiEce it
was. The acquiescence of both corporations, under the au-
thority of the Legislature, removes what might otherwise have
been a difficulty with some. If the question of removal be
decided affirmatively, the next is, how shall their funds be dis-
posed of most advantageously for the State in general ? These
are about .^100,000 — too much for a secondary or local insti-
tution. The giving a part of them to a school at Winchester,
and part to Hampden Sidney is well, as far as it goes ; but
does not go far enough. AVhy should not every part of the
State participate equally of the benefit of this reversion of
right which accrues to the whole equally ? This would be no
more a violation of law than the giving part to a few. You
know that the Rockfish report proposed an intermediate grade
of schools between the primary and the University. In that
report the objects of the middle schools are stated. See page
10 of the copy I now enclose you. In these schools should be
taught Latin and Greek to a good degree. French, also,
numerical arithmetic, the elements of geometry, surveying,
navigation, geography, the use of the globes, the outlines of
the solar system, and the elements of natural philosophy. Two
professors would suffice for these, to wit, one for languages, the
other for so much of mathematics and natural philosophy as is
here proposed. This degree of education would be adapted to
the circumstances of a very great number of our citizens, who
being intended for lives of business, Avould not aim at an Uni-
versity education. It would give us a body of yeomanry, too,
of substantial information, well prepared to become a firm and
steady support to the government. As schools of ancient lan-
guages, too, they would be preparatories for the University.
21
322 CORRESPONDENCE. [1824.
You have now an happy opportunity of carrying this inter-
mediate establishment into execution, ^vithout laying a cent of
tax on the people, or taking, one from the treasury. Divide
the State into college districts of about eighty miles square
each ; there would be about eight such districts below the Alle-
ghany, and two beyond it, which would be necessarily of larger
extent, because of the sparseness of their population. The
only advance these colleges would call for, would be for a
dwelling house for the teacher, of about $1,200 cost, and a
boarding house with four or five bed rooms and a school room,
for probably about twenty or thirty boys. The whole should
not cost more than $5,000 ; but the funds of William & Mary
would enable you to give them $10,000 each. The districts
might be so laid off that the principal towns and the academies
now existing, might form convenient sites for their colleges, as
for example, Williamsburg, Richmond, Fredericksburg, Hamp-
den Sidney, Lynchburg, or Lexington, Staunton, Winchester,
&c. Thus, of William & Mary, you will make ten colleges,
each as useful as she ever was, leaving one in Williamsburg
itself, placing as good a one within a day's ride of every man
in the State, and yet our whole scheme of education completely
established. I have said that no advance is necessary but for
the erection of buildings for these schools, because the boys
sent to them would be exclusively of a class of parents in com-
petent circumstances to pay teachers for the education of their
own children. The $10,000 given to each would afford a sur-
plus to maintain by its interest one or two persons, duly se-
lected, for their genius, from the primary schools, of those too
poor to proceed further of their own means. You will remem-
ber, that of the three bills I originally gave you, one was for
these district colleges, and going into the necessary details.
Will you not have every member in favor of this proposition
except those who are for gobbling up the whole funds them-
selves? The present professors might all be employed in the
college of Richmond or Williamsburg, or any other they would
prefer, with reasonable salaries in the meantime, until the sys-
1824,] CORRESPONDENCE. 323
tern should get under way. This occasion of completing our
system of education is a God-send, which ought not to pass
away neglected. Many may be startled at the first idea, but
reflection on the justice and advantage of the measure will
produce converts daily and hourly to it. I certainly would not
propose that the University should claim a cent of these funds,
in competition with the district colleges.
Would it not be better to say nothing about the last dona-
tion of $50,000, and endeavor to get the money from Congress,
and to press for it immediately? I cannot doubt their allowing
it, and it would be much better to get it from them than to
revive the displeasure of our own Legislature.
You are aware that we have yet two professors to appoint,
to wit : of natural history and moral philosophy, and that we
have no time to lose. I propose that such of our colleagues
as are of the Legislature, should name a day of meeting con-
venient to themselves, and give notice of it, by mail, to Mr.
Madison, General Cocke and myself; but it should not be till
the arrival of the three professors expected at Norfolk. On
their arrival only can we publish the day of opening. Our
Richmond mail-stage arrives here on Sunday and departs on
Wednesday, and arrives again on Thursday and departs on
Sunday, each affording two spare intervening days, and requir-
ing from you an absence of six days.
Mr. Long, professor of ancient languages, is located in his
apartments at the University. He drew, by lot, Pavilion No.
V. lie appears to be a most amiable man, of fine understand-
ing, well qualified for his department, and acquiring esteem
as fast as he becomes known. Indeed, I have great hopes
that the whole selection will fulfill our wishes.
Ever and affectionately yours,
Th: Jeffkrson.
Mr. Cabell.
324 CORRESPONDENCE. [182 i.
CLXXIX.
(private.) — T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, Decembei- 22, 1824.
Dear Sir, — Let the contents of this letter be known to you
and myself only. We ^yant a professor of Ethics. Mr. Madi-
son and myself think with predilection, of George Tucker, our
member of Congress. You know him, however^ better than
we do. Can we get a better ? Will he seive ? You know the
emoluments, and that the tenure is in fact for life, the lodg-
ings comfortable, the society select, &c. If you approve of
him, you may venture to propose it to him, and ask him if he
will accept. I say "you may venture," because three of us
could then be counted on, and we should surely get one, if not
more, or all, of the other four gentlemen.
You will probably think it due and proper to shew my other
letter of this date to Col. Randolph and Mr. Gordon, under
recommandation of due caution. For our colleagues with you,
it is intended equally as for yourself The measure of the
district colleges, if approved, had better be brought on by some
one having no relations Avitli the University.
Affectionately yours.
Tu: Jefferson.
Mr. Cabell.
CLXXX.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 31st December, 1824.
Dear Sir, — Your two letters of 22d instant, one of them
covering the report from Rockfish Gap, have safely arrived,
and both of them have received my most attentive consideration.
Your pi'ivate letter has been seen and will be seen only by my-
self. On 29th inst. I wrote Mr. Geo. Tucker a letter in con-
1824.] CORRESPONDENCE. 325
formity to your desire, of ■which the enclosed is a copy. After
the most attentive perusal of the other letter, I took the liberty
to blot, so as to render illegible, the following passage : "As to
the best course to be taken with William k Mary, I am not so
good a judge as our colleagues, on the spot ; they have under
their eyes the -workings of the enemies of the University,
masked and unmasked, and the intrigues of Richmond *
*******. And they can best see
what measures are most likely to counteract these insidious
designs." I thought this passage calculated to wound the
feelings of some of the persons to whom I wished to shew the
letter, and to relinquish the defensive posture which I wished
to preserve in the eyes of the General Assembly. The residue
of the letter was just such a paper as I had a strong desire to
receive from you, and one calculated to produce a powerful
effect. Some days before your letter arrived, Dr. Smith called
in my absence, and mentioned to Mrs. Cabell that there was a
letter in town from Mr. Madison, approving of the removal of
the college, but did not mention the name of the person to
whom it was addressed. I called the next morning on Doctor
Smith, with the hope of being able to obtain a copy of the
letter ; but he was not at his lodgings, and afterwards left
town before I could see him ; nor have I been able to hear any
thing further of this letter. From the conversation between
Mr. Madison and myself, at the last meeting of our board, I
thought it not improbable that such a letter had been written.
Its effect on the opinion of members would be very great, unless
counteracted by an opposite letter from yourself. However
disagreeable it would be for such a collision of opinion to ap-
pear before the public, yet, in the present case, the public weal
would render its disclosure unavoidable. Mr. Madison's views
had a great influence on my own mind, and favoring my sin-
cere wish to avoid the collision in which I am engaged with so
many friends, for a long time, they shook my previous conclu-
sions, and were instrumental in inducing me to suggest the
compromise contemplated when I first arrived in this place.
326 CORRESPONDENCE. [1824.
Dr. Smith's disclosure of his plans before the Committee of
Schools and Colleges, and some other disclosures, drove me
back to my first impressions on the subject; and have neutral-
ized mj brother, Mr. Nicholas, Judge Carr, Mr. Gilmer, and
Governor Pleasants. I believe I am correct in saying that
these gentlemen are all now in heart with us, after having
been very zealous on the other side. I shewed your letter to
Mr. Johnson, Avith a copy of the passage which I had erased,
with a suitable explanation of my motives. His determined
support of the removal made me feel some hesitation in opening
to him all our views on this occasion. Yet this candid course
seemed preferable to one of reserve and caution, towards one
who has so often co-operated ably and zealously in our cause ;
and, moreover, your letter required it. He objected to the
course recommended on general grounds of inexpediency, and
j^articularly on that of its incompatibility with the charter. I
differed with him, and we separated in a friendly manner. I
have since shewn your letter to Mr. Gordon and Col. Randolph,,
Mr. Loyall and Mr. Bowyer. Col. R. has had it for two days,
and has shewn it to many friends, as he assures me, and as I
have had some occasion to percaive, with powerful effect. By
our exertions wc had previously changed the current in some
degree ; but since the arrival of your letter, I hear a great
change has taken place. The bold step of laying hold of, and
of dividing the funds of the college, is one perhaps which we
shall be unable to take at the present session. The legal diffi-
culties* about the charter, and those connected with any division
of the State into districts, will probably throw the subject to
some future session. But the scheme makes a great impres-
sion. I doubt whether the fact of your opinion on this subject
being known, will not do us much more good than harm, and
am so much disposed to think so that I authorized Col. Ran-
dolph, to-day, to shew your letter at his discretion. You can
scarcely form an idea of the powerful influence which this town
had exerted on this subject, and of the excitement which pre-
vails among the warm advocates of the measure. Our leading
1824,] COKRESPONDENCE. 327
officers and judges acted without due reflection in the com-
mencement of the business, and many of them hold on in their
career. I trust in God we shall be able to break down this
measure, the ruinous consequences of which I now see in lively
colors. The hatred and abuse which I bring on myself you
can scarcely imagine. But I know and appreciate your great
and good vieAVS, and will support you at every sacrifice. Some-
times I sink on my bed, exhausted by my reflections and feel-
ings ; then, animated by the prospect of the future, I spring
up with renovated life and vigor. * * * * ^p
* * * * The 5th January is fixed for the com-
mittee to take up the subject. In the interim, Mr. Gordon
and myself have agreed upon a resolution relative to the pro-
perty of the college, in which the object is to shew the injustice
of giving all to this place. Judge Semple is summoned to
appear before the committee when it meets again, and I antici-
pate some benefit from his presence. Mr. **** says if the
measure should be rejected, the board will try the efi'ect of a
new organization — they will set up their table in college, and
re-establish their grammar school — and if they do not succeed
in a few years, they will lay their charter on the table of the
House of Delegates. This is what I, for years past, have
advised them to do ; but of this I could not convince them.
Your hand-writing and your letters have great efi'ect here.
Were you to reinforce your letter to me by another to Mr.
Loyall, however short, it would have considerable influence.
As soon as I hear from Mr. Tucker I will write to you. I
need not say that the greater part of this is of a confidential
character.
Ever and faithfully yours,
Jos, C. Cabell.
3Ir. Jefferson.
328 CORKESPONDENCE. [1825.
CLXXXI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 6th January, 1825.
Dear Sir, — The enclosed letter from Mr. Tucker, in reply
to mine, of -whicli you have a copy, I send for the perusal of
yourself and Mr. Madison alone. I can see no objection to
its communication thus far, although I expect Mr. Tucker
wrote it with an expectation that it would not go beyond me.
I expected he would hesitate about accepting a situation which
would cut him off from all prospect of future promotion. This
very objection furnishes one of the strongest proofs of the
propriety of sending to Europe for a large proportion of the
professors. I am quite uncertain what Mr. Tucker's decision
will be ; when I get his final answer I will communicate it to
you. I know not what to say to him as to the length of time
to be allowed him ; and would wish to be governed by your
instructions on that head.
We hear nothing of the Competitor. When that ship arrives
I will call on the other members of the board to fix a time for
meeting, as you propose. It will be very inconvenient for
some of the members to come up in the winter. I presume
you will not call us together, unless there should be a prospect
of filling the vacant professorships, or other good cause.
A Mr. Kidd, of this place, lately an editor of a paper, now
a teacher, has, through his friends, made some advances with
a view to induce me to propose him as Professor of Ethics. I
replied that I had reason to believe the place was about to be
engaged to another. Mr. Kidd is a Scotchman by birth ; he
has traveled in Europe ; and seems to be a man of talents and
learninof. But I know too little of him to recommend him.
Colonel Randolph and Mr. Madison, I expect, know much of
him.
The petition of William & Mary has lost much ground since
I last wrote you. I think it will be rejected by a large vote.
The resolution proposed by Mr. Gordon, ****** has had
1825.] COREESPONDENCE. 329
even a greater effect tlian I expected. The members of the
corporation are divided as to the course to be pursued. Judge
Semple is now before the committee, and refuses to answer the
enquiries. Doctor Smith was willing to give general answers.
The Visitors in town, or the greater part of them, approved of
Judge Semple's course. This happened in the committee yes-
terday. They are now acting on the same subject. The
college party Avill try to get the committee discharged from
the resolution ; the friends of the University, to get them dis-
charged from the whole subject. The measure proposed in
your letter is too bold for the present state of the public mind.
We Avill not bring it forward as an original proposition ; but,
should there be occasion, as a substitute for the measure of
removal to this place. The letter has had a considerable effect.
The hostile party, apprised of this, endeavor to destroy its influ-
ence, by reporting that you have sent orders to the Assembly
to plunder ths college, and bribe the different parts of the
State. I shall hereafter shew the letter to very few.
I yesterday received a letter from Mr. Barbour, of the
Senate, under date of the 3d instant, saying, "I had an in-
terview with the chairman, and one of the private members of
the Committee of Claims, on yesterday, who presented me with
the report and bill which will be presented to-day to the House
of Representatives. They are so far favorable as to accord to
us the whole amount of the interest actually paid by Virginia
on the loans negotiated by her. Indeed, this is all we think
prudent to ask for, as interest on all the advances would be a
question of great difficulty, as in the actual state of opinion
here it might jeopardize the whole."
Thvis we have our hopes kindled up again. Should this
money be paid, I hopD we will proceed directly to invest the
whole amount in books and apparatus, trusting to the Legis-
lature to finish the rotunda.
I remain, dear sir, ever faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
330 CORRESPONDENCE. [1825.
CLXXXII.
[It will have been observed that the parties to this correspondence have had
their gaze so intently fixed on the great object befoi'C them, or on circumstances
and current events as they rose, and whicli seemed to favor or impede its at-
tainment, that there was but little time to dwell on the motives which either
did or should have actuated those who were engaged in the enterprise. This,
and a few of the preceding letters, may afford an agreeable relief to their
general argumentative or matter-of-fact character. AVe refer particularly to
its closing paragraph, the strain of which is resumed and prolonged in an-
other near the close of the series. See No. 207, below. Such sentiments, not
put forth for the nonce, but uttered in all sincerity, as between friends and
coadjutors in the same cause, may be pondered with profit by the rising gen-
eration of statesmen.]
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, January 11, 1825.
Dear Sir, — We are dreadfully non-plussed here by the non-
arrival of our three professors. We apprehend that the idea
of our opening on the 1st of February prevails so much abroad
(although we have ahvays mentioned it doubtfully,) as that
students will assemble on that day, Avithout awaiting the fur-
ther notice promised. To send them back, will be discouraging,
and to open an University without Mathematics or Natural
Philosophy, would bring on us ridicule and disgrace. We
therefore publish an advertisement, statipg that on the arrival
of these Professors, notice will be given of the day of opening
the institution.
Governor Barbour writes me hopefully of getting our fifty
thousand dollars from Congress. The proposition has been
originated in the House of Representatives, referred to the
Committee of Claims, the chairman of which has prepared a
very favorable report, and a bill conformable, assuming the
re-payment of all interest which the State has actually paid.
The Legislature will certainly owe to us the recovery of this
money ; for had they not given it in some measure, the rever-
enced character of a donation for the promotion of learning,
it would never have been paid. It is to be hoped, therefore,
1825.] CORRESPONDENCE. 331
that the displeasure incurred by wringing it from them at the
last session, will now give way to a contrary feeling, and even
place us on a ground of some merit. Should this sentiment
take place, and the arrival of our professors and filling of our
dormitories with students on the 1st of February, encourage
them to look more favorably to us, perhaps it might dispose
them to enlarge somewhat their order on the same fund. You
observe the Proctor has stated in a letter accompanying our
report, that it Avill take about twenty-five thousand dollars
more than we have, to finish the rotunda. Besides this, an
anatomical theatre (costing about as much as one of our hotels,
say about five thousand dollars,) is indispensable to the school
of anatomy. There cannot be a single dissection until a pro-
per theatre is prepared, giving an advantageous view of the
operation to those within, and effectually excluding observa-
tion from without. Either the additional sums therefore of
twenty-five and five thousand dollars will be wanting, or we
must be permitted to apply five of the fifty thousand dollars to
a theatre, leaving the rotunda unfinished for the present. Yet
I should think neither object an equivalent for renewing the
displeasure of the Legislature. Unless we can carry their
hearty patronage with us, the institution can never flourish. I
would not, therefore, hint at this additional aid, unless it were
agreeable to our friends generally, and tolerably sure of being
carried without irritation.
In your letter of December 31, you say my hand-writing
and my letters have great effect there, i. e., at Richmond. I
am sensible, ray dear sir, of the kindness with which this en-
couragement is held up to me ; but my views of their effect
are very different. When I retired from the administration of
public affairs, I thought I saw some evidence that I retired
with a good degree of public favor, and that my conduct in
office had been considered, by the one party at least, with
approbation, and with acquiescence by the other. But the
attempt in which I have embarked so earnestly to procure an
improvement in the moral condition of my native State,
332 CORRESPONDENCE. [1825.
althougli in other States it may have strengthened good dispo-
sitions, it has certainly weakened them in our own. The
attempt ran foul of so many local interests, of so many perso-
nal vieAvs, and of so much ignorance, and I have heen consid-
ered as so particularly its promoter, that I see evidently a
great change of sentiment towards myself. I cannot doubt its
having dissatisfied with myself a respectable minority, if not a
majority of the House of Delegates. I feel it deeply and
very discouragingly, yet I shall not give way. I have ever
found in my progress through life, that, acting for the public,
if we do always what is right, the approbation denied in the
beginning will surely follow us in the end. It is from poster-
ity, we are to expect remuneration for the sacrifice we are
making for their service, of time, quiet, and present good will.
And I fear not the appeal. The multitude of fine young men
who will feel that they owe to us the elevation of mind, of
character, and station, they shall be able to attain from the
result of our efforts, will ensure us their remembrance with
gratitude. We will not then "be weary in well doing." Usque
ad aras amicus tuus.
Th: Jefferson.
Mr. Cabell.
P. S. Since writing the above I received yours of the 6th.
CLXXXIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
RicnMOND, January 16, 1825.
Dear Sir, — I thank you sincerely for your favor of 11th
instant. I have but little time now to answer you. I am
sorry to inform you that the party in favor of the removal of
the college have gained ground very much since the date of
my last ; insomuch that I now have the greatest apprehensions
of their success. *****
Yet I will not despair. I will contend to the last moment,
1825.] CORRESPONDENCE. 333
and if we are vanquished, my skirts will be clear of all blame.
There is one plan by which they may yet be defeated. It is
to bring forward a bill to divide the funds of William & Mary,
on the plan you propose, as a substitute for their bill for
removing the college, towards the latter readings of the bill in
the House of Delegates. On the passage, the substitute
would probably prevail ; or a majority would agree to let both
bills lie over till another session. Delay is all we want, so as
to get the representatives of the people out of the Richmond
parties, and to give the people power to act. I, therefore,
my dear sir, invoke your aid in drawing such a bill as Avill suit
the purpose. You alone can prepare a bill that will enable us
to vanquish the host opposed to us. If you wish me not to make
you known as the author, I will not do so. But I am very sure
that so far from its doing you or your friends injury, it is the
only way to save the State. I beseech you to prepare one
immediately, and send it as quickly as possible by the mail.
We will keep the subject on the carpet long enough for the
bill to get here. It is known that you prefer a division to
removal; and no injury can arise to you, in any way, for
drawing the bill. It is all important that you should furnish
us this weapon on this occasion. I send you a printed copy of
your bill for public instruction, to enable you to execute the
draft with less trouble. Let the funds be equally divided
among the districts, whatever they may be, to be augmented
from the literary fund ; the donations to old colleges to be re-
vocable at the pleasure of the Legislature, if they will not sur-
render their old and take new charters. Let the number of
districts be as sniall as due regard to localities will admit. As
to details, you will be the best judge of them. I think the
representatives will pause before they give aAvay the rights
and interests of their constituents. Great excitement prevails.
No wonder, when * * * * * * are all united. Give me but
this bill, and I think I will yet defeat them.
Yours faithfully,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
334 CORRESPONDENCE. [1825.
CLXXXIV.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLo, January 19, 1825.
Dear Sir, — You know that the arrearages of our subscrip-
tions were appropriated particularly to the works of the ro-
tunda, but they come in most tardily, and will never be
received but on suits, which we determine to commence against
every man in arrears in time for the March courts. But this
will be a chase of a couple of years, and in the mean time Mr.
Brockenbrough is in the utmost distress for about ^5,000 due
on account of the rotunda. The bank is willing to lend us
this sum for two years, and to receive the gradual payments as
they come in by ccllection, if such a measure is sanctioned by
the Board of Visitors. But the money is wanting immedi-
ately, and the Board cannot meet immediately. Mr. Garrett
goes down on this business, and thinks that if the Visitors now
in Richmond will sign a note assuring the bank that they will
sanction the transaction by a vote at our first meeting, the
bank will, on this assurance, advance the money. I wish you
to explain this to our colleagues ; and if they approve of it,
that they will enable Mr. Garrett to effect the negotiation.
Should our professors not arrive before the Legislature rises,
it is indispensable then to have a meeting, as well for the
appointment of two or perhaps three professors, still wanting
to make up our complement, as for other objects. Of the par-
ticular day, you will, of course, have to give timely notice by
mail to Mr. Madison and Gen. Cocke.
Aff"ectionately yours,
Tn : Jefferson.
3Tr. Cabell.
1825.] CORRESPONDENCE. 335
CLXXXV.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, January 22, 1825.
Dear Sir, — I received your favor of the 16th yesterday at
noon, and immediately turned in on the task it prescribed to
me, in order that I might get it into the mail which is made
up this evening. I am so worn down by the drudgery, that I
can write little now. The bill is most hastily drawn, and will
need your severe amendment.* I have said nothing of the
manner of obtaining an account of the funds of the college,
because I believe a committee has that subject before them ;
nor yet of the manner of disposing of these funds, whether by
keeping them in their present form, or converting them into
stock or cash, because I know too little of them. I have not
meddled with the Lexington academy, because it is a mere
private institution, founded by Gen. Washington with property
made completely his own. Its case is therefore totally dif-
ferent from the public institution of William & Mary. Fore-
seeing that Hampden Sidney will not consent to accept of the
new character proposed for her, I have provided for a substi-
tute in Nottoway, as more equally distant from the colleges of
Richmond and Lynchburg, and reasonably so from Hampden
Sidney. I have avoided laying off districts as unnecessary
and liable to contest. I am quite exhausted, but ever yours.
Th: Jefferson.
Mr. Cabell.
* For this bill see Appendix 0, (a.)
336 CORRESPONDENCE. [1825.
CLXXXVI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 28tb January, 1825.
Dear Sir, — Yours of 22cl covering your bill is received,
and I beg you to accept my most heartfelt thanks. I have
held a conference on it with some of our friends, and I think
it will be a powerful instrument in our hands. Our friends in
the other House were committed to the Williamsburg party to
vote, m the first instance, for the postponement. Then they
will be free. If that question should not be carried, your bill
will be ready. I shall keep it as private as possible. The
opposite party are triumphing in anticipation, but I think we
will yet defeat them. In the Whig of the 18th and 21st, you
will see the funds of William & Mary, and the decision of the
Court of Appeals, in the case of Bracken and the College,
published by myself, with explanatory remarks. In one of the
Tuesday's papers, I shall publish again. Doctor Smith is to
appear at the bar of the House on Monday. I send you a
copy of the college documents which have just appeared. I
refer you to Mr. Garrett for news.
Faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CLXXXVII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, oOth January, 1825.
Dear Sir, — I have been greatly relieved by finding from a
Norfolk paper that the ship Competitor was at Plymouth on
the 5th December. I had given them up as lost in the gale of
the last of October, and myself almost to despair. I now
hope all is safe. I think there is a majority for moving the
1825.] CORRESPONDENCE. 337
college ; but I am confident the plan of eplitting up the funds
will succeed, if the opposite party should not be able to put
down entirely the idea of our power. I have long foreseen
the direction this subject would finally take, and I have sought
to bring it to this. It will turn on the principles of the Dart-
mouth decision. All the leading lawyers of both houses are
against us. I fear we shall be unable to get up any thing like
a law argument. Here is now our greatest danger. The col-
lege party will endeavor to show that donations from the crown
stand on the footing of donations from individuals. If you can
suggest any authorities or ideas that would aid us on this sub-
ject, it would render a great service, as the discussion will per-
haps last long enough. I have the pleasure to inform you that
three of the Judges of the Court of Appeals are with us.
Faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CLXXXVIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 3d February, 1825.
Dear Sir, — I have taken the liberty in my publication
under the signature of " A Friend of Science,''"'^ in the Consti-
tutional Whig of Tuesday, more correctly printed in the En-
quirer of to-day, to give to the public your letter to me from
Poplar Forest, in the year 1817, and in doing so, I hope I
have taken no improper liberty. I saw the gathering necessity
of setting up the colleges against the Richmond party, and it
was requisite to show your former plans, and our efforts to sus-
tain them. I am inclined to think the course will produce a
* This paper and the correspondence with President Smith, which grew out
of it, as forming a part of the history of the subject, are re-printed in the Ap-
pendix 0, (b) (c.) Mr. Jefferson's opinion of the validity of tae argument is
given in Letter 210.
00
338 CORRESPONDENCE. [1825.
considerable effect. The public mind is scarcely prepared for
so bold a measure ; but if I am not mistaken, it will enable us
to defeat the scheme of renrioval to this place. The discussion
on the substitute of Mr, Jones from York, has been progress-
ing for some days. To-day Mr, Morris, of Hanover, spoke
for some hours, and exerted his utmost power to carry the
removal, Mr, Upshur, of the Eastern Shore, followed, and
half finished a speech cf great power and ability. He will
conclude to-morrow. He attacked the administration of the
college as the real cause of its present situation. He dwelt
on the tyranny of the statute compelling the students to give
evidence against their fellows, with very great effect, I am of
opinion that he will settle the question, and that we shall have
no opportunity to bring in our bill. I am told Mr, Gilmer has
a third time declined the appointment to the law chair, I
wish you Avould make enquiries (if you have not otherwise
made up your mind,) relative to the qualifications of Chan-
cellor Tucker, From the best sources of information, I am
inclined to think he has prepared himself very ably to lecture
on law, and upon the whole, I suspect he would make a popu-
lar and good appointment. There is nothing in my private
relations with him, that would induce me to wish him appointed,
if he is not the best that could be chosen. Perhaps you have
made up your mind. If you have not, I would be glad if you
would make enquiries. It will be difiicult to fill the law chair
well, unless perhaps a judicial station were combined with it;
and yet an interference should be, as far as possible, avoided.
Suppose a small chancery district, consisting of the counties of
Albemarle, Orange, Louisa, Fluvanna, and Nelson, were crea-
ted, and the Professor of Law made Chancellor of this dis-
trict. The combination would be enticing to the first order of
men. I throw these hints out for consideration.
Ever faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mt. Jefferson.
1825.] CORRESPONDENCE. 339
CLXXXIX.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, February 3, 1825.
Dear Sir, — Althougli our professors were on the 5th of
December still in an English port, that they were safe raises me
from the dead; for I was almost ready to give up the ship.
That was eight weeks ago, and they may therefore be daily
expected.
In most public seminaries, text-books are prescribed to each
of the several schools, as the norma docendi in that school:
and this is generally done by authority of the trustees. I
should not propose this generally in our University, because, I
believe none of us are so much at the heights of science in the
several branches as to undertake this ; and therefore that it
will be better left to the professors, until occasion of interfer-
ence shall be given. But there is one branch in which we are
the best judges, in which heresies may be taught, of so inte-
resting- a character to our own State, and to the United States,
as to make it a duty in us to lay down the principles which
shall be taught. It is that of government. Mr. Gilmer be-
ing withdrawn, we know not who his successor may be. He
may be a Richmond lawyer, or one of that school of quondam
federalism, now consolidation. It is our duty to guard against
the dissemination of such principles among our youth, and the
diffusion of that poison, by a previous prescription of the texts
to be followed in their discourses. I therefore inclose you a
resolution which I think of proposing at our next meeting;
strictly confiding it to your own knowledge alone and to that
of Mr. Loyall, to whom you may communicate it, as I am sure
it harmonizes with his principles. I Avish it kept to ourselves,
because I have always found that the less such things are
spoken of before hand, the less obstruction is contrived to be
thrown in their way. I have communicated it to Mr. Madison.
Should the bill for district colleges pass in the end,, our
340 CORRESPONDENCE. [1825.
scheme of education will be complete. But the branch of pri-
mary schools may need attention, and should be brought, like
the rest, to the forum of the Legislature. The Governor, in
his annual message, gives a favorable account of them in the
lump. But this is not sufiicicnt. We should know the opera-
tion of the law establishing these schools more in detail. We
should know how much money is furnished to each county
every year, and how much education it distributes every year ;
and such a statement should be laid before the Legislature
every year. The sum of education rendered in each county
in every year should be estimated by adding together the num-
ber of months which each scholar attended, and stating the
sum total cf the months which all of them together attended.
E. g., if in any county one scholar attended two months, three
others four months each, eight others six months each, then
the sum of these added together will make sixty-two months of
schooling afforded in the county that year, and the number of
sixty-two months entered in a table opposite to the name of
the county gives a satisfactory idea of the sum or quantum
of education it rendered in that year. This will enable us to
take many interesting and important views of the sufficiency
of the plan established, and of the amendments necessary to
produce the greatest effect. I enclose a form of the table
which should be required, in which you will, of course, be sen-
sible that the numbers entered are at hap-hazard, and exempli
gratid, as I know nothing of the sums furnished or quantum of
education rendered in each or any county. I send also the
form of such a resolution as should be passed by the one or
the other House, perhaps better by the lower one, and to be
moved by some member in nowise connected with us ; for the
less we appear before the House, the less we shall excite dis-
satisfaction.
I mentioned to you formerly our want of an anatomical hall
for dissection. But if we get the §50,000 from Congress, we
can charge to that as the library fund the §6,000 of the build-
ing fund which we have advanced for it in books and apparatus,
1825.] CORRESPONDENCE. 341
and re-paying from the former the $6,000 due to the latter,
apply so much of it as is necessary to the anatomical building.
No application on the subject need, therefore, be made to our
Legislature; but I hear nothing of our prospects before
Congress.
Yours, affectionately,
Tii: Jefferson.
Mr. Cabell.
cxc.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 7th February, 1825.
Dear Sir, — I am happy to inform you that our efforts have
eventuated in success, and that the College party have been
defeated in the House of Delegatss by a majority of 24. You
need not give yourself any further trouble on this subject.
Our friends and myself concur in thinking that it would be
improper to bring in the bill for dividing the funds of the col-
lege. The public mind is not prepared for so bold a measure.
It is my impression, however, that the division must take place
sooner or later. ********
* =•'■ * * I think of making up a pamphlet on this
subject, with the view of preparing the public mind, and of
publishing your bill for consideration, without naming you as
the author. It is necessary now to provide for another con-
i.p„A *********
We shall want funds next winter, and must shake off this oppo-
sition. My friends assure me that the essay under the signa-
ture of ^^ A Friend of Science," with the extracts from your
letter and bill, had all the effect I could possibly desire. It
broke the ranks of the opposition completely. The delegates
made a pretext of tyranny at the college, but the real truth is,
they found there was a master at home, who would call them
to account. Rest assured, my dear sir, that Richmond is now
342 CORRESPONDENCE. [1825.
Jiors de combat. *******
* * * \Y'e have the country completely on our side.
The idea of the country colleges will bear down all opposition.
***********
In order to counteract the opposition of Richmond, it is neces-
sary to dispose the public mind more and more towards the
general system. This will be my object during the remainder
of the year.
I write in great haste, and under the influence of that las-
situde wdiich I always feel for some days after a contest like
this.*
Faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jeferson.
* The Virginia reader needs not to be told that with the defeat of this pro-
position before the Legislature, it fell not again to be revived. The College of
William & Mary remains at the old "Middle Plantation," the site of our an-
cient metropolis, and is still the principal link which unites our modern
history and associations with those of Colonial times. With the improved
agriculture of lower Virginia, and some modifications in its government and
curriculum of studies, it has again flourished. And none, we are confident,
felt more satisfaction in this renewed prosperity of his venerable Alma Mater,
or more sincerely wished that it might long continue to diffuse the blessings
of education through that quarter of the State, than did Mr. Cabell. A
highly respectable Collegiate Institution, under the auspices of the Baptist
denomination, and a Medical School — which, though a voluntary association,
has received material aid from the State — have both been established at or in
the vicinity of Richmond. The two former, like the other colleges of Vir-
ginia, have been auxiliaries to, rather than rivals of, the University; and the
last has attained a creditable position, without preventing the Medical School
of the State from receiving that patronage to which she would seem to be
entitled by the advantages of her alliance with other schools of science the
want of which must continue to be felt by any isolated institution. These
gratifying results indicate a decided advance in the wealth of the State, or an
increased disposition to expend a part of it for purposes of education, er both.
1825.] CORRESPONDENCE. 343
CXCI.
[Retrospective. Mcntioa of the Faithful, as ia Letters 88, 118, 138, 149.]
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 11th February, 1825
Dear Sir, — Your favor of 3d inst. has been duly received,
and jour requests attended to. Both the letter and the en-
closed resolutions have been shewn to Mr. Loyall, and to him
alone. He "will unite in supporting the resolution relative to
the text-books on government. It would be very agreeable to
us to know the time of our next meeting; but I suppose it is
impossible to place it on a footing of greater certainty than
was done by your former letter on this subject. I fear the
Competitor will not arrive before the rising of the Assembly,
which will be some time next week. In that event, we shall
all disperse, and a regular call Avill be necessary. If the Com-
petitor arrives before the Assembly rises, Mr. Loyall and
myself will come up from this place, probably in the Friday's
stage, by the way of New Canton. Since I last wrote you, I
have abandoned the idea of publishing a pamphlet on the sub-
ject of William & Mary, as my friends here have persuaded
me that so much activity on the part of a friend of the Uni-
versity, would be injurious to that institution. Having defeated
the college party on the question relative to Jones' substitute,
no opportunity was afforded of offering your bill as a substi-
tute ; and I am advised that it would be injudicious to press the
subject in the form of a separate and independent bill at this
time, and that it Avoukl be best to hold up your bill till another
session. Perhaps we had better suffer the subject to sleep; the
country scheme will be carried against the town at any time,
I will bring the bill with me to Monticello. Your resolution
relative to the primary schools, calling for information for
anterior years, could not be complied with, the school commis-
sioners not having reported in a form to enable the Board to
344 CORRESPONDENCE. [1825.
make such a report for the years gone by. On conversation
with Mr. Brown, the Second Auditor, I amended the resolu-
tion so as to make it apply to the current and future years, and
to compel the county commissioners to report. These altera-
tions, I supposed, would be desired by yourself, were you
apprised of the diflBculties as to past years. Thus amended,
the resolution was yesterday handed to Mr. Loyall, who will
bring it in to-day.
Judge Brooke has, throughout the discussions on the College
question, discovered the utmost anxiety to sustain your views,
and to accomplish your desires. He has been a powerful
friend. On the College question, Goochland, Nelson and Am-
herst were divided. Fluvanna and Albemarle voted on oppo-
site sides. Our most active friends (besides the College party
from below opposed to removal) were Col. Randolph, Mr. Gor-
don, Mr. Loyall, Mr. Bowyer and Col. Benjamin Cabell, from
Pittsylvania. The last is a very popular young man, and by
his influence we obtained a much stronger vote on the southern
side of the State than we have ever had before. I am now
excommunicated in Richmond.
I fear my vote relative to the Convention question will be
injurious to me in my district. The subject has cost me much
uneasiness. I do not entertain those extensive apprehensions
which some discover upon this subject. Yet I cannot see any
great inconveniences existing under the present form of our gov-
ernment. The public mind is greatly divided upon many other
subjects, and I do not see the prudence or propriety of adding
at this time to the causes of agitation. The majority of my
district, I really believe, would, upon a full discussion of the
question, vote against a Convention. As a representative, I
hold myself under the control of the will of my constituents.
Should I continue in the Senate, and be satisfied that the peo-
ple would desire a Convention, I would vote for one.
Faithfully yours,
Jos. C. Cabell.
Mr. Jejerson.
1825.] CORRESPONDENCE. 345
P. S. Since the preceding was written, I am informed that
****** and certain other delegates from my district are con-
sulting together with the view of having me turned out of the
Senate. Prohably Richmond has something to do in this busi-
ness. I shall be able to shew that I had reason to believe that
the sense of the counties of Nelson and Fluvanna was not
fairly taken on the subject of a Convention. I would not wish
to remain in the Senate one moment against the wishes of my
constituents. I should have left it long ago, but from my de-
sire to support your views relative to our literary institutions.
I was consulting with my friends, Gen. Cocke and my brother,
relative to the expediency of my withdrawing, when the infor-
mation above referred to was communicated to me. Should
****** set up opposition to me, and more especially if he
should be the opponent, I will certainly not withdraw. I never
have, and never will, disobey the settled wishes of my constit-
uents. In the case of the bill subjecting students of semina-
ries to militia duty, I publicly in the Senate preferred the
opinion of my district to my own, and in that case there was
no instruction. The question of a Convention is one in ■nhich
I regarded my district as feeling little or no interest. My
whole time and all my faculties have been devoted to the defeat
of our enemies in another quarter. Believe me, that enemy
will rise again, and harass us for years to come. Should oppo-
sition be set up, the disadvantage of my vote on the Conven-
tion may be obviated, if my friends should desire it, by having
the vote of the freeholders taken at the polls in the spring,
and I would certainly obey the instructions of my constituents.
Faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
846 CORRESPONDENCE. [1825.
CXCII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 11th February, 1825.
Dear Sir, — In my letter of this morning I forgot to men-
tion that I had sent you by the mail an extra copy of the
documents relative to our interest claim, transmitted by the
Governor to the Assembly at the commencement of the session.
Mr. Loyall strongly recommends that you should send these
documents to Mr. Tazewell, with a note of request that he
would pay particular attention to the subject. It is now of
the utmost importance that we should succeed at Washington;
as by the rejection of the College measure we have added some
very strong and active enemies to the opposition.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Caiell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CXCIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
PviCHMOXD, 18th February, 1825.
Dear Sir, — You have no doubt already been informed of
the arrival of the three additional professors at this place. I
have had a short interview, and am much pleased with them.
Mr. Gilmer's selection thus far gives me great satisfaction.
Mr. Johnson, Mr. Loyall and myself, in conformity to your
instructions, have fixed on a day for the meeting of the Board,
and for that purpose have selected the fourth of March, which
I hope will be agreeable to yourself and the other gentlemen.
I shall call on Gen. Cocke on my way home, which will render
it unnecessary for you to write to him.
1825.] CORRESPONDENCE. 347
The professors will leave this for Charlottesville in the Wed-
nesday's stage.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours,
- Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CXCIV.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 21st February, 1825.
Dear Sir, — In adverting in a late letter to Mr. Gilmer's
determination not to accept the Law chair, I requested you to
make enquiries relative to Gen. Tucker, of whose lectures at
Winchester I had received so favorable an account as to induce
me to think he would be a suitable and popular appointment.
It is incumbent on me now to withdraw the suggestion, as
Judge Tucker, to whom I wrote on the subject, informs me
that his son would be unwilling to leave Winchester, where he
has property, family ties, and a valuable office, which he would
be compelled to relinquish. No other communication, direct or
indirect, has transpired between myself and Gen. Tucker, to
whom I have not written, nor from whom have I received, a
line on the subject. I confidentially communicated to Mr.
Coalter the purport of my letter to you, who I have reason to
believe wrote to General Tucker at the time I wrote to Judge
Tucker. The letter which I have received from Judge Tucker
induces me to believe that he is correctly informed of his son's
views, and it would therefore be improper in me to use his
name after the intimation I have received. I have written to
Mr. Geo. Tucker that the Board would meet on the 4th March,
and requesting him to communicate his final determination to
you by that time.
I am, dear sir, faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
348 CORRESPONDENCE. [1825.
cxcv.
T. J. TO J, C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, April 15, 1825.
Dear Sir, — I have received a proposition from Mr. Perry,
the owner of the lands •\vliich separate the two tracts of the
University, which I think of so much importance to that insti-
tution as to communicate to the Visitors by letter in their
separate situations. The University tract of 100 acres is fths
of a mile distant from that of the observatory of 153 acres.
The water which supplies the cisterns of the University by
pipes, arises in the mountain a little without this last tract, and
the pipes pass on Perry's side of the line, and through his
interjacent lands till they enter the University tract. On his
side of the line also is a very bold spring, which might be
brought by a small ditch so near the buildings of the Univer-
sity as to be of common use. It is in his power at any time
to cut off our pipes, and deprive us of that indispensable sup-
ply of water. We have always been anxious to purchase this
interjacent parcel, not only to consolidate our two tracts, but
to secure the supply of water; but we have never more than
intimated a willingness to purchase, without pressing him, lest
it might induce him to ask- an unreasonable price. He is under
(as I believe) some pressure which obliges him now to sell it.
He gives us the refusal, which if we do not accept, he will sell
in lots, as he can readily do. We gave him, about four years
ago, $45 an acre for the fifty acres adjacent to it. Since that
lands around the University have got to $100 and $130 the
acre. He offered the parcel in question to the University for
$60. I refused to treat with him at that, and told him that at
$50 I would lay it before the Visitors for consideration. He
at length agreed, stipulating for $3,000 in hand, one-half of
the balance at the end of one year, and the other half at the
end of the second, with interest from the date. On these
terms, I cannot but strongly recommend its purchase. If once
1825.] CORRESPONDENCE. 349
it is sold out in lots, we shall never be able to buy again, but
at exorbitant rates, if at all ; and our supply of water will
assuredly be cut off from us. What passes through our pre-
sent pipes, with the additional spring, Avill give us the most
abundant supply of that element forever. That you may
judge of our means of paying for it, I send you a statement of
our income and expenditure for the present and the two next
years, drawn up on consultation with Mr. Brockenbrough.
You will perceive that I propose to borrow the £rst payment
of $3,000 from the library fund, which can be re-paid from
our general funds the next year, in addition to our second pay-
ment of $2,0G7 to Perry, and still leaving a surplus of $2,G79
for contingencies that year ; and that the same funds will make
our third and last payment of $2,184 in 1827, leaving a con-
tingent surplus for that year of $3,094. The library fund can
well spare the money for a while, as we need not use of it, for
a year or two, more than $40,000, leaving $10,000 for min-
eralogical and geological collections, which may be deferred
without inconvenience. My own opinion is, therefore, that we
can make the purchase without any danger of embarrassment,
and that if not made now it Avill be forever lost. The part
which I think indispensable contains about 100 acres, but it
would be better to take in also the 37 acres, as it squares our
lines, and the timber on it is worth the price.
Although the subject is of great and permanent interest to
the University, I have not thought of proposing a meeting on
it, of the great inconvenience of which to the gentlemen I am
sensible ; and the rather as the sketch of the ground which I
send you, and the prospect of payment can be considered as
well separately as together. The only article in the statement
of our finances which does not rest on certainty, is the number
of students calculated on for the next year. For this year, I
have calculated only on the number now entered, 68; and they
are coming in nearly every day ; and at the summer vacation
of the other schools, when they will be disengaged, we know
that a large number will come, and that in the course of the
350 CORRESPONDENCE. [1825.
year we shall be over 100. That we shall have as many the
next year as our dormitories will lodge, all information as-
sures us, and probably as many additional to that as Char-
lottesville can accommodate, which is expected to be about
100, and would add $1,500 more to our income. As far as we can
judge, not one will go to Charlottesville, as long as a dormi-
tory is to be had. As yet there has not been a single applica-
tion to that place, although several house-keepers there had
prepared themselves to take boarders. If this purchase is
approved by your separate letters, I will undertake to act on
them as if regularly ordered by the Board, as you can pass a
vote of confirmation at our first meeting. Perry is pressing
(as I believe he is pressed) for an immediate answer.
All our professors are in place except Mr. Tucker, daily ex-
pected, and the Professor of Law, whom we have yet to name.
We await Mr. Tucker's arrival to form a board of faculty, that
the professors may enter on their functions of order and disci-
pline, which some incipient irregularities of the students begin
to call for. From a view which I took of their ages when the
whole number was 61, I found 6 of 21 and upwards, 9 of 20,
23 of 19, 10 of 18, 10 of 17, and 3 of 16. Two-thirds, there-
fore, being of 19 and upwards, we may hope are of sufficient
discretion to govern themselves, and that the younger third,
by their example, as well as by moderate coercion, will not be
very difficult to keep in order.
I enclose you a printed copy of our regulations, which
appear to give satisfaction to both professors and students.
Ever and affectionately yours,
Th : Jefferson.
Mr. Cabell.
1825.] CORRESPONDENCE. 351
CXCVI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Norfolk, May 6, 1825.
Dear Sir, — Your favor of April 15th, reached me on yes-
terday at this place. It had gone on to Warminster, "when I
last had the pleasure of seeing you at Monticello, and AYas for-
warded thence by the mail to Norfolk. I cannot perceive any
good ground of objection to the purchase of Mr. Perry's land,
in the manner you propose. On the contrary, I give to the
measure my most hearty approbation. I am very confident
that when the subject is properly explained, it will meet with
the support and countenance of the General Assembly. I am
very thankful for the fullness of your communication, and for
the printed copy of the regulations of the University.
I am, dear sir.
Faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
3Ir. Jefferson.
CXCVII.
(circular.) — T. J. TO J. C. C.
Monticello, May 13, 1825.
Dear Sir, — Every offer of our law chair has been declined,
and a late renewal of pressure on Mr. Gilmer has proved him
inflexibly decided against undertaking it. What are we to do?
The clamor is high for some appointment. We are informed,
too, of many students who do not come because that school is
not opened, and some now with us think of leaving us for the
same reason. You may remember that among those who were
the subjects of conversation at our last meeting, Judge Dado
was one ; but the minds of the Board were so much turned to
two particular characters, that little was said of any others.
352 CORRESPONDENCE. [1825.
An idea has got abroad, I know not from what source, that we
have appointed Judge Dade, and that he has accepted. This
has spread extensively, perhaps from a general sense of his
fitness, and I learn that it has been received with much favor,
and particularly among the students of the University. I
know no more myself of Judge Dade than what I saw of him
at our Rockfish meeting, and a short visit he made me in
returning from that place. As far as that opportunity ena-
bled me to form an opinion, I certainly thought very highly of
the strength of his mind, and the soundness of his judgment.
I happened to receive Mr. Gilmer's ultimate and peremptory
refusal while Judge Stuart and Mr. Howe Peyton of Staunton
were with me. The former, you know, is his colleague on the
bench of the General Court ; the latter has been more particu-
larly intimate with him, as having been brought up with him
at the same school. I asked from them information respecting
Mr. Dade ; and they spoke of him in terms of high commenda-
tion. They state him to be an excellent Latin and Greek
scholar, of clear and sound ideas, lucid in communicating them,
equal as a law^yer to any one of the judiciary corps, and supe-
rior to all as a writer ; and that his character is perfectly cor-
rect, his mind liberal and accommodating, yet firm and of
sound republican principles. * * * *
* * * * This is the substance, and these,
I may say, the terms in which they spoke of him : and when I
considered the character of these two gentlemen, and their
opportunities of knowing what they attested, I could not but
be strongly impressed. It happened, very much to my grati-
fication, that Gen. Cocke was here at the same time, received
the same information and impression, and authorizes me to
add his concurrence in proposing the appointment to our col-
leagues ; and to say, moreover, that if on such further enquiry
as they may make, they should approve the choice, and ex-
press it by letter, in preference to a meeting for a conference
on this subject, I might write to Judge Dade; and, on his
acceptance, issue his commission. I should add that the gen-
1825.] CORRESPONDENCE. 353
tlemen above named, were confident he would accept, as
well from other circumstances, as from his having three sons to
educate. Of course, this would put an end to the anxieties we
have all had on this subject. The public impatience for some
appointment to this school, renders desirable as early an an-
swer as your convenience admits. Accept the assurance of
my great esteem and respect.
Th: Jefferson.
Mr. Cabell.
CXCVIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Norfolk, May 25, 1825.
Dear Sir, — I arrived at this place yesterday, on my return
from Lancaster, and have to-day had an interview with Mr.
Loyall, in the course of which he showed me the copy which
he had received of your circular of the 13th instant, relative to
the nomination of Judo;e Dade as Professor of Law in the
University. Considering it unnecessary to defer writing till
my return home some two or three weeks hence, and believing
that a prompt communication of my vote will be most accepta-
ble to you, I now beg leave to convey to you the assurance of
my sincere and entire approbation of the selection of Judge
Dade. Having served with the Judge in the Senace of the
State, I have had ample opportunities of forming an opinion
of his character, talents and information, and 1 view them
very much in the light in which they are represented in your
circular. In the course of a few years, he will be an orna-
ment to the institution. Indeed, I doubt whether, upon the
whole, we should have done better in anj of the appointments
which we have successively contemplated. I am truly grati-
fied to think that we shall have so faithful an expositor of the
admirable text books on government selected by yourself and
Mr. Madison.
23
354 CORRESPONDENCE. [1825.
I cannot describe the satisfaction -which I feel in reflecting
on the present prospects of the University. Our corps of
Professors is full of youth, and talent, and energy. What
■will not such men accomplish, with such advantages ? Like a fine
steamboat on our noble Chesapeake, cutting her way at the
rate of ten knots per hour, and leaving on the horizon all
other vessels on the ^Yaters, the University will advance with
rapid strides, and throAV into the rear all the other seminaries
of this vast continent. How can this State and nation ever
repay you, my dear sir, for this great and good work ! What
must be your feelings in contemplating this precious work of
your hands ! How much more pure is the delight of having
performed such deeds than that which Napoleon felt at Aus-
terlitz or Marengo !*
I am happy to inform you that I have received at this place
a long letter from my old friend Maclure,t written at Paris in
the month of March, in which he expresses himself in terms of
the highest respect and esteem for you, and desires to be par-
ticularly remembered to you. I am happy to find that he is
at length coming home to spend the balance of his days on
this and the Southern Continent. He will probably be a val-
uable friend to our mineralogical and geological collections. I
shall not fail to enlist him heartily in the interests of the
institution.
Faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
* This peculiar style of gratulatioii may be pardoned in one who liaJ par-
ticipated in the stru^le without claiming any share of the triumph, and who
had an abiding confide-ice that the wiadom of their policy would become more
and more manifest with the lapse of years.
+ Tliis gentleman did r^iturn to the United States, and after a sojourn of
some years, principally in the North AVestern States, retired to ISIcsico, in
whose capital city he died in 184—. The University of Virginia received no
aid from him ; nor did Mr. C. ever again meet with the friend of his early
years ; but the latter sent him, as a memorial of other days, two volumes of
his "Opinions" on various topics of Political Economy, Popular Education,
&c., all strongly illustrative of the amiable and philanthropical character of
the author.
1825.] CORRESPONDENCE. 355
CXCIX.
(circular.) — T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, August 4, 1825.
Dear Sir, — Chancellor Tucker, Mr. Barbour, Judge Carr,
as you know, had declined accepting the law chair of the Uni-
versity, and yesterday I received a letter from Judge Dade,
finally declining also. Mr. Gilmer, our first choice, had de-
clined on account of his health, very much deranged by his
voyage to Europe. That is now in a great degree re-estab-
lished, and he is willing to accept. What shall we do ? Shall
we venture to our first choice, and be done wuth this difiiculty ?
Or have a meeting and look out for some other? Or do
nothing till October ? The vacancy of this chair is very dis-
advantageous, being thought by many more wanting than all
the others. If we agree to the re-appointment of Mr. Gilmer,
perhaps you will signify it by letter, as in preceding cases, as
discussion can promise nothing new on his subject.
Our last $50,000 were placed by the Treasurer in the Vir-
ginia Bank, and have been disposed of as follows :
$7,626 to replace so much advanced for books and apparatus
by the General Fund.
6,000 to finish library room.
18,000 advanced to Hilliard to complete the library.
6,000 remitted to Mr. King, our minister in London, for phi-
losophical apparatus.
3,000 do. do. do. do. anatomical, do.
500 paid to Dr. Emmet for chemical apparatus.
8,874 balance remaining.
50,000
Accept the assurance of my highest respect and esteem.
Th: Jefferson.
Mr. Cabell.
356 CORRESPONDENCE. [1825.
CC.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Edgewood, 19th August, 1825.
Dear Sir, — Your favor of 4th instant reached me by the
mail of hxst week. Shortly after it came to hand, I was
called to Bremo on business, where I authorized Gen. Cocke,
if he should reach Monticello before my regular written reply,
to inform you that I should vote for the immediate appoint-
ment of Mr. Gilmer, as the Professor of Law. I am confident
he would be appointed at the meeting in October, and the
anticipation by your circular will give him a longer interval
for preparation.
I am, dear sir.
Most respectfully and truly yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
CCI.
(circular.) — T. J. TO J. C. C.
Monticello, September 10, 1825.
Dear Sir, — The state of my health renders it perfectly
certain that I shall not be able to attend the next meeting of
the Visitors (October 3) at the University. Yet I think there
is no one but myself to whom the matters to be acted on are
sufficiently known for communication to them. This adds a
reason the more for inducing the members to meet at Monti- .
cello the day before, which has been heretofore found to facili-
tate and shorten our business. If you could be here then on
the Sunday to dinner, that afternoon and evening and the
morning of Monday, will suffice for all our business, and the
Board will only have to ride to the University pro forma, for
1825.] CORRESPONDENCE. 357
attesting the proceedings. Permit me, therefore, to expect
you to dinner on that day, (October 2) which as it is ever grate-
ful to me, seems on this occasion to be peculiarly urgent.
Accept, I pray you, the assurance of my high and friendly
esteem and respect.
Th : Jefferson.
jVr. Cabell.
ecu.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, December 7, 1825.
Dear Sir, — This Avill be presented to you by our frend Gen.
Cocke, whom I am truly sorry not to accompany on his journey
to Monticello. My brother-in-law. Dr. Carter, having departed
this life on the 30th ultimo, leaving his affairs in a very embar-
rassed situation, it becomes necessary for some one of his sur-
viving friends to attend at Lancaster court on the third Monday
in this month, to qualify as his administrator, and forthwith to
adopt measures to prevent the sacrifice of the property of his
child. The estate would probably sustain great and irrepara-
ble injury from the want of immediate attention. I am called
immediately to Williamsburg, to agree with his mother and
Mr. Tucker, upon the selection of a suitable agent, and pro-
bably to hasten over to Lancaster to engage personally in these
new and troublesome duties. I hope these circumstances will
justify my absence from the meeting of the Visitors on Monday
next. Believe me, that nothing but the strongest motives could
induce me to be an absentee on this occasion ; and I throw
myself on the liberal and indulgent goodness of yourself and
the other members of the board, well persuaded that you will
excuse me on account of the urgent private duties by which I
am called away. There will doubtless be a meeting without
me.
I hope Mr. Johnson will not call up his resolution respecting
the vacation in the lectures, as I would be glad to have further
•358 COKRESPONDENCE. ' [1825.
time to observe the practical operation of tlie present arrange-
ment. Were I called on to vote on the question at this time
I should be compelled to vote against the change, as calculated
to jeopardize the interests of the institution in Eastern Virgi-
nia, and in the Southern States. But I would prefer further
time to enquire and to reflect. I believe Mr. Loyall concurs
in these views.
I return you thanks for the three copies of the enactments
which I have just received. They are sought after with avidity
and will doubtless be printed. I saw Dr. Cooper here on my
way down the country. He seems to entertain great doubts of
the practicability of establishing with success such a tribunal
as Mr. Johnson contemplates. He suggested the expediency of
enquiring into the legal powers of the civil magistrate to bind
over or commit a man for refusing to give evidence against
another charged upon mere suspicion. He expressed, however,
the greatest interest in the experiment. I think the character
of the University has risen exceedingly in the public estimation
since the new regulations were adopted. From the short and
hasty view which I have taken of the scene of legislation, I
am of opinion that we may obtain, at this session, the money
necessary to finish the buildings. If others will not ask for it,
I will do it myself. I would be obliged to you for the requisite
estimates, so as that I may be able to use them by the 1st
January. In every thing which I may do on the subject, I
should be happy to have your advice. You expressed the
opinion, at the last meeting, that we (the Visitors) ought to ask
for nothing, but should leave it to others to ask for us. But
as we have asked so freely heretofore, perhaps others will wait
for us ; and if they should take this course, I think they should
be gratified. I leave here this morning, and shall return by
the 27th instant.
I remain, dear sir.
Faithfully your friend,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
1826.] COllRESPONDENCE. 359
CCIII.
[ The few remaining letters of tlie series relate not solely to the great sub-
ject of Education, but in some measure to Mr. J.'s private affairs, -which had
now become hopelessly embarrassed — a liability from which no citizen can
claim entire exemption under our peculiar institutions. The reflections to
which this gives rise would be too painful, had not the facts been already
given to the public through other channels. That under i-uch pressure he
should have been able to continue his eflForts and counsels in behalf of the
public int3rests with which he had been charged, must excite our admiration;
and still more when we observe the dignity with which he bore up under
reverses that would have crushed the spirit of many a younger and stouter
man.]
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTicELLo, January 20, 1826.
Dear Sir, — Under a different cover I send a circular on the
subject of our Law Professor ; and to save writing, which is
laborious to me, I must pray my colleagues, on the Assembly,
to consider the single copy as addressed equally to all.
My grandson, Thomas J. Randolph, attends the Legislature
on a subject of ultimate importance to my future happiness.
My own debts were considerable, and a loss was added to them
of $20,000, by endorsement for a friend. My application to
the Legislature is for permission to dispose of property for pay-
ment, in a way which, bringing a fair price for it, may pay my
debts, and leave a living for myself in my old age, and leave
something for my family. Their consent is necessary. It will
injure no man, and few sessions pass without similar exercises
of the same power in their discretion. But I refer you to my
grandson for particular explanations. I think it just myself;
and if it should appear so to you, I am sure, your friendship,
as well as justice, will induce you to pay to it the attention
which you may think the case will justify. To me it is almost
a question of life or death.
Accept my friendly and respectful salutations,
Tn : Jefferson.
Joseph C. Cabell, Esq.
CORRESPONDENCE. ngSG
CCIV.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
-pj j^ Richmond, 30tli January, 1,«26
DEAR Sir -Your ccnlnr to Mr. Johnson. Mr. Loyall „„d
myself relat,ve to tho appointment of a successor to Mr Gi -
and both commanded much of my attention.
Mr. Johnson was requested to write a reply in conformity to
the results of a conference between himself, Mr. Loyall, Gen
eMe, I w.ll m one or two remarks. Were we now to appoint
a Professor of Law, he would be unable ,o deliver a course o
lectures d„„„g the present year; and yet the public would
censure, eUher fo.- not lecturing at all, or for delivering an im-
perfect course. If the appointment should not be Jade tm
end of the year. It ,s better to keep the place vacant for
another year than to make a bad appoiLe„t,'or to commen
^.th m.adequate preparation, I think I am duly sensib of
the chtef source of your apprehensions from delay: and li
do my utmost to avert any appointment that wo.dd be disa
greeable to ym,. I shall endeavor to secure the recui to
co-operat,on. Such of the persons named in the list of nl
^.ch you were good enough to forward, as are not p edre"
ve.7 strongly recommended by Judge Brooke andottt =' «
further information as sol as possible. ' ^ ""' ="" "'■
1826.] COKRESPONDENCE. 261
You have probably heard of the rejDulse which Mr. Taylor
has met with in the House of Delegates. I hope it will not
have a very injurious effect. I confess I was this time very
much deceived — which is ascribable to my having been drawn
from town by the death of my brother-in-law. All sorts of
opposition were introduced on this occasion. The business was
not conducted with entire prudence. The college interest is
now strong and importunate. The bill respecting William &
Mary was sent by nie to all the proposed sites, and it has had
a great effect over the country. It has alarmed certain interests
and awakened new energy. The general interests Avill ulti-
mately triumph. Probably nothing can be done this session ;
but a year or two will bring all to rights. There is already a
considerable re-action ; but it is uncertain whether any new
effort ought to be made this session. Some think we could
succeed by combining with the colleges, but I Avill not consent
to any compromise that will commit us to a bad system. We
all think that the subject of the University should lie till your
other subject is disposed of.
I assure you I was truly distressed to receive your letter of
the 20th, and to hear the embarrassed state of your affairs.
You may rely on my utmost exertions. Your grandson pro-
posed that the first conference should be held at the Eagle. I
prevailed on him to remove the scene to Judge Carr's, and to
invite all the Judges of the Court of Appeals. Mr. Coalter
and my brother were unable to attend ; but all the court is
with you. Mr. Johnson agreed to draw the bill. I am co-
operating as far as lies in my power. I wish complete justice
could be done on this occasion ; but we have to deal Avith men
as they are. Your grandson will no doubt give you the fullesfc
information. I will occasionally inform you how matters are
progressing. In the meantime,
I remain very truly and sincerely yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
3Ir. Jefferson.
362 CORRESPONDENCE. [1826.
CCV.
J. C. C, TO T. J.
Richmond, 3d February, 1826.
Dear Sir, — Your intended application to the Legislature
has excited much discussion in private circles in Richmond.
Your grandson will doubtless give you a full account of pass-
ing occurrences. A second conference was held at Mr. Baker's
last evening ; at which were four of the Judges of the Court
of Appeals, and several members of the Legislature. Finding
considerable opposition in some of your political friends to the
lottery, and feeling mortified myself that the State should
stop short at so limited a measure, I suggested the idea of a
loan of $80,000, free of interest, from the State, during the
remainder of your life. On consultation, our friends decided
that it would be impracticable. At the confererce of last
evening, it was unanimously decided to bring forward and sup-
port the lottery. I hear there will be considerable opposition ;
but I hope it is exaggerated. I do not think that delay would
be injurious, as in every case I have found the first impression
the worst. Would to God that I had the power to raise the
mind of the Legislature to a just conception of its duties on
the present occasion. Knowing, so well as I do, how much
you have done for us, I have some idea of what we ought to do
for you.
Mr. Garland has started a project of dispersing our college
funds over the twenty-four senatorial districts. It will have
many advocates. I hope, however, it may be rejected or
amended. We had better lose the ^25,000 for the University,
than waste all our college funds on an improper system.
I am, dear sir, very truly yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
1S2G.] CORRESPONDENCE. 3G3
CCVL
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoxTiCELLO, February 4, 182G.
Dear Sir, — I received yesterday the joint letter of our
colleagues of January 26, and your separate one of the 30th.
The vote of the House of Delegates was too decisive to leave
any further expectations from that quarter, or doubt of the
necessity of winding up our affairs, and ascertaining their
ground. I went immediately to the University, and advised
the proctor to engage in no new matter which could be done
without ; to stop every thing unessential in hand ; and to re-
serve all his funds for the book-room of the rotunda, and the
anatomical theatre. Till the latter is in a condition for use
there can never be a dissection of a single subject ; nor until
the book-room and cases be completely done can we open ano-
ther box of books. We have now five boxes on hand from
Paris, unopened, five more from the same place are supposed
to be arrived in Richmond, seven from London are arrived at
Boston, and a part of those from Germany are now in Boston.
All these, and others still to arrive, must remain unopened
until the room is ready, which unfortunately cannot be till the
season will admit of plastering ; and the joiner's work goes on
so slow that it is doubtful if that will be ready as soon. The
arresting all avoidable expense is the more necessary, as our
application to Congress for a remission of duties ($3,000) has
passed the Committee of Claims by a majority of a single vote
only, and has still a long gauntlet to run. AVe have, however,
one certain supplementary resource for present purposes, in
the rents for dormitories and the other buildings. I learnt
yesterday, from the proctor, that about 130 students were
arrived, of which two-thirds were new comers, that there are
still about 60 old ones to arrive, who had engaged for another
year ; and if the same proportion of new comers should still
come in, it would make upwards of 300, whose rents, with
364 CORRESPONDENCE. [182(3.
those of the hotels, -would amount to $7,444. I doubt, how-
ever, whether Charlottesville can accommodate the 84 in addi-
tion to our 21(3. They seem confident they can, and are
making great exertions.
Whatever fund may be contemplated for the intermediate
colleges, I should bo sorry to see any of it diverted from the
impartial and general object. I know no principle of distri-
bution which can be adopted for the second grade of schools,
but that of placing one within a day's ride of every man — say
in districts of about 80 miles square below the North moun-
tain, Avhich would give them seven, and leave three for the
sparse population beyond that, which would be done by your
bill. If the $155,000 remaining of the payment by Congress
be applied to this object, it will give $10,000 to each of these;
one-third of which will be enough for their buildings, and an
interest of $400 a year will remain for two tutors, in aid of
the tuition fees. I do not think these colleges will have more
than 30 pupils each. Twenty-four such schools as proposed
by Mr. Garland, with $5000 each, would not have enough to
do more than maintain one Connecticut teacher. On our plan
there would remain $55,000 to enlarge the University accom-
modations, and put that by its increased rents on a footing to
carry itself on forever, without ever needing the aid of another
dollar from the public.
I hope you have not lost sight of the annual tabular report
of the primary schools, necessary as a preliminary to perfect
that branch of the general system of education.
Ever and aifectionately yours,
Th: Jefferson.
3Ir. Cabell.
1826,] CORRESPONDENCE. 3G5
CCVIL
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, February 7, 1826.
Dear Sir, — I received yesterday your kind letter of the
2d, and am truly sensible of the interest you are so good as to
take in my affairs. I had hoped the length and character of
my servies might have prevented the fear in the Legislature
of the indulgence asked being quoted as a precedent in future
cases. But I find no fault with their strict adherence to a rule
generally useful, although relaxable in some cases under their
discretion, of which they are the proper judges. If it can be
yielded in my case, I can save the house of Monticello and a
farm adjoining to end my days in and bury my bones. If not,
I must sell house and all here, and carry my family to Bedford,
where I have not even a log hut to put my head into. In any
case, I wish nothing from the treasury. The pecuniary com-
pensations I have received for my services, from time to time,
have been fully to my own satisfaction.
I have been very much mortified by the publication, in the
Enquirer of the 4th, of two letters from some person called an
"American Citizen," who seems to have visited Mr. Madison
and myself, and has undertaken to state private conversations
with us. In one of these he makes me declare that I had
intentionally proceeded in a course of dupery of our Legisla-
ture, teazing them, as he makes me say, for six or seven
sessions, for successive aids to the University, and asking a
part only at a time, and intentionally concealing the ultimate
cost, and gives an inexact statement of a story of Obrian.
Now, our annual reports will shew that we constantly gave
full and candid accounts of the money expended, and state-
ments of what might still be Avanting, founded on the Proctor's
estimates. No man ever heard me speak of the grants of the
Legislature, but with acknowledgments of their liberality,
^6G CORRESPONDENCE. [1826.
"which I have always declared had gone far beyond what I
could have expected in the beginning. Yet the letter-writer
has given to my expressions an aspect disrespectful of the
Legislature, and calculated to give them ofience, which I do
absolutely disavow. The writer is called an American Citizen.
It is evident, if he be so, that he is an adopted one only, who,
after calling on us in his travels through the country, as a
stranger, may have obtained naturalization and settled in Phil-
adelpha, where he is enjoying the society of the Bonapartes,
&c. The familiar style of his letter to his friend in England,
and the communication of it to the Literary Gazette there,
indicate sufficiently his foreign birth and connections. I can
not express to you the pain which this unfaithful version and
betrayment of private conversation has given me. I feel what
it will add to the disfavor I had incurred with a large portion
of the Legislature by my strenuous labors for the establishment
of the University, to which they were opposed, insomuch as to
let it ovcrweigh whatever of satisfaction former services had
given them. I have been long sensible that while I was en-
deavoring to render our country the greatest of all services,
that of regenerating the public education, and placing our
rising generation on the level of our sister States (which they
have proudly held heretofore), I was discharging the odious
function of a physician pouring medicine down the throat of a
patient insensible of needing it. I am so sure of the future
approbation of posterity, and of the inestimable effect we shall
have produced in the elevation of our country by what we have
done, as that I cannot repent of the part I have borne in co-
operation with my colleagues. I disclaim the honors which
this writer (among the other errors he has interlarded with the
truths of his letters) has ascribed to me, of having made lib-
eral donations of timber and stone from my own estate, and of
having paid all the contracts for materials myself, and I restore
them to their true source, the liberal legislators of our country.
My pain at these false praises and representations should meiit
1826.] CORRESPONDENCE. 307
Tvitli them an acquittal of anj supposed approbation of them
bj myself.
Ever and affectionately yours,
Th: Jefferson.
Mr. Cabell.
CCVIII.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, 8tli February, 1826.
Dear Sir, — Your faA'or of the 4th instant has arrived, and
has been read with the greatest interest by myself and the
friends to whom I have shewn it. Mr. Garland's scheme of
twenty-four colleges, in my view, is pregnant with mischief.
The only way to defeat it is to present to the House a better
plan in lieu of it. My mind has been on the wing for some
days, and a view of this most important subject has occurred
to me, which I beg to lay before you for your immediate con-
sideration. If you should approve it, I must solicit your
immediate co-operation, It appears to me that the plan of
location and distribution of the colleges, presented by your
bill of 1817-18, is decidedly preferable to that of the bill of
last Avinter. In that first bill you looked only to the people of
Virginia, without taking any notice of the old colleges. Ex-
perience and reflection convinced me that this was the wisest
course that you could have adopted. It is almost impossible
to weave them into any good system ; and they will never con-
sent to give up their charters. Why, then, should we embar-
rass ourselves with them ? Let us let them alone, and ask
them to let us alone. In departing from William & Mary as
the pivot, we were led into errors. The arrangement then
proposed left the South-west and South-east too naked, and
gave the Valley too much ; it also threw the colleges into the
towns instead of the country. As the funds were to come out
of the old college, we were fettered in the system for the whole
368 COKRESPONDENCE. [1826.
State. Looking now to the literary fund as the source of our
means, can we not consistently revert to your first arrange-
ment? I think we can. The college party will not wait for
William & Mary to come again; they will act and drive the
country into action; and we must provide the means with as
small a draft as possible on our funds, with a view both to the
University and the elementary schools. We must adapt our
means to the prevailing opinions respecting the literary fund,
which are opposed to the expenditure of the capital. The
question draws near to us, and we are expected to present a
plan for the consideration and support of our friends. Proba-
bly there is yet time for me to hear from you before the
decision is called for. I propose that we should unite in sup-
port of your first bill of 1817-18, with this alteration, that
the local districts shall be required to contribute the necessary
lands and buildings, as a condition of the public contribution,
and that the latter should be an annual sum out of the surplus
revenue of the literary fund, and limited to the support of
professors, of whom there should be eventually at least two,
one of languages, the other of philosophy. The details of the
bill should be altered so as to suit this outline. A salary of
$500 each is universally admitted to be adequate to the object.
The complete establishment of the nine colleges would cost the
State $9,000 only. The institutions might, however, com-
mence with only one salary, viz : $4,. 500 in the whole, or even.
with a smaller amount. I am perfectly convinced that the
requisite lands and buildings would be contributed by the local
population in every instance. We would only have to prescribe
some reasonable limit to the discretion of the commissioners in
departing from the exact central situations. The competition
that would arise between the two or three central counties
would ensure success. By this process we should double our
funds without oppressing any one. We might now commence
the whole system, and give 25 or 32,000 to the University.
The estimated surplus for the ensuing year is $6,000, and the
fund is fast increasing. What a scene of glorious enterprise
1826.] CORRESPONDENCE. 369
would not this exhibit ? The country gentlemen, to whom I
have mentioned it, seem greatly pleased with it, and think
there is no inherent difficulty. There will be great opposition,
and probably we cannot carry it now ; but in many points of
view the eiFort would, in my opinion, be prudent. * *
********* Some wish
to keep the whole subject back for another session, and then to
push the college question foremost. We have only one plain
object, the good of the whole, by the shortest possible route;
and we owe it to ourselves and the country to suggest the most
perfect plan, and only to submit to compromise when it becomes
unavoidable. The influence of this town is prodigious. I
would pi'efer to conciliate it, if possible; but, if it be neces-
sary, we must have its opposition. If you should approve
these views, I would be extremely thankful to you if you would
chanr;e your first bill in the manner proposed and send me the
new bill with as little delay as possible. Lest you may not
have a copy at hand, I send you a copy of my pamphlet, in
which you will find both the bills. Any provisions in the last
bill, or which further reflection may suggest to you as coming
under the class of improvements on the original, would be
acceptable, provided they should leave the outline proposed.
If you should disapprove the scheme, you will be good enough
to inform me to that eff"ect. The state of things at the Uni-
versity is enough to awaken the renewed patronage of the
Legislature ; but the sources of hostility to the institution are
not to be dried up by success. On the contrary, success in-
flames the opposition of certani classes. The march of the
system of public instruction is hateful to your enemies.
Mr. Loyall made a motion on the subject of your lottery bill
to-day. It was laid on the table by a vote of 95 to 94. This
vote is not at all indicative of the sense of the House on the
main question. I have no doubt the bill will pass.
I am, dear sir, most sincerely yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Je§'crson.
24
3'J'O CORRESPONDENCE. [1826.
CCIX.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, February 10th, 1826.
Dear Sir, — Your favor of 7th inst. has this moment been
received. I was ah-eady sitting down to add to my last letter.
I am distressed to inform you that leave was given on yester-
day to bring in your bill by a majority of only four. I was
out among my friends last evening, and I learn from them that
there is no doubt of its passage, but that the majority will be
considerably less than we lately expected. I think the discus-
sion in the House will be favorable to the measure. I wished
to bring forward a stronger measure ; not because you wished
it, but because a regard to ourselves required it; in this I was
assured I could not succeed, and I reluctantly abandoned the
plan. I blush for my country, and am humiliated to think
how we shall appear on the page of history. As I suppose
your grandson writes you very often and very fully on this
subject, I will pass to the main subject of my last— the best
collegiate system for the State.
My continued reflections confirm me in the views expressed
in my last letter, insomuch that I earnestly beseech you to
alter the bill in the manner proposed, and to send it down as
soon as possible. From conversations held on yesterday with
the members of the Senate, I am disposed to think two-thirds
of the body would support the scheme. It will be necessary
to adopt guards in the bill against imposition in regard to the
lands and buildings. Every little academy in the State will
desire to be selected. We can get new and good buildings,
and as much land as we could desire. I leave to your better
judgment what quantity of land should be required, or whether
a discretion in this respect should be reposed in the Literary
Board. Near towns and villages, the same quantity as in rural
sites would perhaps be an oppressive requisition. I would fix
in the bill the maximum appropriation to each and all the col-
1826.] CORRESPONDENCE. 371
leges; I think $1,000 each, or $9,000 to all, per annum, would
be enough. This would give two salaries of |500 to two profes-
sors ; these, with the fees, would be competent, I should suppose.
A simple provision that the surplus revenue of the literary fund
should be appropriated and equally divided among the nine col-
leges till it should reach the sum of $9,000 per annum, would be
sufficient. The surplus revenue is now appropriated to colleges
generally till it reaches $20,000 per annum. The plan pro-
posed would relieve the fund to the amount of $11,000 per
annum in future times. The College of Hampden Sidney
might apply for the location in the district where it is situated.
Or, perhaps it would be better to legislate specially, by separate
bill, as to that college, giving it an annuity revocable at the
will of the Legislature, and leaving its charter as it is. The
other two colleges want nothing. I think we ought to take no
notice of them in our bill ; and their open avowal not to come
under the control of the State, is a sufficient justification. If
the friends of Hampden Sidney should be strong enough to
force it into the bill, we must make the best terms we can. I
would wish to do something for that institution; it has been
and will be useful ; and is supported by a most respectable
population. But we should never lose sight of the whole
State, and do nothing for a part that will mar the entire
scheme. I would recommend that no notice be taken of any
particular institution in the bill, except the University. To
that I would propose an appropriation of $32,000, viz: the
$25,000 mentioned in our report to the Legislature, and
$6,000 added thereto to replace the sum borrowed from the
library fund to finish the library room. Or, if you think it
better, we might ask for the exact sum mentioned in our
report, saying nothing of the $6,000. Taking out the
$25,000, there would remain a sufficient surplus to start all
the colleges with one salary of $ ioO — the local population
giving the lands and buildings, and the students the fees.
These colleges would all, upon this plan, be fully endowed in
five years from this time. They would be the best friends of
372 CORRESPONDENCE. [1826.
the University. The old colleges would be left unmolested.
As to William & Mary, we might, if the country should so
desire, give her a roving commission. But upon that question
we need not give any opinion, but leave it for future adjust-
ment. What is to prevent the success of this scheme!
Nothing but private and local interests in the House of Dele-
gates. Perhaps this will be the result. But we should not
lose by the suggestion ; for the people would every where see
that we were looking home to them, and moving towards them
with a firm and consistent march. We would get the intelli-
gent farmers on our side. And the friends of the primary
schools Avould see an end speedily approaching to the appropri-
ations to the higher seminaries, and that our system would soon
embrace the whole body of the people. Some have thought
that the Governor and Council would be a better body to de-
cide on the locations and grants than the Literary Board.
Great and powerful interests in the State will co-operate with
local and selfish interests to break down this project. But I
am in hopes we may be able to carry it sooner or later. I have
not time to write to both yourself and Mr. Madison ; but pre-
sume that you and he understand each other's views. Until I
hear from you, I shall be entirely engaged in endeavoring to
prepare the necessary support for the bill. I enclose Mr.
Pictet's letter, which I have received from Mr. Madison and
shewn to Mr. Johnson and Mr. Loyall. Your last letter will
have a considerable effect. I shall confer with your friends as
to the best mode of using it.
Faithfully your friend,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson
182G.] CORRESPONDENCE. 373
CCX.
T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, February 14, 1826.
Dear Sir, — Your two favors of the 8th and 10th were
received yesterday, and I will endeavor to get this into the
mail which is to be closed this evening. If they have not
cheered me in all things, they greatly do it in the prospect
they hold up of succeeding in our intermediate plan of schools.
But I am sorry you waited a moment to consult me on the
subject, and the more so as it finds me under a severe relapse,
and during a paroxysm of pain, rendering impossible all at-
tention of the mind to any thing but aggravated suffering.
This, however, occurs to me at once, that I always considered
the first plan as far the best, but the second the only one
which could be obtained from the local interests it enlisted. I
remember, too, that the second bill was copied from the first
verbatim ; except in the mutations of place, and the changes
which these called for. Obvious as these are, they are still
such as under my present pain are beyond my powders, but you
can make them yourself in a few minutes. Lay them side by
side, and comparing section by section, the changes in the
second will present themselves at once for rejection. The
remaining sections of both will be found verbatim the same ;
unless here and there a word may have occurred in the second,
or a phrase or idea better than had occurred in the first. Other
changes for the better may also occur to yourself. Some,
indeed, are specified in your letter, and in general I approve
of all your new suggestions. Pray then do not wait a mo-
ment, but drive at once the nail which you find will go. As
to the quantity of ground necessary, if each professor and the
steward has a curtilage, garden, pasture, and orchard, it is
enough. The printing your pamphlet was all-important. The
reasoning of the "Friend of Science" cannot be answered.
My letter too of September 17, must be felt. Equal right, the
principle of the first bill, is the polar star to be followed.
374 CORRESPONDENCE. [1826.
Whatever may be the sentence to be pronounced in my par-
ticular case, the efforts of my friends are so visible, the im-
pressions so profoundly sunk to the bottom of ray heart, that
they can never be obliterated. They plant there a consolation
which countervails whatever other indications might seem to
import. The report of the Committee of Finance, particu-
larly, is balm to my soul. Thanks to you all, and warm and
afiectionate acknowledgments. I count on nothing now. I am
taught to know my standard, and have to meet Avith no fur-
ther disappointment.
Th: Jefferson.
Mr. Cabell.
CCXI.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
Richmond, February 15, 1826.
Dear Sir, — The publication of the extract from your last
letter to me, was made Avith the approbation of Judge Carr,
and I hope will not be disagreeable to you, as I am sure it will
produce a very good effect. The Lottery Bill was not taken
up to-day. It has gained ground for some days past, and I
have no doubt will pass, but not without a large minority.
We have a wayward house to deal with, but I hope you will
not suffer these things to depress you; for we are to be
injured by them, not yourself. If it be in your power, I wish
you would alter your bill in the mode proposed, and send it to
me. The idea of making the districts give the lands is very
popular. On this plan we can now give $25,000 to finish the
University, and a salary of $500 to each of the nine col-
leges. The Senator from the S. W. corner of the State is
much dissatisfied with his district, as the centre is in high
mountains. But what is to be done? We cannot give the
trans- Alleghany country three, and the Kanawha Valley must
be postponed for the present. I think there is judgment in
1826.] CORRESPONDENCE. 375
proposing now the same arrangement you did formerly. I
like much the idea of having one near the University, as a
preparatory school.
Yours, most sincerely,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
J. C. C. TO T. J.
CCXIL
Senate Chamber, 20th February, 1826.
Dear Sir, — On the next page you will find the vote of the
Senate on the passage of your bill. Of the four Senators who
voted against it, two were carried off by their aversion to lot-
teries. The bill was committed at 12. I asked leave for the
Committee to sit during the session of the House. We re-
ported at 1, and passed the bill instanter. If the House of
Delegates had not adjourned on account of the death of a
member, the passage of the bill would have been communi-
cated by special message. It is now a law of the land.* I sin-
* [The General Assembly having granted the lottery for the better disposi-
tion of Mr. Jefferson's property, measures for carrying it promptly into effect
■were initiated in Richmond, at a public meeting of citizens favorable to the
object, who also recommended similar meetings in the different counties.
Resolutions were drawn up with this view by Mr. Cabell in Nelson ; but
owing to a present indisposition in the author, Avere offered by another and
adopted at a conference of citizens in Lovingston, June 26, 1826. A Commit-
tee to obtain subscriptions was appointed, and the members were moving with
an activity that promised success, when, in a few days, intelligence of the
death of Mr. Jefferson reached them, and suspended their proceedings. The
preamble of that piper is given here to show that the efforts of Mr. Cabell to
serve his revered friend were continued to the last.]
The undersigned citizens of Nelson county, concurring cordially in the visws
lately expressed by their fellow-citizens at the seat of government, and
heartily sj'mpathising in the sentiments of grateful respect and affectionate
regard recently evinced both there and elsewhere, for their countryman
Thomas Jefferson, cannot disguise the sinceie satisfaction which they derive
from the prospect of a general co-operation to relieve this aged and distin-
guished patriot. The important services for which we are indebted to Mr.
Jefferson, from the days of his youth, when he drew upon himself the resent-
376 CORRESPONDENCE. [1826.
cerely wisli your health may be better than it was -when you
last wrote me. I have prepared, as you suggested in your last,
an Amendatory Act relative to the colleges, which has been
approved by all to whom I have shown it. In this number
are included four out of five of the Judges of the Court of
Appeals. I shall wait on Mr. Taylor to-morrow, and ask him
to introduce it. Your former collegiate bill is the basis of the
plan. I fear it is too late in the session to carry it. I will,
however, get it printed, and pave the way for future success,
should we fail now.*
I am, dear sir, ever faithfully yours,
Joseph C. Cabell.
Mr. Jefferson.
Ayes. — Johnson of Petersburg, Goodwyn, Allen, Brown,
Dade, Fry, Tom, Sharp, Cabell, Martin, Saunders, Jones,
Holt— 13.
Noes. — Ruffin, McCarty, Morgan, Armistead — 4.
ment of Dunmore, to the present time, when, at tlie close of a long life, Le is
laboring to enligliteu the natiou ■which he has contribvited to make free, place
him in the highest rank of national benefactors, and eminently entitle him to
the character ©f the people's friend. Whether considered as the servant of
the State, or of the United States ; whether regarded as an advocate or a
statesman; whether as a patriot, a legislator, a philosopher, or a friend of
liberty and republican government, ho is the unquestioned ornament of his
country, and unites in himself every title to our respect, our vener.ition and
gratitude. Ilis services are written in the hearts of a grateful peojtle; they
are identified with the fundamental institutions of his country; they entitle
him to "the fairest page of faithful history;" and will be remembered as long
as liberty and science are respected on earth. Profoundly impressed with
these sentiments, the undersigned citizens of Nelson county consider it com-
patible with neither the national character nor with the gratitude of the
Republic, that this aged patriot should be deprived of his estate, or abridged
in his comforts, at the close of a long life so ably spent in the service of his
country. Therefore,
1. Resolved, That the resolutions relative to Thomas Jefferson, recently
adopted by the citizens of Kiclimond and Manchester, meet the cordial appro-
bation of the uiraersigned citizens of Nelson county, &c.
* A copy of this jsroposed bill is given in Appendix P. It was presented
to the House, but failed this session, partly through the opposition of the pro-
fessed friends of the Primary Schools, partly on the alleged ground that Mr.
1826.] COKRESPONDENCE. 377
CCXIIL
(circular.) — T. J. TO J. C. C.
MoNTiCELLO, April 21, 1826.
Dear Sir, — Mr. Wirt declined the offices proposed to him.*
Mr. Lomax has accepted the Professorship of Law, and ■will
open his school on the first of July. He has paid us a visit,
and his appointment appears to have given the highest degree
of satisfaction to every body, professors, students, neighbors,
and to none more than myself. We have now 166 students;
and, on the opening of the law school, we expect to have all
our dormitories filled. Order and industry nearly complete,
and sensibly improving every day.
Affectionately yours,
Th: Jeffersox.
31r. Calcll.
Cabell's estimates of the cost of erecting and maintaining sucb an establish-
ment was much too low. To rebut this argument, he devoted a part of his
leisure to drawing a " Plan for a small college." Such as was contemplated
by the bill. Thii was elaborated with great care and in minute detail, and
when examined convinced many who had doubted before. It was Mr. C's.
wish that an experiment should be tried with a single one, which, if success-
ful, might serve as a model for others in those parts of the State where they
were most required. But the plan was loaned to a friend, and in passing
from his hands lo others was lost. Frequent applications were made to him
afterwards for the loan of it, and by seveial with a view of again trying its
fortune before tlie Legislature ; but after diligent enquiry he was unable to
recover it, and never found leisure for its re-production, before his attention
became absorbed by another great public interest — the uniting of the Eastern
and Western waters of the State. The subsequent multiplication of colleges
and academies in Virginia has also superseded the necessity of such an
establishment.
* These were the Presidency of the University united with the Professor-
ship of Law. (See Kennedy's Life of Wirt, II. 207-9.) The former post
having been created as an additional inducement to his acceptance of the
other, and declined by him, the arrangement was rescinded; and the institu-
tion has never had any permanent head, the ordinary duties of a President
devolving on the "Chairman of the Faculty" for the time-being, who is an-
nually re elected.
APPENDIX.
We, John Harris, John Nicholas, John Kelly, Peter Carr and John
Carr, five of those appointed trustees by the act of the G-eneral As-
sembly entitled ''an act to establish an academy in the county of
Albemarle, and for other purposes," having met at the house of
Triplett T. Estes, in the town of Charlottesville, on the 25th day of
March, 1814, for the purpose of taking into consideration the said
recited act, and there not appearing a majority, as by the said act is
required, have agreed, in order to fill such vacancies as have occurred
by deaths, resignations and removals, to nominate the following citi-
zens, to wit : Thomas Jefi"erson, Jonathan B. Carr, Robert B. Stresh-
ley, James Leitch, Edmund Anderson, Thomas Wells, Nicholas M.
Lewis, Frank Carr, John Winn, Alexander Garrett, Dabney Minor,
Samuel Carr and Thomas Jameson, to fill such vacancies ; and when-
ever the concurrence of one other of the trustees named in the said
recited act shall concur in the said nomination, they shall be consid-
ered as duly appointed as trustees for the purpose of carrying the said
recited act into execution, and a general meeting is recommended at
the house of Triplett T. Estes, in the town of Charlottesville, on the
fifth day of the next month.
(Signed,) John Harris,
John Nicholas,
John Kelly,
P. Carr,
John Carr,
Edward Garland.
380 APPENDIX.
Agreeable to the recommendation of the 25th of March last past,
on this 5th day of April, 1814, appeared at the place appointed,
Thomas Jefferson, Jonathan B. Carr, Robert B. Streshlej, James
Leitch, Edmund Anderson, Thomas Wells, Nicholas M. Lewis, Frank
Carr, John Winn, Alexander Garrett, Peter Carr, Edward Garland,
John Kelly, John Nicholas, Rice Garland, Samuel Carr, Thomas
Jameson and John Carr, and the nomination made on the 25th of
March last having been duly approved of by Edward Garland, making
a majority of the remaining Trustees under the act aforesaid —
Whereupon, the said Trustees proceeded to elect their President
and Secretary. Peter Carr was chosen President and John Carr
Secretary.
On motion to designate the place where the proposed establishment
shall be made, the determination thereof is postponed until the 15th
day of the present month.
A committee, consisting of the following members, to wit: Thomas
Jefferson, Peter Carr, Frank Carr, John Nicholas and Alexander
Garrett, were chosen to draft rules and regulations for the govern-
ment of the proposed institution.
The same committee are instructed to report to the next meeting a
plan for raising funds for the erection and support of the said insti-
tution; and thereupon the meeting is adjourned till the 15th instant,
at the house of Triplett T, Estes.
(Signed,) P. Carr.
At a meeting of the Trustees of the Albemarle Academy, held at
the house of Triplett T. Estes, Charlottesville, the 15th day of April,
1814, agreeable to adjournment :
Present — Peter Carr, President, Thomas Jameson, Frank Carr,
Jonathan B. Carr, Robert B. Streshley, James Leitch, John Kelly,
John Nicholas, John Winn, John Carr and Edmund Anderson. The
number present consisting of a bare majority, and it being desirable that
a full Board should be had to take into consideration the important
subjects submitted to the committee appointed at the last meeting : It
is therefore ordered, that the sitting be adjourned till Tuesday, the
8d day of May next.
P. Care, Pres't.
APPENDIX. 381
At a meeting of the Trustees of the Albemarle Academy, held at
the house of Triplett T. Estes, the 3d day of May, 1814, agreeable
to adjournment :
Present— Peter Carr, President, John Harris, Dabney Minor,
Thomas Wells, Samuel Carr, John Kelly, John Winn, Rice Garland,
John Nicholas, Robert B. Streshley, Jonathan B. Carr, Frank Carr,
Thomas Jameson, James Leitch and Edmund Anderson.
Wilson C. Nicholas, by letter dated 2d May, 1814, declines acting
as a trustee of the Academy, Nimrod Bramham was chosen to fill
the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of the said Wilson C. Nich-
olas, and the Secretary is ordered to inform the said Bramham of his
appointment. •
The committee appointed by an order of the Board made the 5th
day of April, 1814, to draft rules and regulations for the government
of the proposed Academy, and who were directed also to report
on the ways and means of raising funds for the establishment and
support of the institution, this day made a report in these words, to
wit : "The committee appointed," &c., which, being submitted to the
consideration of the Board, was unanimously adopted.
The Board then proceeded to appoint a committee to carry into
effect that article of the report which relates to the management of
the lottery, when John Winn, John Kelly, James Leitch, Frank Carr
and Alexander Garrett were elected for. that purpose.
The Board then proceeded to elect a Treasurer and President of the
Board of Managers of the Lottery, when John Kelly was chosen.
Dabnev Minor, Thomas Wells and Edmund Anderson were elected
a committee to open subscriptions agreeable to that article of the
report of the committee on this subject.
Thomas Jefferson, Thomas M. Randolph and Peter Carr were
elected a committee to draft petitions to the next Assembly asking an
appropriation of the money arising fi'om the sale of the glebe lands
for the benefit of the institution.
Adjourned till the third Friday in June next.
P. Carr, Proit.
Teste — Jno. Carr, Sec'y.
382 APPENDIX.
At a meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Albemarle Academy,]
at Charlottesville, the 17th June, 1814:
In the absence of the Secretary, Frank Carr was nominated and I
appointed as Secretary.
On motion made and seconded, the scheme of a lottery heretofore '
reported to the Board was amended by the adoption of the following
substitute :
Rewlvecl, That a committee of five, to wit: John Winn, James
Leitch, John Nicholas, Frank Carr and Alexander Garrett be ap-
pointed to view the different situations in the county of Albemarle for
the purpose of locating the Albemaide Academy, and to enquire into
the relative expense of building on the best and most economical plan,
and of purchasing a situation already improved ; and that they report
their reasons at large in favor of the situation to which they give the
preference.
Ordered, that the Board adjourn till the meeting in course.
P. Carr, Pres't.
At a stated meeting of the Trustees of the Albemarle Academy,
held at the house of Triplett T. Estes, in Charlottesville, the 19th
day of August, 181-1:
Present — Peter Carr, President, Thomas Jefferson, Dabney Minor,
John Winn, Thomas Wells, Eice Garland, Alexander Garrett, Jona-
than B. Carr, Robert B. Streshley, Nicholas M. Lewis, James Leitch,
Edward Garland, John Nicholas, John Kelly, Samuel Carr and John
Carr.
The committee to whom was referred the subject of location, made
a report in these words, to wit :
" The committee to whom was referred the resolution of the Board
of Trustees of the Albemarle Academy of the 17th of June, 1814,
relative to the location of said Academy, have had the same under
consideration, and thereupon agreed to the following report :
" Your committee have viewed the diiferent sites on which it would
be advisable to locate the Academy in the town of Charlottesville and
its vicinity, and in their opinion it would be most advisable to locate
the same in the vicinity of the town, distant not more than one-half
APPENDIX. 383
mile, provided such location, building, &c. would not cost the institution
more than a situation in town already improved suitable to the pur-
pose. To form some idea of the probable cost of improving a site in
the vicinity of the town, your committee beg leave to submit the
annexed plan, and recommend its adoption by the Board as one best
suited to the purpose, provided the work can be completed according
to the terms of the estimate.
" Your committee have in vain attempted to ascertain the cost of a
site unimproved in the vicinity of town, not being able to propose
any particular terms of purchase, there being no funds at present at
command of the Board of Trustees ; they therefore beg of the Board
to indulge the committee in a report on this part of the said resolution
until a fund shall have been raised necessary to the purchase of such
site. When this shall be accomplished, your committee will then be
enabled to propose the terms of purchase with certainty, and the pro-
prietors of the sites enabled to make proposals of sale accordingly.
" All of which is respectfully submitted.
"John Winn,
"James Leitch,
"John Nicholas,
"Alex. Garrett.
" Idfh August, 1814."
Which report is ordered to be recorded.
It is ordered and directed, that the President of the Board cause
notice to be given in the public prints, according to law, that a petition
will be presented to the next General Assembly praying an appropri-
ation of the money arising from the sale of the glebes to the benefit
of the Academy.
The meeting is now adjourned till the third Friday in November
next.
P. Carr.
384 APPENDIX.
B.
A LETTER FROM THOMAS JEFFERSON TO THE LATE PETER CARR,
Originally published in the Enquirer.
MoNTiCELLO, September 7th, 1814.
Dear Sir, — On the subject of the academy or college proposed to
be established in our neighborhood, I promised the trustees that I
would prepare for them a plan, adapted, in the first instance, to our
slender funds, but susceptible of being enlarged, either by their own
growth or by accession from other quarters.
I have long entertained the hope that this, our native State, would
take up the subject of education, and make an establishment, either
with or without incorporation into that of William & Mary, where
every branch of science, deemed useful at this day, should be taught
in its highest de2;ree. With this view, I have lost no occasion of
making myself acquainted with the organization of the best semina-
ries in other countries, and with the opinions of the most enlightened
individuals, on the subject of the sciences worthy of a place in such
an institution. In order to prepare what I have promised our trus-
tees, I have lately revised these several plans with attention ; and I
am struck with the diversity of arrangement observable in them — no
two alike. Yet, I have no doubt that these several arrangements have
been the subject of mature reflection, by wise and learned men, who,
contemplating local circumstances, have adapted them to the condi-
tion of the section of society for which they have been framed. I
am strengthened in this conclusion by an examination of each sepa-
rately, and a conviction that no one of them, if adopted without
change, would be suited to the circumstances and pursuit of our
country. The example they have set, then, is authority for us to
select from their different institutions the materials which are good /or
ua, and, with them, to erect a structure, whose arrangement shall cor-
respond with our own social condition, and shall admit of enlargement
in proportion to the encouragement it may merit and receive. As I
may not be able to attend the meetings of the trustees, I will make
you the depository of my ideas on the subject, which may be cor-
rected, as you proceed, by the better view of others, and adapted,
APPENDIX. 385
from time to time, to the prospects which open upon us^ and which
cannot be specifically seen and provided for.
In the first place, we must ascertain with precision the object of our
institution, by taking a survey of the general field of science, and
marking out the portion we mean to occupy at first, and the ultimate
extension of our views beyond that, should we be enabled to render
it, in the end, as comprehensive as we would wish.
1. Elementary Schools.
It is highly interesting to our country, and it is the duty of its
functionaries, to provide that every citizen in it should receive an
education proportioned to the condition and pursuits of his life. The
mass of our citizens may be divided into two classes — the laboring
and the learned. The laboring will need the first grade of education
to qualify them for their pursuits and duties ; the learned will need it
as a foundation for further acquirements. A plan was formerly pro-
posed to the Legislatui'e of this State for laying off every county
into hundreds or wards of five or six miles square, within each of
which should be a school for the education of the children of the
ward, wherein they should receive three years' instruction gratis, in
reading, writing, arithmetic, as far as fractions, the roots and ratios,
and geography. The Legislature, at one time, tried an ineffectual
expedient for introducing this plan, which having failed, it is hoped
they will some day resume it in a more promising form.
2. General Schools. '
At the discharging of the pupils from the elementary schools, the
two classes separate — those destined for labor will engage in the busi-
ness of agriculture, or enter into appanticeships to such handicraft art
as may be their choice ; their companions, destined to the pursuits of
science, will proceed to the college, which will consist, 1st, of General
Schools ; and 2d, of Professional Schools. The General Schools will
constitute the second grade of education.
The learned class may still be subdivided into two sections; 1,
Those who are destined for learned professions, as a means of liveli-
hood ; and 2, The wealthy, who, possessing independent fortunes^
may aspire to share in conducting the affairs of the nation, or to live
with usefulness and respect in the private ranks of life. Both of
these sections will require instruction in all the higher branches of
25
386 APPENDIX.
science; the wealthy to qualify them for cither public or private
life ; the professional section will need those branches, especially,
which are the basis of their future profession, and a general know-
ledge of the others, as auxiliary to that, and necessary to their stand-
ing and associating with the scientific class. All the branches, then,
of useful science, ought to be taught in the general schools, to a com-
petent extent, in the first instance. These sciecces may be arranged
into three departments, not rigorously scientific, indeed, but sufficiently
so for our purposes. These are, I, Language ; II, Mathematics ;
III, Philosophy.
I. Language. In the first department, I would arrange a distinct
science. 1, Languages and History, ancient and modern ; 2, Gram-
mar ; 3, Belles Lettres ; 4, Rhetoric and Oratory ; 5, A school for
the deaf, dumb and blind. History is here associated with languages,
not as a kindred subject, but on a principle of economy, because both
may be attained by the same course of reading, if books are selected
with that view.
II. 3Iathematics. In the department of mathematics, I should give
place distinctly, 1, Mathematics pure; 2, Physico-Mathematics; 3,
Physic ; 4, Chemistry ; 5, Natural History, (o wit : Mineralogy ; 6,
Botany; and 7, Zoology; 8. Anatomy; 9, the Theory of Medicine.
III. Pliilosoplii/. In the Philosophical department, I should dis-
tinguish, 1, Ideology ; 2, Ethics ; 3, the Law of Nature and Nations ;
4, Government; 5, Political Economy.
But, some of these terms being used by different writers, in dif-
ferent degrees of extension, I shall define exactly what I mean to
comprehend in each of them.
I. 8. Within the term of Belles Lettres I include poetry and com-
position generally, and Criticism.
II. 1. I consider pure Mathematics as the science of, I, Numbers,
and II, Measure in the abstract; that of numbers comprehending
Arithmetic, Algebra and Fluxions; that of Measure (under the gene-
ral appellation of Geometry) comprehending Trigonometry, plane and
spherical, conic seditions, and transcendental curves.
II. 2. Physico-Mathematics treat of physical subjects by the aid
of mathematical calculation. These are Mechanics, Statics, Hydro-
statics, Hydrodynamics, Navigation, Astronomy, Geography, Optics,
Pneumatics, Acoustics.
II. 3. Physics, or Natural Philosophy, (not entering the limits of
APPENDIX. 387
Cliemistry,) treat of natural substances, their properties, mutual rela-
tions and action. They particularly examine the subjects of motion,
action, magnetism, electricity, galvanism, light, meteorology, with an
&c. not easily enumerated. These definitions and specifications render
immaterial the question whether I use the Generic terms in the exact
degree of comprehension in which others use them ; to be understood
is all that is necessary to the present object.
3. Professional Schools.
At the close of this course the students separate ; the wealthy
retiring, with a sufficient stock of knowledge, to improve themselves
to any degree to which' their views may lead them, and the profes-
sional section to the professional schools, constituting the third grade
of education, and teaching the particular sciences which the indi-
viduals of this section mean to pursue, with more minuteness and
detail than was within the scope of the general schools for the second
grade of instruction. In these professional schools each science la
to be taught in the highest degree it has yet attained. They are to
be the
1st Department, the fine arts, to wit : Civil Architecture, Garden-
ing, Painting, Sculpture, and the theory of Music; the
2d Department^ Architecture, Military and Naval; Projectiles,
Rural Economy, (comprehending Agriculture, Horticulture and Vete-
rinary,) Technical Philosophy, the practice of Medicine, Materia
Medica, Pharmacy and Surgery. In the
3d Department, Theology and Ecclesiastical History; Law, Muni-
cipal and Foreign.
To these professional schools will come those who separated at the
close of their first elementary course, to wit :
The lawyer to the school of law.
The ecclesiastic to that of theology and ecclesiastical history.
The physician to those of the practice of medicine, materia medica,
pharmacy and surgery.
The military man to that of military and naval architecture and
projectiles.
The agricultor to that of i"ural economy.
The gentleman, the architect, the pleasure gardener, painter and
musician to the school of fine arts.
And to that of technical philosophy will come the mariner, car-
388 APPENDIX.
penter, sliip-wright, pump maker, clock maker, machinist, optician,
metallurgist, founder, cutler, druggist, brewer, vintner, distiller, dyer,
painter, bleecher, soap maker, tanner, powder maker, salt maker,
glass maker, to learn as much as shall be necessary to pursue their
art understandingly, of the sciences of geometry, mechanics, statics,
hydrostatics, hydraulics, hydrodynamics, navigation, astronomy, geo-
graphy, optics, pneumatics, acoustics, physics, chemistry, natural his-
tory, botany, mineralogy and pharmacy.
The school of technical philosophy will differ essentially in its func-
tions from the other professional schools. The others are instituted to
ramify and dilate the particular sciences taught in the schools of the
second grade on a general scale only. The technical school is to
abridge those which were taught there too much in extenso for the
limited wants of the artificer or practical man. These artificers must
be grouped together, according to the particular branch of science in
which they need elementary and practical instruction ; and a special
lecture or lectures should be prepared for each group — and these lec-
tures should be given in the evening, so as not to interrupt the labors
of the day. The school, particularly, should be maintained wholly at
the public expense, on the same principles with that of the ward
schools. Through the whole of the collegiate course, at the hours of
recreation on certain days, all the students should be taught the
manual exercise, military evolutions and manoeuvres, should be under
a standing organization as a military corps, and with proper ofiicers to
train and command them.
A tabular statement of this distribution of the sciences will place
the system of instruction more purticularly in view :
\st or Elementary Grade in the Ward Schools.
Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Geography.
2d, or General Grade.
1. Language and History, ancient and modern.
2. Mathematics, viz :
Mathematics pure,
Physico-Mathematics,
Physics,
Chemistry,
3. Philosophy, viz :
Ideology, and Ethics,
Law of Nature and Nations,
Anatomy,
Theory of Medicine,
Zoology,
Botany and Mineralogy.
Government,
Political Economy.
APPENDIX. 389
3(7, or Professional Grades.
Theology and Ecclesiastical History.
Law, Municipal and Foreign.
Practice of Medicine.
Materia Medica and Pharmacy.
Surgery.
Architecture, Military and Naval, and Projectiles.
Technical Philosophy.
Rural Economy.
Fine Arts.
On this survey of the field of science, I recur to the question, what
portion of it we mark out for the occupation of our institution ? With
the first grade of education we shall have nothing to do. The sciences
of the second grade are our first object ; and, to adapt them to our
slender beginnings, we must separate them into groups, compre-
hending many sciences each, and greatly more, in the first instance,
than ought to be imposed on, or can be competently conducted by a
single professor permanently. They must be subdivided from time
to time, as our means increase, until each professor shall have no
more under his care than he can attend to with advantage to his
pupils and ease to himself. In the further advance of our resources,
the professional schools must be introduced, and professorships estab-
lished for them also. For the present, we may group the sciences
into professorships, as follows, subject, however, to be changed, accord-
ing to the qualifications of the persons we may be able to engage.
I. Profcaaorship.
Language and History, ancient and modern.
Belles Lettres, Rhetoric and Oratory.
IT. Professorship.
Mathematics pure — Physico-Mathcraatics.
Physics — Anatomy — Medicine — Theory.
III. Professorship.
Chemistry — Zoology — Botany — Mineralogy.
IV. Professorship.
Philosophy,
390 APPENDIX.
The organization of the branch of the institution which respects
its government, police and economy, depending on principles which
have no affinity with those of its institution, may be the subject of
separate and subsequent consideration.
With this tribute of duty to the Board of Trustees, accept the
assurance of my great esteem and consideration.
Th : Jefferson.
C.
A Petition of the Trustees of Albemarle Academy, praying to
be authorized by law to demand and receive certain moneys which
have arisen on the sale of the two glebes of the parishes of St. Ann
and Fredericksville in the said county, with the interest or profits
thereon ; and also, annually, from the President and Directors of the
Literary Fund, a dividend of the interest or profits of that fund, pro-
portioned every year to the ratio which the contributions of the said
county shall have borne to those of the rest of the State in the prece-
dino- year; praying, also, the General Assembly to reduce the num-
ber of visitors, to provide for their appointment and succession, and
for that of such other officers as they may think necessary ; to define
their powers and duties, to lay down such fixed principles for the
government and administration of the said institution as may give it
stability; to change its name to that of the Central College ; and to
make such amendments to the act for the establishment of public
schools, passed on the 22d day December, 1796, as may facilitate its
commencement and lighten its execution in the said county.
Ordered, That the said petition be referred to the Committee of
Propositions and Glrievances; that they do examine the matter
thereof, and report the same, with their opinion thereupon, to the
House.
Resolved, As the opinion of this Committee, that so much of the
petition of the Trustees of the Albemarle Academy as prays for cer-
tain amendments to the act establishing the same, is reasonable.
Eesolced, As the opinion of this Committee, that so much of the
said petition as prays that all moneys now appropriated to the
APPENDIX.
391
literary fund, within the said county, may hereafter be vested in the
said Trustees, for the use of the said Academy, be rejected.
The said resolutions being twice read, were, on questions severally
put thereupon, agreed to by the House. — Journal of Mouse of Dele-
gates for 1815-0, ji/?. 23, 38, 56.
D.
AN ACT FOR ESTABLISHING A COLLEGE IN THE COUNTY OF
ALBEMARLE.
1. Be it enacted hy the General Assembhj, That there shall be
established in the county of Albemarle, at the place which has been,
or shall be elected by the Trustees of Albemarle Academy, and in
lieu of such academy, an institution for the education of youth, to be
called '- The Central College," which shall be established, governed,
and administered as follows :
2. The Governor of this Commonwealth for the time-being, shall
be the Patron of the said college, and shall have power to appoint
the Visitors thereof in the first instance, and to fill up such vacancies
in the Board of Visitors as may exist afterwards, from time to time.
3. There shall be six Visitors, who shall hold their ofiices each for
the term of three years, if he shall so long demean himself Wull; of
which the Chancellor of the district shall be the competent judge.
4. The said Board of Visitors shall have two stated meetings in
every year, in the said college, to wit : on the day of the commence-
ment of the spring term of the Albemarle Circuit Court, and on the
day of the commencement of the fall term of the said Circuit Court ;
and such occasional meetings as may be called from time to time by
any three members, giving effectual and timely notice to the others;
and if, from any cause, the said Visitors do not attend the said stated
meetings, or such occasional meetings as may be called from time to
time, the said meetings may be adjourned from day to day, until a
general meeting shall be had.
5. They, or a majority of them, shall have power to appoint a
Treasurer and Proctor; to establish professorships, prescribe their
duties, and the course of education to be pursued; determine the
392
APPENDIX
salaries, and aecommodatioDs they shall receive from the college, and
the perquisites from their pupils ; to lay down rules for the govern-
ment and discipline of the students ; for their subsistence, board and
accommodation, and the charges to which they shall be subject for
these and for tuition ; to prescribe and control the duties and pro-
ceedings of all officers, servants and others, with respect to the build-
ings, lands, and other property of the college, and to the providing
subsistence, board, accommodations, and all necessaries for the stu-
dents and others appertaining to the same; and to fix the allow-
ance and emoluments for their salaries; and, in general, to direct
and do all matters and things which to them shall seem best for pro-
moting the purposes of the institution, and for securing, improving,
and employing its property; which several functions may be exer-
cised by them in the form of by-laws, rules, orders, instructions, or
otherwise as they shall deem proper.
6. There shall be a Treasurer, to be appointed by the Visitors, to
hold his office during their pleasure; whose duty it shall be to
receive all moneys which shall become due or accrue to the college ;
to pay all moneys which shall be due from it, according to such
directions, general or special, as shall be given by the Board of Visi-
tors ; and to render his account at such times, in such forms, and to
such persons, as they shall require, or to themselves.
7. There shall be a Proctor, to be appointed by the Visitors, to
hold his office during their pleasure. In him, in trust for the college,
shall be vested, transmissible to his successors, the legal estate in all
property of the college, whether in possession, in interest, or in
action; and he shall have authority to maintain the same in all suits,
as plaintiff or defendant; which suits shall not abate by the determi-
nation of his office, but shall stand revived in the name of his succes-
sor; he shall be capable in law, and in trust for the college, of
receiving subscriptions and donations, real and personal, of purchas-
ing, receiving, and holding, transmissible to his successor, all pro-
perty, real and personal, in possession, interest, or action.
8. It shall be his duty to superintend, manage, preserve, and
improve all the property of the college, in possession, interest, or
action; to erect, preserve, and repair the buildings, improvements,
and possessions; to provide subsistence and other necessaries, and. to
direct and control the due and economical dispensation of them ; to
employ and control all agents, servants, and others necessary for the
APPENDIX. 393
works or the services prsedial or menial of the institution ; and in all
those functions he shall act conformably with the provisions and
principles established by the Visitors, of whose laws, regulations, and
orders, he shall have the general execution, when not addressed to
any other person.
9. Aiid be it further enacted, That the rights and claims, now
existing in the said Albemarle Academy aiid its Trustees, shall by
this act become vested in the said Central College and its proper offi-
cers, so soon as they shall be appointed ; and that, in aid of the sub-
scriptions and donations obtained, and of the proceeds of the lottery
authorized by the act for establishing the Albemarle Academy, the
said college shall, by its proper officers, when appointed, be author-
ized to demand and receive the moneys which arose from the sales of
the glebe lands of the parishes of St. Ann and Fredericksville, in the
county of Albemarle, or such part thereof as belongs to the county of
Albemarle or its citizens, or in whatever hands they may be, to be
employed for the purposes of the said college.
10. And he it further enacted, That the act passed in the year one
thousand eight hundred and three, for establishing the said Albe-
marle Academy, that of the same year amending the said act, and all
other provisions of other acts contrary to the purview of this act, shall
be repealed from and after the appointment of Visitors, as therein
provided.
li. This act shall commence and be in force from and after the
passing thereof.
E.
At a meeting of the Visitors of the Central College, held at Char-
lottesville on the 5th day of May, 1817, on a call by three members,
to wit : John Hartwell Cocke, Jos. C. Cabell, and Thomas Jefferson.
Present — James Monroe, James Madison, John H. Cocke, and
Thomas Jefferson.
The records of the Trustees of the Albemarle Academy, in lieu of
which the Central College is established, were received from their
Secretary by the hands of Alexander Garrett, one of the said
Trustees.
394 APPENDIX.
Rewlved, That Valentine W. Soutball be appointed Secretary to
tbe Board, and that the said records be delivered to him.
The Board proceeded to the appointment of a Proctor, and the
said Alexander G-arrett was appointed, with a request that he will act
as Treasurer also, until a special appointment can be made.
The Board being informed that at a meeting which had been pro-
posed for the 8th day of April last at Charlottesville, and at which
the three members only who called this present meeting had attended,
the said members had visited and examined the different sites for the
college within a convenient distance around Charlottesville, had
deemed the one offered them by John Perry, a mile above the town,
to be the most suitable, and offerad on the most reasonable terms, and
had provisionally authorized a purchase of certain parcels thereof for
the site of the said college and its appendages, and the members now
present having themselves proceeded to the said grounds, examined
them, and considered the terms of the said provisional purchase, do
now approve of said grounds as a site for the said college and its ap-
pendages, and of the terms of purchase, which they hereby confirm
and ratify, and they accordingly authorize their Proctor above named
to proceed to obtain a regular conveyance thereof to himself and his
successors in trust for the said college.
The act establishing the Central College, having transferred to the
same all the rights and claims existing in the Albemarle Academy
and its Trustees ; and having in aid of the subscriptions and donations
obtained or to be obtained, and of the proceeds of the lottery author-
ized by law, specially empowered this college by its officers, to demand
and receive the moneys which arose from the sales of the glebe lands
of the parishes of St. Ann and Fredericksville, or such part thereof
as belongs to the county of Albemarle or its citizens, in whatever
hands they may be, to be employed for the purposes of this college.
Ordered that the Proctor enquire into the state of the said property,
and report the same to this Board; and that in the mean time he be
authorized to demand and receive so much of the said moneys as may
be requisite to pay for the lands purchased from the said John Perry^
and to make payment accordingly.
On view of a plan presented to the Trustees of the Albemarle
Academy, for erecting a distinct pavilion or building for each sepa-
rate professorship, and for arranging these around a square, each
APPENDIX. 395
pavilion containing a school room and two apartments for the acccm-
mcdation of the professor, with other reasonable conveniencies, the
Board determines that one of those pavilions shall now be erected,
and they request the Proctor, so soon as the funds are at his com-
mand, to agree with proper workmen for the building of one, of stone
or brick below ground, and of brick above, of substantial work, of
regular architecture, well executed, and to be completed, if possible,
during the ensuing summer and winter ; that the lot for the said pa-
vilions be delineated on the ground of the breadth of — feet, with
two parallel sides of indefinite length, and that the pavilion first to
be erected be placed on one of the lines so delineated, with its floor on
such degree of elevation from the ground as may correspond with the
regular inclined plane to which it may admit of being reduced here-
after.
And it is further resolved, that so far as the funds may admit, the
Proctor be requested to proceed to the erection of dormitories for the
students adjacent to the said pavilion, not exceeding ten on each side,
of brick, and of regular architecture, according to the same plan
proposed.
The Board proceeding to consider the plan of a lottery prepared by
the Trustees of Albemarle Academy, approve of the same, and resolve
that it be carried into execution, and without delay, by the Proctor
and by such agents as he shall appoint, and that the moneys to be re-
ceived for tickets by those entrusted with the sale of them, be, from
time to time, and at short periods, paid into the hands of the Proctor,
and by him deposited in the Bank of Virginia in Richmond, with
which Bank it is thought expedient that an account should be opened
with him in trust for the Central College.
Resolved, That a subscription paper be prepared, and placed in such
hands as the Proctor shall deem will be the most likely to promote it
with energy and success, in which shall be difl'erent columns, to wit :
one for those who may be willing to give a donation in gross, an-
other for those who may be willing to give a certain sum annually for
the term of four years, and a third for donations in any other form;
and that the moneys subscribed be disposed of as they are received
by the Proctor, in the manner above prescribed for those received on
the lottery.
Resolved, That Thomas Jefferson and John H. Cocke be a Com-
396 APPENDIX.
mittee on the part of the Visitors, with authority jointly or severally,
to advise and sanction all plans and the application of moneys for es-
ecuting them, which may be within the purview and functions of the
Proctor for the time being.
Til : Jefferson,
James Monroe,
James Madison,
J. H. Cocke.
May 5, 1817.
July 28, 1817.
At a called meeting of the Visitors of the Central College, held at
the house of Mr. Madison, in Orange, Thomas Jefferson, James Mad-
ison, John Hartwell Cocke and, Joseph C. Cabell, being present:
The plan of the first pavilion to be erected, and the proceedings
thereupon, having been stated and agreed to,
It is agreed that application be made to Doctor Knox, of Baltimore,
to accept the Professorship of Languages, Belles Lettres, Rhetoric,
History and Geography; and that an independent salary of five hun-
dred dollars, with a perquisite of twenty-five dollars from each pupil,
together with chambers for his accommodation, be allowed him as a
compensation for his services, he finding the necessary assistant
ushers.
Alexander Garrett requesting to resign the office of Proctor, it is
agreed that Nelson Barksdale, of the county of Albemarle, be ap-
pointed his successor.
It is also agreed, that it be expedient to import a stone-cutter from
Italy, and that Mr. Jeflerson be authorized and requested to take the
requisite measures to efiiect that object.
James Madison,
J. H. Cocke,
Joseph C. Cabell,
Th: Jefferson.
At a meeting of the Visitors, &c., held at Charlottesville, 7th Oc-
tober, 1817 :
On information of the amount of the subscriptions to the Central
College, known to be made, and others understood to be so, the Board
resolves, that the pavilion now erecting be completed as heretofore
APPENDIX. 397
directed, with the twenty dormitories attached to it, and that two
other pavilions be contracted for and executed the next year, with the
same number of dormitories to each; that one of these be appropri-
ated to the Professor of Languages, Belles Lettres, Rhetoric, Oratory,
History and Geography; one other to the Professor of Chemistry,
Zoology, Botany, Anatomy; and the third, until otherwise wanted,
for a boarding-house, to be kept by some French family of good char-
acter, wherein it is proposed that the boarders shall be permitted to
speak French only, with a yiew to their becoming familiarized to con-
versation in that language.
The Board is of opinion, that the ground for these buildings should
be previously reduced to a plain or to terraces, as it shall be found to
admit, with due regard to expense; that the pavilions be correct in
their architecture and execution; and that, where the family of a
professor requires it, two additional rooms shall be added for their
accommodation.
On information that the Rev. Mr. Knox, formerly thought of for a
professor of languages, is withdrawn fr^m business, the order of July
the 28th is rescinded, and it is resolved to offer, in the first place, the
professorship of chemistry, &c. to Doct. Thomas Cooper, of Pennsyl-
vania, adding to it that of law, with a fixed salary of $1,000, and
tuition fees of $20 from each of his students, to be paid by them,
and to accede also to the conditions stated in his letter of September
16, to Th : Jefferson, and that he be advised with as to a qualified pro-
fessor of languages, or such other measures be taken to obtain one as
shall be found most advisable ; that the professor of languages should
be engaged to take place on the first of April, and Doctor Cooper as
soon as the pavilion for him can be erected, or as he can otherwise
accommodate himself with lodgings.
Resolved, That every student shall be required to pay $G0 per an-
num tuition fees, of which §20 shall be paid to each professor he
attends, and the surplus thereof, if any, to remain for the use of the
College, and that $15 be paid moreover for each dormitory by the
students occupying them.
Resolved, That any deficiency in the moneys paid or payable by
subscription or otherwise, in or before April next, to pay for the
pavilions and dormitories, the first year's salaries to the two professors
aforesaid, and other necessary expenses, shall be obtained, if practica-
ble, by negotiation with the banks, or a pledge of the future install-
398 APPENDIX.
meuts of subscriptions, and of the College property, as security ; and
that of the latter installments the sum of $25,000 shall be disposed
of as shall hereafter be directed, either to the Commonwealth or the
banks, or some other safe monied institution, on an interest sufficient
to pay the annual salaries of the two professors aforesaid forever.
Resolved, That the Proctor be authorized to hire laborers for level-
ing the grounds and performing necessary services for the works or
other purposes.
James Madison,
James Monroe,
David Watson,
J. H. Cocke,
Jos. C. Cabell,
Th: Jefeekson.
October lilt, 1817.
At a meeting of the Visitors, &c., 8th October, 1817:
Certain letters from Dr. Cooper to Th : Jefferson, dated September
17 and 19, received since the meeting of yesterday, being communi-
cated to the Board of Visitors, and taken into consideration with his
former letter of September 16, they are of opinion that it will be for
the interest of the College to modify the terms of agreement which
might be generally proper, so as to accommodate them to the particu-
lar circumstances of Dr. Cooper, and to reconcile his interests to an
acceptance of the professorship before proposed to him. They there-
fore resolve :
1. That the expenses of transporting his library and collection of
minerals to the College shall be re-imbursed to him.
2. That however disposed they would be to purchase for the College
his colbction of mineral subjects, his philosophical and chemical ap-
paratus, the extent of their funds is as yet too little ascertained to
authorize engagements for them ; but that an interest of 6 per cent,
per annum on a fair valuation should be paid for the use of them in
his own hands, until it can be seen that the other more indispensable
calls on the funds of the College will leave them competent to the
purchase.
And, ultimately, should nothing short of the immediate purchase
of these articles be sufficient, then we are of opinion that their pur-
APPENDIX. 899
chase be made, and that the ready money, if required, be obtained
from the banks, as proposed in the resolution of yesterday for other
pec-uniary deficiencies.
3. That the expense of articles consumed necessarily in a course of
chemical lectures, shall be defrayed by the College.
4. That the branches of science proposed for Dr. Cooper be varied
and accommodated in his case, as it is expected they must be in
others, to the particular qualifications of the professor.
5. That the committee of superintendence of the proceedings of
the Proctor in the execution of his functions, heretofore appointed,
are authorized to take such measures as they think best for providing
the necessary apartments for the use of the chemical and mineralogi-
cal purposes.
Resolved, That Alexander Garrett be appointed Treasurer for the
College.
Joseph C Cabell,
J. H. Cocke,
James Monroe,
Th: Jefferson, for
himself and for James Madison, who assented to all the articles,
but was obliged to depart before they could be copied and signed.
Charlottesville, 11th May, 1818.
At a regular meeting of the Visitors of the Central College, on
11th May, 1818, at which Thomas Jefierson, James Madison, John
H. Cocke and Joseph C. Cabell were present, it was agreed, that it
being ascertained whether Thomas Cooper would accept the professor-
ship of chemistry, in the event of his not doing so, it would be
expedient to procure a professor of mathematics.
It was also agreed to allow the Proctor of the Colle<re the sum or
two hundred dollars for the present year.
James Madison,
Th : Jefferson,
J. H. Cocke,
Joseph C. Cabell.
May Wth, 1818,
400 APPENDIX.
January 6, 1818.
The HonorahJe, the Speaker of the House of Delegates :
Sir, — The late G-ovemor of the Commonwealth havinjr thought
proper to confide to us the office of Visitors of the Central College
near Charlottesville, under an act of the Legislature, establishing as its
patron the Governor for the time being, we deem it our duty to
report to you our proceedings under that appointment, with the pro-
gress and prospects of that institution.
The want of a seminary of general science in a healthy part of our
country, and nearly central to its population, so long felt by our citi-
zens, and so earnestly and extensively desired, produced an expecta-
tion that an establishment, so located, and with views entirely gene-
ral, might meet the wishes of the different parts of the State, and be
carried into efiect, in an useful degree, by individual and voluntary
contributions. The neighborhood of Charlottesville was thought to
unite prominent advantages for such an establishment. That situa-
tion was therefore proposed ; and in order to divest it of all local
character and control, and to place its direction under the will of
those who represent us, the Legislature was petitioned to vest its
patronage in the Governor of the Commonwealth, annually elected by
themselves, and to commit to Visitors, to be named by him from time
to time, its entire and exclusive direction.
These functions having been accordingly accepted, the subscribers
were named as Visitors, to carrry into execution the views so contem-
plated. Papers for voluntary subscriptions were circulated in different
parts of the State, and with more or less success, in proportion, it
would seem, as tae object and government were correctly seen to be
of a general character, or erroneously viewed as merely local. For it is
not to be supposed that, on the abstract proposition of a general and
central establishment for finishing the instruction of youth, begun
in local institutions, the contributions of any one part of the State,
would have been less liberal than those of others.
As soon as it was perceived that the contributions, although par-
tial, would be sufficient for an establishment which should embrace
the most useful sciences, to a desirable extent, the Visitors assembled
and commenced their duties. They adopted a scale, accommodated,
in the first instance, to the present prospect of funds, but capable of
being enlarged indefinitely to any extent, to which more general
APPENDIX. 401
efforts may hereafter advance tliem. They purchased, at a distance of
a mile from Charlottesville, and for the sum of one thousand five hun-
dred and eighteen dollars and seventy-five cents, two hundred acres
of land, on vrhich was an eligible site for the college, high, dry, open,
furnished with good water, and nothing in its vicinity which could
threaten the health of the students.
Instead of constructing a single and large edifice, which might have
exhausted their funds, and left nothing, or too little, for other essen-
tial expenses, they thought it better to erect a small and separate
building, or pavilion, for each professor they should be able to em-
ploy, with an apartment for his lectures, and others for his own
accommodation, connecting these pavilions by a range of dormitories,
capable each of lodging two students only, a provision equally friendly
to study as to morals and order.
This plan offered the further advantages of greater security against
fire and infection, of extending the buildings in equal pace with the
funds, and of adding to them indefinitely hereafter, with the indefi-
nite progress of contributions, private or public ; and it gave to the
whole, in form and effect, the character of an academical village.
Workmen were immediately engaged to commence the first pa-
vilion ; but the season being advanced, it will not be finished till the
ensuing spring, when one or two others will be begun, together with
the contiguous ranges of dormitories, two or three sets of twenty for
each pavilion, and sufficient consequently for the accommodation of
from eighty to one hundred students. These we count on finishing
in the course of the ensuing summer and autumn, and to provide,
within the same period, professors of distinction in their respective
lines of science, such as may give eminence to the character of the
institution, and offer to our youth the instruction for which few have
been able to send them abroad, and many could have afforded to give
them at home.
We cannot, however, expect from private contributions, to look
beyond a single professor for each of the four great departments; of
Language, Mathematical, Physiological, and Ideological sciences. The
subscription papers already returned, amount to thirty-five thousand
one hundred and two dollars, to which are to be added three thousand
one hundred and ninety-five dollars eighty-six cents, the proceeds of
the sales of glebes in the county of Albemarle ; this application of
these ancient acquisitions being thought most analogous to their
26
402 APPENDIX.
original objects, and equally for the benefit of all interested in them.
To these sums, making together thirty-eight thousand two hundred
and ninety-seven dollars eighty-six cents, particular papers of which
we have information, although not returned, will add about eight
thousand dollars, enabling us to count with safety on forty-six or
forty-seven thousand dollars. Other papers arc still out, of which
we have no information, but which we trust will make further and
sensible addition to our stock. These moneys, however, being paya-
ble in four annual installments only, and the nature of the institution
recommending its being brought into eiFect at once, as far as the
funds will go, they will be lessened by the discounts requisite for
that purpose.
In proceeding to apply our funds, we suppose that each pavilion for
a professor, with its appendage of twenty dormitories, will cost about
^7,000 ; that, for a salary of $500 to a professor of languages, be-
sides his tuition fees, a deposit must be made in the funds of the
State, or in some other safe funds, of $8,333 J, and for a salary of
$1,000, besides tuition fees, to each of the other professors, a deposit
of |1G,66G|. From the interest of which sums the salaries of the
professors may be permanently secured ; so that whatever our funds
enable us once to establish, may be established forever, and securely
guarded from the danger of future deficiencies; and we cherish the
hope that, with the progress of time, and of the sense of the value of
such an institution, progressive liberalities may make further additions
equally permanent, until the institution shall become worthy the sta-
tion of our State in the scale of its confederates and of the nations
of the world.
The premises shew, that our funds, already certain, will enable us
to establish, during the ensuing season, two professorships only, with
their necessary buildings, and to erect the pavilion, and, if the out-
standing subscription papers fulfill our hopes, the dormitories also for
a third ; depending for this salary, as well as for the salary and build-
ings for a fourth, on future and unassured donations.
And even with four professorships, there must be on each such an
accumulation of sciences, branches of the same department, as cannot
be sufiiciently taught by a single professor. To do this as it should
be done, to give all its developments to every useful branch of all
the departments, and in the highest degree, to which each has been
already carried, would require a greatly increased number of pro-
APPENDIX. 403
fessors, and funds far beyond wliat can be expected from individual
contributions.
To this the resources at the command of the Legislature would
alone be adequate. And we are happy to see, that among the cares
for the general good, which their station and the confidence cf their
fellow-citizens have made incumbent on them, this great political and
moral want has not been overlooked. By a bill of the last session, passed
by one branch, and printed by the other for public consideration, a dis-
position appears to go into a system of general education, of which a
single University for the use of the whole State is to be a component
part. A purpose so auspicious to the future destinies of our country,
which would bring such a mass of mind into activity for its welfare,
cannot be contemplated without kindling the warmest affections for
the land of our birth, with an animating prospect into its future his-
tory. Well directed education improves the morals, enlarges the
minds, enlightens the councils, instructs the industry, and advances
the power, the prosperity and the happiness of a nation. But it is
not for us to suggest the high considerations, which their peculiar
situation will naturally present to the minds of our law-givers, encour-
aging a pursuit of such incalculable efi"ect; nor would it be within the
limits of our dutiful respect to them, to add reasonings or induce-
ments to their better understanding of what will be wise and profitable
for our country. But observing that in the bill presented to public
consideration a combination of private and public contributions has
been contemplated; and considering such an incorporation as com-
pletely fulfilling the view of our institution, we undertake to declare,
that if the Legislature shall think proper to proceed to the establish-
ment of an University, and to adopt for its location the site of the
Central College, we are so certain of the approbation of those for
whom we act, that we may give safe assurance of the ready transfer
to the State of all the property and rights of the Central College, in
possession or in action, towards the establishment of such an Univer-
sity, and under such laws and provisions as the Legislature shall be
pleased to establish ; and that we ourselves shall be ready to deliver
over our charge to such successors, or such other organization, as the
Legislature shall be pleased to ordain, and with increased confidence
of its success under their care.
If the relations, sir, in which you stand with the Legislature of our
country, and with this institution, shall, in your judgment, render it
404
APPENDIX,
proper, we request that ttis declaration may be placed before that
honorable body, in such form as you think best, and with the assu-
rance of our entire and respectful submission to their will.
To your Excellency we tender the particular and high respect and
consideration with which we have the honor to be
Your most obedient
And most humble servants,
James Monroe,
James Madison,
David Watson,
J. H. Cocke,
Th: Jefferson,
Joseph C. Cabell.
F.
Subscriptions to the Central College from persons residing in the
county of Albemarle and in other counties and places.
Names.
Sum subscribed.
No. of installments,
Albemarle county.
Nathaniel Anderson,
$100 00
4 installments.
Benjamin Austin,
100
00
a
Nelson Barksdale,
200
00
(t
Joseph Bishop,
200
00
11
Nimrod Bramham,
500
00
u
Achillis Broadhead,
75
00
a
Charles Brown,
100
00
11
William Brown,
20
00
u
Elijah Brown,
100
00
a
William Brown,
25
00
(I
Samuel Carr,
500
00
Frank Carr,
400
00
Daniel F. Carr,
200
00
James 0. Carr,
300
00
2,820 00
Amount carried forward,
12,820 00
APPENDIX. 4U£
Names. Sum subscribed. No. of installments,
Amount brought forward,
12,820 00
John F. Carr,
50 00
Henry Chiles,
100 00
Hugh Chisholm,
100 00
James Clarke,
200 00
Joseph Coffman,
50 00
Charles Cocke,
500 00
Robert L. Coleman,
100 00
Tucker Coles,
500 00
John Coles,
500 00
Isaac A. Coles,
200 00
Walter Coles,
200 00
John H. Craven,
500 00
Isaac Curd,
100 00
Cash,
20 00
Allen Dawson,
100 00
Martin Dawson,
200 00
James Dinsmore,
200 00
Dixon Deadman,
50 00
George Divers,
1,000 00
Charles Day,
50 00
William Dunkum,
100 00
John Dunkum,
100 00
Thomas DraiFen,
60 00
Samuel Dyer, sr.,
400 00
Samuel Dyer, jr..
200 00
Francis B. Dyer,
100 00
Archibald B. Duke,
50 00
Richard Duke,
200 00
Charles Everitte,
333 33
John Fagg,
100 00
John Fretwell,
100 00
Jesse W. Garth,
200 00
Jesse Garth, sr..
150 00
William Garth,
150 00
Garland Garth,
SOO 00 7,263 83
Amount carried forward.
110,083 33
406
Names.
Amount bro't forward
Willis D. Garth,
Alexander Garrett,
Ira Garrett,
James Garnett,
Kobert Gentry,
Jeremiah A. Goodman,
William F. Gordon,
John Goss,
Clifton Harris,
Ira Harris,
John Harris,
Benjamin Harden,
Charles Harper,
William Hamner,
Andrew Hart,
Samuel L. Hart,
John Hudson,
Thomas Jefferson,
John Jones,
David Isaacs,
James Kinsolving, sr.,
George W. Kinsolving,
James Leitch,
William Leitch,
Nicholas H. Lewis,
Howell Lewis,
Jesse Lewis,
Reuben Lindsay, sr.,
James Lindsay,
Reuben Maury,
Thomas W. Maury,
John H. Marks,
Francis McGehee,
William H. Merewether,
James Minor,
Dabney Minor,
Amount carried forward,
APPENDIX.
Sum subscribed.
80 00
500 00
100 00
50 00
100 00
50 00
200 00
200 00
100 00
100 00
1,000 00
100 00
200 00
20 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
1,000 00
75 00
200 00
50 00
50 00
500 00
100 00
300 00
200 00
100 00
1,000 00
100 00 .
100 00
100 00
100 00
40 00
200 00
300 00
No. of installments.
$10,083 33
4 installments
4 installments.
-too 00 8,015 00
$18,098 33
APPENDIX,
40T
Names. Sum subscribed.
Amount bro't forward,
Peter Minor, 500 00
No. of installments.
$18,098 83
James Monroe,
1,000
00
William Morris,
20
00
Wilson.C. Nicholas,
1,000
00
Opie Norris,
300
00
Mann Page,
400
00
John Patterson,
1,000
00
John M. Perry,
200
00
Moses Perrygory,
25
00
John Pollock,
200
00
Peter Porter,
20
00
Thomas J. Kandolph,
500
00 •
Thomas E. Randolph,
200
00
John C. Ragland,
200
00
Daniel M. Railey,
100
00
William J. Robertson,
100
00
John Rogers,
200
00
William Ragland,
25
00
John W. Saunders,
50
00
John Scott, jr..
500
00
Zachariah Shackleford,
200
00
Nelson T. Shelton,
100
00
William A. Shelton,
100
00
John Slaughter,
50
00
Valentine W. Southall,
200
00
Lewis Teel,
100
00
James H. Terrell,
200
00
Martin Thacker,
60
00
John L. Thomas,
100
00
John Thomas, jr.,
40
00
William Watson,
100
00
John Watson, L. M.,
150
00
John Walker,
20
00
James G. Waddle,
160
00
Christian Wertenbaker,
25
00 8,145 00
Amount carried forward,
$26,243 33
5 installments.
4 '^
4 installments.
1 in.stalLiient.
•iU»
APPENDIX.
Names. Si
Lim subscribed.
No. of installments,
Amount bro't forward,
$26,243 33
John Winn,
300 00
Arthur Whitehurst,
50 00
Micajab Woods,
200 00
Drury Wood,
100 00
William Woods, S.,
200 00
Eicliard Woods,
100 00
James Wood,
50 00
George M. Woods,
100 00
Thomas Wood,
100 00
1,200 00
$27,443 33
Amherst county.
Eichard S. Ellis,
100 00
100 00
BucMngJiam county.
John W. Eppes,
200 00
200 00
Cumberland county.
William Bondurant,
100 00
George VV. Bondurant,
50 00
Jerman Baker,
100 00
Alex. Cheatwood,
60 00
F. B. Deane,
100 00
4 installments.
William Daniel,
100 00
G. H. Fitzgerald,
40 00
Randolph Harrison,
500 00
Carter E. Harrison,
100 00
Thomas H. Harrison,
200 00
Jesse Hughes,
50 00
James Jennings,
40 00
Richard P. James,
50 00
John Miller,
80 00
John Page,
100 00
William Skipwith,
50 00
George N. Skipwitb,
100 00
1,820 00
Amount carried forward,
$1,820 00
APPENDIX,
409
Names.
Amount bro't forward,
Stephen W. Trent,
Wm. M. Thornton,
Thomas N. Walton,
Hugh Watson,
William H. Watkins,
D. A. Wilson,
J. B. Woodson,
Charles Woodson,
Sum subscribed.
100 00
100 00
10 00
50 00
40 00
20 00
20 00
30 00
No. of installments.
^1,820 00
370 00
2,100 00
Fluvanna county.
Wilson J. Gary,
200
00
Miles Gary,
100
00
John H. Gocke,
1,000
00
John Dyer,
100
00
John Fuqua,
40
00
George Holeman,
200
00
Wm. B. Johnson,
100
CO
Joshua Key,
40
00
Jacob Myers,
100
00
John Pt. Perkins,
40
00
Wm. Pasture,
80
00
Charles A. Scott,
500
00
Horatio Wills,
40
00
John Winn,
50
00
2,590 00
Goochland county.
Benjamin Anderson,
100
00
William Boiling,
100
00
Archibald Bryce, jr.
50
00
William F. Garter,
5
00
John Gr. Crouch,
20
00
W. Campbell,
25
00
Edward Garland,
100
00
Thomas Miller,
100
00
500 00
4 installments.
Amount carried forward,
500 00
41U
APPE
NDIX .
Names. Sum subscribed.
No. of installments
Amount bro't forward,
500 00
Thomas Pemberton,
100
00
George C. Pickett,
50
00
James Pleasants, jr.
100
00
Wm. G. Pendleton,
100
00
Thomas M. Eandolph,
100
00
Wm. Salmon,
5
00
Richard Sampson,
50
00
George S. Smith,
20
00
Joseph S. Watkins,
100
00
Thomas B. Watkins,
20
00
Benjamin P. Watkins,
20
00
Tarlton Woodson,
20
00
685 00
1,185 00
Loudoun county.
Armstead T. Mason,
200
00
200 00
Louisa count)/.
Frederick Harris,
400
00
William Morris, jr.
200
00
James Minor,
200
00
George W. Trueheart,
200
00
James Watson,
200
00
David Watson,
200
00
Li/ncJiburg.
S. J. Harrison,
200 00
Charles Johnston,
200 00
William Mitchell,
200 00
Robert Morris,
200 00
Richard Pollard,
100 00
Thomas Wells,
200 00
Joel Yancey,
200 00
1,400 00
1,300 00
Names.
APPENDIX.
Sum subscribed. No. of installments.
Nelson county.
Joseph C. Cabell, 1,000 00
William Cabell, sen'r, 100 00
Landon Cabell, 200 00
George Calloway, 100 00
John P. Cobbs, 200 00
John Digges, 50 00
Henry Dawson, 24 00
Spottswood Garland, 100 00
William B. Hare, 100 00
Robert J. Kiucaid, 50 00
Samuel Loving, 50 00
Thomas S. McClelland, 100 00
John Mosby, 28 00
Zachariah Nevil, 50 00
Robert Rives, 500 00
William C. Rives, 200 00
Joseph Shelton, 50 00
Michael Woods, 50 00
Orange county.
Samuel Hardesty,
30 00
James Madison,
1,000 00
Richmond city.
Edmund Anderson,
200 00
William Carter,
500 00
John Coalter,
100 00
F. W. Gilmer,
100 00
Jacqueline B. Harvie,
500 00
Jesse B. Key,
200 00
Hall Neilson,
80 00
Bernard Peyton,
200 00
B. Roddy,
20 00
Norborne K. Thomas,
175 00
St. George Tucker,
200 00
2,952 00
1,030 00
2,225 00
412
APPENDIX,
Names. Sum subscribed. No. of Installments.
SpotUylvania county.
Francis W. Taliaferro, 400 00
400 00
100 00
Stafford county.
William Brent, Jr.
100 00
Winchestei'.
Dabney Carr,
100 00
Hugh Holmes,
300 00
Henry Lee, Jr.
200 00
Henry St. George Tucker,
200 00
800 00
Albemarle, 27,443 33
Amherst, 100 00
Buckingham, 200 00
Cumberland, 2,190 00
Fluvanna, - - 2,590 00
Goochland, - ' . 1^185 00
Loudoun, ------.. 200 00
Louisa, 1^400 00
Lynchburg, 1^300 00
Nelson, 2,952 00
Orange, 1^030 00
Richmond city, 2,225 00
Spottsylvania, 400 00
Stafford, 100 00
Winchester, 800 00
$44,115 33
APPENDIX 413
G.
A BILL FOR ESTABLISHING A SYSTEM OF PUBLIC EDUCATION.
1. For establishing schools at which the children of all the citizens
of this Commonwealth may receive a primary grade of education at
the common expense.
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia as folloios :
At the first session of the Superior Court in every county within this
Commonwealth, next ensuing the passage of this act, the Judge
thereof shall appoint three discreet and well informed persons, resi-
dents of the county, to serve as Visitors of the primary schools in the
said county, of which appointment the sheriff shall, within fifteen days
thereafter, deliver a certificate under the hand of the clerk of the said
court to each of the persons so appointed.
2.* The said Visitors shall meet at the courthouse of their county
on the first county court day after they shall have received notice of
, their appointment, and afterwards at such times and places as they,
or any two of them, with reasonable notice to the third, shall have
agreed, and shall proceed to divide their county into wards, by metes
and bounds so designated, as to comprehend each about the n amber
of militia sufficient for a company, and so also as not to divide and
place in different wards the lands of any one person held in one body,
* This designation of the size of a ward is founded upon these considera-
tions :
1. That the population which furnishes a company of militia, will generally
about furnish children enough for a school.
2. That in most instances at present the militia captaincies being laid off
compactly by known and convenient metes and bounds, many will be adopted
without change, and othei'S will furnish a canvass to work on and to reform.
3. That these wards once established, will be found convenient and salu-
tary aids in the administration of government, of which they will constitute
the organic elements, and the first integral members in the composition of the
military.
The prohibition to parcel among different wards the lauds of a single indi-
vidual, held in a body, is 1st, to save the proprietor from the perplexity of
multiplied responsibilities; and 2d, to prevent arbitrary and inconsistent
apportionments by different Wardens of the comparative values of the differ-
ent portions of his lands in their respective wards.
414 APPENDIX.
whicli division into wards shall, •within six months from the date of
their appointment, be completely designated, published and reported,
by their metes and bounds, to the office of the clerk of the Superior
Court, there to be recorded; subject, howc7er, to such alterations
from time to time afterwards, as changes of circumstances shall, in the
opinion of the said Visitors, or their succes.sors, with the approbation
of the said court, render expedient.
3. The said original division into wards being made, the Visitors
shall appoint days for the first meeting of every ward at such place as
they shall name within the same ; of which appointment notice shall be
given at least two weeks before the day of meeting, by advertisement
at some place within the ward, requiring every free white male citizen
of full age, resident within the ward, to meet at the place, and by the
hour of 12 of the day so appointed; at which meeting some one of
the Visitors shall also attend; and, a majority of the said "Warders
being in attendance, the Visitors present shall propose to them to de-
cide, by a majority of their votes, the location of a school house for
the ward, and of a dwelling house for the teacher, (the owner of the
ground consenting thereto,) the size and structure of the said houses,
and whether the same shall be built by the joint labor of the War-
ders, or by their pecuniary contributions ; and also to elect, by a
plurality of their votes, a Warden resident, who shall direct and
superintend the said buildings, and be charged with their future
care.
4.* And if they decide that the said buildings shall be erected by
the joint labor of the Warders, then all persons within the said ward,
liable to work on the highways, shall attend at the order of the War-
den, and, under his direction, shall labor thereon until completed,
under the same penalties as provided by law to enforce labor on the
highways ; and, if they decide on erection by pecuniary contribu-
tions, the residents and owners of property within the ward, shall
* It is presumed that the wards will generally build such log houses for the
school and teacher, as they now do, and will join force and build them them-
selves, experience proving them to be as comfortable as they are cheap. Nor
would it be advisable to build expensive houses in the country wards, which,
from changes in their population, will be liable to changes of their bounda-
ries and oonsequent displacements of their centres, and drawing with it a
removal of their school house. In towns better houses may be more safely
built or rented, for both purposes.
APPENDIX. 415
contribute towards the cost, each in proportion to the taxes they last
paid to the State for their persons and for the same property, of
which the sherifi" shall furnish a statement to the Warden, who,
according to the ratio of that statement, shall apportion and assess the
' quota of contribution for each, and be authorized to demand, receive,
and apply the same to the purposes of the contribution, and to render
account thereof, as in all other of his pecuniary transactions for the
school to the Visitors; and on failure of payment by any contributor,
the sheriff, on the order of the Warden, first approved by the Visi-
tors, shall collect and render the same, under like powers and regula-
tions as provided for the collection of the public taxes. And in every
case it shall be the duty of the Warden to have the buildings com-
pleted within six months from the date of his election.
5.* It shall be the duty of the said Visitors to seek and employ for
every ward, whenever the number and ages of its children require it.
* Estimating 800 militia to a county, there will be twelve capt:iincies or
wards in a county on an average. Suppose each of these, three years in
every six, to have children enough for a school ivho have not yet liad thice
years' schooling, such a county will employ six teachers, each serving two
wards by alternate terms. These teachers will bs taken from the laboring
class, as they are now, to wit: from that which furnishes mechanici, over-
seers, and tillers of the earth ; and they will chiefly be the cripples, the
weakly, and the old of that class, who will have been qualified for these func-
tions by the ward schools themselves; if put on a footing then for wages and
subsistence, with the young and the able of their class, they will be liberallj' com-
pensated, say with $150 wages, and the usual allowance of meat and bread.
The subsistence will probably be contributed in kind by the AVardcrs out of
their family stock; the wages alone will be a pecuniary tax of about $900 to
a county. This addition would be of about one-fifth of the taxes we now pay to
the State, or about one-fifth of one per cent, on every man's taxable property,
if tax can be called that which we give to our children in the most valuable
of all forms, that of instruction. Were these schools to be established on the
public funds, and to be managed by the Governor and Council, or the Com-
missioners of the Literary Fund, brick houses to be built for the schools and
teachers, high wages and subsistence given them, they would be badly man-
aged, depraved by abuses, and would exhaust the whole literary fund. While
under the eye and animadversion of the wards, and the control of the Warden
and Visitors, economy, diligence, and correctness of conduct will be enforced,
and the whole literary fund will be spared to complete the general system of
education by colleges in every district for instruction in the languages, and an
University for the whole of the higher sciences ; and this by an addition to
our contributions almost insensible, and which in fact will not be felt as a
burthen, because applied immediately and visibly to the good of our children.
416 APPENDIX.
a person of good moral character, qualified to teacli reading, writing,
numeral arithmetic, and the elements of geography, whose subsistence
shall be furnished by the residents and proprietors of the ward, either
in money or in kind, at the choice of each contributor, and in the
ratio of their public taxes, to be apportioned and levied as on the
failures before provided for. The teacher shall also have the use of
the house and accommodations provided for him, and shall moreover
receive annually such standing wages as the Visitors shall have de-
termined, to be proportioned on the residents and proprietors of the
ward, and to be paid, levied, and applied as before provided in other
cases of pecuniary contribution.
6. At this school shall be received and instructed gratis, every
infant in the ward, of competent age, who has not already had three
ytars' schooling.
7. And to keep up a constant succession of Visitors, the Judge of
the Superior Court of every county shall, at his first session in every
bissextile year, appoint Visitors, as before characterized, either the
same or others, at his discretion, and, in case of the death or resigna-
tion of any Visitor, during the term of his appointment, or of his
removal from the county, or by the said Judge for good cause, moral
or physical, he shall appoint another to serve until the next bissextile
appointment; which Visitors shall have their first meeting at their
courthouse, on the county court day next ensuing their appointment;
and afterwards at such times and places as themselves or any two of
them, with reasonable notice to the third, shall agree ; but the elec-
tion of Wardens shall be annually at the first meeting of the ward,
after the month of March, until which election the Warden last
elected shall continue in office.
8. All ward meetings shall be at their school house, and on failure
of the meeting of a majority of the Warders on the call of a Visitor,
or of their Warden, such Visitor or Warden may call another
meeting.
9. At all times when repairs or alterations of the buildings before
provided for shall be wanting, it shall be the duty of the Warden, or
of a Visitor, to call a ward meeting, and to take the same measures
towards such repairs or alterations as herein before authorized for the
original buildings.
10. Where, on the application of any Warden, authorized thereto
by the vote of his ward, the Judge of the Superior Court shall be of
APPENDIX. 417
opinion that the contributors of any particular ward arc dispropor-
tionately and oppressively over-burthened with an unusual number of
children of non-contributors of their ward, lie* may direct an order to
the county court to assess in their next county levy the wbole or such
part of the extra burthen as he shall think excessive and unreasona-
ble, to be paid to the Warden, for its proper use, to which order the
said county court is required to conform.
11. The said teachers shall, in all things relating to the education
and government of tbeir pupils, be under the direction and control of
the Visitors.
12. Some one of the Visitors, once in every year at least, shall
visit the school, shall enquire into the proceedings and practices
thereat, shall examine the progress of the pupils, and give to those
who excel in reading, in writing, in arithmetic, or in geography, such
honorary marks and testimonies of approbation as may encourage and
excite to industry and emulation.
13. All decisions and proceedings of the Visitors, relative to the
original designation of wards, at any time before the buildings are
begun, or to the changes of wards at any time after, to the quantum
of subsistence or wages allowed to the teacher, and to the rules pre-
scribed to him for the education and government of his pupils, shall
be subject to control and correction by the Judge of the Superior
Court of the county on the complaint of any individual aggrieved or
interested.
And for the establishment of colleges whereat the youth of the
Commonwealth may, within convenient distances from their homes,
receive a higher grade of education,
14. Be it further enacted as follows : The several counties of this
Commonwealth shall be distributed into nine colleoiate districts,
whereof one shall be composed of the counties of Accomac, North-
ampton, Northumberland, Lancaster, Richmond, Westmoreland,
Middlesex, Essex, Matthews, Gloucester, King & Queen, King Wil-
liam, Elizabeth City, Warwick, York, James City, New Kent, and
Charles City ; one other of the counties of Princess Anne, Norfolk,
Norfolk borough, Nansemond, Isle of Wight, Southampton, Surry,
Prince George, Sussex, and Greensville ; one other of the counties of
Fairfax, Loudoun, King George, Stafford, Prince William, Fauquier,
Culpeper, Madison, Caroline, and Spotsylvania; one other of the
counties of Hanover, City of Richmond, Goochland, Louisa, Flu-
27
418 APPENDIX.
vanna, Powhatan, Cumberland, Buckingham, Orange, Albemarle, Nel-
son, Amherst, Augusta, and Rockbridge; one other of the counties
of Chesterfield, town of Petersburg, Dinwiddie, Brunswick, Amelia,
Nottoway, Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, Prince Edward, Charlotte, and
Halifax ; one other of the counties of Campbell, Pittsylvania, Bed-
ford, Franklin, Henry, Patrick, Botetourt, and Montgomery ; one
other of the counties of Frederick, Jefferson, Berkeley, Hampshire,
Shenandoah, Hardy, Rockingham, and Pendleton ; one other of the
counties of Monongalia, Brooke, Ohio, Randolph, Harrison, Wood, and
Mason; and one other of the counties of Bath, Greenbrier, Kan-
awha, Cabell, Giles, Monroe, Tazewell, Wythe, Grayson, Washington,
Russell, and Lee.
15. Within three months after the passing of this act, the President
and Directors of the Literary Fund, who shall henceforward be called
the Board of Public Instruction, shall appoint one fit person in every
county, in each of the districts, who, with those appointed in the
other counties of the same district, shall compose the ]3oard of Visit-
ors for the College of that district ; and shall, within four months
after passing this act, cause notice to be given to each individual so
appointed, prescribing to them a day, within one month thereafter,
and a place within their district, for their first meeting, with supple-
mentary instructions for procuring a meeting subsequently, in the
event of failure at the time first appointed.
16. The said Visitors, or so many of them as, being a majority,
shall attend, shall appoint a rector, of their own body, who shall pre-
side at their meetings, and a secretary to record and preserve their
proceedings ; and shall proceed to consider of the site for a college
most convenient for their district, having regard to the extent, popu-
lation and other circumstances, and within the term of six months
from the passing of this act shall report the same to the Board of
Public Instruction, with the reasons on which each site is preferred ;
and if any minority of two or more members prefer any other place,
the same shall be reported, with the reasons for and against the same.
17. Within seven months after the passing of this act the said
Board of Public Instruction shall determine on such of the sites re-
ported as they shall think most eligible for the college of each district,
shall notify the same to the said Visitors, and shall charge them with
the ofiice of obtaining from the proprietor, with his consent, the pro-
per grounds for the building, and its appurtenances, either by dona-
APPENDIX. 419
tion or purchase ; or if his consent, on reasonable terms, cannot be
obtained, the clerk of the county, wherein the site is, shall, on their
request, issue and direct to the sheriff of the same county a writ of
ad quod damnurti, to ascertain by a jury the value of the grounds
selected, and to fix their extent by metes and bounds, so, however, as
not to include the dwelling house, or buildings appurtenant, the cur-
tilage, gardens or orchards of the owner; which writ shall be exe-
cuted according to the ordinary forms prescribed by the laws in such
cases ; and shall be returned to the same clerk to be recorded : Pro-
vided, that in no case, either of purchase or valuation by a jury, shall
more grounds be located than of the value of f 500 ; which grounds,
if by donation or purchase, shall, by the deed of the owner, or if by
valuation of a jury, shall, by their inquest, become vested in the said
Board of Public Instruction, as trustees for the Commonwealth, and
for the uses and purposes of a college of instruction.
18. On each of the sites so located shall be erected one or more
substantial buildings — the walls of which shall be of brick or stone,
with two school rooms, and four rooms for the accommodation of the
professors, and with sixteen dormitories in or adjacent to the same,
each sufficient for two pupils, and in which no more than two shall be
permitted to lodge, with a fire place in each, and the whole in a com-
fortable and decent style, suitable to their purpose.
19. The plan of the said buildings, and their appurtenances, shall
be furnished or approved by the said Board of Public Instruction,
and that of the dormitories shall be such as may conveniently receive
additions from time to time. The Visitors shall have all the powers
which are necessary and proper for carrying them into execution, and
shall proceed in their execution accordingly. Provided, that in no
case shall the whole cost of the said buildings and appurtenances of
any one college exceed the sum of 17,500.
20. The college of the district first in this act described, to wit : of
Accomac, &c. shall be called the Wythe College, or the College of the
District of Wythe ; that of the second description, to wit : Princess
Anne, &c. shall be called the ; that of the third description, to
wit : Fairfax, &c. shall be called the ; that of the fourth des-
cription, to wit : Hanover, &c. shall be called the ; that of the
fifth description, to wit : Chesterfield, &c. shall be called the ;
that of the sixth description, to wit : Campbell, &c. shall be called
the ; that of the seventh description, to wit : Frederick, &c.
420
APPENDIX.
shall be called the ; that of the eighth description, to wit : Mo-
nongalia, &c. shall be called the ; and that of the ninth descrip-
tion, to wit : Bath, &c. shall be called the .
21. In the said colleges shall be taught the Greek, Latin, French,
Spanish, Italian and German languages, English grammar, geography,
ancient and modern, the higher branches of numerical arithmetic,
the mensuration of land, the use of the globes, and the ordinary
elements of navigation.
22. To each of the said colleges shall be appointed two professors,
the one for teaching Greek, Latin, and such other branches of learn-
ing, before described, as he may be qualified to teach, and the other
for the remaining branches thereof, who shall each be allowed the use
of the apartments provided for him, and a standing salary of ^500
yearly, to be drawn from the literary fund, with such tuition fee from
each pupil as the Visitors shall establish.
23. The said Visitors shall be charged with the preservation and
repair of the buildings, the care of the ground and appurtenances for
which, and other necessary purposes, they may employ a steward and
competent laborers; they shall have power to appoint and remove the
professors, to prescribe their duties, and the course of education to
be pursued ; they shall establish rules for the government and discip-
line of the pupils, for their subsistence and board, if boarded in the
college, and for their accommodation, and the charges to which they
shall be subject for the same, as well as the rent for the dormitories
they occupy. They may draw from the literary fund such moneys as
are hereby charged on it for their institution. And, in general, they
shall direct and do all matters and things which, not being inconsis-
tent with the laws of the land, to them shall seem most expedient for
promoting the purposes of the said institution ; which several func-
tions may be exercised by them in the form of by-laws, resolutions,
orders, instructions, or otherwise, as they shall deem proper.
24. The rents of the dormitories, the profits of boarding the pupils,
donations and other occasional resources shall constitute the fund, and
shall be at their disposal for the necessary purposes of the said institu-
tion, and not otherwise provided for; and they shall have authority to
draw on the said Board of Public Instruction for the purchase or valu-
ation money of the site of their college, for the cost of the buildings
and improvements authorized by law, and for the standing salaries of
the professors herein allowed— for the administration of all which
they may appoint a bursar.
APPENDIX. 421
25. They shall have two stated meetings in the year, at their col-
leges, on the first Monday's of April and October, and occasional
meetings at the same place, and at such other times, as they shall
appoint; giving due notice thereof to every individual of their
board.
26. A majority of them shall constitute a quorum for business, and
on the death or resignation of a member, or on his removal by the
Board of Public Instruction, or out of the county from which lie was
appointed, the said Board shall appoint a successor, resident in the
same county.
27. The Visitors of every collegiate district shall be a body politic
and corporate, to be called the Visitors of the College, by name, for
which they are appointed, with capacity to plead, or be impleaded, in
all courts of justice, and in all cases interesting to their college, which
may be the subject of legal cognizance and jurisdiction, which pleas
shall not abate by the determination of the office of all or any of
them, but shall stand revived in the name of their successors ; and
they shall be capable in law, and in trust for their college, of receiv-
ing subscriptions and donations, real and personal, as well from bodies
corporate, or persons associated, as from private individuals.
28. Some member, or members, of the Board of Visitors, to be
nominated by the said Board, or such other persons as they shall nomi-
nate, shall, once in every year, at least, visit the college of their dis-
trict, enquire into the proceedings and practices thereat, examine the
progress of the pupils, and give to those who excel in any branch of
learning prescribed for the said college, such honorary marks and tes-
timonies of approbation as may encourage or excite to industry and
emulation.
29. The decisions and proceedings of the said Visitors shall be sub-
ject to control and correction by the Board of Public Instruction,
either on the complaint of any individual, aggrieved or interested, or
on the proper motion of the said board.
30. On every 29th day of February, or, if that be Sunday, then
on the next or earliest day thereafter, on which a meeting can be
effected, the Board of Public Instruction shall be in session, and shall
appoint, in every county of each district, a Visitor, resident therein,
either the same before appointed, or another, at their discretion, to
serve until the ensuing 29th day of February, duly and timely noti-
fying to them their appointment, and prescribing a day for their first
422
APPENDIX,
meeting at the college of their district, after which, their stated meet-
ings shall be at their college, on the first Mondays of April and Octo-
ber, annually ; and their occasional meetings at the same place, and
at such times as themselves shall appoint, due notice thereof being
given to every member of their board.
Uirum homm?
And for establishing in a cen-
tral and healthy part of the State
an University wherein all the
branches of useful science may be
taught. Be it enacted as follows :
31. Within the limits of the
county of there shall be es-
tablished an University, to be
called the University of Virginia-
and so soon as may be after the
passage of this act the board of
public instruction shall appoint
eight fit pcisons to constitute the
Board of Visitors for the said
University; and shall forthwith
give notice to each individual so
appointed, prescribing to them a
day for their first meeting at the
Court-house of the said county,
with supplementary instructions
for procuring a meeting subse-
quently in the event of failure at
the time first appointed.
And for establishing in a cen-
tral and healthy part of the State
an University wherein all the
branches of useful science may be
taught. Be it further enacted as
follows :
31. Whensoever the Visitors of
the Central College in Albemarle,
authorized thereto by the consent
in writing of the subscribers of
the major part of the amount sub-
scribed to that institution, shall
convey or cause to be conveyed to
the Board of Public Instruction,
for the use of this Commonwealth,
all the lands, buildings, property
and rights of the said College, in
possession, in interest, or in action,
(save only so much as may dis-
charge their engagements then
existing,) the same shall be there-
upon vested in this Commonwealth,
and shall be appropriated to the
institution of an University to be
called the University of Virginia,
which shall be established on the
said lands. The said Board of
Public Instruction shall thereupon
forthwith appoint eight fit persons
who shall compose the Board of
Visitors for the government of the
said University, notifying thereof
the persons so appointed,"and pre-
scribing to them a day for their
first meeting at Charlottesville,
with supplementary instructions
for procuring a meeting subse-
quently, in the event of failure at
the time first appointed.
APPENDIX.
423
32. The said Visitors, or so
many of them as, being a major-
ity, shall attend, shall appoint a
Rector of their own body, who
shall preside at their meetings,
and a Secretary to record and pre-
serve their proceedings, and shall
proceed to enquire into and select
the most eligible site for the Uni-
versity, and to obtain from the
proprietor, with his consent, the
proper grounds for the buildings
and appurtenances, either by do-
nation or purchase, or, if his con-
sent on reasonable terms cannot
be obtained, the clerk of the coun-
ty shall, on their request, issue
and direct to the sheriff of the
county a writ of ad quod damnum
to ascertain by a jury the value of
the grounds selected, and to fix
their extent by metes and bounds,
so however as not to include the
dwelling house or buildings appur-
tenant, the curtilage, gardens or
orchards of the owner ; which writ
shall be executed according to the
ordinary forms prescribed by the
laws in such cases, and shall be
returned to the same clerk to be
recorded : Provided, That in no
case, either of purchase or valua-
tion by a jury, shall more grounds
be located than of the value of
$2,000; which grounds, if by do-
nation or purchase, shall, by the
deed of the owner, or if by valua-
tion of a jury, shall, by their in-
quest, become vested in the Board
of Public Instruction aforesaid, as
trustees for the Commonwealth,
for the uses and purposes of an
University.
33. A plan of the buildings and
appurtenances necessary and pro-
per for an University being fur-
nished or approved by the Board
of Public Instruction, in which ,
32.
The said Visitors, or so
many of them as, being a major-
ity, shall attend, shall appoint a
Rector of their own body to pre-
side at their meetings, and a Se-
cretary to record and preserve
their proceedings, and shall pro-
ceed to examine into the state of
the property conveyed as aforesaid,
shall make an inventory of the
same, specifying the items whereof
it consists, shall notice the build-
ings and other improvements al-
ready made, and those which are
in progress, shall take measures
for their completion, shall consider
what others may be necessary in
addition, and of the best plan for
effecting the same, with estimates
of the probable cost, and shall
make report of the whole to the
said Board of Public Instruction,
which is authorized to approve,
negative or modify any of the
measures so proposed by the said
Visitors.
33. The said measui-es beins
approved or modified, the Visitors
shall have all the powers relative
thereto which shall be necessary
or proper for caiTying them into
424
APPENDIX,
execution, and shall proceed in
their execution accordingly.
that of the dormitories shall be
such as may conveniently admit
additions from time to time, the
Visitors shall have all the powers
which shall be necessary and pro-
per for carrying them into execu-
tion, and shall proceed in their
execution accordingly.
34. In the said University shall be taught history and geography,
ancient and modern; natural philosophy, agriculture, chemistry and
the theories of medicine; anatomy, zoology, botany, mineralogy
and geology ; mathematics, pure and mixed ; military and naval
science; ideology, ethics, the law of nature and of nations; law,
municipal and foreign ; the science of civil government and political
economy ; languages, rhetoric, belles lettres, and the fine arts gener-
ally ; which branches of science shall be so distributed and under so
many professorships, not exceeding ten, as the Visitors shall think
most proper.
35. Each professor shall be allowed the use of the apartments and
accommodations provided for him, and such standing salary, not ex-
ceeding 81,000 yearly, as the Visitors shall think proper, to be drawn
from the literary fund, with such tuition fees from the students as the
Visitors shall establish.
36. The said Visitors shall be charged with the erection, preserva-
tion and repair of the buildings, the care of the grounds and appur-
tenances, and of the interests of the University generally; they shall
have power to appoint a bursar, employ a steward and all other
necessary agents; to appoint and remove professors; to prescribe
their duties, and the course of education to be pursued ; to establish
rules for the government and discipline of the students, for their sub-
sistence, board and accommodation, if boarded by the University, and
the charges to which they shall be subject for the same, as well as for
the dormitories they occupy ; to provide and control the duties and
proceedings of all officers, servants and others, with respect to the
buildings, lands, appurtenances, and other property and interests of
the University ; to draw from the literary fund such moneys as are
hereby charged on it for this institution ; and in general to direct and
do all matters and things which, not being inconsistent with the laws
of the land, to them shall seem most expedient for promoting the
purposes of the said institution; which several functions may be ex-
APPENDIX. 425
ercised by them in the form of by-laws, rules, resolutions, orders,
instructions, or otherwise, as they shall deem proper.
37. They shall have two stated meetings in the year, to wit: on
the first Mondays of April and October, and occasional meetings at
such other times as they shall appoint, due notice thereof being given
to every individual of their Board, which meetings shall be at the said
University; a majority of them shall constitute a quorum for busi-
ness ; and on the death or resignation of a member, or on his removal
by the Board of Public Instruction, or change of habitation to a
greater than his former distance from the University, the said Board
shall appoint a successor.
38. The Visitors of the said University shall be a body politic and
corporate under the style and title of the Visitors of the University of
Virginia, with capacity to plead or be impleaded in all courts of justice,
and in all cases interesting to their College, which may be the subjects
of legal cognizance and jurisdiction, which pleas shall not abate by the
determination of their office, but shall stand revived in the name of
their successors ; and they shall be capable in law, and in trust for
their College, of receiving subscriptions and donations, real and per-
sonal, as well from bodies coporate or persons associated, as from pri-
vate individuals.
39. Some member or members of the Board of Visitors, to be
nominated by the said Board, or such other person as they shall nom-
inate, shall, once in every year at least, visit the said University,
enquire into the proceeding and practices thereat, examine the pro-
gress of the students, and give to those who excel in any branch of
science there taught such honorary marks and testimonies of approba-
tion as may encourage and excite to industry and emulation.
40. All decisions and proceedings of the Visitors shall be subject
to control and direction by the Board of Public Instruction, either on
the complaint of any individual aggrieved or interested, or on the
proper motion of the said Board.
41. On every 29th day of February, or, if that be Sunday, then
on the next or earliest day thereafter on which a meeting can be
effected, the said Board of Public Instruction shall be in session, and
shall appoint Visitors for the said University, either the same or
others, at their discretion, to serve until the 29th day of February
next ensuing, duly and timely notifying to them their appointment,
and prescribing a day for their first meeting at the University, after
426
APPENDIX.
Which their stated meetings shall be on the first Mondays of April
and October annually, and their occasional meetings at the same
place and at such times as themselves shall appoint, due notice
tuereot being given to every member of their Board.
[NOTE.-If the Central College be adopted for the University, the
following section may be added: ^^ Provided, that nothing in this act
contained shall suspend the proceedings of the Visitors of the said
Central College of Albemarle; but, for the purpose of expediting the
objects the said institution, they shall be authorized, under the
control of the Board of Public Instruction, to continue the exercise
of their functions until the first meeting of the Visitors of the
University."]
And to avail the Commonwealth of those talents and virtues which
na ure has sown as liberally among the poor as rich, and which are
los to their country by the want of means for their cultivation. Be it
further enacted as follows :
42^ On every 29th day of February, or, if that be Sunday, then
on he next day, the Visitors of the Ward-schools in every county
shal meet at the Court-House of their county, and after the most dil^
igent and impartial observation and enquiry of the boys who have
been_ three years at the Ward-schools, and whose parents are too poor
to give them a collegiate education, shall select from amon. them
TtTTV ! "°^*.P^°--°g -d --d understanding, whothall be
sent to the first meeting of the Visitors of tbeir collegiate district, with
such proofs as the case requires and admits, for the examination and
information of that Board; who, from among the candidates so offered
from the several counties of their district, shall select two of the most
sound and promising understanding, who shall be admitted to their
College, and there be maintained and educated five years at the public
expense, under such rules and limitations as the Board of Public In-
struciion shall prescribe; and at the end of the said five years the
said Collegiate Visitors shall select that one of the two who shall, on
heir most diligent and impartial enquiry and best information be
adjudged by them to be of the most sound and promising understand-
-g and character, and most improved by their course of education,
who shall be sent on immediately thereafter to the University, there
to be maintained and educated in such branches of the sciences au^ht
APPENDIX. 427
there as are most proper to qualify him for the calling to which his
parents or guardians may destine him ; and to continue at the said
University three years at the public expense, under such rules and
limitations as the Board of Public Instruction shall prescribe. And
the expenses of the persons so to be publicly maintained and educated
at the Colleges and Univer(-ity shall be drawn by their respective
Visitors from the literary fund.
H.
AN ACT APPROPPJATING PART OF THE REVENUE OF THE LITE-
RARY FUND, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
(Passed 21st February, 1818.)
1. Be it enacted hy the General Assembly, That for the purpose of
duly applying a part of the income of the literary fund to \\xq pri-
mary object of its institution, it shall be the duty of the courts of
the several counties, cities, and corporate towns represented in the
General Assembly and of the borough of Norfolk, as sojn as may be
in the present year, and annually thereafter in the month of October,
to appoint not less than five nor more than fifteen discreet persons, to
be called School Commissioners, for the counties, cities, the said corpo-
rate towns and borough of Norfolk respectively, who, or a majority of
them, shall hold their first meeting at the courthouses of their respec-
tive counties and corporations, on the first day of the court of the
county or corporation next after that at which they shall have been
appointed, or as soon thereafter as may be; they shall afterwards, in
every year, hold a meeting at the places aforesaid, on the first day of
the court of their county or corporation which shall be holden in the
month of November ; and they shall hold such extra meetings at the
places aforesaid, as they may deem necessary, to be convened at any
time on the application of any number of the said Commissioners, not
less than a third part of the whole, reasonable notice thereof having
been first given by advertisement, at the door of the courthouse, on
some court day; a majority of the whole number of Commissioners
shall be, at all times, necessary to form a board for the transaction of
business, or to adjoui'n, except from day to day ; but any smaller
428 APPENDIX.
number may adjourn from day to day; the board may adjourn from
time to time, as tliey may think proper. The said Commissioners
shall annually appoint one of their own body Treasurer, who, before
he shall be entitled to receive any money by virtue of his office, shall
give bond and good security in the court of the county, city, corpo-
rate town, or borough in which he may be appointed, payable to the
President and Directors of the Literary Fund, in the penalty of two
thousand dollars, conditioned for the faithful application and account-
ing for all moneys which may come to his hands by virtue of his
office ; which bond shall be filed and recorded in the office of such
court. The said Commissioners shall have power to determine what
number of poor children they will educate, what sum shall be paid for
their education, to authorize each of themselves to select so many
poor children as they may deem expedient, and to draw orders upon
their Treasurer for the payment of the expense of tuition, and of fur-
nishing such children with proper books and materials for writing and
cyphering. The poor children, selected in manner aforesaid, shall,
(with the assent of the fixther, or if no father, of the mother of such
children respectively, or if no mother, with the assent of the guar-
dian,) be sent to such school as may be convenient, to be taught
reading, writing, and arithmetic.
2. And he it enacted, That the said Treasurer shall pay all moneys
which may come to his hands in virtue of his office, to the order of
the said Commissioners, or of such of them as shall have been author-
ized at their lawful meeting to draw upon him, and shall annually
render an account of his receipts and disbursements, supported by
proper vouchers, to the said Commissioners, who shall examine the
same, and after correcting all errors which may be found therein,
shall return the same to the clerks of the courts of their counties,
corporate towns, cities, and borough of Norfolk respectively ; and the
said clerks shall certify a copy of such account to the President and
Directors of the Literary Fund ; for which copy and certificate the
said clerks respectively shall be allowed by the said Commissioners
such a fee as they may deem reasonable, to be paid by order on the said
Treasurer ; and whenever such Treasurer shall go out of office, he
shall pay over any balance which may be in his hands to his succes-
sor in office.
3. And he it enacted, That it shall and may be lawful for the said
Commissioners to appoint one of their own body as clerk, to fill all
APPENDIX. 429
vacancies created by death, resignation, or removal ; to make such
allowance to their Treasurer as they may deem reasonable for his ser-
vices, and to authorize their Treasurer to pay their own reasonable
expenses incurred in attending their meeting.
4. And be it enacted, That the President and Directors of the
Literary Fund shall annually pay to each of the said Treasurers, or
order, upon the production of a certificate from the proper clerk, that
he has given the bond required by this act, such proportion of the
sum of forty-five thousand dollars as the free white population of the
county, city, corporate town, or borough, in which such Treasurers
may respectively have been appointed, bears to the whole free white
population of the Commonwealth, according to the last and every
future census taken under the authority of the United States.
5. And be it enacted, That the bonds given by the Treasurers may
be put in suit in the name of the President and Directors of the Lite-
rary Fund for their benefit, or for the benefit, and at the costs, of any
person or persons who may sustain injury by a breach of the condi-
tion thereof. And if any Treasurer appointed under the authority of
this act, or his executors, administrators, or other pei'sonal represen-
tative, shall, at any time, when duly required thereto, fail to pay any
money received by such Treasurer by virtue of his ofiice, it shall be
lawful for the Commissioners of Schools, in the name of the Presi-
dent and Directors of the Literary Fund, or for the said President
and Directors in their own name, by motion, on ten days previous
notice, in any court of record having jurisdiction thereof, to recover a
a judgment and have execution for such money, with ten per centum
per annum damages thereon, from the time of such failure till pay-
ment, together with cost, against the said Treasurer and his securi-
ties, jointly or severally, or against the executors, administrators, or
personal representative, of such Treasurer or his securities, or any of
them; and the money made upon such judgment or execution shall
be paid to the order of the Board of Commissioners, or of such person
as they shall have authorized to receive it, pursuant to the provisions
of this act.
6. And be it further enacted. That all money, funds, debts, or pro-
perty now held by the overseers of the poor of any county or corpo-
ration, and derived from or acquired by the sale o: forfeiture of glebe
lands, and which shall be unappropriated by the citizens of such
county or corporation, shall, after the passage of this act, be vested in
430 APPENDIX.
the said School Commissioners, the revenue or income of such money,
funds, debts, or other property, to be used and applied by the said
Commissioners to the education of the poor youth of their county or
corporation, in the same manner as they are directed by this act to
apply that portion of the revenue of the literary fund to which their
county or corporation may be entitled ; provided, that before any
such funds, money, or other property shall be thus invested in the
said Commissioners, the citizens of such county or corporation, or a
majority of them, shall assent to the said investment.
7. And he it enacted, That the School Commissioners shall annu-
ally present a statement to the President and Directors of the Lite-
rary Fund, exhibiting the number of schools and indigent children in
their county or corporation; the price paid for their tuition; the
number of children educated in such schools; and what farther
appropriation from the literary fund will, in their opinion, be suffi-
cient to furnish the means of education to all the indigent children in
their county or corporation.
8. Be itfurtlicr enacted, That there shall be established in some
convenient and proper part of the State, a University, to be called
" The University of Virginia," wherein all the branches of useful
science shall be taught. In order to aid the Legislature in ascertain-
ing the permanent site of the said University, and in organizing it,
there shall be appointed, without delay, by the Executive of this
Commonwealth, twenty-four discreet and intelligent persons, who
shall constitute a Board to be called " The Board of Commissioners
for the University." One member of the said Board shall be ap-
pointed from each of the senatorial districts, as they were arranged by
an act of the last session of the Legislature. If any person so
appointed shall fail or refuse to act, his place shall be supplied from
the same district, by appointment of the President and Directors of
the Literary Pund. The said Board shall meet on the first day of
August next, at the tavern in Kockfish Gap on the Blue Bidge, for
the purpose of performing the duties hereby assigned to them. At
least three-fourths of the whole number shall be necessary to form a
Board for the transaction of business ; but any smaller number may
adjourn from day to day, until a quorum shall attend. The said
Board, when assembled, shall have power to adjourn from time to
time, and from place to place, until their duties shall have been per-
APPENDIX.
431
formed. It shall be their duty to enquire and report to the Legisla-
ture at their next session :
First — A proper site for the University.
Secondly — A plan for the building thereof.
Thirdly— The branches of learning which should be taught therein.
Fourthly — The number and description of professorships ; and
Fifthly— Such general provisions as might properly be enacted by
the Legislature, for the better organizing and governing the Uni-
versity.
The said Board are also authorized and required to receive any vol-
untary contributions, whether conditional or absolute, whether in
land, money, or other property, which may be offered, through them,
to the President and Directors of the Literary Fund, for the benefit
of the University ; and to report the same to the Legislature at their
next session. The members of the said Board of Commissioners
shall be allowed for their services the same pay and traveling expen-
ses, as are allowed to members of the General Assembly, to be ascer-
tained and certified by the Board, and paid out of the literary fund.
9. Be it further enacted, That as soon as the site of the said Uni-
versity shall be ascertained by law, there shall be appropriated out of
the revenue of the literary fund, the sum of fifteen thousand dollars
per annum, for the purpose of defraying the expenses of procuring
the land and erecting the buildings, and for the permanent endow-
ment of the said University ; provided, however, that the appropria-
tion hereby made to the University, shall in no manner impair or
diminish the appropriations hereinbefore made to the education of the
poor in the several counties or corporations.
10. Be it further e7iacted, That the University aforesaid shall be
under the government of thirteen Visitors, to be appointed by the
President and Directors of the Literary Fund, and to hold their
offices for seven years, and until their successors shall be appointed,
unless sooner displaced by the said President and Directors. All
vacancies in the office of Visitor, by death, resignation, or removal out
of the Commonwealth, or failure to act, for the space of one year,
shall be supplied by the said President and Directors.
11. The said Visitors shall appoint one of their own body to be
Rector, and they shall be a body corporate, under the name and style
of " The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia;" and, as
such, they may have and use a common seal, receive and hold pro-
432 APPENDIX.
perty for tlie benefit of the University, sue and be sued, implead and
be impleaded. They shall have power to appoint a clerk for their
own body, and allow him a reasonable compensation for his services ;
to appoint and remove the professors and teachers, and all other
officers of the University ; to regulate their salaries and fees, and to
make all such by-laws and regulations as may be necessary to the
good government of the University, and not contrary to the laws of
-the land. But the said Rector and Visitors shall at all times conform
to such laws as the Legislature may from time to time think proper
to enact for their government ; and the said University shall in all
things, at all times, be subject to the control of the Legislature.
12. This act shall commence and be in force from and after the 1st
day of March.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS APPOINTED TO FIX THE SITE
OF THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, &c.
The Commissioners for the University of Virginia, having met, as
by law required, at the tavern, in Rockfish Gap, on the Blue Ridge,
on the first day of August, of this present year, 1818 ; and having
formed a board, proceeded on that day to the discharge of the duties
assigned to them by the act of the Legislature, entitled "An act,
appropriating part of the revenue of the literary fund, and for other
purposes ;" and having continued their proceedings by adjournment,
from day to day, to Tuesday, the 4th day of August, have agreed to
a report on the several matters with which they were charged, which
report they now respectfully address and submit to the Legislature of
the State.
The first duty enjoined on them, was to enquire and report a site,
in some convenient and proper part of the State, for an university, to
be called the "University of Virginia." In this enquiry, they sup-
posed that the governing considerations should be the healthiness of
the site, the fertility of the neighboring country, and its centrality to
the white population of the whole State. For, although the act au-
thorized and required them to receive any voluntary contributions,
whether conditional or absolute, which might be offiared through them
to the President and Directors of the Literary Fund, for the benefit
APPENDIX. 433
of the University, yet they did not consider this as establishing an
auction, or as pledging the location to the highest bidder.
Three places were proposed, to wit: Lexington, in the county of
Kockbiidge, Staunton, in the county of Augusta, and the Central
College, in the county of Albemarle. Each of these was unexcep-
tionable as to healthiness and fertility. It was the degree of cen-
trality to the white population of the State which alone then consti-
tuted the important point of comparison between these places ; and
the Board, after full enquiry, and impartial and mature consideration,
are of opinion, that the central point of the white population of the
State is nearer to the Central College than to either Lexington or
Staunton, by great and important differences; and all other circum-
stances of the place in general being favorable to it, as a position for
an university, they do report the Central College, in Albemarle, to
be a convenient and proper part of the State for the University of
Virginia.
2. The Board having thus agreed on a proper site for the Uni-
versity, to be reported to the Legislature, proceed to the second of
the duties assigned to them — that of proposing a plan for its build-
ings — and they are of opinion that it should consist of distinct houses
or pavilions, arranged at proper distances on each side of a lawn of a
proper breadth, and of indefinite extent, in one direction, at least; in
each of which should be a lecturing room, with from two to four
apartments, for the accommodation of a professor and his family ;
that these pavilions should be united by a range of dormitories, suffi-
cient each for the accommodation of two students only, this provision
being deemed advantageous to morals, to order, and to uninterrupted
study; and that a passage of some kind, under cover from the wea-
ther, should give a communication along the whole range. It is sup-
posed that such pavilions, on an average of the larger and smaller,
will cost each about §5,000 ; each dormitory about $350, and hotels
of a single room, for a refectory, and two rooms for the tenant, neces-
sary for dieting the students, will cost about 13500 each. The number
of these pavilions will depend on the number of professors, and that of
the dormitories and hotels on the number of students to be lodged
and dieted. The advantages of this plan are : greater security against
fire and infection ; tranquillity and comfort to the professors and their
families thus insulated; retirement to the students; and the admis-
sion of enlargement to any degree to which the institution may extend
28
434 APPENDIX.
in future times. It is supposed probable, that a building of somewhat
more size in the middle of the grounds may be called for in time, in
which may be rooms for religious worship, under such impartial regu-
lations as the Visitors shall prescribe, for public examinations, for a
library, for the schools of music, drawing, and other associated
purposes.
3, 4. In proceeding to the third and fourth duties prescribed by
the Legislature, of reporting "the branches of learning, which
should be taught in the University, and the number and description
of the professorships they will require," the Commissioners were
first to consider at what point it was understood that university edu-
cation should commence ? Certainly not with the alphabet, for rea-
sons of expediency and impracticability, as well from the obvious
sense of the Legislature, who, in the same act, make other provision
for the primary instruction of the poor children, expecting, doubtless,
that in other cases it would be provided by the parent, or become,
perhaps, subject of future and further attention of the Legislature.
The objects of this primary education determine its character and
limits. These objects would be.
To give to every citizen the information he needs for the transaction
of his own business ;
To enable him to calculate for himself, and to express and preserve
his ideas, his contracts and accounts, in writin<i-;
To improve, by reading, his morals and faculties;
To understand his duties to his neighbors and country, and to dis-
charge with competence the functions confided to him by either;
To know his rights; to exercise with order and justice those he
retains ; to choose with discretion the fiduciary of those he delegates ;
and to notice their conduct with diligence, with candor, and judg-
ment;
And, in general, to observe with intelligence and faithfulness all
the social relations under which he shall be placed.
To instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests
and duties, as men and citizens, being then the objects of education-
in the primary schools, whether private or public, in them should be
taught reading, writing and numerical arithmetic, the elements of
mensuration, (useful in so many callings,) and the outlines of geo-
graphy and history. And this brings us to the point at which are to
commence the higher branches of education, of which the Legislature
require the development ; those, for example, which are,
APPENDIX. 435
To form the statesmen, legislators and judges, on whom public
prosperity and individual happiness are so much to depend;
To expound the principles and structure of government, the laws
which regulate the intercourse of nations, those formed municipally for
our own government, and a sound spirit of legislation, which, banish-
ing all arbitrary and unnecessary restraint on individual action, shall
leave us free to do whatever does not violate the equal rights of
another ;
To harmonize and promote the interests of agriculture, manufac-
tures and commerce, and by well informed views of political economy
to give a free scope to the public industry ;
To develop the reasoning faculties of our youth, enlarge their
minds, cultivate their morals, and instill into them the precepts of
virtue and order;
To enlighten them with mathematical and physical sciences, which
advance the arts, and administer to the health, the subsistence, and
comforts of human life;
And, generally, to form them to habits of reflection and correct
action, rendering them examples of virtue to others, and of happiness
within themselves.
These are the objects of that higher grade of education, the bene-
fits and blessings of which the Legislature now propose to provide for
the good and ornament of their country, the gratification and happi-
ness of their fellow-citizens, of the parent especially, and his progeny,
on which all his affections are concentrated.
In entering on this field, the Commissioners are aware that they
have to encounter much difierence of opinion as to the extent which
it is expedient that this institution should occupy. Some good men,
and even of respectable information, consider the learned sciences as
useless acquirements ; some think that they do not better the condi-
tion of man; and others that education, like private and individual
concerns, should be left to private individual effort; not reflecting that
an establishment embraciog all the sciences which may be useful and
even necessary in the various vocations of life, with the buildings and
apparatus belonging to each^ are far beyond the reach of individual
means, and must either derive existence from public patronage, or not
exist at all. This would leave us, then, without those callings which
depend on education, or send us to other countries to seek the instruc-
tion they require. But the Commissioners are happy in considering
436 APPENDIX.
the statute under which they are assembled as proof that the Legisla-
ture is far from the abandonment of objects so interesting. They are
sensible that the advantages of well-directed education, moral, politi-
cal and economical, are truly above all estimate. Education generates
habits of application, of order, and the love of virtue ; and controls,
by the force of habit, any innate obliquities in our moral organization.
We should be far, too, from the discouraging persuasion that man is
fixed, by the law of his nature, at a given point; that his improve-
ment is a chimera, and the hope delusive of rendering ourselves wiser,
happier or better than our forefathers were. As well might it be
urged that the wild and uncultivated tree, hitherto yielding sour and
bitter fruit only, can never be made to yield better; yet we know that
the grafting art implants a new tree on the savage stock, producing
what is most estimable both in kind and degree. Education, in like
manner, engrafts a new man on the native stock, and improves what
in his nature was vicious and perverse into (^ualties of virtue and
social worth. And it cannot be but that each generation succeeding
to the knowledge acquired by all those who preceded it, adding to it
their own acqusitions and discoveries, and handing the mass down for
successive and constant accumulation, must advance the knowledge
and well-being of mankind, not infinitely, as some have said, but
indefinitely, and to a term which no one can fix and foresee. Indeed,
we need look back half a century, to times which many now living
remember well, and see the wonderful advances in the sciences and
arts which have been made within that period. Some of these have
rendered the elements themselves subservient to the purposes of man,
have harnessed them to the yoke of his labors, and eff'ected the great
blessings of moderating his own, of accomplishing what was beyond
his feeble force, and extending the comforts of life to a much enlarged
circle, to those who had before known its necessaries only. That
these are not the vain dreams of sanguine hope, we have before our
eyes real and living examples. What, but education, has advanced
us beyond the condition of our indigenous neighbors ? And what
chains them to their present state of barbarism and wretchedness, but
a bigotted veneration for the supposed superlative wisdom of their
fathers, and the preposterous idea that they are to look backward for
better things, and not forward, longing, as it should seem, to return
to the days of eating acorns and roots, rather than indulge in the
degeneracies of civilization ? And how much more encouraging to
APPENDIX
437
the achievements of science and improvement is this, than the de-
sponding view that the condition of man cannot be ameliorated, that
what has been must ever bo, and that to secure ourselves where we are,
we must tread with awful reverence in the footsteps of our fathers.
This doctrine is the genuine fruit of the alliance between Church and
State; the tenants of which, finding themselves but too well in their
present condition, oppose all advances which might unmask their
usurpations, and monopolies of honors, wealth, and power, and fear
every change, as endangering the comforts they now hold. Nor must
we omit to mention, among the benefits of education, the incalculable
advantage of training up able counsellors to administer the affairs of
our country in all its departments, legislative, executive and judici-
ary, and to bear their proper share in the councils of our national
government; nothing more than education advancing the prosperity,
the power, and the happiness of a nation.
Encouraged, therefore, by the sentiments of the Legislature, mani-
fested in this statute, we present the following tabular statement of
the branches of learning which we think should be taught in the
University, forming them into groups, each of which are within the
powers of a single professor :
I. Languages, ancient :
Latin,
Greek,
Hebrew.
II. Languages, modern :
French,
Spanish,
Italian,
German,
Anglo-Saxon.
III. Mathematics, pure :
Algebra,
Fluxions,
Geometry, Elementary,
Transcendental.
Architecture, Military,
Naval.
IV. Physico-Mathematics :
Mechanics,
Statics,
Dynamics,
Pneumatics,
Acoustics,
Optics,
Astronomy,
Geography.
y. Physics, or Natural Philos-
ophy :
Chemistry,
Mineralogy.
YI. Eotony,
Zoology.
VII. Anatomy,
Medicine.
438 APPENDIX.
VIII. Grovernment,
Political Economy,
Law of Nature and Nations,
History, being interwoven
with Politics and Law.
IX. Law, municipal.
X. Ideology,
General Grammar,
Ethics,
Rhetoric,
Belles Lettres, and the fine
arts.
Some of the terms used in this table being subject to a difference
of acceptation, it is proper to define the meaning and comprehension
intended to be given them here :
Geometry, Elementary, is that of straight lines and of the circle.
Transcendental, is that of all other curves ; it includes, of
course, Projectiles, a leading branch of the military art.
Military Architecture includes Fortification, another branch of that
art.
Statics respect matter generally, in a state of rest, and include Hy-
drostatics, or the laws of fluids particularly, at rest or in
equilibrio.
Dynamics, used as a general term, include '
Dynamics proper, or the laws of solids in motion 5 and
Hydrodynamics, or Hydraulics, those of fluids in motion.
Pneumatics teach the theory of air, its weight, motion, condensation,
rarefaction, &c.
Acoustics, or Phonics, the theory of sound.
Optics, the laws of light and vision.
Physics, or Physiology, in a general sense, mean the doctrine of the
physical objects of our senses.
Chemistry is meant, with its other usual branches, to comprehend the
theory of agricultvxre.
Mineralogy, in addition to its peculiar subjects^ is here understood to
embrace what is real ia geology.
Ideology is the doctrine of thought.
General Grammar explains the construction of language.
Some articles in this distribution of sciences will need observation.
A professor is proposed for ancient languages, the Latin, Greek, and
Hebrew, particularly; but these languages being the foundation com-
mon to all the sciences, it is difficult to foresee what may be the
extent of this school. At the same time, no greater obstruction to
industrious study could be proposed than the presence, the intrusions
APPENDIX. 439
and the noisy turbulence of a multitude of small boys; and if they
are to be placed here for the rudiments of the languages, they may
be so numerous that its character and value as an University will be
merged in those of a Grammar school. It is, therefore, greatly to be
■wished, that preliminary schools, either on private or public establish-
ment, could be distributed in districts through the State, as preparatory
to the entrance of students into the University. The tender age at
which this part of education commences, generally about the tenth year,
would weigh heavily with parents in sending their sons to a school so
distant as the central establishment would be from most of them.
Districts of such extent as that evei'y parent should be within a day's
journey of his son at school, would be desirable in cases of sickness,
and convenient for supplying their ordinary wants, and might be
made to lessen sensibly the expense of this part of their education.
And where a sparse population would not, within such a compass,
furnish subjects sufficient to maintain a school, a competent enlarge-
ment of district must, of necessity, there be submitted to. At these
district schools or colleges, boys should be rendered able to read the
easier authors, Latin and Greek. This would be useful and sufficient
for many not intended for an University education. At these, too,
might be taught English grammar, the higher branches of numerical
arithmetic, the geometry of straight lines and of the circle, the ele-
ments of navigation, and geography to a sufficient degree, and thus
afford to greater numbers the means of being qualified for the various
vocations of life, needing more instruction than merely menial or
prasdial labor, and the same advantages to youths whose education
may have been neglected until too late to lay a foundation in the
learned languages. These institutions, intermediate between the pri-
mary schools and University, might then be the passage of entrance
for youths into the University, where their classical learning might
be critically completed, by a study of the authors of highest degree ;
and it is at this stage only that they should be received at the Uni-
versity. Giving then a portion of their time to a finished knowledge
of the Latin and Greek, the rest might be appropriated to the modern
languages, or to the commencement of the course of science for which
they should be destined. This would generally be about the fifteenth
year of their age, when they might go with more safety and content-
ment to that distance from their parents. Until this preparatory
provision shall be made, either the LTniversity will be overwhelmed
440
AP PENDIX
with the grammar school, or a separate establishment, under one or
more ushers, for its lower classes, will be advisable, at a mile or two
distant from the general one; where, too, may be exercised the stricter
government necessary for young boys, but unsuitable for youths
arrived at years of discretion.
The considerations which have governed the specification of lan-
guages to be taught by the professor of modern languages were, that
the French is the language of general intercourse among nations, and
as a depository of human science, is unsurpassed by any other lan-
guage, living or dead; that the Spanish is highly interesting to us, as
the language spoken by so great a portion of the inhabitants of our
continents, with whom we shall probably have great intercourse ere
long, and is that also in which is written the greater part of the
earlier history of America. The Italian abounds with works of very
superior order, valuable for their matter, and still more distinguished
as models of the finest taste in style and composition. And the Ger-
man now stands i::i a line with that of the most learned nations in
richness of erudition and advance in the sciences. It is too of com-
mon descent with the language of our own country, a branch of the
same original Gothic stock, and fui-nishes valuable illustrations for us.
But in this point of view, the Anglo-Saxon is of peculiar value. We
have placed it among the modern languages, because it is in fact that
which we speak, in the earliest form in which we have knowledo'e of
it. It has been undergoing, with time, those gradual changes which
all languages, ancient and modern, have experienced ; and even now
needs only to be printed in the modern character and orthography to
be intelligible, in a considerable degree, to an English reader. It has
this value, too, above the Greek and Latin, that while it gives the
radix of the mass of our language, they explain its innovations only.
Obvious proofs of this have been presented to the modern reader in
the disquisitions of Horn Tooke ; and Fortescue Aland has well ex-
plained the great instruction which may be derived from it to a full
understanding of our ancient common law, on which, as a stock, our
whole system of law is engrafted. It will form the first link in the
phain of an historical review of our language through all its succes-
sive changes to the present day, will constitute the foundation of that
critical instruction in it which ought to be found in a seminary of
general learning, and thus reward amply the few weeks of attention
which would alone be requisite for its attainment; a language already
APPENDIX. 441
fraught with all the eminent science of ovir parent country, the future
vehicle of whatever we may ourselves achieve, and destined to
occupy so much space on the globe, claims distinguished attention in
American education.
Medicine, where fully taught, is usually subdivided into several
professorships, but this cannot well be without the accessory of an
hospital, where the student can have the benefit of attending clinical
lectures, and of assisting at operations of surgery. With this acces-
sory, the seat of our University is not yet prepared, either by its
population or by the numbers of poor who would leave their own
bouses, and accept of the charities of an hospital. For the present,
therefore, we propose but a single professor for both medicine and
anatomy. By him the medical science may be taught, with a history
and explanations of all its successive theories from Hippocrates to the
present day; and anatomy may be fully treated. Vegetable phar-
macy will make a part of the botanical course, and mineral and
chemical pharmacy of those of mineralogy and chemistry. This
degree of medical information is such as the mass of scientific stu-
dents would wish to possess, as enabling them in their course through
life, to estimate with satisfaction the extent and limits of the aid to
human life and health, which they may understandingly expect from
that art ; and it constitutes such a foundation for those intended for
the profession, that the finishing course of practice at the bed-sides of
the sick, and at the operations of surgery in a hospital, can neither be
long nor expensive. To seek this finishing elsewhere, must therefore
be submitted to for a while.
In conformity with the principles of our Constitution, which places
all sects of religion on an equal footing, with the jealous'es of the
different sects in guarding that equality from encroachment and sur-
prise, and with the sentiments of the Legislature in favor of freedom
of religion, manifested on former occasions, we have proposed no pro-
fessor of divinity ; and the rather as the proofs of the being of a God,
the creator, preserver, and supreme ruler of the universe, the author
of all the relations of morality, and of the laws and obligations these
infer, will be within the province of the professor of ethics ; to which
adding the developments of these moral obligations, of those in which
all sects agree, with a knowledge of the languages, Hebrew, Greek,
and Latin, a basis will be formed common to all sects. Proceeding
thus far without offence to the Constitution, we have thought it proper
442 APPENDIX.
at this poiat to leave every sect to provide, as they think fittest, the
means of further instruction in their oven peculiar tenets.
We are further of opinion, that after declaring by law that certain
sciences shall be taught in the University, fixing the number of pro-
fessors they require, which we think should, at present, be ten,
limiting (except as to the professors who shall be fii'st engaged in each
branch,) a maximum for their salaries, (which should be a certain but
moderate subsistence, to be made up by liberal tuition fees, as an ex-
citement to assiduity,) it will be best to leave to the discretion of the
visitors, the grouping of these sciences together, according to the
accidental qualifications of the professors ; and the introduction also
of other branches of science, when enabled by private donations, or
by public provision, and called for by the increase of population, or
other change of circumstances ; to establish beginnings, in short, to
be developed by time, as those who come after us shall find expedient.
They will be more advanced than we are in science and in useful arts,
and will know best what will suit the circumstances of their day.
We have proposed no formal provision for the gymnastics of the
school, although a proper object of attention for every institution of
youth. These exercises with ancient nations, constituted the princi-
pal part of the education of their youth. Their arms and mode of
warfare rendered them severe in the extreme ; ours, on the same cor-
rect principle, should be adapted to our arms and warfare ; and the
manual exercise, military manoeuvres, and tactics-generally, should be
the frequent exercises of the students, in their hours of recreation.
It is at that age of aptness, docility, and emulation of the practices of
manhood, that such things are soonest learnt and longest remembered.
The use of tools too in the manual arts is worthy of encouragement,
by facilitating to such as choose it, an admission into the neighboring
workshops. To these should be added the arts which embellish life,
dancing, music, and drawing; the last more especially, as an im-
portant part of military education. These innocent arts furnish
amusement and happiness to those who, having time on their hands,
might less inofi'ensively emplcy it. Needing, at the same time, no
regular incorporation with the institution, they may be left to acces-
sory teachers, who will be paid by the individuals employing them,
the University only providing proper apartments for their exercise.
The fifth duty prescribed to the Commissioners, is to propose such
general provisions as may be properly enacted by the Legislature, for
the better organizing and governing the University.
APPENDIX. 443
In the education of youth, provision is to be made for, 1, tuition ;
2, diet; 3, lodging; 4, government; and 5, honorary excitements.
The first of these constitutes the proper functions of the professors ;
2, the dieting of the students should be left to private boarding
houses of their own choice, and at their own expense ; to be regulated
by the Visitors from time to time, the house only being provided by
the University within its own precincts, and thereby of course sub-
jected to the general regimen, moral or sumptuary, which they shall
proscribe. 3. They should be lodged in dormitories, making a part
of the general system of buildings. 4. The best mode of govern-
ment for youth, in large collections, is certainly a desideratum not yet
attained with us. It may be well questioned whether fear after a
certain age, is a motive to which we should have ordinary recourse.
The human character is susceptible of other incitements to correct
conduct, more worthy of employ, and of better effect. Pride of
character, laudable ambition, and moral dispositions are innate correc-
tives of the indiscretions of that lively age; and when strengthened by
habitual appeal and exercise, have a happier effect on future charac-
ter than the degrading motive of fear. Hardening them to disgrace,
to corporal punishments, and servile humiliations cannot be the best
process for producing erect character. The affectionate deportment
between father and son, offers in truth the best example for that of
tutor and pupil; and the experience and practice of other* countries,
in this respect, may be worthy of enquiry and consideration with us.
It will then be for the wisdom and discretion of the Visitors to de-
vise and perfect a proper system of government, which, if it be
founded in reason and comity, will be more likely to nourish in the
minds of our youth the combined spirit of order and self-respect, so
congenial with our political institutions, and so important to be woven
into the American character. 5. What qualifications shall be re-
quired to entitle to entrance into the University, the arrangement of
the days and hours of lecturing for the different schools, so as to
facilitate to the students the circle of attendance on them; the
establishment of periodical and public examinations, the premiums to
be given for distinguished merit; whether honorary degrees shall be
* A police exercised by tlie students themselves, under proper discretion,
has been tried with success in some countries, and the rather as forming them
for initiation into the duties and practices of civil life.
44J: APPENDIX.
conferred, and by what appellations ; whether the title to these shall
depend on the time the candidate has been at the University, or,
where nature has given a greater share of understanding, attention,
and application ; whether he shall not be allowed the advantages
resulting from these endowments, with ether minor items of govern-
ment, we are of opinion should be entrusted to the Visitors ; and the
statute under which we act having provided for the appointment of
these, we think they should moreover be charged with
The erection, preservation, and repair of the buildings, the care of
the grounds and appurtenances, and of the interest of the University
generally.
That they should have power to appoint a bursar, employ a proctor,
and all other necessary agents.
To appoint and remove professors, two-thirds of the whole number
of Visitors voting for the removal.
To prescribe their duties and the course of education, in conformity
with the law.
To establish rules for the government and discipline of the stu-
dents, not contrary to the laws of the land.
To regulate the tuition fees, and the rent of the dormitories they
occupy.
To prescribe and control the duties and proceedings of all officers,
servants, and others, with respect to the buildings, lands, appurte-
nances, and other property and interests of the University.
To draw from the literary fund such moneys as are by law charged
on it for this institution ; and in general
To direct and do all matters and things which, not being inconsis-
tent with the laws of the land, to them shall seem most expedient for
promoting the purposes of the said institution ; which several func-
tions they should be free to exercise in the form of by-laws, rules,
resolutions, orders, instructions, or otherwise, as they should deem
proper.
That they should have two stated meetings in the year, and occa-
sional meetings at such times as they should appoint, or on a special
call with such notice as themselves shall prescribe by a general rule ;
which meetings should be at the Univresity, a majority of them con-
stituting a quorum for business ; and that on the death or resignation
of a member, or on his removal by the President and Directors of the
Literary Fund, or the Executive, or such other authority as the Leg-
APPENDIX. 445
islature shall think best, such President and Directors, or the Execu-
tive, or other authority, shall appoint a successor.
That the said Visitors should appoint one of their own body to be
Rector, and with him be a body corporate, under the style and title
of the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, with the
right, as such, to use a common seal ; that they should have capacity
to plead and be impleaded in all courts of justice, and in all cases
interesting to the University, which may be the subjects of legal cog-
nizance and jurisdiction; which pleas .should not abate by the deter-
mination of their office, but should stand revived in the name of their
successors, and they should be capable in law and in trust for the
University, of receiving subscriptions and donations, real and perso-
nal, as well from bodies corporate, or persons associated, as from pri-
vate individuals.
And that the said Rector and Visitors should, at all times, conform
to such laws as the Legislature may, from time to time, think proper
to enact for their government ; and the said University should, in all
things, and at all times, be subject to the control of the Legislature.
And la.stly, the Commissioners report to the Legislature the follow-
ing conditional oifers to the President and Directors of the Literary
Fund, for the benefit of the University :
On the condition that Lexington, or its vicinity, shall be selected
as the site of the University, and that the same be permanently
established there within two years from the date, John Robinson, of
Rockbridge county, has executed a deed to the President and Direc-
tors of the Literary Fund, to take effect at his death, for the following
tracts of land, to wit :
400 acres on the North fork of James river, known by the name of
Hart's bottom, purchased of the late Gen. Bowyer.
171 acres adjoining the same, purcha.sed of James Griggsby.
203 acres joining the last mentioned tract, purchased of "William
Paxton.
112 acres lying on the North river, above the lands of Arthur
Glasgow, conveyed to him by William Paxton's heirs.
500 acres adjoining the lands of Arthur Glasgow, Benjamin Camden
and David Edmon,son.
545 acres lying in Pryor's gap, conveyed to him by the heirs of
William Paxton, deceased.
260 acres lying in Childer's gap, purchased of Wm. Mitchell.
446 APPENDIX.
300 acres lying, also, in Cliilder's gap, purchased of Nicholas
Jones.
500 acres lying on Buffalo, joining the lands of Jas. Johnston.
340 acres on the Cowpasture river, conveyed to him by General
James Breckenridge — reserving the right of selling the two last men-
tioned tracts, and converting them into other lands contiguous to
Hart's bottom, for the benefit of the University ; also, the whole of
his slaves, amounting to 57 in number ; one lot of 22 acres, joining
the town of Lexington, to pass immediately on the establishment of
the University, together with all the personal estate of every kind,
subject only to the payment of his debts and fulfillment of his
contracts.
It has not escaped the attention of the Commissioners, that the
deed referred to is insufficient to pass the estate in the lands intended to
be conveyed, and may be otherwi.se defective ; but, if necessary, this
defect may be remedied before the meeting of the Legislature, which
the Commissioners are advised will be done.
The Board of Trustees of Washington College have also proposed
to transfer the whole of their funds, viz : 100 shares in the funds of
the James Biver Company, 31 acres of land upon which their build-
ings stand, their philosophical apparatus, their expected interest in
the funds of the Cincinnati Society, the libraries of the Graham and
Washington Societies, and ^3,000 in cash, on condition that a rea-
sonable provision be made for the present professors. A subscription
has also been offered by the people of Lexington and its vicinity,
amounting to $17,878, all which will appear from the deed and other
documents, reference thereto being had.
In this case, also, it has not escaped the attention of the Commis-
sioners, that questions may arise as to the power of the trustees to
make the above transfers.
On the condition that the Central College shall be made the site of
the University, its whole property, real and personal, in possession or
in action, is offered. This consists of a parcel of land of 47 acres,
whereon the buildings of the college are begun, one pavilion and its
appendix of dormitories being already far advanced, and with one
other pavilion, and equal annexation of dormitories, being expected
to be completed during the present season — of another parcel of 153
acres, near the former, and including a considerable eminence very
favorable for the erection of a future observatory ; of the proceeds of
APPENDIX.
44T
the sales of two glebes, amounting to $3,280 86 cents; and of a sub-
scription of S41,248, on papers in hand, besides what is on outstand-
ing papers of unknown amount, not yet returned— out of these sums
are to be taken, however, the cost of the lands, of the buildings, and
other works done, and for existing contracts. For the conditional
transfer of these to the President and Directors of the Literary
Fund, a regular power, signed by the subscribers and founders of the
Central College generally, has been given to its Visitors and Proctor,
and a deed conveying the said property accordingly to the President
and Directors of the Literary Fund, has been duly executed by the
said Proctor, and acknowledged for record in the office of the clerk of
the county court of Albemarle.
Signed and certified by the members present, each in his proper
hand-writing, this 4th day of August, 1818.
Th : Jefferson,
Creed Taylor,
Peter Randolph,
Wm. Brockenbrougii,
Arch'd Rutherford,
Ardh'd Stuart,
James Breckenridge,
Henry E. Watkins,
James Madison,
A. T. Mason,
Hugh Holmes,
Phil. C. Pendleton,
Spencer Roane,
John M. C. Taylor,
J. Gr. Jackson,
Phil. Slaughter,
Wm. H. Cabell,
Nat. H. Claiborne,
Wm. a. C. Dade,
William Jones,
Thomas Wilson.
K.
AN ACT ESTABLISHING THE UNIVERSITY,
(rassed January 25th, 1819.)
1. Be it declared, by the General Assembly of Virginia, that the
conveyance of the lands, and other property appertaining to the Cen-
tral College, in the county of Albemarle, which has been executed by
the Proctor thereof, under authority of the subscribers and founders,
to the President and Directors of the Literary Fund, is hereby
448 APPENDIX.
accepted, for the use, and on the conditions in the said deed of con-
vejance expressed.
2. And be it enacted, that there shall be established, on the site
provided for the said college, an University, to be called, '^ The Uni-
versity of Virginia ;" that it shall be under the government of seven
Visitors, to be appointed forthwith by the Governor, with the advice of
the Council, notifying thereof the persons so appointed, and prescribing
to them a day for their first meeting at the said University, with sup-
plementary instructions for procuring a meeting subsequently, in the
event of failure at the time first appointed.
3. The said Visitors, or so many of them as, being a majority, shall
attend, shall appoint a Rector of their own body, to preside at their
meetings, and a secretary to record, attest and preserve their proceed-
ings, and shall proceed to examine into the state of the property con-
veyed as aforesaid ; and shall make an inventory of the same, speci-
fying the items whereof it consists; shall notice the buildings and
other improvements already made, and those which are in progress ;
and shall take measures for their completion, and for the addition of
such others, from time to time, as may be necessary.
4. In the said University shall be taught the Latin, Greek and
Hebrew languages, French, Spanish, Italian, German and Anglo-
Saxon, the difi'erent branches of Mathematics, pure and physical;
natural philosophy ; the principles of agriculture ; chemistry ; mine-
ralogy, including geology; botany; zoology; anatomy; medicine;
civil government; political economy; the law of nature and nations;
municipal law; history; ideology; general grammar; ethics; rheto-
ric ; and belles lettres ; which branches of science shall bo so distri-
buted, and under so many professors, not exceeding ten, as the Visit-
ors shall think proper and expedient.
5. Each professor shall be allowed the use of the apartment and
accommodations provided for him, and those first employed, such
standing salary as the Visitors shall think proper and sufficient, and
their successors such standing salary, not exceeding 31,000, as the
Visitors shall think proper and suSicient, with such tuition fees from
each student as the Visitors shall, from time to time, establish.
6. The said Visitors shall be charged with the erection, preserva-
tion and repair of the buildings, the care of the grounds and appur-
tenances, and of the interests of the University generally ; they shall
have power to appoint a Bursar, employ a Proctor, and all other
APPENDIX. 449
necessary agents ; to appoint and remove professors, two-thirds of the
whole number of Visitors voting for the removal ; to prescribe their
duties, and the course of education, in conformity with the law ; to
establish rules for the government and discipline of the students, not
contrary to the laws of the land ; to regulate the tuition fees, and the
rent of the dormitories occupied ; to prescribe and control the duties
and proceedings of all officers, servants and others, with respect to the
buildings, lands, appurtenances and other property and interests of
the University ; to draw from the literary fund such moneys as are
by law charged on it for this institution ; and, in general, to direct
and do all matters and things which, not being inconsistent with the
laws of the land, to them shall seem most expedient for promoting
the purposes of the said institution; which several functions they
shall be free to exercise in the form of by-laws, rules, resolutions,
orders, instructions, or otherwise, as they shall deem proper.
7. They shall have two stated meetings in every year, to wit : on
the first Mondays of April and October; and occasional meetings at
such other times as they shall appoint, or on a special call, with such
notice as they themselves shall prescribe by a general rule ; which
meetings shall be at the University ; a majority of them constituting a
quorum for business ; and on the death, resignation of a member, or
failure to act for the space of one year, or on his removal out of the
Commonwealth, or by the Grovernor, with the advice of council, the
Governor, with like advice, shall appoint a successor.
8. The said flector and Visitors shall be a body corporate, under
the style and title of The Rector and Visitors of the University of
Virginia, with the right, as such, to use a common seal ; they shall
have capacity to pleud and be impleaded in all courts of justice, and
in all cases interesting to the University, which may be subjects of
legal cognizance and jurisdiction; which pleas shall not abate by the
determination of their office, but shall stand revived in the name of
their successors ; and they shall be capable in law, and in trust, for the
University, of receiving subscriptions and donations, real and per-
sonal, as well from bodies corporate, or persons associated, as from
private individuals.
9. The said Rector and Visitors shall, at all times, conform to such
laws as the Legislature may, from time to time, think proper to enact
for their government; and the said University shall, in all things,
and at all times, be subject to the control of the Legislature. And
29
450 APPENDIX.
the said Rector and Visitors of the Uoiversity of Virginia, shall be,
and they are hereby required to make report, annually, to the Presi-
dent and Directors of the Literary Fund, (to be laid before the Legis-
lature at their next succeeding session,) embracing a full account of
the disbursements, the funds on hand, and a general statement of
the condition of the said University.
10. The said Board of Visitors, or a majority thereof, by nomina-
tion of the Board, shall, once in every year, at least, visit the said
University; enquire into the proceedings and practices thereat; ex-
amine the progress of the students, and give to those who excel in
any branch of science, there taught, such honorary marks and testimo-
nies of approbation as may encourage and excite to industry and
emulation.
11. On every 29th of February, or, if that be Sunday, then on the
next or earliest day thereafter, on which a meeting can be eifected,
the Governor and Council shall be in session, and shall appoint Visit-
ors of the University, either the same or others, at their discretion,
to serve until the 29th day of February next ensuing, duly and
timely notifying to them their appointment, and prescribing a day for
their first meeting at the University ; after which, their meetings,
stated and occasional, shall be as hereinbefore provided: Provided,
that nothing in this act contained shall suspend the proceedings of
the Visitors of the said Central College of Albemarle ; but, for the
purpose of expediting the objects of said institution, they shall be
authorized, under the control of the Governor and Council, to con-
tinue the exercise of their functions, and fulfill those of their suc-
cessors, until the first actual meeting of their said successors.
APPENDIX. 451
L.
We, the subscribers, Visitors of the Central College, having been
specially called to meet on 26th of February, 1819, and authorized
by the act of the Legislature, now in session, for establishing the Uni-
versity of Virginia, to continue the exercise of our former functions,
and to fulfill the duties of our successors. Visitors of the said Uni-
versity, until their first actual meeting, have unanimously agreed on
the following opinions and proceedings :
That it is expedient that all the funds of the University, applicable
to the services of the present year, which shall remain after meeting
all the other current and necessary purposes, shall be applied to the
providing additional buildings for the accommodation of the profes-
sors, and for dieting and lodging the students of the University.
That the urgency of the advancing season, and the importance of
procuring workmen before they become generally otherwise engaged
for the season, reu.'icr it necessary for expediting the objects of the
University, that certain measures be forthwith taken, which, if de-
layed until the first actual meeting of our successors, would materially
retard those objects.
That taking into view the balance remaining of the funds of the
last year, to wit : of the proceeds of the glebes and of the first and
second installments of subscriptions, after payment shall have been
made of the expenditures of the same year : as also the third install-
ment of subscriptions payable in April, 1820, and the public endow-
ment of $15,000 for the present year; engagements may be entered
into for building, in the approaching season, two more pavilions for
the professors, one hotel for dieting the students, and as many addi-
tional dormitories for their lodging, with the necessary appendages,
as the said funds shall be competent to accomplish ; that we approve
of the propositions for covering with tin sheets the pavilions and
hotels hereafter to be covered, and for bringing water to them by
wooden pipes from the neighboring highlands.
That Alexander Garrett, Treasurer of the Central College, be con-
tinued as the depository of the funds of the institution, with authority
to exercise the powers and perform the duties of the Bursar of the
University until otherwise provided.
That to meet the immediate and pressing calls for money, he be
452 APPENDIX.
authorized to receive from the Treasury of the State the sum of fif-
teen hundred dollars for the pres3nt year.
That a copy of these proceedings be laid before the Grovernor and
Council, for the exercise of the power of control committed to them
by the same act of the Legislature, should they think proper to exer-
cise that power on any part of these proceedings.
(Signed,) Th : Jefferson,
James Madison,
J. H. Cocke,
David Watson.
At a meeting of the Visitors of the University of Virginia, at the
said University on the 29th day of March, 1819, being the day pre-
scribed by the Governor for their first meeting, James Madison, Jo-
seph C. Cabell, Chapman Johnson, James Brcckenridge, Robert
Taylor, John H. Cocke, and Thomas Jefi'erson, attended.
The Board proceeding to the duties prescribed to them by the act
of the General Assembly, entitled " An act establishing an Univer-
sity," appointed Thomas Jefi'erson their Rector, and Peter Minor
their Secretary.
Resolved, That Alexander Garrett be appointed Bursar of the Uni-
versity, and that he be allowed as a compensation for the duties of his
said ofiice, the sum of ?250 a year ; and that the Committee of Su-
perintendence, hereafter to be named, be authorized to engage Arthur
Brockenbrough as Procter of the University, with an allowacce not
exceeding $2,000 a year, or if he cannot be engaged, then any other
person on such terms as they find necessary.
Resolved, That the acting Proctor be instructed to examine into
the state of the property, real and personal, (moneys and credits ex-
cepted,) formerly appertaining to the Central College, and conveyed
to the President and Directors of the Literary Fund; that he make an
inventory of the same, as it stands at this day, specifying the items
whereof it consists, and noticing the buildings and other improve-
ments already made, and those which are in progress, and that the
late Treasurer of the College, now the Bursar, be instructed to make
a statement of the funds in money and credits which appertained to
the said College, and were conveyed to the said President and Direc-
tors ; specifying how much of the said moneys have been received,
APPENDIX. 453
how much have been paid away, to whom and for what purposes,
what debts, to whom, and for what purposes are due on settled
accounts, to whom and for what purposes debts are due on unsettled
accounts; what part of the annual donation by the Commonwealth has
been received, and how much thereof has been paid away, to whom,
and for what purposes ; all referring to the present date ; and that the
said inventory and statement be returned to this Board, to be pre-
served among its records.
Resolved, That the Proctor be required to provide a common seal
for the University, in the field of which shall be engraved a Minerva
enrobed in her peplum and characteristic habiliments as inventress
and protectress of the arts, and that the verge be " University of
Virginia," and at the bottom the date of "1819."
It is the opinion of the Board that each of the professors of the
University be allowed a standing salary of $1,500 a year, and to
receive also $30 annually from every student attending him for in-
struction in any or all of the branchas of science which constitute the
department of which he is professor; and that he be allowed for his
accommodation the use of one of the pavilions, built or to be built,
clear of rent; it being understood that a professor of one department
holding temporarily another may receive tuition fees from students
attending him in each department, but only one salary, unless it be
otherwise specially provided.
That the dormitories be rented to the students at a rent of $20 a
year for each dormitory, to be paid by the occupant or occupants; not
more than two being permitted to lodge in the same dormitory.
Resolved, That a committee of advice, superintendence and control
be appointed to direct the proceedings of the several agents of the
Board during the intervals of its sessions, and to call a special meet-
ing of the Board whenever in their opinion the good of the institution
indispensably requires it ; that notice of such call be addressed by
the committee themselves, or by the Secretary on their order, to each
member of the Board, and be forwarded to their respective residences
by mail, and be also published in the Richmond Enquirer at least fif-
teen days before the time appointed for such meeting.
The Board hereby authorize their Bursar, with the advice of a
member of the committee of superintendence, to draw on the Presi-
dent and Directors of the Literary Fund for the whole or any part of
the public donation charged on that fund, either for immediate pay-
454 APPENDIX.
ment to those to whom moneys may be due, or to deposit the same in
the Bank of Virginia, and thence, with the same advice, countersigned
by a member of the committee, to draw it occasionally as may be
requisite.
Resolved, That the Board concurs in the opinion of the Visitors of
the Central College, as expressed in their resolution of February 26,
that it is expedient that the funds of the University be diverted as
little as possible to the general engagement of the professors required
for the institution, until provision be made of buildings for their ac-
commodation, and for dieting and lodging the students ; and that the
measures adopted by them for the buildings of the present year be
approved and pursued.
That Doct. Thomas Cooper, of Philadelphia, heretofore appointed
professor of chemistry and of law for the Central College, be con-
firmed and appointed for the University, as professor of chemistry,
mineralogy and natural philosophy, and as professor of law also, until
the advance of the institution, and the increase of the number of
students, shall render necessary a sepaiate appointment to the profes-
sorship of law ; that in addition to his permanent salary of one
thousand five hundred dollars, he shall receive such sum during the
first and second years as, with his salary and tuition fees, shall amount
on the whole to not less than $3,500 a year, to commence on the first
Monday of April of the ensuing year, or so soon thereafter as he
shall arrive at the University.
That the expense of removing his philosophical apparatus, his
library and collection of minerals to the University be re-imbursed to
him ; that until he shall have fifty students of chemistry, the expense
in articles consumed necessarily in the courses of chemical lectures be
defrayed by the University, not exceeding $250 in any course.
That the offer of his philosophical apparatus, at the price it cost
him, be accepted, and that also of 2,500 specimens of his collection
of minerals, labelled and arranged in pasteboard cases, to be selected
from his whole collection for the use of the University, at the price
of fifty cents each, by John Vaughan, Prof. Patterson and Zacheus
Collins; with a suspension of payment, however, of the principal of
these purchases until the more urgent provisions for the accommoda-
tion of the professors and students shall enable the schools of the
University to be opened generally, and with the payment in the mean
APPENDIX. 455
time of interest at the rate of six per centum per annum on their
amount.
Considering the importance and the difficulty also at this time of
procuring American citizens of the first order of science in their re-
spective lines to be professors in the University, the committee of
superintendence are hereby jointly instructed and authorized, should
any such offer, not to lose the opportunity of securing them to the
University by any provisional arrangement they can make within the
limits of the salary and tuition fees before stated, and even with such
reasonable accommodations as the case may require; suspending,
however, the actual engagement until a meeting of the Visitors, and
reserving to them the right of jipproval or rejection.
Resolved, That the said committee be authorized to purchase, at a
fair valuation or reasonable price, of John Perry, if a fit occasion
occur, such portion of his land lying between the two parcels hereto-
fore purcha<!ed of him, as may conveniently unite the whole in one
body, provided the payment be deferred until it can be received of the
fourth installment of subscriptions, or of the public endowment for the
third year of the institution.
The Board proceeded to the appointment of the committee of su-
perintendence, and John H. Cocke and Th : Jefferson were appointed,
with authority jointly or severally to direct the proceedings of the
agents of the institution, but jointly only to call a special meeting of
the Boai'd.
Rewlved, That the course of authenticating the proceedings of the
Board be by the signature of the Secretary, and counter signature of
the Rector; or, if there be no Secretary, or none present, then by that
of the Rector alone.
And the Board adjourned.
Tii: Jefferson, Rector.
March 29, 1819.
456 APPENDIX,
M.
At a meeting of the Visitors of the University of Virginia, at the
said University, on Monday, the 4th October, 1819 : Present — Thos.
Jeiferson, Rob't Taylor, James Madison, Chapman Johnson and John
Hartwell Cocke.
Resolved, That instead of the hotel which had been directed to be
built in this present year by the Visitors of the Central College, at
their meeting of the 29th of March last, the erection of an additional
pavilion, by the committee of superintendence, is approved j as also
their engagement for two other additional pavilions and dormitories,
in anticipation of the funds of the ensuing year.
Resolved, That for the accomplishment of the buildings commenced,
and for all other lawful expenses and disbursements on behalf of the
University, the Bursar b« authorized, with the approbation of a mem-
ber of the committee of superintendence, to draw on the President
and Directors of the Literary Pund for the whole; or any part, of the
public donation charged on that fvind for the ensuing year (1820), so
soon as the same shall become payable.
It is the opinion of the Board, that at least three other pavilions,
making ten with those in hand, five hotels, and additional dormitories,
in number depending on that of the students who shall apply
for admission into the University, with their appendages, will be ne-
cessary for the proper accommodation of the whole number of pro-
fessors contemplated by the Legislature ; and that the Proctor, under
the direction of the committee of superintendence, be required to
make an estimate of the whole expense of completing such buildings,
distinguishing the expense of each, and that such estimate should
accompany the report of this Board to the President and Directors of
the Literary Fund.
Resolved, That as the stone in the neighborhood of the University
is found not capable of being wrought into capitals for the columns of
some of the pavilions, and it may be necessary to procure elsewhere
proper stone or marble, and to have such capitals executed here or
elsewhere, the Proctor be authorized to take such measures relative
thereto, and to make such arraneements for their execution, either by
the two Italian artists engaged for that purpose, or by others, and to
make such compromise with them, as the committee of superintend-
ence shall approve.
APPENDIX. 457
It appearing to the Board that the buildings and the funds of the
University will not be in a condition to justify the commencement of
any of its schools during the next spring, and that, therefore, the
duties of the professorship to which Dr, Thos. Cooper was appointed
must be deferred, the committee of superintendence is instructed to
communicate that fact to Dr. Cooper, to arrange with him the terms
on which the delay may be made consistent with his convenience and
conformable to an honorable fulfillment of our engagements with him,
and to report their proceedings to the Board at their next meeting.
An inventory of the property conveyed by the Proctor of the Cen-
tral College to the President and Directors of the Literary Fund, a
statement of the funds in money and credits of the said College con-
veyed for the use of the University, with accounts of the disburse-
ments, and of the funds in hand, from the close of the preceding
accounts to the last day of September in this present year, as furnished
by the Bursar and Proctor, and a draught of a Report of the same,
and of the condition of the University, being proposed to the Board,
the same, after consideration and amendment, is agreed to in the
following words, to wit :
[no. I.]
To tlic President and Directors of the Literary Fund:
In obedience to the act of the Legislature of Virginia entitled " an
act establishing an University," and enjoining on the Rector and Vis-
itors thereof, " to make report annually to the President and Directors
of the Literary Fund (to be laid before the Legislature at their next
succeeding session), embracing a full account of the disbursements,
the funds on hand, and a general statement of the condition of the
University," the said Rector and Visitors make the following report :
The Governor having been pleased, with the advice of the Council,
to appoint James Breckenridge, Joseph C. Cabell, John H. Cocke,
Thomas JeiFerson, Chapman Johnson, James Madison and Robert
Taylor to be Visitors of the University of Virginia, and prescribed
for their first meeting the last Monday in March of the present year,
the Visitors so appointed met accordingly at the site provided for the
Central College, and adopted by the Legislature for that of the Uni-
versity, and proceeded to the duties prescribed to them by the said
act of the Legislature. They appointed Thomas Jefferson, one of
458 APPENDIX.
their body, to be Rector, Alexander Garrett, Bursar, Arthur S.
Brockenbrough, Proctor, and Peter Minor their Secretary. They
examined into the .state of the property conveyed by the Proctor of
the Central College to the President and Directors of the Literary
Fund; had an inventory thereof made by the Proctor, as it stood at
that day, specifying the items whereof it consisted, and noticing the
buildings and other improvements made or in progress, a copy of
which inventory is hereto annexed ; and they required and received
from the late Treasurer of the Central College, now Bursar of the
University, a statement of the funds in money and credits of the said
College conveyed for the use of the University, specifying the moneys
received, those paid away, to whom and for what purposes; what
debts, to whom and for what purposes, were due, and what part of the
annual donation by the Commonwealth had been received; a copy of
which statement is hereto also annexed ; and to these is added an
account of the disbursements, and of the funds in hand, prepared by
the Bursar and Proctor, from the close of the j^i'eceding accounts to
the last day of September of the present year, as required by law ;
and also an estimate of the probable cost of the buildings still neces-
sary for the accommodation of the whole number of professors con-
templated by the Legislature, and of the students.
The Visitors of the Central College having been in treaty with Dr.
Thomas Cooper to be a professor in the said College, those of the
University confirmed his appointment as professor of chemistry, min-
eralogy and natural philosophy, and agreed with him for the purchase
of his valuable collection of minerals, and of his philosophical appa-
ratus. The time, however, for the commencement of his functions is
not yet ultimately fixed, but they deemed it inexpedient to make any
further appointments of professors until accommodations for their
reception, and for that of the students, should be provided ; and the
rather as the salaries of the professors, whenever they commence, by
absorbing the funds of the University, will leave little to be employed
in buildings for their accommodation. They therefore concurred in
the opinion of the Visitors of the Central College, expressed in their
resolution of February 26, that it was expedient that the funds of the
University should be diverted as little as j)ossible to the general em-
ployment of professors until provision should be made for their
accommodation, and for boarding-houses and lodgings for the stu-
dents ; and for this purpose they gave directions under which one of
APPENDIX. 459
the pavilions and fifteen of the dormitories, in the inventory mentioned,
have been as nearly finished as is deemed expedient until wanted for
occupation ; and the other pavilion, therein also mentioned, will be
completed this winter; five others are more or less advanced, each
sufiicient to accommodate one professor, and about twenty other dor-
mitories are in progress. These will probably have their walls com-
pleted and covered in during the present season, but will not be
otherwise finished but in the course of another. And in order to
effect this much, the Visitors have been obliged to enter into engage-
ments which will not only exhaust the funds of the present year, but
pledge those of the ensuing one also ; for, two seasons being generally
requisite for the accomplishment of good buildings, the one for their
walls and covering, the other for inner finishings, had the commence-
ment of these been postponed to the ensuing season, another year
would have been added to the delays of the institution.
The Visitors would have had sincere pleasure in announcing to the
President and Directors that they should be able to open the Univer-
sity in time and manner to meet the public expectations, but the sum
necessary for the preliminary measure of providing accommodations
will leave the funds of the institution in a condition which does not
enable them to do this. If an early commencement, however, should
be deemed of importance enough to justify an additional and compe-
tent aid from the funds over which your Board presides, for effecting
the residuary buildings, the Visitors trust that they could have in
place, by the autumn or winter of the ensuing year, the complement
of professors contemplated by the law, and open the institution at
that epoch with the distinction called for by the interests and charac-
ter of the State; and were they to indulge their own judgment, it
would be, that the annual tribute we are paying to other countries for
the education of our youth, the retention of that sum at home, and
receipt of a greater from abroad, which might flow to an University
on an approved scale, would make it a gainful employment of the
money advanced, were even dollars and cents to mingle themselves
with the considerations of an higher order urging the accomplishment
of this institution. But this urgency they leave with confidence, as
in duty bound, to the wiser judgment of the Legislature, with assu-
rances on the part of the Visitors that, whether with the present or
additional funds, they will omit nothing which may hasten the desi-
rable moment when the youth of their country may find at home
460 APPENDIX.
those resources of instruction which they have so long been in the
habit of seeking elsewhere; and when, by a sound education, a whole-
some direction may be given to puhlic opinion, the safest guide and
guardian of the public morals and welfare, the arbitress in every
age of its destinies to happiness or wretchedness, and the source
to which, as either pure or corrupted, the changes of condition in
every country on earth may be traced and ascribed.
And the Hector is instructed to authenticate and transmit the same,
with the documents therein referred to, to the President and Directors
of the Literary Fund, according to law.
And the Board adjourned itself indefinitely.
Th : Jefferson, Rector.
October 4, 1819.
At an adjourned meeting of the Visitors of the University of Vir-
ginia, held on 3d October, 1820 : Present — Thomas Jefferson, James
Madison, Robert B. Taylor, John H. Cocke and Joseph C. Cabell.
The Board approved the arrangement made by the committee of
superintendence relative to the annulment of the contract with Dr.
Thomas Cooper.
Resolved, From and after the first day of October, 1820, the com-
pensation of the Bursar of the University for his services shall be at
the rate of one per cent, on the amount of his disbursements.
Resolved, That Joseph C. Cabell be and he is hereby desired and
authorized to examine and verify the accounts of the preceding year,
not already examined and verified.
Resolved, That the committee of superintendence be authorized to
enter into negotiations with the following persons, with the view of
engaging them as professors of the University, viz : Mr. Bowditch,
of Salem, and Mr. Ticknor, of Boston.
Resolved, That in the negotiations with Mr. Bowditch and Mr.
Ticknor, the committee be authorized to offer the compensation here-
inafter specified, viz :
1. Apartments.
2. A salary of §2,000 per annum.
APPENDIX. 461
3. A fee of 810 for each student engaged to attend the lectures of
the professor.
4. If the aggregate amount of the salary and of the fees of tuition
should fall short of §2,500, in either the first, second, or third year,
the deficiency to be paid out of the funds of the University.
The following report was agreed to :
[no. II.]
To the President and Directors of the Literary Fund :
In obedience to the act of the General Assembly of Virginia, re-
quiring that the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia
should make report annually to the President and Directors of the
Literary Fund, (to be laid before the Legislature at their next suc-
ceeding session,) embracing a full account of the disbursements, the
funds on hand, and a general statement of the condition of the said
University, the said Visitors make the following report :
The General Assembly at their last session of 1819-20, having
passed an act authorising the said Visitors, for the purpose of finish-
ing the buildings of the University, to borrow the sum of $60,000,
and to pledge for re-payment of the said sum and interest, any part
of the annual appropriation of $15,000, heretofore made by law, the
Board of Visitors at their semi-annual meeting of April last pro-
ceeded to the consideration of the said act, and of the authorities
therein permitted to them, they were of opinion, in the first place,
that it would be most expedient to complete all the buildings neces-
sary for the accommodation of the professors and students before
opening the institution, as the maintenance of that, when opened, by
absorbing all its funds, would leave nothing to complete what might
yet be requisite for the full estatablishment called for by law.
On view of the accounts rendered by the Bursar and Proctor, they
found that with the aid of the loan authorised, (if the commencement
of its installment for ra-payment could be suspended four years,) and
of their annuity during the same time, they might accomplish the
whole of the buildings of accommodation for the professors and stu-
dents, according to the estimates heretofore made of their probable
cost, of which the following statement presents a summary view.
462
APPENDIX.
1820.
April— The existing debts are - - - $10,000
To complete the 7 pavilions and 31 dormitories on
hand, - - . . . 18,000
To build 3 more pavilions and 31 dormitories, to
complete the lawn, - - - - 27,600
To build 3 hotels and 25 dormitories, completing
the east back street, - - - 19,000
1821.
To build 2 hotels and Proctor's house, and 25 dor-
mitories, completing west back street, - 19,000
$93,600
Means.
1820.
April — Loan from the literary fund of - - $40,000
1821.
Jan. 1— Annuity of $15,000, $2,400 int'st of $40,000 12,600
Additional loan of - - - - 20,000
1822.
Jan 1— Annuity of $15,000, $3,600 int'st of $60,000, 11,400
1823.
Jan. 1— Annuity of $15,000, $3,600 int'st of $60,000, 11,400
$95,400
They therefore proceeded to negotiate a loan of $40,000 from the
President and Directors of the Literary Fund, reimbursable by five
installments if $14,244 a year, beginning on the — day of April,
1824, and afterwards a second loan of $20,000, reimbursable by like
annual installments, commencing from the day when the others
should end.
On this view of their resources, the Board proceeded to authorize
their Proctor to enter into contracts for the completion of the build-
ings already begun, and for the erection of those still wanting, so as
to provide in the whole, 10 pavilions for the professors, required by
law, 5 hotels for dieting the students, and a 6th for the use of the
Proctor, with 104 dormitories, sufficient for lodging 208 students;
APPENDIX. 463
and they instructed him to make, in his contracts, eflfectual provision
that the whole shall be completed in the autumn of the ensuing year
1821 At that time, therefore, the buildings of accommodation for the
professors and students are expected to be all ready for their recep-
tion, and the institution might then be opened, but that the remain-
ing engagements for the buildings, and the reimbursment of the sums
borrowed from the literary fund will require the whole revenue of the
University for 7 years to come, that is to say, until the — day of
April, 1828.
In the statement of expenditures and means of the University, it
■will be perceived that we have not taken the private subscriptions
into account, of these $2,079 33 of the first installment, $H,914 13 of
the second, and $8,217 09 of the third, are still due; and the last
amounting to $10,G6G 50, will become due on the 1st day of April
next ; but of these some loss will be occasioned by the distresses of
the times; and the residue, from the same cause, will be so tardy and
uncertain in the times of its receipt, that the Visitors have not
thought it safe to found on it any stipulations requiring punctuality
in their fulfillment; they have thought it more advisable to reserve it
as a supplementary and contingent fund, to aid the general revenue,
as it shall be received, and to meet casualties unforeseen, errors of
estimate, and expenses other than those of mere building.
In the report of the Commissioners who met at Rockfish Gap on
the 1st day of August, 1818, it was stated that "a building of some-
what more size in the middle of the grounds, may be called for in
time, in which may be rooms for religious worship under such im-
partial regulations as the Visitors shall prescribe, for public examina-
tions, for a library, for the schools of music, drawing, and other asso-
ciated purposes." The expenses of this building are not embraced in
the estimates hereinbefore stated. Its cost will probably be of about
$40,000, and its want will be felt as soon as the University shall
open; but the building is beyond the reach of the present funds; nor
are these, indeed, adequate to the maintenance of the University on
the full scale enacted by the Legislature. That body, aware that
professors of desirable eminence could not be expected to relinquish
the situations in which they might be found, for others new, untried,
and unknown, without a certainty of adequate compensation, confided
to the discretion of the Visitors the salaries which should be stipula-
ted to the professors first employed; but the annuity heretofore appro-
464 APPENDIX.
priated to the maintenance of the University, cannot furnish suffi-
cient inducement to ten professors, of high degree each in his respec-
tive line of science ; and yet to employ inferior persons, would be to
stand where we are in science, unavailed of the higher advances
already made elsewhere, and of the advantages contemplated by the
statute under which we act.
If the Legislature shall be of opinion that the annuity already
apportioned to the establishment and maintenance of an institution
for instruction in all the useful sciences, is its proper part of the
whole fund, the Visitors will faithfully see that it shall be punctually
applied to the remaining engagements for the buildings, and to the
reimbursement of the extra sum lately received from the general
fund ; that during the term of its exclusive application to these
objects, due care shall be taken to preserve the buildings erected from
ruin or injury, and at the end of that term, they will provide for
opening the institution in the partial degree to which its present
annuity shall be adequate.
If, on the other hand, the Legislature shall be of opinion that the
sums so advanced in the name of a loan, from the general fund of
education, were legitimately applicable to the purposes of an Univer-
sity, that its early commencement will promote the public good by
oflPering to our youth now ready and waiting for it, an early and near
resource for instruction, and by arresting the hea7y tribute we are
annually paying to other States and countries for the article of edu-
cation, and shall think proper to liberate the present annuity from its
engagements, the Visitors trust it will be in their power, by the
autumn of the ensuing year 1821, to engage and bring into place that
portion of the Pi'ofessors designated by the law, to which the present
annuity may be found competent; or, by the same epoch, to carry
into full execution the whole objects of the law, if an enlargement be
made of its participation in the general fund, adequate to the full
establishment contemplated by the law.
The accounts, receipts, disbursements, and funds on hand for the
year ending with the present date, as rendered by the Bursar and
Proctor of the LTniversity, are given with this report, as is required
by law.
Th: Jefferson, Rector.
October 3, 1820.
APPENDIX. 465
At a meeting of the Visitors of the University of Virginia, by
special call, on Thursday, the 29th of November, 1821, at the Uni-
versity, two members only attending, to wit : Thomas Jefferson and
Chapman Johnson, they adjourned to the next day.
November 30. — Present: Thomas Jefferson, Chapman Johnson,
James Madison and John Hartwell Cocke.
The Board being informed that of the ^60,000 permitted to be
borrowed from the literary fund, by the act of the last General As-
sembly, the sum of 629,100 only has as yet been obtained, and that
there is uncertainty as to the time when the balance may be obtained,
they deem it expedient that the annuity of ^15,000, receivable on the
1st of January next, be applied to the accomplishment of the build-
ings and other current purposes, in the first place, and that, should
further sums be wanted before the receipt of the balance of the said
loan, the committee of superintendence be authorized to borrow from
the banks to the amount of that balance, to be replaced by the said
balance when received.
Resolved, That the superintending committee be authorized to have
an engraving made of the ground-plat of the buildings of the Univer-
sity, including the library, and so many copies struck off for sale as
they shall think proper, and also to engage a good painter to draw a
perspective view of the upper level of buildings, to be engraved, yield-
ing to him, for his trouble, the patent right, and paying his reasonable
expenses, coming, staying and returning, should it be required.
A proposition having been received to join with other seminaries
in a petition to Congress for a repeal of the duty on imported books,
JResoIved, That this Board will concur in such a petition, and a
form being prepared and approved, and a form also of a letter to our
Senators and Representatives in Congress, requesting them to present
and advocate the said petition, the Rector is desired to authenticate
and forward the same.
A form of a ^-ejwrt, as annually required to be made to the Presi-
dent and Directors of the Literary Fund, on the funds and condition
of the University, was then proposed, amended and agreed to, in the
following words :
[no. III.]
To the President and Directors of the I/iterary Fund :
In obedience to the act of the General Assembly of Virginia,
requiring that the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia
30
466 APPENDIX.
should make report annually to the President and Directors of the
Literary Fund, to be laid before the Legislature at their next succeed-
ing session, embracing a full account of the disbursements, the funds
on hand, and a general statement of the condition of the said Uni-
versity, the said Rector and Visitors make the following report :
At their meeting in April last, the attention of the Visitors was
first drawn to the consideration of the act of the late General Assem-
bly, which authorized the Literary Board to lend, for the use of the
University, a further sum of $60,000, from such moneys as should
thereafter come to their hands, and taking such view as could then
be obtained of the expenses already incurred for the land, buildings,
and accessory purposes for the accommodation of the professors and
students of the University, so far as already completed, or in a state
of advancement, and the further expenses still to be incurred, neces-
sarily, to complete those accommodations, they concluded it to be for
the benefit of the institution to obtain the said loan. Application
was accordingly made to the Literary Board, a sum of $29,100
obtained, and the further sum of $30,900 is expected, so soon as the
receipts of that Board shall enable them to fiirnish it.
In the meantime, the Board deemed it incumbent to obtain, as
early as possible, a correct statement of the actual cost of what was
already done, and a probable one of that still to be done, estimated
according to the experience now obtained. They therefore instructed
their Proctor to apply himself assiduously to the completion of the
buildings generally, to a settlement of all accounts of the actual cost
of those finished, and an estimate, according to that, of what would
be the cost of those still to be finished. The com2:)letion of the
buildings of accommodation, which are in four rows of about 600 feet
in length each, as may be seen by the plan accompanying this report,
has been pressed with as much efi^ect as could be expected; insomuch
that there are now completed, and in readiness for occupation, six
pavilions for the accommodation of the professors, eighty-two dormito-
ries for that of the students, and two hotels for their dieting; and the
others will all be completed in the ensuing summer. The accounts
for the construction of those already finished have been actually set-
tled ; and the probable cost of the unfinished has been estimated
according to the rates which the others have been found to cost.
The following is a summary view of the actual expenditures of the
institution from the beginning, of those yet to be incurred to its
APPENDIX. 467
completion, and of the funds received and still receivable, as nearly
as can at present be stated :
6 pavilions, finished, have cost - 152,713 76
17 capitals, for them expected from Italy,
are to cost, by contract, - - 2,052 00
2 hotels, finished, have cost - - 8,215 82
82 dormitories, finished, have cost - 52,997 74
eil3,927 32
The following are nearly finished, and are estimated at the rates the
others have cost, or at prices actually contracted for :
4 pavilions, $33,503 15
4 hotels, 16,000 00
27 dormitories, .... 11,952 21
$61,515 36
Back yards and gardens, 1,500 00
Making the whole cost, of the four rows of accom-
modation, $176,942 68
The purchase of 245 ^ acres of land, and the buildings
on them, past compensations to the Bursar and
Proctor, hire and maintenance of laborers, and all
other accessory and contingent expenses, - - 24,607 77
Making a total for the lands, buildings, &c. complete, $201,550 43
To which add for interest on the loans, calculated to
December 31st, 1821, - - - - - 6,160 25
$207,710 70
The funds applied and applicable to these expendi-
tures, are
The sale of glebe lands, - - - $3,104 09
A State certificate No. 32, bearing interest, 176 77
Annuities of 1819-20-21, - - - 45,000 00
Loan of 1820, 60,000 00
Subscriptions received to Nov. 27, 1821, 24,676 37
Balance of subscriptions (due $19,668 91,
of which suppose $3,000 lost,) - - 16,668 95
$209,626 18
From this would result a small surplus of - - $1,915 48
$207,710 70
468 APPENDIX.
According to the Rector's accounts for the present year, (which,
with the Bursar's, are herewith enclosed,) and which contain minuter
specifications of the expenditures :
To finish and pay for the whole of the build-
ings of accommodation not yet finished and
paid for, will require a further sum to be
placed at his command of - - - - ^53,494 79
The resources for this are.
The balance of the loan of 1821, still to be
received, - . . . . $30,900 00
The balance still due of subscription moneys
separate, 16,668 95
Cash in the Banks undrawn as per Bursar's
account, 2,301 23
Do. in the Bursar's hands, as per his account, 447 84
State certificate No. 32, - . - - 176 77
From which would result a deficit to be sup-
plied from the annuity of - - - 3,000 00 *
$53, 494 79
So far then as can at present be seen, (and we are now so near the
end of this work that there is room for little error,) the funds received
and receivable will, within a small fraction, pay for the lands pur-
chased for the whole system of buildings of accommodation, and all
accessory expenses.
The building for the library, comprehending halls, indispensably
necessary for other public purposes, and estimated by the Proctor,
according to past experience, to cost $46,847, will remain to be
erected from the same fund of the annuity, the anticipations of this
by loans, for expediting the other buildings, will have weakened it by
nearly one-half its amount by the sums of interest to which it is sub-
ject; and will consequently retard the commencement of its applica-
tion to the discharge of the sums borrowed by annual installments,
if such should continue to be the will of the Legislature.
The buildings of accommodation will be finished, as before ob-
served, in the ensuing summer, and will constitute the whole estab-
lishment, except that of the library. With the close of these works
the accounts of their costs will also be closed. These will be first
examined by a committee of the Visitors, that nothing may enter
APPENDIX. 469
into them not sanctioned by the Board ; they will then be finally sub-
mitted to the accountant of the Literary Board, for the assurance of
the public that the moneys have been correctly and faithfully ap-
plied. In the course of these works as is unavoidably, perhaps gene-
rally, in those of considerable magnitude, there have occurred instan-
ces of moneys paid, not in direct furtherance of the legitimate object.
The first was the case of a contract by the Visitors of the Central
College, for a professor, while acting for that as a private establish-
ment; but that institution being afterwards merged in this of the
University, and the enlargement of the plan occasioning that of the
time of its commencement also, it became important that that con-
tract should be rescinded ; this was done on a just and reasonable
compromise and indemnification of $1,500. Another instance was the
importation of a foreign artist, for carving the capitals of the more
difficult orders of the buildings. The few persons in this country,
capable of that work, were able to obtain elsewhere such high prices
for their skill and labor, that we believed it would be economy to
procure an artist from some country where skill is more abundant and
labor cheaper. We did so ; but on trial the stone we had counted on in
the neighborhood of the University was found totally insusceptible of
delicate work ; and some from a very distant, but the nearest other
quarry known, besides a heavy expense attending its transportation,
was extremely tedious to work, and believed not proof against the
influences of the weather. In the meantime we had enquired and
learned that the same capitals could be furnished in Italy, and
delivered in our own ports for a half or third of the price in marble,
which they would have cost us here in doubtful stone. We arrested
the work here, therefore, and compromised with our artist at the ex-
pense of his past wages, his board and passage hither, amounting to
$1,390 56. These ai-e the only instances of false expense which have
occurred within our knowledge.
The two pavilions and their adjacent dormitories, begun and con-
siderably advanced by the authorities of the Central College, were
contracted for by them, when all things were at their most inflated
paper-prices and therefore have been of extraordinary cost ; but all
the buildings since done on the more enlarged scale of the University,
have been at prices of from 25 to 50 per cent, reduction ; and it is
confidently believed that, with that exception, no considerable system
of building, within the United States, has been done on cheaper
470 APPENDIX.
terms, nor more correctly, faithfully, or solidly executed, according to
the nature of the materials used.
That the style or scale of the buildings should have met the appro-
bation of every individual judgment, was impossible from the various
structure of various minds. Whether it has satisfied the general
judgment, is not known to us. No previous expression of that was
manifested, but in the injunctions of the law to provide for the
accommodation of ten professors, and a competent number of stu-
dents ; and by the subsequent enactments, implying an approbation
of the plan reported by the original commissioners, on the requisition
of the law constituting them ; which plan was exactly that now car-
ried into execution. We had, therefore, no supplementary guide but
our own judgments, which we have exercised conscientiously, in
adopting a scale and style of building, believed to be proportioned to
the respectability, the means, and the wants of our country, and such
as will be approved in any future condition it may attain. We owed to
it to do, not what was to perish with ourselves, but what would
remain, be respected, and preserved through other ages ; and we
fondly hope that the instruction which may flow from this institution,
kindly cherished, by advancing the minds of our youth with the
growing science of the times, and elevating the views of our citizens
generally to the practice of the social duties, and the functions of
self-government, may ensure to our country the reputation, the safety
and prosperity, and all the other blessings which experience proves to
result from the cultivation and improvement of the general mind j
and, without going into the monitory history of the ancient world, in
all its quarters, and at all its periods, that of the soil on which we
live, and of its occupants, indigenous and immigrant, teaches the
awful lesson, that no nation is permitted to live in ignorance with
impunity.
And the Board adjourned without day.
Th : Jefferson, Rectcr.
November 29, 1821.
At a meeting of the Visitors of the University of Virginia, at the
said University, on Monday, the 7th of October, 1822. Present :
Thomas Jefferson, Rector ; James Breckenridge, Joseph C. Cabell,
John H. Cocke, and James Madison.
APPENDIX. 471
Resolved, That the Proctor be instructed to enter into conferences
with such skillful and responsible undertakers as he would approve,
for the building of the library, on the plan heretofore proposed, and
now in his possession, and to procure from them declarations of the
smallest sums for which they will undertake the different portions of
the work of the said building, each portion to be done as well, in
materials, manner, and sufficiency, as the best of the same kind of
work already done in the preceding buildings, or as well and suffi-
ciently as shall now be agreed on; that (omitting the capitals of
the columns, which would be procured elsewhere,) the several other
portions be specified under such general heads and details as may be
convenient to show the cost of each, and by whom undertaken, fixing
also the time within which each portion shall be completed ; and
that his agreements be provisional only, and subject to the future
acceptance or refusal of the Visitors.
Resolved, That the Committee of Superintendence be authorized
to employ a collector, to proceed to the collection of the moneys still
due on subscriptions, under such instructions and agreement as they
shall approve.
Resolved, That the examination and report of the accounts of the
Bursar of the University of Virginia, from the 1st day of October,
1820, to the 31st of March, 1821, and from the 31st of March, 1821,
to the 27th day of November, 1821, made by John H. Cocke, at the
request of the Rector, by his letter of the 1st December, 1821, be
hereby ratified as done under authority of this Board; and that the
said John H. Cocke be, and he is hereby appointed, to examine and
verify the accounts of the said Bursar, from the 27th November,
1821, to this date, and make report thereof to this Board.
Resolved, That Gleorge Loyall, Esq., now a member of this Board,
appointed on the resignation of Robert B. Taylor, be added to the
Committee for settlement of the Bursar's and Proctor's accounts, with
authority to the Committee to act singly or togethei", as convenience
may admit.
The following report was then agreed to :
[no. IV.]
To the President and Directors of the Literary Fund :
In obedience to the act of the General Assembly of Virginia, re-
quiring that the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia
•172 APPENDIX.
should make report annually to the President and Directors of the
Literary Fund, (to be laid before the Legislature at their next suc-
ceeding session,) embracing a full account of the disbursements, the
funds on hand, and a general statement of the condition of the Uni-
versity, the said Rector and Visitors make the following report :
The Visitors considering as the law of their duty the report of the
Commissioners of 1818, which was made to the Legislature, and
acted on by them, from time to time subsequently, have completed all
the buildings proposed by that report, except one ; that is to say, ten
distinct houses or pavilions containing each a lecturing room, with
generally four other apartments for the accommodation of a professor
and his family, and with a garden and the requisite family offices ;
six hotels for dieting the students, with a single room in each for a
refectory, and two rooms, a garden and offices for the tenant; and
an hundred and nine dormitories, sufficient each for the accommoda-
tion of two students, arranged in four distinct rows between the
pavilions and hotels, and united with them by covered ways; which
buildings are all in readiness for occupation, except that there is still
some plastering to be done, now on hand, which will be finished
early in the present season, the garden grounds and garden walls to
be completed, and some columns awaiting their capitals, not yet
received from Italy. These buildings are mostly paid for by the
moneys which have been received, and it is still expected they would
be completely so, by the subscriptions due, were they in hand ; but
the slowness of their collection will render it necessary to make good
their deficiences, in the first instance, out of the annuity of the ensu-
ing years, to be replaced to that fund again by the subscriptions as
they come in.
The remaining building, necessary to complete the whole establish-
ment, and called for by the report of 1818, which was to contain
rooms for religious worship, for public examinations, for a library, and
for other associated purposes, is not yet begun for want of funds. It
was estimated heretofore by the Proctor, according to the prices which
the other buildings have actually cost, at the sum of $46,847. The
Visitors, from the beginning, have considered it indispensable to com-
plete all the buildings before opening the institution; because, from
the moment that it shall be opened, the whole income of the
University will be absorbed by the salaries of the professors and other
incidental and current expenses, and nothing will remain to erect any
APPENDIX. 473
building still wanting to complete the system. They are still of
opinion, therefore, that it is better to postpone, for a while, the com-
mencement of the institution, and then to open it in full and com-
plete system, than to begin prematurely in an unfinished state, and
go on, perhaps forever, on the contracted scale of local academies,
utterly inadequate to the great purposes which the report of 1818 and
the Legislature have hitherto had in contemplation. They believe
that, in that imperfect state, it will ofi'er little allurement to other
than neighboring students, and that professors of the first eminence
in their respective lines of science, will not be induced to attach their
reputations to an institution defective in its outset, and ofi'ering no
pledge of rising to future distinction. Yet the Visitors consider the
procuring such characters (and it will certainly be their aim) as the
peculiar feature which is to give reputation and value to the institu-
tion, and to constitute its desirable aijd important attractions. But
the present state of the funds renders the prospect of finishing this
last building indefinitely distant. The interest of the sums advanced
to the institution now absorbs nearly half its income. A suspension
of interest, indeed, for three or four years, would give time for erect-
ing the building with the established authority; but the subsequent
re-payment of the principal from that annuity would remove the
opening of the institution to a very I'emote period.
On this view of the condition of the University, the Visitors think
it their duty to state, that if the Legislature shall be of opinion that
the sums advanced to the University, in the name of loans, from the
general fund for education, have been applied to their legitimate
object, and shall think proper to liberate the annuity from their re-
imbursement, it will sufiice in three or four years to complete the last
building, and the institution may be opened at the end of that term ;
and further, that if the requisite sum can be supplied from the same
or any other fund, then the University may be put into as full opera-
tion as its income will admit in the course of the year ensuing the
present date, and while the remaining building will be proceeding on
such supplementary fund. This, however, or whatever else their wis-
dom may devise, is subject to their direction, to which the Visitors
will in willing duty conform.
In the same report of the Commissioners of 1818, it was stated by
them that " in conformity with the principles of our Constitution, which
place all sects of religion on an equal footing, with the jealousies of
474 APPENDIX.
the different sects in guarding that equality from encroachment or
surprise, and with the sentiments of the Legislature in favor of free-
dom of religion, manifested on former occasions, they had not pro-
posed that any professorship of Divinity should be established in the
University ; that provision, however, was made for giving instruction
in the Hebrew, Greek and Latin languages, the depositories of the
originals, and of the earliest and most respected authorities of the
faith of every sect, and for courses of ethical lectures, developing
those moral obligations in which all sects agree; that proceeding thus
far without offence to the Constitution, they had left, at this point, to
every sect to take into their own hands the office of further instruc-
tion in the peculiar tenets of each."
It was not, however, to be understood that instruction in religious
opinions and duties was meant to be precluded by the public authori-
ties as indifferent to the interests of society ; on the contrary, the
relations which exist between man and his Maker, and the duties
resulting from those relations, are the most interesting and important
to every human being, and the most incumbent on his study and
investigation. The want of instruction in the various creeds of reli-
gious faith existing among our citizens presents, therefore, a chasm
in a general institution of the useful sciences; but it was thought
that this want, and the entrustment to each society of instruction in
its own doctrines, were evils of less danger than a permission to the
public authorities to dictate modes or principles of religious instruc-
tion, or than opportunities furnished them of giving countenance or
ascendancy to any one sect over another. A remedy, however, has
been suggested, of promising aspect, which, while it excludes the pub-
lic authorities from the domain of religious freedom, would give to
the sectarian schools of divinity the full benefit of the public provi-
sions made for instruction in the other branches of science. These
bi"anches are equally necessary to the divine as to the other profes-
sional or civil characters, to enable them to fulfill the duties of their
calling with understanding and usefulness. It has, therefore, been in
contemplation, and suggested by some pious individuals, who perceive
the advantages of associating other studies with those of religion, to
establish their religious schools on the confines of the University, so
as to give to their students ready and convenient access and attend-
ance on the scientific lectures of the University; and to maintain, by
that means, those destined for the religious professions on as high a
APPENDIX. 475
standing of science, and of personal weight and respectability, as may
be obtained by others from the benefits of the University. Such
establishments would offer the further and great advantage of enabling
the students of the University to attend religious exercises with the
professor of their particular sect, either in the rooms of the building
still to be erected, and destined to that purpose under impartial regu-
lations, as proposed in the same report of the Commissioners, or in
the lecturing room of such professor. To such propositions the Vis-
itors are prepared to lend a willing ear, and would think it their duty
to give every encouragement, by assuring to those who might choose
such a location for their schools that the regulations of the University
should be so modified and accommodated as to give every facility of
access and attendance to their students, with such regulated use also
as may be permitted to the other students of the library which may
hereafter be acquired, either by public or private munificence, but
always understanding that these schools shall be independent of the
University and of each other. Such an arrangement would complete
the circle of useful sciences embraced by this institution, and would
fill the chasm now existing on principles which would leave inviolate
the constitutional freedom of religion, the most unalienable and sacred
of all human rights, over which the people and authorities of this
State, individually and publicly, have ever manifested the most watch-
ful jealousy; and could this jealousy be now alarmed, in the opinion
of the Legislature, by what is here suggested, the idea will be relin-
quished on any surmise of disapprobation which they might think
proper to express.
A committee of the Board was duly appointed to settle finally the
accounts of all receipts and disbursements, from the commencement
of the Central College to the entire completion of the four ranges of
buildings of the University. They found it necessary to employ a
skillful accountant to make up a complete set of books, in regular
form, wherein all the accounts, general and particular, should be
stated, so as that every dollar might be traced from its receipt to its
ultimate expenditure, and the clearest view be thus exhibited of the
faithful application of the moneys placed under the direction of the
Board. This work has taken more time than was expected; and although
considerably advanced, is not entirely completed. Until its comple-
tion, however, the committee cannot proceed in the final settlement
with which they are charged. The Bursar's accounts for the year
476 APPENDIX.
preceding this date are rendered herewith ; as are also the Proctor's
for the first six months, but his books and papers being necessarily in
the hands of the accountant, his account for the last half year could
not as yet be prepared. The settlement of the committee, when
made, will be transmitted, or a supplementary document, to the Lit-
erary Board, as well for its regular audit by their accountant, as to be
laid before the Legislature.
And the Board adjourned without day.
Th: Jefferson, Rector.
October 7, 1822.
MoNTiCELLO, December 23, 1822.
Sir, — According to the requisitions of the law, I now transmit to
the President and Directors of the Literary Fund, for communication
to the Legislature, the annual report of the Visitors of the LTniversity
of Virginia, bearing date the 7th of October last. At that date the
regular books were not yet completed, which were under preparation
for the purpose of exhibiting a clear and methodical view of the ap-
plication of all the moneys which have been received and employed
on this institution. From the best view which, before that time, had
been taken of the affairs of the University it was expected, as is
stated in this report, that the buildings now prepared would be com-
pletely paid for by the subscriptions still due. These books have
been since completed, and the result (as appears by the certificates
herewith inclosed) is, that the institution has received from the begin-
ning to the 23d of last month, on the whole, and from all funds, the
sum of $199,159 98 J
And is still to receive of subscriptions unpaid, 18,343 43 J
$217,503 42
That there has been paid, within the same period, for
the purposes of the institution, the same sum of $199,159 98^
And there remains to be paid of debts settled and un-
settled about 27,001 63
$226,161 GU
APPENDIX. 477
An estimate by the Proctor, at an early period, supposed that the
last building called for by the report of 1818, and not yet executed,
would probably cost the sum of $40,847 ; but this did not include
two considerable appendages necessary to connect it with the other
buildings. An estimate including these, now recently made by the
principal undertakers and executors of the other buildings, raises its
amount to about one-third more.
It is by instruction from the Visitors that I communicate facts
which, resulting from investigations not concluded at the date of their
report, and consequently not known to them, constitute an important
supplement to the matter of their report; to which I add the assu-
rance of my high consideration.
Th: Jefferson, Rector.
[NO. v.]
To the President and Directors of the Literary Fund:
In obedience to the law requiring that the Rector and Visitors of
the University of Virginia should make report annually to the Presi-
dent and Directors of the Literary Fund (to be laid before the Legis-
lature at their next succeeding session), embracing a full account of
the disbursement, the funds on hand, and a general statement of the
condition of the said University, the said Elector and Visitors make
the following report :
In conformity with the act of the General Assembly of February
5th of the present year, requiring that out of the uninvested capital
then lying in the literary fund, there should be loaned, by the Presi-
dent and Directors of the said fund, to the Rector and Visitors of the
University of Virginia, for the purpose of completing the buildings
and making the necessary preparations for putting the said University
into operation, any sum required by the said Rector and Visitors, not
exceeding that of 800,000, the Visitors, at their meeting on the 7th
of April last, deemed it necessary for the institution to require the
whole of the said sum, but that it should be drawn in different por-
tions, and at different times, as it should be wanting, so far as the
Literary Board should think admissible. There was, accordingly,
received by an order of the said Board, in the month of May last, a
sum of forty thousand dollars. In consequence hereof the larger
478 APPENDIX.
building, for a library and other purposes, was commenced, and has
been carried on with activity, insomuch that its walls are now ready
to receive their roof; but that being of hemispherical form, and press-
ing outwardly in every direction, it has been thought not advisable to
place it on the walls in their present green state; but rather to give
them time to settle and dry until the ensuing season, when the roof
will be ready_, and the walls in a proper condition to receive it.
Whether the interior work of the building will be finished within the
ensuing year, is doubtful.
The report of the 7th of October, of the last year, stated that the
buildings for the accommodation of the professors and students were
in readiness for occupation, except as to some small articles of plaster-
ing then on hand, the garden walls and grounds, and some columns
which awaited their capitals from abroad. These finishings are done,
the capitals are received and put up ; and the whole of these build-
ings are now in perfect readiness for putting the institution into ope-
ration — and this might be done (taking reasonable tiiue for procuring
professors) at the close of the ensuing year, 1824, were its funds
liberated from their present incumbrances, but these remove the epoch
to a very distant time. The several sums advanced from the literary
fund, as loans, when the balance of the last shall have been received,
will amount to $180,000, bearing a present interest of 810,800. This,
with the cost and necessary care and preservation of the establish-
ment, will leave, of the annual endowment of the University, a surplus
of between two and three thousand dollars only. As before men-
tioned, this loan of ^180,000 will be extinguished by the annual pay-
ment of a constant sum of $2,500, at the end of twenty-five years, a
term too distant for the education of any person already born, or to
be born, for some time to come : and within that period a great
expense will be incurred in the mere preservation of the buildings and
appurtenances. These are views which it is the duty of the Visitors
to present, and to leave to the wisdom and paternal consideration of
the Legislature, to whose care are confided the instruction and other
interests of the present, as well as of the future generations proceed-
ing from us.
That report, with the letter of the 23d accompanying it, stated also
that the buildings of accommodation for the professors and students,
were so far paid for as that the arrearages of subscriptions still due
being $18,343 43 ij- cents, would, when received, complete their pay-
APPENDIX. 479
ment to within the sum of 85,658 19 J cents. While there were other
funds to which present recourse could be had, it had been deemed
reasonable to indulge the convenience of such subscribers as found
difEculties in paying their installments rigorously at the periods pre-
scribed, but that these arrears having then become urgently necessary,
an active collector had been employed to settle and call for them. In
the course of the year he has collected, of these arrearages, the sum
of 84,828 772^ cents. He has obtained bonds or promises, verbal
or written, for prompt payment, deemed good, to the amount of
810,107 93f cents ; and as to the remainder, some of the subscribers
have not been yet called on, some have removed out of the State, and
some become insolvent. Of this remainder, he considers 8932 25
cents as sperate, and the residue, between 82,500 and 82,600, as des-
perate ; which, on 813,808, the whole sum subscribed will be an ulti-
mate loss of nearly 6 per cent. This will so far increase the deficit
of 88,658 19 J, before stated, as falling short of paying for the four
rows of buildings, and so far add to the charge on the funds in hand,
or still to accrue. This state of things obliges a call for peremptory
and prompt payment of these arrearages, which cannot be thought
unreasonable by the subscribers, who have been so far indulged
already, when it is considered that these works were engaged on the
faith of the sums subscribed, so far as their amount; that those who
undertook them have accordingly executed them, and are now justly
entitled to the compensation stipulated. We trust, therefore, that in
the course of the ensuing twelve months these arrearages will be paid
up, except such as entervening circumstances may have rendered
desperate.
A general statement of the receipts and expenditui'es, from all
funds, and for all purposes, from the beginning of the establishment
to the first of October of the last year, was communicated for the
Legislature at their last session. Those of the Bursar and Proctor,
for the year ending the first day of this present October, are herewith
rendered — they have been duly settled and tested by their vouchers,
by the same accountant and committee employed on the former occa-
sion, and will be duly submitted by these ofiicers for audit by the
accountant of the literary board.
Th: jErrERSON.
October 6, 1823.
480 APPENDIX.
[NO. VI.]
To flic President and Directors of the Literary Fund:
In obedience to the law requiring that the Rector and Visitors of
the University of Virginia should make report annually to the Presi-
dent and Directors of the Literary Fund, (to be laid before the Legis-
lature at their next succeeding session) embracing a full account of
the disbursements, the funds on hand, and a general statement of the
condition of the said University, the said Rector and Visitors make
the following report :
In that of the preceding year it was stated, that the buildings for
the accommodation of the professors and students were in readiness for
their occupation, and that the walls of the larger building, intended
for a library and other purposes, were completed. In the course of
the present season this building has received its roof, and will be put
into a condition for preservation and use, although its interior cannot
be completed. It was then also stated that, without awaiting that
completion, the institution might be put into operation at the close of
this present year, were its funds liberated from the incumbrances with
which they were charged. This article was removed by the act of the
Legislature of January 27th, of the present year, concerning the
University of Virginia.
In consequence of this liberation, the Board of Visitors, at their
ensuing meeting, on the 5th April last, proceeded to take such pre-
paratory measures as could be taken at that time to carry the views of
the Legislature into effect with as little delay as practicable. 
